WMWMNMM »r «v< -J** •Pf" ^^x\\^ •:xn v,\\ .'^ "■ %. vi.V ^^^v: -^-^' : '-^^«;^ .\^^^ •■ ^^\ *i >A^.^ t*-\ .■<\V«A'*\ ' C?f :.-5s&m^^s^^5«.^#s$ i^sm«§s$»^ss^^j-Mm%^.. ^^^^^^•" LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. §}}n^. ©oping]^ Ijtx......... L^M UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. NORMAL SCHOOL OUTLINES COMMON SCHOOL and ADVANCED BRANCHES. DESIGNED AS AN AID TO TEACHERS AND PUPILS IN THE METHOD OF TEACHING AND STUDYING BY TOPICS, AS PURSUED IN NORMAL SCHOOLS. [A TREASURY OF FACTS.] CONTAINING COMPLETE OUTLINES OF ORTHOGRAPHY, ETYMOLOGY, ELOCUTION, GRAMMAR, RHETORIC, LOGIC, UNITED STATES HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL j GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, NAT- IP URAL PHILOSOPHY, MENTAL PHILOSOPHY, CHEMISTRY, b ^/,, **" GOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE, ARITHMETIC, ALGEBRA, ^ y^ I ^ GEOMETRY, TRIGONOMETRY, ASTRONOMY, 6 mp:thods of instruction, and the SCIENCE OF TE/^CHING. By W. J. KING. NEW YORK : W. D. KERR, PUBLISHER. 1888. LB15S7 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1888, by W. J. KING, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D.C. (0 PREFACE. The author of this little volume, having been actively engaged in the work of teaching for many years, has felt the need of a text-book adapted to the school work of all grades, and more particularly re- quired in the higher grades and normal schools ; a text-book that would engender habits of thought on the part of pupils and aid them to develop subjects naturally and logically ; one that would present at a glance the correct outlines of the subjects and give the leading principles of the various branches taught in our schools. Such a text- book the author believes this to be. While it may not be complete in itself, by a little elucidation of the subjects on the part of the instructor, and a careful study of the out- lines and principles on the part of the pupils, a fair knowledge of each branch may be gained without reference to any other text-book. More particularly is it calculated to be supplementary to ordinary text-books. Its classified arrangement of topics and facts saves much unnecessary labor on the part of pupils. This volume is offered to the public with the hope that it may be found essential to both teachers and pupils. Should it create a taste for scientific investigation and classified knowledge on the part of scholars the highest aims of the author will be attained. W. J. KING. TO TEACHERS AND OTHERS WHO MAY USE THIS BOOK The author wishes to offer a few suggestions with reference to the manner of using this book. The book is not designed as a text-book, exckiSive of any other, but rather as a supplementary book to use in connection with any other text-book. All the facts are here arranged logically, as bases for lessons topically. To illustrate : In United States History, the lesson assigned is Discoveries as a general topic. Subdivided, the first division is by Columbus, then his early life, etc. Allow the pupils to gather information from any source whatever. They may, in their investigation, examine several authors upon the same subject, and thereby increase their knowledge to a greater degree than if simply following the method of question and answer. Do not attempt too much : only a few topics at each lesson thoroughly elaborated, and at the close, or the opening of the lesson, require the reproduction of the outline by the class, using the black-board. All the dates given, and principles, should be memo- rized, and the principles, whether philosophical or mathematical, should be rigidly demonstrated and applied to practical problems. This book, while it conforms to no text-book, will be found to agree with all in the facts and principles given ; hence it can be successfully used in connection with any series of text-books. In teaching primary scholars this book will greatly facilitate the work of the teacher by producing the foundations for oral instruction. If judiciously used, it will create an interest on the part of pupils throughout the whole course of study that can be attained in no other way. The sciences can, by following this plan, be taught to the youngest pupils. The teacher can also make this book a fruitful vi TO TEACHERS AND OTHERS. source of information by using the facts stated for bases of general remarks. At times when the interest seems to lag, place a topic or two upon the black-board, and in a very few minutes of elucidation the school will have been awakened, and the next day will reproduce the whole subject-matter presented. The author has no hesitancy in saying, that if teachers will use this book in the manner suggested they will accomplish grand results, even in the primary schools. Those persons who may use the book as a means of acquiring instruction without the aid of a teacher will find, by carefully studying the outlines here given, and occasionally referring to any text-book they may have for the details upon the data contained in this, they will become familiar with the subjects in a much shorter time than if they pursued the course generally pursued by students, for a large amount of matter contained in all text-books, which to a great degree embarrass the learner, is here omitted. Only facts are stated, and generalizations are left entirely out. These facts stand out as finger-boards to guide the seeker after truth just where he should look, and point out to him just those things for which he should look in any text-book. That you may find this book a most valuable help to prosecute your arduous labors, either as teachers or private students, is the wish of the author. W. J. KING. CONTENTS. PAGE Preface iii Note to teachers v Contents vii SECTION I. Orthography i SECTION II. Etymology 2 SECTION III. Elocution 2 SECTION IV. Grammar: Chapter I. Orthography 4 Chapter II. Etymology 4 Chapter III. Syntax 7 Chapter IV. Prosody 8 SECTION V. Rhetoric: Chapter I. Invention 10 Chapter II. Style 10 Chapter III. Punctuation 11 Chapter IV. Capitals 11 Chapter V. Criticism 12 Chapter VI. Composition 12 SECTION VI. Logic: Chapter I. Of terms 14 Chapter II. Propositions 15 Chapter III. Syllogisms 16 Chapter IV. Fallacies 16 Chapter V. Methods 17 SECTION VII. United States History: Chapter I. Early history 18 Chapter II. Development of the states 25 Chapter III. Miscellaneous events during this epoch 29 Chapter IV. Wars of United States 31 Vlll CONTENTS. SECTION VIII. GeograPH\': page. Chapter I. Mathematical 41 Chapter II. Physical 42 Chapter III. Political 43 Chapter IV. Local or state geography 46 SECTION IX. Physical Geography: Chapter I. Geology 49 Chapter II. Hydrography 50 Chapter III. Meteorology 52 Chapter IV. Organic life 53 Chapter V. Local or state physical geography 54 SECTION X. Geology : Chapter I. Rocks 56 Chapter II. Volcanoes and earthquakes 57 Chapter III. Fossil remains 57 SECTION XI. Botany: Chapter I. Phenogamous plants 59 Chapter II. Cryptogamous plants 62 Chapter III. Parts of plants 62 SECTION Xn. Zoology: Chapter I. Invertebrates 66 Chapter II. Vertebrates 67 SECTION XIII. Physiology: Chapter I. Skeleton 71 Chapter II. Muscles 72 Chapter III. Integument or skin 72 Chapter IV. Respiration 73 Chapter V. Voice 73 Chapter VI. Circulation 73 Chapter VII. Food 74 Chapter VIII. Digestion 75 Chapter IX. The nervous system 75 Chapter X. Special senses 76 Chapter XL Health and Disease 76 SECTION XIV. Natural Philosophy: Chapter I. Matter 77 Chapter II. Mechanics , 77 Chapter HI. Pneumatics 81 Chapter IV. Pyronomics 81 Chapter V. Optics 82 Chapter VI. Acoustics 84 Chapter VII. Electricity 85 Chapter VIII. Magnetism 85 CONTENTS. IX PAGE Chapter IX. Astronomy 86 Chapter X. Meteorology 87 SECTION XV. Mental Philosophy: Chapter I. Empirical psychology 88 Chapter II. Intellect 88 Chapter III. Susceptibility 89 Chapter IV. The will 89 Chapter V. The mind can attain its end 90 SECTION XVI. Chemistry: Chapter I. Liquid and aeriform matter 91 Chapter II. Plants 9- Chapter III. Solids, etc 93 Chapter IV. Elements • 94 Chapter V. Chemical attraction 95 SECTION XVII. Governmental Science: Chapter I. Principles of government 96 Chapter II. Kinds of government 96 Chapter III. State governments 97 Chapter IV. Judicial department 99 Chapter V! United States government 100 Chapter VI. Principles of law 103 SECTION XVIII. Arithmetic: Chapter I. Fundamental rules, etc 107 Chapter II. Decimal fractions no Chapter III. United States money 1 1 1 Chapter IV, Properties of numbers 1 1 1 Chapter V. Fractions 112 Chapter VI. Denominate numbers 113 Chapter VII. Ratio n? Chapter VIII. Proportion "7 Chapter IX. Percentage 117 Chapter X. Alligation 120 Chapter XI. Progression 120 Chapter XII. Involution and evolution 121 Chapter XIII. Annuities and mensuration 122 SECTION XIX. Algebra: Chapter I. Definitions, etc 125 Chapter II. Entire quantities 126 Chapter III. Fractions 128 Chapter IV. Equations 129 X CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter V. Powers and roots 129 Chapter VI. Radicals 130 Chapter VII. Quadratics and progression 131 SECTION XX. Geometry: Chapter I. Terms and language 132 Chapter II. Of quadrilaterals 133 Chapter III. Of polygons 133 Chapter IV. Of proportion 134 Chapter V. Of squares on lines 134 Chapter VI. Of similar triangles 135 Chapter VII. Of the circle 135 Chapter VIII. Of measurement of angles 135 Chapter IX. Of the circumference and area of circles 135 Chapter X. Of planes and their angles 136 Chapter XL Of solids 136 Chapter XII. Of the pyramid, cylinder, cone, etc 137 Chapter XIII. Of spherical geometry 137 Chapter XIV. Mensuration 138 SECTION XXI. Trigonpmetry 140 SECTION XXII. Astronomy: Chapter I. Definitions, etc 142 Chapter II. Planets in their order 143 Chapter III. Minor planets, comets, etc 145 SECTION XXIII. Methods of Instruction, or the art of Teach- ing : Chapter I. Language and physical science 147 Chapter II. Mathematics and art 1 50 SECTION XXIV. Science of Teaching, or School Management: Chapter I. School grades, studies, furniture, apparatus, etc 153 Chapter II. Organization of school 1 54 Chapter III. Employment of school 155 Chapter IV. Government of school 1 57 Chapter V. School authorities 159 TREASURY OF FACTS. SECTION I. ORTHOGRAPHY. I. Language. II. Elementary sounds. I. Natural. , ^ ^ ■ ^'■"fi^""- \ I: wPSS. 1 . Vocals. 2. Subvocals. 3. Aspirates. 4. Equivalents. i I. Diphthong. [ I. Vowels. < 2. Triphthong. I. According] to use. 1 ( 3. Digraph. 1. Mutes. 2. Semivowels. [ 2. Consonants. 3. Liquids. 4. Nasals. ^ 5. Sibilants. ( I. Labials. III. Letters and 2. According \ 2. Linguals. to genera. ' 3. Dentals. [4. Palatals. DIVISIONS. ' I. Roman. 2. Italic. 3. Old English. 4. Uses. ' r. Capitals. 2. Script. 3. According ' I. Pica. to form. 2. Small Pica. 3. Long Primer 4. Bourgeois. 'I. Ultimate. , 3. Small letters. - 5. Brevier. 6. Minion. 2. Penult. 7. Nonpareil. IV. Syllables. - 3. Antepenult. 8. Agate. 4. Pre-a7itepenult. 9. Diamond. .5- PolyPre-atitej. 'teiiult. 10. Pearl. V. Accent. \ '■ Pj"^^^jy- { 1. Secondary. TREASURY OF FACTS. VI. Spelling. VII. Figures. < Rules. Pronunciation. Diacritical marks. 1. Aphcsresis. 2. Sy tic ope. 3. Apocope. 4. Prosthesis. 5. Paragoge. 6. Tmesis. 1. Macron. 2. Breve. 3. Tilde. 4. Diceresis. 5. Cedilla. 6. Caret. SECTION II. ETYMOLOGY. I. Derivation of words. ( I. Roots. < 2. Prefixes. ( 3. Suffixes. { I. According to their use. II. Classification of words. III. Signification of words. IV. Analysis of words. V. Synonyms. 2. According to their form. 1. Nouns. 2. Pronouns. 3. Verbs. 4. Adjectives. 5. Adverbs. 6. Prepositions. 7. Conjunctions. 8. Interjections. 1. Simple. 2. Compound. 3. Primitive. 4. Derivative. SECTION III. ELOCUTION. I. Orthoepy. i. Articulation. I. Oral elements. 2. Organs of speech. 1. Vocals. 2. Subvocals. 3. Aspirates. 1. Lips. 2. Teeth. 3. Tongue. 4. Palate. ELOCUTION. II. ' I Monosyllable. ' 2. SyllabicatioJi. \ . Dissyllable. . Trisyllable. Drthoepy. \ [4 . Polysyllable. 3. Accent. | \ . Primary. . Secondary. ' I Absolute. , ^ . , . 2 Antithetic. I. tLmpnasis. < . Cumulative. U . Rules. 2. Slur. 2 . Rising. . Falling. 3. Inflections. - 3 4 .5 . Circumflex. . Monotone. . Rules. ( I. High. ■| 2. Medium. ( 3. Low. I. Pitch. [' I. Strong. 2. Force. ! 2. Moderate. 3. Gentle. 4. Subdued. 4. Modulations of ' joice. - 3. Quality. f I. Pure. 2. Orotund. ■ 3. Guttural. Expression. ■ 4. Rate. 4. Aspirated. 5. Tremulous. ( I. Rapid. < 2. Moderate. (3. Slow. fi. Of the different languages. 2. Of different pe rsons in the same 5. Imperso7iation. ■ language. 3. Of old persons. ^ 4. Children and young persons. I. Comma I. 2. Semicolon. 3. Colon. 4. Period. 5. Interrogation. I, Ki nds. ■■ 6. Exclamation. 7. Dash. 6. Pauses. < 8. Parenthesis. 9. Brackets. 10. Suspen sion. .2. ] Ru les. II. Rhetorical. 4 TREASURY OF FACTS. SECTION IV. GRAMMAR. CHAPTER I.— ORTHOGRAPHY. I. Letters. ■ I . Vowels. 2. Consonants. j I. Diphthongs. ( 2. Triphthongs. ii. Mutes. 2. Semivowels. 3. Liquids. S I. Kinds. ) ^c ^ , X )2. Uses. [(See ante, page I.) 3. Capitals 4. Small letters (see ante, page i). IL Syllables (see ante, page i). in. ACCENT. i '■ Pj-i^'^^y- 2. Secondary. IV. Diacritical marks (see ante, page i) V. Spelling. VI. Figures (see ante, page 2). CHAPTER IL— ETYMOLOGY. I. Derivation of words (see ante, page 2). ' I. According to number of syllables, (see ante, page i). 2. According to form (see ante, page 2). 3. According to use, and — i. NoUNS. II. Classification of words. I. Nouns. I. Classes. 2. Properties. - 1. Common. 2. Proper. I. Gender. 2. Person. C I. Collective. < 2. Abstract. ( 3. Verbal, r I. Masculine. I 2. Feminine. 3. Common. 4. Neuter. 1. First. 2. Second. 3. Third. 3. Number. M Singular. Plural. GRAMMAR. I. Nouns. 2. Properties. 4- Case. Nomina- tive. 3- 4- . 15- Possessive. , I Objec tive. Common. Independent. Absolute. Apposition. Predicate. ^ I. I. Classes. II. Pronouns. -1 III. Adjec- tives. IV. Verbs. ^ 2. Properties. After a verb. 2. After a preposi- tion. 3. By apposition. Simple. / 2. Compound. j I. Simple. \ 2. Compound. r I. Distributive. J 2. Demonstrative. I 3. Indefinite. 1 4. Reciprocal. See above. I. Classes. < . Com- parison. I. Descrip tive. Personal. Relative. Interrogative. Responsive. Adjective. Gender. Person. Number. Case. 1. Common. 2. Proper. . 3. Participle. [4. Compound, f i. Cardinal. Ordinal. . Numeral. 2. Pronomi- nal. . Classifica- tion. De fi n i- tive. Positive. Com- parative. Superla- tive. I. According to their form. 2. According to S i- Not finite, their syntax. \ 2. Finite. 3. With reference to the S i object. i 2 4. "With reference to each other. 2. Properties. Voice. 2. Mood. 3. Tense. 1. Active. 2. Passive. 1. Indicative. 2. Potential. 3. Subjunctive. 4. Imperative. 1. Present. 2. Present perfect. Indefinite. Multiplicative. Distributive. Demonstrative. Indefinite. Regular. Irregular. Redundant. Defective. !i. Partici- ples. 2. Infini- tives. Transitive. Intransitive. Principal. Auxiliary. TREASURY OF FACTS. IV. Verbs. V. Prepositions. 2. Properties. Tense. 4. Forms of the tenses. < 5. Person. 6. Number. 3. Synopsis. L parts. 4. Conjugation. 1. Adjunct. 2. Principal word. I. Of time. First. Second. Third. 1. Singular. 2. Plural. [ I. Present tense Principal] 2. Past tense. Emphatic. Passive. Progressive. Ancient. Interrogative. Negative. [4: Present participle. Perfect participle. VI. Adverbs. - I. Classes. \ 2. Properties. Forms of comparison. Vn. CONJUNCTIONS.] -gg;^^. Of grief 2. Of place. 3. Of degree. 4. Of manner. 5. Of cause. 6. Of extent. 7. Of quantity. 8. Of addition. 9. Of exclusion. 0. Of emphasis. 1. Of negation. 1. To modify. 2. To connect. 1. Positive degree. 2. Comparative. 3. Superlative. VIII. Interjections. Of pain. 3. Of joy. 4. Of laughter. 5. Of contempt. 6. Of dislike. 7. Of v^elcome. 8. Of surprise. 9. Of calling. 10. Of silence. 11. Of direction. 12. Of intensity. 13. Of wonder. GRAMMAR. CHAPTER III.— SYNTAX. I . Verbal. 2. Phrasal. I. Analysis of SENTENCES. Adverbs. ]^:rdli?fngword.j"- Adjectives, 1. Substantive phrase. ' ' 2. Subjective phrase. 3. Objective phrase. 4. Adverbial phrase. ■ 5. Adjective phrase. 6. Prepositional phrase. 7. Simple phrase. 8. Complex phrase. 9. Compound phrase. 1. Independent clause. 2. Substantive clause. 3. Subjective clause. 4. Dependent clause. 5. Adjective clause. , 3. Clausal. ' 6. Adverbial clause. 7. Subjunctive clause. 8. Objective clause. 9. Simple clause. 10. Complex clause. 11. Compound clause. I. Subject. I. Elements. 2. Connectives. II. Synthesis SENTENCES. OF j I. Simple. \ 2. Compoi \ I. Simple. I 2. Compound. Simple. Compound. 2. Predicate. 3. Independent 1. Conjunctions. 2. Prepositions. 3. Relative pronouns. 4. Responsive pronouns. 5. Conjunctive adverbs. I. Adjectives. r I. Words. 3. Modifiers. 2. Phrases. III. Classes of SENTENCES. S I. Simple \2. Complex. I^: . 3. Clauses. , .4- Declarative. Interrogative. Imperative. Exclamatory. Possessives. Appositives. Participles. Infinitives. Adjunct. Appositive. Participle. Infinitive. Adjective. Relative clause. Appositive clause. Adverbial clause. Conjunctive clause. TREASURY OF FACTS. III. Classes of SENTENCES. IV Parsing. V. Figures of syntax. {I. As above, also- 2. Copulative. 3. Disjunctive. 4. Illative. I Name words. 2. Name properties. 3. Apply rule. f I. Ellipsis. 2. Aposiopesis. 3. Zeugma. 4. Pleonasm. 5. Enallage. 6. Inversion. 7. Archaisin. 8. Mimicry. CHAPTER IV.— PROSODY. I. Versification. - I. Poetic feet. I. Principal. 2. Secondary. 2. Poetic lines. 3. Poetic pauses. U; 4- Rhymes stanzas. and . 5. Poetic licence. 1. Iambus. 2. Trochee. 3. Anapest. 4. Dactyl. 1. Spondee. 2. Pyrrhic. 3. Caesura. 1. Monometer. 2. Dimeter. 3. Trimeter. 4. Tetrameter. 5. Pentameter. 6. Hexameter. 7. Heptameter. Octometer. Caesural. Final. Blank verse. 2. Heroic verse. 3. Couplet. 4. Stanza. 5. Scanning. 1. In spelling. 2. In pronunciation. 3. In choice of words. 4. In meaning of words. 5. In idioms. 6. In syntax. 7. In figures. 8. In versification. GRAMMAR. II. Utterance. III. Punctuation. 1. Grammatical. 2. Rhetorical. 3. Metrical. 1. Articulation. 2. Degree of loudness. 3. Degree of rapidity. 4. Inflections. 5. Tones. 6. E7nphasis 7. Pauses. 1. Period. 2. Colon. 3. Semicoloft. 4. Comma. 5. Interrogation. 6. Exclamation. 7. Z'aj-/^. 8. Curves or parenthesis. 9. Brackets. 10. Hyphens. 11. Underscore^ SECTION V. RHETORIC. CHAPTER I.— INVENTION. I. Selection of subject. II. Collecting material. III. Arrangement. I. 2. 3- 4- l5- Source of material. Rules for reading. Rules for reflection. (3- S I. Analytical. \ 2. Synthetical. Manner of obtaining a subject. Qualities of the subject. Its relation to the writer. Its adaptability to the occasion. The statement of the subject. Observation. Reflection. Reading. 1. Ask questions. 2. Answer questions. Introduction. Discussion. Conclusion. I, Necessity. II. General law. III. Diction. IV, Sentences. V. Paragraphs. VI. Figures. < 2. (3- CHAPTER II.— STYLE. K The most excellent form of expression yields the idea \ it contains with but small loss of mental power. Gather good words. Use pure words. Avoid barbarism. Use naturalized words. Form new words. Avoid impropriety. Be precise in the use of words. ' I. Should have concord. 2. Should be clear in lan- guage. 3. Should adhere to unity. 4. Should be forcible. 5. Should possess harmony. 1. Simile. 2. Metaphor. 3. Personification. 4. Allegory. 5. Synecdoche. 6. Metonymy. 7. Exclamation. 8. Hyperbole. Simple. Complex. Compound. all of which Origin of. Advantage of. Kinds of. RHETORIC. II VI. Figures. VII. Variety, Kinds of. Rules for. 9. Apostrophe. 10. Vision. 11. Antithesis. 12. Climax. 13. Epigram. 14. Interrogation. 15. Irony. By changing diction. {I. To express interrogation. 2. To express exclamation. 3. From negative to positive. 4. From direct to indirect. CHAPTER Ill .—PUNCTUATION. I. The necessity for. ' I. Comma. I. Grammatical. 2 " 3^ Semicolon. Colon. u. Period. I. 2. Interrogation. Exclamation. 2. Rhetorical. ■ 3- Dash 4- Is- Parenthesis. II. Points. < Q notation. I . Of accent. 2. 3- Apostrophe. Braces. 4- Caret. 5- Cedilla. 6. Brackets. 7. Diaeresis. 3. Printer's tnarks , 8. 9- Ellipsis. Emphasis. 10. 11. Hyphen. Leaders. 12. Leads. 13. 14. 15- Paragraph. Quality marks. Reference marks 16. Section marks. M- Tilde. CHAPTER IV.— CAPITALS. 'I. Common. 2. Roman. I. Kinds. ■ 3. Italics. 4 Is Old English. . German text. 12 TREASURY OF FACTS. 11. USES. 1. First Words. 2. Headings. 3. Quoted Titles. 4. Names of Deity. 5. Biblical terms. 6. Proper Names. 7. Derivatives from Proper Names. 8. Titles of office and Honor. 9. Personification. 10. Pronoun I. 11. Interjection O. CHAPTER v.— CRITICISM. Quality of taste. Variation of taste. I. The necessity for. 1 . Absolute, z'ncludzfig style. II. The kinds of. ' 2. Relative, includtng taste. \ 3- Cultivation of taste. ^ 4. Universality of taste. 5. Catholicity of taste. 6, Pleasures of taste. CHAPTER VI.— COMPOSITION. I. Prose. ■ ' I . Descriptions. 2. Narrations. 3. Letters. 4. History. 5. Biography. 6. Novels. 7. Essays. 8. Reviews. 9. Orations. II. Poetry. I. The purpose. 2. The kinds. Purpose of. Kinds. 3. Parts. 1. Kinds. 2. Qualities %. Parts. 1. Didactic. 2. News. 3. Business. 4. Ofificial. 5. Of introduction. 6. Of friendship. I 7. Notes. 1. Superscription. 2. Body. 3. Subscription. 4. Address. 1. Deliberative. 2. Judicial. 3. Demonstrative. 4. Lectures. 5. Sermons. 1. Exordium. 2. Discussion. 3. Peroration, r I. Songs. J 2. Odes. 3. Elegies. 4. Sonnets. RHETORIC. 13 3. Dramatic II. Poetry. 2. The kinds. j I. Tragedies. \2. 4. Didactic I. Feet. III. Versification. - 2. Verse. .3. Stanzas. Comedies. 1. Philosophical. 2. Moral. 3. Meditative. I 4. Satires. 1. Spondee. 2. Iambic. 3. Trochee. 4. Dactyl. 5. Anapest. 6. Amphiambus. 1. Monometer. 2. Dimeter. 3. Trimeter. 4. Tetrameter. 5. Pentameter. 6. Hexameter. 7. Heroic. f i. Illiterative. 8. Blank verse. 2, Assonatal. 9. Rhyme. -^ 3. Consonatal. 1. Distich. 4. Triple. 2. Triplet. [ 5. Middle. 3. Quatrain. 4. Rhyme-Royal. 5. Ottava Rima. 6. Terza Rima. ^ 7. Sonnet Stanza. SECTION VI. LOGIC. CHAPTER I.— OF TERMS. 1. Their formation 2. Their object. 3. Their relation. 1. Sphere. 2. Matter. 3. Essentia. , 4. Genus. < 5. Differentia. ' 6. Species. 7. Individual. 8. Accidental, f I. Quantity. III. Of the whole | AND ITS PARTS. 2. Division. I. Conceptions. II. Substance and properties. f I. Cause, IV. Cause and effect. 2. 4;^^^/. V. Difference and resemblance. 1. General. 2. Collective. 1. Logical. 2. Continuous. 3. Discrete. Physical. Mathematical. Logical. 1. Co-ordinate. 2. Disparate. 3. Absolute. [4. Relative. 1. Absolute cause. 2. Relative cause. 3. Primary. 4. Secondary. 5. Efficient. 6. Occasional. 7. Material. 8. Formal. 9. Final. 10. Negative. 11. Transient. 12. Permanent. 13. Immanent. 1. Immediate. 2. Remote. 3. Direct. 4. Accidental. 1. Similarity. 2. Contrariety. 3. Analogy. LOGIC. 15 CHAPTER II.— PROPOSITIONS. I. Judgment. Scope of judgment. Kinds of judgment. II. Terms of a proposition. III. Copula. U: I. 2. 3- 4- 5- .6. Subject. Predicate 1. Forms. 2. Effects. ( 3. Classification. IV. Completeness of propositions Categorical. Conditional. Disjunctive. Relative. Hypothetical. Probable. V. Quantity of judgment. VI. Quality of judgment. \ '' Comprehensive. Intensive. Portensive. Afiirmative. Negative. VII. Modality of judgment. \ 2 VIII. Cardinal propositions. IX. Distribution of terms. n Problematical. Assertive. Apodictical. 1. Universal affirmatives. 2. Universal negatives. 3. Particular affirmatives. 4. Particular negatives. Universal propositions ; subject. Negative propositions ; predicate. X. Immediate inference.- XI. Complex propositions. 1 . Opposition of \ I . judgment. \ 2. 2. C n t r a-posi- ) i. tion. \ 2. 3. Conversion. \ _ 4. Substitution of terms. 1. Expletives. 2. Differential. 3. Exclusive. 4. Conditional. Contraries. Sub-contraries. Extra-position. Contra-position. Simple. Accidents. I. Express. XII. Compound propositions. XIII. Comparative judgment. 2. XIV. Probable judgment. {I. Copulative. 2. Causal. 3. Discretive. 4. Conditional. r .1- J M- Exceptive. Implied j 3_ Exclusive. !i. Simple comparatives. 2. Comparatives of intensity. 3. Comparatives of relation. Favorable. Unfavorable. Antecedent. i6 TREASURY OF FACTS. XV. Conditional judgment. XVI. Disjunctive. XVII. Affirmation. 1. Sequence. 2. Complex condition. ( 3. Compound condition. Middle excluded. [' I. Identity. ] 2. Contradiction. 3. Cause or reason. 4. Middle excluded. CHAPTER III.— SYLLOGISMS. I. Classification. Categorical. -. 2. Conditional. ( 3. Disjioiciive. 1. Of figures. 2. Of mood. Major premises. Minor premises. Conclusion. II. Pure categorical III. Indirect conclusion. IV. Conversion of syllogisms. VII. Incomplete forms. VIII. Redundant syllogisms. IX. 1. OstensiveTeduction. 2. Contra position. V, Complex syllogisms. VI. Compound syllogisms. 1. Inductive. 2. Cumulative. 1. Pro-syllogisms. 2. Epi-syllogisms. Compound judgment in syllogisms. ( I. Simple comparatives. X. Comparative syllogisms. \ 2. Intensity as a cause. ( 3. Of manner, time, and place. ( I. The sum of all the parts is the whole. XI. Probable syllogisms. < 2. The remainder, with the part taken from ( the whole, is a whole. XII. Conditional syllogisms. ( i. Divisives. XIII. Disjunctive syllogisms. \ 2. Comprehensives. 3. Dilemma. I. In form. II. In matter. III. In diction. CHAPTER IV.-FALLACIES. Equivocation. . Amphiboliae. Composition. Division. Figures of speech. IV. Extra logical. V. Of composition. VI. Of accidents. Ignoratio. Elenchi. Petitio. Principii. LOGIC. 17 CHAPTER v.— METHODS. I. Order an element in method n. Ideas in method. in. The matter of method. 1. Pleasure. 2. Utility. 3. Good. 4. Beautiful. 5. True. 1. Analytic judgment. 2. Synthetic judgment. 3. Necessary matter. 4. Contingent matter. 5. Conjecture. 6. Hypothesis. IV. Methods o f (:;• ^7 observation. investigation, j^- By measurement. , whole to parts, f 3. By calculation. U. p^rts to whole. V Average and exclusion. 1. Logical. 2. Physical. VII. Induction AND ANALOGY VI. Analysis. y.. VIII. Elimination. IX, Methods OF PROOF. X. Refutation. Formal to find modal. ■ 2. Modal to find formal. ( 3. Phenomenon to find class. No two simple causes produce the same effect, and vice-versa. Removal of cause, removes effect. Magnitude of effect, varies with magnitude of cause. The same cause always produces the same effect, r I. Eliminate any element in com- plex antecedent, its consequent will disappear also. 2. If there is a regular disagree- ment in several antecedents in all the elements but one, that one is considered as the cause of any unvarying element in the Laws o f J consequents of the diverse an- elimination. I tecedents. 3. Diminish the cause or increase it, and the effect will also be increased or diminished. 4. Remove one phenomenon, and 1. By demonstration. if the others disappear, the one 2. By deduction. removed was the cause, but if 3. By principles of in- the others remain, it was the terpretation. [ effect. 4. Appeal to facts. \ i' ^^ induction. ^ f^t^ I 2. Concurrence. By progressive approach. 1. Direct refutation. 2. Indirect refutation. 3. Personal refutation. SECTION VII. UNITED STATES HISTORY. CHAPTER L— EARLY HISTORY. ' \. By Columbus. I. Discoveries. ■ 2, By Cabot. 3. By Vesp7ceci. II. Explorations. I. By the Spanish. 2. By the French. 1. His early life (born 1436). 2. His seeking aid. 3. His outfit. 4. Incidents of his voyage. 5. The landing. 6. Return. 7. Subsequent voyages. 8. Date of discovery (1492). 9. His death (May 20, 1506). 10. His burial, first, Seville; then, San Domingo; and last, in 1796, Havana, Cuba. 1. Description of voyage. 2. Places explored (1494). 3. Date of discovery (1497). 1. His voyage. 2. His description of the country. 3. Name and date (1499). f I. Ponce de Leon (1512). 2. Balboa (151 3). 3. Cordova (1517). 4. Grijalva (1518). 5. Cortez (1519). 6. Ayllon (1520). Magellan (1520). Narvaez (1528). De Soto (1539). Melendez (1565). Espejo (1582). Result of these. 1. Denys (1506). 2. Verrazzani (1524). 3. Cartier (1534)- 4. Coligny (1562). 5. De Gourgues (1567). 6. De Monts (1604). 7. Champlain (1608). 9- 10. II. 12. Jesuit missionaries Result of these (1634). (1660). (1668). UNITED STATES HISTORY. 19 II. Explorations. < III. Early Settle- ments. 3. By the English. 4. By the Dutch. \ \ I. By the Spanish. 2. By the French. 3. By the English. 4. By the Dutch. IV. Development of the Colonies : 1. When? (1607). 2. Where? (Jamestown). 3. By whom ? (English). Frobisher (1576). Sir Francis Drake (1579). Humphrey Gilbert (1583). Walter Raleigh ][; 5^4)- Bartholomew G o s n o 1 d (1602). London Co. (1606). Plymouth Co. (1606). Result of these. Henry Hudson (1609). The result. West Indies. Isthmus of Panama (1 5 10). Mexico (1521). St. Augustine (1565). Santa Fe (1582). San Diego (1769). Quebec (1541). South Carolina (1562). Florida (1564). Acadia (1605). Canada (1608). Newfoundland (1583). Roanoke Island(i 584-85).. Virginia (1607). I. Virginia. Important events. I. Domestic. 2. Foreign. 5. Starving time (1610) 6. Character of people. 7. Progress in. yZ. Wars, \ X. Ba \ 2. 1st 1. Introduction of tobacco' (1616). 2. Introduction of slaves (1620). 3. Marriage of Pocahontas (1613). I. Navigation Act (1660). f I. Population. . . u M- Imports. 2. Agriculture, j ^^ y.^^^,x.s. 3. Commerce. 4. Manufactures. -r,, ,• \ William and 5. Education, j ^^^y CoWtg^. 6. Science. 7. Art. 8. Invention. Bacon's Rebellion. Indian War. 20 TREASURY OF FACTS. I. Virginia.- 8. Wars. 3. 2d Indian War 9. Government. 10. Noted fnen. 1. When? (1620). 2. fF>^.?r^.? (Plymouth) 3. By whom? (English). 4. Their suf- ferings. 5. Important events. II. Plymouth AND Massa- chusetts Bay colo- ny. 6. Character of people I 1. Cause. 2. Time (1644). 3. Battles. 4. Length (2 years). 5. Commanders. 6. Result. 7. Treaty. 8. Incidents. 1. First charter. 2. Second charter. 3. Third charter (1612). 4. First colonial assembly (1619). (^5. Written constitution (1621). 1. John Smith. 2. Captain Newport. 3. Lord Delaware. 4. John Rolf. 1. Religious persecutions. 2. Banishment of W i 1 1- iams. 3. Banishment of Ann Hutchison. 4. Banishment of the Qua- kers. Salem Witchcraft (1692). 6. Union of the colonies (1643). 1. Charter revoked by James II. 2. New charter by Will- iam. Domestic. 5- Foreign. 7. Progress. Agriculture. 2. Commerce. 3. Manufacture. 4. Education (Harvard College)* 5. Science. 6. Art. 7. Invention. 8. Population. 8. Wars. King Phillip's. Cause. Time (1675). Battles. Commanders Result. Treaty. Incidents. C I. Democracy. 9. Government. < 2. Charter. ( 3. Legislature. ID. Other settlements. | ^; DoSester. UNITED STATES HISTORY 21 II, Plymouth AND MASSA- chusetts Bay colo- ny. lo. Other settlements. y\\. III. Connecticut. 3. Cambridge. 4. Lynn. 5. Roxbury. 1. John Carver. 2. William Bradford. 3. John Endicot. 4. John Winthrop. 5. Sir Edmund Andros. 6. Roger Williams. 7. Rev. J. Harvard. When? (1633). Where? (Windsor). By whom? (Dutch). Noted men. 4. Three colonies. 5. Character of set- tlers. 6. Important . events. Connecticut. New Haven. Saybrook. / 1 . Hartford. J 2. Windsor. 3. Weath- ersfield. 2. Foreign. 7. Progress. I. Domestic, i. Charter oak. 1. Granting of char- ter by Charles II. 2. Annulling of char- ter by James II. S I. Domestic. Manufacturing. ] ^- foreign. ° i I. Common IV. Rhode Island. 1. Agriculture 2. Commerce. 3 4. Education. ^ schools. 5. Science. ( 2. Colleges, 6. Art. 7. Invention. 8. Population. ' I, Cause. 2. Time (1637). 3. Battles. 4. Commanders. 5. Length. 6. Result (extermination of Pequods). 7. Treaty. 8. Incidents. 1. Rev. Thomas Hooker, 2. Captain John Mason, 3. Sir Edmund Andros. 1. When? (1636). 2. Where? (Providence). 3. By whom? (Roger Williams). 4. Character of people. C i. Relation to Massachu- 5. Important events. ■< setts. ( 2. Settlement of dispute. 1. Proprietary. 2. Charter. 3. Changes. 4. Constitution. 5. Assembly. 8, Wars. Pequod. 9. Government. ID. Noted men. 6. Government, 22 TREASURY OF FACTS. IV. Rhode Island, 7, Progress. Agriculture. Commerce. V. New Hampshire. ' VI. New York. 1. Exports. 2. Imports. 3. Education (Brown University). 4. Science. 5. Art. 6. Invention. 7. Manufacture. 8. Population. !i. Roger Williams. 2. Ann Hutchison. 3. Cotton Mather. 1. Whe?t? {162-^) . fi. Agriculture. 2. Where? (Dovtr). 2, Commerce. 3. By whom ? 3. Education. 4. Progress. ■' 4. Science. 5. Art. 6. Invention. 7. Population. 5. Character of settlers, f i. Charter. I 2. Proprietary. I 3. Government of Maine. [4. Assembly. Several proprietors. Royal province. Dispute between Me. and Mass. 1. Ferdinand De Gorges. 2. Capt. John Mason. 3. Sir Edmund Andros. [ 4. Duke of Monmouth. 1. Proprietary, 2. Charter. 3. Assembly. 1. Capture by English. 2. Restoration. 3. Representation granted. 4. Representation prohibited. 5. Uprising of the people. 6. Execution of Leisler and Melborne. 7. Union of the Five Nations. Agriculture. 6. Government. , Important evoits. . Noted men. fi. When? (1614). 2. Where? (Manhattan Island) 3. Bywhom? (Dutch), 4. Government . 5. Character of people. 6. Important events 7. Progress. 8. Noted men. 2. Commerce 3. Manufacture. 4. Education. 5. Science. 6. Art (printing) 7. Invention. 8. Population. U: Exports, Imports. 1. Wouter Van Tvi'iller, 2. Wm. Kieft. 3. Peter Stuyvesant. 4. Duke of York. 5. Sir Edmund Andros. , 6. Col. Sloughter. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 23 VII. New Jersey. 1. When? (1664). 2. Where? (Elizabeth). 3. By whom ? (English) 4. Government. 5. Character of people. Important events. 7. Progress. 8. Noted men. VIII. Pennsylvania. 1. Proprietary. 2. Charter. 3. Assembly. 4. Constitution. 1. Division of colony. 2. Wm. Penn manager of E. and W. Jersey. 3. East Jersey sold to Penn. 4. Union of colony. 5. Separate governments. 1. Agriculture. 2. Commerce. 3. Population. 4. Education (Nassau Hall College). ii. Lord Berkeley. 2. Sir Geo. Cartaret. 3. Philip Cartaret. 4. Wm. Penn. When? (1682). Where? (Philadelphia). By whom ? (William Penn). 1 . Proprietary. 2. Charter. S I. Exports. ( 2. Imports. Character of people. Govertiment. 6. Important events. 3. Assembly. 4. Constitution. Treaty with Indians. Penn's return to Eng- land. Dissensions. New charter. Penn's second visit to Pennsylvania. Mason and Dixon's line. 7. Progress. 8. Noted men. 1. Exports. 2. Imports. IX. Delaware. X, Maryland. 1. Agriculture 2. Commerce. 3. Education. 4. Science. 5. Art (Newspapers). 6. Invention. 7. Population. ii. William Penn. 2. William Markham. -?. Penn's sons. 1. When? {i6z2>). 2. Where? (Wilmington). 3. By whom ? (Swedes). 4. Character of people. 5. Progress. 6. Important events. C i . Proprietary. 7. Government. \ 2. Charter. 1. When? (1634). (3. Assembly. 2. Where ? (St. Mary's). 24 TREASURY OF FACTS. X. Maryland. By whom ? (Lord Baltimore). Character of the people Government, U; 6. Important events. 7. Progress. 8. Noted men n; XI. North Carolina. Proprietary. . _. Charter. ( 3. Assembly. Clayborne's Rebellion. Toleration Act. Disfranchisement of Catho- lics. Civil War. Second Religious War. Made a Royal Province. Agriculture. Commerce. Science. Art. Education, Invention. Population. 1. Lord Baltimore. 2. Leonard Calvert. ( 3. Charles Calvert. When? (1650). Where? (Albemarle) By whom ? (English). Government. Character of people. Exports. Imports. Common schools. Public library. 3. Colleges. 6. Important events 7. Progress Noted men I. 2. 3- II. Proprietary. 2. Charter. 3. Grand model. 4. Assembly. 1. Culpepper Revolt. 2. Indian Massacre. ( 3. Division of Colony. Agriculture, r (2. Exports. Imports. XII. South Carolina. ■ Commerce. Education. Science. Art. Invention. Population. 1. Lord Clarendon. 2. William Sayle. When? (1670). { 3. Seth Sothel. Where? (Ashley River). BywhojH? (English). C i. Proprietary. Government. <. 2. Charter. Character of people. ( 3. Assembly. 1. Introduction of slaves (1682). 2. Rebellion. 3. Cultivation of rice (1694). 4. Expedition to St. Augustine. 5. Expedition against Charles- ton. 6. Indian War, 7. Made a Royal Province. 6. Important events. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 25 ' 7. Progress. XII. South Carolina. • 8. Noted men. XIII. Georgia. When? (1733). [^ Where? (Savannah). By whom ? (Oglethorpe) Government. 1. Agriculture 2. Commerce. 3. Education. 4. Science. 5. Art. 6. Population. {I. Governor Colleton 2. Sir John Yeamans 3. Governor Moore. 4. Governor Craven. 1. Exports. 2. Imports. 5. Character of people. 6. Important events. 1. Proprietary. 2. Charter. I 3. Assembly. [4. Change. 1. Invasion of Florida. 2. Spanish Invasion. 3. Oglethorpe's return to Eng- land. 7. Progress. 8. Noted men. 1. Agriculture. 2. Commerce. 3. Education. 4. Science. 5. Art. 6. Invention. 7. Population. C I. James Oglethorpe < 2. Charles Wesley. ( 3. John Wesley. Exports. Imports. CHAPTER II.— DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. I. Washington's administration. , hnportant events. Time of election (April 30, 1789). Politics (none). Leiigth of service (Two terms). ' I. Revenue. 2. Public debt ($74,000,000). 3. United States Bank (1791.) 4. District of Columbia (1790). 5. Admission of Vermont (1791). 6. French Revolution. 7. Whiskey Insurrection (1794). 8. Spanish Boundaries (1795). 9. Retirement (March 4, 1797). Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State). Henry Knox (Secretary of War). Edmund Randolf (Attorney-General). Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of Treasury). 5. Noted 26 TREASURY OF FACTS. II. Adams' ADMIN- ISTRATION. 4- III. Jefferson's ad- ministration. IV. Madison's ad- ministration. V. Monroe's ad- ministration. Impo rt ant events. . Important events. VI. John Q. Adams' \ i. administration. \ 2. Time of election ( 1 796) . Politics (Federal). Length 0/ term (4 years). I I. Internal affairs. 2. Alien and Sedition Laws (1798). 3. French Hostilities. 4. Reprisals (1798). 5. Treaty with Bonaparte (1800). 6. Death of Washington (Dec. 14, 1799, Age 68 years). Time of election (March 4, 1801). Politics (Republican). Length of term (2, years). I I . Measures of Economy. 2. Louisiana Purchase (In 1803, for $15,000,000). 3. War with Tripoli (1801). 4. Aaron Burr's duel (July, 1804). 5. European Blockade (May, 1806). 6. Right of Search. 7. Firing upon the Chesapeake (June, 1807). 8. Proclamation by President. 9. British Trading Decree (Nov., 1807). 10. Milan Decree (Nov., 1807). 11. American Embargo (Dec, 1 807). 1. Time of election (March 4, 1809). 2. Politics (Republican). 3. Length of time (8 years). 1. Non-intercourse Act (1809). 2. Indian Outbreak (1811), 3. Battle of Tippecanoe. 4. War declared against England (June 19, 181 2). 5. Revocation of Milan Decree (1810). 6. Charter of U. S. Bank (1816). 7. War with Algiers. 8. Treaty. 1. Time of election (March. ^, 1817). 2. Politics (Neutral). 3. Length of service (8 years). 1. Prosperity of the country. 2. War with Seminoles (1817). 3. Admission of Maine (1820). 4. Important '\ 4. Missouri Compromise (1821). events. \ 5. Monroe Doctrine (1822). 6. Lafayette's Visit (1824). 7. Purchase of Florida (In 18 19 for $5,000,000). Time of election (March 4, 1825). Politics Whig).'. , Important events. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 27 VI. John Q. Adams' ADMINISTRATION. 4. l7nporta7it events. VII. Jackson's AD- MINISTRATION. 4. Important ez'ents. VIII. Van Buren's ADMINISTRATION. IX. Harrison and Tyler's adminis- tration. X. Polk's admin- istration. 3. Length of service (4 years). ' I. Prosperity of the country, 2. Death of Jefferson and Adams (July 4, 1826). 3. Protective tariff (1828). 4. First railroad. Tz'me of election (March 4, 1829). Politics (Democrat). Length of term (8 years). 1. Veto of U. S. Bank (1832 and 1836). 2. Black Hawk's War (1832). 3. Tariff Bill (1832). 4. Nullification Act (1832). 5. Clay's Compromise. 6. Florida War (1835). 7. Scott takes command (1836). 8. Victory by Col. Taylor (Dec, 1837). 9. Bank and Tariff question. 1. Time of election (March 4, 1837). 2. Politics (Democrat). 3. Letigth of service (4 years). r I. Panic of 1837. 4. Important \ 2. Canadian Rebellion (1837). events. 1 3. Ashburton Treaty (1842). [4. Sub-Treasury Bill (1840). ' I. Time of elect io7i (March 4, 1841). 2. Politics (Whig). 3. Length of service (4 years, i month). ' I. Death of Harrison (April i). 2. Resignation of Cabinet. 3. United Slates Bank veto. 4. Dorr's Rebellion (1842). 5. Anti-rent Difficulties (1844). 6. The Mormans (1845). 7. Annexation of Texas (1845). 8. North-east Boundary. Time of election (March, 1845). Politics (Democrat). Lcjigth of term (4 years). 4. Important events. . Importattt events. XI. Taylor and Filmore's ad- ministration. Mexican War (See War, July 4, 1845). The Wilmot Proviso (1846). Discovery of gold in California (1848). Time of election (March 4, 1849). Politics (Whig). Length of term (4 years; Taylor, 16 months). 1. Slavery question. 2. Omnibus Bill (Sep., 1850). 3. The Admission of California (1850). 4. Death of Taylor (July 9, 1850). 5. Death of Clay and Webster (1852). 6. Invasion of Cuba. , Lnportant events. 28 TREASURY OF FACTS. XII. Pierce's ad- ministration. U- XIII. Buchanan's ADMINISTRATION, f I- 2. 3- 4. Important events. XIV. Lincoln's TRATION. XV, Johnson's ad- ministration. XVI. Grant's ad- ministration. Time of election (March 4, 1853). Politics (Democrat). Length of ter7n (4 years). (I. The Gadsden Purchase ($10,000,000) 2. Kansas-Nebraska Bill (May, 1854). 3. Border warfare. 4. Perry's Expedition to Japan (1854). Tiiue of election (March 4, 1857). Politics (Democrat). Length of service (4 years). ' I. Dred Scott Decision (1857). 2. Fugitive Slave law. 3. John Brown's Raid (1859). 4. Secession of the South (Dec, i860). 5. Seizing of United States Forts, etc. (i860). 1, Time of election (March 4, 1861), 2, Politics (Republican). ADMINIS- 3, Length of service (4 years), 4. Condition of country. 5. Great Civil War. (See IVar.) 6. Assassination (April 14, 1865). 1. Time of election (April 15, 1865). 2. Politics (Republican). 3. Length of term (4 years). 1. Disbanding the army (1865), 2. Reconstruction Policy. 3. The 13th Amendment (Dec. 18, 1865). 4. Public debt ($2,700,000,000, June, 1865). 5. Reconstruction Policy of Con- gress (1867). 6. Admission of Seceded States (June 24, 1868). 7. Tenure of Office Bill (1867). 8. Impeachment of the President (Jan. 24, 1868). 9. The 14th Amendment (July 28, 1868). 10. Indian War (1865-68). 11. French in Mexico (1863). 12. Laying Atlantic cable (1866). 13. Purchase of Alaska ($7,200,000, March, 1867). 14. Fenian excitement. , 15. Treaty with China (1868), ' I. Time of election (March 4, 1869), 2. Politics (Republican). 3. Length of service (8 years). 4. Itnportant \ i. Pacific Railroad (1869). [1870). [ events. \ 2, Fifteenth Amendment (March 30, , Important ^ events. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 29 XVI. Grant's ad- ministration. 4. Importa7it evetits. Chicago. I Oct ^^; 3. Great Fires. -J 2, Forest. U.Boston. jNov 9. \ 1872. 4. Treaty of Wasliington (Feb., 1871). 5. Prospects of tlie country. 6. Proposed annexation of Santo Do- mingo. 7. Death of Greeley (Nov. 29, 1872). 8. Modoc Indians (1873). 9. Credit Mobilier. 10. Railroad Panic (1873). 11. Centennial Exhibition (May 10, 1876, for 6 months.) 12. War with Sioux Indians (1877). 13. The Virginius (1868). 14. Joint Electoral Commission. 15. Admission of Colorado Quly i, 1876). 1. Time of election (March 4, 1877). 2. Politics (Republican). 3. Leftgth 0/ service (4 years), c I. United States troops at the South withdrawn. 2. Railroad strike (1877). 3. Bland Silver Bill (Feb. 21, 1878). 4. Fishery award ($5,500,000). 5. Resumption of Specie payment (Jan. I, 1879). 1. Titne of election (March 4, 1881). 2. Politics (Republican), 3. Length of service. 4. Assassination (July 2, 1881). 5. Death (Sept. 19, 188 1). XIX. Arthur's inauguration (Sept. 20, 1881). XVII. Hayes' ad ministration. XVIII. Garfield's ministration. 4. Important events. AD- CHAPTER III.— MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS DURING THIS EPOCH. I. Progress, i. In States. 1. Vermont (March 4. 1791)- 2. Kentucky (June I, 1792). 3. Tennessee (June I, 1796). 4. Ohio (Nov. 29, 1802). 5. Louisiana (April 8, 1812). 6. Indiana (Dec. ir, 1816). 7. Mississippi (Dec. 10, 1817). 8. Illinois (Dec. 3, 1818). 30 TREASURY OF FACTS. I. Progress. I. In States. ■ 1 8. California (Sep. 9, 1850). 19. Minnesota (May II, 1858). 20. Oregon (Feb. 14, 1859). 21. Kansas (Jan. 29, 1861). 22. West Virginia (June 20, 1863). 23. Nevada (Oct. 31, 1864). 24. Nebraska (March I, 1867). 25. Colorado (July i, 1876). 29, i< 1. Louisiana purchase (April 30, 1803, for $15,000,000). 2. Spanish Florida (Feb. 22, 1819, for $5,000,000). 3. Texas (1845). 4. California (1848). 5. Gadsden Purchase ''1853, $10,000,000). 6. Alaska (October, 1867, for $7,200,000). 3. In population (from 2,000,000 to 52,000,000). 9. Alabama (Dec. 14, 1819). 10. Maine (March 15, 1820). 1 1 . Missouri (August 10, 1821). 12. Arkansas (June 15. 1836). 13. Michigan (Jan. 26, 1837). 14. Florida (March 3, 1845). 15. Texas (Dec. 27, 1845)- 16. Iowa (Dec. 28, 1846). 17. Wisconsin (May 2. In area. 4. Iti productio7i. 5. In agriculture. 6. In manufacture. 7. hi commerce. 8. hi inve7ition. 9. hitellectually. 10. Fine arts. 11. Morally. 12. In Governtnental science. II. Authors, i. Historians. 1. Lightning rod (By Franklin, 1752). 2. Cotton gin (By Whitney, 1792). 3. Steamboat (By Fulton, Sept. 4, 1807). 4. Railroad (1827 First, now 52,000 miles). 5. Electro-magnetic telegraph (Morse, 1844). 6. Atlantic Cable (Cyrus W. P^ield, 1857-58, 1866). 7. Telephone (Bell, 1876-77). 8. Varied machinery. 1. Common schools. 2. High schools. 3. Colleges. 4. Newspapers. 5. Books. 1. Painting. 2. Sculpture. r I. Churches. j 2. Bible societies. 3. Orphan asylums, 4. Hospitals. 1. Bancroft. 4. Greeley. 2. Prescott. 5. Forney. 3. Motley. 6. Headly. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 31 II. Authors. I. Historians. 2. Poets. \l III. Orators. ■ Barnes. Ridpath, 1. Bryant. 2. Whittier. 3. Simms. / I. Cooper. 3. Romantic and] 2. Hawthorne. miscellaneous. \ 3. Irving. [4. Channing. 1. Webster. 7. Seward. 2. Clay. 8. Prentice. 3. Calhoun. 9. Step/tens. 4. Benton. 10. Douglass. 5. Everett. II. Choate. 6. Phillips. 12. Sumner. 9. Lossing. 10. Anderson. 4. Poe. 5. Holmes. 6. Longfellow. 5. Legare. 6. H. B. Stowe. 7. Mrs. Sigourney. CHAPTER IV.— WARS OF UNITED STATES. I. Cause (War between England and France on account of James II., King of England). I. King William's II. Queen Anne's III. King George's IV. French AND INDIAN. 2. Time (1689). f i. Port Royal (1690). 3. Length (8 2. Expedition against Quebec years). (1690). 4. Battles. J 3. Indian Expeditions (Schenec- 5. Result (same tady, Haverhill), as before). 4. Commanders (Gov. Phipps). 5. Treaty (Ryswick, 1697.) Cause (To place James' son on the Throne of Eng- land. France against England). Time (1702). Length (11 years). C I. Expedition against Port Royal (1707). Second expedition against Port Royal (1710)- [3. Invasion of Canada (1711). Result (French gave up Acadia). Treaty (Utrecht, 1713)- 1. Caz^jt' (Troubles in Europe). 2. Time (1744). 3. Battle (Capture of Louisburg, 1745). 4. Length (4 years). 5. Result (both parties restored territory taken). 6. 7>^«/y (Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748). Cause (Overlapping Claims). Time (1754). Wash ington 's Journey. ^,. . .' , E- .< 71 C I- First Expedition (Sur- Object zveSi. Fort Du\ ^^^^^^ J Washington, points. \ Quesne. | July 4. 1754). 4. Battles. 32 TREASURY OF FACTS. f4. Objective points. IV. French AND Indian. ' 2. Second Expedition (De- feat of Braddock, July 9. 1755)- 3. Result (Capture of the fort bv General Forbes, 1758).' f I . Braddock., 4. Com- J 2. Forbes, manders. j 3. Washing- [ ton. i I. Acadia (1755). } 2. Louisburg (1757). ( 3. Commanders, f I. Battle of Lake George (1755)- 2. Attack on Ticonderoga (1758). 3. Capture of the Forts (1759). A r^^ ( I- Dieskau. 4- Com- ^ 2. A b e r- manders. ) _, . ( crombie. 5. Result (Opened the route to Canada). Niagara (Captured in July, 1759). ' I. Attack (Sept. 13, 1759). 2. Com- j I. Montcalm, manders. ) 2. Wolf. 3. Result (Surrender of city, I Sept. 18, 1759). 5. Length (9 years). [4. Loss (Both commanders.) 6. Close (In 1760 for English, but French kept it up till 1763). 7. Treaty (Of Paris, 1763). ' I. England gained all the possessions of the French North of Iberville River and East of 8. Effects. \ Mississippi River. 2. $16,000,000 loss, and — Fort Du Qiiesne. Acadia and Louis- burg. . C'r o w n Point and Ticond oga. 5. Quebec. V. 3. 30,000 men. 9. Lncidents of the war. PoNTiAC's War (1763). VI. War of Revolution, I, Causes. , Battles of\77S- Writs of Assistance. Stamp Act (Passed 1765). Mutiny Act (1767). Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770). Boston Tea-party (Dec. 16, 1773). 1. When.? (April 19, 1775). 2. Number engaged. 3. Commanders. 4. Result (British defeat). 5. Effects. When? (June 17, 1775).. Commanders. I. Lexington. 2. Bunker Hill. 1.: UNITED STATES HISTORY. 33 VI. W A R OF Revolution. 2. Battles of ins- 4- r I. 3. Battles 0/1776. Bunker Hill. \ ^ Capture of Ticonderoga. Canada e x- peditio?i. Result (British defeat). 4. Effect. ' \. Wlien.? (May 10, 1775). 2. Commanders. 3. Result (English defeat). 4. Effect. 1. First column. 2. Second column. 3. Attack on Quebec (Dec. 31. 1775)- 4. Result (Patriot failure). ^ 5. Effects. Evacuation of Boston (March 17, 1776). A^^ 7. r-y ( I- The Enelish fleet. Attack on Ft. ) ^ Commanders. Moultrie. | ^ ^^^^^^_ Campaign near New York (July 12). i I. Time (August 27). Battle of\2. Commanders. Long Island. ] 3. Result. 4. Effect. 1. To Harlem Heights. 2. To White Plains. 3. To North Castle. 4. Flight through N. J. 5. Condition of country. 1. Time (Dec. 25, 1776). 2. Commanders. 3. Number engaged. 4. Result. q. Effects. , Washingtons retreat. 6. Battle of Trenton. 4. Battles of 1777- Battle of Princeton. 1. Time (January 3, 1777). 2. Commanders. 3. Number engaged. 4. Result. 5- 4- Effect. 1. Time (Oct. 4, 1777). 2. Commanders. 3. Number engaged. 4. Result. 5. Effect. 1. Time (Sept. 11, i777). 2. Commanders. 3. Number engaged. 4. Result. 5. Effect. Campaign at the North. ' I. Time. 2. Commanders. 3. Number engaged. 4. Result. 5. Effect. , Battle of Germantown, Battle of Brandywine. Battle of Ben nington. 34 TREASURY OF FACTS. 4. Battles of 1777- ' 6. Burgoyne's In- vasion. ^ Battles of Saratoga. . Battles of 1778. VI. War of. Revolution. ' 7, Battle of Mon- mouth. Campaign z : Rhode Island. 6. Battles, etc., of 1779. ^ 1. Intent (June, 1777). 2. Number of men (10,- 000). 3. Crown Point. 4. Ticonderoga. 5. Fort Edwards. 1. Time (Sept. 19; Oct. 7). 2. Commanders. 3. Number engaged. 4. Result. 5. Effects. ' I. Winter at Valley Forge (1777-78), 2. Conway Cabal {\']']'S). 3. French Alliance (Feb. 6, 1778), 4. Conciliatory proposals. 5. Atnerica' s friends. 6. Evacuation of Philadelphia. ' I . When } (June 28, 1778). 2. Commanders. 3. Number engaged. 4. Result. 5. Effect, r';? ( I. French fleet. ■ \ 2. Result. ^9. Massacre of Wyotning (July, 1778). ' I. Capture of Savannah (Dec. 29, 1778). 2. Capture of Fort Sun- I. Campaign in] bury (Jan., 1779). the South. I 3. Battle of Kettle Creek (Feb., 1779). 4. Battle of Brier Creek (March, 1779). 1. Expedition into Con- necticut. 2. Expedition to Ports- mouth. 3. Capture of Stony Point. 4. Second expedition to Connecticut. 5. Recapture of Stony Point. 6. Capture of Paulus Hook (July). 7. Expedition against Fort Castine (July, 1779)- 8. Operations aga i n s t the Indians. 3. Siege of Savannah (September, 1779). 4. Squadron of Paul f ones (September). Campaign the North. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 35 VI. W A R OF Revolution. 7. Battles, etc., of 1780. . B at - ties, etc., of 1781. 9. Miscel- laneous. 9- 10. VII. Second War with England I. Events of 1812. i. Cause. Campaign In the South. 1. When ? (Aug. 16). 2. Commanders. 3. Number engaged. 4. Result. 5. Effect, r I. Marion. Position of Comtnan-] 2. Sumter. ders. j 3. Pickens. 4. Arnold's treason. \ 4. Lee. ' I. War in the South. 1. Gu ilford Court House (Mar. 15, 1781). 2. Ninety-six (May), 3. Eutaw Springs (September). 1. Arnold's Expedition into Virginia (J a n., 1781). 2. Lafayette's defence. 3. Cornwallis in Virgin- ia (June). Difficulties of the country. ' I. Time (Oct. 19, 1781). 2. Commanders. 3. Number of men. 4. Result. ^5. Effect. 7. Peace declared (Nov. 30). 8, Treaty (Sept. 3, 1783). 1. When? (Sept. 5, 1774). 2. Where .> (Philadel- phia). 3. Result (Agreed upon a Decla ration of Rights). ' I. W h e n ? (May, 1775)- 2. Where > (Philadel- phia). 3. Result (Voted mon- [ ey and an army). Stratagem of Fort Staftwix. Frati.klin s mission to France. Troubles in camp (1780 and 1781). Morris, Financial agent. Shay's Rebellion. Constitutiotial Convention (May, 1787), Adoption of Constitution {S&'i)i. 17, 1787). Continental money. 1. Right of Search. 2. Impressment of our seamen. 3. Seizing our vessels as prizes. Battle of Camden, 2. Closing battles. 3. Green s retreat. 4. In the North. Siege of Yorb town. I. First Conti- nent a I Co Ti- gress. 2. Second Conti- n e 71 t a I C o n- gress. 36 TREASURY OF FACTS. I. Events of 1812.- , Surrender of Detroit. " Battle of Queenstown. . Naval tories. II. Events 1813. O F III. Events OF 1 814. VIII. War with Mexico. 1. When.? (Aug. 16, 18 12). 2. Commanders (Hull and Brock). 3. Result (loss of Michigan). 1. When? (Oct. 13, 1812). 2. Commanders (Van Rensselaer and Brock). 3. Number of men. 4. Result (Surrender of part of army). 1. Constitution and Guerriere (Aug. 9). 2. Frolic and Wasp (Oct. 13). 3. Other victories (300 prizes cap- tured). The Northern Army. The Central Army. The Western Army. 1. When.? (Oct. 5). 2. Commanders (Proctor and Har- rison). 3. Result (Decided the war). [4. Effect (Relieved Michigan). Perry s victory (Sept. 10, 181 3). {I. Chesapeake and Shannon (June I 1 81 3) 2. Hornet and Peacock (Feb. 24). fi. When? (July 25. 1814). 2. Commanders (Brown and Drum- mond). 3. Result (Not decisive). 1. When? (Sept. n, 1814). 2. Commanders (Prevost and Ma- comb). [ 3. Result (Capture of British fleet). Ravages on Atlantic coast. \. When? (Jan. 8, 181 5). 2. Commanders (Jackson and Pak- enham). 3. Result (British defeat). 1. In money ($127,000,000). 2. Loss of men. 3. Increase of manufacture. Treaty (Dec. 24, 1814, at Ghent; Ratified Feb. 17, 18 15). I. Cause. Annexation of Texas (July 4, 1845). 1. When? (April 24, 1846). 2. Commanders (Taylor and Arista). 3. Number of men (2300 and 6000). 4. Result (possession of Matamoras), I. When? (Sept. 24, 1846). 3. Capture of \ 2. Commanders (Taylor and Ampudia). Moftterey. | 3. Number of men (6000 and 10,000). 4. Result (Capture of city). 4. Battle of the Thames. 5- I. Battle of Lun dy's Lane. Battle of Lake Champlaitt. 4. Battle of New Orleans. Result of war. Peace declared. 2. Campaign oft Rio Grande. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 37 VIII. War WITH Mexico. IX. War of Rebellion. \. Battle of Beufia Vista. 5. Conquest of New Mexico and Cat. 6. Capture of \ Vera Cruz. Battle of Cerro Gordo . Battles be- foreMexico. 1. When? (Feb. 23, 1847). 2. Commanders (Taylor and Santa Anna). 3. Number of men (Less than 5000 and 20,000). 4. Result (Mexican defeat). When.? (June, 1846). Commanders (Kearney). Number of men (1000 ; vastly more). Result (Independence of Cali- fornia July 5, 1846). . When ? (March 29, 1847). ;. Commanders (Scott and Santa Anna). 1. Number of men (12,000; and more). .. Result (Capture of fortress and city). f I. When.' (April 18, 1847). 2. Commanders (Scott and Santa Anna). 3. Numberof men (12,000 and 12,000), (4. Result (Mexican defeat). 1. When.MAug.7,19, 2o.»; Sept. 8,1847). 2. Commanders (Scott and Santa Anna). 3. Number of men (10,000 and 30,- 000). 4. Result (Occupancy of Mexico, Sept. 14, 1847). 9. Peace (July 4, 1848). 10. Treaty (Feb. 2, 1848, Guadaloupe Hidalgo). \ Cession of New Mexico, Utah, and Cali- 11. Result.} fornia to the United States by Mexico ( for $15,000,000). ( I. Free trade. Slave labor. States Rights doctrine. 1. Surrender of Sumter (April 14, 1861). 2. West Virginia Campaign (May 24,1861). 3. Big Bethel Repulse (June 10, 1861). 4. Ball's Bluff (Oct. 21, 1861). 1. Battle of Carthage (June 17, 1861). 2. Battle of Wilson's Creek (Aug. 10, 1861). 3. Battle of Belmont (Nov. 7, 1861). 1. Movement of the army of the Peninsula (April 4). 2. Capture of Yorktown (May 4). 3. Battle of Williamsburg (May 5). 4. Battle of Fair Oaks (May 31, June i). 5. Jackson's Raid (June 8). 6. Seven Days' Retreat (June 28, 29, 30, July I, 2, 3, 4). 7. Battle of Gains' Mills (June 27). 8. Invasion of the North (Sept. 5). I. Cause. Events in 1861, East. Events in 1861, IVest. Events in 1862, East. 38 TREASURY OF FACTS. IX. War of Rebellion. r4- Events in 1862, East. Events in 1862, IVest. 6. Events in 1 863, East. • Events in 1863, West. Events in 1864, East. 9. Battle of South Mountain (Sept. 14). 10. Surrender of Harper's Ferry (Sept. 15). 11. Battle of Antietam (Sept. 17). 12. Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec. 13). 13. Capture of New Orleans (April 28). r I. Capture of Fort Henry (Feb. 6, 1862). 2. Capture of Fort Donelson (Feb. 16). 3. Occupation of Nashville (Feb. 23). 4. Occupation of Columbus (March 12). 5. Battle of Shiloh (April 6, 7 ; men, 40,000 and 57,000). 6. Capture of Island No. 10 (April 7). 7. Capture of Corinth (May 30). 8. Invasion of Kentucky by Bragg (Aug.). 9. His retreat and battle of Perryville (Oct. 8). 10. Battle of Murfreesboro (Dec. 31 and Jan. I). 11. Battle of luka. 12. Battle of Pea Ridge (March 7, 8). 13. Battle of Memphis (June 6). 1. Battle of Chancellorsville (May 2, 3). 2. Invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee. 3. Battles ofi!- ?'"■" ^^>! '^'i'/ i"\ ^Gettysburg. I -|-"''4y/J,f3,^)- 4. Lee's retreat. 5. Effect of these j Exploded the idea of battles. \ northern invasion. 1. Siege of Vicksburg (July 4). 2. Surrender of Port Hudson (July 9). 3. Rosenkrans in Tennessee (June). 4. Battle of Chickamauga (Sept. 19, 20), 5. Battle of Chattanooga (Nov. 23, 24, 25). 6. Battle of Missionary Ridge (Nov. 25). 7. Operations in East Tennessee (Nov. 30)- 8. Naval attack on Sumter (April 7). 9. Capture of Fort Wagner (Sept. 7). 1. Grant's Campaign (May 4). 2. Battle of the Wilderness (May 5, 6). 3. Battle of Spottsylvania (May 8, 9, 10, II, 12). 4. Battle of North Anna (June 3). 5. Battle of Cold Harbor (June 3). 6. Attack on Petersburg (June 8). 7. Operations in Shenandoah Valley. 8. Butler's Advance on Petersburg (June 18). 9. The Mine Explosion (July 30). 10. Siege of Washington (July 10). 11. Battle of Monocacy (July 9). 12. Sheridan's Valley Campaign (Sept.). UNITED STATES HISTORY. 39 IX. War of Rebellion, 3. E-oents in 1864, East. I. Events in West. 1864, 10. Events in 1865, South. II. Events in East. ( I. Result. IX. War of Rebelli on (MiSCEL LA- NEOUS). 2. Incidents con- nected with the war. I 13. Battle of Winchester (Sept. 19). ' 14. Battle of Cedar Creek (Oct. 19). 1. Sherman's Campaign (May 6). 2. Battles of Resaca and Dallas (May 14, 15, 25-28). 3. Battles of Kenesaw Mountain (June 22). 4. Hood's Attack at Atlanta (July 20, 22, 28). 5. His Western movement. 6. Battle of Franklin (Nov. 30). 7. Battle of Nashville (Dec. 15, 16). 8. Sherman's March to the Sea. 9. Capture of Fort M'Allister (Dec. 13). 10. Capture of Savannah (Dec. 24). 11. Battle of Olustee (Feb. 20). 12. Fort Pillow Massacre (April 12). 13. Red River Expedition (March and April). 14. Expedition against Mobile (Aug. 5)- 15. Expedition against Fort Fisher (Dec. 24, 25). 1. Northward march of Sherman (Feb.). 2. Capture of Columbus (Feb. 17). 3. Fall of Charleston (Feb. 18). 4. Battle of Averysboro (Mar. 15). 5. Battle of Goldsboro (Mar. 23). 1. Sheridan in the Shenandoah (May). 2. Attack on Fort Steadman (Feb. 25). 3. Battle of Five Forks (April i). 4. Attack on Petersburg (April 2). 5. Petersburg and Richmond Falls (April 2, 3). 6. Retreat of Lee (April 3 to 9). 7. Surrender of Lee's Army (April 9)- 8. Surrender of Johnston (April 26). Abolition of Slavery (1865). Entire freedom of Country. Settlement of State Rights question. ' I. Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. I, 1863.) 2. Death of Lincoln (April 14, 1865). 3. His Funeral (April 19, 1865). 4. Attempt on the life of Seward (April 14, 1865). 5. Execution of Conspirators. 6. Death of Wilkes Booth. 1865, 40 TREASURY OF FACTS. IX. War of Rebell ion (Miscella- neous). 2. Incidents con- nected with the 7. Proclamation of Neutrality by England and France (May 13, 1861). 8. McClellan superseded by Burn- side (Nov., 1862). 9. Draft Riot (July 13-16, 1863). 10. Christian Commission. 11. The Trent Affair (Nov. 8. 1861). 12. Sanitary Commission. 13. Merrimac and Monitor (March 8, 0- 3. Result of war. 14. Resignation of Scott (July, 1861). 15. Sioux War (1862). 16. Alabama and Kearsarge (July 19, 1864). 17. Paper Money ($2.80 in 1864). 18. Capture of Davis (May 11, 1865). In Money ($2,749,000,000). f I. Killed 300,000. In Men. \ 2. Crippled for life 200,000. ( 3. Confederates 500,000. In Destruction of property. SECTION VIII. GEOGRAPHY. CHAPTER I.— MATHEMATICAL. I. Mathematical. I. Terms. Sphere. Hemisphere. Diameter. Circumference. Circle. 2. Shape and size of earth. C I. Degrees. \ 2. Minutes. \ 3. Seconds. By appearance of ships. Shadow in Eclipse. C i rcumnaviga- tion. f I. Longest Di- I ameter. I 2. Shortest Di- [ ameter. Extent of Circumference. Extent of Diameter. 1. General shape. 2. Proofs of rotun- dity. 3. Oblate Spheroid. 6. Axis 7. Poles U: Circles of sitttation. North Pole. South Pole. Their use. Their names. 3. Latitude. 1. North Hemi- sphere. 2. South Hemi- sphere. 4. Motions of earth. 1 4. Longitude. f I. Rotation. 2. Revolution. Equator. Parallels. Meridians, j I. North. 2. South. 3. How reckoned. 4. Length of Degree. 1. Prime Meridian. 2. East Longitude. 3. West Longitude. 4. Length of De- gree. f I. On what .'' < 2. In what time ? ( 3. Result. SI. Around what ? 2. In what time ? 3. Result. 42 TREASURY OF FACTS. I. Mathematical. , ry ■ 3 I. Of Cancer. 5. a/maie ) '* ^^'OP'^^- \ 2. Of Capricorn. circles. 1 ^ ti i n- \ M- Arctic Circle. (2. Polar Circles.] 3 Antarctic Circle. 6. Torrid Zone. 1. Situation. 2. Characteristics. „ ™ , , < I. Situation. 7. Temperate, j ^^ characteristics. o T7 ■ -J S\- Situation. 8. i^r/^/^. I 2_ Characteristics. CHAPTER II.— PHYSICAL. I. Land. I. Extent. \l Continents. Islands. f I. Peninsulas. Contour forms. < 2. Capes. ( 3. Isthmuses. . Relief forms. I. Low lands. 2. High lands. 1. Plains. < 2. Valleys. ( I. Plateaus. Desert. Forest. Prairies. U: 2. Mountains. II. Water. I. The Ocean. = ^. f I. Seas. V- c 2. Gulfs. ;§ -2 J 3. Bays. .•S-a [4. Straits. 2. Rivers. 3. Lakes. III. Climate. IV. Plants. i. Tropical. Atlantic. Pacific. Indian. No r t h- ern. South- ern. Main Streams. Tributaries. Source. Mouth. Delta. Salt. Fresh. 1. General Law. 2. First Modification, Altitude. c- J n/r j-£ 4- i I- Prevailinsr winds. 3. Secoftd Modzficatton. -j ^^ Currents of air. 4. Third Modification. | \ |ea^^;°ds. 5. Fourth Modificatio7i. Length of days. f I. Bread Fruit. 2. "Bananas. 3. Talms. 4. Rice. Desert. Fertile. 1. Chains. 2. Ranges. 3. Systems. C h a n- nels. Sounds. GEOGRAPHY. 43 IV. Plants. Tropical. \ V. Animals. ■ 5. Pine Apples. 6. Caoutchouc, etc. 1. Tea. 2. Coffee. 3. Rice. 2. Warm Temperate. -' 4. Wheat. 5. Corn. 6. Potatoes. ^ 7. Sweet Potatoes. ' I. Barley. 2. Rye. 3. Cold Temperate. ^ 3. Oats. I 4. Buckwheat. [ 5. Potatoes. 1. Barley. 2. Turnips. 3. Dwarf Birches. 4. Alder. 5. Willows. [ I. Horse. 2. Sheep. 3. Camel. 4. Ox. ' I. Domestic. \ 5. Goat. 6. Hen. 7. Geese. 8. Ducks, etc. 1. Buffalo. 2. Deer. 2. Wild. J 3. Wolf. 4. Jay. 5. Hawk etc. 4. Arctic. ' I. Temperate. 2. Tropical. 3. Arctic. 1. Lion. 2. Tiger. 3. Hippopotamus. 4. Peacocks. 5. Ostriches, etc. 1. White Bear. 2. Seal. 3. Walrus. 4. Reindeer. 5. Fur-bearing Animals. CHAPTER HI.— POLITICAL. I. R ACES OF Man :|- Caucasian. < I. Physical characteristics. Representative type. I 3. Numbers. — 600,000,000 1. Features. 2. Color. 3. Hair. [4. Beard. I Europeans. 2. Arabs. 3. Hindoos. 44 TREASURY OF FACTS. I. Races OF Man. 2. Mongolian. 1. Physical characteristics. Representative type. Numbers. — 589,000,000. f I. Features. J 2. Color. 1 3. Hair. [4. Beard. 1. Chinese. 2. Japanese. 3. Turks. r I. Physical characteristics. 1. Features. 2. Color. 3. Hair. J ,^4. Beard. 3- African. \ 2. Representative j i. Tribes of Africa. type. \ 2. Negroes in America. Number. — 185,000,000. [ i. Features. 2. Color. 3. Hair. [4. Beard. < ^ t> ^ *• C I- Inhabitants of Malacca. 4. Malay. \ 2. Representative \ ^_ j,^^^ j^^j^ Islanders. ^ ■ ' ^ Pacific Islanders. I. Features. 1. Color, j. Hair. . J ^4. Beard. 5. American. \ 2. Representative ^ Indians of North and South type. \ America. N u mbers . — 11 ,000,000. ( I. Domestic. ^3- I. Physical characteristics. Numbers. — 60,000,000. I. Physical characteristics. II. Phys- ical NEEDS OF MAN. I. Food. < I. Beasts. I. Animal. { 2. Birds [ 3. Fishes. I. Roots. . 2. Vegetable. Stalks and leaves. 3. Grains. < _4. Fruits. •j 2. Wild I I. Forest. ( game. / 2. Prairie. 1. Domestic. 2. Wi Id < I. Forest, game. \ 2. Prairie. i I. Sea. ^ 2. Lake. ( 3. River. ( I. Potatoes. Onions. Beets. Turnips. 1. Sugar. 2. Tea. 3. Cabbage, etc. 1. Wheat. 2. Barley. 3. Rye. 4. Corn. ^ 5. Coffee, etc. r I. Apples. j 2. Peaches. 3. Nuts. 4. Melons. GEOGRAPHY. 45 I. Food. 3. II. Physical NEEDS o F MAN. Salt. 2. Water. 3. Lime. Iron. 2. Clothing. Vegetable. 3. Mineral. Wool. Fur. Ivory. , Horns. 5. Leather. Cotton. Animal. 1^: .| 2. Linen. ( 3. Gutta-percha. * {I. Iron. 2. Steel. 3. Copper. 4. Brass, Skins. Woollens. Shelter. ,. . ,, S I- Cotton 2. Vegetable. | ^^ lj^^^^ ^ 3. Mineral. r I. Bi I 2. St III. Nations. European. . I. Europe. 2. Asia. 3. Africa. 2. American. I. North America Brick. Stone. 3. Paints. 4. Glass. 1. England. 2. Russia. 3. France. 4. Spain, etc. 1. Turkey. 2. Persia. 3. Siberia, etc. 1. Soudan. 2. Zanguebar. 3. Cape Colony, etc. 1. United States. 2. Mexico. 3. Canada, etc. 1. Chili. 2. Brazil. 3. Peru, etc. IV. States of society. ^ 2. South America. { \. Characteristics. „ J 2. Language.— Spoken. 1. Savage. < ^ Government.— Patriarchal [4. Religion.— Pagan. r I. Characteristics. \ I. Spoken. ^ Half civilized \ ^- Language, j written. 2. Halfctvtltzed. ^ ^^^^^^„„,„<_Absolute Monarchy. 1 4. Religion.— Buddhist. I. Characteristics. 3. Civilized. , I. Spoken. 2. Language. | 2. Written. ^ I. Republican. 3. Government, j ^^ Monarchical. 4. Religion.— Christian. 46 TREASURY OF FACTS. V. Occupations. VI. Government. VII. Religion. < 1. Agriculture. \ ^ 2. Seafaring. \ ^ ( I- 3. Lumbering Mtnins;:. { 3. 4. 5- .6. Commerce. I. Foreign. 2. Domestic. Farming. Grazing. Fishing. Navigation. Cutting. ^ 2. Hauling. ( 3. Sawing. Coal. Gold. Silver. Iron. Lead, etc. C i. Flour. C I. For food. ■< 2. Syrup. 5. Manufacturing. < 2. For clothing. ( 3. Sugar, etc. ( 3. Shelter. S I. Imports. \ 2. Exports. 1. By rail. 2. Canals. 3. Rivers. ( I. Senate. 1. Legislative. ■< 2. House of Rep~ ( resentatives. ( I. Supreme Court. 2. Judicial. < 2. Circuit Court. ( 3. Inferior Court. ■c .■ { I. President. 3. Executive, j ^ Vice-President. ' I. Absolute. 2. Limited. 3. Kingdoms. 4. Empires. 5. Duchies. 1. Roman Catholic. 2. Protestant. ( 3. Greek Church. 2. Mohammedan. 3. fewish. 4. Pagan. I. Republican. 2. Monarchical. I. Christian. CHAPTER IV.— LOCAL OR STATE GEOGRAPHY. 11. Outline. \l i I. By Latitude and Longitude, i I. Oceans. I. Position of state. } ii. Natural. < 2. Lakes. ( 2. By Boundaries. } (3. Rivers. Regular. ( 2. Artificial. — State lines. 2. Irregular. i I. Length in miles. 1. Definite size. < 2. Breadth in miles. III. Extent, i, ( 3. Area. 2. Comparative size. — As to other States. GEOGRAPHY. 47 [. Principal hidentaiiotis. ] ^' -d Peninsulas. IV. Coast. \ '^- Principal Projections. \ Adjacent Islands. Harbor. 2. Capes. f I . Characteristics. V. Surface. VI. Rivers. VII. Lakes, 2. Mountains. 3. Valleys. 4. Plains. i I. Level. \ 2. Undulating. ( 3. Mountains. To what System. To what Range or Group. Interior or Boundary. Wooded. Grassy. Sandy. Direction of slopes. Natural Curiosities. To what System. Description of particular rivers. Description. ^^J^^^ '^^^^^'"M I. For Fishing. / 2. For Commerce. ' \. As determined by Latitude. 1. Length. 2. Navigable. 3. For Waterpower. 1 4. For Fish. VIII. Climate. 2. As modified by certain causes. < ' I. On the surface. IX. Natural VANTAGES. ad- Forests. The soil. , Within the earth. 3. In the water. ■\ 1. Altitude. 2. Proximity to Sea. 3. Great Lakes. 4. Winds. 5. Slope of Land. 6. Nature of Soil. 7. Forests. 1 3. Facilities for transportation. ' I. Coal. 2. Iron. 3. Salt. 4. Building stone. 5. Copper, Lead, etc. r. Gold. 2. Silver. , Useful erals. mm- X. Internal improvements. 2. Precious metals 1. Sea fish. 2. Lake and River fish. Local roads. Trunk lines. Canals Navigation by Lakes attd Rivers. I. Railroads. U; XL Occupations. ^ . ,, ^ I. Crops raised. 1. ^^r..«/^«r^.|2 Stockraising 2. Manufactur . 3. Mining. \ ^^ 2. Manufacturing . i , Articles manufactured. Metals, etc., found. To what extent worked. 48 TREASURY OF FACTS. XI. Occupations. XII. Government, 5- Lumbering. Fishms". 6. Commerce. 3 I. Location of Forests. \ 2. Method pursued. 3 I. Locality of fisheries. I2. " ' 1. Legislative. 2. Executive. 3. Judicial. \ ' XIII. History, XIV. Cities. 13- Kinds caught. 1. Exports. 2. Imports. 3. Means of transportation. 1. Names of Houses. 2. Session. 3. Length of term. Supreme Court. Circuit Court. Colonial Period. Territorial Period. Date of Admission. Subsequent growth and present Population. ( I. Population. \ 2. Industries. Chief source of wealth. i I. Population. < 2. Industries. ( 3. Chief source of wealth. I. Population. Other important Cities. \ 2. Industries. 3. Chief source of wealtho I. Early History. 2. 1. Capital. (3- 2. Metropolis. SECTION IX. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. CHAPTER I.— GEOLOGY. I. General struct- ure OF THE EARTH, I. Earths 2. Rocks. II. Continents. r- Eastern. 2. Western. III. Islands. < I. Continental. . 2. Pelagic. •1 1. Vegetable mould. 2. Mineral earths. 1. Unstratified. 2. Stratified. -?. Fossiliferous. U: 4. Non-fossiliferous. ' I. Plutonic. 5. Igneous. ■ i I. Silicious. < 2. Calcareous. f 3. Argillaceous. Stratified. Unstratified. 1. Stratified. 2. Unstratified. 1. Unstrati- fied. 2. Non-fossi- 2. Volcanic. Metamorphic. A S I. ^ 7. Aqueous. ^ 2. f I. Europe. } 2. Asia. ( 3. Africa. \ I. North America. \ 2. South America. 1. Japanese. 2. British Islands. 3. West Indies. I. Sandwich. liferous. 1. Unstrati- fied. 2. Non-fos- [ siliferous. 3 I. Stratified. ) 2. Non-fossiliferous. Stratified. Fossiliferous. I. Common. 2. Volcanic. IV. Mountains. < 3. Caroline. 1. 20,000 feet and up. 2. 10,000 to 20,000. 3. 2000 to 10,000. 4. Chains. 5. Ranges. 6. Systems, 2. St. Helena. 1. Sabrina. 2. Nyoe. 3. Hotham. 1. Lagoon. 2. Encircling Reefs. 3. Barrier Reefs. 4. Infringing Reefs. 50 TREASURY OF FACTS. V. Valleys. VI. Plateaus. VII. Plains. I J: r. Longitudinal. Transverse. 1. Desert. 2. Fertile. Wooded. Grassy. 3. Desert. VIII. Volcanoes. C I. Forests. \ 2. Selvas. ( 3. Heaths. 1. Prairies. 2. Llanos. 3. Pampas. 4. Steppes. 1. Llanos. 2. Steppes. 3. Landes. L Central System. C I. Active. < 2. Intermittent. ( 3. Extinct. 1. Active. 2. Intermittent. 3. Extinct. IX. Earthquakes. 2. Linear System. 3. Mud Volcanoes. 4. Fires of Bokou. 5. Hochans. 6. Hotsing. ^ 7. Geysers. C I. Horizontal, fi. Linear. J. 2. Vertical. ( 3. Rotary. I. Horizontal. 2. Circular. \ 2. Vertical. 3. Rotary. CHAPTER II.— HYDROGRAPHY. I. Springs. II. Rivers. 1. Perennial. 2. Intermittent. 3. Periodical, Salt ^ ' ■ Syracuse, N. Y. (2. Kanawha, Va. ^ I. Saratoga, N. Y. _ 5. Mineral. } 2. Sulphur, Va. ( 3. Blue Licks, Ky. ' I. Arctic. 2. Antarctic. 3. Pacific. 4. Atlantic. 5. Indian. I. Oceanic. 2. Continental. 3. Main Streams. ^ 4. Tributaries. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 51 III. Lakes. 1. Those with 2. Those with 3. Those with 4. Those with 5. Salt. 6. Fresh. ' I. Arctic. 2. Atlantic. inlet and no outlet, inlet and an outlet, no inlet but aft outlet, no iftlet Jior outlet. 3. Eastern. 4. Western. IV. OCEANS. { 3. Pacific. 4. Indian. ^ 5. Antarctic. ( I. Waves. Eastern. U: 2. Western. V. Oceanic MOVEMENTS. 2. Tides. North Atlantic. South Atlantic. S I. Mediterranean Sea. ■ \ 2. Baltic Sea. 1. Caribbean Sea. 2. Gulf of Mexico. 3. Honduras Bay. Gulf of California. Sea of Kamtschatka. 1. China Sea. 2. Yellow Sea. ( 3. Japan Sea. Bay of Bengal. Persian Gulf. Arabian Sea. Red Sea. 1. By the onward flow of the ocean's surface. 2. By the Winds. 3. By the Earthquakes. \ I. Spring Tide. ( 2. Neap Tide. Ebb Tide. I -SP™/™- r I. Under Currents. 2. Counter Currents I. Flood Tide. 3. Currents. 3. Temporary rents. Hurlgate, East River. Cur--i 2. Roost of Shum- burg, South Shetland. 1. The Antarctic Current. 2. The Equatorial Current of the Atlantic. 3. The Equatorial Current of the Pacific. 4. The Southern connecting Current. 5. Guiana and Cari b b e a n Current. 6. Gulf Stream. 7. North Africa and Guinea Current. 8. Arctic Current. 9. Japan Current. 10. Saxgasso, or Grassy Sea. 11. Red Sea. 2. Persian Gulf. 3. China Sea. 4. Indian Ocean. 4. Constant Currents. 52 TREASURY OF FACTS. CHAPTER III.— METEOROLOGY. I. Atmosphere. i: II. Temperature. 211. Winds. Drvair \ ^- Oxygen, 20, or 21. ury atr. -^ ^^ Nitrogen, 79, or 80, Vapor of water. 1 . Temperature of a solid body. 2. Temperature of the atmosphere, 3. Temperature of a place. 1. North-east. 2. South-east. I, Land and sea S i. I. Constant or Trade. 2. Periodical. ■ 3. Variable. 4. Hot winds. 3 U breezes. 2. Monsoons. Etezian. From the sea. 2. From the land. 1. North-east. 2. North-west. 3. South-east. 4. South-west. Northers of Texas and Mexico. South-west. North-west. Simoom. 2. Khamsin. 3. Harmattan. 4. Sirocco. 5. Solano. Cold winds. Whirlwinds. Revolving winds. Moist winds. Dry winds. Pamperos. Northers of Texas and Mexico. Bora. Hurricanes. 2. Typhoons. 3. Cyclones. 4. Tornadoes. W Dew. Frosts. Fog. Clouds. IV. Moisture of the atmosphere. < 5. Rain. Sjtow. Hail. V. Climate. I. 2. 3- 1 4- 2 3 Position of mountains and plains. Vicinity of the sea. , r^, . , The nature of the soil. ^^ ^JJe hot" 1 3. The warm. [ 4. The temperate. , Cirrus. Cumulus. Stratus. [4. Nimbus. i I. Rainless region. < 2. Periodical rains. ^ 3. Frequent. i I. Glaciers. < 2. Icebergs. ( 3. Avalanches. Tierras Calientes. Tierras Templadae. Tierras Frias. Isothermal lines. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 53 V. Climate. ^ T *i 11- S ^- The cold. 6. Isothermal hues. | ^^ The frigid. VI. Electrical NOMENA. PHE- I. Electricity. M VII. Optical Phenomena Thunder. Lightning. 2. Mariners' light. 3. Aurora Borealis. { I. Rainbow. 2. Halos coronce. I 3. Mock suns. ■• 4. Mock moons. 5. Mirage. 6. Tvz/a Morgana. 7. Ignis Fatuus. Zigzag. Sheet. Globular. CHAPTER IV.— ORGANIC LIFE. L Botany. 1. Cryptogamous. , 2. Phcenogamous. \ ' 3. /f Flow ( I. Propulsion of Boats. < - ^^°^^' I 2. Machines for raising water. -! 3. Archimedes' Screw. 4. Chain Pump. 5. Hydraulic Ram. CHAPTER HL— PNEUMATICS. L Elastic fluids. I. Vacuums H. Air. 2. Properties. Gases. Vapors. 1. Compressible 2. Elastic. 3. It has weight 4. Mariotte's law. - Atmospheric pressure. — Barometer Density of air at different levels C-/3* t -e 1. 4 ■ M- Rarefies. Effect of heat on atr. ^ ^ Balloons. ( r. Single-barrelled. 2. Double-barrelled. 3. Experiments. ' The greater the pressure to which the fluids are sub- jected, the less space they occupy and the greater their density. S I. Tube. • \ 2. Wheel. 6. Air Pump L 7. Condenser. III. Pneumatic machines. 1. Siphon. 2. Tantalus's Cup. 3. Lifting Pump. 4. Forcing Pump. 5. Fire Engines. Centrifugal Pump. 7. Stomach Pu7np. CHAPTER IV.— PYRONOMICS. I. Nature of heat. w II. Sources of heat. , Sensible. Latent. The Sun. Mechanical action. 3 I. By friction. I2. - By percussion. Chemical actiott Electricity. S I. Combustion. ■ ( 2. Animal heat. S2 TREASURY OF FACTS. III. Diffusion of heat. I. Bj/ Con- duction. Good Conductors. — Solids. [ I. Porous bodies. Bad Con- J ductors. Fibrous bodies. Liquids. Gases. Vapors. 2. By Convection. 3. Conducting power of Solids. 4. Conducting power of Liquids. 5. Conducting power of Gases. 6. Conducting power of Vapors. 3, By Radia- tion. Radiant heat dimin- ishes in intensity as the square of the distance from the radiating body increases. Reflection. Absorption of Radiant heat. Tran'smission of heat. I. Law. - IV. Effects OF HEAT. Expansion. Liquefaction. Vaporization. Condensation. Incandescence. Specific heat. 7. Steam. Of Solids. Of Liquids. Of Gases. Of Vapors. Thermometer. Differential. Pyrometer. I. Generation of steam. Condensation. Hero's Engine. 3. Steam- Engines. De Garay's Engine. De Cause & Branca's. Papin's. r i. Boiler. Watt's. 2. Safety-valve. fi. High ir-A Pressure. ^'"^^•2. Low [ Pressure. Newcomen's. I. Stationary. ^4. Uses of Engines.^ 2. Marine. 3. Locomotive. CHAPTER v.— OPTICS. I. Nature of light. 1. Rays. 2. Production j I. Self-luminous bodies. ^^' \ 2. Non-luminous bodies. ^ . . yC I. Transparent bodies. 'K. Transmission of} ^^ T .. u j • / , i^- Translucent bodies. ^•^ ' ■ (3. Opaque bodies. 4. The Media. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 85 II. Sources of light. 1 . Sun and Stars. 2. Chemical Action. 3. Mechanical Action. 4. Electricity. III. Propagation OF LIGHT. 5. Phosphorescence. 1. Light radiates from every point of a luminous sur- face in every direction. 2. In a uniform medium, light is propagated in straight lines. 3. Velocity. 4. Law of intensity. — The intensity of light diminishes according to the square of the distance from the lu- IV. Shadows. — Penumbra. minous body that produces it. V. Reflection and FLECTING surfaces. RE- I. Mirrors. 2. Law of reflection. 3. Images. 4. Reflection from Mirrors. VI. Refraction LIGHT. OF I. By Atmosphere. - ( I. Plane. } 2. Concave. ( 3. Convex. {The angle of reflec- tion is equal to the angle of inci- dence. From Plane. Kaleidoscope. Concave Mirrors. Convex Mirrors, f I. Double Concave. Piano-Concave. Double Convex. Piano-Convex. Concavo-Convex. jst Law of Refraction. By Prisms and Lenses, — I. Classes of Lenses: By Convex Lenses. By Concave Lenses. [ 6. Meniscus, By Multiplying Glass. Double Refraction. -In a uniform medium, there is no refraction. It is only on passing from one medium to another, that a ray is turned from its course. 2d Law. — Only such rays as enter a medium obliquely are refracted, — not such as enter at right angles. 3<^Zaw.— When a ray passes obliquely from a rarer to a denser me- dium, it is refracted towards a line perpendicular to the surface. 4/^ Z^Tf .— When a ray passes from a denser, into a rarer medium, it is refracted from the perpendicular. VII. Polarization of light. ' I. Solar Spectrum. 2. Difference of color. 3. Complementary colors. 4. Properties of the Spectrum. 5. Dark lines in the Spectrum, 6. Dispersion of Light. 7. Achromatic Lenses. 8. Rainbow. 0. Haloes. VIII. Chromatics. IX. Vision, i. The Eye. — Parts of eye. - 1. Cornea. 2. Iris. 3. Pupil. 4. Aqueous matter. 5. Crystalline lens. 84 TREASURY OF FACTS. IX. Vision. I. The Eye. \ i I. Parts of eye. \ 2. Uses. Defects of vision. Images formed on Retina Visual angle. Adaptation of the eye. I. Camera Obsctira. Microscope. 6. Vitreous matter. 7. Retina. 8. Choroki Coat. 9. Sclerotic Coat, o. Optic Nerve. f X. Optical instruments. 3. Magic Lantern. \ ' 4. r.W>«.j-;Jefrac.K| 1. Single. 2. Compound. 3. Solar Microscopes. Phantasmagoria. Dissolving views. CHAPTER VI.— ACOUSTICS. I. Nature of sound. II. Origin of sound. III. Transmission of sound. IV. Velocity of sound. V. Distance transmitted. ' I. Speaking Trumpet. ^ 2. Stethoscope. VII. Interference of sound, v i. Echoes. VIII. Reflection of sound. \ 2. Ear Trumpets. ( 3. Whispering Galleries. 1. Loudness. 2. Pitch. 3. Quality, f I . Stringed. VI. Acoustic tubes. IX. Musical sounds. X. Musical MENTS. INSTRU- XI. Gamut. XII. Harmony. 2, Wind. 1. Vocal Organs. 2. Vocal Chords. 3. Ventriloquism. (^4. Stammering. The voice of inferior animals. SI. Outer Ear. 2. Inner Ear. 3. Drum. ( I. Pianos. < 2. Harps. ( 3. Violins, etc. i I. Organ. Kinds. \ 2. Flute. ^ 3. Fife, etc. Manner of producing sound. XIII. Human voice. XIV. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, 85 CHAPTER VIL— ELECTRICITY. I. Sources of electricity. 1. Developed by Friction. 2. Developed by Chemical Action. 3. Developed by Magnetism. 4. Developed by Heat. II. Attraction and repulsion. III. Nature of electricity. IV. Conduction. — Insulators. V. Path of the current. fi. Cylinder machine. VI. Velocity of electricity. ) 2. Plate. VII. Electrical machines. -! 3. Insulating Stool. 4. Leyden Jar. 5. Battery. VIII. Mechanical effect of the passage of electricity. IX; Ignition by the electric spark. X. Electrophorous. XI. Electroscopes. XII. Electrometers. XIII. Electrical induction. , ^ .^. XIV. Electricity from steam. [ ' //^pj' > ^ XV. Atmospheric electricity. \ ^- V : ^""'^.f J^!'^- „«. ^ tv u. ■ 3. Fire Balls, i i. Effects of Iightnmg. [ 4. Lightning. < 2. Lightning Rods. Dry Piles. ( 3. Thunder. Quantity and Intensity, Theory of the Battery. Difference between Frictional and Voltaic Electricity. f 1. Decomposition. I 2. Protection of metals. Effect of Voltaic. { 3. Luminous and Heat- How produced. \ ing. Batteries. [4. Physiological. steam, electricity. XVI. Voltaic electricity. XVII. Galvani's the- ory. XVIII. Volta's theory. XIX. Galvanic batter- ies. r I. 2. 3- 4- XX. Thermo-Electric ity. 15- CHAPTER VIII.— MAGNETISM. I. Natural magnets. II. Artificial magnets. Poles. Power. Armature. 1. Magnetic needles. 2. Poles. III. Properties of the magnet IV. Law of attraction. 1. Attraction. 2. Polarity. 3. Magnetic variation. 4. Magnetic Dip. 5. Compass. Magnetic attraction decreases in intensity as the square of the distance from the magnet increases. 86 TREASURY OF FACTS. VIII. The produc- tion OF ARTIFI- CIAL MAGNETS. Magnets in needles. In Horseshoes. In Bars. With currents. V. Law of polarity. — Like poles of magnets repel each other, and unhke poles attract each other. VI. Theory of magnetism. VII. Terrestrial magnetism.— Magnetic intensity. ' I. By Induction. 2. By the Sun's rays. ( i. 3. By Contact with a Mag- J 2. net. . I 3. 4. By Electric currents. [ 4. 1 . Effect of electrical cjirrents. 2. Connection between electricity and magnet- ism. 3. Electro-magnetic rotation. 4. Effect of electric currents upon Steel and Soft Iron. k I. Magnetizing power of the 5. The Helix, -j Helix. ( 2. Electro-magnets. 6. Electro-magnetism as a power. 1. Morse's. 2. House & Bain's. 3. Submarine. IX. Electro-mag netism. 7. Electro-magnetic telegraph. 8. Electro-magnetic clocks. 9. Electro-magnetic Fire Alarms. \ 10. The Helix a magnet. X. Electricity.— Magnets. XI. Diamagnetism. CHAPTER IX.— ASTRONOMY. I. Fundamental facts II. The solar TEM. SYS- I, The Sun. Space is tilled with worlds, etc. These are divided into systems. The Stars are Suns. Some have satellites. The Earth is a planet. 1. Solar spots. 2. Constitution of the sun. I 3. Motions of the sun. [4. The Zodiacal light. i I. The Orbits of the Planets. 2. The Planets. < 2. Bode's Law. ( 3. Kepler's Laws: \st Law. — The Orbits of the planets are ellipses having one focus in common, and in this com- mon the sun is situated. id Law. — The radius Vector of a planet passes over equal areas in equal times. 2)d Law. — The squares of the planet's times of revolution around the sun, are proportioned to the cubes of their distances _/>,^. Uses for Alloys. Mercuric-Iodide. Iodide. ' I. Sulphide of Iron. 2. Galena. 3. Sulphurous Oxide. 4. Sulphuric Acid. 5. Sulphurous Acid. 6. Sulphuretted Hydrogen i I. Calcic Phosphate. < 2. Phosphoric Oxide. ( 3. Phosphoric Acid. 1. Colorless. 2. Soluble. 3. Tasteless. 4. Inodorous 5. Poisonous. 6. Arseniuretted Hydrogen Lodestone. f I . Color. , Comb u s- tibility. For Matches. \l Carbon. Silicon. Phosphorous. Sulphur. 1. Brass. 2. Bronze. 3. German Silver. CHEMISTRY. 95 IX. Zinc. X. Tin. Blende. Red Oxide. Sntithsonite. Properties. 1. Tin Stone. 2. Properties. 3. Alloys. XI. Lead. Galena. Properties. XII. Mercury. drargyrum.) Alloys.— (Hy- 1. Color. 2. Weight. 3. Brittleness. Brilliant. Malleability. Pewter. Britannia. Color. Malleability, 3. Weight. ( 4. Poisonous. Type metal. i I. Cintiabar. < 2. Properties. \ ( 3. Liquid metal. 1^: XIII. Silver, XIV. Gold. j I. Sulphide. Properties. Color. Weight. Malleable. Uses. li 1. Color. 2. Weight. 3. C o m- pounds. The whitest metal. Malleable. Ductile. 1. Cor r OS i ve Sublimate. 2. Calomel. CHAPTER v.— CHEMICAL ATTRACTION. I. First Law. — Every compound is always made up of the same elements, and always of the same proportion, by weight, of the elements. II. Second Law. — If one substance combines with another in more than one proportion, these proportions are always multiples of the combining weight. SECTION XVII. GOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE. CHAPTER I.— PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT. I. Rights of PERSONS, Absolute. f I. Public. _ 2. Relative. < 2. Private. II. Rights THINGS. OF I. Real things. 2. Personal things. 1. Of personal security. 2. Of personal liberty. 3. Of private property. 1. To establish a government. 2. To share in the government. 3. To be protected by the gov- ernment. 4. Of Aliens. 5. Of Citizens. Master and Servant. Husband and Wife. Parent and Child. Guardian and Ward. 1. Gained by Occu- pancy. 2. Gained by Custom. 3. Gained by Succes- sion. 4. Gained by Mar- riage. 5. Gained by Judg- ment. 6. Gained by Grant. r I. Kinds. I 2. Tenures. 1 3. Estates. [4. Titles. 1. Their distribution. 2. Property in them. 3. Title to them. Gained tract. , Gained ment. Gained by Admin- istration, by Con- by Testa- CHAPTER II.— KINDS OF GOVERNMENT. 1. Absolute. 2. Limited. 3. Hereditary. 4. Elective. I. Monarchical. II. Aristocratic III. Democratic. V^' T^Z^'y { 2. Republican IV. Patriarchal. GOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE. 97 CHAPTER III.— STATE GOVERNMENTS. 1. Nature. 2. Convention. \ 3. Adoption. I 4. Atnendments. [ 5. The Value. I. Constitution. 2. 5iptroIIer. 5. State Treasurer. 6. Attorney-General. 7. Superintendent of Public Instruction. 8. Surveyor-General. 9. Auditor-General. 10. State Printer. 11. State Librarian. 1 . Necessity for counties. 2. Corporations. 3. Conwiissioners. 4. Treasurer. 5. Recorder. 6. Sheriff. 7. Coroner. 8. District-Attorney. 9. Surveyor. f l. 10. Superintendent of j 2. Schools. 1 3. VII. Township officers. ^ f I. Chief officer. [4. Salary. 2. Treasurer. 3. Clerk. 4. Constables. 5. Supervisors. 6. School Directors. 7. Overseers of Poor. 8. Assessors. 9. Collectors. . Necessity for Incorporating. Qualifications. Manner of election. Length of term. VIII. Cities and towns. \ 2. Charter. [ 3. Officers. ' I. Necessity for. 2. Assessment. 3. Exonerations. IX. Taxes. -' 4. Apportionment. 5- 6. .7. City. 2. Boro'. Mayor. Aldermen. Councilmen. Police. Burgess. Councilmen. Minor officers. Imports. Customs, X. Education. Collection. Tax sales. ^ Indirect taxes. \ ^ 1. Necessity for a system. 2. Object of the system. 3. Appropriation for schools. 4. Districts for schools. 5. Superintendent of schools. 6. Common schools. 7. Higher grades. GOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE. 99 X. Education. Academies. 9. Colleges. XI. Public TUTIONS. XII. Militia. • 10. Normal schools f I . Asylums. I 2. Aims-Houses. INSTI- I 3. Hospitals. 4. Prisons. 5. Railroads. [ 6. Canals. Organization. 2. How composed. 3. Commanders. 4. Training of. 5. Volunteers. fi- Jails. Work-Houses. Penitentiaries. CHAPTER IV.— JUDICIAL AND EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT. I. Judicial. < I. Courts. 9- 10, Officers. 2. Legal Pro- ceedings. 1. Necessity for. 2. Supreme. 3. Circuit. 4. Justices'. 5. Probate. 6. Chancery. 7. Common Pleas. 8. Quarter Sessions. Police. f I. Whom. 2. Term. 3. Salary. [ 4. How appointed 1. Impeachment. 2. Trial. 3. Ordinary proceedings. 4. Parties. 5. Summons. 6. Pleadings. 7. Jury. 8. Trial. 9. Verdict. 10. Judgment. 11. Appeal. 12. Execution. 3. Criminal Proceedings. . 4. Other Proceedings. \ 1. Against Property. 2. Against Persons. 1. Indictment. 2. Arrest and Bail. 3. Examination. 4. Habeas Corpus. 5. Trial. In Probate Courts. In Special Courts. In Equity Courts. (,4. In Argument Courts. lOO TREASURY OF FACTS. II. Executive. fi. Execute the laws. Appoint Officers. Pardon Criminals. 4. Commander-in-Chief. CHAPTER v.— UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, I. The Confed- eration. f I. The Continental Congress. 2. Difficulties. 3. Taxes. 4. Duties. 5. Discord among the States. , 6. Convention to amend. \ ' 7. Adoption of the Constitution. Of 1786. Of 1787. II. The Fed ERAL Gov-- ERNMENT. First Dz'vt'swn of Federal Govermnent — Legislative, 1. Members. 2. Qua 1 i fi c a- tions. I. House of 3. Number. Represen- -' 4. Apport i o n- tatives. ment. 1. Preamble. 5. Salary. 2. Division in- J 6. F r e e d o m to Houses. 1 [ from arrest. 1. Character. 2. Number of members. Consti- y 2. Senate. \ 3. Qualifications. tutioti. 1 4- Election. 5. Term. 6. Salary. 1. Officers. 2. Impeachment. 3. Meetings. 4. Rules. 5. Liberty of speech. 6. Bills. 7. Veto. 1 . Necessity for taxing. 2. Manner of taxing. 3. Object of taxing. 4. Uniform system. 5. Can borrow money. I. Nature of regulation. Regulation of ] 2. Protection. Cotmnerce. \ 3. Collection of Duties. 3. Congress in gen eral. 2. Powers to tax. 4. Registry of Vessels. GOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE. lOI II, The Fed ERAL Gov-- ERNMENT, Regulation Commerce. 4- Powers relating to Peace. r 5. Clearance and Equity 0/ j 6. Navigation Laws. 7. Among the States. 8. Among tiie Indians. 1. To naturalize Aliens. 2. To pass Bankrupt Laws. 3. To coin Money. 4. To regulate Weights and Meas ures. 5. To establish Post-Offices. 6. Powers relat- ing to War. 6. Constitution a I Prohibitions. Authors. S '■ Copyrights. 7. To establish courts. 8. To punish Piracy. 9. To punish offences against the laws of nations. 10. Rights over the District of Co- lumbia. To declare war. To grant Letters of Marque, etc. Powers over captures. Powers to raise and maintain an Army and Navy. To call out the militia. 1. As to Taxes. 2. As to Commerce. 3. Suspension of Ha- beas Corpus. 4. Bills of Attainder. 5. Ex post Facto laws. 6. Titles of Nobility. 7. Can't pay money un- less appropriated. 8. Officers can't wear ti- tles of honor from for- eign nations. f I. As to Taxes. 2. As to forming agree- I ments with other States I and nations. 3. As to War. 4. As to Money. 5. As to Bills of Attain- der. 6. As to Ex post Facto laws. 7. As to impair contracts. 8. As to titles of nobil- ity. On the United States. On the States. I02 TREASURY OF FACTS. Seco7id Division of Federal Governtnent — Executive, f I. Qualifications. 2. Manner of election 3. Length of term. 4. Vacancy. 5. Salary. I. The President. ^ I. By Electors. \ 2. By the House. 6. Powers. 9- 10. 1. Commander-in-Chief. 2. To grant Reprieves and Pardons. 3. To form Treaties. 4. To appoint Ministers. 5. To appoint Consuls. 6. To appoint Judges. 7. To appoint other Officers. 8. To fill Vacancies. To remove Officers. To convene Congress. 11. To receive foreign Ministers. 12. To execute the laws. 13. To deliver an Annual Message. 1. Secretary of State. 2. Secretary of Treasury. 3. Secretary of Interior. 7. His Cabinet. \ 4. Secretary of War. 5. Secretary of Navy. 6. Attorney -General. 7. Postmaster-General. Third Division of Federal Government — JudiciaL c- . M- Numb< I. Supreme, j ^^ j^^j^^j 2. Circuit. I. Courts. •! Number. liction. Number. Jurisdiction. 1. Number. 2. Jurisdiction. II. Crimes. 3. District. 4.' Court of Claims ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ 5. fudges of Courts, j ^ g^j^^_ f I. Cases arising under Constitution and 6. furisdictio n J Treaties. in general. | 2. Cases affecting Foreigners. [ 3. Cases between different States. ' I. Treason. 2. Punishment. 3. Piracy. 4. Perjury. 5. Counterfeiting. 6. Forgery. 7. Mail robbery. 8. Slave holding. 9. Intimidating persons from exercising their Civil and Po- litical rights. GOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE. 103 IV. Miscellaneous provisions OF THE Constitution. Privileges of Citizens. Pertaining- to Fugitive Criminals. Relating to new States. V. Supremacy of the national test oath. 4. Relating to Territories. 5. State Protection. LAW, oath of allegiance, and \ Art. I. Constitittioii- al Amendments. VI. Constitutio n a l amendments. C I. Freedom of Religion. ) 2. Freedom of Speech. "j 3. Freedom of Press. Right of Petition. Art. II. Right to keep arms. Art. III. Quartermg of Soldiers. Art. IV. Search Warrants. Art. V. and VI. Criminal Proceedings. Art. VII. Trial by Jury. Art. VIII. Excessive punishment. Art. IX. Rights, of people, not ftamed. Art. X. Powers reserved to States. Art. XI. Suits against States. Art. XII. Election of President and Vice-Pres- ident. Art. XIII. Abolition of Slavery. ' I. Apportionment of Representa- tives. 2. Political Disabilities. 3. Public Debt. 4. Powers of Congress. 5. Civil Rights. _ Art. X V. Right of stcffrage for freedmen. Art. XIV. CHAPTER VI.— PRINCIPLES OF LAW, First. Municipal Law. ' I.Absolut e. I. Civil rights. 2. Relative •U: II. Contract. I. Powers of persons to contract. Personal security. \ ^- blander. Personal liberty. < ^- ^'^^'• Private property. ' I. Duties of Parents. 2. Rights of Parents. 3. Rights of Children. 4. Apprentices. 5. Master and Servant. 6. Husband and Wife. 1. Infancy. 2. Lunacy. I 3. Married women. [ 4. Assent of parties. Public. Private. 104 TREASURY OF FACTS. II. Contract. . Powers of persons to contract. 2. Marriage Contract. III. Principal and agent. ^ f I- I ^' 3- IV. Partnership. 4, 5- 6. 7- V. Sale of property. VI. Fraudulent transfer. f 5. Consideration. I 6. Fraud and force. I 7. Imperishable Contracts. I 8. Illegal Contracts. 9. Written Contracts. 10. Limitations to Contracts. 11. Remedies to Contracts. 1. Relationship. 2. Lunacy. 3. Fraud. 4. Force. 5. Ceremony. 6. Bigamy. 7. Wife's property. 8. Dower. 9. Support. 10. Divorce. 1. Who is agent. 2. Acts of agent. 3. Wrongs of agent. 4. Agent's duty to principal. 5. Irresponsibility to third party. 6. Commission Agent. 7. Brokers. Acts of either partner. Secret Partners. Transfer of interest. Terms of partnership. Notice when dissolved. Limited Partnership. Rights of Partners. ' I. There must be property. 2. There must be an agreement. 3. There must be a Delivery. 4. There must be a Contract. 5. Void without a Title. 6. Title Warranted. \i. Gifts. 2. Creditors' rights. 3. Record of Mortgages. 4. Transfer of propertv to Cfeditors. I . Use of Bills. fi- Promissory Notes. Bills of Exchange. VII. Bills AND NOTES. < Bills of Contract. Interest on notes. [ Time of payment. Days of grace. 2. Acceptance. 3. Checks. 4. Drafts. 5. Endorsement. Negotiable. Can't be transferred without consent, after maturity. 7. Indorser liable. GOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE. 105 VII. Bills and notes VIII. Services ■i W. Of \ Kinds. 8. Demand must be made. 9. Indorser tnust be notified. J. . (I. Hotel keepers Various \ - - - -^ - IX. Insurance. X. Shipping. XI. Interest. Ordinary laborers. Common Carriers. Fire. ^ ^' Marine. Life. Several Policies. False representations. ti. Bill of lading. 2. Goods destroyed to save balance. 3. Salvage. 4. Authority of ship-master. S I. Rate. \ 2. Usury. 1. Responsible to Persons. 2. Responsible for Property. XII. Real estate /^ee Simple. Estate for life. Contingent Estate. Leased Estates. Estates in trust. 6. Deeds and Mortgages. 7. Appurtenances. XIII. Landlord and tenant XIV. Wills. 1. A Deed. 2. A Mortgage. 3. Delivery. 4. Recording. 5. Acknowledgment. 6. Foreclosure. 1. Rights over highway. 2. Rights over streams. 3. Rights of way. 4. Rights of party walls. 5. Forfeiture of rights. 1. Lease. 2. Rent. 3. Distribution of property. 4. Removal of tenant. \ 5. Sale of property. 6. Repairs. 7. Crops. 8. Tenant may re-rent. 9. Notice to yield up premises. Who can make them. Must be according to law. How revoked. Codicil. 3 I. Personal. ■ \ 2. Real Estate. XV. Distribution of property without wills. Second. CRIMINAL Law and Crimes. 1. What constitutes a crime. 2. Laws in different States. 3. Capital punishment. 4. Treason. 5. Murder. 6. Arson. 7. Manslaughter. 8. Burglary. 9. Robbery. 10. Larceny. 11. Embezzlement. 12. Forgery. io6 TREASURY OF FACTS. 13. Perjury. 14. Minor offences. 15. Principals in crime. 16. Accessories, 17. Arrests. 18. Punishments, Third. International Law. Sovereignty. Depetident on each other, Law of Nations. Origin of law. 9. Rules of Peace. 10. Rules for War. II. Rights and Duties of Belligerents. 5. Enforcement of law. 6. Arbitration. 7. Treaties. 8. Observance, how enforced. Jurisdiction. Relation to travellers. Relation to Criminals. Not to interfere with others* affairs. To protect the weaker. Not to make treaties to infringe on others' rights. 7. Amhassadors. 8. Consuls. 9. Reprisals. 10. Embargo. f I. Cause for war. 2. Object. 3. Arbitration. 4. Treaties of Alliance. 1. To cease intercourse. 2. To notify strangers to leave. 3. To use instruments of death. 4. To rights, etc., of Prisoners. 5. Must protect non-combatants. 6. Duties, etc., relating to civil war. 7. War at Sea. 8. Regulations regarding privateering. Regulations relating to Prizes. Relating to time. Relating to the Treaty. Must remain Neutral. 12. Rights and Duties of Neutrals. 9- 10. II. I. 2. Must prevent Privateering. 3. May continue to trade. 4. Regarding Contraband. 5. Must submit to search. 6. Must regard the Blockade. SECTION XVIII. ARITHMETIC. CHAPTER I.— FUNDAMENTAL RULES, ETC. L Definition. n. Numbers. 1. Problem. 2. Solution. 3. Explanation, 4. Principle. 5. Example. 6. Analysis. 7. Rule. 8. Unit. 9. Number. 10. Figure. 1. Concrete. 2. Abstract. 3. Prime. 4. Cofnposz'te. 5. Integers. 6. Fractions. Mixed. Similar. Dissimilar, Simple. Compound. 12. Denominate. in. Notation and NUMERATION. 2. 3- 4- 5- j I. Simple. I2. Compound. Write by Words. Write by Figures. Write by Letters. Order of Units. Value. IV. Roman TATION. NO- 6. Period. 7. Principles. 8. Rule. Characters. Letters. Principles. Ten units of any order make one of the next higher. 2. Removing a figure one place to the left, increases its value. J 3. Removing a figure one place to the right diminishes its value. \. The name and value of a figure depends upon the place it occupies. j. The absence of a figure or fig- ures is denoted by ciphers. 1. Repeating a letter repeats its value. 2. A letter placed before one of great- er value, their difference is required. 3. A letter placed after one of greater value, their sum is required. io8 TREASURY OF FACTS. IV. Roman TATION. NO- V. Addition. ( 4-. A letter between two of greater I value, the difference between it and 3. Principles. \ their sum is required. I 5. A Dash over a letter increases the [ value one thousand fold. 3 I. Addends. ( 2. Sum. S I. When the sum is less than Ten. ■ \ 2. When the sum is greater than Ten. ' I. Only similar numbers can be added. 2. Only units of like orders can be added. 3. The sum is equal to all the parts. 4. The sum diminished by one or more parts is equal to all the other parts. f I. Addition (Plus). 4. Signs. ^ 2. Equality. 5. Rule. ( 3. Dollars. 1 . Terms. 2. Cases. 3. Principles. 16. 2. Cases. < VI. Subtraction. 3. Principles. VII. Multiplication.' Proof. i I. Minuend. ' I. Terms. < 2. Subtrahend. ( 3. r^ifference or Remainder. When all the figures in the Minuend are greater than the corresponding fig- ures in the Subtrahend. When one or more figures of the Min- uend are less than the corresponding figures in the Subtrahend. I I. Only similar numbers can be subtracted. 2. Only units of like orders can be subtracted. 3. Subtraction is the reverse of Addi- tion. 4. The Minuend equals the Subtra- hend Plus the Remainder. 5. The Subtrahend equals the Minu- end Minus the Remainder. 6. The Remainder equals the Minn- ie end Minus the Subtrahend. Of Subtraction (Minus). Of Equality. Of Dollars. The Parenthesis. The Vinculum. I. Multiplicand. 1. Terms. \ 2. Multiplier. 3. Product. When the Multiplier contains one figure. When the Multiplier contains more 2. Cases. \ than one figure. 3. To multiply by factors. 4. When the Multiplier has ciphers to the right. 4. Signs. 5. Rule. 6. Proof. ARITHMETIC. 109 3. Principles. VII. Multiplication.-' 4. Signs. 5. Rule. 16. Proof. I. I . Terms. 2. Cases. ' VIII. Division. -' _ 3. Principles 1. The Multiplicand may be either a Concrete or an Abstract Number. 2. The Multiplier is always an abstract number. 3. The Product is like the Multi- plicand. 4. The Product is numerically the same in whichever order the terms are multiplied. 5. Multiplication is a concise method of Addition. 6. The Multiplicand equals the Product divided by the Multi- plier. 7. The Multiplier equals the Pro- duct divided by the Multipli- cand. 8. The Product equals the Mul- tiplicand into the Multiplier. 1. Of Multiplication. 2. Of Equality. 3. Of Dollars. 4. The Parenthesis. 5. The Vinculum. Dividend. Divisor. Quotient. Remainder. To Divide when the divisor contains only one figure (Short Division). 2. To Divide when the divisor contains more than one figure (Long Division). 3. To Divide into equal parts. 4. To Divide by factors. 5. To Divide when there are ciphers to the right of the divisor. 1. Division is a concise method of Sub- traction. 2. Division is the reverse of Multiplica- tion. 3. The Dividend and Divisor must be similar or abstract numbers. 4. The Quotient is an abstract number. 5. The Remainder is like the true Divi- dend. 6. The Dividend equals the Divisor into the Quotient plus the Remainder. 7. The Divisor equals the Dividend minus the Remainder divided by the Quotient. 8. The Quotient equals the Dividend divided by the Divisor. no TREASURY OF FACTS. VIII. Division. 9, Increase the Divisor diminishes the Quotient. 10. Diminish the Divisor increases the [ Quotient, f I. Of Division. 12. Of Equality. 3. Of Dollars. 4. Parenthesis. 5. Vinculum. 3. Principles. 4- CHAPTER II.— DECIMAL FRACTIONS. I. Decimal FRACTIONS. Point. - I. Terms. \ 2. Tenths. Hundredths, etc. Pure. Mixed. 2. Kinds. \ 3. Complex. 4. Circulating. Pure Repetend. 1. Changing the Point toward the right multiplies the Decimal. 2. Changing the Point towards the left divides the Decimal. 3. Placing a cipher between the Point and Decimal divides the Decimal. 4. The Point always belongs between the Decimal and the Integer. 5. Ciphers to the right of a Decimal do not affect the value. 1. Decimals to common fractions. 2. Common fractions to Decimals. I. Point. 15- 3. Principles. < 4. Reduction. 5. Addition. 6. Snbtractioti. U; 7. Multiplication. Place. Rule. Point. Rule. 1. Point. 2. Rule. 8. Division. U: Principles. Rules. . When the Dividend and Divisor are alike, the Quo- tient is a whole number. . The Dividend must con- tain as many decimal places as the Divisor. . When the Divisor is a whole number, the Quo- tient is like the Dividend. . The Quotient must con- tain as many decimal places as those in the Dividend exceed those in the Divisor. ARITHMETIC. Ill I. Decimal FRACTIONS .1 9. Circulates. 1. A common fraction to a Circulate. 2. A pure Circulate to a common fraction. 3. A mixed Circulate to a common fraction. CHAPTER III.— UNITED STATES MONEY. I. Addition. II. Subtraction. III. Multiplication. IV. Division. V. Reduction. VI. Rules. VII. Bills. I. Of Addition. 2. Of Subtraction. 3- Of Multiplication. 4- Of Division. I. Bill. n^« J 2. Account, et '''"• 1 3. Debtor. 4. Creditor. I. Factoring.- I. Principles. J3 CHAPTER IV.— PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS. ' I. Every number is equal to the product of its prime factors. Every number is divisible by its prime factors or some product of them. Every number is divisible only by its prime factors or some product of them. Any number ending in o, 2, 4, 6 or 8, is divisible by 2. Any number ending in o or 5 is divisi- ble by 5. To find the prime factors. To find the several factors or divisors. To find the equal factors. i I. Common Divisor. \ 2. Greatest Common Divisor. ( 3. Greatest Common Measure. 1. First Method. 2. Second Method. The product of all the com- mon prime factors of two or more numbers is the Greatest Common Divisor. A Common Divisor of two or more numbers is a Divisor of their sum, and also of their dif- ference. Cases. Rule. II. Common divisor. 5- I. 2. 3- I . Terms 2. Cases. Principles. Rule. 112 TREASURY OF FACTS. r I. Terms. 2. Cases. III. Common multiple. 3. Principles. < 1 4. Rule. IV. Cancellation. \ I. Principles. ) 2. Rtile. 1. A Multiple. 2. A Common Multiple. 3. Least Common Multiple. First Method. Second Method. ' I. A Multiple of a number must contain all the prime factors of that number. 2. A Common Multiple of two or more numbers, must con- tain all the prime factors of each of them. 3. The Least Common Multi- ple of two or more numbers must contain all the prime factors of each of them, and no other factor. Cancelling a factor in any num- ber divides the number by that factor. Cancelling- a factor in both Divi- dend and Divisor of a quantity does not alter the value. I. Terms CHAPTER V. I. Numerator. -FRACTIONS. ■ \ 2. Denommator. Simple (I) I. 2. Compound (i of 3. Proper (f). II Kinds Cases. Rules. ARITHMETIC. 119 I . Terms. IV. Commission BROKERAGE. 2. Cases. 3. Rules. [ I. Terms. V. Insurance. -I 2. Cases. 3. Rule. VI. Simple interest. • ( I. Agent or Factor. ^ 2. Brokerage. ( 3. A Broker. 1. The Base and Rate to find Com- mission. 2. The Commission or Brokerage, and Base, to find Rate. 3. The Commission or Brokerage and Rate to find the Base or Cost. 4. The Rate and Cost, or Base, to find Commission or Brokerage. 1. Insurance. 2. Policy. 3. Premium. 1. Value and Rate given to find Premium. 2. Value and Premium to find Rate. 3. Rate and Premium to find Value. ' I. Interest. 2. Rate. 3. Principal. 4. Time. 5. Amount. 6. Legal interest. ' I. Principal, Rate and Time, to find Interest, or Amount. Principal, Rate and Interest, to find Time. Principal, Time and Interest, to find Rate. Time, Rate and Interest, to find Principal. [ i. Promissory Note. Judgment Note. I. Terms. 1. Cases. 3. Rules. VII, Compound VIII. True discount 1.4. Interest interest. — Rules. I. 2. 3- on Notes, Drawer. Payee. Endorser. Indorsements. Rules. IX. Banking. I. Terms. 3- Cases. Rule. X. Taxes. Property. Poll. Rule. XI. Custom house business. Discount. Present Worth. Rules. 1. Proceeds. 2. Discount. 3. Bank Discount. 4. Days of Grace. 1. The face of a note. Rate and Time, to find the Discount and Proceeds. 2. Proceeds, Rate and Time, to find face. ' I. Duties. 2. Customs. 3. Ad Valorem Duty. 4. Specific Duty. 5. Draft. 6. Tare. ' 7. Gross Weight. 8. Rule. I20 TREASURY OF FACTS. XII. Direct ex- change. 1. Terms. i. Bills of Exchange. 2. Inland Exchange. 3. Foreign Exchange. 4. Cases. \ I 5. Rules. < XIII. Circular exchange. — Rule I. Simple. 1. Draft. 2. Notes. 3. Checks. 4. Sight Bill. 5. Time Bill. 6. Indorsement. 7. Acceptance. To find the cost of a Bill at sight. The cost of a Bill given to find face. XIV. Partnership. XV. Equation of payments. XVI. Settlement of accounts 2. Compound. 3. Rules. Average tunc of payment. Equated time of paymetit. f I. When terms of credit begin at the same time. I 2. When the debt has received partial payments, to find time for payment of the remainder. When credit begins at different times. To average accounts of both debt and credit. C I. Current accounts. -! 2. Settling or clearing. (3. Rule. 3. Cases. 1 4. Rule. CHAPTER X.— ALLIGATION. I. Alligation medial. II. Alligation alternate. III. IV. Cases. Rule. Given the mean value and value of each, to find the pro- portion of each. 2. Given the mean value, the value of each, and quantity of one, to tind the others. 3. Given the mean value, the value of each, and the entire quantity, to find quantity of each. CHAPTER XL— PROGRESSION. I. Arithmetical. 1. First Term. 2. Last Term. 3. Common difference. 4. Number of terms. 5. Sum of terms. ARITHMETIC. 121 ' I. First Term. 2. Last Term. II. Geometrical. • 3- Number of terms III. Rule. 4- Ratio. s. Sum of terms. IV. Infinite series. I. Involution. CHAPTER XII.— INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. ( I. Power, f I. Terms. \ 2. Degree. 3. Exponent. 1. The square of a number contains twice as many figures as tiie number, or twice as many less one. 2. The cube of a number contains three times as many figures as the number, or three times less one or two. 3. The square of a number of tens and units equals the square of the tens, plus twice the tens into the units, plus the square of the units. 4. The square of a number of hundreds, tens and units, equals the square of the hundreds, plus two times the hundreds into the tens, plus the square of the tens, plus two times the sum of the hundreds and tens into the units, plus the square of the units. _ 2. Priticiples. \ 5. The cube of a number of tens and units equals the cube of the tens, plus three times the square of the tens into the units, plus three times the tens into the square of the units, plus the cube of the units. 6. The cube of a number of hundreds, tens and units, equals the cube of the hundreds, plus three times the square of the hundreds into the tens, plus three times the hundreds into the square of the tens, plus the cube of the tens, plus three times the square of the sum of the hundreds and tens into the units, plus three times the sum of the hundreds and tens into the square of the units, plus the cube of the units. 1. Square Root. 2. Cube Root. 3. Fourth Root. 4. Sign. II. Evolution. i. Terms. 122 TREASURY OF FACTS. II. Evolution. 4. Applica- tions of Square Root. 2. Analytic method of Sqiiare Root. 3. Rule. [ I. The square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the oth- Ri g h t-a n- er two sides. gled Trian- -{ 2. The square of ei- gle. ther side equals the square of the hy- potenuse dimin- ished by the square of the other side. , The areas of circles are as the squares of their Diame t er s, Radii, or Circum- ferences. Similar sur- J2. The areas of faces. squares, similar Rectangles, and Tri- angles, are to each other as the squares of their like dimen- I sions. Analytic method of Cube Root. — Rule. ' I. Similar volumes are to each oth- er as the cubes of their like dimen- sions. 2. The like dimensions of similar volumes are to each other as the cube roots of the volumes. 7. Geometrical method of Cube Root. Applications of Cube Root. CHAPTER XIII.— ANNUITIES AND MENSURATION. I. Annuities. II. Mensuration 1. To find the amount at Simple Interest. 2. To find the amount at Compound Interest. 3. To find the present value at Simple Interest. 4. To find the present value at Compound Interest. ' I. Angle. 2. Right Angle. 3. Acute Angle. 4. Obtuse Angle. I. Terms. \ C i. Base. 5. Triangle. < 2. Altitude. 6. Polygon. ( 3. Hypotenuse. 7. Scalene. 8. Isosceles. SThe Area of a Triangle is equal to the Base multiplied by one-half the Altitude. ARITHMETIC. 123 II. Mensuration. 3. Quadrilateral. Parallelogram. Trapezoid. Trapezium. Principles (see below) Rectangle. Square. Rhomboid. Rhombus. 1. The area of a Parallelogram equals the Base multiplied by the Altitude. 2. The area of a Trapezoid equals the Altitude multiplied by one-half the sum of the Parallel sides. 3. The area of a Trapezium equals the sum of the areas of the two triangles into which it may be divided. f I. The area of a circle equals the Square of the Radius by 3-1416. The Circumference of a circle equals the Diameter multiplied by 3.1416. The Diameter of a circle is equal to the Product of the Circumference by .3183. III. The circle. \ 4. The side of any square that can be inscribed in a circle, equals the Product of the Diameter by .7017106 or the Product of the Circumference by .225079. The area of an ellipse equals the Product of one-half the two axes together, and that Product multiplied by 3.1416. 1. The convex surface of a prism equals the Perimeter of the Base multiplied by the Altitude. 2. The contents of a Prism equals the Prod- uct of the area of the Base by the Alti- tude. f I. The convex surface of a Pyramid equals I the Product of the Perimeter of the Base by one-half the slant height. The contents of a Pyramid equals the Product of the area of Base by one-third of the Altitude. The surface of -a Cylinder equals the Product of the Circumference of the Base by the Altitude. The contents of a Cylinder equals the Product of the area of the Base by the Altitude. . The surface of a Cone equals the Product of the Circumference of Base by one-half the slant height. 2. The contents of a Cone equals the Product of the area of the Base by one-third of Alti- tude. IV. Volumes. 5- I. Prism. • 2. Pyramid. \ 3. Cylinder. 4. Cone. I Frustrum of a Pyramid and Cone. I The convex surface of the Frustrum of a Pyramid and Cone equals the sum of the Perimeters of the two Bases, multiplied by one-half the slant height. 124 TREASURY OF FACTS. IV. Volumes. i 5. Fricstrum of a ) Pyra m id and I Cone. V. The sphere. ' 2. The contents of a Frustrum is equal to the Square Root of the product of the two Bases, plus the sum of the Bases, multiplied by one- third of the Altitude. r I. The surface of a sphere equals the square of the Radius multiplied by 4 and that Product by 3. 14 16. The contents of a sphere equals the cube of the Di- ameter multiplied by .5236. The size of any cube which may be cut from a sphere equals the square root extracted from the Quotient of the Square of the Diameter divided by 3. SECTION XIX. ALGEBRA. CHAPTER I.— DEFINITIONS, ETC [. Quantity. II. Coefficient. III. Exponent. IV. Power. V. Root. VI. Equation. VII. Monomial. VIII. Polynomial. IX. Binomial. X. Trinomial. XI. Residual. XII. Homogeneous XIII. Reciprocal. I 1. Measure. 2. Currency. 3. Length. 4. Surface. 5. Volume. 6. Weight. 7. Time. 8. Angular measure. 9. Known Quantity. 0. Unknown Quantity. 1. Literal. [ 12. Numeral. S I. First member. I 2. Second member. XIV. Terms. ^ XV. Signs. Positive. 2. Negative. 3. Similar. 4. Dissimilar. 5. Degree. 1. Addition. 2. Subtraction. 3. Multiplication. 4. Division. 5. Equality. 6. Inequality. \l Horizontal. Vertical. XVI. Axioms. Radical. Parenthesis. Vinctdum. Brackets. 1. The same quantity added to equals, their sum will be equal. 2. The same quantity subtracted from equals, their dif- ference will be equal. 126 TREASURY OF FACTS. XVI. Axioms. 3. If quantities be multiplied by the same number, their product will be equal. 4. If equals be divided by the same quantity, their quo- tients will be equal. 5. If the same quantity be both added to and subtracted from a quantity, their value will not be changed. 6. If a quantity be both multiplied and divided by the same number, the value will be the same. 7. Quantities equal to any other quantity, are equal to each other. 8. Like powers of equal quantities are equal. 9. Like roots of equal quantities are equal. 10. The whole of any quantity is equal to all of its parts. 11. The whole of any quantity is more thin any of its parts. CHAPTER II. -ENTIRE QUANTITIES. {'■ L Addition. < Cases. Si. u. Pri7iciples. Sign. Rule. [ I. Cases. II. Subtraction. \ Principles. { Sign Rule. I . Cases. III. Multiplication. Similar Terms. Polynomials. f I. Only similar term-s can be added. < 2. The sum of all the parts equals the ( whole. I I. Only similar quantities can be sub- } tracted. ( 2. Polynomials. 1. The same number added to both Minuend and Subtrahend, does not change the value. 2. The same number subtracted from both, does not change the value. 3. The Minuend equals the Subtra- hend plus the Remainder. The Subtrahend equals the Minu- end minus the Remainder. 1. When both factors are Monomials. 2. When one factor is a Polynomial. 3. When both factors are Polyno- mials. 4. To square a Binomial. 5. To find the Product of the sum and difference of two quantities. 1. Both factors multiplied by the same does not change the Product. 2. Both divided by the same does not change it. 3. The same quantity added to, or subtracted from both, does not change the Product. I 2. Principles. ALGEBRA. 127 III. Multiplication. 2. Principles. 3. Sign. 4. Rules. IV. Division. I . Cases. 4. Multiplying the Multiplier by a quantity multiplies the Prod- uct by that quantity. 5. Dividing the Multiplicand by a quantity divides the Product by that quantity. 6. The Multiplicand equals the Multiplier divided into the Prod- uct. 7. The Multiplier equals the Product divided by the Multi- plicand. 8. The Product is of the same [ quantity as the Multiplicand. 1. When both terms are Monomials. 2. When one term is a Monomial. 3. When both terms are Polynomials. 4. When one term is a Polynomial. f I. Multiplying the Dividend multiplies the Quotient. 2. Multiplying the Divisor divides the Quotient. 3. Dividing the Divisor multiplies the Quotient. 4. Multiplying and dividing both Dividend and Divisor does not change the Quo- tient. 5. The Dividend equals the Divisor into the Quotient plus the Remamder. 6. The Divisor equals the Dividend di- vided by the Quotient. 7. The Quotient is of the same quantity as the Dividend. 8. The Remamder is of the same quantity as the Dividend. V. Formulas : \st Formula. — The square of the sum of any two quantities is equal to the square of first, plus twice the first multiplied by the second, plus the square of the second. 2d Formula. — The square of the difference between any two quantities, is equal to the square of first, minus twice the Product of the second by the first, plus the square of the second. 2,d Formula. — The sum of two quantities multiplied by their difference, equals the difference of their squares. ^Ih Formula. — The sum of the squares of any two quantities, plus twice their Product, is divisible by their sum. ^th Forjnula. — The sum of the squares of any two quantities, minus twice their Product, is divisible by the difference o-f the quantities. {I. Monomials. 2. Polynomials. 3. Trinomials. 4. Binomials. 2. Principles. ■ 3. Sig-n. 4. Pules. 128 TREASURY OF FACTS. VII. Common divisor. VIII. Multiple. I . Cases 2. Principle. 3. Rule. Cases. i^: 2. Principles. < 3. Rule. 1. Common Divisor. 2. Greatest Common Divisor. ( Tiie Greatest Common Divisor of j two or more quantities, is the Product of all their common prime factors. Multiples, Common. Multiples, Least Common. ' I. The Common Multiple of two or more quantities, is the Product of all their prime factors. 2. The Least Common Multiple of two or more quantities is the Product of all their prime factors, and no other. CHAPTER III.— FRACTIONS. II. Sign. Ill 1^: IV C I. Denominator. I. Terms. } 2. Numerator. 3. Fraction. Apparent. 2. Real. i I. Mixed Quantity. Kinds, j 2. Simple. ( 3. Complex. Principles of Fractions: isl Principle. — Any change in the Numerator produces a similar change in value. 2d Principle. — Any change in the Denominator produces an opposite change in value. 3(^ Principle. — Changing the sign of the Numerator, changes the real sign of the fraction. 4/// Principle. — Changing the sign of both Denominator and Numera- tor, does not alter the real sign. ^th Principle. — Changing the apparent sign changes the real sign. V. Transformation : \st Transformation. — To reduce an entire quantity to a fractional form. id Transformation. — To reduce a Fraction to its lowest terms. 3(/ Transformatioti. — To reduce a Fraction to a Mixed Quantity. \th Transformation. — To reduce a Mixed Quantity to a fractional form. 5///: Transformation. — To reduce Fractions to a Least Common De- nominator. 6tk Transformation. — To reduce Fractions of different Denominators to similar Fractions. VI. Addition. VII. Subtraction. i i. An entire quantity by a Fraction. VIII. Multiplication. -^ 2. A Fraction by an entire quantity. ( 3. A Fraction by a Fraction, f I. A Fraction by an entire quantity. IX. Division. } 2. J\.n entire quantitv by a Fraction. ( 3. A Fraction by a Fraction. ALGEBRA. 129 X. Rules. C I . For Transformation. 2. For Addition. 3. For Subtraction. 4. For Multiplication. 5. For Division. CHAPTER IV.— EQUATIONS. I. Terms, 1. First term. 2. Second term. 3. Arithmetical. II. Kinds of equations. 1. Arithmetical equation. 2. Algebraic equation. 3. Numeral equation. 4. Literal equation. 5. Identical equation. 6. Simple equation. 7. Quadratic equation. 8. Cube. C I. First equation. 9. Degree. } 2. Second equation. 3. Third equation. III. Transformation. Clearing of fractions, Transposing. Solving equations. IV. Problems in equations. V. VI, S I. Statement. , \ 2. Solution. \ ' Axioms (see Axioms on pp. 125, 126, ante), i ^' Equations of two or ^ [ ^• more unknown quanti- } I. Elimination ties. VII. Rules. 1. Clear of fractions. 2. Transpose. 3. Unite the terms. 4. Divide, 5. Verify. Translate. Solve. By Substitution. 2. By Comparison. 3. By Addition. 4. By Subtraction. CHAPTER v.— POWERS AND ROOTS. I. Powers. I . Terms. 1. Power. 2. Square. 3. Cube. 4. Perfect power 5. Imperfect. ^ 6. Involution. 2. Powers of Monomials. 3. Powers of Fractions. 4. Powers of Binomials. 1. The number of terms. 2. The Sign of terms. 3. The Exponents of the letters. 4. The Coefficients of the Terms, 5. The Law of Coefficients (see below) : I30 Treasury of facts. The Coefficient of any term may be obtained by multiplying the Coeffi- cient of the preceding term by the Exponent of the leading quantity in that term, or by the number of the term from the last, and by the Coefficient of the following quantity in the root, and dividing this result by the product of the Coefficient of the leading quantity in the root, multiplied by the number of term from the first. ( I. Evolution. ™ 2. Root. j-i. Terms. .^_ j^^^^_ j I 4. Surd. I 2. Roots of Monomials. II. Roots. ■( j. Roots of Polynomials. 4. Squari' Root. 5. Cube Root. -6. Principles. VI. Rules for radicals. (See any text book for Rules.) CHAPTER VI.— RADICALS. ^ I. To its simplest form. J. Reduction. ■< 2. A Rational to a Radical. ( 3. Of different degrees to a common Radical Index. II. Addition of radicals. III. Subtraction of radicals. . q, , IV. MULTIPLICATION OF RADICALS. ] \ Qf SSrent^degrees. V. DIVISION OF RADICALS. | ^^ §[ ^rem^degree. 1. For Reduction. 2. For Additiott. 3. For Subtraction. 4. For Multplication. 5. F'or Division. VII. Principles of Involution and Evolution: \st Principle of Involution. — If a radical quantity be involved to a power corresponding to the Radical Index, the Radical sign will be removed. id Principle of hivolution. — If a quantity containing both radical and rational terms be raised to any power, the Radical sign will remain. j^d Principle of Involutiofi. — If a quantity consisting of two radical terms of the second degree be squared, the result will contain but a single radical term. \st Principle of Evolution. — The Exponent of a quantity will be re- moved by extracting the root whose index corresponds to the Expo- nent. 7,d Principle of Evolution. — The root of a Binomial is necessarily a Surd, and a Binomial always becomes a Radical by Evolution. 3^ Principle of Evolution. — A Trinomial is a perfect square when two of its terms are perfect squares and Positive, and the remaining term is twice the product of the square roots of the others, and either Pos- itive or Negative. VIII. Equations containing radical quantities. IX. Rules for equations in radicals. ALGEBRA. 131 CHAPTER VII.— QUADRATICS AND PROGRESSION. First. — Quadratics. I. Terms. I. 2. 3- II. Problems. Pure. Affected. Roots. In pure. Ill affected. 3 I. First method. \ 2. Second method. 1. Complete the square. 2. Extract the root. 3. Transpose. 4. Unite the terms. 5. Extract the root. V. Factoring Trinomials. III. Equations. IV. Polynomials. I. Arithmetical. II. Geometrical. - 7- Second. — PROGRESSION. Extremes. Means. Terms. Cases. II: 5. Applications To find the last term. To find the sum of the series. 1. First term. 2. Common difference. 3. Number of terms. 4. Last term. 5. Sum of terms. 6. Formulas. 7. Problems. 8. Rule. 1. Ascending. 2. Descending A Cases ^ ^- 'r° ^"^ ^^^ '^^^ t^^'" I. ^ 2. To find the sum of the Series. Infinite Series. Geojnetrical means. I. Applications. Problems. Rule. First term. Ratio. Number of terms. Last term. Sum of terms. SECTION XX. GEOMETRY. CHAPTER I.— TERMS USED AND LANGUAGE OF GEOMETRY. 1. Lines and angles 1. Magnitude. 2. Point. 3. Line. 4. Surface. 5. Plane. 6. Volume. 7. Angles. I. Polygon. 1. Scalene. 2. Equilateral. 3. Right angle. 4. Acute angle. 5. Obtuse angle. 6. Isosceles an- gle. II. Plane FIGURES. III. Axioms. 1. Straight. 2. Curved. 3. Crooked. 4. Parallel. 5. Horizontal. 6. Vertical. 7. Oblique. 1. Plane. 2. Adjacent. 3. Right angle. 4. Acute angle. 5. Obtuse angle. 6. Triangle. 7. Interior angle. 8. Exterior angle. 1. Quadrilateral. 2. Pentagon. 3. Hexagon. \ 4. Heptagon. 5. Octagon. 6. Nonagon. 7. Decagon. i I. Trapezium. 2. Quadrilateral. < 2. Trapezoid. ( 3. Parallelogram. ( I. Square. 2. Rhomboid. 3. Rhombus. 1. Circumference. 2. Diameter. 3. Radius. 1. Things which equal the same things, equal each other. 2. Equals added to equals, the sum will be equal. 3. Equals subtracted from equals, the Remainder will be equal. 4. Equals added to unequals, the sum will be unequal. 5. Equals subtracted from unequals, the Remainder will be unequal. 6. If equals be multiplied by equals the Product will be equal. 3. Rectangle. {_ \*_Circle. GEOMETRY. 1 33 ( 7. If equals be divided by equals the Quotient will be equal. III. Axioms. ■< 8. The whole is greater than any of its parts. ( 9. The whole is equal to all of its parts. IV. Corollary. V. Scholium. VI. Problems. VII. Postulate. VIII. Hypothesis. IX. Theorems, and — I. 0/ Angles. \st. When any straight line meets another, the sum of the two adjacent angles equals two right angles. 2d. When two straight lines intersect each other, the opposite, or verti- cal angles, are equal. 3^. Two angles which have their sides respectively parallel, and lying in the same direction, or in opposite directions, are equal. \th. If two triangles have two sides, and the included angle of the one equal to two sides and the included angle of the other, each to each, the triangles will be equal in all their parts. tjth. If two triangles have two angles, and the included side of the one equal to two angles and the included side of the other, each to each, the triangles will be equal in all their parts. 6th. If two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each, and the included angles are equal, the third side will be greater in the triangle, having the greater included angle. 7//z. If two triangles have the three sides of the one equal to the three sides of the other, each to each, the triangles will be equal in all their parts. %th. In an isosceles triangle the angles opposite the equal sides are equal. 9///. If two angles of a triangle are equal, the sides opposite them are also equal, and the triangle is isosceles. loth. In any triangle the greater side is opposite the greater angle, and conversely, the greater angle is opposite the greater side. wth. In every triangle the sum of the three angles is equal to two right angles. 2. Of Quadrilaterals. 1st. In any parallelogram the opposite sides and angles are equal, each to each. 2d. If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, each to each, the equal sides are parallel, and the figure is a parallelogram. ^d. If two sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel, the figure is a parallelogram. 4//?. The diagonals of parallelograms bisect each other, and the sum of their squares is equivalent to the sum of the squares of the four sides of the parallelogram. 3. Of Polygons. 1st. Similar polygons may be divided into the same number of trian- 134 TREASURY OF FACTS. f, gles ; and to each triangle in one of the polygons there will be a cor- responding triangle in the other polygon. These triangles are simi- lar and similarly situated. 2d. The perimeter of similar polygons are to one another as their homol- ogous sides ; and their areas to one another as the squares of their homologous sides. 3^. If the sides of a convex polygon be produced so as to form one ex- terior angle at each vertex, the sum of the exterior angles will be equal to four right angles. 4. Of Proportion. \st. If four quantities are in proportion, they will be in proportion by alteration. 2d. If four quantities be in proportion, the product of the means will equal the product of the extremes. 3^. Magnitudes which are proportional to the same proportionals, are proportional to each other. d^h. If the product of two magnitudes equals the product of two other magnitudes, two of them may be made the means, and two the ex- tremes of a proportion. 5M. If four quantities are proportional, the sum of the first and second is to their difference as the sum of the third and fourth is to their dif- ference. 6///. The product of the corresponding terms of two proportions are proportional. ']th. If four quantities are proportional, we can multiply the antece- dents or consequents, or divide them by the same quantity, and the results will be proportional. %th. If three quantities are in proportion, the first is to the third as the square of the first is to the square of the second. 5. Squares on Lines. \st. The square described on the sum of any two lines, is equal to the sum of the squares described on the lines, plus twice the rectangle of the lines. 2d. The square described on the difference of two lines, is equal to the sum of the squares described on the two lines, diminished by twice the rectangle contained by the lines. 3 6. Sine. 7. Cosine. 8. Tangent. 9. Cotangent. 10. Secant. 11. Cosecant. ' I. The sine of an arc equals the sine of its supplement, and also the cosine of an arc equals the cosine of its supplement. 2. The tangent and cotangent of an arc are respectively II. Principles. ^ equal to the tangent and cotangent of the supplement of the arc. 3. The secant and cosecant of an arc are respectively equal to the secant and cosecant of the supplement of the arc. 1. The sum of the sines of any two arcs is to the dif- ference of the same sines, as the tangent of one-half the sum of the same arcs is to the tangent of one-half of their difference. 2. In any plane triangle, the sides are proportional to the sines of the opposite angles. 3. In any plane triangle, if a line is drawn from the ver- tical angle perpendicular to the base, then the whole base will be to the sum of the other two sides as the difference of those sides is to the difference of the segments of the base. 4. The hypotenuse is to either side, as the radius is to the sine of the angle opposite to that side. 5. One side of a right-angle triangle is to the other side, as the radius is to the tangent of the angle adjacent to the first side. 6. One side of a right-angle triangle is to the hypote- nuse, as the radius is to the secant of the angle adja- cent to that side, I. Any two sides of a spherical trian- IV. Spherical trigonometry. ^ gle are together greater than the third side. III. Theorems. < TRIGONOMETRY. 141 IV. Spherical triGonoimetry. V. Oblique-angled, VI. Practical principles 2. The sum of the three sides of any spherical triangle, is less than the circumference of a great circle. 3. In any right-angled spherical tri- angle, the sine of one side is to the tangent of the other side, as the ra- dius is to the tangent of the angle adjacent to the first mentioned side. 4. In any right-angled spherical tri- angle, the sine of the right angle is to the sine of the hypotenuse, as the sine of either of the other an- gles is to the sine of side opposite to that angle. 1. In all spherical triangles, the sines of the sides are to each other as the sines of the angles op- posite to them. 2. If from any angle of a spherical triangle, a perpendicular be let fall on the base, or on the base produced, the tangents of the segments of the base will be reciprocally proportional to the cotangents of the segments of the angle. 3. The same construction remaining, the sines of the segments of the base are to each other as the cotangents of the adjacent angles. 4. The cosine of any of the angles of a spherical triangle, is equal to the product of the sines of the other two angles multiplied by the cosine of the included side, minus the product of the cosines of these other two angles. The sine c^ the sides of spherical trian- gles are proportional to the sines of their opposite angles. The sines of the segments of the base, made by a perpendicular from the op- posite angle, are proportional to the co- tangents of their adjacent angles. The cosines of the angles at the base are proportional to the sines of the cor- responding segments of the vertical an- gle. The cosines of the segments of the ver- tical angle are proportional to the co- tangents of the adjoining sides of the triangle. SECTION XXII. ASTRONOMY. CHAPTER I.— DEFINITIONS, ETC, I. Terms. < 1. Extension 2. Lme. 3. Point. 4. Surface. 5. Circle. 6. Plane. 7. Tangent. 8. Semicircle. 9. Angle. 10. Parallels. 11. Ellipse. 12. .^;ir/j. 13. Eccentricity 14. Sphere. '.15. Spheroid. \ '" Great, Small. Poles. II. The heavenly bodies III. The sun. IV. The planets. 1. Straight. 2. Curved. f I. Diameter. 2. Circumference. 3. Radius. (.4. Arc. 1. Angle of vision. 2. Right Angle. 3. Acute Angle. 4. Obtuse Angle. 5. Triangle. 1. Diameter. 2. Hemisphere. 3. Radius. ( i. 4. Circle. \ 2. Oblate. ( 3. Prolate. ' I. Apparent motions. 2. Primary Planets. 3. Secondary Planets. 4. Stars. 5. Comets. 6. Luminous. 7. Opaque. ' I. Mercury. 2. Venus. 3. Earth. 4. Mars. 5. Jupiter. 6. Saturn. 7. Uranus. ^ 8. Neptune. \ I. Asteroids. \ 2. Planetoids. I. Primary. 2. Minor Planets. 3. Satellites. , 4. Revolution. X f'nti ' 5. Perihelion. 6. Aphelioti. 7. Ascending nodes. (. 8. Descending nodes. Centrifugal. Centripetal. ASTRONOMY, 143 IV. The planets. -i 9- 10. II. 12. 13- Distance from sun. Time to make revolution. Velocity. ^j_ Conjunction.];- j 2. Quadrature. ^ I 3. Opposition. l_4. Elongation. Axis. Aspect. Inferior. Superior. CHAPTER II.— PLANETS IN THEIR ORDER. r, , S \. North. ' ^- P'^''- \ 2. South. 2. Latitude. — Parallels. 3. Longitude. — Meridians. 3- I. The earth. - 4. Horizon. Sensible. The Dip. Rational. Poles. U: II. The sun. Zenith. Nadir. r-- 7 r J- i I. Diurnal. 5. Circles of motion. J ^_ Nocturnal. 6. Circles of perpetual apparition. 7. Circles of perpetual occtdtation. 8. Parallax. [ i . Ecliptic or Equinoctial. 9. Refraction. 10. Apparent motions of the \ Sun and Stars from earth 2. Obliquity of Ecliptic. 3. Vernal Equinox. 4. Autumnal. 5. Right ascension. 6. Signs of Ecliptic. ^ 7. Zodiac. r T- • \ I. Of Cancer. I. Tropics, j ^_ Qf ^^p^j^^^^_ 1 1 . Day and night. • Polar circles. Twilight. Dawn. U: Arctic. Antarctic. 12. Seasons. Cause. Names. Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter. C I. Frigid. 13. Zones. < 2. Temperate. ( 3. Torrid. 14. Shape and size. ( I. Solar day. 2. Mean solar day. 15. Time. ' 3. Equation of time. 4. Sidereal year. 5. Tropical year. 1. Distance from earth (95,000,000 miles). 2. Apparent diameter (852,900 miles). 3. Figure (sphere). 144 II. The sun. TREASURY OF FACTS. rA The spots I ^- Appearance. r4. ine spots. ^ 2. Variability. J 5. Rotation (25I days). . 6 III. The moon. Revolution. Zodiacal light. 1. Perigee. 2. Apogee. 3. Diameter (2162 miles). 4. Phases. 5. Sy7iodical period (29* days). 6. Harvest moon. 7. 77/^ Polar regions. 8. Moonlight in winter. 9. Rotation (27^ days). 10. Ltaiar orbit. 1 1. Librations of moon. 12. Position of Lunar axis. 13. Lunar mountains. 14. Irregular motion. ■ S. &^>.... { ■; sol- 16. Shadow. 1. Copernicus. 2. Height of mountains. 1 7. Tides. IV. Mercury. ■ 1. Length (228,000 miles). 2. Breadth (128 miles). Flood. ^ 2. Ebb. Diameter (3000 miles). Rotation (24 hours). Revolution. \ '• ^'d^''^^' (88_days). 1^: V. Venus, < ^ 2. Synodic (116 days). 4. Elongation (28^°). 5. Light and heat. 6. Seasons. , 7. Transits. \ ' I. Phases. 2. Diameter (7510). 3. Moutttaifis. 4. Rotation (23 hours) 5. Revolution 6. Seasons. 7. Transits. ~ 8. Apparent motion. 1 . Phases. 2. Apparent rnotions. 3. Iticlination. VI. Mars. -I 4- Diameter (4300 OTz7^.y) Limits. Time of occurrence. i I. Sidereal (224! days). ( 2. Synodic (584^ days). VII. 5. Rotation (24I hours). 6. Revolution. \ '■ l'^^'^^^ ^^87 days). 7. 5«/^////^^. < 2- Synodic (780 days), r I. Diameter (85,000). Jupiter -^ 2. Rotation (10 hours nearly). {2,. Revolution. 3 i- Sidereal (4332 days). -* ( 2. Synodic (399 days). ASTRONOMY. I4S VII. Jupiter. 4- 5- 6. 7- VIII. Saturn. ■» IX. Uranus. X. Neptune. 1. 2300 miles. 2. 2070 miles. 3. 3400 miles. 4. 2900 miles. 3. Revolution. 4- 5- Belts. Rmgs. Oblateness (5000). Velocity (5000 miles in minute). ^/^/■„., S I- Their Number. Satellites, j ^^ ^^^^^ Diameters. Inclination. Rotation (io| hours). 1. Sidereal (10,759 days, or, 29I years). 2. Synodical (378 days). Diameter (74,000). Oblateness (7800). ' I. Interior. 2. Anterior. 3. Rotation. 4. Stability. 5. Appearance, f I. Mimas. 2. Enceladus. 3. Tethys. 4. Dione. 5. Rhea. 6. Titan. 7. Hyperion. (^ 8. Japetus. 1. Eccentricity (82,000,000 miles). 2. Inclinatiofi (46^')- 3. Diameter (33,247). 4. Rotation {unknown). 1. Sidereal (30,687 days). 2. Synodic (369.65 days), 1. Ariel. 2. Umbriel. 3. Titania. 4. Oberon. Eccentricity (24,000,000 miles). Iticlination (if°). Diameter (37,000). Revolution \ '• Sidereal (60,127 days). A-^^/^r^^;?. J 2. Synodic (367^ days). 8. Satellites. 5, Revolution. .6. Satellites. Satellites. CHAPTER III.— MINOR PLANETS, COMETS, ETC. I. Minor planets. - 1. Average distance from sun (260,000,000). 2. Inclination of their orbits. 3. Eccentricity. 4. Largest (Pallas). 5. Brightest (Vest or). 6. Faintest (Atalanta). 7. Their natural attraction. 8. Affected motions. 9. Their masses. 146 TREASURY OF FACTS. II. Comets. 1. Parabolas. 2. Hyperbolas. 3. Elements. 4. Elliptic comets. 5. The number {From, 4000 to 5000). 6. Their size. 7. Masses and densities. 8, Tails. Remarkab I e Co7nets. III. Meteors AND STARS. IV. Nebula. • I. Meteors. f I. Of 1680 (Tail 120,000,000 miles). 2. Halley's Comet. 3. Lexell's Comet. 4. Comet of 1774 (six tails). 5. Biela's Comet. 6. Comet of 181 1 (Tail 25° long and 6* wide). Donati's Comet. Comet of 1 86 1 (Tail 100° long). Meteoric epochs. Fire Balls. 7. 8. \ I. Annual Parallax. 2. Magnitudes. 3. Constellations. 4. Star names. 5. Star figures. 6. Apparent places 2. Stars. -, 7, Solar Nutation. 8. Aberration. 9. Galaxy. 10. Proper motion of stars 11. Multiple stars. ^' } 2. Periods. 13. Constitution of stars. 14. Variable stars. 15. Clusters. 1. Distance. 2. Elliptic. 3. Annular. 4. Spiral. 5. Planetary. 6. Stellar. 7. Nebulous. 8. Irregular Nebula. 9. Double Nebula. ID. Variable Nebula. 1. Sirius. 2. Regulus. 3. Arcturus. 4. Whole number (109). 5. Northern Constella- tion. 6. Zodiacal Conste 1 1 a- tion. 7. Southern Constella- tion. SECTION XXIII. METHODS OF INSTRUCTION, OR THE ART OF TEACHING. CHAPTER I.— LANGUAGE AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE. 1 . Should teach to exercise the senses. 2. Should teach to speak correctly. 3. Pupils should be itispired to seek for knowledge. 4. The teaching should be such as would inspire a love for the good and the true. 5. The elements of the Arts should be taught. ' I. Their design. 2. The matter for lesson. 3. Preparation for lesson. 4. Manner of conducting les- The elements .1 of knowledge. ' 6. Should teach Object lessons. by II. Instructions IN LANGUAGE. Prim a ry Reading. 1. Taught from books. 2. Taught from cards. r I. The A, B, j 3. Taught fromblack- C, Method. board. 4. Taught from blocks. 1. Names of pictures. 2. Names of words. 3. Names of letters. 1. The alphabetic method. 2. Phonic alphabetic method. 2. Pronuttciation. I 3. Phonetic alphabetic method. 4. By Association. Eclective method. Oral spelling. Writing on slates. Writing on blackboards. Poor spelling. Dictation exercises. S I. Articulation. \ 2. Accent. 3. Orthography. 4. Re a ding as an Art 2. The Word Method. 5- I. 2. 3- 4- 5- Pronunciation. I. t I. Low. f I. Pitch. "I 2. Medium. 2. Modu- J (3. High, latioxi. j f I. Loud. [ 2. Force. \ 2. Moderate. 3. Gentle. 148 TREASURY OF FACTS. II. INSTRUCTI ONS IN LANGUAGE. 4. Reading as an Art 2. Modu- \ 3. Qual lation. ) ity. 3. Expression. 4. Posture. 5. Gesture. [ i. 2. I. 2. 3- 14. I 5- 16. 6. Analyze Subject. Grani- inar. Parts of speech. 2. Build sen- tences. 6. 7?//,?/^- ric. I. Dis- Pure. Orotund. Guttural. Aspirated. Pectoral. Tremulous. Prominent words. Define words. 3. Define sentences. 4. Explain language. 5. Explain marks. 6. Bring out sentiment. 7. Give manner of de- livery. 8. Tell why. 1. Begin at verbs. 2. Nouns. 3. Adjectives. 4. Adverbs. 5. Pronouns. 6. Preposition. 7. Conjunction. 8. Interjection. 1. Use words. 2. Phrases. 3. Clauses. 4. Give subject. 5. Give predicate. ' I. Adjective. 2. Adverbial. 3. I n d e p e n- dent. 4. Connectives. 1. Orations. 2. Lectures. 3. Essays. 4. Fictions. 5. Narratives. 6. Letters. ' I. Epic. 2. Lyric. T> . 3. Pastoral. 2. Poetry. ^^. ^■,^^^^,^ 5. Dramatic. 6. Satires. Purity. Ele- ments. r I. Prose. 3. Qualities of Dis- 2. Propriety. 3. Precision. 4. Perspicuity. 5. Strength. 6. Euphony. 7. Harmony. 8. Unity. METHODS OF INSTRUCTION. 149 II. Instructions IN LANGUAGE. Rheto- ric. I. Dis- course. 4- Stvle Dis- course. of Compo- sition. 7. Logic. III. Geography IV. History. fi. Dry. 2. Plain. 3. Neat. 4. Elegant. 5. Florid. 6. Simple. 7. Labored. 8. Concise. 9. Nervous. 1. Teach conversation upon familiar subjects. 2. Reproduce reading les- sons. 3. Write about familiar sub- jects. 4. Write from dictation ex- ercises. 5. Correct faulty sentences. 6. Reproduce narratives read by teacher. 7. Assign simple subjects. 8. Teach higher composition. Teach its definitions and use. Teach its inductions. Teach its demonstrations. [ 4. Teach its applications. 1. Teach familiar objects in school-room. 2. Teach similar objects around school premises. 3. Teach similar objects at a distance. 4. Teach the measure of distance by objects at differ- ent points in the room. 5. Enlarge upon distance from school-room to places in the neighborhood. 6. Expand to different places in the District. 7. Go from one inch, to one foot, then the number of feet in a mile, and to the whole distance from place to place. 8. Teach direction, first in the room, after, as distance, 9. Teach from maps and globes. 10. Teach geographical terms. 11. Teach township geography. 12. Teach map drawing. 13. Teach particular geography. 14. Teach the earth as a whole. 15. Teach the form and size of the earth. 16. Teach the motions of the earth. 17. Physical construction of the earth. 18. Plants, animals, and minerals. 19. Political geography. 20. The Earth as a planet. 21. Its relation to the other heavenly bodies. 3 I. Teach familiar facts. { 2. Teach that any fact is history. ISO TREASURY OF FACTS. IV. History. ^ 3. Teach that facts compiled make history. 4. Have pupils repeat facts. 5. Teach strong facts. 6. Teach interesting facts. 7. Inspire a love for history. 8. Then show how facts connected make up the contin- uous history of the country. 9. Don't dwell upon dates, except the very important. 10. Teach the relation existing between facts. 11. Teach contemporaneous history. 12. Teach the philosophy of history. CHAPTER II.— MATHEMATICS AND ART. ' I. Elementary. - I. Arithmetic. < 1. Teach to count ; Blackboard ex- ercises in counting marks, etc. 2. Teach to make figures. 3. Teach to write numbers by fig- ures. 4. Teach to read numbers. 5. Teach to add numbers. 6. Teach to subtract numbers. 7. Teach to multiply numbers. 8. Teach to divide numbers. 9. Teach principles of Addition, Sub- traction, etc. 10. Be thorough in teaching princi- ples. 11. Teach the combination of num- bers. 12. Teach practical problems in the four rules. 13. Apply their knowledge to every- day business. 1. Teach the relation of numbers to numbers. 2. Teach the relation of numbers to fractions. 3. Teach the relation of fractions to numbers. 4. Teach the relation of fractions to fractions. 5. Teach factoring. 6. Teach Common Divisor. 7. Teach Common Multiple. 8. Drill thorough on these principles. Teach them orally. 3. Fractions. ^ 2. They are only concrete numbers, the denominator naming the object. 2. Relation of ^ numbers. METHODS OF INSTRUCTION. 151 r 3, Fractions. I. Arithmetic. 4. Decimals. ' 3. The different kinds. 4. The methods of operation. 5. Teach the principles. 6. Teach them practically, or written. 7. Teach pupils to form problems em- bracing simple fractions. 8. Give plenty of practical problems out- side of the book. 9. Teach application of rules as de- rived from solutions. 1 . Teach to write decimals. 2. Be thorough on the place of point. 3. Teach to read decimals. 4. Teach to add decimals. 5. Teach to subtract decimals. 6. Teach to multiply decimals. 7. Teach to divide decimals. 8. The principles. 9. The application of decimals to Uni- ted States money. 10. Their application to per cent., etc. 11. Teach reduction to common frac- tions, and vice versa. 12. Practical problems. 1. Reduction. 2. Addition. 3. Subtraction. 5. Denominate \ 4. Multiplication. Numbers. \ 5. Division. 6. Applications to every-day business. 7. Principles of relation between dif- ferent tables. 1. Teach the relation between this, and Multiplication and Division. 2. Apply relation of numbers. -! 3. Teach principles. 4. Make practical problems. [ness. 5. Apply principles as proof of correct- ly 6. Apply rules to solutions, ' I. Teach the terms used. 2. Teach the principles. 7. Percentage,] 3. Teach the formulas. Interest, etc, 1 4. Teach the applications. 5. Teach the solution of problems. 6. Teach the application of rules. 8. Alligation. — The same as proportion. ' I. First. \l Down. 6. Ratio and Proportion. 9. Progres- sion. 1. Teach quantities. 2. Principles. 3. Explain the terms. 4. Appli cation to practical problems. of , Second. , Number terms. Last term. Common differ- ence. 152 TREASURY OF FACTS. I. Arithmetic. n: ' lo. Involution. II. Evolution. 1 2 . Mensuration . The principles. Demonstrations. Principles. Demonstra- tions. 1. Principles. 2. Terms. 3. Figures. 4. Applications. 1. Square Root, 2. Cube Root. II. Algebra. III. Geometry, .4- IV. Art, penmanship V. Drawing. < 1. Teach symbols. 2. Teach the idea. 3. Teach the solution of problems. 4. Teach equations. 5. Teach the principles. _ 6. Teach general applications. (I. Teach the forms of figures. 2. Theorems. 3. Practical applications. Demonstrations of problems. ' I. Teach conception of letters. 2. Teach parts of letters. 3. Teach formation of letters. 4. Teach words. 5. Teach sentences. 1. Form straight lines. 2. Form curved lines. 3. Make forms from straight lines. 4. Make forms from curved lines. 5. Imitation of objects. 6. Invent forms. 7. Copy pictures of objects. 8. Draw pictures from memory. ^ 9. Draw real objects from memory. SECTION XXIV. SCIENCE OF TEACHING, OR MANAGEMENT. SCHOOL i. School grades. . Reasons for grading. . Manner of grading. CHAPTER I.— SCHOOL GRADES, STUDIES, FURNITURE AND APPARATUS. 1. To concentrate teaching force. 2. To lessen the expense of teach- ing-. 3. To secure the greatest good. 4. To facilitate labor. 5. To promote good order. 6. To stimulate pupils to excel. 7. To provide higher instruction. 8. To provide schools to educate children at home. 1. Union grade. 2. Separate grades. 3. By central, high-school, and town- ship primaries. (I. Primary. 2. Intermediate. 3. Grammar. 4. High school. Grammar. Rhetoric. Logic, f I. Higher Arithme- Physical Science. I , '. v Mathematical Science. ■! "' p * Mental Science. -t- • 1, ^ Moral Science. I 4- Trigonometry. \^ocal Music. . 3. Ntcmber of grades. Language. I. High Schools. II. SCH OOL^ STUDIKS. 2. Granunar Schools. 3. hitermediate. etc. I. Grammar. Language. I 2. Elements of Rhetoric. 2. Reading. ( 3. Literature. 3. Elements of the Sciences. i I. Arithmetic. 4. Mathematics. < 2. Elements of Higher 5. Penmanship. ( Arithmetic. 6. Drav^'ing. r I. Elements of Geography. ' 2. Language. 3. Elements of Arithmetic. 4. Penmanship. 154 TREASURY OF FACTS. II. School STUDIES. ■ 3, Inte7-inediate .4. Primary. I, Desks. III. FURNITQRE. IV. Apparatus. 2. Platform 5. Drawing. 6. Reading. ^ 7. Spelling. [ I. Object teaching i 2. Oral teaching. I 3. Reading. (^4. Spelling. ' I. Number of desks. 2. Size of desks. 3. Arrangement of desks. 4. Teacher's desk. 1;. Ink table or desk. Kind of desks. Position. Size. Height. Size. Position. Use. 1. Geography. 2. Language. 3. Composition. 4. Arithmetic. Si; 3. Blackboard. 4. Clock. 5. Call bell. 6. Umbrella-stand. 7. Hat-rack. 8. Settees for visitors. 9. Chairs. 10. Brooms and Brushes. 1. Elementary chart. 2. Writing and drawing charts 3. Numerical frames. 4. Square and Cubical blocks. 5. Globes. 6. Outline maps and charts. 7. Philosophical apparatus. 8. Cabinets. 9. Libraries. 10. Dictionary. 11. Bible. 12. Receptacle for these things. CHAPTER II.— ORGANIZATION OF SCHOOL. ' I. See the citizens with respect to school. 2. See your predecessor. 3. Have a first day's programme. 4. Temporary seating. I. Temporary. { 5. Fix opening and closing time. 6. Fix recess hours. 7. Fix arrangement for privileges. 8. Regulate whispering. 9. Make regulations for exercise. SCIENCE OF TEACHING. 155 II. Permanent, Fix the branches to be taught. Fix the branches to be studied by individuals. Arrange for the use of text books. Arrange for oral teaching. Arrange for classification. 6. Arrange a time for study. 7. Arrange a time for recitation. 8. Arrange a good programme. See what pupils to be admitted. Fix the limits of the school. Fix the length of the day. Fix the length of the recess. Fix the time for closing. Arrange for calling and dismissing classes. Arrange for granting special privileges. Arrange for giving special aid to pupils. Arrange for general business. Arrange for exercise of discipline. CHAPTER III.— EMPLOYMENT OF SCHOOL. ' I. Object of study. I. Study. ■ U- To gain knowledge. For mental discipline. To stimulate pupils to aspirations for the true and noble. To create efficiency in pupils. f I. Prizes. 2. Merit marks. 3. Emulation. 4. Fear of punishment. 5. Shame. 6. Ridicule. 2. Incentives to sttidy. \ 7- Approval of teacher. 8. Approval of parents. 9. Approval of society. 10. To gain honorable positions in school and elsewhere. 11. Desire for knowledge. 12. The hope of success in life. 1. Should have an object. 2. Should notice facts. 3. Should write down facts. 4. Compare facts. 5. Classify facts. 6. Should make a generalization of facts. 7. Should learn to distinguish universal facts and principles. 8. Should seek for the particular prin- ciple. _ 3. Manner of study. 156 TREASURY OF FACTS. I. Study. 3. Manner of study. 4. Character of the student. fi- 9. Should demonstrate the principles. 10. Should begin at the elements. 11. Should pursue a logical order. 12. Should study one thing at a time. 13. Should study to understand. 14. Should review constantly. t 15. Converse about what you study. [ I. They must have a desire to learn. 2. They must have a high ideal. 3. They must rely upon themselves. 4. They must persevere. 5. They must concentrate their mental forces. 6. They must cultivate accuracy. 7. They must have patience. 8. They must continue to the end. [9. They must not be proud. ' I. To estimate pupils' progress. For pupils to express their knowl- edge of the subject. To create self-confidence. To fix facts in the mind. For the teacher to illustrate. For the teacher to add new matter. To receive moral instructions. To acquire fluency of speech. ' I. A proper place. 2. Necessary apparatus. Perfect order. The Objects. \ 4. 5- 6. 7- 2. Requisites necessary. II. Recitation. \ 3. 4. Sufficient time. of 3. Manner of con- ductiJig the rec- itation. Close attention 6. Thorough knowledge subject by the teacher. 7. Books for reference. 1. By lecturing, or orally. 2. By the conversational method. 3. By the topical method. 4. By the catechetical method. 5. The questions should be defi- nite. 6. The questions should be adapt- ed to the capacity of the pupils. 7. They should be logical. 8. They should be exhaustive. 9. They should be concise. 10. They should be clear. 11. They should not be direct. 12. They should be adapted to the subject. 13. They should be in proper lan- guage. 14. The pupil should take a good position. SCIENCE OF TEACHING. 157 II, Recitation, 3. Manner of con- ducting the rec- itation. 4. Prepara- tion for Recitation. V III. Exercise. - 1. Necessity for exercise. 2. Time for exercise. 3. Proper place for exercise, 4. Manner of exercise. 5. The teacher during exercise. 6. The teacher to exercise personally, 7. Gymnastics, '15. The pupil should answer only what asked. 16. The answer should cover the whole question. 17. The answer should be correct. 18. The answer should be logical. 19. The answer should be under- stood, 20. The answer should suit the question. 21. The answer should be concise. 22. The answer should be founded on authority. 23. The answer may be in concert. 24. The answer may be written, 25. Errors should be corrected by the pupils. 26. Errors should be corrected by the teacher. ' I. Must study lesson. 2. Must study the answer. 3. Must study gracefulness of position. 4. Must cultivate a liking for instruction. 1. Must familiarize him- self with lesson. 2. Arrange lesson into parts. 3. Prepare proper ques- tions. 4. Arrange a plan of recitation, 5. Prepare illustrations, 6. Prepare apparatus, 7. Must prepare his per- son to appear respect- ably before class. By the Pupil, By Teach- er. CHAPTER IV.— THE GOVERNMENT OF SCHOOL. I. Duties of pupils. 1, To themselves. 2, To one another. 3, To school property, 4, To the teacher. 5, To the school officers. 6, To the school. 7, To the visitors. 8, To the community. 158 TREASURY OF FACTS. II. Offences of pupils. ■ , Against them- selves. . Against each other. Against Property. Against Teacher. Against School. Against Society. the the the III. Retribution.' I. Rezvards. 2. Punishments. 1. By injuring their prop- erty. 2. By injuring their person. 3. By neglecting to learn. 4. By bad manners. 5. By bad habits. 6. By immorality. 'I. Theft. 2. Destroying property. 3. Injuring persons. 4. Accusing falsely. 5. Enticing to wrong. 6. Slandering. 1. Destroying by accident. 2. Destroying wilfully, [erty. Aiding in destroying prop- Disobedience. Disrespect. Conspiracy. Destroying property. Slandering. Evil speaking. General disobedience. Neglect to study. 4. Irregular attendance. 5. General wrongdoing. 1. Disturbing the peace. 2. Trespassing. 3. Injuring property. 4. Rude and disrespectful treat- ment of people. ii. Profanity. 4. Disrespect for religion. ' I. Approval of teacher. 2. Approval of parents. 3. Approval of society. 4. Success in life. 5. Gifts from teachers. 1^ 6. Honorable position. 1. Private reproof. 2. Repairing damage. 3. Performance of duties. 4. Forfeiture of privileges. 5. Acknowledgment of offence. 6. Personal chastisement. 7. Suspension. 8. Expulsion. 9. Scolding. 10. Sarcasm. 11. Personal indignities. 12. Torture. SCIENCE OF TEACHING. 159 f I IV. Legislation IN GENERAL. Means of disorder. r I. Unsuitable accommodations. I 2. Unqualified teachers. 3. Bad mi agement 2. Correcting dis- order. General Ad- ministration. 1. Too many rules. 2. Pupils not punished. 3. Work not inspected. 1. By punishing offenders. 2. By pardoning offenders. 3. By teaching what is right. 4. By enforcing claims of right. 5. By inspiring pupils to do right. To detect offenders. To choose kind of punishment. To inflict punishment. CHAPTER v.— SCHOOL AUTHORITIES. I. The school officers. II. The people in general III. The teacher. < r. The family. 2. The church. 3. The community. [ 4. The State. 1. Must have a pure motive. ( I . Physically. 2. Must 3e wen ^ualzlfiedl ^- MoraS?"''"^' I 4. Professionally. 3. Must have a proper idea of work. 4. Must have a knowledge of the human mind. 5. Mtist be proficioit in educational means. 6. Must be thorough in the science of teaching. 7. Must be skilled in government. 8. Must be thorough in discipline. 1. Physical. 2. Intellectual. 5. Must understand the wants of pupils. 10. Must understand his relation to the profession. II. Must appreciate his responsibilities. ( 3. Moral. 1. Should be a thorough scholar. 2. Should be a dignified gen- tleman or lady. 3. Should make professional improvement. 4. Should aid his fellow- teachers. 1. For the bodily health of pupils. 2. For their Intel 1 e c t u a I growth. 3. For their moral training. 4. For their habits. INDEX. PAGE Accent i Analysis of words 2 Adjectives 5 Adverbs 6 Analysis of sentences 7 Arrangement lo Affirmation i6 Average and exclusion 17 Analysis 17 Adams' administration 26 Arthur's inauguration 29 Authors 30, 31 Animals 43 Atmosphere 52 Animals 55 Annuloida 66 Annulosa 66, 67 Aves 68, 69 Arrangement of muscles 72 Appendages of the skin 72 Air 81 Acoustic tubes 84 Atmospheric electricity 85 Artificial magnets 85 Animal susceptibility 89 Arsenic 94 Addition 108, 126 Applications i iS Alligation 1 20 Arithmetical progression 120 Applications of cube root 122 Annuities 122 Axioms 125, 126, 132 Astronomy 142 PAGE Arithmetic, teaching 150, 151, 152 Art 152 Algebra 152 Apparatus 1 54 Buchanan's administration 28 Battles of 1775 3-. 33 Battles of 1676-77 33> 34 Battles of 1778-80 34> 35 Battles of 1781 35 Botany 53,59 Bones 71 Bathing necessary 72 Brain 75 Bills Ill Banking 119 Classification of words 2, 4 Conjunctions 6 Classes of sentences 7,8 Collecting material 10 Composition 12 Conceptions 14 Cause and effect 14 Copula 15 Cardinal propositions 15 Complex propositions 15 Compound propositions 15 Comparative judgment 15 Conditional judgment 16 Classification of syllogisms 16 Conversion of syllogisms 16 Comparative syllogisms 16 Compound judgment 16 l62 INDEX. PAGE •Connecticut 21 Carolina, North 24 Carolina, South 24, 25 Climate 42, 47, 52 Cities 48 Continents 49 Coast 47 Concussions 57 Cryptogamous 62 ■Ccelenterata 66 Circulation 73 Cranial nerves 75 Chromatics 83 Classification of acts of the will 90 Conception of causality. 90 Classification of causes 90 Competency of the mind 90 Chemistry 91 Composition 92 Chlorine 94 Copper 94 Constitution 97, 100 County officers 98 Cities and towns 98 Confederation 100 Courts 102 Crimes 102 Constitutional amendments 103 Civil rights 103 Contracts 103, 104 Circulates 1 1 1 Common divisor 1 1 1 Common multiple 112 Cancellation 112 Cases of percentage 118 Commission and brokerage 119 Circle 123, 135, 138 Circumference of circles 135 Cylinder 139 Cone ; 139 Cylindrical rings 139 Comets 146 Character 1 56 Development of states 25 Derivation of words 2, 4 PAGE Diacritical marks 2 Diction 10 Difference and resemblance 14 Distribution of terms 15 Disjunctive syllogisms 16 Discoveries 18 Delaware 23 Devonian series 57 Diseases of the muscles 74 Diseases of the skin 74 Diseases of the lungs 73 Diseases of the blood 74 Diseases of the digestion 7 ^ Digestion 75 Diffusion of heat 82 Discrimination of acts of the will.. . . 90 Decay of plants 93 Democratic government 96 Divisions of government 97 Divisions of the federal government. 100 Distribution of property without wills 105 Definitions 107 Division 109, no, 113, 128 Decimal fractions no, in Denominate fractions 116 Direct exchange 120 Division of algebra 127 Drawing 152 Duties of pupils 157 Elementary sounds i Expression 3 Extra logical 16 Elimination 17 Explorations 18, 19 Early settlements 19 Events of 1812-14 35. 36 Events in 1861 37 Events in 1862-63 37. 38 Events in 1864-65 38, 39 Extent 46 Earthquakes 50, 57 Electrical phenomena 53 Ethnography S3> 54 Exogenous 59, 60, 61 Endogenous 61, 62 INDEX. 165 PAGE Eyes, the 7° Elastic fluids 81 Effects of heat 82 Electrical machines 85 Electro-magnetism 86 Exercise of capacity for willing 90 Effect of heat on wood 93 Electors 97 Elections 97 Enacting laws 97 Education 98, 99 Executive 100 Equasion of payments 1 20 Evolution 121 Equasions of two or more unknown quantities 120 Equasions of quadratics 131 Ellipse 138 Earth 143 Exercise 1 57 Figures 2, 8 Fallacies 16 Filmore's administration 27 French and Indian War 31, 32 Flowers 65 Force 77 Fundamental facts 86 Fixed stars 87 Final rule for disputed facts 88 Fjrst law of chemical attraction 95 Federal government loi Fraudulent transfer 104 Factoring iii, 127 Fractions 112, 128 Formulas 127 Frustrum 139 Furniture 1 54 Government 48 Georgia 25 Grant's administration 28, 29 Garfield's administration 29 Geography 41 Government 46 Geology 49, 56 General structure of earth 49 Glands of the skin 72 Gravity 78, 79 Grounds of certainty 90 Growth of plants 92 Granite 93 Gold 95 Governmental science 96 Gain or loss i iS Geometrical progression 121, 131 Geometry 132, 152 History 18, 48, 149, 150' Harrison's administration 27 Hayes' administration 29 Health and disease 76 Hydrostatics 80^ Hydraulics 81 Heavenly bodies 142 Interjections 6 Immediate inference 15 Ideas in method 17 Induction and analogy 17 Internal improvement 47 Islands 49, 54 Inflorescence 64, 65 Integument or skin 72 Inclined plane 80' Iron 94 Inorganic food 74 Interest 105 International law 106 Insurance 119 Interest, simple 119 Instructions in language .... 147, 148, 149 Judgment 15 Jackson's administration 27 John Q. Adams' administration 26, 27 Johnson's administration 28 Jurassic period 58 Judicial 99 Jupiter 144, 145 King William's v^^ar 31 364 INDEX. PAGE King George's War 3^ Kinds of food 74. 75 Kinds of fractions 112 Laws of motion 77 Language i Letters i Logic 14 Lincoln's administration 28 Land 4~ Local geography 46 Lakes 47» 51 Leaves 62, 63 Levers of the first class '79 Levers of the second class 79 Levers of the third class 79 Laws of attraction 85 Law of intensity 83 Law of refraction 83 Law of attraction 80 Law of polarity 86 Lead 95 Landlord and tenant 115 Length 115 Longitude and time 116 Lines and angles 132 Legislation in general 159 Modality of judgment. 15 Matter of method 17 Methods of investigation 17 Methods of proof 17 Massachusetts Bay colony 2c, 21 Maryland 23, 24 Madison's administration 26 Miscellaneous events 29 Mathematical geography 41, 42 Mountains 49i 54 Moisture of the atmosphere 52 Molusca 67 Mammalia 69, 70 Modifications of the breath 73 Muscles 72 Matter 77 Machines 79. 8° Musical sounds 84 Mineralogy 55 Musical instruments 84 Magnetism 85 Meteorology 52, 87 Mental philosophy 88 Mind, an agent 90 Mind can attain its own end 90 Marble 93 Merctiry 95 Monarchical government 96 Militia 99 Miscellaneous provisions of Constitu- tion 103 Municipal law 103 Multiplication 108, 116, 126, 12S, 130 Miscellaneous weights 114, 116 Mensuration 122 Multiple 112, 128 Measurement of angles 133 Moon 144 Mercury 144 Mars 144 Minor planets 145 Meteors 146 Methods of instruction 147 Nouns 4, 5 New Hampshire 22 New York 22 New Jersey 23 North Carolina 24 Nations 45 Natura> advantages 47 Nervous system 75 Natural philosophy 77 Nature of heat Si Nature of light 82 Natural inability 91 Numbers 107 Notation and numeration 107 Neptune 145 Nebulae 146 Orthography 1,4 Orthoepy 2, 3 Orators 31 INDEX. 165 Occupations 46, 47, 48 Outline 46 Oceans 51 Oceanic movements 51 Optical phenomena 53 Organs of respiration 73 Organs of voice 73 Organs of circulation 73 Organic food 74 Optics 82 Optical instruments 84 Offences of pupils 1 58 Pronouns Prepositions Parsing Prosody Punctuation Points Prose Poetry 12, Probable judgment Pure categorical Probable syllogisms Plymouth colony 20, 21 Pennsylvania 23 Polk's administration 27 Prince's administration 28 Progress 30 Pontiac's War 32 Plants 43, SS> 62 Political geography 43 Physical needs of man 44, 45 Position of state 46 Physical geography 49 Progression 57 Phenogamous plants 59 Protozoa 66 Physiology 71 Proper food necessary 74 Properties of matter ' 77 Pulleys 80 Pneumatic machines 81 Pyronomics 81 Propagation of light S3 Properties of the magnet 85 1 Production of artificial magnets 86 Planets, the $y Phosphorus 54 Public institutions 99 President, the 102 Principles of law 103 Principal and agent 104 Partnership 104 Principles of fractions 112, 128 Principles of ratio 117 Proportion 117, 134 Principles of proportion 117 Percentas 117 Principles of percentage 118 Premium and discount 1 18 Partnership 120 Powers and roots 129 Powers 129 Principles of involution 121 Plane figures 132 Polygons 133, 134, 138 Planes and angles 136 Pyramid 137, 138 Principles of trigonometry 140 Practical principles 141 Planets 143 Permanent organization 155 People in general, the 159 Quality of judgment 15 Queen Anne's War 31 Quantity 125 Quadratics 131 Quadrilaterals 133 Rhetoric 10 Redundant syllogisms 16 Refutation 17 Rhode Island 21, 22 Races of men 43, 44 Religion 46 Rivers 5o> 54 Rainfall 55 Rocks ^6 Root 65 Reptilia 67^ ^ i66 INDEX. PAGE Respiration 73 Reflection and reflecting surfaces 83 Refraction of light S3 Reflection of sound ^.4 Reason i 9 Rational susceptibility 09 Rights of persons 96 Rights of things 96 Real estate 105 Rules of peace 106 Rules of war 106 Rights and duties of belligerents 106 Rights and duties of neutrals 106 Roman notation 107, 108 Reduction of fractions 112, 113 Reduction 116 Ratio 117 Roots 129 Radicals 130 Recitation 156, 1 57 Retribution 158 Syllables i Spelling 2 Synthesis 7 Syntax 7 Selection of subject 10 Style 10 Sentences 10 Substances and properties 14 Syllogisms 16 South Carolina 24, 25 States of society , 45 Surface 47 Springs 50> 54 Stratified 56 Silurian series 57 Stem of plant 64 Seed 65 Skeleton 71 Sources of food 74 Sympathetic system 76 Screw 80 Source of heat 81 Source of light 83 Shadows • §3 PAGE Solar system 86, 87 Sense 88 Susceptibility 89 Spiritual 89 Substance of plants 92, 93 Sandstone 93 Slate 93 Soils 94 Sulphur 94 Silver 95 State government 97 State officers 97. 98 Sales of property 104 Services 105 Shipping 105 Subtraction 108, 126 Surface 115 Simple interest 119 Settlement of accounts 120 Sphere 1 24, 139 ' Signs 125 Squares on lines 134 Similar triangles 135 Solids 136 Spherical geometry 137 Spherical trigonometry 140, 141 Sun 143, 144 Saturn 145 School grades 153 School studies 1 53 Science of teaching 1 53 Study 155, 156 School authorities 159 Terms 14 Terms of a proposition 15 Tyler's administration 27 Taylor's administration 27 Temperature 52 Trassic series 57 Tin 95 Township officers 98 Terms of fractions 112 Time 115 Terms, 117, 125, 128, 129, 131, 140, 142 True discount 119 INDEX. 167 PAQ,E Taxes 119 Triangle 13S Trapezoid 138 Trapezium 138 Theorems 140 Trigonometry 140 Temporary 154 The teacher 1 59 Uses of capitals 12 Unstratified rocks 56 Understanding 88 United States government 100 Uranus 145 Verbs 5, 6 Variety 11 Versification 8 Virginia 19, 20 Van Buren's administration 27 Valleys 50 Volcanoes 50, 57 Voice 73 PAGE Vision 83, 84 Value 1 13, 1 14 Volume and capacity 115 Volumes 123, 124 Venus 144 Washington's administration. . . 25 Wars of United States 31 War of revolution 32. 33' 34, 35 War of 1812 35 War with Mexico Z^^Zl War of Rebellion 37, 3'^j 39, 4° Water 42, 91 Winds 52 Woody plants 65 Wheel and axle 79, 80 Wedge 80 Wheel work 80 Will, the 89 Wills 105 Weight 114 Zoology 53, 66 Zinc 95 LIBRARY OF CONGRE£;S 019 760 013 5 ; V V .\^