F 1226 .P93 Copy 1 Institute of International Education International Relations Clubs Syllabus No. VI Modern Mexican History By Herbert I. Priestley, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Mexican History and Librarian of the Bancroft Library, University of California /-/ December, 1920 The Institute of International Education 419 West 117th Street, New York Stephen P. Duggan, Ph.D. DIRECTOR Telephone: Mornhgside 7419 Cable Address: "Intered' ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD Herman V. Ames Paul Monroe L. H. Baekeland John Bassett Moore William Lowe Bryan Henry Morgenthau Nicholas Murray Butler Dwight W. Morrow Stephen Pierce Duggan E. H. Outerbridge Dr. Walter B. James Henry S. Pritchett Alice Duer Miller Mary E. Woolley BUREAU DIVISIONS Europe Stephen P. Duggan Far East Paul Monroe Latin America Peter H. Goldsmith Women's Colleges Virginia Newcomb International Relations Clubs Bernice Sanborn Institute of International Education International Relations Clubs Syllabus No. VI Modern Mexican History By Herbert I. Priestley, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Mexican" History and Librarian of the Bancroft Library, University of California December, 1920 G ift KA3 23 /S?i PREFACE Each section of the syllabus is introduced by a study outline, in which the principal features of the subject of the section are indicated. The study outline is aimed at presentation of truth rather than of opinion, and is intended as a guide for reading and study. The lists of references which follow each outline are full enough to permit students to obtain materials whatever may be the resources of the library to which they have access. It is not necessary that the student should use a profusion of the materials indicated. The suggestion is offered that each of the sub-topics in each outline be chosen by two or more students for study some time in advance of meetings, and that reports, oral or written, be made upon the results obtained. Titles in the read- ing lists which are considered of most value are marked with a star. The lists contain materials on all sides of the problems of Mexico, hence it will be possible, with a little care, to arrange interesting debates for each section. Most of the titles listed con- tain materials valuable for sections other than those for which they are listed. Herbert I. Priestley l3l Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/modernmexicanhisOOprje SECTION I THE TERRITORY OF MEXICO AND THE PEOPLE i Extent of Mexico Mexico colonial and contemporary; the northern boundary under Spain; Treaty of 1 8 19; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; Gadsden Purchase; southern boundary in modern times; conflicts with Central American states. Physical features The Isthmus of Tehuantepec; plateaus of Yucatan, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Anahuac; low hot coastal plains; eastern and western Sierras. Lower California. The great barrancas or natural gorges of the north: Cobre, Batopilas, San Carlos. Hydrography Rios Grande, Colorado, Conchos, Salado, Lerma, Mexcala, Panuco, Coat- zacoalcos, Zuchiate, etc. Closed basins of Mapimi and Anahuac; non- navigable rivers; areas of irrigation, cuencas; the Bajio. Lakes Tezcoco, Xochimilco, Chalco, Zumpango, Xaltocan, San Cristobal, Chapala, Patz- cuaro. Climatic zones vertical rather than horizontal: tierra caliente, hot lands; tierra templada, temperate regions; tierra fria, cold altitudes. 2 Natural agricultural resources The native products: sisal, tobacco, corn, beans, chile, indigo, vanilla, cocoa, cochineal, chicle, coffee, bananas, rubber. Naturalized products: wheat, barley, cotton, sugar, etc. Grazing, in colonial times; present status. Industries dependent on grazing. Natural mineral resources Precious metals; location, depth, area. Mining in colonial times; relation to modern mining; early bonanzas, followed by modern low grade workings; rank of Mexico as producer of silver.. Deposits of copper, iron, coal; other metals; petroleum. Interest of Spaniards in these; of the Mexican govern- ment; legislation on mining. Modern exploitation. Foreign capital. 3 Influence of geographical conditions Distribution of crop areas; irrigation and rainfall; character of the soil in various parts; aridity; dry farming; limited variety of food crops; non-food crops, pulque and mezcal; crop failures, famines. Social and economic influence of agricultural conditions. [5] 4 The Mexican Indians Affinity with others of North America. The Uto-Aztec family: Shoshon- eans, Aztecs, Sonora Indians, Pimas, Comanches, Tarahumaras, Huichols; Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Tarascos, Huastecs. The Maya-Quiche family. The Aztec Confederacy at the time of the Spanish Conquest: its culture, re- ligion, business, science, war, land system, social system, government; effect of the Conquest on the native groups. 5 Present social conditions in Mexico The Indian the base of the social pyramid; abjection of the natives; il- literacy; disintegration of the old native groups in the populous areas; relations with the half-breed group; linguistic diversities; proportion who speak Spanish; the "pelado," or indigent peon; modern movement toward mestizo supremacy; effect of industry on Indian labor; on his character; radicalism among the lower classes. The European and American population, at the apex of the pyramid; the nations represented; their relations with Mexicans. Anti-foreign sentiment in legislation; in politics; in wars. Religion among the people; religion and the government. Protestant missions, their effect, their reception. Protestant education and the modern revolution. The army and the government. Education under colonial control; under the Republic; modern organization of education. References: Books in English Ballou, M. M., Aztec Land, 1890. Bancroft, Hubert H., The Native Races of the Pacific States, (5 Vols. J 1874-5) Vols. 2 and 4. , The History of Mexico, (6 vols., 1883-8) Vol. 2. , The History of Mexico, (1 vol., 19 14). Biart, Lucien, The Aztecs, 1905. (French edition, 1885). Bowditch, C. P., The Numeration, Calendar Systems, and Astronomical Knowh edge of the Mayas, 1910. Brinton, D. G., The American Race, 1901. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 28, Mexican and Central American Antiquities, Calendar Systems, and History. [Articles by Seler and others], 1904. Carson, W. E., The Wonderland of the South, 1919. Case, A. B., Thirty Years with the Mexicans in Peace and Revolution, (Introd. by David P. Barrows), 19 17. Charnay, D., The Ancient Cities of the New World, 1887, (French edition, 1863). Df az del Castillo, Bernal, The True History of the Conquest of Mexico. Hakluyt Soc. Pubs., 1908, Maudslay, ed. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910 ed., at the word Mexico. Enock, R., Mexico, its ancient and modem civilization, 1909. Farnham, T. J., Mexico, its Geography, its People, its Institutions, 1846. *Fortier, A., Central America and Mexico, 1907. 16] Guide Books to Mexico, by Campbell, Conkling, Ferguson, Janvier, Paz, and Terry. *Hale, Susan, The Story of Mexico (Story of the nations), 1889. Humboldt, Alexander, Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain, 1814. Vol. 1. , Selections from the works of . . . relating to climate, inhabi- tants, products, population, 1824. James, T., Three Years among the Indians and Mexicans, 1916. Joyce, T. A., Mexican Archaeology, 19 14. *Keane, A. H., Central and South America, 1909. Vol. I. Kingsborough, E. K., The Antiquities of Mexico, 9 vols., 1830-48, Vol. 6. Lumholtz, Carl, Unknown Mexico, 2 vols., 1902. Marshall, T. M., A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Pur- chase, 1914. (Maps). Mexico, its Social Evolution, 2 vols, in 3, 1900-1904. Vol. 1. Pan American Union, Mexico, a General Sketch, 191 1. Prescott, W. H., The Conquest of Mexico, Vol. 1, pp. 7-133. Spence, L., The Civilization of Ancient Mexico, 1912. Starr, F., In Indian Mexico, 1908. Trowbridge, E. D., Mexico Today and Tomorrow, 1919. Maps Rand McNally folding map of Mexico. Shepherd, Wm. R., Historical Atlas, plates 202-3. Garcia Cubas, A., Atlas pinioresco de la Republica Mexicana. Thomas and Swanton, Indian Languages of Mexico . . . Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 44 (Linguistic stocks). Review of Reviews, 44:104, July, 191 1. (Lower California), National Geographic Mag., 21:105, Dec. 1910. (Outline map). Periodical literature Ayme, L. H., Ancient Mexican Theogony and Cosmogony. (Notes and Queries and Historical Mag., Vol. 20 (1902), 65-71. Bandelier, A., On the Distribution and Tenure of Lands, and Other Customs with Respect to Inheritance among the Ancient Mexicans, (Peabody Mus., nth Ann. Rep., Vol. 2, No. 2.) » Social Organization and Mode of Government of the Ancient Mexicans, (Peabody Mus., 12th Ann. Rep., Vol. 2, No. 3). Blake, W. W., The National Museum of Mexico, (Records of the Past, 2:16-26, Jan., 1903). Esquivel Obregon, T., Factors in the Historical Evolution of Mexico, (His. Amer. Hist. Rev., May, 1919, 135-72). Foreigners Hold Vast Areas, (Mexican Review, Feb., 1920). Nordhoff, C. B., The Human Side of Mexico, (Atlantic Monthly, Dec, 1919). Prescott, Wm., The Luster of Ancient Mexico, (Nat. Geog. Mag., Vol. 30, No. i, July, 1916). Rundall, W. H., Tabasco and Chiapas; Two Little Known States of Southern Mexico, (Chamber's Journal, 79:345, 1902). 17] Books in foreign languages AlamAn, L., Disertaciones sobre la historia de la Repiiblica Mexicana, 5 vols, 1844-9. Vol. I, Chap. 1. , Historia de Mejico . . . 1849-52, Vol. 1. Basil, V. L., Le Mexique, resume giographique . . . industrial, historique, et social. . . . 1862. Chevalier, M., Le Mexique ancien et modern, 1845. (English edition, 1846), Vol. 1, pt 3. Domenech, E., Histoire du Mexique, 1868. Vol. I. Lejeal, Leon, Les antiquites mexicaines, 1902. Le6n, N., Compendio de la historia de Mexico, 1919 ed. the best. Pereyra, Carlos, Historia del pueblo mexicano, 2 vols. 1909. Perez VerdIa L., Compendio de la historia de Mexico, 191 1. Pierron, E., Datos para la geografia del imperio mexicano 1886 Riva Palacio, V., ed. Mexico a traves de los siglos, 5 vols. 1888-9. Rivera Cambas M., Historia . . . de Jalapa, 1869-71, Vol. 1. SECTION II THE SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME, 1519-1810 The colonial policy of Spain Discovery followed by immediate occupation; great movement in 16th century; nearly all of modern Mexico then covered; adventuresome, turbu- lent spirit of Spaniards; pioneer society; retrograde character of 17th cen- tury as to expansion; border activities of frontiersmen; foreign rivalry begun; 1 8th century shows fiercer conflicts between Spanish, French, and English; colonial reforms of late 18th century; new policy of liberal regulations, adhering to the mercantile theory. Conquests rewarded by huge land grants and exploitation of Indians on encomiendas, with duty of Christianizing them. Exclusion of foreigners from residence and trade; fleets and gal- leons of the commercial service, their purpose, their enemies, smuggling, breakdown; severe taxation, monopolies of trade and manufacture; special privileges, not system; all industry injured; foreigners, French and English, acquire control of the commercial machinery. The government of New Spain The king in Spain, absolute ruler, "fountain of law and justice"; Council of the Indies; Casa de Contratacion ; minister of the Indies, after 1720; the viceroys as "alter ego" of the king; audiencias or supreme courts; the audiencia of Mexico; of Guadalajara; governors or military commanders of provinces; the municipalities, weak state under Charles I, emasculation 18] under Charles III, effect of the crushing of municipalities on the movement for independence; privileges of the military, of the clergy; of the merchants, of the miners, of the agriculturists; public order; minute employments of the viceroys; the alcaldes may ores and corregidores. Vassals must learn to obey and be silent. 3 The position of the Church To Christianize the Indians the policy of the government; this gave the Church great advantage; conquest began when power of Church was growing; Philip II as Spaniard and Catholic; work of Regular Orders, first to arrive; their reluctance to surrender territory to the Secular Church; conflicts of ecclesiastical jurisdiction; quarrels between Spanish and Creole clergy over preference in office; the mission system developed an as im- provement over the encomienda for exploitation of the natives; missions develop religious, vocational, educational and protective character; their use as a frontier defence; the Church policy of land monopolization the cause of frequent disturbance in colonial times, and of revolution in recent years; economic and civil character of Church influence; social and intel- lectual prestige of clericals; their reluctance to surrender civil privilege. 4 Lack of constitutional guarantees Absolutism of kings a cause of discontent, but not of separatism, until late 1 8th century; venality of courts; delays of justice; malfeasance in office; all create distrust. Purchase of offices gave special privileges and made possible special abuses. Rights in property not absolute; prescriptive right of king to all lands a constant menace to tenure of lands. Special privileges to upper strata of society was against development of character among the lower groups; alleged inferiority of American-born Spaniards, their prac- tical exclusion from preference in offices of Church and State. The dom- inance of Spaniards in commerce, mining, and office, creating a feeling of discontent which become active with the occurrence of the Napoleonic dis- turbance of Europe. References: Books in English [Note. For Section II the general works on Mexico mentioned in Section I, under the names Bancroft, Fortier and Ficklin, the Ecyclopaedia Britannica, the Guide Books, Hale, Trowbridge, Alaman, Baril, Chevalier, Domenech, Leon, Pereyra, Perez Verdia, and Riva Palacio, are of value. Only a few titles are repeated in these lists]. /"Bancroft, Hubert H., History of Mexico, Vols. 3 and 4. w/ *Blackmar, F. W., Spanish Institutions of the Southwest, 1898. v *Bolton, H. E., Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century, 1913. , Kino's Historical Memoir of Pimeria Alta, 2 v. 191 1. \, * , and T. M. Marshall, The Colonization of North America, 1492- 1783, 1920. l9l *Bourne, E. G., Spain in America, 1904. Burke, Edmund, An Account of the Spanish Settlements in America, 1760. Catholic Encyclopedia, at the word Mexico, Vol. 10, pp. 250-65, gives the activ- ities of the religious orders in New Spain from the time of Cortes. V *Chapman, C. E., The Founding of Spanish California, 1916. Chapters 4, 8, 9, 10, on expansion, diplomacy, etc., in the 18th century. Ellis, G., Las Casas and the Relations of the Spaniards with the Indians, (In Winsor, J., Narrative and critical history, Vol. 2, pp. 299-348). *Haring, C. H., Trade and Navigation between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the Hapsburgs, 1918. *Helmolt, H. F., The History of the World, 1902. Vol. 1, Chap. 5. Lea, H. C, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies, 1908, Chap. 6. Lowery, W., Spanish Settlements within the Present Boundaries of .the United States, 1513-65, 191 1. (Government of New Spain). * Martin, Percy F., Mexico of the XX Century, 1907, Chaps. 1 and 2. Mayer, Brantz, Mexico, Aztec, Spanish, Republican, 1852, Vol. 1. * *Moses, Bernard, The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America, 1898. Noll, A. H., A Short History of Mexico, 1910. *Priestley, H. I., Jose de Gdlvez, Visitor General of New Spain, 1765-71, 1916. (Chaps. 5 and 10). *Robertson, William, The History of America. 2 Vol., 1777. (Especially Vol. 2, Book 8, for a summary of the institutions). Periodical literature Bolton, H. E., The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish American Colonies, (Amer. Hist. Rev., Vol. 23, No. 2, Oct., 1917). * Hackett, C. W., Delineation of Political Jurisdictions in Spanish North America t° I 535- (Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1918, 40-68). ^ Moses, B., The early Political Organization of Mexico, (Yale Review, Nov., 1895, and Feb., 1896). Ogg, Frederic, Mexico from Cortes to Diaz. (Munsey's, Dec, 1919). ^ Priestley, H. I., Spanish Colonial Municipalities (California Law Review, Sept., 1919). v , The old University of Mexico, (Univ. of Cal. Chronicle, Vol. 21, No. 4, Oct., 1919). Books in foreign languages Altamira y Crevea, R., Historia de Espana y de la civilizacion espaiiola, 4 vols. 19 13 passim. Cavo, Andres, Los tres sighs de Mexico, 2 vols. 4 v. in 2, 1836-8. Vol. 1, 175 ff- * Colmeiro, M., Historia de la economia politica en Espana, 1863. GarcIa, Genaro, Tumultos y rebeliones acaecidas en Mexico, 1540-18 10, 1907. Gonzalez Obreg6n, L., Los precursores de la independencia mexicana en el siglo xvi, 1906. Granados y GAlvez, J. J., Tardes americanas, pp. 339 ff., 1778. Haebler, K., Prosperidad y decadencia de Espana durante el siglo xvi, 1899. [10] Orozco y Berra, M., Apuntes para la historia de la geografia en Mexico, i{ Chaps. 9 and 10 recount the advances in the occupation of territory. Rivera Cambas, M., Los gobemantes de Mexico, 2 vols. SECTION III THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1810-21 1 The reign of Charles IV of Spain Reversal of policies of his father; efforts to check French revolutionary propaganda; war on the French Convention, 1792; war with England, 1797; machinations of Godoy, Prince of the Peace, fear of Napoleon; pro- gram against him; his invasion of Spain, its pretext; abdication of Charles and of Ferdinand; the imprisonment of Spanish rulers at Bayonne; crown- ing of Joseph Bonaparte; rise of the juntas; "petite guerre" against the French. The Junta Central de Seville. 2 The repercussion in Mexico General loyalty of New Spain to the Bourbons; attitude of viceroy; audiencia against ayuntamiento; Iturrigaray deposed; Garibay; Lizana; the Valladolid revolt. Changed attitude of the Spaniards. 3 The revolt under Hidalgo The Conspiracy of Queretaro; its discovery; Grito de Dolores: battles of the early revolution; the march on Mexico City; battle of Monte de las Cruces; failure to defend Guadalajara; flight northward; capture, trial, and execution of Hidalgo and compatriots. His revolt as an expression of class hatred; its scant program, seeking dispossession of the Spaniards and elevation of the lowest level of the people. 4 The epoch of Morelos New character of the revolution, for political separation; failure of the Liberal movement in Spain to meet the aspirations of the radicals in Am- erica; the Constitution of 1812 for the Spanish Empire; Constitution of Apatzingan; its nullity, its historical value. Capture and execution of Morelos; decline of the revolution under the policy of the viceroy Apodaca. Restoration of Ferdinand in Spain. Return of absolutism. 5 The revival of radicalism in Spain The revolution of 1820; menace to the Church; changed attitude of the conservatives of New Spain as a result; they become revolutionaries. Am- bitions of A. Iturbide; the Plan of Iguala; its reception; the last of the viceroys, Odonoju; Treaty of Cordoba; establishment of the Mexican Regency; the Constituent Congress; the coup d'etat of San Hipolito; ephemeral empire of Iturbide; the return to republican ideals. 6 The military anarchy The period from 1828 to 1836, a tangle of private and class ambitions; establishment of a centralized republic with privileged classes, military and clerical, in the ascendency. Constitution of 1836; its failure to provide a government; the Bases Organicas of 1843, creating a "Constitutional Despotism." From this period until 1857 there ensued a struggle for domination by the Liberal Party, which was near to triumph in the War of the Reform, 1857-61. Relations between Mexico and the United States Spanish suspicion and fear of aggression the heritage of the Mexicans; attitude of the United States toward independence of Spanish America; scant participation in the movement by individuals; final recognition; the Monroe Doctrine; treaties of amity and commerce; boundary treaty; the border; the Texas migrations; the Texas Revolution; the War .with the United States; its causes, its prosecution, the results, on the Mexican mind, on Mexican territory; justification of the war from the American standpoint. Sentiment in Mexico favoring absorption by the United States at the end of the war. References: (Paragraphs 1-5). Books in English *Bancroft, Hubert H., History of Mexico, Vol. 4, Chaps. 1-4. de Beneskt, C, A Narrative of the Last Moments of the Life . . . of Iturbide. Bullock, W. H., Six Months' Residence and Travels in Mexico, 1825. Burke, U. R., Life of Benito Juarez, 1894. Hasbrouck, L. A., Mexico from Cortes to Carranza, 1918, Chap. 2. Henderson, J. B., American Diplomatic Questions, 1901, Chap. 4. Manning, W. R., Early Diplomatic Relations between the United Slates and Mexico, 19 16. *Noll, A. H., From Empire to Republic, 1903. *Noll, A. H., and McMahon, The Life and Times of . . . Hidalgo, 1910. Ober, F. A., ed., The History of Mexico, 1913. (Brantz Mayer). [Poinsett, J.], Notes on Mexico. (1824 ed., pp. 253 ff ; 1825 ed., App., pp. 22 ff.) . Rives, G. L., The United States and Mexico, 1821-48, 2 vols. 1913. ■ Robinson, F., Mexico and her Military Chieftains, 1847. Robinson, W. D., Memoirs of the Mexican Revolution, 1820. Winton, G. B., A New Era in Old Mexico, 1905. Young, P., History of Mexico, 1850. [12] Periodical literature Baylor, F. C, Hidalgo, the Washington of Mexico, (N. Princeton Mag., 5:88. 219). ^'Bolton, H. E., ed., Gen. J. Wilkinson as Adviser to Iturbide. (Docs, in Hisp. Amer. Hist. Rev., Vol. 1, No. 2). *