^o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .^^r 
 
 
 
 
 -". ^o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 * ^ % -J 
 
 
 
 
 
 r - » • 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 O • . . • ' jO 
 
 h!'- •^^ A* ''.^fe*- "V t** ♦' 
 
 
 
 
 
 V.0^ 
 .^^ 
 
 o_ « 
 
 
 
 .^^ t " • ♦ '^> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/ 
 
 / 
 
 THE 
 
 AMERICAN CITIZEN'S 
 
 BFJXr. A COMPUEIIKX.SIVE 
 
 HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL, AND 
 POLITICAL VIEW 
 
 UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 CAREFULLY COMPILED FROM THE LATEST AUTHORITIES, 
 
 ;av> 
 
 vr<\ AND PUBLISHED BY 
 
 W . H O B A R T H A I) L E Y , 
 
 NEW-YORK. 
 
 Stereotyped by Vincent L. Dill, 12S Fulton-street. 
 Printed by S. W. Benedict, 12S Fulton-street. 
 
 1840. i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, - - - 1 
 
 Constitution of the United States, ... 5 
 
 Amendments to the Constitution, - - - 16 
 
 Washington's Inaugural Address, - - - 19 
 
 Washington's Farewell Address, - - - 22 
 
 Jefferson's inaugural Address, - - - 36- 
 
 Biography of the Presidents, - - - - 40 
 
 Explanation of the American coat of Arms, - - 41 
 
 General statistics op the inited states government, 42 
 
 Treasury Department, .... 44 
 
 Exports and Imports within the commercial year 1839, 45 
 
 Of the Public Debt, ..... 47 
 
 Issue and redemption of Treasury Notes in 1839, - 48 
 Imports into the United States from the 1st of October 
 
 1821, to the 30th of September 1838, - - 51 
 
 Exports of the United States for same period, - - 53 
 
 Statistics of the United States. Navy, - - - 57 
 
 Statistics of the United States Army, ... 03 
 
 Post Office, ...... Jb, 
 
 Value of foreign coin in money of the United States, - 04 
 
 Statistics of the Press, . . - . //^^ 
 Principal Executive and Judiciary Officers, Foreign IMin- 
 
 isters, &c. - - - - - G5 
 
 Population of the United States, - - - G8 
 
 General Statistics of the individual States, - - G9 
 Qualifications (?f Officers and appointment of Judges, &c. 
 
 in the several States, - - - - 73 
 
 Military Force — Revolutionary Pensioners, - - 78 
 
 Universities and Colleges in the United States, - 79 
 
 Religious Denominations, - - - - 80 
 
 . Principal Rail Roads finished and in progress, - 81 
 
 Principal Canals, " " " . . 82 
 Indian Warriors near Western Frontier, Ministers, Con- 
 suls, Diplomatic and Commercial Agents of the 
 
 United States in foreign countries, - - 83 
 Topographical and Statistical Observations on the States 
 
 and Territories, ... - - 89 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES 
 OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
 for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con- 
 nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of 
 the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of 
 nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect of the 
 opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes 
 which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men' are cre- 
 ated equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain 
 unahenable rights ; that among these, are hfe, liberty, and the 
 pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments 
 are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the 
 consent of the governed ; and that, whenever any form of gov- 
 ernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
 people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, 
 laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its pow- 
 ers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
 safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that gov- 
 ernments long established, should not be changed for light and 
 transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience has shewn that 
 mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, 
 than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they 
 are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
 tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to re- 
 duce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their 
 duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards 
 for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance 
 of the colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains 
 them to alter their former systems of government. The history 
 of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated in- 
 juries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establish- 
 ment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, 
 let facts be submitted to a candid world : 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and ne- 
 cessary for the public good. 
 
2 DECLARATION OF 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and 
 pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations till his 
 assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utter- 
 ly neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
 large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the 
 right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to 
 them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
 comfortable, and distant from the repository of their public re- 
 cords, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
 with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for oppos- 
 ing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
 others to be elected : whereby the legislative powers, incapable 
 of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their ex- 
 ercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the 
 dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; 
 for that purpose, obstructing the laws of naturalization of for- 
 eigners, refusing to pass others to encourage their migration 
 thither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
 assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the 
 tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
 salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
 swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
 stance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies, with- 
 out the consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and su- 
 perior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction 
 foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; 
 giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation. 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us. 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
 murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
 states : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
INDEPENDENCE. rf 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury : 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
 offences : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbor- 
 ing province, establishing there an arbitrary government, and 
 enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example 
 and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into 
 these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
 laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments : 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
 invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his 
 protection, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
 towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is at this time, transporting large armies of foreign merce- 
 naries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, 
 already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarce- 
 ly paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy 
 the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive on the 
 high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the exe- 
 cutioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by 
 their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
 deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the mer- 
 ciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undis- 
 tinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for re- 
 dress, in the most humble terms. Our repeated petitions, have been 
 answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is 
 thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to 
 be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have v^^e been wanting in attentions to our British breth- 
 ren. We have warned them, from time to time, of the attempts, 
 by their legislature, to extend an unw^arrantable jurisdiction over 
 us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emi- 
 gration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native 
 justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the 
 ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which 
 would enevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
 They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consan- 
 guinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which de- 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of 
 mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
 America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Su- 
 preme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, 
 do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these 
 colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies 
 are, and of right out to be, free and Independent States ; that 
 they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
 that all political connexion between them and the state of Great 
 Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free 
 and Independent States, they have full power to levy war, con- 
 clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all 
 other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. 
 And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
 the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
 other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The forgoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engross- 
 ed and signed by the following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 New-Hampshire. 
 
 Joseph Bartlett, 
 William Whipple, 
 Mathew Thornton. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Samuel Adams, 
 John Adams, 
 Robert Treat Paine, 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Stephen Hopkins, 
 William Ellery. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Roger Sherman, 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 William Williams, 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 New- York. 
 
 William Floyd, 
 Phillip Livingston, 
 Francis Lewis, 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 New-Jersey. 
 
 Richard Stockton, 
 John Witherspoon, 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 John Hart, 
 Abraham Clark. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Robert Morris, 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Morton, 
 George Clymer, 
 James Smith, 
 George Taylor, 
 James Wilson, 
 George Ross. 
 
 Delaivare. 
 
 Csesar Rodney, 
 George Read, 
 Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Samuel Chase, 
 William Paca, 
 Thomas Stone. 
 
 Charles Carroll, of 
 CarroUton. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 George Wythe, 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 Thomas Nelson, Jr. 
 Francis LightfootLee, 
 Carter Braxton, 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 John Penn. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Edward IJutledge, 
 Thomas Hey ward, Jr. 
 Thomas Lynch, Jr. 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Button Guinett, 
 Lyman Hall, 
 George Walton. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
 perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, 
 provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, 
 and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our poster- 
 ity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United 
 States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Sec. I. — All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested 
 in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen- 
 ate and House of Representatives. 
 
 Sec. II. — 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed 
 of members chosen every second year, by the people of the 
 several states : and the electors in each state shall have the quali- 
 fications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of 
 the state legislature. 
 
 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have at- 
 tained the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citi- 
 zen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an 
 inhabitant of the state in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among 
 the several states which may be included within this union, ac- 
 cording to their respective numbers, which shall be determined 
 by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those 
 bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not 
 taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration 
 shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the 
 Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term 
 of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
 number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
 thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative : 
 and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New- 
 Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massachusetts eight ; 
 Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one ; Connecticut five ; 
 New-York six ; New- Jersey four ; Pennsylvania eight ; Delaware 
 one ; Maryland six ; Virginia ten ; North Carolina five ; South 
 Carolina five ; Georgia three. 
 
 4. When vacancies shall happen in the representation from 
 
6 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of elec- 
 tion to fill such vacancies. 
 
 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and 
 other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 Sec. III. — 1. The Senate of the United States shall be com- 
 posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature 
 thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 
 
 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence 
 of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, 
 into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class 
 shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the se- 
 cond class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class, 
 at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be 
 chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation 
 or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, 
 the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until 
 the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such va- 
 cancies. 
 
 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attamed 
 the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
 States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
 state for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be Presi- 
 dent of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally 
 divided. 
 
 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers and also a presi- 
 dent pro-tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when 
 he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 
 
 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- 
 ments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or 
 affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, 
 the Chief Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted 
 without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment, shall not extend fur- 
 ther than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and 
 enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United 
 States ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and 
 subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according 
 to law. 
 
 Sec. IV. — 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elec- 
 tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each 
 state, by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may, at any 
 time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the 
 places of choosing senators. 
 
UNITED STATES. 7 
 
 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year ; 
 and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, un- 
 less they shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 Sec. V. — 1. Each house shall be judge of the elections, returns 
 and qualifications of its own members ; and a majority of each 
 shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number 
 may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel 
 the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under 
 such penalties, as each house may provide. 
 
 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, 
 punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the con- 
 currence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
 time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in 
 their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the 
 members of either house on any question, shall, at the desire of 
 one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, with- 
 out the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
 nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be 
 sitting. 
 
 Sec. VI, — 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a 
 compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and 
 paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all 
 cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privi- 
 leged from arrest, during their attendance at the session of their 
 respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same ; 
 and for any speech in debate in either house, they shall not be 
 questioned in any other place. 
 
 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for 
 which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the 
 authority of the United States, which shall have been created, 
 or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during 
 such time ; and no person holding any office under the United 
 States, shall be a member of either house, during his continuance 
 in office. 
 
 Sec. VII. — 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in 
 the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or 
 concur with amendments as on other bills. 
 
 2. Every bill, which shall have passed the House of Repre- 
 sentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be pre- 
 sented to the President of the United States, if he approve, he 
 shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to 
 that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. 
 If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree 
 to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
 other house, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall 
 become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses 
 shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the per- 
 sons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journals 
 of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by 
 the President, within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall 
 have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like man- 
 ner as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by their adjourn- 
 ment, prevent its return ; in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence 
 of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary 
 (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the 
 President of the United States : and before the same shall take 
 effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, 
 shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Re- 
 presentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in 
 the case of a bill. 
 
 Sec. VIII. — The Congress shall have power — 
 
 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to 
 pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general 
 welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises 
 shall be uniform throughout the United States. 
 
 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States : 
 
 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
 several states, and with the Indian tribes : 
 
 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform 
 laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United 
 States : 
 
 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign 
 coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures : 
 
 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the secu- 
 rities and current coin of the United States: 
 
 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads : 
 
 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by se- 
 curing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive 
 right to their respective writings and discoveries : 
 
 9. To consitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court : 
 
 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on 
 the high seas, and offences against the law of nations : 
 
 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and 
 make rules concerning captures on land and water : 
 
UNITED STATES. 9 
 
 12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of 
 money to that use, shall be for a longer term than two years : 
 
 13. To provide and maintain a navy : 
 
 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the 
 land and naval forces : 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws 
 of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions : 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the mili- 
 tia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in 
 the service of the United States, reserving to the states respect- 
 ively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of train- 
 ing the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, 
 over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by 
 cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, be- 
 come the seat of government of the United States, and to exer- 
 cise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of 
 the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the 
 erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other need- 
 ful buildings : And 
 
 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper, for 
 carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other pow- 
 ers vested by this constitution in the government of the United 
 States, or in any department or officer thereof. 
 
 Sec. IX. — 1. The migration or importation of such persons 
 as any of the states, now existing, shall think proper to admit, 
 shall not be prohibited by the Congress, prior to the year one thou- 
 sand eight hundred and eight : but a tax or duty may be imposed 
 on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 
 
 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
 pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public 
 safety may require it. 
 
 3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be passed. 
 
 4. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro- 
 portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to 
 be taken. 
 
 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
 state. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of 
 commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of an- 
 other ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state, be obliged to 
 enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
 
 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conse- 
 quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement 
 
10 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money 
 shall be published from time to time. 
 
 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; 
 and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, 
 shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, 
 emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from any king, 
 prince, or foreign state. 
 
 Sec. X. — 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 
 confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin mo- 
 ney ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin 
 a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post- 
 facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant 
 any title of nobility. 
 
 2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 
 imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be ab- 
 solutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the 
 nett produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on im- 
 ports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the Uni- 
 ted States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and 
 control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of 
 Congress, lay any duty of tonage, keep troops or ships of war, in 
 time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with anoth- 
 er state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu- 
 ally invaded, or in such iminent danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 Sec. I. — 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Presi- 
 dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his office 
 during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-Presi- 
 dent, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 
 
 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature 
 thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole 
 number of senators and representatives to which the state may 
 be entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or repi-esentative, or 
 person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, 
 shall be appointed an elector. 
 
 3. [Annulled. See Amendments, art. 12.] 
 
 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the elec- 
 tors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day 
 shall be the same throughout the United States. 
 
 5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the 
 United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, 
 shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any per- 
 
UNITED STATES. H 
 
 son be eligible to that office, who shall not have attained the age 
 of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within 
 the United States. 
 
 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of 
 his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and 
 duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi- 
 dent ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of re- 
 moval, death, resignation, or inabihty, both of the President and 
 Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, 
 and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re- 
 moved, or a President shall be elected. 
 
 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services 
 a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished 
 during the period for which he shall have been elected ; and he 
 shall not receive, within that period, any other emolument from 
 the United States, or any of them. 
 
 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take 
 the following oath or affirmation : — 
 
 '• I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
 the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best 
 of my abihty, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of 
 the United States." 
 
 Sec. II. — 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the 
 army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the 
 several states, when called into the actual service of the United 
 States : he may require the opinion in writing, of the principal 
 officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject 
 relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have 
 power to grant reprieves and pardons for oiTences against the 
 United States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the sen- 
 ators present concur ; and lie shall nominate, and by and with 
 the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, 
 other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the supreme court, 
 and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments 
 are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be astab- 
 lished by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appoint- 
 ment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the Presi- 
 dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 
 
 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that 
 may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting com- 
 missions which shall expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 Sec. III. — 1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress 
 
12 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 information of the state of the union, and recommend to their 
 consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and ex- 
 pedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, 
 or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with 
 respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 
 time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors, and 
 other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faith- 
 fully executed ; and shall commission all the officers of the Uni- 
 ted States. 
 
 Sec. IV. — 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil of- 
 ficers of the United States, shall be removed from office on im- 
 peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
 crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 Sec. I. — 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be 
 vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the 
 Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The 
 judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
 offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive 
 for their services, a compensation which shall not be diminished 
 during their continuance in office. 
 
 Sec. II. — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in 
 law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the 
 United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
 their authority ; to all cases affiicting ambassadors, other public 
 ministers and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime ju- 
 risdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a 
 party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a 
 state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different 
 states ;, between citizens of the same state claiming lands under 
 grants of different states, and between a state, of the citizens 
 thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 
 
 2. In ali cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
 and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the su- 
 preme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases 
 before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate juris- 
 diction, both aa to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under 
 such regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 
 shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where 
 the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not com- 
 
UNITED STATES. 13 
 
 mitted within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places 
 as the Congress may by law have directed. 
 
 Sec. III. 1. Treason against the United States, shall consist 
 only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
 giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of 
 treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same 
 overt act, or confessions in open court. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment 
 of treason, but no attainder of treason, shall work corruption of 
 blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Sec. I. — 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state, 
 to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every oth- 
 er state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the 
 manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be 
 proved, and the eftect thereof. 
 
 Sec. II. — 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all 
 privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 
 
 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other 
 crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, 
 shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from 
 which he fled, be dehvered up to be removed to the state having 
 jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the 
 laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any 
 law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or la- 
 bor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such 
 service or labor may be due. 
 
 Sec. III. — 1. New states may be admitted by the Congress in- 
 to this union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected with- 
 in the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed 
 by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without 
 the consent of the legislature of the states concerned, as well as 
 of the Congress. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make ail 
 needful rules and regulations, respecting the territory or other 
 property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this 
 constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of 
 the United States or of any particular state. 
 
 Sec IV. — 1. The United states shall guarantee to every state 
 in this union, a repubhcan form of government, and shall protect 
 each of them against invasion ; and, on application of the legisla- 
 
14 CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 
 ture, or of the executive, (when the legislature cannot be con- 
 vened,) against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 1. The Congress, w^henever two-thirds of both Houses shall 
 deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, 
 or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the 
 several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, 
 which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as 
 part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three- 
 fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths 
 thereof, as the one, or the other mode of ratification may be pro- 
 posed by the Congress; provided, that no amendment which 
 may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
 eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the 
 ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its 
 consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 L All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before 
 the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the 
 United States under this constitution, as under the confederation. 
 
 2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which 
 shall be made in pursuance thereof: and all treaties made, or 
 which shall be made under the authority of the United States, 
 shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every 
 state shall be bound thereby ; any thing in the constitution or laws 
 of any state, to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the 
 members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and 
 judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several 
 states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support thi.^ con- 
 stitution, but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifi- 
 cation to any office or public trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be 
 sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the 
 states so ratifying the same. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 15 
 
 Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the states 
 present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our 
 Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of 
 the Independence of the United States of America, the 
 twelfth. In vv^itness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed 
 our names. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 President and deputy from Virginia. 
 
 New- Hampshire. 
 
 John Langon, 
 Nicholas Gilman. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 Nathaniel Gorman, 
 Rufus King. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 Wm. SamuelJohnson 
 Roger Sherman. 
 
 New- York. 
 Alexander Hamilton, 
 
 New-Jersey. 
 WiUiam Livingston, 
 David Brearley, 
 WiUiam Patterson, 
 Jonathan Dayton. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Benjamin Frankhn, 
 Thomas Mifflin, 
 Robert Morris, 
 George Clymer, 
 Thomas Fitzsimons, 
 Jared Ingersoll, 
 James Wilson, 
 Governeur Morris. 
 
 Delaware. 
 George Reed, 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 John Blair, 
 James Madison, Jr. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 William Blount, 
 Richd. Dobbs Spaight, 
 Hugh Williamson. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 John Rutledge, 
 Charles C. Pinckney, 
 
 Gunning Bedford, Jr.Charles Pinckney, 
 
 John Dickerson, 
 Richard Bassett, 
 Jacob Broom. 
 
 Maryland. 
 James M'Henry, 
 Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, 
 Daniel Carrol. 
 
 Pierce Butler. 
 
 Georgia. 
 William Few, 
 Abraham Baldwin. 
 
 Attest, 
 
 WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 
 
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Art. I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- 
 ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or 
 abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right 
 of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the govern- 
 ment for a redress of grievances. 
 
 Art. II. — A well regulated militia being necessary to the se- 
 curity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and beai' 
 arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 Art. III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 
 any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, 
 but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 Art. IV. — The right of the people to be secure in their per- 
 sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches 
 and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue, 
 but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and 
 particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons 
 or things to be seized. 
 
 Art. V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or 
 otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment 
 of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
 forces, or in the mihtia, when in actual service, in time of war 
 or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same 
 offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or hmb ; nor shall be 
 compelled, in any criminal case, to be witness against himself, nor 
 be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of 
 law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without 
 just compensation. 
 
 Art. VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy 
 the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
 state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, 
 which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and 
 to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be 
 confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory 
 process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the as- 
 sistance of counsel for his defence. 
 
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 17 
 
 Art. VII. — In suits of common law, where the value in con- 
 troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury 
 shall be preserved ; and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be other- 
 wise re-examined in any court of the United States, than accord 
 ing to the rules of the common law. 
 
 Art. VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exces- 
 sive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 Art. IX. — The enumeration in the constitution, of certain 
 rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retain- 
 ed by the people. 
 
 Art. X. — The powers not delegated to the United States by 
 the constitution, nor prohibited to it by the states, are reserved 
 to the states respectively, or to the people. 
 
 Art. XI. — The judicial power of the United States shall not 
 be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced 
 or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of an- 
 other state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 
 
 Art. XII, — 1. The electors shall meet in their respective 
 states, and vote by ballot, for President and Vice President, one 
 of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state 
 with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person vo- 
 ted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for 
 as Vice President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all per- 
 sons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice 
 President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they 
 shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of govern- 
 ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; 
 the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
 votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest num- 
 ber of votes for President, shall be President, if such number be 
 a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if 
 no person have such majority, then from the persons having the 
 highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for 
 as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- 
 diately, by ballot, the President. — But in choosing the President, 
 the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each 
 state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
 a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a ma- 
 jority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
 House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever 
 the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
 of March next following, then the Vice President, shall act as 
 
18 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disa- 
 bility of the President. 
 
 2. The person having the greatest number of votes for Vice- 
 President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a ma- 
 jority of the v^^hole number of electors appointed ; and if no 
 person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on 
 the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum 
 for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 
 of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be neces- 
 sary to a choice. 
 
 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
 President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United 
 States. 
 
 Art. XIII. — If any citizen of the United States shall accept, 
 claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honor, or shall 
 without the consent of Congress, accept or retain any present, 
 pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any 
 emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease 
 to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of 
 holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them. 
 
WASHINGTON'S 
 
 INAUGURAL AND FAREWELL ADDRESSES.^ 
 
 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 
 
 April 30, 1789. 
 Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of Rejn-esentatives : 
 
 Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have 
 filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notifica- 
 tion was transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th 
 day of the present month. On the one hand, I was summoned 
 by my country, whose voice I can never hear but with venera- 
 tion and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fond- 
 est predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable 
 decision, as the assylum of my declining years, a retreat which 
 was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to 
 me by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent inter- 
 ruptions in my health, to the gradual waste committed on it by 
 time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the 
 trust to which the voice of my country called me, being suflicient 
 to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens a 
 distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but over- 
 whelm with despondence, one, who, inheriting inferior endow- 
 ments from nature, and unpractised in the duties of civil admin- 
 istration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies. 
 In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver, is, that it has been my 
 faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of every 
 circumstance by which it might be effected. All I dare hope is 
 that if in executing this task I have been too much swayed by a 
 grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate 
 sensibility to this transcendant proof of the confidence of my fel- 
 low citizens, and have thence too httle consulted my incapacity 
 as well as disinclination for the weighty and uiitried cares before 
 me, my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, 
 and its consequences be judged by my country with some share 
 of the partiality with which they originated. 
 
 Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience 
 to the pubHc summons, repaired to the present station, it would 
 be peculiarly improper to omit, in this first official act, my fervent 
 
20 Washington's inaugural address. 
 
 supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe 
 — who presides in the councils of nations — and whose providen- 
 tial aids can supply every human defect, that his benediction may 
 consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the 
 United States a government instituted by themselves for these 
 essential purposes, and may enable every instrument employed 
 in its administration to execute with success the functions allot- 
 ted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the great author 
 of every public and private good, I assure myself that it ex- 
 presses your sentiments not less than my own, nor those of my 
 fellow citizens, at large less than either. No people can be bound 
 to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand which conducts the 
 affairs of men, more than the people of the United States. Every 
 step by which they have advanced to the character of an inde- 
 pendent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of 
 providential agency ; and in the important revolution just accom- 
 plished in the system of their united government, the tranquil 
 deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct commu- 
 nities, from which the event has resulted, cannot be compared 
 with the means by which most governments have been establish- 
 ed, without some return of pious gratitude, along with an hum- 
 ble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to 
 presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have 
 forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. 
 You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none un- 
 der the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free 
 government can more auspiciously commence. 
 
 By the article establishing the executive department, it is made 
 the duty of the President " to recommend to your consideration 
 such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The 
 circumstances under which I now meet you will acquit me from 
 entering into that subject farther than to refer to the great con- 
 stitutional charter under which you are assembled, and which, in 
 defining your powers, designates the objects to which your atten- 
 tion is to be given. It will be more consistent with those circum- 
 stances, and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate 
 me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular 
 measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and 
 the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and 
 adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold the surest 
 pledges, that, as on one side, no local prejudices or attachments, no 
 separate views, nor party animosities will misdirect the compre- 
 hensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great as- 
 semblage of communities and interests : so, on another, that the 
 
Washington's inaugural address. 21 
 
 foundations of our national policy will be laid in the pure and 
 immutable principles of private morality ; and the pre-eminence 
 of free government be exemplified by all the attributes which 
 can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect 
 of the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction 
 which an ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is 
 no truth more thoroughly established than that there exists in the 
 economy and course of nature an indissoluble union between vir- 
 tue and happiness, between duty and advantage ; between the 
 genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the 
 solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity ; since we ought 
 to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can 
 never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules 
 of order and right which Heaven itself has ordained, and since 
 the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny of 
 the republican model of government are justly considered as 
 deeply, perhaps as finally staked on the experiment entrusted to 
 the hands of the American people. 
 
 Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will re- 
 main with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of the 
 occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the constitu- 
 tion is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature 
 of the objections which have been urged against the system, or 
 by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. In- 
 stead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject, 
 in which I could be guided by no lights derived from oflScial op- 
 portunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your 
 discernment and pursuit of the public good ; for, I assure myself 
 that while you carefully avoid every alteration which might en- 
 danger the benefits of an united and effective government, or 
 which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence 
 for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the 
 public harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on 
 the question how far the former can be more impregnably forti- 
 fied, or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted. 
 
 To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will 
 be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It 
 concerns myself, and will therefore be as brief as possible. 
 When I was first honored with a call into the service of my coun- 
 try, then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the 
 light in which I contemplated my duty required that I should re- 
 nounce every pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I 
 have in no instance departed ; and being still under the impres- 
 sions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable to myself 
 
22 Washington's farewell address. 
 
 any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensa- 
 bly included in a permanent provision for the executive depart- 
 ment, and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates 
 for the station in which I am placed, may, during my continuance 
 in it, be limited to such actual expenditures as the public good 
 may be thought to require. 
 
 Having thus imparted to you my sentiments as they have been 
 awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take 
 my present leave, but not without resorting once more to the be- 
 nign Parent of the human race, in humble supphcation that, since 
 he has been pleased to favor the American people with opportu- 
 nities for deliberating in perfect tranquihty and dispositions for 
 deciding with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for 
 the security of their union and the advancement of their happi- 
 ness, so his divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the en- 
 larged views, the temperate consultations, and the wise measures 
 on which the success of this government must depend. 
 
 FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 September 17, 1796. 
 
 i^riends and Fellow Citizens : 
 
 The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the 
 executive government of the United States being not far distant, 
 and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be em- 
 ployed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that 
 important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may 
 conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I 
 should now apprize you of the resolution I have formed, to decline 
 being considered among the number of those out of whom the 
 choice is to be made. 
 
 I beg you at the same time to do me the justice to be assured, 
 that this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to 
 all the considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a 
 dutiful citizen to his country ; and that in withdrawing the tender 
 of service, which silence in my situation might imply, 1 am in- 
 fluenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest ; no 
 deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am 
 supported by a full conviction that the step is compatible with 
 both. 
 
 The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in the office to 
 which your suffrages have twice called me, have been an uniform 
 sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 23 
 
 for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it 
 would have been much earlier in my power, consistently with 
 motives which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that 
 retirement from which I had been reluctantly drawn. The 
 strength of my inclination to do this, previous to the last election, 
 had even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to 
 you; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and critical 
 posture of affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice 
 of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the 
 idea. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well 
 as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incom- 
 patible with the sentiment of duty or propriety ; and am per- 
 suaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my services, that 
 in the present circumstances of our country you will not disap- 
 prove of my determination to retire. 
 
 The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust, 
 were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this 
 trust, I will only say that I have, with good intentions, contribu- 
 ted towards the organization and administration of the govern- 
 ment the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was 
 capable. Not unconscious, in the outset, of the inferiority of my 
 qualifications, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still more in 
 the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to diffidence of 
 myself; and, every day the increasing weight of years admon- 
 ishes me more and more, that the shade of retirement is as ne- 
 cessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any cir- 
 cumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were 
 temporary, I have the consolation to believe, that while choice and 
 prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does 
 not forbid it. 
 
 In looking forward to the moment which is to determinate the 
 career of my political life, my feelings do not permit me to sus- 
 pend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which 
 I owe to my beloved countzy for the many honors it has confer- 
 red upon me ; still more for the steadfast confidence with which 
 it has supported me ; and for the opportunities I have thence en- 
 joyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faith- 
 ful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If 
 benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it 
 always be remembered to your praise, and as instructive exam- 
 ple in our annals, that under circumstances in which the passions, 
 agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead — amidst ap- 
 pearances sometimes dubious — vicissitudes of fortunes often dis- 
 couraging — in situations in which not unfrequently want of sue- 
 
26 Washington's farewell address. 
 
 weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlan- 
 tic side of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of 
 interest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the loest can 
 hold this essential advantage, whether derived from its own sepa- 
 rate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connexion with 
 any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. 
 
 While therefore every part of our country thus feels an imme- 
 diate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined can- 
 not fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts, greater 
 strength, greater resource, proportionably greater security from 
 external danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by 
 foreign nations ; and what is of inestimable value, they must de- 
 rive from union an exemption from those broils and wars be- 
 tween themselves, which so frequently afflict neighboring coun- 
 tries, not tied together by the same government, which their own 
 rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce ; but which oppo- 
 site foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues, would stimulate 
 and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of 
 those overgrown military establishments, which under any form 
 of government are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be 
 regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty. In this sense 
 it is, that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of 
 your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you 
 the preservation of the other. 
 
 These considerations speak a persuasive language to every re- 
 flecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the 
 union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt 
 whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere ? 
 Let experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a 
 case were criminal. We are authorized to hope that a proper 
 organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of govern- 
 ments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue of 
 the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment. With 
 such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts 
 of our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its 
 impractability, there will always be reason to distrust the patri- 
 otism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its 
 bands. 
 
 In contemplating the causes which may disturb our union, it 
 occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have 
 been furnished for characterizing parties, by geographical dis- 
 criminations — Northern and Southern; Atlantic and Western; 
 whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there 
 is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the ex- 
 
Washington's farewell address. 27 
 
 pedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts, 
 is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You 
 cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and 
 heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations ; they 
 tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound 
 together by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our western 
 country have lately had a useful lesson on this head. They have 
 seen in the negotiation by the executive, and in the unanimous rat- 
 ification by the senate of the treaty with Spain, and in the uni- 
 versal satisfaction at that event throughout the United States, a 
 decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated 
 among them of a policy in the general government, and in the 
 Atlantic states, unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mis- 
 sissippi. They have been witnesses to the formation of two trea- 
 ties, that with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which secure 
 to them every thing they could desire, in respect to our foreign 
 relations, towards confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their 
 wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the 
 union by which they were procured ? Will they not henceforth 
 be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever 
 them from their brethren and connect them with aliens 1 
 
 To the efficacy and permanency of your union, a government 
 for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict, be- 
 tween the parts can be an adequate substitute ; they must inev- 
 itably experience the infractions and interruptions which alliances 
 at all times have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, 
 you have improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a 
 constitution of government, better calculated than your former 
 for an intimate union, and for the efficacious management of 
 your common concern. This government, the offspring of your 
 own choice, uninffuenced and unawed ; adopted upon full inves- 
 tigation and mature deliberation ; completely free in its princi- 
 ples ; in the distribution of its powers uniting security with en- 
 ergy, and containing within itself provision for its own amend- 
 ment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Re- 
 spect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in 
 its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of 
 true liberty. The basis of our political system is the right of the 
 people to make and to alter their constitutions of government. 
 But the constitution which at any time exists, until changed by 
 an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly ob- 
 ligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the 
 the people to establish government, presupposes the duty of every 
 individual to obey the established government. 
 
28 Washington's farewell address. 
 
 All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations 
 and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the 
 real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular de- 
 hberations and action of the constituted authorities, are destruc- 
 tive of this fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They 
 serve to organize faction ; to give it an artificial and extraordi- 
 nary force ; to put in the place of the delegated will of the na- 
 tion, the will of party, often a small, but artful and enterprizing 
 minority of the community ; and according to the alternate tri- 
 umphs of different parties, to make the public administration the 
 mirror of the ill concerted and incongruous projects of faction, 
 rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans, di- 
 gested by common councils, and modified by mutual interests. 
 
 However combinations or associations of the above descrip- 
 tion may now and then answer popular ends, they are hkely, in 
 the course of time and things, to become potent engines by which 
 cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to sub- 
 vert the power of the people, and to usurp for themselves the 
 reigns of government; destroying afterwards the very engines 
 which have lifted them to unjust dominion. 
 
 Towards the preservation of your government, and the per- 
 manency of your present happy state, it is requisite not only that 
 you steadily discountenance irregular opposition to its acknow- 
 ledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of 
 innovation upon its principles, however specious the pretext. 
 One method of assault may be to affect in the forms of the con- 
 stitution alterations which will impair the energy of the system, 
 and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown. In 
 all the changes to which you may be invited, remember that time 
 and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of 
 governments, as of other human institutions ; that experience is 
 the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the ex- 
 isting constitutions of a country ; that facility in changes upon 
 the credit, of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual 
 change, from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion ; and 
 remember especially, that from the efficient management of 
 your common interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a gov- 
 ernment of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect secu- 
 rity of liberty, is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a 
 government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its 
 surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the 
 government is too feeble to withstand the enterprizes of faction, 
 to confine each member of society within the limits prescribed 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 29 
 
 by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoy- 
 ment of the rights of person and property. 
 
 I have already intimated to you the dangers of parties in the 
 state, with particular reference to the founding of them upon 
 geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more compre- 
 hensive view, and warn you, in the most solemn manner, against 
 the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. 
 
 This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, hav- 
 ing its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It ex- 
 sts under different shapes in all governments, more or less 
 stifled, controlled, or repressed ; but in those of the popular form 
 it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. 
 The alternate domination of one faction over another, 
 sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissention, 
 which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most 
 horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads 
 at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The dis- 
 orders and miseries which result, gradually incline the minds of 
 men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an in- 
 dividual ; and, sooner or later, the chief of some prevailing fac- 
 tion, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this 
 disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins of 
 the public liberty. 
 
 Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which 
 nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common 
 and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to 
 make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and 
 restrain it. 
 
 It serves always to distract the public councils, and enfeeble the 
 public administration. It agitates the community with ill-found- 
 ed jealousies and false alarms ; kindles the animosity of one part 
 against another ; foments occasional riot and insurrection. It 
 opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a 
 facilitated access to the government itself, through the channels 
 of party passion. Thus the policy and will of one country arc 
 subjected to the policy and wnll of another. 
 
 There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful 
 checks upon the administration of the government, and serve to 
 keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is 
 probably true ; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriot- 
 ism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit 
 of party. But in those of popular character, in governments 
 purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From the na- 
 tural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that 
 
30 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 spirit for every salutary purpose ; and there being constant dan- 
 ger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion to 
 mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to quenched, it demands a 
 uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead 
 of warming, it should consume. 
 
 It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free 
 country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its admin- 
 istration, to confine themselves within their respective constitu- 
 tional spheres ; avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one de- 
 partment, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroach- 
 ment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in 
 one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real 
 despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and prone- 
 ness to abuse it, which predominate in the human heart, is suf- 
 ficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity 
 of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by di- 
 viding and distributing into different depositories, and constituting 
 each the guardian of the public weal against invasions of the 
 other, has been evinced by experiments, ancient and modern ; 
 some of them in our country, and under our own eyes. To 
 preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in 
 the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the 
 constitutional powers be, in any particular wrong, let it be cor- 
 rected by an amendment in the way in which the constitution 
 designates. But let there be no change by usurpation, for though 
 this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the 
 customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. 
 The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent 
 evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any 
 time yield. 
 
 Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political pros- 
 perity, religion and morality are indispensible supports. In vain 
 would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor 
 to subvert these great pillars of human happiness — these firmest 
 props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere poHtician, 
 equally with the pious man, ought to respect and cherish them. 
 A volume could not trace all their connexion with private and 
 public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for 
 property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obliga- 
 tion desert the oaths, which are the instruments of investigation 
 in courts of justice 1 And let us with caution indulge the suppo- 
 sition that morality can be maintained without religion. What- 
 ever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on 
 minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid 
 
Washington's farewell address. 31 
 
 us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of re- 
 ligious principles. 
 
 It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary 
 spring of popular government. The rule indeed extends with 
 more or less force to every species of free government. Who 
 that is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon at- 
 tempts to shake the foundation of the fabric 1 
 
 Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institu- 
 tions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as 
 the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is 
 essential that public opinion should be enlightened. 
 
 As a very important source of strength and security, cherish 
 public credit. One method of preserving it, is to use it as spa- 
 ringly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating 
 peace, but remembering, also, that timely disbursements to pre- 
 pare for danger, frequently prevent much greater disbursements 
 to repel it ; avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only 
 by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in 
 time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars 
 have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the 
 burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of 
 these maxims belongs to your representatives ; but it is necessary 
 that public opinion should co-operate. To facihtate to them the per- 
 formance of their duty, it is essential that you should particularly 
 bear in mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be 
 revenue ; that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes 
 can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and un- 
 pleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment, inseparable from the 
 selection of the proper objects, (which is always a choice of dif- 
 ficulties,) ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction 
 of the conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit 
 of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue which the 
 public exigencies may at any time dictate. 
 
 Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; cultivate 
 peace and harmony with all : religion and morality enjoin this 
 conduct ; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin 
 it ? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant 
 period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and 
 too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted jus- 
 tice and benevolence. Who can doubt but that in the course of 
 time and things the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any 
 temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence 
 to it ? Can it be that Providence has connected the permanent 
 felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is 
 
32 Washington's farewell address. 
 
 recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. 
 Alas ! it is rendered impossible by its vices ! 
 
 In the execution of such a plan nothing is more essential than 
 that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations, 
 and passionate attachment for others, should be excluded ; and 
 that in the place of them, just and amicable feelings towards all 
 should be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards an- 
 other an habitual hatred, or an habitual fondness, is, in some de- 
 gree, a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, 
 either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its 
 interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, disposes each 
 more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes 
 of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable when accidental 
 or trifling occasions of dispute occur. 
 
 Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody 
 contests. The nation, prompted by ill will and resentment, some- 
 times impels to war the government, contrary to the best calcu- 
 lations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the 
 national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason 
 would reject ; at other times it makes the animosity of the na- 
 tion subservient to the projects of hostility, instigated by pride, 
 ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace 
 often, sometimes, perhaps, the liberty of nations has been ihe 
 victim. 
 
 So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for anoth- 
 er produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite na- 
 tion, facihtating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in 
 cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one 
 the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation 
 in the quarrels and the wars of the latter without adequate in- 
 ducements or justification. It leads, also, to concessions to the 
 favorite nation of privileges denied to others, which are apt doub- 
 ly to injure the nation making the concessions, by unnecessarily 
 parting with what ought to have been retained, and by exciting 
 jealousy, ill will, and a disposition to retaliate in the parties from 
 whom equal privileges are withheld ; and it gives to ambitious, 
 corrupt, or deluded citizens, (who devote themselves to the fa- 
 vorite nation,) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their 
 own country without odium, sometimes even with popularity; 
 gilding with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation to 
 a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal 
 for public good, the base or foolish comphances of ambition, cor- 
 ruption, or infatuation. 
 
 As avenues to foreign influence, in innumerable ways, such at- 
 
Washington's farewell address. 33 
 
 tachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and 
 independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to 
 tamper with domestic factions, to practice the art of seduction, 
 to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils ! 
 Such an attachment of a small or weak, towards a great 
 and powerful nation, dooms the former to be the satelhte of the 
 latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence, (I con- 
 jure you to believe me, fellow citizens,) the jealousy of a free peo- 
 ple ought to be constantly awake, since history and experience 
 prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of re- 
 publican government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be 
 impartial, else it becomes the instrument of the very influence 
 to be avoided, instead of a defence against it. Excessive partial- 
 ity for one foreign nation, and excessive dislike for another, cause 
 those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and 
 serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. 
 Real patriots who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are ha- 
 ble to become suspected and odious; while its tools and dupes 
 usurp the applause and confidence of the people to surrender 
 their interests. 
 
 The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, 
 is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as 
 little political connexion as possible. So far as we have already 
 formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. 
 Here let us stop. 
 
 Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, 
 or a very remote relation. Hence, she must be engaged in fre- 
 quent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign 
 to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to 
 implicate ourselves by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitude of 
 her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her 
 friendships or enmities. 
 
 Our detached and distant situation, invites and enables us to 
 pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an 
 efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy 
 material injury from external annoyance ; when we may take 
 such an attitude as will cause the neutraUty we may at any time 
 resolve upon, to be scrupulously respected ; when belligerent 
 nations, under the impossibiUty of making acquisitions upon us, 
 will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may 
 choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall 
 counsel. 
 
 Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? Why 
 quit our own to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, by inter- 
 
 5 
 
34 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS, 
 
 weaving our destiny with tliat of any part of Europe, entangle 
 our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, ri- 
 valship, interest, humor or caprice ? 
 
 It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with 
 any portion of the foreign world ; so far I mean, as we are now 
 at liberty to do it ; for let me not be understood as capable of 
 patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the max- 
 im no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that hon- 
 esty is always the best policy. I repeat, therefore, let those en- 
 gagements be observed in their genuine sense. But in my opinion, 
 it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend them. 
 
 Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable estabhsh- 
 ments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to 
 temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. 
 
 Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recom- 
 mended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our com- 
 mercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither 
 seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences ; consulting 
 the natural course of things ; diffusing and diversifying by gentle 
 means the stream of commerce, but forcing nothing ; establish- 
 ing with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable 
 course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to enable the 
 government to support them, conventional rules of intercourse, 
 the best that present circumstances and natural opinion will per- 
 mit, but temporary, and liable to be from time to time, abandon- 
 ed or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate ; 
 constantly keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for 
 disinterested favors from another ; that it must pay with a por- 
 tion of its independence for whatever it may accept under that 
 character ; that by such acceptance, it may place itself in the 
 condition of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet 
 of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. 
 There can be no greater error than to expect or calculate upon 
 real favors from nation to nation. It is an illusion which experi- 
 ence must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. 
 
 In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old 
 afliectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and 
 lasting impression I could wish — that they will control the usual 
 current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the 
 course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations. But 
 if I may even ffatter myself that they may be productive of 
 some partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now 
 and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit ; to warn 
 against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue ; to guard against the 
 
Washington's farewell address. 35 
 
 impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope will be a full re- 
 compense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have 
 been dictated. 
 
 How far in the discharge of my official duties I have been 
 guided by the principles which have been delineated, the public 
 records and other evidences of my conduct must witness to you 
 and to the world. To myself, the assurance of my own con- 
 science is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by 
 them. 
 
 In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my Proclama- 
 tion of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanc- 
 tioned by your approving voice, and by that of your representa- 
 tives in both houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has 
 continually governed me ; uninfluenced by any attempts to deter 
 or divert me from it. 
 
 After deliberate examination, with the aids of the best lights I 
 could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the 
 circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in 
 duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I 
 determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with 
 moderation, perseverance and firmness. 
 
 The considerations which respect the right to hold this con- 
 duct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only ob- 
 serve, that according to my understanding of the matter, that 
 right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers, 
 has been virtually admitted by all. 
 
 The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without 
 any thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity 
 impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to 
 maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other 
 nations. 
 
 The inducements of interest for observing that conduct, will 
 best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With 
 me, a predominant motive has been to endeavour to gain time to 
 our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and 
 to progress, without interruption, to that degree of strength and 
 constancy, which is necessary to give it, humanely speaking, the 
 command of its own fortune. 
 
 Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am 
 unconscious of intentional error ; I am nevertheless too sensible 
 of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed 
 many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the 
 Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. 
 1 shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never 
 
36 JEFFERSON S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 
 
 cease to view them with indulgence ; and that, after forty-five 
 years of my life dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal, 
 the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, 
 as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest. 
 
 Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated 
 by that fervent love towards it, which is so natural to a man who 
 views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for seve- 
 ral generations ; I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that re- 
 treat, in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the 
 sweet enjoyment of partaking in the midst of my fellow citizens, 
 the benign influence of good laws, under a free government ; the 
 ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, 
 of our mutual cares, labors and dangers. 
 
 JEFFERSON'S 
 
 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 
 
 March 4, 1801. 
 
 Friends and Fellow Citizens : 
 
 Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office 
 of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of 
 my fellow citizens which is here assembled, to express my grate- 
 ful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to 
 look towards me, to declare a sincere consciousness that the task 
 is above my talents, and that I approach it with those anxious 
 and awful presentiments, which the greatness of the charge, and 
 the weakness of my powers, so justly inspire. A rising nation, 
 spread over a wide and fruitful land, traversing all the seas with 
 the rich productions of their industry, engaged in commerce with 
 nations who feel power and forget right, advancing rapidly to 
 destinies beyond the reach of mortal eye ; when I contemplate 
 these transcendant objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and 
 the hopes of this beloved country committed to the issue and the 
 auspices of this day, I shrink from the contemplation ; and hum- 
 ble myself before the magnitude of the undertaking. Utterly 
 indeed should I despair, did not the presence of many whom I 
 here see remind me, that, in the other high authorities provided 
 by our constitution, I shall find resources of wisdom, of virtue, 
 
JEFFERSON S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 37 
 
 and of zeal, on which to rely under all difficulties. To you, then, 
 gentlemen, who are charged with the sovereign functions of legisla- 
 tion, and to those associated with you, I look with encouragement 
 for that guidance and support which may enable us to steer with 
 safety the vessel in which we are all embarked, amid the con- 
 flicting elements of a troubled world. 
 
 During the contest of opinion through which we have passed, 
 the animation of discussion and of exertions has sometimes worn 
 an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think free- 
 ly, and to speak and to write what they think ; but this being now 
 decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the 
 rules of the constitution, all will of course arrange themselves 
 under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the 
 common good. All too will bear in mind this sacred principle, 
 that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that 
 will, to be rightful, must be reasonable ; that the minority pos- 
 sesses their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to vio- 
 late, would be oppression. Let us then, fellow citizens, unite with 
 one heart and one mind, let us restore to social intercourse that 
 harmony and affection, without which liberty, and even life itself, 
 are but dreary things. And let us reflect, that, having banished 
 from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so 
 long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little, if we counte- 
 nance a political intolerance, as despotic, as wicked, and capable 
 of as bitter and bloody persecutions. During the throes and con- 
 vulsions of the ancient world, during the agonizing spasms of in- 
 furiated man, seeking through blood and slaughter his long lost 
 liberty, it was not wonderful that the agitation of the billows 
 should reach even this distant and peaceful shore ; that this should 
 be more felt and feared by some and less by others ; that this 
 should divide opinions as to measures of safety ; but every dif- 
 ference of opinion is not a diflference of principle. We have 
 called by different names brethren of the same principle. We 
 are all republicans ; we are all federalists. If there be any 
 among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its 
 republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the 
 safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated, where rea- 
 son is left free to combat it. I know indeed that some honest 
 men fear that a republican government cannot be strong ; that 
 this government is not strong enough. But would the honest 
 patriot in the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a gov- 
 ernment which has so far kept us free and firm, on the theoretic 
 and visionary fear that this government, the world's best hope, 
 may, by possibility, want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. 
 
38 JEFFERSON S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 
 
 I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest government on earth. 
 I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the laws, 
 would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions 
 of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it 
 is said that man cannot be trusted with the government of him- 
 self. Can he then be trusted with the government of others ? 
 Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to govern him ? 
 Let history answer this question. 
 
 Let us then, with courage and confidence, pursue our own 
 federal and republican principles ; our attachment to our union 
 and representative government. Kindly separated by nature 
 and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter 
 of the globe ; too high minded to endure the degradations of the 
 others ; possessing a chosen country, with room enough for our 
 descendants to the thousandeth and thousandeth generation ; en- 
 tertaining a due sense of our equal right to the use of our own 
 faculties, to the acquisitions of our industry, to honor and confi- 
 dence from our fellow citizens, resulting not from birth, but from 
 our actions and their sense of them ; enlightened by a benign re- 
 ligion, professed indeed and practiced in various forms, yet all of 
 them inculcating honesty, truth, temperance, gratitude, and the 
 love of man, acknowledging and adoring an overruling Provi- 
 dence, which, by all its dispensations, proves that it delights in 
 the happiness of man here, and his greater happiness hereafter ; 
 with all these blessings, what more is necessary to make us a 
 happy and prosperous people ? Still one thing more, fellow citi- 
 zens — a wise and frugal government, which shall restrain men 
 from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to re- 
 gulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall 
 not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This 
 is the sum of good government, and this is necessary to close the 
 circle of our felicities. 
 
 About to enter, fellow citizens, on the exercise of duties which 
 comprehend every thing dear and valuable to you, it is proper 
 that you should understand what I deem the essential principles 
 of our government, and consequently those which ought to shape 
 its administration. I will compress them within the narrowest 
 compass they will bear, stating the general principle, but not all 
 its limitations. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever 
 state or persuasion, religious or political : peace, commerce, and 
 honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none : 
 the support of the state governments in all their rights, as the 
 most competent administrations for all our domestic concerns, 
 and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies : the 
 
Jefferson's inaugural address. 39 
 
 preservation of the general government in its M^hole constitu- 
 tional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safe- 
 ty abroad : a jealous care of the right of election by the people ; 
 a mild and safe corrective of abuses, which are lopped by the 
 sword of revolution, where peaceable reipedies are unprovided : 
 absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital 
 principle of republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the 
 vital principal and immediate parent of despotism : a well discip- 
 lined militia, our best reliance in peace, and for the first moments 
 of war, till regulars may relieve them : the supremacy of the 
 civil over the military authority : economy in the public expense, 
 that labor may be lightly burthened : the honest payment of our 
 debts, and sacred preservation of the public faith : encourage- 
 ment of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid : the dif- 
 fusion of information, and arrangement of all abuses at the bar 
 of public reason ; freedom of religion ; freedom of the press ; 
 and freedom of person, under the protection of the habeas 
 corpus ; and trials by juries impartially selected. These princi- 
 ples form the bright constellation which has gone before us, 
 and guided our steps through an age of revolution and reforma- 
 tion. The wisdom of our sages, and blood of our heroes, have 
 been devoted to their attainment : they should be the creed of 
 our political faith ; the text of civil instruction ; the touchstone 
 by which to try the services of those we trust ; and should we 
 wander from them in moments of error or alarm, let us hasten 
 to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which alone leads to 
 peace, liberty, and safety. 
 
 I repair then, fellow citizens, to the post you have assigned 
 me. With experience enough in subordinate offices to have seen 
 the difficulties of this, the greatest of all, I have learnt to expect 
 that it will rarely fall to the lot of imperfect man to retire from 
 this station with the reputation and the favor which bring him 
 into it. Without pretensions to that high confidence you repose 
 in our first and great revolutionary character, whose pre-eminent 
 services had entitled him to the first place in his country's love, 
 and destined for him the fairest page in the volume of faithful 
 history, I ask so much confidence only as may give firmness and 
 effect to the legal administreUion of your affairs. I shall often go 
 wrong through defect of judgment. When right, I shall often be 
 thought wrong by those whose positions will not command a view 
 of the whole ground. I ask your indulgence for my own errors, 
 which will never be intentional ; and your support against the 
 errors of others, who may condemn what they would not, if seen 
 in all its parts. The approbation implied by your suffrage is a 
 
40 BIOGRAPHY OF THE PRESIDENTS. 
 
 consolation to me for the past ; and my future solicitude will be, 
 to retain the good opinion of those who have bestowed it in ad- 
 vance, to conciliate that of others by doing them all the good in 
 my power, and to be instrumental to the happiness and freedom 
 of all. 
 
 Relying then on the patronage of your good will, I advance 
 with obedience to the work, ready to retire from it whenever 
 you become sensible how much better choices it is in your power 
 to make. And may that infinite Power which rules the destinies 
 of the universe lead our councils to what is best, and give them a 
 favorable issue for your peace and prosperity. 
 
 BIOGRAPHY OF THE PRESIDENTS. 
 
 George Washington, " The Father of his Country," and first 
 President of the United States, was born at Bridges Creek, in 
 the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, on the 22d of February, 
 1732. He was elected President in 1789, which office he, held 
 eight years. He died at Mount Vernon on the 14th of Decem- 
 ber, 1799, at the age of 68 years. 
 
 John Adams, the second President of the United States, was 
 born at Quincy, Massachusetts, October 19, 1735. He was cho- 
 sen President in 1797 — continued in office four years. Died 4th 
 of July, 1826, aged 91 years. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, 
 and author of the Declaration of Independence, was born at 
 Shad well, Albemarle county, Virginia, April 2, 1743. He was 
 elected President, 1801 — continued in office eight years. Died 
 on the 4th of July, 1826, aged 83 years. 
 
 James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, was 
 born March 5, 1751, in Orange county, Virginia. He was elect- 
 ed President in 1809 — continued in office eight years. Died on 
 the 28th of June, 1837, at the age of 86 years. 
 
 James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, was 
 born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, on the 28th of April, 
 1758. He was chosen President in 1817 — continued in office 
 eight years. Died July 4th, 1831, at the age of 73 years. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States, 
 was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1767. He was elected 
 President in 1825 — continued in office four years. 
 
 Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States, was 
 born on the 15th of March, 1767, at Waxsaw, South Carohna, 
 inaugurated President in 1829 — continued in office eight years. 
 
 Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States, 
 was born on the 5th of December, 1782, at Kinderhook, Colum- 
 bia county. New- York. He was elected President in 1837. 
 
AMERICAN COAT OF ARMS. 
 
 The device for an armoiial Achievement and Reverse of a 
 great seal for the United States in Congress assembled is as fol- 
 lovs^s: 
 
 " Arms. — Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent and gules, a chief 
 azure ; the escutcheon on the breast of the American bald eagle 
 displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, and 
 in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows, all proper ; and in 
 his beak a scroll inscribed with this motto, ' E pluribus unum.' 
 
 " For the crest. — Over the head of the eagle, which appears 
 above the escutcheon, a glory, or, breaking through a cloud pro- 
 per, and surrounding thirteen stars forming a constellation, ar- 
 gent, or an azure field. 
 
 " Reverse. — A pyramid unfinished. 
 
 " In the zenith an eye in the triangle surrounded with a glory, 
 proper. Over the eye these words, 'Annuit Coeptis.' 
 
 "On the base of the pyramid, the numerical letters mdcclxxvi, 
 and underneath the following motto, ' Novus ordo seclorum.' 
 
 "Remarks AND explanations of the device. — The escutcheon 
 is composed of the chief and pale, the two most honorable ordi- 
 naries. The thirteen pieces paly represent the several states in 
 the union, all joined in old solid compact, entire, supporting a chief 
 which unites the whole, and represents Congress. The motto 
 alludes to this union. 
 
 " The pales in the arms are kept closely united by the chief, and 
 the chief depends on that union, and the strength resulting from 
 it for its support, to denote the confederacy of the United 
 States, and the preservation of the Union through Congress. 
 
 " The colors of the pales are those used in the flag of the Uni- 
 ted States of America. White signifies purity and innocence, 
 red hardiness and valor, and blue, the color of the chief, signifies 
 vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The olive branch and ar- 
 rows denote the power of peace and war, which is exclusively 
 vested in Congress. 
 
 " The crest or constellation denotes a new state taking its place 
 or rank among other sovereign powers. 
 
 " The escutcheon borne on the breast of an American eagle, 
 without any other supporters, to denote that the United States 
 of America ought to rely on their own virtue. 
 
 " The pyramid on the reverse signifies strength and duration. 
 
 " The eye over it, and the motto (' annuit coeptis,' ' he pros- 
 pers our endeavors,') allude to the many signal interpositions of 
 Providence in favor of the American cause. 
 
 " The date underneath is that of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, and the words under it signify the beginning of the New 
 American JEra, which commences from that date." 
 
General Statistics of the United States. 
 
 Thk principal details pertaining to the several states, will be 
 found in their appropriate places, in the latter part of this 
 work. This article will therefore, be chiefly confined to such 
 matter as relates to the general government, and to the United 
 States in its confederate capacity. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The government of the United States is a Federal Represen- 
 tative Democracy, in which all power belongs to the people. The 
 legislative power is vested in a Congress, composed of a Senate 
 and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of two 
 members from each state, chosen by the legislatures respective- 
 ly, for a period of six years. The terms of service are so ar- 
 ranged, that one-third of the whole Senate is renewed every 
 two years. Every senator must have attained the age of thirty 
 years, and have been nine years a citizen of the United 
 States, and, when elected, an inhabitant of the state from which 
 he is chosen. The present number of senators is fifty-two. 
 The Senate has the sole power to try impeachments. The Vice 
 President of the United States is President of the Senate, and 
 has a casting vote only. 
 
 The House of Representatives is composed of members elect- 
 ed in the several states by the people, for a term of two years. 
 Each state is entitled, under a law passed in 1832, to send one 
 Representative for every 47,700 inhabitants. The present num- 
 ber of members is 242, besides delegates from Wisconsin, Iowa, 
 and Florida. A Representative must have attained the age of 
 twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the 
 United States. The pay of each member of Congress during 
 the Session is $8 per day, and $8 for every twenty miles travel 
 to and from the seat of government. 
 
 The President of the Senate pro tern, (who is chosen in the 
 absence of the Vice President) and Speaker of the House of 
 Representatives, receives $16 per day. 
 
 The House of Representatives choose their own Speaker and 
 other officers, and have the sole power of impeachment. All 
 bills for raising revenue must originate in the House. 
 
 No person can be a member of Congress and hold any office 
 under the United States at the same time. 
 
 Congress has power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and 
 excises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defence 
 and general welfare of the United States : 
 
 To borrow money on the credit of the United States : 
 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
 several states, and with the Indian tribes : To establish an uni- 
 form rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of 
 bankruptcies throughout the United States : 
 
GENERAL STATISTICS. 43 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
 and fix the standard of weights and measures : To establish 
 post-offices and post-roads : To secure to authors and inventors 
 copy-rights and patents : 
 
 To punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 
 and against the law of nations : To declare war, grant letters 
 of marque and reprisal ; raise and support armies ; provide and 
 maintain a navy ; to regulate the land and naval forces : To ex- 
 ercise exclusive legislation over the District of Columbia, and 
 over all places purchased for the erection of forts, magazines, 
 arsenals, dock-yards, &c. 
 
 The Executive power is vested in a President of the United 
 States of America. 
 
 The President is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy 
 of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states, 
 when called into the actual service of the United States ; he has 
 power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the 
 United States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 He has power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators 
 present concur : and he nominates, and, by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, appoints Ambassadors, other public 
 Ministers, and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all 
 other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not 
 otherwise provided for. 
 
 The Judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, of one Chief 
 and six associate Justices ; of 33 District Courts, of one Judge 
 each, except that six of the states are divided into two Districts 
 each ; and of 7 Circuit Courts, composed of the Judge of the 
 District and one of the Justices of the Supreme Court. 
 
 The Judges both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, hold their 
 office during good behaviour. The judicial power extends to all 
 cases in law and equity arising under the constitution, the laws 
 of the United States, and treaties made under their authority : 
 to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and 
 Consuls : to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction : to 
 controversies to which the United States is a party : to contro- 
 versies between two or more states ; between citizens of dif- 
 ferent states ; or between a state, or the citizens thereof, and 
 foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 The principal Executive officers, are the Secretaries of State, 
 of War, and of the Navy, the Post-Master General, and the At- 
 torney General. The Secretarj^ of State conducts the negocia- 
 tions with foreign powers, and corresponds with the pubhc Min- 
 isters of the United States abroad, and with those of foreign 
 states near the United States. He has the charge of the United 
 States Seal, preserves the originals of the laws and treaties, and 
 of the public correspondence growing out of the intercourse be- 
 tween the United States and foreign nations ; he grants pass- 
 ports to American citizens visiting foreign countries ; has the 
 control of the the Patent Office, and preserves the evidence of 
 copy-rights. 
 
General Statistics of the United States. 
 
 The principal details pertaining to the several states, will be 
 found in their appropriate places, in the latter part of this 
 work. This article will therefore, be chiefly confined to such 
 matter as relates to the general government, and to the United 
 States in its confederate capacity. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The government of the United States is a Federal Represen- 
 tative Democracy, in which all power belongs to the people. The 
 legislative power is vested in a Congress, composed of a Senate 
 and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of two 
 members from each state, chosen by the legislatures respective- 
 ly, for a period of six years. The terms of service are so ar- 
 ranged, that one-third of the whole Senate is renewed every 
 two years. Every senator must have attained the age of thirty 
 years, and have been nine years a citizen of the United 
 States, and, when elected, an inhabitant of the state from which 
 he is chosen. The present number of senators is fifty-two. 
 The Senate has the sole power to try impeachments. The Vice 
 President of the United States is President of the Senate, and 
 has a casting vote only. 
 
 The House of Representatives is composed of members elect- 
 ed in the several states by the people, for a term of two years. 
 Each state is entitled, under a law passed in 1832, to send one 
 Representative for every 47,700 inhabitants. The present num- 
 ber of members is 242, besides delegates from Wisconsin, Iowa, 
 and Florida. A Representative must have attained the age of 
 twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the 
 United States. The pay of each member of Congress during 
 the Session is $8 per day, and $S for every twenty miles travel 
 to and from the seat of government. 
 
 The President of the Senate joro tern, (who is chosen in the 
 absence of the Vice President) and Speaker of the House of 
 Representatives, receives $16 per day. 
 
 The House of Representatives choose their own Speaker and 
 other officers, and have the sole power of impeachment. All 
 bills for raising revenue must originate in the House. 
 
 No person can be a member of Congress and hold any office 
 under the United States at the same time. 
 
 Congress has power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and 
 excises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defence 
 and general welfare of the United States : 
 
 To borrow money on the credit of the United States : 
 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
 several states, and with the Indian tribes : To establish an uni- 
 form rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of 
 bankruptcies throughout the United States : 
 
GENERAL STATISTICS. 43 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
 and fix the standard of weights and measures : To establish 
 post-offices and post-roads : To secure to authors and inventors 
 copy-rights and patents : 
 
 To punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 
 and against the law of nations : To declare war, grant letters 
 of marque and reprisal ; raise and support armies ; provide and 
 maintain a navy ; to regulate the land and naval forces : To ex- 
 ercise exclusive legislation over the District of Columbia, and 
 over all places purchased for the erection of forts, magazines, 
 arsenals, dock-yards, &c. 
 
 The Executive power is vested in a President of the United 
 States of America. 
 
 The President is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy 
 of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states, 
 when called into the actual service of the United States ; he has 
 power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the 
 United States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 He has power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators 
 present concur : and he nominates, and, by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, appoints Ambassadors, other public 
 Ministers, and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all 
 other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not 
 otherwise provided for. 
 
 The Judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, of one Chief 
 and six associate Justices ; of 33 District Courts, of one Judge 
 each, except that six of the states are divided into two Districts 
 each ; and of 7 Circuit Courts, composed of the Judge of the 
 District and one of the Justices of the Supreme Court. 
 
 The Judges both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, hold their 
 office during good behaviour. The judicial power extends to all 
 cases in law and equity arising under the constitution, the laws 
 of the United States, and treaties made under their authority : 
 to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and 
 Consuls : to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction : to 
 controversies to which the United States is a party : to contro- 
 versies between two or more states ; between citizens of dif- 
 ferent states ; or between a state, or the citizens thereof, and 
 foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 The principal Executive officers, are the Secretaries of State, 
 of War, and of the Navy, the Post-Master General, and the At- 
 torney General. The Secretary of State conducts the negocia- 
 tions with foreign powers, and corresponds with the public Min- 
 isters of the United States abroad, and with those of foreign 
 states near the United States. He has the charge of the United 
 States Seal, preserves the originals of the laws and treaties, and 
 of the public correspondence growing out of the intercourse be- 
 tween the United States and foreign nations ; he grants pass- 
 ports to American citizens visiting foreign countries ; has the 
 control of the the Patent Office, and preserves the evidence of 
 copy-rights. 
 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 REVENUE AND MEANS FOR 1839, EXCLUSIVE OF TRUSTS AND THE 
 
 POST OFFICE. 
 
 The balance in the Treasury on the 1st of January, 1839, which 
 could be considered available for general pur- 
 poses, was $2,466,961 95 
 
 The receipts from customs, the first three quarters, $18,328,393 50 
 
 Receipts from lands the first three quarters, in- 
 cluding also some collected last year in Trea- 
 sury notes 5,417,286 31 
 
 Miscellaneous receipts 125,208 78 
 
 Estimated receipts for the fourth quarter from 
 
 all those sources 5,700,000 00 
 
 Receipts on some of the debts against banks not 
 
 available on 1st January, 1839, but since paid 1,322,686 00 
 
 From the third issue of Treasury notes under 
 
 the act of March 2, 1839 - - - 3,857,276 21 
 
 Aggregate means 37,217,812 75 
 
 EXPENDITURES FOR 1839, EXCLUSIVE OF THE POST OFFICE AND 
 
 TRUSTS. 
 
 Civil, foreign, and miscellaneous, for the first 
 
 three quarters $3,649,508 23 
 
 Military, for the first three quarters -* - 10,791,799 21 
 
 Naval, for the first three quarters - - 4,713,701 57 
 
 Estimate for all, during the fourth quarter - 5,600,000 00 
 
 Funded debt for the year - - - 14,658 98 
 
 24,769,667 99 
 Redemption of Treasury notes in the first three 
 
 quarters, interest as wrell as principal - 9,891,859 83 
 Estimated amount of notes redeemed in the 
 
 fourth quarter 1,000,000 00 
 
 Aggregate payments 35,661,427 82 
 
 Leaving an available balance of money in the 
 
 Treasury on the 31st of December, 1839, of 1,556,384 93 
 
 37,217,812 75 
 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 45 
 
 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS WITHIN THE COMMERCIAL YEAR 1839. 
 
 The exports during the year ending September 30, 1839, are 
 computed to have been §118,359,004. This is $9,872,388 more 
 than those in the year 1838. 
 
 Of the whole exports only $17,408,000 were of foreign origin, 
 and of the excess in exports over 1838, only about five millions 
 were domestic produce. 
 
 The imports during the same year were about $157,609,560, 
 being the very large excess of $43,892,156 over those during 
 the previous year. The difference between the imports and ex- 
 ports, being $39,250,556 in favor of the former. 
 
 ESTIMATE OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR 1840. 
 
 It is computed that the aggregate of receipts available for pub- 
 lic purposes, will not exceed $18,600,000, viz : from 
 
 Customs $15,000,000 00 
 
 Lands 3,500,000 00 
 
 Miscellaneous 100,000 00 
 
 Add to these the balance available and applica 
 
 ble to other purposes, which it is supposed 
 
 will be in the Treasury on the 1st of January, 
 
 1840. 1,556,385 00 
 
 The efficient means in that year will then amount ) 
 
 . ,, , , "^ 20,156,385 00 
 
 m the aggregate to ) 
 
 If Congress should make appropriations to the 
 
 extent desu'ed by the different departments, 
 
 the expenditures for 1840, independent of the 
 
 redemption of Treasury notes, are estimated 
 
 at 20,000,000 00 
 
 Including all the Treasury notes to be redeemed. 
 
 the aggregate expenditure would be about 22,750,000 00 
 
 This would leave a deficit in the Treasury at the 
 
 close of the year, amounting to - - 2,593.615 00 
 
 But there will be due from the United States 
 
 Bank, in September next, on its fourth bond, 
 
 about 2,526,576 00 
 
 The principal now due on the Treasurer's de- 
 
 posites in the other banks, which suspended 
 
 specie payments in 1837, is - - - 1,149,904,00 
 
 Should all these claims be collected in 1840, 
 
 they would prevent a deficiency, and leave an 
 
 available balance in the Treasury of nearly 1,082,865 00 
 
46 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 According to the opinions of the different depart- 
 ments, as to the sums of money proper for each, 
 and which constitute the basis of the estimates 
 submitted to Congress, the new appropriations 
 required for the next year will equal the sum 
 of $18,280,600 55 
 
 Viz: 
 
 Civil, foreign intercourse, and miscellaneous $4,981,344 19 
 
 Military services, pensions, &c. - - 8,213,610 74 
 
 Naval service 5,085,645 62 
 
 Receipts and Expenditures of the United States for the year 1838. 
 Balance in the Treasury on the 1st January, 
 
 1838 
 
 - 
 
 $37,327,252 69 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 
 
 Customs .... $16,158,800 
 
 36 
 
 
 Lands .... 3,081,939 
 
 47 
 
 
 Second and third instalments due 
 
 
 
 from the Bank of the United 
 
 
 
 States .... 4,542,102 
 
 22 
 
 
 Miscellaneous items - - 369,813 
 
 29 
 
 
 Treasury notes - - - 12,716,820 
 
 86 
 
 
 Trust funds - - - 2,149,906 
 
 40 
 
 37,019,382 60 
 
 
 
 
 76,346,635 29 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 
 
 Civil, miscellaneous, and foreign 
 
 intercourse - - - $5,666,702 68 
 Military - - - 19,936,311 57 
 
 Naval .... 5,941,381 94 
 
 Public debt - - - 2,217 08 
 
 Treasury notes redeemed, inclu- 
 ding interest - - - 5,603,503 19 
 Ttust funds - - - 2,305,321 89 
 
 39,455,438 34 
 
 Balance on the 1st January, 1839 36,891,196 94 
 
 76,346,635 29 
 
TREASURY DEPARTMENTT. 47 
 
 Of the public debt. 
 
 The payments on account of the (old) funded and unfunded 
 debt, since the 1st December, 1838, have been as follows: 
 
 1. On account of the principal and interest of the funded 
 debt: 
 
 Principal $13,012 48 
 
 Interest 1,000 34 
 
 14,012, 82 
 
 Leaving unclaimed and undischarged - 311,508 01 
 
 Viz: 
 Principal .... $62,941 99 
 Interest .... 248,566 02 
 
 2. On account of the unfunded debt - - $646, 16 
 
 Leaving the amount of certificates and notes pay- 
 able on presentation $36,267 24 
 
 Viz: — ^— 
 
 Certificates issued for claims du- 
 ring the revolutionary war, and 
 registered prior to 1798 $26,652 15 
 
 Treasury notes issued during the 
 
 late war .... 5,295 00 
 
 Certificates of Mississippi stock 4,320 09 
 
 Debts of the corporate cities of the District of Columbia, as- 
 sumed by the United States, viz: 
 
 Of the city of Washington .... $1,000,000 00 
 Alexandria .... 250,000 00 
 
 Georgetown . - - . 250,000 00 
 
 $1,500,000 00 
 
 The payments during the year 1839, on account 
 of the interest and charges of this debt, amount- 
 ed to $76,374 77 
 
48 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Statement of the issue and redemption of Treasury notes from the 
 1st of January to the 20th of November, 1839. 
 
 The Treasury notes issued during the period 
 above mentioned, under the acts of the 21st 
 May, 1838, and 2d March, 1839, amounted to $3,857,276 21 
 
 Amount redeemed during the same period : 
 1. Of notes issued under the act 
 
 of the 12th October, 1837, there 
 
 have been entered in the books 
 
 of this office - - - $4,148,848 98 
 And there are at present, under 
 
 examination by the accounting 
 
 officers of the Treasury, notes 
 
 which had been received in 
 
 payment for duties and lands, 
 
 amounting to - - - 126,413 65 
 
 4,275,262 63 
 
 2. Of notes issued under the acts of 
 
 21st May, 1838, and 2d March, 
 
 1839, there have been entered 
 
 in the books of this office 5,845,979 18 
 
 And there are at present, under 
 
 examination by the accounting 
 
 officers of the department 508,017 26 
 
 6,353,996 44 
 
 Total amount redeemed since the 1st January, ) infiooot^o n<f 
 
 Note — The Treasury Departmeut was established in 1789. The Secretary superin- 
 tends the fiscal concerns of the government, and is required to report to Congress an- 
 nually the state of the finances : He recommends such measures as he thinks proper 
 for improving the condition of the revenue. This department comprises the offices of 
 Secretary, two Comptrollers, five Auditors, the Register, the Treasurer, and the So- 
 licitor of the Treasury. 
 
 The revenue is chiefly derived from duties on imports, the sale of public lands, post 
 offices, lead mines, &c. The revenue on imported goods is the most important. 
 
 One great source of revenue to the United States is the public lands, consisting of 
 tracts of territory ceded to the general government by the several states ; of lands in 
 Louisiana, purchased from France ; and those in Florida, acquired by treaty from Spain. 
 
 A great portion of this land is occupied by the Indians, who are considered as pro- 
 prietors of the soil, till the goverment extinguish their title by purchase. 
 
 By the Convention of France, of the 3d of April, 1803, the United States paid for 
 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 49 
 
 A statement exhibiting the value of imports and exports during 
 the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, and 1839. 
 
 
 VALUE OF IMPORTS. 
 
 
 Year end- 
 
 
 
 ing 30th 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Sep- 
 
 
 Paying duty 
 
 Paying spe- 
 
 
 tember. 
 
 Free of duty 
 
 ad valorum. 
 
 cific duties. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1834 
 
 $68,393,180 
 
 $35,608,208 
 
 $22,519,944 
 
 $126,521,332 
 
 1835 
 
 77,940,493 
 
 45,817,740 
 
 26,137,509 
 
 149,895,742 
 
 1836 
 
 92,056,481 
 
 59,343,388 
 
 38,580.166 
 
 189,980,035 
 
 1837 
 
 69,250,031 
 
 37,716,374 
 
 34,022,812 
 
 140,989,217 
 
 1838 
 
 60,860,005 
 
 27.090,480 
 
 25,766,919 
 
 113,717,404 
 
 1839 
 
 72,040,719 
 
 42,563,739 
 
 43,005,102 
 
 157,609,560 
 
 
 VALUE OF EXPORTS. 
 
 
 Year end- 
 
 
 
 ing 30th 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Sep- 
 
 Domestic 
 
 Foreign 
 
 
 Value of 
 
 tember. 
 
 produce. 
 
 merchan- 
 dise. 
 
 Total. 
 
 imports. 
 
 1834 
 
 881,024,162 
 
 $23,312,811 
 
 $104,336,973 
 
 $126,521,332 
 
 1835 
 
 101,189,082 
 
 20,504,495 
 
 121,693,577 
 
 149,895,742 
 
 1836 
 
 106,916,680 
 
 21,746,360 
 
 128,663,040 
 
 189,980,035 
 
 1837 
 
 95,564,414 
 
 21,854,962 
 
 117,419,376 
 
 140,989,217 
 
 1838 
 
 96,033,821 
 
 12,452,795 
 
 108,486,616 
 
 113,717,404 
 
 1839 
 
 100,951,004 
 
 17,408,000 
 
 118,359,004 
 
 1 57,609,560 
 
 Louisiana in stock and money, $15,000,000. Interest on stock up to time it was re- 
 deemable, $8,529,353 43. Total, $23,529,353 43. 
 
 By the treaty with Spain of the 22d of February, 1819, there was paid for the Flori- 
 das $5,000,000 00. Interest on stock till paid off, $1,489,768 66. Total, $6,489,768 66. 
 
 Paid, and stipulated to be paid by the United States, to the several Indian tribes, for 
 lands ceded by them since the year 1794, $84,549,254 81. 
 
50 
 
 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Imports into the United States from the first of October, 1821, to 
 the 30th September, 1838. 
 
 
 
 Value re- 
 
 Cotton 
 
 
 
 
 CA 
 
 Total value 
 
 tained in the 
 
 manufac- 
 
 Woollens. 
 
 Wines, 
 
 Spirits. 
 
 e9 
 
 of imports. 
 
 country for 
 
 tures. 
 
 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 consumption. 
 
 
 
 
 
 182] 
 
 $62,585,724 
 
 $41,283,236 
 
 $7,788,514 
 
 $7,238,954 
 
 $1,873,464 
 
 $1,804,798 
 
 1822 
 
 83,241,511 
 
 60,9.55,309 
 
 10,680,216 
 
 11,7.52,595 
 
 1,864,627 
 
 2,450,261 
 
 1823 
 
 77,579,267 
 
 50,035,645 
 
 8,869,482 
 
 7,953,451 
 
 1,291, .542 
 
 1,791,419 
 
 1824 
 
 80,549,007 
 
 55,211,8.50 
 
 9,157,667 
 
 8,086,8.53 
 
 1,050,898 
 
 2,642,620 
 
 1825 
 
 96,340,075 
 
 63,749,432 
 
 12,509,516 
 
 10,876,873 
 
 1,826,263 
 
 3,135,210 
 
 1826 
 
 84,974,477 
 
 60,434,865 
 
 8,348,034 
 
 7,886,826 
 
 1,781,188 
 
 1,587,712 
 
 1827 
 
 79,484,068 
 
 56,084,932 
 
 9,316,153 
 
 8,231,515 
 
 1,621,035 
 
 1,651,436 
 
 1828 
 
 , 88,509,824 
 
 66,914,807 
 
 10,996,230 
 
 8,097,559 
 
 1,507,533 
 
 2,331,656 
 
 1829 
 
 74,492,527 
 
 57,834,049 
 
 8,362,017 
 
 6,.558,235 
 
 1,564,562 
 
 1,447,914 
 
 1830 
 
 70,876,920 
 
 56,489,441 
 
 7,862,326 
 
 5,.598,634 
 
 1,535,102 
 
 658,990 
 
 1831 
 
 103,191,124 
 
 83,1,57,.598 
 
 16,090,224 
 
 12,668,028 
 
 1 ,673,058 
 
 1 ,037,737 
 
 1832 
 
 101,029,266 
 
 76,989,793 
 
 10,399,6.53 
 
 9,762,262 
 
 2,397,479 
 
 1,365,018 
 
 1833 
 
 108,118,311 
 
 88,295,576 
 
 13,262,509 
 
 7,660,449 
 
 2,601,455 
 
 1,537,226 
 
 1834 
 
 126,521 ,332 
 
 103,208,.521 
 
 10,145,281 
 
 7,379,328 
 
 2,944,388 
 
 1,319,245 
 
 1835 
 
 149,895,742 
 
 129,391,247 
 
 ]5,367,.585 
 
 10,023,520 
 
 3,750,608 
 
 1,632,681 
 
 1836 
 
 189,980,035 
 
 168,233,675 
 
 17,876,187 
 
 12,758,430 
 
 4,332,034 
 
 1,917,381 
 
 1837 
 
 140,989,217 
 
 119,134,255 
 
 11,150,841 
 
 4,243,.54S 
 
 4,105,741 
 
 1,470,802 
 
 1838 
 
 113,717,404 
 
 101,264,804 
 
 6,.599,330 
 
 6,967,530 
 
 2,318,282 
 
 1,476,918 
 
 
 Teas. 
 
 Salt. 
 
 Molasses. 
 
 Iron and 
 steel. 
 
 Crockery 
 ware. 
 
 Silks. 
 
 1821 
 
 $1,322,636 
 
 $609,021 
 
 $1,719,227 
 
 $3,212,861 
 
 $629,032 
 
 $4,486,924 
 
 1822 
 
 1,860,777 
 
 625,932 
 
 2,398,355 
 
 5,210,056 
 
 1,107,264 
 
 6,840,928 
 
 1823 
 
 2,361,245 
 
 740,866 
 
 2,634,222 
 
 5,083,351 
 
 1,095,126 
 
 6,718,444 
 
 1824 
 
 2,786,2.52 
 
 613,486 
 
 2,413,643 
 
 4,584,134 
 
 856,326 
 
 7,204,588 
 
 1825 
 
 3,728,935 
 
 589,125 
 
 2,547,715 
 
 5,820,517 
 
 1,011,826 
 
 10,299,743 
 
 1826 
 
 3,752,281 
 
 677,058 
 
 2,838,728 
 
 5,451,333 
 
 1,239,050 
 
 8,327,909 
 
 1827 
 
 1,714,882 
 
 535,201 
 
 2,818,982 
 
 6,002,206 
 
 1,091,757 
 
 6,712,015 
 
 1828 
 
 2,451,197 
 
 443,469 
 
 2,788,471 
 
 7,286,033 
 
 1,485,652 
 
 7,686,640 
 
 1829 
 
 2,060,457 
 
 714,618 
 
 1,484,104 
 
 5,7,52,925 
 
 1,229,817 
 
 7,192,698 
 
 1830 
 
 2,425,018 
 
 671,979 
 
 995,776 
 
 5,930,070 
 
 1,168,477 
 
 5,932,243 
 
 1831 
 
 1,418,037 
 
 535,138 
 
 2,432,488 
 
 7,192,979 
 
 1,516,435 
 
 11,117,946 
 
 1832 
 
 2,788,353 
 
 634,910 
 
 2,524,281 
 
 8,804,832 
 
 1,857,542 
 
 9,248,907 
 
 1833 
 
 5,484,603 
 
 996,418 
 
 2,867,986 
 
 7,742,763 
 
 1,669,336 
 
 9,498,366 
 
 1834 
 
 6,217,949 
 
 839,315 
 
 2,989,020 
 
 8,534,458 
 
 1,372,800 
 
 10,998,964 
 
 1835 
 
 4,522,806 
 
 665,097 
 
 3,074,172 
 
 8,965,889 
 
 1,697,682 
 
 16,677,547 
 
 1836 
 
 5,342,811 
 
 724,527 
 
 4,077,312 
 
 12,892,648 
 
 2,709,187 
 
 22,980,212 
 
 1837 
 
 5,902,054 
 
 862,617 
 
 3,444,701 
 
 11,119,548 
 
 1,823,401 
 
 14,352,823 
 
 1838 
 
 3,497,156 
 
 1,028,418 
 
 3,865,285 
 
 7,418,504 
 
 1,233,536 
 
 9,812,338 
 
 
 Coffee. 
 
 Sugar. 
 
 Spices. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Linen. 
 
 Hemp. 
 
 1821 
 
 $4,489,970 
 
 $3,.553,582 
 
 $310,281 
 
 $284,701 
 
 $2,.564,169 
 
 $510,.589 
 
 1822 
 
 5,522,649 
 
 5,034,429 
 
 505,340 
 
 266,441 
 
 6,840,928 
 
 1,054,764 
 
 1823 
 
 7,098,119 
 
 3,258,689 
 
 580,956 
 
 155,175 
 
 3,803,807 
 
 674,4.54 
 
 1824 
 
 5,437,029 
 
 5,165,800 
 
 369,140 
 
 107,494 
 
 3,046,920 
 
 241,107 
 
 1825 
 
 5,250,828 
 
 4,282,530 
 
 626,039 
 
 301,408 
 
 3,645,125 
 
 431 ,787 
 
 1826 
 
 4,159,558 
 
 5,311,631 
 
 594,568 
 
 265,409 
 
 2,720,565 
 
 551,757 
 
 1827 
 
 4,464,391 
 
 4,577,361 
 
 322,730 
 
 303,615 
 
 2,360,880 
 
 635,854 
 
 1828 
 
 5,192,338 
 
 3,546,736 
 
 432, .504 
 
 298,544 
 
 2,471,3.52 
 
 1,075,243 
 
 1829 
 
 4,.588,.5S5 
 
 3,622,406 
 
 461,539 
 
 52,146 
 
 2,480,181 
 
 655,935 
 
 1S3C 
 
 4,227,021 
 
 4,636,342 
 
 457,723 
 
 20,395 
 
 2,485,053 
 
 200,338 
 
 1831 
 
 6,317,666 
 
 4,910,877 
 
 279,095 
 
 52,410 
 
 3,145,797 
 
 295,706 
 
 183; 
 
 9,099,464 
 
 2,933,688 
 
 306,013 
 
 124,631 
 
 3,391, .303 
 
 866,865 
 
 1S3[ 
 
 i 10,507,299 
 
 4,7.55,8.56 
 
 919,493 
 
 89,019 
 
 2,352,085 
 
 470,973 
 
 183^ 
 
 I 8.762,657 
 
 5,538,097 
 
 496,562 
 
 183,762 
 
 301,502 
 
 514,743 
 
 183.- 
 
 ) 10,715,466 
 
 6,806,425 
 
 712,638 
 
 .54,112 
 
 5,932,568 
 
 528,981 
 
 183( 
 
 5 9,653,05S 
 
 12,514,718 
 
 1,028,039 
 
 37,521 
 
 8,271,213 
 
 815,558 
 
 183' 
 
 ? 8,657,76c 
 
 7,203,206 
 
 847,607 
 
 17,874 
 
 4,851,857 
 
 483,792 
 
 183 
 
 3 7,640,21' 
 
 1 7,586,825 
 
 438,258 
 
 1 10,494 
 
 3,583,340 
 
 512,506 
 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 CO 
 
 Specie and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bullion. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 France and 
 
 Spam and 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Sweden and 
 
 
 
 and depen- 
 dencies. 
 
 dependencies 
 
 dependencies 
 
 and depen- 
 dencies. 
 
 dependencies 
 
 182] 
 
 $8,064,890 
 
 $29,277,938 
 
 $5,900,581 
 
 $ 9,653,728 
 
 $2,934,272 
 
 $1,369,869 
 
 1822 
 
 3,369,846 
 
 39,527,829 
 
 7,0.59,342 
 
 12,376,841 
 
 2,708,162 
 
 1,544,907 
 
 1823 
 
 5,097,896 
 
 34,072,578 
 
 6,605,343 
 
 14,233,590 
 
 2,125,587 
 
 1,503,050 
 
 1S24 
 
 6,473,095 
 
 32,732,340 
 
 8,120,763 
 
 16,577,156 
 
 2,3.55,525 
 
 1,101,750 
 
 1825 
 
 6,150,765 
 
 42,394,812 
 
 11,835,581 
 
 9,566,237 
 
 2,265,378 
 
 1,417,598 
 
 1826 
 
 6,880,966 
 
 32,212,356 
 
 9,588,896 
 
 9,623,420 
 
 2,174,181 
 
 1,292,182 
 
 1S27 
 
 8,151,130 
 
 33,056,374 
 
 9,448,562 
 
 9,100,369 
 
 1,722,070 
 
 1,225,042 
 
 1S2S 
 
 7,489,741 
 
 35,591,484 
 
 10,287,-505 
 
 8,167,456 
 
 1,990,431 
 
 1,946,783 
 
 1829 
 
 7,403,602 
 
 27,582,082 
 
 9,616,970 
 
 6,801,374 
 
 1,617,334 
 
 1 ,303,959 
 
 1830 
 
 8,155,964 
 
 26,804,984 
 
 8,240,885 
 
 8,373,681 
 
 1,356,765 
 
 1 ,398,640 
 
 1S31 
 
 7,305,945 
 
 47,956,717 
 
 14,737,585 
 
 11,701,201 
 
 1,653,031 
 
 1,120,730 
 
 1832 
 
 5,907,504 
 
 42,406,924 
 
 12.7.54,615 
 
 10,863,290 
 
 2,358,474 
 
 1,150,804 
 
 1833 
 
 7,070,368 
 
 43,085,865 
 
 13;962,913 
 
 13,431,207 
 
 2,347,343 
 
 1,200,899 
 
 1834 
 
 17,911,633 
 
 52,679,298 
 
 17,557,245 
 
 13,527,464 
 
 2,127,886 
 
 1,126,541 
 
 1835 
 
 13,131,447 
 
 65,949,307 
 
 23,362,584 
 
 15,617,140 
 
 2,903,718 
 
 1,316,508 
 
 1836 
 
 13,400,881 
 
 86,022,915 
 
 37,036,235 
 
 19,345,690 
 
 3,861,514 
 
 1,299,603 
 
 1837 
 
 10,506,414 
 
 52,289,557 
 
 22,497,817 
 
 18,927,871 
 
 3,370,828 
 
 1,468,878 
 
 1S3S 
 
 17,747,116 
 
 49,051,181 
 
 18,087,149 
 
 15,971,394 
 
 2,194,238 
 
 900,790 
 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 
 Denmark and 
 
 Portugal and 
 
 China. 
 
 Hanse Towns 
 
 Russia. 
 
 West Indies 
 
 
 dependencies 
 
 dependencies 
 
 
 
 
 generally. 
 
 1821 
 
 $1,999,730 
 
 $748,423 
 
 $3,111,951 
 
 $ 990,165 
 
 $1,852,199 
 
 $3,727 
 
 1822 
 
 2,535,406 
 
 881,290 
 
 5,242,5.56 
 
 1,578,757 
 
 3,307,328 
 
 1,-590 
 
 1823 
 
 1,324,532 
 
 533,635 
 
 6,511,425 
 
 1,981,026 
 
 2,2-58,777 
 
 7,123 
 
 1824 
 
 2,110,666 
 
 601,722 
 
 5,618,-502 
 
 2,-527,830 
 
 2,209,663 
 
 188 
 
 1825 
 
 1,539,592 
 
 733,443 
 
 7,-533,115 
 
 2,739,-526 
 
 2,067,110 
 
 9,579 
 
 1826 
 
 2,117,164 
 
 765,203 
 
 7,422,186 
 
 2,816,545 
 
 2,617,169 
 
 120 
 
 1827 
 
 2,340,171 
 
 659,001 
 
 3,617,183 
 
 1,638,558 
 
 2,086,077 
 
 167 
 
 1828 
 
 2,374,069 
 
 433,-555 
 
 5,339,108 
 
 2,644,392 
 
 2,788,362 
 
 1,860 
 
 1S29 
 
 2,086,177 
 
 687,869 
 
 4,680,847 
 
 2,274,275 
 
 2,218,995 
 
 3,314 
 
 1830 
 
 1,671,218 
 
 471,643 
 
 3,878,141 
 
 1,873,278 
 
 1,621,899 
 
 7,386 
 
 1831 
 
 1,652,216 
 
 397,550 
 
 3,083,205 
 
 3,493.301 
 
 1,608,328 
 
 10,691 
 
 1832 
 
 1,182,708 
 
 485,264 
 
 5,344,907 
 
 2,865,096 
 
 3,251,852 
 
 12,740 
 
 1833 
 
 1,166,872 
 
 555,137 
 
 7,541,570 
 
 2,227,726 
 
 2,772,550 
 
 -^ 
 
 1834 
 
 1,684,368 
 
 699,122 
 
 7,892,327 
 
 3.355,856 
 
 2,595,840 
 
 — 
 
 1835 
 
 1,403,902 
 
 1,125,713 
 
 5,987,187 
 
 3,841,943 
 
 2,395,245 
 
 — 
 
 1836 
 
 1,874,340 
 
 672,670 
 
 7,324,816 
 
 4,994,820 
 
 2,778,554 
 
 4,460 
 
 1837 
 
 1,266,906 
 
 928,291 
 
 8,965,337 
 
 5,642,221 
 
 2,816,116 
 
 2,183 
 
 1838 
 
 1,644,865 
 
 725,058 
 
 4,764,356 
 
 2,847,368 
 
 1,838,396 
 
 217 
 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 FROM 
 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Central 
 America. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Argentine 
 Republic. 
 
 1821 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 605,126 
 
 
 
 1822 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,486,-567 
 
 — 
 
 1823 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,214,810 
 
 — 
 
 1824 
 
 — 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,074,119 
 
 — 
 
 1825 
 
 — 
 
 $4,044,647 
 
 $1,837,050 
 
 .$ 56,789 
 
 2,156,707 
 
 $749,771 
 
 1826 
 
 — 
 
 3,916,198 
 
 2,079,724 
 
 204,270 
 
 2,156,678 
 
 522,769 
 
 1827 
 
 — 
 
 5,231,867 
 
 1,550,248 
 
 251,342 
 
 2,060,971 
 
 80,065 
 
 1828 
 
 — 
 
 4,814,258 
 
 1,484,856 
 
 204,770 
 
 3,097,752 
 
 317,466 
 
 1829 
 
 — 
 
 5,026,761 
 
 1,255,310 
 
 311,931 
 
 2,535,467 
 
 912,114 
 
 1830 
 
 — 
 
 5,235,241 
 
 1,120,095 
 
 302,883 
 
 2,491,460 
 
 1,431,883 
 
 1831 
 
 — 
 
 5,166,745 
 
 1,207,154 
 
 198,504 
 
 2.375,829 
 
 928,103 
 
 1832 
 
 
 
 4,293,594 
 
 1,439,182 
 
 288,316 
 
 3,890,845 
 
 1,560,171 
 
 1S33 
 
 
 
 5,452,818 
 
 1,-524,622 
 
 267,746 
 
 5.089,693 
 
 1,377,117 
 
 1834 
 
 
 
 8,066,068 
 
 1,727,188 
 
 170,968 
 
 4,729,969 
 
 1,430,118 
 
 1835 
 
 
 
 9,490,446 
 
 1,662,764 
 
 215,450 
 
 5,574,466 
 
 878,618 
 
 1836 
 
 
 
 5,615,819 
 
 1,696,650 
 
 195,304 
 
 7,210,190 
 
 1,053,503 
 
 1837 
 
 $163,384 
 
 5,654,002 
 
 1,567,345 
 
 163,402 
 
 4,991,893 
 
 989,442 
 
 LS38 
 
 165,718 
 
 3,500,709 
 
 1,615,249 
 
 155,614 
 
 3,191,238 
 
 1,010,908 
 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 
 FROM 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 ^ 
 
 Chili. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 New-Hamp- 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Massachu- 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 V 
 
 >< 
 
 
 
 shire. 
 
 
 setts. 
 
 
 1821 
 
 
 
 $ 980,294 
 
 $3.50,021 
 
 $15,987 
 
 $14,826,732 
 
 $1,032,968 
 
 1822 
 
 
 
 943,775 
 
 330,052 
 
 60,897 
 
 18,337,320 
 
 1,884,144 
 
 1823 
 
 
 
 891,644 
 
 371,770 
 
 62,242 
 
 17,607,160 
 
 1,412,953 
 
 1824 
 
 — 
 
 768,443 
 
 245,513 
 
 161,854 
 
 15,378,758 
 
 1,388,336 
 
 1825 
 
 $229,509 
 
 1,169,940 
 
 331,244 
 
 109,021 
 
 15,845,141 
 
 907,906 
 
 1826 
 
 629,949 
 
 1,245,235 
 
 348,609 
 
 228,650 
 
 17,063,482 
 
 1,185,934 
 
 1S27 
 
 184,693 
 
 1,333,390 
 
 302,211 
 
 144,078 
 
 13,370,564 
 
 1,241,828 
 
 1828 
 
 781,863 
 
 1,246,809 
 
 299,849 
 
 177,.539 
 
 15,070,44-4 
 
 1,128,226 
 
 1829 
 
 416,118 
 
 742,781 
 
 179,889 
 
 205,392 
 
 12,.520,744 
 
 423,811 
 
 1830 
 
 182,535 
 
 572,660 
 
 130,828 
 
 140,059 
 
 10,453,544 
 
 488,756 
 
 1831 
 
 413,758 
 
 941,407 
 
 146,205 
 
 166,206 
 
 14,269,056 
 
 562,161 
 
 1832 
 
 504,623 
 
 1,123,326 
 
 115,171 
 
 214,672 
 
 18,118,900 
 
 657,969 
 
 1833 
 
 334,130 
 
 1,380,308 
 
 167,754 
 
 523,260 
 
 19,940,911 
 
 1 ,042,286 
 
 1834 
 
 787,409 
 
 1,060,121 
 
 118,695 
 
 322,806 
 
 17,672,129 
 
 427,024 
 
 1835 
 
 917,095 
 
 883,389 
 
 71,514 
 
 217,853 
 
 19,800,373 
 
 597,713 
 
 1836 
 
 811,497 
 
 930,086 
 
 64,354 
 
 456,846 
 
 25,681 ,462 
 
 555,199 
 
 1837 
 
 1,180,156 
 
 801,404 
 
 81,834 
 
 342,449 
 
 19,975,667 
 
 523,610 
 
 1838 
 
 942,095 
 
 899,142 
 
 169,985 
 
 258,417 
 
 13,300,925 
 
 656,613 
 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Nev/ Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 1821 
 
 $312,090 
 
 $23,629,246 
 
 $ 17,606 
 
 $ 8,158,922 
 
 $ 80,997 
 
 $4,070,842 
 
 1822 
 
 507,094 
 
 35,445,628 
 
 103,190 
 
 11,874,170 
 
 216,969 
 
 4,792,486 
 
 1823 
 
 456,643 
 
 29,421,349 
 
 5,933 
 
 13,696,770 
 
 60,124 
 
 4,946,179 
 
 1824 
 
 581,510 
 
 36,113,723 
 
 637,518 
 
 11,865,531 
 
 12,080 
 
 4,551,442 
 
 1825 
 
 704,478 
 
 49,639,174 
 
 27,688 
 
 15,041,797 
 
 18,693 
 
 4,751,815 
 
 1826 
 
 736,194 
 
 38,115,630 
 
 48,004 
 
 13,.551,779 
 
 10,009 
 
 4,928,569 
 
 1827 
 
 630,004 
 
 38,719,644 
 
 338,497 
 
 ll,212,9a5 
 
 6,993 
 
 4,405,708 
 
 1828 
 
 485,174 
 
 41,927,792 
 
 706,872 
 
 12,884,408 
 
 15,260 
 
 5,629,694 
 
 1829 
 
 309,538 
 
 34,743,307 
 
 786,247 
 
 10,100,1.52 
 
 24,179 
 
 4,804,135 
 
 1830 
 
 269,583 
 
 35,624,070 
 
 13,444 
 
 8,702,122 
 
 26,574 
 
 4,523,866 
 
 1S31 
 
 405,066 
 
 ■57,077,417 
 
 — 
 
 12,124,083 
 
 21,656 
 
 4,826,577 
 
 1832 
 
 437,715 
 
 53,214,402 
 
 70,460 
 
 10,678,358 
 
 23,653 
 
 4,629,303 
 
 1833 
 
 352,014 
 
 55,918,449 
 
 170 
 
 10,451,250 
 
 9,043 
 
 5,437,057 
 
 1834 
 
 385,720 
 
 73,188,594 
 
 4,492 
 
 10,479,268 
 
 185,943 
 
 4,647,483 
 
 1835 
 
 439,502 
 
 88,191,305 
 
 18,932 
 
 12,389,937 
 
 10,611 
 
 5,647,153 
 
 1836 
 
 468,163 
 
 118,253,416 
 
 24,263 
 
 15,068,233 
 
 107,063 
 
 7,131,867 
 
 1837 
 
 318,849 
 
 79,301,722 
 
 69,152 
 
 11,680,111 
 
 66,841 
 
 7,857,033 
 
 1838 
 
 343,331 
 
 68,453,206 
 
 1,700 
 
 9,360,371 
 
 1,348 
 
 5,701,869 
 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 
 District of 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North Caro- 
 
 South Caro- 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 
 lina. 
 
 lina. 
 
 
 
 1821 
 
 $398,984 
 
 $1,078,490 
 
 $200,673 
 
 $3,007,113 
 
 $1,002,684 
 
 $3,379,717 
 
 1822 
 
 470,613 
 
 864,162 
 
 258,761 
 
 2,283,586 
 
 989,591 
 
 3,817,238 
 
 1823 
 
 275,083 
 
 681,810 
 
 183,958 
 
 2,419,101 
 
 670,705 
 
 4,283,125 
 
 1824 
 
 379,958 
 
 639,787 
 
 465,836 
 
 2,166,185 
 
 551,888 
 
 4,539,769 
 
 1825 
 
 277,297 
 
 553,562 
 
 311,308 
 
 1,892,297 
 
 343,356 
 
 4,290,034 
 
 1826 
 
 269,630 
 
 635,438 
 
 367, .545 
 
 1,534,483 
 
 330,993 
 
 4,167,521 
 
 1827 
 
 327,623 
 
 431,765 
 
 276,791 
 
 1,434,106 
 
 312,609 
 
 4,531,645 
 
 1828 
 
 181,665 
 
 375,238 
 
 268,615 
 
 1,242,048 
 
 308,669 
 
 6,217,881 
 
 1829 
 
 205,921 
 
 395,352 
 
 283,347 
 
 1,139,618 
 
 380,293 
 
 6,857,209 
 
 1830 
 
 168,550 
 
 405,739 
 
 221,992 
 
 1,064,619 
 
 282,346 
 
 7,599,083 
 
 1831 
 
 193,555 
 
 488,522 
 
 196,356 
 
 1,238,163 
 
 399,940 
 
 9,766,693 
 
 1832 
 
 188,047 
 
 553,639 
 
 215,184 
 
 1,213,725 
 
 253,417 
 
 8,871,653 
 
 1833 
 
 150,046 
 
 690,391 
 
 198,758 
 
 1,517,705 
 
 318,990 
 
 9,590,505 
 
 1834 
 
 196,254 
 
 837,325 
 
 222,472 
 
 1,787,267 
 
 646,802 
 
 13,781,809 
 
 1835 
 
 111,195 
 
 691,255 
 
 241,981 
 
 1,891,805 
 
 393,049 
 
 17,519,814 
 
 1836 
 
 111,419 
 
 1,106,814 
 
 197,116 
 
 2,801,361 
 
 573,222 
 
 15,117,649 
 
 1837 
 
 102,225 
 
 813,823 
 
 271,623 
 
 2,510,860 
 
 774,349 
 
 14,020,012 
 
 183S 
 
 122,748 
 
 577,142 
 
 290,405 
 
 2,318,791 
 
 776,068 
 
 9,496,808 
 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 53 
 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 INTO 
 
 
 Missis- 
 
 Alabeima. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Tennes- 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Florida. 
 
 >* 
 
 sipppi. 
 
 
 
 
 see. 
 
 
 
 
 18?1 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 $ 12 
 
 $ 29,076 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 $ 13,270 
 
 \H99 
 
 
 
 $ 36,421 
 
 190 
 
 18,377 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6,877 
 
 lS-?3 
 
 
 
 125,770 
 
 161 
 
 2,159 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,808 
 
 1S94 
 
 
 
 91,604 
 
 — 
 
 1,886 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6,986 
 
 18^0 
 
 
 
 113,411 
 
 __ 
 
 5,695 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,218 
 
 IS^fi 
 
 
 
 179,554 
 
 
 
 10,628 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 16,590 
 
 1827 
 
 — 
 
 201,909 
 
 — 
 
 3,774 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 257,994 
 
 lS-78 
 
 
 
 171,909 
 
 
 
 3,440 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 168,292 
 
 1829 
 
 
 
 233,720 
 
 293 
 
 2,957 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 153,642 
 
 1830 
 
 
 
 144,823 
 
 262 
 
 21,315 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 32,689 
 
 1831 
 
 
 
 224,435 
 
 217 
 
 27,299 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 115,710 
 
 1832 
 
 
 
 107,787 
 
 12,392 
 
 22,648 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 306,845 
 
 1833 
 
 
 
 265,918 
 
 8,353 
 
 63,876 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 $5,881 
 
 S5,3S6 
 
 1834 
 
 
 
 395,361 
 
 19,767 
 
 106,202 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 135,798 
 
 l83o 
 
 
 
 525,954 
 
 9,808 
 
 130,629 
 
 $13,796 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 98,173 
 
 1836 
 
 $5,650 
 
 651,618 
 
 10,960 
 
 502,287 
 
 36,015 
 
 — 
 
 3,227 
 
 121,745 
 
 1837 
 
 
 
 609,385 
 
 17,747 
 
 490,784 
 
 27,401 
 
 $17,782 
 
 
 305,514 
 
 1838 
 
 — 
 
 524,548 
 
 12,895 
 
 256,662 
 
 527 
 
 8,932 
 
 15,921 
 
 168,690 
 
 Exports of the United States, commencing on the 1st of October, 
 1821. and ending on the 30th of September, 1838. 
 
 
 VALUE OF EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED 
 
 VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES. 
 
 
 
 STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Domestic. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 1821 
 
 $ 64,974,382 
 
 $ 43,671,894 
 
 $21,302,488 
 
 $20,157,484 
 
 $5,648,962 
 
 $2,752,631 
 
 1822 
 
 72,160,387 
 
 49,874,185 
 
 22,286,202 
 
 24,035,058 
 
 6,222,838 
 
 3,121,030 
 
 1823 
 
 74,699,030 
 
 47,155,408 
 
 27,543,622 
 
 20,445,520 
 
 6,282,672 
 
 3,139,598 
 
 1824 
 
 75,986,657 
 
 50,649,500 
 
 25,337,157 
 
 21,947,401 
 
 4,8.55,566 
 
 4,841,383 
 
 1S25 
 
 99,535,388 
 
 66,944,745 
 
 32,-590,643 
 
 36,846,649 
 
 6,115,623 
 
 5,729,797 
 
 1826 
 
 77,595,322 
 
 53,055,710 
 
 24,539,612 
 
 25,025,214 
 
 5,347,208 
 
 5,495,130 
 
 1827 
 
 82,324,827 
 
 58,921,691 
 
 23,403,136 
 
 29,359,545 
 
 6,816,146 
 
 5,536,651 
 
 1S28 
 
 72,264,686 
 
 50,669,669 
 
 21,595,017 
 
 22,487,229 
 
 5,480,707 
 
 5,548,3-34 
 
 1829 
 
 72,358,671 
 
 55,700,193 
 
 16,658,478 
 
 26,575,311 
 
 5,185,370 
 
 5,412,320 
 
 1830 
 
 73,849,-508 
 
 59,462,029 
 
 14,387,479 
 
 29,674,883 
 
 5,833,112 
 
 5,320,980 
 
 1831 
 
 81,310,583 
 
 61,277,057 
 
 20,033,-526 
 
 25,289,482 
 
 4,892,388 
 
 5,086,890 
 
 1832 
 
 87,176,943 
 
 63,137,470 
 
 24,039,473 
 
 31,724,682 
 
 5,999,769 
 
 5,050,633 
 
 1833 
 
 90,140,433 
 
 70,317,698 
 
 19,822,735 
 
 36,191,105 
 
 5,755,968 
 
 6,557,080 
 
 1834 
 
 104,336,973 
 
 81,034,162 
 
 23,312,811 
 
 49,448,402 
 
 6,-595,305 
 
 6,247,893 
 
 1835 
 
 121,693,577 
 
 101,189,082 
 
 20,504,495 
 
 64,661,302 
 
 8,250,577 
 
 7,694,073 
 
 1836 
 
 128,663,040 
 
 106,916,680 
 
 21,746,360 
 21,854,962 
 
 71,284,925 
 
 10,0-58,640 
 
 6,107,-528 
 
 1837 
 
 117,419,376 
 
 95,564,414 
 
 63,240,102 
 
 5,795,647 
 
 7,136,997 
 
 1838 
 
 108,486,616 
 
 96,033,821 
 
 12,4-52,795 
 
 61,-556,811 
 
 7,392,029 
 
 8,397,078 
 
54 
 
 TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 
 VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES — Cont'd. 
 
 EXPORTED FROM 
 
 t 
 
 Specie and 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Lumber. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 New-Hamp- 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 
 bullion. 
 
 
 
 
 shire. 
 
 
 1S21 
 
 $10,478,0.59 
 
 $4,298,043 
 
 $1,512,808 
 
 $1,040,848 
 
 $260,765 
 
 $263,330 
 
 1822 
 
 10,810,180 
 
 5,103,280 
 
 1,307,670 
 
 1,036,642 
 
 199,699 
 
 257,694 
 
 1823 
 
 6,372,987 
 
 4,962,373 
 
 l,335,60r 
 
 895,501 
 
 237,705 
 
 236,140 
 
 1824 
 
 7,014,522 
 
 5,7.59,176 
 
 1,734,586 
 
 900,195 
 
 185,383 
 
 208,258 
 
 1825 
 
 8,797,055 
 
 4,212,127 
 
 1,717,.571 
 
 1,031,127 
 
 198,680 
 
 396,166 
 
 1826 
 
 4,663,795 
 
 4,121,466 
 
 2,011,69-4 
 
 1,0.52,575 
 
 167,075 
 
 884,202 
 
 1827 
 
 8,014,880 
 
 4,434,881 
 
 1,697,17C 
 
 1,070,134 
 
 177,398 
 
 1,259,441 
 
 1828 
 
 8,243,476 
 
 4,283,669 
 
 1,821,906 
 
 1,019,517 
 
 124,433 
 
 239,610 
 
 1829 
 
 4,924,020 
 
 5,000,023 
 
 1,680,40: 
 
 737,832 
 
 105,740 
 
 808,079 
 
 1830 
 
 2,178,773 
 
 6,132,129 
 
 1,836,01^ 
 
 1 670,522 
 
 96,184 
 
 658,256 
 
 1831 
 
 9,014,931 
 
 10,461,728 
 
 1,964,19; 
 
 ) 805,573 
 
 111,222 
 
 925,127 
 
 1832 
 
 5,656,340 
 
 4,974,121 
 
 2,096,70' 
 
 981,443 
 
 115,.582 
 
 349,820 
 
 1833 
 
 2,611,701 
 
 5,642,602 
 
 2,569,49; 
 
 ! 1,019,831 
 
 155,2.58 
 
 377,399 
 
 1834 
 
 2,076,758 
 
 4,560,379 
 
 2,435,31-^ 
 
 \ 834,167 
 
 80,870 
 
 334,372 
 
 1835 
 
 6,477,775 
 
 4,394,777 
 
 3,323,05' 
 
 r 1,059,367 
 
 81,681 
 
 328,151 
 
 1836 
 
 4,324,336 
 
 3,572,599 
 
 2,860,691 
 
 850,986 
 
 15,.520 
 
 188,165 
 
 1837 
 
 5,976,249 
 
 2,987,269 
 
 3,155,99S 
 
 955,952 
 
 34,641 
 
 138,693 
 
 1838 
 
 3,513,565 
 
 3,603,299 
 
 3,116,196 
 
 ) 935,532 
 
 74,670 
 
 132,650 
 
 
 Rice. 
 
 Pork, hogs, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 1821 
 
 $1,494,307 
 
 $1,354,116 
 
 $ 973,.59] 
 
 $12,484,691 
 
 $996,828 
 
 $376,187 
 
 1822 
 
 1,563,482 
 
 1,357,899 
 
 915,83!: 
 
 > 12,,59S,525 
 
 862,363 
 
 485,312 
 
 1823 
 
 1,820,985 
 
 1,291.322 
 
 1.004,806 
 
 ) 13,683,239 
 
 933,114 
 
 482,061 
 
 1824 
 
 1,882,982 
 
 1,489,051 
 
 1,136,704 
 
 10,434,328 
 
 872,899 
 
 575,852 
 
 1825 
 
 1,925,245 
 
 1,832,679 
 
 1,078,77: 
 
 11,432,987 
 
 678,467 
 
 689,270 
 
 1826 
 
 1,917,445 
 
 1,892,429 
 
 924,925 
 
 10,098,862 
 
 781,540 
 
 708,893 
 
 1827 
 
 2,343,908 
 
 1,. 555, 698 
 
 987,44' 
 
 10,424,383 
 
 804,187 
 
 590,275 
 
 1828 
 
 2,620,696 
 
 1,495,830 
 
 1,066,66: 
 
 9,025,785 
 
 722,126 
 
 521, .545 
 
 1829 
 
 2,514,370 
 
 1,493,629 
 
 968,06^ 
 
 8,254,937 
 
 390,381 
 
 457,970 
 
 1830 
 
 1,986,824 
 
 1,315,245 
 
 756,67' 
 
 7,213,194 
 
 278,9.50 
 
 389,511 
 
 1831 
 
 2,016,267 
 
 1,501,644 
 
 929,834 
 
 7,733,763 
 
 367,465 
 
 482,883 
 
 1832 
 
 2,152,361 
 
 1,928,196 
 
 1,056,721 
 
 11,993,768 
 
 534,459 
 
 430,466 
 
 1833 
 
 2,774,418 
 
 2,151,558 
 
 990,290 
 
 9,683,122 
 
 485,481 
 
 427,603 
 
 1834 
 
 2,122,292 
 
 1,796,001 
 
 863,674 
 
 10,148,820 
 
 501,626 
 
 422,416 
 
 1835 
 
 2,210,331 
 
 1,776,732 
 
 1,008,534 
 
 10,043,790 
 
 296,003 
 
 519,270 
 
 1836 
 
 2,548,750 
 
 1,383,344 
 
 967,890 
 
 10,384,346 
 
 228,420 
 
 438,199 
 
 1S37 
 
 2,309,279 
 
 1,299,796 
 
 769,840 
 
 9,728,190 
 
 488,258 
 
 532,590 
 
 1838 
 
 1,721,819 
 
 1,312,346 
 
 819,003 
 
 9,104,862 
 
 291,257 
 
 543,610 
 
 
 Beef, cattle. 
 
 Butter and 
 
 Skius and 
 
 New York. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 
 &c. 
 
 cheese. 
 
 furs. 
 
 
 
 
 1821 
 
 $698,323 
 
 $190,287 
 
 $766,205 
 
 $13,162,917 
 
 $33,711 
 
 $7,391,767 
 
 1822 
 
 844,534 
 
 221,041 
 
 501,302 
 
 17,100,482 
 
 83,551 
 
 9,047,802 
 
 1823 
 
 739,461 
 
 192,778 
 
 672,917 
 
 19,038,990 
 
 26,064 
 
 9,617,192 
 
 1S24 
 
 707,299 
 
 204,205 
 
 661,455 
 
 22,897,134 
 
 28,989 
 
 9,364,893 
 
 1825 
 
 930,465 
 
 247,787 
 
 524,692 
 
 35,259,261 
 
 47,213 
 
 11,269,981 
 
 1826 
 
 733,430 
 
 207,765 
 
 582,473 
 
 21,947,791 
 
 37,965 
 
 8,331,722 
 
 1827 
 
 772,636 
 
 184,049 
 
 441,690 
 
 23,834,137 
 
 25,627 
 
 7,575,833 
 
 1S2S 
 
 719,961 
 
 176,354 
 
 6 26,235 
 
 22,777.649 
 
 1,892 
 
 6,051,480 
 
 1829 
 
 674,955 
 
 176,205 
 
 626,.507 
 
 20,119,011 
 
 8,022 
 
 4,089,935 
 
 1830 
 
 717,683 
 
 142,370 
 
 641,760 
 
 19,697,983 
 
 8,324 
 
 4,291,793 
 
 1831 
 
 829,982 
 
 264,796 
 
 750,938 
 
 25,535,144 
 
 11,430 
 
 5,513,713 
 
 1832 
 
 774,087 
 
 290,820 
 
 691,909 
 
 26,000,945 
 
 61,794 
 
 3,516,066 
 
 1833 
 
 958,076 
 
 2.58,4.52 
 
 841,933 
 
 25,39.5,117 
 
 32,753 
 
 4,078,951 
 
 1834 
 
 755,219 
 
 190,099 
 
 797,844 
 
 25,512,014 
 
 8,131 
 
 3,989,746 
 
 1835 
 
 ■638,761 
 
 164,809 
 
 759,953 
 
 30,345,264 
 
 74,041 
 
 3,739,275 
 
 1836 
 
 699,166 
 
 114,033 
 
 653,662 
 
 28,920,438 
 
 62,809 
 
 3,971, .555 
 
 1837 
 
 585,146 
 
 96,176 
 
 651,908 
 
 27,338,419 
 
 44,217 
 
 3,841,599 
 
 1838 
 
 528,231 
 
 148,191 
 
 6.36,945 
 
 23,008,471 
 
 28,010 
 
 3,477,151 
 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 55 
 
 EXPORTED FEOM — Continued. 
 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Mjiryland. 
 
 District of 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North Caro- 
 
 South Caro- 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 
 lina. 
 
 lina. 
 
 1821 
 
 $ 85,445 
 
 $3,850,394 
 
 $ 898,103 
 
 $3,079,209 
 
 $400,944 
 
 $7,200,511 
 
 1822 
 
 16S,.592 
 
 4,536,796 
 
 1,043,430 
 
 3,217,389 
 
 585,951 
 
 7,260,320 
 
 1823 
 
 53,837 
 
 5,030,228 
 
 801,295 
 
 4,006,788 
 
 482,417 
 
 6,898,814 
 
 1824 
 
 18,964 
 
 4,863,233 
 
 722,403 
 
 3,277,564 
 
 588,733 
 
 8,034,082 
 
 1825 
 
 31,656 
 
 4,501,304 
 
 758,367 
 
 4,129,520 
 
 553,390 
 
 11,056,742 
 
 1826 
 
 35,195 
 
 4,010,748 
 
 624,231 
 
 4, .596, 732 
 
 381,740 
 
 7,354,036 
 
 1827 
 
 9,406 
 
 4,516,406 
 
 1,182,142 
 
 4,657,938 
 
 449,237 
 
 8,322,561 
 
 1828 
 
 29,393 
 
 4,334,422 
 
 707,443 
 
 3,340,185 
 
 523,747 
 
 6,530,712 
 
 1829 
 
 7,195 
 
 4,804,463 
 
 928,097 
 
 3,787,431 
 
 564,506 
 
 8,175,586 
 
 1S30 
 
 52,258 
 
 3,791,482 
 
 753,973 
 
 4,791 ,644 
 
 399,333 
 
 7,627,031 
 
 1831 
 
 34,514 
 
 4,308,647 
 
 1,220,975 
 
 4,150,475 
 
 341,140 
 
 6,575,201 
 
 1832 
 
 16,242 
 
 4,499,918 
 
 1,154,474 
 
 4,510,650 
 
 342,041 
 
 7,752,731 
 
 1833 
 
 45,911 
 
 4,062,467 
 
 1,002,816 
 
 4,467,587 
 
 433,033 
 
 8,434,325 
 
 1834 
 
 51,945 
 
 4,168,245 
 
 820,394 
 
 5,483,098 
 
 471,406 
 
 11,207,778 
 
 1833 
 
 SS,S26 
 
 3,925,234 
 
 517,639 
 
 6,064,063 
 
 319,327 
 
 11,338,016 
 
 1836 
 
 74,981 
 
 3,675,475 
 
 326,874 
 
 6,192,040 
 
 429,831 
 
 13,684,376 
 
 1837 
 
 40,333 
 
 3,789,917 
 
 469,209 
 
 3,702,714 
 
 .551,795 
 
 11,220,161 
 
 1838 
 
 36,844 
 
 4,324,575 
 
 373,113 
 
 3,986,228 
 
 545,223 
 
 11,042,070 
 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 1821 
 
 $6,014,310 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 $ 108,960 
 
 — 
 
 1822 
 
 5,484,870 
 
 $ 105 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 209,748 
 
 — 
 
 1823 
 
 ■ 4,293,666 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 200,387 
 
 — 
 
 1824 
 
 4,623,982 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 460,727 
 
 — 
 
 1825 
 
 4,222,833 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 692,635 
 
 — 
 
 1826 
 
 4,368,504 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,527,112 
 
 — 
 
 1827 
 
 4,261,555 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,376,364 
 
 — 
 
 1S2S 
 
 3,104,425 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,182,559 
 
 — 
 
 1829 
 
 4,981,376 
 
 2,004 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,693,958 
 
 — 
 
 ;S30 
 
 5,336,626 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,294,594 
 
 — 
 
 1831 
 
 3,939,813 
 
 14,728 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,413,894 
 
 — 
 
 1832 
 
 5,315,883 
 
 58,394 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,736,387 
 
 — 
 
 1833 
 
 6,270,040 
 
 225 ,.544 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,527,961 
 
 — 
 
 1834 
 
 7,567,327 
 
 241,451 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5,670,797 
 
 — 
 
 1835 
 
 8,890,674 
 
 97,201 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7,574,692 
 
 — 
 
 1836 
 
 10,722,200 
 
 3,718 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 11,184,166 
 
 — 
 
 1837 
 
 8,935,041 
 
 132,844 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9,671,401 
 
 — 
 
 1838 
 
 8,803,839 
 
 139,827 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9,688,244 
 
 — 
 
 ! Michigan. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 
 1821 
 
 $53,290 
 
 
 
 $ 7,272,172 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1822 
 
 649 
 
 — 
 
 7,978,645 
 
 $ 1,777 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1823 
 
 1,010 
 
 — 
 
 7,779,072 
 
 1,510 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1824 
 
 1 _ 
 
 — 
 
 7,928,820 
 
 216 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1825 
 
 1 — 
 
 — 
 
 12,582,924 
 
 2,865 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1826 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10,284,380 
 
 209 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 182' 
 
 1,320 
 
 — 
 
 11,728,997 
 
 57,486 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1825 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 11,947,400 
 
 60,321 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 182£ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 12,386,060 
 
 56,086 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 183C 
 
 1,.5S8 
 
 — 
 
 15,488,692 
 
 7,570 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1831 
 
 12,392 
 
 — 
 
 16,761,989 
 
 30,493 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 183S 
 
 9,234 
 
 — 
 
 16,530,930 
 
 65,716 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 183: 
 
 !! 9,0.54 
 
 — 
 
 18,941,373 
 
 64,803 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 183^ 
 
 I 36,021 
 
 — 
 
 26,.557,52-4 
 
 228,82£ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 183f 
 
 ) 64,830 
 
 — 
 
 36,270,82; 
 
 61,71C 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 183( 
 
 5 61,231 
 
 — 
 
 37,179,828 
 
 71,662 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 183' 
 
 ? 69,790 
 
 $304,831 
 
 35,338,69' 
 
 90,08^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1835 
 
 i 125,66C 
 
 — 
 
 31,502,24$ 
 
 I 122,535 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
56 
 
 TRKASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 EXPORTED TO 
 
 «•; 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Sweden and 
 
 Denmark and 
 
 a; 
 
 and depen- 
 
 France and 
 
 Spain and de- 
 
 and depen- 
 
 dependen- 
 
 dependen- 
 
 >^ 
 
 dencies. 
 
 dependencies 
 
 pendencies. 
 
 dencies. 
 
 cies. 
 
 cies. 
 
 1S21 
 
 $26,522,572 
 
 $ 6,474,718 
 
 $7,218,265 
 
 $6,092,061 
 
 $777,407 
 
 $2,327,882 
 
 1S22 
 
 30,041,337 
 
 7,075,332 
 
 8,438,212 
 
 5,801,839 
 
 921,434 
 
 2,434,046 
 
 1823 
 
 27,671,060 
 
 9,568,924 
 
 10,963,398 
 
 7,767,075 
 
 5.58,291 
 
 1,95.5,071 
 
 1824 
 
 28,027,845 
 
 10,552,304 
 
 15,367,278 
 
 3,617,389 
 
 569,428 
 
 2,183,252 
 
 1825 
 
 44,217,525 
 
 11,891,326 
 
 5,840,720 
 
 5,895,499 
 
 569',.550 
 
 2,701,088 
 
 182G 
 
 28,980,020 
 
 12,106,429 
 
 6,687,351 
 
 4,794,070 
 
 3,58,380 
 
 2,412,875 
 
 1827 
 
 32,870,465 
 
 13,565,356 
 
 7,321,991 
 
 3,826,674 
 
 8,50',S77 
 
 2,404,822 
 
 1828 
 
 27,020,209 
 
 12,098,341 
 
 7,204,627 
 
 3,083,3.59 
 
 1,106,9.54 
 
 3,348,167 
 
 1829 
 
 28,071,084 
 
 12,832,304 
 
 6,888,094 
 
 4,622,120 
 
 957,948 
 
 2,311,174 
 
 1830 
 
 31,647,881 
 
 11,806,238 
 
 6,049,051 
 
 4,562,437 
 
 961 ,729 
 
 2,014,085 
 
 1S31 
 
 39,901,379 
 
 9,882,679 
 
 5,661,420 
 
 3,096,609 
 
 540,078 
 
 2,000,793 
 
 1832 
 
 37,268,556 
 
 13,244,698 
 
 6,399,193 
 
 6,035,466 
 
 515,140 
 
 2,207,551 
 
 1833 
 
 39,782,240 
 
 14,424,533 
 
 6,506,041 
 
 3,566,361 
 
 420,069 
 
 1,839.834 
 
 1834 
 
 50,797,650 
 
 16,111,442 
 
 6,296,-556 
 
 4,578,739 
 
 494,741 
 
 1,8.57,114 
 
 1835 
 
 60,167,699 
 
 20,335,066 
 
 7,069,279 
 
 4,411,053 
 
 602,.593 
 
 1,780,496 
 
 1836 
 
 64,487,550 
 
 21,441,200 
 
 8,081,668 
 
 4,799,157 
 
 700,386 
 
 2,122,469 
 
 1837 
 
 61,217,485 
 
 20,255,346 
 
 7,604,002 
 
 4,285,767 
 
 507,523 
 
 1,640,173 
 
 183S 
 
 58,843,392 
 
 16,252,413 
 
 7,684,006 
 
 3,772,206 
 
 355,852 
 
 1 ,299,927 
 
 
 Pni'tup^nl Hnri 
 
 p, ■ 
 
 
 
 West Indies 
 
 
 
 JT'JilUg*!!. atlKX 
 
 
 
 
 dependencies 
 
 (a) 
 
 Hanse Towns 
 
 Russia. 
 
 generally. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 1821 
 
 $435,700 
 
 $4,290,560 
 
 $2,132,544 
 
 $628,894 
 
 $560,513 
 
 — 
 
 1822 
 
 427,491 
 
 5,935,368 
 
 2,505,015 
 
 529,081 
 
 540,060 
 
 — 
 
 1823 
 
 246,648 
 
 4,636,061 
 
 3,169,439 
 
 648,734 
 
 613,690 
 
 — 
 
 1824 
 
 518,836 
 
 5,301,171 
 
 1,863,273 
 
 231,981 
 
 .599,884 
 
 — 
 
 1825 
 
 408,160 
 
 5,570,515 
 
 3,121,033 
 
 287,401 
 
 669,668 
 
 ■ — 
 
 1826 
 
 313,553 
 
 2,566,644 
 
 2,116,697 
 
 174,648 
 
 617,869 
 
 — 
 
 1827 
 
 357,370 
 
 3,864,405 
 
 3,013,185 
 
 382,244 
 
 466,860 
 
 — 
 
 1828 
 
 291,614 
 
 1,482,802 
 
 2,995,251 
 
 450,495 
 
 460,197 
 
 — 
 
 1829 
 
 322,911 
 
 1,354,862 
 
 3,277,160 
 
 386,226 
 
 369,619 
 
 — 
 
 1830 
 
 279,799 
 
 742,193 
 
 2,274,880 
 
 416,575 
 
 247,121 
 
 — 
 
 1831 
 
 294,383 
 
 1,290,835 
 
 2,592,172 
 
 462,766 
 
 635,627 
 
 — 
 
 1832 
 
 296,218 
 
 1,260,522 
 
 4,088,212 
 
 582,682 
 
 562,9.54 
 
 
 
 1833 
 
 442,561 
 
 1,433,759 
 
 2,903,296 
 
 703,805 
 
 367,773 
 
 — 
 
 1834 
 
 322,496 
 
 1,010,483 
 
 4,659,674 
 
 330,694 
 
 408,643 
 
 — 
 
 1835 
 
 521,413 
 
 1,868,580 
 
 3,528,276 
 
 585,447 
 
 450,516 
 
 
 
 1836 
 
 191,007 
 
 1,194,264 
 
 4,363,882 
 
 911,013 
 
 513,996 
 
 
 1837 
 
 423,705 
 
 630,591 
 
 3,754,949 
 
 1,306,732 
 
 467,557 
 
 $1,007,928 
 
 1838 
 
 232,131 
 
 1,516,602 
 
 3,291,645 
 
 1,048,289 
 
 339,052 
 
 1,247,880 
 
 
 
 
 Central 
 
 
 Argentine 
 
 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 America. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 Republic. 
 
 Chill. 
 
 1821 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 $1,381,760 
 
 
 
 
 
 1822 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,463,929 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1823 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,341,390 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 1824 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,301,904 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 1825 
 
 $6,470,144 
 
 $2,239,255 
 
 $ 99,522 
 
 2,393,754 
 
 $573,520 
 
 $ 921,438 
 
 1826 
 
 6,281,050 
 
 1,952,662 
 
 119,774 
 
 2,200,349 
 
 379,340 
 
 1,447,498 
 
 1827 
 
 4,173,257 
 
 944,534 
 
 224,772 
 
 1,863,806 
 
 151,204 
 
 1,702,601 
 
 1828 
 
 2,886,484 
 
 884,524 
 
 159,272 
 
 1,988,705 
 
 1.54,228 
 
 2,629,402 
 
 1829 
 
 2,331,151 
 
 767,348 
 
 239,854 
 
 1,929,927 
 
 626,052 
 
 1,421,134 
 
 1830 
 
 4,837,458 
 
 496,990 
 
 2.50,118 
 
 1 ,843,238 
 
 629,887 
 
 1,536,114 
 
 1831 
 
 6,178,218 
 
 658,149 
 
 306,497 
 
 2,076,095 
 
 6.59,779 
 
 1,368,1.55 
 
 1832 
 
 3,467,541 
 
 1,117,024 
 
 335,307 
 
 2,054,794 
 
 923,040 
 
 1,221,119 
 
 1833 
 
 5,408,091 
 
 957,543 
 
 575;616 
 
 3,272,101 
 
 699,728 
 
 1,463,940 
 
 1834 
 
 5,265,053 
 
 795,567 
 
 184,149 
 
 2,059,351 
 
 971,837 
 
 1,476,355 
 
 1835 
 
 9,029,221 
 
 1,064,016 
 
 183,793 
 
 2,608,656 
 
 708,918 
 
 941,884 
 
 1836 
 
 6,041,635 
 
 829,255 
 
 189,518 
 
 3,094,936 
 
 384,933 
 
 957,917 
 
 1837 
 
 3,880,323 
 
 1,080,119 
 
 157,663 
 
 1,743,209 
 
 266,008 
 
 1,467,799 
 
 1838 
 
 2,164,097 
 
 724,739 
 
 243,040 
 
 2,267,194 
 
 236,665 
 
 1,370,264 
 
 (a) Before the revolution we had no trade with China ; but it gradually became im- 
 portant, and in 1821 and 1822 had swelled in exports to Canton to five millions of dol- 
 lars. According to a report of the British Parliament, made in 1833, (and some Ameri- 
 .can captains were examined as to the facts,) it was ascertained that our trade was equal 
 to three-fourths of that of the East India Company. 
 
NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 OFFICERS SALARIES, &c. 
 
 Grade. 
 
 (Number in 
 service. 
 
 CAPTAINS 
 
 Senior captain in service - - 
 Do do on leave, &c. - 
 
 Captains of squadrons - - 
 
 Do do on other duty 
 Do do off duty - - 
 
 COMMANDERS 
 
 Do in sea service 
 
 Do at navy yards, or other duty 
 Do on leave, &c. 
 
 LIEUTENANTS - - 
 Do commauding 
 
 Do on other duty 
 
 Do waiting orders 
 
 SURGEONS 
 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 
 first five years after date of commission 
 
 do at navy yards, &c. 
 
 do in sea service 
 
 do of the fleet 
 
 second five years 
 
 do at navy yards, &c. 
 
 do in sea service 
 
 do of the fleet 
 
 third five years 
 
 do at navy yards 
 
 do in sea service 
 
 do of the fleet 
 
 fourth five years 
 
 do at navy yards 
 
 fourth five years in sea service - - - 
 
 do of the fleet 
 
 twenty years and upwards . . . . 
 
 do at navy yards 
 
 twenty years and upwards in sea service 
 do of the fleet 
 
 PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEONS 
 
 ASSISTANT SURGEONS 
 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 Do 
 
 PURSERS 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 waiting orders - - 
 at sea .... 
 
 after passing, &c. - 
 at sea, after passing 
 at navy yards, &c. 
 do after passing 
 
 CHAPLAINS 
 Do 
 Do 
 
 m sea service 
 on leave, &c. 
 
 PASSED MIDSHIPMEN .... 
 Do do on duty • - 
 
 Do do waiting orders 
 
 MIDSHIPMEN .... 
 Do in sea service 
 
 Do on other duty 
 
 Do on leave, &c. 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 290 
 
 17 
 53 
 
 51 
 13 
 
 191 
 
 231 
 
 Pay per 
 annum. 
 
 $4,500 
 3,500 
 4,000 
 3,500 
 2,500 
 
 2,500 
 2,100 
 1,800 
 
 1,800 
 1,-500 
 1,200 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,250 
 
 l,333i 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,750 
 
 1,S66§ 
 
 2,100 
 
 1,600 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,133i 
 
 2,400 
 
 1,800 
 
 2,250 
 
 2,400 
 
 2,700 
 
 650 
 950 
 850 
 
 1,200 
 950 
 
 1,150 
 
 480 
 
 1,200 
 800 
 
 750 
 600 
 
 400 
 350 
 300 
 
 Rations. 
 
 J2 § 
 
 TS 
 
 ll 
 
 Ij o 
 
 ^ V 
 
 te ID 
 
 '-> ^ 
 
 2a 
 S o 
 
 -60 
 
 ctf-r; 
 T3 rt 
 
 o -~ 
 
 I !S 
 
58 
 
 NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 OFFICERS SALARIES, &c. 
 
 Grade. 
 
 Number in 
 service. 
 
 Pay per 
 annum. 
 
 Rations. 
 
 MASTERS 
 
 Do of a ship of the line at sea 
 
 Do on other duty - - - 
 
 Do on leave, &c. - - - - 
 
 PROFESSORS OF MATHEMATICS, AND 
 TEACHERS AT NAVAL SCHOOLS, &c. • 
 
 PROFESSORS, &c. 
 
 TEACHERS, &c. 
 
 BOATSWAINS, 
 GUNNERS, 
 CARPENTERS, 
 SAILMAKERS, 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 of a ship of the line 
 of a frigate - • - 
 on other duty ■ • 
 on leave, &c. - • 
 
 32 
 37 
 24 
 25 
 
 1,100 
 
 1,000 
 
 750 
 
 1,200 
 *480 
 
 750 
 600 
 500 
 360 
 
 * Teachers receive, in addition, two rations per day, at 20 cents each. 
 
 (U 0) CO ^ £* 
 
 = ^ °'^ S 
 
 C<i CO ^ 4) P, 
 
 .- <" , s 
 « ^ ■" >•$. 
 
 tM o c3 >^ 
 
 j; cS i* btrr 
 
 g J- -^5 bo 
 
 2 o a) r- £ 
 o3.H o « 
 
 MARINE CORPS. 
 
 Grade. 
 
 COLONEL COMMANDANT 
 LIEUTENANT COLONEL 
 
 MAJORS 
 
 CAPTAINS 
 
 FIRST LIEUTENANTS 
 SECOND LIEUTENANTS 
 
 NAVY AGENTS 
 
 TEMPORARY AGENTS 
 
 NAVAL STOREKEEPERS 
 
 CHIEF NAVAL CONSTRUCTOR - - - 
 
 NAVAL CONSTRUCTORS 
 
 VESSELS OF WAR 
 
 * Three of these Captains are in the staff, as Paymaster, Quartermaster, and Adju- 
 tant and Inspector, and receive pay as Majors, 
 t Commissions not to exceed $2,000 per annum. 
 
 Number in 
 
 Pay per 
 
 service. 
 
 month. 
 
 1 
 
 $75 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 *13 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 tio 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 Rations pr. 
 day,20cts. 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE NAVY AND NAVY COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Duty. 
 
 Place of 
 birth 
 
 Where a 
 Citizen. 
 
 When 
 appointed. 
 
 Salary. 
 
 James K. Paulding 
 
 Isaac Chauncey 
 Charles Morris 
 Alx. S.Wadsworth 
 C. W. Goldsborough 
 
 Sec'y of the Navy. 
 
 Pres. of the Board 
 
 Commissioner - - 
 
 Do. - . - 
 
 Secretary 
 
 N. York 
 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Maine 
 Maryl'd. 
 
 N. York 
 
 N. York 
 N. York 
 Maine 
 Maryl'd., 
 
 1 July, 1S38 
 
 5 June, I«33 
 13 July, 1832 
 17 May, 1837 
 10 Nov. 1823 
 
 $6,000 00 
 
 3,500 00 
 3,500 00 
 3,500 00 
 2,000 00 
 
NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 69 
 
 Captains, in number, 55. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Date of present 
 Commission. 
 
 State where 
 born. 
 
 State of 
 which a 
 citizen. 
 
 Duty or Station 
 for 1840. 
 
 James Barron - 22 May, 1799 Virginia 
 
 Charles Stewart • 22 Apr. 1806 Penn. 
 
 Isaac Hull - - • 23 do do Conn. 
 
 Isaac Chauncey • 24 do do Conn. 
 
 5 Jacob Jones - - 3 Mar. 1813 Delaware 
 
 Charles Morris - 5 do do Conn. 
 
 Lewis Warrington 22 Nov. 1814 Virginia 
 
 William M. Crane 24 do do N. Jersey 
 
 James Biddle - 28 Feb. 181-5 Penn. 
 
 10 Charles G. Ridgiey do do Maryland 
 
 JohnDownes - - 5 Mar. 1817 Mass. 
 
 Jesse D. Elliott - 27 Mar. ISIS Maryland 
 
 Stephen Cassin - 3 Mar. 1825 Penn. 
 
 James Renshaw - do do Penn. 
 
 15 Alx. S. Wadsworth do do Maine 
 
 George C. Read - do do Ireland 
 
 Henry E. Ballard do do Maryland 
 
 David Deacon - - 24 Jan. 1826 N. Jersey 
 
 Samuel Woodhouse 3 Mar. 1827 Penn. 
 
 20 Edmund P. Kennedy 24 Apr. 1828 Maryland 
 
 Alexander J. Dallas do do Penn. 
 
 John B. Nicolson do do Virginia 
 
 Jesse Wilkinson - 11 Mar. 1829 Virginia 
 
 T. Ap Catesby Jones do do Virginia 
 
 25 Wm.Compton Bolton 21 Feb. 1831 England 
 
 William B. Shubrick do do S. Car. 
 
 Alexander Claxton do do Penn. 
 
 Charles W. Morgan do do Virginia 
 
 Lawrence Kearney 20 Dec. 1832 N. Jersey 
 
 30 Foxhall A. Parker 3 Mar. 1835 Virginia 
 
 Edw. R. McCall - do do S. Car. 
 
 Daniel Turner • do do N. York 
 
 David Conner - do do Penn. 
 
 John Gallagher - 22 Dec. do Maryland 
 
 35 Tho. Holdup Stevens 27 Jan. 1836 S. Car. 
 
 William M. Hunter 9 Feb. 1837 Penn. 
 
 John D. Sloat - - do do N. York 
 
 Matthew C. Perry do do R. Island 
 
 Charles W. Skinner do do Maine 
 
 40 John T. Newton do do Virginia 
 
 Joseph Smith - - do do Mass. 
 
 Lawrence Rousseau do do Louisiana 
 
 George W. Storer do do N. Ham. 
 
 Beverly Kennon - 9 Feb. 1837 Virginia 
 
 45 Edward R. Shubrick do do S. Car. 
 
 Francis H. Gregory 18 Jan. 1838 Conn. 
 
 John H. Clack - 28 Feb. do Virginia 
 
 P. F. Voorhees - do do N. Jersey 
 
 Benjamin Cooper do do N. Jersey 
 
 50 David Geisinger - 24 May do Maryland 
 
 Robert F.Stockton 8 Dec. do N.Jersey 
 
 Isaac McKeever - do do Penn. 
 
 John P. Zantzinger 22 Dec. do Penn. 
 
 Wm. D. Salter - 3 Mar. 1839 N. York 
 
 55 Chs. S. M'Cauley 9 Dec. do Penn. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. York 
 
 Delaware 
 
 N. York 
 
 Vii-ginia 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Dis. Col. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Maine 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Maryland 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Peim. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Dis. Col. 
 
 S. Car. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Virginia 
 
 S. Car. 
 
 R. Island 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Maryland 
 
 S. Car. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 N. York 
 
 N. York 
 
 Virginia 
 
 N. York 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 N. Ham. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 S. Car. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 N. York 
 
 Maryland 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 Com't. Navy Yard , Phil. 
 Com'g Med'n. Squadron 
 President Navy Board. 
 On leave. 
 
 Comm'r. Navy Board. 
 Com't. N. Y'd, Norfolk, 
 do. N. Y. Portsmouth. 
 Gov. Nav. Asylum, Phil. 
 Ap. to Com.Brazil Squa. 
 Com't. N. Yard, Boston. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Com't. N.Yard, N.York. 
 Comm'r. Navy Board. 
 Com'g. E. India Squad. 
 Com'g. N'l Station, Bait 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Com't. N. Yd . Pensacola . 
 Com'g. Brazilian Squad. 
 Waiting orders. 
 On leave. [wine. 
 
 Com'g. Frigate Brandy- 
 Com'g. W. I. Sqadron. 
 Com'g. Pacific Squadron 
 Waiting orders. 
 Com'g. Frigate U. States 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Com'g. Fr. Constitution. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Com'g. Rec. ship at N.Y. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Com'g. S'm. Ship Fulton 
 do. R'g. Ship at Norfolk. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Commanding Ohio, (74.) 
 Waiting orders. 
 Com'g. R'g. S. at Boston 
 Com'g. Fr. Macedonian 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Com'g. sloop Lexington. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 On special duty. 
 Com'g. sloop Falmouth. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 Waiting orders. 
 
60 
 
 NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Commanders, in number, 55. 
 
 
 Date of presentjState where 
 
 State of 
 
 Duty or Station 
 
 Name. 
 
 Commission. | 
 
 born. 
 
 which a for 1840. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 citizen. 
 
 
 Thos. M. Newell 
 
 3 Mar. 
 
 1 S3 1 'Georgia 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Elie A. F. Vallette 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Com'g. R'd'zvous, Phil. 
 
 William A. Spencer 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. York 
 
 N. York 
 
 Com'g. Sloop Warren. 
 
 Thomas T. Webb 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia ' 
 
 Com'g. R'vous, Norfolk. 
 
 5 John Percival 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 On his return from the 
 comd. sip. Cyane, Medi. 
 
 John H. Aulick - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Navy Yard, Washingt'n. 
 
 William V. Taylor 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 R. Island 
 
 R. Island 
 
 Com'g. sloop Erie. 
 
 Bladen Dulany 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Silas H. Stringham 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. York 
 
 N. York 
 
 Navy Yard, New York. 
 
 10 Isaac Mayo - - 
 
 20 Dec. 
 
 1832 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Com'g U. S. s'r. Poinsett. 
 
 William K. Latimer 
 
 2 Mar. 
 
 1833 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Com'g sloop Cyane. 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 William Mervine 
 
 12 June, 
 
 1834 
 
 Penn. 
 
 N. York 
 
 Thomas Crabb 
 
 3 Mar. 
 
 1835 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Edw. B. Babbit - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 15 Thomas Paine 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 R. Island 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 James Armstrong 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Com'g.R'd'vous,Boston. 
 
 Joseph Smoot 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Com'g. sloop Levant. 
 
 Samuel L.Breese 
 
 22 Dec. 
 
 do 
 
 N. York 
 
 N. York 
 
 Com'g. Rd'zvous Bait. 
 
 Benjamin Page, Jr. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 England 
 
 N. York 
 
 Com'g. R'vous, N.York. 
 
 20 John Gwinn - - 
 
 9 Feb. 
 
 1837 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Navy Yard Phila. 
 
 Thos. W. Wyman 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Com'g. sl'p JohnAdams. 
 
 Andrew Fitzhugh 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Abrahams. Tea Eick 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 John White - - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 25 Hiram Paulding - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. York 
 
 N. York 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Jona. D. Williamson 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Com'g.'sloop Ontario. 
 
 Uriah P. Levy 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Penn- 
 
 Penn. 
 
 On leave. 
 
 Charles Boarman 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Com'g. sloop Fairfield. 
 
 French Forrest 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Dis. Col. 
 
 Com'g. sloop St. Louis. 
 
 30 Wm. J. Belt - - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Com'g. sloop Marion. 
 
 Wm. Jamesson - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Wm. Boerum - - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. York 
 
 N. York 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Chas. L. Williamson 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Chas. Gauntt - - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 35 William Ramsay 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Dis. Col. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Ralph Voorhees - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Henry Henry - - 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Saml. W. Downing 
 
 23 Sept. 
 
 1837 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Henry W. Ogden 
 
 31 Jan. 
 
 1S3S 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 40 Eben'r. Ridgway 
 
 28 Feb. 
 
 do 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Ham. 
 
 Waitings orders. 
 
 Thomas A. Conover 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 John C. Long 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. Ham. 
 
 N. Ham. 
 
 N.Y'd,Portsmouth,N.H 
 
 John H. Graham 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Vermont 
 
 N. York 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Jas. Mcintosh 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Georgia 
 
 On leave. 
 
 45 Josiah Tattnal 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Hugh N. Page 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Navy Yard, Norfolk. 
 
 Wm. Inman 
 
 24 May, 
 
 do 
 
 N. York 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Stephen Champlin 
 Joel Abbot - - 
 
 22 June, 
 
 do 
 
 R. Island 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 8 Dec. 
 
 1838 
 
 Mass. 
 
 R. Island 
 
 Navy Yard, Boston. 
 
 .50 Lewis E. Simonds 
 
 22 Dec. 
 
 do 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 John M. Dale 
 
 12 Feb. 
 
 1839 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 H. H. Cocke - - 
 
 3 Mar. 
 
 do 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virgmia 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 Wm. J. McCluney 
 
 9 Dec. 
 
 do 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Penn. 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 John B. Montgomery 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 N. Jersey 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
 55 Horace B. Sawyer 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Waiting orders. 
 
NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 m 
 
 Vesssels of War of the United States. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Where built. 
 
 When 
 built. 
 
 Situation. 
 
 Where. 
 
 SHIPS OF THE LINE. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Franklin - - 
 
 74 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1815 
 
 [n ordinary 
 
 ^ew-York. 
 
 Washington - 
 
 74 
 
 Portsmouth,N.H. 
 
 1S16 
 
 [n ordinary 
 
 ^ew-York. 
 
 Columbus - - 
 
 74 
 
 Washington 
 
 1819 
 
 [n commission 
 
 Rec'g ship at Boston. 
 
 Ohio - - - 
 
 SO 
 
 Vew-York - - 
 
 1820 
 
 In commission 
 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 5 North Carolina 
 
 SO 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1820 
 
 In commission 
 
 Rec'g ship at N.York 
 
 Delaware - - 
 
 SO 
 
 Gosport, Virginia. 
 
 1820 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Alabama - - 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 On the stocks 
 
 Portsmouth, N.H. 
 
 Vermont . - 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 On the stocks 
 
 Boston. 
 
 Virginia - - 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 On the stocks 
 
 Boston. 
 
 10 Pennsylvania - 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 New- York 
 
 21 
 
 80 
 54 
 
 Boston - • - 
 
 1814 
 
 On the stocks 
 In commission 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Independence, 
 (Razee.) 
 
 Frigates, 1st Class. 
 
 Coast of Brazil. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 United States 
 
 44 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1797 
 
 In commission 
 
 New- York. 
 
 Constitution - 
 
 44 
 
 Boston - - - 
 
 1797 
 
 In commission 
 
 Pacific. 
 
 15 Guerriere - - 
 
 44 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1814 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Java - - - 
 
 44 
 
 Baltimore - - 
 
 1814 
 
 In commission 
 
 Rec'g ship atNorfolk 
 
 Potomac - - 
 
 44 
 
 Washington 
 
 1821 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Brandywine 
 
 44 
 
 Washington 
 
 1825 
 
 In commission 
 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Hudson - - 
 
 44 
 
 Purchased - - 
 
 1826 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 New- York. 
 
 20 Santee - - - 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 On the stocks 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H. 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 On the stocks 
 
 Boston. 
 
 Sabine - - - 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 On the stocks 
 
 New- York. 
 
 Savannah - - 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 On the stocks 
 
 New- York. 
 
 Raritan - - 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 On the stocks 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 25 Columbia - - 
 
 44 
 
 Washington 
 
 1836 
 
 In commission 
 
 East Indies. 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 1 A 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 On the stocks 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Frigates, 2d Class. 
 
 
 Constellation - 
 
 36 
 
 Baltimore - - 
 
 1797 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 Boston. 
 
 Macedonian - 
 
 36 
 
 Captured, 1S12, 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 rebuilt - - 
 
 1836 
 
 In commission 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 SLOOPS OF WAR. 
 
 
 
 John Adams - 
 
 20 
 
 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1799, rebuilt - 
 
 1S20 
 
 In commission 
 
 East Indies. 
 
 30 Boston - - 
 
 20 
 
 Boston - - - 
 
 1825 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 New York. 
 
 Lexington - - 
 
 20 
 
 New- York - - 
 
 1825 
 
 In commission 
 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Vincennes - - 
 
 20 
 
 New-York - - 
 
 1826 
 
 In commission 
 
 Explor'g Expedition. 
 
 Warren - - 
 
 20 
 
 Boston - - - 
 
 1826 
 
 In commission 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 Natchez - - 
 
 20 
 
 Norfolk - - - 
 
 1827 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 New- York. 
 
 35 Falmouth - - 
 
 20 
 
 Boston - - - 
 
 1827 
 
 In commission 
 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Fairfield - - 
 
 20 
 
 New- York - - 
 
 182S 
 
 In commission 
 
 Coast of Brazil. 
 
 Vandalia - - 
 
 20 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1828 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 St. Louis - - 
 
 20 
 
 Washington 
 
 1S2S 
 
 In commission 
 
 Pacific. 
 
 Concord - - 
 
 20 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 1828 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 Boston. 
 
 40 Cyane - - - 
 
 20 
 
 Boston - - - 
 
 1837 
 
 In commission 
 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Levant • - 
 
 20 
 
 New- York - - 
 
 1837 
 
 In commission 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 Erie - - - 
 
 IS 
 
 Bait. 1S13, rebuilt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Norfolk - - 
 
 1S20 
 
 In commission 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 Ontario - - 
 
 IS 
 
 Baltimore - - 
 
 1813 
 
 In commission 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 Peacock - - 
 
 18 
 
 New- York - - 
 
 1813 
 
 In commission 
 
 Explor'g Expedition. 
 
 45 Decatur - - 
 
 16 
 
 New- York - - 
 
 1839 
 
 Prepar'g for sea 
 
 New York. 
 
 Prebble - - 
 
 16 
 
 Portsmouth, N.H 
 
 1839 
 
 Prepar'gforsea 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H. 
 
 Yorktown 
 
 16 
 
 Norfolk - - - 
 
 1839 
 
 Prepar'g for sea 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Marion - - - 
 
 16 
 
 Boston - - - 
 
 1839 
 
 In commission 
 
 Coast of Brazil. 
 
 Dale - - - 
 
 16 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1S39 
 
 Prepar'g for sea 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
62 
 
 NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Vesssels of War — Continued. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Rate 
 
 Where built. 
 
 When 
 built. 
 
 Situation. 
 
 Where. 
 
 BRIGS. 
 
 Guns 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 Dolphia - - 
 
 10 
 
 New- York - - 
 
 1836 
 
 In commission 
 
 Coast of Brazil. 
 
 Porpoise - - 
 
 10 
 
 Boston - - - 
 
 1836 
 
 In commission 
 
 Explor'g Expedition. 
 Raltimore. 
 
 Pioneer - - 
 
 
 Boston • - - 
 
 1836 
 
 Receiv'g vessel 
 
 Consort - - 
 
 1 
 
 
 Boston ... 
 
 1836 
 
 In commission 
 
 Survey of Southern 
 Harbors. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SCHOONERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grampus - - 
 
 10 
 
 Washington 
 
 1821 
 
 In commission 
 
 Coast of Africa. 
 
 55 Shark - - - 
 
 10 
 
 Washington 
 
 1821 
 
 In commission 
 
 Pacific. 
 
 Enterprise - - 
 
 10 
 
 New. York . . 
 
 1831 
 
 In commission 
 
 New- York. 
 
 Boxer - - - 
 
 10 
 
 Boston - . - 
 
 1831 
 
 In commission 
 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Experiment 
 
 4 
 
 Washington 
 
 1831 
 
 In commission 
 
 Rec'g vessel, Phila. 
 
 Flirt - - - 
 
 
 TransPd from the 
 
 WarDept. 
 TransPd from the 
 
 WarDept. 
 Transf'd from the 
 
 War Dept. 
 
 
 In commission 
 
 Coast of Florida. 
 
 60 Wave - - - 
 
 
 
 In commission 
 
 Coast of Florida. 
 
 Otsego . - - 
 
 Sea Gull ) 
 Flying Fish S 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 In commission 
 
 Coast of Florida. 
 
 
 Purchased in 1838 
 
 
 .... 
 
 Tenders to the Ex- 
 ploring expedition. 
 
 Steam ship Ful- 
 ton - . . 
 
 
 New- York - - 
 
 1837 
 
 In commission 
 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 Steamer Poinsett 
 
 4 
 
 TransPd from the 
 War Dept. 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 
 In commission 
 
 Norfolk, Va. 
 
 65 ShipRelief(store 
 ship) - - 
 
 
 1S36 
 
 [n commission 
 
 Bxplor'g Expedition. 
 
 Sea Steamer - 
 
 
 Building at Phila. 
 
 
 Sea Steamer - 
 
 
 Build'gatN.York 
 
 
 
 
 Rank and Command. 
 
 Commission Officers of the Navy of the United States are divided into the following 
 rank and denominations : Commodores, commanding squadrons. Captains, commanding 
 frigates and vessels of 20 guns. Masters Commandant, commanding sloops — Lieuten- 
 ants. 
 
 Commodores are to wear their broad pendants at all times on board the ship they 
 command. 
 
 The order of precedence and command m a ship is as follows : 1. Captain or Com- 
 mander. 2. Lieutenants, agreeably to the date or number of their commissions. 3. 
 Masters. 4. Master's Mate. 5. Boatswain. C. Gunnner. 7. Carpenter. 8. Mid- 
 shipmen. 
 
 Salutes. — When the President shall visit a ship of the United States Navy, he is to 
 be saluted with 21 guns. Vice President, 19 guns. Heads of Departments, Governors 
 of states and territories, and Foreign Ministers, 17 guns. Major Generals, 15 guns. 
 Brigadier Generals, 13 guns. 
 
 The Fourth of July, and the anniversary of Washington's birth day are to be cele- 
 brated by salutes of 17 guns. 
 
 United States' slups of war are not to strike their topsails, nor take in their flags, in 
 any part of the world, to any foreign ship or ships, unless such foreign ship or ships 
 shall have first struck, or shall at the same time strike their flags and topsails to the 
 ships of the United States ; nor are they within the limits and jurisdiction of the Uni- 
 ted States, to salute any foreign ships whatever. 
 
 Commanders rank with Brigadier Generals. Masters Commandant rank with Ma- 
 jors. Lieutenant in the navy rank with Captains in the army. 
 
UNITED STATES ARMY. 
 
 According to Official Reports, the United States Regular Army in January, 1840; 
 amounted to 12,577. The principal organization is as follows : 
 
 General Staff 
 Medical Department 
 Pay Department 
 Purchasing Department 
 Corps of Engineers 
 
 Major General 
 Brigadier Generals 
 Adjutant General 
 Colonels 
 
 Corps of Topographical Engineers 
 Ordnance Department 
 Two Regiments of Dragoons 
 Four Regiments of Artillery 
 Eight Regiments of Infantry 
 
 Total 
 The principal Officers are. 
 
 1 I Lieutenant Colonels 
 
 2 Majors - 
 1 Captains 
 
 17 First Lieutenants 
 
 36 
 
 322 
 
 1,498 
 
 3,020 
 
 7,496 
 
 12,577 
 
 18 
 26 
 172 
 
 208 
 
 The total non-commisioned officers, musicians and privates are 11,804. 
 
 There are two great Military Divisions, divided by a line commencing at the mouth 
 of the Mississippi — following up the river to Cassville, in Wisconsin Territory, thence 
 north to the boundary line between the United States and Canada. All west of that 
 line is called the Western Division, all east of it the Eastern Division. 
 
 The total number of the militia of the United states is about 1,400,000. The militia 
 comprises all able-bodied white males from IS to 45 ; and when called into actual ser- 
 vice, they receive the same pay as the regular army. 
 
 POST OFFICE. 
 
 The following table exhibits the general condition of the Post Office Department, at 
 different periods from 1790 to 1839, inclusive. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 No. of 
 
 Rec'ts, being 
 
 
 Balance in 
 
 Balance 
 
 Extent of 
 
 Miles annual 
 
 nJ 
 
 Post- 
 
 total am't of 
 
 Total ex- 
 
 favor of de- 
 
 igainst de- 
 
 Post Roads 
 
 mail transport- 
 
 >- 
 
 Offices 
 
 postage. 
 
 penditures. 
 
 partment. 
 
 partment. 
 
 in miles. 
 
 ation. 
 
 1790 
 
 75 
 
 $ 37,935 
 
 $32,140 
 
 $ 5,795 
 
 
 1,875 
 
 9,375 
 
 1800 
 
 903 
 
 280,804 
 
 213,994 
 
 66,810 
 
 
 20,817 
 
 3,057,964 
 
 1810 
 
 2,300 
 
 551,684 
 
 495,969 
 
 55,715 
 
 
 36,406 
 
 4,694,000 
 
 1820 
 
 4,500 
 
 1,111,927 
 
 1,160,926 
 
 
 $ 48,999 
 
 72,492 
 
 8,800,000 
 
 1830 
 
 8,450 
 
 1,919,300 
 
 1,959,109 
 
 
 39,809 
 
 115,176 
 
 14,500,000 
 
 1835 
 
 10,770 
 
 2,993,556 
 
 2,763,041 
 
 230,515 
 
 
 112,774 
 
 25,869,486 
 
 1836 
 
 11,091 
 
 3,408,323 
 
 2,841,766 
 
 556,5571 
 
 118,264 
 
 27,578,620 
 
 1837 
 
 11,767 
 
 4,100,605 
 
 3,532,163 
 
 568,442: 
 
 141,242 
 
 32,597,006 
 
 1838 
 
 12,519 
 
 4,235,077 
 
 4,621,837 
 
 1 368,759 
 
 134,818 
 
 34,580,202 
 
 1839 
 
 12,780 
 
 4,476,638 
 
 4,624,117 
 
 1 147,479 
 
 133,999 
 
 34,496,878 
 
 The extent of mail transportation stated in the above table, is exclusive of the dis- 
 tance it is carried by steam boats and other vessels. The business is conducted in the 
 Post Master General's office, by himself, his three assistants, and fifty-six clerks and 
 messengers, whose aggregate salaries amount to $79,000. And in the Auditor's office, 
 by himself and fifty-two clerks and messengers, whose aggregate salaries amount to 
 64,980. The communications received in the different offices, excluding the Auditor's 
 office, amount to a daily average of about 900 for the working days, equal to 281 ,700 a 
 year ; the communications sent, to about 500 daily, equal to 156,500 a year ; and the 
 cases actually decided by the Post Master General, to 50 daily, equal to 15,650 a year. 
 
64 
 
 VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS STATISTICS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 Value of Foreign Coin in money of the United States. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Gold Coins. 
 
 Value in 
 dollars. 
 
 Silver Coins. 
 
 Value in 
 dollars. 
 
 Austria - - 
 
 Sovereign - - 
 
 3 33 
 
 Rix dollar - - - 
 
 
 
 Ducat - - - 
 
 2 29 
 
 do Convention 
 
 95 
 
 Belgium • - 
 
 William - - 
 
 3 10 
 
 Ducatoon - - - 
 Florm 1816 - • 
 
 1 19 
 
 40 
 
 Bengal - - 
 
 Gold mohur - 
 
 S 16 
 
 Sicca Rupee - - 
 
 47 
 
 Bremen - - 
 
 Ducats - - 
 
 2 25 
 
 Rix dollar specie 
 
 1 06 
 
 Brazil - - - 
 
 
 
 Pataca 1801 
 
 lOk 
 
 Denmark - • 
 
 Ducats specie 
 
 2 25 
 
 Rix dollar - - • 
 Rix Bank dollar - 
 
 1 044 
 52J 
 
 England • - 
 
 Guinea - • 
 Sovereign - - 
 
 5 09 
 
 4 86i 
 
 Crown, new - - 
 
 1 OSJ 
 
 France - • 
 
 Louis - - - 
 
 3 85 
 
 Five franc p. - - 
 
 92* 
 
 Geneva - - 
 
 Genovina - - 
 
 15 40 
 
 Scudo 1796 
 
 1 23 
 
 Hamburg - - 
 
 Ducat - - - 
 
 2 26 
 
 Rix dollar - - - 
 
 1 07 
 
 Holland - - 
 
 Ducat - - • 
 Ryder - - - 
 
 2 29 
 6 04 
 
 Gilder or florin 
 
 391 
 
 Madras 
 
 Star Pagoda - 
 
 1 79 
 
 Rupee 1818 - . 
 
 44^ 
 
 Naples - - 
 
 Oncetta - - 
 
 2 50 
 
 Ducat 1818 - . 
 
 79i 
 
 Portugal - - 
 
 Half Johannes 
 
 4 36 
 
 Crusado 1809 - - 
 
 53i 
 
 Prussia - • 
 
 Frederick 
 
 3 97 
 
 Rix dollar convention 
 
 964 
 
 Russia - - 
 
 Imperial - - 
 
 7 82 
 
 Ruble 1802 
 
 734 
 
 Sardinia - - 
 
 Carlino - - 
 
 9 44 
 
 Scudo .... 
 
 874 
 
 Sicily - - ■ 
 
 Ounce 1751 - 
 
 2 50 
 
 Scudo .... 
 
 93* 
 
 Spain - - • 
 
 Doubloon - - 
 
 16 47 
 
 
 
 
 Pistole 1801 . 
 
 3 88 
 
 Dollar .... 
 
 99* 
 
 Sweden - - 
 
 Ducat - - - 
 
 2 22 
 
 Rix dollar - - - 
 
 1 04? 
 
 Tuscany - • 
 
 Rusp ne - - 
 
 6 91 
 
 
 
 
 Sequin - - 
 
 2 29 
 
 Francesco Leopoldoni 
 
 1 04 
 
 Turkey - • 
 
 Sequin fonducli 
 
 1 82 
 
 Piaster 1818 - - 
 
 18 
 
 Venice - - 
 
 Sequin - - 
 
 2 29 
 
 Ducat .... 
 
 754 
 
 
 Ducat - - - 
 
 1 43 
 
 
 
 Statistics of the Press. 
 
 Number of newspapers, magazines, and periodicals, published in the United States on 
 the 1st of July, 1839. 
 
 Maine .... 
 
 New-Hampshire 
 
 Vermont . . - - 
 
 Massachusetts (at Boston 65) 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New.York (at New.York city 
 
 New.Jersey ... 
 
 Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland (at Baltimore 20) 
 
 District Columbia (at Washing' 
 
 Virginia (at Richmond 10) 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 71) 
 
 71) 
 
 ton 1 
 
 41 
 
 26 
 31 
 
 124 
 14 
 31 
 
 274 
 39 
 
 253 
 3 
 48 
 16 
 52 
 30 
 20 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida Territory 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana (at New Orleans 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio at (Cincinnati 27) 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Wisconsin Territory 
 
 Iowa Territory 
 
 Indiana ... 
 
 Illinois ... 
 
 Missouri 
 
 10) 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 31 
 
 164 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 69 
 
 33 
 
 25 
 
 1555 
 
 Of the above, 116 are published daily ; 14 tri-weekly ; 39 semi-weekly ; 991 once a 
 week. The remainder are issued semi-monthly, monthly and quarterly — principally 
 magazines and reviews. Many of the daily papers issue tri.weeklies, semi-weeklies, 
 and weeklies. Thirty-eight are in the German language, four in the French, and one in 
 the Spanish. Several of the New Orleans papers are printed in French and English. 
 
 Hunt's Magazine. 
 
65 
 
 PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIARY OFFICERS, FOREIGN MINISTERS, 
 fee, OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH DATES OF 
 APPOINTMENT, SALARIES, AND PLACES OF RESIDENCE. 
 
 Presidents. Salary, $25,000. 
 
 George Washington, (Va.,) 1789 to 1797. 
 John Adams, (Mass.,) 1797 to 1801. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, (Va.,) 1801 to 1809. 
 
 James Madison, (Va.,) 1809 to 1817. 
 
 James Monroe, (Va.,) 1817 to 1825. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, (Mass.,) 1825 to 1829. 
 
 Andrew Jackson, (Tenn.,) 1829 to 1837. 
 
 Martin Van Buren, (N. Y.,) 1837 to 
 
 Vice Presidents. Salary, $5,000. 
 
 John AdamSj (Mass.) 
 
 Thomas Jenerson, (Va.) 
 
 S Aaron Burr, (N. Y.) 
 
 i George Clinton, (N. Y.) 
 
 S George Clinton, (N. Y.) 
 
 I Elbridge Gerry, (Mass.) 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, (N. Y.) 
 John C. Calhoun, (S. C.) 
 
 S John C. Calhoun, (S. C.) 
 
 1 Martin Van Buren, (N. Y.) 
 Richard M. Johnson, (Kv.) 
 
 Secretaries of State. Salary, $6,000. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, (Va.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
 Edmund Randolph, (Va.,) Jan. 2, 1794. 
 Timothy Pickering, (Pa.,) Dec. 10, 1795. 
 Jolm Marshall, (Va.,) May 13, 1800. 
 James Madison, (Va.,) Mar. 5, 1801. 
 Robert Smith, (Md.,) Mar. 6, 1809. 
 
 James Monroe, (Va.,) Nov. 25, 1811. 
 John Q. Adams, (Mass.,) Mar. 5, 1817. 
 Henry Clay, (Ky.,) Mar. 8, 1825. 
 Martin Van Buren, (N. Y.,) Mar. 6, 1821 
 Edward Livingston, (La.,) 1831. 
 Louis McLane, (Del.,) 1833. 
 John Forsyth, (Ga.,) 1834. 
 
 Secretaries of the Treasury. Salary, $6,000. 
 
 Ale.x. Hamilton, (N. Y.,) Sept. 11, 1789. 
 Oliver Wolcott, (Conn.,) Feb. 3, 1795. 
 Samuel Dexter, (Mass.,) Dec. 31, 1800. 
 Albert Gallatin, (Pa.,) Jan. 26, 1802. 
 G. W. Campbell, (Tenn.,) Feb. 9, 1814. 
 Ale.x. J. Dallas, (Pa.,) Oct. 6, 1814. 
 W. H. Crawford, (Ga.,) Mar. 5, 1817. 
 
 Richard Rush, (Pa.,) Mar. 7, 1825. 
 S. D. Ingham, (Pa.,) Mar. 6, 1829. 
 Louis McLane, (Del.,) 1831. 
 William J. Duane, (Pa.,) 1833. 
 Roger B. Taney, (Md.,) 1833, (uot con- 
 firmed by the Senate. 
 Levi Woodbury, (N. H.,) 1834. 
 
 Secretaries of War. Salary, $6,000. 
 
 Henry Kno.x, (Mass.,) Sept. 12, 1789. 
 T. Pickering, (Pa.,) Jan. 2, 1795. 
 James McHenry, (Md.,) Jan. 27, 1796. 
 Samuel Dexter, (Mass.,) May 13, 1800. 
 R. Griswold, (Conn.,) Feb. 3, 1801. 
 H. Dearborn, (Mass.,) Mar. 5, 1801. 
 William Eustis, (Mass.,) Mar. 7, 1809. 
 J. Armstrong, (N. Y.,) Jan. 13, 1813. 
 James Monroe, (Va.,) Sept. 27, 1814. 
 
 W. H. Crawford, (Ga.,) Mar. 2, 1815. 
 Isaac Shelby, (Ky.,) Mar. 5, 1817, (declined 
 
 the appointment. 
 J. C. Calhoun, (S. C.,) Dec. 16, 1817. 
 James Barbour, (Va.,) Mar. 7. 1825. 
 P. B. Porter, (N. Y.,) May 26, 1828. 
 J. H. Eaton, (Tenn.,) March 9, 1829. 
 Lewis Cass, (Mich.,) 1831. 
 Joel R. Poinsett, (S. C.,) 1837. 
 
 Secretaries of the Navy. Salary, $6,000. 
 
 [The Navy Department was not established until the year 1798.] 
 
 George Cabot, (Mass.,) May 3, 1798, (de- Benjamin W. Crowninshield, (Mass.,) Deo. 
 
 clined.) 
 
 Benjamin Stoddart, (Md.,) May 21, 1798 
 Jacob Crowninshield. 
 Benjamin Stoddart, (continued in office.) 
 Robert Smith, (Md.,) Jan. 26, 1802. 
 Piul Hamilton, (S. C.,) Mar. 7, 1809. 
 William Jones, (Pa.,) Jan. 12, 1813. 
 
 19, 1814. 
 
 S. Thompson, (N. Y.,) Nov. 30, 1818. 
 S. L. Southard, (N. J.,) Dec. 9, 1823. 
 John Branch, (N. C.,) Mar. 9, 1829. 
 Levi Woodbury, (N. H.,) 1831 
 Mahlon Dickerson, (N. J.,) 1834. 
 J. K. Pauldmg, (N. Y.,) 1838. 
 
66 
 
 Post-Masters General. Salary, $6,000. 
 
 S.Osgood, (Mass.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
 T. Pickering, (Pa.,) Nov. 7, 1794. 
 Joseph Habersham, (Ga.,) 1791 to 1802. 
 Gideon Granger, (Conn.,) 1802 to 1814. 
 
 R. J. Meigs, (Ohio,) 1814 to 1823. 
 John McLean, (Ohio,) 1823 to 1829. 
 William T. Barry, (Ky.,) Mar. 5, 1829 
 Amos Kendall, (Ky.,) May 1, 1835. 
 John M. Niles, (Ct.) May, 1840. 
 
 Chief Justices. Salary, $5,000. 
 
 John Jay, (N. Y.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
 John Rutledge, (S. C.,) July 1, 1795, 
 
 (not confirmed by the Senate. 
 William Gushing, (Mass.,) Jan. 27, 1796. 
 O. Ellsworth, (Conn.,) Mar. 4, 1796. 
 
 John Marshall, (Va.,) Jan. 27, 1801. 
 Roger B. Taney, (Md.) Judge Taney was 
 
 nominated 28th Dec, 1835, confirmed by 
 
 the Senate, March 15, 1836. 
 
 Associate Justices, Salary, $4,500. 
 
 J. Rutledge, (S. C.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
 W. Gushing, (Mass.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
 R. H. Harrison, (Md.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
 James Wilson, (Pa.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
 John Blair, (Va.,) Sept. 26, 1789. 
 James Iredell, (N. C.,) Feb. 10, 1790. 
 Thomas Johnson, (Md.,) Nov. 7, 1791. 
 W. Patterson, (N. J.,) Mar. 4, 1793. 
 Samuel Chase, (Md.,) Jan. 27, 1796. 
 Bushrod Washington, (Va.,) Dec. 20, 1789. 
 William Johnson, (S. C.,) Mar. 24, 1804. 
 Brockholst Livingston, (N. Y.,) Dec. 17, 
 
 1806. 
 Thomas Todd, (Va.,) March 2, 1807. 
 
 Levi Lincoln, (Mass.,) Jan. 3, 1811, (de- 
 clined the appointment.) 
 John Q. Adams, (Mass.,) Feb. 22, 1811, 
 
 (declined the appointment.) 
 Gabriel Duvall, (Md.,) Nov. 18, 1811. 
 .Joseph Story, Mass., Nov. 18, 1811. 
 S. Thompsom, N. Y., Dec. 9, 1833. 
 Robert Trimble, Ky., May 9, 1826. 
 John McLean, Ohio, Mar. 7, 1829. 
 Henry Baldw^in, Pa., Jan. 6, 1830. 
 J. M. WajTie, Ga., Jan. 7, 1835. 
 P. P. Barbour, Va., Mar. 16, 1836. 
 John McKinley, Ala., 1837. 
 John Catron, Tenn., 1837. 
 
 Attorneys General. Salary, $3,500. 
 
 E. Randolph, Va., Sept. 26, 1789. 
 Wm. Bradford, Pa., Jan. 27, 1794. 
 Charles Lee, Va., Dec. 10, 1795. 
 Levi Lincoln, Mass., Mar. 5, 1801. 
 J. Breckenridge, Ky., Dec. 23, 1805. 
 C. A. Rodney, Del., Jan. 20, 1807. 
 Wm. Pmckney, Md., Dec. 11, 1811. 
 
 Richard Rush, Pa., Feb. 10, 1814. 
 Wm. Wirt, Va., Dec. 16, 1817. 
 J. McP. Berrien, Ga., Mar. 9, 1829. 
 Roger B. Taney, Md., 1831. 
 Benj. F. Butler, N. Y., 1833. 
 Felix Grundy, Tenn., 1838. 
 H. D. Gilpin, Pa., 1840. 
 
 Speakers of House of Representatives. 
 
 F. A. Muhlenberg, Pa., 1st Congress, 1789. 
 Joua. Trumbull, Conn., 2d Con., 1791. 
 F. A. Muhlenberg, Pa., 3d Con., 1793. 
 lona. Dayton, N. J., 4th Con., 1795. 
 Tona. Dayton, N. J., 5th Con., 1797. 
 Theo. Sedgewick, Mass., 6th Con., 1799. 
 N. Macon, N. C, 7th Con., 1801. 
 J. B. Varnum, Mass., 8th Con., 1803. 
 N. Macon, N. C, 9th Con., 1805. 
 J. B. Varnum, Mass., 10th Con., 1807. 
 J. B. Varnum, Mass., 11th Con., 1809. 
 Henry Clay, Ky., 12th Con., 1811. 
 Henry Clay, Ky., 13th Con., 1813. 
 L. Cheves, S. C, 13th Con., 1814. 
 Henry Clay, Ky,, 14th Con., 1815. 
 Henry Clay, Ky., 15th Con., 1817. 
 
 Henry Clay, Ky., 16th Con., 1819. 
 J. W. Taylor, N. Y., 16th Con., 1820. 
 P. P. Barbour, Va., 17th Con., 1821. 
 Henry Clay, Ky., 18th Con., 1823. 
 J. W. Taylor, N. Y., I9th Con., 1825. 
 J. W. Taylor, N. Y., 20th Con., 1827. 
 A. Stevenson, Va., 20th Con., 1828. 
 A. Stevenson, Va., 21st Con., 1829. 
 A. Stevenson, Va., 22d Con., 1831. 
 
 A. Stevenson, Va., ) coa f 
 
 John Bell, TJnn., \ 23d Con. 
 James K. Polk, Tenn., 24th Con., 1835. 
 James K. Polk, Tenn., 25th Con., 1837. 
 James K. Polk, Tenn., 2.5th Con., 1838. 
 Robert M. T. Hunter, Va., 26th Con., 1839, 
 
 MINISTERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Salary, $9,000. Ovteit, $9,000. 
 
 Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary. 
 
 Thomas Pinckney, S. C, to England, Jan. 12, 1792. 
 Gouvemeur Morris, N. Y., to France, Jan. 12, 1792. 
 John Jay, N. Y., to England, April 19, 1794. 
 
67 
 
 James Monro*, Va., to France, May 28, 1794. 
 Thomas Pinckney, S. C, to Spam, Nov. 24, 1794. 
 Rufus King, N. Y., to England, May 20, 1796. 
 David Humphreys, Conn., to Spain, May 20, 1796. 
 John Q. Adams, Mass., to Portugal, May 30, 1796. 
 Charles C. Pinckney, S. C, to France, Sept. 9, 1796. 
 
 Ministers Resident. 
 
 William V. Murray, Md., to the Netherlands, March 2, 1797. 
 David Humphreys, Conn., to Portugal, Feb. 21, 1791. 
 William Short, Va., to the Netherlands, Jan. 16, 1792. 
 William Short, Va., to Spain, May 28, 1794. 
 John Q. Adams, Mass., to the Netherlands, May 30, 1794. 
 
 Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary. 
 
 Charles C. Pinckney, S. C, to France, June 5, 1797. 
 
 Elbridge Gerry, Mass., to France, June 5, 1797. 
 
 John Marshall, Va., to France, June 5, 1797. 
 
 Oliver Ellsworth, Conn., to France, Feb. 26, 1799. 
 
 Patrick Henry, Va., to France, Feb. 26, 1799. 
 
 William V. Murray, Md., to France, Feb. 26, 1799. 
 
 James Monroe, Va., to Great Britain, April 18, 1803. 
 
 William Pinckney, Md., to Great Britain, May 12, 1806. 
 
 James Monroe, Va., to Great Britain, May 12, 1806. 
 
 William Pmcknev, Md., to Great Britain, Feb. 26, 1808. 
 
 Robert R. Livingston, N. Y., to France, Oct. 2, 1801. 
 
 John Armstrong, N. Y., to France, June 30, 1804. 
 
 John Q. Adams, Mass., to Great Britain, Feb. 28, 1815. 
 
 Joel Barlow, Conn., to France, Feb. 27, 1811. 
 
 William H. Crawford, Ga., to France, April 9, 1813. 
 
 Albert Gallatin, Pa., to France, Feb. 28, 1815. 
 
 George W. Erving, Mass., to Spain, Aug. 10, 1814. 
 
 William Eustis, Mass., to the Netherlands, Dec. 10, 1814. 
 
 Thomas Sumpter, S. C, to Portugal, [in Brazil] Mar. 7, 1809. 
 
 John Q. Adams, Mass., to Russia, June 27, 1809. 
 
 James A. Bayard, Del., to Russia, Feb. 28, 1815. 
 
 William Pinckney, Md., to Russia, April 26, 1815. 
 
 Richard Rush, Pa., to Great Britain, Dec. 6, 1817. 
 
 James Brown, La., to France, Dec. 9, 1823. 
 
 John Forsyth, Ga., to Spain, Feb. 16, 1819. 
 
 Hugh Nelson, Va., to Spain, Jan. 15, 1823. 
 
 John Graham, Va., to Portugal, [in Brazil] Jan. 6, 1819. 
 
 Henry Dearborn, sen., N. H., to Portugal, May 7, 1822. 
 
 H. Clay, Ky., to Prussia, Special Commissioner to conclude a Treaty, 1823. 
 
 George W. Campbell, Temi.,to Russia, April 16, 1818. 
 
 Henry Middleton, S. C, to Russia, April 6, 1820. 
 
 Richard C. Anderson, Va., to Colombia, Jan. 27, 1823. 
 
 Caesar A. Rodney, Del., to Buenos Ayres, Jan. 27, 1823. 
 
 Heman Allen, Vt., to Chili, Jan. 27, 1823. 
 
 Rufus King, N. Y., to England, May 5, 1825. 
 
 Albert Gallatin, Pa., to England, May 10, 1826. 
 
 James Barbour, Va., to England, May 23, 1828. 
 
 Alexander H. Everett, Mass., to Spain, Mar. 9, 1825. 
 
 Albert Gallatin, Pa., ) Agents upon the Umpirage relating to the North Eastern Bound- 
 
 Wm. P. Preble, Me., \ ary of the United States, May 9, 1828. 
 
 William H. Harrison, to Colombia, May 24, 1828. 
 
 John W. Forbes, Fa., to Buenos Ayres, Mar. 9, 1825. 
 
 Joel R. Poinsett, S. C, to Mexico, Mar. 8, 1825. 
 
 Richard C. Anderson, Va., ) To the Assembly of American Nations, proposed to be held 
 
 John Sergeant, Pa., \ at Panama, Mar. 14, 1826. 
 
 Joel R. Poinsett, S. C, to the same Assembly, Feb. 12, 1827. 
 
 Condy Raguet, Pa., to Brazil, Mar. 9, 1825. 
 
 William Tudor, Mass., to Brazil, Dec. 27, 1827. 
 
 William Miller, N. C, to tJuatemala, Mar. 7, 1825. 
 
 John Williams, Tenn., to Guatemala, Dec. 9, 1825. 
 
 Louis McLane, Del., to Great Britain, 1829. 
 
 William C. Rives, to France, 1829. 
 
 William Pitt Preble, to the Netherlands, 1829. 
 
 Cornelius P. Van Ness, to Spain, 1829. 
 
 Thomas P. Moore, to the Republic of Colombia, 1829. 
 
 John Randolph, Va., to Russia, 1831. 
 
 Edward Livingston, La., to France, 1833. 
 
 William Wilkins, Pa., to Russia, 1834. 
 
 Andrew Stevenson, Va., to England, 1836. 
 
68 
 
 James Buchanan, Pa., lo Russia, 1831. 
 
 Martin Van Buren, N. Y., to Great Britain, 1831, (not confirmed by the Senate.) 
 
 Anthony Butler, N. Y., to Mexico, 1829. 
 
 Emanuel J. West, 111., to Peru, 1829. 
 
 Ethan A. Brown, Ohio, to Brazil, 1829. 
 
 John Hamm, Ohio, to Chili, 1829. 
 
 William T. Barry, Ky., to Spain, 1835. 
 
 John H. Eaton, Tenn., lo Spain, 1835. 
 
 Lewis Cass, Mich., France, 1836. 
 
 William T. Barry, Ky., to Spam, 1835. 
 
 John H. Eaton, Tenn., to Spain, 1836. 
 
 George M. Dallas, Pa., Russia, 1837. 
 
 Henry Wheaton, R. I., to Prussia, 1837. 
 
 Powhatan Ellis, Miss., to Mexico, 1837. 
 
 H. A. Muhlenberg, Pa., to Austria, 1838. 
 
 David Porter, Md., to Turkey, 1839. (Salary, $6,000.) 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Maine, 
 
 New-Hampshire, 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 Rhode-Island, 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 New- York, 
 
 New-Jersey, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 Dist. of Columbia 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 N. Carolina, 
 
 S. Carolina, 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 Florida, 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 Tennessee, 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 Missoui'i, 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 Total, 
 
 Population, 
 1330. 
 
 .Slaves, 
 1830. 
 
 399,955 
 269,328 
 280,652 
 610,408 
 
 97,199 
 
 297,665 
 
 1,918,608 
 
 320,823 
 
 1,348,233 
 
 76,748 
 447,040 
 
 39,834 
 
 1,211,405 
 
 737,987 
 
 581,185 
 
 516,823 
 
 34,730 
 309,527 
 136,621 
 215,739 
 937,903 
 687,917 
 681,903 
 
 31,639 
 343,031 
 157,455 
 140,445 
 
 30,388 
 
 12,866,020 2,009,618 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 75 
 
 2,254 
 
 403 
 
 3,292 
 
 102,994 
 
 6,119 
 
 469,757 
 
 245,601 
 
 315,401 
 
 217,531 
 
 15,501 
 
 117,549 
 
 65,659 
 
 109,588 
 
 165,213 
 
 141,603 
 
 32 
 
 *747 
 
 25,081 
 
 4,576 
 
 Pop. to 
 Sq- M. 
 
 12 
 28 
 27 
 81 
 75 
 62 
 40 
 40 
 29 
 36 
 41 
 40 
 18 
 15 
 19 
 9 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 4 
 24 
 18 
 16 
 
 10 
 3 
 2 
 
 Not slaves, but " indented" colored servants. 
 
69 
 
 Is 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^"bc 
 
 
 i»i • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 .^ o 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 
 c 
 
 d 
 
 
 e 
 
 n3 p, 
 C « 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 o 
 
 V2 
 
 2^ 
 
 ^< 
 
 ■a" 
 
 §1 
 
 bf) a> 
 
 s 
 
 in 
 
 o 
 
 
 s £ 
 g^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 ii 
 
 ^00 
 
 a>co 
 
 
 
 
 TO 1— « 
 1-5 
 
 co" 
 =^o6 
 
 CO 
 
 ,',00 
 
 
 otT 
 
 (M . 
 
 •r OD 
 
 0) 00 
 
 • CO 
 
 > t- 
 
 O —1 
 
 co" 
 •^06 
 
 >>00 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2J 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 00 
 
 . fi 
 
 CO — 
 
 s 
 
 O ^ 
 
 c-.S 
 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 . £3 
 
 t- c 
 
 •-I o 
 
 fs 
 
 CO 
 £- 
 
 
 " CO 
 
 U 
 
 CO 
 
 cc 
 
 . s 
 CO ■" 
 
 C---C) 
 
 CO 
 0) 
 
 00 
 
 g 
 
 co.S 
 
 £§ 
 
 o 
 
 t 
 
 
 a 
 
 <1 
 
 C 
 
 <D o 
 
 
 a; 
 
 
 sets 
 
 ti 
 
 S 
 <! 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 c^ 
 
 c- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "Ts 
 
 
 a 
 
 ** 
 
 
 C3 
 
 H 
 
 "S 
 
 "rt 
 
 "^ 
 
 "rt 
 
 'to 
 
 13 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 fi 
 
 a 
 
 .a 
 
 c! 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 B 
 
 c 
 
 
 be 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 be 
 
 he 
 
 
 
 be 
 
 W) 
 
 be 
 
 bo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ss 
 
 
 o c 
 
 o c 
 
 oi 
 
 o C 
 
 fee 
 
 0) « 
 
 o c 
 
 o « 
 
 
 ° =i 
 
 Sg 
 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 
 o; 0) 
 
 
 
 <D (U 
 
 
 
 (u a> 
 
 -^^t; 
 
 o "^ 
 
 ■S.b 
 
 5t: 
 
 o 
 
 6.t; 
 
 ■5 'C 
 
 ■S.s 
 
 -S.b 
 
 ^t: 
 
 •5 r 
 
 ■5 -2 
 
 ■5 ^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o ■" 
 
 o 
 
 ^6 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^s 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 o 
 
 a> 
 
 o 
 
 O) 
 
 <u 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 (3 
 
 fl 
 
 1-1 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 S 
 
 e 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 S 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 f2 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 U 
 
 O 
 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 <ji 
 
 o 
 
 t-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 oT 
 
 ■^ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 Ol 
 
 to <£ 
 1 
 
 4i 
 
 "be 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 "be 
 
 c 
 
 "be 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 4) 
 
 > 
 O 
 
 6 . 
 
 gi 
 
 pq 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 c: 
 
 a; 
 
 "2 
 ? 
 o 
 
 Ph 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 12; 
 
 g 
 bc 
 
 m 
 
 o ^ 
 
 
 ^2 
 
 £3 
 
 s 
 
 a; • 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 -* 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■* 
 
 •<i< 
 
 i> 
 
 t~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i- 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 <N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t- 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 " 
 
 
 *"* 
 
 
 
 
 *™' 
 
 *^ 
 
 
 " 
 
 *"* 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 !/j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p3 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (4 
 
 o 
 
 PS 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 
 W 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 u 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 w 
 
 pS 
 
 w 
 
 1-5 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 > 
 
 <! 
 
 Q 
 <! 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 p5 
 
 o 
 Pi 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 P5 
 
 '<< 
 
 > 
 
 rt 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 K 
 
 L 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 CA 
 
70 
 
 ft 
 
 I— < 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 02 
 <: 
 
 P 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 ;^ 
 
 1— ( 
 
 K 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 02 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 <1 
 H 
 (/} 
 
 o 
 
 § 
 
 •fa 
 11 
 
 o 
 
 "i. 
 
 If 
 
 m 
 '£ 
 
 §6 
 
 .g 
 
 g 
 
 br)0 
 
 ft 
 
 e o 
 
 01. s 
 
 g 
 
 si 
 
 •go 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 D 
 
 .a 
 
 a 
 || 
 
 w 
 
 £ 
 
 o br 
 £ 
 
 g 
 
 gs 
 
 £ 
 
 gs 
 
 £ 
 
 M O 
 
 1-5 " 
 
 
 6 
 
 od~ 
 
 < 
 
 
 "is? 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 ■Si 
 
 pq 
 
 
 c<r . 
 
 .00 
 
 £oo 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 c 
 
 h 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 2S 
 
 
 CO u 
 
 C 
 0) 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 cd-9 
 
 s 
 «<1 
 
 d.a 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 ig 
 ll 
 
 gS 
 
 'Si) 
 
 o *^ 
 
 c: 
 O 
 
 5o 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 CO 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 CD 
 CO 
 
 CC 
 
 00 
 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 in 
 
 o 
 oo" 
 
 Til 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 Tf 
 
 8 
 
 5" 
 
 o 
 cT 
 
 ccT 
 
 CO 
 
 co" 
 in 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 in 
 
 in 
 
 s . 
 
 a . 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 
 4 
 
 'bo 
 
 c5^ 
 
 4 
 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 0) 
 
 1^ 
 
 i 
 > 
 
 02 
 
 6^ 
 
 'JS 
 o 
 
 N 
 
 
 g 
 
 s 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 0) 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 to 
 ca 
 
 1 
 
 .2 
 
 '> 
 
 £ 
 
 'o 
 
 "S 
 Q 
 
 es 
 
 a 
 
 •< 
 
 ^1 
 
 CO 
 
 M 
 P 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 !2 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 S 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 S3 
 
 CO 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 W 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 
 u 
 
 < 
 3 
 
 t/2 
 
 o 
 
 PS 
 
 £ 
 
 CO 
 
 « 
 
71 
 
 
 o 
 15 
 
 o 
 
 t- 
 
 t- 
 
 Tj" 
 
 •* 
 
 00 
 
 5i 
 
 00 
 
 8 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 =! 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 § 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 § 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 i& 
 
 % 
 
 is. 
 
 % 
 
 CO 
 
 « 
 m 
 
 M 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■* 
 » 
 
 ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 (N 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 <M 
 
 (N 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 £3 
 
 
 
 « . 
 
 o o 
 
 
 
 1 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■« 
 
 s 
 
 S5i 
 
 5 be 
 
 2^ 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 .£3 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 §1 
 
 •ti o 
 
 5§ 
 
 00 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 ll 
 
 3 '^ 
 
 to 
 O 
 
 <N 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 £5-* 
 
 •2 ** 
 
 3 <o 
 
 H ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -H 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 r-. 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 -1 
 
 ^3" 
 
 ^ 
 
 lO 
 
 ■* 
 
 ©» 
 
 rj< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 g 
 
 CIS 
 
 M 3 
 
 S.2 
 
 3 be 
 
 O o 
 
 <N 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 O . 
 
 U !» 
 
 cS 
 
 t: " 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 g? 
 
 8 
 
 i? 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 S' 
 
 p 
 
 ^ 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 co_ 
 
 ^ 
 
 8 
 
 ■^ 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f- 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 „ 
 
 rt 
 
 „ 
 
 Gi 
 
 -1 
 
 m 
 
 Tf 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 (M 
 
 e« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 it- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 § 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 o 
 
 "H, 
 o 
 
 "a 
 
 
 a3 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 "ft. 
 o 
 <i> 
 
 a; 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 "a, 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 
 aJ 
 
 3 
 
 2i 
 
 3 
 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 HI 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 Ol 
 
 Ph 
 
 fu 
 
 fen 
 
 bn 
 
 0) 
 
 
 1-4 
 
 C>H 
 
 
 
 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 
 
 etf 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 TS »— 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 for the meeting 
 e Legislature. 
 
 a 
 
 CS 
 
 0) C 
 
 II 
 
 cS 
 
 -a . 
 
 1- 0) 
 
 1 &■ 
 
 5^ 
 
 
 eS . 
 
 S 3 
 
 g 
 
 03 
 3 
 
 
 3;3 
 
 - 03 
 
 I"! 
 
 
 s s 
 
 ca 
 
 '2 ■ 
 
 i. 
 
 Si 
 
 o.'S 
 
 
 £ 
 
 0) 
 
 £ 
 
 ^! 
 
 b 
 
 Uh 
 
 O 
 
 .Jh 
 
 H 
 
 fn 
 
 £ 
 
 CO 
 
 tM 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 ^S' 
 
 
 
 
 
 i< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — <^-c 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 t» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nS 
 
 
 H 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 (-1 
 12; 
 
 CO 
 
 H 
 o 
 H 
 
 Pi 
 o 
 
 w 
 Pi 
 
 w3 
 
 p5 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 < 
 2 
 
 <J 
 
 u 
 
 << 
 
 
 W 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 C/3 
 
 ^ 
 
 >- 
 OS 
 
 ■z 
 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 pi 
 
 
 ^; 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 z; 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 12; 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 a; 
 
 
 
 «<! 
 
 M 
 
 w 
 
 < 
 
 S 
 
 O ! fe 
 
 UJ 
 
 u 
 
 Ui 
 
 5 !- 
 
 Z 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 > 
 
 % 
 
 rt 
 
 u 
 
 is ) 
 
 Iz 
 
 Cm 
 
 p. 
 
 S 1 
 
 > 
 
 CO 
 
72 
 
 Oh 
 
 w I 
 
 l« 
 
 c»Eh 
 
 5h 
 
 WW 
 ^ «> 
 
 Wo, 
 pSW 
 
 -^9 
 
 o 
 
 Wh 
 
 go 
 
 w°^ 
 
 ^§ 
 
 wt> 
 
 H _ 
 
 WPS 
 
 s w 
 2> 
 
 ^9 
 
 w^ 
 
 OhJS 
 
 ^<tw 
 
 H 
 
 llll 
 
 Z 
 
 - '" 
 
 
 >- 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 
 
 w 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 T*< 1 CO 
 
 
 8 
 
 CO 
 
 = 
 
 j 
 
 d 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 6^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 
 c 
 E 
 
 lU - 
 
 1 .2 
 1 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 1 S 
 61) —' 
 
 00 
 C3 
 
 w 
 
 =-! 
 
 _i 
 
 " 
 
 w 
 
 Ol 
 
 1 
 
 (N 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 s 
 
 
 c- 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 '« B 
 C3.rt 
 O " 
 
 " S 
 S o 
 
 CO 
 
 Oi 
 
 C5 O 1 Q. 
 O — 1 !- 
 
 ■" 1^ o 
 
 O 
 
 |£ 
 
 *j o 
 
 o c 
 
 CO 
 
 1 "^ 
 
 1 a-* 
 
 ' O (N 
 
 1 3 K 
 
 ill 
 
 Term of 
 
 
 CO 
 
 Tf 
 
 ^ 
 
 w 
 
 CO 
 
 •* 
 
 C CO 
 
 ctfco 
 
 » o 
 
 "^ o 
 
 o « 
 
 co"co' 
 
 ^ CO 
 
 ii 
 
 in aj 
 oj o 
 " 2 
 
 a CO 
 
 O C 
 
 \ 
 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 C I. 
 
 2^ 
 
 i ^ 
 
 jo 
 
 ^ 
 
 g 
 
 I^ 
 
 Ol 
 0) 
 
 CO dj 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 C3 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 3 '-5, 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 8 
 
 co" 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 
 o 
 
 5?- 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 o_ 
 
 
 8 
 
 in 
 
 o 
 
 8^ 
 
 (M! 
 
 of 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 co" 
 
 
 1 **-• 
 
 c , 
 
 i 3 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 i "* 
 
 c< 
 
 C{ 
 
 ^ 
 
 C<! 
 
 rf 
 
 t( 
 
 CO 
 
 ■* 
 
 -* 
 
 M 
 
 ■* 
 
 c* 
 
 
 "a, 
 o 
 
 "a, 
 o 
 
 O ' 
 0) 
 
 a. 
 
 S to 
 
 ti O 
 
 3B 
 
 
 dj 
 
 O 
 
 0) 
 
 6 
 
 
 o 
 
 Oh 
 
 "E, 
 
 o 
 
 PL, 
 
 "Si 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 1 ; 
 
 a 
 
 'bh 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 2i 
 a 
 
 'bh 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 O 
 .5 (u 
 
 1 S^ 
 
 ^ be 
 
 ^ ^•^ 
 
 1 s 
 
 o g 5 
 
 is' 
 
 1 O L. 
 
 30 f 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 H 
 
 t 
 
 o 
 
 B 
 
 i '^ 
 
 
 i, 
 ^ a; 
 
 H 
 
 0) 
 CS ■ 
 
 s 
 
 0) 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 >> • 
 
 ^ . 
 
 s 
 s3 ■ 
 
 s 
 
 Hi 
 
 2 2 
 
 e 
 
 §1 
 
 w t 
 
 1^ 
 
 a V 
 
 Is 
 
 o 
 
 ■14 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 H 
 
 <! 
 H 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 ZJ 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 w 
 
 !/3 
 
 X 
 
 W 
 IS 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 Iz 
 
 W 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 z 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 ►J 
 
 2 
 o 
 
 Z) 
 
 IZ 
 
 £ 
 
 < 
 
 
 o 
 Pi 
 <! 
 
73 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS OF GOVERNORS, SENATORS, REPRE- 
 SENTATIVES, AND VOTERS, AND MANNER OF APPOINT- 
 ING JUDGES, IN THE SEVERAL STATES. 
 
 MAINE. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, five 
 years a citizen of the State, and thirty years of age. Senators — Five 
 years a citizen of the United States, one year of this State, and 25 
 years of age. Represe?iiaiives — ^A citizen of the United States five 
 years, and an inhabitant of this State one year, and 21 years of age. 
 Electors, or Voters — Residence in the State three months preceding 
 any election. Paupers excepted. Judges are appointed by the 
 governor, by and with the consent of his council, and hold office 
 during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. — Governor — A citizen of the State seven 
 years, owning an estate of 500 pounds, (one half a freehold) and 
 thirty years of age. Senators — A resident of this State seven years, 
 owning a freehold estate worth j£200, in the State, and thirty years 
 of age. Representatives — Two yeai's an inhabitant of this State, and 
 owning an estate worth £100, one half of which must be a freehold. 
 Electors, or Voters — Twenty-one years of age, and paying taxes. 
 Judges are appointed by the governor and council, and hold office 
 during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years. 
 
 VERSIONT. — Governor — A citizen of the State four years. 
 Senators — A qualified voter, and 30 years of age. Representatives — 
 Persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, and who have resided in 
 the State two years. Electors, or Voters — One year's residence in 
 the State, of a quiet and peaceable disposition, and will vote as he 
 shall judge to conduce to the best interests of the State. Judges 
 are appointed by the house of representatives, in conjunction with 
 the council, annually. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. — Governor — A citizen of the State seven 
 years, owning an estate of 1000 pounds, and of the Christian religion. 
 Senators — Five years a citizen of the State, owning a freehold of the 
 value of j£300, or rateable estate of the value of £600. Representa- 
 tives — A citizen of the State one year and owning a freehold of the 
 value of £100, or a rateable estate worth £200. Electors, or Voters — 
 One year's residence in the State, and have paid a State or county 
 tax, and six months in county before election. Judges are nomina- 
 ted by the governor, and appointed by him, by and with consent of 
 his council during good behavior. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. — Governor — Must be a native citizen and free- 
 man. Senators — Must be a native and resident of the district where 
 he is chosen, and a duly qualified freeman. Representatives — Must 
 be a freeman, and resident of the town which he represents. Elec- 
 tors, or Voters — Must be a resident of the State three months, and 
 own a freehold of $134. Judges are chosen by the legislature for 
 one year. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. — Governor — An elector and thirty years of age. 
 Senators — Any person who has a right to vote, is eligible to a seat 
 in the senate. Representatives — Any person who is an elector is 
 eligible as a representative. Electors, or Voters — Must have gained 
 
74 
 
 a settlement in the State, own a freehold of $7 per annum, or have 
 done military duty, paid a State tax, and taken the prescribed oath. 
 .hidges are appointed by the legislature, and hold office during good 
 behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years. 
 
 NEW YORK. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, 
 five years of this State, a freeholder, and thirty years of age. 
 Senators — A qualified elector, and a freeholder. Representatives — 
 The constitution of this State is silent as to any qualifications re- 
 quired of representatives. Electors^ or Voters — A male citizen, of 
 the age of 21 years, an inhabitant of the State for the last year, and 
 a resident of the county for ths last six months ; a colored man 
 must own a freehold of $250, have paid taxes thereon, and been 
 three years a citizen. Judges are nominated by the governor, and 
 appointed by him, by and with the consent of the senate, and hold 
 office, during good behavior, or until the age of sixty years. Inferior 
 judges five years. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. — Governor — Some fit person within the State. 
 Senators — The council in the legislature of this state supply the 
 place of a senate. Representatives — One year a citizen of this state, 
 and worth j£500, proclamation money, in real and personal property. 
 Electors, or Voters — A citizen of this State, one year, and paid a 
 tax. Judges are appointed by the legislature for seven years. 
 Judges of common pleas for five years. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. — Governor — A citizen of the State seven years, 
 and thirty years of age. Senators — A citizen of the State four years, 
 and for the last year of the district for which he is chosen, and 25 
 years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the State three years, 
 and for the last year of the city or county for which he shall be 
 chosen. Electors, or Voters — A citizen of the State two years, paid 
 a State or county tax. The sons of persons so qualified, between 
 the ages of 21 and 22, may vote although they have paid no tax. 
 Judges are appointed by the governor, judges of Supreme court for 
 15 years, presidents of courts of common pleas 10 years, associate 
 judges 7 years. 
 
 DELAWARE. — Governor — A citizen of the United States twelve 
 years, and the last six of this State, and thirty-six years of age. 
 Senators — Three years a citizen of the State, and own a freehold of 
 200 acres, or 1000 pounds in real and personal property, and 27 
 years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the State three years, 
 and 24 years of age. Electors, or Voters — A citizen of the state one 
 year, and paid a State or county tax. The sons of persons so qual- 
 ified, between the ages of 21 and 22 years, may vote, although they 
 have paid no tax. Judges are appointed by the governor, and hold 
 office during good behavior. 
 
 MARYLAND. — Governor — A resident of the State above five 
 years, and above twenty-five years of age. Senators — Men of the 
 most wisdom, experience and virtue, who have resided in the State 
 three years and 25 years of age. Representatives — The most wise, 
 sensible, and discreet of the people, who have resided in the county 
 for which they shall be chosen one year. Electors, or Voters — One 
 year's residence in the State preceding election, and six months in 
 the county. Judges are appointed by the governor, by and with the 
 consent of the senate and hold office during good behavior. 
 
75 
 
 VIRGINIA. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, and 
 of the State for five years, and thirty years of age, ineligible for 
 three years after first term. Senators — A resident and freehol }er 
 in the district for which he is chosen, and thirty years of uge. 
 Representatives — A resident and freeholder in the county for wnich 
 he shall be chosen and twenty-five years of age. Eledots, or 
 Voters — Own a freehold of the value of $25, or having been a house- 
 keeper one year, and been assessed. Some other small qualifica- 
 tions are required of those who have no freehold, but they amount 
 to almost universal suffrage. Judges are appointed by the h gisla- 
 ture and hold office during good behavior. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA.— Gorer«or— A resident of the State five 
 years, owning a freehold in the State above the value of 1000 pounds, 
 and thirty years of age. Senators — One year a citizen of the county 
 for which he is chosen, and owning 300 acres of land. Representa- 
 tives—One year a citizen of the county in which he may be chosen, 
 owning 100 acres of land in fee, or for the term of his life. Electors^ 
 or Voters — A citizen of the State 1 year, who has paid taxes may 
 vote for the members of the house of commons, but must own 50 
 acres of land to vote for a senator. Judges are appointed by the 
 legislature and hold office during good behavior. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. — Governor — A citizen of the State ten years, 
 owning an estate of the value of fifteen hundred pounds sterling, 
 thirty years of age, and clear of debt. Senators — A citizen of this 
 State five years. If a resident of the election district must own a 
 freehold estate of £300 sterling ; if not, of JEIOOO, and 30 years of 
 age. Representatives — A citizen of this State, 3 years, own 500 
 acres and 10 negroes, or j£150 sterling in real estate ; and if a non- 
 resident of the district a freehold worth £500 sterling. Electors, or 
 Voters — Residence in the State two years, and in the district where 
 he shall offer his vote six months. Small property qualification. 
 Judges are appointed by the legislature, and hold office during good 
 behavior. 
 
 GEORGIA. — Governor — A citizen of the United States 12 years, 
 and of the State six years ; owning 500 acres of land, and other 
 property to the amount of $4000, besides discharging his debts, and 
 thirty years of age. Senators — Nine years a citizen of the United 
 States, and 3 years of this State, a freeholder of $500, or taxable 
 property of $1000, over and above his debts, have paid all legal 
 taxes, and 25 years of age. Representatives — Seven years a citizen 
 of the United States, and three years of this State, owning a free- 
 hold of $250, or taxable property of $500, over and above his debts, 
 and having paid all legal taxes. Electors or Voters — A citizen of the 
 State, and six months residence in the county where they offer to 
 vote, and must have paid all taxes imposed on them. Judges are 
 chosen by the legislature for three years. Inferior judges elected 
 by the people. 
 
 ALABAMA. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, 
 and of this State for four years, thirty years of age, and ineligible 
 for more than four successive years. Senators — A citizen of the 
 United States, and of this State two years, and one year of the 
 district for which he shall be chosen, and twenty-seven years of age. 
 Representatives — A citizen of the United States, and of this State 
 
76 
 
 two years, and one year of the county for which he shall be chosen, 
 and 21 years of age. Electors^ or Voters — A citizen of the United 
 States, one year of this State, and three months residence in the 
 county where he shall offer his vote. Judges are appointed by the 
 legislature, for six years. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. — Governor — A citizen of the United States twenty 
 years, and of this State five years, and thirty years of age, and inel- 
 igible for more than 4 successive years, and must be a freeholder of 
 the value of $2000. Senators — A citizen of the United States, and 
 of this state four years, the last year of the district for which he 
 shall be chosen, and be 30 years of age. Representatives — A citizen 
 of the United States, and of this state two years, and the last year 
 of the county for which he shall be chosen, and 21 years of age, and 
 a freeholder of the value of $500. Electors, or Voters — A citizen of 
 the United States, and residence in this State one year, and in the 
 county six months, and having done military duty or paid taxes. 
 Judges are appointed by the legislature and hold office during good 
 behavior for six years. 
 
 LOUISIANA. — Governor — A citizen of the United States, and of 
 this State six years, owning landed estate of the value of $.5000, 
 and thirty-five years of age. Senators — A citizen of the United 
 States, and of this state four years, and one year in his election dis- 
 trict, owning landed property of the value of $1000, and 27 years of 
 age. Representatives — The same as those in Alabama except that 
 they must own landed property to the amount of $500, and 21 years 
 of age. Electors or Voters — Residence in the county where he offers 
 his vote one year, and having paid taxes within the last six months. 
 Judges are appointed by the governor, with advice of the senate, 
 and hold office during good behavior. 
 
 TENNESSEE. — Governor — A citizen of the United States and of 
 this State seven years, and thirty years of age. Senators — A citizen 
 of the United States, three years residence in this State, and in the 
 county for which he shall be elected, one year, and thirty years of 
 age. Representatives — A citizen of the United States, of the State 
 3 years, one year's residence of the county, and 21 years of age. 
 Electors or Voters — A citizen of the United States, and six months 
 in the county where he shall offer his vote. Judges are appointed 
 by the general assembly ; those of the supreme court for twelve 
 years ; those of the inferior courts for eight years. 
 
 KENTUCKY. — Governor — A citizen of the United States, and of 
 this State six years, and thirty-five years of age, and ineligible for 
 more than one term in 7 years. Senators — A citizen of the United 
 States, and of this State six years, the last year in the district for 
 which he is chosen, and thirty-five years of age. Representatives — 
 A citizen of the United States, and of this State two years, and the 
 last year in the county for which he may be chosen, and 24 years of 
 age. Electors or Voters — Two years residence in the State, and in 
 the county in Avhich he offers his vote, one year next preceding the 
 election. Judges are nominated by the governor, and appointed by 
 him by and with consent of the senate, and hold office during good 
 behavior. 
 
 OHIO. — Governor — A citizen of the United States twelve years, 
 and an inhabitant of this State four years, and thirty-five years of 
 
77 
 
 age. Senators — A citizen of the United States, and two years of 
 the district or county in which he may be elected, have paid a State 
 and county tax, and thirty years of age. Representatives — A citizen 
 of the United States, an inhabitant of this state, and one year of the 
 county in which he may be chosen, have paid a State or county tax, 
 and 25 years of age. Electors or Voters — One year's residence in 
 the State, next preceding the election, having paid or been charged 
 with a State or county tax. Judges ave appointed by the joint ballot 
 of the two houses of the general assembly, for seven years. 
 
 INDIANA. — Governor — A citizen of the United States ten years, 
 and of this State five years, and thirty years of age. Senators — A 
 citizen of the United States, and of this State two years, and the last 
 year of the county or district for which he may be chosen, have paid 
 a State or county tax, and twenty-five years of age. Representa- 
 tives — A citizen of the United States, an inhabitant of this State and 
 of the county for which he may be elected, one year, have paid a 
 State or county tax, and 21 years of age. Electors or Voters — One 
 year's residence in the State immediately preceding the election, 
 entitles him to vote in the county where he resides. Judges of the 
 supreme court are appointed by the governor, with the consent of 
 the senate ; presidents of the circuit courts by the legislature ; as- 
 sociate judges by the people ; each seven years. 
 
 ILLINOIS. — Governor — A citizen of the United States thirty 
 years, and two years of this State, thirty years of age, and ineligible 
 for two successive terms. Senators — A citizen of the United States, 
 the last year of the district where he may be chosen, paid a state or 
 county tax, and 25 years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the 
 United States, and an inhabitant of the State and of the county 
 where he may be chosen one year, paid a State or county tax, and 
 21 years old. Electors, or Voters — Residence in the State six 
 months, but can vote only in the county where he actually resides. 
 Judges are appointed by the general assembly and hold office during 
 good behavior. 
 
 MISSOURI. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, and 
 resident of this State four years, and thirty-five years of age. 
 Senators — A citizen of the United States, and of this State four 
 years, and of the district one year, and having paid a State or county 
 tax, and thirty years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the Uni- 
 ted States, and of this State two years, of the county where he may 
 be chosen one year, paid a State or county tax, and 24 years of age. 
 Electors or voters — A citizen of the United States, and one year's 
 residence in this State, next preceding the election, and three months 
 in the county. Judges are appointed by the governor, by and with 
 consent of the senate, and hold office during good behavior. 
 
 MICHIGAN. — Governor — A citizen of the United States five years, 
 and a resident of the State for two years immediately preceding the 
 election. Senators — A citizen of the United States, and a qualified 
 elector in the county he represents. Representatives — A citizen of 
 the United States, and qualified electors in the counties they repre- 
 sent. Electors or Voters — Twenty-one years of age, and six months 
 residence next preceding election. Judges of the supreme court 
 are appointed by the governor, by advice and consent of the Senate, 
 for the term of 7 years, other judges by the people, for 4> years. 
 
78 
 
 ARKANSAS. — Governor — A native of Arkansas or of the United 
 States or a resident of Arkansas ten years, previous to the adoption 
 of the constitution, and a resident 4^ years before election. Sena- 
 tors — 'A citizen of the United States, a resident of the State one 
 year, and 30 years of age. Represe?itaiives — A citizen of the United 
 States, a resident of the county he represents, and 25 years of age. 
 Electors^ or Voters — Twenty-one years of age, and a resident of the 
 State the six months preceding election. Judges of the supreme 
 and circuit courts are appointed by the general assembly ; the former 
 for 8 years, and the circuit court for 4 years. 
 
 MILITARY FORCE, APPORTIONMENT OF ARMS FOR 1838, (UNDER THE 
 ACT QF 1808, FOR ARMING AND EQUIPPING THE WHOLE BODY OF THE 
 MILITIA,) AND REVOLUTIONARY PENSIONERS. 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 Date of 
 
 Number of 
 
 mil itm 
 
 No. of arms 
 apportioned 
 
 Revolutionary 
 male pensioners 
 
 Deaths 
 in 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 llilliLlCl> 
 
 in muskets. 
 
 living Nov. 1839. 
 
 1S39. 
 
 Maine, 
 
 1838 
 
 43,901 
 
 462 
 
 1,695 
 
 87 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 1838 
 
 28,185 
 
 297 
 
 1,.588 
 
 113 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 1838 
 
 46,354 
 
 488 
 
 3,124 
 
 232 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 1824 
 
 25,581 
 
 270 
 
 1,961 
 
 130 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 1832 
 
 5,488 
 
 59 
 
 636 
 
 54 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 1838 
 
 29,950 
 
 315 
 
 1,899 
 
 89 
 
 New York, 
 
 1838 
 
 179,276 
 
 1,887 
 
 6,844 
 
 273 
 
 New Jersey, 
 
 1829 
 
 39,171 
 
 413 
 
 960 
 
 44 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 1834 
 
 202,181 
 
 2,128 
 
 2,100 
 
 76 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 1827 
 
 9,229 
 
 98 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 1839 
 
 46,864 
 
 494 
 
 200 
 
 16 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 1838 
 
 102,574 
 
 1,079 
 
 1,974 
 
 111 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 1838 
 
 65,218 
 
 686 
 
 1,260 
 
 54 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 1833 
 
 51,112 
 
 538 
 
 574 
 
 10 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 1838 
 
 48,569 
 
 512 
 
 484 
 
 4 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 1838 
 
 29,632 
 
 312 
 
 347 
 
 2 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 1830 
 
 14,808 
 
 155 
 
 32 
 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 1838 
 
 36,084 
 
 380 
 
 49 
 
 
 Tennessee, 
 
 1830 
 
 72,991 
 
 768 
 
 1,777 
 
 68 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 1838 
 
 75,926 
 
 799 
 
 1,930 
 
 70 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 1836 
 
 173,214 
 
 1,823 
 
 2,114 
 
 25 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 1833 
 
 53,913 
 
 567 
 
 676 
 
 9 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 1831 
 
 27,386 
 
 288 
 
 263 
 
 13 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 1835 
 
 6,170 
 
 65 
 
 183 
 
 3 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 1825 
 
 2,028 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 1831 
 
 5,476 
 
 57 
 
 125 
 
 1 
 
 Florida Territory, 
 
 1831 
 
 2,413 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 Wisconsin Territory, 
 
 no return. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 District of Columbia, 
 
 1S32 
 
 1,249 
 
 13 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 1,424,943 
 
 15,000 
 
 32,925 
 
 1,588 
 
79 
 
 LIST OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 2S 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 148 
 
 149 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 l70 
 
 Bowdoin College 
 
 Waterville* 
 
 Dartmouth 
 
 University of Vermont 
 
 Middlebury 
 
 Norwich University 
 
 Harvard do. 
 
 Williams 
 
 Amherst 
 
 Brown University 
 
 Yale 
 
 Washingtonf 
 
 Wesleyan University^: 
 
 Columbiaf 
 
 Union 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Hamilton Lit. & Theol.* 
 
 Genevaf 
 
 University of N. York 
 
 Brockport* 
 
 College of N. Jersey 
 
 Rutgers 
 
 Univer. of Pennsylvania 
 
 Dickinson| 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Washington 
 
 Alleghany:}: 
 
 Western University 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Newark 
 
 St. John's 
 
 St. Mary's§ 
 
 Mount St. Mary's§ 
 
 Mount Hope 
 
 University of Md. 
 
 Georgetown§ 
 
 Columbian* 
 
 William and Maryf 
 
 Hampden Sidney 
 
 Washington 
 
 University of Virginia 
 
 Randolph-MaconJ 
 
 University of N. Carolina 
 
 Davidson 
 
 College of S. Carolina 
 
 Charleston 
 
 University of Georgia 
 
 Oglethorpe 
 
 University of Alabama 
 
 Laffrangel 
 
 Spring Hill§ 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Oakland 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Kemper 
 
 Louisisma 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Greenville 
 
 Washington 
 
 University of Nashville 
 
 East Tennessee 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Transylvania 
 
 St. Joseph's§ 
 
 Centre 
 
 Augusta:}: 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Bacon* 
 
 Brunswick, 
 
 Waterville, 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 Burlington, 
 
 Middlebury, 
 
 Norwach, 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 IWiiliamstown, 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 Providence, 
 
 New-Haven, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Middletown, 
 
 New- York, 
 
 Schenectady, 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Geneva, 
 
 New-York, 
 
 Brockport, 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 N. Brunswick 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 Canonsburg, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Meadville, 
 
 Pittsburg, 
 
 Gettysburg, 
 
 Easton, 
 
 Mercersburg, 
 
 Newark, 
 
 Annapolis, 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 Emmetsburg, 
 
 Near Baltimore, 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Williamsburg, 
 
 Prince Ed. Co., 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 Charlottesville, 
 
 Boydton, 
 
 Chapel-Hill, 
 
 Mecklenb'g Co.. 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 Charleston, 
 
 Athens, 
 
 Midway, 
 
 Tuscaloosa, 
 
 Lagrange, 
 
 Spring Hill, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Oakland, 
 
 iClinton, 
 
 Kemper Co., 
 
 ' Jackson, 
 
 St. Jas. Park, 
 
 Greenville, 
 
 [Wash. Co., 
 
 Nashville, 
 
 Knoxville, 
 
 [Near Columbia, 
 
 iLexington, 
 
 Bardstown, 
 
 Danville, 
 
 Augusta, 
 
 IPrinceton, 
 
 'Georgetown 
 
 Me. 
 do. 
 N. H. 
 Vt. 
 do. 
 do. 
 Mass. 
 do. 
 do. 
 R.I. 
 Ct. 
 do. 
 do. 
 N. Y. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 N.J. 
 do. 
 Penn. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 Del. 
 Md. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 D. C. 
 do. 
 Va. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 N. C. 
 do. 
 S. C. 
 do. 
 Ga. 
 do. 
 Ala. 
 do. 
 do. 
 Mi. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 La. 
 do. 
 Tenn. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 124 
 
 SO 
 231 
 105 
 157 
 
 80 
 219 
 120 
 206 
 187 
 403 
 
 54 
 135 
 
 99 
 301 
 101 
 
 65 
 
 28 
 226 
 
 240 
 93 
 107 
 128 
 171 
 107 
 38 
 
 118 
 72 
 49 
 55 
 108 
 190 
 131 
 45 
 
 134 
 
 40 
 
 111 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 230 
 
 103 
 
 145 
 
 150 
 
 127 
 
 101 
 
 144 
 85 
 50 
 
 100 
 60 
 
 25 
 
 138 
 43 
 35 
 
 125 
 90 
 
 100 
 62 
 
 130 
 66 
 75 
 72 
 
 203 
 
 8,000 1794 
 4,500 1820 
 6,000 1770 
 6,200 1791 
 2, 330 1 1800 
 1,00011834 
 44,000 1638 
 3,000 1793 
 4,300 1821 
 6,000 1764 
 
 10,.500 
 2,000 
 3,000 
 8,000 
 5,350 
 2,500 
 1,600 
 1,200 
 
 7,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 2,400 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,400 
 
 8,000 
 
 225 
 
 500 
 
 425 
 
 600 
 
 2,700 
 
 12,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 12,000 
 4,000 
 3,600 
 5,000 
 1,500 
 
 15,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 3,500 
 200 
 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 
 1700 
 
 1824 
 
 1831 
 
 1754 
 
 1795 
 
 1812 
 
 1819 
 
 1823 
 
 1831 
 
 1833 
 
 1746 
 
 1770 
 
 1755 
 
 1783 
 
 1802 
 
 1806 
 
 1815 
 
 1820- 
 
 1832 
 
 1826 
 
 1836 
 
 1833 
 
 1784 
 
 1799 
 
 1830 
 
 1832 
 
 1812 
 
 1799 
 
 1821 
 
 1693 
 
 1774 
 
 1812 
 
 1819 
 
 1831 
 
 1791 
 
 1837 
 
 1804 
 
 1785 
 
 1785 
 
 1838 
 
 1828 
 
 1831 
 
 1830 
 
 1802 
 
 1831 
 
 1830 
 
 1,200 
 1,008 
 4,000 
 
 500 
 2,200 
 3,000 
 1,250 
 2,400 
 5,000 
 1,600 
 2,000 
 
 500 
 1,200 
 
 1825 
 1831 
 1794 
 1794 
 1806 
 1807 
 1830 
 1798 
 1819 
 1822 
 1823 
 1826 
 1836 
 
80 
 
 LIST OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.— Con- 
 
 TINUED. 
 
 St. Mary's§ 
 
 University of Ohio 
 
 Miami University 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Western Reserve 
 
 Kenyonf 
 
 Granville* 
 
 Marietta 
 
 Oberlin Institute 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Woodward 
 
 Indiana 
 
 South Hanover 
 
 Wabash 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Shui-tleff* 
 
 M'Kendreao:}: 
 
 M'Donoueh 
 
 Univer. of St. Louis§ 
 
 St. Mary's§ 
 
 Marion 
 
 Columbia 
 
 St. CharlesJ 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Michigan Univer. 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Stu- 
 dents 
 
 Marion Co., 
 
 Athens, 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 New Athens, 
 
 Hudson, 
 
 Gambier 
 
 Granville, 
 
 Marietta, 
 
 Oberlin, 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 Bloomington, 
 
 South Hanover, 
 
 Crawfordsville, 
 
 Jacksonville, 
 
 Upper Alton, 
 
 Lebanon, 
 
 Macomb, 
 
 St. Louis, 
 
 Barrens, 
 
 New Palmyra, 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 St. Charles, 
 
 Fayette, 
 
 Ann Harbor, 
 
 do. 
 Ohio. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 111. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Mo. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Mich. 
 
 do. 
 
 Libr's- ^^'^■ 
 
 41 
 88 
 83 
 51 
 56 
 12 
 50 
 95 
 84 
 10 
 120 
 120 
 95 
 64 
 60 
 70 
 
 200 
 
 124 
 
 33 
 
 70 
 75 
 
 1,300 
 1,618 
 500 
 3,500 
 4,643 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 
 600 
 
 1,500 
 1,000 
 
 7,500 
 6,000 
 1,000 
 
 1822 
 1821 
 1S24 
 1825 
 1826 
 1826 
 1832 
 1832 
 1834 
 1819 
 
 1827 
 1829 
 1833 
 1830 
 1835 
 1834 
 1837 
 1829 
 1830 
 1831 
 1835 
 
 1837 
 
 Remarks.— The Colleges marked thus (*) are under the direction of the Baptists ; thus (+) Episcopali- 
 ans ; thu3 (t) Methodists ; thus (§) Catholics. 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 
 Churches or 
 
 Members or 
 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Ministers. 
 
 Congrega- 
 tions. 
 
 Communi- 
 cants. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Baptist, 
 
 4,239 
 
 6,319 
 
 452,000^ 
 
 
 " Free-will, 
 
 612 
 
 753 
 
 33,876 
 
 4,300,000 
 
 " Seventh-Day, 
 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 4,503 
 
 " Six-Principle, 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 2,117 
 
 
 Methodists, 
 
 3,296 
 
 
 740,459 I 
 50,000 s 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 " Protestant, 
 
 400 
 
 
 Presbyterians, 
 
 2,225 
 
 2,807 
 
 274,084^ 
 
 
 ' Cumberland, 
 
 450 
 
 500 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 " Associate, 
 
 87 
 
 183 
 
 16,000 
 
 2,476,000 
 
 " Reformed. 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 " Associate Reformed, 
 
 116 
 
 214 
 
 12,000 
 
 
 Congregationalists, 
 
 1,150 
 
 1,300 
 
 160,000 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 Catholics, 
 
 550 
 
 812 
 
 700,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 Episcopalians, 
 
 849 
 
 850 
 
 
 600,600 
 
 Universalists, . 
 
 463 
 
 792 
 
 
 600,000 
 
 Lutherans, 
 Dutch Reformed, 
 
 267 
 
 750 
 
 62,226 
 
 540,000 
 
 192 
 
 197 
 
 22,516 
 
 450,000 
 
 Christians, 
 
 800 
 
 1,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 German Reformed, 
 
 180 
 
 600 
 
 30,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 Unitarians, 
 
 250 
 
 225 
 
 
 180,000 
 
 '' Memnonites, 
 
 
 200 
 
 30,000 
 
 120,000 
 
 Friends, 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 Tunkers, 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 3,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 Jews, 
 
 
 
 
 15,000 
 
 Moravians or United Brethren, 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 5,745 
 
 12,000 
 
 Mormonites, 
 
 
 
 12,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 Shakers, 
 
 45 
 
 15 
 
 6,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 New Jerusalem Church, 
 
 33 
 
 27 
 
 
 5,000 
 
81 
 
 PRINaPAL RAILROADS FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Names. 
 
 States. 
 
 Places Comiected. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Eastern Railroad. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Boston and Newburyport. 
 
 33 
 
 Boston and Lowell, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 2.5 i 
 
 Boston and Worcester, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Boston and west line of the state. 
 
 160 
 
 Providence and Stonington, 
 
 R. Land Con. 
 
 
 47 
 
 Norwich and Worcester, 
 
 Mass. & Con. 
 
 
 58 
 
 Hartford and New Haven, 
 
 Con. 
 
 
 40 
 
 Utica and Schenectady, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 84 
 
 Troy and Eallston, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 25 
 
 Mohawk and Hudson, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Albany and Schenectady- 
 
 16 
 
 Saratoga and Schenectady, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 22i 
 
 Utica and Syracuse, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 50 
 
 Auburn and Syracuse, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 25 
 
 Lockport and'Niagara Fails, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 20 
 
 Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 23 
 
 Tonawanda, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Rochester and Attica. 
 
 47 
 
 Ithaca and Owego, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 29 
 
 New York and Erie, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Hudson River and Lake Erie. 
 
 340 
 
 Jersey City and Paterson, 
 
 N.J. 
 
 
 15 
 
 Jersey City and Trenton, 
 
 N.J. 
 
 
 58 
 
 Camden and Amboy, 
 
 N.J. 
 
 
 61 
 
 Philadelphia and Trenton, 
 
 Pa. and N. J. 
 
 
 26 
 
 Philadelphia and Columbia, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 8U 
 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore, 
 
 Pa.De. & Md. 
 
 
 921 
 
 Philadelphia and Norristown, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 17" 
 
 Philadelphia and Reading, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 56 
 
 Central, e 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Danville and Pottsville. 
 
 44i 
 
 Lancaster and Harrisburg, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 37 
 
 Westchester, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Westchester and Columbia R.R. 
 
 9 
 
 Baltimore and Susquehanna, 
 
 Md. and Pa. 
 
 Baltimore, through York to 
 
 
 
 
 Wrightsville. 
 
 70 
 
 Williamsport and Elmira, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 74 
 
 Reading and Port Clinton, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 20 
 
 Little Schuylkill, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Port Clinton and Tarn aqua. 
 
 20 
 
 Cumberland Valley, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Harrisburg and Chambersburg. 
 
 49 
 
 Wrightsville and Gettysburg, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 42 
 
 Newcastle and Frenchtown, 
 
 De. 
 
 
 16i 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio, 
 
 Md. 
 
 Completed to Harper's Ferry. 
 
 SO 
 
 Baltimore and Washington, 
 
 Md. and D. C. 
 
 
 40 
 
 Winchester, 
 
 Va. 
 
 Winchester and Harper's Ferry. 
 
 30 
 
 Richmond and Potomac, 
 
 Va. 
 
 Richmond and Potomac River. 
 
 75 
 
 Richmond and Petersburg, 
 
 Va. 
 
 
 21 
 
 Petersburg and Roanoke, 
 
 Va. andN.C. 
 
 Petersburg and Blakely. 
 
 60 
 
 Portsmouth and Roanoke, 
 
 Va. and N. C. 
 
 Portsmouth and Weldon. 
 
 80 
 
 Roanoke and Greensville 
 
 Va. andN.C. 
 
 Hickford and Gaston. 
 
 IS 
 
 Raleigh and Gaston, 
 
 N.C. 
 
 
 86 
 
 Wilmington and Raleigh, 
 
 N.C. 
 
 Wilmington and Halifax. 
 
 161 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Charleston and Hamburg. 
 
 135 
 
 Central, 
 
 Ga. 
 
 Savannah and Macon. 
 
 200 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Ga. 
 
 Macon and Forsyth. 
 
 25 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 Ga. 
 
 Augusta and Decatur. 
 
 160 
 
 Tuscumbia and Decatur, 
 
 Aa. 
 
 
 45 
 
 Montgomery and Chattahoochie, 
 
 Aa. 
 
 Montgomery and West Point. 
 
 85 
 
 Vicksburg, 
 
 Mi. 
 
 Vicksburg and Jackson. 
 
 54 
 
 Jackson and Brandon, 
 
 Mi. 
 
 
 8 
 
 Grand Gulf and Port Gibson, 
 
 Mi. 
 
 
 8 
 
 New Orleans and Nashville, 
 
 La. and Mi. 
 
 
 500 
 
 Clinton and Port Hudson, 
 
 La. 
 
 
 28 
 
 Bt. Francisville and Woodville, 
 
 La. 
 
 
 28 
 
 Memphis and La Grange, 
 
 Ten. 
 
 
 50 
 
 Mad River, 
 
 0. 
 
 Dayton and Sandusky City. 
 
 153 
 
 Lexington and Ohio, 
 
 Ky. 
 
 Louisville and Lexington. 
 
 90 
 
 Central, 
 
 Mic. 
 
 Detroit and St. Joseph's. 
 
 180 
 
 Detroit and Pontiac, 
 
 Mic. 
 
 
 30 
 
 Erie and Kalamazoo, 
 
 Mic. 
 
 Toledo and Marshall. 
 
 90 
 
 Madison and Lafayette. ! 
 
 Ind. 
 
 
 150 
 
 Lawrenceburg and Indianapohs, ' 
 
 Ind. 
 
 
 90 
 
82 
 
 PRINCIPAL CANALS FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Cumberland and Oxford, 
 
 Middlesex, 
 
 Blackfetone, 
 
 Farmmgton, Hampden, &c. 
 
 Delaware, Hudson, Lackawaxen, 
 
 Erie, 
 
 Champlain, 
 
 Black River, 
 
 Oswego, 
 
 Chenango, 
 
 Seneca, 
 
 Cayuga, 
 
 Chemung, 
 
 Morris, 
 
 Delaware and Raritan, 
 
 Delaware Canal, 
 
 Lehigh, 
 
 Schuylkill, 
 
 Little Schuylkill, 
 
 Union, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Susquehanna division. 
 
 West Branch, 
 
 North Branch, 
 
 Beaver division, 
 
 French Creek division 
 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 
 
 Sandy and Beaver, 
 
 Chesapeake and Delaware, 
 
 Chesapeake and Ohio, 
 
 Dismal Swamp, 
 
 James River, 
 
 Santee, 
 
 Savannah and Alatamaha, 
 
 Brunswick, 
 
 Muscle Shoals, 
 
 Lafourche, 
 
 Miami, 
 
 Ohio and Erie, 
 
 Wabash and Erie, 
 
 White Water, 
 Illinois and Chicago, 
 
 Me. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. & R.I. 
 
 Mass. & Con. 
 
 N.Y.andPa. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. and 0. 
 
 Pa. and O. 
 
 Del. and Md. 
 
 Md. 
 
 Va. and N.C. 
 
 Va. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Ga. 
 
 Ga. 
 
 Aa. 
 
 La. 
 
 O. 
 
 O. 
 
 Ind. and O. 
 
 Ind. 
 11. 
 
 Places Connected. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Portland and Sebago Pond, 
 Boston and Lowell, 
 Providence and Worcester, 
 New Haven and Northampton, 
 Hudson River and Honesdale, 
 Albany and Bufialo, 
 Lake Champlain and Hudson R, 
 Rome and Black River, 
 Syracuse and Oswego, 
 Binghampton and Utica, 
 Seneca Lake and Erie Canal, 
 Geneva and Montezuma, 
 Elmira and Seneca Lake, 
 Easton, Pa., and Jersey City, op. 
 
 posite N. Y. 
 New Brunswick and Bordentown 
 Bristol and Easton, 
 Easton and White's Haven, 
 Philadelphia and Port Carbon, 
 Port Clinton and Tamaqua, 
 Reading at Middletovai, 
 Columbia and Pittsburg, 
 Juniata and Northumberland, 
 Northumberland and Dunstown, 
 Northumberland and Lackawana, 
 Beaver and Mercer county, 
 Franldin and Erie, 
 Beaver River and Akron, 
 Beaver and Bolivar, 
 Delaware and Elk R, 
 Georgetown and Cumberland, 
 Portsmouth and New Lebanon, 
 Richmond and Lynchburg, 
 Santee and Cooper's River, 
 Savannah and Alatamaha River, 
 Brunswick and Alatamaha River, 
 Round the Muscle Shoals in the 
 
 Tennessee River, 
 New Orleans and La Fourche R, 
 Cincinnati and Maumee, 
 Portsmouth and Cleveland, 
 Lafayette and mouth of the Mau- 
 mee 
 
 Illinois River and Lake Michigan 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 4.'> 
 78 
 82^ 
 363 
 63 
 76 
 38 
 96 
 
 20 
 23 
 
 101 
 42 
 60 
 66 
 
 108 
 20 
 82 
 
 312 
 39 
 66 
 76 
 30 
 46 
 82 
 73 
 14 
 
 186 
 23 
 
 150 
 22 
 60 
 12 
 
 37 
 
 85 
 265 
 306 
 
 110 
 76 
 96 
 
 INDIAN WARRIORS NEAR THE WESTERN FRONTIER OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Estimated number of warriors belonging to tribes removed by government west 
 
 of Missouri and Arkansas, 16,310 
 
 Estimated number of warriors belonging to indigenous tribes located immediately 
 
 west of the said states, 1,544 
 
 Estimated number of warriors of indigenous tribes within striking distance of 
 
 the western frontier, 43,385 
 
 61,239 
 
83 
 
 LIST OF 
 
 MINISTERS, CONSULS, 
 AND OTHER DIPLOMATIC AND COMMERCIAL AGENTS, 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 IN 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 
 
 April 1, 1840. 
 
 List op ministers, consuls, and other diplomatic and commercial 
 agents op the united states in poreign countries, and of the 
 places of their residence. 
 
 Andrew Stevenson, 
 
 Benjamin Rush, - 
 Thomas Aspinwall, 
 Albert Davy, 
 Francis B. Ogden, 
 Thomas Dennison, 
 Robert W. Fox, - 
 Thomas Were Fox, 
 Robert R. Hunter, 
 
 Robert Grieve, - 
 Edward Baxter, - 
 Alexander Thomson, 
 
 BRITISH DOMINIONS. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 i Envoy Extraordinary and ) 
 \ Minister Plenipotentiary, ^ 
 Secretary of Legation, 
 Consul, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 
 London. 
 
 Do. 
 London. 
 
 Kingston-upon-HuU. 
 Liverpool. 
 Bristol. 
 Falmouth. 
 Plymouth. 
 Cowes, [Isle of Wight.] 
 
 Leith, [port of Edinburgh,] 
 
 Dundee. 
 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Thomas Wilson, - - Consul, 
 
 Thomas William Gilpin, do. 
 
 James Corscaden - - do. 
 
 John Murphy, - • do. 
 
 Thomas M. Persse, - do. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 Dublin. 
 
 Belfast. 
 Londonderry. 
 Cork. 
 Galway. 
 
 Horatio Sprague, - 
 William W. Andrews, 
 William Carroll, 
 Isaac Chase, - 
 
 W. H. H. Griffiths, 
 
 IN AND NEAR EUROPE, AND AFRICA. 
 Consul, - - - Gibraltar. 
 
 Island of Malta. 
 Island of St. Helena. 
 Cape-town [Cape of Good 
 Hope.] 
 Commercial Agent, - Port-Louis, [Mauritius or 
 
 Isle of France.] 
 
 do. 
 
 Commercial Agent, 
 Consul, 
 
64 
 
 Thomas Leavitt, 
 
 John Morrow, 
 James Primrose, 
 John I. D'Wolf, 
 
 Wiliiam Tudor Tucker, - 
 
 John F. Bacon, 
 
 John Arthur, 
 
 Robert Munroe Harrison, 
 
 John Haly, 
 
 Moses Benjamin, 
 James H. Williams, 
 
 Philemon S. Parker, 
 Joseph Balestier, - 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 Consul, 
 
 do. - - - 
 
 do. - - - 
 
 do. . - - 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 Consul, 
 
 do. - - - 
 
 do. - - - 
 
 do. - - - 
 
 Comjnercial Agent, 
 
 do. - - - 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 Consul, 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 Consul, 
 
 EAST INDIES. 
 Consul, ... 
 do. - - - 
 
 St. Johns, [New Bruns- 
 wick . 
 Halifax, [Nova Scotia .] 
 Pictou, [do.] 
 
 Sydney, [do.] 
 
 Bermuda. 
 
 Nassau, [Bahama Islands.] 
 
 Turk's Island. 
 
 Kingston, [Jamaica.] 
 
 St. Christopher and Antigua. 
 
 Barbadoes. 
 
 Demerara, [British Guiana., 
 Sidney, [New S. Wales,] 
 
 Bombay. 
 Singapore. 
 
 Churchill C. Cambrelins 
 William W. Chew, 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 \ Ste^rTl^ngSat \ ''■ P^^^"^^-^- 
 Secretary of Legation, 
 
 do. 
 
 Abraham P. Gibson, 
 Alexander Schwartz, 
 Edmund Brandt, - 
 
 ON THE BALTIC SEA. 
 
 Consul, 
 do. • - - 
 do. . - - 
 
 ON THE BLACK SEA. 
 
 St. Petersburg. 
 
 Riga. 
 
 Archangel. 
 
 JohnRalli, 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Odessa. 
 
 Lewis Cass 
 Henry Ledyard, 
 
 Daniel Brent, 
 Samuel Allinson, 
 
 FRENCH DOMINIONS. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 ^ Envoy Extraordinaryj and 
 ( Minister Plenipotentiary. 
 Secretary of Legation. do. 
 
 Consul, 
 do. 
 
 Paris. 
 
 Paris. 
 Lyons. 
 
 Reuben G. Beasley, 
 Nathan Haley, 
 Henry P. Van Bibber, 
 George Strobel, 
 
 Daniel C. Croxall, - 
 
 Felix H. Suau 
 Philip A. de Creny, 
 
 Francis La Grouts, 
 
 PORTS ON THE ATLANTIC- 
 
 Consul - - - Havre, 
 
 do. - - - Nantes, 
 
 do. - - - La Rochelle 
 
 do. - - - Bordeaux. 
 
 PORTS ON THE MEDITERRANEAN. 
 
 Consul, 
 do. 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 Consul, 
 do. 
 
 Consul, 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Cefte. 
 Marseilles 
 
 Pointe-a-Pitre, [Guadeloupe.] 
 St. Pierre, [Martinique.] 
 
 Algiers. 
 
85 
 
 
 SPANISH DOMINIONS 
 
 >, 
 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 
 S Envoy Extraordinary and ) 
 I Minister Plenipotentiary. ) 
 Arthur Middleton, Jun. - Secretary of Legation. 
 
 Madrid, 
 do. 
 
 Maximo de Aguirre, 
 Alexander Burton, 
 George Read, 
 Joseph Borras, 
 Obadiah Rich, 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - . - 
 do. - . - 
 do. 
 do. - - - 
 
 Bilbao. 
 
 Cadiz. 
 
 Malaga. 
 
 Barcelona. norca.] 
 
 Port Mahon, [Island of Mi- 
 
 Nicholas P. Trist, 
 Daniel W. Courts, 
 Hiram P. Hastings, 
 Michael Mahon, 
 
 CUBA. 
 Consul, 
 do. - - 
 
 do. .... 
 do. . . - - 
 
 Havana. 
 Matanzas. 
 Trinidad de Cuba. 
 Sant-iago de Cuba. 
 
 James C. Gallaher, 
 John 0. Bradford, 
 Richard J. Offley, 
 William H. Tracy, 
 
 PUERTO RICO. 
 Consul, 
 do. , - 
 do. - - 
 do. - - 
 OTHER SPANISH ISLANDS. 
 
 Ponce. 
 
 San Juan or St. Johns. 
 
 Mayaguez. 
 
 Guayama 
 
 Joseph Cullen, 
 Henry P. Sturgis, . 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - - - 
 
 Teneriffe, [Canary.] 
 Manilla. [Philippine.] 
 
 
 PORTUGUESE DOMINIONS. 
 
 Edward Kavanagh, 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 Charge d' Affaires, . 
 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Israel P. Hutchinson, 
 William H. Vesey, 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - - 
 
 Lisbon. 
 St.Ubes,or Setuval. 
 
 Charles W. Dabney, 
 .Tohn H. March, - 
 Ferdinand Gardner, 
 
 PORTUGUESE ISLANDS. 
 Consul, 
 
 do. - - 
 
 do. - - 
 
 Fayal, [Azores.] 
 Funchal, [Madeira.] 
 St. Jago, [Cape Verd.] 
 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 
 Virgil Maxcy, 
 
 Charge d' Affaires, - 
 
 Brussels. 
 
 Thomas H. Barker, 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Antwerp. 
 
 Harmanus Bleecker, 
 
 John W. Vandenbroek, 
 John Wambersie, 
 
 Thomas Trask, 
 
 Jacob H. D'Meza, - 
 Owen M. Roberts, - 
 
 Jonathan F. Woodside, 
 
 Charles F. Ryan, 
 Edmund L. Raynals 
 George P. Todsen, 
 
 David Rogers, 
 
 DOMINIONS OF THE NETHERLANDS. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 Charge d'Affaires, • 
 
 Hague. 
 
 Consul, - - . Amsterdam, 
 
 do. - - Rotterdam. 
 
 COLONIES OF THE NETHERLANDS. 
 
 Consul, - - - Paramaribo, [Surinam, 
 
 South America.] 
 do. - - - Curagao, [W.I. Island.] 
 
 do. - - - Batavia, [Java, East India 
 
 Island.] 
 
 DANISH DOMINIONS. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 Charge d'Affaires, 
 
 Consul, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 Consul, 
 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 Elsineur. 
 
 Altona. 
 
 St. Croix, or Santa Cruz. 
 
86 
 
 SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 
 
 Cliristopher Hughes, 
 
 Charles D. Arfwedson, 
 C- A. Murray, 
 Helmich Janson, - 
 
 Henry Wheaton, - 
 Theodore S. Fay, - 
 
 Arnold Halbach, - 
 William T. Simons 
 Frederick Schillow, 
 
 Henry A. Muhlenberg, 
 John R. Clay, 
 
 J. G. Schwarz, 
 George Moore, 
 Albert Dabadie, 
 
 Gerhard W. Abeken, 
 
 John G. Flugel, 
 Robert de Ruedorffer, 
 
 Charles Graebe, 
 
 Charge d'Aflaires, 
 
 Consul, 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 S Envoy Extraordinary and 
 Minister Plenipotentiary. 
 Secretary of Legation, 
 
 Consul, 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 J Envoy Extraordinary and 
 \ Minister Plenipotentiary 
 Secretary of Legation, 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 
 HANOVER. 
 
 Consul, 
 
 SAXONY. 
 
 Consul, 
 do. 
 
 BAVARIA. 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Stockholm. 
 
 Stockholm. 
 Gothenburg. 
 Bergen. 
 
 Berlin, 
 do. 
 
 Berlin. 
 
 Elberfeld. 
 
 Stettin. 
 
 Vienna, 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Trieste. 
 Venice. 
 
 Embden. 
 
 Dresden. 
 Leipsick. 
 
 Munich. 
 
 GRAND-DUCHY OF HESSE. 
 
 Consul, - - - Cassel. 
 
 GRAND-DUCHY OF MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN. 
 
 Christian F. Schultz, - Consul, - - - Rostock. 
 
 HANSEATIC or FREE CITIES. 
 
 John Cuthbert, 
 Marcus Derkhem, 
 Ernest Schwcndler, 
 
 Stephen Powers 
 
 Victor A. Sasseruo, 
 
 Thomas Appleton. 
 
 George W. Greene, 
 James E. Freeman, 
 
 Consul, 
 do. 
 do. - 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Hamburg. 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Frankfort-on-the-Maine. 
 
 Basil or Basle. 
 
 SARDINIAN STATES. 
 
 Consul, 
 do - 
 
 TUSCANY. 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Genoa. 
 
 Nice. 
 
 Leghorn. 
 
 PONTIFICAL STATES. 
 
 Consul, - - - Rome, 
 
 do. - - - Ancona. 
 
87 
 
 KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES. 
 
 Enos T. Throop, 
 
 Alexander Hammett, 
 John M. Marston, 
 John L. Payson, • 
 
 David Porter, - 
 John P. Brown, 
 
 Charge d'Afiaires, 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 
 Naples. 
 
 Naples. 
 
 Palermo, [Sicily.] 
 Messina, [do.] 
 
 TURKISH DOMINIONS. 
 
 Minister Resident, 
 Dragoman 
 
 Constantinople, 
 do. 
 
 George A. Porter, 
 David W. Offley, 
 Nicholas Luca Perick, 
 W. B. Llewellyn, 
 
 Marino de Mattel, 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Brousa. 
 
 Saloaica. 
 
 Isle of Stanco or Cos. 
 
 Isle of Cyprus. 
 
 PLACES UI 
 
 George R. Gliddon, 
 John Gliddon, - 
 A. Durighello, - 
 Jasper Chasseaud, 
 Vincent Rosa, - 
 D. Bonnal, 
 
 >fDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE 
 
 Consul, - 
 do. - 
 do. . - 
 do. . . 
 do. - - - • 
 do. - - 
 
 PACHA OF EGYPT. 
 
 Cairo, [Egypt.] 
 Alexandria, [do.] 
 Aleppo. Said.] 
 Beirout, Damascus, and 
 Candia, [Isle of Candia.] 
 Canea, [do.] 
 
 Gregory A. Perdicaris, 
 James Wilkin, - 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - - 
 
 Athens. 
 Isle of Syra. 
 
 Thomas N. Carr. 
 Samuel D. Head, 
 Daniel S. Macauley, - 
 
 BARBARY STATES. 
 
 Consul, - - - Tangiers, [Morocco.] 
 do. - - . - Tunis, [Tunis.] 
 do. - - - - Tripoli, [Tripoli.] 
 
 DOMINK 
 
 Richard P. Waters, - 
 
 DNS OF THE IMAUM 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - 
 
 OF MUSCAT. 
 
 Muscat. 
 
 Island of Zanzibar, [near 
 the east coast of Africa.] 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 Peter W. Snow, 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Canton. 
 
 INDEPENDENT PACIFIC ISLANDS. 
 
 Samuel R. Blackler. 
 Peter A. Brinsmade 
 James R. Clendon, 
 
 Ralph Higinbothom, 
 Benjamin E Viall, 
 
 George H. Flood, 
 
 Elisha A. Rhodes, 
 Yoimg I. Porter, 
 Charles S. Wallack. 
 
 Powhatan Ellis, 
 Thomas H. Ellis, 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Commercial Agent, 
 Consul, 
 
 Otaheite, [Society Islands.] 
 Woahoo, [Sandwich Isl.] 
 Bay of Islands, [New Zea- 
 land.] 
 
 HAYTI or SAN DOMINGO. 
 
 Commercial Agent, 
 do. - 
 
 Aux Cayes. 
 Cape Haytien. 
 
 REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. 
 
 Charge d'AfTaires, - - Austin. 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 
 Velasco. 
 Galveston. 
 Brazoria. 
 Matagorda. 
 
 MEXICAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 k Envoy Extraordinary and ) 
 ( Minister Plenipotentiary, \ 
 Secretary of Legation, 
 
 Mexico, 
 do. 
 
88 
 
 William D. Jones, 
 John S. Langham, 
 Manuel Alvarez, 
 
 Consul, 
 do. - 
 do. - 
 
 Mexico. 
 Chihuahua. 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 George W. Montgomery, 
 Daniel W. Sinith, 
 Marmaduke Burrough, - 
 Henry E. Coleman, 
 Charles Russell, - 
 John Louis M'Gregor, - 
 
 ON THE ATLANTIC SIDE. 
 
 Consul, 
 
 do. - - 
 do. . - 
 do. - - 
 do. . . 
 do. - - 
 
 Tampico or Santa Anna de 
 
 Matamoras, [Tamaulipas. 
 
 Vera Cruz and Alvarado. 
 
 Tabasco. 
 
 Laguna, [Carmen Island.] 
 
 Campeache. 
 
 Jonathan P. Gilliam, 
 
 John Parrott, 
 
 Jose Maria Castanos, 
 
 ON THE PACIFIC SIDE. 
 
 Consul 
 do. . - 
 do. - - 
 
 Monterey. 
 Mazatlan. 
 San Bias. 
 
 Stephen H. Weems. 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Guatemala, [Pacific side.] 
 
 NEW GRANADA. 
 
 .Tames Semple, - 
 
 Charge d'Afiaires, - 
 
 ON THE ATLANTIC SIDE. 
 
 Bogota. 
 
 Thomas W. Robeson, - 
 
 Consul, 
 
 ON THE PACIFIC SIDE. 
 
 Santa Martha. 
 
 Ferdinand E. Hassler, - 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Panama. 
 
 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 
 John G. A. Williamson, 
 
 Charge d'AflFaires, - 
 
 Caraccas. 
 
 William J. Dubs, 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Maracaibo. 
 
 Franklm Litchfield, 
 
 do. -' 
 
 Puerto Cabello. 
 
 Benjamin Renshaw, 
 
 do. - 
 
 Laguayra. 
 
 
 EQUATOR. 
 
 
 Seth Sweetzer, - 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Guayaquil. 
 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 
 William Hunter, 
 
 Charge d'AflFaires, - 
 
 Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Charles B. Allen, 
 
 Consul, 
 
 Maranham Island. 
 
 Charles J. Smith, 
 
 do. '. - . - 
 
 Para. 
 
 Joseph Ray, 
 
 do. - - 
 
 Pemambuco. 
 
 George W. Slacum, 
 
 do. - - 
 
 Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 George Black, - 
 
 do. ... 
 
 Santos. 
 
 Lemuel Wells. - 
 
 do. - - 
 
 St. Catharine's Island 
 
 John C. Pedrick, 
 
 do. - - 
 
 Rio Grande. 
 
 URUGUAY or CISPLATINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 Robert M. Hamilton, - Consul, - - . Montevideo. 
 
 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC or BUENOS AYRES. 
 
 Alfred M. Slade, - Consul, 
 
 Richard Pollard, 
 
 CHILE. 
 
 Charge d' Affaires, • 
 
 George G. Hobson, - Consul, 
 Paul H. Delano, - Acting do. 
 
 Samuel F. Haviland, - do. - 
 
 James C. Pickett, 
 
 PERU 
 
 Charge d'Afiairesj 
 
 Edwin Bartlet, - - Consul, 
 Alexander Ruden, Jun. do. - 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Sant-Iago. 
 
 Valparaiso, 
 Talcahuano. 
 Coquimbo. 
 
 Lima. 
 
 Lima. 
 Paita. 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 The recent agitation of the public mind, growing out of the un- 
 settled boundary question in this state, has given to Maine an un- 
 usual degree of interest. Great Britain claims about one third of 
 the whole surface of this state, upon the ostensible plea, that she is 
 rightfully entitled to it by virtue of treaty to that effect, but doubt- 
 less, in reality, that she may secure a direct land communication 
 between her provinces on the Atlantic and the Canadas ; and evi- 
 dently, as it is believed, in contravention of former treaties on this 
 subject. 
 
 Lumber constitutes one of the principal productions of the state. 
 The value of lumber cut and sawed annually, is estimated at ten 
 millions of dollars ; the yearly value of wool grown, is about two 
 millions ; that of lime manufactured in the state, one million ; annual 
 value of manufactures, ten millions ; upward of fifty thousand tons 
 of shipping are annually built. 
 
 There is in the valley of the Kennebec a fine wheat tract. Be- 
 sides lumber, lime, and wool, beef, pork, butter, pot and pearl ashes, 
 dried and pickled fish, hay, marble, firewood, &c. are exported. The 
 constitution amply provides for the support of public schools, and 
 for the encouragement and endowment of academies, colleges, and 
 seminaries of learning. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 There is a great variety of soil in this state, much of it may be 
 said to be fertile, but perhaps generally better adapted to grazing 
 than tillage. Agricultural pursuits constitute chiefly the occupation 
 of the inhabitants ; and horses and cattle, beef, pork, butter, cheese, 
 lumber, fish, pot and pearl ashes, &c., are largely exported. The 
 state yields a very fine granite, which is extensively quarried, and 
 affords an excellent material for building. There are some large 
 manufacturing establishments, chiefly in the southern part of the 
 state. Portsmouth has one of the finest harbors in the world, afford- 
 ing forty feet of water at low tide, easily accessible, and completely 
 landlocked. Common schools are established by law throughout the 
 state. 
 
90 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 A large proportion of the soil in this state is fertile, and fitted to 
 the various purposes of agriculture ; and this is the chief employ- 
 ment of the inhabitants. Iron is found in great abundance, and is 
 extensively wrought ; also marble of good quality is quarried and 
 carried out of the state. Horses and mules are sent from this to other 
 states, and to the West Indies. A number of cotton manufactories are 
 in operation. Domestic fabrics of linen and viroollen are made in al- 
 most every family. In the state a council of censors is chosen once 
 every seven years, for the term of one year, by the popular vote. It is 
 their' duty to examine whether there have been any violations of the 
 Constitution, and whether the legislative and executive branches 
 have done their duty, and also to propose any alterations in the Con- 
 stitution. Towns are divided into districts, each of which is required 
 by law to support a school at least three months during the year. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 This is, indeed, a noble state ; and taken as a whole, the bes^ 
 cultivated state in the Union. Its legislature and agricultural socie- 
 ties have made great efforts to encourage a skilful and thrifty hus- 
 bandry ; but its most important branches of productive industry are 
 the fisheries, navigation, commerce, and manufactures. The ship- 
 ping belonging to this state amounts to about half a million of tons, 
 being greater than that of any other state, and nearly one third of 
 the whole tonnage of the country. In this state the first blood was 
 shed in resisting the oppressive acts of the mother country, and 
 which ultimately led to the triumphant achievement of American In- 
 dependence — and being noted as it is for its extraordinary attention 
 to the education of its citizens, will doubtless be the last to submit 
 to oppression from any other quarter. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 This, although the smallest state in the Union, is not less noted 
 for the enterprise, intelligence, patriotism, and sound morals of its 
 citizens, than are the larger states of the confederacy — the climate 
 healthy as that of any part of America. Commerce, the fisheries, 
 and manufactures, rather than agriculture, constitute the principal 
 occupation of its inhabitants. The annual value of imports is up- 
 ward of half a million of dollars, principally derived from the whale 
 fishery. Here are some large cotton and woollen mills, bleacheries, 
 calico-print works, iron foundries, machine shops, tanneries, &c. — 
 a silk manufactory in Providence — and lace is made in Newport. 
 In fact, no state in the Union has so large a proportion of its popu- 
 lation and capital employed in manufactories as Rhode Island. Ten 
 thousand dollars a year is appropriated by the state for the support 
 of common schools. There are in the state three hundred and 
 twenty-three free schools, with nearly twenty thousand pupils. 
 
91 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Soil generally productive, but not highly fertile, being better 
 adapted to grazing than tillage. Fine rich meadows, however, adorn 
 its rivers, particularly on the Connecticut and Housatonic. The 
 farnners of this state are distinguished for their skill and industry, 
 and much care has been bestowed upon the cultivation of the land ; 
 it resembles, in many parts, a well cultivated garden. Considerable 
 attention has been paid to the cultivation of the mulberry tree ; and 
 the breeding of silk-worms successfully prosecuted. The fisheries 
 are carried on with enterprize, and some fifteen thousand tons of 
 shipping employed in the whaling business. The manufactures are 
 of great value, but being principally in the hands of the people, 
 there are few large establishments. The income from the common 
 school fund (about two millions of dollars) is appropriated to that 
 highly important object, the education of its children. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Appropriately denominated the " Empire State," being the most 
 flourishing, wealthy, and populous of the Union. Unsurpassed in 
 the natural advantages of its soil, internal navigation, and easy ac- 
 cess to the sea, public works, executed on a scale of imperial gran- 
 deur, it exhibits one of those amazing examples of growth and 
 prosperity that are seen nowhere on the globe, beyond our own 
 borders. To describe the varied beauties of its diversified scenery, 
 its inexhaustible mineral resources, the extent of its agricultural 
 productions, its numerous and flourishing manufactories, its magni- 
 ficent public works, its great commercial operations, (New York city 
 being after London the greatest commercial emporium in the world) 
 its noble institutions liberally endowed, and established for the pro- 
 motion of the fine and useful arts and sciences, its ample provision 
 for the moral culture of its inhabitants, its generous contributions 
 towards ameliorating the condition of the helpless and destitute, the 
 general intelligence, and enterprising public spirit of its citizens, 
 would require a volume of no ordinary dimensions. In illustration 
 of this last particular, it may be stated that the great fire of Decem- 
 ber, 1835, destroyed six hundred and fifteen houses, and property to 
 the amount of about eighteen millions, and that the buildings were 
 mostly rebuilt within eight months after the event. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 A very considerable portion of this state, namely, that part ex- 
 tending from the Raritan and Trenton to Cape May, being a great 
 sandy plain, is unadapted to the prominent agricultural staples of 
 wheat, &c. Its extensive pine forests, however, afford supplies of 
 fuel to the numerous furnaces of the state, and find a ready market 
 in the large adjacent cities. Some tracts, moreover, are found to 
 
produce abundance of fine fruit, particularly the peach, and vegeta- 
 bles, that yield a profitable return in the New York and Philadel- 
 phia markets. But the middle section is the most highly improved 
 and wealthy part of the state. Valuable iron ores and other mine- 
 rals abound in this state. Several thousand manufacturing establish- 
 ments, of various kinds, are vigorously prosecuted. The value of 
 the iron manufactures is estimated at nearly two milions of dollars 
 annually. Many eminent men have gone forth from Nassau Hall, 
 Princeton ; and several high schools and academies adorn the state, 
 but primary education has been too much neglected. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The central position of this great state, its wealth, its natural re- 
 sources, its grand artificial flues of communication, and its popula- 
 tion, make it one of the most important in the Union, and have ob- 
 tained for it the honorable distinction of being denominated the 
 " Key Stone of the Arch." Like Virginia, it stretches quite across 
 the great Appalachian system of mountains. Distinguished topo- 
 graphers have boldly asserted that it may be doubted whether a 
 more widely diversified region exists on the face of the earth, than 
 Pennsylvania, or one of similar area on which the vegetable and 
 mineral productions are more numerous ; and, it may be added, the 
 climate of which is more congenial to health. Besides marble, 
 which it produces of a beautiful variety and excellent texture, the 
 state abounds with iron and anthracite coal in quantities literally in- 
 exhaustible. This highly favored state is, moreover, emphatically 
 congenial to wheat, and admits a wide diversity of vegetable produc- 
 tions, embracing, in fact, (with the exception of rice) the entire cata- 
 logue of cerealia cultivated in the United States. Manufactures are 
 also carried on in great variety and extent, many of which are of 
 superior excellence. Improvements for internal intercommunication 
 have been executed on a grand scale, extending over broad and rapid 
 rivers, through rugged defiles, and over lofty mountains. Pennsyl- 
 vania has the honor of having constructed the first turnpike in the 
 United States. Philadelphia, the most regularly laid out, and hand- 
 somely built city in the world, is second only to New York in popu- 
 lation, and while it is inferior only to that city and Boston (on this 
 continent) in commerce, it yields to none in the Union in the wealth, 
 enterprise, and intelligence of its citizens. Time would fail to de- 
 scribe the number and excellence of its literary and benevolent in- 
 stitutions. Free schools abound in the city, and the legislature in 
 its wisdom has not very long since perceived the importance and 
 propriety of extending them throughout the state. There are nine 
 hundred and thirty-three school districts, of these, eight hundred and 
 forty have accepted the provisions of the law for their support. 
 During the past year, there were in these accepting districts, three 
 thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight male teachers, one thousand 
 nine hundred and seventy-four female teachers, five thousand two 
 hundred and sixty-nine schools, one hundred and twenty-seven thou- 
 
93 
 
 sand, six hundred and seventy-seven male scholars, one hundred and 
 six thousand and forty-two females. Among the distinguished citizens 
 of this state, who have long labored to establish the common or free 
 school system, perhaps no name stands so conspicuously pre-emi- 
 nent as that of Joseph R. Chandler, Esq., whose consistent, able, 
 and persevering efforts in this noble cause, have justly entitled him 
 to the esteem and admiration of his fellow-citizens. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Delaware, after Rhode Island, is the smallest state in the Union ; 
 and in point of population, inferior to that state, sending but one 
 member to lower house of Congress. The more northern parts ot 
 the state are slightly undulating, but it becomes almost a perfect 
 level towards the ocean. The soil is generally thin and marshy, but 
 in some places the land is rich, and well adapted to the productions 
 of wheat, which may be said to constitute the staple commodity of 
 the state. There were in the state, in 1833, some fifteen or twenty 
 cotton mills, besides machine shops, foundries, woollen manufacto- 
 ries, paper mills, two powder mills, producing upward of a million 
 of pounds, twenty quercitron mills, seventy-two flour mills, produ- 
 cing upward of one hundred and thirty thousand barrels of flour and 
 Indian corn meal per annum ; some forty or fifty saw mills, &c., and 
 Wilmington has several ships engaged in the whale fishery. The 
 state is divided into school districts, which are authorized to lay a 
 tax for the support of free schools. The number of school districts 
 is one hundred and thirty-three. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 This state being completely, though irregularly, divided in nearly 
 its entire length, by the famous Chesapeake Bay, presents in what 
 may be termed its ground plan, a very unique and singular appear- 
 ance. That section of the state lying east of this great estuary, and 
 usually denominated the " Eastern Shore," consists, for the most 
 part, of an extensive sandy and clayey level. It is, however, by n.o 
 means unproductive ; Indian corn and wheat being the agricultural 
 staples. The same articles, with tobacco, are the staples of the 
 western section ; the soil of which is generally non-productive, and 
 its broad, moist valleys, forming fertile meadows, and luxuriant pas- 
 tures ; great quantities of flour, and Indian corn meal are annually 
 exported from this state. An abundance of valuable minerals is also 
 found, particularly ihe iron and other ores, yielding metal of excel- 
 lent quality. Manufactures are carried on to a very considerable 
 extent. The herring and shad fisheries constitute an important arti- 
 cle of trade, and yield a valuable return. Commerce is extensive, 
 the shipping amounting to about one hundred thousand tons. The 
 superiority of the Baltimore naval architecture, particularly as ap- 
 plied to vessels of smaller construction, has long been proverbial. 
 The enterprise of the citizens of Maryland is conspicuously exhibit- 
 
94 
 
 ed in its magnificent public works, most of which are on a gigantic 
 scale. Various scientific and literary institutions flourish in this 
 state ; colleges, academies, and high schools are fostered by liberal 
 appropriation, and considerable provision has been made for the 
 education of indigent children. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 This state, covering an area greater than that of England, is " the 
 largest and most central state in the Union ; and being perhaps the 
 most varied in her productions, the richest in natural resources, 
 blessed with a most happy climate, abundantly supplied with noble 
 channels of communication, exhibiting over her spacious bosom a 
 pleasant interchange of the wildest and most lovely scenes, Virginia 
 seems to possess within herself the elements of an empire. Nor to 
 the American heart are the historical associations connected with 
 the " Old Dominion," as she is fondly called by her children, of less 
 interest ; here the first English colony in America was planted. 
 Virginia disputes the honor with Massachusetts, of having given 
 the first impetus to the ball of the revolution. She gave birlh to the 
 Father of his Country ; and his mortal remains repose in her soil. 
 Professor W. B. Rogers's " Geological Reconnoisance," demon- 
 strates the mineral wealth of this state to be boundless ; and the 
 citizens are beginning to realize now, more than formerly, the great 
 importance of bringing forth these hidden treasures from the bowels 
 of the earth. The hydro-sulphurous springs of Virginia have been 
 long celebrated ; their eflBcacy in cases resulting from derangement 
 of the liver, and want of function of this organ and the stomach, is, 
 perhaps, unsurpassed by any in the world. And the Warm and Hot 
 Springs, also found here, are not less salutary in rheumatic and cu- 
 taneous diseases. Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco, are the princi- 
 pal agricultural productions, and cotton is raised in the southeastern 
 counties to an extent of some three hundred and fifty thousand bales 
 per annum. There are valuable public works for facilitating the 
 intercommunication between the different parts of the state. Prima- 
 ry schools for instructing poor children are in part supported by the 
 literary fund of the state. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 North Qarolina, in its vsrhole width, for about sixty miles from the 
 sea, is generally a dead level, supposed at no great distance of time 
 to have been covered by water, and is varied only by occasional 
 springs in the immense forests with which it is covered. But be- 
 yond this a beautiAil country is seen stretching west, of a fertile soil, 
 and adorned with forests and lofty trees. The soil and productions 
 of the hilly country are nearly the same as in the northern states, 
 Orchard fruits are produced in abundance, particularly the apple, 
 ,and peach. Grain is cultivated to some extent, and cotton is raised 
 in considerable quantities ; the cotton crop is about thirty-five thou- 
 
95 
 
 sand bales. Some valuable mineral productions abound in this state, 
 particularly gold and iron. A mint for the coinage of gold has been 
 erected, and is in operation in this slate. The pine forests which 
 cover nearly the whole of the eastern part of the state, yield not only 
 much lumber for exportation, but nearly all the resinous matter used 
 in ship building in the country. No system of general education 
 has been adopted- 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 This state, for one hundred miles from the sea, presents a forest 
 of pitch-pine, varied only with occasional swampy tracts. Beyond 
 this is what is called the Middle Country, consisting, for the most 
 part of low, sandy hills, of an undulating appearance. Still farther 
 westward, the country gradually ascends, exhibiting a beautiful 
 alternation of hill and dale, interspersed with extensive forests 
 and watered by pleasant streams. Gold and iron ore are found in the 
 western section of the state, and have yielded some valuable returns ; 
 but the mineral resources of the state are, on the whole, inconsidera- 
 ble. Cotton and rice are the agricultural staples ; these great sta- 
 ples are very extensively cultivated, the cotton crop being abooit sixty- 
 six million pounds ; and the annual exports of rice from the United 
 States, which are chiefly from this state, amount to nearly two hun- 
 dred thousand tierces. There are no manufactures of any import- 
 ance in South Carolina, but the commerce of the state is necessarily 
 extensive, the exports, including large quantities of the productions 
 of Georgia and North Carolina. The shipping belonging to the 
 state is disproportionate to the extent of its commerce ; the foreign 
 and coasting trade being mostly in the hands of foreigners and 
 northern ship owners. Measures, however, have recently been 
 adopted by a convention of delegates from several southern states, 
 for augmenting this branch of commercial investment, and for en- 
 couraging the direct importations of their own merchants. Several 
 useful canals have been constructed, but of no great extent. A rail- 
 road leading from Charleston to Hamburgh, opposite Savannah, one 
 hundred and thirty-five miles, has been some time completed. An- 
 other great work is now being constructed, at an estimated cost of 
 ten millions of dollars, (the Charleston and Cincinnati railroad,) whole 
 distance six hundred miles. Extensive means have been created for 
 the education of poor children, both by the state, and various bene- 
 volent institutions. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Georgia, in point of dimensions, is exceeded only by Virginia and 
 Missouri, and although the last settled of the Atlantic colonies, has 
 been surpassed in prosperity and rapidity of growth by none of the 
 eastern states except New York. This state, like the Carolinas, has 
 extensive swamps, but large portions of it are blessed with a strong 
 productive soil, and a mild and healthy climate, and is represented 
 
96 
 
 as " being everywhere fertile and delightful ; continually replenished 
 by innumerable rivulets, either coursing about th« fragrant hills, or 
 springing from the rocky precipices, and forming many cascades ; 
 the coolness and purity of whose waters invigorate the air of this 
 otherwise hot and sultry climate." Its mineral resources are very 
 imperfectly known. No systematic mining operations are carried 
 on, although copper and iron have been found. Gold is the most 
 valuable mineral yet produced. The sulphurous springs in Butts 
 county are much resorted to for their efficacy in cutaneous and 
 rheumatic affections. The great agricultural staples are cotton and 
 rice ; the other exports are tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber. The 
 value of exports amounts to about eight millions of dollars annually. 
 Of imports not much over half a million. A canal from the Savannah 
 to the Ogechee, is the only artificial channel of navigation. Rail- 
 roads have been constructed to some considerable extent. The in- 
 come of a poor school fund is divided among the counties, but there 
 is no system of common education. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 The northern part of this state is somewhat mountainous, being 
 traversed by the Appalachian chain, yet for the most part pleasantly 
 diversified. The central and southern sections assume a more level 
 surface, consisting of some extensive plains and pine barrens, inter- 
 spersed with alluvial river bottom, of great fertility. Cotton is the 
 great agricultural staple ; the crop exceeding four hundred thousand 
 bales. Fruits flourish abundantly. Bituminous coal and iron ore 
 abound, arid of an excellent quality : several forges on the Catawba 
 are in operation. The mineral resources, however, of the state, 
 have never been carefully explored. The enterprise of this youthful 
 state has been manifested, by the construction of several important 
 useful works for intercommunication. Its growth has been extremely 
 rapid. Mobile is a flourishing commercial town ; an idea may be 
 formed of its advancement by a knowledge of the fact, that in 1830 
 the population of Mobile was three thousand, four hundred; in 1835, 
 five thousand, three hundred ; and by the census taken last year, it 
 was found to be nearly fifteen thousand. The exports of Mobile 
 this year, amount to upwards of seventeen millions of dollars. Am- 
 ple means are provided in this state for the encouragement and pro- 
 motion of learning, and for the gratuitous education of indigent 
 children. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 There are no mountains within the limits of this state, but nu- 
 merous ranges of hills of moderate elevation, give to greater part of 
 the surface an undulating and diversified character. The eastern 
 border is characterized by an extensive region of swamps, subject to 
 annual inundations. There is one tract between the Mississippi and 
 Yazoo one hundred miles in length, by fifty in breadth, that is an- 
 
97 
 
 nually overflowed. The state contains a great number of running 
 streams, and much excellent land exists along these streams through- 
 out the whole state. Tobacco and indigo were formerly the staples 
 of Mississippi, but cotton at present is the chief production of the 
 state ; the crop is about three hundred and twenty-five thousand 
 bales. Some works of magnitude have been completed for facilita- 
 ting the transportation of the bulky staple of the state. The popu- 
 lation of Mississippi has increased with astonishing rapidity. By act 
 of Congress, one section of six hundred and forty acres of the pub- 
 lic lands, in each township, was reserved for the support of common 
 schools in the township ; the slate has also a literary fund devoted 
 to the same purpose. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Perhaps it would be difficult to find on earth, a continuous tract 
 of equal extent, presenting a greater diversity than Louisiana. With- 
 in its limits are included all the varieties, from the most recent, and 
 still periodically inundated alluvium, to hills approaching the mag- 
 nitude of mountains ; every quality of soil, from the most productive 
 to the most sterile, and from unwooded plains to dense forests. A 
 large extent of country in this state is annually overflowed by the 
 Mississippi. The staples are cotton and sugar ; the latter is produ- 
 ced c«nly in the southern part of the state, and aff'ords a crop of about 
 one hundred thousand hogsheads ; cotton is cultivated wherever the 
 soil is suitable ; the crop amounts to upward of two hundred thou- 
 sand bales. Rice, maize, tobacco, and indigo are also produced. 
 Lumber is also cut for exportation; and tar, pitch, and turpentine are 
 prepared. Herds of cattle and horses are grazed on the fine pas- 
 tures of the prairies. A number of valuable railroads have been 
 constructed in the state. New Orleans is the principal city in the 
 United States southwest of Baltimore ; and is the third commercial 
 mart in the Union. Valuable public lands have been reserved in 
 Louisiana for the creation of a school fund ; and some considerable 
 attempts have been made to provide for the education of poor chil- 
 dren. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 The steady onward course of this noble and interesting state, has 
 furnished ample scope for the topographer's pen. The rapid growth 
 of its population has never been paralleled. In the census of 1800, 
 it ranked in the number of its inhabitants, the eighteenth state in the 
 Union ; in 1 830, the fourth ; and in the census to be taken this 
 year, it will doubtless lake precedence of Virginia in this respect : 
 thus making it, in population, inferior only to New York and Penn- 
 sylvania. The soil is generally fertile, and highly productive. Indian 
 corn and wheat are staples raised with much ease, and in great 
 abundance. Rye, oats, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, &c., and all 
 manner of garden vegetables, are cultivated to great perfection. 
 Fruits, of almost every variety, are very plentifully produced. Swine 
 
98 
 
 is 60 great a blaplc, tlial Cinciiiiiali lias bee)) deiioniiiiated "the pork 
 market of tlie world." Immense droves of fat cattle are sent from 
 this to the eastern and southern states. The tobacco crop is esti- 
 mated at some thirty thousand liogsheads. Numerous and important 
 manufactures are snccessiully cfirried on. Coal is found in great 
 (juantities in the eastern parti«. The public works are of a character 
 and magnitude to strike us wiili surprise, when wc consider the in- 
 iancy of the state. A system of general education has been organ- 
 ized, but is not yet in efficient operation throughout the state. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 The soil of this slate is generally productive, and most of it high- 
 ly fertile. Much excellent timber abounds, interspersed with beau- 
 tiful prairies. The agricultural exports are beef, pork, cattle, horses, 
 swine, Indian corn, tobacco, &c. The climate healthy and pleasant, 
 Very considerable commercial advantages are enjoyed by this state, 
 both by its position, and the numerous navigable streams that flow 
 through it. Public works of internal improvement have been con- 
 structed on a scale commensurate with their great importance to the 
 prosperity of the state. Some twenty-one millions of dollars have 
 been appropriated to this purpose the present year. The tide of 
 emigration has steadily flowed into this state for some ten or fifteen 
 years past ; and its population has, consequently, increased with 
 great rapidity. In the census of 1800, it numbered two thousand, 
 six hundred and forty-one inhabitants ; it is now estimated to contain 
 but little short of one million. A reservation of public lands, for the 
 support of common schools in this state, has been made by Con- 
 gress, similar to those of the other new states. The constitution of 
 Indiana contains the following important provision respecting gene- 
 ral education : " It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as 
 soon as circumstances will permit, to provide by law for a general 
 system of education, ascending in a regular gradation from township 
 schools to a state university, wherein tuition shall be gratis, and 
 efjually open to all.'' Circumstances, however, have not yet permit- 
 ted this noble clause to have a practical effect. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Perhaps no stntc in the Union offers greater inducements to the 
 immigrant than Illinois. The land is admirably adapted to all the 
 purposes of the agriculturist, and, in many important tracts, is rich 
 in the extreme. Seventy-five bushels of corn to the acre, is said to 
 be an ordinary crop in these fine sections. Maize is the staple pro- 
 duction of the state, and the average produce is fifty bushels to the 
 acre. Wheat is also raised in large quantities, and yields flour of 
 superior quality. Large herds of cattle are kept with little trouble; 
 thousands of hogs arc raised with very inconsiderable attention and 
 expense. Coal is abundant in almost all parts of the state. In the 
 nortiiwcstern part, wheic the soil is comparatively inferior, lead is 
 
90 
 
 lound 111 exhaustless qudutities. The amount of lead smelted m a 
 single year, has exceeded thirteen million pounds, but the quantity 
 now annually smelted, does not, perhaps, exceed half that amount. 
 The same provision has been made by Congress for the support of 
 public schools in this as in the other new states, but the scattered 
 slate ot the population has as yet prevented a general system of 
 jnibUc education from being carried into operation. 
 
 K E N T U C K Y. 
 
 Though irregular and uneven in its surface, Kentucky is unsur- 
 passed in point of fertihty of soil. The region watered by the Lick- 
 ing, Kentucky, and fcialt rivers, is justly described as the garden of 
 the state ; an epithet to which the exceeding beauty of its scenery, 
 the great richness of the soil, and the fine springs and streams m 
 which it abounds, amply entitles it. The state is bountifully sup- 
 plied with noble rivers, and useful streams. Iron and salt are made 
 ju considerable quantities; and bituminous coal is widely difTused. 
 Agriculture, however, is the general occupation of the inhabitants, 
 and Indian corn, wheat, hemp, and tobacco, are the great staples of 
 the state. Cotton is raised, but chiefly for home consumption. The 
 line pastures afford an ample range for cattle and horses, and many 
 thousands of these are annually driven out of the state. Several 
 prominent agriculturists have contributed largely toward improving 
 the breed of the former, by the introduction of the Durham Short- 
 honis : among these enterprizing citizens the honorable Henry Clay 
 stands pre-eminent. The spirit and bottom of Kentucky horses, 
 have long been proverbial. Besides the staples above enumerated, 
 salt beef and pork, bacon, butter, and cheese, are largely exported. 
 Manufactures are ot considerable value, and daily growing in impor- 
 tance. Some important works have been executed for the purpose 
 of extending the facihties of transportation afforded by the natural 
 channels. A railroad extends from Lexington to Louisville, ninety 
 miles. Several excellent turnpike or MMdamised roads have also 
 been made. No system of popular education has been adopted in 
 this slate, but in many of the counties common schools are sup- 
 ported. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Tennessee is marked by bold features. " There can be nothing," 
 says Mr. Flint, " of grand and imposing of scenery, nothing striking 
 and picturesque in cascades and precipitous sides of mountains co- 
 vered with woods, nothing romantic and delightful in deep and shel- 
 tered valleys, through which wind still and clear streams, which is 
 not found in this state." If there is a greater proportion of land that 
 is unfit for cultivation in Tennessee than in some other states, it has 
 the advantage of possessing a soil of first rate quality in that which 
 is cultivated. Agriculture forms the principal occupation of the in- 
 habitants. Indian corn and cotton are the staples. Tobacco, hemp, 
 
1 0(^ 
 
 and wheat are also raised in considerable quantilies. In East Ten- 
 nessee grazing is much attended to, and great numbers of live stock 
 are driven to the eastern markets. Some valuable minerals are pro- 
 duced, particularly iron and coal. The state has a school fund, the 
 interest of which is distributed to such school districts as provide a 
 school-house, but little has yet been done toward the establishment 
 of a common school system throughout the state. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 In point of dimensions, this is the second state in the Union. Af- 
 ter making ample deductions for inferior soil, ranges of barren hills, 
 and large tracts of swamps, the state of Missouri contains a vast pro- 
 portion of excellent farming land. Some cotton is raised, but tobacco 
 is more extensively grown ; and hemp, wheat, and Indian corn, and 
 the other cereal grains are cultivated with success. Vast herds of 
 cattle, horses, ancl swine are raised ; the prairies affording excellent 
 jiatural pastures. The business of raising cattle is almost reduced 
 to the simple operation of turning them upon these prairies, and let- 
 ting them fatten until the owners think proper to claim the tribute of 
 their flesh. The mineral treasures are very great. The mineral 
 districts are characterized by the abundance and richnessof their lead. 
 Iron is also found in inexhaustible quantities ; likewise manganese, 
 zinc, antimony, arsenic, plumbago, and other minerals of minor im- 
 portance. The people, generally, are enterprizing, hardy, and in- 
 dustrious. The constitution of Missouri contains some salutary pro- 
 visions for the especial benefit of slaves, granting them trial by jury, 
 &c., but the common school system for the education of her indi- 
 gent children, seems to have been overlooked. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 In point of fertility this state is not surpassed by any tract of equal 
 extent in the world ; in the southern part, particularly, there are al- 
 luvial lands of great extent, with a rich vegetable mould, of from 
 three to six feet in depth ; and although the northern part is not so 
 exuberantly fertile, yet it contains a large proportion of excellent 
 land. Scattered over the surface, embosomed in beautiful groves, 
 are numerous sheets of the most pure and limpid water, supplied by 
 fountains, and bordered by clear, sandy shores. The constitution 
 provides for a system of common schools, by which a school shall 
 be kept up and supported in each school district, at least three 
 months in every year ; and as soon as the circumstances of the state 
 will permit, shall provide for the establishment of libraries, one at 
 least in each township. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 This young state, though at present but thinly peopled, abounding 
 with extensive swamps, and some sterile tracts, yet offers many attrac- 
 
101 
 
 lions to emigrants. Much of its land being highly productive, and 
 of extraordinary fertility. These attractions have not been without 
 effect upon the minds of the immigrating multitudes, thousands of 
 whom are annually swelling the population of this thriving and ra- 
 pidly growing stale. Cotton and maize are the staples. Lead, coal, 
 salt, and iron abound. The country is admirably adapted to grazing. 
 No system of common schools has as yet been adopted. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 This is a territory ten miles square, and under the immediate 
 government of Congress. It is divided into Washington and Alex- 
 andria counties, and contains the cities of Washington, Georgetown, 
 and Alexandria. This district lies on both sides of the Potomac, 
 one hundred and twenty miles from its mouth, and was ceded to the 
 United States by Maryland and Virginia in 1790. The seat of the 
 general government was established within its limits in 1800. The 
 city of Washington was laid out, under the superintendence of the 
 man whose name it bears, in 17iSl. The plan of the city combines 
 regularity with variety, and is adapted to the variations of the sur- 
 face, so that the spaces allotted to public buildings, occupy com- 
 manding positions. The grand avenues are from one hundred and 
 thirty to one hundred and sixty feet wide, and are planted with 
 trees ; several of the largest unite at the hill on which the capitol is 
 situated : these bear the names of the several states in the Union. 
 Georgetown is about three miles west of the capitol, and is plea- 
 santly situated, commanding a prospect of the river, neighboring city, 
 and the diversified country in the vicinity. Alexandria is six miles 
 below Washington, on the opposite side of the Potomac, and is a 
 place of considerable commerce. The soil in the District is gene- 
 rally poor, but a portion of it is highly cultivated. 
 
 FLORIDA TERRITORY. 
 
 Florida resembles the low country of the southern states ; the 
 surface being moderately uneven and barren, except along the banks 
 of rivers and lakes, where it is very fertile. It is interspersed with 
 numerous ponds, lakes, and rivers. The southern part of the penin- 
 sula is a mere marsh, and terminates at Cape Sable in heaps of sharp 
 rocks. But a small portion of the country is under cultivation. Live 
 oak timber, which is of great value in ship building, grows to a large 
 size. The more fertile parts are well adapted to the production of 
 cotton, tobacco, sugar, and corn ; oranges, figs, dates, and pomegra- 
 nates, are among its fruits. There are some two or three thousand 
 Indians, who have been carrying on hostilities against the whites for 
 several years past. 
 
 WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 
 
 This territory formed, until the year 1836, the western division of 
 Michig^rx cerritory. Number of square miles, three hundred thou- 
 sand ; population in 1830, three thousand, six hundred and thirty- 
 
102 
 
 live; in 18:36, iwonly-lwo ihousaiul, liirec hundi-cJ and ivvcnly. A 
 large portion of this country is but little known, and is still in the 
 occupancy of the Indians. It is yet thinly settled Hs great mineral 
 resources, fertile soil, and fine climate are, however, attracting nu- 
 merous emigrants. Lead, copper, and iron are found in great abun- 
 dance. 
 
 I O ^^^ A T E R R I T O R Y. 
 
 Iowa territory was organized by Congress in 183S. During the 
 two preceding years it formed the western division of Wisconsin. 
 The country so far as it has been explored, is beautiful in appear- 
 ance, and of uncommon fertility of soil. Most luxuriant crops of 
 corn, wheat, and oats, are produced. Lead, the principal mineral, is 
 found in great abundance ; and the finest lead mines in the United 
 States, are those worked in the vicinity of Dubuque. Coal, iron, and 
 limestone also abound. 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 This territory is assigned by the United States government for 
 the residence of those Indians who have emigrated or may emigrate 
 from the eastern part of the Union. The atmosphere is salubiious, 
 and the climate delightful. It contains coal, some lead and iron ore, 
 and many saline springs, suitable for the manufacturing of salt. 
 The most serious defect is the want of timber. The Indians devote 
 considerable time to agriculture. About five hundred bales of cot- 
 ton were raised by the Choctaws in 1835. Number of square miles, 
 two hundred and forty thousand. 
 
 MISSOURI TERRITORY. 
 
 Missouri territory is a vast wilderness, thinly settled only by dif- 
 ferent tribes of Indians, many of whom have no permanent residence. 
 It consists of extensive prairies, over which roam countless droves 
 of buffalo, elk, deer, and wild horses. This region is visited by 
 white traders who barter with the Indians for skins of buffaloes, 
 bears, beavers, &c., taken by them in hunting. Square miles, three 
 hundred thousand. 
 
 OREGON TERRITORY. 
 
 This territory is the most western part of the United States. It 
 extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific ocean. In many 
 parts the soil is fertile, and well adapted to farming. Wheat, corn, 
 and vegetables are raised in excellent quality. Pine trees of enor- 
 mous JDulk grow on Columbia river, and many of them attain the 
 height of two hundred and fifty feet. Though claimed by the United 
 States, the territory is at present actually in the possession of Great 
 Britain. The traders of the Hudson's Bay Company have establish- 
 ed forts at various points. Population eighty thousand ; number of 
 square miles, four liimdred and fifty thousand. 
 
^c^^ 
 
 THE 
 
 MIERICAN CITIZEN'S 
 
 MANUAL OF REFERENCE: 
 
 BEINO A COMPREHENSIVE 
 
 HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL, AND 
 POLITICAL VIEW 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ®)j 
 
 CAREFULLY COMPILED FROM THE LATEST AUTHORITIES, 
 AND PUBLISHED BY 
 
 W. HOBART HADLEY, 
 
 NEW- YORK. 
 
 Stereotyped by Vincent L. Dill, 12S Fulton-street. 
 Printed by S. W. Benedict, 128 Fulton-street. 
 
 1840. 
 
C 311 
 

 - • « ■»! 
 
 
 
 
 • ..'^^'"^ --W- .^^"\ ''^S /% '^S^^'^-" 
 
J'\ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /\v;^'\ ^'/^;:>- ./^:^i^'\ ^° • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hi'. ^ ^^ /^W/u-o 
 
 
 
 
 
 4>