.'. ■> "i ', 1 ■*'• ■ ' . t' J*. %i.'''i » (»'M ■■■■■ ■'■•■ ■;i ; ';'' ''I'i' I' ' ;' /''I'yi''.." "■ ' i'. Glass. Book- ESSEX INSTITUTE Historical Collections VOLUME XXX. SALEM, MASS. PRINTED FOR THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, 18!)3. Printed by Geo. a. Aylward. Ubc Salem press. Salem, Mass. ^ i3i CONTENTS Parts i-iii. Columbus Day in Salem. Contributed by William A. Mowry, Ph.D 1 Parts iv-vi. The Building of Essex Bridge, 53 James Robinson NcAvhall. Printer, Lawyer, Judge and Historian. A Memorial Address by Nathan M. IIawkes. Delivered before the Lynn Press Association at Lynn, Mass., upon the Anni- versary of Benjamin Franklin's Birtliday. Jan. 17, 1894. lOG "A Roll of Capt. Caleb Lowe's Company belonging toDanvers, who marched on the 10th of April last, against the British Troops." 12G Parts vii-xii. A Memorial of Henry "Wheatland, 127 Index, 205 (iii) HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OP THE ESSEX INSTITUTE Vol. XXX. Jan, Feb., Mar., 1893. Nos. 1, 2, 3. COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. CONTRIBUTED BY ^V^^. A. MO WRY, PH.D. H The twenty-first day of October, 1892, w:\s cele])rated throuirhoiit tlie length und breadth of the United States as"C()hnnbus D:iy" or "Discovery Day." This date was agreed upon as the four hundredth anniversary of the dis- covery of America by Cohunbus. Tiie date of his discovery, according to the calendar of that day, was October r2th, O. S. This date was in accordance with what was known as the Julian calendar. For many centuries preceding the Christian era the calendars of the ditterent countries had fallen into great confusion. In the time of tJulius Ctesar the civil dale dillcred from the astronomical eipiiuox by nearly three months. This powerful ruler resolved on a thorough reform. The Julian year consisted of tiiree hun- dred and sixty-live and one-fourth days, which dill'erud (1) 2 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. from the true solar year by something over eleven minutes. The consequence of this error was that tlie vernal equinox in the course of a few hundred years fell back sensibly toward the beginning of the year. In the time of Julius Caesar the vernal equinox occurred on the twenty-fifth of March, In the sixteenth century it had retrograded to the eleventh. The calendar was re- formed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. Under the Julian calendar, every year divisible by four consisted of three hundred and sixty-six days, the other years of three hun> dred and sixty- five days. The reform that Gregory mude was, first to suppress ten days in the calendar, and then to order that thereafter every one hundredth year, except those divisible by four hundred, should not be leap years, that is, they should consist each of three hundred and sixty-five days. This very simple correction of the calen- dar soon went into effect in most of the c(juntries of Europe. Stated exactly, this rule is as follows : — THE GREGORIAN RULE. 1. Every year not divisible by four shall consist of three hundred and sixty-five days. 2. Every year divisible by four and not by one hundred shall consist of three hundred and sixty-six days. 3. Every year divisible by one hundred and not by four hundred shall consist of three hundred and sixty-five days. 4. Every year divisible by four hundred shall consist of three hundred and sixty-six days. After correcting the calendar by the suppression of ten days the only changes that have yet occurred whereby this Gregorian calendar difiers from what the Julian calen- dar would have given us have been in the omission by ihe new calendar of one day in the year 1700 and one day in COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 3 the year ISOO. This c:ileiul:ir will omit one day moro in the year 1900. The next chanii^e will then oceur in the year 2100. The pre.sent calentlur is really perfect. Fol- lowini; this calendar the error from the iibsolnto length of the year will amount to only one day in about two thous- and years. The empire of Russia has followed to this day the Julian calendar, consequently her date to-day differs from ours by twelve days. For example, our Christmas day, December 25, occurs on what Kussia calls December 13, and she celebrates her Christmas, December 25, O. S., on the day which we call January 6. In reckoning from the time of Columbus, however, we must bear in mind that the reform of the calendar by which Pope Gregory dropped ten days, was made after the year 1500, that is, 1582. Had this change been made in 1492 it would have been necessary to suppress but nine days. In correcting the error which existed at the time of the discovery by Columbus, therefore, we have to add only nine days to bring his October twelfth to what would have been at that time the proper date, namely, October twenty-first. It seemed necessary to a clear understand- ing of the reason of placing this date of discovery on the twenty-tirst of October to give thus brietly an explanation of the change of date from old style to new. It is certaiidy very natural and may l)e considered ne- cessary that America should celebrate the four himdrcdth anniversary of the discovery of this continent. The great Iiiti'i national Exposition of human industry, skill and ad- vancement will take place at Chicago in 18i>3, but the otlicial opening of the exposition occurred on Discovery Day, October 21, 1892. It was deemed advisable and approjjriato that this Dis- covery Day should be projjcrly observed as a holiday 4 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. throughout the country. To this end the President issued his prochimation and the Governors of the various states issued theirs. By common consent, all parts of the country agreed that the celebration in the forenoon should he given up to the school children, and the afternoon and evening to military and civic processions and parades, orations and the like. Here we have to record a perfectly unique observance, such as neither this country nor any other had ever before beheld in the history of the world. For its clear under- standing an explanation will be necessary. Our American system of public education is the most distinctively "American" of all our institutions. The fundamental principle of the American system of schools is that all the children must receive such an education as will qualify them for the duties and responsibilities of American citizenship. To accomplish this it is necessary that the property of the state shall be taxed to educate the children of the state. This institution began at an early date in New England and later was established throughout the great northwest, largely by emigrants from New Eng- land. It was not, until after our late Civil War that the institution of pnl)lic schools for all came to be established in all of the states. It is now true, however, that every state and every organized territory in our entire country has i3rml_y established and under supervision a system of public schools for all the children. It came to pass, therefore, that on the twenty-tirst of October, 1892, Discovery Day or Columbus Day was celebrated by appropriate exercises in schools of all grades, in all the states and territories, in every section of this great country. This was nothing less than the sublime spectacle of three hundred and fifty- thousand teachers and thirteen-million pupils joining simultaneously in a celebration of the progress made on coLr:viBUS day in salem. o this ooiitiiHMit (hirinir the l;i>t four cciitiirics bytlio people ■vvlio came Iiitlur from Europe and their cle.-'ceiulants. This celebration was characterized by more than nsiial unilormity in its exercises. S«)ngs of a i)atriotic character were simu: hv the pupils. Declamations and recitations were given l)y the l)oys and girls and appropriate ad- dresses were made to them by distinguished citizens and officials. This celebration by the schools, it will be ob- served, had several striking characteristics: 1. The unusual uniformity of the exercises wherever the event was celebrated. 2. The broad, patriotic character of these exercises. 3. The extended territory throughout which the c(de- bration took i)lace, viz., from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Gulf to the Lakes, a country of more than three million square miles. 4. The immense number of teachers, officers, parents and children engaged in the celebration. In the heartiness and unanimity of sentiment with which all the i)eople entered into this celebration i)robably few cities sui-passed the city of Salem. In many i)laces the arrangements tor the day were comi)licated and rendered diificult by a diversity of counsels and a variety of com- mittees. Salem was fortunate in that all the arrangements on the part of the city autlxnities were entrusted to a sin- gle connnitt(>e which represented the different braiu-iies of the city government. The mayor sent a message simulta- neously to th(; board of aldermen, common council and ^chool committee, suggesting the ai)[)ointment of a joint committee, whose duty it should l)e to take the entire charge of the celebration for the day, — morning, after- noon and evening, — inviting, at the same time, the cooper- ation of committees from the I^oaid of Trade, societies, associations and orders of whatever sort anil nature. The 6 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. plan proposed by the mayor was adopted and the city council api)ropriated the sum of one thousand dollars to defray the necessary expenses. Tlie committee in charge of the celebration consisted of His Honor, Mayor Rantoul, chairman ; Aldermen Palfray and Turner ; Councilmen Brigham, Hill and Layton ; Messrs. Breed, Brown, Collins, Dodge, Gaffney and Leach, — who constituted the executive committee of the school board, — and the Superintendent of Schools. This committee held frequent meetings and throughout all their dt4il)erations the action in every instance was substantially unanimous. The committee decided first of all that the forenoon should be devoted to a celebration on the part of the schools. In the afternoon there should be a general parade, civic and military, consisting of the different branches of the city government, including the fire depart- ment, military organizations, the High School battalion, fraternal orders, associations and organizations and a gen- eral [)rocession of the trades. In the evening it was determined to concentrate all in- terest upon a great gathering at the Cadet Armory and President E. B. Andrews of Brown University was invited to be the orator of the occasion. This programme was carried out with commendable skill and unusual success. The committee on the part of the city has already been named. The cotnmittee on the part of the Board of Trade consisted of William G. Webber, W. C. Packard, Paul B. Patten, Robin Damon, S. H. Wilkins, Henry A. Hale, Ellis H. Porter, L. E. Millea, W. F. Clark, J. B. Hard- ing, E. H. Merrill, C. W. Reed, E. A. Mackintire, C. R. Washburn, J. C. Entwistle and Frank Cousins. In the following account of the exercises of the day, free use has been made of the excellent reports contained in the several city newspapers. The order of the forma- COLUMBIS DAY IN SALEM. tion of the nfternoon ])r(»('o^;si()n is given in full from the iSalein Evening Xews of Octoher 22, and ihe list of school exercises are quoted from a carefully prepared report in the /Salem Observer. EXERCISKS Ar THE SCHOOLS. The President's proclamation which follows was read in all the schools : Whereas, hy a joint resolution, approved Jime 20, 1802, it was resolved by the Senate and House of Re})resentativcs of the United States of America in Congress asseml)le(l, "That the president of the United States be authorized and directed to issue a proclamation recommending to the peo- ple the obseivance in all their localities of the 400th aimi- versaiy of the discovery of America on the 21st of October, 1892, by public demonstrations and by suital)le exercises in their schools and other places of asseml)ly ;" Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States of America, in pursuance of the aforesaid joint resolution, do hereby appoint Friday, Oct. 21, 1802, the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Co- luml)ns, as a general holiday for the people of the United States. On that day let the people so far as i)ossil)le cease from toil and devote themselves to such exercises as may best express honor to the discoverer and their ap[)reciat ion of the great achievements of the four com})leled centuries of American life. Columbus stood in his age as the pioneer of progress and enlightenment. The system of universal education is in our age the most prominent and salutary feature of the spirit of enlightenment, and it is peculiarly ai)propi'iali' that the schools be made l)y the pe(>ple the centre of the day's demonstration. Let the national llaLi' float over i'ver\" .--ehuol 8 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. house in the country, and the exercises be such as shall im- press upon our youth the patriotic duties of American cit- izenship. In the churches and in the other places of assembly of the people let there be expressions of gratitude to divine Providence for the devout faith of the discoverer, and for the divine care and guidance which have directed our his- tory and so abundantly blessed our people. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this 21st da}^ of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and seventeenth. Benj. Harrison. By the President : John W. Foster, Secretary of State. The following selections from the Bible, prepared by the superintendent, were read in all the schools of the city : Now the Loi'd said unto Abrani, " Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will show thee. Gen. xii : 1. By faith Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which he should after receive for an inheritage obeyed ; and he went out, not knowing whither he went. By faith he sojourned in the land of promise, as in a strange coun- try. For he looked for a city which hath foundations, whose builder and maker is God. Heb. xi : 8-10. But I have said unto you, Ye shall inherit their land, and I will give it unto you to possess it, a land that floweth with milk and honey. I am the Lord your God, which hath separated you from other people. Lev. xx : 24. COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 9 Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God : the powers thtit be are ortlained of God. Rom. xiii : 1. Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake ; whether it be to the king as supreme, or un- to governors, us unto them that are sent l)v him for the punisiiment o( evil doers, and for the praise of them that do well. Honor all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. 1 Pet. II : 13-17. Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel ; thou that leadest Joseph like a flock ; thou tliat dwellest between the cherubim, shine forth. Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts : look down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine ; and the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the branch that thou madest strong for thyself. Ps. lxxx : 1-14-15. Remember u^, O Lord, with. the favor that thou bearest unto thy people : O visit us with thy salvation ; that we may see the good of thy chosen ; that we may rejoice in the gladness of thy nation ; that we may glory with thine inheritance. Ps. ovi : 4-5. The Lord bless thee and keep thee : The Lord make his face to shine upon thee, and 1)0 gracious unto thee : The Lord lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. Num. vi : 24-20. uisr. roi-L. XXX, 2 10 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. HIGH SCHOOL. A.L. Goodrich, A.M., Principal. Exercises held at the South Church, Chestnut St. L Reading of the President's Proclamation. The Principal. 2. Salute to the Flag — Veterans on the platform with the Colors. 3. Chorus, The Star Spangled Banner. School and Audience. 4. Scripture Selections. The Principal. 5. The Lord's Prayer in Concert. ^ School. 6. Song, Columbus Day. School. 7. Address, The Meaning of the Pour Centuries. Master Harry H. Bennett. 8. The Ode, Columbia's Banner. Miss Ellen M. Sullivan. 9. Address, The Difficulties of Columbus— Original. Master Henry W. Hardy. 10. Essay, Prom 1492 to 1892. Miss Grace A. Woodbury. 11. Chorus, The Pilgrim Fathers. School. (Hon. Robert S. Rantoul. Rev. James F. Brodie. Supt. William A. Mt)M'ry. 13. Closing Song, America. School and Audience. REMARKS BY MAYOR KANTOUL. The Mayor, in the course of his remarks, said : — It will be observed that the progressive and enlightened races of the world live north of the equator. Australia is an ex- ception, but only proves the rule, since Australia is but a fragment of England broken oif and planted bodily, wiih all of England's social and political traditions and institu- tions, in the southern seas. Most of the land on the earth's surface is in the northern hemisphere, and of this the por- tion lying in the north temperate zone has produced about all the science and poetry and philosophy and art which have contri1)uted to the world's progress. From east to west the march has proceeded, — the star of em[)ire intel- lectual as truly as political, — very strangely within these coLr.Mnus day in salem. 11 linos, — from Cliini :ni(l Japan, ant distinctively American in.^litulion that he found in our 16 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. country, was the American public schools, and he had come to make some inquiries of me as to how we studied geography. I took him around to several of our best schools. I showed him the High School, with its fine physical and chemical laboratories. We visited the Phillips and the Bentley, the great Bowditch, the Pickering and the Saltonstall ; we dropped in upon several of the primaries. Columbus saw the large wall maps, distinct and beautiful, bringing out clearly and presenting to the eyes of the pupils at a ghuice, the countries of the old world and the political divisions of North America and South America, by which the children get a correct view of the round world, the excellent text-books with their clear mips and finely engraved pictures, and what seemed to him such easy and interesting map questions, and entertaining de- sci'iptive-text lessons. But Columbus made some severe criticisms on what he saw. The electric lights dazzled his eyes, and he wished to be taken away from them. The electrical cars seemed to him dangerous, and he refused to ride in them. The Salem schools with their pleasant, cheerful teachers, and intelligent looking, well-dressed pupils, their faces and hands so clean, and hair neatly brushed ; with globes and maps and charts ; with reference books, and supplement- ary reading books and laboratory apparatus; — all these things surprised him greatly. They seemed to him to belong to a heavenly world, and to be no part of tl)e dull earth which he was familiar with four centuries ago. Finally he asked me if there were not some things which would remind him of old times. So I showed him the hovels of the poor at the North End, Boston, a convict gang at work in the rice fields of Louisiana, some Indian Tepees on a Sioux reservation. Of these sad pictures of human degradation and misery Columbus said little. He COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 17 still asked ine to show him sometliinj; that would remind him of the former days, ami the old world. Well, after mature reflection, thiiikini; the <:^round all over, I suddenly transported Columl^us oil" to a very, very distant place, a thousand miles, more or less, from here, and we visited some badly ventilated school-houses be- tween 11 and 12 o'clock. Wa found sixty children in one room, with no proper means of ventilation, seventy in another, and eighty huddled together in the lowest room of another school, and he exclaimed. "How can the poor children live in such an atmosphere? it is worse than the cabin of the Pinta." Now most of our modern school-houses in New England are very good, but there are some of the other sort. I then took him to one of the towns, I will not tell you what town it was and you must not guess, and showed him a country school-house, with its box stove, its carved desks, its bare walls, its windows well covered with spider webs but destitute of curtains, no globc'S, no wall maps, no ap- paratus of any kind. The teachers were such as could be found willing to take the places at the ancient salary which had not been raised within the memory of man. He looked upon the stolid faces of the children ; he heard them read their A, B, C's, and A, B, Ab's, and then we called upon the school connnittee, who had suliered these things to continue. "It is enough," said Columbus, "this is four hundred years ago." This visit of Columbus impressed me greatly. After that I fell asleep and dreamed. I dreamed that I slept so hard that I could not be awakened. They laid me away and forgot all about it, and there I lay four hundred years. I woke (ni the 21st of October, in the year 221*2, at ten o'clock in the morning. 1 found here at Salem, a city of five hundred thousand inhabitants. The city included uisr. COLL. XXX 3 18 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. Beverly, Wenham, Danvers, Peabody and Lynn. The people all rode on bicycles and tricycles, and in funny little electrical carriages. Great glass electrical cars, with soft cushioned rubber wheels, were hurrying and skurry- ing hither and thither in all the streets. From city to city, from town to town, and across the water, people travelled in air carriages, propelled by electric wind-mills. The United States embraced all North America, and its popu- lation was more than one thousand millions. The cooking for all the people of a large city was done in one great cook house, and the meals were forwarded to each family by pneumatic tubes. Mail matter was received from New York every fifteen minutes ; from Chicago twice an hour, and from San Francisco hourly, through pneumatic tubes. It took half an hour to transport mail matter from New York to Salem, two hours from Chicago, and five hours from San Francisco. When Congress was in session, the speeches made there were transmitted by large telephones to all the great cities. What was called the Round House, stood in the centre of Washington Square, Salem. It was large enough to seat ten thousand people, and our Salem politicians, business men, and strong-minded voting women, were accustomed to sit in this liound House and listen to the speeches made at Washington in the Congress. Just as I was listening to a grand argument upon the desirability of a ship canal tunnel to connect the Missouri river with the Columbia, made by a lineal descendant of Mayor Rautoul, I sudden- ly awoke. COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 19 NORMAL SCHOOL. D. B. Hagar, Ph. D., PrincipaL 10 A. M. 1. Sinsring. Russian National Hymn. 2. Responsive Readinj;, Ps. U8. 3. Prayer. 4. Reading Proclamation. Gertrude C. Knox. 5. Reading, Selections from the Columbian Ode. Harriet F. Monroe. 6. Impersonation, Columbus before the Cosmographers at Sala- manca. Blanche Townsend, Ruth C. Higbee, Mary S. Rhoades, Viola S. Perkins, Florence Abbott. Mary E. Dodge, Metella Paine, Louise G. White, Mabel Winslow, Helen E. Cooper, Lillian T. Keneson. 7. Singing, Song of Columbus Day. 8. Essay, The last recall of Columbus to the Court of Spain. Miss K. Fox. 9. Essay, Columbus at Barcelona. Miss M. E. West. 10. Singing, Star of Freedom. IL Essay, Columbus in Chains. Miss B. E. Baldwin. 12. Essay, Columbus's year off the coast of Jamaica. Miss N. Stackpole. 13. Reading, Columbus. Miss E. T. Maguire. 14. Singing, America. THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL PROGRAMlVfES. BENTLEY AND PHILLIPS SCHOOLS. Edwin R. Bigelow, Principal Phillips School. Hannah E. Choate, Principal Bentley School. Tabernacle Church. 1. The President's Proclamation. Principal Bigelow. 2. The Salute to the Flag. 3. National Hymn America. Schools. 4. Scripture and Lord's Prayer. 5. Recitation, Christopher Columbus. Stella M. Iroson. 6. Recitation, Discovery of America. William C. Gardner. 7. Recitation, Columbia my Land! Mabel S. Whipple. 8. Song of C<)luml)us Day. — Theron Brown. Schools. 9. Address, The Meaning of the Four Centuries. Frederick L. Cole. 10. Recitation, Tlie Story of Columbus. Misses Berry, CliU'ord, Cunningham, Foster, Reynolds, Harwood, Schollar, Pitman, Woodbury, Larraboe, Howditch, StiUman, Luscomb, Cameron. 20 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 11. Song, Columbus. Classes I, II and III of Bentley School. 12. The Ode, Columbia's Banner, by Edna Dean Proctor. Master Daniel H. O. Hare. 13. The Star Spangled Banner. Solo by Mrs. E. R. Bigelow. 14. Address by Capt. John R. Lakeman. 15. Address by Supt. Wm. A. Mowry. BOWDITCH SCHOOL. Frank L. Smith, Principal. Bowditch HaU. 1. Reading of the President's Proclamation. The Principal. 2. Raising of the Flag, by detachment of veterans, from Phil. Sheridan Post G. A. R. 3. Salute to the Flag and Pledge of Allegiance. The School. 4. Singing of America. School and Audience. 5. Scripture Reading. The Principal. 6. The Lord's Prayer in concert. The School. 7. Song, Columbus Day. Pupils and Audience. 8. The Address, Meaning of the Four Centuries. Master Orlando Leightou. 9. The Ode, Columbia's Banner. Miss Jennie L. Goldthwaite. 10. Declamatiou, Patriotism. Master Edward J. Carney. 11. Sextette, Banner of the Free. Misses Lillie Parker, Lena Goddard, Edith Clifltord, Masters Warren Colson, George Morrill and James Toomey. PICKERING SCHOOL. William P. Hayward, Principal. First Baptist Church, Federal St. 1. Reading the Scriptures. The Principal 2. Lord's Prayer in concert. School 3. Reading of President's Proclamation. The Principal 4. Saluting the Flag. 5. Singing, America. School and Audience 6. The Historical Address. Arthur Harkness 7. The Ode Clolumbia's Banner. Mr. Geo. M. Harris 8. Song, Columbus Day. School and Audience 9. Recitations. Pupils of the 5th Grade 10. Song. Pupils of the 5th and 6th Grades 11. Recitations. Pupils of the Gth Grade COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 21 12. Recitations. 13. Song, lied, White and Blue. 14. Recitations. 15. Sons, Star Spangled Banner. 16. Recitations. 17. Song, Home STreet Home. 18. Addresses. Pupils of the 7th Grade. School. Pupils of the Sth firadi-. School. Pupils of the 9th Grade. School. The Principal. School. School and Audience. The Principal. SALTONSTALL SCHOOL. O. B. Stone, Principal. 1. Reading of President's Proclamation. 2. Salute to the Flag. 3. Song, America. 4. Scripture Selections. 5. Lord's Prayer. 6. Song, Columbus Day. School and Audience. 7. Address, The Meaning of the Four Centuries. Nellie M. Fitz. 8. The Ode, Columbia's Banner. Clara A. GitVord. 9. Song, Columbus. School. 10. Historical Recitations. Eleven Pupils. 11. Recitation, Our Country. Elizabeth Powell. 12. ■ Song, Our Native Land. Grace E. Crouse. 13. Recitation, On and On. William S. Morris. 14. Recitation, Christopher C. Ethel M. Wheeler. 15. Addresses by Citizens. IG. Solo and Chorus, Columbia. Nettie B. Eagles and twenty girls. The several Primary schools of the city had their exor- cises in their own school-houses. In some instances, where it was possible, the whole sciiool met together, in other cat^es the exercises were held in separate rooms. An address had l)een prepared by the National E.xecutive Com- mittee de^;iirned for use in this grade of schools, but it was found to be too difficult for the con)prciiension of the children. It was therefore simplified by the supt riiitcnd- ent and in this form given in the schools of this giadc 22 COLUMBUS DAT IN SALEM. AN ADDRESS FOR COLUMBUS DAY FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS. PREPARED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. This is Columbus Day. It might well be called Discov- ery Day. Christopher Columbus discovered America four hundred years ago to-day. That is the thought that stirs our hearts. We celebrate this four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of the New World. In this celebration we are not alone. There are thirteen million pupils in the public schools of the United States. All over the country, from Maine to California, the children in all these schools are celebrating Columbus Day. Some people may think that boys and girls are of no consequence, but all sensible people do not think so. See what they are doing to-day. They are gathered in great school-houses and little school-houses, all over the land, and they are having a celebration all to themselves, and the flag of our country floats over them all. We have met to celebrate Columbus Day because Pres- ident Harrison asked us to, and Governor Russell asked us to. So we obey the Governor and obey the President. When Columbus discovered America there were no free public schools anywhere. There were no railroads, steam- boats, telephones or telegraphs. There were no news- papers. The people had no cook-stoves, no knives and forks to eat with. The common people had to work and fight for the kings and nobles. But In this New World which Columbus discovered, the common people work for themselves, and have established equal rights for everybody, free education for all the chil- dren, and a government carried on by the people them- selves. W^e ought to be thankful to-day to God for send- ing Columbus to discover this New World where we live. COLUMBUS DAY IN SALKM. 23 and whit'h our forefalhors made a land of ficedoni, of law, and of schools. All the jjreat blessinjjsour fathers secured have come to us. So we ought to be gratefid for all the blessings that we have. And these great blessings ought to make us good, i)atri()tio citizens. We ought toloveour parents, our schools, our beautifid flag, and our country. Wo ought to love God and oI)ey his commands. We ought all to be patriots. Patriots are those that love their country and its flag. In our play, if we try to make our games fair and honest ; in our work, if we try to make our school better, we are learning to be patriotic citizens. Let everybody remendier that the boys and girls of to- day will be men and women before long. In a few years, those who are scholars in school to-day will build thcschool- houses, and make the laws, and govern the towns and cit- ies, the states, and the nation. If we come to school to learn to be good and to do good, we shall make the people hai)pier, and our country's flag brighter. So, let us promise here and now that the flag of our dear land, which waves over our heads to-day so proud and bright, shall never be stained by our fault. Let us pledge ourselves that the great name America shall forever mean an equal chance to every citizen, and love to all the world. BENTLEY PRIMARY SCHOOL. 1. Scripture and Prayer. 2. Song of Columbus Day. School. 3. Address, by Mrs. Emma B. Lowd. 4. Song, Red, White and Blue. School. 5. Recitutiou for Columbus Day, and recitation Columbus. Third Grade. 6. Recitations for Little Ones. First Gntde. 7. Recitation, Our Free Laud. Second Grade. 8. Questions and Answers, Historical Events, Songs. The Departing Ships, and Land in Sight. Fourth Grade. 9. Song, Our Banner. School. The exercises were in the principal's room, the four grades being united. 24 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. BERTRAM SCHOOL. The first six numbers on the official program took place in the school yard. The President's Proclamation was read by Col. J. F. Dalton. Scriptures by the principal. Address by Ethel Holt. Grades I and II occupied the lower hall and carried out the follow- ing programme : 1. Song. 2. Discovery Day, Recitation. 3. Columbus. 4. Christopher C. 5. Recitation, There are Many Flags. 6. Song, Our Flag. 7. Columbus. 8. Song, Long Ago. Battle Cry of Freedom. By several pupils. By eight pupils. Several pupils. Eight pupils. GRADES III AND IV. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Marching to the Fair. Song, Red, White and Blue. Story of Columbus. Song, Before all Lands. Recitation. Song, Our Banner. Acrostic, Columbus. Song, Columbus. Recitation, Columbus. Recitation, Columbus. Song, My Native Land. Our Flag. Song, Star Spangled Banner. Nine boys. By thirteen girls. By eight girls. By eight girls. By Neil Fitz. By six pupils. By three pupils. BROWNE SCHOOL. 1. Selections of Scripture and Lord's Prayer. 2. Columbia, my Land. 3. Recitation. 4. Responsive Exercise. 5. Concert Exercise. 6. Recitation. 7. Sin?/iug. Harry Flint. 1st Class. 4th class • COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 25 8. Recitation, pupils of 2nd and 3rd classes. " " " 4th class. " .. .. 2nd " " " " 3rd " 9. Readini; of Address for Primary Schools. By Miss Earle. 10. Singing. C.\RLTON SCHOOL. Room i. Teacher, Miss C. F. Lucas. 1. Welcome. Lena Adams. 2. Sonsi, Columbia, My Land. 3. Lauding of Columbus. John Mouson, Angelina Carron and Agda Olsen. 4. Song, Our Banner. 5. Discovery Day. William Shambo. 6. Song, There Are Many Flags in Many Lands. Bessie Mc- Manus, Lydia Lewis, Lena Adams, Helen Danforth, Alice Hackett and Ethel Pike. 7. Christopher Columbus. John Barnes, Harry Hurd, Frank Lyons, Albert Miller, Wilgodt Olsen, Henry Jordan, Carl EUason, George Perkins, Arthur de Sloovere, Fred Fernald, John Walsh and Richard Collins. 8. Song, The Flag of Our Nation. 9. Story of Columbus. Lena Adams, Annie Barry, DoUie Brown, Harry Hurd, liichard Collins, George Thomas, Helen Dan- forth, Bertha Pettit, Alice Hackett, Mary Shatswell, Albert Miller, Frank Lyons, Ethel Pike, Mildred Rice, Mary Hay, George Redding. 10. Acrostic, No. 1. 11. Motion Song, The Clock. 12. The Story of Our Country. Mary Shatswell, Lizzie Ryan, Louisa Jackson, Mildred Rice, Nellie Thompson, Bessie McManus, Alice Rice and Mary Rice. 13. Song, Children's Hymn of Praise. 14. Acrostic, No. 2. Bertha Pettit, Alice Rice, Helen Danforth, Lena Adams, DoUie Brown, Lydia Lewis, Alice Hackett. 15. Solo, Long Ago. Lillie Thomas. IG, Acrostic No. 3. Eight Boys. 17. Song, Our Flag. 18. The Red, White and Blue. Harry Hurd, Annie Barry and Bertha Pettit. 19. Song, Columbia, Gem of the Ocean. 20. Exercise with Flags. HIST. COLL. XXX 4 26 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 21. Song, We Love Our Country. 22. Questions on Columbus. 23. Flag Song with Motions. Booms n and ni. Teachers, Miss A. L. Burnham, Miss H. A. Moulton. 1. Song, Columbia, My Land. 2. Welcome. Mary Hurley. 3. Discovery Day. Class 3. 4. Story of Columbus. Henry Southam, Harold Naiigle, Mary McShane, Grace VoUor, Charles Sylvester, William Jordan, William Rollins, Gertrude Hanson, John Kelleher, Nellie Thompson, Edna Dennis, John Whipple, Mary Hurley, George Hall, Louisa Conlon, Arthur Merrill, Edward Pettit, Edith Greeley, William Thompson, Ada Stevens, David Aylward, Lizzie Osgood. Class 2. 5. Questions on Columbus. Class 3. 6. Long Ago. Harvey Whitmore. Class 3. 7. Exercise with Flags. John Whipple, Bertha Bradshaw, Fred Johnson, Henry Southam, Mary Mc Shane, Arthur Merrill. Class 2. 8. Song, Flag of our Nation. 9. Crossing the Wide Ocean. Helen Dean, Grace Collins, Margaret Tracy, Ida Powers, Edith Ellis, Ellen Dunn, Howard Bates, Carlton Bates. Class 3. 10. Christoplier Columbus. John Whipple, Samuel Mc Garrell, Harold Naugle, Fred Johnson, Edward Pettit, David Aylward, William Thompson, Timothy Lomasney, John Kelleher, George Hall, Henry Southam, Arthur Merrill. Class 2. 11. Landing of Columbus. Joseph Powers, Addle Jackson, Ethel Hay ward. Class 3. 12. Song, Children's Hymn. 13. Story of our Country. Edna Dennis, Vickie Bradshaw, Mary Mc Shane, Edilh Greeley, Bertha Bradshaw, Louisa Conlon, Mary Hurley, Ada Stevens. Class 2. 14. Columbus Acrostic. Gladys Naugle, Mary Doherty, Maud Bux- ton, Ethel Hayward, Abbie Lewis, Bessie Edwards, Katie Barry, Annie Carron. Class 3. 15. There are Many Flags. John Whipple, John Kelleher, Edith Greeley, Harold Naugle, Louisa Conlon. Class 2. 16. Recitation. Emma Batchelder. Class 3. 17. Our Flag. William Jordan, Bertha Bradshaw, Vickie Bradshaw, Timothy Lomasney, Grace Vollor, John Kelleher, Fred John- son, Samuel Mc Garrell, Charles Sylvester. Class 2. 18. Song, We love our Country. COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 27 Room iv. Teachers, Miss Mauy E. Rowley, Miss Mary A. Grant. 1. Song, Columbia My Laud. 2. Greitinsj of Friends. Marian Lyon. 3. Son;;, Welcome to the Nations. 4. Class Exercise, Columbus. 5. Al)out Columbus. Margaret B. Merrill. 6. Discovery Day. George Aylward, Lillie Andrews, Antoine Sharabo, Clara Sylvester, Alice Greeley. 7. Acrostic No. 1, Columbus. Agatha Knowlton, Alice Lyon, Bessie Smethurst, Marian Lyon, Ethel Jacques, Mollie Tem- ple, Bessie Perliius, Margaret B. Merrill. 8. Song, Our Banner. 9. Landing of Columbus. Irving Richardson, Florence Lewis, Alice Buckley. 10. The Red, White and Blue. Louis Carr, Charles Collins, Harry Powers. 11. The School and the Flag. Class. 12. Song, Our Flag. 13. Story of Our Country. Irving Richardson, Grace Davis, Mar- tha Pettit, Ethel Merrow. 14. Flag of the Free. 'Frank Hutchinson, Frank Slater, Willie Hurley, Robert Mc Shane, Irving Richardson, Matthew Slater, David Kelleher, Louis Carr, Willie lletlernan, Charles Collins. 15. Acrostic No. 2, Columbus. Ernest Blanchard, Arthur Mon- sou, Charles Perkins, Ralph Naugle, David Kelleher, Victor Johnson, William McGarrel, Henderson Mc Shane. 16. There are Many Flags. Ethel Jacques, Marian Lyon, Alice Lyon, Mollie Temple. 17. Song of Praise. ENDICOTT SCHOOL. 1. Song of Columbus Day. 2. The address. John Brennan. 3. Song, Rally Wound the Flag. 4. Recittition, Long Ago. Margaret Donohue. 5. Marching Song, The World's Fair. Scholars from the fourth class. 6. Recitation, The Landing of Columbus. Alexander Freeman. 7. Recitation, by four girls and two boys. Rose McXally, Margaret Kinsella, Eva Hogan, Emma Sargent, Cornelius O'Conuell, John O'llare. 28 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 8. Song, "We love our Country, Great and Free. 9. Recitation, Discovery Day. Polly Hersey. 10. Recitation, Our Great Discoverer. Isabel McKay. 11. Recitation, Acrostic, Columbus. By Susie McCullough, Eliza- beth Farrell, Maud Purtell, Agnes Larkin, Katie Anderson, Alice McKenzie, Annie Murphy, Fannie Ronan. 12. Song, There are many flags. 13. Story of our Country. By eight boys, John Brennan, Edmund Cotter, Willie Crowdis, Edward Roach, George Purtell, Cornelius O'Brien, Fred Farrington, Frank Burton. 14. America. LINCOLN SCHOOL. The indoor exercises opened with scriptural readings, the song, Columbus Day, following. Mr. Mowry's address was read by Stephen Kimball. Recitations by the sev- eral classes then followed, after which the pupils were ad- dressed by some of the visitors. LYNDE SCHOOL. PKOGKAMMK OF GRADES I AND rv. 1. Reading of Scriptures. 2. Lord's Prayer. 3. Song, America. 4. Reading, Address for Coliimbus Day. Alfred Savory. 5. Recitation, Why We Are Here. John Remon. 6. Song, World's Fair. 7. Questions and Answers. Recited and Sung. 8. Acrostic, Columbus, America. W. O'Keefe, G. Duntley, J. Pedrick., W. Cottle, T. Green, G. Thorogood, H. Wilson, F. Fay, J. Coflfey, D. Lyons, D. Hurley, H. Duggan, R. Conley, C. Ayers, J. Griffin. 9. Song, We Love Our Country. 10. Recitation, Our Country As It Was. F. Crowdis, E. Cogs- well, G. Whelpley, G. Lynch, J. Condon. 11. Song, Columbus Day. 12. Acrostic, Columbia, Gem of the Ocean. A. Harrigan, D. O'Brien, A. Savory, F. McFadden, C. Burke, W. Cashman, F. Crowdis, J. Harkins, E. Smith, J. Condon, T. O'Keefe, C. McLean, W. McLean, G. Comstock, G. Burnham. T. Burns, M. Ryan, J. Condon, J. Mason. J. Richardson, F. Earle. 13. Song, Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean. COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 29 14. Eecitation. Our Country As It Is Now. D. O'Brien, A. Ilar- riirau. F. Earle, C. Burke, J. liichardson, T. Ayers, T. Burns, T. O'Keefe. 15. Son*:, Our Fln^. 16. Recitation, Si-juals of our Flaff. F. Earle and G. Comstock. 17. Kecitation, Hod, White and Blue. J. Fay, A. Lawrence, W. Fay. 18. Recitation, Story of Our Country. GRADE IV. 19. Recitation, Our Land. F. Smith, G. Thorogood. 20. Song, Oh : The Flag of Our Own Country. 21. Salute to the Flag. GRADES II AND III. Reading of Scriptures. Lords Prayer. 1. Song, America. 2. Song, World's Fair. 3. Question and Answer. David Barry, Frank Tibbets, Arthur O'Brien. 4. Question and Answer. Frank Jenkins, Matthew Neary. 5. Song, Columbia, My Land. 6. Recitation, Red, White and Blue. Rudolph Liebsch, George Galley, George Jones, Joseph Hoar, Herbert Savory. 7. Solo, Star Spaugh d Banner. Lawrence Mahoney. 8. Recitation, Discovery Day. Arthur Lawrence. 9. Song, Oh ! The Flag of Our Own Country. 10. Acrostic, Columbus. Irving Feuno, Allen Osborne, George Casey, Robert Lange, Bertie Lee, Elwood Darling, Joseph Peterson, Samuel Fairfield. 11. Song, Long Ago. Rudolph Liebsch, George Jones, George Casey. 12. Recitation, Come Here, Boys, and See the Picture. Joseph Cahill, Walter Aherne, Michael Reardon. 13. Song, Gray Dawn Is Come. Edmund Jones, Bertie Lee, Mat- thew Neary. 14. Recitation, Story of Our Country. Robert Mason, Francis Condon, George Pitman, John Noonan, Ambrose Lynch, George I'helan, Hudson Darling, .Vrtiiur Sargent. 15. Trio and Chorus. Bertie Lee, George Pitman, Edmund Jones. 16. Recitation, Grandmamma's Verses. George Casey. 17. Solo. What Land Is This? Elwood Darling. 18. Recitation, American Flag. Ambrose Lynch, George Clark, Herbert Frye. 19. Song, Flag of Our Nation Grrat. 30 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. OLIVER SCHOOL. In the two upper classes, the story of Columbus was told by Florence May. Harvey Swan represented Cokitnbus* and Faith, Hope, Navigation, Astronomy and Science as special helpers of Columbus, were represented respectively by Fannie Copeland, Anna Hill, Eddie Rushford, Anna Mulligan and Addie Miller, in appropri:ite costume. Tina Eberson was the Goddess of Liberty, and Spain's queen "Fair Isabel," was Marion Pickering. Most of the boys took part in an historical dialogue, and Walter Heathcote recited "There are Many Flags in Many Lands." Besides the songs especially designated for the day, several other patriotic songs were sung. "The Star Span- gled Banner" was given as a solo by Mabel Douglass, and "The Red, White and Blue" by Margaret Millea, Lillian Wentworth and Edith Thomas. Bertie Hill gave the address to the children prepared for the purpose by Dr. W. A. Mowry. In the third classes, the programme was as follows: — Keller's American Hymn ; Columbus Acrostic, by Mabel Saul, Theresa Topiano, Jennie Enos, Sadie Wallace, Mar- tha Pickering, Nellie Mulligan, Blanche Young, Bertha McConnell ; Song of Columbus Day ; recitation, "The American Flag," by Jennie Enos, Nellie Mulligan, Mairgie Sullivan ; "Star Spangled Banner" ; Marching with flags ; recitation, "There are Many Flags," by Helen Kenerston, Irving Rowley, Mamie Doliber, Josie Lynch ;]and school, "America." In the fourth classes, the exercises were similar and the following children took part : — Clifford Bragdon, Thomas Cooper, Blanche Pierce, Maud Norris, Geoi-ge Marshall, Nellie Billings, Lizzie Ingoldsby, John McCormick, Fran- cis Enos, John Mulligan, James Rea, Daniel O'Callaghan, Ernest Dumas, Joseph Burke, Le'codie Dumas, Eva Du- COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 31 jK)tit, Lizzie Quiglov, Victoria Carbonc, Bertha Kenncy, Vinnier ShopMrd. Ktliel Xichols, Dennis Geary, Margie Qiiinley, Pliilip Finnegan, Sherman Lougee, Bartholomew Shea. W. P. Andrews, Esq., addressed the children. PICKMAN SCHOOL. At the out-of-door exercises Dr. Henry J. Gaffney read the Presi- dent's Proclamation and Mr. Charles E. Trow addressed the children. CLASS I. 1. Scripture Selections. 2. Prayer. 3. Sonii, Columbia, my Land. School. 4. Address, The Meaning of the Four Centuries. Raymond Gifford. 5. Recitation, Columbus. School. 6. Recitation, Whose Name To-day shall Honored be. Helen Cressy, Mabel Burne, John Millard, Douglas Holland, Mar- garet Lahey, Michael Niland and responses by school. 7. Recitation, Columbia. Minnie Newcomb. 8. Recitation, When This Old Flag was New. Florence Crowley. 9. Recitation, The American Flag. Katie Deery. 10. Recitation, Columl^us Day. Henry Keardon. 11. Recitation, Our Flag. Mamie Andrews, Eddie McDonough, Alice Smith, John Wilson, Addie Arnold. 12. Recitation, God of the Free. Raymond Gifford. 13. Recitation, First Voyage of Columbus. Alice Hill. 14. Song, Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean. School. 15. Story of Columbus. Reading by 25 pnplls. 16. Recitation, Oct. 21st. Nellie Lundergan. 17. Reeitation, Our Country. Mabel Burne, Annie Ryan, Lena Cushing, Susie Dundes, Lizzie Lendall, Mamie Gurrity. 18. Song, America. CLASS II. 1. Singing, Columl)la (2 stanzas). 2. Recitation, Long Ago. Grace M. Symonds and school. 3. Story of Our Country. Arthur P. Evitts, Annie M. Hunt, Mary McDonough, Ernest R. Redmond, Kate O'Donnell, James Lahey, John Muck, James J. Carter. 32 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 4. Song, We love our Country. 5. Recitation, Discovery Day. ■William H. Procter. 6. Singing, Columbia (stanzas 3 and 4). 7. Recitation, Many Flags in Many Lands. School. 8. Columbian Acrostic. Robert Ryan, Fred E. Scanlan, John Col- lins, Albert Symonds, James McCarthy, John W. Pratt, Joseph M. Lundergau, William W. Hennessey. 9. Singing, Columbia (stanza 5). 10. Recitation, Columbus. Arthur P. Bvitts. 11. Recitation, Landing of Columbus. George R. Hussey, Ivah L. Carpenter, Elizabeth E. Furbush. 12. Song, Father in Heaven Above. 13. Recitation for Columbus Day. Helen B. Copp, Margaret J. Tobin, Mary F. Churchill, Katherine Rabbett, Mary T. Harkins, Paulina B. Narkoonsky. Response by school. 14. Song, America (verse 1). 15. Recitation, Our Fair Land Forever. Thomas J. Vaughn and school. 16. Singing, America (stanza 2). 17. Recitation, Our Land. Charles H. Kelly. 18. Singing, America (stanzas 3 and 4). CLASS in. Prayer. Song, Columbia. Address. 1. Recitations and Responses. Lulu Tobin, Lillie Larrabee, Agnes Domican, Jennie Ingalls, Abbie Dodge, Lucy Parker. 2. Discovery Day. Lincoln Smith. 3. Recitation, Our Flag. School. 4. Salute. 5. Discovery of America. Vesta Cooper, Emma Brown, Katherine Hanson, Willie Flynn, Ethel Gay, Maud Sawyer. 6. Acrostic, Columbus. Clarence Gay, Ira Dodge, Frank O'Don- uell, Henry Jackson, Willie Heauey, Davis Huxtabie, John Deery, Joseph Slattery. 7. Columbus. Willie Matthews. 8. America. CLASS IV. 1. Devotional Exercises. Scripture and prayer. 2. Song of Columbus Day. Theron Brown. 3. Address for Columbus Day. Teacher. 4. The Flag's Welcome. May Arnold. 5. Let Little Hands Salute the Flag. School. COLIMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 33 6. Columbus. Thomas Bates (C), Gussie Durnin (0), Thomas Lahey (L), Stephen Brennan (U),*Mary O'Neil (M), Mary Duiulas (B), Florence Tadgell (U), Ethel Larrabee (S). 7. Sous?, America. 8. Freedom. Eddie Cody and Gertrude Goldsmith. 9. Questions on Columbus. Teacher. 10. Our Flair. Damon Elliot, Marie Tracey, Malcolm Cooper, May Arnold, Fred Mack. Chorus by school. 11. Columbus Day. Eddie Cody. 12. Tribute to Columbus. School. 13. Three Cheers for Red, WTiite and Blue. School. PRESCOTT SCHOOL. EXERCISES BY THE SCHOOL ON THE SCHOOL-GROUNDS. 1. Reading of the President's Proclamation. Mr. John D. II. Gauss, Committee of School. 2. Raising of the Flag. By the Veterans. 3. Salute to the Flag, Avith Pledge. 4. America. 6. Reading of Scriptures. Mr. Samuel G. Jones. 6. The Lord's Prayer, in concert. 7. Song of Columbus Day. EXERCISES OF GRADES III AND IV IX THE SCHOOL-HOUSE. 1. Reading of the Address. Gordon Smith. 2. Acrostic, Columbus. Leila Anthony, Bessie Knight, Ella San- born, Nellie Ryan, Grace Sneeden, Alice Sawyer, Annie San- born, Ilattie Pinkham. 3. Story of Columbus. By 20 pupils. 4. There are many tlags, etc. Florence Hayes. 6. Discovery Day. Walter Towne. 6. Song, Columbia, the Gem of tiie Ocean. 7. Our Country. John Frj'c, Arthur Stamper. 8. Long Ago in our oavu Country. By 8 girls. 9. Columbia. By 4 girls. 10. Sonnet, Columbus. By Nellie Messer. 11. Flag Drill. Jennie Hooper, May Collins, Winnifred Mc Donald, Josic Call, Frank Kelley, Walter Saunders, Ernest Hohvay, Julian Hatch. 12. Song, Our Flag is There. 13. In 1492. Freeman Woodbury. 14. Story of Our Country. 8 boys. HIST. COM.. XXX 5 34 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 16. My Country. 4 boys. 16. The Nations now Gather. Chorus of girls, and solo by Nellie Messer. 17. Our Flag. By 10 pupils. 18. Columbia's Emblem. Frank Webb. 19. The Flag of Our Own Country. Katharine Ryan. 20. Song, Flag of the Heroes. 21. Before all Lands, etc. Irving Sanborn. 22. Christopher Columbus. Alice Woodbury. 23. Song, Flag of the Free. GRADES I AND 11. 1. Song, Columbia my Land. 2. Narrative poem, Discovery of America. By 26 children of Grade 2. 3. Hymn of Thanksgiving. Grace Collins, Bessie Harlowe, Pau- line Curtis, Paul Whipple, Francis Hayward, Ernest Learock. Grade 1. 4. There are many flags. Grade 2. 5. Song, Columbia the Gem of the Ocean. 6. Recitation. Freddie Donovan. 7. Story of Columbus. Ella Little. 8. Acrostic, Columbus. Lillian Dickey, Mabel Swain, Margaret Little, Miriam Tigh, Bessie Knight, Mary Shute, Robertina Campbell, Lulu Stillman. 9. Song, Flag of the Heroes. 10. Recitation. Marian Pulsifer. 11. The Flag of our own Country. Grade 1. 12. Wave still in lofty air. Hillard Lovett. 13. Flag of our nation great. Hawthorne Porter. 14. Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag. 15. Song, America. UPHAM SCHOOL. 1. The President's Proclamation was read by the sub-committee of the school, C. C. Rhoades, at the out-of-door exercises. 2. Selection of Scriptures by the Principal. 3. The Lord's Prayer by the whole school. 4. Reading of the address. Mary A. Wardwell. 5. Singing, Hymn for Columbus Day. Rooms 1 and 2. 6. Recitation, Discovery Day. Chester A. Goldsmith. 7. Recitation, Christopher Columbus. All, in concert. COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 35 8. Recitation, Story of Columbus. Room 2. 9. Recitation, Acrostic. 10. Recitation, Columbus. James Chute. 11. Sinirinir, Star Spangled Banner. 12. Addresses. ROOMS III and iv. 1. Reading the Address. Ethel Ham. 2. Singing, Hymn of Praise. 3. Recitation. Ilarold Prince. 4. Solo. Maud E. Prentisa. 5. Recitation. 6. Song, Flag of the Heroes. 7. Recitation. 8. Flag of our Nation Great. 9. Closing Speech. George E. Gifford. NAUMKEAG SCHOOL. The exercises at the Nauiiikeag school were entirely ditlerent from those at any other school. After joining with the Browne school in the out-ot-door exercises the children who are all French and can understand but little English went through an exercise of questions and answers which brought out all the Discovery story with short stanzas of poetry and recitations. There was a very pretty acrostic of C-o-l-n-in-l)-n-s by eight little girls. Mr. Collins read the proclamation. Miss demons read the scriptnres. JNIiss Wilson asked the questions bringing ont all the story and Miss Richardson and Miss Hopkins read the address prepared by Mr. Mowrj'. Each little one had a tiny American flag to help teach the lesson of patriotism. The day was celebrated by a number of private and parochial schools. Among them we tind in the daily papers reports of the following : The pnpils of the SALEM COMMERCIAL SCHOOL assemliled at their rooms in the Peabody building at 36 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 9 o'clock, and were niarsballed upon thereof of the building, where, after the reading of the president's proclamation, the new flag was thrown to the breeze by a delegation of the G. A. R. After three cheers had been given and the students had pledged themselves to support their country's flag, "America" was sung and the school ad- journed to their rooms. Here, a most interesting programme was carried out. After reading a psalm responsively, and the ofiering of prayer by Rev. S. B. Nobbs, the Columbian hymn was sung by the school. Miss E. A. Tibbetts, the principal, then read the address on "The Meaning of the Four Cen- turies." Then followed an historical exercise delivered by eleven students, recounting the life of Columbus. The ode was read by Miss Myitie Chisolm. Mrs. Carrie S. Rogers read the "American flag." ST. JAMES SCHOOL. The scholars of Ihe St. James parochial school asseml)led in the vestry of the church. When seated, it was a pretty sight, the little ones in front dressed in white, with red liberty caps, the older ones next, with white caps, and the senior scholars in the very rear, with blue caps. Fathers Gray and Collins were seated upon the platform, and the sisters attended their several classes as officers. The ex- ercises opened with a salute to the flag. Then followed chorus singing, and solos by Misses Hendien, McGlue and DriscoU. Solos were also sung by Mary Kilcoyne, M. Hinchion, C. Sullivan, E. Cody, M. Ralph. Lizzie Cody read an essay on the life of Columbus. Annie Kinsella read a composition, "Isabella of Castile." An interesting feature of the exercises was the Centennial Ode, by Mary Connolly, Lena Driscoll and Mary Kilcoyne. The Te Deum was sung in conclusion, and Father Gray COLUMBUS DAY IN' SALKM. 37 spoke briefly ot" the lite of Ci»Iuiiil>iis, liis trials and suo- ST. mart's school. The exercises bepin in the church, where high mass was celebrated by liev. Jainos Barrett. Te Deiun was sung by the choir and children, as was also the army hymn. To the tune America, sung b}^ choir and childicn, ac- companied by the Lafayette band, the children marched out of the church to the adjoining school-yard. The National tiag was carried by Master John Corbett. The banners of Columbus, AVashington, Harrison and Sheri- dan were carried i)y Masters John Lalor, William Mr- Sweeney, AVilliam Muri)hy and John Cronin. The band played Avhile the procession moved around the school- house and into position for the flag exercises. The chil- dren numbered a little over 400, the girls dressed in red mortar-board hats, while jackets and blue skirts, while the boys were dressed in blue sailor suits. "America" was sung by the school; the proclamation read by Master William McSweeney, followed by chorus, Red, White and Blue. The procession then moved thi-ough Chaiter, Central and Essex streets, escorted by a delegation from the Father Mathew association, Hugh F. E. Farrell, marshal, J. J. Connolly, assistant marshal. The school building was tastefully decorated with the National colors, and in the class-rooms, on the blackboards were drawings of "Columbus' Ship," "The First Sight of Land," "Columbus in Chains," etc. Owing to the building of the boys' new school, the school hall was not in condition to hold any exercises. The foregoing programmes of school exercises will serve to show how generally and with what enthusiasm this celel)ration of Columl)Us Day was entered into by the 38 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. children of this city. In a majority of schoolrooms the blackboards were decorated with drawing^s ilUistrating in- cidents in the life of Columbus and portraying to the eye various important facts connected with his great discovery, such as, "Pictures of his Ships;" "Columbus looking for Land ;" "The First Sight of Land ;" "His Landing," etc. The ceremony of "Saluting the Flag" was performed at each school under charge of detachments from Phil Sheridan Post 34 G. A. R. It is clearly apparent that this celebra- tion was an important object lesson in the history of our country. It will never be forgotten by the children. It will serve to stimulate all patriotic sentiment and create an interest in historical studies. In its far-reaching eifects, perhaps the morning celebration was of more value to the country than all that transpired in the afternoon and even- ing. THE PARADE OF THE AFTERNOON. The parade which took place in the afternoon was one of the largest processions ever seen in this city. It was arranged in three divisions : the first being military and civic ; the second embracing various civic societies and the entire fire department with the veteran firemen. The third division was devoted to the trades and the various mercantile and manufacturing establishments of the city. The steam fire alarm whistles announced to the citizens the moving of the column. It was reviewed by the mayor from the steps of the city hall. COLUMRUS DAY IN SALKM. 39 FOHMATION OF THE PROCESSION. Platoon of Police under comniiuid of Capt. Geo. II. Blinn. Patriarchs Militant Band. Escort, Saleui Light Infantry Veteran Association, 80 men. Capt. Georjie M. Whipple, commanding. Philip Little, chief marshal. CliMbrd Brighani, cliief of staff. The following gentlemen composed Chief Marshal Little's stall", John F. Hurley acting as color bearer: — A. L. Goodrich, Nathaniel M. Brown, William G. Kantoul, Beverly Rantoul, E. L. Peirson, Aug. N. Rantoul, H. F. Peirson, E. W. Hay, W. O. Sallbrd, L. F. Brig- ham, jr.. C. E. Phipptn, George West, F. C. Damon, W. W. Davis, Henry Sutton, O. B. Stone, C. II. Ilarwood, P. F. Tierney, G. L. Allen, J. J. Hartigan and John F. Hurley. FIKST DIVISION — MILITARY AXD CIVIC. Newburyport Cadet Band. 2d Corps Cadets, M. V. M., Maj. S. A. Johnson, commander, 120 men. Drum Corps. Veteran Cadet Association, Maj. A. Parker BroAvu, commander, 05 men. Salem Light Infantry, Co. H, 8th Regiment, M. V. M., Capt. II. F. Sta- ples, commander, 40 men. His Honor, the Mayor. The City Council. The school board and overseers of the poor. City Ofllcials. The U. S. Postmaster at Salem, Mass. Collector of Customs, at Salem. National Drum Corps, Beverly. The U. S. Letter Carriers' Association, 21 men. Salem Brass Band. Phil. Sherldun Post 34, G. A. R., W. H. Buker, commander, 125 men. Naumkeag Drum Corps. Lieut. Col. Mt-rritt camp, S. of V., Ciipt. W. T. Laugmaitl, commander, 35 men. SECOND DIVISION — CIVIC SOCIKTIES AND FIREMEN. George A. Chandler, marshal. Walter L. Harris, chief of stall'. Aids. — S. II. Bartlett, color bean-r; F. D. Kingsh-y, J. Smart, Wm. A. Thyng, Geo. E. Hill, F. W. Davis, 1. O. Taylor, G. A. N\ llson, 40 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. F. E. Chase, C. E. Comer, A. A. Foley, Patrick Daltoii, Geo. W. Peach, H. K. Mansfield, G. W. Creesy, Samuel Webb, D. W. O'Leary, G. H. Thorburu, Geo. E. Teel, O. Weymouth, W. Shat- tuck. Saugus Drum Corps. The Father Mathew Total Abstinence society, Geo. Harrington, commander, 150 men. The High School battalion, C. Wesley Hobbs, commander, 90 young men. Salem Drum Corps. Union St. Joseph, 180 men. Peabody Drum Corps. North Star Lodge, Knights of Pythias, 28 men. Royal Enterprise Lodge, No. 189, G. U. O. O. F., 18 men. Ipswich Band. St. Jean Baptist Society, Napoleon Thibault, 140 men. First Regiment Drum Corps, Boston. The Young Men's Catholic Temperance society, 120 men. Float, Queen Isabella's jewels. Carriages. St. James' Cadets, Fred Jefirey, 70 young men. Witch City Drum Corps. Ancient Order of Hibernians, Div. 5, 45 men. Lafayette Band. Essex County Mass. Catholic Order of Forresters, 55 men. Lynn Cadet Drum Corps. International Order of Bricklayers and Masons, 80 men. Mechanic's Band, Essex. SECTION 2, FIRE DEPARTMENT AND VETERAN FIREMEN. Essex Band. W. O. Arnold, chief engineer, as marshal. Emery B. Skinner, James A. Lord, jr., Arthur P. Florentine and Jolm Pollock, assistant engineers. Steamer company. No. 1, Howard Kimball, captain. Steamer company, No. 2, William Andrews, captain. Steamer company. No. 3, John H. Nichols, captain. Hook and Ladder company. No. 1, Arthur Ober, captain. Hose company. No. 2, Samuel Stevens, foreman. Hook and Ladder company. No. 4, Daniel J. Sweeney, foreman. Hose company. No. G, Charles Williams, foreman. The apparatus, in the following order : Steamer 1, Chas. Chamberlain, driver. COLUMRUS DAY IX SALEM. 41 Hose -wajron, William Tobey. driver. Steamer 1', Janu's Pollock, driver. Hose Avafjoii, A. H. Andrews, driver. ■ Steamer 3, Michael Flynn, driver. Hose reel. Chief's team, Charles Sims, driver. Hook and Ladder Truck No. 1, Wm. Pollock, driver. Supply wagon, Robert Phippen, driver. Hose Wajron, No. 2, John Lowrey, driver. Hose Wajion, No. 4, John JeflVey, driver. Hose WaLfon, No. 6, James Roundy, driver. Excelsior Drum Corps of Marblehead. The Salem Veteran Firemen association, Josiah B. Osborne, chief. Agawam Band. DIVISION 3— THE TRADKS DIVISION. William G. Webber, chief marshal. C. R. Washburn, chief of stall". Adjutant, Fitz W. Perkins. Color Bearer, J. H. Flynn. Aids:— Ellis H. Porter, C. F. Perkins, W. A. Swan, B.Frank Perkins, George W. Pickering, Edwin O. Foster, H. P. Gittbrd, C. W. Reed, Orrin Carey, S. IL Porter, George P. Woodbury, Everett E. Alley, S. H. Wilkins, J. M. Parsons, W. S. Wasliburn, W. Q. Dane, M. U. Flynn, J. M. Foster, George J. Kerr, E. H. Merrill, F. A. Wendell, W. S. Nevins, J. N. Peterson, Frank Wilkins, J. C. Mc- Donald, B. A. Gale, O. M. Harris, F. A. Lane, Jonathan Osborne, J. W. Dane, W. B. Mansfield. Agawam band of Ipswich, 25 pieces, C. F. Chapman, leader. Barouches containing the following members of the Board of Trade : Frank Cousins, president; E. A. Mackintire and W. C. Packard, vice-presidents; George E. Pearson, of executive committee; E. F. Brown, secretary; E. D.Jones, treasurer; J. Clillurd En- twistle, secretary; John IJ. Harding. FLORIST. George W. Cresaey. NKWSPAPERS. Salem Evening News, tally-ho and float. DRUGGISTS. C. II. & J. Price. MIST. COM,. XXX (J COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. GROCERS. Geo. Wilcox, 3 teams. Bennett Bros., 2 teams. G. H. Sargent, 2 teams. T. Hartuett, 3 teams. I. P. Harris & Co., 8 teams. I. P. Harris, Read & Co., 4 teams. Cyrus Jordan, 1 team. Chase & Sanborn, 1 team. Edward Bros., 2 teams. W. H. Knights, 2 teams. L. R. Pratt, 6 teams. W. S. Harris, 1 team. J. T. McNiff, 2 teams. J. D. Dalton, 1 team. DRY GOODS. Wm. G. Webber & Co., tally-ho. Almy, Bigelow & Washburn, 7 teams. Briggs & Wilkins, 1 team. J. C. Abbott, 1 team. Frank Cousins, diligence. Wm. Reith, barouche. COAL AND WOOD. Wm. Pickering, jr., & Co., 7 teams. S. T. Gourley, 1 team. FURNITURE. J. C. Casey, 1 team. J. Gamble, 2 teams. Salenj Kindling Wood Co., 2 teams. PROVISIONS. Geo. H. Averill, 2 teams. F. Porter & Sons, 4 teams. J. R. L'Africain, 4 teams. Osborne & Co., 4 teams. S. H. Porter & Co., 2 teams. O'Leary & Foley, 1 team. Naumkeag market, 3 teams. Ricliard Connolly, 2 teams. J. F. O'Keefe, 2 teaiils. Orrin Carey, team and ox COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 43 "Warren Upton, 2 teams. Russell & Very, 2 teaiU3. Uptou & Eaton, 1 team. E. T. Upton, 1 team. Franklin Fish Market, 1 team. PAPER DEALERS. Phllbrlck & Perkins, 4 teams. PORK. J. A. Hard, 3 teams. CLOTHING. Nanmkeag Clothing Co., 1 team. Plymouth Rock Pants Co., 1 team. MEDICINES. B. S. S.Milton, 2 teams. W. n. Smith, 1 team. SEWING MACHINES. Wheeler & Wilson, 3 teams. PLUMBEllS. L. E. Millea, 2 teams. F. A. Wendell, 4 teams. C. H. Phippcn, 1 team. J. A. Andrews, 1 team. CLOTHING. Kent & Boynton, 1 team. BAKERS. John Hathaway, 4 teams. A. I). Buxton, 3 teams. L. W. Symonds, 1 team. P. Hartigan (horse shocr) 1 team. Richardson and Ramsdell, 1 team. Joseph St. Yves, 1 team. Ernest Priseault, 1 team. H. F. Curtis, 2 teams. Wm. n. JoU, 3 teams. J. W. Dane, 1 team. 44 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. STOVES, ETC. James F. Dean, 3 teams. Wadleigh & Morse, 1 team. "W. S. Farmer, 1 team. J. S. Washington, 1 team. Geo. C Smith, 1 team. LEATHER AND SHOES. Salem Shoe Store, 1 team. J. F. Reynolds, 1 team. J. T. Flynn, 2 teams. J. Loring, 1 team. John Heffernan & Co., 1 team. Nugent Bros., 1 team. Dennis Brady, 1 team. ICE. Charles Julyn, 1 team. Dodge & Broughton, 1 team. J. B. Bradstreet, 1 team. HAY, GRAIN AND PRODUCE, E. H. Merrill, 5 teams. W. A. Cleveland, 2 teams. Abbott & Reynolds, 3 teams. Ropes Bros., 2 teams. John "West, 2 teams. MACHINERY. Vaughn Machine Co., 2 teams. Smart & Spencer, 1 team. Wm. F. Martin, 1 team. Paul B. Patten, 1 team. Locke Bros., 1 team. Eagle Foundry, 2 teams. OILS. T. F. Little Oil Co., 2 teams. U. W. Williams, 1 team, P. O. DriscoU, 1 team. People's Oil Co., 2 teams. Salem and So. Danvers Oil Co., 3 teams. Salem Waste Co. , 1 team. COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 45 NK-\VS DKALER8. Radford & Goldsmith, 1 team. Merrill & Mackintire, 1 team. CKOCKEKT. George A. Fuller, 1 team. Wm. F. Perry & Son, 1 team. CARPENTEUS. A. F. Smith, 1 team. Pitman & Brown, 2 teams. Irving & Sage, 1 team. James Fairfield. 6 teams. BOTTLERS. Ephraim Provo, 4 teams. S. B. Winn & Son, 5 teams. MISCELLANEOUS. Bay State Dye house, 1 team. Salem Electric Lighting Co., 1 team. Salem Steam Laundry, 3 teams. Chas. E. Curtis, monuments, 2 teams. R. H. Kobsou, bicycles, 1 team. Favorite Night Lunch. Merritt & Co., express, 2 teams. J. J. Fopiano, fruit, 2 teams. Lee Bros. , furniture moving, 1 team. E. A. Perkins, livery, 1 team. Salem Storage "warehouse, 1 team. Salem file works, 1 team. Andrews, Moulton & Johnson, 1 team. W. H. Barnes, sewing machine, 1 team. T. R. Williams, teamster, 1 team. Union Pacirtc Tea Co., 1 team. B. F. Hill, agrictiltural implements, 1 team. Mrs. n. B. Goodhne, hair goods, 1 team. Owl Night Lunch. Carter, barber, 1 team. Salem & Essex Dye House, 1 team. Singer Sewing Machines, 3 teams. Wood Lawn Poultry Farm, 1 team. A. N. Locke, bicycle sulky. 46 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. The procession passed over the following route : — starting from the north side of Washington square, passing through Pleasant, Essex, Central, Front, Washington, Dodge, Lafayette (east side), counter- marching at Loring avenue, Lafayette (west side), Washington, Bridge, North, countermarching at Orne, North, Federal, Boston, Essex, Flint, Chestnut, Summer and Essex streets. EVENING EXERCISES. The evening exercises at Cadet hall commenced at 7.45 o'clock, with the rendition of Mozart's "Gloria" by the Oratorio society. Arthur Foote officiated as director and W. S. Fenollosa at the piano. Mayor Rantoul presided. The programme was as follows : — Gloria from Mozart's xn Mass. Salem Oratorio Society. Prayer by Rev. E. B. Willson of the North Church. Eichberg's National Hymn. Salem Oratorio Society. Oration by President E. B. Andrews, LL.D.,* of Brown University. " My native country," — from Suppe. Solo by Miss Margaret E. Kelly. The Hallelujah Chorus from Handel's Messiah. Oratorio Society. SOCIAL OBSERVANCES. The Second Corps of Cadets and Veteran Cadet asso- ciation held a banquet at Hamilton hall. The tables were presided over by Maj. Johnson, acting commander. Col. Hart being absent on the governor's staff at Chicago. At his right sat Alderman Philip Little, chief marshal of the day's parade. E. H. Frye, humor- ist, of Boston, gave a very pleasing entertainment, after which informal speeches were made. 1 Published in full by the city With the "City Documents for 1893." COmMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 47 At the conclusion of the parade the Salem Light In- fantry Veteran's association sat down to a lunch furnished by Cassell in the Infantry Armory. Short addresses were delivered by Mayor Kantoul, Major Whipple, Prof. D. B. Ilagar, Lieutenant Nathaniel Silsbee, Major Farless, Hubbard Breed, Geo. D. Bhippen and Adj't Reynolds. This company paraded with 87 men, and kept open house in the armory all the afternoon. A banquet was furnished by the Board of Trade to IMarshal Webl)er and his aids at Fraternity Hall, at the close of the parade. The Essex Court of Forresters held a banquet at their headquarters. James J. Murphy, chief ranger, was toast master, and after-dinner speaking of a patriotic order fol- lowed. The Salem Veteran Firemen, to the number of 115, enjoyed a banquet at the Essex house. Josiah B. Osborn was master of ceremonies. The Father Mathew Temperance Society cele})rated by a dance at their hall in Franklin building. The young men in charge of the dance were : general manager, Wm. E. Hill ; floor director, Joseph H. Tivnan ; assistant floor director, Jeremiah O'Keefe ; aids, Geo. Harrington, W . P. Walsh, James Burns, W. M. Shay, T. F. Lannon, James Crowley; reception committee, J. H. Tivnan, T. F. E. Nolan, Jere. O'Keefe. The Young Men's Catholic Temperance society held a concert and dance at Temperance hall on Warren street . The party was managed by floor director C. R. Gannon : assistant floor director, J. F. Mullen ; aids, P. Sweeney, J. O'Connell, W. Gannon, W. Carson, T. O'Keefe, J. Lucy, D. Flynn, G. Riley; reception committee, D. O'Brien, W. Looney, J. J. Saunders, C. Crowley. The Coluinl)Us clul) held a iI.iik'c al Aiinoi-y liiill. The 48 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. floor director was Walter C. Kichardson, and W. C. Hig- gins, C. H. Dinsmore and J. H. Call officiated as aids. Naumkeag tribe of Red Men held a grand peace dance at Odell hall. THE DECOKATIONS. Decorations in honor of Columbus and the discovery of America were to be seen on every hand. Streamers of red, white and blue, and American flags floated in the breeze as well as the colors of Spain, from almost every building. On some buildings a single flag told the story of the great holiday and did honor to the great discoverer. The most elaborate and artistic decorations on any build- ing in the city were seen at the Essex Institute. In fact, nothing so elaborate and strikingly original had been at- tempted before in Salem. The work was under the direction of Mr. Ross Turner. The building showed nothing l)ut the Spanish colors, except in the shields. From each window were suspended streamers, caught in place by golden wreaths, and streamers extended from the roof in the front centre down to below the second story windows, forming a tent-shaped eflect. Underneath this, and rest- ing upon the top of the porch was a picture of Columi)us done in water colors, by Victor A. Searles. Surrounding this was painted a wreath of laurels intertwined with the Spanish colors, while in each corner was a shield, repre- senting the United States, the City of Salem, conmierce and navigation respectively. On the porch of the building Tested a bust of Columbus, a copy from the Vatican, Rome, and on the left of the porch was the coat of arms of Ar- rajron and Castile. On the right was the coat of aims of Columbus. COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 49 Directly in front of tiie steps to the main entrance of the Institute .«?toocl a large painted inscription : Essex Institute 14ft2. 1892. In honor of the Great Discoverer Christopher Columbus. First voyage Aug. 3, 1492. Second voyage, Sept. 25, 1493. Third voyage, :\[ay 30, 1498. This was executed in imitation of tapestry with the shield of the United States on the right, and the shield of Spain on the left. Back of the inscription, so as to com- pletely cover the steps to the building, was arranged a solid bank of palms and potted plants. The decorations of the Peabody Academy of Science were extremely artistic. The Spanish colors, held in place with wreaths of bronze, hung from every window of the East India ISIarine building. At the extreme right and left of the building, just over the second story windows were grouped the tlags of all nations representing the collections from many lands which the institution harbors. In the centre over the main entrance was a large scenic picture of the Santa Maria, by Mr. Koss Turner. The picture was enclosed in a border of tropical plants topical of the local- ity which Columbus first discovered, supposing it to be the mainland of America. This was surrounded by a wreath of oak and pine, and above all was the American eagle. The general effect was fine, and its maritime char- acter was significant of the institution. Porter & Son, Central street, decorated their market and restaurant in a striking way, introducing some original work. From over each door to the side of the building was drawn the American flag and under the centre hung a HIST. COLL. XXX 7 60 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. painting of the American eagle holding a spray of olive in his talons. There were two of these pictures and both were painted especially for the occasion, the copy being the old custom house eagle just across the street. In the window was a very finely executed bust of Columbus cut from a cake of lard, and in front, done on the plate glass in colors were the Spanish and American flags. The Naumkeag Clothing Company had streamers of red, white and blue from the roof of the building in the centre to the sides near the ground floor. In the centre over the second story was a large picture of "The Voyage of Columbus," showing the mutiny on board the Santa Maria. William G. Webber & Co. had their Essex street front literally covered with the colors of the United States. The Spanish colors did not appear, but over the main en- trance rested a mammoth painting 10 x 25 feet, by Upham, in three sections, the centre showing an allegorical group of America, with a portrait of Columbus on the right and Washington on the left. Frank Cousins' Bee Hive displayed innumerable small American flags arranged in a string from the second story windows. In the first floor windows at the right of the main entrance was a picture of Washington, while next on the right was a picture representing Columbus before the court of Ferdinand and Isabella. These were framed in red, white and blue. The jewelry store of Daniel Low, corner of Essex and Washington street, showed thought and artistic taste in its decorations. The outside was festooned with the Ameri- can colors, in graceful lines. In the first window on Essex street was a water color of the Santa Maria, by Mr. Ross Turner ; this was enclosed in a frame of white and gold, and surmounted by a picture of Columbus from the Berlin COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. 51 Gallery, encased in a tine solid silver frame, all draped with the Spanish colors. The second window showed an American flag with forty-four gold pins for the stars in the Union. It was mounted on a white ebony stati' with a string of gold braid for cord. In the third window was a picture of the "Modern Witch," sailing gayly through space on a broom, side-saddle fashion, as the witches of olden times are supposed to have done. The picture was finely done in water colors and framed with a frame made entirely from ]Mr. Low's famous Witch spoons. Almy, Bigelow & Washburn did homage and honor to Columbus and Spain by blending the colors of Spain with the colors of the United States, in many an artistic curve, while above all floated the American flag. George A. Collins had a portrait of the "Great Dis- coverer," set in a triangular frame of red, white and blue l)unting. The Peabody Building and office of the Salem Even- ing News had streamers suspended from the top with the colors of Spain running about those of the states. Over the front entrance was a picture of Columbus, and the window of the News oflice showed a like portrait. AtT. A. Devine's, corner of Front and Lafoyette street, Columbus was shown on canvas in a difierent role from the "Discovery," pleading before the court of Ferdinand and Isabella. The huge painting which adorned the Front street side of the building showed "Columbus at the sur- render of Granada." It was tastefully draped in colors of both nations. The Salem Board of Trade rooms presented a pic- ture of Columbus with the colors of Spain as a base and of the United States overhead. The Plummer Hall building was not decorated, but 52 COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. a cluster of Spanish colors were hung over the street, with two large American fia«jrs on either side. The stores of Henry Hale & Co. and Briggs & Wil- kins were festooned with bunting. In the window of the latter firm was a fine old picture, "The first sight of Land," showing the sailors, who in other pictures are represented in mutiny a few days before, falling on their knees and kissing the robes of the great Columbus. One of the most interesting portraits on exhibition among the decorations was displayed in the windoAV of E. V. Emilio. It was a Landing ot Columbus, a copy of the original picture in the collection of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, at Florence. The furniture stores of J. L. Lougee and W. C. Pack- ard & Co. were handsomely decorated with streamers. HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. Vol. XXX. April, May, June, 1893. Nos. 4, 5, 6. THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. The one hundredth anniversary of the opening of a bridge be- tween Beverly and Salem was observed with great spirit on Monday, September 24, 1888. The occurrence naturally called forth a general expression of interest in the old structure, — in its history, — in the incidents of its building, — occasioning a display in itself worth going far to see, and commemorating an event by no means likely to be exaggerated in the estimate of its efiects upon the past and future growth of Southern Essex County. The weather was so unusual as to rise quite above the common- place, as a topic for remark. At the close of an excep- UI8T. COLL. XXX 8 (53) 54 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. tionally rainy season, and of what was thought to be the wettest September of the century conimemoratecl, came eight whole days of incessant wind and rain, only inter- rupted on Monday and Tuesday long enough for the exe- cution of the admirable programme announced. The decorations were tattered and drijjping before they were removed. But on the historic day itself the skies were fair, and so remained until the last rocket was discharged and the last bonfire had burned out. The wind, which blew little less than a gale on Monday morning, gave way before night-fall to the calm which is indispensable to such a pageant, and resumed its sway again before Tuesday's sunset. The celebration was spontaneous and informal. Dining and speech-making — the bane of modern festivities — were discarded. From early dawn to midnight, the pictur- esque old bridge was seen by the thousands who gazed upon it from steam-car windows near at hand, or from water-craft floating about the bay, as well as by the other thousands who made it a duty or a pleasure to cross it once more that day, flaunting its streamers like the ship- jjing in the harbor, and decorated also with banners across its length, each inscribed with a bit of history or senti- ment. Perhaps the last time the bridge had appeared in gala dress before, was on the occasion of Lafayette's visit in 1824. On that day in August there was a heavy rain- fall, in the midst of which Captain George Dodge, a son of the first vice-president, who was afterwards one of the presidents of the bridge corporation, marched over the structure in the ranks of the military escort, and on the centennial day, at the age of ninety-one, he crossed it again. Dr. John H. Batchelder, president of the Salem Board of Aldermen, who acted as chairman of the joint committee which arranged the celebration, was also on THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BKIDGE. 55 the bridge as a lad to see Lafayette, and remembered a tr()()|)cr and his horse falliiiLr at his feet on the slippery plunking as the cortege went by. The first of the inscriptions seen on approaching from the Salem side read thus : Free inteucourse helps fraternal feeling. 1788. 1888. And on the reverse of the decoration could be read : 1788. What the Fathers bequeathed THE Sons will cherish. 1888. Upon the arch spanning the draw were these words, blazoned on either side : 1788. First Pier raised May 3. Last Pier, September 6. Opened for Public Travel, September 24. Cost $16,000. At the Beverly approach, the inscriptions to be seen on the Salem end were reversed, so that the traveler, in crossing the bridge, found himself confronted by each of these suggestive legends in turn. For the day, the sign board once displayed at the toll-gate and bearing the rates of toll estai)lished by law, — it had long been a cherished relic in the cabinets of the Institute — was removed from its retreat on the walls of Dahuid House and restored to its familiar abiding place beside the draw. Over the landing on the Salem side, at the end of Ferry Lane, were these words : Ferry established between North Point and Cape Ann Side : 20 December, 1036. And the legend, at the Beverly Landing — a "town land- ing" still, — much used within the last half century for the 56 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. unladinof of fish in transit from the schooner's hold to the drying flakes ; a process of pitching with heavy forks from deep-sunk dories into tip-carts which stood, horse, cart and man, waist-deep in the sea, — was this : Ferry Landing, laid out by the Court of Sessions, 5 January, 1698. At night-fall the masses of interested spectators, far and near, compared in numbers with the population of the two municipalities engaged. A considerable police force, under command of City Marshal Hart of Salem, and another from Beverly under Chief of Police Woodbury, maintained order, and kept the concourse of pedestrians and of vehicles in constant motion. A new foot-way had been lately added on the eastern side of the bridge, the strength of which, not calculated for such an exigency, had not before been proved, and it was only by an ap- proach to the unreached desideratum of perpetual motion that the foot- way could be insured against the massing of spectators at eligible points, or the road-bed of the bridge against an absolnte blockade of carriage travel. Fortu- nately no accident occurred, and the enjoyment of the day was unalh^yed. Travelers who had seen the best the old world has to offer, — Venice in her evening beauty, — the "Italienische Nacht" of northern Europe, — the fetes about Lake Lehman at the ingathering of the vintage, — the torchlight processions of boats on the Rhine, — and trie midnight pageants which are conmion on the interment of the Swabian princes, — found something in the im- promptu display at Beverly Bridge which was wholly to their liking. Orne's Point and the Willows showed their beacon fires — the Bar, exposed by the low tide which made the promised procession of waltr-craft impossible, had its bonfire, and Rum's Horn Beacon its pyramid of flame. THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 57 The contemporary press has chronicled the display with so much elaboration and accuracy of detail that little remains to say. From the water battery at the Ju- nipers all the way round to Tuck's Point, almost without a break, stretched one continuous cordon of sparkling points of tire, while from Joshua's Mountain to the Gas House wharf, picked out with rissud's famous Cadet Band had occupied a position near the Salem Ferry Landing, and on the Beverly side another military band was posted high in the air, at the top of Girdler's coal elevator, and from this lofty eyrie took up the strain in turn, like strophe and antistr()i)he in the old Greek chorus, so that from mid-day until almost midnight the air throbbed with n)artial music. The schools had been dismissed at noon, and the reverberation of a hundred guns, — Captain Du- chesney's Parrot Battery ordered there for the jiurpose, — fifty rounds at high noon, — fifty at sunset, — accented the common joy and made the startled sea-gulls flutter. During iIk; day a scow, manned with two sweeps and a steersman to scull, well enough representing the ferry boat of another century, })lied between the two sides of the stream, and an old chaise belonging in Peabody, which 58 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. was said to have crossed the ferry in its better days, for it might well have tigured as the " one hoss shay" when the bridge was opened, made its trips across the planks under the guidance of our famous octogenarian huntsman, Benjamin Grover, who was arrayed in antique garb and furnished with a horse and harness of unmistakable archaic pretentions. The Dixey tavern, and George Cabot's house, where Washington was entertained at breakfast, were both, with other hospitable residences in Beverly, in holiday attire, and when the scene fitly closed at last, and the harvest moon rose slowly behind the islands and asserted her prerogative, a day of genuine and unique enjoyment had been added to the span of life. The Storm King, who seemed for the moment to have abdicated in the interest of hospitality and good neighborhood, resumed his sway. It was as though a curtain had been lifted on the brilliant scene and then let drop again. Why all this pride, pomp, circumstance? There are other bridges as old, — as costly, — as sul)stantial, — as pic- turesque. Southern Essex County would seem to be the limit of its importance, — ^^and its engineering, which chal- lenged the admiration of Washington, was long ago out- done by more modern achievements. Yet for us there is but one bridge. Let it burn to-night and you shall then appreciate its value. It would then be recognized as the missing link between two unique conmumities, — on the south side, Salem, — a city almost the oldest in the state, whether considered as to settlement or civic honors, — only PI} mouth ahead of her in ])irth, — only Boston before her as a city, — steady in growth, but slow, — rich in resources, — rich in history also ; and on the north, Beverly, eldest born of her many daughters, — rich also in tradition and in wealth, — knocking with some impatience already for ad- mittance to the sisterhood of Massachusetts cities. THE nriLDINO OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 59 If one could tell us how many huiuliods of thousiuids of dollars Avorlli of valuables have passed the old bridge, north or south, in the year just closed, — how many loads of fuel and lime and bricks and lumber, — how many l)oxe3 of shoes and bairels of bread stull's, — how many costly vehicles of i)leasure or profit, — we shoidd cease to wonder that it connnands our iutcrest. Or if one could count the loads of hay and kitchen truck — of animal and human food — which pass the old bridge in a twelve-month, and -which could, at present values, reach neither the Salem nor the Boston markets without it, — relcjrate all this to the old Boston road, by the Horse Bridge aud Dan vers Plains and Saugus, or try to move its Inilk across Bass River by ferriage or even by freight-car on the railway, and you shall see what the bridge meant to Rowley aud Ipswich, and Hamilton and Wenham, and Manchester and Glouces- ter, as well as to Beverly and to Salem — for which of these thrifty places would have been quite what they are with- out the bridge? The retail trade which now pays its tribute to Salem, from Beverly aud Manciiestcr, and Hamilton aud A\'i'U- ham, no bridge existing, nnist find acconnnodatiou else- where. Much of it is brought here even now by our neighbors who have heavy farming aud gardening pro- ducts to dispose of, and who if they did not sell them here, would take their trade to Boston. There would be Scant j)i()tit in larmiug aud gardening between the Mcrri- mac and Beverly if there were no access to the Salem market but a ferry-l)oat, — if the way to Boston remained what it was when the Port Bill and the Siege were starv- ing the little caj)ital into rebellion and enforced dependence on her neighbors ! The condition of travel jireceding the building of the bridge must be brietly sketched. Couant, ^\'oodbury and 60 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. the rest had found their way to "Cape Ann Syde " in dugouts up Bass River, first landing near the river head ; then, in 1649, at Diaper's Point, where a highway and landing were established that year by the General Court. But John Stone, the son-in-law of William Dixey, had been licensed, Dec. 26, 1636, to maintain for the term of three years, a ferry between his house at "North Point" or the "Neck "and " Cape Anne Syde," and to charge a penny a passage for each inhabitant and two pence for a stranger. There was no provision for beasts of burthen nor for cattle. William Dixey took the ferry for three years, in Dec, 1639 — " he to keep an horse-boate," and to have besides the fares above allowed, "for meeres, horses, and other great beasts, 6d. ; for goats, calves and swine, 2d." These were active, growing years. Mackerell Cove was enough of a village to be named in 1642. William Dixey certi- fies, Dec. 30, 1646, "that being imployed by y® towne of Salem to find out a way fro' th* towne towards Manchester, doe testifie that we found a way and made it sufficient." The five farms by the Great Pond Side Avere granted, 1636. Bass River Side began to agitate for autonomy in 1649, — got leave to form a church, 1650, — employed the Hibbards, Joshua and Jeremiah, as preachers and teach- ers about 1654, and was practically independent of Salem in 1659. Joshua Hibbard, from whom we may suppose Joshua's mountain to have derived its name, was preaching there from May, 1653 ; and Jeremiah, who lived in Lieutenant Thomas Lothrop's house, after July, 1654. This is the date of the capture of St. Johns and Port Royal. Woods' New England Prospect says that in 1639 the planters were getting their hay and corn from farms across the river and were using " cannowes " made of THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 61 whole pino trees, "jiboiit two footo ami ii hiilf over and twenty tbote long." Ho says thoy are numerous and styles them " water-horses." But even after tiio establishment of a ferry, — with places of entertainment at either landing, — Stone's house making way for the Massey Tavern at the Salem end, and a platform and stable being established on the Beverly side, in 1752, with Dixie's, afterwards Leach's, Tavern just be- yond, — the ferry was still an obstruction to travel. When Ca[)tain Lothrop was killed at Bloody Brook, the authori- ties of the Colony appointed John Hathorne of Salem to connnand the Beverly train-band, and a remonstrance, which proved eliectual, gives as one ground ot objection, that " on account of distance and the inconveniency of the ferry, he is, in a manner, wholly incapable to be service- al)le unto us." The Ferry was at first approached on the Salem side by a briiUe-path or footway eight feet wide, — the width of a good sidewalk, — which followed the banks of the North River all the way down from Town Britlge, where Bridge street now enters Goodhue and Boston streets. This was most zealously guarded in the early legislation of the town. A long section of it was discontinued, March 9, 17ti7, on the lading out of Federal street. In 17G1 Miles Ward deposed that he had known and used it since IGKO. Portions of it can l)e traced at the end near the Ferry, along the upland east of the railroad bed, between Skerry and Conant streets, and in March street court u section of it probably survives. By an order dated 1644 — "such as have houses and lots Jiext the water-side shall maintayno a good way both for horse and man of eight footo broad at Iciast upon payno of presentm^ and line." Ensign Dixie kept the tavern on the Beverly Side in 1052 and promised the town to HIST. COLL. XXX, 'J 62 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. keep the " countrie way in sufficient repayre for horse and carts" iu consideration that it be continued before his house. These lanes and footways were not rigidly located but were moved about from time to time. On the Salem side the marshy tract near the Ferry was apportioned in lots to heads of families as early as 1637, deriving its value from the thatch and flags which could be cut there. It was known as the Planter's Marsh. Landlord Gedney of the "Ship Tavern " had a twelve-acre farm, for the sup- ply of his hospitable table, a little to the southeasterly, and was allowed, in 1657-8, to fence in the lane, so he kept a footway open with gates and turn-stiles, through the fields towards the ferry, and paid the town forty shil- lings. In 1649 the lane is spoken of as a "highway " in exchange for the appropriation of which he is to " leave a way to the watering place." In 1644, George Emery was allowed to fence in this " highway leaving a stile or gate to goe to the water," and in 1657, it was ordered that Francis Skerry, a large land- holder on the neck, "doe forthwith remove his fence to the enlargment of the countrie way one pole into his grounds, and answer all damages to the town through his neglect," and again in 1680, having "enclosed a lane of the towne's by the Planter's marsh, and set his fence too far out by the Ferry, he must this year rectify." 1639 was a year of progress. A state highway was projected and carried through from Newbury to Hingham and the Old Colony. The Colony Records for 1639 and 1640 show its character. Dixey could no doubt do bet- ter with a tavern on the Cape Ann than on the Salem side, for all the heavier marketing which would be in de- mand and would choke up a ferry-way, such as hay and corn and kitchen gardeninoc were furnished from the north THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 63 and east of Salem. He took the ferry for three years and set up the first liorse-boat. The fares were continued at "2d from a stranger : for townesmen or townedwellers Id a i)ieee : for mares, horses and great other beasts, six pence a piece : for goats, calves and swine 2d a piece." And this adjustment seems to have j;iven satisfaction for fourteen years, when in 1053, Richard Stackhouse, "for the relief of his familie, is to have the keeping of the ferry towards Ipswich" — and we find him there in 1659 when the town desired an "Inlardgm'" of the highway to the ferry, and took forty rods of hind from "ffrancis Sker- ry" for the purpose, giving him in return twelve acres of upland. These cross-lot bye- ways would hardly satisfy our modern requirements — though they are conunon in the older parts of England, and for picturesqueness and romantic interest cannot be surpassed. They of course involved the removal and replacing of bars, whenever the way passed from one man's to another man's "propriety ;" gates were a later expedient, but few of the footways and bridle-paths so often met with in the old world are now without both gates and turn-stiles. John Massey kept the ferry in 1686, having built there in 1661. A new Ferry Lane was laid out in 1701 and was so called for the next half century. The tolls from the Ferry were appro])riated to the support of grammar schools in Salem. This was naturally regarded by Beverly as a grievance. Frequent protests were made, — notably a vigorous one in 1737, — but to no purpose. In 1783 bet- ter acconunodations were secured, — boats wore ordoicd on each side of the river at night and no more than double ferriage to be charged for the use of them. The Salem approach was, at great expense, reconstructed in 1784, in the hope of silencing the growing demand for a bridge. The time for more reliable means of conununication was 64 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. at hand. Not merely the friction growing out of unsatis- factory management hastened it on, but the elements also were allies of the new dispensation. Very frequently the Ferry froze over ; not always so firmly as to be passable on the ice, but sufficiently to impede for days the passage of a boat. It was impassable in storms. In 1662 John Balch, a grandson of Roger Conant, was drowned while crossing in a tempest. Joseph Willard, a civil engineer who had passed nine years of his life in Beverly, where his father, afterwards President of Harvard College, was pastor of the First Church from 1772 to 1781, testified that the bridge prob- lem had been to him a subject of constant study during that period, and that he had made measurements on the ice in 1780. His results, with a map, are on file at the State House. At the close of the war of Independence the gallant and distinguished Frenchmen who had done so much in aid of our arms and hoped so much from us as a potent ally and as grateful beneficiaries, made haste to acquaint them- selves with the actual condition and resources of the coun- try. A party of them crossed this ferry, on their way from Newbury to Boston and their observations throw a side light upon our subject. The eminent French author, the Marquis de Chastellux, member of the Academy of France and a Major-General holding a command under the Count de Rochambeau in the allied forces of France in America, the familiar corres- pondent of Washington, who playfully addresses him as a "philosopher and a soldier," gives us a charming picture of the locality we are considering, as it looked to him and to his staff, in the autumn of 1782. In his "Travels in North America," the writer details a journey he made on horseback from Hartford to Portsmouth by the way of THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 65 Concord, Lexiniiton, Ilaveiliill and Exeter and back throufrh Newbury and Salem to Boston, in company with his brilliant and distinKuished Aids-de-Camp, the Harons de Taleyrand, de Vandreuil and de Montesquieu. "Before you arrive at Salem," — the writer says, — "is a handsome rising town called Beverley. This is a new establishment produced by tonnnerce, on the left shore of the creek Avhich bathes the town of Sak'Ui on the north side. One cannot but be astonished to see beautiful houses, large warehouses, etc., springing up in great numbers, at so small a distance from a commercial town, the prosperity of which is not diminished by it." Here the translator, a Scotch gentleman then living at the "Sun Tavern" in Salem (where the Essex House now stands, known also before the Revolution as the "King's Arms" and later as "Goodhue's" from William Goodhue who kept it, although in the autumn of 1782, Samuel Robinson tigured as "mine host" of the "Sun Tavern") , in- serts this note : "The town of Beverley began to flourish greatly towards the conclusion of the war by the exti'aordinary spirit of enterprise and the great success of the Messieurs CoI)bcts, gentlemen of strong understanding and the most liberal minds, well adapted to the most enlarged commercial un- dertakings, and the business of government. Two of their privateers had the good fortune to capture in the European seas, a few weeks previous to the peace, several West Indiamen to the value of at least £100,000 sterling." The French author then adds — "We crossed the creek in two Uat-bottomcd boats, containing each six horses. In crossing, we could very plainly distinguish the opening of the harbour, and a castle situated on the extremity of the neck, which defends the entrance. This neck is a tongue of laud rumiing to the eastward, and coimected 66 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. with Salem only by a very narrow sort of causeway. On the other side of the neck, and of the causeway, is the creek that forms the true port of Salem, which has no other defence than the extreme difficulty of entering with- out a good practical pilot. The view of these two ports which are confounded together to the sight, — that of the town of Salem, which is embraced by two creeks, or rather arms of the sea, — the ships and edifices which appear in- termingled, — forms a very beautiful picture, which I re- gret not having seeu at a better season of the year. "As 1 had no letters for any inhabitants of Salem, I alighted at Goodhue's tavern, now kept by Mr. Robinson, which I found very good, and was soon served with an excellent supper. In this Inn was a sort of Club of mer- chants, two or three of whom came to visit me ; and amongst others M. de la Fille, a merchant of Bourdeaux, who had been estal)lished five years at Boston." (Perhaps his translator was a member of this club. The date of the arrival of the Marquis de Chastellux at Salem, was Novem- ber 13, 1782. The translator had dined with Washing- ton at his headquarters in October and marched north with the French contingent. He records in a foot-note, his extreme regret at not meeting the Marquis on his so- journ in Salem. He was absent in Boston attending a Concert Hall Assembly. M. the M. de Chastellux did not leave Salem without visiting the ware-houses and shipping. About twenty sails were in port. In general, he says, the place has a rich and animated appearance. Towards noon on the 14lh of November, he mounted his horse and rode to Boston, surprised as ho says to see the town or suburb of Salem extending near a mile to the westward. He took the old Boston road, by way of the Bell Tavern.) It should be remembered that when there was no bridsre there was no Bridge street. It is difficult to re- TnE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. G7 produce Bass Rivor mikI the Xorth River without a rail- road or a hridsro, — witliout a wiiaif in the foroirromid or a church spire in the distance, — no factories, no <;as works, no hives of varied industry, no monuments of skill and enterprise, — only ii chanj^eless monotony in the struirrokcu dullness everywhere. Thus the poet })aints it : *' About the liorders of the Sea •' The sea-folk wandered heavily : " About' the wintry river-side " The weary tishers would abide." It is prol)al)ly an easier task for average imaginative powers to create out of nothing a scene which has never been, than it is to eliminate from the mind all trace of a familiar picture, and restore from fancy the scene which existed there l)efore the present picture came within our ken. But such was the Salem of the old planters. Bridge street, as we see it, had no being until 1789. The broad expanse of salt marsh extending from river to cove was first devoted as we have seen mainly to crops of Hag and thatch and meadow hay; invalual)le supi)Iies to a primitive population. Cabins which were encased in day-boards, — a word now corrupted or refined into cl:ip-])oards, for upon these outside strips of boarding Avas a[)[)lied, in lieu of mortar, a " rough cast" of clay called " daubbing," — and rorcigii cumuiercc. 74 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. A glance at the map will show that they fought with reason. There were now no bridges over the Merriniac and in the problem to be solved, we may consider only the towns lying south of the river. From Newburyport and Ipswich there was a way to Boston shorter than that through Salem, crossing no ferry, and leaving wholly on one side the great towns of Beverly, Salem, Marblehead and Lynn. Chief Justice Sewall, when coming to Salem from Boston to attend the burial of Ex-Governor Bradstreet, April 2, 1697, in company with the Governor and other dignitaries, rode by the Butts, a brook near the old aque. duct sources, and was there met and escorted into town by a troop of horse, and a cavalcade of leading citizens. John Adams, when riding the eastern circuit as a young lawyer, in August, 1766, and visiting his brother-in-law, Cranch, then domiciled in the ancient house at the foot of Creek street, entered town by tiie same road, and by the same circuitous march Col. Timothy Pickering was obliged to move the Essex Regiment for Concord, on that hot day in April, 1775. They used the old country way between Boston and Ipswich. When Benedict Arnold marched for Quebec, though himself dining with a friend in Salem, he took his force by the same route through Danvers Plains and North Beverly. The Marquis de Chastellux when leaving Salem for Boston, in 1782, found no turnpike through the great pastures, but turned his horse's head at Buftum's corner, and made his way to • Danvers over the Boston road, now called Boston street. The heavy freight which now moves from Rowley, Ips- wich, Hamilton and Wenham, to Boston by the bridge, did so if at all in those days through the town of Danvers, crossing Lynn between Brown and Spring ponds and passing a ford or bridge at the iron woi'ks in Saugus. Endicott found no boat or canoe there in April, 1631, and TIIF. RIILDINO OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 75 passed it on foot in October of that year; and Dunton, in 168G, " rid to the river," usually crossed, he says, in a canoe, l)nt preferred a ferr}', as he had a lady ridinir he- hind him to Ipswich. Tliere was no ferry there until 1039. Any proposition which would result in divcrtin*; travel from this accustomed though inconvenient line to another ruiuiing through Beverly and Salem and nearer ]\Iarl)le- head was sure to he resisted to the death by Danvers. The town met June 28 and again July 2, to remon- strate. A connnittee of seven was chosen to oppose and to employ counsel. Three Putnams, two Paiges, a Sliil- laher and a Fowler, comi)osed the connnittee. "i'lie river, they argued, was their only channel to the sea. They had five vessels in the Grand Bank iisheries and more to come. They iiad coasters from the east and tishermen in the bay. All trade and fisheries, they feared, would be discouraged. The Post Road to Boston, through Danvers by the Bell Tavern, is a mile nearer for eastern towns than by the Ferry. A bridge would not help an eighth part of the county, and to u demonstration will be greatly prejudicial to Danvers. An order of notice returnable in five days was served June 21) on Salem and Danvers, and even this dry de- tail has its features of interest. It is signed in the senate "S. Adams, Prefid." and bears interlineations and cor- rections in the tiemulous hand of that veteran king-hater, — the very hand once in the same old State House pointed at the vacillating servants of the crown, when he con- fronted them with the declaration that if they could re- move (me regiment of the Boston garrison they could remove two, and that the committee he represented would have both removed or neither. On the sixth of »Iuly a view was ordered at the equal expense of petitioners and remonstrants. 76 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. Meanwhile Salem began to formulate a policy. A me- morial dated June 26, was tiled in the Senate two da}s later, signed l)y Joseph Sprague and many others, setting forth these views: "Boston is as near Ipswich and the towns east by Danvers as by the ferry ; the road is not quite so good ; the petitioners have subscribed for stock and will build a bridge from Orne's Point to Beverly, and ask to be incorporated for that purpose ; other towns would not have joined Beverly had they known that the same facility could be had at Orne's Point." This was followed by a town meeting July 3, which took strong grounds against the bridge. For the moment Danvers seemed promised the help of a strong ally. A committee of three was appointed to correspond with other towns, — to retain counsel, — to i)rotest, — to demand a view, — and to do what they might to defeat the bridge. Joseph S[)rague, Samuel Ward and Nathaniel Ropes were the committee, and, Oct. 21, they filed a remonstrance representing that the North Fields furnished two-thirds of the fishing business of Salem, — that thirty-two dwelling houses there belonged to fishermen, — that forty vessels belonged there, mostly engaged in fishing, — that the re- monstrants were wharf owners and property holders, and that this whole interest would be ruined by a bridge. The remonstrance was dated August 18, and the signers were between three and four hundred. It asked "for a bridge over Porter's River, so called, from Elliugwood's Head to Orne's Point, if your Honors shall find a bridge nec- essary for the public good." On June 27 a reaction began to make itself felt in Salem. A petition in aid of Geoige Cabot, dated on that day, is on file, bearing two hundred and seven names, and ainontjst them some of the best in the town. Elias Haskett Derby and Robert Stone and Joseph White signed it, with Forresters and Crowninshields and Pickmans and THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 77 influential names enoup;li to irive new life to the bridge project. From this point the contest was waged with growing vigor. Tlie jjctitioners declare that they con- ceive it to be of tlie highest importance to establish an inland commerce and connection between the sea port towns and country for the exchange of commodities, to which the river is a great natural impediment, and tliat the puhlic at large will undoubtedly reap an essential advantage. On October 6, Mr. Cabot sent out to the towns a cir- cular letter, and had secured on the 25th of that month a favorable report from the committee to the General Court. This seems to have been considered in each branch, in connnittee of the whole, and although accepted by the Senate was rejected, with a pretty emphatic negative, in the House. It proposed a wooden bridge at least thirty- two feet in width, with a convenient draw to be lifted ■without toll or pay, and a charter for ninety years. This temporary check spurred both parties to increased activity. On November 1, Mr. Cabot sent out a second circular letter. It was as follows : Nov. 1, 1787. To TfiE Selectmen ob' the Town of [^jVewburi/porf] To BE Communicated to the Town : Gentlemen : — In our Letter of the 6th of October, ^yo informed you of the Hearing We had been indidged with l»cfore a Committee of the Honorable Court on the 4th, 5tli and (Hh of Sei)tember last at Salem — as AV^e are sen- sible that the Inhabitants of your town feel themselves deeply interested in the Suc(!ess of this Business, We think it proper to inform you of the Progress of it since that period and the state of it at this time — the Connnit- tee of the Honorable Court who consisted of very sensible, HIST. COLL. XXX. 11 78 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. judicious and impartial Men, Men who were in all respects fully competent to judge of the Merits of the Cause, some of them being Persons accustomed to Rivers and the Cod fishery, after having viewed all the Grounds and heard the Parties fully and fairly, did determine unani- mously in favour of a Bridge near Beverly ferry — this Report being read in the Senate was objected to and a Hearing was had before that Honorable Body, after which the Senate accepted the Report 10 being for and 7 against the acceptance as We are informed ; it then went to the Honorable House of Representatives when We have had another Hearing and the Question being put this evening, "whether a Bridge over said River would be of Public Utility" it passed in the Negative, 89 being for the Ques- tion and the whole Number 193 — and as no Vote has passed for Liberty to withdraw the Petition we suppose the Papers will go up to the Honorable Senate again — during this Suspence of a decision of the two Houses We beg leave to suggest for your Consideration" whether any measures can be taken by your Town that may satisfy the Legislature that a Bridge across the River running between Salem and Beverly at or near the ferry ways would in reality be of that importance to your Interest which you have set it forth to be in your petition," for altho' We have endeavor'd to shew to the Honorable Court " that it wou'd in many respects greatly benefit your town and many others by facilitating an Intercourse with the opulent town of Salem," and altho' 16 towns in the County of Essex and half of the town of Salem have acted in favour of a Bridge at the ferry, yet We must acknowledge to you that it has not been in our power to obtain for them tiiat weight which their J^umbers, Interest and Ttesjoectahility led us to expect — so that the opi)osition of a part of Sa- lem and Danvers exposes us to a defeat in an Object of THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 79 Public Convenience, so much wished for by every truo Friend to the Interest of the County of Essex. George Cabot, for the committee for erecting a Bridge, etc. The responses were prompt and emphatic. Manchester again memorialized the General Court, November 6, to this ertect : "It is difficult to express the surprise, the disa[)p()intmcnt and the degree of injury felt by the inhab- itants, and the anxiety and uneasiness caused by the fail- ure of so necessary an accommodation." They reiterate at length their former expressions, and add : " For about ten weeks in winter ail transportation by water ceases, — sixteen resi)ectable towns favor the bridge, earnestly so- liciting in suppcnl of the application, and only the single town of Salem, almost equally divided among themselves, wMth part of Danvers, oppose. The prayers and wishes of thousands are sacrificed to the objections of a few, which are rather imaginary than real." Wenham for the third time renewed her appeal. Im- pressed with the idea that there must be some mistake of facts, she prays further consideration. She represents herself with Ipswich and Rowley [Hamilton was then a part of Ipswich] as particularly interested from carrying produce to Salem market. The difficulties and delays of the ferry are only to be avoided by going a nmch greater distance over a rough road, through Danvers. For hav and articles of bulk there is no alternative. This makes upwards of four miles further to go. " Serious consider- ations doubly outweigh all the disadvantages ui'ged," — amongst them the " perils and terrors " of the ferry. Ipswich makes herself heard again. John Choate was specially connnissioned, in aid of the representatives of the town, to express the sense of the inhabitants. Novem- ber 9 thoy declare their great disappointment at the 80 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. failure of the bill. They trade with Salem in land pro- duce, particularly hay, and bring back goods from the market. They also send fish and bait for fishing. They go by water around Cape Ann " in the clement season of the year." For the spring fares they'send a hundred and fifty tons of clam-bait. When only land carriage is possi- ble to Salem and Marblehcad, " the extra expense equals all the damage from the bridge." They find in the "unhappy difference and party spirit now prevailing at Salem" a reason fordoing at once what a majority of the county de- mands. Ipswich was then a shire-town with courts and county institutions and a f^imous bridge of her own and an ancient gentry. Her voice was potent. But the adversary had not slumbered. October 30 the memorial of the Salem committee was submitted by Joseph Sprague, its chairman. The spirit of the opposition was clearly manifest. They represent the "distressed In- habitants of Salem " to the number of one hundred and fifty or one hundred and seventy-five, to whom internal peace and harmony had been impossible since the ill- judged proposal. "The most ancient town in the colony, — may it please your honors — our forefathers never would have placed themselves down here had they conceived of such an outrage." They quote scripture. They rise to eloquence and pathos. They summon law and history to their relief. Two-thirds of the fisheries of the town are involved. Euin, misery and dreadful discord stare them in the face, and all for a few inhabitants of Beverly. This is a last solemn appeal. They " prostrate themselves with all humility at the feet of your Honors' clemency and jus- tice " and present the evidence of Colonel Hutchinson, an eminent engineer, to show " what must inevitably fall upon us, if abridge is erected over Beverly ferry." Colonel Hutchinson's measurements showed that it was THE nUILDlXa OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 81 seventeen poles nearer to go to Boston from the cast throuirh Danvors l)y the Bell Tavern, than it was by the Beverly ferry and through Salein ; that it was one mile nearer through Danvcrs over Felton's iiill, than through Salem over the ferry, — that it was more than three-fourths of a mile nearer, over the proposed bridge by New Mills in Danvcrs and by Bell Tavcin, than through Salcin over the ferry, and plans and ina})s showing incasinvincnts were submitted by both sides, which may now be seen ou tile at the State House. A list of shipping was given in by Captain Williams, showing the tonnage owned in the North river to be up- wards of three thousand tons, forty-three sails belonging to Salem, and live to New ^lills. Six were tisliing boats, two w'cre brigs of good capacity, and Captain Shillaber owned a shij) of three hundied tons there. To emphasize the lesson of these tigures, seven wise men of Medford were called as witnesses to show what their town was suffering from the just completed Mcdfoid bridge. Ca[)tain Shillaber, with one hundred and fifteen otheis, filed a remonstrance, N()veml)er 12, showing that the River was navigable for craft of two hundred tons burthen for near two miles above the Ferry, — that tive fishing ves- sels had been hitely built and fitted out at New Mills, which had landed, the present season, 2850 quintals of fish, and one still to hear from, — and that this fishery would be greatly injured, if not ruined, by a bridge. We come now to the last rally of the opposition. The Salem committee lile0 i^cr year in full for his .'services aiicl any assistance calU'il for, and Capt. John Ashton was chosen hy ballot on the sixth of September, the day on which the last pier was put in place. Five assessments had been called in anu)unting in all to eighty dollai's per share, and the total represented a little more than the cost of the bridge, the excess being afterwards refunded. The great event draws near. The bridge is an assured success. The "Statutes of the Corporation" are invoked. Every share nuist be present or represented at the opening and the six shares unsubscribed for are accordingly sold at a great preiniuin. The £ssex Count)/ Mtrcnrt/ begins to add editorial com- Dients to the long series of official announcements it has l^ut before the public. On September 23 the Mercury says : "The passing over Essex bridge will commence to-morrow. To testifiy the pleasure of the Proprietors . . . they have determined to render the passing on the tirst day free of toll — to have a social and festive meeting ;it Leach's Tavern in Beverly — and to provide a liberal en- tertainment for the refreshment of the workmen, to whose industry it is owing that this great work has been brought to its present state in less than tive months from its begin- ning." From other statements it appears that the tiist stroke was struck May 1 ; tliat the bridge measured 1484 feet without the abutments which added thirty-six feet more to the structure ; that it had ninety-three piers and a "draw thirty feet wide, Avhich plays with such ease that two boys of ten years old may raise it." It has a "breadth of thirty-two feet and is to be lighted with twelve Ameri- can lamps." "Only three persons have fallen from the Bridge durinjj its buildinir, two of whom owe their lives to the humanity and l)ravery of tiie same peison, ^Ir. Joseph Felt, who each time sprang from the Bridge into t; 90 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. the river, and saved them from drowning." For this ser- vice a guinea was voted him by the directors. Nothing can give a more graphic picture of the finishing of the task than this little notice inserted in the Mercury of September 30. NEXT SATURDAY, At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, Will be fold at Publick Vendue, at the Rope-Walk in Beverly, WO Yoke of Oxen, a CART, two i8-feet BOATS almoft new, and a variety of articles belonging to the Proprietors of Elfex Bridge. September 29. Dr. Bentley chronicles the jubilation which greeted the result. The proprietors dined together at Leach's, where they were honored with the presence of His Honor, Lieu- tenant-Governor Levi Lincohi,and of the Honorable Jon- athan Jackson. The bridge was gay with the flags of all nations. The proprietors had no need to do much beyond opening the thoroughfare to the public, without tolls, on its natal day, for the sense of relief from the old ferry- boat passage which had sufficed since 1636 was quite enough. But the jubilant proprietors did their part, and the endless caravan then set in motion, consisting of market wagons and milk carts and hay loads, transporting the in- dispensable and bulky products of the kitchen-garden and the farm, has kept up the celebration night and day ever since. Dr. Bentley says " the concourse was great, and the several parties forgot their resentments on the occa- sion." But if the Bridge Proprietors supposed their troubles were at an end, they were mistaken. Repairs began as soon as the bridge was used and have been incessant. The THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 91 SA'stcm of collocliiio: tdlls proved unsiitisfactorv. At llio first Jiniuial mooting the propiiotors votod to farm out tlio tolls for the next year to tlio liigliost bidclor. This system ■was followed for twelve years, and hroniilit in a net in- come of between twenty-five hundred and three thousand dollars. Capt. Asa Leach tjenerally outbid all competitors for the lease and got it. One strange result of the system ■was that ■when the proprietors desired to compliment the President of the United States by allowing him with his retinue to pass the toll-gate free, they ■were obliged to reimburse the lessee, and an item of seven dollai-s and eighty cents actually appears in their accounts, being paid to Captain Leach by the proprietors for the passage of George Washington with his escort and suite over their own bridge. Both currencies seem to have l)een in use at the same time. The clerk was allowed eighty dollars for his ser- vices the first year and the toll-gatherer ninety pounds. Even in the charter both are used. Their Latin was as good as their financiering. "When the "Standing Clerk" was absent from a meeting they chose a clerk "pro liac vice." Their seal was unique. It was to bear "an engraving of the bridge, upon which is a figure of Ceres with a horn of plenty, and l)eiu'ath in the water a figure of Ne[)tunc ; i)etwcen the borders the woids : Cekehi concedit Neptunus, 1788 : and within the same a label inscribed Essex Bridge." The phrase seems to have been invented by themselves to describe the conces- sion made by commerce to husbandry. The die of this seal, represented at the beginning of this paper in a cut by Mitchell, is of solid silver and, without much doubt, was the work of Paul Kovere. But if their scholarship and tinanciering were good their law was sometimes at fault. In 17'J2 the directors au- 92 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. thorized a committee to sell both the old ferry-ways, and the proprietors at their next annual meeting undertook to confer on Dudley Woodbridge for fifty dollars a title to that in Salem. They probably were not long in dis- coverino^ that this transaction was ultra vires. The Beverly ferry-way is a town landing by immemorial prescription, and perhaps a county highway since 1698, and it is some fifteen rods removed from the northern abutment of the bridge. The Salem landing was held by much the same title, but by some unexplained process these propri- etors, in the absence of their great jurists, had persuaded themselves that they were the residuary legatees of the old ferry, since their charter obliged them to make annual compensation therefor.^ The ancient records put this matter beyond question. The Beverly landing was laid out by metes and bounds as a highway Jan. 5th, 1698-99. For sixty years, say Goodmen Gale and Massey, ferrymen summoned into court in 1694, it has been the King's highway. Of the Salem landino; enouo-h has been said. It was further east than the bridge ; the general trend of Bridge street before it bends westerly to reach the bridge, follows substantially that of the old Ferry Lane and will be found to be near a direct line across the Salem to the Beverly ferry landing. The Salem landing was put in fine order by the town of Salem in 1784, in the ho\)Q of discouraging the advocates of a bridge, and exceptionally low tides still expose some of the timl)er and stone work then placed on the flats, ex- tending quite to low water mark, and lying in the direc- tion of the Beverly landing. It was here, that the Massey Tavern, described by Dr. Bentley and Dr. Brown, opened its hospitable doors as a 1 Nathan Dane was rarely pref^ent at this period and George Cabot removed from Beverly to Boston in 1793 and for a time dropped out of the adminidtralion. THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 93 public resort for more thiin a century aiul disappeured in Deceiiihor, 18 IS, its oakcMi timbers as sound as ever. It was built in IGtU, two stories in height, the second pro- jecting, a long roof protecting it on the north and descend- ing nearly to the ground, its low windows fitted with diamond-shaped panes in lead sashes, its walls back-tilled ■with brick and clay lining, and its chimney outside, the great ovens being visible from without. These opened into the sides of a capacious fireplace, large enough to re- ceive a four-foot back-log on its iron fire-dogs and leave room for children to sit on stools on either side looking up at the stars at night or sewing or reading by oil lamps hung; on the crane and filled with blul)ber. On the outer door, which was beside the chimney, hung a b()bl)in latch- string, which lifted the huge wooden latch and secured admittance. In October, 1795, Hugh Hill became a director, and William Gray in 1799. Moses Brown had already taken the place of George Cabot in the board in 1793, and Capt. Geoige Dodge had succeeded him as [)resident, but on the declination of Captain Dodge in 1807, George Cabot was again president for four years longer. The succeeding presidents were Moses Brown from 1812 to 1818: Dr. Joshua Fisher from 1819 to 1833 : Nathan Dane for 1834 : William Loach from 1835 to 1839 : Robert Kantoul from 1840 to 1856, and Benjamin F. Newhall for the two re- maining years of the charter. The system of farming the tolls was soon abjuKhmcd, and after 1802 the pro[)rietor8 emi)loyed a salaiied toll- gatherer and divided their earnings, and these reached twenty-nine and a half per cent, the first year. The meet- injjs were now held in the chamher over the banking room in Beverly. The line brick mansion house of John Cabot was msT. coLi.. XXX. 13 94 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. bought by the Beverly Bank on his removal to Boston, and has now been bequeathed to the Historical Society by the late Edward Burley. The bank occupied the first floor, the insurance oiEce the second, and Mr. Flagg's Classical School the third floor. In these rooms the directors held many meetings. Annual dividends of twenty-eight and of thirty per cent, were not uncommon now, and in 1816 shares, upon which less than eighty dollars had been paid in, were sold at four hundred dollars each. It is necessary to remember that the stock of a bridge, whose charter expires by limitation, is a vanishing se- curity and that the proprietors had not only to secure in their dividends, the interest on their investment but, within seventy years, the principal sum also. In 1809, upon the disappearance of William Gray from the director's board, the enterprise was wholly in the hands of a Beverly Directory. The meetings were uni- formly held at the bank in Beverl}' and the deposits kept there. For a series of years there is nothing to break the unvarying monotony of the meetings. Repairs are inces- sant, and the access to the bridge at the Beverly end is never satisfactory. To provide for new planking, and the collection of tolls, — to re-elect ofiicers, declare dividends and dissolve, — constitute the whole work of proprietor's meetings. The bridge was elegantly dressed on Washington's birthday in 1793, a day of general jubilee at the begin- ning of his second term in the presidency, and a director, General Fisk, presided amidst salvos of artillery at a din- ner in Washington Hall, then occupied for the first time, an oration by Dr. Bentley at the North Church preceding the dinner. In 1810, the running of toll seems to have been the corporation's most serious grievance. Summary proceed- THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 95 iiiljs were adojited. " Voted : thai any person or per?^on3 who shall lorclMy or tVandulently pass the toll-gate with- out paying the legal toll shall pay a tine ofthirteen dollars, thirty-three cents and one-third of a cent," £4 being the legal limit of their power to impose a penalty. But more troiihlod experiences awaited them. With the year 1836 began the agitation for the Eastern Railroad, and the Bridge Corporation became at once involved in it. February 2, 183G, the lion. Robert Rantoul was voted a committee to represent before the Legislature the interest of the proprietors in the petitions of Thomas H. Perkins, el al., and George Peabody, et ah, and in Octo- ber, 1838, to confer with the road as to a location from Salem eastward. The property was now at its best. Votes were passed this year to improve the Beverly entrance, and to petition the General Court for an extension of the charter conditioned upon a reduction of tolls. The next year foot-tolls are reduced to one cent, and in 1839 a proposal was considered, in case the buildings at the northern entrance of the bridije could not be secured and removed, to ask the Legislature for leave to change the terminus of the bridge and to cooperate with the Eastern Railroad Corporation in ellecting that necessary improve- ment. Hon. Robert Rantoul was made President this year and for sixteen years following. Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, then residing at Wenham, and most active in state politics, was chosen a director in 1840. Protests at once began to be made against the free passiige of foot passengei's over the railroad bridi^e. Althoui^h the toll collected was but a cent, the amount was so great that in June, 1828, a fixed portion of the quarterly dividend had l)een declared payable in cojiper. But the '' ell'ectual measures " called for in repeated votes 96 THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. for suppressing free travel on the railroad bridge and for improving the Beverly approach to Essex Bridge and the railroad station opposite, were not destined to success, al- though the town was appealed to, in behalf of both of them. No attention to details was to avail anything now. The crossing of Bass River by the Eastern Railroad sealed the doom of the Bridge Company. Still the proprietors went through the ordinaiy motions of life, held annual meet- ings, elected officers with the aid of "scrutineers," de- clared such dividends as they could earn, until within a twelve-month of the end, lowered their tolls April, 1846, to the following rates : " For each coach, chariot, wagon or curricle, fifteen cents ; for each cart, wag(m, sled or sley or other carriage of burden drawn by one beast, eight cents ; for each wheel-barrow, handcart or other vehicle, capable of car- rying a like weight, with one person, two cents ;" — made special terms with milk-carts and market-wagons, — al- lowed " a discount of twenty per centum on all tolls above fifteen cents each which have accrued or that may hereafter accrue from the proprietors of the stage now running be- tween Gloucester and Salem," — offered easy rates to an onmibus plying between Wenham and Salem, and to an- other conveyance plying between Beverly and Salem, — agreed to pass sheep and swine at five cents per dozen, — rejected unanimously tiie act passed by the Legislature of 1848 for their relief, only to accept it eight years later, — declared the bridge free to foot passengers, in 1856, — revolutionized the direction the same year, and petitioned for a renewal of their charter, — proposed commutation of tolls payable in advance at a reduction not to exceed one- third, — entrusted the whole discretion as to tolls and re- duced rates to special committees with ample powers, — THE BUILDING OF ESSEX BRIDGE. 97 failed to procure an extension of their charter, — hehl monthly sessions, — repaii-ed and repainted the hiidire and toll-house, — e but to utter a truism which might as well be uttered of any boy l)orn in Lynn on Christmas day, lb09. Everybody in Lynn then was poor, if by poor we mean the reverse of the modern sense of rich — that is, boing the holder of stocks, bonds or bank accounts. Everylxxly was poor in those days. The states had scarcely rallied from the drain of men and means that was occasioned by the War of the Revolution, when the gigantic struggle be- tween England and the Corsican marvel of war convulsed the whole civilized world. Between the upper and nether millstones — the common prey of France and England — the growing commerce of the infant re})ublic was swept from the seas and the whole country was impoverished. Two years before, Congress had closed the ports of the United States against the clearance of all vessels. Li the year of his birth. Congress repealed the "embargo law" and substituted an act of non-intercourse with France and England. The population of Lynn — and Lynn then included Lynn- field, Saugus, 8\vam[)scott and Nahant — at the time of his birth was only about four thousand. The people were farmers in summer and shoemakers in winter. The shoes made here in 18 lU numl)ered 1,000, 000 j)airs and were of the value of $800,000. By the United Slates census of 18D0, it appears that the aggregate value of goods, shoes and allied industries, amounted to over thirty-one millions. This takes no account of the new industry, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, which in 1892 produced a value ot over twelve millions ol dol- lars and employed, as its average number ol hands for the year, four thousand people, a number equal to the whole population of the town in 1810. 108 JAMES EOBINSON NEWHALL. In another and better sense than the possession of mere dolhirs by his parents, the future writer of the Annals of Lynn was fortunate in his birth. With a modest pride in the stock from which he sprang — without which he would have been unfitted for what was destined to be his magnum opus — he said, in an autobiographical sketch, "his father's name was Benjamin and he was a direct descendant from Thomas, the first white person born here. His mother was a daughter of eToseph Hart, who descend- ed from Samuel, one of the first engaged at the ancient Iron Works. Both of his grandmothers were grand- daughters of Hon. Ebenezer Burrill, a man conspicuous in colonial times and brother of the beloved speaker. In the old Hart house, as in many another on the old colonial highway between Salem and Boston, was an open attic with boxes and barrels filled with quaint and curious manuscripts that the previous generations of occupants had left behind them. They were apparently of no value, yet they might be title deeds, or plans, or diaries, or papers that some time might be called for. So they were bundled away into the unused lumber room — nesting places or food for mice — till some charmingly loquacious Oldbuck of M()nkl)arns or an inquisitive boy should dis- turb their dusty recess. Reminiscences of tiie earlier days lingered about this old house when the Judge came upon the scene. Travellers belated or hungry on the way from Boston to the east often found shelter and food beneath its roof. The epi- curean Judge, Samuel Sewall of the Witchcraft time, has recorded in his diary his entertainment here on several occasions. Other guests of eminence lingered under the branches of the great button wood in the yard, partook of the ffood cheer within the house and discussed current topics. Some of the accunmlating paper litter that prob- JAMES ROBINSON NEWIIALL. 109 al)ly troubled the c:iroful hoiisewiCo, thoui^h she did not venture to burn uiiytliinii: of writiiii^, in ly li:ive been left by guests and thus have had a wider lliaa mere local in- terest. How much the subject of our sketch found in the attic he never told anyone, but was apparently willing through his life for the matter to remain an o[)en question to mystify his readers. I have, however, more than a strong sus[)icion that he derived nothing from the dead written hand. At the age of eleven, as he wrote, he left the parental roof with his worldly possessions in a bundle-handkerchief to make his way in the wide world, his mother having died a year or two before and his father having a huge family to })rovide for. Before he was tifteen years old he had made his way in- to the office of the Salem Gazette — the leading newspaper establishment in the county — and was diligently learning the art and m^'stery of printing. Seventy years later he was true to his tirst love and it was still his work and rec- reation to set type. "We talk about trades nowadays ; ])ut the ol. "*, and oJ**erre the jrrowth of Lynn, while he srto^. . „ .. ; ca*e in hi* cossy work-r(>(tm and »^ hi« own tyjie, from which nvj-re Uian two ituftmsmd ini(irc/tty\>fA \ni^m remain Xt* aitt^ the character of the re<:rr*^ti^/rj» f/( bh leUure hotmi. How mu/;h of our dric life one long life corer» I Lyim M one re««, which, the judge «aid, hooked ai( if Frank- lin might have worked at it. The hor>k which hai» hueeparahly linked together the nameii of Alonz^/ Lewi«and Jarne^ K. Newhall, anorir/tt« re^tearch on the part of it« crj>mpil- eri, edfpedallf of Mr. Lewis, who, in addition to antiqua- riao ta«te$», liad a rpjality which iii not usually allied with delring int/j the f>a!^. Mr. Lewii» bao«ition, i» nf/t penrjitt/;d. Kxcept the ifilnAnf^jfty desscriptive cJiaf4er», thi« wr^'k j« not hii^/ry in it« broad senile, that is, a $»tatement of the Wrth, growth and progre«i of the place, with ; M- cal inquiries resKpeetin^ caii»ei$ and effects, but ^ :.at it claimn to be, the annalii, which are simply the facts and event* of each year, in strict dbronoh>gical order, without observation.^ by the annaliist. JAMES ROBINSON XEWflALL. 119 The historic p.irt of thi'S work, whatever its value, is to be credited to Mr. Lewis. Mr. Newhall took ihc Annals up where Mr. Lewis left them, that is, at the close of 1843. Thence on, the work is wholly by Mr. New- ball. Critics may say that the Annals do not give a true per- spective of historic events or that things trivial occupy as much space as happenings that tend to color and affect the future. But that is not the fault of our annalist or any annalist ; it is inherent in this style of writing. The little events occur as well as the great acts, and it is the province of the annali-)t to V)e the recorder rather than the inteqire- ter or the prophet. For this kind of composition, Mr. Newhall was pecul- iarly well adapted. Always a lover of the lore of the ancient town, bis training had made him a swift tyf>eset- ter, an accurate prrxif-reader, and a discriminating editor. These were the very acquirements that are essential to him who would patiently, from day to day, and from year tt) year, select and jot down the occurrences of the locality, and sift and cull those things which somelKxly, by and by, may want to know about. Steady lus a clock from his very youth, methodical and painstaking even in the smallest details, he not only scissored and scrap-lxx^ked everything which his shaq> eyes saw, but he made an ex- haustive index without which such a lx>ok, however well written, is alm^TSt wholly valueless ; but with which even the dullest oarratiou of town life F>ecomes of value Uj the student. In arjdition to the Annals, in the 18^.5 edition, and more extensively in the 1883 and 1890 volumes, he gave many slight biographical sketches. The habits and ways of those who walked the l>oards of the 'itage before we came upou the scenes have a peculiar fasciiiatioo for us. What 120 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. he has done in this line has been well done and much that he has recorded in this vein would have been lost if it had not been for his pen ; that is, the personal incidents con- cerning many old worthies could not now be gathered by any living person. His own life covered a large part of this century and his retentive memory seized upon all that men, old when the century began, had to relate. In the History there are few sins of commission. Of course there are some sins of omission ; for instance, one which was called to my attention by the librarian of our public library, who had occasion to look for something relating to one of the foremost men'of Lynn of his time, one whom people not yet old can rememl)er, a man who held for twenty odd years'^what was then the most conspicuous public office — that of postmaster. Of Deacon Jonathan Bacheller not a word appears, save as one in the list of officers, in either edition. Exceptions, however, only prove the rule. Mr. New- hall's execution of his task is a creditable performance, but it is not a remarkable one. Somebody else might have had the plodding industry and literary taste and have done as well. Upon the writing of that book, Mr. Newhall could not have obtained the pedestal which he will in future occupy with students and scholars. Mr. Newhall's literary fame will be always secure. He wrote one book which will forever be a classic in New England bibliography. Lin or Jewels of the Third Plantation^ by Obadiah Old- path^ is a book, which, as we get away from *the ways, habits and speech of the period which it depicts, will steadily gain in value. In the second edition, the author acknowledges his ap- preciation of the manner in which the first was received and states, that one of the most flattering expressions cou- JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. 121 cpniinir it ciiiiie from the lips of an nixt'd (Quaker preacher, •who, takinir him hy the hand, exi-hiimed, "I nm^t tell theo that I've i)oth laii8 ; LL.I).,1872; Representative of 3d Mass. District in 43d Congress; Honorary Member of Historical Societies of New York, Pennsylvania, Florida and AVisconsin ; Corresponding Member of the Philadel- phia Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, etc. ; Pre.siilent of the New England Historic-Genealo<:ical Society; So- licitor of the War Dei)artment at Washington, during the "War of the Kebellion, and author of an important work called Tilt War Pu^cers oj Uie Prcfildent. 122 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. Mr. Whiting was a lineal descendant of Samuel Whit- ing, the first minister of Lynn. As a labor of love he wrote and printed, not published, an elaborate and ex- haustive Memoir of Rev. Samuel Whiting, D.D., and of his wife^ Elizabeth St. John, with references to some of their English ancestors and American descendants. Mr. Whiting fortified his statements, like careful his- torians and pleaders, by numerous citations from compe- tent authorities, such as the Massachusetts Records, the Histories of Hutchinson, Minot, Bancroft, Drake, Thomp- son, Palfrey, Barry and Hubl^ard, Lewis's Lynn, Win- throp's Journal, Edward Johnson's Wonder Working Providence, Savage's Genealogical Dictionary, De Tocque- ville's Democracy in America, Cotton Mather's Magnalia, Upham's Witchcraft and all the standard writers upon New England life ; but his favorite and most quoted illus- trations are from the Journal of Obadiah 2\irner. This famous Journal is a part of the contents of Lin. It is such a vivid picture, so mirror-like in its representa- tion of early colonial life, so true in its terse, idiomatic, provincial English that it is no wonder that it impressed the profound lawyer and historic-genealogical scholar with its power and relial)ility. Mr. Whiting also gives entries from the Journal of Thomas Newhall. This Journal, like the other, singularly realistic and fascinating to students of the olden days, is a part of Lin. Mr. Whiting quotes entire several pages from what he truly styles "the invaluable Journal" of Mr. Turner, his ancestor's parishioner. Mr. Whiting is not the only witness who has uncon- sciously testified to the exquisite literary art, this perfect reproduction of the thought of the old planters. Many learned men have asked where Mr. Newhall found these yellow, time-stained life stories of the olden time. In the England of George the Third, there lived a boy JAMES KOBINSON NEWIIALL. 123 named Thomas Cliattortoii, wlio dovoted all his time to ai'(jiiiiiiig a kiu)\vU'di;e of Kiiixlish aMti(juiti('s and oltsoleto language. He produced some wondcrfid faltrieatioiis ■Nvhich i)iirp()i-ted to he transcripts of ancient mannscri[)ts, Avritten hy Thomas Rowley, a priest of the tifleenth cen- tury. The Rowleian poetry of this prodigy of letters deceived men of literary pretensions, such as the virtuoso, Horace Walpole. Like Chatterton, Mr. Xewhall made a fac-simile rei)roduction of an earlier day and the learned Avere in eacii case deceived as to the oiigiu. There the resemblance ceases, for Chatterton studied to deceive, M'hile ]Mr. Newhall simply desired a medium through which to represent the age which he essayed to reproduce. It is said that some men only become eloquent when the pen comes in contact with the white pai)er. Of Mr. Newhall, we should say, that his genius found fullest play when he stood stick in hand before his case and, to the music of the clicking types, without the intervention of pen or paper, composed, in a double sense ; that is, a large portion of his work was never written, l)ut was transferred from his brain throui^h his nervous tin":ers and the type to the printer's form. Thus, it hajipened that these famous journals never ex- isted on mouldy paper, nor even on the paper of his time, but were sim[)ly ligments of his intellect. The alleged jouinals were only the key with which he introduced his readers to the society of the elders. The journals, bright and captivating as they are, form but a i)art of this work, which appears to me to stand the best chance of any liter- ary production of Lynn authors to endure the test of time. The sketches, besides their [)ithy style, have a (juaint flavor of the soil. The rout of Hector Mclntyre in his battle with the phoca was not better depicted by the Wizard of the Xorth than the ingloiioiis discomfiture of Parson Shepard's eeling expedition on the Saugus River. 124 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. The Judge was an Episcopalian, but he has otherwise spoken fair words of our Puritan divines, so we pardon him for inserting the incident that insinuates that our fighting parson was only human after all. "And the Dame will likewise make ready for us a bite of something whereby to stay our stomachs. And if you have a mind, Samuel, you may bring along your little red keg, for mine hath sacrament wine in it, and I will put a little something in ye same to warm our stomachs withal. For it is best, Samuel, sayd he, giving his eye a little turn, ' to go prepared to meet mishaps." ' The veracious chronicles of "the late Diedrich Knicker- bocker" have charmed generations of readers, but as life- like as his Dutch farmers or as grotesque as his Connecti- cut pedagogue, Ichabod Crane, are OI)adiah Oldpath's scenes of the scalping of Mr. Laighton in Lynn Woods or the wonderful cure of Aaron Khodes by the mysterious explosion of Dr. Tyndale's cue. There is a vein, too, of pathos in the touching story of Verna Humphrey that is none the less pure because it lacks the weird ness of Hawthorne's Hester Prynne to which it is a kindred spirit from shadeland. In claiming for this work the prospect of a longer hold upon the memory of men than any other, I do not forget that Lynn never had a paucity of writers. Of the men who have passed on within our own time, we recall the Whig pen and the graceful verse of Josiah F. Kimball ; the trenchant force of the scholarly Lewis Josselyn ; the caustic and diversitied manner of the late Cyrus M. Ti-acy. Nor do I forget one yet living, though not now with us, that ready writer who was ever a leader in Lynn's progress — Peter L. Cox — and many others whom I may not name. These men, however, wrote for bread and butter — their themes were of to-day. Their work was bright and read- able when published, but the most sparkling leading edi- JAMES KOIUNSON NKWIIAI.L. 125 torials tiiul tlu* romiuon fate ot" iiiMvspapiM- work — tlic cnld tonil) of tlie piiMic lihrarv. The author of Lin wrote at hi:> leisure iu the sechisiou of his closet from the past, over the present, for the future. To have held honorahle positions with credit to the people and to himself in his native town is much, but to have written books that will entertain and instruct our children's children will "five him more enduring fame than the loudest plaudits that conlem[)()rarics could shower up- on him, or any man, for any achicvcnuMifs th.it ai-e of to- day only. He wrouofht well what he undertook. To him we may well apply Lowell's lines of the poise of the modest man : " Ah I men do not know how much strength is iu poise, That he noes the fartliest who goes far enough, And that all l)e3'ond that is just bother and stufl", No vain man matures, he makes too much new wood; His blooms are too thick for the fruit to be good; 'Tis the modest man ripens, 'tis he that achieves, Just what's needed of sunshine and shade he receives ; Grapes, to mellow, require the cool dark of their leaves." "A roll of Capt. Caleb Lowe's comi)any belonging to Danvers, who marched on the 19*^ of April hist, against the British Troops." Caleb Lowe, Capt. Ezekiel Marsh jr., Lieut. John Dodge, 2"^ Lieut. PRIVATES Thomas Gardner Stephen Needham Benjamin Needham Hezek. Dunklie Ezra Trask Benjamin Morton Abel Mc Intier John Browne John Upton John Marsh (126) Jona. King Jona. Trask Eben^ Sprague Doct. Joseph Osgood Joseph Stacey Ezeki Marsh Robert Shillaber John Motton Thomas Whiterage Zach^ Kinof HENRY WHEATLAND Born Jani'ar> 1 1 1S12 Died February 27 1893 FOUNDER OH THE ESSEX INSTITUTE 1847—1848 ITS SECRETARY AND TREASURER 1848—1868 ITS PRESIDENT 1868—1893 j^wil ■ 1^ 1 ■ It-o '^S^^^^^l 1 1 #. HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE. Vol. XXX. J n.v— December, 18113. Nos. 7-12. A MEMORIAL OF IIEXPvY AVTTEATE AXD. PREFATOliY NOTE. Doctor Wiieatl.wd was bom in an ancient iioinc.^^lrad whicli stood on tho southerly side of Federal street, between Flint and Monroe streets, and made way for the erection of the mansion now numhered 1 ;>.'). He was the fifth .son and youngest child and lived to l)e the last sur- vivor of a family of six. Ilis father, horn October 20, 17(>2, at Wareham, in the County of Dorset, Enjiland, sixteen miles from Dorchester and about one hundred and tliiity miles from London, was Richard ^\'heatland, who left home for London as a lad, and tindiuir business pursuits unconL''<'nial to him soon took to the sea, a lik- ing for which life in the old i)arliaiucn1ary l»or(iui:li at the head of Poole Bay, a favorite landing place for French fishermen and traders, then in its decadence, had doubt- less inspired. He s})ent three years in the British Navy, HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 17 (.127) 128 PREFATORY NOTE. cruising during our war in the Western Archipelago, and came to Salem on the death of his father, Peter, in 1784. Here he became a ship-master and merchant, and died March 18, 1830. His mother, Bridget (Foxcroft) Wheat- land, died in 1817, at the age of 84. Capt. Richard Wheatland had married, in 1796, Martha, daughter of Stephen and Martha (Prescott) Goodhue, who died Aug. 13, 1826. (See Goodhue Genealogy and Prescott Memorial, jm.'^sim, for his connection with these distinguished families.) Doctor Wheatland's youth was passed in the Goodhue House on Boston street, now standing, and numbered 70. His health was far from roliust, and his friends were more anxious to divert his attention from books to out-of-door pursuits than to stim- ulate the love of study which was marked at an early age. His father, on his business journeyings to Boston, often took him as his companion in the family chaise, and Doc- tor Wheatland liked to recall these outings and the famil- iar pleasantry with which Captain Wheatland, who had chanced to be the first traveller to pass the toll-house on the opening day of the turnpike years l)efore, used to remark, as often as he stopped to pay at the gate and replaced his wallet, — "There, Henry, I have paid the first and the last toll on Salem Turnpike." But he was not destined long to enjoy the anxious care of parents. He was not yet fifteen when he lost his mother and Cap- tain Wheatland had died before he was four years older. His early schooling was that of the most fortunate boys of his time, and Master Eames of the Latin School fitted him for college. At twenty he took his l)achelor's degree at Harvard and followed it, in 1837, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, although he never practised the pro- fession. The class of 1832, in which he was graduated, the largest class graduated between 1818 and 1849, was dis- rKKlATOUV NOTK. 1211 tiiiiriiislu'd iiol iMcrcly l<>r the iuimiIkt ol its nicmlx'r.s, (»iu' out ot cvc-iy live of wlioiiu-aiiu' Irom Salem. Judires rl. (i. AMiott, 'i'liarhcr, (Icoriii' Tirkiior Ciiitis, with the einiiu'iit divines, Doetois Bellows and Osgood of New York and Parknian and Mason of Massiiehusctt.s, us well as the Ke\ . Charles T. Brooks of Rhode Island, the Ilnnorahle Stephen Salislmry, John T. Morse, Estes Ilowe, AuLTii^'liis Story, Charles (Jrafton Paiut to a scheme to which Doctor AN'lu'at land at times devoted fruitless care and thought, this would seem to l»e a [)roper occasion to refer. For years he advocated and seemed more than once near realizinir a plan for huildiuir up in Salem, out of the ample accunudations at hand, a siuiile jrrcat library, which would take rank with the foremost collections of the country, and which, by absorl)inir the laruc auirreirations of the Athenicum, Charitable Mechanic's Association, Institute, Fraternity and IVabody Academy of Science, and diaw- inir on the city for such a yearly income as an indei»endent city library would require, might at once attract genei'al attention and nobly su[)i»lement our educational e(juii)- ment. The expenditure asked of the city he jiroposed to justify by affording the reading public the facilities of a free library, and es[)ecially by establishing, in con- nection with existing structures, a new reading-hall, which should take the form of the long-hoped-for memo- rial to our i)atriot townsmen who have died in war. And he insisted that, while the inc. -2.S met at the rooms at ',) (>'cl(»ek. Present, Messrs. Uantoul, Hunt, Morse, OsL-'ood, and Pin "Tree . Vice-President Kantoul occupied the Chair. On motion of Professor Morse, it was vot<'(lthat the Pi- rectors he advised that, in the opinion ol this eoinmitti'e, (133) 134 ACTION OF THE INSTITUTE. a meeting of the Institute should be called to honor the memory of its late President, on Monday evening, April 17, 1893, at Academy Hall, and that this committee be authorized to increase its number, and to make all arrange- ments necessary for such meeting. Henry M. Brooks, Secretary. The members of the Committee so enlarged were as follows : Vice-Presidents Goodell, Rantoul and Hagar, the Secretary, the Treasurer, the Auditor, the Liljrarian, T. F. Hunt, Alden P. White, Prof. E. S. Morse, David Pingree, John Robinson and Sidney Perley. Pursuant to the arrangements a laroe and notable as- sembly filled Academy Hall on the evening of April 17th. The platform was banked with palms and with choice bits of color in flowering plants ; and, conspicuous at the rear of the stage, regarding the scene with the old look of ben- ediction so peculiarly his own, hung Vinton's famous por- trait of Doctor Wheatland, delicately wreathed with sprays of trailing asparagus and the timely verdure of the early spring. Upon the platform, besides representatives of the Essex Institute, sat Secretary Perry of the Rhode Island His- torical Society, President Putnam of the Danvers Histor- ical Society, President Little of the Historical Society of Old Newbury, Librarian Jewett of Manchester, and Henry H. Edes of the New En"land Historic-Genealuii'ical Society, with other guests. ADDRESS OF VICE-PRESIDENT GOODELL. On assmniiii!: lln' cliair, Alnicr ('liciicv (Joddcll, Jr. llio senior Vice-PrcHidcnt of the Essex Iu>tilut(', spoke as follows : Ladies and Gentlemen^ Members of the Institute. As your senior viec-iiresident it devolves upon uw to eonduet proeeedings on this oeeasion specially a})[)ointed for offerini»: tributes of love, praise and irratitudc to the memory of him who may properly he reixarded as the founder of this Soeicty. Tlie sensational extravagances of pul)lif (h'uionsinitions ujjon the death of successful politicians, cons})ieuous statesmen and rulers, great soldiers and men of wide so- cial celebrity arc not appro})riate to this occasion. The object of our regard this evening has no claims ui»(»n the interest of those whose enthusiasm is excited only by the glamour of a brilliant public career. The invariable re- serve and quiet with which he i)ursued his labors for the good of mankind through the period of two generations of men attended him to the close of his jjeaceful life of more than eighty-one years. As to the fame he might have acquired had he applied himself exclusively to a single department of science it were idle to speculate. We nuist consider his life-work and his character as he has chosen to record them : they are to us the legacy of a public benefactor who, within the sphere in which he was placed by Providence, and unblemished by one stain of selfish ambition, dedit-ated all his resources of intellect and energy to the cultivation and dissemination of wholesome kiutwledge. MIST. COM,. VOL. XXX 18 (l-5''>) 136 ADDRESS OF VICE-PRESIDENT GOODELL. His academic studies were l)egun according to the old monastic method of the university by acquiring tlie Latin tongue so as to use it colloquially at the age of seven. He entered Harvard when sixteen years old. After his grad- uation as one of the seventy-two scholars in the class of 1832, of whom nine only survive him, he chose for his calling that one of the three learned })rofessions which, I think I may say without disparagement of the others, best affords opportunities for active beneficence and for ob- serving the higher laws of our being ; and, in due time, he was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The study (which he prosecuted with enthusiasm) of the frame, organs and tissues of the animal economy drew him, probably insensibly, into wider fields of research in natural science than those the superficial exploration of which is commonly deemed a sufficient foundation for the practice of pathology and therapeutics. He was thus di- verted from the arduous and often harrowing duties of his profession and led to improve the leisure which a moderate competence afforded in extending his knowledge of or- ganic and inorganic nature — an employment better suited to his sensitive mind and delicate physical stamina. To his acquisitions in science he gradually added the results of careful, intelligent investigations in local history, biography, and genealogy, both in the records and by tra- dition, until he became an authority respecting a vast number of incidents and relationships which he was ever ready to recount to younger or less successful inquirers. At what period in his life he conceived the idea of en- couraging others to share his pursuits and to rea}) the benefit without incurring the risks of his services for the public, or, indeed, whether or not he ever consciously en- tertained the design of leading in this noble purpose, he has characteristically left to conjecture. Yet it is certain ADDIIF.SS OF VICK-rUKSIDKNT nOOliKI,!,. 1.17 that he formed his plans and prosecutod his work with such (h'tcrciicc to others that ho was never hai)|)ier, appai- <'ntl\, than w hen reeeivinijf adviee or the promise of elilutc \vc asi-riltc to its inducements and encouraircment the rise if not the de\tl- opment of that taste for historical and iicni-aloirical reseaich which has won for one of our fellow citizens the highest distinction as an anticjuary, and made the W(»rld his debtor for a knowledire of the ancestral home of ^^'ashinlrton, and for the rescue of the founder of Harvard University from the semi-mythic obscurity which had shrouded his hii-th and trans-Atlantic career — Iwth jjrohlems the solu- tion of which had hopelessly hatHed all previous inves- tigators. One of the younger atten(hints at our nieetinirs has for some years held, with credit, the chair of Kccle- siastical History in Harvard University. Another of our associates years asfo essentially contributed to the perfec- tion of his father's work in a most laborious and intricate tield of historical research, and has now nearly c(»inpittcd, under the ausi)ices of the intelliirent custodian of the tiles of our colonial and provincial superior courts of justice, the arranijino; and indexinj; of stacks of material heretofore l)ractically inaccessible to students, but which proves to 1)0 of indispensable use in the preparation of a complete history of our Conmionwealth from its cradle, — the colony charter. This mairniticent collection is for the nianiit lot its preparation and for the [)eriod it covers — considerinir of course the limit of the Held — une(|ualled in any coun- try, and has made inipeiat i\ c the re-writinii; of the history of Massachusetts. It may bo true that, as yet, our exi)lorations in .science have not resulted in the discovery of any important law, — 140 ADDKESS OF VICE-PRESIDENT GOODELL. that wc have not defined a new genus, and have contrib- uted only a few names to the lists of species ; l)ut the main value of our work (and this was the end which our de- parted Mentor kept first in view) consists in the cultivating a taste for the pursuits which I have mentioned, and the diffusing a kind of knowledge which can best he acquired by cooperation, and l)y the means of ol)servationand com- parison which only large collections of specimens afford. And if it be that the whole result of the life-work of the founder was ])ut to impart to all or many what was already known to a few, was not the end worth living for? In estimating the benefits offered by the plan of opera- tion of the Institute we are not to forget the advantages which it presents of constant incentive, allurement and opportunity. How many have found access to the por- tals of science l^y some accident which brought them Avith- in the reach of the influences I have described ! I remember how the discovery, on the furthest cliffs of Nahant — those ragged ledges which we used to l)elieve were the slags of Vulcan's furnace, l)ut which Mr. Sears now proves to us are full of fossil forms of organic life — of a solitary specimen of the scarlet pimpernel, and the gratification at one of our field-meetings of the curiosity which this discovery excited, led to such enthusiastic study of botany as afforded solace to one fine mind through many years of suffering. Instances of this kind may be multiplied indefinitely. Let us ])e shown any higher object in life than the study f)f the handiwork of the Creator before we are asked to admit that there is irood oTound for dis])arai>ini>' the ideal of duty which the guide, philosopher and friend whose loss we deplore kept always before him. If there is a lingering doubt on this point, select any end which may seem i)refera]jle and carefully compare the claims of the one and the other. ADDKKSS OF \ I(I:-1'KKSII)1:NT tiOOUELL. Ill Thank (iod, that stauv (»f Irivolity is past in which nat- uralists iV'lt constrained to prclaci' their works with apol- oj^ios ! There is soniethinii; suMiine ine\cry outspoken (lefoneo of eople, and looked 142 ADDRESS OF VICE-PRESIDENT GOODELL. hopefully to the future for the development of a more gen- eral interest in the things which seemed to them so attrac- tive and so important. Great advances have been made in man's progress both in the attainment of the fruit of his study and in the in- crease of the dignity of the vocation in every department of science since the first field-meeting was held ; still, from that fast-fading picture much that appeared grotesque and that with the thoughtless continued long to be the butt of derision has vanished with the expansion of the popular mind, and we recall the homely scene only as something inspiring and fascinating. The personification of all that renders that picture attractive was he whose mortal remains we saw deposited beneath the snows of winter among the trees on the hillside where, in boyhood, doubtless, he had often gathered the wild flowers of the spring. Happily he lived to see his little band of companions at that first field- meeting multi})ly into a larger company of associates, from this and other counties, to be succeeded, we trust, by a still more numerous following. It has been our privilege to live in daily intercourse with this rare character. His very condescension and nearness prevent a clear perception of his greatness ; yet where shall we find one possessing a superior claim to be classed with the truly great leaders of mankind — be their sphere wider or narrower — whose laliors, motives, aspi- rations, all perfectl}^ harmonize with the Divine purpose to reconcile man to his present duty and to lead him higher ? If any mortal deserves a mausoleum for whom may that honor be l)etter claimed ? But he needs no mon- ument, and his life is his l)cst eulogy. The good that he })r()duced has l)cen al)sorl)ed into and helps to mould the lives and characters of others, ours among the rest. Thus he still forms an intimate part of the great corporation of ADDRESS OF VICE-PUESIDENT GOODELL. 14.'^ huinunity whirli never dies. Nevertheless, il is til lliut we join in expivssinix our sense of liis wortli and our Lnalitude for the cireunistunees that hrouirht us within his heiiiLrn influence. Nay, for our own reputation we shouhl not leave, as Bacon ex})resses it, " to the next ages " the rec- oirnition of his merits and of our ohliirations. To this y an instinctive and irresistihle feelino; that even his self-forget fulness was not so absolute that he Left tlic warm precincts of the cheerful day Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind. On some fond breast the parting soul relies, Some pious drops tlie closing eye requires; Even from our graves the voice of Nature cries, Even in our ashes live their wonted llres. At the conclusion of his address the Vice-President called upon several menil)ers to si)eak, as follows : — In enumerating the pu1)lic services rendered hy mem- bers of the Institute, I puri)osely omitted to mention the [)olitical and civic posts which many of them have tilled. One of our presidents, and several of our members, have been elected to the oliice of Mayor of this city ; but none of them, I venture to say, have better deserved praise for the dignity and lidelity with which they have perlorineliii:: ddit of jxratiludi' aiul i)iaisi'. Doctor Wheatland is indeed a uni(|ue tiirure in oiii- nieni- orios. The place lie left vacant he created for himself. There is none to till it and it will he vacant forever. He needs no nionmnent. Family affection will make its shrine at the i: rave on the hillside hxikinu" toward the sunset, hut no memorial, i)laied there hy the tender care of kindred, can ever (UmioIc him truly to the cominjr years as he will 111' seen and perpetuated in the great achievement ot his life, the creature of his toil and love, the Essex Institute. The (piery has been raised, now and again, what emi- nence might not our friend have reached had his hroad intelligence, his restless energ}-, and his persistent will heen enlisted in some one of the specialties, amongst which modern activity divides itself to-day. The (juestion needs no answer. Doctor Wheatland's career created the specialty to which it was given up, and in it he attained all the success a generous ambition could crave. An institution, novel in its origin and nature, grew up under his guiding hand, an institution starting willinul patronage, endowments, exi)ectations, or funds, a spnn- tiuieous growth, the offspring of a [xipular demand which he first perceived and then supplied, a product of the needs and tendencies of the times, sustained from tirst to last by the steady devotion and enthusiastic zeal of large nundiers of inconsjiicuous toilers with him in the field of thniiglit. It there be anywlieri' about us aiiotluT inslilu- tion like this, — a loi-m of organi/ation so elastic, so spon- taneous, so [)()j)ular in its germ, — if th(>re be possible an agency better fitted to inspire high aim- ami generous work in an intelligent eonnnunity, I know not wlieic to seek it. Twoclassesot toilers help to build u|» the miglily I'vr.'i- mid of human knowledge. To the lew, conspicuous and 146 MAYOR RANTOUL's REMARKS. admired, it is given to cany high aloft the heavenward reaching apex of the pile, liut to the greater number, humbler l>ut not less necessary to the work, it is enough if they may help to l)roaden out the mighty base, and lay its foundations deep and sure, and make the towering superstructure stable and impregnable. This our friend did by spreading abroad his knowledge and by enlisting the young in his work. There are scholars who seem to regard their learning as a stock in trade, — as a capital held largely for their own advancement. But Doctor Wheatland's knowledge was a trust held for the profit of others. It seemed to him to reach, like money, its highest use and function, only when by mutual exchange it passed into circulation and became part and parcel of the world's common afliuence of thought. So thoroughly did he sink himself in his life- work that he never seemed to feel that thanks were due from him to those who contriljuted anything in aid of the Institute. It was the public and the common cause that every donor was serving, and each must find his reward where the Doctor got his, nn the reflection that, through the agency of the Institute, he was helping others. If Doctor Wheatland has not left us that much-desired l^ook, a history of Salem, he has done that without which history is impossible. He has accumulated with infinite and thankless pains, and made accessil)le to all, the vast mass of detail which gives scope for the brilliant general- izations of the muse of history and romance, and which meets the severer exigencies of graphic art. It is a rare distinction to be aljle to find one's highest pleasure in the habit of ministering to the good of others. Not many men in a generation are fitted to sustain con- tinuous effort without the stimulus of some form of personal gain, and fewer still can maintain the struggle against odds, when the final triumph toAvard which they MAY<1K KANTOri/s UK.MAKKS. 1 17 press is likely to eome, if it eoiiie at all, too lat<' lor llieiii to see. Willi Doetor AN'lieatlaiul these eoiiditioiis were [)resent until near tlu' end. It was lor the wide dissemi- nation of knowletlu'e, — it was to (juieken and make keener the appetite for learning, to spread abroad rather than to pile up in the storehouse the L'^arnered seed-irrain, that Doetor A\'heatland strove. The prayer was answered at last, and in the (juiekened aetivities of the day he died eontent. ,Ju(li:«'d hy its fruit- airc, no ])art of Doctor AVheatland's labor has been sjx'iit in vain. lie saw the Institute — I knew it in the day of small thinirs, when everyone who desired its perpetuity must l)e ready to labor for it — he saw the Institute a struggling waif, eraving the friendly smile of all. lie left it, after half a century of care, well housed and grown, its name established, its graduates illustrating cvei'y de|)art- ment of human thought, its collections on every shelf, connnanding the respectful consideration of the cultured world, its necessity conceded, its success assured. Life has little worth and little meaning, if devotion such as Doctor Wheatland's counts for nothing, ^^'hilst respect for antiquity and tradition survives; whilst lilial love hoards ni) in its treasure house the reminders of the past ; whilst our great libraries, each volume fondled l)y his hand until it seems to draw new life and inspiration from his own, remain the chief ornament and treasure of our civic life; whilst such as White and Story and Pickering and Salton- stall and l>entley and Bowditch and Ilolyoke are luld in honor, and the seal of Salem enduies to ej>it(»mi/e a his- tory and keep open a vista towards the sunrise ; until dis- interested /e;d for man as man — the happiness whieli comes of unre(iuite(l service — shall cease to be esteemed com- mendable and worthy ; there shall bo in SaU'in an Kssex Institute •• Whfie jjniU'fnl science still adores Her Henry's reverend shade." REMARKS OF GEORGE D. PHIPPEN. The Vice-President said: Three, only, survive of the seventeen members of tiie first ])();ird of officers of the Essex Institute. Of these, the youngest, Mr. George D. Phippen, was the first librarian. He is with us this even- ing ; and with great pleasure I call upon him to add his voice to the tributes we are paying to the memory of his companion of forty-live years ago. Mr. George D. Phippen spoke as follows : — When first called upon by the c(jmmittee in charge, it was suggested that, being contem[)()rary with Doctor Wheatland throughout his scientific life, and closely con- nected with him in his earlier days, I njiglit touch upon his long career, and dwell especially upon his early scientitic work. My first recollection of Henry Wheatland was in the summer of 1831, or possibly a year earlier, and I well remember the youthful cast of that same classic face that has ever since so strongly impressed all who have made his acquaintance. His figure was then striking, of erect yet slender build, with light brown hair falling in loose locks nearly to the collar of his coat. He had a rather weak voice, quiet manners; was guileless and attractive in all his ways. His love for the study of natural history was early developed, and with a few other 3 0ung men of sim- ilar taste he became deeply interested in the formation of a natural history society in his native town, which, upon the enlistment of men of marked culture and rii)er years, (148) kkmai;ik> «ii ci.oiici: d. imiii'I'I'A'. 14H resulted in the iiK-oipor.ition, in the year l.s;^4, of the Essex County Natural History Soeiety. Tliis legion was favortible for the ohjeet, and for years before had proilueed effective workeis in Iiistory and the sciences ; hut they were isolated and had laliored ahinc. Tliese men wouhl have rejoiced in the advantages of pop- uhir association, with its lihraiy and museum, l)ut [\\v\ l)assed awa}' l)efore the consummation of results for which their hd)()rs paved the way. Among his ehlers and associates in the inci[)iency of the new society were such men as ^William Oakes, Dr. Andrew Nichols, Dv. George Osgood, Thomas Cole, Sanmel P. Fowler, Thomas Spencer, Rev. Gaidner B. Perry of Bradford, Dr. William Prescott of Lynn, and others not now recalled. Amongst the e;irliest elfective work of the Natural Ilis- toi-y Society, after the commencement of its museum and lihniry, were the fruit and flower exhibitions, which tended strongly toward the improvement of our gardens by the discrimination and cultivation of choice hardy fruits and flowers, in ;> seven liiiiidred dollais only. For the next thirty years the fniuls inereasi'd slowly to $12, ()()(), hut in the sueeeed- ini; twelve years funds came in ra}>idly until they arc now npwards of $100,000. Several of the le^aeies indieato personal friendships, and show faith in him, who had shown sueh an ahidinu: faith and devotion to the prime pnrpos(( of his life, — the fnundiiii: and permanent en(h)wmen( ot the Kssex Institute, with its lihiary, its mnsenm, and its pnhlished C\)lleetions ; for this he <4ave his entire manhood, with never one dollar of perquisite or salary in all these years. His profound devotion to his work shows that h<' wor- shipped at the inner eourts of the temple of truth ; his watchword was faith, — tirst in himself, then in the zeal of his disciples, and in the tried jjatrons of the Institute, never for a moment douhtinir the appreciative heart of the greater public. Few men have had such an opportunity for lastinir fame or would or could have pursued it to its consunnnalion ; for now the Essex Institute has a world-wide reputation, and England, France, Germany and far-o(V India contrib- ute to its shelves. As we look back ni)on these early days and early frimids, and review the work accomplisluMl along the path of years — by lectures, horticultuial and art exhibitions, historical and scientitic publications, the popnlarity of the field meetings about the county, with their power of cementing friendships — we arc impressed with much that is novel and unique in this formative era. Noting, as we must, how large a number of the original and prime workers have, with our friend, passed ovci- the dark river together, it seems like the rolling up of a scroll, never in the future; to be again displayed before our mor- tal eyes. When we contemi)late the racy companionships of those 154 REMARKS OF GEORGE D. PHIPPEN. early days, ripening into the unbroken friendships of later years, which clustered about this devotee and friend, whose influence so many have felt, we cannot but be thank- ful that we were contemporary with him throughout his long life. " Friends, Friends, oh! sliall we meet Where the spoiler finds no prey, — Where lovely things and sweet Pass not away ? " The present generation called Doctor Wheatland old, and thought him always so ; but when a few years ago, in some printed report of doings, he was styled the "vener- able Doctor Wheatland," it Avas an oflTence to us, who remembered him when young — always young in ardor and devotion and never old at heart. We pile granite and marble high over the last resting place of those we love and honor, and we do well ; but here our friend, without vanity or pride, and scarcely knowing it himself, has reared to his own memory an Institution — a monument for future fame, whose base rests tirmly upon the hearts of the people of the county, and whose shaft, pointing to the skies, rises high to catch the ever dawning rays of truth and progress from Avhatever source they come — and such a monument as architect never devised nor artisan constructed. rROFKSSOU MC)l{Si:S RIOMAKKS. The Vico-Prcsidont then suid : Of the ivlations of llu' IV:il»()(ly Academy of Scienco to llie Ksscx Inslitiitc, I h.ivf already spoken. Doctor Wheatland was from the first a Trustee of the Academy, and for nearly the (jnarter of a century its honored Vice-President. It is therefore eminently fitting that the Academy should he re})resented here hy the Director of its Museum, who, also, has claims ui)()n our attention as a representative of the scienlihc side of the Essex Institute, of which he is a distinguished nieml)er. I now ask you to listen to what he has to oiler. I present to you Prof. Edward S. Morse. Professor Morse spoke as follows : With the death of Dr. Henry Wheatland there has i)assed away nearly the last one of a coterie of men, who, in the early half of the century, became identified with institutions of science and who finally gave their entire time to the objects of theii' devotion. It would seem that certain unconnnon attributes of the mind predetermined a man's fitness for such a work ; certain it is that without exception these men showed marked similarities of taste, temper and disposition. These similarities showed themselves in the minuter peculiarities of dress, gentleness of manner and a winning personality. One has oidy to recall, among others, Doctor Torrey of the Lyceum of Natural History, Doctor Gray of the Botanic; Gardens, Professor Ilemy of the Smithsonian Institution, Professor Wymau of the Anatomical Museum, Doctor Lea of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Doctor Jackson of the Museum of Morbid Anatomy, to note these resemblances. (155) 156 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. Doctor Wheatland's identification with the Essex Insti- tute is so complete that it is impossi))le to think of him and of the Institution separately. He was not only its father but for many years he ivas the Institute, so far as being secretary, treasurer, editor of its journals, cabinet-keeper and niirht-watchmau could make him. In nearly every ])ranch of the Institute's varied work he had made direct connnunications, though to historical and genealogical subjects he has made the most extended contributions. One would think that the nudtifarious duties he vohmtariiy assumed in the name of the Institute might have absorbed all his time and sympathy; yet, nevertheless, he devoted a great deal of attention to the school interests of the city and also to the Salem Fraternity in the earlier years of its foundation. It devolves upon me at this time to consider his work in natural science, and in so doing I shall venture to make a slight study of this remarkable man. The work in natural science fifty years ago is not to be judged by the standard of investigation demanded to-day. The same may be said of physical science, and, indeed, of all departments of study and thought. In museums of Natural History the collections mainly consisted of speci- mens brought home from abroad. As for native material, unless a specimen was unique, or of rare occurrence in the neisfhborhood, it commanded but little attention from the collector. The botanist was compelled to seek his ma- terial from regions about his door, as the preparation of proper botanical specimens required a certain amount of care and trouble which few travellers were inclined to take. We thus find the study of botany at that time, and the enumeration of species of plants in the country, far in advance of similar work in many groups of the animtil kiuirdom. With this understanding we nuist consider the ri;<>ii>s(»i; mousk's kkmakks. 1.'>7 work of Doctor Whcutlaiul. Tlio diviTsity of his tastes in nntiinil siiciu-o is liosl indiratod \>y a Itiicf les of Shoals. In ISfd he rend an impor- tant paper on the skull of the walrus with general rt-marks on the crania of manunals and on the homologies ol the 158 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. vertebrate skeleton. At this time he was interested in the comparative anatomy of the vertebrates and made quite an extensive collection of anatomical preparations. In 1856 he communicated a paper on the anatomical struc- ture of the rabbit, including a history of the domesticated varieties. In 1858 he commented upon a collection of fishes from Surinam which had been presented to the So- ciety, and at the same time made some remarks on the su})ject of aquaria which at that time was attracting con- siderable attention from the interest aroused in the mat- ter by the beautiful works of Philip Gosse of England. In 1861 he discussed the methods of improving the sac- charine qualities of beet root. In the same year he made a communication on the habits and history of orthopterous insects. In 1863, at a field meeting on Salem Neck, he gave a list of the various minerals found in the vicinity. To have made the above communications, many of them in the form of extemporaneous remarks, indicates a very general knowledge of natural science. The records of his most extensive studies are, however, to be found in the Historical Collections, and here his large and varied knowledge of local historical and genealogical subjects is fully shown. His few public addresses indicate a clear head and a warm heart. His remarks on the occasion of the presen- tation to the Academy of the memorial tablet to Caleb Cooke was a sympathetic recognition of Mr. Cooke's devo- tion to the Institutions with which he had been connected. The dignity and courtesy of his address to Canon Kings- ley on his visit to the Institute is well remembered. Besides the various communications recorded we must take into account the laborious task imposed on him as Secretary and Treasurer of the Institute for so many years. Five volumes of the Essex Institute Proceedings rKOFKSSOU MOUSES UKMAKKS. lf)it jis well :is a larixc niimhor of parts of tho Bulletin wore nearly all compiled and put in shape for the press hy him. Aeeounts kejit, [)root" corrected, the luiiiute references justified, the records of innumeral)le lield meetings in the various parts of the county, usually prefaced by a hrief historical notice of the place in which the field meeting was held, all show the voluminous nature of the work done h\- Doctor AVheatland. In making up the volumes of the Proceedings he was greatl}' aided by Professor Put- nam, I)ut nevertheless every page was scanned by the Doc- tor. It is not too much to say that the Essex Institute and, indirectly, its sister institution, the Peabody Academy of Science, may be looked upon as the results of Doctor Wheatland's life-long devotion to the cause of science and history in this community. It is too early now to take cognizance of the minute traits that characterized this interesting man, yet this brief sketch would be imperfect did I not dwell in a gen- eral way on certain traits and habits which would l)etter portray the character of this unique spirit and illustrate his unparalleled devotion to the Institute. His appear- ance was familiar to every resident of Salem. With the regularity of a (dock he passed back and forth on Essex street for over. half a century. In later years his form was slightly bent, but those who knew him forty years ago said that he bore the same general a[)pearance as in recent years. As a young man he always had an oldish look. One could recognize his character at a glance. As he walked along in an abstracted fashion, one could see the student and anti(|uarian in his dress, walk and ges- ture. He rarely recognized an acquaintance on the street and unless spoken to would walk rapidly by. His pro- file bore a marked resemblance to that of Dante, as pict- ured by Scheffer. This reseml)lance has been repeatedly HIST. COM-. VOL. XXX 21 160 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. remarked upon by many who saw him for the first time. So impressive was this aspect of his face that Professor W. C. Cleveland, an artist as well as a mathematician, was able to reproduce it from memory so correctly that it was immediately recognized. In his habits he was reg- ular and abstemious. His frugality was also a marked feature of his life. The scrupulously-saved fragments of blank writing paper upon which he made his notes and memoranda served for his letter paper also. So thorongh- ly was his life identified with the Institute's welfare that many of his ways and habits had been formed in obedience to this devotion. For years he acted as watchman to the Institute, going to the building after dark and climl)ing to the attic over a staircase, so precipitous that a ladder would have seemed a safer way. With his unceasing fidelity to the Institute he was never known to induce one to become a member, nor was he ever known personally to express special thanks for donations to its collections. Even when the objects w'ere of value he would say to the donor, "Yes, like them very well : put them down there," — without even glancing at them. This devoted nature who gave every moment of his life to the multifarious interests of the Institute, with- out caring for or expecting an}^ recognition, could not easily understand why others, who were willing to part with objects often of no possible use to them, should be specially thanked. That he felt grateful for the contribu- tions, however, is shown in his address on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Institute in 1873. In this address he said : "The occasion suggests many associations that cannot be passed over in silence. The place and surroundings are crowded with them, the build- ing, the varied relics, the books, are not without their his- tory, and are continually reminding us of the debt of PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. llll fjnititiidc wo owe to tliosc tliiouL'li whose lilu-rality tlicy w'vvv ohtaliiod." A niarkcil tcatiiic o( his characlcr was his porsistent ph)tl(linu: ah)iiir rci tain lines, iievor, tor a niomciit, tor- getting the varions goals whieh, though tangible t() him, were yet in the indelinite Intiire. The hoi)elessiiess of reaehinof some of these iroals would have made the most courageous despair, hut he never despaired, nor was he ever guilty of currying favor in order to reacli them more (juickly and, though the distance was great, he never htinit'd. Me never slidwcd the slightest impatience at delays, always slow, delil)erale, yet always working to certain dctinite ends, it might he the completion of some fjenealoi^ical i)ian(h, or to secure larger accommodations for the Institute. As an illustration of this deliberate way of working, the following story is told. He h;;d occasion to write to a correspondent for some clew to a matter that he was at work ui)on. The letter was written in 1870. Twenty-one years after he got an answer. On some surprise being expressed at this long delay, the Doctor replied : "Well, what could thiMnan do? He couldn't send it if he hadn't got it." His tastes were of the simplest kinds and while taking the deepest interest in the varied work of the Institute, history, science, nnisic, art, flower and fruit exhibitions, popular Held meetings in comitry towns, and in the more serious home meetings, he confessed to no special love for musi(;, and admitted he had never read a line of Shakespeare. He showed the greatest repugnance to hav- ing his likeness taken, and only in later years and after repeated refusals was he linally induced to have a photo- graph taken for the Massachusetts Historical Society. This repugnance having linally been overcome, he con- sented to sit for the beautiful portrait l)y Vinton. 162 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. Emerson, in speaking of our insignificance in the pres- ence of infinite space, said : " The stars look down on a political meeting and say 'why so hot, little man?' " Doctor Wheatland had in a measure the philosophical calm of Emerson. In speaking of the war he said: "It will come out all right. What's the use of getting excited?" He never showed any special interest in discussions on religion, [)olitics, temperance, or the labor question. In these matters he evidently held his convictions, or rather the expression of them, in al)eyance, wholly in the inter- ests of the Institute, for said he: "all kinds of views are held by the members and there is no good in provoking dissensions." His whole attitude was that of non-resist- ance, and Tolstoi could have found no better illustration of his peculiar views in this respect than in those of Dr. Wheatland. At this point I cannot refrain from calling attention to the absolute harmony which has always per- vaded the councils of the Institute. There have never arisen cliques. There have been divergences of opinion, but these have never been expressed to the peril of the Society. Individual preferences and opinions have been sacrificed for the welfare of the whole, and this remarkable accord has been the result of Doctor Wheatland's patience and sagacity in guiding the work of the Institute. This is more noteworthy when the divergent interests of the Institute work is considered. Totally ditferent bodies of members, the result of the early fusion of the two Socie- ties, have been brought together ; the one standing for historical and genealogical researches, the other for the pursuit of technical and popular science, to which should be added those interested in art, horticulture, floricultui'e, and members interested only in the success of the Insti- tute as a whole. It is true they all had a common bond in the simple love and pursuit of truth. However that may PROFESSC^K "MoltSK's KKMAIfKS. 1 ('>.'» he, snroly hero one might fiiul, if jinywhoie, opportniiitics for attrition, personal preference, special demands for appropriation, divergent opinions as to the weight to !•»• accorded certain dei)artinents ; yet ail have r«'ceived impartial attention and consideration from the gentU' ajid dispassionate guide who hekl the liehii for more than half a century. While having a wide and varied knowledge in many hranches of learning, the reserve and modesty with which he imparted this knowledge were proverhial. Often he declared he knew nothing al)ont a suhject and then began with some hesitation : " Well, it seems that along ahont IG'Jl, etc.," and from this non-connnittal preface would unfold a most remarkable fund of information. He could refer to book and page with wonderful facility. On some inquir}'^ being made he would say : " Well, if yon look on such a shelf, you will tind the book you want and on page 46, half way down, you'll see what you arc after." He had a good deal of humor ; enjoyed fun and laughed heartily. His expressions were often quaint and to the point though clothed in thesim[)lest speech and sometimes l)lunt. Some years ago the Institute held a fair and, as was very common at the tinie, a ratHe was introduced. Some one made complaint about it, and the Doctor said : "If you and Mis. had kept one eye shut and the other e^'e half open, there would have been no troul)le." He was never demonstrative though always earnest. A serenity of manner, a sweet, almost coy way of imparling information, and a peculiai- pursing ot the lips when speaking of some (piiet tiiumph of the Institute, or when the Institute, with its then limited resources, had antici- pated other societies more lichly endowed, aic vividly remembered b^' those who knew him. ( )ni' wondeicd if this placid demeanor was ever di-turlinl : whclheia ripple 164 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. ever agitated this tranquil mind. The same wonder was expressed in regard to the beloved Philh'ps Brooks, and I am sure that many felt another bond of sympathy with this great man when a learned bishop told ns the other day that Phillips Brooks could, in the most vehement and passionate manner, denounce an outrageous abuse. So it was with Doctor Wheatland : on rare occasions his usually unruffled nature was convulsed as by a thunder burst. His diffidence and modesty were always shown in the manifest embarrassment he labored under in presiding over, or addressing a meeting. He would often hestitate and stammer until he finally got under way, and this hesitancy on such occasions he never outgrew. By briefly recapitulating this imperfect personal sketch of Doctor Wheatland, a peculiar and somewhat reniarkal)le feature is shown in certain antithetical phases of his char- acter. He was never enthusiastic, yet always kindled enthusiasm in others. W^hile abstemious in the last degree, he never found fault with others for being otherwise. Ex- ceedingly frugal, he never complained of others for their extravagances. While abstaining from tobacco and spirits in every form, he never interfered with the enjoyment of others in these matters. With unwavering devotion to the Institute he never solicited aid for it or asked any one to become a member. Regarding the field meetings of the utmost importance and always attending them, he never chided others for not attending. While saving every penny for the Institute he never cast reflections on others for directing their money else- where. He dwelt in the past, and yet continually planned for the future. Some of the wisest sayings of Confucius well illustrate certain features of Doctor Wheatland's mind. Confucius ruoFHssoi: .M(u:si:"s i:i;.makks. l(i.") SJH'S ill Ills Analects : "Thiiiirs thai aie iloiu' it is lu'cdlcss to speak about ; things that have had their course it is need- less to remonstrate al)out ; things that are i)asl it is need- less to bhune." "Is he not a man ()fcomi)lete virtue who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?" The elasticity and youthlul hopefulness of his mind up to the last moment of his active work for the Institute may be reganled as unusual. That crystallization and ligidity of the mind whit-h often overtake a man at forty, and which, for the cause he represents, is more to be deploied than if it had been lost entirely, never for a moment atfected the Doctor. His outlook was always of the widest dimensions, and he talked of the e.\[)ansi()n of the Insti- tute with the undaunted courage of a youth possessed of unlimited resources. He had seen the Institute grow' from a few members, occupying a small hired room, possessing a few specimens and books, and an empty treasury, to an organization of nearly four hundred members, occupying a larije buildinix of its own, WMth invested funds of over one hundred thousand dollars and a library of sixty thou- sand \olumes. In his view such a gri)wth could not be arrested, and we may here introduce with i)ro[)riety th(! words of Doctor Wheatland, uttered on an occasion similar to that which now calls us together. At a niem(»rial meet- ing on the death of Francis Peabody, the predecessor of Doctor Wheatland as President of the Institute, the lat- ter remarked : " Although nuuh has been aceom[)lislu'il, yet we have only entered upon the threshold of the domain of science. More remains to be done before the objects which these pioneers have lal)ored for can l»e said to l)e in a good working condition. This duty is never linished ; the more an institution does, the wider the vista opens and a greater amount of labor is found necessary to be done, 166 PROFESSOR morse's REMARKS. increasing as it progresses in a geometrical ratio. It is a law of nature that, when any institution or organic object ceases to grow, decay commences and a gradual dissolution follows." So full of quiet enthusiasm for the final accomplishment of his high aims, he looked ahead hopefully to the ultimate development of a large historical museum in which would be properly displayed the Provincial and Colonial records of the County, as well as records of the commercial history of this historic city. May we not hope that the realization of this scheme, so dear to the heart of Doctor Wheatland, may be the best memorial to sti-ive for to perpetuate foi-ever the memory of this devoted spirit. I cannot do better than to close with Doctor Wheatland's own words uttered in the final sentences of his introduc- tory remarks at the memorial meeting above referred to : " Let all who revere the memory of the departed and desire to have accomplished, or at least greatly advanced, the objects that were dear to them, come forward and extend a helping hand to those who bear the heat and burden of the day. Though dead they yet speak in the recollection of their zeal and energy in all worthy under- takings,— truly their good works follow them." THE REV. DR. BOLLES INTRODUCED. The Vice President then said : It is to tlio credit of our clergy thut tliere has never been :i time wIumi the In- stitute failed to receive marked tokens of interest in its work from some of their numl)er. Nor has tiiis evidence of good will been restricted to a single dcnoniinntion. Our minds revert with pleasure to the counienance and cooperation of such efficient members as Russell, Very, Barden, Beanian, Atwood, and Bolles, of the remoter past, besides others who have been more recently asso- ciated with us. As a representative of the clergy it was expected b}- the committee of arrangements that the pastor of our late President would add something a})proi)riate to what should be spoken on this occasion, although the com- mittee appreciated the difficulty he must encounter in de- vising a new treatment of a theme which he has already so well discussed in the memorial sermon to which the present proceedings are virtually an appendix. I regret to say I have learned, since we assembled here, that sudden and severe illness will prevent his being with us this evening. However, we are fortunately favored with the piesence of one of the clergymen whose names I have mentioned — one whose loss to the Institute by his removal from the state we have never ceased to de[)lore — who, I am assured, is ready to comply with the request I malv^e in your behalf that he gratify us once more with the sound of that vo'we to whieh we ever lisleiicd with profit and delight. I present U) you Rev. Dr. Kdwin ('. Holies of New York. IllSr. COM.. VOL. XXX 22 (1<>7) 168 KEMAKKS OF DR. BOLLES. Dr. Bolles, in the course of his tribute, said : The first thought that came to his mind and leaped to his lips on an occasion like this was a sentiment of per- sonal attachment for Salem. He had wandered far, — he was straying a truant long, — hut for all that, he never thought of the old place, especially did he never revisit the old phice, that Salem did not seem to come hack to him freshly and irresistibly as the home of his aftections. Whatever experiences of joy or sorrow might be in store for him behind the veil of the mysterious future, he was sure he would always reckon himself, and would always hope and pray to be regarded as, a loyal son of Salem, — as an active rather than as an honorary or corresponding member of the Essex Institute. It was now thirty-three years, — a full generation of men, — since he first associated himself with Doctor Wheat- land in active membership of the Essex Institute, and felt the honor it was to count himself amongst the personal friends of one who stood then, as he always stood, for whatever was best and noblest in the life and culture of this community. But the Institute was not then, what it is to-day, sturdy, self-poised, self-contained, self-reliant. It stood then for all that it stands for now, — so did its president, the great educator, the great scientist, the inspirer of youth, the good exemplar and guide, — but it did not stand firmly and immutably upon its own feet, fixed on a broad foundation in the love and appreciation of this whole community ; on the contrary, it depended then upon the courage and persistency and, I may say, the enthusiastic zeal of a little group of workers. I say "enthu- siastic zeal" ; and in this I find myself, said Doctor Bolles, at issue with the Professor who has preceded me, for I think Doctor Wheatland was an enthusiast, an)oit his enthusiasm did not toss and boil and bubble, but worked I'oiselessly IJK.MAKKS OF DH. 150LLES. 169 ami almost iinnott'd — .still woikiiii; to its a})|)oiiite{l end. " Still wattMs 11111 (loe[)" : the Doctor's oliaracteristicvs were not displayed on the .surface. They were subtile. They were deep-seated. One must needs dig further in order to be sure of tinding them, and I must difter from my friend, Profes.sor Morse, when I sa}' that it was precisely because of his intense eiitluisiasin, — abiding long,incapal)le of iiiterriii)tioii or discouragenient, — that the Doctor was so undemonstrative. Do we not see, let me ask, in the e(|ual but unlike enthusiasm of Professor Morse, — himself a reflection of the very enthusiasm which tired the heart of our common Nestor and leader, — a tlaine kindled at the same jjlowing ember? Doctor Wheatland had not passed middle age before he took on a venerable look. But his heart was young to the last, and no trait of his character was more engaging and attractive than his unbounded sympathy with the ccm- cerns and efforts of young people. Such men as Doctor Wheatland, who are willing and eager to do the obscure drudgeiy of science until higher results may be reached for, make the work of Agassiz and Henry and the great luminaries in science possible. The Doctor did not desire to be known, to receive credit, to i)e conspicuous. He desired to labor, to wait, to prepare the way, to be a door-keeper in the house. He was a bom collector. To accumulate, to save from the ravages of time, to rescue from the besom of destruction, — this was not so much matter of volition as of instinct with him. Anything, if kept long enough, becomes interesting in an archaic way ; anything, if carefully preserved and mi- croscopically studied with the eye of an expert, is liable to hel[) to some broader generalization, not yet arrived at, only dimly foreshadowed. The mo.st familiar fact, the most seemingly unimportant occurrence, — the fall of the 170 REMARKS OF DR. BOLLES. apple, the hum of the tea-kettle, — if duly and scientific- ally observed may lead, who knows where? who knows how? to the unfolding of some hidden law, to the unloos- ing of some titanic force, fitted in its majestic sway to shape the destiny of planets ! To the Doctor, impressed with this view, nothing was too mean to be important. He saved everything. Everything had its lesson and its message. His eye was alert. His ear was keen. If he failed to catch the meaning of the bit he cherished, some one who came after him would do better. Accumulation of the facts and evidences and specimens is the first step. Generalization, the discovery and interpretation of laws, comes later. Agassiz used to say that he was only a col- lector. When enough material was at hand, others might classify and interpret with assurance. So it was with the Doctor: everything was sacred to him, as possibly concealing an unsuspected truth. He was a collector by instinct, by nature, by the grace of God, and not merely by accident or training. Doctor Wheatland felt the broadest sympathy and fellow- ship with workers in all kindred fields of learning and was never weary of answering the questions of inquirers, if only they were honest seekers after knowledge. His store- house was open to all comers and he rarely failed to as- tonish and overwhelm the tyro in any branch which he had studied, by pouring out upon him a pent-up flood of curious and priceless information. He labored strictly for other people ; the return he sought, the only one he seemed to care for, was the support and perpetuation of the Essex Institute. Such devotion is contagious. It did not fail to show its eft'ects upon a school of younger men, with whom I am proud to find myself deemed worthy of association. I owe much to Doctor Wheatland. I am glad to be remembered amonirst those thought KKMAHKS or DK. BOLLES. 171 worthy to hreiik sileiu-o on this occtision. I conic licic to !ickiio\vU'(li;c my dcht with :i s^oloinn .satisfaction ; and whih* Doctor Wheathmd'"^ earthly ininiortality is secure, — tor his name and tame are written indelibly in the hearts and minds ot" this eommnnity, — it is not unfit to sa}' that no man in this community can rightly honor hin), while allowing his cherished Institute to languish for lack ol material assistance. LETTERS RECEIVED. Amongst the many expressions of sympathy received tiiroiigh the mails were these : T. F. Hunt, Esq. Dear Sir : — When I came to Salem as a yonng girl, Doctor Wheatland was, next to my guardian, Dr. Wm. H. Prince, a kind and helpful friend. I cared very little for the sports of other girls, and every hour that I could find, free from home studies or music, I used to spend with the Doctor at the "little Museum." He knew how grateful I was to him, and I know that his place can never he filled. When different tributes are paid to him I hope to add, if permitted, my modest, but sincere one. I knew him as friend, counsellor, school committee, and scientist; but, dearest to me of all, as a faithful historian. Yours respectfully, (Mrs.) Kate Tannatt Woods. " Maple Nest," Salem, Mass. March 11th, 1893. Mr. William P. Upham writes from Newtonville, Mass., March 14, '93. I shall hope to be present at the memorial meeting, April 17th. If prevented, I shall wish to join in the affectionate testimonial to the memory of the good "Doctor" which so many will be glad to render. (172) LETTERS RECEIVRO. 173 We are all irrateful that, though in certain respects his ])lace can never be filled, there are those who are able and willinLC to take up and carry on the good work for which he l.iid tlu' foundations. However I may " drift away," Salem and the " Insti- tute " is the haven to which I should aiwa^'s hope to return. One can find nothing like it, — certainly on this side the Atlantic. What observation I have had of other places and other institutions has led nic to believe that on some points Salem and its mental atmosphere (so to s[)eak) possess greater promise than any of them. If the Doctor could have had the means to cany out fully his ideas, the good influence of the Essex Institute, gi-eat as it has been, would have been autl would be preeminently greater. Danvkrs Historical Society, Daxvers, Mass., March 20, 1893. At the quarterly meeting of the Danvers Historical Society, held this day, the following resolution was unan- imously adopted, viz: — "Whereas, since the last meeting of this Society, one of our Honorary Members has depai-fed this life, — Dr. Ileniy Wheatland, the learned anti(juary, and honored President of the Essex Institute, it is, therefore. Resolved, that we with the other historical societies in this vicinity acknowledge willing homage to the Essex Institute of Salem. Long founded, fii'mly established, the monument of much ix'isonal devotion, the pride of all who are interested in the preservation of mateiials for local history, it recogni/(>s no rivalry except in the accom- plisliiucnl of good, tolerates no jealousy, but is ;it once a type and exam|)le of the high position which may lie attained, and a help to Nounger societies lo reach its standard. 174 LETTERS RECEIVED. Whatsoever tribute may be paid to the Essex Institute is a tribute to him, so much of whose life was given to promote its beneficial growth. No other praise could have been so dear to him, living. Henry Wheatland, M. D., LL.D., President of the Essex Institute, died in Salem, February 27, 1893, at the age of eighty-one years. The Danvers Historical Society thus formally takes notice of an event, none the less lamented because it was not unexpected. In the death of Doctor Wheatland this society feels conscious of a great loss which it shares in common with a wide connnunity. It recognizes the worth of the man and the value of his work. It would preserve bj^ this simple minute, spread upon its records and transmitted to the Essex Institute, its appreciation of the remarkable attainments and of the quiet nobility of character of him, who, long after many a brilliant reputation of to-day has been forgotten, will be known and lovingly remembered for what he has done." Attest, Sarah E. Hunt, Secretary. Baltimore, April 3, 1893. Hon. Robert S. Rantoul, Chairman of Committee of the Essex Institute, Dear Sir, Numerous pressing duties in the Peabody Institute make it impossible for me to leave this city to be present at your memorial meeting in honor of the memory of my former friend. President Henry Wheatland. Although separated from him by many hundreds of miles of distance, his kind and genial presence was often remembered, and I heartily join with the members of the LETTERS RKCEIVED. 175 Essex Institute in \vli:itever good words they may express in honor of this noUlc tind useful friend of science. With sincere respect, Yours, P. K. UHLEK. Boston, 4 April, 1893. Hon. R. S. Rantoul, Chjiirniun, etc. My dear Sir, I cannot promise myself the privilege of attending the meeting of the Essex Institute in memory of its late President, Dr. Henry AVheatland, on the 17th inst., hut I thank the committee for their obliging invitation. I would gladly avail myself of the occasion to hear testimony to his faithful and devoted services as Secretary of the Peabod}' Museum of Amerii'an Arclueology and Ethnology at Cambridge for twenty years past, but the inlirmitio.s of age comi)el me to deny myself. Believe me. Yours, resp'y and truly, Roh't. C. Wixtiirop. Professor Hall of Albany, the eminent geologist, writes, Ai)ril 4 : . I thank you for your kind invitation, and would cordially accept the same were it possible for me to leave Albany at that date, which unfortunately I cannot do. Please accept for yourself and friends of llu^ lute Doctor Wheatland my sincere sympathy and expressions of my respect and great regard. Regretting my inability to lie present on this occasion, I remain, Very res[)ectfully yours, James Hall. inST. COLL. VOL. XXX 23 176 lktters received. Montreal, 6 April, 1893. M. Henry M. Brooks, Secretaire, Essex Institute, Salem. Monsieur le Secretaire : — Si la saute me I'eut permis, je me serais fait un devoir d'assister a I'assemblee de I'Essex Institute, qui aura lieu, a Salem, le 17 du couraut, en memoire de son tres digne president, M. Henry Wiieatland. Je vous prie de presenter a I'honorable president et a messieurs les membres mes remerciements pour leur aimable invitation. J'aurais 6te heureux d'entendre les eloges de mon ancien et excellent ami, M. Henry Wheatland, que j'ai eu rhonneur et le plaisir de recevoir chez moi, lors d'une visite qu'il faisait a Montreal, il y a deja plusieurs annees. Veuillez bien me croire, Monsieur le Secretaire, Votre tout devoue serviteur, L. A. Huguet-Latour, M. A., N. P., Major-Commandeur, OfBcier d'Academie, Membre Corresp. de I'Essex Institute. 74 Sparks Street, Cambridge, April 8, '93. Dear Rantoul : — I have the notice of the memorial service for Doctor Wheatland on April 17, and should be glad if it was i)()s- sible forme to attend, and join in the tribute of respect so thoughtfully given and so largely deserved. Very truly, Justin Winsor. His Honor, Mayor Rantoul. letters; keceived. 177 \Vasiiini;i'on, D. C, 1311 New IlAMi'smiiE Ave., April 10, 1893. Henry M. Brooks, Esq., Socrotarv. My dear Sir : Acknowledging the kind iiivitiitii)ri to be present at the meeting of the Essex Institute in memory of its late President, Henry Wheatland, I regret very much my inahilKy to attend. Though tor many years it has not I)een my privilege to pass more than a tew hours at a time in Salem, I have taken every occasion to visit this friend of my youth, only to strengthen the i)ond by which he held my vener- ation and aflection. There have probably l)een several generations of the Doctor's " l)oys.'' I am [)roud of having been among the first of the number. Fred. AV. Putnam and myself con- stituted the family in our day and generation, having been given full possession of the " den " in the first Pickman Place location opposite the Coffee House, so called, until yielded by me to Putnam alone with his rattlesnakes. That I was not blown u\) with my chemicals, nor Putnam bitten by his rattlesnakes, has ever since seemed to me a marvel. All of the friends of the Institute well know what it has done for Salem and what its life-president did for that institution. Its influence has reached far and wide. Com- munities in every state have taken it as a model. A rich fit.'ld for biological studies, especially of marine life with which the rocky shores of Essex C'ounty aboimd, Salem, mostly throu^jh the influenei' of the Institute, has become a centre of scientific thought and opinion. With the love of science. Doctor Wheatland happily combined the pleasures of the antiijnar}' and historian. 178 LETTERS RECEIVED. Both town and county are stored with antiquarian mate- rial. Colonial and Puritan records as spread upon the pages of the Historical Collections will help to keep up the individuality of Salem. A tribute to the value and usefulness of the Essex Institute will be a tribute to the memory of its late presi- dent who gave it life and shaped its development. His fine character was impressed upon his countenance. Upon it was reflected contemplation of the good, the true and the beautiful. Its calm was of perfect peace and good will. By us to whom he was endeared his features will never be forgotten. I hope the Institute will not sufler them to be unknown to future generations of members. Thanking you for your mindfulness of my interest in the occasion, I am, my dear sir, Very respectfully yours, Jas. p. Kimball. Hon. R. S. Eantoul, Chairman of Committee of Essex Institute. My DEAR Sir, I am grateful for the thoughtful ness of your card of the 2r)th ult. in reverential memory. If there was ever man who might eushrine himself in loving remembrance, for the love and truth that were in his very soul — pervaded his being — that man was our late honored President, Henry Wheatland. I never have been allowed the happiness to sniff of the incense of your historic old town, embalming the begin- niugs of progressive New England, but I did have the memorable, not-to-be-forgotten pleasure to greet Mr. Wheatland here, and thus to know him, as his soul beamed in liis countenance and discourse. LETTKR8 RECKIVEI). 170 I could l(»\e IK) hotter in:tn, I'll staki' my IiciiiLT <»ii it. My LLiii't is with you, I noetl lutl ;i,ssiire you, in the translation ot" ono ol" (Joil's and nature's nohlost niodiuius and e.\i)()nenls, — of a simple, earnest seivant. Faithfully yours, R. A. Brock. Richmond, Va., April 10, '03. Rev. Gko. D. Wildes writes thus from Christ Church Rectory, Riverdalk, New York Citv, April loth. . During the twenty-six years in whicii I have been more or less in the habit of re-visitinij Salem, my earliest call has almost invariably been upon my dear friend and former Institute associate, Henry Wheatland. An hour in his comi)any was replete with instruction and delivotion he has shown the institution evci- since he l)eeame a meml)er of it. For many years, few were more constant frequenters of it, and more earnest users of its stores than myself, and my daily intercourse with him acquainted me with his rare and valuable qualities, and his entire use of them for 182 LETTERS RECEIVED. the benefit of the work he had so much at heart, and by which, the community — one may sa}', the country — has so largely profited. I hope his portrait shall be added to its collection, and, although the Institute itself is his best monument, mre perennms, yet a bust also should stand there, a personifi- cation to coming generations of the man to whom they will owe so much. With a deep sense of personal loss. Yours very trul}^, Stanley Waters. Mr. Henry M. Brooks, Sec'y of the Essex Institute. West Newbury Natural History Club ; Office of the Secretary. West Newbdry, Mass., April 13, 1893. To Robert S. Rantoul, Chairman, Edward S. Morse, and others, Committee, Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. The undersigned, by direction and on behalf of the club, beg leave to acknowledge the receipt of your kind invita- tion to attend the meeting of the Essex Institute, to be held April 17, in memory of the late Hein-y Wheatland ; and, in expressing regret at their inability to be present on that occasion, to extend sympathy in the great loss sustained, and communicate a word of tribute to one, who, while lal)oring with great devotion and eminent success for the Institute, took a kindly interest in the organiza- tions which have sprung from it. His work will be an enduring monument and an inspiring example. William Merrill, jr., ^ M. Walsh Bartlett, ? Committee. D. E. M. Carleton. ^ LETTERS RECEIVEn. 1^3 Bolton, Aritii- 14, 1893. Deak Sii{ : — I tliMiik 3'()ii for tlic invitaCion to he with yoii and others of the Essex Institute, in eoinnu'inoration of Doctor Wheat- land. It would ijive nu' pleasure to aecejit this invitation, l)oth out of respect to his nieinorv and out of the atlection whicii will not die out of 1113' heart for the city, ancient to us, in which his life was spent. But if there were no hindrances besides, that of age must put it beyond my hope. And it is hardly necessaiy for me to repeat what every one knows so well, how thoroughly its late presi- dent was devoted to the society with which he had i)een so long and so intimately comiected, — so intimately that I have sometimes said that he was the Essex Institute. And yet I could never forget the many so woith}' and so faithful, who have worked with him, nor can doubt that the younger will npi)rove themselves fit successors of those who have gone before them. May the Institute fulfil the highest asjiirations of its pioneer, and the city be forever true to its name. Respectfully yours, Thomas T. Stone. Mr. Henuy M. Brooks, Salem. Cabinet of the Rhode Island Historical Society. Providence, R. T., Apkif, 14, 1S1)3. •Mk. IIknuv M. Buooks, Sec'y Essex Institute. Dear Sir, No word of mine coidd add to the honor of your lament(>(l president. Dr. Ilemy Wheatland, lleisa public benefac- tor outside of Salem and of Massachusetts. His name has HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 24 184 LETTERS RECP^IVEl). been spoken with honor at many of the meetings of this society. He became a corresponding niem])er of onr society in 1873 and we are indebted to him for many valuable suggestions. Unless prevented l)y some unfore- seen event I will be with you next Monday evening at 8 o'clock. Very truly yours, Amos Perry, Secy. Dii. Oliver writes under date of Boston, April 14th, 1893. Such simplicity and perfect naturalness of character it is rare to tind in a single individual. He pos- sessed also, in an eminent degree, sincere kindliness of heart and unseltishness. In the descri[)ti()ns of his char- acter which will 1)0 given at the meeting to his memory, no one, I think, will wholly succeed in portraying it exactly to such as did not know him personally. Among those who will speak 1 hope that there will be at least one, who will mention the very gi-eat influence Doctor Wheatland had upon the younger [lortion of the commun- ity in which he lived, in directing their attention to the love of nature. It would be interesting to know how many of the large mnnl)er of persons, reared in Salem, who have attained eminence in scientific pursuits, were first led to their favorite study through the influence of Doctor Wheatland ; and how many persons, amateurs in various branches of science, derived their interest in these pursuits trom his inspiration. I i-emember vividly, as a boy, wandering with my fellows through the woods and fields around Salem, searching for anything which might come to hand in the way of natiu'al history. Any object strange to us would be sure to elicit from one of our num- ber the remark, "Well, Doctor Wheatland will tell us LKTTKKS IJECF.IVKI). 185 what it is," III my own colli'irc rluss at Harvard, of the nicrnher.s fioiu Salem, eight in iiumhei', two hecame pivsi- (lents of the Ilai'vard Natural History Socit^l;/, and theii- interest in the ohjeets of tin' Si»ci»'ty Iiad a niaiUed inlluenee upon their future eareers. AssuriniT vou a^ain of mv reirret at not l>ein«>: able to l>e present at the nicetinu', I am vt'iy faithfidly yours, Hkxky K. Or.iVKU, M. D. Honl.''' Kohi'rt S. Kantoul. Brooklixk, Mass., Apuh, 14, 1893. To Messrs. Hoheit S. Kantoul, Cliairman, Edward S. Morse, Charles 8. Osgood, David Pingree, Sidney Perley, John Robinson, Thomas F. Hunt, Henry M. Rrooks, Seeretary, Conunittee : Gentlemen : — I thank 3'ou tor your gi'atifying invitation to attend the meeting of the Essex Institute, '' in memory of its late president, Henry Wheatland," on Monday evening next. I regret that I must depiive myself of the pleasure of being present. It must have recpiired these many months of enforced exile on his part, to accustom his tellow mem- bers, as they met, to the thought that the Institute eould be at all Itself, without Doctor Wheatland. Seldom has any man l)ecome so identilied with an institution or had its interests so nuich at heart. Indeed, it will i)e hard for you not to feel that he is still with you — a .silent guest — at vonr meetinuf <>n Mondav. 1 remain, gentlemen. Respectfully and thankfully yours, William Okxe White. 186 letters received. Chicago, Illinois, April 17, 1893. To THE Secretary of the Essex Institute : To my grief that our beloved president will not again be with us is added my dis:4)pointment at not being with 3^ou to-night to join in the tril)utes of love and honor that will be offered to his memory. Imperative (hities keep me here in connection with the great work which no one would have more highly appreciated or have felt a greater personal interest in than my life-long friend. As a child I loved nature, and my parents, encouraging my tastes, brought me to the notice of Doctor Wheatland. Memory takes me l)ack to my boyhood before I had entered my teens when, in the small room of the old Insti- tute, known as the " Doctor's Den," I l)egan to dissect animals and prepare skeletons under the Doctor's guid- ance, while many a day was passed with him on collecting expeditions in the fields or on the shore, with an occasional afternoon's dredoino; in the harI)or. The Doctor was geol- ogist, mineralogist, botanist, zoologist, — in a word, a thorough naturalist of the old school. He was the first to cast a dredge in our waters, and it was his aim to h;ive in the Institute a perfect representation of the natural his- tory of Essex County. His enthusiasm and his persistency under trials and difficulties, and his phil()so[)hical method of overcominof them, his faith that in time the Institute would receive the unsolicited sup[)()rt of thoughtful and cultivated citizens, inspired me as it did many others, both young and old ; and to his faith and earnest work is due the Institute of to-day. Fortius realization, and lor all the Institute has done for science and history, we of two generations are indebted to the earnest persistency of our guide, our friend, our president. Doctor Whetitland's influence guided my youth and I.KTTKRS RKCKIVKl). 187 sh.-ipcd my comso in life. Ho was my fiithor in >cionce and to him, with the consent of my parents, am I indebted for my instiMu-tion nnder Agassiz, Wyman and Gi"ay. It was lie who answered Airassiz' letter that took me to Camhiidufe when a hoy of sixteen, and his kindly intel•e^t in all that eoneei-ned mi', eomhined with n)y laith in him and his work, nnilcd us m(»ie and more cIoscIn' as time passed on, and toirether we worked most earnestly for the development of the Institute. Knowino; him as intimately as I did, I eould understand and appreciate his earnest character and his all-ahsorhing interest in his cherished Institute, and thus I joined in all his schemes with the enthusiasm and hope of youth. In the old days, our constant trouble was to secure the means of purchasing alcohol and jars for the collections we made, and to pay the taxidermist's bills for mounting our birds, with the still greater ditficulty of providing cases for the museum and shelves for the books. Under the Doctor's peisistent efforts, specimens and books came faster to our halls than money for their care. These were the trying houis. Often did the Doctor start olf early in the morning, with a wagon load of boys, to gather everjrreen and wild flowers with which to decorate our halls for a horticidtiM'al show or a fair, and, on our return, there would l)e found in the rooms a large; nmnl>er of ladies, enli^tetl in the cause, who soon had the walls covered with festoons of green and clusters of flowers. All Salem was interested then to make the object a suece-s, while all engaged in the immediate work looked to the Doctor as the leader and guide. These elforts, with now and then a course of lectures or a subscii[)lion p;iper, enabled the Institute to live and pi-os[)er, and tin; interest with which the Doctor kept account of the expenses and receipts, and tried by every means to make the i)rotits a little larger, 188 LETTERS RECEIVED. led all to economize and continue their eftbrts. These practical lessons in economy were an aid to the Institute in becoming a success and securing the support of the community, who realized that there was no waste in the management and that a dollar in the Doctor's hands w(iuld accomplish much. Nor can we forget the faithful care he took of the Institute building and its valual)le propei'ty ; how, day I)y day, and night by night, in summer an*d in wintei', his ever watchful eye and ready hand were work- ing for the safety of the building and its cf)ntents. Never receiving a single cent for his services, l)ut always giving to the Institute from his own limited means, he was its faithful personal guardian until his physical infirmities became so great he could no longer make his late, nightly visit in the dark to ever}' room in the building from attic to cellar, to l)e sure no fire-spark would destroy in a night the accumulations of years. Often have I made these nightly visits with him, when I have implored him to let some younger person perform the self-imposed duty, but his reply always was that he could not sleep until he was sure all was safe at the Institute. Never has property given forthe promotion of learning had a more faithfid custodian ; never has a trust been more honestly guarded. After his efforts to build up a museum of natural and local history and a library had reached such a success as to make it desirable to enter wider fields, and, as he often said, "by reflected light be better understood at home", the Doctor was an earnest advocate for publishing the records of the doings of the Institute. He argued that there were other communities doing similar work, and that an exchange of publications would be mutually bene- ficial and certainly would make the work of the Institute known to the world ; that, if what was l)eing done was worth doing, it ought to be known, and b}' publication the I.KMkhs ItF/'KIVRD. 1^!) researclu'S of one irononition should he iii:ido availablo for othcr.s to come. This led to our ProccHHlin^s, Historical Collections, and Hiilletins, and certainly they have jiioved the soundness of the Doctor's philosophy. They have nia(h' the Institute known wherevei- culture has a foothold. Mild they have brought to our shelves the researches of tliiiikers fiiMii all lands. Should all that we have here in these buildiiiLTs which make our home be destroyed l)y lire, as our iruardian so much feared, the work of the Institute, and wliat he accomplished by his devotion and love of cult- ure, would still live in the annals of Science and Ilistor}'. Well knowini: the great desire of our departed Presi- dent to secure the means of pnl)lishing the researches of the membcis of the Institute and placing our series of pnlilications on a i)ermanent basis, I am confident that no memorial to him would be more in keepini; with the great object of his life than the establishment of a fund, the income of which should be expended in i)ublishing the scientific and historical researches of the Essex Institute. With such a fund, the work to which he devoted his long and useful life would continue in widely spreading direc- tions, and I trust that some action will be taken by the members of the Institute with this desiral>le end in view. What irreater honor can we do him for all time to come than to print, on volumes that may hereafter issue from the Essex Institute, the words, PnhUfic, yet always i)oiiij:lit tickets in the Oratorio and other concerts, to do what little he could, as I have heard him remark, "to help them alon^." I reeoUeet onee askinir him it" he expected to attend a particular concert. He said, "I ijenerally wait and then if I find there is to be a slim attendance I huy a ticket or tickets." In tliis way he showed his interest in what was going on. Although, as I have said, he was not fond of music himself, he regarded it as an important part of education, tending to refinement of taste and culture. He felt the same in regard to all artistic mattei-s. He was not inter- ested in poetry, and informed some one who wished him to l)uy a ticket tor a Shakespeare reading that he "never read a line of Shakespeare in his life," and I believe he said the same thinij with regard to the other great poets ; but he liked to see others interested in nnisic and poetry. In short he was in favor of all things that tended to enlighten and elevate the comnnmity, but, ot course, had his own specialties for study. Science, History and Genealogy were the subjects most to his taste. Ui)on finishing his studies. Doctor Wheatland made a voyage to England where he spent some months in Lon- don and its vicinity. I think this voyage was undertaken on account of his delicate health, of which I have already spoken. But at this time a Salem boy's education was hardly complete without a sea voyage or two. AI)out the Near 1840 he took a trip to Fayal in a whale ship l)elonging to Hon. S. C Piiillips, taking with him two of Mr. Phillii)s' sf)ns, — George and Willard, — who were then out of health, and the Doctor accompanieil tluMU at the request of Mr. Phillips. He was absent but a month or two at this time, and, a year later, made a voyage to l*ara, where he studie(l the pi-uperties and uses of 198 REMINISCENCES BY HENRY M. BROOKS. caoutchouc aud became so addicted to the use of rubber over-shoes that, it was said, he once appeared in them ou parade in the Infantry. About 1842, the Doctor became much interested in the schools of Salem and was associated on the school committee with the Mayor, Mr. Phillips. Here the Doctor did a great work spending, as he has often told me, night after night for months with Mr. Phillips, sometimes until midnight, working out educa- tional plans for the benefit of the public schools. He was for years a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education, and it was largely through his influence that one of the State Normal Schools was located in Salem, and that Broad street was diverted from the side of the graveyard and the line of High street, to accommodate the buildino:. Probal)!}' no one ever gave so much time to the interests of our schools as Doctor Wheatland. He was elected on the committee for years, and the value of his services was acknowledged by all. When any important interest in the cause of education or science in the city or state was to be fostered. Doctor Wheatland was generally consulted as one who knew what ought to be done. So when the first Commission on the State Fisheries was appointed, the Doctor was made a member of the board, and was its principal scientific authority. It may be interesting in this connection to read Governor Gardner's letter inviting Doctor Wheatland to become a member of this Commission. Here it is. "Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Executive Department. Boston, 31 May, 1850. My dear Sir : You probably know the Legislature have passed a Resolve regarding the Artificial Propagation of Fish. Hav- RF.MTXISCENCES RY TIFNRY M. BROOKS. 109 insr Sfreat regard for voiir connect ion with Natural Science, it orivos nie groat i)lo:isurc to tender vou tlie post as one of the three Coinniissioners. Please advise me at as early a day as possible if you will accept. Yours resp'y &c., IIknuy J. Gakdnek. Dr. Hknky Wheatland, Salem." The other Connnissioners were the Hon. Reul)en A. Chapman of Springtield and Capt. X. K. Atwood of Provincetown. Prof. F. W. Putnam informs me that he accompanied the Doctor on his trip to Provincetown to meet Ca[)t. Atwood. iNIassachusetts was the first state to estahlish a State Commission of Inland Fisheries. The Doctor was not much interested in politics. lie took no part further than to cast his vote at elections. I do not rememher ever hearing him discuss the topic. He thought all political excitement foolish and unnecessary in itself, and out of place in connection with the Institute, where people of all j)arties and creeds were welcomed. So the Doctor never encouraged, in the Institute rooms, talks on politics or theolog}'. Doctor Wheatland was very interesting in conversation. It sometimes seemed as if in his specialties he knew everything. lie had a very modest way of expressing himself, using very simple words, never monopolizing the conversation as some great talkers do ; l)ut listened patient- ly for a reply, or for any question, without interrupting the speaker. It seemed as though he never met any (»ne to whom he could not tell something about his ancestors. The tirst time he met Governor Andrew, he astonished him by telling him all about his Salem connections. I have often been anmsed to heai' him discourse In answer to some question on a l»iogiapliical or historical matter. lie HIST. COM,, vol.. XXX ;.'(; 200 REMINISCENCES BY HENRY M. BROOKS. would begin perhaps niiiny years back, and his reply to the question came in, in the course of his remarks, making a charming little story which invariably appeared to interest the hearers greatly. He often began in this way — "It seems that in 17 * * there was a man who came to Salem from England," etc., and he would go on making quite a story of it. "It seems" was his favorite fornuda for beginning a statement. If it happened to be a ques- tion on some scientific sul)ject, he made it just as enter- taining to the listeners. And yet he never boasted of any special knowledge on any of these subjects ; but on the contrary often said, "I don't know much about it," when asked in relation to matters on which he was known to possess a remarkable store of information. One marked characteristic of Doctor Wheatland was his wonderful hopefulness and faith in the success of his plans. Especially was this manifested in reference to the Institute. "It will come out all right, — I never worry about things," he used to say. He never was uneasy nor excited al)Out what could not be heli)ed, even if soiuetimes he seemed to l)e irritated about trifling matters. At the time of the Civil War, when there were days of darkness and despondency with most people, he always appeared to me cheerful, and I often heard him remark, "I don't have any fears of the result; I guess things will come right finally." Who would have supposed Doctor Wheatland to ])e a military man? Yet he became a member of the Salem Light Infantry as early as 18o3, and thought he derived some benefit to his health from military drill. He always took a marked interest in the company and has appeared in the ranks among the "veterans" within a few years. I remember seeing him in the active company in full nni- foi-m — blue coat, red trimmings, white trousers, helmet REMINISCENCES BY HENRY M. J^ROOKS. 201 with flowiiii; red horsc-liaii- ami white (tstrich t'catlitT ! He tlid not appear to mo to he siniriilar then, l)ut as I think of liiin now as a sohh'er I am amnscd, hccausc he generally had such a niihl, peaoeful look. I have said the Doctor had not much taste for poetry, yet how much like a poet he h)okcd. Taking a profile view of his head, it seemed to require only the wreath around it to make a picture of Dante. I tiiink he once apjx'ared in tableaux in that character. To see the placid look he generally wore, one could hardly believe that his temper could ever he rutlled ; hut upon occasion he could show his indignation like some other great men. I think he was impatient of captious criticism of his plans, and greatly annoyed at any unpleasant interference. He was, at the same time, alwa\s ready to listen to the sufjgestions of others if offered in a [proper spirit. The Doctor was never a Hucnt speaker in [niltlic, and lacked a good voice. He told me that, at school and in college, he was excused from declaiming, so that he "never spoke a piece." He si)oke in a very low tone, and often stammered, and his thotigiits seemed to come so fast that he could not (urnish words readily. But what he said was always important and instructive to those who heard him. He was a very ready writer, using a good, clear style, with great simplicitv of language ; in short, writing "plain Eng- lish." I think he rarely, if ever, used any foreign terms. I do not of course refer to his scientific writings. I have before me some of his school compositions, written when he was at the Latin school in Salem from 1(S2<) to 1828. They show here and there slight coirections by the mas- ter (Eames) ; but, for a boy thii'tecn to fifteen yeais old, they are pretty good specimens. The subjects arc curious ones for the Doctor; among others, "The Characlei- of Washington," and " The Proper Observance of the Sab- bath." He was graduated at Harvard in 1832. 202 REMINISCENCES BY HENRY M. BROOKS. He belonged to the uiuisuiilly large class entering in 1828. Salem furnishetl about one-tifth (»fall who entered college that year. It may be of some interest to know the names of those who went to college with him. There were Haley Forrester Barstow, Charles Timothy Brooks, George Wm. Cleveland, William Sewall Cleveland, William Fabens, William Prescott Gibbs, Charles Grafton Page, Archer Ropes, John Boardman Silsbee, John Henry Sils- bee, William Silsbee, Augustus Story, John Treadwell, William Henry West, and Henry Wheatland, all of Salem, and Samuel Rantoul of Beverly. Perhaps it may not be out of place to mention here, as the Doctor always did, that several Salem young men entered other colleges the same year. The Doctor always took a great interest in his class, keeping the run of the different members and making notes about them from time to time. He often aided those who needed it. He was constant at class meetings whenever he could get there. Doctor Wheatland was married to Miss Mary Catherine Mack, Feb. 3, 1858. She was the daughter of Elisha and Catherine Sewall (Orne) Mack. She was born Sept. 25, 1816, and died Feb. 13, 1862. They had no children. From childhood and for many years the Doctor was a regular attendant upon the services at the North church, but of late years he had spent his Sundays quietly at home. He had sometimes spoken to me about it and said that he had so much to do during the week, and so many interru})tions, he had got into the habit of spending his Sundays in writing and reading. He was not an agnostic. While a Unitarian in his views, he had great resi)ect for people of all creeds and schools, however nuich they might differ from him. He had no love for controversy, and believed in what Dean Stanley called "Our Common Christianity." To show his feeling for the North church and "Parson Willson," as he generally spoke of him, he REMINISCENCES UV HKNKV M. IU;()<>K.> 208 took quiU' :in interest in, and was the priiu-ipal compiler ot", the vohimc on the centennial annivcrsarv olthi' Society, l)rinte(] in 1872. The Hoctor's hist ap|)eaiani'e upon a puhiic occasion Avas on the evenini: of "Forefathers' Day," Due. 21, IMIH), in Cadet Ilall, at a meeting of the Kssex Coiiirregational CInl), to which he was specially inviteil as an honoi'ed guest. It was only a few days after that he had an ill turn fiom the eHetts of which he never recovered; hut, after more than two years' eontinement, he passed away quietly on Feh. 27, 1898, at the age of 81 years, 1 month and IG days, at the house of his lirother Cieorge whose death preceded his by only a week. I must lesive the summing up of Dr. Wheatland's thar- acter to others, hut I may safely say that he was one ot the most useful men who have lived in Salem in recent years. ! -S 4t '4 •«! '4 •<■ INDEX ABBOTT. 44. Florence, 19. J. C, 42. J. G., 129. Academy Hall, 134. Act of Legislature relating to Essex Bridge, 9G. Action of Institute in nieniory of Dr. Wheatland. 133. ADAMS. John, 74. Lena, 25. S., 75. Samuel, 82. Address for Primary Schools. 22- Addresses by Hov. E.C. BoUes, D.I)., 1G8-171. Kev. J. F. Brodie, 12-14. Hon. A. C. Goodell, jr., 135-143. Prof. E. S. Morse, 155-lGO. W. A. Mowry, Ph.D., 14-18. (ieorge D. Phippen, 148-154. Hon. R. S. Rantoul, 144-147. Dr. Henry Wheatland, 158, ICO. i^QASSIZ. , i;'.7. ir.9. 17U, 187. AHERNE. Walter, 29. Albany, N. Y., 175. .\k-xandrla, 1 17. Algiers, 117. ALLEN, , 130. G. L., 39. ALLEY. Everett E., 41. ALMY, , 42, 51. America, 1, 3, 12, 13, 14. 22. American Academy of .Vrts and Sciences, 131. Amesbury, 15, 72. .•\nalccts of Confucius, 1G5. .Vnatomical Museum, 155. Ancestry of Henry Wheatland, 127, 128. ANDERSON, Katie, 28. Andover, 72. ANDREW, Governor. 199. ANDRE"WS, , 45. A. H., 41. E. B., 6, 46. .1. A., 43. Lillie, 27. Mamie, 31. W. P., 31. William, 40. Annals of Lynn, lOH, 115, 119. ANTHONY. Leila, 33. APPLETON, .Iiio., 70. .Vrjigoii, 48. ARNOLD, Addie, 31. Benedict, 74. (205) 206 INDEX. 42. ARNOLD, May, 32, 33. W. 0., 40. ASHTON", John, 89. ATWOOD, , 167. N. E., 199. Australia, 10. AVERILL, George H. AYEKS, C, 28. T.,29. AYLAVARD, David, 26. George, 27. Azores, 130. BACHELIiER, Jonathan, r?0. BACON, , 143. BAKER, Joseph, 70. BALCH, Jolin, 64. BALDWIN, B. E., 19. Baltimore, iMcl. BANCROFT, -, 122. BARDEN, , 107. BARNES, John, 25. W. H.,45. BARRETT, Rev. James, 37. BARRY, , 122. Annie, 25. David, 29. Katie, 20. BARSTOW, Haley F., 202. BARTLETT, M. Walsh, 182. 174. BARTLETT, S. H., 39. BARTON. , 98. Bass River, 59, CO, 67, 96. Bass River Head, 68. Bass River Side, 60. BATCHELDER. Emma, 26. John H., 54. Josiah, 88. Josiah, Jr., 70. BATES, Carlton, 26. Howard, 26. Thomas, 33. BEAMAN, , 167. Bell Tavern, 75, 81. BELLO"WS. Rev. , 129. BENNETT, , 42. Harry H., 10. BENTLEY, Dr. , 90, 92, 94, 147. BERRY, , 19. Beverly, 18, 53, 55-59, 61, 64, 65, 69, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80,81, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92-90, 98, 99. Beverly Bank, 94. Beverly Historical Society, 94, 193. Beverly Lauding, 92. Bible Selections, 8, 9. BIGELOVIT, , 42, 51. Edwin R., 19. Mrs. Edwin R., 20. Jacob, 150. BILLINGS, Nellie, 30. BLANCH ARD. Ernest, 27. FNDRX. 207 BLINN. Grori^f H., 3y. BLITZ, , 99. Bloody Brook, Gl. BOLLES, Kcv. Kdwin C. If57-171. Bolton, 183. Boston, 15, 16. 58. 59. 64. 65. 66, 71, 73-76, 81, 94, 98, 108, 111, 128, 150, 175, 179. 190. Boston Road. 72. 74. 75. Boston, Ship, 129. Boston Society of Natural His- tory, 138. Botanic Gardens. 155. Bordeaux, 66. BOWDITCH, , lit. Ill, 147. BOWLES, Mary, 71. Boxford. 72. BOYNTON, . 43. Bradford, 149. BHADSHAW, Bertha, 26. Vickie, 26. BRADSTREET, , 74. .1. B., 44. BRADY. Dennis, 44. BRAQDON. Clifford, 30. Brazil, 14. BREED. , 6. Hubbard, 47. BRENNAN. Joim, 27, 28. Stephen, 33. Bridge Bill, 82. Bridfre Street, 66. 67. BBiaas, , 42. 52. BRIQHAM. . 6. Clifford, 39. L. F., Jr., 39. British Navy, 127. Broad Street, 198. BROCK, H. .v., 179. BRODIE. Rev. James F., 10, 12. Brookline, 185. Brooklyn, N. Y., 99. BROOKS, Rev. Charles T., 129, 144, 202. Henry M., 133, 134. 176, 177. 179-183, 1H5, 190. I'Jl. 194- 203. Rev. Phillips, 164. BROUQHTON. , 44. BRO^WN. , 6, 45, 70, 92. A. Parker, 39. Dollie, 25. E. F., 41. Emma, 32. Isaac, 116. Moses, 93. Nathaniel M., 3». Theron, 32. William B., 68. Brown Pond, 74. BUCKLEY. Alice, 27. Buffalo (N. Y.) Historical Society. 193. Bull'nm's Corner, 74. BUKER, W. H., 39. BULLOCK, , 116. BURKE, C, 28. 29. Joseph, .^O. BURLEY, p:dward. 94. HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 'Jl 208 INDEX. BURNB, Mabel, 31. BTJRNHAM, A. L., 20. G.,28. BURNS, James, 47. T., 28, 29. BURRILL, Ebenezer, 108. BURTON, Frank, 28. Butts, the, 74. BUXTON, A. 1)., 43. Maud, 26. CAESAR, Julius, 1, 2. CABBOT, , 98. CABOT, , 130. Andrew, 70, 87. Deborah, 70. George, 58, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 79, 82, 85,87, 92, 93, 97, 105. John, 70, 85, 93. Cadet Hall, 203. CAHILL, Joseph, 29. Cairo, 117. Calendars, 1-3. California, 22. CALL, J. H., 48. Josie, 33. GALLEY, George, 29. Cambridge, Kng., 141. Cambridge, 111, 137, 138, 176, 187, 191, 195. CAMERON, , 19. CAMPBELL, Robertina, 34. Canada, 13, 14. " Canno-wes," 60. Cape Ann, 80, 157. " Cape Ann Syde," 60, 68. CARBONE, Victoria, 31. CAREY, Orrin, 41, 42. CARi^ETON, D. E. M., 182. CARNEY, Edward J., 20. CARPEKTER, Ivah L., 32. CARR, Louis. 27. CARRON, Angelina, 25. Annie, 26. CARSON, W., 47. CARTER, , 45. James J., 31. CASEY, George. 29. J. C, 42. CASHMAN, W., 28. CASSELL, , 47. Castile, 48. (Catalogue of Shells, 157. Central America, 13. CHAMBERLAIN, Charles, 40. CHANDLER, George A., 39. CHANNING, Dr. , 111. CHAPMAN, , 133. C. F., 41. Isaac, 70. Reuben A., 199. Charles River, 98. Charles River Bridge, 85. Charlestown, 98. INDEX. 209 Charter for Essox Bridfre, 97. CHASE. , 42. F. E., 40. Chaso Buiklina:, 130, 152. CHASTELLUX. .M:ir(Hiis ilo, 04, 6(5, 74. CHATTERTON, Thoiiias, 123. Chestnut Street, 68. Chicago, III., 3, 15, 18, 186. China, 11. CHISHOLM, Myrtie, 36. CHOATE, Hannah E., 19. .Tohn, 79. CHURCHILL, Mary F., 32. CHUTE, .TauK'S, 35. Circular Letter relating to Essex Bridge, 77. Civil War. 200. Clap-boards, 67. CLARK, George, 29. W. F., 6. CLEMONS, , 35. CLEVELAND, Gi^orge W.,202. W. A., 44. W. C, 160. William S., 202. CLIFFORD, , 19. Edith, 24. COBBET, , 65. CODY, E., 36. Eddie, 33. Li/./.ie, 36. COFFEY, J., 28. COGSWELL. E.. 2S. COLE, Fr.'ilerick L., 19. Tlionias, 149. COLLINS, , 6, 35, 36. Charles, 27. George A., 51. Grace, 26, 34. John, 32. May, 33. Richard, 25. Colonial Records, 166. Colorado, 15. COLSON, Warren, 20. Colurai>ia, 18. COLUMBUS, Christopher, 1-52. Columbus Day, 1-52. COMER, C. E., 40. COMSTOCK, G., 2H, 29. CONANT, Koger, .".9, 64. Concert Hall Assembly, 66. (^oncord, 65, 73. CONDON, Francis, 29. J., 2.-1. CONFUCIUS, , 164. CONLEY, H., 2«. CONLON, Louisa, 26. CONNOLLY, J. J., 37. Mary, 36. Richard, 42. COOKE, , 138. CaU-b, 15><. COOPER, lleliMi E., 19. 210 INDEX. COOPER, Malcolm, 3S. Thomas, 30. Vesta, 32. COPELAND, Fannie, 30. COPP, Helen B., 32. CORBETT, John, 37. Corporators of Essex Bridge, 85. COTTER, Edmund, 28. COTTLE, W., 28. Cotton Manufactory, 98. Court of Sessions, 87, 88. COUSINS, Frank, 6, 41, 42, 50. COX, Lemuel, 87, 88. Peter L., 124. CRANCH. , 74. CRANE, Ichabod, 124. CREESY, George W., 40, 41. CRESSY, Helen, 31. CRONIN. John, 37. CROUSE, Grace E., 21. CROWDIS, F., 28. Willie, 28. CROWLEY, C, 47. Florence, 31. James, 47. CRO^WNINSHIELD, , 76. CUNNINGHAM, , 19. CURTIS, Charles E., 45. George T., 129. CURTIS, George W., 144. H. F., 43. Pauline, 34. GUSHING, Lena, 31. CUTLER. Rev. Manasseh, 149. DALTON, J. D., 42. J. F., 24. Patrick, 40. DAMON, F. C, 39. Robin, 6. DANE, J. W., 41, 43. John, 71. Nathan, 70, 86,92, 93, 105. W. Q., 41. DANFORTH, Helen, 25. DANTE, , 159, 201. Danvers, 18, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 173. Danvers Historical Society, 173, 174. Danvers Plains, 59, 73, 74. Danvers River, 99. " Dark Lane," 150. DARLING, Elwood, 29. Hudson, 29. DAVIS, F. W., 39. Grace, 27. Thomas, 86. Thomas, Jr., 70. W. W., 39. DEAN, Helen, 26. James F., 44. Decorations for Columbus Day, 48-52. INDEX. 211 DEERY, John, 32. Katie, 31. DENNIS, Edna, I'fi. DERBY. E. 11., 70. Elias 11., 7(5. John, 70. DE TOCQUEVIIiLE. , 12--'. DEVEREUX, Hiiniphroy, G8. DEVINE, T. A., 51. DICKENS, . !»9. DICKEY. Lillian, 34. DIKE. .lohn, 70. DINSMORE. (,:. H., 48. Directors of Essex Bridge, !)3. DIXEY, , 58. William, 60, 62. Dixey Tavern, 58, 61. DIXIE, , 61. •' Doctor's Den," 186. DODGE, . 6,44. Abbie, 32. George, 54, 70, 87, 93. Ira, 32. Mary E., I'J. Pickeriiii:, 68. DOHERTY, Mary, 26. DOIilBER, Mamie, 30. DOMICAN, Acnes. 32. DONOHUE, Margaret, 27. DONOVAN, Freddie, 34. Dorchester, Eng., 127. Dorchester, 11)1. Dorchester .Antiquarian and His- torical Society, 191. Dorset County, Eng., 127. Dorset, Eng., 129. DOUGLASS, Mabel, 30. DRAKE, , 122. Draper's Point, 60. Draw to Essex Bridge, 83, 84, 86. Dredginir, 157. DRISCOLIi, , 36. Lena, 36. P. O., 44. DUCHESNEY, DUQQAN, H., 28. DUMAS, Ernest, 30. Le'codie, 30. DUNDAS, Mary, 33. DUNDES. Susie, 31. DUNN. Ellen, 26. DUNTLEY, G., 28. DUNTON, DUPONT, Eva, 30. DURGIN, Gnssie, 33. DWIGHT. John S., 190. DYSON. John, 70. EAGLES, Nettie B, 21. 212 INDEX. EAMES, -, 128, 201. EARLE, -, 25. F., 28, 29. ICastern Railroad, 95, 96. East India Marine Societj% 196. EATON, , 43. EBERSON, Tina, 30. EDES, Henry H., 134. EDWARDS, , 42. Bessie, 26. Egypt, 11, 117. ElilASON, Carl, 25. ELIOT, , 110. ELLINQWOOD, Benjamin, 70. Ellingwood's Head, 76. Ellingwood's Point, 87. ELLIOT, , 110. Damon, 33. ELLIS, Edith, 26. Embargo Law, 107. EMERSON, , 162. EMRRY, George, 62. EMILIO, E. v., 52. EMMERTON, , 130. ENDICOTT, , 74. England, 10, 11, 87, 107, 122, 158, 158, 197, 200. ENOS, Francis, 30. Jennie, 30. BNTWISTLE. J. Cliftbrd, 6, 41. Episcopalian, 124. Essex, 40, 150. Essex Bridge, 53-105. Essex Bridge, Agreement of Sub- scribers to, 69. Essex Bridge made over to the State, 97. Essex Congregational Club, 203. Essex County, 69, 73, 78, 129, 151, 157, 177, 181, 186, 192. Essex County Natural History So- ciety, 130, 149, 152, 157, 196. Essex Historical Society, 130, 149, 196. Essex House, 65. Essex Institute, 130, 131, 135, 137- 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 159- 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173-180, 182, 183, 185-192, 194, 195, 196. Essex Institute Bulletin, 159, 189. Essex Institute Directors, 133. Essex Institute Fair, 144. Essex Institute Historical Collec- tions, 151, 153, 158, 178, 189. Essex Institute Proceedings, 157, 158, 159, 189. Essex Place, 130, 152. Essex Regiment, 74. Europe. 56, 117. EVITTS, Arthur P., 31, 32. Exercises at Cadet Hall, 46 FABENS, William, '202. FAIRFIELD, James, 45. Samuel, 29. Fall River, 15. EARLESS, ,47. INDEX. 213 FARMER. \V. S . 44. FARRELL. Kliz:itHMh. 28 lliii:h V. K.. 37. FARRINQTON, Fred, 28. FAY, F., 28. J., 29. W., 29. Fayal, r.i7. Federalists, '.t8. PELT, Joseph, 89. Felton's Hill, 81. PENNO, Irviii2,29, FENOLLOSA, w. s.. ■((;. FERDINAND. King, 50, 51. FERNALD, Fred, 25. Ferrj' between Salem and Beverly, 60-G4, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81. Ferry Landing, 56, 57, 87, 92. Ferry Lam-, 73, 87, 92. FEWKE3, J. Walter, 180. Field .Meetings of Essex Institute, 141, 142, 149, 150, 158, 159. FILLE, Monsieur de la, 66. FINNEGAN, I'liilip, 31. FISHER, Josliua, 93. Fisiieries, State Connnission on Inland. 199. Fishing, 76. FISK, , 94. Jolm, 71,85, 87, 105. FITZ, Neil, 24. FITZ. N.-llie M., 21. FLAGQ, , 94. Klairii's Classical School, 94. FLINT, Harry. 24. FLORENTINE, Arthur 1*., 40. Florida, 121. Flower Shows, 130. PLYNN, 1)., 47. J. H., 41. J. T., 44. M. H., 41. Michael. 41. Willie, 32. FOLEY, , 42. A. A., 40. FOOTE, Arthur, 4(1. FOPIANO, .1. .I.,45. Forefathers' Day, 203. FORRESTER, , 76. FOSTER, , 17. Edwin 0., 41. .T. M., 41. .John W., 8. FOWLER, , 75. Samuel P., i;'.0, 149. FOX, K., 19. FOXCROFT. IlridLtct, 128. France, 11, 87, 107, 153. FRANKLIN, lienjaniin, 106, 1 1m. Frnnkliii Huilding, 130, 152. FREEMAN, Alexander, 27. 214 INDEX. FBYE, GIFFORD, E. H., 46. Kayniond, 31. Herbert, 29. GIRDLER, John, 33. , 57, FULLER, Girondist, 97. George A., 45. Gloucester, 59, 72, 96. Funeral of Dr. Wheatland, 133. GODDARD, FUKBUSH, Lena, 24. Elizabeth E., 32. GOLDSMITH, , 45. QAFFNEY, Chester A., 34. , 6. Gertrude, 33. Henry J., 31. GOLDTHWAITE, GAGE, Jennie L., 20. Zachariah, 70. " Good Gray Poet," 111. GALE, GOODALE, , 92. N., 70. B. A., 41. GOODELL, GAMBLE, Abner C., Jr., 133-143. J., 42. GOODHUE, GAJSTNON. Mrs. H. B., 45. C. K., 47. Martha, 128. W., 47. Stephen, 128. GARDNER, William, 65,66. Henry J., 198, 199. Goodhue House, 128. Williara-C, 19. Goodhue's Tavern, 65, 66. QARRITY, GOODRICH, Mamie, 31. A. L., 10, 13, 39. GAUSS, Samuel S., 111. John D. H., 33. GOODRIDGE, GAY, Samuel, 70. Clarence, 32. GOSSE, Ethel. 32. Philip, 158. GEARY, GOURLEY, Dennis, 31. S. T., 42. GEDNEY. GRAFTON, , f.2. Joseph, 70, 71. General Court, 82. Grammar Schools, 19, 20, 2: Petition to, 71, 95. GRANT, Keport to, 77. Mary A., 27. (iorniany, 153. GRAY, -_ ______ Qrt IK-. 1 Q7 GIBBS, , on, 1 Ok} y lO 4 . William P., 202. William, 93, 94. GIFFORD, William, Jr., 70. Clara A., 21. Great Pastures, 150. George E., 35. Great Pond Side, 60. H. Pr, 41. Greece, 11. INDKX. 215 GREELEY. Alice, 27. Kditli, -Ji;. Iloriice. 110. GREEN, T., 28. Greiioriaii Ixiile, 2. GREGORY XIII. Tope, 2, 3. GRIFFIN, J., 2S. GROVER, Benjamin, 58. GRUND, Francis J., 1 11. HACKETT, Alice, 25. HAGAR, 1). B., 19, 47, 133, 134. HALE. Henry, 52. Henry A., G. HALL," George, 26. James, 175. HAM. Ethel, .35. Hamilton. 59, 74, 79. HANCOCK, John, 82. HANSON, (iertrnde, 26. Kiithcrine, 32. HARDING, John H., 6, 41. HARDY, Henry \V., 10. HARE. Daniel H. 0., 20. HARKINS, J.. 28. Mary T., 32. HARKNES8. .\rthnr, 20. HARLOWE, Bessie, 34. HARRIGAN, A.. 2S. 29. HARRINGTON. (Je-iii:.', 40, 47. HARRIS. George M., 20. I. P., 42. O. M., 41. W. S., 42. Walter L., 39. HARRISON. Bcnjaiuin. 7, 8, 22, 37. HART, , 46, 56. Joseph. 108. Samuel, 108. Hart House, 108. Hartford, Ct., 64. HARTIGAN, ,}. J., 39. v.. 43. HARTNETT, T., 42. Harvard College, 64, 128, 136, 139, 201. Class of 1832, 190, 202. Harvard Natural History Society, 185. HARWOOD, , 19. C. H., 39. HASKELL, Hnhert, 71. HATCH, .lulian, 33. HATHA"WAY, John. 13. HATHORNE. John, 61. Haverhill, 6.".. HAWKES. Nath;in M., 106. HAWTHORNE, Nathaniel, lUO, 124, 144. HAY, K. W.,39. Mary, 25. HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX 28 216 INDEX. HAYES, Florence, 33. HAYWAHD, Ethel, 2(j. Francis, 34. William P., 20. HEANEY, Willie, 32. HEATHCOTE, Walter, 30. HEFFERNAN, John, 44. Willie, 27. HEJNTDIEW, ; 36. HENNESSEY, Willi;ira W., 32. HENRY, , 155,169. Henry Wheatland Memorial Fund 189. HEKSEY, Polly, 28. HIBBARD, Jeremiah, 60. Joshua, 60. HIQBEE, Kiitli C, 19. HIGGINS, W. C, 48. Hiah Rock, 118. High School, 10. High Street, 198. HILL, , c. Alice, 31. Anna, 30. B. F., 45. Bertie, 30. George E., 39. Hugh, 70, 93. William E., 47. HINCHION, M., 36. Historical Museum, 166. HOAR, Joseph, 29, Hoary Bat, 157. HOBBS, C. Wesley, 40. HOGAN, Eva, 27. HOLLAND, Dou^liis, 31. HOLMES, John, 129. HOLT, Ethel, 24. HOLWAY, Ernest. 33. HOLYOKE, , 147. Holyoke Block, 130. HOMAN, William, 70. HOOD, , 115. HOOPER, Jennie, 33. HOPKINS, -, 35. Horse-boat, 63. Horse Bridge, 59. HOVEY, Thomas, 70. HOWE, Estes, 129. HOWLAND, William, 116. HUBBARD, , 122. HUGO, Victor, 14. HUGUET LATOUR, L. A., 176. HUMPHREY, Verna, 124. HUNT, , 133, 134. Annie M., 31. Sarah E., 174. Thomas F., 172, 185. HURD, Harry, 25. J. A., 43. INDEX. 217 HUKIiET, I).. 2.S. John F., 39. Mary, 26. Willie, '27. HUSSEY. Georiro R., 32. HUTCHINSON, , 80, 122. Frank. 27. HUXTABLE, Davis, 32. HYATT, .\lpheus, 193. lUumiuation of Beverly Briclse, 57. India, 11, 153. Industries of Lynn, 107. Infantry, 198, 200. INQALLS, Jennie, 32. INQOLDSBY, Lizzie, 30. Inscriptions on Beverly Bridge, 55, 5G. International Exposition, 3. Ipswich, 41, 59, 63, 72-76, 79-82. IRESON, St.'lla M., 19. IRVING, , 45. ISABELLA, Queen, 50, 51. Isles of Shoals, 157. IVES, , 130. JACKSON, ,98, 114, 155. Addie, 26. Henry, 32. Jonathan, 90. Louise, 25. JAQUES, Ethel, 27, JAMES, Thomas L., 12. Ja|>an, 1 1 , JEFFREY. Fred, 40. John, 41. JENKINS Frank, l'9. JEWETT. , 134. JOHNSON, , 45, 40. Edward. 122. Fred, 26. S. A., 39. Victor, 27. JOLL, William II., 43. JONES, E. D., 41. Edmund, 29. George, 29. Samuel G., 33. JORDON. Cyrus, 42. Henry, 25 William, 26. Joshua's Mountain, 57, 71. JOSSELYN, Lewis, 124. Journal , 117, 118. Lynn Item, 1 12. Lynn Mirror, 1 12. Lynn Mutual Fire hisurance Com- pany, 114. Lynn Police Court, 114. Lvnnlleld, 107. 220 INDEX. LYON, Alice, 27. Marian, 27. LYONS, D., 28. Frank, 25. MC CARTHY, James, 32. MC CONNELL, Bertlia, 30. MC cormick:, John, 30. MC CULLOUGH, Susie, 28. MC DONALD, J. C, 41. Winnifrecl, 83. MCDONOUGH, Eddie, 31. Mary, 31. MC FADDEN, F., 28. MC GARRELL, Samuel, 2G. William, 27. MC GLUE, , 3G. MC INTYRE, Hector, 123. MACK, Catherine S., 202. Elisha, 202. Fred, 33. John, 31. Mary C, 202. MC KAY, Isabel, 28. MC KENZIE, Alice, 28. Mackerell Cove, 60. MACKINTIRE, , 45. E. A., 6, 41. MC LEAN, C.,28. W., 28. MC MANUS, Bessie, 25. MC NALLY, Rose, 27. MC NIFF, J. T., 42. MC SHANE, Henderson, 27. Mary, 26. Robert, 27. MC SWEENEY, William, 37. MAGUIRE, E, T., 19. MAHONEY, Lawrence, 29. Maine, 22, 97. Maiden Bridge, 82, 85. Malta, 117. Manchester, 15, 59, 60, 72, 81. Manhattan, 112. MANNING, , 130, 133. MANSFIELD, H.K., 40. W. B.,41. Marble Harbor, 68. Marblehead, 41, 71-75, 80, 82. MARSHALL, George, 30. MARTIN, William F., 44. MASON, Rev. , 129. J., 28. Robert, 29. Massachusetts, 58, 97, 110, 129, 183, 199. Massachusetts Board of Educa- tion, 131, 198. Massachusetts Fish Commission, 131. Massachusetts Historical Society, 131, IGl. Massachusetts Legislature, 198. INDEX. 221 MASSEY, 02. John, 03. Massey Tavern, CA, 1)2. MATHER. Cotton. 122. MATTHEWS, Willie, 32. MAY, Florence, 30. Mayor's Remarks on Colunihiis Day, 10, 11, 144. Med ford, 81, Medical Degree, 129, 136. Mediterranean Sea, 117, Memorial Meeting for Dr. Wheat- land, 133-203. Meniori.'il, War, 131. MERRILL, , 45. Arthur, 26. Benjamin, 113. E. II., 6, 41, 44. Margarets., 27. William, Jr., 182. Merrimac, 59. Merrimac River, 72, 74, 85. MERHITT, , 45. MERRO^W, Ethel, 27. MESSER, Nellie, 33, 34. Methuen, 72. Mexico, 13, 14. Michigan, 110. MILLARD, John. 31. MILLEA, L. E., (J, 43. Margaret, 30. MILLER, Addie, 30. .Mhert, 25. MILTON, B. S. S., 43. .Minneapolis, Minn., ISl. MINOT, , 122. Missouri, 110. MISSUD, _ , 57. •Mistiek River, 98. MITCHELL, , 91. MONROE, Harriet F., 19. MONSON, Arthur, 27. John, 25. MONTE SQDTEU, Baron dc, Go. Montreal, Can., 176. MORRILL, George, 20. MORRIS, William S., 21. MORSE, , 44. Edward S., 133, 134, 155-166, 160, 182, 185. John T., 129. MOtJLTON, II. .\., 26. MOWKY, \Villiam A., 1, 10, 14, 20, 28, 30, 35. MUDGE, lUnjiimin F., 113, 114. MULLEN, J. F.. 47. MULLIGAN, .Vnna, ;!0. John, 30. Nellie, 30. MURPHY, .Vnnic, 28. James J., 47. William, 37. Museum of Morbid Anatomy, 155. Music, 57. Nahant, 107, 140. 222 INDEX. WARKOONSKY, Paulina H., 32. Natural History, 141. WAUGLE, Gladys, 26. Harold, 2G. Ealph, 27. Naumkeag School, 35. NEARY, Matthew, 29. NEVINS, W. S., 41. Newbury, 64. Newburyport, 72, 74, 82, 98. NEWCOMB, Minnie, 31. New England, 4, 15, 17, 121, 152, 157, 178. New England Historic Genealogi- cal Society, 121, 131. NEWHALL, Benjamin, 108. Benjamin F., 93. James R., 106-125. Thomas, 108, 122. Thomas B., 113, 114, 116. New Mills, 73, 81. Newtonville, 172. New York, 110, 121. New York, N. Y., 18, 98, 99, 179. New York Conference, 111. New York Tribune, 110. NICHOLS, , 130. Andrew, 149, 150. Ethel, 31. JohnH., 40. Nightly Visit of Dr. Wheatland to the Institute, 188. NILAND, Michael, 31. NOAH, M. M., 111. NOBBS, l!ev. S. B., 36. NOLAN, T. r, E., 47. NOONAN, John, 29. Normal School, 19, 198. NORRIS, Maud, 30. North America, 16, 18. North Beverly, 74. North Church, 94, 202. North Fields, 68, 76. North Point, 60. North River, 61, 67, 68, 81. Notice in Salem Mercury of Sale of Essex Bridge Property, 90. NUGENT, — , 44. OAKES, William, 130, 149. OBER, Arthur, 40, O'BRIEN, Arthur, 29. Cornelius, 28. D., 28, 21t, 47. O'CALLAGHAN, Daniel, 30. O'CONNELL, Cornelius, 27. J., 47. O'DONNELL, Frank, 32. Kate, 31. O'HARE, John, 27. O'KEEFE, J. F., 42. Jeremiah, 47. T., 28, 29, 47. W., 28. OLDPATH, Obadiah, 120, 124. O'LWARY, , 42. D. W., 40. OLIVER, , 110. Henry K., 184, 185. INDEX. 223 OLIVER. .lac'ol), 70. OLSEN. A -da, 25. Will: (Hit, 25. ONEIL, .Mary. 33. ORNE. Catherine S., 202. Orne's Point, 56, 71, 76, 82, 150. OSBORNE. , 42. Allen, 2'.). Jonathan, 41. Josiah n., 41, 47. OSGOOD, , 133. Rev. , 129. Charles S., 185. George, 130, 149, 150. Lizzie, 26. PACKARD, A. S., 181. W. C, 6, 41, 52. PAGE, , 99. Charles G., 202. PAIGE, , 75. Charles G., 129, 130. PAINE, Metella, 19. PAIiFRAY, , 6. PALFREY, . 122. Palos, 12. Para, 130, 197. Parade on Columbus Day, 38^5. Paradise, 150. Paris, 13, 14. PARKER. Lillie, 24. Lucy, 32. PARKMAN, Kev. , 129. Parochial Schools, 36, 37. PARSONS, Ehen, lie. J. M , 41. PATTEN, Paul B., 6, 44. Pay-roll for buiUlinff Essex Hridsre. 88. PEABODY, Dean, 116. Francis. 165. George, 95. Peabody, 18, 57, 73. Peabody Academy of Science, 131, 137, 155, 159, 192. Peabody Institute, 174. Peabody Museum of .American Archaeology and Ethnolo::y, 138, 175. PEACH, (ieorge W., 40. PEARSON. Gcorg.' E., 41. PEDRICK, J., 2H. PEIHSON, E. L., 39. H. F., 39. Pennsylvania. 121. PERKINS, , 43. B. Frank, 41. Bessie, 27. C. F., 41. Charles, 27. E. A., 45. Fitz W., 41. George, 25. Thomas II., 95. AHola S., 19. PERLEY, Sidney, 134, 185. PERRY. , 134. Amos. 184. Rev. Gardner B., 130, 149. HIST. COLL. VUL. XXX 29 224 INDEX. PERRY, William F., 45. Persia, 11. Peru, U. PETERSON, J. N., 41. Joseph, 29. Petitions for Essex Bridge, 76, 81. PETTIT, Bertlia, 25. Edward, 26. Martha, 27. PHELAW, George, 29. Philadelphia, Pa., 112, 121. Philadelphia, Pa., Academy of Natural Science, 155. Philadelphia, Pa., Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, 121. PHILBRICK, , 43. PHILLIPS, George, 197. S. C, 197, 198. Willard, 197. PHIPPEN, , 133. C. E., 39. C. H., 43. George D., 47, 130, 148-154. Robert, 41. PICKERING, , 147. George W., 41. Marion, 30. Martha, 30. Timothy, 74, 98. William, Jr., 42. PICKMAN, , 76. Benjamin, 68, 71. Dudley L., 68. Sarah, 71. Pickman Place, 152, 196. PIERCE, Blanche, 30. PIERSON, AbelL., 129. PIKE, Ethel, 25. PINGREE, David, 133, 134, 185. PINKHAM, Ilattie, 33. PITNAM, , 19, 45. George, 29. Planter's Marsh, 62. PLUMMER, Joshua, 71. Plummer Hall, 152. Plymouth, 58. POLLOCK, James, 41. John, 40. William, 41. POOLE, Fitch, 144. Poole Bay, 127. "Poor Richard," 112. Port Bill, 59. PORTER, Ellis H., 6, 41. F., 42, 49. Hawthorne, 34. S. H.. 41, 42. Porter's River, 76. Portrait of Henry Wheatland, 161. Port Royal, 60. Ports of Salem and Beverly, 65, 66. Portsmouth, N. H., 64, 98. Post Road, 75. POWELL, Elizabeth, 21. POWERS, Harry, 27. Ida, 26. Joseph, 26. PRATT, John W., 32. INDEX. 225 PHATT, L. K., 42. PRENTISS, Maud Iv, 3;-). PRESCOTT. , 130 Martha, 128. William, 70, 8(5, 105, 149. President's Proclaination, 7. Press Association, 10(>. PRICE, C. H.. 41. J., 41. Primary Schools, 23-34. PRINCE, Harold, 3.5. William H., 172. Print inir, 109, 118. PRISEAULT, Eincst, 43. PROCTER, William H., 32. PROCTOR, Edna D., 20. Proof-reader, 110, 119 Proprietors of Essex Bridge, Meetings of, 86, 94. Providence, K. I., 180. Provincctown, 199. Provincial Records, 16G. PROVO, Kphraim, 45. PRYNNE, Ilfster, 124. PULLING. Edward, 70, 87. PULSIFER, Marian, 34. PURTELL, George, 28. Maud, 28. PUTNAM, , 75, 130, 134, 1.59. Fred W., 177, 189, 199. Putnamville, 73. Quebec, 74 QUIGLEY, l,i/./ie, 13. QUINLEY, Maririt-S 31. RABBETT. Katlicrine, 32. RADFORD, , 4.-). RALPH, .M,, 3(1. Ramage Press, 118. Ram's Horn Beacon, 56. RAMSDELL, , 43. RANTOUL, , G, 133, 131, 114-147. Augustus, N., 39. Beverly, 39. Robert, 93, 95. Robert, S., 10, 46, 47, 143, 174, 175, 176, 178, 180, 182, 18.">, 191. Samuel, 202. William G., 39. REA, James, 30. READ, , 42. REARDON, Henry, 31. Michael, 29. REDDING, George, 25. REDMOND. Evnt'st R., 31. REED, C W., 6, 41. REITH, William, 42. RELHAN, Richard, 141. Reminiscences of Dr. Wheatland, 194-203. REMON, .John, 28. REVERE, Paul, 91. 226 INDEX. Revolution, 65, 107. Revolutionary Roll, 126. BEYNOLDS, , 19, 44, 47. J. ¥., 44. Rhine, 56. EHOADES, C. C, 34. Mary S., 19. Rhode Island, 129. Rhode Island Historical Society, 180. RHODES, Aaron, 124. mcE, Alice, 25. Mary, 25. Mildred, 25. illCHARDSOlXr, , 35, 43. Irving, 27. J., 28, 29. Walter C, 48. Richmond, Va., 179. RILEY, G., 47. ROACH, Edward, 28. ROBINSON, John, 134, 185. Sanniel, 65, 66. ROBSON, R. H., 45. ROCHAMBEAU, Count de, 64. ROCHEFOUCAULD-LIAlSr- COUHT, Duke de la, 97. ROGERS, Mrs. Carrie S., 36. Daniel, 70. Horatio, 180. ROLLINS, WiUiaui, 26. Rome, 1 1. RONAN, Fannie, 28. ROPES, , 44. Archer, 202. Nathaniel, 76. BOUNDY, James, 41. ROWLEY, Irving, 30. Mary E., 27. Thomas, 123. Rowley, 59, 73, 74, 79. RUSHFOBD, Eddie. 30. RUSSELL, , 43, 167. Governor, 22. Rev. John L., 130, 144, 150, 152. Le Baron, 129. Russia, 3. RYAN, Annie. 31. Katharine, 34. Lizzie, 25. M., 28. Nellie, 33. Robert, 32. Sadler's Rock, 117. SAPFORD, W. 0., 39. SAGE, , 45. St. Cloud, 13. St. George's River, 97. ST. JOHN, Elizabeth, 122. St. John's N. B., 60. ST. YVES, Joseph, 43. Salem, 1, 5, 15, 16, 17, 18, 48, 53, 58, 59, 60, 63, 66, 67, 68.69 71, 72, 74-78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 95, 96, 98, 99, 108, 128. 129, 130, 146, 147, 149, 157, 168, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182-185, 187, 198-201, 203. INDEX. 227 Salem Athcnflcuni, 131. Salem Bank. l'.)(). Salem Charitable Mechanic's As- sociation, 131. Salem Commercial School, 35. Salem Fraternity, 131, 156. Salem Gazette, 109. Salem Landinj;, 92. Salem Latin School, 128, 201. Salem Neck, 158. Salem Public Library, 132. Salem Turnpike, 128. SAIilSBtJRY, Stephen, r.'9. SALTONSTALIi, , 147. SANBOHN. , 42. Annie, 33. Ella, 33. Irving, 34. San Francisco. Cal., 15, 18. San Salvador, 12. SARGENT, Arthur, 29. Emma, 27. G. H., 42. Saugus,o9, 74, 107, 118. Saugus Hiver, 123. SAUL, Mabrl,:'.o. SAUNDERS, Fiank, 33. J. J., 47. John, 71. John, Jr., 70. SAVAGE, , 122. SAVORY, Alfncl, 28. Herb.Tt, 29. SAWYER, Alice, 33. Maud, 32. SCANLAN, Fred K., 32. 8CHEPFER. , 1,V.). SCHOLLAR, , 19. Schools, 4, 7. Seal of Essex Brid; 8EARLES. Victor A., 48. SEARS, , 140. SEWALL. 91. Samuel, 108. SHAKESPEARE, , IGl, 197. SHAMBO, .\utoiue, 27. William. 25. SHATSWELIi, Mary, 25. SHATTUCK, W.,40. SHAY, W. M., 47. SHEA, Bartholomew, 31, Sheffield Scientific School, 139. SHEPARD, , 123. Vinuicr, 31. SHERIDAN, Phil, 37,38. SHIIiLABER, . 75, 81. Ship Tavern, G2. Shippinj^, 81. SHUTE, Mary, 34. Sign Board on Essex Bridj^e, 5 86, 101. SILSBEE, Jolui B., 202. John II , 202. Nathaniel, 47. Mrs. Nathaniel, 114. William, 20l'. 228 INDEX. SIMS, Charles, 41. SKERRY, Francis, 62, 63, 68. SKINNER, Emery B., 40. SLATER, Frank, 27. Matthew, 27. SLATTERY, Joseph, 32. SLOOVERE, Arthur cle, 25. SMART, , 44. J., 39. SMETHURST, Bessie, 27. SMITH, A. F., 45. Alice, 31. E., 28. F., 29 Frank L., 20. George C, 44. Gordon, 33. Lincoln, 32. W. H , 43, Smithsoni:in Institution, 155. SNEEDEN, Grace, 33. Social Observances, 46. SOUTHAM, Henry. 26. South America, 13, 16. Southern Essex County, 53, 58. Spain, 11, 15. SPENCER, , 44. Thomas, 130, 149. SPRAGUE, Joseph, 70, 80. Spring Pond, 74. Springfield, 199. STACKHOUSE, Richard, 63. STACKPOLE, N., 19. STAMPER, Arthur, 33. STANLEY, Dean, 202. STAPLES, H. F., 39. State Agricultural College of Kan- sas, 113. State Fisheries, Commission on, 198. State House, 81. STEPHENS, , 110. Thomas, 70. STEVENS, , 110. Ada, 26. Samuel, 40. STICKNEY, Jeremiah C, 113, 114, 115, 116. STILLMAN, , 19. Lulu, 34. STIMPSON, , 157. STONE, , 61. John, 60. 0. B., 21, 39. Robert, 76. Thomas T., 183. STORY, , 147. Augustus, 129, 202 SULLIVAN, C, 36. Ellen M., 10. Maggie, 30. Sun Tavern, 65, 86. Surinam, 158. SUTTON, Henry. 39. S"WAIN, Mabel, 34. INDEX. 229 S-wampscott, 107. SWAN. Harvey, 30. W.A.. 41. SWEENEY, Daniel J., 40. P., 4 7. SYIiVESTER. Charles, 26. Clara, 27. SYMONDS. Albert, 32. Grace M.,31. L. W., 43. TADQELL, Florence, 33. TALEYKAND, Baron cle, 65. Taple3-ville, 73. Taverns, 58, 61, 62, 65, 66, 75, 87, 88. TAYLOR, I. G., 39. TEEIi, Georse E., 40. TEMPLE, Mollic, 27. THACHER, , 129. THIBAQLT, Napoleon, 40. THOMAS, Edith, 30. George, 25. Lillie, 25. THOMPSON, . 122. Nellie, 25, 26. William, 26. Thomson-Houston Electric Com- pany. 107. THORBURN, G. II., 40. THORNDIKE, , 70. Israel, 70, 71, 85. THORNDIKE, Larkin, 71. THOROGOOD, G.. 2S. 29. THYNQ, William A., 39. TIBBETTS, E. A., 36. Frank, 29. TIERNEY. r. F., 39. TIQH, Miriam, 34. TIRRELL, Minol, Jr., 116. TITTLE, John, 70. TIVNAN, J. H., 47. Joseph II., 47. TOBEY, William, 41. TOBIN, Lulu, 32. Margaret J., 32. Toll-gatherer, 86, 89,91, 93, 101- 104. Toll-house, 86, 128. Tolls, 55, 63, 82, 83, 85, 89. 91, 93, 95,96. 100, 101, 128. TOLSTOI, , 162. TOOMEY, .lames. 20. TOPIANO, Teresa, 30. Topslk'kl, 72. TORREY, , 155. Town Rridge, 61. Town Meeting in Danvcrs, 75. Town Meeting in Salem, 76. TOWNE. Walter, .33. TOW^NSEND, Blanche, 19. 230 INDEX. TBACEY, Marie, 33. TRACY, , 138. Cyrus M., 124. Margaret, 26. TRASK, William B., 191. Travel, Condition of, 60-66, 72-76. TREAD WELL, -John, 202. TROW, Charles E., 31. Tuck's Point, .57. TURNER, , 6. Obadiah, 122. Ross, 48, 4!), 50. TUSCANY, Duke of, 52. "Twice Told Tales," 100. TYWDALE, , 124. UHLER, P. R., 175. United States, 13, 14, 18, 22, 48, 49, 91, 107, 192. UPHAM, , 50, 122. William P., 172. UPTON, , 43, 130. E. T., 43. Warren, 43. VAUDREUIL. Baron de, 65. VAUGHN, , 44. Thomas J., 32. Venice, 56. VERY, , 43, 167. Jones, 144. VINTON, , 134, 161. Virginia Almanac, 97. VOLLOR, Grace. 26. VTADLEIGH, , 44. WALLACE, Sadie, 30. WALPOLE, Horace, 123. WALSH, John, 25. W. P., 47. War Powers of the President, 121. W^ARD, Miles, 61. Samuel, 76. WARD WELL, Mary A., 34. Wareham, Eng., 127. WARREN, James, 82. W^ARVILLB, Brissot de, 97. WASHBURN, , 42, 51. C. R., 6, 41. W. S., 41. WTASHINGTON, George, 37, 68, 64, 66, 91, 98, 201. J. S., 44. Washiuirton Hall, 94. "Water-horses," 61. WATERS. Stanley, 182. Watertown Historical Society, 193. "Weal-Reaf," 144. Weather, 54, 64. WEBB, Frank, 34. Samuel, 40. INDEX. 231 ■WEBBER, , 47. William G., G, 41, 42, r,0. ■WENDELL, F. A., 41, 43. Wenlmin, 18, 51), 72, 74, 79, 81, 95, !•(■). 9H. ■WENTWORTH, Lillian, 30. ■WEST, George, 39. John, 44. M. E., 19. ■William H., 202. West Indies, 15. West Ne-vvbury, 182. West Ne-w'bury Natural History Club, 182. Western Archipelago, 128. ■WEYMOUTH, O., 40. ■WHEATLAND, Bridget, 128. George, 203. Henry, 127-134, 137, 144-148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, l.'^G, 157, 159, 162, 164, 165, 166, 168-179, 181-186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 203. Martha, 128. Peter, 128. Richard, 127, 128, 129. WHEELER, , 43. Eth.'l M., 21. "WHELPLEY, G , 2X. ■WHIPPLE. George M., 39, 47. John, 26. Mabel S., 19. Paul. .34. ■WHITE. , 147. A. P., 133, 134. Joseph, 71, 76, 85, 87. HIST. COLL. VOL. XXX ■WHITE, Louise G.. 19. William O., 185. ■WHITING, Samuel, 122. William, 121, 122. ■WHITMAN, Wiilt, 112. ■WHITMORE. Harvey, 20. ■WHITTIER, John G., 144. ■WILCOX, George, 42. ■WILDES, Rev. George D., 179. ■WILKINS, . 42, 52. Frank, 41. S. H., 6, 41. ■WILLARD, Joseph, 64. ■WILLIAMS. , 81. Charles, 40. Henry, 70. T. R., 45. U. W., 44. ■WILLIS, N. r. 111. WilloAvs, Salem, 56. ■WILLSON, Kov. E. n., 202. ■WILSON, , 35, 43. G. A., 39. H., 28. .John, 31. ■WINN, S. B., •In. ■WINSLO^W, M:ii)el, 19. ■WINSOR, Justin, 171!. ■WINTHROP, - 122. Robert C, 95, 175. 30 232 INDEX. Wisconsin, 121. WOOD, I Josepli, 70. "WOODBKIDGE, Dudley, 68, 71, 87, 92. "WOODBUKY, , 19, 56, 59. Alice, 34. Freeman, 33. George P., 41. Grace A., 10. WOODS, Mrs. Kate T., 172. Writers, 124. WYMAM, , 155, 187. Yale College, 139. YOUNG, Blanche, 30. iV»ri» Vj COLUMBUS DAY IN SALEM. ESSEX INSTITUTE HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS JAN., FEB., MAR., 1893. VOLUME XXX SALEM, MASS. PRINTED FOR THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, 1893. ESSEX INSTITUTE ^OGbM Historical Collections VOLUME XXX. SALEM, MASS. PRINTED FOR THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, 1893.