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 iRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMEEIOA. 
 
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s 
 
 THE 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES 
 
 Manufafturing Facilities 
 
 OF THE CITY OF 
 
 CUMBERLAND. Ml). 
 
 WITH MAP AND TABLES SHOWING CONNECTIONS BY RAIL AND 
 WATER WITH ALL THE IMPORTANT CENTRES OF TRADE. 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 C. J. ORRICK, 
 
 With an Article on Iron by A. F. Wendt, E. M. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 iri ®f f ri€© @f 11© ^Itj of Omb^rliai. 
 
 January, 1875. 
 
 WILL H. LOWDERMILK, STEAM PRINTER, 
 ^ No. 45 Baltimore Street, 
 
 CUMBERLAND, MD. 
 

CITY HALL AND ACADEMY OF MUSIC: 
 
 CUMBERLAND, MD. 
 AUDITORIUM FINISHED IN MODERN STYLE, AND WILL SEAT FIFTEEN HUNDRED PERSONS. 
 
V'" 
 
•I 
 
THE 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES 
 
 Manufa6luring Facilities 
 
 OF THE CITY OF 
 
 CDMBERLAND. Ml). 
 
 WITH MAP AND TABLES SHOWING CONNECTIONS BY EAIL AND 
 WATER WITH ALL THE IMPORTANT CENTRES OF TRADE. 
 
 COM^l'ILKD KY 
 
 C. J. 6 R RICK, 
 
 With an Article .on Ir'dn by A. F. Wendt, E. M. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 i^Mi 0f f rii© af tlie mj of 
 
 January, 1875. 
 
 WILL H. LOWDERMILK, STEAM PRIN 
 No. 45 Baltimore Street, 
 CUMBERLAND, MD. 
 
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INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The present is a period of sharp competition in all branches of 
 manufacture; and in the future the competition is likely to be 
 even sharper than now, and only such operators whose works are 
 in the most favorable localities can hope to reap a profit upon their 
 investments. Believing that many manufacturers have their works 
 now located in towns and cities where fuel and raw materials are 
 too high, and their working expenses too heavy, to allow them 
 successfully to withstand this competition; and that Cumberland 
 and the vicinity afford unusual facilities for the successful con- 
 duct of many lines of manufacture, we have published this short 
 account of Cumberland, its mineral resources, and manufacturing 
 facilities, with the hope of attracting capital and business ability 
 to develop our mineral wealth and utilize our manufacturing 
 facilities. In our coal fields we have an abundant supply of the 
 best fuel in the States, (this is saying a good deal, but our asser- 
 tion is substantiated by the tests and experiments which will be 
 found in the table under the caption " Coal," ) and at lower prices 
 than the same quality of fuel can be obtained elsewhere. And, as 
 will be seen from the article on iron, that iron can be manufac- 
 tured here at comparatively low cost. With these two important 
 points, cheap fuel and cheap iron assured, we think we may claim 
 that Cumberland offers unusual facilities for the successful estab- 
 lishment of all classes of iron manufacture, wrought or cast, 
 hollow ware castings, stoves, etc., cast and wrought iron pipe, 
 steam engines and boilers, saw mill gearing and portable saw mills 
 and machinery generally, sheet and bar iron, bridge iron, besides 
 nails, bolts, nuts, washer,?, and all species of heavy hardware. 
 
4 
 
 "With the best quality of steel, (from the Cumberland Steel Works) 
 at very low prices, manufactured in the city, saw and tool works 
 would he assured successes. We argue, if a manufactory located 
 in the New England States, using CUMBERLAND COAL, luith 
 all the added costs of handling and transportation, and their raw 
 materials at much greater first cost than they can be obtained here, 
 with shipping facilities no better than those possessed by this city, 
 can be profitably conducted, the profits will be greater if the same 
 manufactory were located here. 
 
 With car wheel iron and heavy timber of prime quality, at the 
 low costs (quoted elsewhere,) we believe Cumberland to be a most 
 desirable point for conducting car works. Spokes and hubs can 
 be made cheaply here, and a ready market found for them as fast 
 as manufactured. 
 
 With a pure sand in abundance, fuel at the low cost of |1.30 
 per ton, and fire brick of the very best quality at low prices, we 
 confidently predict the successful establishment of glass works in 
 this vicinity. Besides these leading interests many lines of manu- 
 facture could be successfully established to meet the special 
 demands of the local trade of the city and vicinity. A cotton 
 factory is now in operation within the city limits ; and a boot and 
 shoe factory, woolen mills, paper mills, stove factory, etc., if estab- 
 lished here could find a market for their goods in the local trade 
 of the vicinity. 
 
Situation and Early History. 
 
 'MBERLAND, the county seat of Allegany County, 
 
 Maryland, is situated at the confluence of Wills Creek 
 
 ^^^ with the North Branch of the Potomac river; in a 
 
 !^)^ picturesque amphitheatre formed by the Wills and Nobly 
 ranges of the great Allegany Mountains. It is the largest and 
 most important city in Western Maryland. It is the Western 
 terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ; and the principal 
 shipping point, both by Canal and Rail, for the celebrated "Cum- 
 berland" coal. The Pittsburgh and Connellsville branch of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad joins the main stem at Cumberland. 
 
 The settlement of this city dates back to the old colonial times, 
 when the Ohio Company built here a trading post and stockade, 
 being then known as the "W^ills Creek Post." Here Washington, 
 then the young colonial Colonel, had his headquarters for a time 
 on his march to Great Meadows. Here later, the ill-fated Brad- 
 dock, on his march against the French at Fort Duquesne, now 
 Pittsburgh, built a fort which he called "Fort Cumberland," and 
 which he designed as a point of supply for his army on their 
 march. 
 
 From a trading post and frontier town, as the civilization ol 
 the States advanced Westward, it became the county town of a 
 quiet farming country. Subsequently the "National Turnpike," 
 designed as a great highway of travel between the National Capital 
 and the West, was built, Cumberland being the point of departure 
 over the mountains. 
 
 Then it became the terminus of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road, which carried its freight and passengers from Baltimore to 
 Cumberland, whence Westward the stage-coach and road wagon 
 were the only conveyances. 
 
This now great trunk line has expanded, until by its branches 
 and connections our city is in direct communication with all the 
 great cities of this country. With New York, with Baltimore, 
 Philadelphia, Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis ; with the great 
 Lakes, at Sandusky, with the great inland rivers, at Wheeling and 
 Parkersburg, and with ocean commerce at Baltimore. By the 
 Connellsville route, running from Cumberland, this city is placed 
 in close connection With Pittsburgh, and by the Bedford and ' 
 Huntingdon Branch of the Pennsylvania Eailroad, with Philadel- 
 phia and New York, by that route also, and with the important 
 cities and towns of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The city is on the outer edge of the great Coal Basin which 
 goes by its name, connected with it by the lines of the Cumberland 
 and Pennsylvania Eailroad, and the Cumberland Coal and Iron 
 Company's Eailroad. 
 
 The population of Cumberland according to the census of 1870 
 was 8,056; in 1873, 11,300. As the city has grown rapidly since that 
 time it is probably safe to estimate its present population at about 
 13,000. 
 
 It is an incorporated city, governed by a Mayor and Board of 
 Councilmen; with a regularly organized police f^rce. The city is 
 lighted by gas, and supplied with water from the Potomac river, 
 by the "Holly system of fire protection and water supply." 
 
 It has three Banking institutions, two National and one Saving's 
 Bank. The city supports two daily and two weekly papers, pub- 
 lished here. 
 
 Situated at an elevation of from six to seven hundred feet above 
 tide level, the city is free from miasma, and its climate healthy and 
 pleasant. 
 
 There are sixteen Churches, viz : One English Lutheran, two 
 German Lutheran, three churches and one chapel belonging to 
 the Methodist denomination, and one chapel belonging to the 
 colored conference of the same denomination, one Baptist, (white) 
 and one ditto (colored) cong:regation, two Catholic churches, one 
 Presbyterian, one Protestant Episcopal, and one German Eeformed 
 church, and one Jewish Synagogue. Several of the church build- 
 ings of our city are very handsome, and by their picturesque 
 
situation and architectural beauties add greatly to the appearance 
 of onr "Mountain City." 
 
 Good educational facilities are provided by the public school 
 syrftem of the State, supplemented by the County Academy, 
 (endowed), Carmelite College, St. Edward's Academy, conducted 
 by the Sisters of Mercy, of the Eoman Catholic church; a pa- 
 rochial school connected with the German Catholic church of St. 
 Peter and Paul's, and several excellent private schools both male 
 and female. 
 
 Hotel accommodations are furnished by the large and elegant 
 Queen City Flotel, owned and controlled by the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad Company; and by three other first class hotels, and 
 several other small hotels and eating houses. 
 
 The manufacturing interests of the city and vicinity are repre- 
 sented by the Steel Rail Mills and Merchant Bar Mills of the 
 Baltiinore and Ohio Railroad ; the Bowery Blast Furnace of the 
 Cumberland Coal and Iron Company ; the works of the Union 
 Mining and Manufacturing Company ; two Iron Foundries and 
 Machine shops; the Mills of the Cumberland Cast Steel Works; 
 the Cumberland Cotton Factory ; Cement Mills ; three large 
 Steam Tanneries (in the city) and two others in the vicinity ; the 
 Firebrick Works (mentioned elsewhere) ; the Car and Locomo- 
 motive works, and Machine shops of the Cumberland and Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad Company, (^ located at Mt. Savage, on the line of 
 the road West of the city), and several large Flour Mills ; the 
 Steam Furniture Works of K. H. Butler, (the largest furniture 
 works in the State,) and numerous other smaller manufactories, 
 planing and saw mills, sash and door factories, &c., &c. 
 
The Cumberland Coal Fields. 
 
 ^^^i^HIS now celebrated Coal Field lies west of the city of Oum- 
 (wlK berland, in a basin formed by the Great Savage Mountain 
 ^^J^ on the North-west and the Dan's Mountain on the South- 
 "^^^ east, and running North-east and South-west from Penn- 
 sylvania State Line, through Allegany county, into Mineral county, 
 West Virginia. The basin is about five miles wide between the 
 two ranges and about twenty miles long. The floor of the basin 
 slopes from either end upwards to Frostburg, where it attains its 
 greatest altitude, from 3,000 to 2,100 feet above mean tide. 
 
 The Southern slope of the basin is drained by George's Creek, 
 flowing South-west from Frostburg and emptying into the Potomac 
 river. The Northern slope, by Jenning's Run, flowing North- 
 west into Will's Creek. The aggregate depth of the coal formation 
 here is 1,100 feet, its base being the Millstone Grit. Capping the 
 summits of Savage and Dan's mountains, it extends down their 
 sides into the valley, where it dips below the surface. 
 
 The principal coal veins are, first, the " Big Vein," fourteen feet 
 of coal, lying 1,860 feet above tide. This is the vein from which 
 most of the coal is now mined. It underlies the surface of the 
 valley at Frostburg and Borden Shaft, but southward, down the 
 George's Creek, water has cut away that portion of the measure 
 lying in the lowest part of the valley and with it this vein (which 
 here must have been very near the surface) leaving the higher 
 parts only of the vein standing in the hills thus formed on either 
 side of the water course. Second, the "Four Foot Vein," which lies 
 about 800 feet below the "Fourteen Foot Vein." This vein is below 
 water in the higher part of the basin ; but appears about sixty feet 
 above at Barton, and lies above the level from that point south- 
 
ward, down the George's Creek. This vein has been opened by the 
 Piedmont Coal and Iron Company, and proves to be equal in qual- 
 ity to the Big Vein, and in the southern portion of the basin lies in 
 such a way as to be easily mined. Lastly, the " Six Foot Vein," 
 which lies IGO feet below the "Four Foot Vein," and is above water 
 level in Lhe lower part of the valley only. This vein is now suc- 
 cessfully mined at the New Eeading opening, at. Western port. 
 These two lower veins, though smaller in size than the " Big 
 Vein," have a much greater acreage, as but little of either vein has 
 been cut away by erosion. At present the abundant supply con- 
 tained in the large vein is so easy of access and can be so cheaply 
 mined, that these smaller veins liave not received the share of 
 attention which, they eventually will. Several new openings other 
 than those mentioned are now being made in these smaller veins, 
 with very encouraging prospects. 
 
 The total acreage of coal land in- this field is 44,132. Of this, 
 17,300 acres contain the large "Fourteen Foot Vein," and of course 
 all contain the two smaller veins. Besides these, which are the 
 working veins, there are numerous other small veins, throughout 
 the entire depth of the coal measure; these veins are from six 
 inches to three feet in thickness; they have never received any 
 attention from mining companies or experts, and we are not able 
 to say what may be their actual value in workable coal. The coal 
 of this field is so well and favorably known by consumers and 
 dealers generally, that we deem any discussion as to its merits 
 unnecessary. For the information, however, of any one to whom 
 the appearance and properties of this coal is not familiar, we will 
 say that it is a "free burning bituminous coal, containing on an 
 average 75 per cent, of fixed carbon. It is free from injurious 
 impurities and with very little slate or earthy particles. At the 
 end of this article will be found a table copied from Senate Docu- 
 ment, No. 336, of Twenty-eighth Congress, first session, which 
 is the report of a Committee of Naval Officers and Engineers 
 which was appointed by the United States Government, to test, by 
 actual experiment, the relative value for forge and steam genera- 
 ting purposes of all the different kinds of coal found in this 
 country and in England. This committee in their report, rate 
 Cumberland Coal (in general average) to be the best coal for steam 
 2 
 
10 
 
 generating purposes in the market, and superior for forge purposes 
 also. Under equal weights the Cumberland Coal surpasses the 
 Anthracite, in evaporative power, by about 2.3 per cent. ; under 
 equal bulk by 1.4 per cent. It surpasses the foreign bituminous 
 coals 20 per cent, comparing equal weights, and 26 per cent, com- 
 paring equal bulk. It is now used by manufacturers and trans- 
 portation companies generally throughout the Eastern States. 
 For coking qualities, etc., we refer the reader to the article on 
 Iron. 
 
 From 1842 to 1874 (inclusive) 26,338,681 tons of this coal have 
 been mined and shipped. The demand is steadily increasing and 
 will necessitate an increase of mining and shipping facilities. 
 Several of the coal companies, now in operation, have made new 
 openings and inclines during the past summer and are now pre- 
 pared to nearly double their previous shipments the coming season. 
 The supply is still abundant ; the lower veins being almost un- 
 touched, and of the upper vein there are about 12,057 acres still 
 uncut. 
 
 In addition to the abundant supply of this valuable mineral 
 contained in the Cumberland Coal Basin proper, a large field of 
 valuable coal (which closely resembles the Cumberland Coal) has 
 been recently opened in an adjoining county of Pennsylvania. 
 This coal will be put on the cars of the Pittsburgh branch of the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad thirty-five miles west of Cumberland. 
 The coal of this region closely resembles the "Cumberland," being 
 like it a bituminous rich in carbon, and quite free from injurious 
 substances, and earthy impurities. From this field the industries 
 of Cumberland are assured of a valuable snpplimental supply. 
 
 Cumberland is connected with the Cumberland Coal Field by 
 the Cumberland & Pennsylvania Eailroad, which runs from Cum- 
 berland to Piedmont, through the coal basin, and by the Eckhart 
 Mines Branch, which runs from Cumberland to Eckhart and 
 other mines on the eastern edge of the coal basin. ■ 
 
 WHOLESALE PRICES OF COAL IN CUMBERLAND MARKET. 
 
 January, 1875. . 
 
 Fine $1.30-35 per ton. 
 
 EunofMine 1.60-75 " " 
 
 Lump 2.75 " " 
 
11 
 
 RETAIL PRICES OF COAL IN CUMBERLAND MARKET. 
 
 PBICES OF COAL DELIVERBD TO ALL PAETS OF THE CITT. 
 
 Rim of Mine 82.00 per ton 
 
 Lump 3.00 " " 
 
 Fine 1.50 " " 
 
 TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES OF FOREIGN AND DO- 
 MESTIC COALS FOR STEAM GENERATING 
 AND FORGE PURPOSES. 
 
 COMPILED FROM SENATE DOC. NO. 386, 28TH CONGRESS, IST SESSION. 
 
 DESIGNATION OF COAL. 
 
 Beaver Meadows Anthracite 
 
 Peach Mountain do 
 
 Lackawana do 
 
 Lehigh do 
 
 Lykens Valley do 
 
 Cnmberland Goal, average of 5 samples. 
 
 Pennsylvania Bituminous 
 
 do do 
 
 do Carahria Co 
 
 Virginia Bituminous 
 
 Pittsburgh do 
 
 Indiana "Block" coal 
 
 Pictou, N. S 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 Scotch 
 
 91.47 
 89.02 
 87.74 
 89.15 
 83.84 
 75.05 
 
 74.24 
 73.11 
 69.37 
 53.01 
 54.93 
 58.44 
 60.74 
 54.90 
 57.00 
 48.81 
 
 c u 
 
 SB 
 
 a _ 
 
 r6 S 
 c o 
 
 Oi 
 
 8.76 
 8.96 
 8.56 
 7.73 
 8.43 
 8.77 
 8.31 
 8.64 
 8.04 
 7.30 
 7.03' 
 6.31 
 7.45 
 6.95 
 7.68 
 6.14 
 
 S o 
 
 o s 
 
 PL| 
 
 556.1 
 
 545.7 
 477.7 
 
 
 
 10.592 
 10.871 
 10.764 
 
 494.0 i 9.626 
 
 9 o 
 
 fM a i) 
 
 g 0) ^ 
 
 w 
 i-l 
 
 459.6 
 
 10.788 
 
 530.1 
 
 11.624 
 
 472.8 
 
 11.171 
 
 515.9 
 
 10.956 
 
 486.9 
 
 10.239 
 
 448.5 
 
 9.741 
 
 384-1 
 
 8.942 
 
 348.8 
 
 7.734 
 
 417.9 
 
 9.648 
 
 375.4 
 
 8.255 
 
 439.6 
 
 9.178 
 
 353.8 
 
 7.719 
 
 33.29 
 33.49 
 33.53 
 28.92 
 32.60 
 
 33.60 
 
 31.18 
 32.54 
 31.4() 
 29.03 
 28.89 
 26.53 
 
 26 69 
 27.88 
 27.55 
 
 27 00 
 
 S 00 
 
 o ^.S 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 14 
 
 ^3 
 
 si 
 
 cJ OP 
 
 Eh 
 6.74 
 6.97 
 8.93 
 7.22 
 
 12.24 
 
 9.94 
 
 16.36 
 
 11.20 
 9.75 
 
 14 83 
 8.25 
 5.12 
 
 12.06 
 5.04 
 5.68 
 
 10.10 
 
12 
 
 Iron and Iron Ore. 
 
 BY AUTHUR F. WENDT, E. M., 
 
 MEMBER AMERICAN INSTITUTE MINING ENGINEERS, 
 Superintendent Cumberland Coal and Iron Company. 
 
 ^HE recent rapid decline in the value of all our Iron Mann- 
 H factnres has led to the blowing out of nearly one-half of 
 f^^jjg the furnaces in the United States, and the partial stop- 
 '^^''^ page of many Mills and Factories consuming their 
 product. 
 
 Stimulated by a heavy tariff Iron Works have heretofore been 
 established in localities totally unfit for the cheap production of 
 iron ; thus eventually leading the capital of the country into 
 nnremunerative channels, to the detriment of the better situated 
 works. 
 
 It behooves our Iron Masters to grapple with the present 
 difficulties, and by producing Manufactured Iron as cheap and 
 cheaper than either England or the Continent, find a ready market 
 beyond the limits of the United States. 
 
 As before intimated, the situation of the works has an important 
 bearing upon the cost of the product, and I shall endeavor to 
 prove by the following lines that Cumberland has the natural 
 advantages necessary for the economical production of Pig and 
 Wrought Iron, and that capital only is needed to make it a success- 
 ful iron centre. 
 
 Cumberland lies in the midst of the great Fossil or Clinton Ore 
 belt, extending from Wisconsin through Canada, New York, 
 sweeping thence in a Southwestern course through Pennsylvania, 
 
13 
 
 Maryland, Virc^inia, and East Tennessee into Georgia. In the 
 immediate vicinity of the city the beds are tilted on their edge, 
 are poor in iron and rich in lime, and consequently small and 
 hard, and can not be profitably worked. Upon entering Bedford 
 County, Pennsylvania, their character changes, with the accom- 
 panying country rock. The veins flanking the sides of Wills and 
 Tussey's Mountains, are soft, and they dip at steep angles, from 70** 
 to 90°, and arc jn'ofitably worked. They can be opened above 
 water level by cross-cuts through soft slate; on reaching the vein 
 drifts will be driven in the ore and overhand slopes one hundred 
 feet in height, cheaply and conveniently mined. The ore on the 
 West side of Wills Mountain can be transported by inclines to the 
 Bedford Division of the Pennsylvania Eailroad, involving a 
 minimum of cost for transportation. The main or "Soft Fossil" 
 vein varies from one to three feet in thickness, averaging about 
 two feet; the hard fossil from 6 to 12 inches thick, sei)arated 
 from the soft by a foot or two of sandstone, and can often be 
 mined to advantage with the first. At the Cumberland mine, 
 owned and operated by the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company 
 the ore has the following average composition : 
 
 Metallic Iron 41.34 
 
 Silica 15.10 
 
 Water 6.92 
 
 Phosphorus 51 
 
 Like all the fossil of this region, it contains only a trace of sulphur, 
 and nearly sufficient lime to flnx the silica in the ore. Further 
 North the ore is harder and contains more silica and less iron, as 
 the following analysis of a sample taken from the poorest portion 
 of the vein will show : 
 
 Iron 32.47 
 
 Silica 30.50 
 
 Phosphorus 42 
 
 These ores if mined with proper care can be relied on to yield 40 
 per cent, in the furnace, and will cost ?3.80 per ton delivered in 
 Cumberland. Large bodies of the same fossil ores along Tussey's 
 Mountain and the neighboring ranges are at present unavailable, 
 owing to their distance from the railroad. Near Bedford, Penn- 
 sylvania, on the Dunnings Creek Branch Eailroad, are heavy 
 
14 
 
 deposits of fossil ore, which can be quarried by stripping from 
 four to ten feet of soft slate and soil. The dip of these beds is 
 Tery light, varying from 5° to 10° ; they contain from three to four 
 feet of ore interlaid with slate and sandstone, making a total 
 thickness of six to eight feet, and have the following composition : 
 
 Metallic Iron 31.75 
 
 Silica 8.85 
 
 Phosphor ns 37 
 
 Although poor in iron the ores contain so large a percentage of 
 lime that a furnace will drive very fast on this stock and make as 
 much iron as if using the 40 per cent. ores. The cost of one ton 
 delivered in Cumberland will be about $3.50, or $10.50 per ton of 
 metal against S9.50 of the 40 per cent, fossil. To partially set off 
 this increased cost there will be a considerable saving of limestone. 
 The "Big Fossil Vein," also known as the "Levant" or "Block 
 Ore," and found in the Clinton measures, about 1,000 feet below 
 the small fossil just described, and usually within 300 feet of the 
 Medina Sandstone, has not been opened at any point South of. 
 Tatesville, in Bedford County, where it is worked by the Kemble 
 Coal and Iron Company. 
 
 This ore crops out near the Narrows above Cumberland, and 
 South of the City crosses the Potomac and skirts Knobly moun- 
 tain, following the course of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad as 
 far as Keyser City. 
 
 Strictly speaking the deposit here assumes the character of a 
 ferruginous sandstone as the following assays demonstrate : 
 
 Sample of Top three feet ore, Metallic Iron ,17'06 
 
 Sample of Centre four feet ore, Metallic Iron 18.88— Silica 68.89. 
 
 Sample of Bottom three feet ore, Metallic Iron 18,46 
 
 At a point South of Cumberland, surface specimens of the ore 
 assayed 27.77 Iron, 0.33 Phosphorus, and 54.20 Silica. The lower 
 beds are not exposed, but are known to be of superior quality, and 
 will yield about 30 per cent in the furnace ; its remarkable thickness 
 and_the low cost at which the ore can be quarried and shipped 
 renders it of economical importance. The ore can be laid down in 
 Cumberland inside of $1.80 per ton. A half-and-half mixture of 
 this and the limestone fossil of Bedford will contain 31 per cent, 
 of Metallic Iron, 28 per cent, of Silica, and 36 per cent, of carbon- 
 ate of lime and other bases. A ion of the mixture costs $2.65, or 
 
15 
 
 only $8.48 to the ton of iron, and can be worked in varying pro- 
 portions with the ricU hematites and magnetites of Virginia and 
 Lake Superior, of which more hereafter. 
 
 Following the Clinton measures South of Cumberland into 
 Virginia the nest point of importance is in the vicinity of Moore- 
 field ; the small fossil veins here attain a thickness of nearly 
 three feet, and yield over 43 per cent, of iron, and are remarkably 
 free from Silica. Their occurrence and position is a counterpart 
 of the ores Korth of Cumberland, and hence offer similar induce- 
 ments for mining. Large tracts of ore overlap the tops of the 
 mountains, leaving only a few feet of soil as cover. The outcrops 
 of the workable fossil veins have been traced Southwest through 
 Hardy, Pendleton and Highland Counties to the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Eailroad, and everywhere present the same natural advan- 
 tages; insuring a cheap and plentiful supply of these ores for 
 furnaces situated in Cumberland. In Morgan County, Va., and 
 in the vicinity of the Great Cacapon river, not quite 40 miles East 
 of Cumberland, are local deposits of hematites, yielding from 35 
 to 40 per cent, of iron, and containing scarcely a trace of phos- 
 phorus. The ore requires washing and can be shipped by Canal 
 and delivered at $4.25 per ton. A Charcoal furnace has been 
 running on the ore of one of these deposits for many years, and 
 produces excellent iron. 
 
 The second great range of ores, important to Cumberland, is 
 found in a course parallel with the fossil along the outcrop of the 
 Lower Silurian Limestones forming the base of the Great'North 
 Mountain and the Shenandoah Valley. The ores are hematites 
 and 1/monites, practically free from sulphur and phosphorus and 
 occur, in an almost continuous deposit from a point twenty miles 
 South of Winchester, Frederick County, through Shenandoah and 
 Eockingham Counties, crossing the Chesapeake and Ohio Eail- 
 road near Staunton, Augusta County, and turning thence in a 
 Southwestern direction into Tennessee. 
 
 The deposits are in many instances above water level, and can 
 be mined by open cut and transported to the valley by inclines and 
 tram-roads. An average sample from Frederick County assayed : 
 
 42.00 per cent. Metallic Iron. 
 .20 per cent. Phosphorus. 
 
16 
 
 A numbsr of samples from the vicinity of Staunton contained 10 
 to 15 per cent, of moisture, no phosphorus, traces of sulphur and 
 the following yield of Metallic Iron : 
 
 No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. 
 
 Metallic Iron 54.33 51.39 62.26 53.72 
 
 Silica 11.13 8.99 2 23 3.51 
 
 These ores can be mined, and royalty paid, for $2.35 per ton, and 
 will not cost over #5.50 per ton delivered in Cumberland. 
 
 Of the thirty-five Charcoal Furnaces blowing in Virginia, 
 more than twenty-five are supplied from this wonderful belt of 
 ore, and all are favorably known for the excellence of their 
 product. Worked alone the ore makes a strong foundry or mill 
 iron, suitable for every purpose; calcined and used with fossil it 
 will make a soft foundry which compares favorably for strength, 
 and the amount of scrap that can be added, with the renowned 
 Scotch pig. The ores can be transported by the Valley Eail road, 
 a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio, direct to Cumberland, or 
 shipped by canal from Harper's Ferry. 
 
 In the vicinity of Frederick town, Md.,'indin proximity to the 
 Railroad, are fine deposits of hematite, similar in appearance to 
 the ores found near Baltimore, from which the well known car 
 wheel iron is smelted. The following is an analysis of a sample 
 of "Lump Ore:" 
 
 Metallic Iron 52.33 
 
 Silica 7.08 
 
 Phosphorus.... 1.78 
 
 A single deposit has been opened to the depth of nearly one 
 hundred feet, and exhibits their general character. The ore is 
 found in irregular masses, often weighing many tons, imbedded in 
 a soft clay and gravel, and will not require the labor of experienced 
 miners in its extraction, thus materially reducing the cost, which 
 will be about $4.50 per ton in Cumberland. The water collecting 
 in the mine requires pumping, and can be profitably employed in 
 washing fine ore. 
 
 Twenty miles East of Frederick a vein of slightly magnetic 
 specular ore, containing considerable manganese has been opened. 
 The walls are well defined, showing a width of eight feet. The 
 country rock is slate, and dips almost vertical, comformably with 
 the vein. An average sample assayed 33.07 per ce.ic. of iron and 
 
17 
 
 traces of sulphur and phosphorus; hence the ore is adapted to the 
 manufacture of Bessemer, Martin, or Crucible Steel. Its cost in 
 Cumberland will not exceed $5.00 per ton. 
 
 Prolonging the course of the vein into Virginia, it follows the 
 Eastern slope of the Blue Ridge, traversing Fauquier, Rappa- 
 hanock, Madison, Green and Albemarle Counties, where valuable 
 deposits of rich titaniferous magnetites have recently attracted 
 attention. Allowing $3.00 per ton for mining, (which is a liberal 
 estimate) a 50 per cent, ore, free from phosphorus, can be delivered 
 at the furnace bank in Cumberland for $6.20 per ton. 
 
 Last, but not least. Lake Superior ores can be shipped via 
 Cleveland or Sandusky, and the Pittsburgh and Connellsville, or 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroads, and delivered at an advance of 
 $2.00 per ton on their cost in Pittsburgh. Mixed with the first 
 mentioned magnetic ores, the percentage of titanium can be re- 
 duced in the stock, so as not to interfere with the regular working 
 of the furnaces, and the cost of the ore per ton of iron will then be 
 below Pittsburgh rates. 
 
 Besides these inexhaustible sources of supply of rich ores, the 
 large and ever increasing shipments of coal from Cumberland to 
 tidewater, and thence to all ports on the Atlantic, oflfer ready 
 means of cheap return freights for N'orth Carolina magnetites, 
 and the pure African hematites. The toll from Georgetown, by 
 Canal, is 46 cents per gross ton, and the total cost of transporta- 
 tion will not exceed $1.30. African ores, containing 62 per cent, 
 of metallic iron, and worth SIO per ton at tidewater, will therefore 
 cost $11.80 in Cumberland. 
 
 A detailed account of the three great parallel zones of Fossil, 
 Hematite, and Magnetic Iron Ores, contained in the folds of the 
 Alleghanies being impracticable within the limits of this 
 pamphlet, I have in the foregoing description, aimed to present a 
 general view of the vast mineral wealth available to, and waiting 
 its development by, the energy of the Cumberland manufacturer, 
 and the unusual facilities for the transportation of the finer ores, 
 enjoyed by this central situation. 
 
 An abundance of limestone is found in and near Cumberland. 
 At one point a stone of the Helderberg formation, containing only 
 2.5 per cent, of Silica, rises in a bold cliflF one hundred feet in 
 3 
 
18 
 
 height, presenting every advantage for quarrying. At its base 
 runs the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and a few hundred feet 
 further, the Potomac empties into the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
 basin. Limestone would hardly cost 80 cents per ton at this 
 point. Niagara limestone of fine quality, and unlimited quantity, 
 is found a few miles South, near the Potomac. 
 
 The far-famed Cumberland, or George's Creek, Coal is too well 
 known to require any special notice; containing, as it does, over 75 
 per cent, fixed carbon, a ton of coke can be made in modern Bel- 
 gian ovens with an expenditure of H tons of coal. Hence works 
 owning ovens can produce coke for $2.80 per ton, and if they like- 
 wise are owners of coal lands, for $2.40 per ton. 
 
 A pair of modern Furnaces, at least eighteen feet in the bosh, 
 and seventy feet high, built with all labor-saving improvements, 
 ample hot blasts, blowing engines, calcining kilns, and coke ovens, 
 could manufacture iron at the following cost. 
 
 A cold short iron, containing 1.3 per cent, phosphorus, made 
 exclusively from 40 per cent. Fossil : 
 
 2i tons OreatS3.80 $9.50 
 
 1 ton Limestone 80 
 
 li tons Coke at |2.80 4.20 
 
 Labor and salaries 3.50 
 
 Materials and general expenses... 1.00 
 
 $19.00 
 
 A neutral iron containing 0.7 per cent, of Phosphorus, and some 
 Titanium, smelted from a 40 per cent, stock of equal parts of the 
 Levant and Limestone fossil mixture, and titaniferous Magnetite; 
 which stock will yield safficient cinder to prevent any difficulty 
 from the refractory character of the Titanium Ore : 
 
 2^ tons Ore at $4.32^ $10.80 
 
 Ik tons Stone at 80 cents 1.00 
 
 li tons Coke at $2.80 4.20 
 
 Labor 3.00 
 
 Materials 1.00 
 
 $20.00 
 Estimating the average cost of North Mountain and Fredericktown 
 hematites, at $5.20 per ton, and their yield at only 45 per cent., 
 and further, allowing the make of the furnaces to increase 8 per 
 
19 
 
 cent, on the calcined, and richer stock, the cost of a strong mill 
 iron containing, according to the ores used, from 0.10 per cent., to 
 1,71 per cent. Phosphorus, will be as follows : 
 
 3i tons Ore at $5.20 $11.70 
 
 1 1-5 tons Stone at 80 cents 96 
 
 1^ tons Coke at $2.80 4.20 
 
 Labor 2.75 
 
 Materials 92 
 
 $20.53 
 
 Bessemer, soft foundry, or a red short forge iron, made from various 
 proportions of picked and calcined Virginia hematites, limonites, 
 and titaniferous magnetites, worth an average of $5.60 per ton: 
 
 2 tons Ore at $5.60 $11.20 
 
 I ton Stone at 80cts.. 80 
 
 1^ tons Coke at $2.80 4.20 
 
 Labor 3.00 
 
 Materials 1.00 
 
 $20.20 
 Iron made exclusively from African ores: 
 
 II tons Ore at $11.50 $18.36 
 
 f tons Stone at 80cts 50 
 
 li tons Coke at $2.80 3.50 
 
 Labor 2.10 
 
 Materials 60 
 
 $25.06 
 The preceding estimates are based on the actual work done at a 
 furnace near Cumberland, and represent the maximum cost of the 
 iron in every instance ; proving conclusively that Cumberland can 
 manufacture iron from $3.00 to $4.00 per ton cheaper than Pitts- 
 burgh, where the cost of production, from a mixture of mill 
 cinder and lake ore is about $24.00 at present. With a superior 
 coal no more expensive, the excellent Mount Savage and Savage 
 Mountain fire-brick from five to six dollars per thousand leas 
 costly, and labor a trifle lower than in Pittsburgh, wrought iron 
 can be manufactured at a proportional reduction in cost. 
 
 Estimating the loss of metal from pig to the finished product 
 at 15 per cent., the necessary fuel consumed in puddling and 
 heating at two tons, and the fettling at 2251bs of ore per net ton of 
 
20 
 
 merchant iron, its cost to a company owning mines and furnace 
 will be approximately as follows : 
 
 Pig Iron at |20.00 per ton $21.00 
 
 Coal 3.50 
 
 Fettling 1.00 
 
 Labor and superintendence 16.00 
 
 Materials and repairs 2.00 
 
 $43.50 
 Leaving a margin of $10,00 per ton at present prices. 
 
 Eecognizing the advantages possessed by Cumberland, the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, in 1870, built a large rail- 
 mill and have since added a bar mill, which, by efficient manage- 
 ment, have proved a valuable addition to the revenues of the 
 corporation. This mill is at present reaping the benefits of being 
 the only consumer of pig iron in the neighborhood. 
 
 Mills and furnaces once established a bright future awaits 
 Cumberland; situated on a great through route extending from 
 Chicago to Baltimore, with numerous connections to the South 
 and North, and with the canal as a highway to the Atlantic, an 
 essential element of successful manufacturing, viz: " Cheap Trans- 
 portation" is assured. An establishment located in Cumberland 
 manufacturing light T rail, punched strap iron, merchant bars, 
 boiler plate and sheet iron, with the double advantage of !ow first 
 cost and light freights, will find a large market for its goods in 
 the Cumberland and Broad Top mining regions, and would soon 
 monopolize the Eastern, Southern and South American trade. 
 The same is true to a still greater degree of factories of spikes, 
 nails, brads, tacks, rivets, bolts, washers, nuts, and heavy hard- 
 ware generally, as well as of bridge and roof, wrought iron pipe, 
 boiler and locomotive building. Encouraged by cheap foundry 
 iron, manufacturers of stoves, cast iron pipe, portable and station- 
 ary engines, and every class of machinery, will locate their works 
 in Cumberland and enter the ranks of the consumer. 
 
 Since Bessemer iron can be produced as cheap here as elsewhere, 
 steel can be manufactured with equal economy. Estimating the 
 value of the iron at $30.00 per ton, the cost of a ton of steel rails 
 
21 
 
 produced by the American plant of two five-ton conyerters will be 
 
 as follows: 
 
 Pig Iron $35.00 
 
 Wages 10.00 
 
 Fuel 5.50 
 
 Spiegel Eisen 5.00 
 
 Repairs and materials 2.00 
 
 $57.00 
 At seven per cent, the interest on capital invested added to the 
 sinking fund would be nearly $10.00 per ton, or a total of $67.50, 
 which, even at present prices of steel rails, would leave a margin of 
 two dollars and a half per ton. Crucible steel works containing a 
 Siemens and blister furnace, producers, etc., are now successfully 
 operated in Cumberland, producing a superior article at less cost 
 than in Pittsburgh; thus enabling manufacturers of springs, shovel, 
 hoe, cultivator and plow steel, files, rasps, axes, and every descrip- 
 tion of edge tools, to establish themselves profitably. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that nature has bountifully supplied Cum- 
 berland with those gifts which will, in the near future, give it the 
 importance to which, by its resources and position, it is entitled. 
 The manufactures of iron and steel are yet in their infancy, but 
 not many years will elapse ere what now is but a country 
 town, will hear the hum and stir of busy workers, and will see the 
 tall stacks of many mills belching forth their clouds of smoke, 
 speaking in fiery tongues of the energy and prosperity of their 
 founders. And then in truth the Cumberland manufacturer may 
 point Avith pride to his native town, and call it "The Queen City." 
 
 Note. — The analyses in the foregoing article were made by Prof. C. F. Chand- 
 ler, Ph. D. School of Mines, New York, and J. Blodgett Britton, Philadelphia. 
 
22 
 
 Fire Clay. 
 
 |HERE are eight veins of pure Fire Clay in the coal 
 ^ measures of the Cumberland Coal Field, having an aggre- 
 ^^^ gate thickness of 53 feet 7 inches. This clay has been 
 and is extensively worked into fire brick. There are, also, 
 deposits of Fire Clay in the adjoining Counties of Pennsyl- 
 vania, some of "Which have been recently opened. The clays are all 
 of excellent quality ; the "Mt. Savage Firebrick,*' and "Savage 
 Mountain Firebrick," both of which brands are made from the 
 lowest vein of the measures, are well known among Iron Masters 
 and Smelters all over the Union, and are pronounced the best 
 Firebrick for furnace purposes, made in this country. 
 
 There are at present five Firebrick and retort manufactories 
 in this section. The works of the Union Mining and Manufacturing 
 Company, located at Mt. Savage ; the Savage Mountain Firebrick 
 Manufacturing Company, located at Frostburg ; the Globe Fireclay 
 Manufacturing Company, at Bridgeport; the Savage Firebrick 
 Manufacturing Company, at Keystone Junction, on the Pitts- 
 burgh, Washington and Baltimore Eailroad; and the works of 
 Reese,- Lemon & Co., located at EUerslie. From these works the 
 iron furnaces and mills, which may be established in this section, 
 can always be supplied Avith a superior article, at less cost than in any 
 other manufacturing centre. There are also, several deposits of 
 fine potter's clay, several of which have not yet been used. There 
 is now only one Stoneware Pottery in this section ; this is well . 
 established, and doing a steady, though comparatively small 
 business ; the ware made there is fine and of good quality. There 
 is an excellent opening for a "Drain Pipe and Tyle works" here ; 
 clay well suited for that line of manufacture is abundant, and 
 custom for the articles manufactured is assured from the beginning. 
 Beds of clay suitable for brick making are found in the low 
 lands, both within, and immediately adjoining the city limits. 
 
33 
 
 Limestone and Cement. 
 
 ^j-r^HE ''Lower Helderberg," and "Water Lime" formations, 
 tll^ both crop out within the city limits. The Limestone of 
 the former series occurs near to the surface, in the N"orth- 
 '^^^w"^ eastern side of the city, along the foot of a hill; West of 
 Wills Creek it forms (with the Oriskany sandstone) the hill upon 
 which the Western half of the city is built. There are several 
 points where this stone is easy of access, and where it can be 
 quarried to advantage, the qiiarries on the Western side of the 
 city being easily accessable, both by rail and water. The stone is 
 of fair quality, average samples analysing less than 3 percent, of 
 Silica. The "Water Lime," or "Cement" rock, crops out in the 
 Northern part of the city, on the Western bank of the Wills Creek. 
 It has been quarried at this point for over thirty years, by the 
 Cumberland Hydraulic Cement Manufacturing Company, whose 
 Mills, etc., are located on the banks of the creek near the quarries, 
 The Hydraulic Cement manufactured here, and sold under the 
 name of "Lynn Cement" and "Cumberland Cement," has been 
 favorably known to contractors and builders for over thirty years, 
 and is highly commended by such Engineers as Benjamin H. 
 Latrobe, C. P. Manning, and Maj. Henry Brewerton. This Cement 
 is noted for the energy of its action, and will bear a greater 
 admixture of sand than any other natural Cement now in use. 
 
 We append below a table showing the weight in pounds sus- 
 tained by Cement Mortars, made into prisms two inches square, 
 by eight inches long, and broken on supports four inches apart, 
 by pressure in the middle. The Cements were kept in sea water 
 after the first twenty-four hours, and were 320 days old when 
 subjected to the test. The result of this severe test was in every 
 way favorable to the "Cumberland Cement." As will be seen from 
 the table, it is second only to the celebrated Portland (artificial) 
 Cement of English manufacture, and superior to all other natural 
 Cements. 
 
24 
 
 TABLE OF TRANSVEESE STRENGTH OF CEMENT 
 MORTAES. BEEAKING WEIGHT IN POUNDS. 
 
 J. 0. Trautwine. 
 
 DESIGNATION OF CEMENT. 
 
 English Portland, (artificial) 
 
 Cumberland, Maryland 
 
 Newark and Eosendale 
 
 Delafield & Baxter's Eosendale , 
 
 Hoffman, Eosendale. 
 
 Lawrence, Eosendale 
 
 Eound Top, Maryland 
 
 Utica, Illinois 
 
 Shepherdstown, Virginia 
 
 Akron, New York 
 
 Kingston and Eosendale 
 
 Sandusky, Ohio 
 
 James Eiver, Virginia 
 
 Eoman Cement, Scotland, probably injured. 
 
 The following were broken when 1 year old : 
 
 Lawrenceville Manufacturing Co. Eosendale 
 
 Sandusky, Ohio 
 
 Kensington, Connecticut 
 
 Lawrence Cement Co., Eosendale-Hoffman brand. 
 
 732 
 
 747 
 764 
 720 
 554 
 
 553 
 
 802 
 954 
 875 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 1260 
 
 920 
 
 560 
 692 
 
 607 
 
 "m 
 
 756 
 618 
 651 
 556 
 464 
 623 
 
 910 
 
 709 
 91 
 
 •Trauhoine's '^Hand Book.'" 
 
25 
 
 Sandstone. 
 
 ^^^HERE are several varieties of Sandstone, fiiitable for build- 
 vdlS ^"S purposes, quarried within and around the city limits. 
 j^^J^ Of these a yellow sandstone (Oriskany) and a pure white 
 ^^^ sandstone, (Medina) are the cheapest and most valuable. 
 In addition to these, and other sandstones, suitable for building 
 purposes, there are several other deposits which deserve especial 
 mention from their adaptability to the manufacture of glass. 
 
 The first, in point of size and extent, is a stratum of Medina 
 Sandstone, which forms the walls of an immense natural gorge 
 through Wills Mountain, at the northern boundary of the city. 
 This gorge is about one quarter of a mile in length, and the walls 
 of Medina Sandstone rise almost perpendicularly, on either side, 
 to the height of over five hundred feet. The Wills Creek flows 
 through this gorge, and the tracks of the Cumberland and Penn- 
 sylvania and Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroads are laid through 
 it, at the base of the easterly wall. 
 
 The stone of this stratum is a rather fine grained white sandstone, 
 breaking easily under the hammer. It was found, by analysis, to 
 contain over ninety eight percent, of Silica, the impurity found in 
 it is sesquioxide of iron, (forty-two one-hundredths of one per cent.) 
 Prof. 0. F, Chandler is of the opinion that this stone is suitable 
 for the manufacture of glass of the finest quality. Hundreds of 
 tons of this stone, quarried by the force of nature in the cen turies 
 past, now lie at the base of the cliflf, on either side of the gorge. 
 The stone can be loaded directly upon the cars on the East side of 
 the gorge, or upon wagons on the West side. 
 
 The stone can be conveniently crushed at the quarry and 
 handled and transported to any part of the city at a minimum of 
 4 
 
26 
 
 cost. We append a copy of the analysis, and accompanying letter 
 from Prof. C. F. Chandler : 
 
 Laboratory School of lMIN^s, Columbia College, 
 New York. March 9, 1875. 
 Sir: The sample of Medina Sandstoae submitted to me for examination 
 contains : 
 
 Silica 98.35 per cent. 
 
 Sesquioxide of Iron® 42 per cent. 
 
 ^Equivalent to 0.29 per cent, of Metallic Iron. "Bottle glass, which is dark 
 green, or black, contains from 3.8 to 6. 2 'per cent, of oxide of iron. Plate glass 
 contains from 0.2 to 1.9 per cent, of oxide of iron. Ordinary white glass contains 
 from 0.3 to 3.9 per cent, of oxide of iron. Flint glass contains from 0.4 to 0.8 per 
 cent, of oxide of iron. Assuming that the glass to be made of your sandstone will 
 contain 75 per cent of the sandstone, the glass would contain less than one-third 
 of one per cent, of oxide of iron, which is too little to give it any objectionable 
 color, or practically to color it at all. I am satisfied, therefore, that the sandstone 
 is in even/ respect, well fitted for the mcinufacticre of glass of the best quality." 
 Signed, ■ ■ C. F. CHANDLER, Ph. D. 
 
 Prof. Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 
 
 A large deposit of sandstone is found East of the city, on the 
 line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The stone is a soft white 
 sandstone, lying sufficiently near to the surface to be easily mined, 
 and, from its proximity to the Canal, can be transported to the city 
 easily and cheaply. We have no analysis of the stone; but prac- 
 tical tests have found it to be suitable for use in the manufacture 
 of glass. It will cost, delivered here on the wharf, crushed, 
 washed and dried, ready for use, about |4.00 per ton. 
 
 We call the attention of glass manufacturers to these deposits 
 of excellent glass sand. To the inducement of prime sand, we 
 add those of cheap fuel, firebrick of best quality at less cost 
 than the same quality can be had in Pittsburgh or elsewhere ; a 
 large local trade and excellent shipping facilities. We may add 
 that owing to our nearness to the seaboard, imported chemicals, 
 and crucible stock can be transported at low cost. 
 
 Timber. 
 
 |N addition to the mineral wealth stored beneath their sur. 
 face, the hills and mountains of this region bear a large 
 and valuable supply of timber. Every railroad westward 
 from Cumberland has opened to this market a valuable 
 
27 
 
 tract of Timber Land ; that, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
 may be stated at 36 miles in length, (so much of it at least being 
 practicable for the Cumborland market); that on the Pittsburgh 
 & Connellsville Railroad at 18 miles in length, while the Cumber- 
 land & Pennsylvania affords shipping facilities for the large timber 
 district lying between the two first named roads. In addition to 
 these three tracts, there is a large tract eastward of Cumberland, 
 from which the cut timber and logs are brought to this market by 
 water, via the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal. The lumber business 
 has long been an important feature in the industries of this section. 
 It .has been confined entirely to two channels, cutting up the 
 timber in the rough, and the manufacture of shocks, (or Hogs- 
 head staves) and hoops for exportation to Cuba, and cooper stuff 
 generally. An immense quantity of timber is also used in boat- 
 building, which is an important feature in the manufactures of 
 this city. A comparatively small quantity is also used in the 
 manufacture of furniture. 
 
 White and Yellow Pine, Hemlock and Oak ai'e the most abun- 
 dant woods; considerable^ quantities of Hickory, Maple, Chestnut, 
 Ash and Black Walnut are also sawed out, with some Poplar and 
 Cherry. 
 
 Pine, Hemlock and Oak timber of any size required can be ob- 
 tained at comparatively low pi'ices. The supply of the other 
 woods is not so large, but sufficient to meet the demands of any 
 manufacturing business likely to be established here. 
 
 In addition to the lumber of this immediate vicinity, Poplar of 
 excellent quality can be brought by rail from the large poplar 
 forests on the Northwestern Virginia Branch of the Baltimore 
 & Ohio Railroad at low cost. We give below cost of timber in 
 the Cumberland market at present writing: 
 
 Oak, Heavy (prime quality) $20 per M. 
 
 Yellow Pine, Heavy, (25ft' long & upwards).... 25 " " 
 
 do do do under 25ft 20 " " 
 
 do do Light, choice 20 " " 
 
 Walnut, best 35 " " 
 
 do ordinary 30 " " 
 
 Ash, best 30 " " 
 
 " common 25 " " 
 
 Poplar, clear 20 " " 
 
 " common 16 " " 
 
 White Pine 16 " " 
 
28 
 
 Above are prices of choice lumber such as is suitable for ear- 
 building, boat building, furniture, etc. Small and common stock 
 suitable for handles, (shovel, rake, etc.) agricultural implements 
 and tool stuff, spokes and hubs, etc., can be had at lower figures. 
 
 Railroad Connections and Ship- 
 ping Facilities. 
 
 |ESIDES the unusual richness of mineral resources, Cum- 
 berland possesses extensive shipping facilities, as in the 
 following article we aim to show, briefly as may be. Its 
 position near the centre of the main line of the Baltimore 
 & Ohio Railroad; 20i miles from river navigation, at Parkersburg 
 or Wheeling, and 178 miles from tide water at Baltimore, insures 
 it equal shipping advantages for either Eastern or Western trade. 
 It has direct connection via Baltimore & Ohio and Marietta & Cin- 
 cinnati Railroads (Branch of Baltimore & Ohio) to Cincinnati, 
 thence via Ohio & Mississippi Railroad to St. Louis, via Louisville 
 Short Line to Louisville, Kentucky, and via Cincinnati, Lafay- 
 ette & Chicago Railroad to Indianapolis; with Chicago, via 
 Baltimore & Ohio R. R., Chicago Division. With the navigation on 
 the great lakes at Sandusky, via Baltimore & Ohio R.R. (Lake Erie 
 Division,) at Cleveland via Cleveland & Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh 
 & Connellsville Railroads. With Philadelphia and New York either 
 by rail, via Baltimore, or by rail to Baltimore, thence by water. 
 Shipments to, and from New England States may be made in the 
 same way, either all rail or by outside line from Baltimore. By 
 the Bedford & Huntingdon Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
 we have railway connections with Philadelphia and New York, and 
 all points of importance in Central and Eastern Pennsylvania. By 
 the Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad with Pittsburgh and the 
 oil regions. Via Baltimore & Ohio and Potomac & Strasburg or 
 Valley Railroad to Strasburg and Staunton, thence to Lynch- 
 
29 
 
 burg, Danville, Salem, Knoxville, Charlotte and other points of 
 importance in Virginia, Tennessee, and North and South Carolina. 
 Via Alexandria we have all rail connections with Fredericksburg, 
 Richmond, Va., and Wilmington, N. C. Through the Chesapeake 
 & Ohio Canal we have connections with tide watei,- at Georgetown 
 and Alexandria, thence by regular lines of steamboats to Freder- 
 icksburg, Norfolk, Richmond, and other points on Chesapeake 
 Bay and its tributaries, and by regular lines of ocean vessels, 
 both sail and steam, with New York, Boston, Providence, New 
 Haven, Portsmouth, Portland and other points on the New Eng- 
 land coast, and with Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, and the 
 South Atlantic coast. From the foregoing it will be seen that 
 this city has direct railway connections with all points of import- 
 ance in the Western States, and both water and rail with the 
 principal seaports and centers of trade in the Atlantic States, and 
 excellent shipping facilities for a South American trade via Balti- 
 more or Alexandria. Through these numerous connections, the 
 manufacturer located here, can ship his goods cheaply and 
 promptly, to all the great centers of trade, and through immense 
 consuming districts. 
 
 In this connection we publish below a letter from Hon. Wm. 
 Keyser, 2nd Vice President of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 
 which shows the animus of this great trunk line towards our city: 
 
 BALTIMORE & OHIO RAILROAD, 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENT'S OFFICE, 
 
 Baltimore, February 18th, 1875. 
 GEO. HENDERSON, Jk., Esq., 
 
 Cumberland, Md. 
 My Dear Sir: 
 
 I have your favor of the 4ih inst., and am gratified to learn that your citizens 
 are making strong efforts to attract the attention of manufacturers and business 
 men to the advantages possessed by your city. 
 
 The many natural advantages possessed by Cumberland, and especially its 
 cheap fuel, should, I think, if properly made known, attract a manufacturing in- 
 terest, and secure the establishment of important works. The location of your 
 city, at the junction of several important roads, certainly enables you to offer the 
 great inducement of uniformly reasonable rates of transportation. 
 
 This Company will gladly do all in its power to foster and encourage the 
 developments you aim at. Very Respectfully, 
 
 WM. KEYSER, 2nd Vice President. 
 
so 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 »J|N conclusion, let us sum up the advantages offered by our 
 l| city to the manufacturer locating here. 
 
 First. The well known and excellent Cumberland 
 Coal, at lowest cost, affording the great desideratum, cJieap 
 fuel Secondly. To all branches of iron manufacturers, the 
 abundance of the deposits of iron ore in our vicinity, the practica- 
 bility of using so many of the best ores in the world at compara- 
 tively low cost; and the supply of limestone of good quality, 
 plentiful and at low cost. To the manufacturer of steel hardware, 
 etc., the advantage of good bar steel from first hands. For car 
 and locomotive works, in addition to the advantages of cheap iron 
 and cheap coal, our city can add that of cheap lumber also. For 
 glass works, it offers tlie advantage of pure sand easily obtained at 
 low cost. To all branches of manufacture it offers the inducement 
 of extensive shipping facilities for both inland and foreign trade. 
 Its proximity to a large and important port of entry (Baltimore), 
 water transportation to all the great ports on the Atlantic coast, 
 and its railway connections over two great trunk lines, all recom- 
 mend it to the attention of capitalists and manufacturers generally. 
 Building materials, stone, brick, firebrick, lime, cement, and 
 timber, can be obtained at prices which will compare favorably 
 with those of any other locality. There are many sites suitable 
 for large manufactories in the city and surroundings ; convenient 
 to one or more railroads, or to water transportation, or to both. 
 Any information in regard to the mineral resources, etc., etc., will 
 be furnished, on application, by the undersigned 
 
 Committee on Internal Impkovements : 
 
 R. D. JOiNSO'N, GEO. HENDERSON, Je., 
 
 A. WILLISON, J. B. H. CAMPBELL, 
 
 C. J. ORRICK, Secretary. 
 
Bl 
 Appendix A. 
 
 TABLE OF DISTANCES BY RAIL OR WATER OF THE PRINCIPAL COMMERCIAL CITIES OF 
 THE UNITED STATES FROM CUMBERLAND, MD. 
 
 MILKS. 
 
 Philadelphia, via Penn. R. R 290 
 
 Philadelphia, " B. & 0. R R 276 
 
 New York " Penn. R. R 384 
 
 New York, " B, & 0. R. R 366 
 
 Baltimore, " B. & 0. R. R 178 
 
 Washington, " B. & 0. R. R. Met. Div 154 
 
 Cincinnati, " B. & 0. R. R. and M. & C. R. R 411 
 
 Louisville, " B, & 0. R. R. and connections 518 
 
 St. Louis, " B. & 0. R. R. " " 751 
 
 Parkersburg and Ohio River, via B. & 0. R. R 206 
 
 Wheeling, and Ohio River, via B. & 0. R. R.... 201 
 
 Columbus, via B. & 0. R. R 335 
 
 Georgetown, via Washington 156 
 
 Georgetown " Chesapeake & Ohio Canal 184 
 
 Sandusky, and lake navigation, via B. & 0. R. R 418 
 
 Chicago, via B. & 0. R. R 661 
 
 Stanton, Va. " B. & 0. R. R 226 
 
 Strasburg, " B. & 0. R. R... 151 
 
 Harrisburg, " Martinsburg & Cumberland Valley R. R.... 172 
 
 Pittsburgh, " Pittsburgh & Connellsville R. R 150 
 
 Cleveland, " Pittsburgh & Connellsville & C. & P. R. R, 300 
 
 Erie, Pa. " Pittsburgh & Connellsville 298 
 
 Wilmington, N. C, via Baltimore, (all rail) 484 
 
 Wilmington, " " by water 555 
 
 Danville, Va., via Stanton 397 
 
 Charlotte, N. C 538 
 
 Lynchburg, Va 325 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn 659 
 
 Charleston, S. C, by water ■. 685 
 
 
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