LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Shelf ...S.a.H-Y 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
TRAITS 
 
 OF 
 
 REPRESENTATIVE MEN 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE W. BUNGAY, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "OFFHAND TAKINGS," "CRAYON SKETCHES," "PEN POR- 
 TRAITS," "CREEDS OF THE BELLS," "NEBRASKA," ETC. 
 
 # i i'- -i^. 
 
 y.-..h..i.%..o yi 
 
 ■'^C^orm. 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 FOWLER & WELLS, PUBLISHERS, 
 
 753 BROADWAY. 
 

 ^ -T/^a 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1882, BY 
 GEORGE W. BUNGAY, 
 
 EDWARD O. JENKINS, 
 
 Printer and Stereotyper^ 
 10 North William St. 
 

 TO 
 
 YOUNG MEN OF DEEDS AND IDEAS, 
 
 WHO STRIVE TO ATTAIN 
 
 STATIONS OF USEFULNESS AND HONOR, 
 
 ^hi$ Boofe 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 James Russell Lowell, 11 
 
 Theodore Thomas, 26 
 
 Wendell Phillips, 35 
 
 Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, . . . . . 44 
 
 Rev. Dr. John Hall, 53 
 
 Henry W. Longfellow, 58 
 
 Thurlow Weed, . . . . . . . .75 
 
 William M. Evarts, 82 
 
 Cyrus W. Field, .89 
 
 Thaddeus Stevens, 96 
 
 Thomas C. Acton, 103 
 
 Edwin Booth, 119 
 
 Elihu Burritt, 126 
 
 R. H. Stoddard, 136 
 
 Eastman Johnson, 147 
 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, . . ... . . 154 
 
 Charles J. Folger, . . . . •. . . ,173 
 
 Frederick Douglas, 179 
 
 Henry Bergh, 186 
 
 Samuel R. Wells, . 196 
 
 Rev. Dr. Elbert S. Porter, 203 
 
2 Contents. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Charles Force Deems, 208 
 
 RuFus Choate, 212 
 
 Sir John A. Macdonald, 219 
 
 Rev. David Swing, . 225 
 
 Rev. Dr. Richard S. Storrs, 233 
 
 Rev. Dr. Edward Eggleston, 241 
 
 Rev. Morgan Dix, S.T.D., ....*. 238 
 
 F. E. Spinner, . . . ■ 248 
 
 Jacob M. Howard, .... . . . • 253 
 
 Rev. John A. M. Chapman, 262 
 
 Rev. Robert Collyer, . . . . . . 264 
 
 Right Rev. John Travers Lewis, .... 271 
 
 General U. S. Grant, 275 
 
 Paul H. Hayne, 280 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 In the following pages I have attempted to sketch a 
 few of the prominent " men of the time," of the men who 
 have distinguished themselves as poets, orators, phi- 
 losophers, financiers, soldiers, statesmen, etc. I have 
 only space for a small group of these representatives of 
 active life. There are many others equally worthy of 
 notice. The reader will find that industry, integrity 
 and economy have won station and honor for not a few 
 who began their career at the foot of the ladder; that 
 men of good capacity, character and energy have risen 
 from obscurity to high and responsible trusts, and in 
 the race of life have distanced multitudes who had the 
 'advantages of education, wealth and social position. 
 This is not a book of biography, but of " pen and pen- 
 cil pictures,-' and however inartistic they may be, the 
 writer hopes the lesson they are intended to convey 
 w^ll be of some little service, especially to the young. 
 We are lookinsc for the '^ comino^ man." Has he come ? 
 Is he in our schools, in our workshops, in our ware- 
 houses, in public life? 
 
 When I speak of the coming man, I refer to the 
 average man of the near future, and not to some great 
 genius who may rise in colossal strength, symmetrical 
 and sun-crowned, the wonder and admiration of the age. 
 I speak of a practical man, with a sound mind in a sound 
 
 (3) 
 
4 Introduction. 
 
 body, a man well organized physically, intellectually, 
 morally, with his heart in the right place and his liead 
 well poised, and I must add, with a conscience : that in- 
 ner light which illuminates the life. 
 
 As porcelain is clearer than common clay, so he will 
 be transparently clear. He will have faults, for he will 
 be human. The vase holding the most fragrant and 
 beautiful flowers may have flaws, and dust may lodge 
 upon its walls; but rain-drops no larger than tears can 
 cleanse it, and when at last it is broken, it will retain 
 some of its sweet odor. . ^ 
 
 " Only the actions of the just 
 Smell sweet and blossom in the dust." 
 
 We can see in part what a man is, when we see what 
 he is not. If a man is neither black, brown, red nor 
 yellow, we conclude that he is white. Green is a tint 
 that touches a man's character and not his cuticle, and 
 the freshness suggested by it does not always indicate 
 purity and sweetness. 
 
 The model to which I refer will not be a fast man ; 
 one who goes before he is sent — and where he is not 
 sent. The fast man prefers the stable to the study, 
 horses to humanity, the race-course to the course that 
 improves the race. 
 
 He does not like the slow process of earning his liv- 
 ing by honest labor, so li-e gambles for it. He toils 
 not, neither does he spin ; yet Solomon in all his glory 
 never wore such watch seals and chains, such diamond- 
 pins and gorgeous finger-rings, such flaming sleeve- 
 buttons, and such brilliant bosora-stads. Look at his 
 lily-color and "loud" necktie, his vest that rivals the 
 
Introduction. 5 
 
 Stripes and Stars, and his fashionable coat that covers 
 a multitude of sins. 
 
 He thinks that hospitality means a man in a sulky 
 behind a fast horse, sweeping the circle of a race-course. 
 His paradise is a circus or heavenly hippodrome, where 
 he can ride behind flying feet around a star-lighted ring. 
 If he inherits a fortune, he wastes it living riotously, 
 scattering it at haunts of pleasure and infamy, and 
 along the broad way he travels — consequently, the fool 
 and his money are soon parted. 
 
 When his money is gone, his credit exhausted and 
 his companions refuse to recognize him, he becomes a 
 tramp, a pauper or a suicide. His life has been a sad 
 failure. He has been fast, and he has gone with "the 
 multitude to do evil " — and what has he to show for his 
 waste of wealth and life ? 
 
 He has not even invented a live horse with eight legs to 
 increase the speed of the simpleton who copies his ex- 
 ample. It is a rule with few exceptions, that those who 
 make the most speed have the least to do, and their 
 time as a commercial commodity is of the least value. 
 
 Owing to miseducation and bad associates and the 
 lack of the restraining influence of a good home, many 
 of our rich young men develop into horse-jockeys. 
 There are country as well as city boys who affect the 
 airs and speech and dress of the fast man. They are 
 fluent on matters relating to forbidden pleasures, but 
 they know next to nothing about books. Life with 
 them is bounded on the east by a trotting-road ; on the 
 y^est by pleasure yachts ; on the north by a wine-party, 
 and on the south by perdition. 
 
 The Prince of Wales, on seeing a fop, exclaimed ; 
 
6 Introduction. 
 
 " He dresses not wisely, but too well." There can be 
 no objection to dressing with taste and neatness; in- 
 deed, slovenliness shows a lack of good sense — it is 
 closely allied to dirt ; but cleanliness is next to godliness. 
 Beecher says only a fish can excel a man in the speed 
 with which he can clothe himself. A plunge into his 
 pantaloons — a dive into his vest and coat — and he swims 
 out in society. 
 
 A man is well-dressed when his dress attracts little or 
 no attention. A dandy is something or nothing over- 
 dressed. Pie is a cross between a masculine woman 
 and a feminine man. His gloved hands are raised in 
 protest against hard work. He values his head for 
 what he puts on it and not for what he puts in it. Fine 
 feathers will not make fine birds, neither will fine 
 clothes make fine men. 
 
 Glance at his dressing-room, and you will see a vast 
 variety of fancy articles : boxes of collars, neckties of 
 every shade and shape ; vests and coats and pants, suf- 
 ficient to stock a country store ; scented cakes of soap, 
 perfumed bottles of hair-oil, rouge and powder, corsets, 
 Florida-water, ths balm of a thousand fiowers, boot- 
 jacks, looking-glasses, eye-glasses and other glasses, but 
 nothing to read worth reading. 
 
 " He is a self-made man and worships his Creator " 
 before the mirror; and there is no hypocrisy in his 
 devotion. Upon the altar of his vanity he sacrifices 
 his health and the respect of those whose admiration 
 he courts. His dress, not his address, he uses as a pass- 
 port to the society he seeks. 
 
 Narcissus fell in love with his own image in the wa- 
 ter, and became a daffodil ; but the dandy has not 
 
httroduciion. j 
 
 sufficient decision of character to become even a tiger- 
 
 lily. 
 
 A pot-house politician, who leads people to the 
 caucus which he stacks with the puppets that move 
 when he pulls the wires; to the convention, which 
 echoes with the voices of his dupes and dependents; 
 to the ballot-box to cast the votes he has purchased 
 with cheap promises, or forced by the use of threats of 
 2>unishment, thinks he is the man that has come. 
 Really, the demagogue is a driver and not a leader. At 
 the private meeting and at the public gathering he 
 cracks the whip over the victims harnessed to his 
 chariot. 
 
 With sulphury speech, he commands the poor cring- 
 ing slave to vote for this man and not to vote for that 
 man, to sustain this ticket and to oppose the other 
 ticket. He seems to be saturated with the opinion that 
 he is the man that's come ; that office was invented for 
 his personal benefit; that parties were organized to 
 guard him and to feed him at the public crib, at the 
 public cost, and that votes are thrown away that are not 
 at his disposal. He has plenty of cheek, but no con- 
 science, no sensitiveness, no sense of honor. 
 
 Here is a man whose face looks like the entrance to 
 a whitened sepulchre, privately boasting that he car- 
 ries in his breeches-pocket the wa'rd or the county in 
 which he lives. He demands a nomination for the fat- 
 test office within the domain of his influence. By fair 
 means or by foul, he seeks to win the prize. With the 
 temperance man he is jubilant in the praise of water, 
 and he would be willing to invoke the aid of a flood 
 to overwhelm and destroy all who will not vote for his 
 
8 Introduction. 
 
 ticket. With the wine and beer drinker, he can drink 
 and leave them under the table ; for he is somewhat 
 like a churn, more stomach than brain, and the more 
 he pours through that funnel, by courtesy called a 
 throat, the firmer he stands. He is so familiar with 
 bad spirits, they spare him — I may say, preserve him. 
 He is sure of the vote that bears the odor of alcohol. 
 
 Should he halt at the home of a pious family, he 
 asks a blessing at the table, reads the Scriptures and 
 
 takes the lead in family devotions, watching his d ns 
 
 for fear they might betray him and cost him a constit- 
 uency of Christians. 
 
 At the card-table he drops the mask, and without dis- 
 simulation enters heartily into the abandon of the 
 place and the company he finds there. He can utter 
 oaths as fat and unctuous as the pullets Sancho ladled 
 from his soup-kettles. What he does not know about 
 games of chance, is not worth the learning. He can 
 beat even the heathen Chinee. 
 
 After all comes the serious question. Is it safe to trust 
 the reins of government in such hands? Do not such 
 men betray their friends, like Judas, for a few pieces of 
 silver? Are there not good men and true fit to bear 
 the burdens and to wear the laurels of office ? We 
 must have men to fill the posts of honor and labor un- 
 der the State and National Governments. Give ns men 
 of ability, whose true and honest character guarantees 
 faithfulness. 
 
 It is the bounden duty of every man to study the 
 science of government according to his opportunities. 
 A man can be a politician in the honored sense of 
 that term, without being a rascal ; indeed, it is disloyalty 
 
Introduction. g 
 
 to his race not to have opinions, and base cowardice not 
 to stand by them. Give the impertinent, brass-faced 
 demagogue notice that he can not control your vote, 
 that your thought is not like thin tissue paper through 
 which he can read the name upon your ballot. At the 
 same time, unashamed of your patriotism and of your 
 political sentiments, use the freedom of speech requi- 
 site to defend and advance your views on the questions 
 of the day. 
 
 May the time soon come when truth shall thunder 
 all around the horizon, and the lightning of law strike 
 and paralyze the profane hand that touches with fraud 
 that ark of the covenant, the ballot-box. 
 
 Saul went out in search of his father's asses, and 
 found himself a king. The selfish politician goes out 
 in search of the crown and throne and scepter of office, 
 to which he is not entitled ; and the people find a fraud 
 who need not envy the donkey its redundancy of ear. 
 Solomon speaks of braying a fool in a mortar, yet will 
 not his folly depart from him. The political adventurer, 
 when beaten in that mortar, the ballot-box, will continue 
 to bray and to show his ears. 
 
 There is iio eagle-nest so lofty this cock-sparrow will 
 not attempt to reach it. He flits from house to house, and 
 under the eaves listens for the sentiments of his neigh- 
 bors. You may see him about election time hopping here 
 and there to pick up crumbs of consolation and soft 
 things with which to feather his nest ; and there is noth- 
 ing that flies that can compare with him in putting in a 
 bill, although he is nothing but a common home sparrow, 
 and can not soar above the clouds to the lofty mountain 
 crag where the eagle builds its eyrie of sticks and clay. 
 
10 Introduction. 
 
 The coming man will have a sound body. We are 
 all F.F.'s (first families), and can trace our genealogy to 
 the first pair of parents. Adam and Eve were our an- 
 cestors, and we all therefore have royal blood running 
 in our veins ; but we have violated the physical laws, 
 deranged our systems, making the blood thin and scrof- 
 ulous, and in a thousand ways have been enfeebling 
 and deforming the body. But with abstinence from im- 
 proper food, and a knowledge of the laws of digestion, 
 circulation and secretion, may come that physical per- 
 fection which is the normal condition of the race. Sick- 
 ness and disease, now the rule, will then be the excep- 
 tion. Men will stand erect and show square shoulders, 
 and their well-orbed heads will be handsomely balanced 
 banks of brains over a good foundation, commanding an 
 excellent circulation, without the interdiction of failure 
 or the protest of dyspepsia and hypochondria. 
 
 The following '' olf-hand " sketches show in some 
 degree what men of industi'ious habits and resolute 
 courage can accomplish. These men represent various 
 phases of life, and some of them have risen to distinction 
 in the face of the most adverse circumstances. 
 
JA3IES EUSSELL LOWELL. 
 
 PLATE I, 
 
TRAITS OF 
 
 REPRESENTATIVE MEN 
 
 James Russell Lowell, 
 
 POET AND STATESMAN. 
 
 "Olympian "bards who sang, 
 Divine ideas below, 
 Which always find us young, 
 And always keep us so." — Emekson. 
 
 THE men of genius, who write verse or prose, are, 
 as a rule, practical men. They can do something 
 entirely different from writing, and do it well. Men 
 endowed with talent can do what mediocre men can do, 
 but they do it better. Men crowned with genius are 
 God-like, because they are creators, and can do excel- 
 lently well what common people can not do at all. 
 They have been chaj-ged with building castles in the 
 air — a more difficult task than that of the mason and 
 hod-carrier who build on terrcb firma. Poets are not 
 idle dreamers who see visions and do no substantial 
 work. When they keep their appetites and passions 
 in subjection, they can get along well without harness- 
 ing Pegasus to a mud-cart. Palph Waldo Emerson was 
 sifted through eight- generations of clergymen, and he, 
 with a mind beautiful and refined, the inheritor of 
 taste and exquisite sensibilities, could teach philosophy, 
 
 (II) 
 
12 Representative Men. 
 
 preacli the Gospel, describe traits of character in deli- 
 cious prose, and sing in enchanting verse. Oliver 
 Wendell Holmes is a fascinating lyceum lecturer, a 
 physician, a magazine writer, an untiring literary 
 worker, and a brilliant wit. Among the younger men 
 who deservedly wear the laurel, I will name E. II. 
 Stoddard, whose mantle seems to be starred with points 
 of light from the Elizabethan era. He seems to be un- 
 conscious of his fame and power as a true poet — a fact 
 probably due to other attributes which he has developed 
 as a critic, as an editor, as a compiler of books, and as 
 a miscellaneous writer for the newspapers and monthlies. 
 E. C. Stedman, author of "Yictorian Poets" and 
 other works, and a contributor to Harjper's Monthly^ 
 The Century., The Critic, and other fastidious and ex- 
 acting publications, handles not only the pure gold of 
 letters, but also the '' base " gold of commerce ; for he is 
 a successful Wall Street broker and banker — and honor 
 is written on every margin of his work. William Win- 
 ter is a poet, and one of the best dramatic critics in 
 America. I have written more than 1 intended to write 
 on this topic. I merely wish to make a brief introduc- 
 tion to a sketch of James Eussell Lowell, who is a 
 poet of no mean order (see Stedman's splendid sketch 
 of him in the May number of the Century Magazine., 
 1882). He is a scholar whose attainments enable him 
 to teach scholars, an eloquent speaker whose words are 
 fitly spoken, a statesman whose diplomacy has flowered 
 into fame. 
 
 During a short residence at Boston I occasionally saw 
 the poet, professor, and statesman ; he was then one of 
 the stars in the brightest galaxy of New England. 
 
James Russell Lowell. 13 
 
 Among these stars were Charles Samner, Wendell 
 Phillips, Theodore Parker, Oliver Wendell Holmes, 
 Henry W. Longfellow, William Lloyd Garrison, Josiah 
 Quincj, James T. Fields, E. P. Whipple, and other lit- 
 erary lights. Some of these have faded from our 
 vision, but they shine in a higher sphere where the 
 stars never lose their lustre, and where there are no 
 clouds to curtain them from appreciative eyes. In this 
 country we have, for several reasons, no poets who de- 
 vote their time exclusively to the muses. Writing 
 poetry is not lucrative employment. Once or twice in 
 a lifetime, perhaps, some enterprising publisher may 
 pay four guineas a line for a poem, the price paid by 
 Bonner to Longfellow for his " Hanging of the Crane." 
 Few of our literary men have the wealth which can 
 afford the leisure favorable to the highest and best 
 work of the mind in composition of prose or verse. 
 Nearly all of them are busy, unsettled people, seeking 
 something to do that will pay in dollars and cents, and 
 pay at once. Bryant was the editor of the New York 
 Evening Post; Longfellow was a professor in Cam- 
 bridge University and the author of prose tales ; Hal- 
 leck was a clerk in the service of John Jacob Astor ; 
 Willis was a feuilletonist^ editor, sketcher, diner-out, 
 and man of the world. 
 
 The writing of poetry seems to have been taken up as 
 a pastime by our most distinguished writers of verse. In 
 England the men of letters, the representative men, 
 give their time to the pursuit of literature, and the 
 foremost men, like Tennyson, make it pay in pounds, 
 shillings, and pence. The Laureate is a hard worker, 
 and has made himself familiar with the writings of 
 
14 Representative Men. 
 
 the best bards of Britain ; arid their coinage and obso- 
 lete terms, with new interpretations, come to his pen 
 like particles to a magnet, and the iire of his emotion 
 fuses them into liquid and luminous poetry. His culti- 
 vated ear catches the linest music of the old masters, 
 and his exquisite art often passes for originality. The 
 thought and feeling inspired by the study of Chaucer, 
 Spencer, Shakespeare, and the early dramatists, appears 
 in much of his work ; but it is seen in a new light, 
 tinged with the color of his own imagination, but with 
 the mint mark of the first stamp rubbed out by the la- 
 borious and painstaking furbisher. Notwithstanding 
 this, Tennyson is a true poet, perhaps a great one, cer- 
 tainly the greatest of living Englishmen : and the laurel 
 fits his forehead and becomes him, for he merits the 
 wreath as prince of song in the empire of Her Majesty, 
 Queen Victoria. 
 
 Mr. Lowell, in his earlier efforts, unconsciously per- 
 haps, occasionally gave us echoes of Tennyson, and like 
 him wove old and obsolete words into the strands of 
 his own excellent verse. Without the fear of the ghost 
 of Dr. Sam. Johnson, he often invented new phrases, 
 some of which were too poor to patent in the diction- 
 aries. Tennyson has the art of concealing his art, for 
 he plates the old gold with gold that is new. Although 
 Lowell is a Yankee, and the master of its dialect, as 
 seen in his " Bigelow Papers," there is a German-silver 
 ring and coloring to many of his poems, obscuring the 
 sound and beauty of the richer metal under it ; and yet 
 he is, as he ought to be, recognized as a man of genius 
 and a true poet. Like good wine, " that needs no 
 bush," his genius improves by age. 
 
James Russell Lowell. 15 
 
 The May number of the Century (18S2) has several 
 poetic gems, but the JSTew York Tribune^ whose opin- 
 ion is authority, says : "Mr. Lowell's delicate and grace- 
 ful 'Estrangement' is by far the best." Here it is. It 
 can speak and sing for itself : 
 
 ESTRANGEMENT. 
 
 The path from me to you that led, 
 
 Untrodden long, with grass is grown — 
 
 Mute carpet that his h'eges spread 
 Before the Prince Oblivion, 
 
 When he goes visiting the dead. 
 
 And who are they, but who forget? 
 
 You who my coming could surmise, 
 Ere any hint of me as yet 
 
 Warned other ears, and other eyes 
 See the path blurred, without regret. 
 
 But when I trace its windings sweet, 
 
 With saddened steps at every spot 
 That feels the memory in my feet, 
 
 Each grass-blade turus forget-me-not, 
 Where murmuring bees your name repeat. 
 
 It is a long time since Tennyson has written anything 
 so good as that. Mr. Lowell can look back on a learned 
 ancestry, and, were he not void of conceit, he might 
 boast of good blood and j)C)se for notoriety, but he 
 shuns the public stare. Fame has crowned him with 
 honor, not because of his birth and breeding, but be- 
 cause he has the courage to consecrate and devote his 
 learning and genius to the defense of humanity and the 
 advancement of freedom. Although his father and his 
 grandfather were orthodox clergymen, he leaped over 
 
1 6 Representative Men. 
 
 the pale of the orthodox church when he was a very 
 young man, and became a liberal in religion and pol- 
 itics, and was a frequent attendant at the Music Hall 
 in Boston, when Theodore Parker was the preacher. 
 He was a Cambridge student, not over-studious, but 
 fond of general literature, and bore away the palm as 
 the author of the class poem, which was highly praised 
 by the critics at the time of its delivery. Stedman says 
 " some of his love poetry is exquisite." 
 
 Here are lines which show a delicate fancy and a 
 deep insight into the subject he presents, for his heart 
 beats in his amatory poems : 
 
 Not as all other women are 
 Is she that to my soul is dear ; 
 Her glorious fancies come from fiir, 
 Beneath the silver evening star, 
 And yet her heart is ever near. 
 
 Great feelings hath she of her own, 
 Which lesser souls may never know : 
 God giveth tbem to her alone, 
 And sweet they are, as any tone 
 Wherewith the "wind may choose to blow. 
 
 Yet in herself she dwelleth not, 
 Although no home w^as half so fair ; 
 No simplest duty is forgot. 
 Life hath no dim and lowly spot 
 That doth not in her sunshine share. 
 
 I love her with a love as still 
 As a broad river's peaceful might, 
 Which, by high tower and lowly mill. 
 Goes wandering at its own sweet will 
 And yet doth ever flow aright. 
 
James Russell Lowell. 17 
 
 And on its full, deep breast serene, 
 
 Like quiet isles my duties lie ; 
 
 It flows around them and between, 
 
 And makes them fresh and fair and green, 
 
 Sweet homes wherein to live and die. 
 
 In his ^'Legend of Brittany" a knight falls in love 
 with a maiden and betrays her; to conceal his crime he 
 murders her and conceals the corpse behind the altar of 
 the church. A mysterious power prevents his taking 
 it away. "When the congregation is assembled, and the 
 organ sounds, her voice is heard complaining that she 
 has no rest in heaven, and the Knight Templar dies of 
 remorse. Note this organ burst of music : 
 
 Then swelled the organ up through choir and nave, 
 
 The music trembled with an inward thrill 
 
 Of bliss at its own grandeur: wave on wave 
 
 Its flood of mellow thunder rose, until 
 
 The hushed air shivered with the throb it gave : 
 
 Then, poising for a moment, it stood still ; 
 
 And sank and rose again, to burst in spra3' 
 
 That wandered into silence far away. 
 
 Deeper and deeper shudders shook the air, 
 
 As the huge bass kept gathering heavily, 
 
 Like thunder when it rouses in its lair, 
 
 And with its hoarse growl shakes the low-hung sky. 
 
 It grew up like a darkness everywhere, 
 
 Filling the vast cathedral; suddenly, 
 
 From the dense mass, a boy's clear treble broke 
 
 Like lightning, and the full-toned choir awoke. 
 
 Through gorgeous windows shone the sun aslant, 
 Brimming the church with gold and purple mist — 
 Meet atmosphere to bosom that rich chant, 
 "Where fifty voices in one strand did twist 
 
!8 Representative Men. 
 
 Their vari-colored tones, and left no want 
 To the delighted soul, which sank abyssed 
 In the warm nmsic cloud, while, far below, 
 The organ heaved its surges to and fro. 
 
 Poe said that this poem was "the noblest yet written 
 by an American." 
 
 Mr. Lowell is a genuine philanthropist. He sees 
 humanity bleeding by the wayside, but he does not 
 put the subject of his sympathy on the slow, dull don- 
 key of common conditions, but upon the fa^-footed 
 Pegasus of true poetry, and carries him to Helicon and 
 the heights of Paniassus. His miscellaneous poems are 
 sweet as windrows of newly mown hay. 
 
 It's a mere wild rose-bud, 
 
 Quite sallow now and dry. 
 
 Yet there's something wondrous in it, 
 
 Some gleams of days gone by. 
 
 '^ The Yiolet " is sweet as the flower which bears that 
 name. The words, "In the Fountain," have a liquid 
 sound, like the plash of water drops. In " Kosaline " 
 we have pictures that make the flesh creep and the hair 
 stand erect. Beneath the thick stars he beholds the 
 blue-eyed and bright-haired " Rosaline." Her hair was 
 braided, as on the day they were to be wed, and the 
 death-watch ticked behind the wall ; the wind moaned 
 among the pines ; the leaves shivered on the trees ; 
 strange sounds were in the air ; and her lifeless eyes 
 gazed on him, while the mourners, with their long, 
 black robes and nodding plumes passed by. By and by, 
 
 The stars came out, and one by one. 
 Each angel from his silver throne 
 
James Russell Lowell. 1 9 
 
 Looked down and saw what I had done. 
 
 I dared not hide me, Rosaline ; 
 
 I crouched ; I feared thy corpse would cry 
 
 Against me to God's quiet sky; 
 
 I thought I saw the blue lips try 
 
 To utter something, Rosaline. 
 
 Then faces loved in infancy looked on him sorrow- 
 fully, until his heart melted. 
 
 Mr. Lowell is a true reformer, and the friend of 
 human advancement. The Hon. Thomas Hughes made 
 frequent quotations from the writings of Lowell, in the 
 speeches he made in New York and Boston. 
 
 Though born to affluence, Mr. Lowell was and is 
 the friend of labor, and a brav^e soldier in the battle for 
 freedom and justice. "He saw God stand upon the 
 weaker side," and, scorning the gifts of fame and for- 
 tune and political exaltation, he modestly joined the 
 side of the slave and the oppressed. The spirit or 
 sentiment of humanity led him to unite with Garrison, 
 Phillips and Parker in the effort to put down and blot 
 out American slavery. In his march of progress he 
 had to step upon a good many snobs and political para- 
 sites, who did not dream that there were shadowing 
 wings of deliverance in the clouds that came over the 
 nation during the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 Like Whittier, Lowell is a poet of progress. *^ Re- 
 form verse came naturally from the young idealist por- 
 trayed by his friend Page. The broad collar and high- 
 parted, flowing hair set off a handsome, eager face, with 
 the look of Keats and the resolve of a Brook farmer." 
 But there was never in his appearance nor in his apparel 
 anything of the affectation and vanity of Oscar Wilde. 
 
20 Representative Men, 
 
 He has been himself, and has never attempted to be any 
 one else, nor to pass for more than he is worth. Stedman 
 says : ^' The charm of Lowell's outdoor verse lies in its 
 spontaneity ; he loves nature with a ehild-like joy, her 
 boon companions finding, even in her illusions, welcome 
 
 and relief It does rae good to see a poet who 
 
 knows a bird or a flower as one friend knows another, 
 yet loves it for itself alone." Where in the poetry of 
 nature can be found anything finer than " The Dande- 
 Hon"? 
 
 Eead the following extract : 
 
 My childhood's earliest thoughts are linked with thee; 
 The sight of thee calls back the robin's song, 
 
 Who from the dark old troe 
 Beside the door sang clearly all day long, 
 
 And I secure in childish piety. 
 Listened as if I heard an angel sing, 
 With news from heaven which he could bring, 
 Fresh every day to my untainted ears, 
 When birds and flowers and I were happy peers. 
 
 Mr. Lowell was a young man of thirty when he 
 
 wrote the " Bigelow Papers." He at that time stood 
 
 by the side of the unpopular minority ; striking with 
 
 his lance of satire the provokers and defenders of the 
 
 Mexican w^ar. His words were " half battles " for the 
 
 right. 
 
 Ez fer war, I call it murder, 
 
 There you hey it, plain and flat, 
 I don't want to go no farder 
 
 Than my Testyment fer that. 
 
 And again : 
 
 Ef you take a sword an dror it. 
 An go stick a feller thru, 
 
James Russell Lowell. 21 
 
 Guvmcnt aint to answer fer it, 
 God'U send the bill to you I 
 
 "When the apojogists for slavery selected trimmers 
 for office, his poetic protest sent many of them sprawl- 
 ing into the mire of dishonor : 
 
 Guvener B. is a sensible man, 
 
 He stays to his home, an looks arter his folks, 
 He drors his furrer ez straight ez he can. 
 An into nobody's tater-patch pokes. 
 But John P. 
 Robinson, he 
 Sez he wunt vote fer Guvener B. 
 
 These quotations from memory are mere " windfalls," 
 and do not give a fair sample of the fruit from the liv^- 
 ing tree of his verse. The "Bigelow Papers" gave 
 their author a reputation which soon ripened into fame 
 at home and abroad. 
 
 The prose works of Mr. Lowell — his essays, reviews, 
 etc. — are lost in part in the white light of his verse, and 
 yet, had he written nothing else, he would have been 
 recognized as one of the best and most distinguished 
 contributors to American literature. He is the bobo- 
 link of song, and, like that bard of birds, that laureate 
 of the meadows, sings the praise of liberty. His strain 
 never chimed with the clank of chains. He prefers the 
 green fields and clover meadows to the white planta- 
 tion of cotton punctuated with black laborers. He is 
 at home where the golden disc of the dandelion gleams 
 in the grass, like the shield of a fairy : 
 
 A poet and wit, full of pathos and fun, 
 
 Who hides from our sight " the best work he has done ;*' 
 
22 Representative Men, 
 
 His brave heart's a well, in wliicli the truth lies ; 
 Words pity drops in, splash the spray in his eyes ; 
 And when he looks to the future, he seems 
 Like the dreamer of old, when he saw in his dreams 
 A ladder that reached from the earth to the stars, 
 And white angels that climbed on its golden bars. 
 How sweet is the strain of his rhythmical words : — 
 That are soft as the music of sweet-throated birds. 
 His "Snow-fall," whose flakes fall so silent and white, 
 Reminds us of darlings the grave hides from sight. 
 We kiss through the lips of the living the dead. 
 And bless the true poet, whose song we have read. 
 
 Mr. Lowell was born in Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 22, 
 1819. His birthday is likely to be remembered as long 
 as "Washington's. "Why not? He graduated at Har- 
 vard College in 1838, and in 1839 recited his famous 
 class poem. He studied law in Harvard University, 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He opened an 
 office in Boston, but soon abandoned the profession of 
 the law and devoted himself to literature. In 1843, in 
 conjunction with Robert Carter, lately deceased, he 
 commenced the publication of the Pioneer^ a literary 
 and critical magazine. Only three numbers were is- 
 sued, when it died ; it had not grown old enough to be 
 damned. Among its contributors were Poe, Neal, 
 Hawthorne, Story, Parsons, and others. But these 
 distinguished writers of prose and verse failed to keep 
 life in it for a single year, and it died before it could 
 run alone, or even creep from one editorial chair to 
 another. 
 
 In 1839 Lowell made his first appearance as an author 
 in the class poem which was recited at Cambridge. It 
 was a composition enlivened with a vein of vigorous 
 
James Russell Lowell. 23 
 
 and electrical wit. Two years afterward he published 
 a volume of miscellaneous poems, entitled " A Year's 
 Life." It was an impromptu affair, which tempted the 
 reviewers to be sarcastic, and they made it the target of 
 criticism and satire. With all its faults there were 
 flashes of genius, revealing an appreciation and genuine 
 love of nature, a suggestive mind and a kindling imag- 
 ination. In 1844 he published a new volume, which 
 manifested decided advancement in force of thought, 
 and in beauty and purity of execution. His "Legend 
 of Brittany," before referred to, is a masterpiece of 
 composition, and is remarkable for its freshness and 
 artistic finish. In 1845 his " Conversations on some 
 of the Old Poets," came out in print. In 1848 he 
 published his "Fable for Critics," wliich was soon fol- 
 lowed by the "Bigelow Papers" and the "Vision of 
 Sir Launfal," the latter a poem founded on the legend 
 of the search for the Holy Grail (the cup out of which 
 our Lord drank with His disciples at the last supper). 
 In addition to this work Mr. Lowell performed con- 
 siderable literary labor as a contributor to the magazines 
 and as editor of the Pioneer, He was also for many 
 years the associate editor of the Anti-Slavery Standard, 
 and he was one of the most brilliant contributors to 
 the North American Review^ and later the editor-in- 
 chief of the Atlantic Monthly. In 1851 he visited 
 Europe, returning the following year. In 1854-5 he 
 delivered a course of twelve lectures on the " British 
 Poets." In 1 855, on the resignation of Mr. Longfellow, 
 he was appointed professor of modern languages and 
 belle-lettres in Harvard College. To equip himself 
 well for his task, he spent a year abroad. In 1856 he 
 
24 Representative Men. 
 
 returned to his home in. Cambridge. From 1857 to 
 1862 he edited the Atlantio Monthly. In 1863, asso- 
 ciated with Charles Norton, he edited the North Amer- 
 ican Review., retaining charge of it until 1872. The 
 degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1874 by 
 the English University of Cambridge. His appointment 
 as Minister to Spain, and afterward to England — where 
 he still remains, as the representative of the United 
 States at the Court of St. James (August, 1882) — re- 
 flects credit upon the Presidential choice. 
 
 The American people are justly proud of the poet- 
 statesman. He is not only a man of letters, but a man 
 of the world, and his knowledge of human nature and 
 of public affairs is not confined to the limits of his li- 
 brary. Moneyed ignorance, that lifts its proud head 
 above modest worth, is fluent in its denunciation of 
 "literary fellers," and sneers at eloquent utterance, 
 vocal or written : but our popular and gifted represent- 
 ative at the Court of St. James turns a deaf ear to the 
 vulgar clamor, and steps to the front, wearing the laurel 
 that will not fade; and the nobility of the mother-land 
 listen reverently, and sometimes rapturously, to his 
 eloquence; and the people generally honor him with 
 their confidence and approval. 
 
 Mr. Lowell is a representative American, who can 
 look with pride upon his ancestry, which dates back to 
 a period of nearly two centuries and a half. His grand- 
 father was made a judge by General Washington, and 
 he aided in framing the Constitution of Massachusetts 
 in 1780, and moved the insertion of the Bill of Eights 
 of that State, which declares that " all men are born 
 free and equal." The father of the poet was for fifty 
 
James Russell Lowell. 25 
 
 years the pastor of a leading cliurcli in Boston. The 
 Lowell Institute and the City of Lowell take their 
 names from his distinguished family. During the anti- 
 slavery struggle, when it cost a vast deal to the man 
 who dared to show sympathy for the negro toiling in 
 chains under the lash, he said ; 
 
 They are slaves who dare not choose 
 
 Wrong and hatred and abuse, 
 
 Rather than in silence shrink 
 
 From the truth they needs must think ; 
 
 They are slaves who dare not be 
 
 In the right with two or three. 
 
 Our poet-statesman's splendid ideality does not run 
 away with his reason. His judgment keeps pace with 
 his imagination, and the common sense in his speeches 
 and diplomatic correspondence is none the less attract- 
 ive because it appears in clear, compact and elegant 
 language, with the side-light of genius shining upon it. 
 
Theodore Thomas, 
 
 MASTER OF MUSIC, AND CONDUCTOR. 
 
 THOMAS'S BATON. 
 
 Thine, too, the genius of the rod 
 
 "Which cleft the sea in twain, 
 When Israel walked between, dry-shod, 
 
 And all her foes were slain : 
 Care-freed, we walk the way she trod, 
 
 Through Music's conquered main. 
 
 Strange wand, with wondrous power imbued, 
 
 Teach me thy magic ways ; 
 Serve mine, as thy great Master's, mood. 
 
 And sounds of Heaven raise ! 
 I take thee up, thou art but wood. 
 
 And mockest at my praise. 
 
 — C. H. C, in N. T. Tribune. 
 
 TO bring harmony and melody from a chorus of three 
 thousand voices and an orchestra of three hundred 
 instruments, is a marvelous achievement. To place the 
 varied tones, vocal and mechanical, so that all will re- 
 spond to the manipulations of the leader, as though a 
 vast organ yielded to the magic of his touch, seems to 
 be an exhibition of miraculous power. A spectator 
 like the writer, who knows little of music, and who is 
 unfamiliar with its technical terms, finds great difiiculty 
 in an attempt to sketch the festival lately witnessed in 
 the Seventh Eegiment Armory. It puts to the blush 
 the tactics of the best disciplined army, or the most skill- 
 ful management of a fleet ; and it certainly requires as 
 
 (26) 
 
THEODORE THOMAS. 
 
Theodore Thomas, 27 
 
 much force of will, as it does to govern a common- 
 wealth. A large number of men and women of differ- 
 ent degrees of culture and ability have to be drilled 
 and schooled and toned at rehearsals until their variant 
 voices are fused in perfect accord, so that the most del- 
 icate ear would would fail to discover a discordant note. 
 No matter how great the social spaces between the sing- 
 ers, how high or low their intellectual status, how small 
 or large their educational advantages, how sweet or 
 unsavory their moral attributes, how attractive or 
 coarse their personal appearance, they must all be cast 
 in the mould of perfect melody, and made to utter in 
 song the thoughts and feelings of the master who wrote 
 the music, as though one man had voiced the combined 
 sentiment of the entire chorus in the most artistic 
 expression. 
 
 The New York Musical Festival was the grandest 
 event of its kind ever witnessed on this continent. It 
 was to all previous concerts what Niagara, with its bow 
 in the cloud, its silver spray, its broad sweep of the 
 tumultuous, yet symmetrical waves and musical thunder, 
 is to a brook running down the hillside. The former 
 unites the subhme and beautiful in a chorus of billows 
 that run the gamut of the rocks, and fall and rise in 
 obedience to the law of the great Master, who holds 
 the waters in the hollow of his hand : the latter sparkles 
 in the light, and its sound is sweet and charming, but 
 it is duplicated a thousand times, and ceases to excite 
 intense admiration and wonder. 
 
 The Thomas Festival was colossal, comprehensive,- 
 and skillfully constructed from several schools of mu- 
 sical composition, showing delicate discrimination in 
 
28 Representative Men. 
 
 the choice of its materials. The four evening and 
 three afternoon performances, choral, vocal, and in- 
 strumental, v^ere all skillfully and artistically executed, 
 reflecting the highest honor upon all who participated 
 in the exercises. The J^few York Chorus, the Brook- 
 lyn Philharmonic, the Handel and Haydn Society o£ 
 Boston, the Worcester County Association, the Cecilian 
 Society of Philadelphia, the Baltimore Oratorio, and 
 the Reading Choral, made a total of more than three 
 thousand trained voices. 
 
 The orchestra numbered three hundred selected play- 
 ers. The large platform was erected under the super- 
 vision of Mr. Wrey Mould, who fitted it with excellent 
 acoustic effect. It sloped upward in steps with double 
 floors, and reached to the wall of the Armory. Under 
 it was a monster organ, built for the occasion. Its key- 
 board was in front of the conductor's desk, and was 
 manipulated by the application of electricity. Mr. 
 Dudley Buck, whose name is familiar to musicians, 
 performed the duties of organist, and, if unseen by the 
 spectators, he was certainly heard with appreciative rec- 
 ognition. There are but few men who can be out of 
 sight, and yet not out of mind. He can not conceal 
 himself from praise, for his works follow him. 
 
 Among other lights revolving about Theodore 
 Thomas, the central sun of the musical firmament, 
 were Miss Emily Winant, the famous contralto ; Miss 
 Hattie Schell, a sonorous soprano, from the West ; 
 Miss Antonia Henne, a genuine artist from Cincinnati ; 
 Mrs. E. Aline Osgood, the best soprano that Boston can 
 boast of ; Miss Annie Louise Carey, a lady of renown, 
 who has had the advantages that the first and best mu- 
 
Theodore Thomas. 29 
 
 sical schools of Europe can give ; Madam Etelka Gers- 
 ter, the sweet singer from Hungary ; and that queen of 
 song, of world-wide fame, Frau Amelia Materna. Among 
 the gentlemen who contributed greatly to the enrich- 
 ment of the entertainment were Signer Italo Campa- 
 nini, Signer Antonio Faentini Galassi, Mr. Myron 
 W. Whitney, Herr Wilhelm Candidus, Mr. Franz 
 Kemmertz, Mr. George Henschell, Mr. T. J. Toedt, 
 and Mr. Oscar Stern. 
 
 Facing the musicians and singers stood Theodore 
 Thomas, swaying his baton, and now and then giving 
 emphasis to his direction by rapping nervously on the 
 music-stand. During the rehearsals he frequently in- 
 terjected little speeches, sometimes critical, sometimes 
 complimentary. When thoroughly aroused and deter- 
 mined to keep the chorus up to the lofty level of his 
 plane of excellence, he would break out in a sort of 
 wild Indian war-whoop, swinging his stick like mad, 
 and driving the choir along up and up the steeps of 
 sound into the hills and mountains of sublime expres- 
 sion, higher and higher, until their voices seemed to 
 penetrate the heavens. When an impatient or unman- 
 nerly person whispered loud enough to be heard by 
 him, or disturbed the audience by leaving before ad- 
 journment, he did not hesitate to rebuke him publicly — 
 and he can say sharp things to such flats when he is an- 
 noyed and made angry by their inharmonious and dis- 
 cordant behavior. 
 
 The following biographical sketch is from the Mu- 
 sio and Drama, edited by Mr. John 0. Freund : 
 
 V In the year 1841 a child violinist made bis debut in the Con- 
 ccrt-Siial of the city of Hanover, Germany, before a large and 
 
30 Repj'esentative Men 
 
 intelligent audience. The first ai^pearance of this boy, then but 
 six years old, created much merriment, because the violin he 
 held in bis little fingers was scarcely smaller than its owner. 
 The humor of the audience, however, soon changed to astonish- 
 ment, as his playing revealed a wonderful technique. His face 
 exhibited an earnest expression, as well as unusual will-power, 
 both of which indicated a determination to devote himself with 
 ardor to the divine art. It may be said here that this boy was 
 no other than Theodore Thomas. 
 
 His father was a violinist of some reputation, and naturally 
 had given him a certain amount of elementary instruction; but 
 the Thomas family being in somewhat limited circumstances, 
 the father could not devote to this promising son that attention 
 so desirable and necessary. Notwithstanding the boy's tender 
 age, he studied by'himself, not only hours, but entire days, and 
 thus made as rapid progress as was possible under the cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 In 1845 the family emigrated to the United States. A few 
 months afterward Theodore Thomas appeared in a number of 
 concerts in Kew York, these concerts covering a space of two 
 years. He achieved a great success as a soloist, by which means 
 his name first began to be known to the musical public of the 
 country. From New York he went South, traveling until 1851. 
 On his return to the metropolis he obtained equal success as 
 formerly. During the La Grange Opera season he was selected 
 leader of the orchestra, under the conductorshif) of Arditi, at the 
 Academy of Music. 
 
 From this time up to 1861 he filled the positions of leader and 
 conductor in various German and Italian troupes, among whom 
 were such celebrities as Jenny Lind, Sontag, Grisi, Mario, etc. 
 In 1861 he severed his connection with the theatre. As early as 
 1855 Mr. Thomas, in conjunction with Wm. Mason, Jos. Mosen- 
 thal, Geo. Matzka, and Carl Bergmann, had begun his memorable 
 chamber music concerts, which were continued until 1869 (Fred. 
 Bcrgner taking the place of Bergmann in 1861). These unique 
 concerts did much toward promoting the taste for sterling art- 
 works in this country and all the more deserved commendation 
 from the fact that financial success was a secondary and never- 
 
Theodore Thomas. 31 
 
 attained aim. During the winter of 1862-3 the Brooklyn Philhar- 
 monic Society elected Mr. Thomas as conductor, a position he 
 has held almost uninterruptedly up to the present time. In 1864- 
 5 he gave his first series of Symphony Concerts, and, though at 
 first they were but moderately successful in a pecuniary sense, 
 they were greatly enjoyed, and continued up to 1869. For three 
 years they were abandoned, to be resumed again, however, in 
 1872, and this by request of numerous influential citizens, and 
 were only discontinued in 1878, when Mr. Thomas left New York 
 to become director of the Cincinnati College of Music. 
 
 We must not forget to state that in 1866, in order to secure 
 that perfection of execution which an orchestra can only attain 
 by constantly practising together, Mr. Thomas inaugurated his 
 nightly Summer concerts, given sometimes in one locality, some- 
 times in another, chiefly, however, at the old'Ccntral Park Gar- 
 den. In 1869 his first concert tour was made through the East- 
 ern and Western States, with an orchestra of only forty members, 
 a year or so afterward increased to sixty performers. 
 
 After Theodore Thomas had been at Cincinnati for the period 
 of one year, he was unanimously re-elected conductor of the New 
 York Philharmonic Society, which position he had filled dur- 
 ing the season of 1877-78, and which he has since held with the 
 most remarkable success. Five great Musical Festivals have al- 
 ready been given under his direction at Cincinnati, to which are 
 soon to be added the three immense May Festivals of the present 
 year ; the first one in New York, the second in Cincinnati, and 
 the third in Chicago. 
 
 Those only who have seen Theodore Thomas in his studio, or 
 who have attended his private orchestral rehearsals, can fully ap- 
 preciate his rare qualities as a conductor. First and^ foremost 
 may be mentioned his great gift for drilling large bodies of 
 voices or instruments. He has that personal magnetism which 
 commands attention, and which secures the admiration of every 
 one who performs under his direction. Those who attend and 
 enjoy his concerts are always astonished at the wonderful precis- 
 ion attained, and the complete command he exhibits over the 
 performers. He waves his baton gracefully, while his face, un- 
 seen by the public, is full of animation, and his varying expres- 
 
32 Representative Men. 
 
 sions sbow that his whole soul is entirely in unison with the 
 work in hand. 
 
 It may be here remarked that even before the first rehearsal of 
 a new work, Mr. Thomas knows the score by heart, and can thus 
 devote his undivided attention to bringing out its poetic mean- 
 ing. Because of this knowledge attained beforehand, he is en- 
 abled to fully control each player, who comprehends and instinct- 
 ively realizes the concej^tions of his chief. Furthermore, his 
 rare musical organization is displayed in his innate sense of 
 tone, color, and effect. 
 
 It will readily be understood that the trials of Mr. Thomas 
 have been of no ordinary kind. He has worked and toiled for 
 the cause of music as an old and prominent member of the New 
 York Philharmonic Society. His programmes have invariably 
 displayed his broad', cosmopolitan taste, always including interest- 
 ing novelties. That his endeavor has always been to educate and 
 elevate the musical taste of the public goes without saying, 
 and, because of his tenacious perseverance in this direction, it 
 may truly be asserted that he has done more than any other 
 single person for the progress of the divine art in this country. 
 Theodore Thomas is known as a straightforward man. He has 
 never trifled with his gifts or sacrificed art to gratify personal 
 ambition. He has consecrated himself to a noble cause, but has 
 always kept the great musical future of America steadfastly in 
 view. 
 
 Mr. Thomas has great physical power, which is 
 indicated by his broad bnild and deep chest — hence his 
 unyielding endnrance. The conformation of his head 
 shows a brain-will that can be worked to advantage as 
 long as the blood-power is sufficient to keep it running. 
 The lineaments of the face portray the peculiarities of the 
 man as plainly as notes do the nature of written music. 
 He is brave as a lion, and would make a good general — 
 indeed, he was born to command. He is very much in 
 earnest, and it will not do to trifle with him. Pie will stand 
 
Theodore Thomas. 33 
 
 a joke, even against himself, for lie overflows with wit 
 and humor ; but he will not suffer that rude, coarse liberty 
 which is closely allied to impertinence. There is no 
 foppishness in his make-up, and if he wears " a full- 
 dress " he omits whatever approximates to dandyism, 
 and, like all men of superior talent — shall I say genius \ — 
 he never assumes airs of arrogance and conceit, which 
 are the leading features of little minds. He is deserv- 
 edly popular, for he has done, and is doing, more to 
 elevate and educate a refined taste for music in this 
 country than any other man has done or can do. When 
 he first became a leader, we as a people were wander- 
 ing in the dry desert of monotonous notes, with here 
 and there an exceptional oasis of song ; in the church, 
 in the opera, in the concert-room, fine voices were not 
 lacking, readers of difficult music abounded, and writers 
 of music won wide renown ; but these various develop- 
 ments of cultivated taste and artistic skill were not sys- 
 tematized and organized into a force like that which 
 now takes our towns and cities by storm. Like another 
 conductor, who smote the rock with his baton and 
 brought out the sweet chorus of flowing waters, our 
 leader has made a miraculous change in what was the 
 dreary waste of this part of the world, and we hear the 
 liquid sweep of vocal and instrumental music, which 
 has culminated in the greatest and grandest musical 
 festival of the century. A description of the choir 
 would be a difficult task. The gentlemen generally 
 appeared in full-dress, and the ladies, arrayed in silks 
 and satins, ribbons and laces, were more beautiful than 
 Solomon in all his glory. Tier above tier were sopra- 
 nos, contraltos, altos — human flowers, endowed with 
 2* 
 
34 Representative Men. 
 
 the gifts and graces of song. When they arose in obe- 
 dience to the baton, they seemed like banks of lilies, 
 violets, and roses swayed by the wind. 
 
 " Or is thy sweep like scythes that play 
 
 When all the meadows ring, 
 And dying blade and blossom gay 
 
 Give sweetest offering ? 
 So sweetness springs when thou dost sway 
 
 Each voice and trembling string." 
 
 Old Straduarius made violins and prayed over his 
 work. The accomplished artists who controlled " the 
 stringed instniments,'' held them to their bosoms affec- 
 tionately, as though they would have their hearts chord 
 with their sweetest strains. The true artist steeps his 
 soul and heart in music. Flitting from point to point 
 to encourage and sustain the singers, were Mr. Thomas' 
 lieutenants, C. Mortimer Wiske and William G. Die- 
 trich : the former, an organist and conductor of excellent 
 repute, the organizer of the Amphion Musical Society, 
 and the conductor of the Eastern District branch of the 
 Philharmonic Society ; the latter, a noted chorus mas- 
 ter and musical director. 
 
 The success of the grand musical event of the century 
 in this country is due mainly to the skill and genius of 
 the conductor. Without his leadership, the festival 
 would have been a failure. He was the inspiring soul 
 that gave life and motion to the entertainment. "He 
 came, he saw, he conquered." He made the most care- 
 ful preparation, looking with fastidious nicety after the 
 minutest details. He disciplined and massed his nmsical 
 forces and, swinging his baton in the charmed sir, led 
 his vocal and instrumental army to triumphant victory. 
 
WENDELL PHILLIPS. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
V^ENDELL Phillips, 
 
 THE ORATOR, AGITATOR, REFORMER. 
 
 '* Men who their duties know, 
 
 But know their rights, and knowing dare maintain, 
 Prevent tlie long aimed blow, 
 
 And crush the tyrant, while they rend the chain, 
 These constitute a state." — Sib William Jones. 
 
 WENDELL PHILLIPS is now, in this blessed year 
 1882, and he has been for more than forty years, 
 one of the most polished, graceful, and eloquent orators 
 in the United States. Doctor Lord, the historical lect- 
 urer, said that Cicero, the famous Roman, was (in his 
 judgment) personally, and in his intellectual make-up, 
 somewhat like Wendell Phillips. He has been compar- 
 ed with Gladstone, the leader of advanced statesmanship 
 in England. They were both " well-born " (all who are 
 born well, are well-born) ; both well trained in the best 
 universities; both have had the best opportunities for 
 reading, study, culture, and the practice of public 
 speaking ; both are men of fine physical development 
 and of handsome presence ; they are both brave enough 
 to announce their sentiments in the teeth and eyes of 
 an adverse public opinion. What they say is consid- 
 ered of sufficient importance to command the attention 
 of two continents, and to be carried on the electric 
 wire under the sea, across the continent, and around 
 
 the civilized world. 
 
 (35) 
 
36 Representative Men. 
 
 To multitudes, this gifted and famous man is known 
 only as an anti-slaverj agitator, a labor reformer, and a 
 radical on all questions touching human rights. Thej 
 never hear or see him with aesthetic eyes. Without at- 
 tempting to defend his views and " notions," some of 
 which are indefensible, I shall refer "to the bright- 
 ness of the sun of his fame, and not attempt to analyze 
 its spots." Men are educated and influenced in part 
 by their surroundings and associations; I may add, 
 they are inspired by the atmosphere and scenery that 
 surrounds them, and their souls, so to speak, are sculpt- 
 ured into shape by the institutions which environ them. 
 England made Cromwell, and he made his motto : 
 " Put your trust in God, and keep your powder dry." 
 He was the son of a brewer, but he was not indebted 
 to any movement or fermentation in the vats for his 
 rise in the world. Recent events show that the pas- 
 sage from the mash-tub to the House of Peers is a short 
 one. Cromwell strided from the common people to the 
 court and to the throne, and stood in .proud defiance 
 among the crowned heads — a democratic ruler, with 
 John Milton, the poet, for his private secretary. Ba- 
 con, the philosopher, Shakespeare, the dramatist, Bun- 
 yan, the dreamer, Newton, the astronomer, were the 
 products of dear old England, the '^ mother of mighty 
 men." Yon Humboldt was born in Germany, and he 
 seems to have been imbued with the spirit of his native 
 land. O'Connell was alive with Irish fire ; John Knox 
 was hard and rough as the hills of Scotland. Phillips 
 represents JSTew England, the Scotia of this continent. 
 " Blood will tell," not blue blood alone, for that may 
 be poisoned with the "king's evil." When you find 
 
Wendell Phillips. 37 
 
 an orator, a poet, an artist, an inventor, a mountainous 
 man, in the church, in college, or in Congress or else- 
 where, you will be sure to find that his environments, 
 his associations, his surroundings have aided vastly in his 
 development. Some men are so large that the whole 
 country is needed for the scaffolding on which events 
 are the artists that sculpture them into useful form and 
 attractive symmetry. As a rule, behind such men — it 
 may be, many generations back of them — you will see 
 the dim shadow of a noble father or mother pointing 
 toward them. Theodore Parker said : "The spirit that 
 sent the ancestors of Phillips in the Mayflower to Plym- 
 outh, flames out in his electric speeches. A pilgrim in 
 England points to him as the impulsive son of a stub- 
 born sire." 
 
 The Puritan pluck is manifested in his maiden speech 
 in Faneuil Hall, JS'ovember Yth, 1837. The Kev. E. P. 
 Lovejoy had been murdered by a mob at Alton, Illinois, 
 where he was defending his printing press — a machine 
 dreaded and hated by selfish, corrupt, and villainous 
 men. Dr. Channing called an indignation meeting in 
 the " old cradle of liberty." James T. Austin, the At- 
 torney-General of the State of Massachusetts, apolo- 
 gized for the bloody deed of the mob, and said that 
 Lovejoy was presumptuous and imprudent, and that 
 " he died as the fool dieth." Wendell Phillips., then a 
 young man fresh from college, replied to the vindicator 
 of mob violence. I can only give sparkles from his 
 speech. "Fellow-citizens," said he, "is this Faneuil 
 Hall doctrine ? The mob at Alton were met to wrest 
 from a citizen his just rights — met to resist the laws. 
 We have been told that our fathers did the same, and 
 
38 Representative Men, 
 
 the glorious mantle of revolutionary precedent has been 
 thrown over the mobs of our day ! Sir, when I heard 
 the gentleman lay down principles which place the 
 murderers of Alton side by side with Otis and 
 Hancock, with Quincy and Adams, I thought those 
 pictured lips (pointing to the portraits in the hall) 
 would have broken into voice to rebuke the recreant 
 American, the slanderer of the dead. (Great sensa- 
 tion and applause). The gentleman said that he should 
 sink into insignificance if he dared to gainsay the 
 principles of these resolutions. Sir, for the sentiments 
 he has uttered on soil consecrated by the prayers of Pur- 
 itans and the blood of patriots, the earth should have 
 yawned and swallowed him. James Otis thundered in 
 this hall, when the king did but touch his pocket. 
 Imagine, if you can, his indignant eloquence had En- 
 gland offered to put a gag upon his lips." The writer 
 was living in the city of Boston, at the time of the sur- 
 render of the fu2^itive slave Sims to his Southern mas- 
 ter. He saw the chain around the court-house, and the 
 judge who stooped and crept under it to order the exe- 
 cution of the infamous deed of sending the unfortunate 
 negro from freedom back to bondage. He saw Theo- 
 dore Parker and Wendell Phillips, arm-in-arm, at the 
 door of the court of justice, importuning for the rights 
 of man, and protesting against the insult to liberty. 
 Speaking of Justice Shaw, some time after the cruel 
 event of returning the fugitive to his master, our orator 
 said : '* Did he not know that he was making history that 
 hour, when the Chief-Justice of the Commonwealth en- 
 tered his own court bowing down like a criminal, be- 
 neath a chain four feet from the soil % " In the same 
 
Wendell Phillips. 39 
 
 speech, he said of Kobert Kantoul : " I know not how 
 erect he may stand hereafter, but I am. willing to give 
 him good credit in the future, so well paid has been 
 this, his first bill of exchange. He has done at least 
 his duty to the constituency he represented. He looked 
 North for his instructions. The time has been when 
 no Massachusetts representative looked North ; we only 
 saw their backs. They have always looked to the 
 Southern Cross ; they never turned their eyes to the 
 North Star." 
 
 This prince of orators has just passed his seventieth 
 year, but he retains the fire of his meridian splendor, 
 and holds the throne that lifts him above every politi- 
 cal speaker in this country. In a recent speech deliv- 
 ered before the elite and literati of Cambridge and 
 Boston, in Harvard University, he made those classic 
 halls ring with golden speech. His unpopular pets 
 were arrayed in all the splendid diction at his com- 
 mand. He was listened to with mingled feelings of 
 delight, astonishment, surprise, and anger, while he 
 forged his thunderbolts, and hurled them at the oppo- 
 nents of woman's rights, of an inflated currency, of la- 
 bor reform, and of Irish agitations, etc., etc. He pours 
 new wine into old bottles on purpose to bring about an 
 explosion, and patches worn-out garments with new 
 cloth of many colors, to make them ridiculous when 
 worn by the sages of conservatism. This sort of work 
 could not be continued with success by an ill-looking, 
 ignorant, and coarse man. 
 
 Mr. Phillips is a scholar, and a man of great talent — 
 shall I say genius? He has a pleasant voice, which 
 rings out like a triimpet when played upon by his va- 
 
40 Representative Men. 
 
 ried thought and feeling. He has also a fine face, a 
 good figure, and he is master of the most graceful elo- 
 cution. Even when we do not like the tune, w^e are 
 charmed by the beauty and sound of the instrument. 
 I should add here that he has a brave and fiery spirit — 
 that he is the Hotspur of rebellion against many of the 
 old customs enthroned in society. He is an iconoclast 
 who spares no image that hinders him in his progres- 
 sive march. He seems to have a " cranky " wish to be 
 prominent on the losing side of a cause or a contro- 
 versy. His sympathies are not only with the " under 
 dog ill the fight," but he would shelter the dog that is 
 mad. He loves " a shining mark," and being a good 
 shot, he is pretty snre to hit the " bull's-eye." His 
 target may be the administration, or a political organiza- 
 tion, or the church, or some moral reform. When he 
 goes a-hunting for human game he attempts to bj'ing 
 down some of the tallest men, and would not be satis- 
 fied if he did not bag a president, a major-general, or a 
 Cabinet minister. He makes war with the judiciary, the 
 police, the army, the navy, the city corporation, the leg- 
 islature, the club — and any head lifted above the crowd 
 stands the risk of getting a- black eye, or a broken nose. 
 Mr. Phillips is a native of Boston, the " American 
 Athens." Some one said that a man born in Boston 
 need not be born again, and it has been hinted that a 
 graduate of Harvard needs no additional intelligence, 
 but the silver-tongued hero of this brief and imperfect 
 sketch has the gift which universities can not bestow, 
 the current coin of true eloquence, that no one can 
 counterfeit and pass off as genuine in the presence of a 
 discriminating public. " He does not go to the lamp of 
 
Wendell Phillips. 4 1 
 
 the old schools to light his torch, but dips it into the 
 sun," which shines for all and fills the common atmos- 
 phere with light and heat. He is tall and symmetrical. 
 His face shows earnestness, refinement, and culture; 
 head large, with a ^xi^ front; eyes of a bluish-gray 
 color ; hair, once auburn, now white. He has the air, 
 look, and carriage of a gentleman. Before an audience 
 he has the self-poise and steadiness of nerve wdiich 
 arise not from self-esteem, but from calm courage and 
 long experience as a public speaker, and, perhaps 1 
 should add, from a thorough knowledge of his side of 
 the question, for he prepares his speeches carefully, al- 
 though when he airs them they have not the " smell of 
 the lamp, nor the haziness of its smoke." 
 
 James Russell Lowell, who is about ten years the 
 junior of Wendell Phillips, pays him this lasting 
 compliment : 
 
 "He stood upon the world's broad threshold ; wide 
 The din of battle and of slaughter rose ; 
 He saw God stand upon the weaker side, 
 That sank in seeming loss before its foes. 
 Many there were who made great haste and sold 
 Unto the cunning enemy their swords. 
 He scorned their gifts of fame, and power, and gold, 
 And underneath their soft and flowery words 
 Heard the cold serpent hiss; therefore he went 
 And humbly joined him to the weaker part, 
 Fanatic named and fool, yet well content 
 So he could be the nearer to God's heart, 
 And feel its solemn pulses sending blood 
 Through all the wide-spread veins of endless good." 
 
 An heir of wealth, he has nevertheless, for forty years, 
 been most of the time on the unpopular side of the great 
 
42 Representative Men. 
 
 questions of the day. He has been hooted at in the streets 
 and at conventions as a fanatic. Mobs, whose arguments 
 are usually unmerchantable eggs and paving-stones, have 
 shown their hatred of him by their hisses and sulphury 
 speech. The press, while acknowledging his power as 
 a speaker, and his skill in the use of logic and eloquence, 
 has, with but rare exceptions, denounced him as a chronic 
 fault-finder and scold. A few years ago the writer met 
 him at a convention in the city of Albany, and urged 
 him not to go to a " certain " city to keep an appoint- 
 ment — a woman's rights meeting, I think it was — be- 
 cause a mob had been organized to give him a hostile 
 reception. " Oh, I shall go," said he ; ^' such a greeting 
 as you refer to would be refreshing ; it is a long time 
 since I have enjoyed the honor of being entertained by 
 a mob." 
 
 It seems to me that Mr. Phillips' obstinate opposition 
 to the best efforts of some of our best men in the church 
 and out of it has hindered his usefulness. Without 
 sacrificing his principles, or even modifying his hatred 
 of oppression, he might have used the expediency of 
 Luther and made himself the master and leader of a 
 great political party. 
 
 A few words in closing with reference to his birth 
 and accomplishments. He was born in Boston, Novem- 
 ber 29th, 1811, and graduated at Harvard University in 
 1831, at the law school in 1833, and was admitted to 
 the bar the following year. In 1836 he united with the 
 abolitionists, and from, the first was its most eloquent 
 exponent. From a disinclination to observe the oath 
 of fealty to the Federal Constitution, he relinquished 
 the practice of law in 1839. Until 1861 he advocated 
 
Wendell Phillips. 43 
 
 disunion as the most effective plan to secure the free- 
 dom of the slaves of the Southern States. At the 
 breaking out of the rebellion he sustained the Govern- 
 ment with the same object in view. In 1863-4 he ad- 
 vocated, with great force, the arming, educating, and 
 enfranchising the freedmen, and, for the two last- 
 named purposes, he continued the organization of the 
 Anti-Slavery Society till after the adoption of the fif- 
 teenth amendment in 1869. In 1870 he was the tem- 
 perance and labor reform candidate for Governor of 
 Massachusetts, receiving about 20,000 votes. In 1875 
 he made old Faneuil Hall ring with a speech in defense 
 of the Louisiana policy of Gen. Grant. 
 
 He is very much opposed to capital punishment, and 
 considered the hanging of the assassin Guiteau a crime. 
 
 I have lately seen a portrait of Mr. Phillips, as he ap- 
 peared in his prime. One looking at his amiable face, 
 lit as it is with smiling eyes, would not dream that he 
 could say bitter words that would bite and sting 
 long after they had been uttered. The face is hand- 
 some, but it covers a volcanic nature, and the pleas- 
 ant lips easily break into invectives of wrath against 
 vice and oppression. His countenance shows cult- 
 ure and refinement. His Firmness looms up into 
 stubbornness, and he has Ideality enough to stock half 
 a dozen minor poets with imagery and illustration. 
 He will be remembered as the champion of human lib- 
 erty who claimed the right to call oppressors to an ac- 
 count at the bar of public opinion. 
 
Henry "Ward Beecher, 
 
 ORATOR, AND ANALYST OF HUMAN NATURE, 
 
 " Ik the beauty of the lilies Christ was honi across the sea, 
 With a glory iu His bosom that transfigures you and me, 
 As He died to make men holy, let us die to make meu free. 
 While God is marching on." -Julia Ward Howe. 
 
 REV. HEKRY WAKD BEECHER is an orator 
 and an analyst of human character. In this 
 brief sketch I shall refer to some of the prominent 
 traits of this remarkable man, as they are developed in 
 his writings and speeches. It is a difficult task to com- 
 pare him with any other preacher now living, because of 
 marked dissimilarities. There are plenty of men of 
 more learning in the languages, and yet he does not 
 lack 
 
 '' For Hebrew roots, although they're found 
 To flourish most on barren ground." 
 
 It is easy to name philosophers more profound than 
 he — men so deep they are opaque, and some so smooth 
 and polished they sometimes '' slip up " on their own 
 sermons and addresses. There are also hosts of humor- 
 ous and pathetic preachers, who "dare'' be "as 
 funny as they can." They can make their auditors 
 cry until tears stand in their eyes, and then they make 
 them laugh until the tears roll down their cheeks. These 
 achievements are accomplished mainly by the descrip- 
 (44) 
 
KEY. HENRY WARD BEECHEK. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
Henry Ward Beecher. 4^ 
 
 tion of death-bed scenes, spiced with stories, quotations 
 of verse, puns, and anecdotes. Henry Ward Beecher 
 is not of that type of manhood. He has an abundance 
 of capital to draw upon, without borrowing small checks 
 with other men's endorsements upon them. He came 
 of good stock. Men of great intellectual girth and 
 stature are not the mere " accidents of birth." Great 
 men grow from a great ancestrj^, found in a near or re- 
 mote generation, and they are the natural result of 
 causes easily traced by the analytic student of human 
 character. IS'o sensible farmer expects to reap a rich 
 harvest from seed-corn sown in a barren soil. The 
 sterile sand-lot may produce a prickly weed, fit only to 
 be plucked with gloved hands and cast into the tire. 
 The tall trees of California do not lift their trunks sky- 
 ward from a thin, light layer of earth. Their roots 
 are anchored in good ground ; and their stems rise in 
 symmetry and beauty, waving their green banners in 
 the light of the sun, offering an orchestra for the birds 
 and a shelter for the beasts of the forest; and when 
 they fall, the woods tremble with " sensation." Spring, 
 like a fair mourner, writes their epitaph in the sweet 
 syllables of wild blossoms, and the feathered choir sing 
 their requiem. The offspring of the fallen monarchs 
 rise in their places grand and lofty representatives of a 
 race of giants. 
 
 Lyman Beecher was one of the uncommon people, a 
 blacksmith in his youth, bronzed at the forge and made 
 strong by swinging the sledge. Little did he dream 
 that the blows on his anvil foresounded the music that 
 would echo in theological thunder across the continents 
 and around the civilized world. We may say of the 
 
46 Representative Men. 
 
 times in which Lyman Beecher lived, labored, studied 
 and preached — " there were giants in those days." He 
 won a good name and a grand renown, and bequeathed 
 to his children the I'ich inheritance of that reputation 
 which is of more value than silver and gold. His dis- 
 tinguished son, Henry Ward, inherited his fathers sound 
 physical health and his wonderful force of brain, and 
 he is now at this present time, altliough w^ell advanced 
 in years, a fair specimen of manly vigor. Few can 
 endure continuous work so ^vell as he can, and ac- 
 complish so much in a given time. See him at his 
 tasks as newspaper-writer, lecturer, author, preacher. 
 What a variety of topics he treats upon 1 On the ^nvil 
 of hard work, this industrious son of a distinguished 
 sire has forged a fame kings might be willing to give 
 their crowns to possess. His father had no peer in the 
 orthodox pulpit at a time when Channing and 
 other Unitarian lights were in the full blaze of their 
 meridian glory. I have not space to give an account 
 of the battles of the theological athletes of that time. 
 I may say, however, that Henry Ward Beecher wears 
 his father's shield. 
 
 When the writer was a lad, he attended an anni- 
 versary meeting in Chatham Street Chapel. One of 
 the most attractive and impassioned speakers was a 
 young preacher from Indianapolis. He was square- 
 shouldered, and stood erect on straight legs. His 
 hair was brown and worn long, his face rosy with 
 health and radiant with intelligence, and his large, 
 electric eyes, seemed to emit light when he spoke, and 
 his voice rang out as sweet and clear as the tones of a 
 bell. It was Henry Ward Beecher in the flush of liis 
 
Henry Ward Beccher. 47 
 
 young manhood. Even at that time he was recognized as 
 the " young lion of the West." His eloquence charmed 
 some of the prominent men of the Congregational 
 Church, and they gave him a call to the pastorate of 
 Plymouth Church, in Brooklyn. 
 
 Dear old Dr. Cox, who died in 1880, at the age of 87, 
 a very learned, original and brilliant man, and a most 
 eloquent orator, said at the time, " I give young Beecher 
 six months to wind his clock and stop." Well, one of 
 the clocks that had been going did stop in half a year — 
 a short time — and Dr. Cox left Brooklyn ; the other 
 has been going (not on tick) for thirty years, and it 
 strikes v^^itli the ring of undiminished force. 
 
 Among the noted men present at the aforementioned 
 meeting, were Joshua Leavitt, the editor; Lewis 
 Tappan, the merchant prince ; and Henry C. Bowen, 
 now proprietor of the ^' Indejpendentr At this time 
 the slavery question was at a white heat ; William 
 Lloyd Garrison was writing his caustic essays in Boston ; 
 Lyman Beecher was flaming like a comet in the skies 
 of theology ; AVhittier was writing his immortal verses ; 
 Phillips was thundering and lightening on the plat- 
 form, his speech falling like Greek fire upon oppression 
 and tyranny; and Greeley was printing his masterful 
 editorials. The political world was moved from centre 
 to circumference; the fii'mament of reform was ablaze 
 with a galaxy of genius and greatness. 
 
 Is it not true that " A great man is born not only 
 with his nationality in him," but with strength of will 
 and force of brain to execute his mission % Bismarck is 
 a plant grown in the soil and air of German institutions ; 
 Gladstone is the embodiment of the highest civilization 
 
48 Representative Men. 
 
 of England ; Grevy sprung from the tropical tempera- 
 ment of France ; Garibaldi, the famed Italian patriot, 
 who has gone covered with honor and fame, repre- 
 sented in his experience the stormy period of his 
 day. The fairest and best specimens of humanity ; 
 the individuals who do something worthy of commen- 
 dation and lasting fame, are not always found in palaces 
 with crowns on their heads. They are not all born in 
 the purple, nor fed with golden spoons, nor rocked in 
 cradles of velvet. They are kingly men and queenly 
 women, not dependent upon the banker nor the clothes- 
 maker, nor the universities, for their diplomas of dis- 
 tinction. Franklin was a printer, the guest of nobles 
 and their equal. Washington was a surveyor, and he 
 carved a republic out of the dependency of a monarchy. 
 The men of our day, in our own land, who have aided 
 in shaping politics, in swaying the masses in peace and 
 war, in educating and elevating the people, have been 
 greatly influenced by our institutions, by the events in 
 our history, by the climate, the geography, the vastness 
 of our broad, free land — they are the empire men of the 
 empire republic. Mr. Beecher is one of the few of 
 illustrious men whose fame will not fade. It can not 
 be obscured by envious and jealous minds, that would 
 make it dim with shadows of criticism. He is a man 
 of colossal intellect, with a heart to match his mind. 
 He is American gold, minted in the church and 
 stamped with the stars and eagle of liberty on one side, 
 and the cross on the other. 
 
 When cotton was king in the United States, 
 and timid men in the pulpit and time-servers in 
 the pews were afraid to utter their protest against 
 
Henry Ward Beecher. 49 
 
 organized despotism, our heroic champion of free- 
 dom opposed, with voice and vote, with argument 
 and appeal, with all the power he could wield at 
 the press, and with all the sentiment he could create in 
 the church, the reign of the white despot. When 
 multitudes of mediocre men could not hear the wail of 
 the bondmen, because they had cotton in their ears ; 
 when they could not see the chain on the bare and 
 bleeding heel of the negro, nor the red stripes of blood 
 upon his back, because their eyes were blinded with 
 cotton ; when they would not utter a word of condem- 
 nation against the injustice and cruelty of slavery, be- 
 cause their mouths were filled with cotton ; Henry 
 Ward Beecher, like the brave Koderic Dhu, blew a 
 blast upon his silver clarion, and it was the equivalent 
 of ten thousand men. He did not shrink from the 
 contest when the cloud of war broke like an exploding 
 shell over the land. He was conspicuous when came 
 the roar of artillery, the river of blood surging be- 
 tween heaps of slain, and he joined with those who 
 were jubilant when " a nation " of blacks stood disen- 
 thralled upon their broken chains. It seemed as though 
 there could be no remission of our national sin without 
 the shedding of blood. In the dark days of our civil 
 war, negro troops followed the light of the flag, and to 
 them its stars were telescopes through which they saw 
 God and liberty. In the dreadful duel betwixt the 
 North and the South, when brother held brother by 
 the throat, and the sympathy of the motherland was 
 on the side of the rebellion, the eloquence of Mr. 
 Beecher (who addressed the masses in London and else- 
 where) did more to turn the tide of opinion in England 
 3 
 
50 Representative Men. 
 
 in favor of justice and liberty, than the diplomacy of 
 Seward, the valor of the bravest general in the field, or 
 the decisions of judges. 
 
 I have elsewhere hinted of Mr. Beecher's nationality. 
 We all are more or less influenced by our environnients. 
 The breeziness and freshness of the prairies, the liquid 
 harmony of moving billows upon our inland seas, the 
 rhythm and sweep of our broad rivers, characterize his 
 literary work. There is a breadth, and life, and 
 freedom in his extemporaneous speech, and some- 
 times a depth and overbrimming fullness in his 
 discourses, such as Lake Michigan might suggest. 
 Forms and rules may be required by some men to 
 keep them within the limits of discretion, to save 
 them from going beyond their depth, and of being 
 drowned even in shallow water, sliould they leave 
 the track — the only straight and narrow road that 
 many travel on, is a railroad, and their '^ motive 
 for going ahead is a locomotive." Beech er is a dis- 
 ciple of nature, and he is at home within any horizon 
 that encircles him — with God above, and terra firma 
 below. If you put up a fence to keep him out of any 
 promising field of labor, he will leap over the bars as a 
 hunter would into a meadow of clover. By his power of 
 instinct and intuition, he *' discovers new things, 
 creates new forms out of old substances." '' He comes 
 close to what is innermost in mankind, and not only 
 tells us what we thought and could not speak, but what 
 we felt and did not know." His efforts are not the result 
 of mere mechanism. They are not images carved out 
 of wood and made to wear a look of humanity ; but, like 
 Topsy, they grow. And that is the reason why his ser- 
 
Henry Ward Beecher. 51 
 
 mons are as eloquent and interesting as those that were 
 delivered long ago by Robert South and Jeremy Tay- 
 lor. He has a genius for preaching the Gospel, the 
 gift of making religion attractive and lovely. Theo- 
 dore Parker said '' a genius for religion is valued far 
 above all the rest, 1)ecause the man who has it incar- 
 nates in himself the instinct of mankind, brings it to 
 their consciousness, puts it into form, and is a leader of 
 men in departments deemed by humanity most impor- 
 tant of all." It is the emotion implanted in a gifted 
 man that inspires him with a wish to communicate his 
 thoughts and feelings to others, to teach them piety, 
 the ideal love of God, morality, the clean keeping of 
 all laws that are just philanthropy (the blossom and the 
 fruit on the tree of human charity), the affectionate re- 
 gard for the welfare of man. 
 
 Henry Ward Beecher was born at Litchfield, Conn., 
 June 24, 1813, graduated at Amherst in 1831, studied 
 theology at Lane Seminary, and in 1837 became 
 pastor of a church at Lawrenceburg. In 1839 he was 
 installed over a small church in Indianapolis, Indiana. 
 In 1847 he was called to Plymouth Church, Brook- 
 lyn, ]^. Y. It is now the largest Congregational 
 church in America. He has been editor of the J^ew 
 York Indejpendent and also of the Christian Union. 
 He is the author of a number of popular works, the 
 names of all of which I can not remember. I will name, 
 however, '' Star Papers," " Plymouth Pulpit," "- Lect- 
 ures to Young Men," ''Industry and Idleness," "Life 
 Thoughts," and "Norwood," a novel, etc. 
 
 Mr. Beecher is nearly seventy years of age, of stout 
 build, square-shouldered, and a little below the ordinary 
 
52 Representative Men. 
 
 height. He is plump of limb, erect in form, and ener- 
 getic in his walk. His head is large and covered rather 
 thinly now with long, white hair; his forehead well 
 developed, eyes bluish-gray and full, lips thick, not at all 
 indicative of the poetic refinement of the man, but show- 
 ing the animal courage and vigor that can not easily 
 be made to surrender. Everybody knows that he is a 
 man of unbending purpose and unconquerable will. 
 He is often combative — his words are blows, and 
 he is a hard hitter. His intense earnestness arises in 
 part from his hatred of wrong and oppression — hence 
 his pugna(dous combat with slavery. He is highly dra- 
 matic, and not confined to his notes in the pulpit. I^o 
 man is more felicitous in the use of illustration than 
 he. The attribute of humor is employed to good ad- 
 vantage when he assails a fashionable vice, and especial- 
 ly in his lectures his "laughter doeth good like a 
 medicine." He is an enthusiast iu musical matters, and 
 fond of poetry, but he seldom quotes, for the very 
 suflacient reason that he fails to commit to memory what 
 he reads. 
 
 x^ second glance at the '^portrait which accompanies 
 this sketch confirms me in the opinion I have given of 
 the characteristic traits of this marvelous man. The 
 dome-like forehead, the dreamy eyes, the forceful and 
 sensitive nostrils, the heavy mouth disciplined and re- 
 deemed from coarseness, by the culture of the intellect, 
 and the strong chin moulded to meet resistance, com- 
 prise a picture of animal, moral, and mental power 
 seldom found in a single face. 
 
 * From "Life and Characteristics of Henry Ward Beecher," by Lyman 
 Abbott, D.D., Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers, New York. 
 
REV. DR. JOHN HALL. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
Rev. Dr. John Hall, 
 
 PREACHER, LECTURER, AND WRITER. 
 
 " A sweet, attractive kind of grace, 
 A full assurance given by looks, 
 Continual comfort in a face, 
 
 The lineaments of Gospel books. 
 I trow that countenance can not lie, 
 Whose thoughts are legible in the eye." 
 
 — Mathew Rotden. 
 
 REV. DR. JOHISr HALL, the popular pastor of the 
 Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York, 
 was born in Ireland, July 31, 1829. His ancestors 
 moved from Scotland to the J^orth of Ireland, in one 
 of those hegiras which gave notoriety and character to 
 the county of Ulster. His father was an elder in the 
 Presbyterian Church ; he was a man of substance, of 
 social position and influence. When the subject of 
 this sketch was thirteen years of age, he was prepared 
 to enter Belfast College, where he distinguished him- 
 self by winning the prize for high attainments in He- 
 brew. After his graduation he began to study for the 
 ministry, and was generally the first in his class and 
 foremost in gleaning the prizes of the examinations. 
 In June, 1849, he was licensed to preach, and imme- 
 diately accepted a call from his class to go as their mis- 
 sionary among the Catholics in the West of Ireland. 
 He was next called to a church at Armagh, where he 
 
 (53) 
 
54 Representative Men. 
 
 was installed June 30, 1852. Six years later he ac- 
 cepted a call to the church of Mary's Abbey, now Rut- 
 land Square, in Dublin. There he was recognized as 
 one of the ablest and most learned of the preachers in 
 that capital of talent and scholarship. From the Queen 
 he received the honorary appointment of Commissioner 
 of Education for Ireland, and he performed the duties 
 of that office until he came to this countr3^ In 1867 
 he was a delegate of the Irish General Assembly to the 
 United States. He was cordially received wherever he 
 went, and his sermons and speeches were noticeable for 
 their logic and eloquence. About the time of this visit 
 the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church was seeking a pas- 
 tor. A unanimous and earnest call was sent to him, 
 which he accepted. He was installed J^ovember 3d, 
 186Y. His predecessors in that pulpit were Rev. Dr. 
 James W. Alexander, Rev. Dr. N. L. Rice — able and 
 brilliant men, of national fame, the latter a famous 
 man in controversy. But Dr. Hall was equal to the 
 task he had chosen. His church edilice is a large and 
 superb structure, and is well filled at almost every 
 service with what may be called a critical and exacting 
 audience. 
 
 Dr. Hall usually preaches from a meagre skeleton of 
 notes, and his discourses are sinewy in philosophy and 
 virile in argument. His contributions to the re- 
 ligious and secular press have added to the number of 
 his appreciative and admiring friends. He has been 
 in frequent demand as a platform speaker and lyceum 
 lecturer, and some time ago he gave a course of theo- 
 logical lectures before the students of ]^ew Haven Col- 
 lege. Dr. Hall is plain, practical and direct in his ex- 
 
Rev. Dr. John Hall, 55 
 
 positions, utterly devoid of what is styled the sensa- 
 tional manner of presenting his message. He is a pro- 
 found classical and theological scholar, well furnished 
 for his work, and he evidently is a close and discriminat- 
 ing student, who considers his hearers worthy of his 
 best efforts every time he preaches. 
 
 To get along well year after year in the presence of 
 thoughtful and cultivated people, a religious teacher 
 should be endowed with the keen vision and penetra- 
 tion that will enable him to read and understand 
 human character, and to dissect the deeds and even the 
 motives of men. Depth and scope are of more value 
 to a minister than brilliancy of fancy and poetic diction. 
 A pulpit display of intellectual pyrotechnics, that flash 
 and hiss and whii'l and blaze for a moment, and then 
 go out, leaving charred and blackened frames and 
 wheels and an atmosphere of smoke with the odor 
 of sulphur, can gratify only the listener who has no 
 capacity for continuous thought and is most moved by 
 startling statements and wonderful surprises. 
 
 A prominent man, in the sacred desk or out of it, can 
 not be recognized as a star, unless he shines with a 
 steady light. An eccentric meteor wandering in space, 
 outside of the laws that should govern a heavenly 
 messenger, is merely an ignis fatuus, that vanishes 
 and leaves no sign. It is apt to lead astray, and can 
 not be considered a trustworthy guide. When a great 
 and good man, great in his goodness and good in his 
 greatness, comes to the front, he adds to the capital of 
 brains and hearts ; he bestows on his fellow-men the ad- 
 vantages of his learning and culture, his experience 
 and eloquence, his talents and his genius. He en- 
 
56 Representative Men. 
 
 courages education, literature, art, science, and human 
 progress in all its noblest and highest phases. He 
 helps in weeding arrogance, self-conceit, pretension, 
 tyranny and hypocrisy out of the human heart. He 
 will have courage enough to stand up in the face of 
 fashion and wealth, and tell the truth as he understands 
 it. 
 
 The following lines, by the author of this sketch, will 
 give the reader an idea of the thoughtful tenderness of 
 Dr. Hall and his congregation : 
 
 THE SILENT TOWER. 
 
 " Dr. John Hall's people refrained from hanging a bell in the 
 tower of their church, on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Fifty- 
 fifth Street, and would not even suffer the clock to strike, lest 
 the patients in St. Luke's Hospital, opposite, should be dis- 
 turbed." — Christian Union. 
 
 It rises in silence and splendor, 
 
 In the light of the smiling day ; 
 Its lesson is touching and tender 
 
 To sufferers over the way. 
 
 It points to the bells that are ringing 
 
 In heaven, unheard here below; 
 Where the choir celestial is singing, 
 
 Near the Throne that is whiter than snow. 
 
 The music of silence is sweeter 
 
 Than the ringing of bells in towers ; 
 
 It chords with the cadence whose meter 
 Is sweet as the wind-harp in flowers. 
 
 By the couches where patients are sleeping. 
 
 And dreaming of visions above. 
 Two angels their vigils are keeping: 
 
 One is Mercy, the other is Love. 
 
Rev. Dr. John Hall, 57 
 
 No longer the clock that's revealing 
 
 The passing away of the hour, 
 Can disturb with dolorous pealing, 
 
 Since Love struck it dumb in the tower. 
 
 JS'ature lias endowed Dr. Hall with a strong physical 
 frame, as a workshop for his clear and acute mind. He 
 is tall, stately, and full-chested, and his face shows the 
 seal of culture and earnest thought. Without the bril- 
 liancy and originality of some of his cloth, he keeps on 
 the even tenor of his way, and is never so ecstatic as 
 to lose his head among the clouds. He is a teacher of 
 taste and judgment, whose well-balanced mind is con- 
 trolled by common-sense and conscience. 
 
Henry W. Longfellow, 
 
 POET, LINGUIST, AND TEACHER. 
 
 " The wave went down, the wind went down, 
 The tide of life turned out to sea : 
 Patience of pain and grace of deed, 
 The glories of the heart and brain, 
 Treasure that shall not come again ; 
 The human singing that we need. 
 Set to a heavenly ke3^" 
 
 —Elizabeth Stuart Phelfs. 
 
 I'^HE skylark vitalizes its song with sweetest tones 
 when, from its low nest in the ground, it ascends 
 to heaven,' When it goes upward, higher and higher, 
 and still higher on the circling stair of melody, we gaze 
 and listen with wonder and rapture, and when at last 
 it disappears in the vast empyrean, we know that it yet 
 lives, because we still can hear its hymn of praise. 
 And should it never return to earth, we could easily 
 imagine that it was not dead, but that it had been 
 translated to the land where storms would not dis- 
 turb its home repose nor arrest its fliglit with dis- 
 cordant cloud and thunder, and all memories of it 
 would be associated with thoughts of purity and har- 
 mony. Longfellow is the skylark of song, and the 
 music of his verse is heard in both hemispheres, and 
 though he " is lost to sight," he remains " to memory 
 dear." We know that he lives in fame's " academy ot 
 the immortals," in his graceful, tender, sympathetic, and 
 melodious verse, in the happy recollection of a life de- 
 (58) 
 
/> 
 
 if 
 
 HENRY W. LONGFELLOW, 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
Heniy W. Longfellozv. 39 
 
 voted to the best interests of humankind, and in the 
 spirit-world with the great and good, whose preparatory 
 stadies, experience, example, and labors here, have been 
 the stars in the mantles they have dropped for other 
 shoulders to wear. 
 
 Before Longfellow w^as nineteen years of age he 
 had graduated with honor, and had written for the 
 United States Literary Gazette that famous and beauti- 
 ful poem, '' An April Day." 
 
 Sweet April, many a thought is wedded unto thee as hearts are 
 
 wed, 
 Nor shall they fail till, to its autumn brought, Life's golden fruit 
 
 is shed. 
 
 At a recent meeting of a number of distinguished 
 men in the city of Boston, Oliver Wendell Hohnes, 
 poet, lecturer, doctor and critic, and life-long friend 
 of Mr. Longfellow, in the course of an eloquent and 
 discriminating speech, said : 
 
 Until the silence fell upon us, we did not entirely appreciate 
 how largely his voice was repeated in the echoes of our own 
 hearts. The affluence of his production so accustomed us to 
 look for a poem from him at short intervals that we could 
 hardly feel how precious that was which was so abundant. 
 Not, of course, that every single poem reached the standard 
 of the highest among them all. That could not be in 
 Homer's time, and mortals must occasionally nod now as then. 
 But the hand of the artist shows itself unmistakably in every- 
 thing which left his desk — the O of Giotto could not helj) being a 
 perfect round, and the verse of Longfellow is always perfect in 
 construction. 
 
 He worked in that simple and natural way which character- 
 izes the master. But it is one thing to be simple through pov- 
 erty of intellect, and another thing to be simple by repression of all 
 
6o Representative Men. 
 
 redundancy and over-statement ; one thing to be natural througli 
 ignorance of all rules, and another to have made a second nature 
 out of the sovereign rules of art. In respect to this simplicity 
 and naturalness, his style is in strong contrast with that of many 
 writers of our time. There is no straining for effect, there is no 
 torturing of rhythm for novel patterns, no wearisome iteration of 
 petted words, no intelligent clipping of syllables to meet the ex- 
 igencies of a verse, no affected archaisms, rarely any liberty taken 
 with language, unless it may be in the form of a few words in the 
 translation of Dante. I will not except from these remarks the 
 singular and original form which he gave to his poem "Hiawa- 
 tha," a poem with a curious history in many respects. Suddenly 
 and immensely popular in this country, greatly admired by 
 many foreign critics, imitated with perfect ease by any clever 
 school-boy, serving as a model for metrical advertisements, made 
 fun of, sneered at, admired, abused, but at any rate a picture full 
 of pleasing fancies and melodious cadences. The very names are 
 jewels which the most fastidious muse might be proud to wear. 
 
 It has been said that Longfellow was pre-eminently 
 the poet of motion. In his verse everything moves. 
 His numbers flow in liquid harmony, like brooklets 
 through meadows of flowers, like streams rolling down 
 the mountain, like rivers pulsing to the sea, like waves 
 sweeping from the wind-swept ocean. They reveal 
 the march of armies, the movements of the heavenly 
 bodies, the progress of life, the toil of laborers. 
 
 Art is long, and time is fleeting, 
 
 And our hearts, though stout and brave, 
 
 Still like muffled drums are beating 
 Funeral marches to the grave. 
 
 How sweetly he sings of shops and streets and quaint 
 old towns, alive and active with toil and traffic ; of 
 clouds that sail like fl.eets through the air ; of birds that 
 soar in the unchartered atmosphere ! 
 
Henry IV. Longfellozv. 6 1 
 
 Walked of yore the master singers cbanting rude poetic strains, 
 From remote and sunless suburbscamethey to the friendly guild, 
 Building nests in Fame's great temple, as in spouts the swallows 
 
 build. 
 As the weaver plied his shuttle, wove he to the mystic rhyme, 
 And the smith his iron measures hammered to the anvil's chime. 
 Here, when art was still religion, with a simple, reverent heart, 
 Lived and labored Albrecht Durer, the evangelist of art, 
 Hence, in silence and in sorrow, toiling still with busy hand, 
 Like an emigrant he wandered, seeking for the better land. 
 
 Here is motion. Singers are chanting, workmen are 
 weaving, hammering, toiHng. Longfellow was au art- 
 ist who conld cut a cameo or carve a statue. Margaret 
 Fuller compared liim to a shell, in which every line and 
 tint tells the story of the winds and waves ; and I may, 
 add, that the music of his song is a reminder of the 
 melody of the unresting sea. His " Occultation of 
 Orion " is a line symphony. His " Nuremberg " and 
 " Belfry of Bruges," if less brilliant, are better than By- 
 ron's description of old cities. Here is an extract from 
 one of his sweetest poems : 
 
 Here runs the highway to the town, 
 
 There the green lane descend?, 
 Through which I walked to church with thee, 
 O gentlest of my friends. 
 
 The shadow of the linden trees 
 
 Lay moving on the grass. 
 Between them and the moving boughs 
 
 A shadow thou didst pass. 
 
 Thy dress was like the lilies. 
 
 And thy heart as pure as they. 
 One of God's holy angels. 
 
 Did walk with me that dny. 
 
62 Representative Men. 
 
 I saw the branches of the trees 
 Bend down thy touch to meet, 
 
 The clover blossoms in the grass 
 Rise up to kiss thy feet. 
 
 How tender and beautiful the sentiment in the fol- 
 lowing sonnet, which was written when Sumner died : 
 
 River that stealest with such silent pace 
 Around the City of the Dead, where lies 
 A. friend who bore thy name, and whom these eyes 
 Shall sec no more in his accustomed place, 
 
 Linger and fold him in thy soft embrace, 
 
 And say good-night, for now the western skies 
 Are red with sunset, and gray mists arise 
 Like damps that gather on a dead man's face. 
 
 Good-night ! Good-night ! as we so oft have said 
 Beneath this roof at midnight, in the days 
 That are no. more, and shall no more return. 
 Thou hast but taken thy light and gone to bed ; 
 I stay a little longer, as one stays 
 To cover up the embers that still burn. 
 
 The poet was affectionately fond of little children. 
 What a touching tribute to his love for them was their 
 " Longfellow Day " in the public schools. What gift 
 could be more appropriate and. significant than the chair 
 made from the chestnut-tree, under which the "Vil- 
 lage Blacksmith " made his anvil ring. It was a present 
 from the children. This happy sonnet was suggested 
 and inspired by his love of child-life : 
 
 As a fond mother, when the day is o'er. 
 Leads by the hand her little child to bed. 
 Half willing, half reluctant to be led 
 And leave his broken playthings on the floor, 
 Still gazing at them through the open door, 
 
Henry W. Longfellow. 63 
 
 Nor wholly reassured and comforted 
 By promises of others in their stead, 
 "Which, though more splendid, may not please him more j 
 So nature deals with us and takes away 
 
 Our playthings one by one, and by the hand 
 
 Leads us to rest so gently that we go 
 
 Scarce knowing if we wish to go or stay. 
 
 Being too full of sleep to understand 
 
 How far the unknown transcends the what we know. 
 
 The poetry of Longfellow is popular because he is 
 the poet of the people. In his poems there is the " touch 
 of nature that makes the whole world kin." It is good 
 reading, not only for the " common folks," but for ed- 
 ucated artists of the purest and most esthetic taste. 
 He has bequeathed a heritage of thought and feeling 
 of which the entire race of readers may become bene- 
 ficiaries. 
 
 ''Evangeline," probably because of its associations, 
 was a favorite production of the author's. This para- 
 graph, from a letter written by Gen. James Grant Wil- 
 son, is interesting. It is from the N. Y. Indejpendent : 
 
 In one of his earliest letters, referring to "Evangeline," which 
 Longfellow on more than one occasion assured me was always a 
 favorite with the author, the poet writes: 
 
 " The story was told me (that is, the bare outline of it) by a 
 friend of Hawthorne, who had been urging him to write a tale 
 on the subject. 1 said to Hawthorne: 'I wish you would give it 
 to me for a poem ! ' He did so immediately, not seeming to care 
 about it nor desiring to write on the theme." 
 
 Writing in 1872, the poet says: 
 
 "Your letter and the valuable present of Mr. S. C. Hall have 
 reached me safely. Please accept my best thanks for the great 
 kindness you have shown in taking charge of and bringing from 
 the Old World a gift so precious as the inkstand of the poet who 
 
64 Representative Men. 
 
 wrote the ' Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner.' Will you be so good 
 as to send me the present address of Mr. Hall ? I wish, without 
 delay, to acknowledge this mark of bis remembrance and regard, 
 and am not sure where a letter will find him." 
 
 Referring to this precious souvenir, the venerable Richard 
 Henry Dana wrote to me soon after : 
 
 "It greatly pleased me to receive a few lines from you, just re- 
 turned from that glorious old city, London, which, it is sad to 
 
 think, I shall never see And so you brought over Mr. 
 
 Coleridge's inkstand for Mr. Longfellow. I am almost tempted 
 to commit burglary or even murder, if necessary, to i)ossess it. 
 Mr. Longfellow must look out for himself." 
 
 This inkstand, I may mention, had been used for many years 
 by Coleridge, and also for nine years by Longfellow, on the cen- 
 tre of whose library table he pointed it out to my daughter, while 
 showing her his most highly prized treasures. Said Mr. Long- 
 fellow : 
 
 " This memento of the poet recalls to my recollection that 
 Theophilus Parsons, subsequently eminent in Massachusetts ju- 
 risprudence, paid me for a dozen of my early pieces that appeared 
 in his United States Literary Gazette, with a copy of Coleridge's 
 poems, which I have still in my possession. Mr. Bryant contrib- 
 uted the ' Forest Hymn,' ' The Old Man's Funeral,' and many 
 other poems to the same periodical, and thought he was well 
 paid by receiving two dollars apiece, a price, by the way, which 
 he himself placed upon the poems and, at least, double the amount 
 of my honorarium. Truly, times have changed with us littera- 
 teurs during the last half century." 
 
 The year following (1873) Mr. Longfellow writes: 
 
 "It was only a day or two ago that, happening to be in the 
 College library, I found the volume you were kind enough to 
 send me. As. Mr. Sibley does not undertake to distribute the 
 parcels sent to his care, they being very numerous, one sometimes 
 may wait for weeks before getting his own. This is my apology 
 for not thanking you sooner for your most entertaining book ; 
 but it has come safe at last,, and I have read it with great inter- 
 est I remember very well the poem of ' Sukey,' an imita- 
 
Henry W. Lo?tgfellow. 65 
 
 tioa of Halleck's 'Fanny.' It was written by William Bicker 
 Walter, a contemporary of mine at Bowdoin College, who died 
 young. You will find an account of it and its author in the sec- 
 ond volume of Duyckinck's ' American Cyclopedia.' " 
 
 Mr. Longfellow was honored by many who w^ere un- 
 acquainted with hira personally, and who knew nothing 
 of his poetry. The poor loved him because of his quiet 
 and discriminating charity ; and the men of business re- 
 spected and complimented him because he was methodi- 
 cal, practical, and prompt as a man of affairs ; and it 
 may be added here that he manifested a deep interest 
 in public matters, not eschewing the political questions 
 of the day. He was hostile to slavery ; and wdien the 
 Abolitionists fought their peaceful battles, his sympa- 
 thies were with them ; and during the war he encour- 
 aged the boys in blue in their brave endeavors to save 
 the life of the nation and preserve the Union. He sel- 
 dom, perhaps never, w\as demonstrative in public, and 
 rarely attended political gatherings ; but he was em- 
 phatically a Republican, and contributed to the funds 
 of his party, for his good common sense recognized the 
 necessity of organization to secure success in politics, 
 and he was accustomed to say, " I vote with my party." 
 
 The people of Cambridge give him credit for loyalty 
 to the classical old town of his residence, whose society 
 he preferred to the more pretentious and fashionable 
 society of the neighboring cities. He did not believe 
 that "a man born in Boston need not be born aofain," 
 nor that its Common was the original Garden of Eden. 
 
 The Eev. Dr. T. T. Hunger remarks: 
 
 In the opening lines of "In Memoriam" Tennyson says: 
 I held it true, with him who sings 
 To one cletir harp in divers tones, 
 
66 Representative Men. 
 
 That men may rife on stepping-stones 
 Of tlieir dead selves to higher things. 
 
 The poet to whom he refers is commonly suj^posed to be Long- 
 fellow, and if so, it is probably " The Ladder of St. Augustine " 
 that Tennyson had in mind. But the reference in the second 
 verse is wider than to any single poem, and so it may be taken 
 from the "Psalm of Life" and "Excelsior." The first of these 
 jDoems is an appeal for earnestness and activity in life on the 
 score of its brevity, and for achievement on the ground that 
 though "time is fleeting," " art is long"; hence, life will not be 
 in vain and is to be lived bravely and helpfully. The other 
 poem, -'Excelsior," which, I happen to know, one of the re- 
 maining great poets of our country, recently, in private conver- 
 sation, pronounced to be Longfellow's best poem, is in a sterner 
 strain and fully meets the thought in Tennyson's stanza. 
 
 ■ My first impression of his sweetness I gathered some years ago, 
 when I accidentally overheard him in conversation with Mr. 
 James Russell Lowell, as I walked behind them on Brattle IStreet. 
 A sweet little girl came running by them, and I heard Mr. Long- 
 fellow say to Mr. Lowell, "I like little girls the best," and he 
 continued : 
 
 " What are little girls made of? 
 Sugar and spice 
 And all things nice, 
 That's what little girls are made of." 
 
 We can see how by a sort of instinct all the little girls in the 
 land are repeating the verses of the poet who loved them so well. 
 
 I have quoted freely from writers wlio were the 
 nearest to him, and who were the most intimately ac- 
 quainted with the poet and his works. They refer not 
 only to his learning and genius, but to his manly inde- 
 pendence, his refined, gentle, and quiet demeanor, and 
 to his tender and sympathetic heart. Ilis temper was 
 serene and cheerful, though slightly saddened by his 
 
Henry W. Longfellow. 6j 
 
 great sorrow, which shadowed him like the wing of a 
 guardian angeL 
 
 With perhaps the exception of Poe, his contempora- 
 ries were never jealous of him — indeed, they were gen- 
 erally proud of him and gave him honor as a literary 
 artist of exquisite taste and culture. His fame is the 
 heritage of all Americans. At last, full of years and 
 honors, he has left us. 
 
 Say not the poet dies ! 
 
 Though in the dust he lies, 
 He can not forfeit his melodious breath, 
 
 Unsphered by envious Death ! 
 Life drops the voiceless myriads from its roll: 
 
 Their fate he can not share, 
 
 Who, in the enchanted air. 
 Sweet with the lingering strains that Echo stole, 
 Has left his dearer self, the music of his soul ! 
 
 Poets may live a century of years, but they never grow 
 old. It is universally conceded, that they stand among 
 the highest and foremost men, and at the head of the 
 human race. Their thrones are taller than the thrones 
 of kings ; their crowns shine when the crowns of em- 
 perors are lost in the dust ; their sceptres sway the 
 world when the sceptres of monarchs fall from their 
 palsied hands ; their memory is a sweet-smelling and 
 immortal flower. Cardinal Richelieu sat capped in the 
 presence of the trembling queen, but he uncovered his 
 head in the presence of the poets. 
 
 If any men are inspired, the poets are inspired ; if 
 one type of humanity approaches nearer to divinity 
 than another, the poets are of that type. Their 
 speech is the purest, their ideas are the grandest, their 
 
68 Representative Men. 
 
 sentiments the most divine. The prophets (Heaven's 
 interpreters) were poets. Panl, the most eloquent man 
 of his age, was a poet, and, with reverence and sincerity, 
 I will add, Jesus of E'azareth was a poet. Children, be- 
 fore their minds haye been cast in the mould of world- 
 liness, are poets, and of such children is the Kingdom 
 of Heaven. There are three phases of poetry : the 
 spontaneous, the artistic, and that which combines the 
 one with the other. Tennyson has the two quantities, 
 and he has written more faultless verse than any other 
 man of the present age. Longfellow stands near to 
 him — not much in the shadow ; the shade bringing 
 out the light to the advantage of the American poet. 
 
 Perhaps there are no perfect poets. Poetry is so 
 subtle, so ethereal, so spiritual, so divine, that its exist- 
 ence is not confined to the horizon of human observa- 
 tion and experience ; it soars into the empyrean, and 
 like the song of the lark, is heard wdien the singer is out 
 of sight, offering his hymn at the gate of heaven. It 
 is the expression of emotion, imagination, passion, and 
 is thought coined into speech spoken or written. It is 
 the flowering of genius into verse and prose, into elo- 
 quence and action. Feeling is its soul and essence ; re- 
 flection gives it embodiment in utterance, suggesting 
 language with an affinity for the sentiment, and develop- 
 ing phrases, the instruments of its expression. Hazlitt 
 says, " Poetry is the stuff of which our life is made ; the 
 rest is mere oblivion, a dead-letter ; for all that is worth 
 remembering in life is the poetry of it." The poetry 
 that enters into our every-day life is what we want ; 
 it is the bread, the staff of intellectual life, and we find 
 it abounding in Longfellow's writings. He reaches, 
 
Henry W. Longfellow, 69 
 
 touches, and thrills the hearts of the masses of readers. 
 Alas ! he has gone, he has ascended, not in a chariot of 
 fire, but on the white wings of the angels, to the Sum- 
 mer-land of the happy immortals. He has left us the 
 rich inheritance of a clean life, a pure example, and 
 untiring industry. 
 
 There is uotliing abnormal and feverish in the produc- 
 tions of Longfellow's pen. We read and find rest — not the 
 rest of drowsiness, but the repose of peace and quietude. 
 He is plain, simple, suggestive, and far removed from 
 the spasmodic, nervous, and startling manner of 
 mediocre men, who seek to astonish the multitude by 
 " feats of ground and lofty tumbling." He has kindled 
 the spark of hope in many bosoms, by writing in strains 
 like this : 
 
 We see but dimly through the mists and vapors 
 
 Amid these earthly damps : 
 What seem to us but sad funereal tapers 
 
 May be Heaven's distant lamps. 
 
 There is no death ! What seems so is transition: 
 
 This life of mortal breath 
 Is but a suburb of the life elysian 
 
 Whose portal we call death. 
 
 He has done more for the oppressed aborigines than 
 history, or biography, or human sympathy arising from 
 moral and philanthropic sentiment has done for them, 
 so far as I can judge. What a plea for the red man is 
 " Hiawatha." Read these lines — in them the poet un- 
 consciously describes himself: 
 
 He the sweetest of all singers, 
 Beautiful and childlike was he, 
 Brave as man is, soft as woman. 
 
70 Representative Men, 
 
 Pliant as a wand of willow, 
 Stately as a deer with antlers- 
 All the many sounds of Nature 
 Borrowed sweetness from liis sii;ging, 
 All the hearts of men were softened 
 By the pathos of his music; 
 For he sang of peace and freedom, 
 Sung of beauty, love, and longing, 
 Sung of death and life undying 
 In the land of the hereafter. 
 For his gentleness they loved him 
 i^nd the magic of his singing. 
 
 As a Christian poet, he everywhere commits himself 
 to the cause of freedom, of justice, of humanity, of 
 religion. How hearty and hopeful he was. Kead his 
 own words : 
 
 We walk here, as it were, in the crypts of life; at times from 
 the great cathedral above us we can hear the organ and the 
 chanting choir, we see the light stream through the open door, 
 when some friend goes out before us — and shall we fear to mount 
 the narrow staircase of the grave that leads us out of this uncer- 
 tain twilight into enternal life? 
 
 *The above is equal to the same number of lines in 
 Bryant's Thanatopsis. It is well known that Mr. Long- 
 fellow is the author of several books of elegant prose. 
 
 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born Febru- 
 ary lYth, 180Y, at Portland, Maine, and at the time 
 of his death, which occurred on the 24th of March, 
 1882, he had just passed the seventy-fifth anniversary 
 of his birth. He entered Bowdoin College in 1821, and, 
 four years later, took his degree. Among his class 
 mates were Hawthorne and Geo. B. Cheever. After his 
 graduation he began the study of law with his father, 
 
Henry W. Loiigfellozv. yi 
 
 but shortly afterwards accepted an invitation to take 
 the professorship of Modern Languages in Bowdoin 
 College. After spending three years abroad in prepa- 
 ration for his task, he returned and held the position 
 iive years, when he resigned to take a similar charge in 
 Harvard University, holding the latter professorship 
 seventeen years. He was twice married, his second 
 wife " being the beautiful Mary Ashburner, of 
 Hyperion," to whom he was married in 184:3, and who, 
 after nearly a quarter of a century of happy wedded 
 life, was burned to death at her home in Cambridge. 
 His live children survive him. Onslow, the oldest, 
 is married and engaged in business in Boston. Ern- 
 est is an artist (not a few of the sons of poets be- 
 come artists of rare skill), and is winning green wreaths 
 and golden opinions. The three daughters whose por- 
 traits were painted in what I may call a trio picture by 
 Buchanan Read, the poet-painter, and who are referred 
 to by their father in these w^ords, 
 
 " Grave Alice and laughing Allegra 
 And Edith with golden hair,'' 
 
 are living in the vicinity of the old home. Alice is a 
 writer ; Anna is also a lady of cultivated taste and fond 
 of letters ; Edith is the wife of Richard H. Dana, a 
 descendant of distinguished ancestors of that name. 
 
 The poet's two brothers are clergymen ; Samuel is a 
 poet and preacher ; Alexander confines his labors 
 chiefly to the church in his care. 
 
 Perhaps one of the best portraits of the distinguished 
 subject of this sketch appeared, soon after his death, in 
 the Phrenological Journal. It shows strength and 
 
J2 Repi'escntative Men. 
 
 sweetness of character, and reserved resources for the 
 time of need. The height and breadth of the forehead, 
 the handsome head covered with soft, silvery hair, the 
 hirge soft blue eyes, the healthily- orbed face well set in 
 a snow-white beard, and the nose, fit for the leader of 
 men, make an impressive picture of one of the noblest, 
 purest and ablest of writers of this generation — the 
 poet, prince and scholar, who has left a space in 
 American literature no man living can fill. 
 
 Eulogy of Longfellow can not be exhausted, and the 
 humblest of his admirers, without an affront to mod- 
 esty, may be permitted to add a small leaf to the poet's 
 laurel crown. The following lines were written by the 
 author of this sketch in honor of the seventy-fifth 
 birthday of Longfellow, and their receipt was ac- 
 knowledged in these wordSj " Compliments and thanks 
 for your kind and sympathetic poem." 
 
 Sweet memories cluster round thy name, 
 The synonym of lasting fame. 
 
 And three-score years, with ten and five, 
 Make thee not old, but more alive. 
 
 The music of thy rhythmic words 
 Will live as long as songs of birds. 
 
 Oxford, Cambridge, and Harvard bays, 
 Are woven in thy wreath of praise. 
 
 May peace descend, a dove divine, 
 To shelter that sweet home of thine. 
 
 He is the poet of the household and the fireside, a 
 troubadour of the hearthstone and the heart, the do- 
 
Henry W. Longfellow. 73 
 
 mestic singer whose songs chord with the iruisic of 
 the soul. Pan stilled the heart of the nations with his 
 shout — Longfellow made all hearts beat joyfully with 
 his song. The last published effort of this amiable and 
 noble singer must not be omitted from these outlines. 
 They have been widely copied, and will long be cher- 
 ished by the brave survivors who risked their lives in 
 battle to save the nation's life, and by the descendants 
 of those who died as well as of those who survived, and 
 by all loyal men and women, and by heroes iu all 
 lands, as a beautiful tribute to valor and patriotism. 
 
 DECORATION DAY. 
 
 Sleep, comrades, sleep and rest 
 
 On this Field of the Grounded Arms, 
 
 Where foes no more molest. 
 Nor sentry's shot alarms ! • 
 
 Ye have slept on the ground before, 
 
 And started to your feet. 
 At the cannon's sudden roar, 
 
 Or the drum's redoubling beat. 
 
 But in this camp of death 
 
 No sound your slumber breaks ; 
 Here is no fevered breath, 
 
 No wound that bleeds and aclies. 
 
 All is repose and peace, 
 
 Untrampled lies the sod ; 
 The shouts of battle cease — 
 
 It is the Truce of God I 
 
 Rest, comrades, rest and sleep ! 
 The thoughts of men shall be 
 
 4 
 
74 Representative Men, 
 
 As sentinels to keep 
 l^our rest froni danger free. 
 
 Your silent tents of green 
 
 We deck with fragrant flowers : 
 
 Yours has the suffering been, 
 The memory shall be ours. 
 
 Our great favorite will be held in loving remem- 
 brance for his parity of soul, his felicity of expression, 
 his delicate musical taste, and his artistic skill. He did 
 not shoot skyward like a rocket, but soared naturally, 
 serenely, on vibrant wings, that beat the air with 
 rhythmic melody. His verse was so simple in structure 
 that children loved it, and strong men admired it and not 
 only committed it to memory, but learned it ty hearty 
 for it moved the emotional as well as the intellectual 
 nature of man. Without eccentricity or sensational 
 endeavor, he won his way to a lofty place in letters, and 
 his literary labor was in perfect accord with his benev- 
 olent and beautiful life. 
 
THFRLOW WEKD. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
ThURLOW ^VEED, 
 
 THE NESTOR OF THE NEW YORK PRESS. 
 
 " There is an inwrought life in every hour, 
 Fit to be chronicled at large and told 
 'Tis thine to pluck to light its secret power, 
 And on the air its man^'-colored heart unfold." 
 
 —Cornelius Matthews. 
 
 THURLOW WEED, the American Warwick— if a 
 man may be called a king-maker where every 
 man is born a king, and where red blood is as royal as 
 that which is bine — has exerted more political influ- 
 ence than any other man of his time on this continent. 
 Politically speaking, he has discrowned and decapitated 
 more men than any Roman emperor ever did, and he 
 has enthroned many in comfortable places of profit and 
 honor. 
 
 He is at the " present writing " in his eighty-fourth 
 year, but his brain has not lost its force, nor his hand 
 its cunning. His frequent appearance on the platform 
 at public meetings — his familiar initials, T. W., in the 
 columns of the newspapers — his tall form towering 
 above most other men in the street — his plain and yet 
 attractive and intellectual face on 'change, at the bank, 
 and elsewhere — make him one of the best known of 
 men in this vast hive of human industry and enter- 
 prise, the city of New York. 
 
 How he is pursued by the inquisitive interviewers, 
 
 (75^ 
 
76 Representative Men. 
 
 M'ho consider his opinion authority on many of the 
 great questions of the day ! How brilliant and pathetic 
 his sketches of associates and acquaintances who have 
 dropped in the harness in the work-day and foot-worn 
 path of human accomplishment ! How liberal his do- 
 nations to various institutions and to the poor and 
 needy ! 
 
 In the meridian splendor of his power as a politician 
 — shall I not say statesman ? — he manipulated wires 
 that touched town, county, State, and national affairs. 
 He was, with rare exceptions, the match of the strong- 
 est and most skillful men that ventured to measure 
 swords — or rather pens, mightier than swords — with 
 him in the arena of discussion. His advice, which was 
 usually wise and discreet, was sought by the savants of 
 the State. His support was considered the equivalent 
 of success, and his opposition the shadow that goes be- 
 fore defeat. His marvelous influence was due not 
 alone to his almost prophetic vision and foresight, but 
 in part to his apparent unselfishness and his generous 
 magnanimity. His happy combination of tact and 
 talent enabled him to demolish in a paragraph a long 
 editorial leader from the pen of the gifted Croswell — 
 his accomplished democratic opponent. The grape- 
 shot of the Journal killed more men than the forty- 
 pounders of the Argus. A broadside from CroswelPs 
 mortar was terrible — a discharge from Weed's mitrail- 
 leuse swept squares of voters from the front. When 
 the Argus made the most noise — in other words, the 
 most thunder — the Journal flashed out the most vivid 
 and destructive lightning. Croswell wrote essays — 
 and fine ones they were. Weed wrote leaders and par- 
 
TJmrlozv Weed. '/y 
 
 agraphs that throbbed in type. In the language of 
 another, his sentences seemed so full of vitality, that if 
 you had lanced them they would have bled. These 
 two distinguished editors fought many paper battles, 
 but they remained personal friends, and were never so 
 silly as to cut each other in the street because they 
 thrashed and slashed each other in the newspapers. 
 The only sticks they used in their warfare were sticks 
 of type. ISTot so with Horace Greeley. He had a 
 grievance ; he considered himself badly treated by 
 Mr. Weed and by Mr. Seward, his political twin and 
 partner; and the wound was deep, sore, and incurable. 
 Friends endeavored in vain to bring about a reconcilia- 
 tion. Even the sun has spots, and Mr. Weed's neglect 
 of Horace Greeley seems to have been indefensible. 
 When the great editor and founder of the Tribune 
 needed assistance, and Mr. Weed could have given it 
 without cost to himself, he did not help his gifted co- 
 laborer and brother of the pen ! There may be an- 
 other side to this question, but the writer has never 
 heard of it. There were undoubtedly other causes of 
 estrangement arising out of differences of opinion in 
 relation to pubHc measures and public men. Greeley 
 was eloquently in earnest, outspoken, and too lofty of 
 purpose to stoop to the tricks of policy and party ma- 
 neuvering. Weed was a shrewd, trained, and skillful 
 manipulator of men and of parties. 
 
 The distinguished subject of this sketch was born in 
 Cairo, Greene Co., N. Y., E"ovember 15, 1797. The 
 loss of parents when he was young threw him at an 
 early age on his own resources, and he entered as a 
 cabin-boy in a sloop. He afterward became an ap- 
 
78 Representative Men. 
 
 prentice in a printing office at Catskill, from which 
 place he went to Herkimer to set type in the service 
 of Colonel Stone — siibsequentlj the famous editor of 
 the New York Commercial Advertiser. On the break- 
 ing out of the War of 1812, young Weed enlisted as a 
 drummer in the United States Army, but was soon 
 promoted to the position of quartermaster-sergeant. 
 He served at Sackett's Harbor and elsewhere on the 
 frontier. On leaving the army he returned after a 
 short stay in New York to the village of Herkimer, 
 where he was married. His next move was to start a 
 paper in Onondaga Co. Not succeeding in his enter- 
 prise, he tried his fortune with a paper at Norwich, Che- 
 nango Co. In that paper he not only displayed his 
 knowledge of farming, but he also advocated the canal 
 pohcy of Governor De Witt Clinton. His paper was 
 not a pecuniary success, and he went to work at the case 
 in Albany. Here Mr. Weed became deeply interested 
 in politics — especially in the struggle which terminated in 
 the election of John Quincy Adams ; his reputation as a 
 wise counselor reached Rochester, where he was called 
 to edit a daily paper. During the excitement caused 
 by the abduction of Morgan in 1827, he took charge of 
 the Anti-Masonic Inquirer, and was twice elected to 
 the State Legislature by the Anti-Masons. On the es- 
 tablishment of the Albany Evening Journal in 1830 
 Mr. Weed returned to Albany and became its editor, 
 and conducted its columns in the interest of the anti- 
 Jackson party. From 1830 to 1862 he was a powerful 
 political leader at the capital of New York State, 
 and was at the head of first the Whig, and then of the 
 Republican party. 
 
Thurlow Weed. yg 
 
 He advocated with great force and brilliancy the 
 claims of Harrison, Taylor, Scott, Fremont, Lincoln, 
 and Seward to Presidential distinction. As an inde- 
 pendent adviser at nominating conventions he seems to 
 have been endowed with an irresistible influence. In 
 JSTovember, 1861, he went to Europe in a semi-official 
 capacity, and returned in June, 1862. In 1865 he be- 
 came a resident of New York City, where for a time 
 he edited the Commercial Advertiser. He is the 
 author of " Letters from Europe and the West Indies," 
 and he has been for a considerable time preparing his 
 autobiography and correspondence for publication. He 
 is honored and beloved, not only as the Kestor of the 
 JSTew York Press, but as a wise, sincere, and trustworthy 
 patriot, and his quiet philanthropy has won the affection 
 of all who know him best. 
 
 What shrewd moves this remarkable man has made 
 on the chess-board of political experience! A word 
 whispered at Albany was at once heard and heeded at 
 Washington. Men who considered themselves safe in 
 office and fenced about with good works for theu- party, 
 and who dreamed of advancement at night, were aston- 
 ished to find their heads in the basket in the morning. If 
 a letter by mail, or a message by telegraph, failed to short- 
 en the stature of an offending office-holder, a personal ef- 
 fort was sure to bring him down. He had the strength 
 of a giant, and he did not hesitate to use it for what he 
 considered the benefit of his party. He had the skill 
 to weave variant interests into a cable strong enough 
 to hold his ship in the harbor where she dropped her 
 anchors. His magnetic influence over men, and his 
 command of resources enabled him to marshal them 
 
8o Representative Men, 
 
 to the front to figlit, if need be, for his measures. 
 Long-headed and far-seeing, he often made combina- 
 tions of city and country plans to enable him to carry 
 into effect his own methods to secure success. Some- 
 times he was like Barmecide iu the '' Arabian I^ights," 
 who promised an exquisite entertainment and called 
 for tempting viands that were never given to the guests 
 — not that he intended to disappoint, much less to de- 
 ceive his political friends. 
 
 Mr. Weed will be long remembered for his mar- 
 velous skill and tact as a party manager. Not accept- 
 ing office himself — save in three or four instances, 
 in two of which he consented to take a seat in the 
 Legislature of his native State — he did more than anv 
 other man in '^Aie United States in advancing the polit- 
 ical interests of many of his party friends. His services 
 in securing the election of De Witt Clinton as 
 Governor — his gallant light against the Albany regency 
 — his aggressive warfare with the Democratic party — 
 his brave and prosperous leadership of the Republican 
 party — his success in bringing about the Presidential 
 nominations of Harrison, Taylor, and Scott — his ad- 
 vocacy of the election of Fremont and Lincoln, and his 
 services in a serai-diplomatic capacity for the latter in 
 England, and elsewhere on the other side of the At- 
 lantic, have made him a man of mark in our history. 
 
 Over and over again he was urged to take high and 
 honorable positions under the State and under the 
 IS^ational Government. He could have been easily 
 elected to a chair in the lower or upper House of the 
 United States Congress. Many times he has been in- 
 vited to accept a foreign mission, and he had the " pick 
 
Thurlow Weed, 8i 
 
 of the Courts " — but he had rather be Thurlow "Weed 
 (Warwick) than Governor of the State, United States 
 Senator, or Minister at the Court of St. James. 
 
 Perhaps I ought to add that this shrewd and enter- 
 prising politician, who made Horace Greeley editor of 
 the Log Cabin (which was the portico of the White 
 House), was the inventor of the Albany lobby — not 
 necessarily a bad machine, save when in the hands of 
 untrustworthy men. He also discovered a number of 
 men who were hidden in obscurity and he brought 
 them to light, and some of them reflected great honor 
 upon themselves and their country. The writer is im- 
 pressed with the idea that Mr. Weed was generally 
 governed by patriotic and disinterested motives — that 
 he loved his party much, but loved his country most of 
 all, and sought the influence and power of his party to 
 promote the best interests of his country. He now ac- 
 cepts the task of peacemaker, and his labor of love is 
 often crowned with success. 
 
 He looks like a chief — a real leader of men. Up- 
 ward of six feet in height and well formed, he stands 
 like Saul among the Hebrews — a head and shoulders 
 above the multitude. His large head is well covered 
 with white hair, which grows low on the forehead ; his 
 grayish-blue eyes have a direct, steady, and benevolent 
 gaze ; his nose is large enough to have suited one of 
 Napoleon's marshals ; his lips are too closely compressed 
 to unsay any word that he has spoken. His face shows 
 the reason why during our late war he adopted the motto 
 of Algernon Sidney, " Biib lihertate qytietam " — " No 
 peace without liberty." 
 4* 
 
VV^ILLIAM M. EVARTS, 
 
 EX-SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 "Since amidst a whole bench of which some are so bright, 
 Not one of them shines more learned and polite." 
 
 —Buckingham. 
 
 WILLIAM M. EYAKTS, one of the foremost law- 
 yers in this country, is also a great statesman and 
 a brilhant orator. He is the son of a distinguished 
 clergyman, was born in Boston, Feb. 6, 1818. Studied 
 and graduated at Yale College, read law in the Harvard 
 law school, and was admitted to the bar in 'New York 
 in 1841. Union College gave him the degree of LL.D. 
 in 1857, Yale copied the example in 1865, and Harvard 
 followed suit in 18Y0. In the meantime he was busy 
 in his office, in the courts, on the platform, and promi- 
 nent at public receptions and entertainments ; at the lat- 
 ter he won great applause for his witty and eloquent 
 after-dinner speeches. 
 
 In the impeachment trial of President Johnson in 
 the spring of 1868, he was leading counsel for the de- 
 fendant. From July 15, 1868, to the close of John- 
 son's Administration, he was Attorney-General of the 
 United States. In 1872 he was counsel for the United 
 States in the tribunal of arbitration on the Alabama 
 claims at Geneva, and he was Secretary of State during 
 
 (82) 
 
HON. WM. M. EVARTS 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
William M, Evarts. 83 
 
 the Administration of President Hayes. Several of 
 his addresses have been published. '' Centennial Ora- 
 tion before the Lincoln Society of Yale College," 
 " Address before the E"ew England Society," and his 
 speeches on various topics, have appeared in the news- 
 papers. 
 
 As chief counsel in the Beecher-Tilton trial, he added 
 fresh laurels to his wreath of fame, Mr. Evarts is fond 
 of sentences long drawn out, and keeps his periods as 
 far apart as possible; indeed his continuity of speech 
 demands the most critical attention to prevent entangle- 
 ment of thought in the thread of his discourse, but the 
 frequent gleams of wit and humor throw light upon his 
 theme and aid the careful hearer in his efforts to get at 
 the philosophy of his plea. His much learning has not 
 " made him mad," but his varied reading has made him, 
 in the language of Lord Bacon, " a full man," and he 
 can respond at a moment's notice to the ^^ tap " of the 
 presiding officer's gavel, and overflow with eloquence. 
 He astonishes the stranger because his words of Are 
 come from a face of ice, and his fat and unctuous 
 thought in a thin tenor voice. No matter what topic 
 comes up for discussion, he is equallj^ at home, with 
 questions of political economy, the policy of the admin- 
 istration, the abstract principles of government, the de- 
 tails of personal biography, the philosophy of ancient 
 and modern history, or the intricate science of law. 
 With such a variety of solid information on all sorts of 
 subjects, and with just enough poetry in his make-up to 
 give warmth and coloring to what he says ; he is an ef- 
 fective debater, marshaling his figures, facts and proofs 
 in formidable array on the rostrum or at the bar. 
 
84 Representative Men, 
 
 He lias not the epileptic manner of a Choate, nor the 
 solid and profound argument of a Webster, nor the 
 lofty eloquence of the imagination which characterized 
 the best efforts of Burke. But he is pre-eminently 
 practical, philosophical, shrewd, far-seeing, with an 
 overmastering command of legal lore; in a word, he 
 stands at the head of the American bar, and there is no 
 man on the Supreme Bench or in any of the courts 
 who can cast a shadow upon him. The few equals he 
 has in the United States or elsewhere can be counted 
 on the reader's lino^ers. 
 
 There are pragmatical, conceited and obstinate jurists 
 and Members of Congress who consider themselves a 
 head and shoulders taller than Mr. Evarts, but their 
 heads lack his fineness and culture of brain, and their 
 shoulders the width to lit such a broad mantle as he 
 wears. There are few lawyers so adroit in the man- 
 agement of cases, few that have his versatility and 
 force of mind. As a statesman he has shown pure 
 patriotism, a sterling love of liberty and wise discre- 
 tion. He has a rod for the despot, a hammer to break 
 the chain of the slave, and he flies the flag of stars in 
 the presence of the tories and princes of Europe. 
 When, as report runs, one of the lords of the law at the 
 Geneva Conference, snapped at Mr. Evarts indignant- 
 ly and discourteously, he was astonished and alarmed 
 at the reply he got from the American for his impu- 
 dence, for the lash was administered with such vigor it 
 cut through the scarlet sash and mutilated the stars of 
 the crusty aristocrat. 
 
 The following trifle shows the reader, in a small way, 
 the free and easy hnmor of our hero : 
 
William M. Evarts. 85 
 
 At a recent dinner given at the Union League Club, in New 
 York, to Mr. Thomas C. Acton, upon his aiDpointment to the 
 office of United States Assistant Treasurer, presided over by Mr. 
 Evarts, late Secretary of State, Mr. Luther R. Marsh in his speech 
 said he wished to know from headquarters whether " the inci- 
 dent he had that morning cut from the Whitehall Remew — the 
 leading social and literary journal of London — was really true, 
 before it was permitted to pass into authentic history." He then 
 read the paragraph, which stated that Secretary Evarts, taking 
 his Thanksgiving dinner at Windsor, Vt., replied to the inquiry 
 " what part of the turkey he would have," that it was " quite in- 
 consequential to one of his recognized abstemiousness and super- 
 sensitive stomachic nervation whether he be tendered an infinites- 
 imal portion of the opaque nutriment of the nether extremities, 
 the superior fraction of a pinion, or a snowy cleavage from the 
 cardiac region." Mr. Marsh said as this turkey was assuming 
 international proportions, and rivaling our own blessed and 
 screaming eagle, he would like to ask the Secretary as to its ver- 
 ity, and not rely simply on the strong internal evidence of its 
 truth. The Secretary was placed in a difficult position, but was 
 equal to the emergency, and said he had been wondering what 
 the Loudon editor had in his mind when he penned that para- 
 graph ; he concluded that it was an attempted condensation of a 
 voluminous dispatch of his from our Government to the several 
 Governments of Europe against the dismemberment of Turfiey. 
 "But," said he, "the incident is not accurately recited. The 
 simple fact is that, according to custom on this anniversary, I 
 had a roasted New England goose, well stufied with sage, with 
 plenty of apple-sauce and the usual accompaniments. At the 
 close of the meal I said, ' My children, you now see the differ- 
 ence between the condition of affairs before and after dinner. 
 You then saw a goose stuffed with sage ; now you see a sage 
 stuffed with goose.' " The applause which followed the Secre- 
 tary's happy explanation showed how well he had escaped from 
 the embarrassing corner. 
 
 He does not object to a joke against himself. At a 
 
86 Representative Men. 
 
 dinner in ]S~ew York, he said in substance : " For the 
 amusement of my h'ttle daughter I sent a donkey to 
 my country home in Yermont. It was not much larger 
 than a sheep. Tlie child had never heard until a day or 
 two after the arrival of the animal the lamentable voice 
 of the creature. Struck by the sadness of its tone, she 
 wrote in great haste for me to return immediately, 
 stating as a reason that the donkey was so lonely with- 
 out me." 
 
 Mr. Evarts is tall, thin and pale, and would not, with 
 his head covered, be considered by those unacquainted 
 with him, as a remarkable man. He usually wears a hat 
 that is better suited to St. Patrick's day in the march 
 than it is to the head of one of our foremost men. 
 Not only does he ignore style, but size also, for his hat 
 drops down over his forehead almost to his eyes, re- 
 minding the observer of what Sir John Suckling said 
 of John Ford, the poet : 
 
 "In the dumps John Ford alone by himself sat, 
 With folded arms and a melancholy hat." 
 
 Although he does not consult the fashion magazines, 
 and does not trouble himself about " the tit of his coat 
 or the tie of his cravat, he always has the look of a 
 gentleman, which is difficult if not impossible to de- 
 scribe." " Gaum latet res ipsa notissimaP We in- 
 stinctively know a gentleman when we meet him, '' as 
 the lion does the true prince," even when he appears 
 in ill-fitting garments. Carelessness in such matters is 
 preferred to dandyism. The man who is endowed with 
 self-poise and complete control of his features, his feet, 
 his hands and especially the entire mastery of his appe- 
 
William M. Evarts. 8/ 
 
 lites and passions, will liave ease, grace and dignity 
 without aiiy assumption. Mr. Evarts, naturally nerv- 
 ous and sensitive, has disciplined himself by the exer- 
 cise of a strong will, and remains master of himself, 
 hence he is not easily discomposed whenever he is 
 called upon to speak or act. We are a sovereign peo- 
 ple, and care less for the elegance of the fop than we 
 do for the dignity of the true democrat, the majesty of 
 the kingly man. 
 
 Mr. Evarts has a large head, but his self-control and 
 sustaining force enable him to endure the wear and tear 
 of his busy intellectual life. He is a profound, not to 
 say an intense, thinker, and were he endowed with the 
 consuming passion and impulse which characterized the 
 organization of Choate, he would require more of the 
 vital temperament to enable him to accomplish the vast 
 amount of work he finds in his ofiice and at the bar. 
 He is a student of character, a judge of the intellectual 
 peculiarities of men, so that he can read their minds, 
 and with his power of insight see how to move, con- 
 vince and control them. His ideality makes him poetic 
 and eloquent, and gives him, with his refined taste and 
 culture, the mastery of a pure and elegant diction, and 
 creates a love for the beautiful in nature and in art. 
 
 This eminent speaker, lawyer and statesman has won 
 the confidence and admiration of all parties, literary, 
 social and political, and he is held in grateful esteem 
 for the invaluable service he has rendered to letters, to 
 society and to the nation. For many years he has dis- 
 tinguished himself by his able conduct of many of the 
 most important causes in the highest conrts, and by his 
 fidelity and his brilliant management he has secured a 
 
88 Representative Men. 
 
 large clientage, and with it a loftj position in his pro- 
 fession. At public gatlierings, entertainments and re- 
 ceptions he has few rivals as a spontaneous speaker. On 
 such occasions he becomes an encyclopedia of fact, wit 
 and humor, and his logic and eloquence shine out with 
 the most attractive splendor. If the reader will take a 
 second glance at his portrait he will see an earnest, 
 thoughtful face, a high, broad forehead, bushy eye- 
 brows shading eyes that seem to have the vision of not 
 only outsight, but of insight and foresight, and a mouth 
 that can be mirthful in a season of jollitj, while it indi- 
 cates firmness that will not yield. 
 
CYRUS W. FIELD. 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
Cyrus W. Field, 
 
 THE MASTER OF THE OCEAN CABLE, 
 
 " From coral rocks the sea-plants lift 
 Their boughs where the tides and billows flow ; 
 The water is calm and still below ; 
 For the winds and wa^es are absent there." 
 
 — Percival. 
 
 CYKUS WILLIAMS FIELD was born in the town 
 of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in the year 1820. 
 Young Cyrus was educated at Stockbridge, having for 
 his school associates the Sedgwicks and others who have 
 since distinguished themselves in the world of letters 
 and politics and theology ; indeed, Berkshire county 
 can boast of a longer list of illustrious names than any 
 other county in that grand old eagle's nest of freemen — 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 When eighteen years of age, Cyrus found employ- 
 ment in A. T. Stewart's dry-goods store in New York. 
 He remained in the service of that Titan of traders 
 about twelve months, when he went to Lee, Massachu- 
 setts, and engaged as a clerk in the office of his brother, 
 Matthew Field. Eighteen months afterward he went to 
 Westfield, Massachusetts, and became the junior member 
 of E. Boot & Co.'s paper firm, which failed a few years 
 afteiAvard, and left Mr. F. overwhelmed in debt ; but 
 he compromised with his creditors, and opened a 
 paper commission house in the city of Kew York. 
 The principal paper dealers in the city of ISTew 
 
 (89) 
 
90 Representative Men. 
 
 York, for a long time refused to recognize him as one 
 of their trade, because he did business in such an hum- 
 ble way with what thej considered a small capital ; but 
 he was industrious and prompt, up early and late, and 
 always at the post of duty. For years he did not see 
 his children but once a w^eek (from Sunday night until 
 the next Sunday morning), for on week-days he was up 
 by sunrise, and might be seen hurrying past the un- 
 opened stores early in the morning with his dinner-pail 
 in his hand. His doors and windows were the first to 
 welcome the morning light on the street where he 
 traded. At this time he was his own salesman, book- 
 keeper, cashier and porter. He was always exact and 
 methodical in the management of his business, and pre- 
 cise in his personal habits. He had a place for every- 
 thing, and everything in its place ; he had a time for 
 everything, and filled up the aggregate of the day with 
 the items of daily duty in their regular order. For 
 instance, at noon, exactly at such a time, no matter 
 who happened to be present, he would spread a napkin 
 on his desk, take out the " cold bite" from the tin pail, 
 and eat his dinner. 
 
 In about ten years he built up an immense business, 
 a business which amounted to more than a million of 
 dollars per annum. He had settled with his creditors 
 in Westfield ; but now he sought a new settlement and 
 paid them in full, principal, interest and all; bought 
 the homestead on which his father lived as a ten- 
 ant, and gave it to the old gentleman, at the same time 
 investing funds for him, so that the interest would 
 yield him a handsome support for life. Of coui'se the 
 jealous paper dealers were now compelled to recognize 
 
Cyrus W. Field. 91 
 
 him, and the little pocket bank at Westfield which had 
 refused to discount his paper was on its knees at his feet. 
 Mr. Field is a very sociable, generous man, but so 
 practical, that, during business hours, he attends to his 
 business first, no matter how noted the person who 
 would tempt him to indulge in the luxury of a lazy 
 tete-a-tete. In person, he is tall and thin; has light 
 hair, blue eyes, sharp angular features, and he hur- 
 ries along the street with half-closed eyes, as though 
 his head was a galvanic battery, and he was afraid the 
 electricity would escape before the cable could get in 
 working order. He is of the nei-vous temperament, 
 and we will here record a fact to show its influence 
 upon his fortunes. This fact, with others I have hastily 
 recorded, were obtained from a distinguished gentle- 
 man who has known Mr. Field from his boyhood. 
 This gentleman (our informant) inquired of Thurlow 
 Weed if he was acquainted with Mr. Field. " Oh, yes," 
 yes," replied our political Warwick ; " soon after his bill 
 passed Congress, and while it was waiting for the sig- 
 nature of President Pierce, I was occasionally at the 
 White House, and one day, while engaged in conversa- 
 tion with the President, he remarked that Mr. Field 
 had called on him so frequently, and urged him so ear- 
 nestly to sign the bill, he (Field) had become a source 
 of annoyance." "It is rumored," said Mr. Weed, 
 " that you have refused to sign the bill ? " "I will sign 
 the bill," replied Mr. Pierce, " but I will not \>q forced 
 to do it. I shall take my own time for it." " You do 
 not know Mr. Field," continued Mr. Weed ; " he is 
 one of the kindest and best of men ; but he is so nerv- 
 ous and so much excited you will kill him by with- 
 
92 Representative Men. 
 
 holding your signature." " I have no wish to torture 
 the man," said the President. At this moment Sidney- 
 Webster, the private secretary, came into the room and 
 announced Mr. Field. '' Pray sign his bill," said Mr. 
 Weed. "I will," said the President. He did so, and 
 Mr. Weed remarked that he never saw such a change 
 in the countenance of a man before. Mr. Field's face 
 was radiant with happiness. 
 
 The Field family, like the Sedgwick and Beecher 
 families, is distinguished for the superiority of its 
 members. Timothy Field, the oldest, left home in 
 early manhood, and went to South America, where he 
 married a lady of great fortune. David Dudley Field, 
 LL.D., is one of the most eminent lawyers at the New 
 York Bar. Matthew D. Field, who failed in the paper 
 business at WestHeld, got up again, and has since been 
 elected a member of the Massachusetts Senate. Jona- 
 than D. Field has been a member of the Massachusetts 
 Senate and Democratic candidate for Secretary of State. 
 S. F. Field is a graduate of Williams College, and has 
 been judge of the Supreme Court of the State of Cali- 
 fornia. Henry M. Field is a graduate of Williams Col- 
 lege, and at the age of eighteen was a settled minister 
 of the gospel. He went to St. Louis and distinguished 
 himself as a preacher of great power. He is now the 
 editor and proprietor of the ^New York Evangelist. 
 
 Cyrus W. Field is truly a bright man — he seemed to 
 be endowed with the gift of foresight. The sneers and 
 jeers of staid men who pronounced him a fool and a 
 fit candidate for a strait-jacket, did not drive him 
 from the straight line of duty. With interminable in- 
 dustry and unconquerable perseverance he pursued the 
 
Cyrus W. Field. 93 
 
 object of his ambition. The stock of the Atlantic 
 Telegraph Company was hawked about the streets and 
 became the sport of speculators. When his " paper 
 house" went down in the commercial crisis, grave men 
 attributed the failure to the visionary character of Mr. 
 Field ; but he had a heart that never failed — a capital 
 stock of hope and courage that carried him safely through 
 all this tumnlt of opposition. The reverses of fortune — 
 the entreaties of friend s-7-the opposition of enemies — 
 the ridicule of conceited wiseacres — the untoward events 
 of the great enterprise — the backing out of directors — 
 the resistance of the winds and the waves, did not dis- 
 hearten him. He believed that an all-wise and over- 
 ruling Providence would direct him ; indeed he re- 
 marked to the Rev. Mr. Adams, of New York, that he 
 believed God would prosper him in his effort, and 
 earnestly entreated to be remembered at the altar of 
 private and public worship. 
 
 Is it possible to conceive a spectacle more sublime 
 than that which is presented in the eventful history of 
 this remarkable man ? A mere boy he embarks in 
 business and is prostrated by the mismanagement or 
 miscalculations of his seniors, but he falls only to re- 
 bound higher than before. A great thought troubles 
 him — he wishes to embody it into a deed and unite the 
 old world with the new ; so he asks the Congress of 
 the United States to assist him ; and after a vast deal 
 of congressional gas had been consumed his request is 
 begrudgingly granted. He crosses the ocean, forms a 
 company, raises a fund, obtains the assistance of two 
 nations, and with his cable on the war-ships he links 
 the continents. Now where are the Wall Street 
 
94 Representative Men. 
 
 brokers who made Lis paper the sport of street specu- 
 lations ? Where is the little snob who refused to honor 
 his drafts? Where are the human sharks who had 
 opened their mouths and sharpened their teeth to de- 
 vour him ? Where are the snarling critics who pre- 
 dicted his utter failure and held him personally re- 
 sponsible for every change in the weather and every 
 flaw in the cable ? They are nowhere, and Field is the 
 man of the age. He has worked a miracle, and the 
 generations of men will honor his memoiy through all 
 future time. 
 
 The foregoing was written a score and more years 
 ago, and I see no reason whatever for changing it. 
 Mr. Field is now a millionaire, and the work he has 
 done will win for him the gratitude of unborn millions. 
 The old world and the new are now next-door neigh- 
 bors. The lightning is a messenger, constantly crossing 
 the sea on a bridge of wire, with personal and public 
 intelligence. The civilized peoples are grouped within 
 hailing signals by the genius and energy of this perse- 
 vering and inspired Yankee. Xerxes attempted to 
 chain the waves, and failed. Our " Cyrus," with a 
 chain of lightning, made the ocean do his bidding, and 
 carry his torch from sea to sea, and from shore to 
 shore, without putting out the light. The following 
 lines by the writer, were written at a time when the 
 nation was shouting songs and lifting banners to honor 
 Cyrus W. Field :' 
 
 Under the ocean waves afar, 
 Where the beautiful mermaids are ; 
 Beyond the light of sun or star, 
 
 Or the sound of the cannon's greeting, 
 
Cyrus W. Field. 95 
 
 The uncoiled cable lies unseen, 
 Resting on sea-weed dark and green ; 
 A fiery artery between 
 The hemispheres with lightning beating. 
 
 Lodging here on a mountain tall, 
 Leaning there on an island wall, 
 Arching above a crystal hall ; 
 
 Touching the trees — the ocean laurel 
 Sweeping for leagues the ocean bed, 
 Softly pulsing where sleep the dead. 
 Who heed not a word the world has said, 
 
 In halls of white and crimson coral. 
 
 Scaring monsters up to the lees, 
 Breaking the branches from the trees. 
 That grow in gardens under the seas. 
 
 Unhindered by the waves' oppression. 
 Reaching afar from sea to sea, 
 Lighting a pathway for the free. 
 Flashing the news of unity. 
 
 Kindling the torch of true jDrogression. 
 
 The cable brings the good times uigher, 
 And speaks with cloven tongues of fire. 
 Of plans of culture lifted higher, 
 
 In varied speech of many peoples. 
 The lightning strikes a tyrant world, 
 And slavery from its throne is hurled. 
 And freedom's banners are unfurled 
 
 From roof-trees and from ringing steeples. 
 
 From C(mtinent to continent 
 The flaming message often sent, 
 Beneath the bending firmament, 
 
 Has solved the problem, made it clearer. 
 That genius, culture, science, art. 
 And thinking brain and beating heart, 
 Can bring the nations long apart. 
 
 In faith and trust and honor nearer. 
 
Thaddeus Stevens, 
 
 THE LATE REPUBLICAN LEADER. 
 
 " O, duty, if that name thou lova, 
 Who art a light to guard a rod 
 To check the erring and reprove, 
 Thou who art victory and law." 
 
 —Wordsworth. 
 
 SEYEEAL years since I visited Lancaster, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and dnring my stay in that quiet little city, 
 I called to see Thaddeus Stevens. He was then one of 
 the greatest living public men in the Keystone State. 
 He was recognized by many as the grandest American 
 Commoner of the century. With his party he was a 
 champion, a leader, a chief. In Congress he was promi- 
 nent as a logical debater and a fiery radical, and at home 
 he was a local king, whose word was law, whose sugges- 
 tion was the shadow of a statute to come. He was then an 
 old man, and physically infirm. I say that he was old as 
 we count the years of human life, for he was in his seven- 
 ty-third year, but he could write and speak with a vigor 
 that few men of fifty command. Thirty years of pub- 
 lic life, fighting with the minority against a fierce ma- 
 jority, for justice and liberty, had not bent his form 
 nor crushed liis spirit. In his contest for human rights 
 he never failed to honor the fact that " color is not a 
 crime.'" Without flinching, he braved the odium which 
 his love of equal rights for all brought upon him. He 
 favored the education of black children in our common 
 (96) 
 
HON. THADDETJS STEVENS. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
Thaddeiis Stevens. 97 
 
 schools, the enlisting of black raen for the army and 
 navj^, and the lifting of the entire race of negroes in 
 this country out of the chains and fetters and gyves of 
 slavery not only, but into the high sphere of civib'za- 
 tion enjoyed by the whites. His voice and his vote 
 had always been on the side of oppressed humanity, 
 and he lived to see his ideas grow into institutions. I 
 found this grand old man sitting in his library. He 
 had been bored all the morning by little local politi- 
 cians, the little great men of the town, who think the 
 world was created that they might govern it, and that 
 when they fail to make their calling and election sure, 
 " chaos will come again." He was in good spirits and. 
 in better health than usual, notwithstanding (to use his 
 own words) " the newspaper attacks on his constitu- 
 tion." He gave me a cordial invitation to sit down 
 and chat with him, and -without reserve gave his 
 opinion of some of the men who were public property, 
 not in the sense of being purchasable commodities, but 
 in the sense that they were then alive and active in the 
 domain of politics. 
 
 He applauded Horace Greeley (who was then the 
 boss editor) for his ability and integrity, but censured 
 him for bailing Jefferson Davis. He considered the 
 Tribune a great force not weakened by the mistakes of 
 its editor-in-chief. He had little affection for Senator 
 Fessenden, because he considered him parsimonious, 
 and he especially dishked his dealing so gently with 
 Andy Johnson. He did not consider Mr. Chase a 
 great statesman. Speaking of some national men, who 
 are yet living, he said, " Trumb-uU is a Eepublican 
 perforce, while he is constitutionally conservative." He 
 5 
 
gS Representative Men. 
 
 thought Senator Sherman had too high an opinion of 
 himself. Edmonds of Vermont and Morgan of New 
 York were the subjects, with others, of criticism, 
 touched up with a little coloring of commendation. I 
 have before me a scrap from the Christian Intelligencer^ 
 w^hich reads as follows : " Thaddeus Stevens, in early 
 and middle age, was a very handsome man. His face 
 was as distinguished as his figure was well made, the 
 latter being marred only by that unfortunate deformity, 
 a club-foot. He was exceedingly sensitive upon the 
 subject of this misfortune, yet it was a blessing in dis- 
 guise, for it caused him to sympathize with, and be 
 deeply interested in, those who were lame or deformed 
 in any way, and many instances are told of his great 
 generosity toward such." At the time I saw him, I 
 wrote as follows in my note-book : "Mr. Stevens is six 
 feet in height, rather slender now, but in his prime he 
 must have had a powerful frame and great physical 
 strength. His gray eyes are full of lire and look you 
 squarely in the face when he talks. He has an eagle 
 nose, indicative of ability to command. His compressed 
 lips show decision and iirmness, and his broad, high 
 forehead is a magnificent dome of thought. He had 
 the reputation of being a good neighbor, a true friend, 
 a generous giver, and a genuine patriot. He would 
 carry the standard of stars and march to the music of 
 progress over the continent, but he had little patience 
 with those who did not keep step with him. He 
 climbs the highest altitudes of progress, and beholds 
 with the vision of a seer a new civilization without 
 caste, without chains, without injustice, with a free 
 press, a free school, free soil, and free men. 
 
Thaddeus Stevens. 99 
 
 " No carven statue, not a silent spliinx, 
 Is our great commoner, he boldly thinks. 
 And his brave heart, which no defeats eclipse. 
 Beats thoughts to eloquence upon his lips. 
 A radical, one of the uncrowned kings, 
 He goes down to the deepest roots of things. 
 And pulls up flowers, and weeds, and even wheat, 
 If in his way, and spurns them with his feet. 
 His eagle eyes have foresight, and they see 
 The future, and the nation's destiny. 
 When our stout ship of State was in the storm 
 Of thunder fire, and crimson rain, the form 
 Of our bold leader stood erect and tall, 
 Under the flag which now floats over all. 
 The flag, where stripes will not, long as it waves. 
 Be duplicated on the backs of slaves. 
 O firm, strong leader, reconstruct the State, 
 And make it just and free as well as great. 
 May the best thought that's forged within the brain 
 Be merciful and just, then not in vain 
 Thy speech incisive and thy critic tone. 
 For laureled Liberty shall hold her throne." 
 
 Mr. Stevens was born at Peaeham, Caledonia Coun- 
 ty, Yermont, April 4, 1793 ; died in Washington, D. 
 C, August 11, 1868. His parents were poor and un- 
 able to help him, but though he was lame and sickly 
 his resolute soul enabled him to help himself. By 
 hard study he qualified for college, and was graduated 
 with honor at Dartmouth in 1814. At once he went 
 to work, teaching school and studying law, and soon se- 
 cured a large practice. In 1828 he entered the political 
 field, and with great ardor objected to the election of 
 General Jackson, acting with zeal in behalf of the 
 Whig party. In 1833, and for a number of years fol- 
 lowing, he was a member of the Pennsylvania Legislat- 
 
100 Representative Men. 
 
 ure, and distinguished himself as an opponent to 
 slavery. In 1838 he rendered important service to the 
 State as Canal Commissioner. In 1842 he moved to 
 Lancaster, Pa., opened a law office, and devoted six 
 years to the practice of his profession. He was elected 
 a Representative in Congress in 1848 and re-elected in 
 1850. There he eloquently and persistently opposed 
 the fugitive slave law and the Kansas-J^Tebraska bill. In 
 1858 he was again honored with a seat in Congress 
 and held it till he died. As a lawyer he easily dis- 
 tanced many competitors, and took his place among the 
 first men of the nation at the head of the bar. As a 
 manufacturer and business man his enterprise and dili- 
 gence were crowned with wealth, and when the rebels 
 burned down his iron works the loss of $100,000 did 
 not cripple him in his affairs so that he had to stop busi- 
 ness. Mr. J. E. Barr, of Lancaster, at the time of my 
 visit, had just published a life-like portrait of the dis- 
 tinguished statesman. It is finely engraved on steel, 
 and is the only likeness of Mr. Stevens approved by 
 him. The lofty forehead, the searching eyes, the com- 
 pressed mouth, the strongly-marked features are per- 
 fectly developed in this picture. I value this portrait 
 very highly, not alone because it is an accurate repre- 
 sentation of the face and expression of the heroic man, 
 but because it was presented to me by its prototype as a 
 memento. At the present writing there is considerable 
 excitement in relation to the property that he left. 
 His estate was left to his nephew, on condition he 
 should keep sober for ^-wq years, with successive 
 " chances " of five years each in case of a first failure. 
 As the conditions have not been complied with, the es- 
 
Thaddens Stevens. loi 
 
 tate is claimed by the residuary legatees, viz. : the 
 trustees of a colored orphan asylum to which it was to 
 revert. Claims are also made by individual relations. 
 His sympathy for the colored people did not exhaust 
 itself in congressional speeches and in his efforts to se- 
 cure enactments for their protection and education. 
 Here is a picture of him, drawn, shall we say, " with 
 envious gall and wormwood," by an English writer, and 
 published in the London Quarterly Eevievj : " Day 
 after day a strange and ghastly iigure rose within the 
 walls of the House, and heaped bitter imprecations up- 
 on the South, and upon all who came from it or went 
 into it — a weird and shrunken-looking man, bent in 
 figure, and club-footed, over whose deeply-lined and 
 pallid countenance a strange gleam was at times shot 
 from his sunken eyes. Accustomed to all the dark and 
 intricate ways which lead to political life in the United 
 States, stern and pitiless in nature, and hating the 
 Southern people with a superhuman hatred, no more 
 willing instrument for exciting sectional animosity 
 could have been found than this veteran of the Penn- 
 sylvania arena, Thaddeus Stevens. His voice was 
 usually quavering and feeble, but when excitement 
 stirred him — as it did whenever any plea was offered 
 from the South — he threw a certain tone into it which 
 made it ring all over the House, and inspired those 
 who had been presumptuous enough to oppose him 
 with an extraordinary dread of his influence and 
 power." 1^0, he did not hate the Southern people — 
 he hated slavery as O'Connell did. The Irish orator 
 and statesman refused to shake hands with a famous 
 American editor because he defended the " peculiar in- 
 
102 Representative Men. 
 
 stitution "; but he did not hate the citizens of the United 
 States without discrimination ! A man may hate the sin 
 and yet not hate the sinner. His ways were neither dark 
 nor intricate, for he battered breaches through the de- 
 fenses of slavery and let in the h"ght, and his ringing 
 blows echoed across the continent. The sectional ani- 
 mosity spoken of was from the '' cotton seed sown by 
 the devil on the Southern soil," as Wendell Phillips 
 puts it, and which sprouted in strife and bore the 
 blood-red blossom of war. His voice may have qua- 
 vered, but it was heard afar, and it made the oppressors 
 tremble as the roar of the lion shakes the nerves of the 
 traveler in the desert. It is true that a certain class of 
 Cono;ressmen dreaded and feared his influence and 
 power. He may have been old and shrunken and lame 
 and pallid, but he was able to defeat the strongest man 
 that dared to measure lances with him in the arena of 
 debate in the House of Kepresentatives. 
 
THOMAS C. ACTON. 
 From Harper's Weekly. 
 
 PUATE XI. 
 
Thomas C. Acton. 
 
 " Give me a spirit that on life's rou<?h sea 
 Loves to have his sails filled with a lusty wind, 
 Even till his sail-yards tremble, his masts crack, 
 And his rapt ship run on her sides so low, 
 That she drinks water and her keel ploughs air. 
 There is no danger to a man that knows 
 Whore life and death is, there's not any law 
 Exceeds his knowledge, neither is it needful 
 That he should stoop to any other law. 
 He goes before them and commands them all ; 
 That to himself is a law rational." 
 
 —George Chapman, 
 
 MK. THOMAS C. ACTON", recently appointed As- 
 sistant Treasurer in 'New York, has been a prom- 
 inent figure in public life more than a quarter of a 
 century. He was born in New York in 1823, and be- 
 came an active politician in early manhood. In 1850 
 he became Assistant Deputy County Clerk under Geo. 
 W. Kiblet and afterward Deputy Eegistrar for nearly 
 six years under J. J. Doane and Wm. Miner. In 1860 
 he was appointed Police Commissioner of New York by 
 Gov. E. D. Morgan. He held that laborious and responsi- 
 ble post for nine years, seven of which he was President 
 of the Board. During this service he enforced, with 
 characteristic courage and fidelity, the provisions of the 
 excise law, by which, had he been allowed free scope, 
 he would have expunged the city debt in sixteen years. 
 His untiring devotion to the duties of his office impair- 
 
 (103) 
 
I04 Representative Men. 
 
 ed his health, and he was forced to resign his position. 
 The necessity of that step was deeply deplored by the 
 best people of all sects and parties in the city. The 
 friends of law and order were especially and gratefully 
 obliged to him, and were outspoken in their praise of 
 his eminent executive ability and of his efficient execu- 
 tion of the excise law. Under his direction the police 
 system became the marvel of the metropolis, because of 
 its excellent discipline and perfection of organization. 
 He gave quiet Sabbaths to the city, diminished the 
 number of arrests, drove the fiend of intemperance 
 from hundreds of homes, made it safe for women and 
 children to walk the streets on their way to church, 
 lessened the expenses of the taxpayers, and added vast- 
 ly to the income of the treasury. In 1870 President 
 Grant appointed him to the office of Superintendent of 
 the United States Assay Office, a situation he filled for 
 nearly twelve years, with credit to the country and honor 
 to himself. 
 
 Mr. Acton is a lawyer by profession, but he has never 
 engaged in legal practice. It was due mainly to his 
 efforts, with the aid of Secretary Folger, G. H. Andrews, 
 D. B. Eaton, and Mr. Laimbier, that the Legislature 
 passed the bill providing for the present Board of 
 Health, as well as the bill for the paid Fire Depart- 
 ment. His grandest achievement was the part he took 
 in putting down the draft riots. That noble man 
 of honored memory. Superintendent Kennedy, was 
 wounded and disabled on the first day of the outbreak, 
 and the entire management of the police force devolved 
 on Mr. Acton. His sleepless vigilance, his unyielding 
 energy, his foresight, heroism and executive force, and 
 
Thomas C. Acton. 105 
 
 his knowledge of the political chess-board enabled him 
 to move his men advantageously and save the city. 
 
 The reader can form an idea of his Herculean task if 
 I recall in brief an account of the riot. 
 
 On Monday morning, July 13, 1863, being at that 
 time on the staff of the I^ew York Tribune, I hastened 
 to my post of duty, and found in the business office, Mr. 
 George Snow, the financial editor of the " American 
 Thunderer." He was pale with excitement and alarm, 
 for he had witnessed the rising of the riot cloud, which 
 was bigger than a man's hand, and charged with wrath 
 and fire. At his request, I directed my steps toward 
 the scene of strife. I found a blockade of cars on the 
 tracks in the Bowery, and a great crowd of angry men 
 and women on the Second and Third Avenues. About 
 fifty soldiers, armed with muskets, marched to the 
 scene of strife to quell the disturbance. They were 
 immediately disarmed by the mob, and their guns were 
 leveled at these helpless volunteers, who, deeming dis- 
 cretion the b3tter part of valor, fled for safety. Mr. 
 Kennedy, the brave and efficient Superintendent of the 
 police force, having been disabled by the brutal assault 
 of the rioters, Mr. Thomas C. Acton, the President of 
 the Board of Police Commissioners, took command of 
 the force. The important and responsible position re- 
 quired tact, promptness, courage, and tireless watchful- 
 ness. It was my duty, as one of the attaches of the press, 
 to watch the events of those sad but memorable days, and 
 report the occurrences for publication. I write, there- 
 fore, from the standpoint of an eye-witness of much 
 that I shall record in this condensed and hasty sketch. 
 Mr. Acton's position was laborious, critical, dangerous, 
 
 5* 
 
io6 Representative Men. 
 
 and required as much decisioUj sagacity, and pluck as it 
 would to lead an army to battle. He had more than two 
 thousand men under his command, and his tii^st act of 
 importance was to concentrate the force, seize and con- 
 trol the telegraphic department, and to stand ready to 
 meet any emergency, and this was at a time when the 
 great city was like a volcano with eruptions breaking 
 out at every point. The rioters made free and sav- 
 age use of brickbats, paving-stones, and clubs, and as- 
 saulted the police from the roofs of tenement-houses. 
 Many of them used guns, pistols, and other deadly 
 weapons, with, in some instances, deadly effect. 
 
 The gallant policemen, undismayed by the threats 
 and assaults of the rioters, charged into their dwellings 
 and up to the roofs, from which they were hurling dan- 
 gerous missiles. These hand-to-hand conflicts resulted 
 in the defeat and the driving away of the wretches, 
 some of them dropping from the windows in their cow- 
 ardly flight, and finding themselves arrested by a death- 
 warrant in the hands of fate. The vicinity of Brooks 
 Brothers' clothing house was the scene of terrible strife. 
 The gas was cut off', and the lights extinguished in the 
 street lamps and shops in the neighborhood. Thick as 
 ants, the thieves and burglars swarmed from the build- 
 ings, loaded with goods they had stolen ; but great num- 
 bers of them were brought to terms by the lively use 
 of the locust, and on their knees they shrieked and 
 roared for mercy. 
 
 A negro face was to the mob what a red rag is to a 
 bull. Hotels, restaurants, barber-shops, and kitchens 
 were searched for colored men and women. Street 
 cars and omnibuses were under the surveillance of bru- 
 
Thomas C. Acton. 107 
 
 tal fellows, who insulted and maltreated passengers 
 wliose skin was of a darker hue than theirs. E"egro 
 truckmen, coachmen, and servants had to leap from 
 their vehicles and run to the nearest shelter for safety. 
 Their dwellings w^ere stoned and sacked, and in some 
 instances set on fire. Hundreds of them sought refuge 
 in the precinct stations, and but for the vigilance and 
 nerve of the police, who, under instructions from Mr. 
 Acton, protected to a great extent their lives, there 
 would have been general robbery, incendiarism, and 
 slaughter. 
 
 All this time, day after day, the rioters continued at 
 their infernal work, stoning doors and windows, firing 
 private and public buildings, injuring and stealing 
 property, assaulting and murdering negroes, whose 
 crime was their color, whose sin was only skin deep, 
 and not a few of whom had to pay the penalty of their 
 property and their lives. The mob had a satanic spite 
 against the editor-in-chief of \hQ Tribune. The ring- 
 leaders bore a banner on which was inscribed, " ^Ye will 
 hang old Greeley on a sour apple-tree.'^'^ They set fire 
 to the front room of the Tribune office, and con- 
 tinued shouting, yelling, howling, and threatening to 
 burn the building and kill the inmates. They filled 
 the air w^ith the stench of sulphury speech ; the im- 
 mense mass of men and boys grew w^orse and worse ; 
 the cloud became denser and darker, and the muttering 
 of the storm, to all human appearance, was about to 
 break out in a tempest of thunder, fire, and crimson 
 rain, when a large body of policemen, lead by Inspector 
 Carpenter, came to the rescue, and with their clubs 
 struck right and left, their blows falling with heavy 
 
Io8 Representative Men. 
 
 thuds on the thick skulls of the storuny cowards, who 
 fled like frightened sheep from Printing House Square 
 to their dens and garrets and low hiding - places. 
 About this time the employes of the Tribune establish- 
 ment, editors, reporters, type-setters, and pressmen, 
 were furnished with arms and hand-grenades, and had 
 the rioters returned and attempted to make a second 
 assault, they would have met with a warm reception. 
 The attaches of the Tribune office were taught the 
 use of the rifle, by a soldier sent to the office for that 
 purpose. Horace Greeley shouldered his musket 
 with the rest, and continued, during the days of the 
 riot, to denounce the mob in his paper. The para- 
 graphs in his columns were terrible as hot-shot from a 
 cannon ; for the mob did not scare him in the least, nor 
 cause him to moderate his tone of brave denunciation. 
 He told the ruffians that they were thieves and 
 murderers, and his Saxon words were bullets for justice, 
 for patriotism, for liberty and peace. The hooting and 
 mocking cheers, and the blood-thirsty threatenings did 
 not disturb the calm serenity of his mind ; for he would, 
 when tired, throw himself upon the sofa in the " sanc- 
 tum," and go immediately to sleep. It was with diffi- 
 culty he could be kept from the street when the rioters 
 filled the Square and the adjoining streets. Several 
 unoffending colored men were murdered in cold blood 
 by these brutal men and boys. One of the most 
 atrocious deeds was the burning of the Colored 
 Orphans' Asylum. On the afternoon of the 13th of 
 July, an angry mob of three thousand rioters attacked 
 the building and set fire to it. At the time of the as- 
 sault there were over two hundred children in the 
 
Thomas C. Acton, lOg 
 
 asylum. Through the bravery and coolness of the 
 officer in charge, these wards of the city escaped at the 
 rear of the building just as the mob effected an entrance 
 at the front. Everything that could be stolen was 
 taken away, and what was left was destroyed. The 
 chairs and desks were broken into kindling-wood, and 
 the building, in the face of the efforts of the police and 
 firemen, was burned to the ground. 
 
 This is but a faint outline of the dreadful condition 
 of affairs in the city of ITew York during the riot 
 week. It began on the first day of the draft, ostensi- 
 bly in disapproval of it ; but soon it assumed the phase 
 of pillage, and persecution of the colored people. 
 Business was paralyzed ; gangs of robbers prowled over 
 the city day and night. It was not safe for a decent 
 man to walk the streets. The Metropolitan police, 
 officers and men, under the leadership of Thomas C. 
 Acton, won the confidence and applause of the city 
 and the country. They saved public buildings, banks, 
 private residences, and stores marked for destruction ; 
 and they saved the great commercial center of wealth 
 and trade from the clutches of the despoilers. 
 
 The organized militia regiments were away from the 
 city in the service of the Government at the time of 
 the outbreak, but Mr. Acton's army was equal to the 
 emergency. There was no hesitating, no sliirking, no 
 faltering, no reluctance, no signs of disobedience in 
 any quarter. On that memorable Monday and Tues- 
 day, these brave men checkmated the rioters, drove them 
 from their strongholds, and saved a vast amount of 
 property, and doubtless prevented the loss of many 
 lives. Their excellent discipline, their readiness to 
 
no Representative Men. 
 
 rally, their well-concerted plans, their quick marches, 
 their resolute movements on the mob, gave the banded 
 hordes of incendiaries and rioters in their several 
 localities little opportunity to test their strength. 
 
 On the afternoon of the second day of the riot these 
 gallant forces were aided by the military, who, with 
 rare exceptions, fired, not over tlie heads of the rioters, 
 but into the mob, killing, from first to last, more than 
 a thousand men. The rioters killed seven white men 
 and eleven blacks. 
 
 In the aggregate, the property stolen, burned, and 
 otherwise destroyed, amounted to more than one mil- 
 lion, two hundred thousand dollars. I find in a recent 
 issue of Harper's Weehly^ "A Souvenir of 1861," 
 written by Mr. Acton, which will give the reader an 
 idea of the terse, compact and graphic manner of the 
 man, and bring to mind some of the striking events of 
 
 1861. 
 
 A SOUVENIR OF 1861. 
 
 In the month of April, 1861, the Sixth Massachusetts Eegi- 
 ment, on its way to Washington, while passing througli Balti- 
 more, was fired upon by the rebel element. This act was after- 
 ward disclaimed by the Confederates, and attributed to a band 
 of rowdies always ready for mischief Nevertheless, the fact re- 
 mained that armed opposition to the passage of Northern troops 
 to the capital had commenced. 
 
 It was necessary to support this regiment, and the Seventh 
 New York was dispatched for that purpose to Annapolis by sea. 
 Several days passed, and no news of its arrival reached New 
 York : an impression (absurd, indeed, as it subsequently ap- 
 peared) seized the public mind that New York's favorite regi- 
 ment had met with some disaster — was annihilated, or perhaps 
 famine-stricken. 
 
 At that period I was connected with the Metropolitan police 
 
Thomas C.Acton. in 
 
 as Commissioner, and shared the general feeling of anxiety 
 which prevailed. I saw the necessity of obtaining some reli- 
 able information with regard to the Seventh Regiment, in order 
 to restore confidence, and quiet the alarm, which was becoming 
 infectious. With this view I proceeded to the oflBce of the 
 American Telegraph Company, then located at the southwest 
 corner of Wall and Broad Streets, and found the operator to be 
 an old fellow clerk, Mr. Moseley S. Roberts, and informed him 
 that I wished all dispatches that came over the lines from the 
 South submitted to the Metropolitan Police Commission of this 
 city. I suggested to him that it would be sound policy to ap- 
 point him as "special policeman detailed in charge of the Amer- 
 ican Telegraph OflBce." 
 
 I then returned to the oflBce of the Police Commissioners, and 
 stated to them what I had already done. A meeting of the 
 board, consisting of James Bowen, then President, John G. 
 Bergen, and myself, was immediately called, and at once ap- 
 pointed Moseley S. Roberts policeman detailed to act at the 
 American Telegraph OflBce, in accordance with the plan which 
 I had arranged. 
 
 During the interval of suspense between the departure of the 
 Seventh Regiment and i\\Q news of its arrival at Annapolis, a 
 period of intense anxiety to the people of New York, Mr. James 
 S. Wadsworth— all honor to his noble heart ! — of Geneseo, New 
 York State, called at Police Headquarters to see his old friend 
 John A. Kennedy, with whom he was associated in the State 
 Constitutional Convention of 1846. 
 
 Mr. Kennedy received him very kindly, but Mr. Wadsworth 
 was feeling sad. 
 
 " Kennedy," said he, " I am fifty years of age, and good for 
 nothing. My country is suffering, and needs assistance. Is 
 there anything I can do to aid her ? " 
 
 " Yes," promptly and emphatically replied Kennedy, "you can 
 do this : You can go back to Geneseo and raise a regiment of 
 soldiers." 
 
 "But," said W., "I know no more of military affairs than a 
 child." 
 
112 Representative Men. 
 
 " That does not matter," said K. " Return to Genesee, put 
 out your posters, say that James S. Wadswortli will raise a 
 regiment for his country, and you will succeed." 
 
 These encouraging words of Mr. Kennedy inspired Mr. Wads- 
 worth with patriotic emotion. ''I can do tliatl^'' he said, "and I 
 xoill^ and fu7mish the means myself to i^ay for itP 
 
 Mr. W. then left Police Headquarters, and met Mr. Thurlow 
 Weed, from whom he endeavored to learn something definite 
 concerning the absent New York Seventh. 
 
 The possibility that it had landed, and was somewhere be- 
 yond the means of communicating with the North, suffering 
 from want of supplies, and perhaps from starvation, awakened 
 the generous impulses in Mr. Wadsworth's heart, and he forth- 
 with chartered the steamboat Kill Von Kull^ filled it with pro- 
 visions, and sent it with a god-speed to the missing regiment, 
 2ind paid for it himself. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 23d of April, 1861, I was sent for 
 by Mr. Roberts, who handed me the following dispatch : 
 
 Annapolis, April 23. 
 Constitution is safely moored at mouth of harbor. Competent force on 
 board. One thousand five hundred troops at Annapolis, and more coming. 
 AH well. No opposing force. 
 
 When I stepped into Room No. 11, Astor House, to show this 
 dispatcli to Mr. Weed, Mr. Wadsworth was present, and partici- 
 pated in the general joy its intelligence afforded. 
 
 Before, however, the opportunity occurred for him to raise the 
 regiment which he contemplated, he was appointed General in 
 the army, and promptly sent with a command to the front, 
 where, at the Battle of the Wilderness, he consummated his last 
 act of heroism and devotion to his country. 
 
 " He died at the head of his brigade." 
 
 No epitaph more fitting, or one more worthy of remembrance, 
 could be inscribed over the grave of a brave and loyal soldier. 
 
 Thomas C. Acton. 
 
 The famous and intrepid Gen. Harvey Brown, who 
 came to the rescue on the afternoon of the second day 
 
Thomas C.Acton. 113 
 
 of the riot, and who rendered efficient service in co- 
 operation witli the police, when complimented by many 
 of the merchant princes and professional men of New- 
 York, said, in a letter to the late Moses Taylor and 
 others : " Gentlemen, I beg you to accept my grateful 
 thanks for the kind and flattering letter with which you 
 have honored me. The only merit I can claim in the 
 performance of the duty which has given me the high 
 distinction of yonr approbation is, that of an honest sin- 
 gleness of purpose in seconding the very able and ener- 
 getic efforts of the President of the Metropolitan police, 
 Mr. Acton, to whom, in my opinion, more than to any 
 other man, is due the credit of the early suppression 
 of the riot." 
 
 During the darkest days of the war of the rebellion, 
 in the time of trial, peril and brutal lawlessness, the 
 merchants, bankers and other business men formed 
 the " Union League Club," which at once came to the 
 rescue of the republic. Mr.. Acton was one of its ear- 
 liest members, and one of its most active and prominent 
 workers. This loyal force was organized in February, 
 1863, and its object was to combine and concentrate the 
 brains, hearts and fortunes of brave and true lovers 
 of their country in the great commercial metropolis, to 
 put down secession and rebellion, which had become 
 rampant and ugly, threatening the friends of freedom 
 and applauding the disunionists and copperheads. It 
 was, what Gen. Sherman called it, " a school of patriots." 
 At a dinner of its early members, given May 20, 1880, 
 the late Dr. Bellows said : " And when our noble po- 
 lice, whose honored memories have been invoked to- 
 night, and whose noble presence is represented here in 
 
114 Representative Men. 
 
 the waving, fresh hair of my friend Acton, dispersed 
 the miserable mob of foreigners that would have made 
 the city of New York a battle-ground, they sustained 
 the Union League, and the Union League sustained 
 them, in a manner never to be forgotten." The Club 
 recruited colored troops and sent the first black regi- 
 ment to the war; it advanced money to carry on the 
 campaign ; its members were the agents and almoners 
 of organizations in other cities ; it cared tenderly for the 
 sick and wounded soldiers; it "helped two thousand 
 men every night of the war"; it was represented at 
 more than six hundred battles and skirmishes ; it was a 
 constant aid to the medical department ; it inaugurated 
 and sustained magnificently the great sanitary fair ; it 
 filled with substitutes the spaces in regiments made 
 vacant on bloody fields ; it encouraged Union men to 
 overstep party lines and stand heart to heart for the life 
 of the nation ; it was a courier bearing packages, letters, 
 and dispatches from the dear ones at home to the brave 
 ones at the front ; it was a nurse bearing the wounded 
 from the scene of strife to the hospital, and there bind- 
 ing the bleeding wounds of the suffering soldiers, watch- 
 ing by their hammocks, supplying them with delicacies 
 and encouraging them with soul-felt sympathy. 
 
 At the suggestion of Mr. Acton the following lines 
 were written in honor of the early members of the 
 Union League Club, who were entertained at that 
 memorable dinner. The lines were published in the 
 New York Evening Post : 
 
 Cheers for the grand old Union League, 
 That helped in need to save our laud ! 
 
Thomas C. Acton. 
 
 Disloyalty and dark intrigue 
 
 Were scattered by its bolt and brand ! 
 Where the Rebellion shook its bars, 
 There its blue banner filled with stars, 
 Threw a soft light across the line, 
 Like the sweet smile of heaven divine. 
 
 When the torn nation's life and death 
 
 In the quick balances were laid, 
 And thin scales:, moved by a breath, 
 
 Might rise in light or fall in shade, 
 This loyal league inspired by love. 
 Armed and equipped like heirs of Jove, 
 In- honor clad truth's coat of-mail — 
 Cast swords and fortunes in the scale. 
 
 Our merchant princes heard the call 
 
 For aid to shield us from the foe. 
 As guests haste to a festival, 
 
 And kings to coronations go, 
 They hastened to the flag, whose light 
 Was to our land a flame as bright 
 As pillared fire by night that led 
 The Hebrews through the sea of red. 
 
 Where patriotism softly blends 
 
 With sweet and gentle courtesy, 
 The brave of soul find dearer friends 
 Than noblest men, to men can be. 
 Mothers and sisters, daughters, wivea, 
 Whose love is lasting as their lives, 
 With their magnetic presence came. 
 To cheer, and crown the task with fame. 
 
 115 
 
1 1 6 Representative Men. 
 
 The lightning and the thunder tones 
 
 Of the untrammelled, fearless press, 
 That shook the tyrants on their thrones, 
 Was freedom's mighty force to bless. 
 Its types were dragon's teeth that rose, 
 Full armed a host, the lie to oppose, 
 That State rights are the rights that we 
 Should fuse with peace and unity. 
 
 The League, with kindling prophecy. 
 
 Felt that the music of the fight. 
 For union, peace and harmony, 
 
 Must come from keys both black and white. 
 Then courage spurred on vast events, 
 Then marched the negro regiments, 
 And vindicated all we claim, 
 For valor, manhood, worth and fame. 
 
 The League sought suffrage free and wide. 
 
 Despising not the dusky face. 
 It watched the bill of rights, denied 
 
 Too long to a poor suffering race. 
 The river of reform it sent 
 Through augean stalls of government, 
 Now Peace clasps hands with honor here, 
 And we breathe a pure atmospheie. 
 
 Peace to the ashes of the dead, 
 The dead that will forever live. 
 
 A wreath of flowers, blue, white and red, 
 And odor of true love we give. 
 
 From stormy skies their mantles fell 
 
 On shoulders he:e that wear them well. 
 
Thomas C.Acton, 1 17 
 
 Their names are written -with the just, 
 Tlieir deeds smell sweetly from the dust. 
 
 Kow from the starlit arch above 
 
 Lincoln beholds that his endeavor 
 Has joined all kindred hearts in love, 
 
 And made the nation one forever. 
 The flag, borne through the battle blast, 
 Whispers of Union from the mast 
 Of every ship around the world 
 That shows the stars and stripes unfurled. 
 
 Mr. Acton's sixty years lean ligbtly upon him, for he 
 seems to be as active and vigorous as he was a score of 
 years ago. He is a man of medium height and good build, 
 erect and energetic, quick in his walk, ready in his de- 
 cisions, and emphatic in his utterance, a good talker in 
 the circle of his friends, a manly man who never loses 
 his grip on those he finds to be honorable and trust- 
 worthy. His beautiful rural home in Connecticut is 
 often the resort of literati and statesmen, who great- 
 ly enjoy his hospitality. He was a severe disciplinarian, 
 but to this day he is spoken of in terms of the truest re- 
 spect and affection by members of the police force 
 who served under his administration. 
 
 No man in the city is better known than he. His 
 finely-cut features, penetrating, grayish-blue eyes, com- 
 pressed mouth that can give an order and say no in 
 earnest, and his abundant supply of snow-white hair, 
 make him a man of mark in the street or on the plat- 
 form of public meetings. If he would allow himself to 
 speak of himself in public, he could give a narrative of 
 
1 1 8 Representative Men. 
 
 his experience that would be exceedingly interesting, and 
 his eloquent delivery would add vastly to the charm of 
 the subject. Mr. Acton's success is due in the main to 
 his skill as an organizer, his power as a disciplinarian, 
 his fairness and integrity in dealing with his subordi- 
 nates, and his unbending courage and force of will. 
 
EDWIN BOOTH. 
 From Earpei's Monthly. 
 PLATE XII. 
 
Edwin Booth, 
 
 THE PRINCE OF TRAGEDY IN AMERICA. 
 
 " No man is lord of auything 
 Till he communicates his part to others, 
 Nor doth he of himself know them for aught 
 Till he behold them formed in the applause 
 Where they are extended, which like an arch reverberates 
 The voice again, or like a gate of steel, 
 Fronting the sun, receives and renders back 
 His figure and his heart." 
 
 — Shakespeare. 
 
 EDWIN" BOOTH, the great actor, is forty -nine 
 years of age. He lias been before the public 
 more than thirty years, and no lover of the drama will 
 dispute the fact that he is the best representative man 
 of the American stage ; and when we consider his per- 
 sonal as well as his professional worth, we must give him 
 a foremost place with the leading men of the country 
 and of the century. He made his first appearance as 
 an actor at the Botston Museum September 10, 1849, 
 in the " part of Tressil, in Gibber's version of Richard 
 III." The writer recollects seeing his father, Junius 
 Brutus Booth, one of the greatest tragedians of his 
 time, or of any time, at the same theatre. This eccen- 
 tric and wonderful man was on the stage from 1813 to 
 1852, when he died, aged fifty-six years. Before he 
 became an actor he had been a sailor, printer, painter, 
 sculptor, and writer for the press. Driven from Lon- 
 
 (119) 
 
120 Representative Men. 
 
 don by the envy and jealousy of Edmnnd Kean, he 
 came to America in 1821, and bought a farm near Bal- 
 timore, where his son Edwin (the seventh of ten chil- 
 dren), was born in ITovember, 1833, "on a night mem- 
 orable for a great and splendid shower of meteors " — 
 the precursors of a star of the iirst magnitude. Edwin 
 accompanied his father in his wanderings from town to 
 town, and shared with him the sorrows, hardships, and 
 disappointments of his travels. His sad and strange 
 experience during these days of trial gave a sombre 
 color to his after-life, and changed the tone of a cheer- 
 ful temperament to the gloom and melancholy which 
 later on assisted him so materially in portraying the 
 intellectual and emotional character of Hamlet. " Many 
 years ago (remarks Mr. William Winter, the dramatic 
 critic, in a sketch written for Ilarjper's Magazine)^ 
 in Sacramento, the players had dressed for St. Pierre 
 and Jaffier in Yenice Preserved. Edwin, as Jaffier, 
 had put on a close-fitting robe of black velvet. ' You 
 look like Hamlet,' the father said. ' Why don't you play 
 it ? * He did not then foresee that his son would be 
 the greatest and most distinguished Handet of his 
 country and of his time." At Winter Garden Thea- 
 tre, New York, he acted that part one hundred succes- 
 sive nights. The same graphic writer, from whom 
 I have just quoted, gives the following pen portraits 
 of the two actors : 
 
 The elder Booth was a short, spare, muscular man, with a 
 splendid chest, a symmetrical Greek head, a pale countenance, a 
 voice of wonderful compass and thrilling power, dark hair, and 
 blue eyes. Edwin's resemblance to him is chiefly obvious in the 
 shape of the head and face, the arch and twist of the heavy eye- 
 
Edivin Booth. 121 
 
 brows, the radiant and constantly shifting light of ex^iression 
 which animates the countenance, the natural grace of carriage 
 and the celerity of mcvement. Edwin's eyes are dark brown 
 and seem to turn black in moments of excitement, and they are 
 capable of conveying with electrical effect the most diverse 
 meanings — the solemnity of lofty thought, the tenderness of 
 affection, the piteousuess of forlorn sorrow, the awful sense of 
 spiritual surroundings, the woful weariness of despair, the mock- 
 ing glee of wicked sarcasm, the vindictive menace of sinister pur- 
 pose, and the lightning glare of baleful wrath. In range of facial 
 expressiveness his countenance is fully equal to what his father's 
 was, and to all that tradition tells us of the countenance of Garrick. 
 
 In the beo:iDnino: of his career as an actor, Edwin 
 Booth assumed the characters of Sir Edward Mortimer, 
 Sir Charles Overreach, and other tempestuous parts, 
 in all of which he excelled. In the sminner of 1852 he 
 went with his father to (yalifornia, from thence to the 
 Sandwich Islands and Australia. He had four years 
 of severe experience and hard discipline of labor, trial, 
 sorrow and disappointment. But he was made of stuff 
 too stern to yield to discouragement and disaster. The 
 pure gold of the man shone the brighter for the fur- 
 bishing of affliction and sore trial. The training of 
 grief and suffering was a source of education and pol- 
 ish, and the young tragedian returned to the East in 
 1856 " no longer a novice," but an artistic actor of ex- 
 perience and great vigor of soul. He made the tour of 
 the South, and was hailed as a prodigy of skill and gen- 
 ius in the principal towns and cities of the Union. In 
 the summer of 1860 he crossed the Atlantic, and acted 
 in London, Liverpool, and Manchester, returning to 
 New York in 1862. The following year he assumed 
 the management of the Winter Garden Theatre, and 
 6 
 
122 Representative Men. 
 
 continued its control until the building was destroyed 
 bj fire in 1867. In 1869 he opened Booth's Theatre, 
 which he managed until the spring of 1874. Since 
 that time he has been acknowledged as a star upon the 
 stage in many of the principal cities in the United States. 
 In San Francisco the receipts exceeded $96,000 for eight 
 weeks' acting. Here I may be permitted to say that 
 performers on the boards, who draw their inspiration 
 mainly from the bottle, are not now, as they were for- 
 merly, the favorites of the public. They must have a 
 loftier and purer spirit than they can find in their cups 
 to win the reputation which buds and blossoms and 
 bears the fruit of fame. The public may for a time 
 bear with the antics of a man of genius who goes 
 astray, but the confirmed sot will not suit the fastidious 
 and exacting auditors of the present age, nor excuse 
 him on the ground that he is Alci blades defacing the 
 images of the gods. " Edwin Booth," says Mr. Winter, 
 " who had inherited from his father the insanity of in- 
 temperance, conquered that utterly many years ago, 
 and nobly and grandly trod it beneath his feet, and as 
 he matured in his career, through acting every kind of 
 part, from a dandy negro up to Hamlet, he at last made 
 choice of the characters that afford ample scope for his 
 powers and his aspirations, and so settled upon a definite 
 restricted repertory. His characters are Hamlet, Mac- 
 beth, Lear, Othello, lago, Kichard the Second, Eich- 
 ard the Third, Shylock, Cardinal Woolsey, Benedick, 
 Petruchio, Eichelieu, Lucius, Brutus, Bertuccio, Kuy 
 Bias, and Don Caesar de Bazan.'' 
 
 Edwin Booth has been tried by some of the most terrible 
 
Edwin Booth. 123 
 
 afflictions that ever tested the fortitude of a human soul. Over his 
 youth — plainly visible — impended the lowering cloud of insanity. 
 While he was yet a boy, and when literally struggling for life 
 in the semi-barbarous wilds of old California, lie lost his beloved 
 father, under circumstances of singular misery. In early man- 
 hood he laid in her grave the woman of his first love — the wife 
 who had died in absence from him, herself scarcely past the 
 threshold of youth, lovely as an angel, and to all that knew her 
 precious beyond expression. A little later his heart was well-nigh 
 broken, and his life was well-nigh blasted by the crime of a lunatic 
 brother, that for a moment seemed to darken the hope of the 
 world. Recovering from this blow, he threw all his resources 
 and powers into the establishment of the grand est.tlieatre in the 
 metropolis of America, and he saw his fortune of more than a 
 million dollars, together with the toil of some of the best years 
 of his life, frittered away through the incompetence of other 
 men. 
 
 Under all these trials he has borne bravely up, and kept the 
 even, steadfast tenor of his way, strong, patient, gentle, neither 
 elated by public homage nor embittered by private grief Such 
 a use of high powers in the dramatic art, and the development 
 and maintenance of such a character behind them, well entitle 
 him to the affection of his countrymen, proud equally of his 
 goodness and his renown, and pleased that the old world has 
 now laid her wreath of laurel on his name. W. Winter. 
 
 Since the above was written and published, Edwin 
 Booth has again met witli a great soitow, having lost 
 his second wife, an amiable and accomplished lady of 
 great attractiveness of person and loveliness of charac- 
 ter. Strong men are not easily crushed by afflictions 
 and misadventures. They rise superior to events that 
 would be disastrous to ordinary actors on the stage of 
 human experience. 
 
 It is said by those who are competent to judge, that 
 this prince of tragedy excels, not in elegant comedy, 
 
124 Representative Men. 
 
 but in fierce sarcasm and " simulated madness." He 
 has intense poetic sensibility, and being a " man of 
 moods,*' like all men of real genius, lie is unequal in his 
 efforts. Even when he seems to lack warmth and color, 
 there is always artistic treatment and poetic expres- 
 sion in his voice and manner. He studies, analyzes 
 and masters every point in a play, before its presenta- 
 tion on the stage. He is not satisfied until the spirit of 
 Shakespeare gives life to his ideal. The mere memo- 
 rizing of the words in a drama is but a small part in his 
 preparation. The text in type is a mere body without 
 tlie animating life. He does not rest until it contains a 
 living soul, pulsing in the heart and throbbing in the 
 brain. No detail of his study is neglected — historic 
 accuracy is demanded, and the passion of the play is 
 brought out as vividly as lightning from a thunder 
 cloud. A glance at the portrait before me makes it 
 plain and clear that the face and head represent a re- 
 fined and cultivated man — one whose fine and delicate 
 organization combines the tenderness of a woman with 
 the majesty of " the true prince." The dark hair is 
 brushed from a full forehead ; the heavy eyebrows 
 give a background of shadow for the large brown eyes 
 to flash under in the tempest of emotion ; the sensitive 
 nostril ; the thin, compressed lip ; the chin, indicative of 
 unyielding will ; and the compact, wiry figure — show 
 just such a man as nature would mould to interpret in 
 the best way the best work of the greatest dramatic 
 poet. No man unendowed with imagination and po- 
 etic sensibility can properly translate the thought and 
 feeling of a man of genius. He must be formed of the 
 finest clay, moistened with tears and tempered with 
 
Edwin Booth. 125 
 
 smiles, to be a fit delineator of the eliaracters created 
 bj the true poet. He must be transparent in his earnest 
 endeavor, so that the figure photographed on his heart 
 shall be seen in his face and heard in his voice. He must 
 forget himself and become the embodiment and spirit 
 of the subject he represents. 
 
 In Hamlet the actor must give soul and substance 
 to shadows. The character is one of the great cre- 
 ations of the poet, so fine and flexible that the out- 
 bursts of passion are as natural as the sound of storms 
 upon the air, and " of all others of Shakespeare's char- 
 acters the most difiicult to personate on the stage." 
 It is an expression of passion, thought and feeling put 
 into speech, that palpitates, and bleeds if handled rude- 
 ly. The prince does not rise in white and pass away 
 in a cloud like a spirit. He is human — real flesh and 
 blood, and thinks and talks like a philosopher in his 
 senses, and, when overwhelmed with emotion, his heart 
 beats in his bosom " even as a madman beats upon a 
 drum." 
 
Elihu Burritt, 
 
 THE LEARNED BLACKSMITH, 
 
 " If hence thy silence be, 
 
 As 'tis too just a cause, 
 Let this thouglit quicken thee, 
 Minds that are great and free, 
 
 Should not on fortune pause. 
 'Tis crown enough to virtue still, 
 
 To be her own apiDlause." — Ben Jonson. 
 
 IN the summer of 1838, Governor Everett, the pol- 
 ished scholar, statesman and orator, in an address to 
 an association of mechanics in Boston, took occasion to 
 mention, that a blacksmith of that State had, bj his un- 
 aided industry, made himself acquainted with fifty 
 languages. Prior to this statement Mr. Burritt had 
 lived in obscurity, and the fame of his acquirements 
 did not extend beyond the smoke of his own work-sho}3. 
 When told what the distinguished lecturer had reported 
 in relation to his wonderful attainments, he modestly 
 said that the Governor had done him more than justice. 
 It was true, he said, that he could read about fifty lan- 
 guages, but he had not studied them all critically. 
 Yankee curiosity had led him to look at the Latin gram- 
 mar; he became interested in it, and persevered and 
 finally acquired a pretty thorough knowledge of that 
 language. He then studied the Greek with equal care. 
 An acquaintance with these languages had enabled him 
 (126) 
 
PLATE XIII. 
 
Elihii Biirritt, \2f 
 
 to read, with considerable facility, the Italian, French, 
 Spanish and Portuguese. The Russian, to which he 
 was devoting his odd moments, he said was the most 
 dilSicult of any he had undertaken. He went to Wor- 
 cester to secure the advantages of an antiquarian library, 
 to which the trustees allowed him free access. He 
 spent eight hours at the forge, eight hours in the library 
 and the remaining eight hours of eacjh day in recreation 
 and rest. After he had studied Hebrew and made him- 
 self acquainted with its cognate languages, the Syriac, 
 Chaldaic, Arabic, Ethiopic, etc., he turned his attention 
 to the languages of Europe and studied French, Span- 
 ish, Italian and German under native teachers. He 
 then pursued the Portuguese, Danish, Swedish, IN'orwe- 
 gian, Icelandic, Welsh, Gaelic, Celtic, etc. 
 
 This remarkable man, who was a living, speaking 
 polyglott, was also an excellent mathematician. Fig- 
 ures tumbled from his pencil like seeds from a sack. 
 He commanded a graphic pen, and some of his essays 
 and sketches are classed with the best efforts in the lan- 
 guage. He was also a good Samaritan, a philanthro- 
 pist and reformer, with a soft heart in his bosom. Be- 
 lieving that God made of one blood all the nations of 
 the earth, he aimed to unite them by the fraternal links 
 of brotherhood. He looked upon war as an inexcusa- 
 ble evil, and labored manfully for its extinction. He 
 would dismantle the arsenal, disband the army, spike 
 the cannon and reforge the sword and cutlass, turning 
 them into agricultural implements. He would take our 
 ships of war and lade them to the water's edge with 
 food and clothing for the poor. He said, " The ballast 
 should be round clams, or the real quahaugs, heavy as 
 
128 Representative Men. 
 
 cast-iron and capital for roasting. Then he would 
 build along up, "filling every square inch with well- 
 cured provisions. He would have a hogshead of bacon 
 mounted into every porthole, each of which should dis- 
 charge fifty hams a minute when the ship was brought 
 into action, and the state-rooms should be filled with 
 well-made garments, and the taut cordage and the long, 
 tapering spires should be festooned with boys' jackets 
 and trowsers. Then, when there should be no more 
 room for another codfish or herring or sprig of catnip, he 
 would run up the white flag of peace. He would throw 
 as many hams into a famine-stricken city in twenty-four 
 hours as there were bomb-shells and cannon-balls thrown 
 into Keil by the besieging armies ; he would barricade 
 the low, narrow streets with loaves of broad, would throw 
 up a breastwork clear around the market-place of bar- 
 rels of flour, pork and beef, and in the middle raise 
 a stack of salmon and codfish as large as a Methodist 
 meeting-house, with a steeple to it, and the bell should 
 ring to all the city bells, and the city bells should ring 
 to all the people to come to market and buy provisions 
 w^ithout money and without price. And white flags 
 should everywhere wave in the breeze on the vanes of 
 steeples, on mastheads, on flag-stones along the embat- 
 tled walls, on the ends of willow sticks borne by romp- 
 ing, laughing, trooping children. All the blood-colored 
 drapery of war should bow and blush before the stainless 
 standard of peace." 
 
 The writer saw this ^' learned blacksmith " for the 
 first time at a public meeting, and heard him deliver 
 an address. He sat on the first seat opposite the pul- 
 pit, with his back to the audience. Thomas Drew, then 
 
Elihu Burr it t. 129 
 
 known as Burritt's blower and striker, was taking notes 
 in a side pew near by. When called up, the black- 
 smith arose qnietly and modestly responded. He stood 
 on the top stair of the pulpit, and at first seemed to. 
 shrink from the public stare. At that time he was in 
 the prime of manhood, tall and lithe, but with the lit- 
 erary stoop of the shoulders. Premature baldness was 
 his excuse for wearing a wig. He had a high forehead, 
 and the large development (so phrenologists say) of the 
 perceptive faculties made it appear to retreat. 
 
 He had blue eyes and an uneven, unhandsome face 
 marked with the lines of thought and culture. He 
 wore the look of perseverance, endurance, thoughtful- 
 ness, blended with anxiety, confidence and hope. He 
 spoke slowly, distinctly and forcibly, without ever ut- 
 tering a foolish thing. He had a peculiarity of tone, 
 which was unreportable, but which told with thrilling 
 efii'ect on the hearts of his hearers when he entered 
 earnestly into the subject he discussed. All who have 
 ever heard him will acknowledge that his matter was 
 filled with thought. His facts and statistics had varied 
 beauty, when viewed through the prism of his glowing 
 fancy. For samples of his style the reader is referred 
 to " Sparks from the Anvil," and other works from his 
 pen. 
 
 In a London edition of " Sparks from the Anvil " 
 may be found the following sketch of a distinguished 
 statesman who had been snatched as a brand from the 
 liquid burning : 
 
 And he was found with all the resuscitated vigor of his talents, 
 exhuming, as it were, his fellow beings, who like him had been 
 buried before they were dead. Massachusetts welcomed him 
 6* 
 
130 Rcprese7itative Men, 
 
 back to her embrace with emotions of maternal joy, and invited 
 the returning Pleiad to resume his rank among the stars of her 
 crown. The doors of her halls and churches were thrown open 
 to the newly returning prodigal, and many were touched to life 
 and salvation at the burning eloquence which fell from his lips. 
 Sister States heard of this new Luther in Temperance, and he 
 obeyed their call. He stood up in their cities like Paul in the 
 midst of Mars Hill, and, with an eloquence approaching inspira- 
 tion, set forth the strange doctrine of total abstinence. That man, 
 unfortunately, was led astray by fiends in human form, but a 
 band of Washingtonians persuaded him to sign the pledge once 
 more, and this time it was an unviolated policy of Insurance 
 against the fires of destruction. 
 
 He concluded that graphic sketch in the following 
 words : 
 
 That man is again a giant, and he is abroad; look out for 
 him! Like Samson, he is feeling for the pillars of the temple 
 of Bacchus, and he will, ere long, revenge the loss of his locks 
 by a mighty overthrow of that doomed edifice. 
 
 See this scholar, writer, and speaker, clad in his 
 working garb, wearing his paper cap and leather apron. 
 The forge burns, the anvil rings, and he is 
 
 STRIKINa FOR WAGES. 
 
 He is a blacksmith, jDroud of his lot; 
 He strikes hard when the iron is hot. 
 
 The red sparks glow, like fire-fiies winging, 
 " Ten pound ten " can never be got. 
 Unless he keeps the anvil ringing. 
 Strike again ! 
 " Ten pound ten ! " 
 
 Working well with an iron will, 
 He can always foot the grocer's bill. 
 
EliJm Burritt. 131 
 
 Good luck from every blow npspringiDg — 
 That's the way the pockets fill, 
 
 Money clinks to the anvil's ringing. 
 Strike again ! 
 " Ten pound ten ! " 
 
 He strikes for wages, and he gets 
 Money enough to pay his debts. 
 
 And more, for he keeps the hammer swinging. 
 Pride and poverty spread their nets 
 In vain for him whose anvil's ringing. 
 Strike ngain ! 
 " Ten pound ten ! " 
 
 His anvil chorus every day 
 Awakes the sleepers over the way ; 
 And they hear him merrily singing, 
 "There's time to work and there's time to play, 
 Now is the time for anvil ringing." 
 Strike again ! 
 " Ten pound ten ! " 
 
 Amid a shower of sparks he stands, 
 With ojDen face and honest hands, 
 
 AVhere the wasp of want can not come stinging. 
 The house he built is not on sands, 
 It is as firm as the anvil ringing. 
 
 Strike again ! 
 " Ten i3ound ten ! " 
 
 When he grows old, and bent, and gray ; 
 And long before, let him rest and play. 
 
 In golden years, sweet pleasure bringing. 
 And hear his great grandchildren say, 
 " There is music in the anvil's ringing. 
 Strike again ! 
 " Ten pound ten ! " 
 
 [When I wrote the last stanza, I had forgotten that 
 Bnrritt was a bachelor.] 
 
132 Representative Men. 
 
 Our Blacksmith struck for something higher and of 
 more* worth than wages. His forge blazed up with 
 light for the world of letters and reform. The blows 
 he struck hit the hydra head of selfishness and tyr- 
 anny — Bacchus and Mars staggered under the force of 
 his blows. The music of his anvil has been heard in 
 all civilized lands, and it will echo through the ages. 
 He helped to shiver the yokes and chains from the 
 necks and limbs of slaves. He struck at oppression, at 
 intemperance, at war, at vice and crime, in all their 
 phases. 
 
 Elihu Burritt was' the son of a shoemaker, tlie 
 youngest of ten children. He was born in New Britain, 
 Connecticut, on the 8th of December, 1810. The 
 parents of this distinguished man were a pious and 
 amiable couple. When about sixteen years of age, 
 Elihu was apprenticed to a blacksmith and made his 
 home with his brother Elijah, an educated man, who 
 had been driven from Georgia because of his anti- 
 slavery proclivities. At one and twenty, when Elihu's 
 apprenticeship expired, he became a student with his 
 brother, who was the village school-master. At the 
 close of the term he returned to the shop, determined 
 to make up the time he had lost, which he attempted 
 to do by performing the work of two men and getting 
 double pay. In 1841 Burritt made his first appearance 
 as a public lecturer, and about that time, or shortly 
 after, he established a weekly paper entitled " The 
 Christian Oitizenr It was a very attractive, instruct- 
 ive, and able paper. In its columns were articles 
 of great value, and some of them have found their way 
 into volumes of choice selections. In 1846 he made 
 
Elihit Burr it t. 133 
 
 bis first visit to England, where lie published " Sparks 
 from the Anvil." During the potato famine in Ireland, 
 bis appeals to his fellow-countrymen for aid met with 
 generous responses. In 1863 Mr. Burritt made a 
 second visit to England, and during the summer season 
 be walked from London to John O'Groat's, and after- 
 ward gave an account of his journey in a fascinating 
 book. 
 
 Two years later, President Lincoln appointed him to 
 the ofiice of U. S. Consul at Birmingham, and for Hvq 
 years he filled the position with honor to his country 
 and credit to himself. His leisure was filled with 
 literary labor and occasional speech-making in favor of 
 temperance, peace, international arbitration, co-operative 
 employment, cheap postage, etc. He was an emphatic 
 and enthusiastic advocate of peace, writing essays 
 and delivering addresses, and doing all that be could to 
 help the cause along. In 18T0 he returned to bis 
 native town, where be died on the 8th of March, 1879. 
 In the words of Mr. Frederick Sherlock, in bis beauti- 
 ful book entitled " Illustrious Abstainers," "He left to 
 bis country the sweet fragrance of a name which will 
 be ever honored as amongst the noblest of the age in 
 which he lived, and bequeathed to the world a glorious 
 example of self-culture, which, we doubt not, will be 
 potential for good through all time." 
 
 What a lesson is here in the life of this good man. 
 The son of a poor shoemaker ; a blacksmith's appren- 
 tice, and student ; a journeyman, mastering many lan- 
 guages ; a lecturer, editor and author ; an iconoclast re- 
 former, swinging bis battle-axe with more force than be 
 did the hammer; a representative man at home and 
 
134 Representative Men. 
 
 abroad, admired and honored, for his learning and cult- 
 nre, and for his great abihty. Above and bejond all 
 this, he was a modest, Christian gentleman, seeking in 
 every way to proclaim the gospel of '' peace on earth 
 and good-will to men/' 
 
 A characteristic sketch of him was written by Profes- 
 sor L. IS". Fowler, a few years ago, some extracts from 
 which can not but prove interesting to the reader : 
 
 Some meu are not so great in their own estimation as they are 
 in th:it of others. AY hat they have done lias been the resnlt of 
 such a gradual preparation, that they are not conscious of their 
 own power, and their deeds have been so long before the world 
 that they have become household names. Some never blow 
 their own trumpet, but keep themselves quite behind the curtain, 
 and present their cause in a modest, yet earnest manner. Such 
 generally succeed in their undertaking^^, and eventually secure 
 lasting fame if their cause is a worthy one. Those who talk 
 about themselves more than about their cause are sure to fail, 
 and they merit the contempt they have earned. It is easy to be 
 courageous when there is no danger, but cowardly in times of 
 grcat difficulty. Some si3end their time in boasting in a pomp- 
 ous manner w^hat they Intend to do, but never commence the 
 task while others do the work, and let it speak for itself 
 
 Elihu Burritt is certainly one of the most modest of men I ever 
 knew, and yet he has done an immense amount of good in the 
 world, and has always been actively employed for the benefit of 
 others. He descended from a studious family, all the members 
 of which had a literal thirst for positive knowledge, and many of 
 them have excelled in their knowledge of astronomy, geography, 
 mathematics, and literature, and have devoted themselves to 
 study so far as they have had the means. 
 
 He was poor from his birth, and had to struggle hard to gain 
 any kind of position. He was obliged to learn a trade to sup- 
 port himself, and he chose that of a blacksmith, as being the 
 most suitable to enable him to develop his mechanical genius. 
 
Rlihii Biirritt. 1 35 
 
 His thirst for knowledge was innate, and he worked hard during 
 the day and studied nearly all the night, until his health suffered, 
 and he was obliged to discontinue both for a time. Xothing but 
 poverty prevented him from going abroad for the purpose of 
 devoting himself entirely to the study of mathematics and the 
 foreign languages. 
 
 Fortunately he went to Worcester, Mass., and there found an 
 opportunity to improve himself every way. He obtained a bet- 
 ter situation as a laborer, and as soon as his literary tastes were 
 known, he had the great privilege of consulting the excellent 
 library in the town, and there read books on science, literature, 
 and the languages, that it would have been quite impossible for 
 him to purchase. In order to make the most of his time he 
 mapped out the day, allowing so many hours to work, and so 
 many minutes to each of the various studies he was pursuing. 
 In that way not a minute was lost. He soon became famous for 
 his knowledge, and attracted much attention. About this time 
 he allowed me to take a cast of his head, and I began to study the 
 developments of his brain, in order to account for his singular 
 proclivities. His head indicates very prominent tendencies of 
 mind. The frontal lobe is long and strongly marked. The 
 reasoning faculties are full, but the organ of Comparison and all 
 the perceptive faculties are very large — in fact, they are devel- 
 oped almost to a deformity. Their special manifestation has 
 been to give a desire to gain positive knowledge, to study math- 
 ematics, metaphysics, philology, the exact sciences, and all truths 
 that can be demonstrated. 
 
 I asked liim one day how many dialects and languages he 
 could read. He replied. " Fifty-two, and I have a partial knowl- 
 edge of several others; yet, of the two, I am more fond of math- 
 ematics.'' He has more talent to learn mathematics than the lan- 
 guages, but his very active Comparison has led him to compare one 
 language with another and another, till he has become a walking 
 vocabulary, and has fairly earned the title he received long ago 
 — that of " the learned blacksmith.*' His leading intellectual 
 faculty is Individuality. This gives him great power of obser- 
 vation, and the desire to acquire all kinds of practical knowl- 
 edge from the outside world. 
 
R. H. Stoddard,* 
 
 POET, JOURNALIST AND CRITIC 
 
 "Who made 
 His music heard below, 
 Dan Chaucer, the first warbler whose sweet breath, 
 
 Preluded those melodious bursts that fill 
 The spacious times of great Elizabeth 
 With sounds that echo still." —Tennyson. 
 
 RICHAED H. STODDARD, poet, journalist and 
 critic, is not one of the spoiled children of fortune 
 and tender training, bnt a brave, independent toiler and 
 thinker, endowed with intellectual strength and vigor, 
 toned with natural and acquired taste and delicacy. 
 By hard and continuous work he has won the laurel 
 wreath of true honor, but he does not forget that he is 
 a man, nor does he sacrifice his sympathies on the 
 altar of pride and conceit. Indeed, few have done 
 more disinterested work to aid men of talent and genius, 
 and lift them from obscurity in the commencement of 
 their career. 
 
 If I read him aright, he does not waste time thinking 
 about himself and the fame that may follow or vanish 
 in the path of duty. He gets up the heights of Parnas- 
 sus by giving loose rein to Pegasus, untroubled with 
 suggestions of dangers and difficulties in the steep and 
 narrow way. He is fond of the habits, manners and 
 sentiments of the " golden age " of letters, and prefers 
 
 * Portrait from R. H. Stoddard's Poems. Chas. Scribner's Sous, N. Y. 
 (136) 
 
K. II. STODDAED. 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
J^. H. Stoddard. 1 37 
 
 the style and spirit of the Elizabethan time to the 
 fashion and taste of the modern writers of verse. 
 
 There is nothing of the epileptic, terrific or super- 
 natural in his style. He picks np the common events 
 of every-day life, incidents that interest the reader be- 
 cause they are familiar. He does not ignore common 
 sense to create a startling sensation. Naturally con- 
 servative, he is not enthusiastic in his advocacy of meas- 
 ures of moral or political reform, and will go out of 
 his way to spurn shams and frauds, whatever aliases 
 they may assume. 
 
 And yet he is at his best when moved to write out 
 his thoughts and feelings in relation to the tragedy and 
 comedy of human life. Without courting the applause 
 of the multitude, or fearing its criticism, he not unfre- 
 quently strikes out right and left at the vices and fol- 
 lies of mankind, hitting hard in prose and verse. His 
 work in newspapers, magazines and books is before the 
 reading public, and is known wherever the language in 
 which he writes is read, and it speaks for itself, and I 
 confidently refer to his poems as vouchers for the accura- 
 cy of my opinion. 1 am sure the critic will not go far 
 before he will find felicitous lines that sparkle " like salt 
 in fire," and touch that chord with what is written 
 within " the red-leaved tables of our hearts." To him, 
 nature is an open book, and he is one of its happiest 
 translators. Green fields dotted with dandelions, wild 
 birds charming the air with songs, stooping skies blos- 
 soming with stars, rivers pulsing to the ocean, mount- 
 ains lifting their heads to the clouds, storms of wind, 
 rain, hail and snow, suggest topics to him and fire him 
 with inspiration. 
 
138 ■ Representative Men. 
 
 Men and women whose opinions are authoritative, do 
 not hesitate to say, that, since the death of Longfellow, 
 he is not second to any living poet in America. In- 
 deed, he differs so widely from all our popular writers 
 of verse, that we notice most the dissimilarities. 
 
 Holmes is a humorist and wit, but his ''fan" does 
 not " secrete tears," and lack of pathos prevents his 
 rising to the loftiest latitude of genius. Lowell comes 
 nearer to the level of true greatness, for he adds to 
 the comic qualities of his verse tenderness and poetic 
 insight. Whittier towers in the front of progress and 
 reform, and occupies a position untouched by any other 
 man of genius. In Stoddard's writings we find the 
 old-wine flavor of grapes gathered long ago. I say this, 
 without impeaching his integrity as an original writer. 
 The sweetness and purity of his verse were noticed in 
 his flrst effusions, when he was a contributor to the 
 Knickerbocker and Union Magazine. 
 
 Some of these efforts, with others, afterward ap- 
 peared in a little volume entitled '• Foot-Prints." The 
 book was well received, and Griswold, in his " Poets 
 and Poetry of America," says : " Perhaps the most in- 
 dividual trait displayed in its pages is a capacity for fln- 
 ished and picturesque description. His landscapes have 
 a sharp and distinct outline, in which none of the 
 minor features are omitted ; a keen perception of form, 
 in striking contrast to the more glowing coloring and 
 careless outline of young writers in general." Mr. 
 Stoddard was only twenty-one years of age at the time 
 of the publication of this book. The famous critic 
 continues : '' Mr. Stoddard's best poems give evidence 
 of growing power and a capacity of attaining high ex- 
 
R. H. Stoddard. 139 
 
 cellence in a school of poetry of which we have few 
 modern specimens. The poem of ' Leonatus,' in its 
 daintiness of metre and language, reminds one of the 
 old English song-writers." Here is a sample of it : 
 
 Tlie fair boy Leonatus, 
 The page of Imogen. 
 
 It was his duty evermore 
 To tend the Lady Imogen. 
 By peep of day he might be seen 
 
 Tapj)ing against her chamber door 
 To wake the sleepy waiting-maid, 
 Who rose, and when she had arrayed 
 The Princess, and the twain had prayed 
 
 (With pearled rosaries used of yore), 
 They called him pacing to and fro, 
 And cap in hand and bowing low 
 He entered and began to feed 
 The singing birds with fruit and seed. 
 
 The brave boy Leonatus, 
 The page of Imogen, 
 He tripped along the kingly hall, 
 
 From room to room with messages. 
 
 He stopped the butler, clutched his keys 
 (Albeit he was broad and tall), 
 
 And dragged him down the vaults where wine 
 
 In bins lay beaded and divine. 
 
 To pick a flask of vintage fine. 
 Came up and climbed the garden wall, 
 
 And plucked from out the sunny spots 
 
 Peaches and luscious apricots, 
 
 And filled his golden salver there, 
 
 And hurried to his lady fair. 
 
 The following spirited poem was read at the Wood- 
 stock, Ct., Celebration, July 4, 1882. If not one of the 
 
140 Representative Men. 
 
 author's best, it is one of his latest productions, and 
 ranks with the finest efforts of its kind. It is a ring- 
 ing, patriotic poem, and will find its way to the En- 
 glish-reading public in both hemispheres, and will long 
 be held in remembrance. There seems to be too much 
 electric life in it to have been the product of a financial 
 contract ; but here it is, and since that grand critic, the 
 public, have decided in its favor, I shall make no further 
 comments : 
 
 Beneath the blue arch of this perfect sky, 
 We gather on the Nation's Holiday, 
 And while the rosy hours are going by, 
 We ponder what they bring and take away ; 
 Mirth, music and the little ones that play 
 Upon the dappled shadows of the trees. 
 Laugh on, light hearts ! But we, whose heads are gray. 
 Though we may smile, have graver memories 
 Than can have crossed your minds in these bright days of Peace. 
 
 Out of the travail of two hundred years 
 Rose this our Commonweal. Its growth was slow ; 
 Our fathers sowed the seed with hopes and fears. 
 And poured out their best blood to make it grow. 
 Beset with peril from the savage foe, 
 They went about their work prepared to die; 
 For where the peril was they could not know 
 Until its arrows hurtled suddenly by, 
 Or the smoke of their burning homes went darkly up the sky 1 
 
 The punishment they meted out was stern ; 
 
 The sight of women and of children slain. 
 
 The thought of captives that would not return. 
 
 Hardened their breaking hearts to slay again. 
 
 One text the tenderest never read in vain : 
 
 " Vengeance is mine ! " Another they read less : 
 
 "Father, forgive them ! " But one thing was plain — 
 
R. H. Stoddard. \^\ 
 
 That God was with them in their sore distress, 
 And answered their strong prayers in the vast wilderness. 
 
 rhey builded churches where to-day they stand ; 
 Rude meeting-houses rose up everywhere, 
 For all the people lent a helping hand. 
 And when the Sabbath bell summoned to prayer. 
 The worldliest put away their week-day care. 
 And flocked from miles around to hear the Word. 
 And hither came a man with snowy hair, 
 Whose piteous heart was for the Indians stirred. 
 He preached, and they believed the holy things they heard. 
 
 And hither, when the storm of war had burst 
 ^ Between the Mother Country and, her sons. 
 Comes he whom History proclaims the first 
 In war and peace ; the fiery rumor runs, 
 The farmers quit their ploughs, and snatch their guns, 
 To follow him through victory and defeat; 
 The red-coat rabble, led by titled ones, 
 Goes down before them like the swaths of wheat. 
 Fierce is the summer sun, and sharp the winter's sleet ! 
 
 These were the men— not men, but higher Powers— 
 Whose hardy sinews stiflTening into steel. 
 Grappling with the Old World, made the New World ours 
 The sure foundation of the Commonweal ! 
 When we forget them, when we cease to feel 
 Their greatness and their glory, we are lost. 
 Silence the bells ! Or ring a funeral peal — 
 We are no longer worth the blood we cost ; 
 Better our fathers had sunk in the wild waves they crossed ! 
 
 Voices like these upon this peaceful day 
 Come like an echo from the troubled Past; 
 And other voices, not so far away, 
 And other eyes upon the Future cast. 
 Command us to bu watchful, and hold fast 
 
142 Representative Men. 
 
 The ancient freedom of our winds and waves, 
 And of our fathers' spirits; lest, at last, 
 We heap dishonor on our fathers' graves, 
 And curse our children with the heritage of slaves ! 
 New York City, June 27, 1882. 
 
 The neatlj engraved portrait of Mr. Stoddard, wliicii 
 accompanies his elegant and beantifnl book of poems, 
 published by Charles Scribner's Sons, is before me. 
 The abundant growth of hair indicates great vitality, 
 and, although the snow that never thaws has fallen upon 
 his head and beard, he does not look like a man ad- 
 vanced in years ; he is only lif ty-seven, and that is the 
 prime of life in a poet's age. His dark eyes are full of lire, 
 and it would be hard to provoke anger in the soul that 
 lights them. His features show force, strength, earnest- 
 ness, independence and sincerity. He represents a 
 type of manhood that can not be put down by untoward 
 events, and, like Napoleon, he ascends the opposing hills 
 of difficulty in the face and teeth of hindering storms. 
 He stai'ted in life with an object in view ; a determi- 
 nation to write something that would entitle him to a 
 seat in the academy of the immortals. Although fond of 
 fame, he was resolved to deserve it, and not to look for 
 laurels until he had fairly earned them. As a critic 
 and book-reviewer, he has made enemies who watch 
 for chances to feed their petty revenges ; but an army of 
 .disaffected and disappointed authors can not subdue the 
 untamable spirit of such a man. His fame as a 
 master of pure English in poetry and in prose is so 
 well established that, it can not be shaken by adverse 
 criticism. 
 
 Here are some selections made by my friend and 
 
A\ //. Stoddard. 
 
 143 
 
 Mr. Stoddard's friend, Mr. Abram Lent Smith, a young 
 author who is deservedly rising into notice as a writer. 
 I copy them without comment. 
 
 TRIUMPHANT MUSIC. 
 
 Ay, give me muidc ! Flood the air with sound ! 
 
 But let it be superb, and brave, and high, 
 Not such as leaves my wild aml)ition bound 
 
 In soft delights, but lifts it to the sky. 
 Ko sighs, nor tears, but deep, indignant calm. 
 
 And scorn of all but strength, my only need ; 
 
 From whence but music should my strength proceed ? 
 From some titanic psalm ? 
 
 Some thunderous strand of sound, which in its roll 
 
 Shall lift to starry heights my fiery soul ! 
 
 Along the grassy slope I sit, 
 
 And dream of other years : 
 My heart is full of soft regrets, 
 
 My eyes of tender tears. 
 
 The wild bees hummed about the spot, 
 
 The sheep-bells tinkled far. 
 Last year when Alice sat with me, 
 
 Beneath the evening star. 
 
 The same sweet star is o'er me now, 
 Around the same soft hours; 
 
 But Alice moulders in the dust 
 With all the last year's flowers. 
 
 I sit alone, and only hear 
 The wild bees on the steep, 
 
 And distant bells that seem to float 
 From,out the folds of sleep. 
 
144 Representative Men. 
 
 THE FLIGHT OF YOUTH. 
 
 There are gains for all our losses, 
 
 There are balms for all our pain : 
 But when youth, the dream departs, 
 It takes something from our hearts, 
 And it never comes again. 
 
 We are stronger, and are better, 
 
 Under manhood's sterner reign •. 
 Still we feel that something sweet 
 Followed youth with flying feet. 
 And will never come again. 
 
 Something beautiful is vanished, 
 
 And we sigh for it in vain : 
 We behold it everywhere, 
 On the earth, and in the air, 
 But it never comes again. 
 
 THE SEA. 
 {Storm.) 
 
 Through the night, through the night 
 
 In the saddest unrest, 
 Wrapt in white, all in white, 
 
 With her babe on her breast, 
 Walks the mother so pale, 
 Staring out on the gale, 
 Through the night. 
 
 Through the night, through the night. 
 Where the sea lifts the wreck, 
 
 Land in sight, close in sight. 
 On the surf-flooded deck, 
 
 Stands the father so brave, 
 
 Driving on to his grave. 
 Through the night. 
 
R. H, Stoddard. 145 
 
 The sky is a drinking cup, 
 
 That Avas overturned of old, 
 And it pours in tlie eyes of men 
 
 Its wine of airy gold. 
 
 We drink that wine all day, 
 
 Till the last drop is drained up, 
 And are lighted off to bed 
 
 By the jewels in the cup. 
 
 Many's the time I've sighed for summer, 
 Many's the summer I've known ; 
 But to-day I cling to the flying spring, 
 And fear to have it flown. 
 Not that May is gay, 
 For the sky is cold and gray. 
 And a shadow creeps on the day : 
 But the leaden summer will give me 
 
 What it never gave before. 
 Or take from me what a thousand 
 Summers can give no more. 
 
 Joy may be a miser. 
 
 But sorrow's purse is free. 
 I had two griefs already, 
 
 He gave two more to me. 
 He filled my eyes with water, 
 
 He filled my heart with pain ; 
 And then, the liberal fellow, 
 
 He promised to again. 
 
 ODE. 
 
 Pale in her fading bowers the summer stands, 
 Like a new Niobe with clasped hands, 
 Silent above the flowers, her children lost, 
 Slain by the arrows of the early frost. 
 
 7 
 
146 Representative Men. 
 
 The clouded Heaven above is pale and gray, 
 The misty earth below is wan and drear, 
 
 The baying winds cbase all the leaves away, 
 As cruel hounds pursue the trembling deer; 
 
 It is a solemn time, the Sunset of the Year. 
 
 The rest of this ode is magnificent ! 
 
EASTMAN JOHNSON. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
Eastman Johnson, 
 
 REPRESENTATIVE ARTIST. 
 
 HAZLITT was a painter before he became a writer, 
 an artist before he was an author. He used 
 colors on canvas first, and his artistic skill as a critic 
 afterward. When he saw a picture he recognized its 
 beauties, and if it had defects he saw them also. Pig- 
 ments were not intended to conceal the mistakes of the 
 pencil, but to bring out the nice and, if possible, the 
 exact, resemblance of nature ; and this prince of essay- 
 ists acknowledged in his " Table Talk " that with him the 
 pleasure of painting far exceeded that of authorship. In 
 the transfer of thought and feeling in colors to the can- 
 vas, the artist sits opposite to nature, and, in calm pa- 
 tience, he copies the original, which came from the 
 hand of the Great Master. " He thinks God's thought 
 after Him." Light and shade are the wings of his 
 guiding angel. Shadows of the fancy become substance 
 mider the movements of the brush. That which was a 
 dream of beauty grows into a reality to the sight and 
 to the touch. The prose of a mechanical outline be- 
 comes a poem in paint. The born artist has the exquis- 
 ite pleasure of seeing a new creation coming forth at 
 his command. The grass dotted with daisies and dan- 
 delions expands into a meadow with fleecy flocks and 
 cattle, "forty feeding like one." Trees with roots 
 clasping the earth, while their trunks tower to the 
 
 (H7) 
 
14S Representative Men. 
 
 clouds and throw out branches, little juvenile trees 
 in the arms of their parents; adult and baby trees 
 that seem to clap their green palms in an imagin- 
 ary atmosphere ; the delicate tints of flowers ; the 
 varied hues of appetizing fruits — all are brought 
 out in their wealth and splendor by the skill and 
 genius of the colorist. His power is not like Milton's 
 lion, held to the ground while pawing to get free. 
 It is unencumbered and exultant in its freedom. The 
 clouds obey his behest, and sail in fleets before the 
 wdnd, or, like vast forts near the sky, veil the artillery 
 of the storm that shakes the rocks y^\\X\ thunder. 
 Or he gives us a shower of rain and gleams of sun- 
 shine, with a bow of glory spanning the heavens— a 
 bridge of beauty fit for the spirits of the departed to 
 ascend upon to the gates of the celestial city. He 
 may use his skill in dej^icting the sea in calm or in 
 storm, as a mighty force against which the hand of man 
 is powerless, or as a ferry of commerce, bearing great 
 ships from port to port around the round world. Again 
 Hazlitt says, " The most sensible men I know are paint- 
 ers — that is, they are the most lively observers of what 
 passes in the world about them, and the closest observ- 
 ers of what passes in their own minds." The writer 
 is not an artist connoisseur nor critic, but he will ven- 
 ture to say there is no department of the " art beauti- 
 ful " superior to that of portrait painting. A genu hie 
 master breathes a living soul into his colors, and the 
 canvas palpitates with life. He shows the faculties, at- 
 tributes, appetites and passions of the prototype in the 
 type taken from his easel. At the suggestion and 
 under the direction of his brain and heart, his t.iste 
 and genius, his judgment and skill, his labor is so 
 
Eastman JoJinson. 149 
 
 " — distinctly wrought, 
 That you might ahnost say liis picture thought." 
 
 There seems to be a similarity in the gifts and 
 graces distributed to painters and poets. They are 
 endowed with taste, fancy and imagination. They 
 have an unquenchable desire to embody their ideas, 
 with the pen or tlie pencil, on paper or on canvas. 
 Now and then we find, as we do in the work of Ros- 
 setti in England and Buchanan Head in America, art- 
 ist and author combined in one person. Michael Angelo 
 and Leonardo da Vinci were painters, sculptors, philos- 
 ophers and poets. Durer, Cellini, Northcote, Rey- 
 nolds and Haydon were literary men. Ernest Longfel- 
 low, son of the poet, is a painter. I have the impres- 
 sion that Browning has a son who paints. The late 
 Governor Dix, who was a literary man of poetic tastes, 
 had a son who was an artist. R. H. Stoddard has a son 
 of artistic taste and skill. The intellectual and moral 
 qualities of a true poet are sure to be found in a gen- 
 uine artist. 
 
 In Tuckerman's " Book of the Artist" I find the fol- 
 lowing sketch of Eastman Johnson, who is entitled to 
 a place in my gallery as a representative painter. I 
 wish I could put him in a more artistic frame and in 
 better light. " He was born in the little town of Lovell, 
 near Freyberg, in the State of Maine. His father long 
 held, with eminent credit, a responsible ofiice in the 
 United States Treasury Department. His artist son 
 was first known to fame as a crayon limner, wherein 
 his skill in catching a likeness and the grace and vigor 
 of his drawing rendered him popular and prosperous, 
 so that in a few years he was enabled to visit Europe, 
 
150 Representative Men, 
 
 where he commenced an earnest system of 'study, and 
 began to practise in oil. He remained two years at 
 Dusseldorf, and although greater facility and accuracy 
 in drawing were thus acquired, he did not learn much 
 which promoted his special artistic development, and 
 therefore started with alacrity for Italy, by the way of 
 Paris and Holland, visiting the best galleries and stu- 
 dios. At The Hague he fell in with Mignot, and tar- 
 ried ostensibly to copy a remarkable picture in the 
 royal collection. Intending to remain but a few weeks, 
 his sojourn lasted four years, for then and there he 
 struck upon a congenial vein of work, found unexpect- 
 ed opportunities for study, and met with flattering suc- 
 cess in portraiture. He executed at The Hague his first 
 original and elaborate work in oil. It was to him a 
 labor of love, and he gave to it the time and the care 
 which the genuine artist delights in bestowing upon 
 what he feels to be his appropriate task." It was the 
 picture of a boy with dark eyes and hair and olive com- 
 plexion, in the rude dress of a peasant. 
 
 Success encouraged him to paint others, which were 
 sent to his home in the United States, where they 
 found ready and liberal purchasers. He also executed 
 in oil and colored crayons, portraits for the court, and 
 many of the leading families at The Hague, receiving 
 generous prices for his work. On his return to this 
 country, he turned his attention to native subjects, and 
 no one has surpassed him in delineating the Indian 
 and the negro. Among his best works are " The Old 
 Kentucky Home," " The Drummer Boy," " The Pen- 
 sion Claim Agent," " Sunday Morning," " Cossette," 
 " Mount Yernon Kitchen," " The Albino Girl," " The 
 
Eastman Johnson. 151 
 
 Corn Sheller," '^A Drop on the Sly," ^'JSfot enough for 
 Two," ''Getting Warm," '' The Little Storekeeper," 
 " The Young Letter-Writer," " The Musicians," " The 
 Chimney Sweep," ''The Chimney Corner," "The I^ew 
 England Boy at Breakfast," " The Post Boy," '' Lady at 
 Prayer," " Hard Cider," " The Woodsman," and " The 
 Organ Boy." These pictures are distributed among 
 the wealthy lovers of the best artistic work. East- 
 man Johnson has achieved success and fame, espe- 
 cially as the delineator of the negro's features and 
 character. The crisp hair that seems to entangle the 
 thought under it ; the thick lips, over which the idea 
 stumbles in speech ; the white teeth, uncovered by broad 
 humor ; the ebony skin, clear enough for the soul to 
 shine dimly through it as a star struggles through a 
 cloud at night, are visible in his portraiture of the 
 negro. In all his pictures he displays the skill of 
 creative genius. The canvas under his manipulation 
 is endowed with life, the heart beats, the blood flows, 
 the brain thinks, the bosom palpitates, the face mirrors 
 the mind, and is sad or happy, pleased or angry, in ac- 
 cordance with his will. He is a master in his best 
 efforts at giving life-like expression. If some of his 
 figures should step out of their gilded frames and 
 speak to us, it would hardly surprise the beholder — in- 
 deed, it is what in a moment of forgetf ulness, one might 
 look for with ecstatic expectation. 
 
 Mr. Johnson was first prompted to try his skill, by 
 seeing the crayon drawings executed by Seth Cheney, 
 which were at the time among the best things done in 
 art in this country. At that time he had no teacher, 
 but drew directlv from nature. In 1849, when he was 
 
152 Representative Men. 
 
 twenty-live years old, he went to Europe, where he was 
 constantly and snecessfLilly employed. Before crossing 
 the sea, he had not painted in oil anything worthy of 
 particular notice. He entered, immediately after his 
 arrival in Dusseldorf, tlie Prussian Hoyal Academy. 
 As before stated, he remained there two years; then 
 he went to The Hague, where he remained four years. 
 His first pictures that attracted attention were the 
 '' Peasant Boy " and the '' Card Players." At The 
 Hague he was under no teacher save the influence ex- 
 erted by the work of old masters in their pictures. He 
 went from Dusseldorf .to London, stopping on his re- 
 turn, in Holland, afterward making a hasty trip through 
 Italy to Paris, where he established himself in a fine 
 studio, intending to make that city his home for a con- 
 siderable time. But news of the death of his mother, 
 in the year 1856, entirely changed his plans, and he 
 determined at once to return to his home in the city of 
 Washington. There he passed the following winter, 
 and in the succeeding summer made a trip to Lake 
 Superior, where he made many studies of Indians and 
 frontier characters, returning to Washington in the 
 winter, and going back to the North-west in the sum- 
 mer, stopping on his return at Cincinnati, where he se- 
 cured a studio and painted a number of portraits. He 
 reached Washington in the month of June, 1858, and 
 during that summer at the Capital he painted one of 
 his largest pictures, and called it " The Old Kentucky 
 Home." In the autumn of the same year he estab- 
 lished himself in a studio in University Building, New 
 York, and remained there fourteen years. 
 
 Mr. Johnson was born in 1824, was married to 
 
Eastman Johnson. 153 
 
 Elizabeth Buckley in 1869, and has one daughter. When 
 I began this essay, I intended to group a number of 
 artists about the subject of this sketch, and make him 
 the central star ; but, on looking over the list, I found 
 such a large number of distinguished painters in all the 
 departments of the art, which, like that of printing, is, 
 though in a higher sense, preservative of art, that I de- 
 termined to let him, like Wordsworth's star, stand and 
 shine alone. 
 
Ralph Waldo Emerson, 
 
 POET AND ESSAYIST. 
 
 His harp is silent ; shall successors rise, 
 
 Toucbinj^ with venturous hand the trembling string, 
 Kindle glad raptures, visions of surprise, 
 
 And wake to ecstasy each slumbering thing ? 
 Shall life and thought flash new in wondering eyes, 
 
 As v/hen the seer transcendent, sweet and wise, 
 Worldwide his native melodies did sing. 
 
 Flushed with fair hopes and ancient memories ? 
 Ah, no ; that matchless lyre shall silent lie ; 
 
 None hath the vanished minstrel's wondrous skill 
 To touch that instrument with art and will. 
 
 With him winged poesy doth droop and die ; 
 While our dull age, left voiceless, must lament 
 
 The bard high Heaven hath for its service sent. 
 
 — A. Bronson Alcott. 
 
 P ALPH WALDO EMEESOJST was a teacher, a 
 JL master, wliose attributes and acquisitions qualified 
 him for the task of instructing teachers. He did not 
 wear a harsh face, nor use the language of reproof in 
 angrj tones, nor scornfully sway the rod of reproach. 
 His lines seemed to have fallen to him in pleasant 
 places. Concord was a part of his Paradise — the pres- 
 ent a part of the eternity of his happiness. His face 
 was a benediction ; his speech, philosophy blended 
 with poetry ; and his rod, a baton directing a vast chorus 
 of singers. He was not merely a tlieist, but a devout 
 worshipper, too great to be dragged on dry land in the 
 threadbare meshes of his own creed. Eiglit generations 
 (154) 
 
KALPII WALDO EMEKSON. 
 
 PLATE XVI 
 
Ralph Waldo Emerson. 155 
 
 of ministers stood behind him, and pointed to him ; and 
 he is the best residt of their talents and scholarship — 
 the '' consummate flower " of the family. Before he was 
 twenty-six years of age (in 1829) " he was ordained the 
 colleague of Henry Ware, Jr." He was a plain, 
 earnest and effective preacher, but too independent to 
 follow the traditions of the church that accepted his 
 service. He plowed deep, even to the roots of things ; 
 for he was a radical, and didn't care whether or not 
 his furrows were curved or straight. After a few years 
 — less than half a dozen — he relinquished his charge 
 and began his life-work as a lecturer, essayist, philoso- 
 pher and poet. He was a religious man, and recog- 
 nized the noblest intuitions — love of truth and jus- 
 tice — as the inner light which cometli down from 
 Heaven. He was a prophet, and the starry mantle was 
 worn by him until it was exchanged for a shroud. If 
 now and then he was found on the wrono- side of ortho- 
 doxy, he always stood in the courage of noble manhood, 
 on the right side of humanity. He was an eloquent 
 seer, who said and wrote wise and good things, that 
 seldom needed explanation or argument to vindi- 
 cate their truth and beauty. Indeed, he did not have 
 the genius to prove his philosophy or explain his 
 proverbs by the use of reason. His utterances were 
 luminous, often shining brighter than the side lights 
 of evidence found in the figures and logic of other 
 men. As an artist in the use of letters in prose, 
 he never had a superior in this country. The same 
 can not, however, be said of his verse, some of which 
 is rough as granite, but never without nuggets of gold. 
 I am here tempted in this off-hand sketch to quote 
 
156 Representative Men. 
 
 from K. H. Stoddard's admirable poem in the Inde- 
 jpendent of May 4th, 1882. 
 
 With heads bent down, and slow, 
 Where to-day do ye go. 
 People of Concord, and why 
 Are there tears unshed in the eye 
 Of woman, and man, and child 
 That follow like souls exiled ? 
 But who and what do ye follow 
 To that grave in Sleepy Hollow, 
 Fresh dug in the warm, rich ground. 
 Where flowers will soon abound — 
 Roses, violets, all 
 That the Mother's hands let fall, 
 Scattering dew on the sod 
 Where his feet so often have trod. 
 Before the clouds on his soul 
 Began to gather and roll. 
 And the iron bell to toll ? 
 
 What is that clamor of thine, 
 Bell 1 thou art sounding afar. 
 Like a cry flung down from a star — 
 Hearken ! 'tis Seventy-nine ! " 
 A great many years to live, 
 Where all is so fugitive. 
 
 He came of a clerical stock. 
 For eight long generations, 
 Which stood as firm as a rock, 
 That the waters can not shock. 
 Nor the anger of battling nations. 
 Old, valorous Englishmen, 
 With sword, and tongue and pen, 
 
Ralph Waldo Emerson, 157 
 
 Swift as the lightning, slow 
 
 As the turtle, centuries old, 
 
 Fatal as when, unrolled, 
 
 The rattlesnake darts his blow. 
 
 His grandsire marched with his flock 
 
 On that famous April morn 
 
 When the Old World died, and the New was born. 
 
 "Men of Concord," the pastor cried, 
 Bible in hand and son by his side, 
 
 " Stand." They stood. " They shall not advance." 
 The light of his eye was a brandished lance. 
 
 ^' Malce ready. Present." Then, at the word, 
 
 "It is not /who speak, but the Lord. 
 Fire I " Two of their ranks went down — 
 Blanch ard, a fifer, from Acton town. 
 And Brown, of Concord, whose ancestor, 
 One hundred and forty years before, 
 With the sachem, Phillip, feared not to cope, 
 Shot, at long range, in the woods of Mount Hope : 
 The varlets were soon on the run, 
 Scouring the road to Lexington, 
 Their proud crests sunken, their banners furled, 
 Scared by the shot heard round the world ! 
 
 Wm. Llojd Garrison said in substance that the 
 world was his country and all its inhabitants his country- 
 men. Emerson's genius, like Magara (as John Quincy 
 Adams, I think it was, said), was too great for one 
 country ; so it was given to two. But Emerson be- 
 longs to the civilized world, and is not confined to this 
 continent. For nearly half a century he has been one of 
 the foremost men of letters and teachers in the broadest 
 sense, and he drew his inspiration from the Scriptures, 
 
158 Representative Men. 
 
 from nature, from humanity, from history, and he 
 lived up to his own ideal of manhood. He was brave, 
 calm, and well-poised, never disturbed by the ordinary 
 occurrences which made smaller men nervous and noisy. 
 Events that jostled men (" wiser in their own conceit 
 than seven men that could render a reason "), until 
 they were tumbled from their paper thrones, did not 
 ruffle his serene thought and temper. A distinguished 
 writer says in the Encyclajprndia Britannica : 
 
 He lias left his mark on the century, and his intense sug- 
 gestiveness is the cause of thought in others ; and, as one of the 
 genetic powers of modern literature, his fertilizing influence 
 will survive his inconclusive speculations. He is original, nat- 
 ural, attractive and direct; limpid in phrase and pure in fancy. 
 His best eloquence flows as easily as a stream. In an era of ex- 
 cessive reticence and cautious hypocrisy, he lives within a case 
 of crystal, where there are no concealments. We never suspect 
 him of withholding half of what he knows, or of formularizing 
 for our satisfaction a belief which he docs not sincerely hold. 
 He is transparently honest and honorable. His courage has no 
 limits. Isolated by force of character, there is no weakness in 
 his solitude. He leads us into a region where we escape at 
 once from deserts and from noisy cities ; for he rises above, 
 without depreciating, ordinary philanthropy ; and his philosophy 
 at least endeavors to meet our daily wants. In every social and 
 political controversy he has thrown his weight into the scale of 
 Justice on the side of a rational and progressive liberty, and his 
 lack of sympathy with merely personal emotions is recompensed 
 by a veneration for the ideal of the race, which recalls a beauti- 
 ful sentiment of Malebranche : " When I touch a human hand, 
 I touch Heaven." 
 
 The mark he made will remain through coming 
 centuries, his suggestiveness will long continue to be 
 the cause of thought in others, and his influence will 
 
Ralph Waldo Emerson. 159 
 
 outlive much that is '' inconclusive " in his dreamy 
 " speculations." The author of '^ Eepresentative Men " 
 was a representative man. If he lived somewhat like a 
 literary recluse in the quietude of his favorite flower 
 " rhodora " in the woods, the beauty of his genius il- 
 luminated the atmosphere about him, and led to his de- 
 tection, not only by kindred souls, but by the tuft-hunt- 
 ers and autograph-seekers, and the troops of little great 
 men, who seek to distinguish themselves by going un-- 
 invited into the company of the great. Emerson i'ould 
 afford to look complacently down from his Olympian 
 heights on such men, without disturbing his serenity. 
 He^ had strength of will and inoffensive self-esteem, 
 which kept him evenly poised where weaker men 
 would have fallen, and which, when he was oracular 
 as the gods, gave no offense to the pilgrims and fol- 
 lowers kneeling at his shrine, for he had the art of con- 
 cealing his egotism under his strong personality. He 
 was a dreamer, poet, pantheist, transcendentalist, op- 
 timist, and philosopher, whose mission was to write es- 
 says and verse, and put wise sayings into palpitating 
 sentences. He saw things less by the light of reason 
 than through the medium of fancy and imagination, yet 
 with these peculiarities he possessed the Yankee shrewd- 
 ness to care for the future, for at his death he had 
 amassed. $200,000 by his earnings and savings. The 
 editor of the Christian Intelligencer said: "He did 
 for literature what Wendell Phillips has done for pub- 
 lic speech." Like the other great uiasters in American 
 letters, Irving, Bryant, Longfellow, Hawthorne, he led 
 a good life, starred with good deeds, and departed with- 
 out a stain on the disc of his irreproachable fame. The 
 
i6o ■ Representative Men. 
 
 purity, sweetness and dignity of his character command 
 the homage of all enlightened peoples familiar with his 
 beautiful and charming works. As a lecturer, it was 
 his matter rather than his manner that held the atten- 
 tion and applause of his hearers. He did not succeed 
 in extemporaneous speech. The writer heard Mr. Em- 
 erson at an anti-slavery meeting, when he followed Phil- 
 lips. The contrast was striking and disastrous to the 
 sage of Concord, and he seemed to be conscious of 
 the fact that he stood in the shadow of the great Kew 
 England orator. Mr. Emerson stammered and hesita- 
 ted and fumbled with his watch-guard, and repeated his 
 sentences, and, after ten minutes' stumbling over dis- 
 connected ideas, he abruptly retreated from the front of 
 the platform to his chair, his face flushed with disap- 
 pointment. 
 
 Emerson has a permanent place in literature as a 
 writer of poetic verse and prose. In the former he is 
 fettered at times, in the latter he is always free. In 
 " Each and All " we have a picture flt for " Mem- 
 ory's walls." The facts flower into a perfect poem. 
 
 The heifer that lows in the upland farm, 
 Far heard, lows not thine ear to charm. 
 
 Here the rhyme gives the sound of the sense. The 
 lines are clear and compact ; coherent and musical. The 
 following couplet is worthy of Wordsworth : 
 
 Over me soared the eternal sky, 
 Full of light and of deity. 
 
 The sage of Concord brings out his idea in bold re- 
 lief, regardless of the expense of measure or I'hythm or 
 rhyme. 
 
Ralph Waldo Emerson. i6i 
 
 In diflerence sweet, 
 Play glad with the breezes, 
 Old playfellows meet. 
 
 The journeying atoms, 
 
 Primordial wholes, 
 Firmly draw, firmly drive, 
 
 By their animate poles. 
 
 He is always concise, sometimes obscure. But here 
 is something put in a new L'ght and in forcible lan- 
 guage : 
 
 Out of the heart of nature rolled 
 
 The burdens of the Bible old. 
 
 Mr. Emerson saw the works of nature, admired and 
 responded with emotion — shall I say, with esthetic rev- 
 ery. He had microscopic and telescopic vision, and dis- 
 covered what had not been revealed to other seekers 
 after " the beautiful and the true." The materiality 
 and the spirituality of nature were visible to him. Mr. 
 Frank Guiwitts, one of the best literary critics in this 
 country, says of Emerson's verse, " You have it all — 
 the music, the glow — a clear, white, inherent heat, solar, 
 or like the spark. His music is the melody that lives 
 in his materials ; it is not made as our music poets 
 manufacture it." 
 
 Deep, deep are loving eyes, 
 
 Flowed with naphtha fiery sweet ; 
 
 And the point is Paradise, 
 Where their glances meet. 
 
 Their reach shall yet be more profound, 
 
 And a vision without bound. 
 
1 62 Representative Men. 
 
 The axis of those eyes' sun clear. 
 Be the axis of the sphere, 
 
 So shall the lights, ye pour amain, 
 Go witliout check or introvales, 
 Through from the empyrean walls, 
 
 Unto the same again. 
 
 He does not stop to deny what others assert, nor to 
 prove what he asserts himself. He is as self-assured as 
 if he had a commission signed and sealed by the All- 
 Father to enlighten the universe of mankind. 
 
 Amatory poetry was not in his line, yet he wrote the 
 following : 
 
 O fair and stately maid, ^"hose eyes 
 Were kindled in the upper skies 
 At the same torch that lighted mine ; 
 For so I must interpret still 
 Thy sweet dominion o'er my will, 
 A sympathy divine. 
 
 Ah ! let me blameless gaze upon 
 Features that seem at heart my own, 
 Nor fear those wretched sentinels, 
 Who charm the more their glance fordids, 
 Chaste-glowing underneath their lids. 
 With fire that draws while it repels. 
 
 He never Avrote to please a particular audience. He 
 never withheld anything he had written for fear of the 
 critics. He was a born master and leader, and stood 
 upon a starry pedestal, swaying his baton and bringing 
 out the richest and sweetest music of the spheres. Of 
 all American authors he is one of the most quota- 
 ble, and I will quote one of his masterpieces. 
 
RalpJi Waldo Emerson. 163 
 
 Burly, dozing humble bee, 
 Where thou art is clime for me. 
 Let them sail for Pdrto Rique, 
 Far offbeats through seas to seek ; 
 I will follow thee alone, 
 Thou animated torrid zone ! 
 Zigzag-steerer, desert-cheerer, 
 Let me chase thy waving lines. 
 Keep me nearer — me thy hearer, 
 Singing over shrubs and vines. 
 
 Insect lover of the sun, 
 
 Joy of thy dominion ! 
 
 Sailor of the atmosphere ; 
 
 Swimmer through the waves of air ; 
 
 Voyager of light and noon ; 
 
 Epicurean of June, 
 
 Wait, I prythee, till I come. 
 
 Within earshot of thy hum, 
 
 All without is martyrdom. 
 
 When the south wind in May days, 
 
 With a net of shining haze. 
 
 Silvers the horizon wall. 
 
 And with softness touching all, 
 
 Tints the human countenance 
 
 With a color of romance, 
 
 And infusing subtle heats, 
 
 Turns the sod to violets ; 
 
 Thou in sunny solitudes. 
 
 Rover of the underwoods, 
 
 Thou green silence dost displace, 
 
 With thy mellow, breezy bass. 
 
 Hot midsummer's petted crone. 
 Sweet to me thy drowsy tone 
 Tells of countless sunny hours. 
 Long days and solid bank of flowers, 
 
164 Representative Men. 
 
 Of gulfs of sweetness without bound, 
 In Indian wilderness found, 
 Of Syrian jJeace, immortal leisure, 
 Firmest cheer and birdlike pleasure. 
 
 Aught unsavory or unclean 
 Hath my insect never seen ; 
 But violets and bilberry bells. 
 Maple-sap and daffodils, 
 Grass with green flag half-mast high, 
 Succory to match the sky, 
 Columbine with horn of honey. 
 Scented fern and agrimony, 
 Clover, catchfly, adder's tongue. 
 And brier roses dwelt among ; 
 All beside was unknown waste, 
 All was picture as he passed. 
 
 Wiser far than human seer. 
 Yellow-breeched philosopher. 
 Seeing only what is fair, 
 Sipping only what is sweet. 
 Thou dost mock at fate and care, 
 Leave the chaff and take the wheat. 
 When the fierce northwestern blast 
 Cools sea and land so far and fast. 
 Thou already slumberest deep. 
 Woe and want thou canst outsleep, 
 Want and woe which torture us. 
 Thy sleep makes ridiculous. 
 
 More than half a century ago, Mr. Emers m read a 
 poem before the students and professors of Harvard 
 University. A member of the class of 1821 wrote in 
 his diary, " Kalph Waldo Emerson's poem was some- 
 what superior to the general expectation." At that 
 time he was airing his earhest songs and speeches in the 
 
Ralph Waldo Emerson. 165 
 
 atmosphere of public criticism. The following sylla- 
 bles of some of his lines bear the impress of the 
 graceful poet, warm with a tender sentiment. He 
 touches all subjects, and always with a master's hand, 
 and in a teachable spirit. Here is a lesson : 
 
 The mountain and the squirrel 
 Had a quarrel ; 
 
 And the former called the latter "Little Prig." 
 Bun replied, 
 " You are doubtless very big ; 
 But all sorts of things and weather 
 Must be taken in together, 
 To make up a year, 
 And a sphere. 
 And I think it no disgrace 
 To occupy my place. 
 If I'm not so large as you. 
 You are not so small as I, 
 And not half so spry. 
 I'll not deny you make 
 A very pretty squirrel track ; 
 Talents differ ; all is well and wisely put ; 
 If I can not carry forests on my back, 
 Neither can you crack a nut." 
 
 Several years ago the author of this sketch published 
 a few extracts from the writings of the poet-prophet, 
 with a brief outline of his personal appearance. Will 
 the reader pardon the repetition of the following ? 
 
 These brief extracts represent the style of our great poet- 
 preacher — preaching in the great temple, and from the book of 
 Nature, where the hills are his pulpit, and the lilies are his 
 lighted candles. He has the world of thought for his appreci- 
 ative audience. How modestly this cultivated and gifted gentle- 
 
1 66 Representative Men. 
 
 man wears his singing robes. Should the reader happen to see 
 him in his quiet rural retreat at Concord, he would take him for 
 a well-to-do and intelligent farmer of sixty, although he is far 
 on the shady side of three-score years and ten. In person he is 
 tall, thin, and erect, with bleached hair, blue eyes, and a long, 
 narrow face, a nose like an eagle's bill — in a word, he has a face 
 of the true Yankee type. When he sj^eaks, he is eloquent, but 
 his eloquence is in what he says, and not in the way he says it. 
 He gives you gold by the ingot. In his eloquent si3eech of wel- 
 come to Kossuth, he said : " The people of this town (Concord) 
 share with their countrymen the admiration of valor and perse- 
 verance; they, like their compatriots, have been hungry to see 
 the man whose extraordinary eloquence is seconded by the splen- 
 dor and solidity of his actions. But as it is a privilege of the 
 people of this town to keep a hallowed mound which has a place 
 in the story of the country ; as Concord is one of the monuments 
 of freedom, we knew beforehand tliat you could not go by us, 
 you could not take all your steps in the pilgrimage of American 
 liberty, until you had seen with your eyes the ruins of the little 
 bridge, where a handful of brave farmers oi^ened our Revolution. 
 Therefore we sat and waited for you." 
 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson is recognized as the most profound 
 essayist and thinker on the lecture list. But he lacks eloquence, 
 and his manner of reading is sometimes unattractive. Those 
 who hear him, have to think in order to understand him, and 
 too many lecture-goers desire to be entertained and not to be 
 educated. They go to be amused and excited, not to be lifted 
 to a higher plane of intelligence. The golden maxims, the ex- 
 quisite poetry, the sublime flights of the imagination have less 
 charm for them tiian the story-telling and acting of those who 
 strut upon the stage and rattle a few funny things in the shell 
 of what is called a literary lecture. The Sage of Concord is 
 truly a great man, an honor to American letters at home and 
 abroad. He is one of the most competent men to teach, and is 
 intellectually a head and shoulders taller than most men who 
 force themselves upon the lecture rostrum, yet his price is only 
 from $50 to $100 per lecture. 
 
Ralph JVaido Emerson. 6y 
 
 The excellent portrait in Harper's Weelcly is before 
 me. What a fine head, '' the Qgg of a new civilization.'' 
 There is a pleasant smile on his countenance, and there 
 is not an atom of vanity or affectation in it. The eyes 
 are wells of light, and there is '' no mud at the bottom." 
 The lips are closely pressed, and will give no reason on 
 "compulsion," or otherwise, for the utterance of his 
 proverbs and poetic thoughts. The nose would, have de- 
 lighted Napoleon, had. he found it on the face of 
 one of his marshals, and there is power enough in that 
 chin for the greatest commander of men. No wise man 
 w^ould dare to take liberties in the shadow of such a 
 majestic front, and no child would shrink' in fear from 
 it. How plain the dress; a collar turned over a black 
 necktie, a white shirt bosom without the light of 
 diamonds or the glow of gold. The light is within, 
 and the gold can be found in his books. A glance at 
 his portrait shows the observer that it represents a 
 man who has extracted a vast deal of the sweetness of 
 human happiness from the flowers which he found in 
 this "earthly paradise." " His mind to him a king- 
 dom is," and its faculties and attributes subject to his 
 soul-will worked in harmony with his well-balanced or- 
 ganization, and the inspiration of his subtle intuitions. 
 
 Thousands who have listened to his lectures, will re- 
 call the happy, thought-lit face, and the magnetic voice 
 of the mighty man who has fallen. He has iiillen, but he 
 is not dead, only asleep, and it is the body that sleeps. 
 The soul which he declared could not die, nor grow 
 old, lives in eternal serenity, and we trust it lives 
 in that peace and happiness which passeth all under- 
 6tandi4ig. 
 
1 68 Representative Men, 
 
 Bryant, Longfello^y, and Emerson have left great 
 spaces in the world of letters, and there are none to fill 
 the places thej vacated. All of these men could trace 
 their lineage to a noble ancestry. Emerson was, as else- 
 where stated, the descendant of eight generations of 
 preachers. In 1817, he entered Harvard, and graduated 
 four years later . at the age of nineteen (Bancroft, 
 Everett, Sumner, and Motley graduated before they 
 were twenty). He did not rank high in his class, but 
 he was made class-poet. After graduating he taught 
 school in Boston five years. In 1830 he married Ellen 
 Louisa Tucker. Previous to this time he had been 
 preaching. In 1832 he announced a change in his 
 theological opinions. The same year he went to Eng- 
 land, and became acquainted with Coleridge, Carlyle, 
 Wordsworth, and other great men. When he re- 
 turned he published a thin volume of poems, and in 
 twelve years only 600 copies were sold. Having 
 lost his first wife, he married, in 1835, Miss Lydia 
 Jackson, who survives him. He had four children ; 
 three of them are now living — a married and a single 
 daughter, and a son who is a practicing physician. 
 The last time that Mr. Emerson left his home, was to 
 be present at tlie funeral of the poet Longfellow, on the 
 26th of March. The bells of Concord announced the 
 sad news by tolling seventy-nine strokes. The burial 
 services were held on Sunday ; hundreds of persons 
 from Boston and elsewhere were present. Dr. Furness, 
 an old schoolfellow, made a brief address, after which 
 the coffin was borne to the Unitarian church, a building 
 famous in revolutionary history. Among those pre- 
 sent were Geo. W. Curtis, Oliver Wendell Holmes, 
 
Ralph Waldo Emerson. 169 
 
 Kev. Dr. Hoskens, and President Eliot, of Harvard 
 College. 
 
 I have space for only a few suggestions and reminis- 
 cences which I find in the Critic^ May 6, 1882. Walt 
 Whitman, whose prose is always beautiful, says : 
 
 So used are we to suppose a heroic death can only come from 
 out of battle or storm or mighty personal contest or amid dra- 
 matic incidents of danger (have we not been taught so for ages 
 by all the plays and poems?) that few even of those who most 
 sympathizingly mourn Emerson's departure, will fully appreciate 
 the ripened grandeur of that event with its play of calm and fit- 
 ness, like evening light on the sea. How shall I henceforth 
 dwell on the blessed hours, when not long since, I saw that be- 
 nignant face, the clear eyes, the silently smiling mouth, the form 
 yet upright in its great age — to the very last — with so much 
 spring and cheeriness, and such an absence of decrepitude that 
 even the term venerable hardly seemed fitting. 
 
 John Burroughs, in a very eloquent essay, remarks : 
 
 What sweet, nutty, meaty, compact books he has bequeathed 
 us ; germinal, brain-repairing, full of phosphorus, the very pith 
 and marrow of thought, without any of the husks and shells. 
 How his poetry, how his prose is wannowed. 
 
 "I hung my verses in the wind, 
 Time and tide their faults may find, 
 All were winnowed through and through, 
 Five lines lasted sound and true !" 
 
 He abridges and concentrates like the alchymy of nature. 
 " Novalis " called one of his books the " Polen of Flowers," a title 
 that might be appropriately applied to all of Emerson's, his 
 thought is so subtle so fertilizing, and the result of such perfect 
 spiritual bloom. Who that ever saw that wise, benignant, unim- 
 peachable look of his can ever forget it ? — a look at once genial 
 and austere, a look so winning and considerate, and yet de- 
 manding your best. The subtle, half-defined smile, was the 
 
 unconscious reflection of his serene, benignant soul It 
 
 8 
 
170 Representative Men. 
 
 was fit that he should pass away in April, the month of Shakes- 
 peare's birth and death, the month that opens the door of the 
 
 more genial season He was an April man, an awakener, 
 
 full of light, full of prophecy, full of a vernal freshness and cu- 
 riosity, hardy, tender, coy, genial, frank, elusive, simi^le, joyous, 
 and with the fibre and the quality of the primal man. Peace to 
 his great soul. 
 
 F. B. Sanborn, when he was a college student, in 
 July, 1853, called on the sage, and observes in his 
 reminiscences : 
 
 I found him sitting in the study where I have so often seen 
 him, negligently clad in the rusty garb of a scholar, who had 
 been, perhaps, working in his garden, and being then as atten- 
 tive to costume as young men in college and in love are wont to 
 be. I noticed that his shoes were well worn and unbrushed, and 
 I thought of the carelessness in dress, which was characteristic 
 
 of another great American, Thomas Jefferson I did not 
 
 overstay the prescribed ten minutes on this first call, but quickly 
 went on my way, and for months I saw him no more. 
 
 I will conclude these extracts with a quotation from 
 the Critic's editorial : 
 
 The critics have spoken of his philosophy. If he had any, it 
 was essentially this : to confront human assumptions honestly, to 
 look them squarely in the eye while he questioned them, and to 
 tell them what ne.v beauty, as yet unappropriated by them, he 
 could discover in the world. To him the world was yet full of 
 new possibilities. Its present was greater than its past; its fut- 
 ure grand beyond conception. The past may have led back to 
 the divine beginning of things; but that was elementary. The 
 future looked to the glorious consummations. It had in it the 
 more s-oUd growth, the flower, the fruit. The soil of human 
 nature was still rich; the roots of life were strong; the mighty 
 and well-proportiimed trunk ne ded no lirojiping. 
 
Ralph ]Valdo Emerson. 171 
 
 After a short illness, he died on the evening of the 27th 
 of April, in the Y9th year of his age. His death was peace- 
 ful and apparently painless. Emerson was a preacher 
 whose sermons were songs and essays, and the best cul- 
 tivated people of the civilized world were embraced in 
 his communion. With the foresight and vision of a 
 prophet, he spoke with the authority of those who 
 do not pin their faith to the dogmas and diplomas of 
 the colleges. He was the interpreter of nature, and 
 studied the laws that govern the earth below and the 
 heavens above. In the words of Dr. Holmes, "He 
 was an iconoclast, without a hammer who took down 
 our idols from their pedestals so tenderly that it seemed 
 like an act of worship." He would say to the noisy 
 disputant, "■ Stand aside and let God think." His life 
 was rounded in a briUiant star that will shine forever 
 in the firmament of the future. The majestic power 
 and sweetness of his character seem to be in direct op- 
 position to that of the scolding critic Carlyle. Emer- 
 son was serene, calm, self-poised, subtle, often reticent, 
 never rampant and noisy. Carlyle was a prophet of 
 evil, a philosopher influenced as much by a dyspeptic 
 stomach as by a powerful, cultivated, and brilliant head. 
 The American soared sunward like the eagle, without 
 a shade above his eyes, and he saw beyond the horizon 
 that bounds the vision of other men. The Scotchman, 
 with microscopic glance, saw both " mice and men," 
 and had, in his unhappy moods, no respect for either 
 mice or men, and yet he was a great man and a philos- 
 opher. Like Emerson, he was a student of human life ; 
 unlike him, he had no pity for its misfortunes, no pa- 
 tience with its faults. Like the gi-eat " Yankee," he 
 
1^2 Rcprese^itative Men. 
 
 was a representative man, and the world was his con- 
 stituency. They were both teachers, but one used the 
 ruler and the rattan, the other governed by the charm 
 of his manner and the music of his diction. One had 
 suavity and dignity with golden speech, the other had 
 eloquence like that of Demosthenes when with pebbles 
 in his moutli he endeavored to shout louder than the 
 monotonous and clamorous sea. 
 
HON. CHARLES J. FOLGER. 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
Charles J. Folger, 
 
 JUDGE, STATESMAN, AND CABINET OFFICER. 
 
 "Let him but talk of any State affair, 
 You'd say it had been all his study." 
 
 CHARLES JAMES FOLGEE is a resident of the 
 quiet and picturesque town of Geneva, New York. 
 A correspondent of the New York Tribune sajs : 
 
 What Seward was to Auburn, Judge Folger is to Geneva. He 
 does not forget his townsmen, and is pleased to call Geneva his 
 iiome, and, whenever opportunity offers, to revisit the scenes of his 
 eaily labors. His plain, unpretentious, but comfortable brown 
 frame dwelling stands amid the trees on the hill overlooking the 
 lake, commanding a view of its picturesque banks for many 
 miles, and to use the words of a neighbor, the latch-string al- 
 ways hangs out for his friends. 
 
 Judge Folger was born in Nantucket, April 16, 1818. 
 His paternal ancestors settled there two hundred years 
 ago; his mother, however, was a native of England. 
 When the subject of this sketch was about ten years of 
 age, his parents moved to Geneva, N. Y. He studied in 
 the common schools and afterward at Hobart Colleo-e, 
 taking the Baccalaureate in 1836, and the first honor of 
 his class. After leaving college he studied law with Mark 
 H. Sibley and Alvah Word en, of Canandaigua, and was 
 admitted to the bar when he w^as twenty-one years of age. 
 He soon gained a local reputation as a thoughtful, stu- 
 
 (173) 
 
174 Representative Men. 
 
 dious, painstaking lawyer — indeed, he not only investiga- 
 ted his cases thoroughly, but committed them to memory. 
 Five years later, when he was only twenty-six years of 
 age. Governor Bouck appointed him to a judgeship in 
 the Ontario district — a position he relinquished after 
 twelve months' service, to become a Master and Exam- 
 iner in Chancery. In 1851 he was elected County 
 Judge of Ontario County, and held the place four 
 years. At that time he was a Silas Wright Democrat, 
 afterward he joined the '' Barnburners," and then 
 " easily swung over " into the Republican ranks, then 
 just crystallizing in a party organization. In 1861 he 
 was elected to the State Senate of New York, and re- 
 elected in 1863, '65, and '67, thus serving eight years 
 in succession, and acting as President jpro tern, of that 
 branch of the State Parliament a part of the time. In 
 186Y he was a member of the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion, and Chairman of its Judiciary Committee. While 
 a member of the Legislature he was a pronounced, out- 
 spoken, uncompromising opponent of all rings and mo- 
 nopolies. The Tribune correspondent from whose 
 sketch I have already quoted, says : 
 
 Mr. Folger also distinguished himself by taking a bold stand 
 against Tweed's tax levies for New York City, in one instance 
 extending the session and continuing the contest three days 
 rather than yield a single point. It has been sometimes asserted 
 that Mr. Folger voted for the Tweed charter in 1870 ; but that is 
 a mistake, because he was not then a member of the Senate. He 
 was asked by a Senator what it was best to do in regard to the 
 matter, and he telegraphed from New York to vote against the 
 charter. The Senator did not follow the advice, however, but 
 afterward suffered in consequence. Judge Folger was a firm, 
 consistent and honest opponent of the Tweed legislation, but he 
 
Charles J. Folger. 175 
 
 did not therefore incur the hostility of the Tweed politicians, so 
 that when he came to be elected Judge of the Court of Appeals 
 in 1870 he received unexpected aid in that quarter. In IMay, 
 1880, at the death of Chief-Judge Church, Governor Cornell ap- 
 pointed Mr. Folger to fill the vacancy, and in the same year he 
 was elected to the place for a full term of fourteen years. 
 
 In 1869 President Grant appointed him Assistant Uni- 
 ted States Treasurer in New York, a position he occu- 
 pied but one year ; but he administered its duties with 
 marked abiUty and won golden opinions as a masterful 
 financier. In 18Y0, when the Court of Appeals of the 
 State w^as reorganized, he was elected an Associate 
 Judge, and on the death of Chief-Judge Church, as be- 
 fore stated, he was chosen to fill the vacancy. Re- 
 cently President Arthur tendered to him the Treasury 
 portfolio, which he at first declined, but afterward ac- 
 cepted at the earnest solicitation of the President. 
 
 There is no doubt that Judge Folger made a considerable sac- 
 rifice in resigning his office on the bench, for had he contin- 
 ued to serve six years more he would have been entitled to 
 retire on the full salary for the remainder of his term, which 
 would not expire until 1894. At least this is the construction 
 generally placed upon the constitutional provision governing 
 such cases, and the interpretation under which the State author- 
 ities are acting. Mr. Folger is not accounted wealthy, but is 
 said to be worth over $100,000. 
 
 Many persons have been anxious to learn Mr, Folger's views 
 in regard to Civil Service Reform and such questions;. The 
 Tribune correspondent, in a few moments' conversation with 
 Judge Folger on a train recently, introduced this subject, and 
 inquired of him if he approved of the system of political assess- 
 ments. 
 
176 Representative Me7i. 
 
 "I do not," he replied, "as now conducted. An assessment 
 indicates something imposed upon a person, and I am opposed 
 to anything of that kind." 
 
 " What do you think of the system of promotion in the civil 
 service? " 
 
 " All clerks, excepting chief clerks and assistant secretaries, 
 that have been appointed in my Dej^artment since I have been 
 there, have had to undergo examination as to qualification, and 
 have been placed on probation. I have allowed no removals for 
 political purposes, and have not allowed any new clerks to be 
 appointed over the heads of men already in the Department. All 
 new appointments have had to begin at the bottom round of 
 the ladder. I have allowed no removals in custom houses for 
 political purposes. Necessarily I do not include olBcers whom 
 I have no power to appoint. Collectors are held responsible 
 for their subordinates, and with certain restrictions as to quali- 
 fications are allowed to appoint them." 
 
 "Do you allow political assessments to be levied in your 
 Department ? '' 
 
 "No. I refused consent to any person to go through the De- 
 partment to collect assessments, and if anything of the kind has 
 been done it has been in my absence." 
 
 Judge Folger did not seek the Cabinet office of Sec- 
 retary of the United States Treasury ; the President, 
 with his wise discrimination, sought him. In early life 
 Mr. Folger was faithful over a few things ; is it strange 
 that now, after years of excellent service, he should be 
 chosen " ruler over many " % The dominant trait of this 
 most trustworthy man, is clear perception controlled by 
 sound judgment. Whatever he hnds to do, he does 
 calmly, carefully, under the direction of his judicial 
 mind. He is never in haste and never indolent, and 
 few accomplish so much work in a given time. Labor 
 is not a cause of discomfort to the man who wants to 
 do something and do it well, for he 
 
diaries J. Folgcr. lyy 
 
 '' Deems that clay lost, whose low receding sun 
 Makes record of no worthy action done." 
 
 Mature having endowed liini with a strong mind in 
 a strong body, he can bear burdens of toil that would 
 crush smaller and weaker men. His temperament is 
 happily combined, so that he has endurance associated 
 with energy, and his brain, while great in power, is 
 fine in quality. The face shows courage, calmness, self- 
 poise, firmness and force of will, over which plays the 
 light of tenderness and benevolence. Should the Ship 
 of State be overtaken in a storm, he would be a strono- 
 man to hold the helm, while the patriotic (^aptain gave 
 his commands. In a late number of the Phrenolorjical 
 Journal I find the following description of Judge 
 Folger : 
 
 The head appears to be large, well poised and harmoniously 
 balanced; the fullness across the brow indicates quick capacity 
 for gaining knowledge and forming critical judgments ; the mid- 
 dle and upper sections of the forehead show retentiveness of 
 memory, power of reasoning, and especially the ability to analyze, 
 sift and criticise. That is a good head for science, for history, 
 for the prosecution of literature or practical business. As a law- 
 yer he would carry his case in his head, and be expert in meet- 
 ing emergencies and cool in conducting intricate and responsi- 
 ble questions. He does not lose his self-possession ; if he were 
 master of a vessel he would be as stern as iron when there was 
 danger, and would seem to be, perhaps, the only cool man on 
 board. 
 
 He seems to have been endowed with genius for 
 analysis, and combative courage for decisive action. 
 
 The common coifee-house politician waits for the 
 windfalls of "good luck" and the revelations of events. 
 He hops up at the caucus and convention and makes " a 
 8*^ 
 
lyS Representative Men, 
 
 few feeble remarks" for the reporter to put into his 
 newspaper, and considers himself bigger than the great- 
 est and wisest of men. The genuine statesman is a very 
 different being. He may err, but his error will not be 
 through a lack of judgment, but jper contra in conse- 
 quence of an excess of other attributes. The stolid man, 
 who glories in the noise he makes at a ward meeting, 
 thinks he is eminently practical, when he really is like 
 the Frankenstein image of wood, shaped like a man, but 
 too stupid to make a blunder, and can only go when he 
 is wound up by a master mind. The want of thought, 
 passion and imagination he mistakes for solid sense and 
 profound wisdom. The thinkers are the rulers of the 
 race ; they live longer than other people, because they 
 breathe more of the pure atmosphere of immortality. 
 They bequeath to the present and to coming genera- 
 tions, wholesome laws for the protection of the people ; 
 they render decisions in the courts of justice that stand 
 like milestones on the road of progression, measuring the 
 distance that equity and science have journeyed. The 
 men of thought and the men of action are the natural 
 leaders of mankind. 
 
 Julius Cffisar showed as much skill and genius in 
 writing his commentaries as he did in conducting his 
 campaigns. That man is a master who uses, in the best 
 way, proper means to good ends; who puts ideas into 
 organizations ; who wields with skill and power the 
 complicated affairs of society; who subjects the wills 
 of others to his own will ; who can foresee the train of 
 events that are coming through openings of events. 
 Such a man with nerve and brain and heart is a nat- 
 ural ruler of men. 
 
HON. FREDEHICK DOUGLAS. 
 
 PLATE XVlll 
 
Frederick Douglas,* 
 
 THE NEGRO ORATOR AND WRITER. 
 
 *'I am black, but comely." —Solomon. 
 
 THE introduction to this sketcli which was pubhshed 
 several years ago, when Frederick Douglas was in 
 his prime, was written by the editor of the Phrenological 
 Journal : 
 
 Frederick Douglas stands not far from six feet high, and is 
 well proportioned. He is thin, however, rather than stout, but 
 is very tough, wir}^, hardy, and enduring. There is considerable 
 of the motive and mental temperaments, with less of the vital, 
 which gives him a Cassius-hke " lean and hungry look." He is a 
 natural worker, and could not live a passive, idle life. The brain 
 is of full-size, high in the crown and full at the base. If his fore- 
 head does not indicate the philoso^Dher, it certainly indicates the 
 practical observer and the man of facts. If he have not largo 
 Ideality to give him poetical feeling and imagery, he has Sublim- 
 ity, which imparts a sense of the grand and majestic. If he 
 
 * We have often been requested to give a portrait and sketch of this 
 distinguished personage. Until now, however, it has not been conven- 
 ient, nor have we had a perfect photograph from which to engrave a 
 likeness. 
 
 It should not be inferred that we take sides with either of the political 
 parties, because we publish leading representatives of both ; and we try 
 to malie our descriptions as impartial as the truth. We do not hold our- 
 selves accountable to men, but to our Maker, and we could not afford to 
 flatter any man for his entertainment, or to amuse the public. We shall 
 neither add to nor subtract from the real merits of any man, but simply 
 describe him as we find bim. 
 
 (179) 
 
i8o Representative Men. 
 
 have not the sense of obedience or subserviency toward men, he 
 has respect for Deity and regard for subjects sacred. Indeed, 
 there is nothing of the sycophant about him, nor could he be 
 any man's humble servant. On the contrary, there are indica- 
 tions of dignity, "will, self-reliance, and sense of independence. 
 Docs this face express submission or a feeling of inferiority ? It 
 is quite the contrary. Kor does it ask favors — it demands its 
 rights. There is no bending of the knee or fdwning here. Com- 
 bativeness is clearly expressed. Destructiveness is not wanting, 
 and Executiveness is seen in every line and wrinkle. Yet it is not 
 a repulsive face. There are high soldierly qualities there. With 
 his love of liberty and sense of honor he would not yield a point 
 when in the right, and would defend himself, his friend, or a 
 principle to the last. 
 
 Intellectually, there are literary abilities, especially descriptive 
 powers. There is large Language to make him copious in ex- 
 pression; and theie are large perceptive faculties, tnabling him 
 to be a good obsever, fond of travel, and disposed to look into 
 all subjects of a scientific or practical nature. There is less of 
 the abstract, metaphysical, or merely theoretical, but it is emi- 
 nently an available intellect. 
 
 Morally, there are both Benevolence and Veneration. Tie has 
 also a fair degree of Hopefulness, but is not easily elated. His 
 sense of Justice is quite as active as it could be supposed to be 
 considering the circumstances of his birth and life. 
 
 Socially, he is friendly, affectionate, and even loving; w^ould 
 enjoy the domestic relations as well as other men. This is indi- 
 cated both in the face and in the brain. He has ftnr Construct- 
 iveness, and would exhibit mechanical talent. Acquisitiveness 
 is moderate. He would probably mnke money easier than keep 
 it; is far from being wasteful, yet he is disposed to be generrms 
 and open-handed. Caution is moderate, hence he is the oppo- 
 site of an irresolute, timid, chicken-hearted person ; indeed, he 
 is decidedly " plucky," and would venture wherever occasion 
 should require, without a feeling of hesitancy or fear. He is 
 mindful of appearances, regardful of his honor, and would do 
 nothing which would lower him in the estimation of himself or 
 the w^orld. 
 
Frederick Doiarlcis. 
 
 i>' 
 
 To sum up, it may be stated that lie is proud-spirited, self- 
 relying and independent, with great energy, strong, practical 
 common sense, uncommon powers of observation, and strong af- 
 fection. He is kind-hearted, devotional, and in every way a 
 thoroughly go-ahead personage. Such a person will hoc his ov;n 
 row, i3addle his own canoe, and try to be always his own master. 
 
 Frederick Douglas was born at Tuckahoe, Talbot County, 
 Maryland, in 1817. His mother being a black and his father a 
 white, he combines the qualities of both races. Until the age of 
 ten he worked as a slave on a plantation ; then he was sent to 
 Baltimore, where he was hired from his master by the proprietor 
 of a ship-yard. Here his indomitable spirit secretly cherished 
 the hope of casting off the shackles which galled him. By per- 
 sistent and clandestine effort he learned to read and write, and 
 mddug good progress in his occupation earned good wages — for 
 his owner, receiving for himself but a small pittance^ At the 
 age (f twenty-one he availed himself of an opportunity, and fled 
 from Baltimore northward. He made his way to New Bedford, 
 Mass., where he worked on the docks and in various shops, sup- 
 porting himself and his family (for he married soon after his ar- 
 rival in Nev/ Bedford) by daily labor. In 1841 he attended an 
 anti-slavery convention at Nantucket, ami in the ardor of his 
 enthusiasm made a speech which was so well received, that at 
 the close of the meeting he was offered the position of agent by 
 the Society, to travel and address the public on the subject of 
 slavery. This he accepted, and imnudiately set about, and dur- 
 ing four years went from place to place through the New England 
 States lecturing. Subsequently he visited Great Britain, and de- 
 livered public addresses in the principal cities and towns there, 
 receiving a cordial welcome, and being himored with large 
 audiences. 
 
 In 184G his friends in England subscribed £150 sterling ($750) 
 for the purpose of purchasing his freedom in due form of law. After 
 his return to the United States in 1847, Mr. Douglas took up his 
 residence in Rochester, N. Y., where he commenced the pu' liea- 
 tion of Frederich Douglas' Paper, which was conducted with con- 
 siderable ability, in the interest of the anti-slavery movement. 
 This paper was suspended some years since. 
 
1 82 Representative Men. 
 
 In 1845 lie published an autobiography, entitled ''Life of 
 Frederick Douglas," which excited no little interest. This work 
 lie revised and enlarged ia 1855, under the name of- My Bond- 
 age and my Freedom." 
 
 Mr. G-. W. Bungay sends us the following personal sketch of 
 Mr. Douglas as he appears from his standpoint : 
 
 ''How shall I paint the portrait of a black man ? Can it be 
 done with blots and lines of ink, leaving the uninked paper to 
 represent the whites of the eyes and the ivories ? Bat the sub- 
 ject of my sketch is not entirely black ; there is mixed blood in 
 his veins. He belongs, however, to the negro race, and is in all 
 respects one of its noblest types. Physically, mentally, and mor- 
 ally he is a grand specimen of manhood, and any race might be 
 proud to claim him as a representative man. Notvvith standing 
 his unpopular complexion and the unfashionable kink of his 
 hair, he is decidedly good-looking ; and he never ajipeared to 
 better advantage than he did on Monday evening, the 39th of 
 January, at the Academy of Music in the city of Brooklyn. The 
 doors of that splendid liall did not turn on golden hinges to re- 
 ceive him. A few of its managers were afflicted with colorophobia, 
 and were so blinded with prejudice they could not see the star 
 of genius shining through the midnight of a man's color. The 
 mean minority were overruled, however, and the distinguished 
 orator was invited to the platform. The Uite^ the literati and the 
 aristocracy of the City of Churches hastened to the hall like guests 
 to a festival, filling it to its utmost capacity; and when the fa- 
 mous speaker stepped toward the footlights he was greeted with 
 cheer upon cheer. After bowing his acknowledgments, he pro- 
 ceeded modestly with his lecture; like all men of true genius he is 
 modest and utterly devoid of affectation. His voice accords with 
 his physique and manner, and takes its tone from the sentiment 
 uppermost in his mind — now soft— now tender — now ringing like 
 gold coins dropped upon marble — now harsh and strong like the 
 clanking of breaking chains. As he warms in the discussion 
 his face fiiirly gleams with emotion and his eyes glow ' like twin 
 lights of the firmament.' His hearers are charmed with his 
 magnetic utterance, and wonder how a colored man, born a 
 slave, excluded from the advantages of education, obtained such 
 
Frederick Douglas, 183 
 
 a command of elegant English, and how he was taught to be so 
 accurate in liis jDronunciation. As he advances, their wonder 
 cuhninatcs in admiration of the solidity of his logic, the beauty 
 of his illustrations, and his thrilling touches of humor and pathos ; 
 and they are forced to the conclusion that he is a natural orator 
 speaking under the inspiration of genius, and they forget the 
 color of his skin, the crisp of his hair, and the fact that he came 
 of an oppressed race. His eloquence would command attention 
 at a mass meeting in the public square or in the House of Com- 
 mons. His radical o23inions were received with the most enthu- 
 siastic cheering from the creme de la crenie of the city of Brook- 
 lyn, and at the close of his splendid argument he was honored 
 with three hearty cheers. 
 
 " Mr. Douglas is no meteor streaming over the heavens and dis- 
 appearing in the darkness, but a star of considerable magnitude, 
 growing brighter and brighter in the firmament of fame. His 
 reputation is national, and it is not confined to this country. He 
 is known wherever the English language is spoken, and is so pop- 
 ular in England that the announcement of his name never fails 
 to draw an audience. Though upward of fifty years of age lie 
 has the force and power and fire of bis earlier days, and may be 
 considered as in the maturity of his manhood. He writes almost 
 as well as he speaks; but there is no magnetism in types. His 
 style is clear, even, forcible, incisive, and epigrammatic. In 
 person he is tall, six feet in height, straight, and of good mould. 
 His complexion is dark-brown, his features are not of the negro 
 cast, his nose being aquiline and his lips thin. In his manner 
 be is a gentleman, and he has long been a welcome guest at the 
 fireside of many of our best families. 
 
 " Those who have seen his grand head, now partially silvered, 
 will not easily forget him; and those who have heard him will 
 remember his words, which are ' like apples of gold in pictures 
 of silver,' because they are fitly spoken. Few persons can write 
 and speak equally well, or, rather, few excel in both writing and 
 speaking. Many of the greatest authors utterly fail when they 
 attemi)t to make speeches — and there are orators who lose all 
 their power and ^dvacity when they put pen to paper. The 
 chief requisite of the speaker is readiness of perception combined 
 
184 Representative Men. 
 
 with fluency and feeling — the writer needs patience added to 
 knowledge. If the speaker presents his subject with grace and 
 spirit on the spur of the moment, less will be required of him 
 than of the writer who has had time to think and select his lan- 
 guage. Not a few speeches that made a sensation when they 
 were first spoken have passed into oblivion because they de- 
 pended on passing events for their force, and were mere echoes 
 of popular oiDiuion. The speeches of Douglas do not consist of 
 cant phrases, hackneyed arguments, and anecdotes. He reasons, 
 and the understanding is aroused ; he scatters the flowers of 
 rhetoric, and the fancy is delighted; he appeals to humanity, 
 and the heart throbs fast with emotion. Who is this man so 
 original, so delicate, so comprehensive, so eloquent? — he is a 
 colored man. Who commands such fascinating language, and in- 
 dulges in such fine flights of imagination? — he is an ex-slave. Who 
 is he who speaks with the majesty of Sumner, but with more 
 fire?— he is a nigger. He sprang out of his chains like Pallas 
 from the head of Jupiter, already armed. He entered the arena 
 of reform with Garrison and Phillips and Rogers and Gerrit 
 Smith, and in debate he was the peer of the strongest men that 
 dared to measure lances with him. 
 
 " Sneered at, hissed, mobbed, stoned, assaulted, he stemmed the 
 tide and came ofi" conqueror. When it was dangerous for white 
 men even to speak the truth on the question of slavery, he did 
 not equivocate nor palliate an evil with soft words — he lifted up 
 his voice like a trumpet and told the people of their transgres- 
 sions. He has lived to see slaves of his color freed from their 
 chains and vindicate their manhood, their courage, and their 
 patriotism in the field. He has heard the proclamation of free- 
 dom to his race on this continent, and has been assured of the 
 amendment of liberty by the action of the legislative bodies of 
 the several States. 
 
 '' In his great speech at the Academy of Music he hurled a bolt 
 at the theological thunderer of Brooklyn Heights. He said, ' I 
 do not find fault with Mr. Beecher, though [ do not always agree 
 with him. I remember that, not many years ago, he declared 
 that if he could abolish slavery on the instant, or, by waiting 
 twenty-five years could have it so abolished that its overthrow 
 
Frederick Douglas. 185 
 
 would wholly redound to the glory of tlie Cbristian Clmrch, he 
 would prefer the latter. I presume he was entirely sincere in 
 this preference; and yet if I were a Maryland slaveholder, and 
 Mr. Beecher were my slave, and I had a rawhide, 1 could take 
 this opinion out of him in less than half an hour.' 
 
 ''In a later speech delivered at the Cooper Institute, he paid a 
 glowing compliment to his friend Tilton, and said that he (Til- 
 ton) was the only white man in whose presence he forgot that 
 he was a negro. 
 
 " One of the most memorable sayings of Douglas is this, ' One 
 with Ood is a majority.'" 
 
 Since the foregoing was published Mr. Douglas has 
 held, for a number of years, the post of District Mar- 
 shal in the city of Washington, an office worth $10,000 
 per annum. He, though nearly seventy years of age, re- 
 tains his mental vigor, and has recently written a large 
 and interesting vohime, which has been published and 
 illustrated in elegant style. The book contains a history 
 of his escape from slavery — his experience as a platform 
 orator — with his views of the colored people's duty now 
 that they " stand free and disenthralled." His hair is 
 now white as wool ; in other respects the excellent por- 
 trait which accompanies this sketch is a good likeness 
 of the celebrated Orator. 
 
Henry Bergh, 
 
 FOUNDER AND CHAMPION OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION 
 OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. 
 
 "A merciful man is merciful to his beast." —Bible. 
 
 I'^.HE subject of this sketch has for many years pleaded, 
 in private and in public, the cause of creatures 
 without capacity to speak for themselves. That they are 
 neglected and cruelly beaten without cause or provoca- 
 tion, is a fact patent to all observers. They are the 
 slaves of tyrants, who overtask them, punish them 
 when they are young, and abandon them to the cold 
 and cruel hospitality of the common and the roadside 
 when they become old. Thoughtless boys and men 
 overburden the horse, and then forget to feed him 
 with sufficient oats and hay. They neglect to water 
 him, to bed him, to clean liim, and they apply the 
 boot and the lash, because he does not pull and run 
 with his accustomed strength, speed and spirit. If his 
 driver happens to be in a bad temj)er, the dumb beast 
 has to suffer a shower of blows. The iron bit is 
 jerked furiously in his bleeding mouth; the rawhide 
 is plied savagely upon his back, until the blisters 
 rise in long lines upon his shivering body ; he is beaten 
 over the head with huge sticks and kicked until his 
 persecutor becomes too tired to continue his cruel 
 treatment. How often an inconsiderate person drives 
 
 (186) 
 
HENRY BERGH. 
 
 PLATE XIX, 
 
Henry Bergh. 187 
 
 a horse until the poor animal is drenched in sweat, and 
 then ties him to a post and leaves him unblanketed in the 
 cold, while he (the driver) halts at a tavern to take his 
 grog, toast his feet, and chat wath his neighbors. He 
 then mounts his seat, and the liquor poured down his 
 throat seems to circulate in the whip he wields over the 
 horse. The dumb beast catches cold and becomes rheu- 
 matic ; but he must make so many miles an hour or 
 suffer the consequences ; he must draw so many bushels 
 of produce or endure the penalty of kicks and blows. 
 
 Mr. Bergh has stepped to the front to defend the 
 useful animals that render us snch efficient service. 
 He has spoken well and written wisely in their behalf. 
 He has secured legislation to aid him in his praise- 
 worthy endeavors, and in all directions societies have 
 been organized to prevent cruelty to the '' good creat- 
 ures of God." 
 
 '* A merciful man is merciful to his beast "; a cruel 
 man is cruel to his beast ; he is a beast himself, and de- 
 serves the punishment he gives his horse. We need a 
 Bergh in every town to protect the rights of the horse ; 
 horses have rights as well as men and women. They 
 have the right to be well fed, well sheltered, well cur- 
 ried and well cared for in the furrow and on the road. 
 They are good creatures of God, and He created them 
 to be serviceable to man, not to be the objects of his 
 neglect and abuse. 
 
 AVhen a man's horses and cattle troop about him at 
 the sound of his voice, you may be certain he is a kind, 
 good-hearted person. You will find he is kind at home, 
 kind abroad, and everywhere commended for his hospi- 
 tality. 
 
1 88 Representative Men, 
 
 Per contra, when you see a man whose horses and 
 cattle and sheep flee at his presence, you may rest as- 
 sured that he is a tyrant to his family ; that he scolds 
 his wife, whips his children, and quarrels with his 
 neighbors. There are no hypocrites in nature outside 
 the pale of humanity. The meek-eyed ox, the inno- 
 cent sheep, and the noble steed will not hasten to taste 
 salt in the hands of a merciless master. 
 
 How often do we find boys pelting cows with sticks 
 and stones, making the speechless animals atone for the 
 indolence of their drivers by inci-easing their speed from 
 the meadow to the stable. Do these boys ever reflect 
 that they, probably, owe to the cows they over-drive 
 and beat, the physical strength that enables them to hurl 
 the cudgels and stones that urges the gentle animal to an 
 unnatural gait? Our new civilization has a heart with 
 which it feels, as well as a head with which it thinks, 
 and it begins to oj)en its eyes to the cruelty to animals. 
 Car-loads of starved and thirsty cattle, sheep and swine 
 still point to the barbarism of a darker age ; but law now 
 demands that the poor, four-legged prisoners shall be 
 fed and watered, and the men monsters who disregard 
 this humane law do so at their peril, and, as we advance 
 along the paths of progress and intelligence, the eva- 
 sion of this law w^ll become more and more difficult. 
 With the age of steam came that refinement which 
 shrinks at the thought of speed purchased with the 
 sweat and blood and life of the spirited race-horse. 
 The iron horse, with his lungs of fire, mane of smoke, 
 and legs of steam, can travel faster than the swiftest 
 steed, and its speed can be increased without pain, 
 so that there is less need now than ever before of 
 
Henry Bergh, 189 
 
 horses with flying feet. Still, "the whole inferior 
 creation, groaning and travailing together in pain," 
 appeals to man and his Maker in dumb eloquence for 
 relief. Even now " the fear of man and the dread of 
 man is upon every beast of the earth, and upon ^n^v^ 
 fowl of the air, and upon all that moveth upon the 
 earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea — for into 
 man's hands are they delivered." A wail comes 
 up from the woods and prairies, from the lakes and 
 rivers and marshes, because of the wanton cruelt}^ of 
 man. Birds and deer and other game are rapidly dis- 
 appearing before the wasteful footsteps of men, whose 
 murderous guns and traps and nets spare nothing that 
 ministers to their gluttonous appetites and their cruel 
 cupidity. Herds of buffalo are scattered and slain for 
 the amusement of some " sport," who never did a noble 
 act in his life, and who is not entitled to such a sacri- 
 fice on the altar of his vanity and ambition. Prairie 
 chickens are caught in nets and carried off to market, to 
 fill the purse of some one who does not care on whose 
 land he trespasses, or whose rights he invades, so long 
 as he can get the market value of the wild fowls God 
 designed to be distributed to all and not to be monopo- 
 lized by the few. Aside from this unjust and mean 
 and cruel monopoly of the fowls of the air and the 
 beasts of the field and the injustice which comes of it, 
 there is positive and wicked cruelty to the creatures 
 themselves. They suffer fright and pain ; many that 
 are not wantonly killed are separated from their mates 
 and wounded. Parents are slain and their offspring 
 starved to death. See how the poor things tremble 
 with fear in the presence of man; hear their cry of 
 
igo Repi'esentative Men. 
 
 pain coming up through the listening air. The 
 sound of the gun strikes terror to the heart of the un- 
 offending bird. The truant boj, who steals the callow 
 brood from the warm, round nest, breaks the heart of 
 their mother, and she proclaims her loss with a pathos 
 which might move the hardest heart. Flocks of wild 
 fowl, entangled in nets spread by up en who care not for 
 the season nor the relations of the mother-birds to their 
 offspring, flutter and scream in anguish, and appeal in 
 vain for the freedom of the unchartered air, which is 
 their right. The graceful and beautiful deer, whose 
 innocent face should be its protection, is pursued by 
 barking hounds and men, who hunt it merely for pas- 
 time, and wound it and kill it merely for amusement. 
 
 J^ow, legislators, give us better game laws. A grateful 
 constituency of humane men and women will appreciate 
 such a service, and God, who notices even the sparrow 
 which falls to the ground, will bless you. Do this 
 work of mercy now; no time should be lost. Cruel 
 men can only be restrained by the force of law. Away 
 with the nets that grasp so greedily more than a fair 
 share of the winged game of the prairies ; put an im- 
 mediate stop to hunting at times of the year when the 
 young need the protection of parents. Our advancing 
 civilization calls for stricter laws for the protection of 
 our game. We can not afford the wanton waste of life 
 which marks the age. Cattle and sheep, sent to the 
 slaughter, are receiving a little protection ; now strike 
 for the welfare of the innocent inhabitants of the 
 woods and the waters. E'ature and Scripture are on 
 the side of mercy ; interest and principle join in indig- 
 nant protest against cruelty to the creatures of God. 
 
Henry BergJi. 191 
 
 America owes to herself the duty of shielding her 
 friends, the birds. Our crops will be consumed with 
 worms and insects if we do not spare the birds, the po- 
 lice of the air, that destroy the devouring flies and bugs 
 and worms so destructive to our harvests. 
 
 The champion of these abused and neglected creat- 
 ures was born in ]^ew York in the year 1820. His father, 
 Christian Bergh, was a famous shipbuilder. The old 
 frigate President^ which was captured in the war of 
 1812, was launched from his yard, and so was the Greek 
 man-of-war Hellas. Toward the close of Ins father's 
 loni; and useful career as a citizen and as a man of af- 
 fairs, the subject of this sketch was associated with 
 him in business. Mr. Bergh, having enjoyed the ad- 
 vantages of education and culture, and having resources 
 at his command, determined to '^ see the world," and he 
 devoted several years to travel in Europe and in Amer- 
 ica, during which time he rendered valuable service 
 to the General Government. In 1861 he was appointed 
 Secretary of Legation to Eussia by President Lincoln, and 
 afterward Consul at St. Petersburgh, remaining there 
 until 1864, when ill-health forced him to resign his po- 
 sition. Before he left Eussia, the Czar showed him 
 special favor by tendering him the use of the royal 
 yacht with which to visit the fortress of Cronstadt — 
 Mr. Bergh having only requested permission to see 
 that fortress. Soon after his return to America, in 
 1865, he mapped out the plan for the formation of the 
 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. This 
 organization has flourished in the teeth of savage and 
 hateful hostility, and has been a source of relief to 
 beasts of burden that were overworked, underfed and 
 
192 Representative Men. 
 
 cruelly beaten by intemperate and heartless men. Cat- 
 tle, sheep, swine and other animals used as food, now have 
 better care while in transportation. A dozen years ago 
 he said, '' State after State is adopting our laws and 
 seal, and when I have succeeded in planting a kindred 
 Society in every State of the Union, I may be pardoned 
 for believing that I have not lived in vain." The high- 
 est expectations of Mr. Bergh have been realized. So- 
 cieties have sprung up in all quarters, agents are em- 
 ployed everywhere, and the strong bit of the law is put 
 in the jaws of brutal men. The services of Mr. Bergh 
 as a lecturer are demanded in colleges and lyceums; 
 tracts on the question of cruelty to " the poor, dumb 
 creatures" are scattered broadcast over the continent; 
 and the press, with scarcely an exception, defends and 
 applauds the noble work of the Society he founded. 
 
 His portrait has the indefinable look of a gentlemaan, 
 in which benevolence has the ascendency over the lower 
 and baser faculties. The head is high in the region of 
 the moral and intellectual oiganization. His face is 
 serious, thoughtful, sympathetic, and shows an earnest- 
 ness that will not yield to trifling, and a will-power that 
 overcomes obstacles that would appall an ordinary man. 
 The poise of the head and the attitude of the body dis- 
 play a spirit of self-control that would be undisturbed 
 by his evironments, whether they were flattering or 
 threatening. Naturally nervous and sensitive, he has 
 disciplined his mind so that he can conquer himself — an 
 achievement to be proud of, for " he who controls his 
 own spirit is mightier than he who taketh a city." 
 
 When Mr. Bergh began his great work, there were 
 no laws in the United States for the protection of ani- 
 
Henry Bergh. 193 
 
 mals from assault; now 36 States and Territories lift 
 the sliield of law for their protection, and linmane asso- 
 ciations are enforcing the law with vigor and success. 
 The Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children 
 seems to have been suggested by Mr. Bergh's Society, 
 and to have grown out of it. When just and tender 
 sentiments crystallize into statutes for the benefit of the 
 brute creation, we may be sure that helpless humanity 
 will also find shelter under the charitable wings of an 
 advanced Christian civilization. When Mr. Bei-gh 
 seized the cruel evil of the abuse of speechless brutes 
 by the throat, at once there came up, as from the pit of 
 perdition, a chorus of malicious criticism and misrepre- 
 sentation from the press and from the bar, and he had 
 to carry his banner through storms of ridicule and 
 abuse, invective, sarcasm, and persecution ; but he knew 
 that his patent-right of protection came from Heaven, 
 bearing the seal of truth and the signature of mercy. 
 With a patriotic, humane, and martyr spirit, he stood in 
 the front of the great moral agency whose influence at 
 the present day reaches beyond geographical limitations. 
 A man of education and refinement, he relinquished 
 the ease and luxurious indulgences which his wealth 
 could afford, and became the butt of laughter and 
 scorn, that he might save the dumb beast from harsh, 
 cowardly, and brutal cruelty. He was bullied by coarse 
 lawyers in courts of justice ; he w^as Ignoi'ed by the do- 
 nothings and social tramps, as a fanatic in pursuit of 
 notoriety ; but he kept on '^ the even tenor of his way," 
 working bravely in the face of opposition and perse- 
 cution. 
 
 Mr. Bergh can manage his own cases in court, and 
 9 
 
194 Representative Men. 
 
 he does so frequently with marked efficiency. On one 
 occasion, being called to task for his interference in 
 court, he exclaimed: "I stand here as an humble de- 
 fender of the much-injured brute creation. I am here 
 as an advocate for the people ! " To a superintendent 
 of the police he wrote, on deep provocation : " I claim 
 a right, not only to the assistance of your officers, but 
 also especially to exemption from contempt and insult." 
 He also said, at another time : " Two or three years of 
 ridicule and abuse have thickened the epidermis of my 
 sensibilities, and I have acquired the habit of doing the 
 things I think right, regardless of public clamor." 
 When he found himself strons^ enouo-h, and the mists 
 of misunderstanding had lifted, he began a brave and 
 zealous crusade against cock-fighters, dog-fighters, rat- 
 baiters, and pigeon slaughterers, whenever they pur- 
 sued their cruel sports within his reach. What a great 
 service he rendered to the community and to humanity 
 by his assaults on the swill-milk traffic ! Now and then 
 a wealthy resident did put on airs of offended dignity 
 because he was compelled to blanket his clipped horses 
 in cold weather. Here and there, a horseman became 
 furious because he was forced to take from the mouths 
 of his steeds the bit-guard barbed with spikes. He has 
 been accused of being cruel to human beings in his zeal to 
 protect animals ; but this charge will not stand the test 
 of analysis. In 1874, Mr. .Bergh rescued two little 
 girls from inhuman women — most notably the shock- 
 ino;lv treated little '^Mary Ellen." This led to the 
 founding of a " Society for Prevention of Cruelty to 
 Children." 
 
 A Frenchman, Louis Bonard, who came to this 
 
Henry Bergh. 195 
 
 co^mtry many years ago, and accumulated a fortune, 
 bequeathed his entire estate, valued at $150,000, to Mr. 
 Bergh's Society. " Wills, aggregating half a million 
 dollars in bequests, have been drawn by philanthropic 
 men still living, in favor of the society." 
 
 C. C. Buel, in SGribner's Monthly of April, 1879, 
 gives the following graphic sketch of Mr. Bergh : 
 
 His commanding stature of six feet is magnified by bis erect 
 and dignified bearing. A decisive band grasps a cane strong 
 enougb to lean upon, and competent to be a defense, witbout 
 looking like a standing menace. Wben tbis cane, or even bis 
 finger, is raised in warning, tbe cruel driver is quick to under- 
 stand and beed tbe gesture. On tbe crowded streets be walks 
 with a slow, sligbtl}^ swinging pace, peculiar to bimself. Ap- 
 parently preoccupied, be is yet observant of everytbbig about 
 bim, and mechanically notes the condition from bead to hoof of 
 every passing horse. Everyborly looks into the long, solemn, 
 finely-chiseled, and bronzed face, wearing an expression of firm- 
 ness and benevolence. Brown locks fringe a broad and rounded 
 forehead. Eyes between blue and hazel, ligbted by intellectual 
 fires, are equally ready to dart authority or show compas-ion. 
 There is energy of character in a long nose of tbe purest Greek 
 type; melancholy in a mouth rendered doubly grave by deep 
 lines, thin lips, and a sparse, drooping mustache; and determi- 
 nation in a square chin of leonine strength. Tbe head, evenly 
 poised, is set on a stout neck, rooted to broad shoulders. In 
 plainness, gravity, and good taste, individuality and unassuming 
 and self-possessed dignity, bis personality is li compromise be- 
 tween a Quaker and a French nobleman, whose Hfe and thougbt^ 
 no less than long descent, are his title to nobility. 
 
Samuel R. W'ells, 
 
 LATE PUBLISHER OF THE "PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL. 
 
 " Render an honest and a perfect man, 
 Commands all light, all influence, all fate, 
 Nothing to him falls early, or too late. 
 Our acts our angels are, or good or ill 
 Our fatal shadows, that walk by us still." 
 
 — Fletcher. 
 
 THE subject of this sketch was a modest teacher^ 
 self-respecting, industrious, evenly poised, and un- 
 yielding in hi^ convictions. His life was clean, and his 
 raeniory is sweet as the odor of flowers. He had faith 
 in the prophecy of the "good time coming," and he 
 exerted the ntmost of his endeavors to hasten its ap- 
 proach. He was a progressive man, and put his shoul- 
 der to the wheel of the car, to help it out of the 
 hindering ruts of conservatism. He was an advocate 
 of the gospel of physical health, and of a higher and 
 purer development of moral and intellectual force. In 
 a certain sense, he was an iconoclast, but, instead of 
 breaking our images with the hammer of Thor, he 
 turned our attention to living specimens of God-like 
 humanity, and sought to remove the subjects of our 
 idolatrous devotion, while we were gazing with wonder 
 and admiration upon the best models of physical, 
 spiritual and intellectual manhood. The reader must 
 not infer that Mr. Wells taught man-worship, although 
 he committed himself to the fact that there is nothing 
 (196) 
 
SAMUEL K. WELLS. 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
Samuel R. Wells. 197 
 
 on earth so sacred as a liuman being — the masterpiece 
 of the Creators workmanship, into which He breathed 
 a livino^ and immortal sonl from His own livino^ and 
 immortal soul. For this human existence, He made 
 the earth bear abundantly, and the heavens glow with 
 beauty. He made light for the eye, sound for the ear, 
 food for the taste, odors for the sense of smell, and 
 matter of infinite varieties for him to manipulate for 
 his own welfare. Mr. Wells, without assuming the 
 province of superiority, became a teacher of men in 
 the highest sense of an instructor. He endeavored to 
 show those who were willing to be taught, that they 
 were ''fearfully and wonderfully" formed; that their 
 souls and their bodies should be saved ; the former 
 from meanness, selfishness, littleness, and all de- 
 grees of transgression against law ; the latter from 
 enslaving habits, from devouring passions and appe- 
 tites, and from premature decay and death. He battled 
 bravely against the groveUing sentiment, that to fill the 
 money-sack and the earcliac sac were the chief ends of 
 liuman existence. It is a source of great gratification 
 to the writer, as it must be to the reader, to know that 
 Mr. "Wells always sided with the oppressed, and stood 
 on the weaker side, that being nearest to God and hu- 
 manity. Although modest and unpretentious, he was 
 brave, and carried his banner where the fight was thick- 
 est. In some respects he was like his friend and co- 
 worker, Horace Greeley : he could not hear of a case of 
 human suffering without a deep feeling of sympathy, 
 and it was his habit to put himself to inconvenience, to 
 sacrifice his ease and give his money to aid the needy, 
 and if it was not always with the most careful dis- 
 
198 Representative Men. 
 
 crimination, his error was on the side of charity, which 
 he preferred to exercise rather than the critical scrutiny 
 that might withhold help from the worthy. He did 
 not believe that T^ature reserved the finest clay to be 
 formed into porcelain vases of aristocratic humanity, 
 while the poorer qualities were kept for the coarse 
 crockery of the common people, but that all were en- 
 dowed with the blessings of life and liberty, and tha 
 right to pursue health and happiness. His heart-pledge 
 to the race, like Penn's treaty with the Indians, was 
 never sworn to, and never broken. 
 
 In stature, Mr. Wells was above the common height, 
 symmetrical in form and graceful in manner. He 
 spoke in gentle tones, and was polite and winning in 
 his address. His hair was dark and plentiful ; his beard 
 full ; his forehead broad and high — in a sentence, he 
 had the look of a refined and cultivated gentleman. I 
 will add to this sketch the following article copied 
 from the Pkrenological Journal of June, 1875 : 
 
 Samuel R. Wells was born in West Hartford. Ct., April 4, 1820. 
 While a mere lad his father removed his family to the then ahnost 
 unbroken wil lerne^s of North west New York, and settled on a 
 farm on the shore of Lake Ontario, at a place known as Little 
 Sodus Bay, now called Fairhaven. That wilderness home, now 
 a smiling farm, gently sloping to the Bay and the Lake, is as cheer- 
 ful and pleasant as it was then gloomy and lonely. Here, in this 
 out-of-the-way place, he spent his boyhood. Thus assisting to 
 clear the land, to till the soil, shooting and trapping the a imals 
 in the surrounding fores' s, and angling in the Bay, or sailing en 
 the Lake, he had a dreamy sense of something higher anJ differ- 
 ent than farm-life. He longed for light and knowledge, and felt 
 that in that rude, sequestered mode of life, he could never rise 
 above its level. The lo3al school, of course, was poor, and of 
 short duration each year. 
 
Samuel R. Wells. 199 
 
 His father determined that the boy should have a trade, and 
 did not — as most fathers do not — stop to consult whether the 
 tastes and talents of the boy ran in that direction or not. He 
 was accordingly apprenticed to a tanner and currier in the 
 neighborhood, and faithfully served his time with credit and 
 success. Not satisfied with what he could learn of that business 
 In that vicinity, he went East, working in the best shops, paying 
 better workmen than himself for instruction, until he stood high- 
 est in the business, with the best wages the trade afforded. Be- 
 ing industrious, temperate and personally popular, he could get 
 the best work and any favors the proprietors could give. 
 
 He laid up a few hundred dollars with the view to entering 
 the medical department of Yale College. Thus working and 
 reading medicine, he was making good j)rogress in his profes- 
 sional eflfbrts. He heard that the Fowler Brothers, phrenolo- 
 gists, were in- Boston, delivering a course of lectures, and left 
 Portland, Me., with the design of listening to those lectures, and 
 picking up what he might of the new science, in which he had 
 previously become interested. Attending these lectures and ex- 
 aminations, he was deeply impressed with the subject, and his 
 mind became so absorbed with Phrenology, that he determined 
 to be a student of the Fowlers, and joined them for that purpose 
 in their professional rambling?, studying the theory, listening to 
 their deUneations, and taking daily lessons in that department. 
 Singular as it may now seem, when he was but a boy, his first 
 ideas of Phrenology were obtained in 1836, from a chart he saw 
 at Ithaca, N. Y,, which had been marked in 1835 by Charlotte 
 Fowler, his future wife. From that moment he sought books 
 and every facility for learning all he could of the subject. 
 
 In 1844 he formed a copartnership with the Messrs. Fowler^ 
 and entered their office, which was already established in Nas- 
 sau Street, New York. He commenced in earnest to organize 
 the business of publication, and to take charge of the professional 
 department of the oflice, during the absence of the Fowlers on 
 lecturing tours. The Phrenological Journal^ now so widely 
 known as the able exponent of Phrenogical Science, had been 
 established by 0. S. & L. N. Fowler, about six years before. The 
 
200 Representative Men. 
 
 Fowlers wrote the leading articles, but the conduct of its publi- 
 cation and the proper presentation of it to the public, as well as 
 the conduct of the book-publishing department, fell to Mr. Wells' 
 lot, and from that day to the present the names of Fowler and 
 Wells, through their publications, have become known as far as 
 the English language is sjDoken. 
 
 The same year he was married to Miss Charlotte Fowler, sister 
 of the Messrs. Fowler. She had been identified with the estab- 
 lishment from before the start of the Journal^ and ever since she 
 has been connected with the office, and daily given her time and 
 thought to the cause. From the publication of one or two books, 
 the catalogue of phrenological publications has now become ex- 
 tensive. A large museum of sj)ecimens has been accumulated 
 of skulls, busts, casts and portraits of eminent statesmen, schol- 
 ars and benefactors, as well as those of noted maniacs, idiots and 
 criminals, all constituting one of the most interesting collections, 
 historical and scientific, that can anywhere be found. This, of 
 course, required time, labor and much pecuniary expenditure. 
 
 In 1855 Mr. 0. S. Fowler retired from the firm, and in 1860 
 Mr. Wells and his remaining partner, Mr, L. N. Fowler, having 
 made a tour of the United States and the British Provinces, can- 
 vassing all important places and delivering a course of lectures 
 in each, started for an extended lecturing tour through England, 
 Scotland and Ireland, visiting all the large places in the " Three 
 Kingdoms," meeting with a flattering reception and satisfactory 
 success — a success, indeed, which has led Mr. Fowler to remain 
 in England to the present time. 
 
 On his return, in 1862, to the United States, Mr. Wells applied 
 himself to giving the results of his experience to the world. 
 This he has done, not only through the columns of the Phreno- 
 logical Journal^ but in several illustrated works, the most prom- 
 inent of which is "New Physiognomy, or Signs of Character," 
 containing more than a thousand engravings, and placing what 
 is known of Physiognomy before the world. " How to Read 
 Character," and "Wedlock, or, The Right Relation of the 
 Sexes," may also be mentioned. 
 
 Being the sole proprietor of the phrenological establishment, 
 
Samuel R. Wells. 201 
 
 •whicli lias long been known as one of the "curiosity shops" of 
 Broadway, his labors were necessarily onerous, but, having sur- 
 rounded himself with experienced co-workers, and being strictly 
 temperate in all things, he was able to perform his duties with 
 ease and vigor. In all his publications, mental culture, temper- 
 ance, health-reform and general progress are marked character- 
 istics ; and through the silent working of the leaven of those 
 publications, men and women in every department of society, 
 not of the East alone, but in the great West and South, have 
 been helped to a better appreciation of life's purposes and privi- 
 leges. 
 
 By the judicious conduct of the business, Mr. "Wells earned a 
 great deal of money; but loving the cause in which he was en- 
 gaged, namely, the improvement of the human race in mind and 
 body by the promulgation of the doctrines of Phrenology, Phys- 
 iology, Temperance and Hygienic Reform, and having no chil- 
 dren of his own to provide for, he devoted his earnings largely 
 to the furtherance of the views he held so dear. 
 
 Added to Mr. Wells' desire for knowledge, he had a decided 
 religious tendency; his large Veneration aiding to make him 
 devotional in sentiment and polite and modest in his bearing. 
 He was liberal and sympathetic, finding it extremely difficult 
 to say "no" when want asked for aid. If a man, woman or 
 boy, especially the last, needed assistance or wanted work, it re- 
 quired no other argument to induce Mr. Wells to make a place 
 in his own business, or seek a situation for him or her elsewhere. 
 
 During the excitement and exposure incident to the removal 
 of the business office in the spring of 1875, Mr. Wells contracted 
 a cold, which, added to his exhaustion, induced pneumonia, and 
 he took to his bed April 2d, and in spite of the best treatment 
 and nursing, died on the morning of April 13th, aged 55 years 
 and 9 days. 
 
 He did not live in vain. He aided in the grand ef- 
 fort to make the world better. The magazine with 
 which he was associated touched chords that vibrated 
 across the continent. Men maj die, but thought is im- 
 9* 
 
202 Representative Men. 
 
 mortal ; and when ideas are crytallized into institntions 
 for the benefit of mankind, they insure for their authors 
 fame that is not bounded by the horizon. Man is 
 greater than his work. When the greatest astronomer 
 was looking through his telescope, he was vaster and 
 brighter than any star he saw in the heavens. Mr. 
 Wells, though not a great man, was manly, noble and 
 generous, and gifted with a sound, clear intellect and 
 a magnanimous heart. 
 
KEV. DE. E. S. POKTEK. 
 
 PLATE XXI, 
 
Elbert S. Porter, 
 
 PREACHER, EDITOR, AND MAN OF AFFAIRS. 
 
 " With care, true eloquence shall teach, 
 And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech, 
 That from our writers distant realms may know 
 The thanks we to our monarchs owe." 
 
 — Priob. 
 
 ■pEV. ELBERT S. POETEE, D.D., was born in the 
 XL town of Hillsboro, JSTew Jersey, October 23d, 
 1820. After studies at a select school at Ovid, New 
 York, where he was sent at six years of age, and at a 
 school in the city of JSTew York, kept by the father of 
 the famous lawyer, the late James T. Brady, he went 
 into a country store at Millstone, for one year. He 
 then went to the Academy at Somerville, New Jersey, 
 where he remained three years. While under sixteen 
 years of age, he entered the sophomore class of Prince- 
 ton College, graduating there three years later. He 
 studied law for a short time, but was not admitted to 
 the bar. In 1842 he graduated in theology at the 
 Theological Seminary at New Brunswick. In the same 
 year he was licensed by the Classis of New Brunswick, 
 and was soon after installed at Chatham, Columbia 
 County, New York, as pastor of a missionary congre- 
 gation. He remained there seven years, and built up 
 a flourishing church. He next accepted a call to his 
 present church, then known as the First Eeformed 
 Dutch Church, in Williamsburgh, where he has labored 
 
 (203) 
 
204 Representative Men. 
 
 for a third of a century. Dr. Porter received his 
 degree of D.D. from Rutgers College, New Brunswick, 
 in 1854. For sixteen years he was the editor of the 
 Christian Intelligencer^ the accredited organ of the 
 Reformed denomination. 
 
 Besides his editorial writings he has published a 
 " History of the Reformed Dutch Church in the United 
 States," the " Pastor's Guide," and other works, and 
 occasional seiTnons. He is also the author of some of 
 the most popular and spirited hymns in our religious 
 song-books. He is a progressive man, always abreast 
 with the age. His scholarly attainments and sesthetic 
 tastes, controlled by a logical mind and tinged with a 
 poetic fancy, lead him to the use of apt imagery in 
 illustrating his discourses, which are noted for com- 
 pact and terse speech, sound and elaborate argument, 
 fused in the fire of earnest zeal and devotion. From 
 Patten's " Lives of the Clergy of iTew York" we copy 
 the following : 
 
 Dr. Porter was never found wanting in any place that duty 
 placed him ; and in the Church, and everywhere, he is one of 
 those who naturally take the position of leader and example to 
 other men. He is not demonstrative or presumptuous, but quiet, 
 unobtrusive and modest; agreeable, cordial and frank in his 
 manners. 
 
 When work is to be done, when cool, practical judgment is 
 wanted, when a champion and a hero is required, then he comes 
 to the front with his strong nerve, his willing mind and hands, 
 and his brave and hopeful heart. 
 
 Dr. Porter is of medium stature, has brown hair and 
 hazel eyes, and his face indicates thought and culture. 
 He speaks with distinctness and deliberation, now and 
 
Elbert S. Porter. 205 
 
 then breaking out with eloquent emphasis, giving elec- 
 tric expression to his thought and feeling. 
 
 Dr. Porter has been diligent in his ministerial work, 
 and yet not negligent of public affairs. During the 
 war for the Union, he was engaged in aiding, by his 
 frequent addresses in city and country, the formation 
 of two regiments. As chaplain of the 47th Regiment 
 of Brooklyn, N.Y., he was of considerable practical ad- 
 
 vantao-e to the officeis and men. He has travelled over 
 
 
 
 the Eastern, Middle and Western States in the interest 
 
 of some of our national societies, and his appeals in 
 their behalf were eminently successful. One of his 
 proudest triumphs was at Pittsburgh, Pa., where he 
 addressed the American Branch of the Evangelical 
 Alliance on Religion in Common-School Education. 
 His address on those subjects, either in whole or in 
 part, was copied in many of the religious and secular 
 papers. In 1879 he was sent as a delegate of the H. S. 
 Branch to the World's Evangelical Alliance, which met 
 at Basle, Switzerland. He availed himself of the op- 
 portunity of passing some months in foreign travel and 
 observation, and while abroad wrote a number of 
 descriptive letters to several journals. On his return 
 he gave six lectures on " Peoples and Places," which 
 were heard by cultivated and delighted audiences. 
 Their publication has been repeatedly called for, but 
 Dr. Porter's time is taxed in many ways, and he is 
 perhaps too fastidious in judgment on his own produc- 
 tions to send to press what he can not carefully revise. 
 For twenty-eight years he has been a farmer, his 
 country home being in the old village of Claverack, 
 Columbia County, N. Y. There his sixty acres, well 
 
3o6 Representative Men, 
 
 cultivated, reflect credit on his industry, and show 
 " what he knows about farming." His church and 
 congregation embrace a number of persons of wealth 
 and influence, and some of national renown in the 
 world of art and letters. 
 
 A few years ago. Dr. Porter appeared to be im- 
 pressed with the idea that some of the members of his 
 church and congregation desired a new man in the 
 pulpit. Spurred on by the thought, he offered his 
 resignation. It was on a Sunday forenoon, and in the 
 presence of a congregation that filled the body of the 
 church and the galleries, that he, with moist eyes and 
 faltering speech, attempted to say farewell, but break- 
 ing down in the effort, hastily retreated from the pul- 
 pit to the church pai'lors. Immediately a member of 
 the church arose, and made a touching appeal, which 
 was followed by a resolution (offered by a member of 
 the congregation) tbat the resignation of Dr. Porter 
 would be a calamity to the church, and that he be re- 
 quested to recall it. In support of the resolution, the 
 writer, who offered it, said, in substance : " We can not 
 spare the services of Dr. Porter. It will be difficult to 
 find a pastor w^ho can fill the space made vacant by his 
 retirement. Few ministers are endowed with his gifts or 
 graced with his scholarly attainments, and none can take 
 his place in the heart of our hearts. He has baptized our 
 children, here at this sacred shrine ; he has prayed at 
 the bedside of the sick ; and he has assisted at the 
 burial service of our dear ones who have ' gone before.' 
 For more than a quarter of a century he has been a 
 teacher in this church, and his influence, like light in the 
 atmosphere, has penetrated this community and extended 
 
Elbert S. Porter. 207 
 
 far beyond. We can not afford to accept his resignation. 
 Tiie Doctor is in the prime of his power. As a speaker 
 and writer, he is known near and afar, and no new- 
 comer can have his knowledge of our peculiarities and 
 necessities. Could we think without regret of another 
 taking his place at the baptismal font, at the marriage 
 altar, at the couch of the sick ? Is he not a kind friend 
 and a good neighbor ? Does he not pour oil upon the 
 troubled waters of our mishaps and misadventures, and 
 is he not an earnest and faithful preacher of the 
 G ospel ? " 
 
 At the close of the speech, the resolution was put, 
 and carried with great enthusiasm. The next evening, 
 the floating debt of the church, which was a fly in the 
 amber of his happiness, was met by generous subscri- 
 bers, and promptly paid when due. The Doctor still 
 retains his pastorate and the aflfectionate esteem of his 
 people. 
 
Charles Force Deems, 
 
 INDEPENDExNT PREACHER AND TEACHER. 
 
 "I venerate the man whose heart is warm, 
 Whose hands arc pure, whose doctrines and whose life, 
 Coincident eii:hibit lucid proof 
 That he is honest in the sacred cause." — Cowper. 
 
 T) EY. DK. DEEMS was born in the city of Balti- 
 Xt more, December 4, 1820. Hts graduated at Dick- 
 inson College, Pennsylvania, in 1839. In his twentieth 
 year he was made General Agent of the American Bi- 
 ble Society, and chose N'orth Carolina as his Held of la- 
 bor. He was afterward appointed Adjunct Professor 
 to the chair of Logic and P-hetoric in the University of 
 North Carolina, in which position he remained iive 
 years, when he accepted the chair of Natural Science in 
 Kandolph Macon College, Virginia, where he remained 
 one year. Keturning to North Carolina, he was stationed 
 at New Berne, and while there was elected delegate to 
 the General Conference held at St. Louis, during the 
 session of which he was elected President of the Greens- 
 boro Female College in North Carolina, an institution 
 of which he had charge for five years. In 1 854 he again 
 returned to the regular work of the ministry. After 
 preaching at Goldsboro and Wilmington, he was re- 
 elected to the General Conference, where he was chosen 
 President of the Centenary College of Louisiana. 
 
 (208) 
 
CHAKLES FORCE DEEMS. 
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
Charles Force Deems. 209 
 
 In December, 1865, Dr. Deems removed to tbe city 
 of ISTew York, where he established The WatoJiman^ a 
 rehgious and Hterary weekly, which, not succeeding ac- 
 cording to his expectation, he left at the close of a year. 
 In July, 1866, he began to preach in the chapel of the 
 University of this city, and his congregation soon crys- 
 tallized into a new society and became known as " The 
 Church of the Strangers." In 1870, through the liber- 
 ality of the famous railroad king. Commodore Yander- 
 bilt, the congregation were enabled to purchase the 
 property belonging to the Mercer Street Presbyterian 
 Church. Commodore Yanderbilt generously gave fifty 
 thousand dollars for that purpose. Thus the man whose 
 cars bring the largest number of strangers into the city 
 has contributed the largest sum of money to provide 
 them with a place of worship, and the church is as un- 
 sectarian as the trains that bring the passengers to his 
 depot. The lessons taught in that church have no par- 
 ticular reference to creeds, and there is no ecclesiastical 
 link uniting it to any sect. Persons of different de- 
 nominations meet and mingle there at a common altar. 
 There the Methodists are considered good pioneers, and 
 are expected to go forth with torch and trumpet and 
 drive the demons of vice and sin from their jurisdic- 
 tion. The Baptists, being fond of wate'r, are recog- 
 nized as the royal navy to sail out upon the sea of 
 adventure and sink the monsters of sin so deep under 
 the waves of oblivion that they can never be resuscita- 
 ted. There the Presbyterians are commissioned to 
 purify their associations in the world and in the church. 
 The Episcopalians are exhorted to avoid error in the 
 employment of their infl-uence. The Unitarians, who 
 
210 Representative Men. 
 
 believe in good works, are called upon to show their 
 faith by their works and their works by their faith ; 
 and the Universalists, who believe not in a hell here- 
 after, are invited to aid those who do, in putting out 
 the fires of a present one, kindled in ten thousand dens 
 of shame and sin. In reality, while there are regular 
 attendants at the Church of the Strangers, it may 
 be paid, with emphasis, that Dr. Deems preaches to a 
 scattered congregation of all denominations, for his 
 hearers are brought from all points of the compass, 
 from every part of the country, and represent every 
 phase of theological opinion. 
 
 The dedicatory services of his substantial church 
 were held there on the 2d and also on the 9th of Octo- 
 ber, 1870, and were attended by large and deeply in- 
 terested audiences. Dr. Deems received his degree of 
 D.D. from Randolph Macon College, when he was only 
 thirty-tvvo years of age. He is the author of more than 
 a dozen volumes of different works, among which may 
 be mentioned ''The Home Altar," "What I^ow," 
 " Annals of Southern Methodism," and a recent work 
 entitled the "Life of Jesus." What we have written 
 proves that he is an untiring and vigorous worker. In 
 Patten's " Lives of the Clergy," we find the following 
 statement in relation to Dr. Deems : 
 
 He is impassioned even in argument, and there is in all that he 
 writes and says the glow of earnest and sincere feeling. In his 
 preaching there is a display of the finest powers of the natural 
 orator and thorough scholar. His thoughts are rapid and are 
 all aglow with sentiment and emotion, while they have a posi- 
 tiveness and interest which can only be imparted by extensive 
 learning. Dr. Deems enjoyed great popularity at the South, and 
 was esteemed one of the foremost theologians and public men in 
 the Methodist Church. 
 
Charles Force Deems. 211 
 
 He is of medium heiglit, rather slender, yet compact 
 of build. His complexion is fair, his eyes are of a gray- 
 ish blue, and his forehead broad and high. lie has a 
 predominance of the impulsive and intellectual temper- 
 ament. He has fine social qualities and remarkable 
 conversational gifts ; he is always a welcome guest, and 
 wields great influence over those with whom he asso- 
 ciates. He is doing a great and a good work in this 
 swarming hive of civilization. Neither the stranger 
 nor the citizen will ever fail to find in the " Church of 
 the Strangers" a kind welcome to a pleasant place of 
 worship, where the truth is taught without sectarian 
 bias, and by a very able, sincere and scholarly teacher. 
 This sanctuary of free religion will be a monument 
 to the memory of generous enterprise, when vast depots 
 and bronze statues have crumbled to dust. Money, 
 wisely expended and discreetly used for the benefit 
 of others, is capital deposited in a bank that never 
 fails, and whose dividends are never affected by the 
 *' rise and fall of stocks in the market of Mammon." 
 " I was a stranger and ye took me in ; I was sick and 
 in prison and ye visited me," is a motto fit for the 
 church presided over by Dr. Deems. 
 
RuFus Choate, 
 
 LAWYER AND ORATOR, 
 
 "Wilh prospects "bright, upon the world he came, 
 Pure love of virtue, strong desire of fame ; 
 Men watched the way his lofty mind would take, 
 And all foretold the progress he would make." 
 
 RUFUS CHOATE was the Boanerges of the Ameri- 
 can Bar. There was thunder in his eloquence, and 
 lightning in his thunder. When he spoke, his black 
 eyes emitted sparks of electricity, and his hair, which 
 never could be coaxed, by comb or brush, to lie down 
 peacefully upon his heated brain, stood erect, as though 
 his head were an electric battery and each individual 
 tube charged with the subtle fluid. To say that he was 
 excited when speaking at the bar or on the platform, is 
 using language too mild to express the fact. He was 
 furious. His swarthy face, colored by the rush of 
 blood, gave him the appearance of an Indian in a 
 citizen's full-dress. His manner indicated that he was 
 about to entertain an audience with a savage war-dance 
 and ringing yell. The writer saw him in Fanueil Hall, 
 walk to and fro on the stage, swinging his arms back- 
 wards and forwards as though he intended to take a 
 step, a hop, and then a leap into the auditorium. In 
 the meantime, he made a jump into the middle of his 
 subject, and rattled away as though he was urged on 
 and on by some invisible steam-engine concealed under 
 
 (212) 
 
RUFUS CnOATE. 
 
 PLATE XXII 
 
Rufus Choate. 213 
 
 his coat, which, in moments of more than ordinary ex- 
 citement, was sometimes torn from the collar to the 
 waist. The reader, who may never have witnessed 
 Mr. Choate under the high pressure of his heart and 
 thought power, may charge me with exaggeration ; but 
 there are thousands of persons living who know that 
 I do not overstate nor overcolor the manner of the 
 marvelous orator. 
 
 His auditors looked at him with amazement and ad- 
 miration. He had only to draw the slides of his fancy, 
 to exhibit wonderful images of illustration, and show 
 pictures of the past and the present, that riveted their 
 gaze and kindled their astonishment. He had such a 
 retentive memory, such varied learning, such affluence 
 of language, such an eccentric style, such luminous 
 eloquence, and such an overflow of magnetism, he was 
 an irresistible speaker and orator. Often, when he 
 finished a period in his most energetic and electric way, 
 the listener would think of looking up to see if the 
 iiery bolt, launched from his lips, had not pierced the 
 ceiling. It was difficult, if not impossible, to report 
 his speeches verbatim et literatim et pionctuatem. 
 They were punctuated with emphasis, which answered 
 the purpose of colons and commas, dashes and periods. 
 Who can report a thunder-storm? — the moaning wind, 
 the pattering rain, the vivid flashes of Are, the crash- 
 ing of the thunder? He was not, however, confined to 
 any limit or style of speech, and certainly was not always 
 a " tempest talking " to humanity. He could " hew out 
 a Colossus from a rock, or carve heads on cherry- 
 stones." When he had to do important work that re- 
 quired culture, skill, and genius in the courts or within 
 
214 Representative Mejt. 
 
 the college walls, where a knowledge of letters and 
 the classics was required, he could quote from Ilesiod, 
 Homer, Yirgil, Shakespeare, and Milton. His vivid 
 imagination and powerful memory, uniting in one cur- 
 rent, flowed on 
 
 "Like to the Pontic sea, 
 Whose current and compulsive course 
 Never feels retiring ebb, but keeps right on 
 To the Propontic and the Hellespont." 
 
 There were times, and they were not infrequent, 
 when his emotional nature "got the better" of his 
 judgment. After making great efforts at the bar or on 
 the rostrum, he sometimes became the victim of un- 
 rest. His nervous system was like an instrument of 
 music with loosened strings, and he could not sleep 
 until Nature restored his exhausted energies, tuned the 
 lax chords with health, and made his heart beat in har- 
 mony with her laws. 
 
 But he was fond of fame and money, and deter- 
 mined to keep up his reputation and his revenue, and 
 his services were generally available when clients called 
 upon him. He was not, however, a mercenary man, 
 for, notwithstanding his great and profitable practice, 
 he left only a moderate fortune when he died. His 
 speeches were made to be heard, rather than to be read. 
 Perhaps I ought to except a few of his carefully writ- 
 ten addresses, which nobody could read but himself, 
 for his manuscript detied the skill of the printer, and 
 he had to interpret it. 
 
 Mr. Choate was dark-faced, thin and sickly-looking ; 
 he seemed to have been the victim of overstudy and 
 overwork, and the smoke of the lamp had stained his 
 
Rufus C ho ate. 215 
 
 features. He had keen black ejes, that looked at a 
 case and through it at a glance. His hair was black, 
 abundant, and unkempt. It is due in part to the unre- 
 portable style of his eloquence, aud the wretched con- 
 dition of his manuscript, that we have so little of his 
 work as a scholar and lawyer left for our entertainment 
 and instruction. 
 
 This great orator, lawyer and scholar was bom at 
 Essex, Mass., October 1st, 1Y99 ; and died in Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia, July 13th, 1859. He graduated at Dart- 
 mouth College in 1819, where he was a tutor for one 
 year ; then he read law, and in 1824: commenced the 
 practice of his profession, first at Dan vers, Mass., and 
 afterward at Salem, Mass. In 1825 he was elected 
 representative in the Massachusetts Legislature, and, two 
 years later. State Senator, and in 1832 a representative 
 in Congress. A re-election was offered, but he declined 
 it, and took up his residence in Boston, where he practised 
 law, and soon achieved great distinction as an advocate, 
 rising to the highest rank in his profession, being rec- 
 ognized inside and outside the bar as an acute lawyer, 
 and a most eloquent interpreter of law. 
 
 In 184:1 he was elected United States Senator, to fill 
 the unexpired term of Daniel Webster. In the Senate 
 he distinguished himself more by his eloquence than by 
 his statesmanship ; indeed, he was always a better 
 pleader than politician. In 1853 he was Attorney- 
 General of the State, and afterward, to the close of 
 his life, the foremost lawyer in New England. He was 
 on his way to Europe in the pursuit of health when he 
 died. Among his best utterances, and those on which 
 his reputation chiefly rests, are his eulogy upon Presi- 
 
2i6 Representative Men. 
 
 dent Harrison ; an address on the landing of the Pil- 
 grim Fathers ; a eulogy upon Daniel Webster ; an ad- 
 dress on the dedication of the Peabody Institute ; an 
 oration before the Young Men's Club of Boston ; two 
 addresses before the Law School of Cambridge, and two 
 lectures before the Boston Mercantile Library Associ- 
 ation. 
 
 The " rousing " eloquence, felicitous quotation, charm- 
 ins: diction, and mao:netic unction of Choate did not 
 always save him from the severe and scathing criticism 
 of Wendell Phillips and others. After complimenting 
 Otis at a public meeting in the " old cradle of liberty," 
 Phillips said : '' Compared with the calm grace and 
 dignity of Otis, the thought of which came rushing 
 back, he struck me like a monkey in convulsions. 
 Alas, I said, if the party (the Whig party) which has 
 owned Massachusetts so long, which spoke to me as a 
 boy through the lips of Quincy, Sullivan, and Webster, 
 has sunk down to the miserable sophistry of this 
 mountebank ; and I felt proud of the city of my birth 
 as I looked over the murmuring multitude beneath me, 
 on whom his spasmodic chatter fell like a wet blanket. 
 He did not dare to touch a second time on the Fugi- 
 tive Slave Bill. He tried it once with his doctrine of 
 ^ infamous ethics,' and the men were as silent as the 
 pillars around them. Ah, thought I, we have been 
 here a little too often, and if we have not impressed 
 the seal of our sentiments very deeply on the people, 
 they have at least learned that immediate emancipation, 
 though possibly it be a dream, is not ' infamous ethics,' 
 and that such doctrine, the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence, and the Sermon on the Mount, need more than 
 
Rufics Choate. 217 
 
 the flashy rhetoric of a Webster retainer to tear them 
 asunder." Choate awoke the wrong man when he 
 threw stones at Phillips; and, besides, he (Choate) was 
 the attorney of King Cotton, the apologist of slavery ; 
 and although backed by the expounder, or, as some one 
 called him, the "ten-pounder,'- of the Constitution, 
 the merchant princes and manufacturers of the East, 
 and the aristocracy of the South, he staggered and re- 
 treated under the blows of the great abolition orator. 
 Phillips was the champion of freedom for all men, 
 regardless of color, caste or nationality ; Choate stood 
 up boldly for the liberty of white men, who did not 
 assail a certain institution of his day. Phillips had 
 blue blood in his veins, occupied a high social position, 
 enjoyed the advantages of the best education Harvard 
 could give him, was personally attractive and handsome, 
 and, as an accomplished orator, without a rival. Choate, 
 with all his ability, legal skill and electric fire, stood in 
 the shadow of his opponent. 
 
 Napoleon said, " I fear three newspapers more than 
 a hundred thousand bayonets." Phillips could have 
 named some of the newspapers which Choate, with all his 
 courage and intellect, was afraid of. Artemus Ward 
 said, " It would have been five dollars in a certain 
 man's pocket if he had never been born." It would 
 have added laurels to the crown of some of the great- 
 est men of Massachusetts if they had dared to stand on 
 the side of the oppressed ; if they had used their gift 
 of eloquence in pleading for the rights of those who 
 were struck damb in their chains. When Phillips 
 spoke, his hearers were delighted with the music of his 
 argument, being charmed and convinced, if not con- 
 
2i8 Representative Men. 
 
 victed, at the same moment. Choate amused and elec- 
 trified his listeners with a splendid display of intellectual 
 fireworks. Rockets ascended with a whizz, and ex- 
 ploded in colors that soon faded and left no trace in 
 the air; wheels hissed and spun for a few seconds, and 
 then stopped, leaving a wreck of cinders, but no light. 
 Notwithstanding this, Mr. Choate had in him the ma- 
 terial of greatness, and would have towered in statu- 
 esque symmetry and grandeur had he been like Phil- 
 lips, and Emerson, and Lowell, and Longfellow, and 
 Quincy, and Dana, and other brave men, true to the 
 instincts of patriotism and freedom. 
 
SIK JOHN A. MACDONALD. 
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 
Sir John A. Macdonald, 
 
 PREMIER AND POLITICAL LEADER. 
 
 " To know a man well, were to know himself." 
 
 —Hamlet. 
 
 I^HE best Canadian representative man I can think 
 of at this present writing (July, 1882) is Sir John 
 A. Macdonald. His star is in tlie ascendant, and multi- 
 tudes are looking xijp at him. [It is impossible to look 
 down upon a star]. The subject of this sketch is an 
 adroit political manager, and he has just now added a 
 new plume to his cap. Two constituencies have elected 
 him to a seat in Parliament, and his colleagues in the 
 Cabinet have been successful in their several provinces, 
 and he will assume the leadership of his party stronger 
 than ever before, being backed by a sweeping majority. 
 The Conservatives have triumphed in Nova Scotia, New 
 Brunswick, and elsewhere. Sir John stands to-day first 
 among the statesmen of Her Majesty's American domin- 
 ions. In 1878 he won great popularity by giving to his 
 constituencies " a broad and comprehensive issue — the 
 national policy of protection — and when he entered 
 upon office he fulfilled his pledges. He gave a powerful 
 impulse to manufacturing interests and industrial ener- 
 gies, converted a treasury deficit nito a surplus, and 
 promoted practical schemes of railway construction of 
 the first magnitude." When the people had enjoyed 
 the opportunity to investigate his plans, he dissolved 
 
 (219) 
 
220 Representative Men. 
 
 Parliament, and appealed to liis constituents for tlieir 
 support on the basis of a high tariff. 
 
 He has been triumphantly sustained, and a large 
 majority hare given their hearty sanction to his policy. 
 He went before the people with the issue of protection 
 inscribed upon his banner, and he and his followers 
 made that question the main issue of the campaign. 
 The Reformers made other points as conspicuous as 
 possible, but they were straws in a storm that swept 
 over the provinces. It was the national policy of the 
 administration that won public favor, and crowded the 
 Ministers' benches with the friends ,and supporters of 
 the Canadian Prime Minister. The mild declarations 
 made by Messrs. Blake and Mackenzie, that free trade 
 was unwise and difficult in the Dominion, and that they 
 were desirous of revising the tariff, came too late from 
 these captains of the opposition. These men, however, 
 saved their own heads from going into the basket, 
 whilst Sir Pichard Cartwright, who had gone to the 
 front and taken ground against protection, was merci- 
 lessly defeated. The Premier gained the day, because 
 he told the truth in relation to capital and labor. He 
 assured the voters that men of means would increase 
 their investments, could they be made to believe that a 
 general election would sustain his policy and not 
 threaten them with bankruptcy and disaster. The 
 Government has been sustained, and not a few Reform- 
 ers rejoice because of its success. 
 
 Sir John Macdonald has been in public service more 
 than forty years, and most of that time as a Minister 
 of the Crown, and often, by virtue of his talents and 
 statesmanship, he has been leader and Prime Minister. 
 
Sir John A. Macdonald. 221 
 
 Witli the exception of the finance department, he has 
 filled every ofiice in the Cabinet, and he is the first and 
 only colonial member of Her Majesty's Privy Council. 
 The editor of the Phrenological Journal says : 
 
 Sir John was born on the 11th of January, 1815, at Kingston, 
 Ontario. His father, Hugh Macdonald, was a Scotsman, having 
 emigrated from Sutherlandshire to Canada several years before. 
 Having received the training of the Royal Grammar School, 
 Kingston, he studied law, and commenced to practise in 1836. 
 Ten years later he was made Queen's Counsel. His advancement 
 was rapid almost from the time he made his appearance before 
 the Canadian bar as a lawyer. 
 
 In 1844 he was returned as a member of Parliament, and 
 from that time has sat continuously in it. From the time that 
 he was appointed a member of the Executive Council of Canada 
 in the Draper Administration, which lasted from May 11, 1847, to 
 March 10, 1848, he may be said to have taken part in nearly 
 every measure of importance to Canada. One of the most im- 
 portant was that which resulted in the union of all the British 
 American Colonies, and to Sir John Macdonald at least as much 
 credit is due as to any other man for setting the project on foot 
 and bringing it to a success. In the Conference held at Char- 
 lottetown in 1864 for the purpose of effecting a union of the 
 maritime provinces, he was a diligent worker; and at the 
 Quebec Conference, which followed that of Charlottetown, he 
 presided, and there was laid the foundation which resulted in 
 the Act of Union passed by the British Parliament, When the 
 new Constitution came into force on the 1st of July, 1867, he, as 
 Premier, was authorized to form the first Government for the 
 New Dominion, and held his position until November, 1873. 
 
 In 1871 he served as one of the ten Joint High Commissioners 
 appointed by the English and American Governments to con- 
 sider the "-4?a&<x»ia Claims," and whose labors at Washington 
 resulted in the Treaty which received the signatures of all the 
 Commissioners on the 8th of May, 1871. He has also served 
 Canada in her diplomatic relations with the mother country anc 
 
222 Representative Men, 
 
 other nations, frequently crossing the Atlantic as a delegate or 
 commissioner; and, on such occasions, exhibiting great talent 
 as a diplomatist. In connection with the " ^IZa&awti Commis- 
 sion," it was said that Sir John Macdonald was clearly one of 
 the ablest men in it. In his private relations he is universally 
 popular, and in politics his hold on the affections of his follow- 
 ers is something extraordinary. 
 
 In a letter recently received from Dr. A. M. Ross, formerly of 
 Toronto, now of Montreal, to whose kindness we owe the pho- 
 tograjjhic portrait from which our engraving has been prepared, 
 the following remarks occur : 
 
 "As a statesman, he stands head and shoulders above any 
 other man in the Dominion of Canada. He is perfectly unself- 
 ish. Although his career has abounded with opportunities to 
 amass riches, he is now, and always has been, comparatively 
 poor Although Sir John is a Tory and a political oppo- 
 nent of mine, I believe him to be a true friend of Canada, and 
 the only real statesman we have in this country.'' 
 
 Persons who are adepts at reading and understand- 
 ing faces will see that the portrait of Sir John Mac- 
 donald pictures a man of distinct force and character. 
 His head is a bank on which he can draw for treasures 
 of information on history, science, constitutional law 
 and parliamentary knowledge, and never have a draft 
 dishonored for lack of intellectual wealth on deposit. 
 In debate he is quick, trenchant and strong. In the 
 chair, as a presiding officer, he is sharp, acute and mas- 
 ter of the situation ; being thoroughly familiar with all 
 the details of parliamentary law. He can think fast and 
 coin his thoughts into speech ; and., in the words of an- 
 other, speaking of Webster, "every word weighs a 
 pound." 
 
 The portrait shows the " true inwardness" of the man. 
 We see the shrewdness of the experienced politician, 
 
Sir yohn A. Macdonald. 223 
 
 toned and governed by the wisdom of the statesman. 
 He is cautious, but not timid ; discreet, but not 
 shackled by hesitancy ; brave in his endeavor, but not 
 heedless in the discharge of his public duties. The 
 face is smoothly shaven, and there is nothing to con- 
 ceal the thought w^ithin, when it is revealed on brow 
 and cheek and chin. The strong features tell his op- 
 ponents, before he has spoken a word, that a contest 
 with him is not a holiday task. 
 
 Plis eloquence is argumentative, not mechanical ; 
 with emotion sufficient to fuse his facts in a flow of 
 masterly speech. He does not, as a rule, indulge in 
 flights of fancy, nor " tread the primrose path of dal- 
 liance." His manner would be better adapted to the 
 House of Commons in England than it would to the 
 aerial style of the French, whose orators prefer to rise 
 in a balloon of gas and wind to the natural ascension 
 caused by the vibrant wings of thought and feeling. 
 He would not figure so conspicuously, certainly not so 
 advantageously, in the American Congress as he does 
 in the Canadian Parliament, because he would be cast 
 in the shadow of the spread eagle. I speak of the style 
 of his speech, not of the weight of his logic. In calm de- 
 bate there are few men who are his peers in any legisla- 
 tive body. Not that he is richly endowed with the poet's 
 imagination, the highest of intellectual gifts. If he 
 can not give the world that looks up with admiration 
 an idea bright and round and perfect as a star, he can 
 
 " Pour out all as plain 
 As downright Sbippen or as old Montaigne." 
 
 He is a statesman and a born leader of men, and he 
 knows how to speak and when to speak; and, without 
 
224 Representative Men. 
 
 indulgence in verbiage, he strikes and hits, with words as 
 hard and hot as heated cannon-balls, whatever opposes 
 his pet measures in the House. He is too busj and 
 too much in earnest to plane, joint and polish nice lit- 
 tle addresses for the purpose of saving them for show 
 in glass-cases. He can, when occasion demands the 
 service, write a handsome essay and adorn it with gems 
 of poetic and eloquent expression. 
 
KEY. DAVID SWING. 
 
 PLATE XXV. 
 
Rev. David Swing,' 
 
 TEACHER, PREACHER. AND CRITIC. 
 
 " One has to teach that labor is divine, 
 Another freedom, and another mind." 
 
 PROFESSOR SWI]^G, of Chicago, has been lectur- 
 ing and preaching in the Eastern District of the 
 city of Brooklyn. He came at the solicitation of the 
 Rev. Dr. Edward Eggleston, to preach the installation 
 sermon and assist at the public ceremonies of uniting 
 " the pastor with the people of the ' Church of the 
 Endeavor.'" We will try to sketch him as he ap- 
 peared before one of the most exacting, critical and cul- 
 tivated audiences ever assembled within the walls of a 
 church in the " City of Churches." 
 
 Whitelaw Reid, Esq., the accomplished editor-in- 
 chief of the New York Tribune^ and twenty years ago 
 a college class-mate of Prof. Swing's, very modestly and 
 happily introduced the lecturer, in a few well-chosen 
 words, in which he congratulated the church and its 
 guests on the fact that Dr. Eggleston had been a 
 magnet of sufficient power to draw the distinguished 
 preacher to the East. Mr. Reid is a tall, slender, grace- 
 ful gentleman, with a good voice and pleasant utterance. 
 
 * This sketch was written several years ago, and the " We," which 
 will be noticed as employed to distinguish the author, was used by the 
 writer iu preparing the article for the Metropolitan^ of which he was editor 
 at that time. 
 
 lo* (225) 
 
226 Representative Men. 
 
 He has dark brown hair, a broad, but not high fore- 
 head, and a face indicative of thought and culture. 
 Soon as he closed his remarks, Prof. Swing arose and 
 stood by the side of the desk, without a scrap of paper 
 to assist him, and began to give his lecture on " The 
 J^ovel in Literature." He spoke in a conversational 
 tone, and his voice at first seemed out of tune, and his 
 words were drawled along as though they came with 
 reluctance or were unused to the passage. Besides he 
 manifested a nervousness with his hands, like one feel- 
 ing his way in the dark ; but the bright faces before 
 him soon lit up his way, and the warm hearts beating 
 with unheard welcomes, cheered him with their silent 
 but magnetic music, and the appreciative auditor soon 
 discovered the source of his power and influence as a 
 teacher of men. It is not in his personal presence ; it 
 is not in his voice, for that is not always remarkable for 
 strength and clearness, and yet there are times when it 
 is endowed with wonderful pathos and power, and then 
 it rings out clear and loud like a silver bell ; it is cer- 
 tainly not due to a ready flow of speech, for he is not a 
 fast speaker, and, when not excited, even a little monot- 
 onous; neither is it due to his manner, for he pays no 
 respect to the studied graces of elocution as they are 
 practiced in the schools. His marvelous success as a 
 preacher, his world-wide popularity and fame are due 
 to his intellectual vigor, his scholastic attainments, his 
 originality of thought, his profound sympathy with 
 mankind, and his unflinching courage in maintaining 
 his views. He has a very attractive method of reason- 
 ing, and his poetic imagination is a picture-gallery of 
 illustration, which never fails to fix and rivet the atten- 
 
Rev. David Swing, 227 
 
 tioTi of tlie intelligent hearer. When, fairlj waked up 
 and warm, he loses the hesitancy that checked his utter- 
 ance at the start, and what appeared like repetition be- 
 comes the acme of emphasis. 
 
 At such times he walks across the platform, and with 
 his feet and hands gives force to the speech which, un- 
 der the pressure of deep emotion, comes with freedom 
 and fluency from his lips. His eyes glow with feeling, 
 his face flushes, even his words seem to take color when 
 ** his blood is up." His learning, his familiarity with 
 history and the classics, his knowledge of mankind, bis 
 experience with the world, have educated him and made 
 him fit for his work. He has been lifted into notice on 
 the platform of opposition, and the sympathy of the 
 masses has been drawn toward him, and he has been 
 too true to his conscience and humanity to lose himself 
 in the tide of public approval when turned in his favor. 
 
 A few extracts from his lecture will give an idea of 
 his style. In speaking of the novel in literature, he 
 said: 
 
 None of you can rise in your place and tell wby you love music. 
 Very often we have to be like the young man who was walking 
 in the garden among the Romans — I am sure it was in the Ro- 
 man days — with an old philosopher, and, having come to a bed 
 of poppies, the young man said, " Father, why is it the poppy 
 makes people sleepy ? " Now the custom of those old Latin and 
 Greek professors was never to admit ignorance of anything, but 
 always to know the whole renson, and there are men yet living 
 of that class. The old philosopher, looking upon the ground, 
 said: "My son, the i3oppy makes people sleepy because it pos- 
 sesses a soporific principle"; and the young man was happy. 
 
 Dr. Swing holds that 
 
 The novel is part of true literature^ that true literature is 
 
228 Representative Men. 
 
 thought decorated, and that it sprinf^s from the emotional as well 
 as fiom the intellectual nature of man. So that in literature you 
 must have a universality of thought, thought ornamented, thought 
 decorated, the thoughts of the heart. This is sufficiently inclu- 
 sive, if it includes poetry, the drama, the great histories, the 
 great essays, and religion, and is sufficiently exclusive if it throws 
 out encyclopaedias, the Congressional Olohe, and, what is better 
 yet, arithmetic, whicli is no part of literature. 
 
 The lecturer paid a very high compliment to woman : 
 
 I affirm, therefore, my friends, that of the novel, woman is the 
 satisfactory explanation, the ample apology. The novel is that 
 part of literature which is decorated, for the most part, by the 
 beauty of woman. It is woman in liierature. I mean by this, 
 not that woman is the whole subject matter. She can not be, 
 but she is the inspiration, the central figure in the group, the 
 reason of the grou[)ing, the apology for it, the explanation of it, 
 the decoration, the golden light flung over the thought. 
 
 There is a good deal of dry humor in his lectures and 
 sermons ; here is a sample brick of it : 
 
 But I perceive there are gentlemen present, and they may 
 think that Dr. Eggleston has got me to come here to address 
 some ladies' sewing society. The gentlemen have no doubt paid 
 their entrance fee, and something should be said in their behalf, 
 and I will state for them that every novel has its hero as well. 
 But candor compels me, my brethren — I emphasize the word — a 
 sense of justice compels me to say that there is not in the mascu- 
 line nature the element of beauty that will ever enable it to be- 
 come the basis of fine art. It is discouraging, but true. Why, 
 my friends, who ever saw Faith, Hope and Charity pictured as 
 three men ? 
 
 Speaking of education, he said : 
 
 Education being the power to think, the power to act, what 
 we need is not information only, but awakening — something 
 that will move the sluggish blood in our hearts and make us 
 
Rev. David Swing. 229 
 
 truly alive. This is what we all need, because man is not only 
 by nature totally depraved, but totally lazy. Edmund Burke 
 was, indeed, a man that knew much, but you can find many a 
 German professor in his garden that knows ten times as much. 
 So Daniel Webster; but Daniel Webster felt deeply some of the 
 truths of life. They flowed all through his veins, tingled in his 
 fingers' ends — liberty for example, the Union. Education, there- 
 fore, is not the amassing of truths, but it is the deep realization 
 of truth, and hence around the great forehead of Daniel Webster 
 all the shouts of liberty in all the ages of the past echoed a great 
 music in the upper air. 
 
 We will conclude these extracts with the following 
 snggestionSj which are discriminating and timely : 
 
 The question, Who should read novels ? is perfectly absurd. 
 There are in all the arts the high and the low. The wit of 
 Rabelais is low, of Cervantes lofty. The paintings of the old 
 Dutch school were humble, being most of them scenes in grog- 
 shops, but in the Dusseldorf school lofty, being for the most 
 part great scenes from the world of nature. The poetry of 
 Swinburne is low for the most part, that of Bryant lofty. These 
 two colors, white and black, run through all the arts everywhere, 
 and it is for us to choose. Who should read the novel ? Every- 
 body should read the novel where woman decorates the great 
 truths of life; but where the novel is the simple history of love, 
 nobody. And especially should those read novels who most 
 don't want to. They the most need them ; and there ought to 
 be a law requiring a certain class of people to read one novel a 
 year — persons who, through some narrowness of law, or of medi- 
 cine, or of merchandise, or, what is most probable, of theology, 
 have been reduced to the condition of pools of water in August, 
 stationary, sickly, scum-covered, and just about to go dry. 
 
 A glance at the portrait of the Rev. David Swing 
 impresses one with the thought that he is a brave and 
 modest man, endowed with buoyant hope and unyield- 
 ing perseverance. Dr. Fatten, the champion of ortho- 
 
230 • Representative Men. 
 
 dox theology, assaulted him with texts of Scripture, 
 hurled duodecimos at his head, and punished him and 
 his readers with columns of newspaper editorials ; but, 
 unfortunately for the aggressor, he attacked the wrong 
 man ; the Rev. Mr. Swing not only returned blow for 
 blow, but beat him with his own books. 
 
 Modesty is a conspicuous characteristic of noble 
 minds. ]S"ewton, Kant, Shakespeare, Milton, Burns, 
 evidently were not half so self-complacent and self- 
 conscious as some of the conceited sophomores of a col- 
 lege, or the verse-writers who torture town and country 
 lyceums with a jangle of words, and consider the 
 applause of fresh young men as the music from the 
 trumpet of fame. Saint Paul, the man of vast learn- 
 ing and maiwelous eloquence, declared he Avas the least 
 of the apostles. The self-esteem of the Pharisee led 
 him to say, '' Father, I thank Thee that I am not as other 
 men." The language of modesty is, " God be merciful 
 to me a sinner." A cold, unfeeling man can never be- 
 come an attractive teacher, reader, actor, pleader, or 
 preacher. His words may be clear as snow-crystals, 
 but, without emotion, they can not warm and cheer an 
 audience. If they ever move the hearers, it will be 
 toward the door, and in the direction of the open air, 
 where the birds sing in the sunshine. He who thinks 
 may make others think, but only he who feels will 
 make others feel — the former convinces, the latter per- 
 suades. What feeling there is in the poetry of Homer, 
 Dante, Isaiah, and David! Raphael made the heart 
 beat on his canvas ; Michael Angelo vitalized the marble 
 he carved ; Patrick Henry thrilled the heroes of the 
 Revolution with his fervid and palpitating speech ; Mr. 
 
Rev. David Swing. 231 
 
 Swing, who is not in the highest sense an orator, 
 has a heart that throbs in his learned and ingenious dis- 
 courses, and hence his popularity at the West and else- 
 where. 
 
 "Poetry and eloquence are twin sisters, feeling is 
 their mother, thought is the father." Those who have a 
 genius for love in its highest and broadest moods, will 
 show it in acts of charity, in originating and sustaining 
 philanthropic societies, in making sacrifices for the 
 benefit of others, in forgiveness of injuries. It is not safe, 
 however, to trifle with, nor to insult and abuse, men of 
 feeling. Washington, when angry, was not choice in 
 the use of epithets; Luther threw his inkstand at the 
 devil ; Jesus punished with a whip of cords the mer- 
 cenary money-changers. " Where the sun is hottest, 
 there the lightning is reddest, and the loudest thunder 
 speaks." " God makes even the wrath of men to praise 
 Him" — when they denounce human slavery and in- 
 temperance, and impertinent conceit, and snobbish van- 
 ity, and pride and cruel tyranny and oppression. Our 
 Reverend hero keeps rods steeped in brine for the 
 backs of offenders, and lie swings his switch with great 
 force, cutting through the sheep's clothing of the hypo- 
 crite, and the thick cuticle of the hardened transgressor. 
 I am not a preacher, and I will not sermonize, but I 
 may be permitted to say, that he who has no love, no 
 feeling for his fellow-men, has no love for the gracious, 
 tender and loving Father of all. Rare Ben Jonson 
 said : '• Who falls for love of God, shall rise a star." 
 "Friendship and love are two plants from one root, 
 but the latter has blossoms," said Klopstock. A 
 preacher may be severe in speech and logic when he 
 
232 Representative Me?i. 
 
 wages war with injustice, with meanness, with avarice, 
 with appetite, as the surgeon is severe when he cuts 
 out a cancer with his knife. " Sin is not to be taken 
 out of a man as Eve was taken out of Adam, by 
 putting him to sleep." Professor Swing is never dull, 
 and his hearers never seem to be tired when he speaks. 
 Of his vanquished foes I will only add, " De mortuis 
 nil nisi honumP 
 
PLATE XXVI. 
 
Richard S. Storks, 
 
 SCHOLAR AND HISTORIAN. 
 
 "Thought is deeper than all speech ; 
 Feeling deeper than all thought. 
 Souls to souls can never teach 
 What unto themselves was taught." 
 
 — C. P. Cranch. 
 
 REY. DE. RICHAED S. STOEES was born in 
 Braintree, Massachusetts, August 21st, 1821. He 
 graduated at Amherst College in 1839, and finished 
 his theological preparatory studies at Andover Semi- 
 nary in 1845. The same year he accepted a call to the 
 Harvard Congregational church at Brookline, Massa- 
 chusetts, and the year following he was called to the 
 Church of the Pilgrims at Brooklyn, "New York. 
 Many New Englanders and other persons of wealth and 
 culture gathered about him and organized one of the 
 most influential and powerful churches in this country, 
 and they erected on the Heights a substantial and 
 beautiful house of worship. In the front hall of this 
 editice may be seen a piece of the veritable Plymouth 
 Rock on which the Pilgrims landed. The interior of 
 the church is splendidly decorated, and is often referred 
 to as a model of artistic taste and elegance. 
 
 Dr. Storrs is one of the most accomplished scholars 
 on this continent, and few men of letters are as familiar 
 as he is with aesthetic literature. His lectures on bios'- 
 raphj and history are among the most fascinating and 
 
 (233) 
 
234 Representative Men. 
 
 brilliant productions in the language, showing diligent 
 study, comprehension of his subject, and a highly culti- 
 vated taste. Ills sermons, which are delivered with- 
 out notes, are finished productions, fit for the most fas- 
 tidious review, as they fall from his lips; and they 
 deserve to be classed with the most polished of pulpit 
 compositions. His delivery is slow, distinct, emphatic 
 and impressive ; his languao^e is chaste and pure ; his 
 illustrations are drawn from nature, science and his- 
 tory, and are strikingly poetical and beautiful; and 
 his subjects are well-chosen and timely. 
 
 Learning and eloquence, combined with great talents 
 and a genius for the Gospel, have given him an en- 
 viable position among the foremost of our religious 
 teachers and orators. Fine thoughts, clothed in ele- 
 gant diction and decorated with happy and glowing 
 illustration, attract and fasten attention. But his 
 scholarly attainments and masterful command of 
 thought and speech are not used for display. He is a 
 preacher of the truth as he understands it, and aims 
 with sincerity to bring sinners to repentance. His 
 sermons tend to make vice and all forms of mean- 
 ness hateful, and to increase our love of honor, of 
 virtue, of justice, and of piety. For nearly thirty 
 years he has preached to an exacting and critical au- 
 dience, embracing jurists, doctors, editors, and other 
 representative men of the highest culture; and he 
 never fails to command their attention and admiration. 
 
 When it is announced that he will lecture, no fee at 
 the door prevents a full attendance, no hall is too large 
 for his constituency of listeners, and they are not gov- 
 erned by the changes of the weather and the vicissi- 
 
Richard S, Storrs. 235 
 
 tudes of the seasons. They know that he will have 
 something to saj, which they will be glad to hear. He 
 has a marvelous memory ; and he can readily call to his 
 aid his knowledge of science, art, history, poetry, biog- 
 raphy, and theology, to illuminate and enforce his 
 lesson. 
 
 Perhaps he is the best living type of the Pilgrim 
 preachers who made Plymouth Rock their pulpit, where 
 the waves joined in the chorus of their songs. Had he 
 lived and preached in London in 1640, when John Mil- 
 ton took a hand in religious controversy, the great poet, 
 I have no doubt, would have been one of his hearers. 
 There are men whose loins are not so large as Dr. 
 Storrs' little finger, who consider themselves infinitely 
 superior to him, because they can make their auditors 
 laugh and cry. They mistake volubility for eloquence, 
 and a frothy feeling of animal excitement for divine 
 inspiration. 
 
 I can only point to a few facts which distinguish Dr. 
 Storrs and tend to make him distinguished. He is a 
 born preacher — the son of an extraordinary preacher. 
 He seems to have inherited the genius of Gospel preach- 
 ing. Henry Ward Beecher said that he must be a son 
 of temperance, because his father was the father of 
 temperance. Dr. Storrs breathed the air of a religious 
 atmosphere at his birth. Not a barrel of flour, but a 
 barrel of sermons, supplied him with spiritual food. 
 The library may not have been tempting to him in his 
 boyhood, but when he grew older and wiser, he saw the 
 kind of pabulum on which strong men feasted, and 
 he fostered an appetite for similar fare. In looking at 
 him, we see the image of his father behind him, and the 
 
236 Representative Men. 
 
 shadow of Elder Brewster in the distance, with the 
 Mayflower tossing on a troubled sea, and a solid rock 
 for a foreground. 
 
 He not only inherited a good head, with a fine text- 
 ure of brain, and a taste for intellectual studies, but 
 he also had excellent opportunities for the improve- 
 ment of his mind in the best schools and colleges the 
 country could afford. Under the thorough training of 
 the most accomplished teachers, he was well equipped 
 for the life-task he had chosen. He did not consider 
 that his diploma in college was a certificate of a com- 
 plete and finished education, but merely a draft upon 
 the bank of knowledge, to be honored, not at sight, 
 but by earnest application in the future. Yast numbers 
 of young men, who have enjoyed the advantages of a 
 collegiate education, never get above their graduating 
 honors. They are satisfied with their attainments, and 
 withont any special aim in life they ignore study, give 
 the best books a wide margin, devour light novels with 
 a relish, sneer at the workers who earn their bread by 
 the sweat of the brow, and finally come to them for sup- 
 port. They are vessels launched from the literary dock, 
 at Harvard or Yale, perhaps, with painted sides and 
 white sails, but without ballast or rudder. They are not 
 made of clear stuff. These men drift about at the 
 mercy of events; some find refuge temporarily as 
 clerks, as traveling agents, as reporters, as assistant 
 teachers ; but many of them are wrecked in early life 
 because they had no star to steer by, and no strong 
 hand upon the wheel, no ballast of general intelligence, 
 no stout rudder in the ship. 
 
 This will not be considered a faithful sketch unless I 
 
Richard S. Storrs. 237 
 
 iind some fault. We all have blemislies, and Dr. 
 StoiTs is human. A little more emotion would give 
 warmth to his sermons and speeches. The brilliancy 
 of his efforts is more like the light of the Aurora Bore- 
 alis than the golden light of the sun. His images are 
 too often artistically carved out of Carrara marble, " and 
 are cold to the embrace, though sometimes the soul 
 breathes from their lips." He has studied history so 
 much he " is a contemporary with the ancients, and an 
 ancient among his contemporaries." 
 
 Dr. Storrs, at this time, is in the prime of man- 
 hood. In person he is large, tall, and stately, with a 
 strong, enduring physical system. The compression of 
 his mouth indicates stern resolution, determination and 
 courage. A few years ago a former classmate, now a 
 country attorney, called to see him, and remarked, 
 *' Doctor, don't you remember me? I used to flog you 
 now and then when we were chums at school." " That 
 may have been so," said the Doctor, " but you could 
 not do it now." He stands up straight and tall, un- 
 moved by the changing winds of public opinion. Hap- 
 pily fo;:* him he has had no such storms to contend with 
 as those that have assailed some of his cloth. 
 
 Several of his sermons and lectures have been pub- 
 lished and widely circulated. He is the author of a very 
 elaborate report of the revision of the English version 
 of the Bible, and also of a volume on the ''Consti- 
 tution of the Human Soul." He is a devoted friend to 
 schools, and takes a deep interest in the welfare and 
 progress of temperance, Sunday-schools, missionary 
 work, and all institutions that tend to educate and ele- 
 vate humanity. 
 
Rev. Morgan Dix, S.T.D., 
 
 RECTOR OF TRINITY CHURCH, NEW YORK. 
 
 "Endowed with courage, sense and truth." 
 , —Park ELL. 
 
 REY. MORGAlSr DIX -is the son of Ex-Governor 
 John A. Dix, and was born in 'New York in 1827. 
 He graduated at Columbia College in 1848, and four 
 years later received his diploma from the General Theo 
 logical Seminary. In 1852 he was ordained deacon in 
 St. John's Chapel, ^ew York, and in 1854 he was or- 
 dained priest in St. Mark's Church, Philadelphia, where 
 he assisted the Kev. Dr. Wilmer. In 1855 he became 
 one of the assistant ministers of Trinity parish, in 
 1858 assistant rector, and in 1862 rector. Columbia 
 College gave him the degree of A.B. in 1848, A.M. 
 in 1851, and S.T.D. in 1863. 
 
 Dr. Dix has published an Essay on Christian Art, 
 Commentaries on the Epistles to the Homans, Galatians 
 and Colossians, Lectures on Pantheism, a volume on 
 Marriage, Divorce and Religious Orders, and several 
 tracts, manuals and sermons. 
 
 In person, Dr. Dix is tall and thin, with pale, refined 
 features. He has a thoughtful and severe look, as 
 though absorbed in study, and seems to lack the vigor 
 and cheerfulness of sound physical health. He has a 
 superb head, which distinguishes him as a man of the 
 highest order of intellect and culture ; and he is an ac- 
 (238) 
 
KEV. DR. MORGAN DIX. 
 
 PLATE XXVIl 
 
Rev. Morgan Dix, S.T.D. 239 
 
 complislied gentleman, whose speech and manner are 
 free from affected greatness and supercilious airs. 
 Born to wealth, and the inlieritor of a good name, he 
 never seems to be oppressed with the sense of his im- 
 portance, but "keeps on the even tenor of his way," 
 faithfully performing his duty, studiously preparing 
 himself for his task, and meekly bearing the honors 
 and the crosses that accompany his noble mission as a 
 preacher of the Gospel. He stands in the forefront of 
 the " younger army " of ministers in this country, and 
 as a scholar and a preacher he has few equals. 
 
 Pie has already won a wide influence and an enviable 
 reputation as a student of literature, a thinker, and a 
 theoloo^ical teacher. In his own church he stands well 
 as a scholar, writer and speaker, and notwithstanding 
 occasional harshness in his voice, he often rises to the 
 realms of genuine eloquence, clothing his thoughts in 
 pure and beautiful language, drawn from the " well of 
 English undeiiled." 
 
 Dr. Dix is the rector of the richest church in this 
 country. Its great wealth consists mainly in real es- 
 tate, which is held by trustees, and the income thus de- 
 rived is used principally for the advancement of Chris- 
 tianity and education. Its muniflcent contributions 
 have aided and continue to aid other churches, and its 
 missions are among the noblest and most useful in the 
 country. It feeds, clothes and shelters the poor, and 
 cares for the sick and afflicted, while it looks after the 
 spiritual welfare of all. The tall spire of Trinity is a 
 metropolitan landmark, pointing like the finger of 
 Charity to Heaven. Its shadow, near the gold market, 
 where so many bow to Mammon, seems like "the 
 
240 Representative Men. 
 
 shadow of a rock in a weary land." The chiming bells 
 of this church are a delight and a charm to all who 
 hear them. Their musical tones cheer the soul and im- 
 part new hope to the unfortunate and the despondent, 
 and kindle fresh vigor in the hearts of brave men, who 
 do not limit their studies to the reading of the prices 
 current, the bank-note list, and the bill of fare. Even in 
 Wall Street there are many men who look beyond their 
 bank accounts and higher than " dear old Trinity " 
 steeple and think of questions that are not subject to 
 the rise and fall of stocks. They believe tliat the chief 
 end of man is not to glorify gold, however useful it 
 may be in this life, and that there is something worth 
 living for beside the acquisition of wealth. Trinity 
 stands on Broadway at the head of Wall Street, and 
 sometimes the shadow of its spire on the stony pave- 
 ment seems like a pencil writing a lesson for merchant 
 princes and millionaires to read. 
 
EDWAED EGGLESTON. 
 
 PLATE XXVI U 
 
Edward Eggleston, 
 
 PREACHER, EDITOR AND NOVELIST. 
 
 "King out the darkiiess of the land, 
 Ring in ttie Christ that is to be." 
 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 I) EY. DR. ED WAED EGGLESTOJST was bora in 
 i Yevay, Indiana, December 10, 1837. His educa- 
 tion was very irregular, being frequently interrupted 
 by ill-health, superinduced by a malarial climate and 
 excessive study ; but he managed to master half a dozen 
 languages and become especially versed in English and 
 French literature. He began to travel a " circuit " as 
 a Methodist preacher, while yet under nineteen years 
 of age, doing much of his reading on horseback. His 
 health failing, he went to Minnesota in 1856, and again 
 in 1857, and remained there until 1866. He was mar- 
 ried in 1858, when he was a little over twenty years of 
 age, and during the j&rst eight or ten years of his mar- 
 ried life, his income ranged from $400 to $1,000 
 per annum. Broken down in health he went to 
 Chicago in 1866, to edit the Little Corjporal, and soon 
 after became editor of the National Sunday-School 
 Teacher. In 1870 he left that position and became lit- 
 erary editor of the New York Indejpendent^ in Decem- 
 ber of that year, and when Theodore Tilton retired he 
 took his chair under the title of superintending editor, 
 but retired in July, 1871, to take charge of Hearth and 
 Home. It was for this paper he wrote " The Hoosier 
 II (241) 
 
242 Representative Men. 
 
 Schoolmaster," '' The End of the World," and " The 
 Mystery of Metropolisville." The first of these won 
 for him a wide reputation, doubled the circulation 
 of the paper, and was transferred to the columns of 
 other journals, and its sale, in book form, reached 
 35,000 copies. "The End of the World," published 
 later, reached a sale of 20,000 copies, and "The Mys- 
 tery of Metropolisville " attained a sale of 13,000. Of 
 " The Circuit Rider," issued about a year ago, 20,000 
 copies have been sold, bidding fair to rival in circula- 
 tion " The Hoosier Schoolmaster." He is the author 
 of " Yillage Life in Ohio " and other works whose 
 titles I can not now remember. 
 
 Dr. Eggleston is a fluent and easy speaker ; indeed, 
 there are times when his words flow so rapidly that they 
 defy the skill of the practiced phonographer, and we 
 may add here, that what he makes up in fluency, he 
 probably loses in force, for he talks faster than the or- 
 dinary hearer can think consecutively. Every now and 
 then he strides ahead of his audience, compelling them 
 to skip important ground to get even with him at the 
 close of the sermon. Having been a reviewer of mag- 
 azines and books, as well as an editor, he knows how 
 superficial ordinary criticism is apt to be, so that he is 
 not at all afraid of the critics, interviewers and report- 
 ers, and other bookish men who hear him. He speaks 
 extemporaneously from mere heads to his discourse, but 
 the heads have brains in them, and it is his matter which 
 attracts more than his manner, for though not always in 
 the highest sense an orator, yet he has flights of feeling 
 and poetic utterance that are truly eloquent. Dr. Eg- 
 gleston's use of the pen has been of incalculable advan- 
 
Edward E(rzleston. 
 
 <b^' 
 
 243 
 
 tage to him, for while it broadened his reputation, it 
 supplied his quiver of thought witli arrows of illustra- 
 tion and sentiment, and, at the same time, gave him 
 self-reliance and courage to speak the truth as he un- 
 derstands it. In person he is of medium height and of 
 slender build. His sloping shoulders are surmounted 
 bj a finely developed head, which is covered with a 
 mass of dark hair that falls upon his forehead and flows 
 over his coat-collar. 
 
 Dr. Eggleston is in great demand as a writer for first- 
 class magazines, and as a lecturer he also figures con- 
 spicuously, especially before Sunday-school conventions 
 and Young Men's Christian Associations. 
 
 When the foregoing was written, Dr. Eggleston was 
 pastor of the Lee Avenue Congregational church. His 
 labors in the pulpit and with the pen undermined his 
 health, and he was compelled to discontinue preaching, 
 and for a time all literary work. He finally resigned 
 his pastorate, and in obedience to the directions of his 
 physician, sought rest and health in France, and in 
 Italy. After several months' absence he returned 
 greatly improved in strength and vigor, but not sufi[i- 
 ciently recovered to resume his ministerial labors. He 
 retired to the country in the vicinity of Lake George, 
 where, " at his own sweet will," he fills the spaces of 
 leisure writing stories for the magazines, for he holds 
 the pen of a ready writer, and his popularity long ago 
 flowered into that sort of praise whose seeds are 
 shekels. 
 
 To those unacquainted with him his heavy shock of 
 hair and full, long beard, may look like a sign of affec- 
 tation, but he really is open as the day, and too much 
 
244 Representative Men. 
 
 of a man to put on the airs of singularity, or to en- 
 deavor to attract attention bv his dress or address. He 
 is frank, friendly, and his hearty sympathy is apparent, 
 not only in his countenance, but in his conduct toward 
 all with whom he associates. He is about lifty-iive 
 years of age, although he appears to be much younger, 
 and that is strange indeed, for he has been a hard 
 worker from his youth up, and has suffered considera- 
 bly from sickness. He is a very interesting speaker — 
 not eloquent, but in earnest — and having something to 
 say, he speaks right out in plain Saxon, and with the sin- 
 cerity and pluck of a Puritan, but with the broad and 
 liberal view of one of Channing's disciples. In some 
 respects he reminds one of the Kev. George McDonald, 
 of England. They are both preachers and lecturers, 
 both writers of novels and poems. Here is one of Dr. 
 Eggleston's specimens of verse : 
 
 I serve not God from fear of grief, 
 Of endless torments with the lost, 
 Who in the Stygian Sea are tossed, 
 
 Through long eternities without relief. 
 
 I will not like a craven serve my chief. 
 
 It is not joy of Paradise, 
 
 The inward bliss to ears untold, 
 
 The mystic city paved with gold, 
 That makes me strive from sin to rise. 
 Let me not have a hungry hireling's eyes. 
 
 The Christ, the well-beloved Son, 
 
 Was good for very goodness' sake. 
 
 His painful cross I gladly take, 
 And ask no pay, but duty done. 
 Among Thy sons, O God, let me be one. 
 
Edward Eggleston. 245 
 
 The foregoing lines, if not first best poetry, contain a 
 manly, a Christian creed. Dr. Eggleston has a good 
 memory ; and having ambition to climb to altitudes of 
 usefulness as a speaker and writer, mastered several 
 lanojuaores, made himself familiar with modern litera- 
 ture, and being a close observer, studied with re- 
 markable success the morals, manners and peculiari- 
 ties of the Western people, hence the unprecedented 
 popularity of his writings at the West. 
 
 He always manifested a deep interest in the moral 
 and mental education of children, and a goodly number 
 of young men have been advanced to places of honor 
 and trust through his efforts. True manliness seems to 
 be one of his striking attributes, and that gives a tone 
 to his lectures and sermons, in which we find piety with- 
 out bigotry, morality without austerity, earnestness 
 without harshness, and sympathy without sentimental 
 weakness. His chief fault was impatience with older, 
 if not wiser men, who preferred to continue on the 
 well-beaten track trod by their predecessors to the 
 " shorter cut across lots " to the gates of the city of 
 gold. 
 
 This characteristic is due in part to his early environ- 
 ments. The prairies are broad and free — the boulevards 
 of liberty, where armies can march unhindered by 
 hedges of bayonets or the walls that fringe the estates 
 of princes ; the lakes are " inland seas," whose waves, 
 white-capped and jubilant, shout like nations that have 
 escaped from chains and slavery ; and the long, wide 
 rivers march, like Sherman's troops, in triumph to the 
 sea ; — these surroundings have an educating influence, 
 and inspire the plastic mind with the peculiar ideas of 
 
246 Representative Men. 
 
 unrestrained independence. Furthermore, as a boy- 
 preacher he had doubtless to do battle once in a while 
 with aged men of less brains, who were jealous of his 
 popularity ; and last, but not least, he was a trained 
 writer, and in comparing and contrasting himself with 
 A.M.'s and D.D.'s and LL.D.'s, he found encourage- 
 ment and confidence which grew into self-poise and 
 self-consciousness of the inoffensive stamp, for he never 
 neglects nor slights the humblest man or woman that 
 he meets ; he never fails to reciprocate the civilities of 
 those who salute him with friendly hands or those who 
 meet him in the arena of debate ; he honors character 
 and talent wherever he finds them. He knows that 
 the young man who builds a good name, cementing his 
 work with truth and virtue, will erect a tower of character 
 that will rise higher than the " flood of years," and he 
 honors him. He, so far as I can judge, aims at human 
 welfare ; and he has, to my certain knowledge, put him- 
 self to considerable inconvenience to obtain good situ- 
 ations for young men whom he had reason to believe 
 were industrious and trustworthy. 
 
 In his pulpit and platform lessons he endeavored to 
 persuade men and women to be charitable and loyal to 
 humanity, and to honor the common people and the 
 common employments ; to let the church doors swing 
 on hospitable hinges ; to deem no pew too good for the 
 humblest man ; to hold no reserve seats for the rich 
 when it costs the discomfort of the poor. He believes 
 that the world of civilization, with its palaces, art gal- 
 leries, museums, libraries, banks, colleges, universities, 
 music-halls, is based upon the solid granite of the com- 
 mon callings of life, and if they should be put down or 
 
Edward Eggleston. 247 
 
 be withdrawn, society would collapse in rain, and chaos 
 would come with thick darkness upon the face of the 
 earth, for it would be as disastrous as the jieldino^ of 
 the laws of gravitation. ''Labor rears great civiliza- 
 tions that run like mountain ranges through the level 
 centuries, their summits sleeping among the clouds or 
 still flaming with the Are that fills them, or looming 
 grandly in the purple haze of history." Hard work has 
 made some men so great, and lifted them to such lofty 
 points, they can be seen from every latitude. Contrast 
 them with the limp esthetes and languid carpet knights 
 and fast men who, in the language of the poet Lilly, 
 never open their mouths in earnest save when they sit 
 down to eat. They draw their rations of food, and 
 light and air and sunshine ; see the glory of the flow- 
 ers and the frescoed sky; hear the music of the birds, 
 and render no service in return. 
 
 Those who are not ashamed to dig, but too proud to 
 beg, are the useful men and women ; they can afford to 
 share the cup and the crust with the needy, and they 
 will not withhold the pleasant smile and the kind word, 
 for they belong to the heritage of honor. It is an en- 
 vious task to be able to reach the multitude with les- 
 sons of wisdom, and to encourage those who stand in 
 the front of adverse events and in the midst of unhappy 
 surroundings, to stand firmly upon the rock of truth 
 and not yield to temptation, though it comes in the 
 guise of an angel of light. As a manly, heroic, hearty 
 advocate of physical, moral and religious culture, Dr. 
 Eggleston deserves generous and grateful recognition. 
 
F. E. Spinner, 
 
 EX-U. S. TREASURER, BANKER, AND POLITICIAN. 
 
 "The wiser mind mourns less for wliat age takes away than what it 
 loaves behind." — Wordsworth. 
 
 THE subject of this sketch recently celebrated his 
 eightieth birthday at his winter home in Jackson- 
 ville, Florida. He has been a verj active man as law- 
 yer, merchant, banker, member of Congress, United 
 States Treasarer, etc., etc. His artistic and singular 
 autograph, which defies the artistic pen-and-ink skill of 
 the counterfeiter, is well known, and instantly recognized 
 wherever " greenbacks " are circulated. Like the lines 
 written by the sibyls on the forest leaves, his name has 
 been duplicated beyond computation. Perhaps no other 
 living man has made such a conspicuous endorsement 
 of notes. When I first became acquainted with the 
 Hon. F. E. Spinner, he represented the largest constitu- 
 ency, and the greatest majority, of any other member 
 of Congress from the State of New York. At that 
 time he was one of the " best abused men" in the Empire 
 State. The administration of the previous Congress 
 spotted him, and spared no pains, no cost, no labor, to 
 prevent his renomination ; and, when the effort failed, 
 the same set of politicians endeavored to sap and mine, 
 and defeat his election. The pop-guns of the Lillipu- 
 tians, and the cannons of the Brobdignagians, were 
 leveled at his devoted head. A clique of " little great 
 men," and others of larger stature, who considered 
 (248) 
 
F. E. SPINNER. 
 
 PLATE XXIX, 
 
F. E. Spinner. 249 
 
 their own schemes of personal ambition of the first im- 
 portance, and the success of their party of secondary 
 consequence, sought to snow hira under with opposition 
 votes. Their self-conceit led them to cherish the hope 
 that the honor designed for him would be bestowed by 
 the masses upon their candidate, (I have forgotten his 
 name) ; they considered that, in the event of his elec- 
 tion, he would be like clay in the hands of the potter : 
 easily moulded and shaped to suit their designs. In 
 this opinion they may have been mistaken, for they 
 were unhappy and unlucky blunderers, always doing 
 the wrong thing, sometimes at the right moment. The 
 General was triumphantly elected, by a majority exceed- 
 ing the entire vote that first entitled him to a seat in the 
 House of National Kepresentatives. He was denounced 
 as a traitor, a tyrant, an infidel, an abolitionist, and a 
 disunionist. Newspapers, circulars, tracts, and handbills 
 were scattered broadcast before his constituents. These 
 documents were distributed through the mail, and by 
 hired agents, in every town and hamlet, in St. Lawrence 
 and Herkimer counties. These libelous and infamous 
 publications blistered the walls of every shed, liquor- 
 shop, and public building in the XYIIth Congressional 
 District. Not satisfied with assailing the political 
 career of Mr. Spinner, his opponents had the imperti- 
 nence to attack his private opinions on matters relating 
 to his religious convictions, and they sought in every 
 way to blacken his personal character. Such unblush- 
 ing and outrageous hostility toward an honorable 
 political opponent, has seldom found a parallel in the 
 experience of Congressional candidates. Thank Provi- 
 dence we had then, and have now a free press, free 
 
250 Representative Men. 
 
 speech, free scTiools, and the people who read then and 
 who read now think for themselves. At the time of 
 Mr. Spinner's election wavering politicians were in the 
 habit of blowing hot and cold, with their faces looking 
 at the Southern cross, as Wendell Phillips puts it, and 
 their backs turned toward the North star. They did 
 .all they could to cover with mud the good name of Mr. 
 Spinner, the people's friend ; but the truest patriots, 
 and the most trustworthy defenders of humanity, went 
 to the ballot-box on election day ^' like Idngs to a corona- 
 tion," and voted for the man who never faltered at the 
 post of duty, who was never absent from his seat 
 during a session of the National Legislature, who was 
 present at the inauguration of the Republican party. 
 His friends knew that he did more than any other man 
 to elect Banks Speaker of the House, and they knew 
 that his record in the reported proceedings of Congress 
 shows his unfaltering allegiance to his party, to human- 
 ity and freedom. He made no " Buncombe " speeches ; 
 never posed before the public as a leader, nor as a mar- 
 tyr, but he " kept up a good deal of thinking," and did 
 some excellent work as a voter. He was recognized as 
 a practical business man of great executive ability. *' If 
 Fremont is elected," said a Hotspur, '' twenty thousand 
 men will rush to the Capitol," '' All after office," said 
 Mr. Spinner. 
 
 I have seen a photographic picture of a committee 
 of conference of the United States Senate and House 
 of Representatives of the army and appropriation bill, 
 taken a score of years ago. The committee consisted 
 of Messrs. Seward, Spinner, Campbell, Toombs, Doug- 
 las, and Orr. Governor Seward, at that time the most 
 
F. E. Spinner. 2 5 r 
 
 influential man in the Senate, and one of the ablest 
 statesmen of his time, stood erect with hat and cane in 
 one hand, and the other resting on the back of General 
 Spinner, as though feeling for his vertebrae. His face 
 wore the earnest assurance that the subject of this 
 sketch was not afflicted with the spinal complaint which 
 troubled so many of the I^orthern representatives in 
 our national Legislature. Campbell, who was smaller 
 and shorter than Seward, stood at Spinner's left, hold- 
 ing a roll of paper and leaning on Toombs' shoulder. 
 He evidently came directly from his toilet, where he 
 had carefully prepared himself for the artist. Beau 
 Brummel could not have excelled him in the turn of 
 his collar and the plaiting of his necktie. Toombs was 
 seated, with a scroll in his hand. He had a handsome, 
 trustworthy face. He did not spend much time before 
 the mirror the day his likeness was taken. '' The little 
 giant," Douglas, was standing, and Orr was sitting 
 cross-legged. There were six portraits, full figures, in 
 the picture, three sitting and three standing. Spinner 
 looked solemn and stubborn, as though he had been 
 badgered by importunities and made angry by the un- 
 accepted advice of his co-committeemen endeavoring 
 to win him over to some measure that he loathed. His 
 forehead was fluted with frowns, his lips compressed, 
 and his eyes were fixed upon the roll Toombs held in 
 his hand. Perhaps he (Toombs) thought it contained 
 the list of slaves he threatened to call in the shadow of 
 Bunker Hill. Douglas looked fiercely, but without 
 hope of changing the obstinate purpose of our hero. 
 Toombs and Orr had their eyes turned in another di- 
 rection, as though any farther appeals to Mr. Spinner 
 
252 Representative Men. 
 
 would be utterly hopeless. Seward was standing 
 straight, for he was a brave man, and had, even then, 
 faced many storms in the " irrepressible conflict." The 
 picture is proof of the high standing of our distin- 
 guished financier and statesman. He was a faithful 
 and conscientious w^orker on committees whenever duty 
 called him to his labors. 
 
 President Lincoln appointed him to the office of 
 United States Treasurer, and he held the position with 
 honor to himself, and with credit to his country for 
 many years, giving a good account of his steward- 
 ship at the close of his term of faithful service. Our 
 magnificent President had a model Treasurer. J^ever 
 did a stain nor a shadow mar his integrity, which, like 
 the shield of Achilles, was impenetrable. Had the 
 vast sums of money in his charge been his private 
 property, he could not have watched over the treasures 
 with greater care. His vigilance was sleepless, and 
 conscience kept guard in front of the vault. Millions 
 passed through his hands without leaving a particle of 
 gold dust upon his fingers. 
 
 January, 1882, he celebrated his 80th birthday, 
 and the following impromptu lines were sent to him 
 by the writer of this sketch : 
 
 Good friend, excuse this off-hand rhyme, 
 It may not ring the golden chime. 
 Verse may be pleasanter than prose 
 When music echoes at its close. 
 Pray, can it be, that fourscore years, 
 With light of smiles and rain of tears, 
 Have like swift swallows flown away. 
 On vibrant wings of night and day, 
 
F. E. Spinner. 253 
 
 Betwixt the heaven and the earth, 
 Since the fair morning of thy birth ? 
 I would not flatter with my pen, 
 But I must state the truth, and then 
 My page will palpitate with praise. 
 Well hast thou earned thy restful days, 
 Merchant and banker, statesman true, 
 Loyal to the flag, red, white and blue, 
 True to the stars that gave us light, 
 When came the shades of gloomy night, 
 The fiery pillar of the free 
 That led us through the crimson sea ; 
 No color-blindness dimmed thine eyes, 
 Thy verdicts ever just and wise. 
 As Treasurer, thy soul was just, 
 Thy clean hands show no stain of dust. 
 Brave, honest servant of the State, 
 Thy labors have been hard and great, 
 But they have won a lease of fame 
 Time can not cancel. Lincoln's name. 
 And his immortal Cabinet, 
 Are linked with thine. Who can forget 
 The brilliant galaxy of stars, 
 Statesmen and mighty sons of Mars. 
 May Florida — fair land of flowers — 
 Sweeten with peace thy leisure hours. 
 May many years of life be given 
 To thee on earth, so near sweet heaven. 
 Though Birthdays crown thee manifold, 
 They can not make infirm and old 
 The brave, wise man of fourscore years : 
 This life is not a vale of tears. 
 Changes may come, they bring not age 
 To the philosopher and sage. 
 In Florida " the fountain flows " 
 That gives "immortal youth, that glows 
 With health and vigor," it is said, 
 For Mm who wears the laureled head. 
 
254 Representative Men. 
 
 I will conclude with a brief reference to the steps he 
 has climbed on the ladder of preferment. He has filled 
 faithfully various posts of trust and honor. He was 
 elected Sheriff of his native county, supervised the 
 planning and building of the Utica Asylum for the 
 Insane, studied and practiced law, was cashier of the 
 Mohawk Yalley Bank, was deputy naval officer under 
 the brilliant and eloquent Michael Hoffman, of glorious 
 memory, was for two terms a member of Congress, and 
 last, but not least. United States Treasurer. His father 
 was the honored and Rev. Dr. Spinner, for many years 
 pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church of Herkimer. 
 
HON. JACOB M. HOWARD. 
 
 PLATE XXX. 
 
Jacob M. Howard, 
 
 A PLAIN UNITED STATES SENATOR. 
 
 " Who not)le ends by noble means attains, 
 Or, failing, smiles in exile or in chains, 
 Like good Aurelius, let him reign or bleed, 
 Like Socrates, that man is great indeed." 
 
 —Pope. 
 
 THE subject of this sketcli was born and educated in 
 Yermont, and afterward expanded into importance 
 at the West, where he was crowned with the highest 
 honors the State of his adoption could bestow upon 
 him. He, with Mr. Z. Chandler, represented Michigan 
 in the Senate of the United States, and the State never 
 had an abler representative. He had the culture of 
 Cass, with a broader and more liberal intellect, and a 
 more generous nature. Indeed, it is not extravagant 
 praise to say that, as an orator, he was a head and 
 shoulders taller than that shrewd diplomatist was in the 
 prime of his life. Cass was a statesman of the school 
 the students of which were cunning politicians, and he 
 devoted to his own interests and political advancement 
 the energies he should have given to the country. By 
 accepting office, he entered into a contract to labor for 
 the welfare of the nation, but he never lost sight of the 
 golden opportunities which promised him personal 
 emolument ; hence he died rich in money, but left only 
 a moderate legacy of political capital to his party. 
 Howard was a good statesman, but a poor financier — 
 
 (255) 
 
2$6 ^ Representative Men. 
 
 his own interests seem to have been lost in the all- 
 absorbing interests of the State and the nation. He 
 represented Michigan, not himself, at the Capitol. 
 
 General Cass had many excellent traits, bnt he conld 
 have used the language of Lord Erskine toLordEldon, 
 who held high office for many years, when he said, 
 ''^ Seals afford a good living P Howard was in states- 
 manship what Ward was in business — a leader — a head 
 man— one who w^ould be driver, and would not be 
 horse. His opinions were sure to be sound, and he 
 could express them with great power and eloquence. 
 He had the vital, the emotional, and the intellectual 
 force, and the flow of speech which a speaker must 
 have in order to be truly eloquent. Cold words may 
 be correctly spoken and elegant, but if there be no 
 heart-pulse in them, they fall like flakes of snow from 
 a statue of ice. I do not over-praise the prototype of 
 this pen-and-ink sketch, when I say that he had a 
 strong mind. He had enlarged and lofty views of 
 political economy and constitutional government, and 
 looked beyond and above mere local issues, further and 
 higher than the district which embraced his residence 
 and the bank where he kept his deposits. Without 
 neglecting the interests of his constituents, he consider- 
 ed the needs of the entire nation ; and when he spoke in 
 the Senate, he had a nation for an audience, for his 
 judgment was considered authority at home and abroad. 
 He may have been called a solid man— a man of 
 w^eight ; his words moved the scale in which they fell, 
 and they throbbed with thought and feeling. He w^as 
 a scholarly man, had been a most industrious student 
 of books^ and had gleaned a great deal of useful learn- 
 
Jacob M. Howard, 257 
 
 ing, wliicli lie turned to good account in his public 
 labors. 
 
 In speaking, he usually began slowly and deliberately, 
 as though he would have caressed his lips into quicker 
 life and feeling. When he had measured his audience 
 and had fairly launched his voice, the blood hastened 
 to the vital organs and the brain, and he warmed with 
 the subject of discussion, every syllable coming clean 
 cut and fervid from his tongue, while his large eyes 
 glowed with magnetic fire, his whole face lighting 
 up with gleams of emotion. There was no haste in 
 his utterance, and no hesitation ; it flowed on like 
 " Fontiac waves," gathering volume and power as it 
 proceeded, sweeping before it the sophistry and even 
 the argument of his opponent, as the waves do the 
 weeds of the sea. His efforts were not of the spread- 
 eagle style ; there were no rhetorical displays of lan- 
 guage, no sophomorical lugging in of figures for the 
 purpose of ornamentation. What he said was per- 
 tinent, and in the plainest and most effective English. 
 A few extracts from one of his best efforts will give 
 the reader an idea of his style. 
 
 Mr. Howard's funeral oration in memory of our late 
 President, Abraham Lincoln, was fully equal to the effort 
 of Mr. Bancroft on the same subject : 
 
 Often during our country's yet unfinished trials we have seen 
 in our streets the slow funeral procession, with its gloomy hearse 
 and sable trappings, and listened with sad hearts to the muffled 
 drum, as the remains of some hero, lately fallen in our defense, 
 passed to the long rest of the grave. Martyrs to the holy cause 
 in which we were forced to take up arms, our Richardson, Fair- 
 banks, Roberts, Broadhead, Williams, Whittlesey, Speed, Buhl, 
 
258 Representative Men. 
 
 and many — alas, how many others ! noble, brave, and generous 
 — ^have been returned to us from the battle-field lifeless, but 
 proud and enduring jDroofs both of the obstinacy of the conflict 
 and the unconquerable spirit of freemen engaged in a righteous 
 cause ; and every town and hamlet in the land has.witnessed the 
 like pageants of sorrow, as the chances of war have enabled the 
 friends of our slaughtered soldiers, fallen under the blows of 
 the enemy, to reclaim their remains, and entomb them where a 
 mother's or a sister's, father's or a brother's tears could moisten 
 their grave. The hero dust lends sacredness to the spot, and 
 often, aye, for ages to come, shall the hand of friendship plant 
 and nourish there the amaranth of undying love and gratitude. 
 Compared, however, with the multitudes who have suc- 
 cumbed on the field of battle, and in the midst of the crash and 
 clamor of the conflict, and have been lost sight of, those who 
 are thus snatched from among the undistinguished dead are few 
 indeed. The memories of all alike are dear to our hearts ; and 
 the land has mourned, and still mourns as never nation mourned, 
 for these her martyred children, whether in life they were high 
 or low, rich or poor. And everywhere, whether in the costly 
 mansion of wealth, or in the humble cottage of poverty, wher- 
 ever the great grief has penetrated, the spirit of a just and 
 sympathizing country has been present to whisper consolation 
 to the mourner, and to bind up the wounds of private sorrow. 
 Yes, we have a right to assert, and do here assert, a great and 
 striking truth, tlmt the passions aroused and put into activity 
 by four years of war, the bloodiest of the century, have not in 
 any perceptible degree hardened the sensibilities of the Ameri- 
 can people to scenes of private grief; but, thanks to the sound, 
 pervading moral and religious instruction which underlies our 
 civilization, those sensibilities, of which the love of liberty is 
 the greatest element, are as fresh, as kindly as ever. 
 
 "The sun had set upon the wide-spread joy, and the shades 
 of night bad closed over the land ; but the flags of our gladness 
 still fluttered along every street, and from millions of homes 
 throughout the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific seas. 
 
Jacob M. Hozvard. 259 
 
 The man in public employment had for a moment dismissed the 
 anxieties of his position ; the minister of God was on his knees, 
 praying for his country, his people and his race ; labor had laid 
 aside the implements of toil and was smiling joyfully in the 
 bosom of home and family; fireside circles were jubilant over 
 the achievement of so many and such glorious triumphs, and 
 the pale cheek of bereavement that had saddened over the death 
 of heroic husbands and sons smiled from beneath its weeds, and 
 in the general joy began to feel the relentings of forgiveness for 
 their slayers ; patriot fathers at countless hearths were returning 
 fervent thanks to God for the salvation of their country and the 
 sweets of peace, under whose smiles their sons were about to be 
 restored to their arms. All was buoyancy of spirit, gladness, 
 and hope. A nation retiring to rest was blessing Abraham Liri- 
 coln for the part he had acted in securing this almost heavenly 
 contentment and joy. Fatigued with the heavy cares of State 
 he had as a means of relaxation — for which he had a fondness — 
 repaired with his wife and only one attendant to the theater, 
 where, in his box, he was quietly witnessing the play. Doubt- 
 less his active and benevolent mind, filled with the common 
 gladness and enjoying in anticipation the glory of leadership in 
 the great work of pacification, was at this supreme moment re- 
 volving the means fitted for that end, and his soul reaching anx- 
 iously forward to grasp the highest" prize to which humanity can 
 aspire. He saw the wounds of a bleeding country stanched ; 
 he saw prosperity restored ; the hand of industry again tilling 
 the field it should reap; commerce again enlivening the land 
 and the sea ; labor and skill hiding from view the furrows of 
 war; the masses of the people of the North and of the South 
 again united in the sacred bond of friendship, protecting and 
 protected by each other, both clinging to the principles and 
 government bequeathed us by a common ancestry ; and he saw — 
 glorious vision ! — transcendent evidence of his greatness and 
 goodness ! — the blessings of Liberty given to every child of 
 humanity, without reference to the color of his skin, through- 
 out the broad possessions of the Republic; calmly the great and 
 good man sits, the center of a nation's love and gratitude — the 
 hope, the only sure hope even of his enemies ; when suddenly. 
 
26o Representative Men. 
 
 without warning, without the means of defense, and without 
 even a moment to prepare for the Hereafter, he sinks under the 
 blow of the malignant assassin. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln was a great man — not great by culture or study, 
 for the necessities of his early condition deprived him of the 
 means of education, but great in his moral nature aad in the 
 native powers of his mind. Cradled in honest poverty, he was 
 literally one of the toiling millions. No family opulence came 
 to his aid. Left motherless in his infancy, the father who 
 reared him was too poor to give him instruction in any art but 
 that of earning his bread by the sweat of his brow. He labored 
 with his own hands at the hard and rugged tasks of the early 
 pioneer in the forest. The woods rang with the axe of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, and the strong division fence between neighbors 
 was the work of his hands. The wants, the tastes, the habits, 
 the amusements of the hard-working settler— he was familiar 
 with them all, because he had participated in them all. His 
 character was molded by them; his sympathies were with 
 them ; and though by his own almost unaided efforts he obtain- 
 ed an education that lifted him above them and placed him in 
 the legal profession, he never /d?f above them. The life of the 
 pioneer is the school from which are drawn the true lessons of 
 " liberty, equality, and fraternity "; and no one drank more deeply 
 of this fountain of instruction than he. It was the source of 
 that perpetual flow of laughter-moving anecdotes, quaint com- 
 parisons, and piquant illustrations which filled his speeches, 
 writings and conversations, and furnished aliment for that sin- 
 gular love of the ridiculous and the comic which distinguished 
 him, and which often showed itself in the most solemn transac- 
 tions. His temperament was buoyant and hopeful, and his feel- 
 ings remained placid and unrufiled under the most perplexing 
 and irritating circumstances. He was resolute and courageous, 
 but these qualities were modified by cautiousness that often 
 looked like wariness, and even timidity, for he was ambitious 
 of success, and well knew the uncertainty of events. No man 
 was more patient and circumspect in weighing the consider- 
 ations on both sides of a question and coming to a just conclu- 
 sion; and when his purpose was finally taken, he adhered to it 
 
Jacob M. Hoivard. 261 
 
 with manly tenacity. His word was that of a man of honor and 
 honesty, and he scorned to shrink from the responsibility it im» 
 posed. He resorted to no artifice or arrangements to avoid or 
 evade it ; and consequently he never allowed himself to make 
 hasty or ill-considered promises. Although slow in adopting a 
 conclusion in matters of grave importance, his faculties were 
 active and quick in their movements. His power of generaliza- 
 tion was most vigorous and rapid, showing a keenness and just- 
 ness of observation, a quickness and force of analysis, and a 
 clearness of reasoning that fall to the lot of very few. This, 
 united to the habit of unceasing industry and attention to the 
 minutest details as well as the general effect of his plans, made 
 him a most prominent counselor as well as actor. His self-reliance 
 was great because his sagacity was great ; and those err egre- 
 giously who suppose that the leading features of his policy were 
 merely the suggestions of other minds. This trait of his charac- 
 ter Avas especially displayed during the first two years of the 
 war in his retention in command of Generals so violently op- 
 posed to his political views as in the opinion of the great mass 
 of his party greatly to weaken the military efforts of the Gov- 
 ernment. And it must be said in his praise, that in this his ob- 
 ject and intention were to unite all loyal men, whatever might 
 be their mere party divi^^ions, in one grand and cordial effort to 
 crush the rebellion. I have formed the ojDinion that the quali- 
 ties of his mind w^ere eminently those essential to the profession 
 of arms. He was courageous without rashness, bold but wary, 
 of a quick perception of the nature of his own position and that 
 of his adversary, and of a mind fruitful in resources, filled 
 with a profound knowledge of human nature. 
 
 When at home in Detroit, Mr. Howard was a regu- 
 lar attendant at cliurch on the Sahbath. Unlike some 
 of the men who have been honored with the confidence 
 of great constituencies, he did not think it was beneath 
 his dignity to be punctually in his pew on the day of 
 rest. It was there I saw him, and noticed that he was 
 an attentive listener, and I have no doubt whatever 
 that he was also an appreciative one. 
 
Rev. John A. M. Chapman, 
 
 LOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PREACHER. 
 
 " Sucli vast impressions did his sermons make 
 He always kept his flock awake." 
 
 — De. Wolcott. 
 
 REY. JOHN A. M. CHAPMAN wa^ born at 
 Greenland, New Hampshire, August 21, 1829. 
 He prepared for college at Hampton, N. H., studied a 
 while at "Waterville, Maine, and then took a two years' 
 course of theological studies at Concord, at which place 
 he began to preach as a "supply" in 1853. In 1854 
 he joined the Providence Conference and remained in 
 it until 1861, when he was transferred to the New En- 
 gland Conference. During eight years he was pastor 
 of prominent churches in Boston, Mass. He joined the 
 New York East Conference in 1871, and was called to 
 the St. John's Methodist Church in the Eastern District 
 of Brooklyn, where he became immensely popular. 
 The splendid and spacious building was filled to over- 
 flowing with the elite and literati of the Methodist 
 church in that part of the city. He remained there 
 about two years, when his health failed, and he was 
 forced to seek strength and vigor in the country. A 
 few months' rest and recreation restored him to his 
 usual force and energy, and he is now preaching with 
 his accustomed elof[uence to vast congregations in St. 
 Paul's chur^jh, in ISiew York city. 
 (262) 
 
REY. DR, J. A. M. CHAPMAN. 
 
 PLATE XXXI. 
 
Rev. John A. M. Chapman. 263 
 
 Dr. Chapman is a scholar and a thinker, with suf- 
 ficient imagination to color his reasoning without hiding 
 it in the fresco-work of fancy. He looks into a ques- 
 tion and through it, and yet his logic is not chilled by 
 his exhaustive method, for his heart beats in what his 
 brain suggests, giving life and feeling to his utterance. 
 He is a very modest man, always shrinking from the 
 public stare, yet doing his work faithfully, bravely 
 and w^ell. 
 
 Dr. Chapman should be lieard to be appreciated. 
 There is no voice, no motion, no magnetism in the 
 types, and they never do justice to an orator. There 
 is no thrill in the lines as they stand in alphabetical 
 armies on the page. The reader who thinks when he 
 reads a good piece of prose or verse, will, like the dis- 
 ciple of old, find his heart on fire ; but those who devour 
 books as the grasshoppers do every green thing, will 
 have no particular sensation while reading, save that of 
 sleepiness and fatigue. 
 
 In person the Doctor is of medium height, erect and 
 slender. His broad forehead indicates the intellectual 
 traits prominent in his mental constitution. He writes 
 his discourses with great care, and makes himself 
 thoroughly familiar with them before he presents them 
 to his congregation. The hard study of preparation is 
 undoubtedly the severe labor which saps and mines the 
 foundation of his health. He is now in the zenith of 
 his life, and if he would take more time for rest and 
 recreation, and trust to his skill in extempore speaking, 
 he would not so often require the physician, while his 
 eloquence would lose none of its vitality. 
 
Rev. Robert Collyer. 
 
 "It was well said, 
 And 'tis a kind ot good deed to say well." 
 
 SOME observers trace a personal reserffblance of 
 Kobert Collyer to Henry Ward Beecber. These 
 gentlemen are physically large, heavy, solid men, en- 
 dowed v^ith strength, vigor and power of endurance. 
 Their fathers were blacksmiths, who bequeathed to 
 their children sound health and strong lungs, with, to 
 human appearance, a long lease of life. They are 
 bold, plucky and original, and have an inclination 
 to seize the bit in the mouth, and run away with those 
 who dare follow, heedless of a straight and narrow 
 track, into a broader area, not walled in by creeds nor 
 barred by toll-gates of sectarian sentiment. They have 
 the gift of fancy, and, without being poets, they are poet- 
 ical — and one of them writes verses. They are humane, 
 generous, sympathetic and overflowing with emotion — 
 and here the resemblance ceases. Mr. Collyer was mostly 
 self-taught, being the graduate of a smithy, where he pick- 
 ed np items of intelligence from borrowed books while 
 blowing the bellows, fixing the facts in his memory 
 when striking the hot iron. Henry Ward Beecher en- 
 joyed — perhaps he would say "endured" — the advan- 
 tages of a classical and theological education in his 
 youth. About the time the former was working at his 
 (264) 
 
KEY. ROBERT COLLYER. 
 
 PLATE XXXII, 
 
Rev, Robert Collyer. 265 
 
 trade in England as a journeyman blacksmith, and 
 airing his eloquence on Sundays as a Methodist exhorter, 
 the latter was preaching in a Western town, rendering 
 the service of sexton as well as sermonizer, sweeping 
 the church floors, lighting the lamps, kindling the fires, 
 and ringing the bell. 
 
 Mr. Beecher is a great centre of attraction, the peo- 
 ple flocking to his church like particles to the magnet. 
 He is, in a certain sense, the most popular preacher in 
 America. From a literary point of view, and as samples 
 of unstudied eloquence, his sermons and lectures are 
 incomparably superior to Spurgeon's. 
 
 Mr. Collyer is gifted with clear common sense, which 
 often, when stirred with feeling, approximates to 
 genius — indeed, he has the plain, honest, earnest and 
 enthusiastic manner of speech and flow of thought 
 which we baptize with our tears, and call eloquence. 
 He has a talent for thinking, and the courage to say 
 what he thinks. He strikes for what he considers " the 
 right and the truth " as hard as he ever smote the red- 
 hot metal on the anvil, and the sparks of his ideality 
 fly in all directions, falling in fire upon the hearts of 
 his appreciative hearers, to warm and inspire them with 
 hope and zeal for the cause of humanity and justice. 
 From the repertory of his experience, he presents facts 
 and illustrations which command the attention. Phren- 
 ologically speaking, he has very large comparison and 
 large causality. Hence he reasons well — more, however, 
 by the use of illustration than from effect to cause, and 
 back again ; and yet he is not deficient in the use of 
 the latter variety of logic. He has a great flow of 
 choice language, using generally the simplest Saxon, 
 12 
 
266 Representative Men. 
 
 preferring tlie strong " hooks of steel " to the woven 
 syllables of silk to hold his thoughts together in his 
 essays and discourses. Unlike some of his cloth, he 
 does not soften a reproof nor smooth his denuncia- 
 tions of selfishness, to please the offender — neither 
 will he "stroke the sinner against the fur," to start 
 the electricity of his wrath. He will use his knowl- 
 edge of men in the contest with an opponent, and 
 first win his confidence and love, and then, in most 
 ca^es, surrender follows quickly and easily. 
 
 The following extracts from a leading journal will 
 give the reader a correct idea of the eminent " black- 
 smith preacher ": 
 
 It is said that a gentleman once stopped his horse near a 
 smithy in a Yorkshire village. On entering it, he hardly ar- 
 rested the attention of a boy who seemed to be absorbed in the 
 work of blowing the bellows. Closer observation revealed the 
 presence of a book, placed on a shelf near the lad's head, with 
 its pages kept open by two bits of iron. Each time he brought 
 down the bellows or released it, he appeared to catch a sentence 
 from the book. 
 
 That boy was Robert Collyer, who was born December 8, 1823, 
 at Keighley, a village in Yorkshire, England. His father was 
 an uneducated blacksmith, though regarded as one of the best 
 workmen at the forge in Yorkshire. In 1844, while working at 
 his trade, without warning he fell dead. 
 
 Robert was sent to school quite early in his childhood, and 
 remained four years, and this was all the schooling he ever had. 
 He quickly learned to read, and soon became thoroughly con- 
 versant with the few books owned by his parents, viz., the Bible, 
 "The Young Man's Companion," "Pilgrim's Progress," and 
 " Robinson Crusoe." His father was then living at Fewstone 
 Parish, where the children of the poor worked in the linen fac- 
 tories, and from eight or nine to fourteen Robert's life was 
 spent in this way. 
 
Rev. Robert Collyer. 267 
 
 Then he left the linen factory and was apprenticed to a black- 
 smith of Ilkley; and to the twelve years spent at the Ilkley 
 forge, he doubtless owe- a strength of lungs and a robust f ame, 
 exceedingly rare in the clerical profession. In a recent address 
 he alluded to his health as " brutal." While at Ilkley all the 
 money he could save was invested in books, which he kept on 
 a shelf in the smithy ; and as he blew the bellows he kept. an 
 open volume before him, and snatched now and then a sentence, 
 as has been described. He made many a good horse-shoe, a feat 
 of which he is still proud, and during that apprenticeship his 
 future was decided. 
 
 In 1847, influenced by the Rev. H. H. Bland, now of Montreal, 
 Canada, who at that time made a deep impression on the York- 
 shiremen, Mr. Collyer was converted to Methodism, and in 
 .the following year, while still wielding the hammer at Ilkley 
 on week- days, he attended the neighboring Methodist chapels 
 on Sundays. His first experience in preaching was gained in 
 this manner, at the same time he continued his studies assidu- 
 ously, and gradually prepared himself for his life-work as a 
 minister. 
 
 In 1850 he concluded to emigrate to America, and it was on 
 the 11th of May that he landed in this country accompanied by 
 his wife, and a week later went to work at his trade in Shoe- 
 makertown, Pa. Having brought letters from England intro- 
 ducing him to the Philadelphia Conference, he was granted a 
 license as a local preacher. At Shoemakertown, as at Ilkley, he 
 pursued his trade as a smith on work-days, and on Sundays ex- 
 horted in the little chapels wherever he could find an audience. 
 
 It was customary then for local preachers to support them- 
 selves mainly, and for the ten years he thus labored, what salary 
 he received from the Conference amounted, as he has himself said, 
 to " one almanac, various little household necessaries, and ten 
 dollars in money." 
 
 During the latter part of his blacksmith life he became ac- 
 quainted with Lucretia Mott and Dr. Furness, and found that 
 certain views in theology which he had a*cquired were similar to 
 theirs. Dr. Furness invited him to preach in his pulpit, and by 
 
268 Representative Men, 
 
 doing so Mr. Collyer incurred the charge of heresy, which was 
 made in January, 1859, against him, and the Conference refused 
 to renew his license as a preacher. However, in February of 
 the same year he was commended by Dr. Furness to the First 
 Unitarian Society of Chicago, which was without a minister. 
 He went to Chicago, and was invited to supply the pulpit the 
 first Sunday aftiT his arrival. The church was then disturbed 
 by political differences, and some thirty or forty of the members 
 withdrew, who invited Mr. Collyer to become their preacher. 
 Thus the Second Unitarian Society of Chicago was formed, and 
 grew so rapidly that a new edifice was built, which has been 
 widely known as Unity Church, the congregation becoming one 
 of the largest and most flourishing in the North-west. 
 
 Mr. Collyer was regarded one of the features of the great Lake 
 city, and inseparably identified with Unity Church. But after 
 twenty years of hard work in connection with that Society, he 
 hesitatingly decided to accept the urgent invitation of the 
 Church of the Messiah in New York city, and last summer he 
 removed hither to enter upon the new connection. It will be 
 remembered that the late Dr. Osgood, previous to his withdrawal 
 from Unitarianism, graced the pulpit of this church with his 
 eloquent and scholarly presence for many years. 
 
 While Mr. Collyer was settled in Chicago an interesting inci- 
 dent occurred : 
 
 One of his parishioners happened to visit llkley, the birth- 
 place of his pastor. That little English village had grown to be 
 a considerable town. Low, thatched houses had made way be- 
 fore fine mansions, and the smithy in which the boy-scholar had 
 worked and studied still existed, but the day of its disappear- 
 ance was very near. The visitor inspected with some interest 
 an old anvil standing in the shop. 
 
 "How long has that anvil been here?" he asked of the pro- 
 prietor. 
 
 "Why," said the blacksmith, "it must have been here nigh 
 thirty or forty year." 
 
 " Well," said the gentleman, " I will give you twice as much 
 for it as will buy you a new one." 
 
Rev. Robert Collyer. 269 
 
 "Certainly," replied tbe puzzled smith, "but I would like to 
 know what you want with this anvil." 
 
 " I will tell you. There was formerly an apprentice in this 
 shop who used to work on it. That boy has now become a 
 prominent man. Thousands love and honor him as a friend and 
 a teacher, and I wish to carry this anvil with me to America, as 
 a memorial of the humble beginning of his life." 
 
 The bargain was completed, and the anvil is now carefully 
 preserved by the society of Unity Church. 
 
 Robert Colljer (he prefers the plain name without 
 the adornment of a title) has a large head, a luxuriant 
 crop of hair streaked with skeins of white; a full, 
 wholesome-looking face, cleanly shaven ; clear, round, 
 electric eyes; a firm mouth and chin, indicative of res- 
 olute energy that " dares to do right." 
 
 There seems to be something in a trade as well as in 
 a name. Elilm Burritt was a learned blacksmith ; Ly- 
 man Beecher was a logical and eloquent blacksmith. 
 Does the iron get into the blood of the blacksmiths, 
 without getting into their souls? Is the flame on the 
 forge a beacon tliat lures wisdom and industry to join 
 with ambition in a search for knowledge and fame? 
 Can the music of the ringing anvil drive away sloth 
 and indolence and soothe the evil passions and appetites 
 of the bronzed heroes of labor % Is it possible that the 
 sparks flying in showers under the thunder of the ham- 
 mer can suggest stars of thought in the Armament of 
 fancy and imagination ? Is the physical exertion that 
 conquers the resistance of the obstinate metal and 
 moulds it to suit the taste of the workmen conducive 
 to self-management ? When they strike, they strike 
 for wages, and with honest sweat they win honest 
 bread. They earn their bread before they eat it, and 
 
2/0 Representative Men. 
 
 they are strangers to indigestion and the " blues." 
 Longfellow, who was proud of his relationship to a 
 blacksmith, has made him immortal. The man who 
 steps from the forge to the rostrum and rises to distinc- 
 tion as a teacher of multitudes, reflects honor upon hu- 
 manity; but he who is ashamed of labor, and yet eats 
 the food others have earned, is like the fabled Hermes 
 who had a mouth and no hands ; and, acting the part 
 of the vain patrician, mocked the plebeians that fed 
 him. 
 
EIGHT REV. JOHN TRAVEES LEWIS. 
 
 PLATE XXXI 
 
Right Rev. John Travers Lewis, 
 
 FIRST BISHOP OF ONTARIO, CANADA. 
 
 Patient of toil ; serene amidst alarais ; inflexible in faith ; invincible in 
 arms. 
 
 rpHE Eight Kev. John Travers Lewis, D.J)., LL.D., 
 X Bishop of Ontario, Dominion of Canada, is a na- 
 tive of Ireland, County Cork, and the son of the Rec- 
 tor of St. Anne's, Shandon. His university course was 
 passed at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated, 
 as Senior Moderator in Ethics and Logic, and earned 
 the distinguished title of Gold Medalist. His Alma 
 Mater has since conferred upon him the degree of 
 LL.D. He took deacon's orders at Cambrido^e, En- 
 gland, in 1848, and was in due course ordained priest by 
 the Bishop of Down, being shortly afterward appointed 
 to the curacy of I^ewtown Butler, County Eermanagh, 
 Ireland. Removing to Canada, the Bishop of Toronto 
 gave him the appointment of curate to the county par- 
 ish of Hawkesbury, on the Ottawa River. In 1854 he 
 became Rector of Brockville, from which position he 
 was called by an almost unanimous vote to the new 
 See of Ontario. Upon his return into his parish im- 
 mediately after the election, he was received with an 
 enthusiastic popular ovation, which testified in a gra- 
 cious and spontaneous manner to the coixlial satisfac- 
 tion his elevation occasioned all denominations in his 
 diocese. 
 
 (271) 
 
2J2 Representative Men. 
 
 Dr. Lewis, the first Bishop of Ontario, liolds a place 
 in the esteem and affection of his people as conspicuous 
 as are his zeal, efficiency and sympathetic kindness as a 
 minister, and he enjoys a well-earned and honorahle 
 fame in the wider circle of the religions w^orld of 
 America. This result is not attributable to the merely 
 felicitous use of opportunity. The reputation he has 
 secured as a successful pioneer of the great principles 
 of religion is more than equalled by the admiration and 
 respect universally entertained for his personal charac- 
 ter. In him the true active instincts of the Christian 
 gentleman are united to the earnestness and energy pe- 
 culiar to the virile and high-minded everywhere. 
 
 The outward appearance of the man, even in re- 
 pose, is a sufficient index to the strength and excel- 
 lence of the spirit within. In the prime of life, manly 
 and fearless in aspect and bearing ; possessing a voice 
 mellow, persuasive and powerful, and a dignified de- 
 livery which detracts nothing from the value of the 
 matter by emphasizing too forcibly the manner of his 
 discourse, he stands before his people a wise and elo- 
 quent leader, a true and patient friend. In the erect 
 carriage of his head and the light of invincible confi- 
 dence, perfect sincerity and secure belief visible in his 
 eyes, his hearers, friendly and inimical alike, recognize 
 the insignia of a man of power. And when to this 
 conviction are added the attractions of his graceful and 
 brilliant utterance and bis mastery of every legitimate 
 intellectual weapon, we are fain to concede his title to 
 a high seat among the great minds of the day. His 
 intellect appears to be of that order which holds 
 true happiness to be possible only as man approaches 
 
Right Rev. Jo Jin Tr avers Leivis. 273 
 
 complete self-development, according to the unques- 
 tioned design of the Father of all ; and we readily con- 
 ceive him as rejecting for worse than worthless the 
 weak and inevitably futile attempt to discover in man- 
 made dogma aught like adequate satisfaction of the in- 
 finite needs of man's higher nature. The effect upon 
 others of this manly moral attitude is to endow them 
 with kindred convictions and aims and spur them to 
 like endeavor. 
 
 A man so amply and truly exhibiting the best 
 characteristics of humanity ; entering at an early stage 
 in his career upon an epoch potent for so extended 
 usefulness ; a man of powers yet but half proved, and 
 perseverance scarcely tried, is the natural lode-star of 
 the hope and trust of his people ; and, although his im- 
 mediate environment may seem to mark him as only 
 the Episcopalian Bishop of Ontario, the general appre- 
 ciation of his virtues and abilities assures us of the 
 property that all sects claim to have in him. He is 
 girt about with rich promise and encircled by the halo 
 of a glorious future — glorious not in the personal 
 growth and aggrandizement which will come to him 
 as the inalienable birthright of the strong, but of the 
 world of good it is in his power and intention to ac- 
 complish. 
 
 Ontario (a musical and beautiful name) embraces a 
 population of hearty, brave and intelligent people; 
 loyal to the mother-land, and proud of their allegiance 
 to the Queen and throne of England. Its schools, un- 
 der the supervision of the late Dr. Egerton Kyerson, 
 have reached a high standard of excellence ; and its 
 press, with rare exceptions, is conducted with spirit 
 
2/4 Representative Men. 
 
 and dignity ; and, as a source of intelligence and edu- 
 cation, is not surpassed b}" the press of this country nor 
 of any other in either hemisphere. The Dominion 
 seems to be prospering beyond precedent in wealth and 
 population, and the recent developments in Manitoba 
 have given a fresh impulse to all honorable pursuits in 
 all parts of Her Majesty's domain in America. Win- 
 nipeg, the capital of Manitoba, is a giant in its cradle, 
 and it grows with a force and vigor that foreshadow 
 its coming greatness. Already it has exerted a happy 
 and wholesome influence throughout the Dominion — 
 an influence that is felt in all the schools, colleges, and 
 churches, as well as in the marts of commerce on this 
 continent. 
 
GEN. ULYSSES S, GRANT 
 
 PLATE XXXIV. 
 
Gen. U. S. Grant, 
 
 SOLDIER, STATESMAN, AND EX-PRESIDENT. 
 
 " I warrant him a warrior tried."— Sir Wax,ter Scott. 
 
 ON the evening of the 24th of January, 1881, the 
 Bedford Avenue Eeformed Church (the best build- 
 ing in the Eastern District of Brooklyn for public 
 meetings, and the most complete in all its details and 
 appointments as a house of worship), was filled from 
 platform to organ gallery with ladies and gentlemen, 
 who met there to show their patriotic colors to aid the 
 widows and orphans of "fallen comrades" — to enjoy 
 the aesthetic treat of song and eloquence, and especially 
 to see and hear ex-President Grant. In tlie pulpit, 
 which, like Ahmed's tent, had been expanded, were 
 Father Malone (who looks like Henry Ward Beecher, 
 and who is catholic in his charities and in his sympathies 
 as well as in his religious sentiments, and who is also a 
 true patriot and republican); Dr. E. S. Porter (who 
 was for many years the editor of the GJiristian Intelli- 
 gencer) \ Dr. Peck (who is, notwithstanding his name, 
 a mountainous man, and one of the bravest champions 
 of freedom and reform); Corporal Tanner (who lost 
 both his legs in the battle of Bull Run, but who runs 
 ahead of all competitors when he is a candidate for 
 office, and who takes the stump, or rather, I should say, 
 takes two stumps, in almost every presidential cam- 
 paign) ; Capt. Cochu, the chairman, ex-Senator Denins 
 Strong, and others. Of course, the principal magnet of 
 
 (275) \ 
 
276 Representative Men. 
 
 attraction was Gen. Grant, who came late and was es- 
 corted to his seat bj Mr. Silas Dutcher, who delivered 
 the address, which was a fine one in every respect and 
 worthy of the event. The orator, organist, and singers, 
 all did their "work" well. 
 
 But all eyes were directed to Gen. Grant, and I will 
 give a short jjen picture of him. He was neatly dressed 
 in citizen's attire, evidently put on and worn without 
 thought of its cut, fit, or style. Of late his address 
 and not his dress has attracted most notice, for the 
 " silent man," no longer silent, is now recognized as one 
 of the best after-dinner speakers in this country. [At 
 the Press dinner, lately given in ITew York, he bore 
 away the palm from Henry Ward Beecher and others, 
 and was recognized as the most brilliant speech-maker 
 at the table]. He sat in the center of the group, just 
 sketched, "the observed of all observers." His face 
 seemed cold and expressionless. He was not a "sashed 
 and s worded sphinx," but it was impossible to read his 
 thoughts and emotions by studying his countenance. 
 His iron will has perfect control of his brain and heart, 
 and no human eye could penetrate the "secrets of his 
 soul." In the storm of war he had the same power over 
 the muscles of his face, and no bearer of dispatches, no 
 staff officer, no commander of the forces, could unveil 
 the emotions concealed behind the blank curtain of that 
 immovable face, because it is not an index to. the ideas 
 and feelings that dominate the inner man. I watched 
 the great soldier when the speaker "of the evening" 
 gave his graphic description of the surrender of Lee, but 
 there was no changing light, no shadow on his face, no 
 movement of its muscles. His gray-blue eyes held 
 
Gen. U. S. Grant. 277 
 
 tlieir sparkle in reserve, his mouth was firm as carved 
 granite. He was just the man to use the sword in the 
 surgery of war, for he had sufficient nerve to perform 
 the most marvelous operations without tremor of heart 
 or hand. When he arose to speak in response to calls 
 from all parts of the church, he moved with a shuffling 
 gait and not with a military step to the front, and in a 
 modest little simple speech of three minutes' duration, 
 acknowledged the compliment of the call and then left 
 the platform in haste to keep another engagement at a 
 Horticultural dinner in ITew York. The reader must 
 not infer that this great hero and statesman, whose won- 
 derful achievements have been crystallized in history, is a 
 cold and unfeeling, unsympathetic soldier, for he is a man 
 whose finely-developed head surmounts a true and gen- 
 erous heart. He is as true to his friends as the " steel 
 to the star." He will stand by them a little closer in 
 adversity than in prosperity, and he will share the blows 
 aimed at them. There are plenty of facts to prove his 
 tenderness, his sympathy, his benevolence, as well as his 
 great will-power and obstinate firmness. A smaller man 
 would have been spoiled long ago by the- "homage of 
 the human race " paid him at home and abroad. With- 
 out the crown, save that of laurel, we claim that he 
 is a kingly man. ISTot having in this country a throne 
 hereditary, we enthrone him in our hearts. I am not 
 speaking of him in a political sense. Heeding no im- 
 perial sceptre, we bow to the sceptre of his intelligence 
 as a noble and trustworthy citizen. " To err is human." 
 He has made mistakes, and shown that greatness is not 
 exempt from some of the faults of the race. Yon 
 Moltke, the distinguished German soldier, could hold 
 
2^8 Representative Meji. 
 
 his tongue in seven different languages. General Grant 
 kept silent when speaking was hazardous in the Held 
 and at the White House; but when he retired to pri- 
 vate life he ventured to give free expression to his 
 opinions on all sorts of questions. Being importuned 
 to show himself at receptions and dinners, and at public 
 gatherings, for the gratification of his friends and the 
 benefit of humane and educational and social institu- 
 tions, he sacrifices his desire for a quiet life, and takes 
 up his cross to please those who gave him his crown of 
 honor. He has been a public servant of the people, and 
 they ask to see him and to clasp his hand, and he obeys 
 their behest. They are gratified, and no persons are 
 harmed save those who can not forgive him for defeating 
 the rebels and saving the life of the nation. This, under 
 Providence, he did, and he is entitled to all the lauda- 
 tion that a loyal people can bestow. I said he has faults. 
 The critic who may have nothing to commend himself, 
 except his well-brushed clothes, says that Grant is not 
 sufficiently particular in the arrangement of his coat 
 and necktie. Thackeray said that George lY. had 
 on his person an overcoat, a dress-coat, a waistcoat, and 
 a flannel coat, and that was all there was of him. Let 
 the snob make the application. The same type of 
 fault-finding humanity found a similar objection to 
 Horace Greeley, because he did not copy the pattern of 
 his clothes from the fashion plates. Others, who think 
 they were born to govern, and to have their fingers in 
 rings, wonder why so much fuss is made about a man 
 who has retired to private life, and who no longer has 
 official "pap" at his disposal. These men, to use the 
 language of Charles Townshend, have '' neither gram- 
 
Gen. U. S. Grant. 279 
 
 mar nor virtue," nor gratitude, nor appreciation of great 
 service. As the suns throw off their acintilkitions, and 
 a spark becomes a revolving center clothed with light, 
 and the Creator fashions it into a star, so the subject of 
 this sketch emerges from the clouds of smoke and hur- 
 ricanes of flame, and shines out in the firmament of 
 history a star beyond the reach of the poisoned arrows 
 of envy and disloyalty that are aimed at him. 
 
Paul H. Hayne, 
 
 THE POET OF THE SOUTH. 
 
 " Deal gently with the Poet. Think that he 
 Is made of finer clay than other men, 
 And ill can hear rough handling, and while we 
 Of sturdier nature, laughed at, laugh again, 
 And self-complacently shake ofi 
 The world's unmerited contempt and scoff, 
 As easily as from his scaly side 
 Leviathan shakes off the drippings of the tide — 
 Not so the Poet. On his keener sense, 
 Light harms smite often with an edge intense ; 
 A stony look, a lip of scorn, may crush 
 His young aspirings, chill the stir and flush 
 Of waking inspiration and control, 
 Down into commonplace, the darings of his soul." 
 
 —Henry F. Ltte. 
 
 IT is safe to say that Paul H. Hayne is one of the 
 best writers of verse in the Sooth ; indeed, he de- 
 serves a place in the galaxy of American poets. Genius 
 is not to be bounded by geographical lines. Like all 
 original and brilliant men, he has a sphere of his own — 
 and that is a hemisphere. In his verse the reader will 
 find tender and delicate sentiment, glowing in the light 
 of imagination, and expressed in finished and graceful 
 rhythm. Even in his polished prose the gleam of fancy 
 is seen, like sunlight through stained windows. 
 
 Our poet was born in the city of Charleston, South 
 Carolina, on the first of January, 1831 ; a N'ew Year's 
 gift to his parents — and a bright one. His father was 
 (280) 
 
PAUL U. HAYNE. 
 
 PLATE XXXV. 
 
Paul H. Haync. 281 
 
 Lieutencant Paul H. Hayne, of the United States Navy, 
 a brother of the celebrated debater and statesman, Rob- 
 ert Y. Hayne, who measured lances with D-aniel Web- 
 ster in the United States Senate on the famous " Foote's 
 Eesolutions." The subject of this sketch graduated at 
 the College of Charleston in 1850 ; studied law, and in 
 due time was admitted to the bar ; but preferring litera- 
 ture to law, and being at that time independent as to 
 fortune, he determined to gratify his taste and his 
 aspirations in the pursuit of letters, and to work in- 
 dustriously to reach his high standard as a writer of 
 verse and prose. He edited in succession several papers 
 and magazines ; the most popular, and the best " of the 
 lot," was EusselVs Magazine. In 1855 his first vol- 
 ume of poems came from the press of Ticknor & Fields, 
 Boston. It met with a favorable reception, and passed 
 through the hot furnace of criticism without the smell 
 of fire or the stain of smoke. Even the fastidious E. P. 
 Whipple praised it as " a work of great promise as well 
 as fine performance." This book was followed in 1857 
 by another, published in Charleston. It consisted main- 
 ly of those difficult and usually tedious efforts called 
 sonnets, but they were worthy a place with the best of 
 their kind — the kind is generally monotonous. The 
 " Ode to Sleep " is the best poem in the volume; there 
 is nothing soporific in any of its lines. In 1860 a third 
 volume appeared, bearing the title " Avolio, and other 
 Poems." At the time of the outbreak of the civil war, 
 when the North and the South met upon the field of 
 strife, Hayne espoused the Southern cause, and was as- 
 signed to a place on the Staff of Governor Pickens. 
 His fine and delicate organization, however, unfitted 
 
282 Rep rc sent aiive Men. ' 
 
 him for active service, and he was compelled by failing 
 health to relinquish his military aspirations. When he 
 sheathed his sword he re-nibbed his pen, and wrote 
 with Her J energy in support of what is now known as 
 the " Lost Cause." His spirited battle lyrics are fine 
 specimens of war literature. The " Kentucky Partisan," 
 "My Motherland," "The Substitute," "The Battle 
 of Charleston Harbor," " Stonewall Jackson," " The 
 Little White' Glove," "Our Martyr," and "Beyond 
 the Potomac," have the brilliancy, sharpness, and clang 
 of the sabre. A later poem, which appeared in J3ar- 
 p<3rs Magazine, and which is entitled "The Dead 
 Child and the Mocking-Bird " illustrates his method of 
 treatment of a nice and tender theme. It is poetry, 
 lacking, however, the finish and polish of some of the 
 poet's later efi!orts. 
 
 " Once in a land of balm and flowers, 
 Of rich fruit-laden trees, 
 Where the wild wreaths from jasmine bowers 
 Trail o'er Floridian seas, 
 
 " We marked our Jeannie's footsteps run 
 Athwart the twinkling glade ; 
 She seemed a Hebe in the sun, 
 A Dryad in the shade. 
 
 " And all day long, her winsome song, 
 Her trebles and soft trills, 
 Would wave-like flow, or silvery low. 
 Die down the whispering rills. 
 
 " One morn 'mid moss — the foliage dim, 
 
 A dark gray pinion stirs, 
 And hark, along the vine-clad limb, 
 What strange voice blends with hers ? 
 
Paid H. Hayne. 283 
 
 "It blends with hers which soon is stilled, 
 Braver the mock-bircl's note 
 Than all the strains that ever filled 
 The queenliest human throat. 
 
 " As Jeannie heard, she loved the bird, 
 
 And sought thenceforth to share 
 With her new favorite, dawn by dawn. 
 Her daintiest morning cheer. 
 
 " But ah, a blight, beyond our ken, 
 From some far feverous wild, 
 Brought that dark sliadow feared of men, 
 Across the fated child. 
 
 " It chilled her drooping curls of brown. 
 It dimmed her violet eyes, 
 And like an awful cloud crept down 
 From vague mysterious skies. 
 
 '• At last one day, our Jeannie lay 
 
 All pulseless, pale, forlorn ; 
 The soul's sweet breath, on lips of death ; 
 The fluttering breath of morn. 
 
 " When just beyond the o'er-curtained room, 
 (How tender, yet how strong,) 
 Rose through the misty morning gloom 
 The mock-bird's sudden song. 
 
 "Dear Christ, those notes of golden peal 
 Seem caught from heavenly spheres ; 
 Yet through their marvelous cadence steal 
 Tones soft as chastened tears. 
 
 "Is it an angel's voice that throbs 
 Within the brown bird's breast ; 
 Whose rhythmic magic soars or sobs 
 Above our darling's rest? 
 
284 Representative Men. 
 
 " The fancy passed, but came once more, 
 
 When stolen from Jeannie's bed, 
 That eve, along the porchway floor, 
 I found our minstrel — dead ! 
 
 "The fire of that transcendent strain, 
 
 His life-chords burned apart. 
 And merged in sorrow's earthlier pain, 
 It broke the o'er-laden heart. 
 
 " Maiden and bird, the selfsame grave 
 
 Their wedded dust shall keep. 
 While the long low Floridian wave 
 Moans round their place of sleep." 
 
 The antlior says that the strange, pathetic incident 
 he has commemorated actually occurred, not many years 
 ago, in the neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida. 
 
 Mr. Hayne was married, in 1852, to Miss May Michel, 
 the daughter of a surgeon who served eighteen years 
 in the army of the first Napoleon. 
 
 The portrait which accompanies this sketch, illustrates 
 the attributes of this poet of the South. The forehead 
 is lofty, showing a fine development of what is techni- 
 cally called Ideality and Sublimity. In person he is of 
 slight figure and medium stature. His complexion is 
 dark ; his eyes are bright and penetrating ; his tempera- 
 ment sensitive ; his manner that of a studious " idealist 
 and dreamer." His property was swept away in the 
 storm of the rebellion, but, with real heroic endeavor, 
 and the courage of his noble ancestors, he has faced ad- 
 versity, and won his bread as a literary worker by the 
 sweat of his brow. Mr. Hayne, like all true poets, is 
 fond of nature. The hills, woods, waters, and the starry 
 
Paul H. Hayne. 285 
 
 lamps in the sky, are all beautiful when seen through 
 the lens of a cultivated fancy. The grass, the " hand- 
 kerchief of the Lord "; the trees, whose branches are 
 like ladder-rounds leaning against the sky, and filled with 
 white-winged messengers ; the rivers pulsing to the sea, 
 caressing the wild flowers on their banks ; the sky 
 in storms breaking like an exploding shell upon the 
 mountains, excite the imagination of the poet and the 
 lover of poetry. Wordsworth's heart " leaped up when 
 he beheld a rainbow in the sky." Form and color, light 
 and shade, delight the eye ; the music of wind harps, 
 of falling waters, of song birds, charm the ear. Those 
 who love the beauty of nature seek to capture it. 
 They catch her tones and put them into musical instru- 
 ments ; they copy her varied hues upon the canvas ; 
 they carve her fascinating forms in marble and granite 
 and brass; and they record her marvelous doings in 
 immortal verse. The artists who use their skill in 
 poetic speech, and All their books with aesthetic charms, 
 stand first in the rank of teachers. Their stanzas di- 
 rect our attention to the beauty which environs us, so 
 that the song of a lark and the light of a star add to our 
 happiness, and, what is of much greater importance, 
 they teach lessons of humanity, and bind the brother- 
 hood of the human family with the silken cords of 
 sympathy and love. We speak of Mr. Hayne as a 
 Southern poet, but the spirit of poetry comes down 
 from Heaven, and can not be fenced in by Mason and 
 Dixon lines, any more than the summer wind, or the 
 song of birds can be confined by the invisible lines of 
 latitude and longitude. He who cramps and chokes his 
 muse with merely local music mistakes his vocation. 
 
286 Representative Men. 
 
 The true poet is the apostle of gectheticism in the broad 
 sense ; he preaches the gospel of beauty, and all who 
 have the brains and the heart to understand and appre- 
 ciate his teachings, become better citizens and wiser 
 Christians. Their patriotism will expand until it arches, 
 like a bow of glory, the entire horizon of humanity. 
 
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