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OUTLINES 
 
 OF A NEW SYSTEM OP 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS, 
 
 INDICATING THE 
 
 LOGATION OF THE SIGNS OF THE DIFFERENT MENTAL FACULTIES. 
 
 BY J. W. REDFIELD, M. D. 
 
 " To him who in the love of Nature holds 
 Communion with her visible forms, she speaks 
 A various language ;" Bryant. 
 
 EEDFIELD, 
 
 110 ANl> 112 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK. 
 1853. 
 
 * 
 
t> 
 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, 
 
 By J. S. EBDFIELD, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the 
 
 Southern District of New York 
 
 IREOTYPED BY C. C. SAVAGK, 
 13 Chambers Street, N. Y. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Little or nothing has been known of Physiognomy by either 
 the ancients or moderns, except that such a science existed 
 somewhere among the arcana of Nature. Even the faith in its 
 existence has decreased in modern times, owing partly, no doubt, 
 to the vain endeavors that have been made to discover it. All 
 the systems of former times have come to be regarded as " fan- 
 ciful arts" rather than as natural sciences, and this conclusion is 
 undoubtedly just. The Sophists taught the correspondence be- 
 tween the internal character and the external developments, 
 without being able to demonstrate it ; and the name " sophist" 
 has become synonomous with vain reasoner. Aristotle, one of 
 this sect of philosophers, made correct observations on the re- 
 semblance between certain men and animals, but he did not 
 thereby discover the resemblance in character which is indicated 
 by the resemblance in external appearance. Lavater, fired by 
 an intuitive perception of the characters of men in the features 
 and expressions of their faces, with characteristic enthusiasm 
 pursued his physiognomical observations, believing that they 
 might some day be " improved into a science." His passion 
 was that of an admirer — one whose admiration for truth never 
 ceases, though he be a thousand times disappointed in the woo- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ing of it. His delineations are mostly too general to give the 
 reader any knowledge of character by the face ; and in those 
 instances in which he attaches a particular trait of character to 
 a particular sign in the physiognomy, the observations are sel- 
 dom confirmed by experience. 
 
 The faith which mankind will have in Physiognomy will not 
 henceforth depend merely on an intuitive perception of its truth, 
 but will be based on understanding. The reception or rejec- 
 tion of this science, or the belief or disbelief in its existence, 
 will not turn upon the presumed correctness of popular judg- 
 ments in respect to what are good countenances and what are 
 bad ones. The modern masters of painting and sculpture, no 
 more than their disciples, are to be considered infallible in their 
 ideas of character in the forms and features which they give to 
 their imaginary beings ; for, though they may be correct in the 
 general outline of their figures, they needed a deeper insight 
 into Nature in order to portray character in the features and 
 expressions of the face. We can well believe that M. Sturtz 
 spoke truth when he declared to Lavater that he " once hap- 
 pened to see a criminal condemned to the wheel, who, with 
 satanic wickedness, had murdered his benefactor, and who yet 
 had the benevolent and open countenance of an angel of Gui- 
 do ;" but we do not believe that such a person had the counte- 
 nance of an angel of heaven. It might be said with equal truth 
 that the face of an " Ecce Homo," as it is represented in ninety- 
 nine cases out of a hundred, might be found among guilty crim- 
 inals, for there is scarcely a representation of the Divine man 
 that does not show a face more barren of social, moral, and reli- 
 gious feelings, than is the case with the majority of mankind. 
 
 We would not give the reader the impression that we claim 
 to have discovered the whole of Physiognomy, or that we have 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 not made' some observations that will need correcting. In the 
 following pages he will read but a brief outline of the subject so 
 far as relates to the face ; and the face, though the chief index 
 of character, is by no means the only one. The discoveries of 
 Gall were physiognomical, and so he regarded them ; and these 
 have opened the door to the temple of Nature, so that others 
 however humble, may enter and explore its mysteries. Who 
 can enter without a feeling of awe and reverence, of sacred still- 
 ness, and of the presence of the Supreme Being ! or without 
 the breathing of a desire that he may distinguish the true from 
 the false, and that he may obey the one and reject the other? 
 
 It is thought by many, and perhaps by the majority of per- 
 sons, that Physiognomy and Phrenology, as commonly under- 
 stood, must be in conflict with each other, and that if one rises, 
 the other falls. This idea is probably in consequence of the 
 common and natural impression that the mind moulds the fea- 
 tures, and expresses itself through the medium of the face; and 
 that no one, before the discoveries of Gall, could have thought 
 of inspecting the skulls of people for the purpose of finding out 
 their characters. The idea of antagonism between the skull 
 and face has probably arisen also from the total eclipse which 
 Physiognomy suffered when Phrenology came into existence ; 
 but as — 
 
 ■■" the eclipsed sun 
 By mortals is most gazed upon," 
 
 the greater luminary was for a while obscured by the lesser, that 
 the eye of the mind might gaze upon it without injury, and thus 
 make the grand discovery of a universal science at the same 
 moment that the attention of thousands was directed to it. To 
 speak without metaphor, we believe that the discovery of signs 
 of character in the skull was necessary to the finding out of those 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 in the face, and every person may see the beautiful harmony 
 between the two. For example : in the face, the signs of the 
 different faculties of love are in the chin ; and according to Gall, 
 the strength of love is in proportion to the development of the 
 cerebellum, which is exactly opposite the facial sign, and which 
 is separated from the cerebrum as the lower jaw is separate from 
 the upper. The faculties of the love of food of different kinds 
 are indicated in the small and large molar and wisdom teeth, in 
 the upper and under jaw ; and, according to Phrenology, the 
 sign of alimentiveness is just over the joint where the upper and 
 lower jaws are united. But the signs in the face are in all in- 
 stances the most sure and exact, besides being more open to 
 observation. These hints are given as an illustration of the har- 
 mony which exists between the contour of the head and the 
 features and expressions of the face, a relation which we may 
 hope to explain hereafter. 
 New York, December, 1848. 
 
OUTLINES 
 
 OF DISCOVERIES IN 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY 
 
 LETTER I. 
 
 Student's Chamber, Sept. 12, 1848. 
 My Dear B, : 
 
 The knowledge of signs of character in the face is what is 
 generally understood by Physiognomy ; and as an artist first 
 gives a pencil-sketch of the portrait he intends to produce, so we 
 will sketch physiognomy, and, if you choose, leave it in our 
 portfolio till such time as we shall be able to finish the picture. 
 In looking at the human face, the feature that most strikes us, as 
 being most prominent and most indicative of character, is the 
 nose. In this organ we can not fail to see both force of charac- 
 ter and sagacity if the nose be prominent, or the opposite of these 
 if the nose be weak or small : and the reason of this is that the 
 faculties belonging particularly to force of character and sagacity 
 have their signs in the nose. There are three faculties of com- 
 bativeness — Self-Defence, Relative-Defence, and Attack, It is 
 evident that these are not a single faculty ; that, for example, the 
 disposition to defend oneself is different from the disposition to 
 attack others, and that relative-defence, or the disposition to de- 
 fend one's friends, family, neighbors, &c, is different from either. 
 The faculty of Self-Defence is indicated in the ridge of the nose 
 
8 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 just above the tip, at the place pointed out in this figure. The 
 sign here is represented 
 of extraordinary size, 
 and would indicate a 
 very great deal of the 
 faculty, which manifests 
 itself in the disposition 
 to stand always upon the 
 defensive — to consider 
 oneself attacked, and therefore to oppose, to contradict, to be 
 always on the opposite side. One who has a predominance of 
 this faculty, and thus a large sign of it in the nose, will stand his 
 ground when assaulted ; is opposed to being touched or leaned 
 upon ; is easily provoked, and has a stronger dislike to interfe- 
 rence than people in general. He seems to be affected in every 
 part of his system with that painful sore called noli me tangere. 
 So we see that though " self-defence is the first law of Nature," 
 too much of it is not good. This faculty must be an instinct com- 
 mon to man and animals, and we may see the sign of it devel- 
 oped in the brute creation in proportion to their manifestation of 
 it. In the horse it is large, particularly in the Canadian pony, 
 who feels himself attacked or intruded upon when a person 
 comes near him, or points the finger at him. By his leering, 
 throwing about his head and attempting to bite, and striking 
 with his hoof, he says to us, " Keep your distance ; don't touch 
 me !'" Such a horse has the sign of self-defence large, as in this 
 figure. The instinct and 
 sign of self-defence are lar- 
 gest of all in the rhinoceros, 
 which has a horn growing 
 out at this part of the nose, 
 provided by Nature for the 
 express purpose of self-de- 
 fence. 
 
 The faculty of Relative-Defence, or the disposition to defend 
 others, is indicated in the ridge of the nose at its middle part, 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 9 
 
 just above the sign of self-defence, as shown in this outline. 
 Such a person likes to espouse the cause of others, and to be 
 their champion when attacked. He will 
 defend his country, his fireside and home, 
 and will let the blow fall upon himself 
 rather than on his wife and children or on 
 his friend. As one with large self-defence 
 is easily provoked by anything like en- 
 croachment upon his individual rights, so 
 one with large relative-defence is easily 
 irritated by anything like encroachment upon the rights of oth- 
 ers, particularly of children and of the simple and weak portions 
 of the human family, who can not well defend themselves. Rel- 
 ative-defence is a very patriotic feeling, and the sign of it should 
 therefore be large in the Yankee character, as maybe commonly 
 seen in the American profile. To illustrate the sign of this fac- 
 ulty in the lower animals, we will again take the horse. A prom- 
 inence of the middle part of the ridge of the nose, as in this 
 figure, indicates a great deal of 
 irritability, a disposition to fret 
 and chafe in the harness; and 
 if the animal have a colt, she 
 will show a solicitude to defend 
 it from danger proportional to 
 the sign of the faculty. The ac- 
 tion of this faculty is toward its 
 sign, and throws the head in the 
 position indicated above. It is very strong in the camel, in 
 which the large sign in the nose and the position of the head 
 agree. 
 
 The faculty of Attack is indicated in the upper part of the 
 ridge of the nose, just above the sign of relative-defence, as seen 
 in the following figure. A pugnacious individual — one who is 
 in the habit of "picking quarrels," as it is said — has this sign 
 large. Such a person is provoking and vexatious, particularly 
 to those who have large self-defence and relative-defence. He 
 
10 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 does not allow others to remain quiet in their persons or opin- 
 ions. If he be a vulgar, gross man, he at- 
 tacks their persons ; if an intellectual, re- 
 fined man, he attacks their opinions, and 
 is a. controversialist. The sign may be 
 seen largely developed in quarrelsome per- 
 sons, who exercise the faculty in both stri- 
 king and kicking ; and is large also in the 
 kicking horse, as we see in the engra^ng 
 below. Such horses are called Roman-nosed (and the Romans, 
 by-the-by, had the combative faculties very large, particularly 
 attack, as shown in their aggressions, and as indicated in the 
 form of their noses). In the Irish face we see either the sign of 
 attack, or the sign of self-de- 
 fence, or the signs of both, large- 
 ly developed, with less relative- 
 defence. In the English face 
 we see a large sign of attack ; in 
 the French, a large sign of rela- 
 tive-defence : and these mark the 
 combative Irishman, the bully- 
 ing Englishman, and the irritable 
 Frenchman. 
 
 These faculties belong to force of character ; and to a person 
 with any physiognomical perception they give that appearance to 
 the nose. The aquiline nose being an arch, in which is the 
 greatest strength, such a nose is strong, even physically speak- 
 ing. 
 
 Acquisitiveness is another faculty belonging to force of charac- 
 ter, inasmuch as it is one of the strongest passions, exerting a 
 predominant influence on mankind, and carrying them through 
 the greatest difficulties. This faculty is indicated by the breadth 
 of the nose just above the wing of the nostril, in the bony part. 
 The sign, if large, gives a broad arch, as we see in the face of 
 the negro, and in that of the Jew. The following engraving may 
 represent a thief — one who exercises acquisitiveness unlawfully. 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 11 
 
 Persons who steal in a lawful manner have also the sign of this 
 faculty large. Of the lower animals, 
 cows are remarkable for a thievish dis- 
 position, and those which have a par- 
 ticular passion this way may be known 
 by the large development of the sign of 
 acquisitiveness, or the breadth of the 
 nose just above the wing of the nostril. 
 
 The faculty of Economy is the dispo- 
 sition in man to keep what he gets ; whereas, the faculty of Ac- 
 quisitiveness is the disposition to get what he can. The sign of 
 the former is the thickness of the nose forward of Acquisitive- 
 ness; also the fulness under the chin — making, when large, 
 what is called the double chin, as in this figure of " Poor Rich- 
 ird," who was remarkable, alike for his 
 economy and his economical sayings. 
 This faculty and its sign maybe ob- 
 served great or deficient in the lower 
 animals as well as in man. The cow, 
 for example, is very full under the chin, 
 and is careful to pick up every straw 
 that is thrown out with the dirt. The j 
 horse, on the contrary, is very hollow 
 under the chin, indicating a great deficiency of the faculty of 
 economy ; and so far from gathering up the fragments, he draws 
 great quantities of hay under his feet, and is very wasteful. Men, 
 as a general rule, are more remarkable for the faculty and sign 
 of acquisitiveness ; women, as a general rule, more remarkable 
 for the faculty and sign of economy : but the most excessive cases 
 of economy as well as of acquisitiveness are among men. 
 
 It was said that in the nose are seen both sagacity and force of 
 character. The impression of sagacity is obtained mostly from 
 the end of the nose ; and the reason is that Inquisitiveness, Se- 
 cretiveness, and Suspicion, are indicated there, besides certain 
 intellectual faculties. The faculty of Inquisitiveness is indicated 
 in the horizontal length of the nose, from the lip forward, the 
 
12 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 end being in many cases turned slightly upward, as seen in this 
 outline. A person with this sign large is very inquisitive, asks 
 a great many questions, and takes means to 
 draw out the secrets of others. The faculty 
 and its sign are great in thief-detectors, who 
 are engaged in bringing to light deeds of 
 darkness, and finding things which have been 
 stolen and secreted. The hog has the sign 
 of this faculty large, the nose being projected 
 horizontally and turned up in a rim ; and he 
 exercises the faculty almost constantly, his food being concealed 
 in the ground where most other animals have not the instinct for 
 finding it. This faculty gives a natural disposition to dig in the 
 earth in search of food or treasures, and, in connexion with ac- 
 quisitiveness, forms a character sordid and covetous. In the 
 Irish, who have lived so long upon a certain root, and who are 
 the most celebrated dirt-diggers in the world, the sign of inquisi- 
 tiveness is very large, unaccompanied with more than ordinary 
 acquisitiveness. 
 
 The faculty of Secretiveness is the opposite of Inquisitiveness, 
 inasmuch as it attempts to conceal from the prying curiosity of 
 the latter. It is indicated in the breadth or expansion of the 
 nostril, as represented in this cut. If this is thought to resemble 
 very much a Chinese, it will be remembered 
 that the "Celestials" are the most remarkable 
 people in the world for secretiveness ; for ma- 
 ny centuries not allowing strangers to enter 
 their gates, carefully concealing the knowledge 
 of their arts and sciences, and proverbially se- 
 cretive whenever travellers make inquiries of 
 them. The negroes have also this faculty and 
 its sign very large. It is the disposition to hide either oneself or 
 one's property, and, in connexion with acquisitiveness, forms a 
 miserly character — one which loves to hide money in a wall or 
 bury it in the ground, where those with strong inquisitiveness 
 are most likely to search for it. The fox may be cited as an 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 13 
 
 example of the large sign of this faculty, indicating a strong 
 power of concealment, which has so close a connexion with 
 cunning as to cause phrenologists to confound it with the latter 
 faculty. 
 
 The faculty of Suspicion is indicated in the length of the nose 
 from the root downward, at a right angle with the sign of inquis- 
 itiveness, as we see in the accompanying engraving. When a 
 person touches the end of 
 his nose in this manner, he 
 points out the sign of suspi- 
 cion, without being aware 
 that he is a physiognomist. 
 Such a nose indicates a per- 
 son of quick apprehension, , 
 one too inclined to suspect 
 the motives and intentions of 
 others, and too apprehensive 
 of dangers and difficulties. 
 But in its proper degree, this faculty may be more appropriately 
 called Consciousness ; and by it a person is not only conscious of 
 the ruling desires and intentions of his own mind, but of those of 
 others. The French and the Italians have the sign of this faculty 
 larger than the English and Scotch, and are more remarkable for the 
 trait of character. The Irish, too, are very suspicious, apprehend- 
 ing dangers where there are none, at the same time that they are 
 quick to anticipate the thoughts and wishes of others. It is ea- 
 sily seen that this faculty enables a person to judge well of char- 
 acter, except when morbidly active. Even in some of the lower 
 animals it gives a wonderful insight into character, as in the crow, 
 the raven, the fox, the dog, the elephant, and many others, which 
 have the sign of suspicion or consciousness very large. 
 
H 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 LETTER II. 
 
 Doubtless you will perceive that there is something more 
 indicated in this grand feature, the nose, than force of character 
 and sagacity. Several of the higher intellectual faculties have 
 their signs there, and this is felt and perceived by the most cas- 
 ual observer of faces. Nothing was more common for Lavater, 
 in his " Fragments," as he very modestly calls his physiognomi- 
 cal observations, than to speak of certain noses as indicating 
 sound and solid judgment, or as being inseparable from good 
 sense ; and of certain other noses as indicating weakness and 
 deficiency of the reasoning powers. This shows that that great 
 man had an intuitive perception of character, although he was 
 not in general able to point out the signs on which his judgment 
 was founded. 
 
 In the septum, or ridge of the nose between the nostrils, is 
 indicated the power of discovering, analyzing, and combining. 
 The faculty of Discovery is indicated in the length of the fore 
 part of the septum, as in this outline. A large sign of this fac- 
 ulty shows the ability to invent and dis- 
 cover, and a partiality for things new. 
 The person who has it thinks for him- 
 self more than one who has it not, and 
 his originality will accord with the na- 
 ture of his other strong faculties and the 
 general cast of his mind. With some, 
 the power of discovery will lead to in- 
 ventions in the arts ; with others, to discoveries in science ; with 
 others, to new ideas in theology ; with others, to originality in 
 common business matters ; with others, to finding things that are 
 lost ; with others, to expeditions of exploration and discovery ; 
 and, with others, to originality in everything. 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 15 
 
 Objects to be discovered have to be separated from other ob- 
 jects, or, in other words, a whole has to be divided into its ele- 
 ments simultaneously with the discovery of those elements. The 
 faculty of Analysis is that which separates, and is indicated in 
 the length of the most posterior part of the septum of the nose 
 under the lip, causing a prominence of the top of the lip, as rep- 
 resented in this figure. This faculty with its sign is large in 
 chemists and in all persons who show 
 the ability to find out the constituents of 
 things in either mental or physical sci- 
 ence. The length of the part of the 
 septum indicating the faculty of analysis 
 may be accurately observed by pressing 
 the finger against it, and seeing how far 
 it descends. This faculty gives great 
 penetration into the interior of things ; 
 and an individual who has it large, makes distinctions, and per- 
 ceives and reasons much more minutely, than one who has but 
 little of it. Such a person will be remarkable for the expansion 
 and extension of every idea, and will be wearisome, if not in 
 comprehensible, to the generality of mankind. Nevertheless, the 
 universe is much larger to him than to other people ; and were 
 he limited to what would seem to others a single thing, he would 
 not be wanting in objects of interest. 
 
 The faculty of Combination is indicated in the length of the 
 middle of the septum of the nose, as represented in this figure. 
 The sign of this faculty is seen to be 
 between the signs of Discovery and 
 Analysis, and this indicates the natural 
 relation of Combination to the other two 
 faculties. A person with this sign large 
 is capable of generalizing ; whereas, a 
 person who has it small, is deficient in 
 this power. It may be observed, also, 
 that such a person has a facility in con- 
 necting words as well as ideas, so that he has the ability to dis- 
 
16 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 course at length, and forms longer sentences than one who is 
 deficient in the sign of the faculty. If he be deficient in ideas, 
 as he is likely to be if he be wanting in analysis and discovery 
 or the talent of originality, he will abound in repetitions, and 
 help himself out by the use of and-so-forths — so unwilling is he 
 to recognise periods in his discourse, or to stop speaking. But 
 in such a face as that represented by the second figure on the 
 preceding page, there is not indicated any want of ideas ; and 
 the faculty of combination would be exercised in combining 
 ideas more than words, and would manifest itself in generalizing 
 facts, a talent so useful to the scientific observer. 
 
 The breadth of the back part of the septum of the nose in- 
 dicates the faculty of Metaphor. By placing the individual 
 above us, we show the sign, as in this illustration. A person 
 with this sign large, makes great use of 
 metaphors by way of illustrating and enfor- 
 cing his ideas, abounds in figures and em- 
 blems, sees images wherever they are to be 
 found, and, other things being equal, is a 
 beautiful writer. One in whom the septum 
 | of the nose is a mere partition, as it is in the 
 lower animals, is very deficient in the fac- 
 ulty of Metaphor, and seldom or never uses a figure of speech, 
 but communicates his ideas by themselves, in a commonplace 
 manner, without beauty or ornament. 
 
 The length downward of the wing 
 of the nostril, next to the sign of Dis- 
 covery, as represented in this cut, in- 
 dicates the faculty of Example, or the 
 ability to teach, to find illustrations, to 
 exemplify. This faculty is strong in 
 the female character, and not only fits 
 her to instruct by illustrating every 
 principle and precept which she in- 
 culcates, but disposes her to teach by example in her own per- 
 son. It is large in artists, whose business it is to illustrate sub- 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 17 
 
 jects ; and large also in teachers, missionaries, and good pastors, 
 who deal more in practical matters and realities than in abstrac- 
 tions, and teach by example as well as precept. 
 
 The sign of the faculty of Imitation is the descent of the wing 
 of the nostril next to the face, just back of the sign of Example, 
 as shown in this figure. One who has this sign large, learns 
 well, makes the opinions and practices 
 of others natural to himself, and is less 
 original than one who has less imita- 
 tion and a larger sign of example. He 
 will exercise imitation in subserviency 
 to his predominant disposition and his 
 stronger intellectual faculties. The 
 sign of this faculty'is larger in children, 
 as a general rule, than in adults, the faculty of example being 
 comparatively larger in the latter ; and it may be observed that 
 those children who are most remarkable for imitating older peo- 
 ple have most of the sign of imitation, while those parents who 
 are most in the habit of showing their children how to behave 
 like old people have a large sign of example. 
 
 The faculty of Correspondence is indicated in two lateral prom- 
 inences at the end of the nose, as shown in this figure. This 
 sign, when large, makes the nose appear 
 as if it were divided at the end into lateral 
 halves, and indicates a person who has a 
 strong perception of the fitness and appro- 
 priateness of things, or of the correspon- 
 dence of one thing with another— a per- 
 son who has a quick sense of propriety in 
 manners, dress, &c, and who conforms to 
 that sense, at the same time that he detects 
 and criticises the want of it in others. Such 
 a person will, from the action of this fac- 
 ulty, dress himself becomingly, simply, and decently, avoiding 
 ribands, jewelry, flounces, and shining ornaments ; while a per- 
 son with but little of the faculty and its sign, will show a want of 
 2 
 
18 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 correspondence in the different parts and colors of his dress, and 
 in its appropriateness to the character and season. The sign of 
 the faculty is larger, as a general rule, in men than in women, 
 and this indicates the difference in the sexes in respect to the 
 faculty itself. Correspondence is the grand principle in Physi- 
 ognomy ; and one who has the sign of correspondence large, has 
 a great facility in studying that science. 
 
 The faculty of Comparison is indicated by the widening of 
 the anterior part of the wing of the nose where it joins with the 
 fore part of the septum of the nostril, as exhibited in this figure. 
 It also causes a shortening of the anterior 
 part of the orifice. One who has this 
 sign large, possesses grea; power of com- 
 paring things, or of estimating their rela- 
 tive forms and qualities. He is a good 
 judge of fabrics, as to their comparative 
 fineness and the quality of their texture, 
 and likes to put things side by side, that 
 others as well as himself may " look at 
 this and then at that." He is more inclined than people in gen- 
 eral to compare himself with others, either to his own disadvan- 
 tage or theirs ; and as objects to be compared have to be asso- 
 ciated, he attends to a great many things at once, or at least talks 
 of a great many, and is likely to be what is called " a Jack of 
 all trades and a master of none." This faculty is more appro- 
 priate to the character and sphere of woman than of man, and 
 she has, as a general rule, more of the sign and manifestation 
 of it. 
 
 The faculty of Analogy is indicated by the curving of the 
 wing of the nostril upon the septum, causing the posterior part 
 of the opening to be somewhat shortened. The sign of com- 
 parison, last mentioned, causes a shortening of the anterior part 
 of the orifice. A large sign of analogy, as in the following figure, 
 indicates a talent for reading character in the face and other ex- 
 ternal signs. The reason of this is, that the relation of the mind 
 to the body is that of analogy ; and the knowledge of the relation 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 19 
 
 of the mind to the body, or the science of Physiognomy, is ob- 
 tained principally through means of the exercise of this faculty. 
 Mind can not be compared with matter, 
 and has no correspondence or resem- 
 blance to it ; and yet, though entirely 
 different, it is not to be contrasted with 
 the body, there being that perfect un- 
 ion between body and mind which for- 
 bids contrast* Analogy constitutes the 
 relation between the one and the other, 
 and hence the body may be called an 
 
 index of the mind ; and we may speak of a large mind, of a beau- 
 tiful mind, of a well-balanced mind, &c, as we speak of a large, 
 beautiful, well-balanced body. Although the faculty of analogy 
 is exercised as the chief faculty in studying the science of Physi- 
 ognomy, it enables a person to perceive character intuitively, par- 
 ticularly if it be connected with large suspicion, discovery, and 
 analysis. It is generally stronger in women than in men ; and 
 the faculty of comparison being also stronger in the former than 
 in the latter, the opening of the nostril is shorter in the female 
 nose than in the male. In Shakspere, Cervantes, Lavater, and 
 other good judges of human nature, the sign of analogy is very 
 large. 
 
 The height of the upward curve of the wing of the nostril in- 
 dicates the faculty of Reasoning 
 a Priori^ or from cause to effect. 
 The sign is seen to be large in 
 this profile of Lavater. The de- 
 ficiency of this faculty and its sign 
 is to be observed in those who 
 incline to think of the mind as if 
 it were a development from the 
 body and external circumstances ; 
 — and who thus in studying the 
 mind, proceed from effects to cau- 
 ses, and fail to discover truth. One who has a large sign of this 
 
20 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 faculty regards the mind of chief importance, and as acting upon 
 the body and manifesting itself in and through material organs. 
 It is very easy for such a person to see that everything of the body 
 is an index of something prior in the mind ; and although he may 
 not discover the exact science of Physiognomy, he will be a firm 
 if not an enthusiastic believer in the existence of such a science. 
 The followers of the Baconian method in mental philosophy could 
 never gain much knowledge ; and those who study the mind ab- 
 stractly, and not in its relation to and action upon the body, have 
 been as unsuccessful as the others. But Gall, Lavater, and many 
 of the ancient philosophers, as Aristotle and Theophrastus, pursued 
 an opposite method in relation to the mind, and studied character 
 in the features and expressions of the face, the form and size of 
 the head, and other external developments. The sign of this 
 faculty is larger in the ancient philosophers, who excelled in moral 
 and intellectual science, and less in the modern philosophers, who 
 excel in physical science. The latter have more of the sign of 
 the faculty which reasons a posteriori, or from effects to causes, 
 as will be seen elsewhere. 
 
 In a nose like that of the preceding profile, we see force of 
 character, sagacity, and nearly all that a nose is capable of ex- 
 pressing of superior intelligence, notwithstanding the retreating 
 of the forehead. By the side of 
 such a nose, a largely-developed 
 forehead shows to a very poor 
 advantage in an intellectual point 
 of view, and in respect also to that 
 force and sagacity which should 
 accompany intelligence, as we 
 see by comparing this figure with 
 that. There is hardly any per- 
 son to be found so deficient in a 
 talent for physiognomy, unless it 
 be one with such a nose as this, 
 as not to perceive that the grand 
 fault of this face is the nose, and that the fault in the nose is a 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 21 
 
 deficiency in most of those faculties the signs of which have been 
 pointed out. You will remember, however, that the signs of 
 character in the face do not contradict the discoveries of Gall. 
 They explain the exceptions ; and it is most true that if a fine 
 development of the intellectual lobe of the brain accompanies 
 large signs of intellect in the nose, there is more intelligence in 
 dicated than if the case is otherwise. The face indicates the 
 voluntarij action of the mental faculties ; the brain indicates their 
 endurance, without which they could not sustain long-continued 
 exercise. 
 
22 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 LETTER III 
 
 That the chin is a very expressive feature of the face, no 
 one doubts. The question is, what does it express ? If we in- 
 terrogate Nature, she will answer truly ; for he who inquires at 
 her temple — not for the purpose of eliciting her secrets, but from 
 the desire of good — consults an oracle that can not utter false- 
 hood. The first general observation which we make respecting 
 the chin is, that in its horizontal projection, anteriorly and later- 
 ally, it is the index of Love. On this primary affection which 
 we call Love are founded all the domestic and social affections, 
 as on the conjugal relation are based all the domestic and social 
 relations. Nothing can be more self-evident, therefore, than that 
 conjugal love, or Love, as we will briefly call it, is of primary 
 importance, and that the signs of the faculties which constitute 
 it must be particularly interesting. The anterior projection of 
 the centre of the chin, under the first incisor teeth, as pointed out 
 in this figure, indicates the faculty of Congeniality. This is gen- 
 erally larger in woman than 
 in man. It gives a preference 
 for a conjugal partner of like 
 temperament with one's own 
 — with black eyes and hair, 
 dark complexion, &c, if that 
 be one's own color and com- 
 plexion ; and so with respect 
 to every other quality of tem- 
 perament. This explains what we mean by the word congeni- 
 ality : it is an affinity for something like and perfectly adapted, 
 and thus an affinity between minds of the same quality and be- 
 tween that which indicates it, viz., temperaments of the same quality. 
 It relates singly to the fact that husband and wife are " twain one 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 23 
 
 flesh/' for the two parts of any one thing are of the same sub- 
 stance, quality, and texture. If the husband is to acknowledge 
 the wife as " bone of his bone and flesh of his flesh," she can not 
 materially differ with him in temperament ; and this for the same 
 reason that it would be absurd to suppose one side of a man to 
 be bilious and the other nervous, one half of his face fair and 
 the other copper-colored. The beau ideal of one who has a 
 large sign of congeniality is a person with a temperament like 
 one's own. 
 
 The anterior projection of the chin next to the sign of conge- 
 niality indicates the faculty of Desire to be Loved. This is lar- 
 gest in man, and when large gives a prominence on each side 
 of the centre, as pointed out in this figure. It gives by itself a 
 feminine appearance to the chin and to the 
 rest of the features, but is out of character 
 in the female chin — desire to be loved be- 
 ing, as a general rule, strongest in man. It 
 is hence natural that man should seek the 
 love of woman and pay court to her, but 
 unnatural that woman should sue for man's 
 affection. Much has been said of the ne- 
 cessity of woman's love to the happiness 
 of man, but not much of the necessity of 
 man's love to the happiness of woman. 
 The reason is, that man has most of the 
 faculty of desire to be loved. It even causes him to forget 
 sometimes that his love is also necessary for her happiness. As 
 woman has most love, it is appropriate that man should have 
 most desire to be loved ; but in judging of its probable gratifica- 
 tion in any particular case, it is important that he should know 
 how much love there is in her nature ; for if she be incapable of 
 much love, and have also his share of desire to be loved, she is 
 more or less of a coquette, and, of all persons, least suited to 
 make him happy. 
 
 The prominence of the chin next to the sign of desire to be 
 loved, and under the second incisor teeth, as pointed out in the 
 
24 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 following figure, indicates the faculty of Desire to Love. This 
 forms the narrow-square chin, and is generally larger in woman 
 than in man. The womanly expression of 
 face depends very greatly on the faculty of 
 love of which this is the sign. One who has 
 this sign large wishes to gratify the desire to 
 be loved in the other sex, and is inclined to 
 bestow love as a favor on those who from 
 circumstances, or lack of wealth or of per- 
 sonal charms, are not so likely as others to 
 be loved. She is disposed to marry some 
 humble individual in preference even to her 
 equals in birth and fortune. The faculty 
 of desire to love is therefore a charitable 
 feeling, acting with benevolence and phi- 
 lanthropy ; and those who have the sign of it large are very good 
 and kind to the poor and unfortunate, and seem to give charities 
 in gratitude for the happiness which is conferred on them by the 
 inspiration of this faculty. Desire to love is nevertheless one of 
 the faculties of conjugal love, and causes an appreciation in the 
 wife of those talents and dispositions of mind in which her hus- 
 band is superior to herself, and which, in connexion with the fac- 
 ulties which are stronger in herself, make one whole and perfect 
 man. It relates singly to the fact that husband and wife com- 
 bine the elements of no more than one perfect human being, and 
 that separately they are but halves, which the desire to love and 
 the desire to be loved are to unite, or rather mingle into one. 
 The faculty of congeniality, on the other hand, relates singly to 
 the fact that in temperament, or in quality of mind and body, 
 they who are one are not opposite, but alike. These two facul- 
 ties, congeniality and the desire to love, being strongest in wo- 
 man, she is generally the first to perceive the true relation of 
 husband and wife between another and herself, and is the fittest 
 to decide the suit of her lover, a privilege which is generally but 
 not always reserved to her. 
 
 The breadth of the fore part of the chin just back of the sign 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 25 
 
 of desire to love, and under the canine teeth, as represented in 
 this figure, indicates the faculty of Violent Love. ■ It gives the 
 broad-square chin, which belongs to the 
 manly face, as the narrow-square chin 
 belongs to the womanly face. This fac- 
 ulty of love has the character of earnest 
 devotion, and when very strong, and 
 unaccompanied with great strength of 
 intellect, manifests itself in " love-sick- 
 ness," desperation, and insanity. It is 
 relatively stronger in man than in wo- 
 man, his love having generally most of 
 earnestness and devotion, and being more frequently expressed 
 by sighs and disordered attire, as well as by disordered health 
 and derangement of reason. As this faculty regards the loved 
 object with devotion and with perfect submission of reason to 
 the dictates of love, it becomes a kind of idolatrous worship 
 when directed to one who can not and ought not to reciprocate 
 it. As it very rarely in the present state of society acts health- 
 fully, it is accompanied with morbid feelings, jealousy, distrust, 
 subterfuge, flattery, and cunning, of which we have very remark- 
 able instances in the insane ; and it should be observed that the 
 great majority of lunatics have become such from having fallen 
 victims to this passion. In the inmates o/ lunatic asylums, and 
 those predisposed to insanity, the sign of violent love is larger 
 than in others ; but, of course, strength of mind and the proper 
 gratification of the faculty in the conjugal relation act against its 
 morbid tendency. It might be more properly called Devotion, 
 but as its proper action is so much an exception to the general 
 rule, we will for the present call it violent love. 
 
 The signs of the preceding faculties occupy what may be 
 properly called the chin. The breadth of the lower jaw under 
 the first two or small molar teeth, and next to the sign of violent 
 love,' as in the following figure, indicates the faculty of Ardent 
 Love. This, with large violent love, gives a roundness to the 
 contour of the jaws, and an ardent expression, more frequently 
 
26 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 accompanied with an ardent, sanguine temperament, than other- 
 wise. It is generally larger in woman than in man. The fac- 
 ulty manifests itself chiefly in embracing and 
 kissing, and is indicated not only by the 
 breadth of this part of the chin, but by the 
 breadth and fullness of the red part of the 
 lips. In all these respects the negro is very 
 remarkable, and woman more than man. It 
 is hence rather unnatural for men to kiss 
 and embrace each other when they meet, 
 but exceedingly natural for women to do so. 
 In the conjugal relation also the faculty of 
 ardent love is strongest in the wife ; and 
 this is one reason of the inutility of a beard 
 on the female chin, for ardor corresponds to 
 and causes warmth, particularly in this part of the face. The 
 advantage of suffering Nature to clothe the male chin with a 
 beard, an office which she has very kindly undertaken, is there- 
 fore obvious, and the use of wrapping the chin from the air in 
 very cold weather is easily seen. 
 
 The breadth of the middle part of the lower jaw, under the two 
 large molars, indicates Fondness and the Love of Physical Beauty. 
 It is very large in this outline of Henry VIII. These faculties, 
 
 when perverted, manifest them- 
 selves as wantonness and sensu- 
 ality ; but in their legitimate ac- 
 tion, the first prompts to innocent 
 fondling and caressing, and the 
 latter to looks of love which ex- 
 press the gratification of the eyes 
 in beholding the object beloved. 
 The first is strongest in man, and 
 is indicated in the breadth of the 
 jaw under the first large molar; the latter is strongest in woman, 
 and is indicated in the breadth of the jaw under the second large 
 molar. These faculties in the marriage relation desire union of 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 27 
 
 bodies for its own sake ; but when love of physical beauty is 
 strongest in man, and fondness is strongest in woman, they are 
 very liable to perversion. In such a case, woman sinks physical 
 beauty, which is the manly, into the merely sensual ; and man 
 degrades spiritual beauty, which is the feminine, into the merely 
 physical. 
 
 The breadth of the lower jaw next to the sign of physical love, 
 and under the wisdom tooth, indicates Faithful Love. This fac- 
 ulty prompts to the giving of pledges 
 and love-tokens, to faithful remem- 
 brance, betrothal, and marriage-vows. 
 It regards particularly the consumma- 
 tion of love in the conjugal relation, MSiW J^^M%\ 
 and is the desire to beget children, Wlfl \S-Jr«Pv J) 
 which are, as has been very often said, 
 the pledges of love in wedlock. The 
 conservative of harmony and love in //// ylft^ / / 
 marriage is faithful love, a pledge and vow being paramount to 
 all other considerations. A person who has the sign of this fac- 
 ulty large will not feel drawn away from his married partner by 
 another more congenial or better adapted to him, or who might 
 seem to love him more. The desire to be loved being the chief 
 incentive to love-making and unfaithfulness, and being stronger 
 in man than in woman, the faculty of faithful love is very neces- 
 sary to counterbalance it, and is naturally stronger in man than 
 in woman. Hence Christian marriage recognises the propriety 
 of the ring, as the sign of betrothal and of faithful love, being 
 given by the man to the woman. This fact should render un- 
 faithfulness in the husband more odious than unfaithfulness in 
 the wife. 
 
 The particular faculties of love which are generally strongest 
 in man cause a growth of hair on the chin. These are, as we 
 have seen, Desire to be Loved, Violent Love, Fond Love, and 
 Faithful Love ; and as a beard on the female chin is unusual, its 
 existence there indicates an unusual degree of one or more of 
 these faculties. The action of love on the chin is also fre- 
 
28 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 quently shown in the motion and position of the head, congeni- 
 ality and desire to love throwing the chin forward, as exhibited 
 in the first of the following engravings ; — and desire to be 
 loved and violent love throwing the chin sidewise, as shown in 
 the second representation. It is nature, too, which sometimes 
 prompts a rude young 
 man to take an attrac- 
 tive young lady by the 
 chin, an act which he 
 feels no temptation or 
 desire to indulge in tow- 
 ard an individual of his 
 own sex. 
 There are other signs 
 of character in the chin, which will be spoken of in the next 
 letter. 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 29 
 
 LETTER IV. 
 
 The faculties of Love, the signs of which were given in the 
 last letter, approach very much in their character to what may 
 be called Will. Strong desire belongs to love more than to any 
 other of the faculties, and desire is so much like will, that some 
 persons have not regarded the distinction. Not desire, but Pur- 
 pose, is characteristic of the will. We have seen that the strong 
 est desires or faculties of love act upon the chin horizontally 
 causing breadth and anterior projection. The faculties of will 
 (for there are more than one) act upon the chin perpendicularly, 
 causing length downward. One can scarcely fail to see, when 
 it is suggested to him, that Strength of Purpose is expressed in 
 the lower jaw, and that it is expressed in the downward aspect. 
 Observe, for example, the difference in this respect between 
 these two faces. It is not difficult to see in which of these faces 
 strength of purpose is ex- 
 pressed., and in which are 
 expressed a fire and pas- 
 sion that are expended in 
 the appearance of great 
 undertakings. 
 
 But these general ex- w 
 pressions are the result of ^V^ 
 particular signs. The faculty of Engrossment, or the power of 
 engaging the mind in a particular business or object of sense, so 
 that thoughts and fancies may not lead the mind astray, is indi- 
 cated by the length of the chin downward, under the sign of 
 Congeniality, as represented in the following outline. A person 
 with such a physiognomy as this, has a material cast of mind, 
 and an infidel tendency, owing to his great engrossment in ma- 
 terial things. He is well calculated to pursue the merely phys- 
 ical sciences, and to give a physical reason for every mental 
 
30 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 phenomenon that may he forced upon his attention. The sign 
 of this faculty may be observed large in 
 most anatomists, physiologists, and sur- 
 geons, and larger as a general rule in the 
 gross and sensual than in the refined and 
 virtuous. The power of engrossment is, 
 nevertheless, a very important faculty of 
 the will, and very necessary to counter- 
 balance — 
 
 The faculty of Abstraction, indicated by 
 the length of the chin downward, under the two small molar 
 teeth, as pointed out in this figure. The power of abstracting 
 the mind, or of removing it from ex- 
 ternal objects, so that they have not 
 the power to distract the attention, 
 is exactly the opposite of engross- 
 ment. One who has a large sign of 
 abstraction can give his attention to 
 anything requiring thought and re- 
 flection, without being much dis- 
 turbed by company, sounds, and oth- 
 er things which strike the external 
 senses. He is very much inclined 
 to meditation, abstract ideas, and phi- 
 losophical principles (rather than to ocular demonstrations), to the 
 indulgence of fancy and imagination, and to absent-mindedness, 
 and may become visionary. As this faculty turns the mind in- 
 ward, it enables us to study our own minds, and to call into ex- 
 ercise those faculties which have relation to morality and reli- 
 gion, and to spiritual things in general. The sign of it is large 
 in metaphysicians, logicians, clairvoyants, spiritualists, and vision- 
 aries, and larger in studious and sedentary people, as a general 
 rule, than in those engaged in commerce and manufactures. 
 
 The faculty of Self- Will is indicated by the length of the chin 
 downward, under the canine tooth, and just forward of the sign 
 of abstraction, as shown in the following outline. A large sign 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 31 
 
 of this faculty bespeaks a person of great solidity and weight of 
 character — one who clings to his position by force of concen- 
 tration like a rock to the earth. This 
 is the strongest of the faculties of the 
 will, because it centres in oneself and 
 is altogether one's own, being perfectly 
 expressed in the words — 
 
 « The hand of Douglas is his own — 
 And never shall in friendly grasp 
 The hand of such as Marmion clasp !" 
 
 There is hence a moral strength in this 
 faculty when properly exercised which 
 belongs to the powerful and sublime. 
 Its strength is that of the rock, rather than of the oak, which is 
 a better emblem of firmness. A child under the influence of 
 this unconquerable faculty endures blows heavily laid on ; and 
 if the same faculty were exercised in a good cause, it would be 
 heroic. Wilful or self-willed children, who express in their ac- 
 tions the spirit of the words, "I'll do as I please," have the sign 
 of this faculty large. 
 
 The faculty of Perseverance is indicated by the length of the 
 lower jaw downward, under the second large molar tooth, at 
 about the middle of the jaw, as pointed out in this figure. One 
 who has this sign large, pursues persevering- 
 ly whatever he undertakes, is indefatigable 
 in his exertions, does not stop to take rest, 
 and, if he be not exhausted before his labor 
 is completed, is sure to finish it. The sign 
 is large in great students, in naturalists, in 
 astronomers and mathematicians, and in all 
 whose motto is " Per sever antia omnia vin- 
 cit." 
 
 The faculty of Resolution is indicated by 
 the length of the lower jaw downward, under the incisor tooth, 
 and just forward of the angle of the jaw, as pointed out in the 
 first figure on the following page. In the second figure it is 
 represented small. Resolution is generally strong in connexion 
 
32 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 with perseverance, but not always. In the latter case, the indi- 
 vidual may " resolve, 
 and re-resolve, and die 
 the same." One who 
 has the sign of resolu- 
 tion large is very ener- 
 
 getic. 
 
 and if he has the 
 
 sign of perseverance al- 
 so large, he is very effi- 
 cient The person rep- 
 resented in the right-hand figure above, with 
 small perseverance and resolution, has neither efficiency nor 
 energy. 
 
 In connexion with signs of character in the base of the lower 
 jaw, may be mentioned those in the neck. The length of the 
 cervical vertebrae, giving posterior extension and straightness to 
 the neck, as represented in this outline, indicates the faculty of 
 Firmness. One with this sign large re- 
 mains firm and unshaken when there is 
 an attempt to bend him from his purpose, 
 or to make him swerve from his convic- 
 tions of right. He is like an oak, calmer 
 in tempests than other people, because 
 storms have no power to shake him. Firm- 
 ness acts very much with self-defence, and 
 is usually large with it ; for to " stand one's 
 ground," as we familiarly say, is to exer- 
 cise both of these faculties. 
 
 " Come one, come all ! this rock shall fly 
 From its firm base, as soon as I" — 
 
 expresses the simultaneous action of self-defence and firmness. 
 The horse has the signs of both of these faculties large ; and 
 when firmness is in strong exercise, he lengthens the back part 
 of the neck and holds it as perpendicularly as possible, at the 
 same time that he throws out the nose repeatedly in the direction 
 of the sign of self-defence. The mule, the camel, the llama, and 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 33 
 
 all animals that have long cervical vertebrae, or long necks, are 
 instances of great firmness, manifesting the habit of remaining 
 fixed in one place, particularly when it is attempted to drive 
 them. The hog and the ass are very commonly supposed to 
 possess great firmness, but this mistake should be corrected : for 
 the hog does not stand still, but runs against the person or object 
 in its path, and the ass does not stand so much as he runs back- 
 ward. 
 
 The length of the trachea or windpipe, together with the larynx, 
 giving length and convexity to the fore part of the neck, as rep- 
 resented in this outline, indicates the faculty of Independence. 
 
 It is evident that independence or 
 love of liberty is very different from 
 firmness, though nearly allied to it. 
 One who has this sign large loves free- 
 dom, and can not brook arbitrary au- 
 thority and restraint. It is very large 
 in the Yankee physiognomy, and large 
 also in the French, and larger gener- 
 ally in woman than in man. One who 
 has this sign small has but little free- 
 dom of thought and feeling, and is 
 more ready than others to " pin his faith to other men's sleeves." 
 Independence acts very much with relative-defence, as firmness 
 acts with self-defence ; for in the cause of liberty we defend 
 others, their firesides and homes, or the oppressed of other lands, 
 as in the exercise of firmness we defend ourselves and our own 
 position. For the united action of independence acting as love 
 of liberty, and relative-defence acting as irritability, we have an 
 excellent example in the camel. All long-necked domestic ani- 
 mals, as the horse, the camel, and the llama, have great love of 
 liberty, which makes it necessary for them to be tied and held 
 in with the rein ; and those animals which have the fore part of 
 the neck longer than the back part, have more love of liberty 
 than firmness. 
 
 The faculty of Subserviency is indicated by the loose skin on 
 3 
 
34 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 each side of the larynx, extending upward under the chin, as 
 represented in this figure. When this loose skin is not sufficient 
 to form folds, as is generally the case, it in- 
 dicates only an ordinary degree of the fac- 
 ulty. Subserviency gives the language and 
 deportment of "Your most obedient ser- 
 vant," and increases with years, being lar- 
 gest in old age. Hence it is that a large 
 sign of it is so frequently observable in old 
 people. It acts very much with the faculty 
 >of attack, as firmness acts with self-defence, 
 and as independence acts with relative-de- 
 fence : for aggression is in the service of a 
 master or mistress, as exemplified in the characters of champions 
 and knight-errants. The sign of subserviency is large in the dog, 
 who is always ready to fight for his master ; and still larger in 
 the cock, forming in him the two red dependencies at the upper 
 part of the neck, on each side of the larynx. He has the sign 
 larger than any other animal, because he has more of the spirit 
 of chivalry and knight-errantry, and more gallantry even than 
 man. 
 
 The faculty of Submission is indicated by the loose skin ovei 
 the windpipe, somewhat lower down than the sign of subservi- 
 ency. When the faculty is large, which is seldom the case, the 
 loose skin which indicates it forms a perceptible fold in the mid- 
 dle line of the neck, as represented in this 
 outline. This looseness of the integument 
 may be observed in all persons by pinch- 
 ing the part between the fingers, and thus 
 the degree of the faculty may be judged 
 of. Submission gives the character of hu- 
 mility, without want of self-esteem, and 
 manifests itself in the language and deport- 
 ment of " Your most humble servant." It 
 is the disposition to submit to the authority of government, of 
 parents, of superiors, and particularly to the will of Providence. 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 35 
 
 It shows itself in resignation (which is, indeed, synonymous with 
 submission), and in bowing the neck to the yoke of trial and dis- 
 cipline, whether they occur in the dispensations of Providence 
 or of civil society. The sign of it is very great in the ox, who 
 bows his neck to the yoke, and his will to the command of his 
 master, as no other brute will do ; and it is very large also in the 
 turkey, forming in him the long fold of loose red skin in front of 
 the throat. The turkey is as remarkable for submission as the 
 cock is for subserviency, manifesting it in sudden acts of hu- 
 mility, bowing of the neck and drooping of the feathers, whenever 
 a little authority is shown toward him, either from man or from 
 one of his own species. 
 
36 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 LETTER V. 
 
 The subject of this letter will be signs of character in the 
 cheek-bones. The prominence of the corner of the cheek-bone 
 under the outer angle of the eye, as pointed out in this figure, 
 
 indicates the faculty of Protection. 
 One who has this sign large likes to 
 have good fences around his premi- 
 ses, is fond of stone walls and forti- 
 fications, and, if a general or a public 
 man, will pay great attention to na- 
 tional defences. The sign is very 
 large in distinguished military men, 
 giving them a squareness of the up- 
 per part of the face ; is comparatively 
 small in the American Indian, who seldom builds anything like 
 a fence or fortification ; is very large in the Chinese, who is fa- 
 mous for his " Great Wall ;" and is large also in the Dutchman, 
 who is obliged to build fortifications to protect himself and his 
 land from the encroachments of the sea. 
 
 The breadth of the face, caused by the lateral projection of 
 the cheek-bones next to the sign 
 of protection, and a little higher, 
 as represented in this figure, in- 
 dicates the faculty of Hurling. 
 A youth with this sign large is 
 exceedingly fond of throwing 
 stones from the hand or a sling, 
 water from a spout, or shot from 
 a gun. The sign is very large 
 in the American Indian, and in 
 all great warriors — the propensity for war depending on hurling 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 37 
 
 more than on combativeness and the love of triumph. The fac- 
 ulty of hurling delights in 
 
 " Drum, gun, blunderbuss, and thunder" — 
 
 the hurling of missiles, the clashing of arms, and the amputation 
 of limbs, first by firearms and afterward by the knife. The sign 
 of it is large in celebrated surgeons, as well as in renowned war- 
 riors ; and undoubtedly the principle of cure in case of a gun-shot 
 wound, or amputation by a cannon-ball, is similia similibus cu- 
 rantur. The sign is large also in firemen, and in the boys that 
 run to fires, assisting in the clamor, and delighting in the war of 
 the elements. It is not very difficult to distinguish between the 
 perverted and the legitimate action of this faculty. The monkey 
 has the sign of it very large, and manifests it very strongly. It 
 is large also in the horse that throws his rider, and hence the 
 horse enters with such spirit into the battle. It manifests itself, 
 when large, in a wild, fiery temper, and in a fiery-red complex- 
 ion, like that of the Indian. It gives most delight in the throw- 
 ing of fire-balls, or something hot, like a bomb from a mortar, 
 and prompts the language — " I'll make it so hot there, that he'll 
 wish he were somewhere else !" In those who throw " apples 
 of discord" — not secretly, but openly — the sign of hurling is 
 particularly large. 
 
 The elevation of the arch of the cheek-bone, called the zygo- 
 matic arch, as pointed out in this figure, indicates the faculty of 
 Medicine. By the faculty of medi- 
 cine, we do not mean the mem- 
 bers of the medical profession, but 
 the disposition to cure diseases by 
 the application of medicinal agents, 
 commonly called medicines. If a 
 person has the sign of this faculty 
 large, he will, other things being 
 equal, be not only inclined to study 
 and practise medicine, but will have a certain instinct for it, 
 which will materially assist his scientific knowledge. Without 
 
38 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 this faculty and its sign in a superior degree, no person ever at- 
 tained to skill and eminence in the medical profession, or ever 
 made a very good nurse for the sick. The North American 
 Indians have the sign of this faculty very large, one of their char- 
 acteristics being high cheek-bones, and they are equally remark- 
 able for their "medicine-men" — so much so, that some white 
 persons consider the name " Indian doctor" a sufficient offset for 
 ignorance and presumption. Animals possess more or less of 
 the instinct for the use of medicines and the cure of diseases, and 
 this is generally in proportion to the deficiency of the vis medi- 
 catrix nature, or the power of the system to cure itself. Hence 
 severe diseases are almost sure to prove fatal to the Indian until 
 he has found a remedy, a fact which has been illustrated in the 
 desolation of small-pox when first introduced among them ; and 
 the domestic animals, as the horse, dog, cat, turkey, &c, which 
 in their wild state find medicines for themselves, are almost sure 
 to die when disease attacks them. The wild-turkey not only 
 doctors itself, but its young, which in a tame state are so liable 
 to sicken and die ; the cat instinctively crops the leaves of the 
 catnep, without which she is subject to fits ; the horse eats the 
 dock, a medicinal plant, and is the more healthy for it ; and the 
 bear, the, fox, the rabbit, and many other animals, keep them- 
 selves from madness or other diseases by the use of medicines : 
 and it must be confessed that their remedies are mostly vegeta- 
 ble. It should be observed, also, that when physicians take 
 sick, they do not, as a general rule, recover as easily as others ; 
 and that the Chinese, who have, like the American Indians, a 
 large sign and faculty of medicine, are cured by medicine more 
 than by the curative power of nature. Those who have the sign 
 of this faculty small, get sick easily, and get well very soon of 
 themselves, while the reverse is true of those who have the sign 
 large. It is hence very possible as well as important to know 
 who of the sick should be trusted to the care of Nature, and who 
 should not be. Those who are of feeble constitutions, and fre- 
 quently unwell, have but little of the faculty which would enable 
 them to prescribe for themselves or others, and should trust to 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 89 
 
 Nature and a proper regimen rather than to the doctor or apoth- 
 ecary. 
 
 The breadth and fullness of the orbitar process of the cheek- 
 bones at the outer angle of the eye, as pointed out in this figure, 
 indicates the faculty of Wave-Mo- 
 tion. One who has it large loves 
 the motion of the sea when it is 
 disturbed by wind ; is fond of the 
 rocking of a vessel on the water, 
 or of a swing or cradle ; exhibits 
 wavy or graceful motion in his gait 
 and gestures, and is particularly 
 fond of dancing. The sign is very 
 small in the Irish, who show but 
 little of the faculty in their mo- 
 tions, and who care little for the 
 accomplishment of dancing. It is 
 large in the French and ^Italians, and particularly large in the 
 Spanish, who in their gait are the most graceful people in the 
 world, and who above all others exhibit wave-motion in their 
 dances. The actors in the well-known " Spanish dance'' appear 
 like a moving sea ; and we may say, indeed, that there is no other 
 dance than this, or such as this, unless we allow that a succession 
 of hops may be called dancing. A bear-dance is the most ab- 
 surd thing in nature, or rather in art, for it is said that the animal 
 is forced to take steps by standing on something hot. This fac- 
 ulty is possessed by animals as well as men. The cat-kind have 
 the sign of it large, and they exhibit graceful undulations, in uni- 
 son with the music, as they pace back and forth in their cages. 
 The bear has scarcely anything of the sign, and he stalks back 
 and forth in his cage without the least appreciation or exhibition 
 of grace. 
 
 The prominence of the cheek-bone under the eye, at the place 
 pointed out in the following engraving, indicates the faculty of 
 Watchfulness. This is very large in the Indian, who has great 
 power of vigilance. It is very large also in distinguished gen- 
 
40 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 erals, who need to exercise the faculty so much ; and it is par- 
 ticular^ large in Napoleon, who is said to have taken but about 
 four hours out of the twenty-four for sleep. In watchmen, too, 
 and in physicians, and in good nur- 
 ses, the sign of this faculty is larger, 
 as a general rule, than in other peo- 
 ple. One who has it large needs 
 less sleep to restore nature than one 
 who has it small — and the latter 
 should not be required to set up as 
 late and rise as early as the former. 
 In officers of government, in polit- 
 ical men, in those holding respon- 
 sible stations, and in all who act 
 upon the principle that " eternal vigilance is the price of liberty," 
 the sign of this faculty is above the average — never below it. 
 In the cat, the dog, the owl, and all carnivorous animals, the 
 sign is larger than in the vegetable eaters. These, in seeking 
 their food, have but to go where it is : those have not only to 
 go where their food is, but have to watch their opportunity to 
 take it. 
 
 The downward projection of the angle of the cheek-bone, 
 resting upon the hand in this figure, indicates the faculty of Love 
 
 of Rest ; and just back of this, un- 
 der the sign of hurling, is indicated 
 the faculty of Repose. A very nat- 
 ural action of the faculty of rest is 
 a supporting of the head upon the 
 elbow, with the sign of the faculty 
 in contact with the back of the hand, 
 as represented in this outline ; and 
 in this position the knuckle of the 
 middle finger naturally comes in 
 contact with the sign of rest, while that of the index finger is un- 
 der the sign of repose. One who has much perpendicular breadth 
 or downward projection of the cheek-bone from the angle back- 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 41 
 
 ward, has great capacity of resting and reposing, and will show 
 great partiality for conveniences for this purpose, for rocking- 
 chairs and couches, and will like to take a siesta during the day. 
 If he have not a large sign of watchfulness, he will be very liable 
 to drowse in church, or in reading this description, and is open 
 to the charge of laziness. It may be observed, that when a per- 
 son is merging from rest into repose, the head so changes its 
 position that the hand would pass from the sign of one to that 
 of the other, and come finally under the cheek-bone at the side 
 of the face. A person in repose very commonly lies with the 
 hand in contact with the sign of the faculty, between the face 
 and pillow. In the dog and cat, in the same state, a like posi- 
 tion may be observed. 
 
 Besides the faculties of rest and repose, there is a faculty of 
 Sleep — a deeper state than either of the others. The capability 
 of slumbering or of sleeping soundly, so that it is difficult to 
 rouse oneself or to be roused, is indicated by the long process 
 of the lower jaw, which rises up under the temporal arch, and 
 to which the temporal muscle is attached. The ordinary action 
 of the muscle is in proportion to the sign of sleep, and closes 
 the jaw lightly at its back part. If it were not for this connex- 
 ion of the temporal muscle with the sign of sleep, the jaws would 
 fall apart while a person is sleeping, the voluntary muscles being 
 then relaxed. This is evident, from the fact that when a person 
 is entirely exhausted, so that he cannot sleep, at the same time 
 that he has no longer the power of watching, the jaws fall asun- 
 der — a circumstance which attends the last stage of a disease, 
 or which takes place at death. To the signs of rest and repose 
 is attached the strong muscle called the masseter, which closes 
 powerfully the fore part of the jaws, as in biting. Hence the 
 jaws are closed more tightly during rest and repose than during 
 sleep ; and without this connexion of the muscle wkh the signs of 
 rest and repose, the jaws would separate as soon as the muscular 
 system was relaxed from the absence of wakefulness. The car- 
 nivorous animals possess these faculties in a superior degree, 
 and they are remarkable for the strength of the muscles which 
 
42 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 close the jaw. The fox has the sign of sleep immensely large ; 
 and it is said that he sleeps so soundly, that however closely 
 approached, there is no great danger of waking him. The rab- 
 bit has scarcely any of it, and of him there is a figurative saying 
 that he " sleeps with one eye open." 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 43 
 
 LETTER VI. 
 
 There is not a part of the body in which people differ more 
 than in the ear ; and as this is a very conspicuous member, ex- 
 cept when artificially concealed, and as people are much dis- 
 posed to attach some meaning to it, we may suppose that it is 
 an important index of character. It has been thought by some 
 persons that a large ear indicates good-nature, and this approxi- 
 mates very nearly to the truth, for the whole size or expansion 
 of the ear indicates Susceptibility of Improvement, or, in other 
 words, Docility. This is not a faculty, but a general quality of 
 the mind, and belongs to all the faculties. The susceptibility 
 of improvement relates to artificial cultivation, in contradistinction 
 to wild growth or mere spontaneous development, and belongs 
 to man and animals in what is called an artificial state of society. 
 Men in a civilized condition have much larger ears than those 
 in a barbarous or savage state, and domestic animals have much 
 larger ears than those of the same species which run wild. The 
 Indian, who resists with such pertinacity the influence of civili- 
 zation, has a comparatively small ear ; while the white man has 
 a comparatively large one. By far the largest ears are to be 
 found among the refined classes, and the smallest ears among the 
 most natural and uncultivated. Political men, members of Con- 
 gress, and officers of government generally, may be supposed to 
 have the strongest affinity for civil institutions and artificial so- 
 ciety, in which men subject themselves to the training, instruc- 
 tion, and government of the laws ; and that is the class of men 
 who excel others in large ears. In animals, there is the same 
 agreement between the size of the ear and the susceptibility of 
 improvement, or docility. The horse, cow, sheep, ass, rabbit, 
 hog, elephant, &c, all improve in the state of domestication, and 
 are superior to the same animals in a wild state. Other things 
 
44 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 being equal, the animal is docile in proportion to the size of the 
 ear — the ass more than the horse, the rabbit more than the 
 squirrel, the hog more than the sheep, the dog more than the 
 cat, the elephant more than the camel, and so on. The domes- 
 tic fowls, on the other hand, have not the sign of docility, and 
 instead of improving by domestication, always deteriorate ; the 
 domestic turkey, hen, goose, duck, &c, being far inferior to the 
 wild. There is hardly a worse picture of degradation than one 
 of these animals reared in a house or among children, as there 
 is hardly a higher exhibition of native beauty and grandeur than 
 these birds in a wild state. But the case is quite otherwise with 
 cosset lambs, rabbits, calves, and colts. 
 
 The lateral projection of the process of bone in front of the 
 ear, called the zygoma, extending to the cheek-bone, indi- 
 cates the faculty of Affectation, or the power of assuming the 
 
 character of another. This faculty in- 
 clines a person to put on airs some- 
 what resembling the expression given 
 in this figure, and of the general char* 
 acter of acting. By itself, it is noth- 
 ing more than what is commonly un- 
 derstood by affectation ; but combined 
 with large imitation, it shows itself in 
 natural representations of real or im- 
 aginary characters in dramatic exhibi- 
 tions. Affectation shows itself in exaggerated feeling, or in the ap- 
 pearance of carelessness and indifference, and this is assuming a 
 character which is not one's own ; for the difference between one 
 man and another is not a difference in the faculties of their minds, 
 but a difference in the degree of their faculties. This exaggera- 
 tion or suppression of emotions in the external expression belongs 
 to comedy, pantomime, caricature, and burlesque, and indeed to 
 tragedy and the opera, in which the actor not only assumes the 
 character of another, but is ever liable to the charge of over- 
 acting. The sign of it is large in tragedians, opera-singers, come- 
 dians, and harlequins, and large in those who have the talent for 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 45 
 
 mimicry, the faculty of imitation in this case receiving its direc- 
 tion from the faculty of affectation. In a person wanting in hon- 
 esty, and governed by selfishness, this faculty shows itself in 
 dissembling and hypocrisy, and hypocrites have the sign of it 
 large. Deception is undoubtedly a perverted action of this fac- 
 ulty ; but there are circumstances in which it is justifiable and 
 proper to express less than we feel, and not to seem annoyed 
 when it would be disrespectful or uncharitable to seem so. In- 
 deed, the faculty of benevolence is that which should give direc- 
 tion to affectation, and hence it is that many very kind and affec- 
 tionate persons seem to be always affected, and in reality are so. 
 They express no more affection and kindness than they feel, but 
 more interest, more surprise, more credulity, and more apprecia- 
 tion, than is true ; and this may be said to be natural to them, 
 because affectation is natural. m 
 
 Nearly allied to the faculty of affectation are the Love of Sur- 
 prise, the Love of Responsibility, and the Love of Concert. The 
 first is indicated by the prominence of bone, called the mastoid 
 process, behind the ear, represented in this figure. A person 
 with this sign large likes to surprise and 
 astonish people, either agreeably or disa- 
 greeably; and for this end is sure to open 
 all his budget of news, and to provide 
 himself with all that is strange and exci- 
 ting — is the first to carry the news of mar- 
 riages and deaths, consults fortune-tellers 
 and clairvoyants, and is never behind the 
 times in relation to new discoveries. He 
 likes to take people unawares ; to give them presents, or to 
 pay them a visit, when they are not expecting it ; to be sly, 
 cunning, and clever, in an innocent way ; or if he be governed 
 by sordid and selfish motives, he is sly and cunning in a wicked 
 sense, and, without honesty, will make an excellent cheat and 
 even thief. The love of surprise will manifest itself in these 
 various ways, according to the rest of the character. The sign 
 of it is large in the American Indian, the Mexican, &c. ; and as 
 
46 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 they are governed mostly by destruetiveness, they manifest it 
 in guerilla warfare, or, like the cat, in taking their prey or their 
 enemy by surprise. This is regarded as slyness, cunniag, strat- 
 agem, and treachery ; but when exercised benevolently, gives 
 unexpected pleasure, and can be called by no worse name than 
 love of surprise. In the dog, the fox, the cat, and all carnivor- 
 ous animals, there is a large sign of this faculty, while in the 
 vegetable eaters it is comparatively small. It may be thought 
 that the particular type of character called the " Down-Easter" 
 is very well described in the definition given to this faculty, and 
 it is true that he has the sign and general physiognomical ex- 
 pression of it very large. 
 
 The Love of Respo7isibility is indicated by the limb of the 
 lower jaw in its length downward from the ear, as represented in 
 this figure. This sign is just back of the sign of resolution. 
 One who has it large likes to put himself 
 in responsible positions ; to have others de- 
 pendent upon him ; to be a voucher and 
 security for somebody ; to make the will 
 sufficient to the end ; to say, " Amen, so be 
 it" — " Be ye warmed and be ye fed ;" — 
 to pronounce benedictions ; to will others, 
 or to impress his desire upon them, and for 
 this purpose to lay on hands as in Mesmer- 
 izing and pronouncing a benediction, the 
 act being significant of the imparting of a blessing by the direct 
 agency of the will. It is evident that one who takes the responsibil- 
 ity, either in a public or private situation, assumes that his will is 
 sufficient for the will of others, a"nd through them for the accom- 
 plishment of the end. He says, "Let it be as I desire," and 
 this is taking the responsibility upon himself; but if he be an 
 ignorant person, he is an impostor— he pretends to power that 
 does not belong to him, and his benedictions and imposition of 
 hands have only the effect to impose upon people, and give him 
 the character of a sage or a prophet in the eyes of the ignorant. 
 In the effect of Mesmerism, there is an entire gratification of this 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 47 
 
 faculty, for the subject is put entirely beyond his own control, 
 and is governed completely by the will of the Mesmerizer, re- 
 ceiving from his hands the benediction which it is the object of 
 every good Mesmerizer to impart. This is one office of the 
 physician, and if he does his duty in this respect as well as in 
 administering medicines, there is no necessity of his being an 
 impostor, or of depending for his success on an imposing ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 The Love of Concert is indicated by the breadth between the 
 eyes, as represented in this outline. In some persons this breadth 
 is very great, in others it is very little. The 
 former like very much to act in concert 
 and harmony with others, to concert plans 
 in which different . persons shall have sepa- 
 rate acts to perform, all tending to one end ; 
 to observe the mutual support which the 
 different parts of a structure afford each 
 other ; to unite the various parts in a con- 
 cert of music, and to observe the adapta- 
 tion of music to the walls and domes of a 
 church or other ouildings, in the echoes 
 which are produced. This sign is always 
 large in those who are capable of carry- 
 ing on the several parts of a tune, and of leading a choir, 
 and is small in those who are incapable of attending to more 
 than one part at a time. Those who have it large like to 
 form partnerships and to counsel with others, or to carry on 
 intrigues ; while those who have it small do not seek to make 
 alliances, keep their own counsel, and do not join societies, or 
 plot with others for any particular objects, good or bad. The 
 sign of love of concert is large in birds of song, and they love to 
 join with each other in singing, and to sing when noises are 
 made. It is large in the dog, who strikes up his musical howl 
 when a bell rings, or when he hears singing, or when he can 
 join in concert with other dogs ; and it is still larger in the wolf. 
 It is comparatively small in the cat, whose yell is so exceedingly 
 
48 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 unmusical and out of harmony with everything ; and it is still 
 sjnaller in the cougar and others of the cat-kind, although these 
 animals have the faculty of wave-motion, and delight in single 
 melodies. For acting in concert, for singing in concert or har- 
 mony, for political and literary clubs, and for breadth between 
 the eyes, perhaps the Germans are more remarkable than any 
 Other people. In woman there is generally more of this faculty 
 and its sign than in man. 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 49 
 
 LETTER VII. 
 
 The language of the eye would in itself occupy a volume, 
 but in this brief outline we must content ourselves with speaking 
 of it as we have spoken of the ear, in general terms. The size 
 of the eye indicates Activity, by which we mean, not a faculty, 
 but an attribute of the mind, something appertaining to all the 
 faculties. A small eye gives a physiognomical expression very 
 different from that of a large one, and indicates a very different 
 quality and character. It belongs always to a less degree of se- 
 riousness, and is incompatible with a face indicative of great 
 reverence and religious feelings, as we may see by a comparison 
 of these two figures. The reason of this is, that activity is con- 
 nected with the 
 higher intellect- 
 ual and religious 
 faculties, more 
 than with the ma- 
 terial and sensu- 
 al : we have often 
 heard of " large, 
 spiritual eyes," 
 — andof"litde, 
 
 sparkling, black eyes," to which nobody has ever thought of at- 
 taching a spiritual significance, but very frequently the reverse. 
 Small eyes more frequently than otherwise accompany a phleg- 
 matic temperament, which is generally inactive and sluggish; 
 and though they sometimes seem to express liveliness, the men- 
 tal operations in such cases are slow, and there is neither quick 
 ness of apprehension nor of speech. Persons with large eyes 
 have very lively emotions, think very rapidly, and speak fast, 
 unless there be a predominance of the phlegmatic temperament. 
 
50 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 Of persons with small eyes the reverse is true. The former are 
 quick and spontaneous in their feelings and in the expression of 
 them, and are therefore simple, like the Scotch, Swiss, and all 
 who inhabit mountainous regions. The latter are slow and cal- 
 culating, and therefore artful, like the Gipsies, a people who 
 generally inhabit level countries. There is a connexion between 
 activity and the ascending and descending of acclivities, a fact 
 which we evince in running up and down stairs, and which an 
 active horse exhibits when he comes to a hill ; and hence the 
 Scotch Highlanders, as well as the sheep, goat, chamois, &c, 
 have large eyes and very great activity. The rabbit, the squir- 
 rel, the cat, the mouse, the gazelle, are instances of the sign of 
 activity in a very superior degree ; while the hog, the rhinoceros, 
 the elephant, the sloth, are instances of small eyes and very little 
 activity. Insects, which are so exceedingly sprightly, have very 
 large eyes, occupying full half the head ; while large and pon- 
 derous animals have comparatively very small eyes, indicating 
 their adaptation to the smaller species of the animal creation. 
 It should be observed that sometimes a small opening of the 
 eyelids causes a large eye to appear a small one, though this is 
 not usually the case. 
 
 The prominence of the cheek-bone obliquely over the sign of 
 watchfulness, and under the outer angle of the eye, as shown in 
 
 this figure, indicates the faculty of Love 
 of Shadow. Woman has relatively more 
 of this sign than man, and the faculty 
 in her prompts the wearing of a veil, 
 and the carrying of a parasol (aside 
 from the mere desire of preserving a 
 fair complexion), and makes her more 
 disposed than man to seek the cover of 
 a tree or arbor, to darken a room with 
 shutters, or to lend a " soft, religious 
 light" to the aisles of a church. One who has this sign large will 
 surround his house with shade-trees, or prefer a " life in the 
 woods," like the wild Indian, who has the sign extraordinarily 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 51 
 
 large. It is by shadow that perspective is chiefly produced, and 
 the sign of this faculty is large in those who are capable of pro- 
 ducing this effect of distance in their pictures, a talent for which 
 the old masters are particularly distinguished. 
 
 Under the centre of the eye, the prominence of the cheek- 
 bone, as represented in this outline, indi- 
 cates the faculty of Machinery. One who 
 has this faculty and its sign large, under- 
 stands the principles of motion and their 
 application to machinery, has a talent for 
 the invention or ready appreciation of en- 
 gines, and the complicated apparatus of 
 " wheels within wheels," which, to per- 
 sons deficient in this sign, are discord and 
 confusion as great as are the noises they produce. 
 
 In the prominence of the cheek-bone under the inner angle of 
 the eye, as represented in this figure, is indicated the faculty of 
 Construction. A talent for constructing 
 is not the same as a talent for machinery, 
 but differs from it, inasmuch as a struc- 
 ture differs from a machine : the former 
 being stationary, and composed of straight 
 lines and parts of a circle, and the latter 
 being adapted to motion, and composed 
 of circles alone. Carpenters and joiners, 
 cabinet-makers, and other mechanics, ex- 
 ercise the faculty of construction in their 
 trades ; and those who distinguish themselves as master-work- 
 men, or who show much mechanical ingenuity, have the sign of 
 constructiveness large. It is very great in the beaver. Women 
 exhibit a most excellent taste in dwellings, furniture, and every- 
 thing belonging to construction, and the sign of the faculty is 
 large in them. 
 
 The prominence of the top of the ridge of the nose, just un- 
 der the forehead, and above the sign of attack, as represented in 
 the following figure, indicates the faculty of Architecture. This 
 
52 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 gives the Grecian form of nose ; and the taste and talent for ar- 
 chitecture displayed by the Grecians is indicated by this feature, 
 which has given the name of " Grecian 
 nose," as the signs of attack and relative- 
 defence, for which the Romans were re- 
 markable, have given the name of " Roman 
 nose." The faculty of architecture does 
 not refer to the parts of a building or su- 
 perstructure, but rather to the pillars and 
 columns which are superadded, and serve 
 as supports, and to which is attributed the 
 peculiar style of architecture, as the Corinthian, the Ionic, the 
 Doric, the Gothic, and the Composite. The abutments of a 
 bridge are not properly parts of the bridge itself, which is merely 
 the structure which spans the stream ; and in like manner the 
 columns of a temple are not the structure itself, but the architec- 
 ture on which it rests. It is hence proper to call our legislators 
 — those who are worthy of the name — "pillars of the constitu- 
 tion," though they are evidently no part of the constitution itself. 
 The faculty of architecture gives a delight in the tall shafts of 
 trees, and in disposing them so as to present the appearance of 
 a colonnade ; and birds, squirrels, cats, and other animals, which 
 inhabit or climb trees, have the sign of this faculty large. The 
 dog, wolf, fox, and animals which have nothing to do with col- 
 umns, have the sign small. 
 
 The breadth of the nose on each side of the sign of architec- 
 ture, and between the eyes, as shown in 
 this figure, indicates the faculty of Weav- 
 ing, This sign is generally large in con- 
 nexion with the sign of the faculty of ma- 
 chinery, for the reason that the two facul- 
 ties are generally exercised together. The 
 most extensive application of machinery is 
 to the manufacture of fabrics by the proces- 
 ses of weaving ; and the person who readily comprehends the 
 various kinds of webs and networks is generally capable of com- 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 53 
 
 "ehending, without much difficulty, the action of the power 
 which produces these effects, or, in other words, the action of 
 labor-saving machinery. The sign of weaving is large in the 
 inventors of looms and in weavers. It is large in the Scotch, 
 and in the American Indians, who are famous for their baskets, 
 their beautiful net moccasins, and a thousand ornamental things, 
 woven with many-colored quills and threads. It is also very 
 large in the chimney-swallow and other birds that weave for 
 their nests round fabrics of hair, thread, or silk. 
 
 The breadth of the nose just below the sign of weaving, and 
 
 on each side of the sign of attack, 
 as represented in this figure, indi- 
 cates the faculty of Love of Cloth- 
 ing. This is large in those who 
 like to dress well — to put on an 
 abundance of clothes in cold weath- 
 er, to have many changes of gar- 
 ments, and who pay great attention 
 to their wardrobe. In those who 
 have a passion for dress, who have 
 an ambition to outshine their neigh- 
 bors in attire, who covet the distinction of a military or official 
 dress, who aspire to a clergyman's gown, a cardinal's cloak, or 
 to the royal purple, the sign of the love of clothing is very large. 
 It is very large, for example, in Richelieu ; and larger in those 
 who display rich garments and splendid equipage, as in the case 
 of what is called " high life," than among the humbler and poorer 
 classes. In woman there is generally more of it than in man, 
 and a very strong manifestation of the faculty is her disposition 
 to wrap herself in furs and carry a muff, as well as her taste for 
 dress and equipage in general. 
 
 The breadth of the nose under the inner angle of the eye, 
 next to the sign of clothing, and the elevation of the cheek-bone, 
 extending on to the side of the nose, as shown in the following 
 figure, indicate the faculty of Love of Water. This sign is 
 large in sailors, in fishermen, in those who from choice reside 
 
54 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 on the shores of lakes and rivers, in persons who bathe a great 
 deal, as the inhabitants of India, and particularly in those who 
 
 attach so great an importance to water 
 as to think it the sovereign good and 
 the cure for " all the ills that flesh is 
 heir to." The negro has the sign very- 
 large, and in some countries he is al" 
 most amphibious. The love of water 
 is also indicated by a complexion dark- 
 er than that which is natural to the 
 temperament, or than agrees with the 
 color of the hair and eyes. Thus a 
 person with light hair and eyes, and a 
 dark complexion, is one who loves very 
 much to bathe and use water in various ways ; while a person 
 with dark hair and eyes, and a fair complexion, is one of the 
 last to become a practical hydropathist. Children have the 
 sign of this faculty larger relatively than grown persons, and 
 they are exceedingly fond of running out into the rain, and of 
 playing and wading in water. In the dog the sign is large, and 
 in the cat it is small, though cleanliness in the cat is much 
 greater than in the dog; which shows that the love of cleanliness 
 and the love of water are by no means in direct proportion to 
 each other. 
 
 The Love of Cleanliness is a particular faculty of the mind, 
 and is indicated by the fullness of the middle line of the fore- 
 head, extending upward about an inch and a half from the root 
 of the nose. The external and internal plates of the skull are 
 separated at this place, and consequently the surface does not 
 indicate the form of the brain, but of the sinus or cavity beneath, 
 and is strictly a physiognomical sign, like the other bones of the 
 face, which also contain sinuses. In some persons this middle 
 line of the forehead is so prominent as to form a ridge ; in oth- 
 ers it is so deficient as to present a depression. In the former, 
 there is always a great love of cleanliness, of sweeping and dust- 
 ing, of removing cobwebs and offensive things from corners, of 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 55 
 
 routing insects and vermin from their hiding-places, or rather of 
 not allowing them to exist; and if the love of cleanliness is com- 
 bined with the love of water, there is a great love of washing 
 clothes, scrubbing floors, and bathing the body. In the cat the 
 sign of cleanliness is large, with a small sign of love of water ; 
 but in the dog the sign of water is large, with a small sign of 
 love of cleanliness. Woman has generally much more love of 
 cleanliness than man, and she has more of the sign. 
 
56 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 LETTER VIII. 
 
 / 
 
 Undoubtedly the region of the forehead over the eye is to 
 be included in the facial signs of character, for the frontal sinu- 
 ses belong as properly to the face as do the sinuses of the cheek- 
 bone and nose with which they communicate. The angle or 
 outer extremity of the ridge of the eyebrow, represented in this 
 figure, indicates Love of Enjoyment. One who has this sign 
 
 large has" a lively perception of ev- 
 erything which contributes to ex- 
 quisiteness of sensation, or which, in 
 addition to the mere necessaries and 
 comforts of life, affords delight and 
 luxury; and for this reason he is also 
 more sensible to suffering. He does 
 y^C^^H^^ not live merely for the sake of living, 
 
 * but for the luxury of living ; loves 
 
 what is soft and refined in its influ- 
 ence, as the music of the iEolian harp, the flavors of the daintiest 
 fruits or the choicest viands, the interchange of delicate feelings, 
 and the society of the accomplished. He delights in a mild 
 temperature, in soft showers, in grateful sunlight and in breezes 
 bland, and in everything which can waken a sense of Elysium. 
 The sign of this faculty is very large in the cat. A person of 
 vulgar tastes and evil passions may also possess a great deal of 
 the faculty and sign of love of enjoyment, and such a one will 
 delight in luxuries of another kind — in smoking, chewing, feast 
 ing, wines, sensuality, and all kinds of debauchery. Those who 
 thus pervert the love and susceptibility of enjoyment, are afflicted 
 with the most excruciating sufferings, such as the gout and va- 
 rious nervous diseases ; as those who exercise the faculty legiti- 
 mately experience the greatest pleasures. 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 57 
 
 The opposite extremity of the ridge of the eyebrow, near the 
 rooUof the nose, as represented in this figure, indicates the fac- 
 ulty of Substitution. This is large in 
 those who are fond of putting one thing 
 for another, of making pictures and rep- 
 resentations of those who are dead or ab- 
 sent, and also of landscapes and all kinds 
 of natural objects as substitutes for the 
 originals. It is very large in painters, 
 sculptors, and amateurs, and particularly 
 in those who are disposed to make liv- 
 ing statues of themselves, to be moved 
 about like automatons and machines by 
 the power and will of another, as is the case with soldiers and 
 those called " Model Artists." The disposition to be a clerk, 
 to do business on commission, to be the agent and embassador 
 of another, as well as the love of making works of art to take the 
 place of Nature, as in sculpture and painting, and the various 
 labor-saving machines, is indicated by this sign. In animals 
 which are adapted to becoming substitutes for man, as the horse, 
 ox, dog, &c, this sign is large. 
 
 The middle third of the ridge of the eyebrow, between the 
 signs of substitution and love of enjoyment, as shown in this fig- 
 ure, indicates the faculty of Love of Climb- 
 ing. This is large in the Scotch, in those 
 who have a passion for ascending mount- 
 ains, for climbing to the tops of trees, and 
 whose motto is, " Excelsior !" It is large 
 in sailors, who not only climb ropes, but 
 are very ambitious of being promoted, 
 and who when on land are fond of mount- 
 ing to the top of vehicles, and of making 
 themselves conspicuous. It is also large 
 in chimney-sweeps, and in bears and mon- 
 keys. 
 
 The jutting of the ridge of the eyebrow downward, under the 
 
58 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 sign of substitution, as represented in this figure, indicates the 
 faculty of Subterfuge. One who has this sign large has Sun- 
 dance of resources ; is prolific in ways and 
 means to accomplish his ends , is confident 
 of being able to meet emergencies, and there- 
 fore does not fear them ; and is thought by 
 many to have a great deal of self-assurance. 
 He is very capable of making shifts to avoid 
 detection, and to keep his head out of wa- 
 ter ; and if driven from one position, is sure 
 to make his reappearance in a still more bold 
 and conspicuous one, where he defies the 
 world to come and molest him : and as he knows all by-places, 
 loopholes, and under-ground passages, he is the best person in 
 the world to detect rogues and bring them forth from their lurk- 
 ing-places ; and in this, his true position, he is a very useful 
 member of society. His peculiar trait of character appears in 
 all he does, for he never acknowledges himself mistaken, and he 
 is a most crooked and slippery person in an argument — for 
 " e'en though vanquished, he can argue still ;" and, like the 
 knight, who 
 
 " falling fought, 
 
 And, being down, still laid about," 
 
 he is never conquered. The faculty of subterfuge, when very 
 great, manifests itself in mischief-making ; in undermining the 
 •character of others, and building a reputation on their downfall ; 
 in castigating with the tongue, and pouring forth torrents of in- 
 vective, in backbiting, sarcasm, and satire. The sign of it is 
 large in very many of the Irish — in Byron, Sterne, Demosthenes, 
 and Cicero, and others too numerous to mention. An " unruly 
 member" is the tongue of such persons. It is large also in the 
 parrot, magpie, dog, skunk, hyena, fox, and animals that, like 
 the rat and mouse, undermine and have many ways of making a 
 living. 
 
 The downward projection of the ridge of the eyebrow, under 
 the sign of love of climbing, as represented in the following 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 59 
 
 figure, indicates the faculty of Resistance. This is large in those 
 who are inclined to oppose resistance to whatever force they see 
 in action ; who like to raise mutinies and 
 rebellions, and to see the social elements 
 in commotion ; who love to go against the 
 wind and to stem the tide ; who always 
 oppose the wishes and opinions of others ; 
 who resist evil, and would go to the end 
 of the world to resent an injury. It is 
 large in sailors, who are required to buffet 
 winds and storms, who are greatly disposed 
 to mutiny, and who are very revengeful. 
 It is large in the Indian, who is said never to forget an injury ; 
 in duellists, who will not forgive ; and in murderers, who gener- 
 ally kill from a feeling of revenge. A person with this sign 
 large will be the last to adopt non-resistance principles, or at 
 least to act upon them. His principle of justice is an eye for an 
 eye and a tooth for a tooth, and he is a believer in retributive 
 justice and capital punishment. It is this faculty, not firmness, 
 which causes the hog to go always in the opposite direction ; 
 which makes the wild goose and duck fly against the wind; 
 which makes the bear turn upon the hunter when wounded, and 
 resent the injury; and which causes the elephant to harbor re- 
 venge until Jie has an opportunity to gratify it : but it has a still 
 stronger action in soldiers and great generals, and rulers who 
 set them on, and they have the sign large, as we may see by 
 looking at their faces. 
 
 The downward projection of the ridge of the eyebrow, under 
 the sign of love of enjoyment, as represented in the following 
 figure, indicates the Love of Contest. This is large in those who 
 delight in contests for prizes, who run races of ambition, and 
 manifest emulation and rivalship toward those who are engaged in 
 the same pursuits. It is large in those who delight in law-suits, 
 horse-racing, cock-fighting, bull-baiting, pugilism, and particularly 
 in card-players and other gamesters. In connexion with eating, 
 the love of contest manifests itself as rapacity ; and great game- 
 
60 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 sters are rapacious eaters, and all rapacious eaters have the sign 
 of this faculty large. In the business of merchandise there is 
 great exercise of rivalship, and merchants 
 and merchants' clerks are notoriously fast 
 eaters, and have the sign of contest large 
 in proportion to the exercise of the faculty. 
 Emulation belongs very much to the prac- 
 tice of painting and the fine arts, and to col- 
 or and taste in dress ; and the sign is there- 
 fore very commonly large in aritsts and in 
 fashionable ladies. Those who have so 
 much of the faculty as to wish to put all ri- 
 vals out of the way, by poisoning or assassination, of which there 
 are many instances in history, are remarkable for its sign ; and 
 it is not at all deficient in those who run for office, nor in those 
 who run them. The greatest prizes, such as crowns and scep- 
 tres, are connected with the history of the strongest and most 
 perverted exercise of this faculty. Its sign is large in the dog, 
 hog, fowls, and all rapacious animals, which eat as if they were 
 striving for the food more than to gratify hunger, and which fight 
 more for the prize of victory than for the love of fighting. The 
 legitimate action of these faculties is of course to be distinguished 
 from the perverted action, and this will depend upon the strength 
 or weakness of the higher intellectual and moral powers. 
 
 The sinus of the forehead, extending from 
 the root of the nose obliquely upward over 
 the ridge of the eyebrow, as represented in 
 this figure, indicates the power of Memory 
 and the Capacity and Love of Knowledge, 
 In all persons who are remarkable for 
 verbal memory, or for the recollection of 
 facts, the lower part of this sign, above the 
 root of the nose, is very large. In those 
 who are extraordinarily well informed, and 
 who possess a great knowledge of public and private affairs, the 
 middle portion of this sign is very large. In those who have 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 61 
 
 a great desire for knowledge, and who, like the ancient philoso- 
 phers, travel from country to country in search of it, the farthest 
 extremity of this sign is very large, or, in other words, the sinus 
 extends farther upward and outward than usual. The sign is 
 particularly large in travellers and archaeologists, and even in 
 those who show great talent for gathering and communicating 
 the news of a town or neighborhood. It is also large in men of 
 vast information and knowledge, as Lord Brougham, Sir Isaac 
 Newton, and other statesmen and philosophers. The Indian, 
 who depends upon his memory of passing events, and upon tra- 
 dition, for his knowledge of the past, and who possesses an ex- 
 cellent memory in other respects, has this sign large. It is also 
 very large in the elephant. Where there is a predominance of 
 this sign, there is always a greater disposition to reason a poste- 
 riori, or from effect to cause, than to reason h priori, or from 
 the nature of things. 
 
OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 LETTER IX. 
 
 We have, in the preceding letters, taken a brief survey of the 
 signs of character in the bones or framework of the face. Let 
 us now take a glance at those parts of the face which are chiefly 
 concerned in expression, and which give to the countenance the 
 animation of life. Deprived of the action of its muscles, the 
 face wears the appearance of death ; and the first symptom of 
 restoration from a state of trance, or of asphyxia, is observed to 
 be some twitching or slight movement of these muscles. That 
 they are connected with the social affections is evident, for how 
 constantly do they act in conversation, and vary with the infinite 
 variation of emotion and feeling ! How soulless is a face which 
 remains motionless like a corpse, when the conversation is soul- 
 stirring and exciting ! Man does not even live, except as a part 
 ofsMAN, so essentially a social being is he. The first faculties 
 which men should exercise toward each other are benevolence, 
 kindness, gratitude, and respect. These are the graces of life, 
 and were represented by the ancients as the most charming things 
 in society, under the figure of three beautiful females — one rep- 
 resenting Benevolence and Kindness, and the other two repre- 
 senting Gratitude and Respect. But the first question with us 
 is, "How has Nature represented these in the face?" Benevo- 
 lence and Kindness are indicated by the perpendicular muscular 
 fibres passing down from the middle of the upper part of the 
 forehead to near the root of the nose. The action of these fibres 
 elevates the brow in the centre of the forehead, causing short 
 horizontal wrinkles, which, together with the elevation, as rep- 
 resented in the following figure, indicates the action of these 
 faculties. It may be observed that some persons elevate the 
 brow most on the right side of the middle line, and others on 
 the left. The former possess more benevolence than kindness, 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 63 
 
 and the latter more kindness than benevolence ; the faculty O: 
 benevolence, or the disposition to give, having the strongest ac- 
 tion on the right side, while the faculty 
 of kindness, or the disposition to help, 
 has the strongest action on the left side. 
 Men have generally more of the latter, 
 it being appropriate to them to use 
 their superior physical strength in aid- 
 ing the weak ; and women have gener- 
 ally more of the former — that is, of 
 benevolence — it being more appropri- 
 ate to them to personify heavenly char- 
 ity ; and this agrees with the difference 
 between man and woman in reference to the signs of these two 
 faculties. 
 
 The faculty of Gratitude is indicated by the upturning of the 
 hairs of the right eyebrow at the inner extremity, and the faculty 
 of Respect is indicated by the upturning of the hairs of the inner 
 extremity of the left eyebrow, as seen above. The sign of grati- 
 tude being on the right side, agrees with the fact that gratitude 
 is very closely allied to benevolence, which has also its sign on 
 the right side ; and the sign of respect being on the left side, 
 agrees with the fact that respect is very closely allied to kind 
 ness, which has also its sign on the left side. 
 
 The muscular fibres passing from 
 the top of the forehead to the middle 
 of the eyebrow, causing an elevation 
 of the brow, and horizontal wrinkles 
 on each side of benevolence and kind- 
 ness, as shown in this figure, indicate 
 the faculties of Enthusiasm and Hope, 
 the first being indicated on the left side, 
 and the latter on the right. Enthusi- 
 asm is zeal for truth, or for something 
 supposed to be true ; and hope is the 
 desire and expectation of real or imaginary good The signs 
 
64 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 of these faculties are large in very religious persons, in those who 
 are zealous and ardent for the glory of God and the good of 
 man, even though they be laboring under delusion ; but they are 
 not large in all who " profess and call themselves Christians." 
 If benevolence and kindness are large, hope and enthusiasm are 
 less liable to perversion ; and the latter faculties are necessary to 
 the proper action of the former. 
 
 The upturning of the hairs of the outer extremity of the eye- 
 brow, on the left side, indicates the faculty of Belief; and the 
 upturning of the hairs of the outer extremity of the eyebrow, on 
 the right side, indicates the faculty of Immortality, In the pre- 
 ceding figure there is the sign of very great faith or belief, or, if 
 we choose to call it so, very great credulity ; and there is also 
 the sign of a strong feeling of immortality, or sense of the immor- 
 tality of the soul. These are never large in materialists, fatalists, 
 and infidels. The faculty of belief has a very close relation to 
 the faculty of enthusiasm, or zeal for truth, and hence its sign is 
 on the same side with the sign of the latter faculty ; and the fac- 
 ulty of immortality has a very close relation to the faculty of 
 hope, and hence its sign is on the right side. When belief and 
 immortality are very strong, the upturning of the hairs extends 
 to the middle of the eyebrow from the outer extremity ; and when 
 gratitude and respect are very strong, the upturning of the hairs 
 extends to the middle of the eyebrow from the inner extremity. 
 
 Next to the faculties of benevo- 
 lence, kindness, gratitude, and re- 
 spect, the faculties of enthusiasm, 
 hope, belief, and immortality, should 
 be exercised in the social relation, 
 for in his religious faculties man is 
 eminently social ; and next to these, 
 men should exercise toward each 
 other truth and justice. The fac- 
 ulty of Truth is indicated by the 
 muscle which surrounds the eye, 
 causing folds and wrinkles, as rep- 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 65 
 
 resented in the preceding cut ; and the faculty of Justice is indica- 
 ted by the muscle which causes perpendicular wrinkles between 
 the eyebrows, as shown in the same figure. Fullness and wrin- 
 kles under the eye, for which some persons are remarkable, indicate 
 the love of mathematical accuracy ; folds and wrinkles of the upper 
 eyelid indicate the love of historical accuracy ; and curved wrin- 
 kles at the outer angle of the eye and eyebrow indicate the love 
 of keeping promises, or what is usually called probity. There 
 are also three faculties of justice : the first being a kind of ex- 
 actness or strict honesty, in small money matters which some 
 people would call closeness, indicated by a single perpendicular 
 wrinkle between the eyebrows ; the second being the disposition 
 to require justice in others, indicated by two perpendicular wrin-j 
 kles, one on each side of the centre — a very common sign ; and 
 the third being conscientiousness, or the disposition to apply the 
 rule of justice to oneself, indicated by several perpendicular 
 wrinkles extending along above the eyebrow when the muscle is 
 in action. Justice is the love of right and condemnation of 
 wrong, either in oneself or others ; and this, not the disposition 
 to condemn others, is what the sign of justice properly indicates. 
 Thus the proper action of justice leads to the " overcoming of 
 evil with good," while the perverted action leads to the "return- 
 ing of evil for evil," as the means of curing it. 
 
 Related to truth and justice are the Love of Fiction and the 
 Love of Collating. The first is indicated by the muscle of the 
 socket which turns the eye directly into the outer angle toward 
 the ear ; and the latter is indicated by the opposite muscle, which 
 turns the eye directly into the inner angle toward the nose. 
 These two signs generally act together, and in exact proportion 
 to each other, one eye turning outward while the other turns in- 
 ward ; and the reason of this is, that fiction has generally to be 
 made up from scraps of reality, while disconnected objects or 
 events have to be linked together by fiction or the creations of 
 fancy. Novelists and compilers are no more remarkable for 
 these two faculties than for their signs. Sometimes, however, 
 the love of fiction, or of story-telling, is less than the love of col- 
 5 
 
66 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 lating, and in that case the eyes squint toward the nose ; and at 
 other times the love of collating is less than the love of fiction, 
 in which case the eyes squint outward. Unless the squinting be 
 from deficiency of one of these faculties, rather than from the 
 excess of the other, there is the dis- 
 position to tell falsehoods or to pla- 
 giarize — to tell falsehoods if the 
 squint be outward, and to plagiarize 
 if it be inward. If these faculties 
 are strong, there is the necessity of 
 large truth and justice to counter- 
 balance their influence and to pre- 
 vent their excessive and perverted 
 action. If there be a large sign of f* 
 affectation, the love of fiction, if it 
 be strong, will most probably mani- 
 fest itself in lying, particularly if the 
 love of truth be not large ; and if there be a large sign of acquis- 
 itiveness, and small justice, the love of collating, if it be strong, 
 will most probably manifest itself in plagiarism, or in common 
 stealing. There are persons exceedingly wanting in soul (indi- 
 cated by a dead countenance, one in which there is no muscular 
 action or expression), who can lie and steal, or, what is the same 
 thing, cheat, without any very perceptible motion of the eye. 
 There are a thousand temples of Mammon in which men and 
 women " quench the spirit" daily, until the last trace of expres- 
 sion or of animation is almost obliterated from their countenances. 
 Those who depend for the success of a lie on its boldness rather 
 than on its artfulness and plausibility, and who rob in daylight 
 and before the face and eyes of their victims, do not show the 
 signs of lying and theft, or of the perverted action of fiction and 
 collating ; and the reason of this is, there is no soul to show it- 
 self in the countenance. 
 
 Incidents in the course of a man's life that have the character 
 of fictitious reality, or of unnatural excitement and disorder, and 
 that are sometimes said to be " stranger than fiction," are, by a 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 07 
 
 law of the mind, narrated as if they were false and unreal — the 
 creations of a wild fancy, rather than as biographical or histori- 
 cal events ; and they who relate them as incidents of their own 
 lives, show the sign of the love of fiction and collating while 
 doing so, though they are all the time telling nothing but the 
 exact truth. The orderly and ordinary circumstances of our 
 lives do not seem strange or incredible to us ; but those that are 
 contrary to Nature, and therefore false, owing either to our faults 
 or our misfortunes, seem always like fictions or the recollections 
 of a dream ; and in thinking or speaking of them, the faculties 
 of fiction and collating are in exercise, and so are their signs. 
 Such passages in a man's history are contrary to truth and right, 
 and therefore objects of confession and repentance ; and when he 
 manifests these, we need not fear that he is uttering falsehood. 
 
 The sign of Confession and Penitence is the length or droop- 
 ing of the upper eyelid. The drooping of the half of the eyelid 
 from the outer angle to the centre, indicates the disposition to 
 confess one's faults to parents or seniors, to a " father confessor," 
 or to the Supreme Being. The drooping of the half of the eye- 
 lid from the inner angle to the centre, indicates the disposition 
 to repent and to " do works meet for repentance." These are 
 large in connexion with the proper action of the love of fiction 
 and collating, as seen in the preceding figure. They are extraor- 
 dinary in devotees of the Roman Catholic religion, in ascetics, 
 nuns, and numerous laymen, who practise penances and confes- 
 sions ; and no less extraordinary in reformed inebriates, gamblers, 
 and profligates. As human nature is not perfectly free from faults, 
 and never will be, there is and ever will be occasion for the ex- 
 ercise of these faculties. Were it otherwise, and were not the 
 " creature subject to vanity," there could be no improvement 
 and no progress ; neither could there be any occasion for prayer- 
 fulness and humility. 
 
 The faculty of Prayerfulness is indicated by the muscle which 
 turns the eye directly upward, and the faculty of Humility is in- 
 dicated by the muscle which turns the eye directly downward, 
 as is represented in the figures of the Madona. The former is 
 
63 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 usually large in connexion with the sign of confession, and the 
 latter in connexion with the sign of penitence ; the reason of 
 which is, that between the faculties of pen- 
 itence and humility there is the same close 
 connexion as between confession and pray- 
 er. One who has more prayer than hu- 
 mility has the eye turned habitually some- 
 what upward, so that the upper part of the 
 iris is a little covered by the upper eyelid, 
 and so as to leave a slight space between the 
 iris and the lower lid, as represented in this 
 figure. The reverse is true of one who has 
 more humility than prayer. 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 69 
 
 LETTER X. 
 
 If, in addition to truthfulness and the disposition to confess 
 one's faults and to ask forgiveness, there is a strong faculty of 
 Confidence, we have a character frank and ingenuous, but too 
 disposed to expose its follies and errors to everybody, even with- 
 out solicitation. The faculty of confidence is indicated by the 
 thickness of the nose just forward of the sign of concealment, 
 which was described in the second letter. It is large, together 
 with large signs - of confession and love of truth, in this face, 
 
 which belongs, as nearly ev- 
 ery one would say, to a youth 
 of great truthfulness, sincerity, 
 frankness, and candor. There 
 is likewise in this countenance 
 great simplicity, without any- 
 thing of weakness or folly. 
 
 Simplicity is a faculty or el- 
 ement of the mind, and is in 
 dicated by a gentle curving of 
 the corners of the mouth, as if 
 they were drawn upward and 
 forward toward the nose, as they really are. It is seen in sim- 
 ple-hearted children, who are disposed to understand everything 
 literally and according to the most natural interpretation, and to 
 rely on first impressions and experiences. It is large also in 
 many men of distinguished simplicity of character, and of no less 
 distinguished learning and ability. 
 
 The faculty of Friendship is indicated by the muscle which 
 surrounds the mouth, and which, when large and strong, cause 
 slightly-converging wrinkles, as is represented in the following 
 portrait. One who has only small perpendicular wrinkles mark- 
 
70 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 ing the lips, is not deficient in this faculty ; but one whose lips 
 are perfectly smooth is wanting in it, 
 and will find it less difficult to break 
 friendships than to form them. A 
 person, on the contrary, who has a 
 large sign of friendship, will find it 
 not so difficult to form friendships as 
 to break them, and in the hour of 
 danger and adversity will show him- 
 self more a friend than ever before. |§p^ Wt^^lM 
 
 " The tree of its leaves may be reft, ? \l£§ 
 
 In winter, alone on the hill ; 
 But yet a fond few will be left, 
 To nutter and cling to it still" — 
 
 and these may represent true friends not less graphically than 
 those that are scattered by the winds may represent false ones. 
 
 The faculty of Purity, which is closely allied to simplicity, is 
 indicated by the compression of the lower lip against the upper 
 in the middle. The signs of simplicity and purity together give 
 the impression of these faculties to the most casual observer, 
 though he may not be able to express it by any more definite 
 word than " sweetness." A person with a large sign of purity 
 can not utter an impure word, or converse on indelicate subjects ; 
 and if simplicity is also large, there is not only the indisposition 
 but the inability to understand vulgar allusions and inuendoes. 
 With those who are deficient in these signs the case is otherwise. 
 
 The faculty of Magnanimity, which is 
 closely allied to friendship, is indicated 
 by the compression of the lower against 
 the upper lip, on each side of the sign of 
 purity, and chiefly at the corners, as rep- 
 resented in this figure, which Lavater 
 speaks of as having an " air of royalty in 
 all the lower part of the face." One with 
 this sign large can not easily do a mean 
 action ; he will not use his superior knowl- 
 edge, or strength, or influence, to oppress and injure the pooi 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 71 
 
 and weak of mankind, nor to gain inglorious victory over those 
 who are not able to withstand him. Hence a large allowance 
 of this faculty belongs to a truly noble character, and is mani- 
 fested in the mastiff, while it is wanting in the cur. In the ele- 
 phant, too, the sign of this faculty is large. In short, Nature 
 has given magnanimity to the most powerful of animals as well 
 as to the most powerful of men ; and if the lion is not always 
 magnanimous, it is not because magnanimity does not belong to 
 such an " air of royalty" as his, but because man declares and 
 exercises superiority over him, and because he is driven by hun- 
 ger to devour animals weaker than himself. Men who are cruel 
 to animals, and who make animals of the human species, are not 
 the highest instances of magnanimity, though they not unfre- 
 quently pride themselves on a " code of honor ;" for it is un- 
 doubtedly more honorable, or, in other words, more magnani- 
 mous, to forgive an injury, than to wish to revenge it : and as 
 man has far more knowledge, and by means of it far more power 
 than any of the inferior animal creation, a very great deal more 
 magnanimity is to be expected of him. A deficiency in this re- 
 spect shows itself in listening at keyholes, prying into sealed let- 
 ters, taking advantage of confidence, in coquetting, and in a thou 
 sand dishonorable ways ; and those who do such things have the 
 sign of magnanimity small. 
 
 Another of the particularly so- 
 cial faculties is Hospitality, This 
 is indicated by the broad muscle 
 which draws the corners of the 
 mouth directly backward, causing 
 perpendicular wrinkles or furrows 
 in the cheek, as seen in this engra 
 ving. This is large in truly hospi- 
 table persons, such as are " careful 
 to entertain strangers," and not al- 
 ways in those who from their atten- 
 tions to persons of rank are called 
 hospitable, but who might better be 
 called vain. 
 
72 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 The faculty of Admiration is indicated by the muscle which 
 elevates the cheek, causing a fullness of the flesh under the cen- 
 tre of the eye, as in this face. In a person more selfish than 
 
 benevolent, as most persons are, this 
 faculty manifests itself in vanity or 
 the love of being admired, of being 
 thought beautiful, of being praised for 
 elegance of dress, of being flattered 
 on account of titles, or for the lustre 
 which may be reflected from the fa- 
 vor or society of some great person- 
 age. The individual who likes to 
 have it said that he has dined at court, 
 or that he has had the company of 
 some great lord at his table, or that he has received medals from 
 this, that, and the other crowned head, as well as the individual 
 who is vain of a pretty face, or of the gay attire that makes up 
 for a homely one, has the sign of admiration, or rather of love 
 of admiration, very large. But this sign is large also in those 
 who greatly admire others, and things other than their own, as 
 flowers, birds, landscapes, paintings, &c. It may be observed to 
 be larger, as a general rule, in women than in men. 
 
 The faculty of Jealousy is the antagonist of admiration, and is 
 indicated by an oblique fullness be- 
 low the under lip, as represented in 
 this figure. One who has this sign 
 very large, does not find it easy to 
 look with favor on beauty, particu- 
 larly in a human being, and can not 
 endure to have others admire it. He 
 is something like the " dog in the 
 manger," for the beauty he sees he 
 can not enjoy, and will not allow oth- 
 ers to ; and that others may not be 
 admired, he will seek, not to be ad- 
 mired, as is generally supposed, but to eclipse them — forasmuch 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 73 
 
 as he has a contempt for admiration, he scorns to receive it. He 
 is a person you need not think of flattering ; but as he wishes to 
 eclipse others, he loves distinction, and is highly gratified with 
 receiving it. He well knows that in the sun's greatest splendor 
 the moon gains distinction by obscuring his rays, though it is 
 true that the sun is all the more admired for the shadow that is 
 thrown upon it, and, as Pope says — 
 
 makes known 
 
 Th' opposing body's grossness, not its own" — 
 
 a fact which he does not seem to think of. In the preceding 
 figure the signs of jealousy, scorn, contempt, and love of dis- 
 tinction, are all large, together with a great deficiency of the sign 
 of admiration. 
 
 The faculty of Scorn is indicated by the small muscle which 
 draws the integument of the chin upward toward the lip, causing 
 in some persons a short transverse 
 wrinkle between the lip and chin. 
 This sign is very large in Crom- 
 well, and in all persons who feel a 
 disdainful pride and haughtiness ; 
 and it is moderate in those who ex- 
 hibit but a moderate degree of the 
 faculty. 
 
 The pouting of the under lip, or 
 the position of the lip which gives 
 something of that expression, indicates the faculty of Contempt. 
 This is no artificial or conventional sign ; for when a child feels 
 contempt, he expresses it by thrusting the lower lip forward. 
 The faculty of contempt, as generally exercised, is another kind 
 of pride, and is exhibited toward whatever is considered low and 
 vulgar, as the faculty of scorn is exhibited toward whatever is 
 considered weak and pusillanimous. 
 
 The faculty of Love of Distinction is indicated by the long 
 muscle passing from near the inner angle of the eye to the up- 
 per lip, causing it, when the muscle is strong, to curl slightly 
 
74 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 upward. This is the ambition of being known, and of having 
 one's thoughts before the public ; of being an author or a public 
 speaker, or of taking a distinguished share in conversation ; and 
 persons who exhibit this trait of character have the sign large. 
 This faculty receives an additional stimulus from the faculty of 
 jealousy, as before said, and in that case is brought into the ser- 
 vice of mere ambition, and can be described by no better term 
 than " the itch to see one's name in print." 
 
 The faculty of Envy is the antagonist of love of distinction, 
 and is indicated by muscular fibres which cause the lower lip to 
 curl, not with scorn, as has a thousand times been said, but with 
 envy. Persons very often express scorn with their tongues by 
 way of disguising their true feeling, which is envy, and which 
 rankles so strongly in their minds as to curl the lower lip at the 
 same time that they are speaking scornfully, thus leading many 
 persons to suppose that the language of the lip is the same as 
 that of the tongue. No person who is envious wishes to be 
 thought so, though envy is a no worse feeling than scorn ; and 
 the reason of this is, that envy is opposed to the love of distinc- 
 tion, or to the love of being known, and wishes either to conceal 
 itself or to appear something else. Where there is a large sign 
 of distinction there is a small sign of envy, and where there is a 
 large sign of envy there is a small sign of distinction, with per- 
 haps a very few exceptions. A person with large envy is envi- 
 ous of one who gets a great name, who is distinguished, or who 
 is very frequently mentioned — not because he himself wishes a 
 great name, or desires to be distinguished or much talked about, 
 but because he feels that his own qualities and accomplishments 
 are obscured by the fame and celebrity of another, and that thus 
 he is not sufficiently admired and appreciated. Thus we see 
 that the feeling which we call envy acts in favor of justice ; and 
 we may suppose that the other apparently discordant elements 
 of the mind which are congregated about the mouth are impor- 
 tant regulators of equality and right in the true order of society, 
 though they are undoubtedly at present very much perverted, as 
 are also all the other faculties of the mind. 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 75 
 
 LETTER XI. 
 
 A ruling faculty of very many minds is Self-Esteem. This 
 is indicated by a short muscle which acts upon the upper lip, 
 causing generally a fullness and stiffness in the middle, as in this 
 outline. Egotism, bombast, a high opinion of 
 one's own importance, the disposition to sound 
 the trumpet of one's own praise, and to record 
 the history of one's own virtues and exploits, 
 are the most common manifestations of this fac- 
 ulty. Self-esteem is the antagonist of scorn, and 
 one who has it large can content himself with- 
 out scorning others, and can outride the scorn 
 of the world, or, in other words, " carry a stiff 
 upper lip," however meanly others may think of him. It is not 
 always true, however, that 
 
 " What Nature has in worth denied, 
 She makes in large recruits of needful pride ;" 
 
 for many persons of great talents and worth have a large share 
 
 of this weakness, and it may be sometimes neutralized by a strong 
 
 faculty of humility. 
 
 The faculty of Complacency is in- 
 dicated by a long muscle which pas- 
 ses from under the corner of the mouth 
 to the arch of the cheek-bone, drawing 
 the mouth upward toward the sign of 
 affectation, as in this picture. In one 
 who exercises affectation benevolent- 
 ly, as in assuming a character of infe- 
 rior dignity for the sake of putting a 
 common person at his ease, the sign 
 
 of which we are speaking is the smile of complacency ; in one 
 
76 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 who exercises affectation in assuming theatrical characters and 
 characters superior to his own, it is a smile of self-complacency ; 
 and in one who hypocritically assumes a character, and wears an 
 air of wisdom or of goodness which does not belong to him, the 
 sign of complacency is a hypocritical smile of good-nature, mer- 
 ging into a smile of self-gratulation, and even of malignity, such as 
 an evil demon wears when his wicked dissembling has worked 
 the ruin of his victim. 
 
 The faculty of Dissatisfaction is the antagonist of complacency, 
 and is indicated by the drawing of the under Up backward and 
 a little downward, as in this profile. Such a person will never 
 " assume a virtue if he has it not" — 
 not even for the ostensible purpose 
 of cultivating it. He can be satisfied 
 with nothing but what is real, and nev- 
 er looks with the smile of complacen- 
 cy on himself or on others ; but it is 
 with art, not with Nature, that he feels 
 dissatisfied. He is no patron of ac- 
 tors, and it would be impossible for 
 him to be anything but himself; and 
 as this has always been the case with 
 him, he is very much the child of 
 Nature that he was when a child. 
 
 The faculty of Cheerfulness is indicated by a muscle extend- 
 ing from above the corner of the mouth to the cheek-bone, for- 
 ward of the sign of complacency. This draws v the corner of the 
 mouth upward with a little obliquity, and causes wrinkles curv- 
 ing downward from the outer corner of the eye, producing the 
 expression of serenity, cheerfulness, pleasure, joy, happiness, de- 
 light, according to the natural strength of the faculty, or the 
 degree to which it is excited. 
 
 The faculty of Gloominess is indicated by the drawing down 
 of the corners of the mouth somewhat obliquely, giving the ex- 
 pression of sadness, gloom, ennui, melancholy, dejection, despair, 
 according to the internal feeling. There is scarcely any one 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 77 
 
 who needs to be told what the signs of cheerfulness and gloomi- 
 ness are. 
 
 The faculty of Ostentation is indicated in the lower lip by- 
 two small perpendicular ridges near the centre, one on each side, 
 as we see here. , This is that peculiar kind of pride which one 
 feels on account of blood and 
 ancestry, and which in a person 
 
 of little discretion manifests itself jK£MfisSf&* m *i^) ^ 
 
 in an ostentatious display of fam- 
 ily titles or of family connexions, ^ 4 * • >-*~ 
 or in the pride of aristocratic as- 
 sociations and the familiar friend- 
 ship of the great, together with an 
 ostentatious carriage of the head, 
 which has the appearance of the 
 particular intention to exhibit the 
 sign of this faculty. 
 
 The Love of Eminence is the antagonist of ostentation, and is 
 indicated by the muscle which elevates the wing of the nostril, 
 sometimes causing wrinkles on the side of the nose. A person 
 with this sign large is ambitious to elevate himself and to obtain 
 eminence in his profession, whatever it be, and has very small 
 esteem for those who exalt themselves on account of hereditary 
 qualities and honorable ancestry. Hence he is likely to treat 
 such ideas and such persons with a sneer, that being the expres- 
 sion which the love of eminence produces when opposed to its 
 opposite faculty and put in contrast with it. 
 
 The faculty of Love of Influence is indicated by the thickness 
 of the muscle over the sign of acquisitiveness. In persons of 
 wealth this sign is to be observed much larger than in other 
 people, and the reason of this is that the love of influence stim- 
 ulates the acquisition of capital as the means of its own gratifi- 
 cation. 
 
 The Love of Command is indicated by a small muscle passing 
 from the top of the nose to the skin of the forehead between the 
 eyebrows, causing short transverse wrinkles over the root of the 
 
78 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 nose, a3 may be seen in great military commanders, in masters 
 and teachers, and in parents who exercise good or bad govern- 
 ment. In those who are wanting: in au- 
 g|p N^ thority, or who are not " born to com- 
 
 mand," as very few are, this sign is also 
 wanting. The faculty of command acts 
 frequently with that part of justice which 
 reprimands, or requires others to do right, 
 and both together produce that frowning 
 and lowering brow which is so terrible to 
 evil-doers, or to those who love to be ap- 
 proved rather than condemned. 
 The faculty of Approbation is indicated by the short muscle 
 which lifts the upper lip and exposes the teeth. Approbation is 
 always pleasant, whether one gives or receives it, and hence the 
 sign of cheerfulness acts with the sign of approbation, though the 
 sign of approbation does not always act with the sign of cheer- 
 fulness. When a person approves another, he says, " I am glad 
 to see you," and his smile expresses both approbation and pleas- 
 ure. So, too, his mirthfulness is in proportion to what he ap- 
 proves when he says, " That is capital wit," and claps his sides 
 in token of approbation, as the dog attempts to strike his sides 
 with his tail in token of the same feeling. The negro is as re- 
 markable for the love of approbation as he is for showing his 
 teeth. The faculty of approbation is a powerful element of hu- 
 man nature, and one of the most active of the social feelings ; 
 and its sign in the face is one of the most common and pleasant 
 expressions. The desire to be approved and to approve others 
 is the key to the primary social affections, or to the very first 
 desire to live in society and under some form of government ; 
 for who that had become a perfect misanthrope, or that felt there 
 was no person in the world who could approve him, would wish 
 to live in society? Hence it is that in proportion as a man is 
 disapproved, he not only withdraws but is banished from society, 
 and hence it is that persons who are so unfortunate as to imagine 
 that the world is all bad, or that they are less esteemed by the 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 79 
 
 world than they really are, become recluses and hermits. Such 
 persons do not show the sign of approbation, and as they do not 
 approve others nor wish to be approved themselves, they are 
 seldom disturbed. Thus we see that the faculty of approbation 
 is the key to the first social desires, and it may even be said that 
 the sign of the former is the key to the signs of the latter, for it 
 opens the door and introduces us to them, as we shall see in our 
 next letter. 
 
80 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 LETTER XII. 
 
 With most persons, such is the supremacy of the love of 
 approving and of being approved, that in social converse, the 
 upper lip frequently rises, and exposes the teeth, whether they 
 be irregular, disorderly, black, tartared, and specked with decay, 
 or not. Such persons are possessed of souls, and show them in 
 their countenances; and it may be observed that there is gener- 
 ally a large sign of approbation, in connexion with large signs 
 of purity and magnanimity ; the reason of which is that mankind 
 desire and expect to be approved for virtue and heroism, more 
 than for justice and truth, or the exercise of any other of the 
 social affections. But whether the teeth be good or bad, a per- 
 son does not often expose them if he be deficient in approbation, 
 and this is very much the case with the reckless, the impure, 
 the dishonorable, the abandoned, and the outcast. A bad set 
 of teeth must, however, exert an unsocial influence, for no per- 
 son is perfectly willing to have them exposed, and it must be 
 confessed that they exert a rather repelling, unsocial influence on 
 those who witness them. On the other hand, the social ten- 
 dency of a set of teeth well-proportioned, regular, and of a 
 pearly whiteness, must be very great, for there is scarcely any 
 part of physical beauty which is held in greater favor, or 
 which is of more credit to the possessor. So important are 
 the teeth in a physiognomical and moral point of view, that if 
 we were not accustomed to see them more or less defective and 
 discolored in nearly every person, we should look upon them, 
 black, carious, and foetid, almost with horror, as we would look 
 upon dead bones in a charnel-house. What a sad subterfuge it 
 is, having one's teeth wrenched from one's jaws, with almost the 
 force of dislocating a limb, and having artificial substitutes in 
 their places ! ar>d yet this is far better than exhibiting a phalanx 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 81 
 
 of teeth that have lost all their pristine beauty, and of which it 
 may be said that " they are not what they were." 
 
 But without animadverting further on bad teeth, let us in- 
 quire what is the language of good ones. The first pair of 
 upper incisors indicate the sentiment of Republicanism, or the 
 love of society as it exists in a republic. The elements of re- 
 publicanism are mediocrity and democracy, the first of which is 
 indicated by the length of the first pair of upper incisors, and 
 the second by their breadth. Those who desire to associate and 
 mutually to govern themselves in very large societies, have these 
 teeth large, and the same is the case with animals that are called 
 gregarious. The sign of democracy, as a general rule, is largest 
 in agriculturists, and laboring men whose employments are not 
 properly trades or professions. In mechanics and professional 
 men, as a class, the sign of mediocrity is largest. These two 
 social faculties relate to these two classes of employments ; the 
 first being the desire of artisans and professional men to associ- 
 ate and hold conventions for their mutual interests and improve- 
 ment, and for sympathy in their common objects ; and the 
 second being the desire of agriculturists and the common la- 
 boring classes, to congregate as on the occasion of great fairs 
 and public exhibitions. The action of democracy and medioc- 
 rity together, regards the mutual relation of both classes in their 
 dependence on each other, and aims at the mutual government 
 of the whole under a form of government that may properly be 
 called republican. A man's surname is his inheritance, and in 
 a republic the "highest gift of the people" maybe bestowed on 
 a son-of-Jack, or on one bearing the name of a common trade ; 
 but in a monarchy, Prince Jackson, or Lord Taylor, would 
 sound strangely. 
 
 The second pair of incisors indicates the sentiment of Filial 
 Affection. Their length indicates the love of father, and their 
 breadth the love of mother. This sign is not only great in those 
 who are very affectionate and dutiful to their natural parents, but 
 indicates also the disposition to look on old people with filial 
 feeling, and to call them father and mother, when the degree of 
 
 6 
 
82 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 familiarity will allow it. The existence and government of iso- 
 lated families, which are so important in the social economy, de- 
 pend on this faculty, as the civil government is founded on the 
 faculty of republicanism. As filial affection recognises absolute 
 authority in the parent, and as it is exercised toward persons of 
 a patriarchal character, and such as are considered wise and ca- 
 pable of instructing and guiding, those who have it very strong 
 are more easily than others induced to adopt fathers spiritual and 
 temporal, and to yield implicitly, like mere children, to their 
 teachings and authority. This leads directly to ecclesiastical 
 power, and to unlimited monarchy, which exclude and take the 
 place of that mutual self-government which is the legitimate 
 result of the faculty of republicanism. The sign of the latter 
 faculty is large in the American people, and not so large in the 
 upholders of monarchy ; while the sign of filial love is large in 
 monarchists, and not so large in republicans. There is the 
 same difference also between catholics and protestants. 
 
 The upper canine teeth, or eye-teeth, as they are familiarly 
 called, indicate the love of possession and the love of change. 
 These constitute the sentiment of Individual Rights. The first 
 is indicated by the length, and the latter by the breadth of the 
 upper canines. One who has these teeth long, has great love 
 of property, or of possessions, as houses, lands, cattle, or any- 
 thing that may be regarded as goods and chattels. This faculty 
 is not the disposition to acquire, though it acts in connexion 
 with that faculty, but it has relation to the possession of what is 
 gained, or to what is one's own. The faculty of love of change, 
 is the disposition to bargain and transfer and exchange one spe- 
 cies of property for another, to change one's residence or busi- 
 ness, to part with the old for the sake of the new, and again to 
 adopt the old. It gives the individual great mobility and rest- 
 lessness, and manifests itself in revolutions, in frequent change 
 of fashion, and the adoption of novelties, and innovations, as 
 well as in business exchanges. Its connexion with the love of 
 possession is very obvious, and the sense of man's right to do 
 what he will with his own, is dependent on it. It is large in the 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 83 
 
 mercurial Frenchman and the traffic-loving Jew, not less than 
 in the speculating Yankee, who, that his restlessness may not 
 seem like too great anxiety, whittles a stick while he is carrying 
 on his trade. In this latter character, it may be observed, also, 
 that there are large signs of affectation and complacency. The 
 lower animals which have the upper canine teeth large, seem to 
 have a strong sense of what belongs to them, and will not relin- 
 quish it except for what they seem to regard as an equivalent ; 
 and they exhibit physical restlessness or change of place, in an 
 extraordinary degree. The lion, tiger, wolf, &c, in their cages, 
 where all parts of their bodies seem to be in motion, are exam- 
 ples ; and the elephant, that has such an exceedingly long and 
 large upper canine tooth, is a still more wonderful instance of 
 the manifestation of these faculties. 
 
 Thus, we see that the upper front teeth, which are exposed 
 by the strong action of approbation, indicate the three social el- 
 ements which correspond to the civil, family, and business rela- 
 tions of mankind, and which relate to civil government, family 
 government, and individual rights. 
 
84 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 LETTER XIII. 
 
 Only the edge of the lower front teeth is generally seen, and 
 by this their breadth, which indicates other social faculties. The 
 lower canine teeth indicate the faculties of Love of Triumph and 
 Love of Reform : their length indicating the former, and their 
 breadth the latter. The most complete triumph is gained by 
 the destruction of the object, and this faculty in its animal mani- 
 festation may be called destructiveness ; but in its higher mani- 
 festation it leads to the conquering of difficulties and the conquest 
 of one's passions. Its sign is large in those who are subject to 
 violent anger, but it is large also in those who subdue a harsh 
 temper, and other evil passions, when it is combined with high 
 moral qualities. In warriors, duellists, murderers, cannibals, and 
 carnivorous beasts, the sign is large. 
 
 The breadth of the lower canines, which indicates the love of 
 reform, is great in those who are disposed to inflict chastisements, 
 and also in those who are disposed -to use "line upon line" in a 
 moral sense, the former being the perverted and the latter the le- 
 gitimate action of this faculty. The sign is very great in the car- 
 nivorous animals, and indicates in them cruelty, or the disposi- 
 tion to tear, and rend, and inflict corporeal suffering ; and we 
 should expect to v find it large in the Russians and the Chinese, 
 as we do in those who practise corporeal correction or reform in 
 schools and families, and in those who advocate capital punish- 
 ment. It is the same faculty which prompts the cat to box the 
 ear of her kitten and which leads the mother to do so by her 
 child, and it is indicated in both instances by the same sign. 
 This boxing the ear is rather the instinct to correct the heedless- 
 ness or stupidity of a child, than to correct his morals ; for the 
 ear indicates the susceptibility of improvement, as we have be- 
 fore seen. The instinct of a dog to punish the ear of a stupid 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 85 
 
 swine, that seems to blunder into mischief from the impetuosity 
 of his appetite, is from the same cause. 
 
 The second pair of lower incisors indicates the Love of Im- 
 provement and the Love of Brothers and Sisters : their length in- 
 dicating the former, and their breadth the latter. Some persons 
 have a great deal of the disposition to improve, without very- 
 much of the susceptibility of improvement. Such persons have 
 the second pair of lower incisors long ; and, other things being 
 equal, will improve as much or more than those who have great 
 susceptibility of improvement with less desire for it. Some per- 
 sons, again, have very strong fraternal affection, and experience 
 a strong fraternal feeling for their friends and associates, and for 
 the whole human family. These have a large sign of fraternal 
 love, or considerable breadth of the second pair of lower inci- 
 sors ; and if the sign of love of concert be equally large, they 
 like to form fraternities, and to join societies, either secular or 
 religious, where they may with propriety address each other as 
 brethren and sisters. Mutual improvement is a grand end of 
 the exercise of fraternal love, and hence these two faculties and 
 their signs are so closely united. 
 
 The first pair of lower incisors indicates the faculties of Love 
 of Solitude, and the Love of the Society of a Few: the former 
 being indicated by their length, and the latter by their breadth. 
 One who has these teeth long has a great feeling of his own in- 
 dividuality, or what may be called selfhood. He likes to be 
 alone a great deal, and is not so dependent as others on social 
 intercourse for contentment and happiness, for he is society for 
 himself. The sign of this faculty is generally large in connexion 
 with a large sign of love of improvement, and in that case it in- 
 dicates the solitary student, one who prefers the communion of 
 his own thoughts and of books to the society of others. But, if 
 it be large with a small sign of love of improvement, as it is in 
 the hog, it indicates great love of oneself; and if the signs of be- 
 nevolence, kindness, and the desire to love, be small, it indicates 
 selfishness, and that general trait of character which is attached 
 to the name of swine, and which is sometimes ascribed to human 
 
86 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 beings. An unusual breadth of the first pair of lower incisors is 
 characteristic of those who are very fond of the society of a 
 choice few, who, like themselves, are very exclusive. The sign 
 is large in the hog, and very large in the rabbit, animals which 
 are usually seen in pairs or in little groups of three or four ; and 
 it is large also in those who disincline to mingle with the " vul- 
 gar herd," and who are therefore called aristocratic. 
 
 It should be observed that in most ruminating animals all the 
 front teeth are in the lower jaw, there being none in the upper ; 
 and that the lower animals generally have one more pair of inci- 
 sors for each jaw than man. The third incisor of animals corre- 
 sponds to the second in man ; and the second incisor of animals 
 indicates in the lower jaw the Love of Male and Female Off- 
 spring, and in the upper jaw the Love of Shelter and Relaxation, 
 
 In man, the love of shelter and relaxation is indicated by the 
 concavity of the upper lip just below the septum of the nose, as 
 seen in this engraving. The depth of this concavity indicates 
 the instinct to find or to con- 
 struct a place of shelter or habi- 
 tation, a cottage, an excavation ■ ; ' Sfl^vX^J ^ 
 in a rock, a cave, or a pile of 
 materials that may be called a 
 mansion. It is large in builders 
 and in those who are particular- 
 ly fond of making plans for dwel- 
 lings. The breadth of the con- 
 cavity in the upper lip indicates 
 the love of relaxation, or, in other 
 words, the love of supineness, the most perfect relaxation being 
 obtained by lying on the back. This is different from the facul- 
 ties of repose and slumber, the proper position in sleep being the 
 side, and not the back, which latter position induces incubus. 
 Those who have the sign of relaxation large are fond of stretch- 
 ing themselves supinely under the shelter of a tree (which is said 
 to be the best habitation a Polynesian can afford), and are not 
 less partial to grottoes, alcoves, booths, porticoes, and more com- 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 87 
 
 fortable lodgings. This sign is large in connexion with the love 
 of shadow, and is more remarkable in woman than in man. 
 The faculty of Parental Love is indicated by two small dim- 
 ples at the lower part of the under 
 lip near the middle line. The ex- 
 istence of this sign always indicates 
 a strong degree of the faculty. But 
 there is another sign of parental love 
 which is more observable. The ele- 
 vation of the brow by the muscular 
 fibres between the signs of benevo- 
 lence and hope on one side, and be- 
 tween the signs of kindness and en- 
 thusiasm on the other, as seen in this 
 engraving, is another index of parental love. The elevation on 
 the left side, between kindness and enthusiasm, indicates the 
 Love of Daughters ; and the elevation on the right side, between 
 benevolence and hope, indicates the Love of Sons. The love 
 of children is parental, whether it be exercised toward one's own 
 offspring or not. 
 
 The faculties of Love of Triumph and Love of Reform are in- 
 dicated not only by the lower canine teeth, but also by the mus- 
 cular fibres and elevation of the brow 
 above the outer extremity of the ridge 
 of the eyebrow, as in this figure. The 
 elevation on the right side, above the 
 sign of immortality, which is the upturn- 
 ing of the hairs of the eyebrow at the 
 outer extremity, indicates the love of 
 triumph ; and the elevation above the 
 sign of belief, which is the upturning 
 of the hairs of the eyebrow at the outer 
 extremity on the left side, indicates the 
 love of reform, as in the two following 
 figures. The faculty of triumph acts in 
 connexion with the faculty of immortality, especially in the hour 
 
88 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 of death ; and the faculty of reform acts in connexion with belief 
 
 for unless a man 
 believes the 
 truth, he is not 
 reformed by it. 
 It is impor- 
 tant in observing 
 character, not to 
 mistake the signs 
 of parental love, 
 love of triumph, 
 and love of re- 
 form, for the signs of charity, enthusi- 
 asm, and hope, although the former in the brow indicate gener- 
 ally the higher action of those faculties. They are not always, 
 however, in proportion to the signs of the more social and reli- 
 gious faculties, and in that case they give to the brow an air of 
 selfish philoprogenitiveness, and of proud triumph and unfeeling 
 cruelty. But the most important distinction to make in the brow 
 is between the signs of charity and exclusiveness in the centre 
 of the forehead ; also between the signs of hope and fraternal 
 love, over the centre of the eyebrow, on the right side ; and be- 
 tween the signs of enthusiasm and love of improvement, over the 
 centre of the eyebrow, on the left side. 
 
 This distinction we will now explain. The faculty of exclu- 
 siveness, or the love of solitude and of the society of a few, is 
 indicated not only by the first pair of lower incisors, but also by 
 muscular fibres at the back of the head, which, by their connex- 
 ion with the scalp and frontal muscle, elevate the brow in the 
 same place with the signs of benevolence and kindness. Ex- 
 clusiveness causes an elevation of the brow, without horizontal 
 wrinkles, and produces the well-known expression of supercili- 
 ousness, as in the following figure. This is not likely to be mis- 
 taken for the signs of benevolence and kindness ; but it is not 
 unfrequently large in connexion with these, in which case the 
 brow is horizontally wrinkled and very greatly elevated, as in 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 89 
 
 the second figure on this page ; and the person is very retired 
 and select in his society, and no 
 less kind and benevolent to the 
 common people. The sign of ex- 
 clusiveness does not wrinkle the 
 brow, but must necessarily wrinkle 
 the skin at the back of the head ; 
 and this it is which causes the erec- 
 tion of the feathers on the head of 
 the hoopoe, blue-jay, king-fisher, 
 king-bird, harpy eagle, and other 
 proud, supercilious birds — giving 
 them an air of separateness and of 
 aristocratic self-importance, such as 
 
 a crown, diadem, or cockade, lends to the head of a human 
 being. 
 
 The faculties of fraternal love and 
 love of improvement are indicated not 
 only by the second pair of lower inci- 
 sors, but also by the elevation of the 
 brow without horizontal wrinkles over 
 the middle of the eyebrow ; the first in 
 the place of hope on the right side, and 
 the latter in the place of enthusiasm on 
 the left. This, as well as the sign of 
 exclusiveness, is caused by muscular 
 fibres at the back of the head, which 
 are attached by a tendonous membrane 
 to the scalp and muscular fibres of the 
 forehead. When hope and enthusiasm are large in connexion 
 with strong fraternal love and love of improvement, the brow is 
 not only greatly elevated, but is wrinkled horizontally ; and be- 
 ing acted upon by two faculties instead of one, it is more raised 
 than by the action of either one separately, which is the case in 
 the following example. There is an elevation of the head-feath- 
 ers of a cockatoo when by his actions he seems teachable and 
 
90 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 affectionate, and this is caused by the muscular fibres which in- 
 dicate love of improvement and frater- 
 nal love. 
 
 The combined action of all the fac- 
 ulties concerned in elevating the brow- 
 is seen in the figure illustrating the fac- 
 ulty of friendship, on page 70. 
 
 We will now return to the signs of 
 character in the teeth, and finish what 
 we have to say on that subject. In 
 most persons the lower canine teeth 
 stand a little out from the line of the 
 other teeth. This indicates the Love of Overcoming. The love 
 of triumph regards the end, but the love of overcoming regards 
 the adaptation of means to the end, and should be always large 
 in connexion with the former faculty. One who has a large sign 
 of the love of overcoming, does not shrink from the contempla- 
 tion of obstacles in his way, but looks at the worst in anticipa- 
 tion of meeting and overcoming it. He loves to take the slow 
 and sure method of accomplishing his end, and scorns to arrive 
 at it by overleaping or by despatching the difficulties with a sin- 
 gle blow, when the legitimate method is one of labor and patience. 
 One who has very large triumph and small overcoming, is, on 
 the contrary, disposed to make short work of accomplishing his 
 end, and to despatch the difficulty or his enemy, as the case may 
 be, at a single blow. He is cowardly, and, if compelled to meet 
 a foe, is destructive ; while the individual with large love of over- 
 coming is courageous, and more inclined to disarm and conquer 
 his enemy by peaceable means. The sign of this faculty is large 
 in all the carnivorous animals, and particularly large in the most 
 noble of them, as the mastiff and the lion. The sign of magna- 
 nimity is almost always large in connexion with it. When the 
 lower canine tooth stands out much from the line of the other 
 teeth, the part of the under lip which lies over it is pressed out- 
 ward and appears full, as in the portraits of General Washington, 
 which also show a very large sign of magnanimity. 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 91 
 
 The Love of Animal Food contributes somewhat to the dis- 
 position to take life, or to the lower manifestation of the love of 
 triumph, and hence the sign of the latter faculty is naturally large 
 in flesh-eaters. The love of animal substances is, however, in- 
 dicated by the anterio-posterior diameter of the grinder teeth in 
 the upper jaw ; while the love of vegetable food is indicated by 
 
 the anterio-posterior diameter of the 
 grinder teeth in the lower jaw. The 
 first of these figures represents an in- 
 dividual who is naturally partial to 
 animal food, and who likes to spread 
 his table with a choice variety of flesh, 
 fish, and fowl, and decanters of wine. 
 The second represents a person who 
 is naturally partial to vegetable food, 
 and who likes to furnish his table with 
 a bountiful supply of herbs and fruits, 
 together with a flow of crystal water, or decoctions of tea and 
 coffee. Such a person as that represented on page 71, as an 
 illustration of the sign of hospitality, is 
 equally fond of animal and vegetable 
 food. In the carnivorous animals the 
 sign of the love of animal substances 
 is largest, as seen in the projection of 
 the upper jaw, forward of the lower ; 
 and in the vegetable eaters the reverse 
 is true, as seen in the sheep, goat, cow, 
 &c. The difference would be greater 
 still if, in the flesh-eating animals, one 
 of the large molars in the upper jaw 
 were not set transversely, thus preventing the upper jaw from 
 being projected far beyond the lower one. In the carnivorous 
 birds, however, the upper mandible is very much longer than 
 the lower, there not being the same necessity as in the carnivor- 
 ous beasts for the apposition of the two jaws. 
 
92 
 
 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 LETTER XIV. 
 
 Last but not least in our outline of Physiognomy are the lips 
 These are expressive of character in their relative proportions 
 and the form they give to the mouth, as well as in the position 
 and motions which they acquire from the action of the muscles. 
 Well-developed lips are indicative of certain mental faculties 
 which are very necessary to the strong and vigorous action of 
 the other faculties ; and the reason why they are sometimes sup- 
 posed to indicate weakness is, that they are not unfrequently con- 
 nected with a disproportionate shortness of the nose, as in the 
 example on page 20, or with a disproportionate shortness of the 
 whole face, causing them to project, as in the face of the negro. 
 The length of the lips in these cases is no mark of deficient 
 mental power, but contrariwise. 
 
 In some persons we see the lip 
 coming down to a point in the 
 centre, as in this profile. This 
 indicates the faculty of Concen- 
 tration, or the tendency to observe 
 minutely ; but as this faculty cau- 
 ses the length of the lip at this 
 place, the sign may be large, al- 
 though there may not be the rel- 
 ative shortness on each side of it 
 which causes it to appear sepa- 
 rate and distinct. 
 In some persons, again, we see a descent of the lip about mid- 
 way between the sign of concentration and the angle of the mouth, 
 at the place pointed out in the first figure on the following page. 
 This indicates the faculty of Application, or the power of apply- 
 ing the mind to the solution of problems, or to anything requiring 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 93 
 
 long labor and patient study. It is generally large in artists, who 
 exercise application physically as well as mentally ; and it is large 
 in the negro, who is adapted to long and patient labors. 
 
 The signs of application and concentration, when relatively 
 
 large, form what is 
 called a Cupid's bow; 
 but this form of the 
 mouth depends part- 
 ly on the signs of two 
 other faculties which 
 have their place in 
 the under lip. The 
 first is the length and 
 projection of the un- 
 der lip on either side 
 of the centre, and op- 
 posite the depression 
 in the upper lip each 
 side of concentration, as in the following figure. This indicates 
 the Love of Home. The second sign is the length of the under 
 
 lip at the angle of the mouth, 
 as in this figure also. This in- 
 dicates Ph ilanthropy. The form 
 of mouth in which is seen a pre- 
 dominance of these four signs 
 of character, is most common 
 and most appropriate to the fe- 
 male face, as the faculties which 
 they indicate are most common 
 and most appropriate to the fe- 
 male character. Concentration, 
 or the disposition and ability to attend to the minute and sepa- 
 rate duties of domestic life ; application, or the disposition and 
 ability to exercise patience in the acquisition of knowledge and 
 the accomplishment of any duty ; love of home, which makes the 
 poorest cottage a charmed spot where woman's nature luxuriates 
 
94 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES 
 
 in its richest perfection ; philanthropy, or the love of human be- 
 ings of every country and of every condition — these, to most 
 men, are the Cupid's bow which they see expressed in the lips 
 of women. 
 
 An oblique fullness over the angle of the mouth, as in the pre- 
 ceding figure, indicates the faculty of Clearness, or the power of 
 perceiving and expressing truth clearly. 
 
 A manly form of mouth is more straight than curved, as we 
 see in the portraits of Sir Walter Scott, Silliman, Allston, Webster, 
 Washington, Clay, and others too numerous to mention. The 
 reason of this is, that the faculties which give that form to the 
 mouth are stronger in man than in woman. The first of these is 
 the length of the upper lip on each side of the sign of concentra- 
 tion and between that and the sign of application. This indicates 
 C.omprehe?isiveness, or the ability of the mind to take in a large 
 field at once, so as to contemplate objects in their relations to 
 each other. The second of these signs is the length of the up- 
 per lip over the upper canine tooth, as seen in this engraving, 
 which shows also the sign of 
 the former faculty large. This 
 indicates the faculty of Gravity, 
 or the disposition and power to 
 maintain gravity of mind and 
 deportment, so that the individ- 
 ual feels little disposition to laugh 
 or smile, and can easily restrain 
 either. 
 
 A perpendicular fullness ter- 
 minating the angle of the mouth, 
 as seen in this engraving, indi- 
 cates the faculty of Precision, which manifests itself in great pre- 
 ciseness, or a kind of formality of manner, and in great correct- 
 ness of speech as well as behavior. It is cultivated very much 
 by grammarians, school-teachers, and governesses, and disposes 
 a person to criticism and severity toward others. 
 
 The third sign is the length and prominence of the under lip 
 
 3477-291 
 Lot-S 
 
IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 95 
 
 in the middle, opposite the sign of concentration, as in this fig- 
 ure and in the next. This indicates the 
 faculty of Love of Travel, or of peregrina- 
 ting. The fourth sign is the length of the 
 under lip over the second lower incisor, 
 and opposite the sign of application, as in 
 the two figures on this page. This indi- 
 cates the faculty of Patriotism. One who 
 has it large will feel that — 
 
 " Of all the countries, east or west, 
 He loves his native land the hest," 
 
 and it is well if it does not act against his feeling of philanthropy. 
 In the face of Washington we see very large philanthropy and 
 patriotism combined, besides large comprehensiveness and love 
 of travel, feelings which are easily seen to be particularly appro- 
 priate to the male character, as their expressions are to the face. 
 A fullness of the under lip, extending from the angle of the 
 mouth obliquely, and occupying the concavity between the lip 
 and chin, as in this figure, indicates the quality of Bitterness* 
 
 One who has it very large is often 
 the victim of his own gall, and is 
 bitter in spirit and language tow- 
 ard those who disagree with him ; 
 and he is petulant and fault-find- 
 ing. A fullness below and a little 
 
 r-^* ^^{j^i^w" wSr k a °k °f l ^ e an s^ e °f tne m ° utn > 
 
 indicates the faculty of Excursive- 
 ness, or the power of mind to re- 
 fresh itself in any intellectual or 
 scientific pursuit, instead of feeling 
 fatigue. It is large in poets and in those who " make a pastime 
 of each weary step," whatever the employment may be. 
 
 A fullness of the cheek over the sign of fond love, as seen in 
 the second cut on page 29, indicates the faculty of Buoyancy, 
 or the upward-springing of the mind, and its ability to soar and 
 touch on themes sublime. It is large in Milton and very many 
 
 
96 OUTLINES OF DISCOVERIES IN PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 divines, and in some astronomers. Nature provides that this fac- 
 ulty should increase with old age, so that man may be able to 
 support the weight of declining years and the countless infirmi- 
 ties that are laid on him ; and hence it is very commonly large in 
 old people, many of whom are remarkable for buoyancy of spirits ; 
 and we know how becoming a light heart is to an old person. 
 
 You may possibly imagine that we have already embraced more 
 than an outline of Physiognomy, but we have rather come short 
 of it. There is one more faculty which we must mention before 
 concluding, and that is the faculty of Caution, which we would 
 recommend the reader to exercise before coming to a conclusion, 
 either in respect to our observations or those of any one else. 
 Some things, from the brevity we have been obliged to use, may 
 seem to have been advanced dogmatically; but we assure the 
 reader that the conclusions we have come to are the results of 
 careful observations, and that we are no more willing than he is 
 to believe anything that is capable of being disproved. But now 
 that we have advised to the exercise of caution, we must mention 
 what we suppose to be the sign of that faculty. It is the distance 
 between the angle of the lower jaw on one side and that on the 
 other. One who has it large will be often troubled with indecis- 
 ion, and liable to let pass the favorable time for action, but he will 
 also avoid the consequences of too great precipitancy and credu- 
 lity. He will not spoil what he undertakes by rashness or care- 
 lessness, but will take such pains that everything he does will be 
 done well, and everything from his hands will be a finished work. 
 If these signs are true, they must, of course, be susceptible of 
 practical application, and be correct interpreters of character when 
 properly applied. But the use of Physiognomy is not so much 
 a knowledge of the faults of others as a knowledge of our own, 
 and not so much a knowledge of our own virtues as a knowledge 
 of those of others : that thus, knowing our faults, we may correct 
 them, and knowing the virtues of others, we may imitate them> 
 
 THE END. 
 

 
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