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Information Circular 9123 
 
 Placer Gold Deposits of the 
 Eagle Trough, Upper Yukon Ri 
 Region, Alaska 
 
 By James C. Barker 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary 
 
 BUREAU OF MINES 
 Robert C. Horton, Director 
 
huM 
 
 :i:L Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1986 
 
 Placer Gold Deposits of the 
 Eagle Trough, Upper Yukon River 
 Region, Alaska 
 
 By James C. Barker 
 
 <5^ 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has 
 responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This 
 includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish 
 and wildlife, preserving the environment and cultural values of our national parks and 
 historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. 
 The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that 
 their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has 
 a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who 
 live in island territories under U.S. administration. 
 
 T 
 
 
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 
 
 Barker, James C. 
 
 Placer gold deposits of the Eagle Trough, upper Yukon River region, 
 Alaska. 
 
 (Information circular/United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines; 9123 ) 
 
 Bibliography: p. 
 
 Supt. of Docs, no.: I 28.27: 
 
 1. Gold mines and mining— Yukon River Watershed (Yukon and Alaska) 2. Placer 
 deposits— Yukon River Watershed (Yukon and Alaska) I. Title. II. Series: Information 
 circular (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 9123. 
 
 TN295.U4 [TN423.A7] 622 s [553.4T097984] 86-600295 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 in 
 
 Page 
 
 Abstract 1 
 
 Introduction 2 
 
 Acknowledgments 2 
 
 Access 2 
 
 Land status and ownership 2 
 
 Physiographic features 2 
 
 Geology 5 
 
 Geological terranes 5 
 
 Geology of Tertiary sediments 5 
 
 Tintina Fault trench 7 
 
 Mineral production and history 7 
 
 Sam Creek 7 
 
 Willow Creek 7 
 
 Rosebud Creek 7 
 
 Grouse Creek 9 
 
 Webber Creek 9 
 
 Surprise Creek 9 
 
 Irish Gulch 9 
 
 Eagle Creek 9 
 
 Drayham Creek 9 
 
 Dome Creek 9 
 
 Colorado Creek 9 
 
 Alder Creek 9 
 
 Fourth of July Creek 9 
 
 Page 
 
 Ruby Creek io 
 
 Sawyer Gulch 10 
 
 Coal Creek 10 
 
 Boulder Creek 10 
 
 Mineral Creek 10 
 
 Woodchopper Creek 10 
 
 Iron Creek 11 
 
 Thanksgiving Creek 11 
 
 Nugget Creek 11 
 
 Ben Creek 11 
 
 Bonanza Creek 11 
 
 Gold content in panned concentrates 11 
 
 Mode of occurrence and character of placer gold . . 14 
 Significance of Bonanza Creek lineament zone for 
 
 placer gold 16 
 
 Other locations containing gold 17 
 
 Platinum association 17 
 
 Discussion and recommendations 17 
 
 Conclusions 19 
 
 References 20 
 
 Appendix A.— Gold in heavy-mineral 
 
 concentrates 21 
 
 Appendix B.— Sample identification key 23 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 1. Map of study area 3 
 
 2. Dredge on Woodchopper Creek 4 
 
 3. Rolling forested terrain of upper Woodchopper Creek 4 
 
 4. Study area general geology and gold occurrences 6 
 
 5. Coal Creek area 8 
 
 6. Bonanza Creek placer drill hole location map 12 
 
 7. Panned sample location map 13 
 
 8. Histogram of gold content in 159 panned concentrates 14 
 
 9. Textures of placer gold 15 
 
 10. Sample locations 50 through 56, Washington Creek 18 
 
 TABLES 
 
 1. Mineralogic analysis of Woodchopper Creek placer concentrate. 
 
 2. Fineness of upper Yukon River region gold samples 
 
 10 
 16 
 
UNITS OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT 
 
 ft 
 
 foot 
 
 ft' 
 
 square foot 
 
 g 
 
 gram 
 
 in 
 
 inch 
 
 lb 
 
 pound 
 
 mg 
 
 milligram 
 
 mi 2 
 
 square mile 
 
 ppm 
 
 part per million 
 
 tr oz 
 
 troy ounce 
 
 tr oz/st 
 
 troy ounce per short ton 
 
 tr oz/yr 
 
 troy ounce per year 
 
 yd 
 
 yard 
 
 yd 3 
 
 cubic yard 
 
 yr 
 
 year 
 
PLACER GOLD DEPOSITS OF THE EAGLE TROUGH, UPPER YUKON 
 
 RIVER REGION, ALASKA 
 
 By James C. Barker 1 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 Gold placer deposits along the upper Yukon River, in the region between the river 
 villages of Circle and Eagle, were investigated by the Bureau of Mines. The investiga- 
 tion was conducted intermittently between 1976 and 1985 as part of an evaluation of 
 mineral resources on lands proposed for inclusion in the National Park System. At least 
 230,000 troy ounces (tr oz) of gold has been produced in the region, principally from 
 Woodchopper, Coal, and Fourth of July Creeks. 
 
 The placers are underlain by, or occur downstream of, early Tertiary sediments that 
 have been deposited in the Eagle Trough. Strike-slip displacement along the Tintina 
 Fault is responsible for creation of the trough and may have been a factor in the forma- 
 tion of the present placers. Placers were found to have a close spatial correlation to 
 certain altered fault lineaments of the Tintina Fault trench. Placer concentrates con- 
 tain several different textural forms of gold, suggesting multiple origins. 
 
 Geological studies and a survey of 162 panned concentrates throughout the region 
 indicated previously unreported sites of placer gold, and potential exists for the discovery 
 of additional placer and lode gold. Because of nearly continuous soil and vegetation cover, 
 further evaluation of the region will require subsurface sampling. 
 
 'Supervisory physical scientist, Alaska Field Operations Center, Fairbanks, AK. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Bureau conducted field studies on portions of the 
 upper Yukon River drainage (fig. 1) intermittently between 
 1976 and 1981. Because of inclusion of the Eagle Trough 
 area into the National Park System under the authority 
 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (Public Law 
 92-203), and the need for minerals information on adjoin- 
 ing land managed by the Bureau of Land Management in 
 the Steese and White Mountains areas, data gathering, 
 analysis, and mineral resource evaluation continued 
 through 1985. 
 
 Most of the approximately 230,000 tr oz of placer gold 
 production from the upper Yukon River region (fig. 2) was 
 produced prior to 1950. The most comprehensive published 
 accounts of placer mining in the region are those by Mer- 
 tie in 1937, 1938, and 1942 {11-13)} Other investigators who 
 have contributed observations and data on these placer 
 deposits include Brooks (5), Prindle (17), and Smith (19). 
 
 Reconnaissance-level geologic mapping was first com- 
 piled by Mertie (12-13). More recent work by Payne (15), 
 Tempelman-Kluit (21), and Brabb (4) has contributed to the 
 knowledge of geology in the area. 
 
 Previous work in the region by Sainsbury (18), sug- 
 gesting possible associations of the placer gold to bedrock 
 sources, partially led to this study. The work by Sainsbury 
 raised fundamental questions regarding the previous 
 assumption that placer gold in the region is derived from 
 low-grade auriferous Tertiary gravels. Sainsbury compiled 
 an unpublished manuscript in 1972 (18) that dealt in part 
 with the area of interest. His conclusions, coupled with the 
 evidence compiled by the Bureau, indicate that new explora- 
 tion targets for gold exist which to date have not been tested. 
 
 The upper Yukon River region is an area of complex 
 geology and nearly continuous vegetative and soil cover. 
 This report presents observations and data pertaining to 
 the distribution of gold in the region and a discussion of 
 the potential host and geologic controls for yet undiscovered 
 deposits of both lode and placer gold. In an area such as 
 the upper Yukon River region, this type of subjective 
 evaluation is one way a reconnaissance-level study with 
 limited funding can provide an estimate of mineral develop- 
 ment potential for the purpose of land-use planning. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 The author would like to acknowledge the helpful in- 
 formation and hospitality provided by Mr. Del Booth, 
 manager of the Coal Creek placer operation, a tributary of 
 the upper Yukon River, who made possible the investiga- 
 tion there. Similarly, Mr. Joe Volger, a local mine owner, 
 provided access to the nearby Woodchopper Creek drainage. 
 
 Suggestions and advice were also provided by C. Sainsbury, 
 geologist, Air Samplex, Inc., Denver, CO. X-ray diffraction 
 and petrographic studies were contributed by T. Mowatt and 
 W. Roberts, geologists, and W. Gnagy, petrologist, all 
 formerly with the Bureau's analytical laboratory in Juneau, 
 AK. 
 
 ACCESS 
 
 The upper Yukon River region is most accessible near 
 the Yukon River, which is navigable by moderate-size 
 barges. Light river craft can also ascend the Charley River 
 to the vicinity of Drayham Creek. Elsewhere, the region 
 
 is typified by dense brush and forest cover, which makes 
 overland travel exceedingly difficult. Helicopter service, 
 available at Circle, AK, was utilized where river access was 
 impractical. 
 
 LAND STATUS AND OWNERSHIP 
 
 The upper Yukon River region (fig. 1) is included within 
 the Yukon-Charley Rivers National Park and is ad- 
 ministered by the National Park Service from its head- 
 quarters in Eagle, AK. The park was established by passage 
 of the Alaska National Interest Land Conservation Act of 
 
 1980 and is withdrawn from mineral exploration and en- 
 try under the Mining Law of 1872. Previously existing 
 mineral rights are still valid on the principal gold placer 
 creeks, and a mineral patent has been issued within the 
 valley of Woodchopper Creek. 
 
 PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES 
 
 Much of the topography along the upper Yukon River 
 consists of low, rounded, forested hills. Elevations range 
 
 'Italic numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references 
 preceding the appendixes at the end of this report. 
 
 from 900 ft along the river to hilltops at about 3,000 ft. 
 However, in the area to the south (referred to later in this 
 report as the Tanana Uplands crystalline terrane), the 
 topography is much more rugged, with elevations ranging 
 up to 5,784 ft (the elevation of Twin Mountain). 
 
o 
 
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FIGURE 2.— Dredge on Woodchopper Creek. 
 
 FIGURE 3.— Rolling forested terrain of upper Woodchopper Creek. Bedrock is Tertiary-age sediments. Mountains of Tanana Upland 
 crystalline terrane are in background. 
 
Some limited Pleistocene glaciation was reported by 
 Pew6 (16) to have occurred at the higher elevations; 
 however, no glaciers are present. Elevations exceeding 
 4,000 ft are believed to have supported early Pleistocene 
 valley glaciers and small icecaps (24). Auriferous gravels 
 occur at elevations between 900 and 1,800 ft. No evidence 
 was seen during this study to indicate glacial influence on 
 the formation or preservation of placer deposits in the area. 
 
 Below 3,000 ft, very little bedrock outcrops, except along 
 the major rivers. Smaller streams often lack float rock and 
 have poorly defined channels choked with muskeg and 
 vegetation, especially in areas underlain by Tertiary 
 
 mudstone. Bedrock in the upper Yukon River region is fur- 
 ther masked by discontinuous permafrost soils. Most placer 
 mining has encountered permafrost. Early mining ventures 
 consisted of drift mining in frozen ground. Dense vegeta- 
 tion, tundra and muskeg ground mat, and wind-blown loess 
 cover bedrock at all lower elevation levels (fig. 3). 
 
 High bench deposits of alluvial and glaciofluvial gravels 
 typically mantle the slopes above some stream valleys, in- 
 dicating relatively recent but undated regional uplift. The 
 Yukon River once flowed through a wide, gently inclined 
 valley, into which it has now incised a canyon 700 to 800 
 ft below its former channels (13). 
 
 GEOLOGY 
 
 GEOLOGICAL TERRANES 
 
 There are four major geological terranes underlying or 
 adjoining the upper Yukon River region (fig. 4). Lying north 
 of the Tintina Fault trench are stratigraphic sequences of 
 mostly marine Paleozoic and Precambrian age sedimentary 
 rocks (including the Tindir Group), with minor mafic 
 volcanics and associated red beds. These rocks have been 
 recently included with the Yukon tectonostratigraphic ter- 
 rane by Jones (10). East of the Kandik River, these rocks 
 have been exposed by uplift that began in the early Ter- 
 tiary and resulted in the formation of the Nation Arch, as 
 described by Miller (14). 
 
 Overlying the older rocks of the Yukon terrane is a rem- 
 nant succession of Triassic to Cretaceous clastic sediments. 
 These rocks have been mapped as a terrane of deformed up- 
 per Mesozoic flysch (10) and lie in a wide trough that 
 roughly parallels the Kandik River valley. This unit is also 
 referred to as the Kandik Group by Brabb (4) and gener- 
 ally consists of a monotonous sequence of sandstone, 
 graywacke, quartzite, and argillite that is underlain by a 
 carbonaceous shale. 
 
 South of the Tintina Fault trench are metasedimentary 
 and igneous rocks of the Tanana Uplands crystalline ter- 
 rane. Phyllites, quartz-mica schist, quartzites, and gneisses 
 are intruded by undated granitic rocks and pegmatites. The 
 intrusions are probably Mesozoic in age, based on 
 similarities to the Circle Hot Springs quartz monzonite 
 pluton to the west, which was dated at 71 million yr by 
 potassium-argon mica and whole-rock, and rubidium- 
 strontium whole-rock methods (22). Some units of metamor- 
 phosed greenstones and serpentiruzed mafic and ultramafic 
 complexes of the 70-mile mafic terrane, as defined by Jones 
 (10), are also included in the Tanana Uplands crystalline 
 terrane, but are not differentiated on figure 4. 
 
 The fourth and youngest terrane shown on figure 4 is 
 composed of Late Cretaceous (?) to early Tertiary age non- 
 marine, coal-bearing sediments that lie in the Eagle Trough 
 and align with the Tintina Fault trench. 
 
 GEOLOGY OF TERTIARY SEDIMENTS 
 
 A sequence of conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, 
 lignite, and carbonaceous sediments extends in a west- 
 northwest trend up to 15 miles wide (fig. 4). The Tertiary 
 
 sediments lie in the Eagle Trough as described by Miller 
 (14) and are reported by Brabb (4) to be 3,000 to 10,000 ft 
 thick. They are generally characterized by a subdued 
 topography and complexly faulted and folded structure due 
 to the proximity of the Tintina Fault. 
 
 The conglomerates are generally composed of well- 
 rounded white, green, and rarer black chert, quartz, and 
 quartzite clasts in a sandy matrix with minor carbonate 
 (identified as ankerite on Sam Creek). Clasts rarely exceed 
 3 in across. Induration varies widely from resistant, cliff- 
 forming units on Washington and Sam Creeks, to more com- 
 mon weakly cemented gravel found elsewhere. 
 
 Within the Tertiary section are local units of poorly 
 sorted and consolidated conglomerate that contain 
 subrounded clasts up to 16 in. in diameter. Unlike the more 
 common well-rounded chert congolmerates, these local units 
 contain clasts of high-grade metamorphic rocks, intrusive 
 rocks, vein quartz, and arkosic sandstone. The age of this 
 limited, higher energy sedimentation is unknown, 
 althought it is likely older than the lower energy environ- 
 ment that produced stratified, well-rounded and sorted 
 sediments. Southeast of the study area, in the vicinity of 
 Eagle, Mertie (13) reports conglomerate with similar high- 
 grade metamorphic and igneous clasts at the base of the 
 Tertiary section. This is also apparently the case on Iron 
 Creek, a tributary to Woodchopper Creek, but not on Coal 
 and Boulder Creeks. On Washington Creek, the local higher 
 energy conglomerate appears to lie above mudstone and 
 lignite. The contrasting compositions of the two con- 
 glomerate units indicates that multiple sources of detritus 
 filled the Eagle Trough. These sources included the 
 Paleozoic and Precambrian terrane to the north, during the 
 development of the early Tertiary Nation Arch, and the 
 Tanana Uplands crystalline terrane to the south (fig. 4). 
 
 During Quaternary time, there was up to 900 ft of 
 downcutting by the Yukon River, and its tributaries and 
 the Tertiary sediments are deeply incised. North of the Tin- 
 tina Fault trench at localities on upper Washington, Ben, 
 and Surprise Creeks, erosion and dip-slip or thrust faulting 
 have exposed older rock that correlates to the Paleozoic and 
 Precambrian marine sediments. A Cambrian age is ten- 
 tatively assigned to the pre-Tertiary rocks due to Oldhamia 
 fossils found in olive-green argillite and quartzite near 
 Washington Creek (fig. 4). Tentative identification of the 
 fossils as Oldhamia was made by Allison (1). The occurrence 
 is comparable to Oldhamia reported elsewhere along the 
 
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Tintina Fault zone, as reported by Churkin (6). Rock 
 resembling Precambrian Tindir volcanics was found pro- 
 truding through the Tertiary section on Surprise Creek, and 
 Paleozoic conglomerate occurs south of Boulder Creek. 
 South of the Tintina Fault trench, the Tertiary rocks ap- 
 pear to disconformably overlie crystalline terrane. Ex- 
 posures, however, are poor. 
 
 TINTINA FAULT TRENCH 
 
 The Tertiary strata overlie and are transected by the 
 Tintina Fault trench. This trench, at least 600 miles long, 
 is a major regional, structural, and topographic feature in 
 northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska. Elongated 
 basins, one of which is the Eagle Trough, occur discon- 
 tinuously along the length of the trench. Davies (7) 
 estimated the fault trench to have 200 to 260 miles of right- 
 lateral displacement. More recent estimates by Templeman- 
 Kluit (20-21) have been slightly greater. Studies within the 
 Canadian portion of the trench suggest displacement along 
 subparallel interconnected faults rather than along a single 
 fault plane (9, p. 2). The trench, where it transects the Eagle 
 Trough, appears similarly complex with multiple faults, as 
 exhibited on Coal Creek (fig. 5). Faults and other lineaments 
 comprising the Tintina Fault trench within the Eagle 
 Trough occur across a width of at least 5 to 10 miles. One 
 of these lineaments is discussed in this report and is infor- 
 mally referred to as the Bonanza Creek lineament. 
 
 Although the Tintina Fault displays dominantly strike- 
 
 slip offset, a minor component of dip-slip movement is lo- 
 cally present. The fault escarpment and prominent butte 
 near the upper terminus of placer mine workings of Coal 
 Creek is evidence of dip-slip displacement. 
 
 The ages of displacements on the Tintina Fault trench 
 are poorly defined at present. Studies by U.S. and Cana- 
 dian geologists (10, 20-21) conclude that most of the move- 
 ment probably occurred in Late Cretaceous time. Dip-slip 
 offset accompanying the strike-slip displacement resulted 
 in elongated basins such as the Eagle Trough (9). These 
 basins have been filled by coal-bearing sediments contain- 
 ing Late Cretaceous (?) and early Tertiary age fossils (11-13). 
 Fault escarpments and highly deformed Tertiary sediments 
 and coal seams near Coal Creek indicate an episode of post- 
 early Tertiary displacement. Similarly, to the southeast, 
 in the Yukon Territory, 32 miles of post-Eocene movement 
 that deformed Tertiary coal-bearing sediments within the 
 Tintina Fault trench has been mapped (9, 15). This move- 
 ment was presumed to be middle or late Tertiary in age. 
 Geomorphic evidence of late Tertiary or early Quaternary 
 right-lateral strike-slip movement elsewhere in the study 
 area includes the prominent arc pattern of stream valleys. 
 This feature occurs repetitiously on Woodchopper, Coal, and 
 Sam Creeks, and possibly on the lower Charley River. Large 
 nappelike features, 10 miles in diameter, such as in the 
 vicinity of Drayham Creek to Flat Creek (fig. 4), and visi- 
 ble in aerial photographs and on topographic maps, repre- 
 sent the apparent result of strike-slip movement accom- 
 panied by local thrusting and foreshortening south of the 
 Tintina Fault. 
 
 MINERAL PRODUCTION AND HISTORY 
 
 Between 1898 and 1981, placer mines in the upper 
 Yukon River region produced at least 229,632 tr oz Au and 
 20,569 tr oz Ag (the latter as a refinery byproduct). Evidence 
 of past unreported mining on some creeks suggests that the 
 actual production total is somewhat higher. Following 
 World War II the district had been inactive, but gold pro- 
 duction resumed in the mid-1970's because of the increase 
 in the price of gold. In 1981, about 20 to 30 people were 
 working gold placer deposits in the upper Yukon River 
 region. 
 
 The following sections give brief descriptions of all 
 creeks known to have produced gold or for which gold values 
 have been reported. In these sections, comments pertain- 
 ing to mining activity during the early years of this cen- 
 tury are summarized from Mertie (11-13). Production data 
 are derived from the Bureau's Minerals Availability System 
 files. Mining claim location data are available from files 
 of the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Survey 
 (ADGGS) 3 and map overlays prepared by the Bureau for 
 each of Alaska's 153 quadrangles (23). The map location 
 number or letter (as shown in figure 4) and ADGGS Kardex 4 
 system file number for each creek is given at the end of each 
 section. 
 
 SAM CREEK 
 
 No past production has been reported, but caved shafts 
 are evidence of past prospecting. Above the mouth of Ben 
 
 'Public Information Office, Box 80586, Fairbanks, AK 99708. 
 'Reference to specific products does not imply endorsement by the Bureau 
 of Mines. 
 
 Creek, a total of 14 shafts encountered only scant gold. 
 Below Ben Creek, gold appears to be derived from a lode 
 source in the Ben Creek drainage. Alluvial gold was also 
 found on the east fork (sample 68, appendix A). There are 
 seven active claims on Sam Creek. Location 4 (fig. 4); 
 ADGGS file 11. 
 
 WILLOW CREEK 
 
 Willow Creek is a headwater tributary to the Salcha 
 River. No production has been reported. The most recent 
 exploration and test mining was done in 1977. Abundant 
 garnet in the gravels has made mining difficult. The source 
 of gold is apparently quartz veins in the metamorphic rocks. 
 There are seven inactive claims on the creek. Location 5 
 (fig. 4); ADGGS file 28. 
 
 FLAT CREEK 
 
 No known production has been reported, but there are 
 unverified past references to the occurrence of placer gold. 
 No evidence of mining was found during this investigation, 
 although gold was panned from the creek by Bureau in- 
 vestigators (fig. 4). Claim locations are inactive. Location 
 10 (fig. 4); ADGGS file 12. 
 
 ROSEBUD CREEK 
 
 Production has not been reported, but limited mining 
 
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has taken place, and exploration is continuing. The gold 
 source is unknown. Gold is generally coarse and occurs on 
 a clay bedrock. A sample of rust-coated placer gold consisted 
 of highly rounded shot to 1/8 in across. Analysis indicated 
 a fineness of 807. One claim was located in 1974. Location 
 11 (fig. 4); ADGGS file 41. 
 
 Creek. Production has not been reported, but Mertie (12-13) 
 reported a placer gold occurrence. The source of the gold 
 is unknown, although Mertie suggested that the Tertiary 
 bedrock outcrops near the head of the valley may be the 
 proximate host. Location 18 (fig. 4); ADGGS files 1, 6-8, and 
 25. 
 
 GROUSE CREEK 
 
 The creek was reported by Brooks (5) to have been pros- 
 pected as early as 1906 but with no known production. 
 Bedrock is mapped as phyllite. Location 12 (fig. 4) is ten- 
 tative; no ADGGS file. 
 
 WEBBER CREEK 
 
 No production has been reported, although field obser- 
 vations suggest some mining occurred. Limited prospecting 
 found minor gold values (25). The creek drains granitic 
 bedrock at its headwaters. Phyllites and Tertiary conglom- 
 erate outcrop further downstream. During this investiga- 
 tion, previously unmapped conglomerate and mudstone 
 were found on the east fork near a location where sparse 
 gold was panned from the streambed. There are six inac- 
 tive claims on the creek. Location 13 (fig. 4); ADGGS files 
 5, 35, and 42-43. 
 
 DOME CREEK 
 
 Location 19 is a tributary to Washington Creek. There 
 is no reported production, but intermittent mining occur- 
 red in the years after the turn of the century (12-13). An 
 unknown number of inactive claims are present on the 
 creek. Location 19 (fig. 4); ADGGS files 14 and 17d. 
 
 COLORADO CREEK 
 
 Reported production in 1946 was 49 tr oz Au and 1 tr 
 oz Ag. There was also limited, small-scale mining in 
 previous years near the mouth of the creek. Further drill 
 testing near the mouth of the creek was in progress in 1981. 
 A galena-bearing quartz vein has been reported (5) in the 
 creekbed near the junction with Coal Creek. An unknown 
 number of inactive claims and four active claims are pres- 
 ent on the creek. Location 20 (fig. 4); ADGGS files 9 and 41. 
 
 SURPRISE CREEK 
 
 Gold was discovered in 1907, and intermittent mining 
 was reported for several years. Production is unknown, and 
 no apparent traces of the past activity remain. Bedrock is 
 Tertiary conglomerate and Tindir volcanics. An unknown 
 number of inactive claims have been located. Location 14 
 (fig. 4); ADGGS files 17b and 18a. 
 
 ALDER CREEK 
 
 No production has been reported, but some limited min- 
 ing appears to have taken place. The source of the gold is 
 unknown; however, sulfide-bearing tactite occurs further 
 upstream. An unknown number of inactive mining claims 
 have been located on the creek. Location 22 (fig. 4); ADGGS 
 file 5. 
 
 IRISH GULCH 
 
 Mertie (12) reported that gold was found in the early 
 1900's, but no production has been reported. Examination 
 and panning in the lower half of the creek valley revealed 
 no trace of gold. An unknown number of inactive claims 
 have been located. Location 15 (fig. 4); ADGGS file 13a. 
 
 EAGLE CREEK 
 
 There are no reports of production. Gold was reported 
 by Mertie (12-13) to be derived from the Tertiary con- 
 glomerate. Location 16 (fig. 4); ADGGS file 18. 
 
 DRAYHAM CREEK 
 
 Placer gold occurrences were reported by Mertie (13), 
 but no production is recorded. Gold was panned from 
 Drayham Creek and three nearby streams during this in- 
 vestigation (fig. 4). An unknown number of inactive claims 
 are present. Location 17 (fig. 4); ADGGS file 13b. 
 
 DOME CREEK 
 
 Several creeks in the region are named Dome Creek. 
 The creek discussed here is a tributary to Woodchopper 
 
 FOURTH OF JULY CREEK 
 
 Gold was discovered in 1898, and recorded production 
 prior to 1939 was 6,624 tr oz Au and 736 tr oz Ag. No pro- 
 duction has been reported since then. Exploration activity 
 continued in 1978. According to Mertie (12-13), the 
 paystreak is 400 to 500 ft wide and lies partially on a "clay 
 bedrock" averaging $0.25 per bedrock foot at $35/tr oz Au. 
 The gravel section is 6 to 15 ft thick and is overlain by 2 
 to 7 ft of muck. Gold has an average fineness of 892; 
 however, fineness varies up to 912 on the east side of the 
 creek. Nuggets up to 0.5 tr oz have been recovered, although 
 generally the gold is of a fine-grain size. 
 
 Mertie speculated that the source of the gold is the con- 
 glomerate that underlies the creek's upper headwaters. It 
 appears that much of the gold production has been derived 
 from the Union Gulch area. Exposures consisting of either 
 weathered conglomerates or weakly cemented Quaternary 
 terrace gravel near Union Gulch contain metamorphic 
 clasts, chert, and vein quartz, from which a few specks of 
 gold were panned. Higher bench gravels reportedly contain 
 some gold, but little exploration has been done. Mertie 
 (12-13) cited a shaft sunk on a bench along the west side 
 of the valley which encountered gold values similar to those 
 in ground being worked beneath the active channel. 
 
 There are 25 claims on the creek. Location 23 (fig. 4); 
 ADGGS files 19, 26, and 39. 
 
10 
 
 RUBY CREEK 
 
 Production reported for 1926 was 5 tr oz Au and 1 tr 
 oz Ag, although it appears that more extensive mining has 
 taken place. The proximate source of gold is the Tertiary 
 conglomerate (12-13); however, a sample of silicified 
 Paleozoic argillite creek rubble collected during this in- 
 vestigation contained traces of gold. No outcrop could be 
 viewed. There are at least two inactive claims on the creek. 
 Location 24 (fig. 4); ADGGS files 20 and 29. 
 
 SAWYER GULCH 
 
 Production reported for 1918 was 6 tr oz Au and 2 tr 
 oz Ag. The source of the gold is unknown. There are no 
 known past mining claims. Location 25 (fig. 4) is tentative; 
 no ADGGS file 
 
 COAL CREEK 
 
 Placer gold production reported through 1957 was 
 94,493 tr oz Au and 9,668 tr oz Ag. The creek was first min- 
 ed in the early 1900's with sluices and by drift mining. In 
 1936, a 4-ft 3 bucket-line dredge was installed on a 400- to 
 900-ft-wide paystreak; it operated into the 1940's. After a 
 number of idle years, the dredge and sluice operation was 
 reactivated in 1976. Between 1976 and 1978, an additional 
 4,000 tr oz Au was produced, and 280,000 yd 3 of material 
 was handled by a 12- to 25- person crew (25). In 1981, sluice 
 box mining was in progress at a production rate of 2,000 
 to 4,000 tr oz/yr. 
 
 The gravel section occurs at varying depths from 5 to 
 18 ft and requires thawing prior to mining. Locally, the 
 gravel contains a high percentage of clay, which complicates 
 recovery. The source of the gold is uncertain. There is a mix 
 of bright angular and rounded, variably manganese-coated 
 gold. Nuggets up to 2.5 tr oz have been found. The average 
 fineness of past production is 897 (13). Estimates of drilled 
 reserves provided by the operator in 1980 indicate that the 
 section between the lower workings and the Yukon River 
 contains a minimum of 21,000 tr oz Au. This paystreak lies 
 at depths to 20 ft, but generally averages between 14 to 
 18 ft. 
 
 Ground formerly worked may also contain considerable 
 unrecovered gold. An additional 16,000 tr oz Au is estimated 
 by the operator to remain adjacent to the uppermost work- 
 ings, but no economic reserves have been found upstream. 
 Some gold is also reported by the operator in the higher 
 alluvial benches, but there has been no detailed explora- 
 tion. Apparently, unrelated placer gold occurrences also 
 occur in the upper headwaters of the creek (location B on 
 figure 4). Nearby is evidence of limited mining and water 
 ditch development. 
 
 Coal Creek is currently staked with 45 active claims. 
 Locations 26 and B (fig. 4); ADGGS files 3, 10, and 40. 
 
 BOULDER CREEK 
 
 Drift mining was reported in 1935 and 1936. Produc- 
 tion reported prior to 1951 was 334 tr oz Au and 42 tr oz 
 Ag, although evidence of past mining suggests that these 
 are only partial totals. Mining was undertaken in 1976 and 
 1977 by an open-cut dozer operation. The source of the gold 
 appears to be within the contact area of the Tertiary bedrock 
 and adjacent quartz stockworks in the Permian bedrock. 
 
 A sample of placer gold examined by the Bureau consisted 
 of semirounded bright flakes up to 1/8 in across with a 
 fineness of 903. There are four active claims on the creek. 
 Location 27 (fig. 4); ADGGS file 2. 
 
 MINERAL CREEK 
 
 Production prior to 1947 was reported (13) to be 660 tr 
 oz Au and 32 tr oz Ag with a gold fineness of 925. The creek 
 has a paystreak about 100 ft wide and reportedly was first 
 staked in 1898. Some gold and evidence of prospecting and 
 mining activity have also been found on a small headwater 
 tributary known as Alice Gulch. Nuggets weighing up to 
 2.5 tr oz have been found. Limited mining between 1979 
 and 1981 was undertaken on lower Mineral Creek. Min- 
 ing claims on Mineral Creek are part of the group of min- 
 ing claims located in the Woodchopper Creek valley. Loca- 
 tion 28 (fig. 4); ADGGS files 15 and 17a, same as Woodchop- 
 per Creek. 
 
 WOODCHOPPER CREEK 
 
 Woodchopper Creek was reportedly first mined in 1898. 
 Production prior to 1963 was 117,654 tr oz Au and 9,783 
 tr oz Ag, with an unusually high gold fineness of 933. 
 Bucket-line dredging began in 1937. In 1981, operations 
 were limited to exploration and mining near the confluence 
 of Iron Creek. The paystreak is 600 to 700 ft wide, with 
 gravel depths of 11 to 30 ft. These gravels contain a high 
 percentage of granitic material and clay. The gold is 
 generally coarse. Table 1, a mineralogic analysis of a sam- 
 ple of dredge concentrate collected by the Bureau in 1970, 
 notes the presence of cassiterite and wolframite. The source 
 of the gold is primarily from the east side of the valley in 
 the Mineral and Iron Creeks area and to some extent from 
 the area just above the terminus of the workings. Claims 
 are patented. Location 30 (fig. 4); ADGGS files 15 and 17a. 
 Claims are also staked at the head of the valley (location 
 C in figure 4), but there appears to have been no past 
 mining. 
 
 Table 1 .—Mineralogic analysis 1 of Woodchopper Creek 
 placer concentrate, percent 
 
 Minerals: 
 
 Arsenopyrite Tr 
 
 Cassiterite 2.0 
 
 Feldspar 3 
 
 Garnet 45.0 
 
 Goethite and limonite 2 13.0 
 
 Gold and mercury 3 
 
 Hematite 1 
 
 llmenite 2.0 
 
 Platinum metals ND 
 
 Pyrite 4 
 
 Quartz 4.0 
 
 Rutile 3.0 
 
 Scheelite 7 
 
 Sphene 2 
 
 Staurolite 5.0 
 
 Wolframite 4.0 
 
 Rock fragments 19.0 
 
 Unknown manganese minerals 1 .0 
 
 Total 100.0 
 
 ND Not detected. Tr Trace. 
 
 'Optical microscope and optical emission spectroscopic methods. 
 
 includes some garnet and rock fragments cemented by limonite. 
 
 Source: W. Gnagy, petrologist, Bureau of Mines, Juneau, AK (retired). 
 
11 
 
 IRON CREEK 
 
 Production reported in 1926 was 9 tr oz Au and 1 tr oz 
 Ag. Evidence of past activity indicates mining also occurred 
 in more recent years. Prospecting and limited mining were 
 undertaken from 1979 to 1981. The creek has unusually 
 abundant ferricrete sediment, and gravels are composed of 
 a high percentage of schist and quartz aggregate. Mining 
 Claims on Iron Creek are part of the group of mining claims 
 located in the Woodchopper Creek valley. Location 31 (fig. 
 4); ADGGS files 15 and 17a, same as Woodchopper Creek. 
 
 THANKSGIVING CREEK 
 
 There have been unverified reports of placer gold values. 
 Six placer claims were located in 1977. Location A (fig. 4); 
 ADGGS file 44. 
 
 NUGGET CREEK 
 
 Production prior to 1939 was 1,772 tr oz Au and 302 tr 
 oz Ag. Brooks (5) suggested the proximate source of gold 
 is quartz stockwork in black slates. An unknown number 
 of inactive claims are present on the creek. Location D (fig. 
 4); ADGGS files 15, 17a. 
 
 BEN CREEK 
 
 Production reported in 1965 was 26 tr oz Au and 2 tr 
 oz Ag, with a gold fineness of 896. Evidence of past mining 
 activity suggests more gold was produced. Reportedly a 
 right-limit bench deposit yielded 300 tr oz Au from a 70- 
 by 250-ft cut, but this could not be verified. A sluice box- 
 dozer operation was working in the 1977-79 period, but no 
 production records are available. The proximate source of 
 gold is reportedly the Tertiary conglomerate (12-13), but 
 Cambrian(?) argillite and chlorite-altered quartzite with 
 quartz stockwork and breccia were also found as rubble in 
 the headwaters immediately upstream of the placer deposit. 
 A sample of placer gold examined by the Bureau consisted 
 of bright subangular flakes with a fineness of 908. Loca- 
 tion E (fig. 4); no ADGGS file. 
 
 BONANZA CREEK 
 
 No production has been reported; however, there is 
 evidence of prospect pits and possibly drift mining near the 
 mouth of the creek. Gold could be panned in the creek 
 gravels at this location and from a clay zone in the opposite 
 bank of the Charley River (fig. 4). An exploratory drilling 
 project on lower Bonanza Creek was conducted in 1936 (fig. 
 6). The drilling indicated gold values were present but too 
 low in grade and too inconsistently disbursed for dredge 
 mining at the time. Location F (fig. 4); no ADGGS file. 
 
 GOLD CONTENT IN PANNED CONCENTRATES 
 
 The feasibility of using widespread panned concentrate 
 sampling to determine favorable areas for gold deposition 
 has been demonstrated by Boyle (3) near Keno Hill, Yukon 
 Territory, Canada, and in an orientation study by Fischer 
 (8) in the Telluride District, CO. In the latter study, non- 
 mineralized, marginally mineralized, and known produc- 
 ing areas were compared by analyses of concentrates. This 
 technique was adopted in the upper Yukon River region 
 with some refinements in sample preparation. In this in- 
 vestigation, samples were further concentrated by heavy- 
 liquid separations, which thereby enhanced the detention 
 of gold. Analytical values were then corrected to reflect the 
 actual recovery of gold in the original quantity of gravel. 
 Bureau investigators collected and examined 162 samples 
 from the locations shown in figure 7. 
 
 Samples were obtained using a steel shovel to collect 
 silty gravels from the channel center of smaller creeks or, 
 in a few cases, from the leading edge of gravel bars on larger 
 streams. A 14-in gold pan was filled and carefully panned 
 until approximately 40 g of material remained. In the 
 laboratory, the concentrated sample was air-dried and fur- 
 ther concentrated in bromoform (sp gr 2.85). The plus 2.85-sp 
 gr material was then sized on a 14-mesh screen, the over- 
 size inspected for nuggets and discarded, and the undersize 
 magnetically separated. The minus 14-mesh nonmagnetic 
 fraction was dried and weighed. This material was not 
 pulverized for analysis, because pulverizing could have 
 resulted in the loss of flake gold. Instead, the entire split 
 was taken into solution with aqua regia. Following the aqua 
 regia digestion, gold was analyzed by an atomic absorption 
 method, using a detection limit of 0.2 ppm. 5 
 
 Sample splits were also analyzed for 24 elements by op- 
 tical emission spectrography. These analyses are reported 
 in a more comprehensive heavy-mineral survey of the 
 Tanana Uplands by Barker (2). 
 
 To reflect the regional pattern of background levels of 
 gold, the actual gold recovery was calculated. This calcula- 
 tion is possible where a standard size gravel sample and 
 a similar procedure of concentration are used for each site. 
 The recovery was determined by dividing the atomic ab- 
 sorption analysis (A), in parts per million, by 1 million and 
 then multiply ng the quotient by the weight (W) of the non- 
 magnetic concentrate, in grams, times 1,000: 
 
 R = 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 x 1.000W, 
 
 5 Analyses performed by the Mineral Industry Research Laboratory, 
 University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK. 
 
 where R = recovered gold, mg/(14-in) pan, 
 
 A = analysis, ppm Au, 
 and W = weight of minus 14-mesh, plus 2.85-sp gr non- 
 magnetic concentrate, g. 
 
 The final calculated value represents the weight (in 
 milligrams) of minus 14-mesh gold that occurred in the 
 original pan of creek gravel. This procedure eliminates the 
 variability in gold concentration incurred when gold is 
 determined as a percentage of contained heavy minerals. 
 Gold values (in parts per million) will vary disproportionally 
 relative to the amount of biotite, zircon, garnet, pyrite, and 
 other heavy minerals. The percentage of these minerals in 
 the heavy-mineral nonmagnetic concentrate will differ con- 
 siderably from one site to another, particularly in a 
 metamorphic-igneous terrane, and consequently often mask 
 true background levels of gold. Normally, higher concen- 
 trations of gold are encountered at depth in alluvial gravels 
 
12 
 
 o • 
 
 Is 
 
 lit 
 
 £3 
 
 9 £t> .' 
 
 w o o 
 o *• 
 
 8o" s 
 
 ; I 
 
 a 
 
 ■fij // 
 
 V- // 
 
 ) // 
 
 // 
 
 >* ; // 
 
 s e,V // 
 
 •a* // 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 ^ // 
 
 \ n 
 
 ij // 
 
 \ i // 
 
 ^S# 
 
 //// 
 
 //// 
 
 /// 
 
 //// 
 
 
 /// 
 
 c 
 o 
 m 
 I 
 
13 
 
14 
 
 100 
 
 0) 
 
 < 
 c/> 
 
 00 
 
 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 
 
 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 
 
 GOLD, mg/pan 
 
 FIGURE 8.— Histogram of gold content in 159 panned concentrates. (Values of 0.19 mg Au/pan and greater are anomalous.) 
 
 or on bedrock. Samples collected in this study were collected 
 from surface gravels only and therefore represented lower 
 grade materials. 
 
 For the purpose of this study, a value of 0.19 mg/pan 
 was arbitrarily chosen as anomalous (fig. 8). Samples with 
 
 equal or higher values are indicated on figure 4. This value 
 (0.19 mg/pan) is equivalent to approximately $0.40/yd 3 at 
 $500/tr oz. Analyzed and recovered gold values for the 162 
 samples examined in the panned concentrate survey are 
 listed in appendix A. 
 
 MODE OF OCCURRENCE AND CHARACTER OF PLACER GOLD 
 
 It has been suggested that the principal alluvial gold 
 placer deposits of the upper Yukon River region formed from 
 sparsely auriferous Tertiary conglomerate containing fossil 
 placer gold (5. 12-13). The gold is believed to have been 
 originally derived from the Tanana Uplands crystalline 
 rocks, some miles to the south, south of the Tintina Fault. 
 Most of the present economic alluvial placers occur within 
 or downstream of the conglomerate. Within the areas of Ter- 
 tiary bedrock, however, only certain creeks have been found 
 to be substantially gold-bearing; others are notably barren 
 or contain only traces. As for the creeks that are auriferous, 
 it appears that gold is contributed only from certain zones 
 of the valleys. In the case of Coal Creek, for example, placer 
 gold comes primarily from the northern edge of the Tertiary 
 bedrock in the vicinity of Boulder and Colorado Creeks (fig. 
 5). There are other tributaries of Coal Creek, including those 
 
 that drain Tertiary conglomerate, that have not been found 
 to contain placer gold. On Fourth of July Creek, gold ap- 
 pears to come principally from the Union and Ruby Creek 
 areas. Throughout the upper Yukon region, erosion, soils, 
 and vegetation cover allow very little outcrop, which makes 
 stratigraphic examination difficult. Therefore, no positive 
 correlation of the gold to the Tertiary sediments or any other 
 lode source has yet been made. 
 
 Other similarities exist among the placers of the upper 
 Yukon River region. Green and red clay is often abundant 
 within the paystreaks. Concentrates contain wolframite, 
 cassiterite, and abundant garnet. Galena grains or galena- 
 bearing vein material has been observed on several creeks 
 including Coal, Colorado, Placer, and Rosebud Creeks. 
 
 Several types of gold are found in the placers. The gold 
 particles usually occur as either well-rounded, tarnished, 
 
15 
 
 
 =^:sr,rTr^^^^ 
 
 largest piece 
 
 iron and manganese coatings from Rosebud Creek 
 
16 
 
 variably iron- and manganese-stained blebs; or as bright, 
 subangular to subrounded scales, flakes, and nuggets with 
 quartz occasionally attached. On some creeks, both types 
 of gold are present. On Coal Creek, a portion of the gold 
 occurs as angular to subangular nuggets with a sugary- 
 trot hv surface texture (fig. 9, A and B). Several angular gold 
 nuggets recovered from Coal Creek in 1980, from the clay 
 zones near the uppermost workings, were found attached 
 and enveloped around garnet, black sand, and quartz par- 
 ticles. These contrasting forms of placer gold indicate multi- 
 ple origins. They are quite evident in the field and have 
 been noted by all who have worked in the region. 
 
 Sainsbury (18), who examined the Coal and Woodchop- 
 per Creeks area in 1966, noted a distinct change in the gold 
 character. Rounded, stained gold from the Tertiary con- 
 glomerate area contrasted with bright, flaky gold from the 
 clay zones further downstream. He also noted dredge con- 
 centrate containing nuggets intergrown with angular vein 
 quartz but coated with manganese stain. 
 
 Fineness values of gold samples from the upper Yukon 
 River region (table 2) are relatively high compared to those 
 of other areas in interior Alaska. (See gold fineness data 
 given by Smith (19)). Although most of the fineness values 
 are in the 895 to 915 range, there are several notable ex- 
 ceptions, with values that closely approximate those of one 
 or the other of the two types of gold discussed above. Gold 
 from Rosebud Creek is mostly of the highly rounded, tar- 
 nished type and has a much lower fineness of 807. Gold of 
 the subangular, bright scaly type, at sample location 54 (fig. 
 7), had an unusually high value of 970. Based on visual ex- 
 amination of the other samples, it is likely that the fineness 
 range of 895 to 915 resulted from assays of concentrates 
 
 Table 2.— Fineness of upper Yukon River region gold samples 
 
 Location ££* Sample description 
 
 SAMPLES COLLECTED BY BUREAU OF MINES'!? 
 Boulder Creek . . 903 Bright gold, some pieces moderately to 
 
 well-rounded, from placer cut on lower 
 
 portion ol creek. 
 Rosebud Creek 807 Highly rounded shot with variable Fe and 
 
 Mn staining; from lower creek. 
 Ben Creek 908 Moderately rounded bright flakes and 
 
 bright subrounded shot; from sluice box 
 
 concentrate. 
 
 Do 864 Bright rounded to subrounded flakes. 
 
 Coal Creek 914 Subangular bright flakes and rounded 
 
 small nuggets; from upper area of placer 
 
 workings, 1979 cleanup. 
 Mineral Creek 897 Bright flake gold, some with Mn coatings; 
 
 from 1980 cleanup near mouth of creek. 
 Washington Creek 3 . . 970 Very bright, subangular scales to flakes; 2 
 
 assays, sample 55 (fig. 10). 
 Bonanza Creek 855 Bright subrounded specks and scales; 
 
 sample 61 (fig. 7). 
 Charley River 4 845 Subrounded flat nuggets and scales; as 
 
 sample 62 (fig. 7). 
 
 DATA FROM REFERENCE 13 
 Fourth of July Creek 892 No description, av of 24 assays. 
 
 Ben Creek 896 No description, 1 assay. 
 
 Coal Creek 897 No description, av of 16 assays. 
 
 Mineral Creek 925 No description, av of 13 assays. 
 
 Woodchopper Creek . 932 No description, av of 6 assays. 
 
 'Of these samples, only those from Washington and Bonanza Creeks and 
 the Charley River were among the 162 samples discussed in this report (and 
 listed in appendix A). 
 
 2 Fineness determinations provided by N. Veach, mineralogist, Alaska Divi- 
 sion of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, AK. 
 
 3 Unnamed tributary. 
 
 "Clay zone. 
 
 containing both of these texture types, and thus reflected 
 a combination of the higher grade angular, scaly gold and 
 the rounded gold with its lower fineness value. 
 
 SIGNIFICANCE OF BONANZA CREEK LINEAMENT ZONE FOR PLACER GOLD 
 
 The Tintina Fault trench comprises numerous faults 
 and fracture zones across its width of 5 to 10 miles. Most 
 of these are poorly exposed, if they are exposed at all, and 
 are only discernable as alignments of topographic and 
 vegetation features. The Bonanza Creek lineament, as in- 
 terpreted from aerial photographs 6 (figs. 4-5), was examined 
 in detail because very nearly all of the gold production in 
 the upper Yukon River region has been derived from creeks 
 immediately downstream of it. 
 
 The Bonanza Creek lineament, informally named in this 
 report because of its alignment with Bonanza Creek, is a 
 zone intermittently traceable from near Woodchopper Creek 
 eastward to Washington Creek that may extend to Fourth 
 of July Creek. On both Coal and Woodchopper Creeks, the 
 lineament zone (fig. 5) is characterized by probable low-level 
 hydrothermal alteration, as indicated by varicolored 
 massive green, red, and white clay, bleached and decom- 
 posed sedimentary rock, quartz stockworks, and boxworks. 
 Gypsum and slickensides are also common features. On 
 Woodchopper and Coal Creeks, silicification and breccia- 
 tion occur in the resistant Permian or older bedrock to the 
 immediate north, whereas angular quartz masses are found 
 in the clay zones that border the bleached and sheared Ter- 
 tiary strata to the south. The saline-evaporite mineral 
 dawsonite [NaAlC0 3 (OH) 2 ], which can be associated with 
 
 6 False-color high-altitude imagery, flight lines 67-69, available for inspec- 
 tion at the Geophysical Institute, Room 501, University of Alaska, Fair- 
 banks, AK. 
 
 low-level hydrothermal alteration, was identified in sheared 
 Tertiary mudstone. 7 A sample of this material also con- 
 tained traces of gold (0.01 tr oz/st). Fragments of sheared 
 coal contain stockwork veinlets of quartz, siderite, and 
 pyrite. Coal from near the lineament was visibly vitreous. 
 A sample collected on Coal Creek was found to have a 
 vitrinite reflectance of 0.48; another nearby coal sample 
 gave a reflectance of 0.65. These values are somewhat 
 higher than would be expected for interior Alaska lignitic 
 Tertiary coals, which typically have reflectance values of 
 0.2 to 0.3, suggesting minor thermal upgrading. 
 
 X-ray diffraction analyses of clay samples from the 
 lineament zone on Coal Creek indicated a mineral 
 assemblage of quartz, gypsum, potassium feldspar, 
 muscovite, kaolinite, and variable amounts of chlorite, 
 which, when present, imparts a bright green color. Because 
 of weathering of the clay, only tentative confirmation of 
 these clays as being hydrothermal is possible. Similar clay 
 is found aligned with and along the Bonanza Creek linea- 
 ment where it crosses Boulder and Sam Creeks, at the very 
 lower end of Cheese Creek, on the Charley River, and in 
 creek float on Bonanza Creek. Placer gold can be found at 
 all these locations. Elsewhere, the lineament zone is totally 
 covered by vegetation. 
 
 The Coal Creek placer deposit, according to the operator 
 there, has a drill-indicated paystreak approximately 700 
 
 'Analysis by X-ray diffraction; performed by T. C. Mowatt, geologist. 
 Bureau of Mines, Juneau, AK 
 
17 
 
 to 900 ft wide downstream of the projected trace of the linea- 
 ment. Upstream of the projected trace, no mining has been 
 attempted, and the paystreak sharply reduces to 300 ft in 
 width and a lower tenor. Little drilling has been done fur- 
 ther upstream, and there has been no lode gold exploration. 
 A sample of partially cleaned Coal Creek placer concen- 
 trates taken from downstream of the lineament was found 
 
 to commonly contain angular or frothy-textured gold par- 
 ticles (fig 9, A and B) and abundant grains of conchoidal- 
 shaped, gray, friable metallics identified as the halides of 
 cotunnite (PbCl 2 ) and laurionite [Pb(OH)Cl] 9 In several 
 observed instances, the lead minerals formed around grains 
 of gold. 
 
 OTHER LOCATIONS CONTAINING GOLD 
 
 Several other locations (not listed in the "Mineral Pro- 
 duction and History" section) in the upper Yukon River 
 region have been reported, or were found during this proj- 
 ect, to contain gold. (See sites of anomalous gold values on 
 figure 4.) None of these sites, however, have produced any 
 significant quantity of gold, and none are currently being 
 prospected. 
 
 In the Placer Creek valley, a tributary to upper 
 Washington Creek, sphalerite and galena were found, oc- 
 curring as disseminated sulfides in the conglomerate 
 matrix. (See figure 4, location labeled "Lead-zinc sulfides," 
 near location 24.) An analyzed sample contained 1.0% Pb, 
 2.7% Zn, a trace of gold (less than 0.01 tr oz), and 0.37% 
 As. The occurrence was found in rubble and could not be 
 assessed further. 
 
 Bedrock in the vicinity of sample 54 (fig. 10) was mapped 
 in an attempt to delineate the lode source of the placer gold 
 found there, which has an unusually high fineness. Bedrock 
 on the north side of the valley comprises Tertiary mudstone 
 and lignite, whereas bedrock on the south side consists of 
 olive-green argillite and quartzite which is silicified along 
 fractures. A thrust fault contact is interpreted to parallel 
 the valley. HydrothermaK?) quartz stockwork has 
 permeated the silicified sediments. The quartz veinlets con- 
 tain accessory magnetite and particularly well-developed 
 chlorite along the selvage zones. Chlorite is pervasive in 
 
 the silicified groundmass and typically coats the quartz 
 grains. Some samples contain over 50% chlorite. No visi- 
 ble gold could be observed in hand specimens, and two 
 analyzed samples were barren. 
 
 Similar olive-green rock was also seen in the creek float 
 on the gold placer creeks of Ruby, Webber, Woodchopper, 
 Ben, Boulder, and Surprise. Six random samples of this 
 material, one composited from each creek, were fire-assayed 
 for gold, but gold was detected only in the sample from Ruby 
 Creek. That analysis indicated 0.01 tr oz/st Au. A neutron- 
 activation analysis of another split of the Ruby Creek sam- 
 ple indicated 0.32 tr oz/st Au. 
 
 A group of gold anomalies was found during the panned 
 concentrate survey in the vicinity of the eastern Charley 
 River batholith. Free gold was observed in the concentrates. 
 The source of the gold is unknown; however, abundant vein 
 quartz in the creeks suggests a local hydrothermal origin. 
 
 Anomalous gold values in panned concentrates occur 
 in several other areas within or downstream of Tertiary 
 bedrock. These include the east forks of Webber and Sam 
 Creeks (figure 7, samples 12 and 68), nearby Cultas Creek 
 (sample 69), and several sites on Derwent Creek (samples 
 146 and 149). Sample 51, which was taken 1 mile south of 
 the creek where sample 54 was collected (fig. 10), was par- 
 ticularly anomalous for gold (appendix A). The origin of the 
 gold is unknown. 
 
 PLATINUM ASSOCIATION 
 
 Mertie, in 1942 (13, pp. 257-259), reported unusually 
 high platinum concentrations, thought to be alloyed in 
 placer gold. His analyses of gold from Woodchopper Creek 
 indicated 0.42% Pt; Broken Neck and Fourth of July Creeks 
 yielded 0.20% Pt and 0.28% Pt, respectively. All of the 
 Bureau's gold samples listed in table 2 were analyzed for 
 platinum by a fire assay-spectrographic method, but no 
 platinum was detected, even at trace levels. Mertie's 1942 
 analyses reporting significant platinum in placer gold may 
 
 be suspect, given the analytical procedures for platinum 
 available at that time. Rare grains of platinum-metal alloys 
 do occur in placer concentrates and were found during this 
 investigation on Boulder Creek (sample 74) and near 
 Washington Creek (sample 55). On Boulder Creek, the 
 panned concentrate contained grains of chromite and a 
 single grain of osmiridium 9 with an osmium-to-iridium ratio 
 of 5:1. 9 Pan sample 55 contained a grain of ferroplatinum. 9 
 
 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 The upper Yukon River region has produced a signifi- 
 cant amount of placer gold from operations dating back to 
 1898. Most of this production has come from dredges on Coal 
 and Woodchopper Creeks, where additional dredging 
 ground still remains. Many other creeks are known to con- 
 tain gold. 
 
 The gold placers of the upper Yukon River region may 
 have formed, at least in part, from local hydrothermal 
 sources. A notable feature of the placers is the spatial 
 
 association of most known deposits with the Bonanza Creek 
 lineament. Previous suggestions that the gold in the Wood- 
 chopper and Coal Creeks area is reworked from Tertiary 
 conglomerates and originally derived from the present 
 Tanana Uplands crystalline terrane to the south are incon- 
 
 8 Analysis by X-ray diffraction; performed by W.S. Roberts, geologist, 
 Bureau of Mines, Juneau. AK. 
 
 'Scanning electron microscope analysis by J. Sjoberg, mineralogist, Bureau 
 of Mines, Reno, NV. 
 
18 
 
 Wi 
 
 / 
 
 »-5 
 »-5 
 
 LEGEND 
 
 Tertiary nonmarine sediments 
 
 Paleozoic-Precambrian marine sedimentary sequence; 
 includes olivine-green argillites, quartzites, and maroon 
 and green argillites 
 
 ?— Inferred contact, queried where uncertain 
 
 a_a Thrust fault 
 
 O 50 Panned concentrate sample site 
 
 # 55 Anomalous gold content in panned concentrate 
 
 Scale, miles 
 Base adapted from U.S.G.S. 1:63,360 Charley River quadrangles CA-3 and B-3) 
 
 FIGURE 10.— Sample locations 50 through 56, Washington Creek. (Location of this figure is shown in figure 7.) 
 
19 
 
 sistent with the presence of flake and subangular gold and 
 nuggets as large as 2.5 tr oz, such as have been found on 
 Mineral Creek. Furthermore, no significant gold placers 
 have been found over the straight-line distance of 7 or more 
 miles between these two areas. Similarly, there are no 
 known nearby sources of the garnets and friable heavy 
 minerals such as native bismuth found on Rosebud Creek, 
 galena found on Coal and Colorado Creeks, and wolframite 
 and cassiterite found on Woodchopper Creek. Placers de- 
 rived from distant bedrock sources would not likely contain 
 these minerals in the abundance found in the study area. 
 
 Alluvial gold from the upper Yukon River region ap- 
 pears to have several origins, and the present placers are 
 an apparent mix of both reworked ancient placers and low- 
 temperature(?) hydrothermal gold. The first of these types 
 of gold is rounded, oxide-coated, shotty-type gold that is like- 
 ly being reworked from ancient Tertiary fossil placers. Pro- 
 bably the fossil placers originally derived gold from near- 
 by upland sources now displaced to the west by the Tintina 
 Fault, prior to much of the sedimentation that is now fill- 
 ing the Eagle Trough. The similar westerly arc-shaped 
 feature of Woodchopper, Coal, and Sam Creeks, and possibly 
 the Charley River, indicates right-lateral displacement (fig. 
 4). Continuing post-early Tertiary right-lateral movement 
 along the Tintina Fault, which appears to have occurred 
 in stages, has displaced the upland gold sources to the west 
 and has resulted in the abandonment of alluvial gold 
 placers. 
 
 If allowance is made for some 50 miles of displacement 
 along the Tintina fault zone, a plausible source of placer 
 Tertiary gold in the upper Yukon River region could be the 
 71-million-yr-old Circle meta-igneous complex (in the Cir- 
 cle Quadrangle, west of the study area shown in figure 4). 
 Middle- to late-Tertiary displacements on the order of 30 
 miles have been indicated along the Tintina Fault in 
 Canada (9). It is noteworthy that a spatial correlation of 
 the Woodchopper-Coal-Ben Creeks area and the Portage- 
 Deadwood-Crooked Creeks area in the Circle district can 
 be made by a reconstruction of fault movement. Wolframite- 
 and cassiterite-bearing placers on Deadwood Creek align 
 with Woodchopper Creek, where these minerals are also 
 found. Placer occurrences associated with the Tertiary 
 bedrock region are limited to the north side of the main 
 
 trace of the Tintina Fault, whereas the Circle Hot Springs 
 district has produced gold only to the south of the fault. 
 
 Low-temperature(?) hydrothermal veins and shear 
 zones, such as the Bonanza Creek lineament zone, possibly 
 account for the second type of gold. This type is typified by 
 generally bright, subangular to subrounded flat flakes, 
 scales, and nuggets with high fineness values and, par- 
 ticularly, the angular, sugary-textured gold. This latter tex- 
 ture type and its apparent higher fineness suggest that an 
 authigenic process may be involved. 
 
 The evidence of gold in primary sources, particularly 
 in altered shear zones such as the Bonanza Creek zone, 
 should be thoroughly examined with respect to both placer 
 and lode deposits. Bonanza Creek, where past drift mining 
 is in evidence, is particularly favorable since it aligns 
 parallel to the lineament instead of merely crossing it (figs. 
 4 and 6). The Webber and Thanksgiving Creeks areas war- 
 rant evaluation for both abandoned paleo-alluvial channels 
 and fault-zone-related placers. Other linear geologic 
 features, such as the inferred thrust fault near sample 54, 
 may also be mineralized. Trenching or shallow drilling to 
 intersect the fault zone will be necessary. Further 
 characterization of the geochemical and geothermal history 
 (e.g., hot springs activity) of altered fault zones should also 
 be made. Exploration targets should address the fault zones 
 with potential for gold deposits in both Tertiary and base- 
 ment Cambrian(?) bedrock. Similarly, the presence of lead, 
 zinc, arsenic, and iron sulfides in the conglomerate, such 
 as on Colorado and Placer Creeks, suggests gold may also 
 be deposited in this association. 
 
 The anomalous gold values found in creeks draining into 
 the Charley River, particularly east of Twin Mountain and 
 extending downstream of Bonanza Creek, suggest the 
 possibility of placer enrichment in the Charley River flood 
 plain. The gold anomalies at sample locations 68 and 69 
 possibly indicate gold enrichment along the southern ex 
 tent of the Tertiary sediments. 
 
 High-level terrace gravels may locally contain placer 
 gold. There have been unverified local reports of placer gold 
 from such gravels on both Coal and Fourth of July Creeks. 
 Mineral and Iron Creeks may also contain some high-level 
 terrace gold. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS 
 
 The predominant Tertiary-age sediments of the Eagle 
 Trough are well-rounded chert-, quartzite-, and quartz- 
 conglomerate; coal-bearing mudstone; and sandstone that 
 were deposited by the ancestral Yukon River or other major 
 southwesterly flowing drainages. The detritus probably 
 derived from the marine Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks 
 to the east and north, which were eroded during the Eocene 
 development of the Nation Arch. They can be expected to 
 be barren of alluvial gold. 
 
 Conversely, less common conglomerate composed of 
 meta-igneous sediments from the Tanana Uplands 
 crystalline terrane to the south may contain ancient placer 
 gold and thereby account for part of the gold in the present 
 alluvial placers. To date, however, there is no positive 
 evidence that any Tertiary conglomerates contain ancient 
 placer gold. 
 
 Examination and fineness analyses of gold concentrates 
 indicate that other origins of gold are responsible for placers. 
 There is a close spatial correlation of the significant placer 
 deposits and the Bonanza Creek lineament. Alteration and 
 mineralizing processes associated with the lineament zone 
 may be at least partially responsible for the placers. 
 
 With the exception of Coal and Woodchopper Creeks, 
 the region is poorly explored due to the extensive soil and 
 vegetation cover and permafrost. A heavy-mineral survey 
 of 162 panned concentrate samples found 26 to contain 
 anomalous levels of gold. The region is favorable for the 
 discovery of additional reserves of both lode and placer gold, 
 and exploration along the Bonanza Creek lineament is par- 
 ticularly suggested. 
 
20 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 1. Allison, C. (Univ. AK Museum). Private communication, 1981; 
 available upon request from J. Barker, BuMines, Fairbanks, AK. 
 
 2. Barker, J. C. Mineral Deposits of the Tanana-Yukon Uplands. 
 A Summary Report. BuMines OFR 88-78, 1978, 33 pp. 
 
 3. Boyle, R. W., and C. F. Gleeson. Gold in the Heavy Mineral 
 Concentrates of Stream Sediments, Keno Hill Area, Yukon Ter- 
 ritory. Can. Geol. Survey Paper 71-51, 1972, 8 pp. 
 
 4. Brabb, E. E., and M. Churkin, Jr. Geologic Map of the Charley 
 River Quadrangle, East-Central Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. 
 Geol. Inv. Map 1-573, 1969; 1 sheet; scale, 1:250,000. 
 
 5. Brooks, A. H. The Circle Precinct, Alaska. Ch. K in Report 
 on Progress of Investigations of Mineral Resources of Alaska in 
 1906. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 314, 1907, pp. 187-204. 
 
 6. Churkin, M., Jr., and E. E. Brabb. Occurrence and 
 Stratigraphic Significance of Oldhamia, a Cambrian Trace Fossil 
 in East-Central Alaska. Ch. D in Geological Survey Research 1965. 
 U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 525-D, 1965, pp. D120-D124. 
 
 7. Davies, W. E. The Tintina Trench and Its Reflection on the 
 Structure of the Circle Area, Yukon-Tanana Upland, Alaska. Paper 
 in Proceedings of 24th International Geological Congress. Int. Geol. 
 Congr., 1972, pp. 211-216. 
 
 8. Fischer, R. P., and F. S. Fisher. Interpreting Pan-Concentrate 
 Analyses of Stream Sediments in Geochemical Exploration for Gold. 
 U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 592, 1968, 9 pp. 
 
 9. Hughes, J. D., and D. G. F. Long. Geology and Coal Resource 
 Potential of Early Tertiary Strata Along Tintina Trench, Yukon 
 Territory. Can. Geol. Surv. Paper 79-32, 1980, 21 pp. 
 
 10. Jones, D. L., N. J. Silberling, H. C. Berg, and G. Plafker. Map 
 Showing Tectonostratigraphic Terranes of Alaska, Columnar Sec- 
 tions, and Summary Descriptions of Terranes. U.S. Geol. Surv. 
 Open File Rep. 81-792, 1981; 2 sheets; scale, 1:250,000. 
 
 11. Mertie, J. B., Jr. The Yukon-Tanana Region, Alaska. U.S. 
 Geol. Surv. Bull. 872, 1937, 276 pp. 
 
 12. Gold Placers of the Fortymile, Eagle, and Cir- 
 cle Districts. Ch. C in Mineral Resources of Alaska, Report on Prog- 
 ress of Investigations in 1936. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 897 -C, 1938, 
 pp. 133-261. 
 
 13. . Tertiary Deposits of the Eagle-Circle District, 
 
 Alaska. Ch. D in Mineral Resources of Alaska, Report on Progress 
 of Investigations in 1938. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 917-D, 1942, pp. 
 213-263. 
 
 14. Miller, D. J., T. G. Payne, and G. Gryc. Geology of Possible 
 Petroleum Provinces in Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1094, 1959, 
 131 pp.; 6 sheets. 
 
 15. Milner, M., and D. B. Craig (Can. Dep. Indian and Northern 
 Affairs). Coal in the Yukon. Unpubl. manuscript, 27 pp; available 
 upon request from Jim Moran, Dep. Indian and Northern Affairs, 
 Whitehorse, YT, Can. 
 
 16. Pewe, T. L., L. Burbank, and L. R. Mayo. Multiple Glacia- 
 tion of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. 
 Geol. Inv. Map 1-507, 1967; scale, 1:500,000. 
 
 17. Prindle, L. M., and J. B. Mertie, Jr. Gold Placers Between 
 Woodchooper and Fourth of July Creeks, Upper Yukon River. Ch. 
 G in Mineral Resources of Alaska, Report on Progress of Investiga- 
 tions in 1937. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 520-G, 1912, pp. 201-210. 
 
 18. Sainsbury, C. L., A. L. Clark, and A. L. Sutton. Private com- 
 munication, 1980; available upon request from C. L. Sainsbury, 
 Air Samplex, Inc., Denver, CO. 
 
 19. Smith, P. S. Fineness of Gold from Alaska Placers. Ch. C in 
 Mineral Resources of Alaska, Report on Progress of Investigations 
 in 1937. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 910-C, 1941, pp. 147-191. 
 
 20. Tempelman-Kluit, D. J. Stratigraphic and Structural Rela- 
 tions Between the Selwyn Basin, Pelly-Cassiar Platform, and 
 Yukon Crystalline Terrane in the Pelly Mountains, Yukon. Can. 
 Geol. Surv. Paper 77-1A, 1977, pp. 223-227. 
 
 21. Tempelman-Kluit, D. J., S. P. Gordey, and B. C. Read. 
 Stratigraphic and Structural Studies in the Pelly Mountains, 
 Yukon Territory. Can. Geol. Surv. Paper 76-1A, 1976, pp. 97-106. 
 
 22. Turner, D. L., D. Grybeck, and F. H. Wilson. Radioactive 
 Dates from Alaska— A 1975 Compilation. AK Div. Geol. Geophys. 
 Surv. Spec. Rep. 10, 1975, 6 pp. 
 
 23. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Staff. Alaska 1:250,000 Scale 
 Quadrangle Map Overlays Showing Mineral Deposit Locations, 
 Principal Minerals, Number and Type of Claims. BuMines OFR 
 20-73, 1973, 153 overlays. 
 
 24. Weber, F. R. Glacial Geology of the Yukon-Tanana Upland- 
 A Progress Report. Ch. in Glaciation in Alaska, ed. by R. M. Thor- 
 son and T. D. Hamilton. Univ. AK Museum Occasional Paper 2, 
 1983, 100 pp. 
 
 25. Wolff, E. (Director, Miner. Ind. Res. Lab., Univ. AK, retired). 
 Private communication, 1979; available upon request from J. 
 Barker, BuMines, Fairbanks, AK. 
 
APPENDIX A.— GOLD IN HEAVY-MINERAL CONCENTRATES 
 
 21 
 
 Gold 
 
 Sample 
 
 Minus 14-mesh 
 
 nonmagnetic Content, Recover- 
 conc, g pp m et j m g 
 
 Rock types present in creek rubble, estimated % x 0.1 
 (See end of tabulation for explanation of abbreviations.) 
 
 1 . . 
 
 2 .. 
 
 3 .. 
 
 4 .. 
 
 5 .. 
 
 6 .. 
 
 7 . . 
 
 8 .. 
 
 9 .\ 
 
 10 . 
 
 11 . 
 
 12 . 
 
 13 . 
 
 14 . 
 
 15 . 
 
 16 . 
 
 17 . 
 
 18 . 
 
 19 . 
 
 20 . 
 
 21 . 
 
 22 . 
 
 23 . 
 24'. 
 
 25 . 
 
 26 . 
 
 27 . 
 
 28 . 
 
 29 . 
 
 30 . 
 31 2 . 
 
 32 . 
 
 33 . 
 
 34 . 
 
 35 . 
 
 36 . 
 
 37 . 
 
 38 . 
 
 39 . 
 
 40 . 
 
 41 . 
 
 42 . 
 
 43 . 
 
 44 . 
 453. 
 
 46 . 
 
 47 . 
 
 48 . 
 
 49 . 
 
 50 . 
 
 51 . 
 
 52 . 
 53". 
 54". 
 55 . 
 
 56". 
 
 57 . 
 
 58 . 
 
 59 . 
 603. 
 61". 
 62". 
 63». 
 
 64 . 
 
 65 . 
 
 66 . 
 67". 
 
 68 . 
 
 69 . 
 
 70 . 
 
 71 . 
 
 72 . 
 
 73 . 
 749. 
 
 75 . 
 
 76 . 
 
 77 . 
 
 78 . 
 
 79 . 
 
 80 . 
 
 81 . 
 823. 
 
 83 . 
 
 84 . 
 
 85 . 
 
 13.710 
 
 22.851 
 
 24.120 
 
 7.060 
 
 2.744 
 
 14.825 
 
 6.885 
 
 1.690 
 
 16.662 
 
 15.004 
 
 15.702 
 
 30.285 
 
 6.316 
 
 11.901 
 
 3.301 
 
 31.257 
 
 1.026 
 
 4.452 
 
 11.471 
 
 1.741 
 
 1.637 
 
 10.101 
 
 .546 
 
 9.261 
 
 2.822 
 
 7.735 
 
 3.563 
 
 4.745 
 
 .676 
 
 .166 
 
 4.976 
 
 4.351 
 
 1.479 
 
 .450 
 
 .974 
 
 .646 
 
 4.164 
 
 5.868 
 
 6.791 
 
 7.241 
 
 4.569 
 
 .978 
 
 NA 
 
 NA 
 
 5.805 
 
 2.473 
 
 3.345 
 
 2.295 
 
 .322 
 
 3.058 
 
 15.568 
 
 NA 
 
 NA 
 
 NA 
 
 3.650 
 
 NA 
 
 .095 
 
 6.985 
 
 1.871 
 
 3.189 
 
 NA 
 
 NA 
 
 14.484 
 
 11.403 
 
 2.480 
 
 3.654 
 
 1.500 
 
 23.701 
 
 10.807 
 
 26.191 
 
 23.450 
 
 18.854 
 
 10.025 
 
 NAp 
 
 7.145 
 
 3.161 
 
 8.030 
 
 3.655 
 
 75.473 
 
 4.511 
 
 11.495 
 
 8.710 
 
 18.694 
 
 8.193 
 
 31 .674 
 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 .32 
 22.00 
 
 1.2 
 
 7.34 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 4.2 
 12 
 ND 
 .2 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 1.75 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 1.12 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 .69 
 
 4.4 
 
 9.8 
 
 1.5 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 2.6 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 270 
 ND 
 NA 
 ND 
 300 
 
 
 NA 
 ND 
 
 8.2 
 
 6.2 
 139.00 
 NA 
 NA 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.4 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 22 
 83 
 
 3.4 
 
 1.1 
 ND 
 ND 
 NAp 
 
 5.4 
 29 
 
 1.0 
 140 
 ND 
 13 
 ND 
 .43 
 198.00 
 ND 
 .40 
 
 ND 3 
 
 ND 3 
 
 ND 1 
 0.002 1 
 .060 - 
 .018 - 
 .050 - 
 
 ND - 
 
 ND - 
 
 ND - 
 .066 1 
 .363 
 
 ND 
 .002 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 .001 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 .009 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 
 
 ND 1 
 .004 2 
 .030 2 
 .071 5 
 .007 
 
 ND - 
 
 ND - 
 
 ND - 
 .015 - 
 
 ND - 
 
 ND 1 
 
 ND . 
 
 ND - 
 
 ND - 
 4.203 - 
 
 ND - 
 =6 
 6297.1 
 
 10.95 — 
 ?2 — 
 
 ND — 
 .057 — 
 .012 — 
 .443 — 
 '6 — 
 
 15.2 — 
 .029 .5 
 .016 — 
 ND — 
 ND — 
 ND — 
 .521 — 
 .897 — 
 .089 — 
 .026 — 
 ND — 
 ND — 
 NAp NAp 
 .039 
 .092 
 .008 
 .512 
 ND 
 .059 
 ND 
 .004 
 3.701 
 ND 
 .013 
 
 Tr 
 2 
 
 5 — 
 
 Tr 
 2 
 
 
 — 2 — 
 
 2 2 — 
 — 1 — 
 
 Tr 1 — 
 
 
 — Tr — — — 
 
 — Tr 
 
 3 — — — 2 
 
 2 — — 1 3 
 
 1 — — 2 3 
 
 — — — 2 4 
 
 .5 — — 
 
 
 _ 2 — — — 
 
 2 — 
 — .5 
 
 
 2 
 
 Tr 
 
 1 
 
 — — — 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 .5 — — 
 
 
 — .5 
 
 
 — 4 
 2 — 
 2 2 
 5 — 
 
 — 1 
 
 — .5 
 
 — 1 
 
 Tr 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 — .5 
 
 2 
 Tr 
 
 4.5 
 
 Tr 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4.5 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1.5 
 
 1 
 
 .5 
 Tr 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 — — 3 — 
 
 — 3 — - 
 .5 1 — - 
 
 11—- 
 
 1 — — Ti 
 
 — — Tr 1 
 _ 4 _ _ 
 
 — 2 — - 
 5 2—- 
 
 3 
 
 — 1 
 
 — 1 
 
 .5 — — 
 2 — — 
 
 — 2 
 2 - 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 NAp NAp NAp NAp NAp NAp NAp NAp 
 1 
 
 Tr 
 
 1 
 
 .5 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 Tr 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 .5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 Tr 
 
 
 1 
 
 — — — 2 
 
 
 — — — — 8 
 
 1 
 3 
 Tr 
 5 
 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 3 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 NAp NAp NAp NAp NAp NAp NAp NAp 
 
 1 — — 1 — 1 — 6 
 
 2 1 — — 1 — — 2 
 __ — — 3 4 — — 
 — 1 — — 2 3 — — 
 
 2 2 — — — 1 — — 
 
 2 — — 
 
 2 — — 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 Tr — 
 
 — 2 — 
 
 — 4 — 
 
 See explanatory notes at end of tabulation. 
 
22 
 
 Minus 14-mesh Gold 
 
 Sample nonmagnetic Content, Recover- . 
 
 cone, g p prn e( j, m g 
 
 Rock types present in creek rubble, estimated % x 0.1 
 (See end of tabulation for explanation of abbreviations.) 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 88V 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 91 . 
 
 92 
 
 93 . 
 
 94 
 
 95 . 
 
 96 . 
 
 97 . 
 
 98 . 
 
 100 . 
 101 
 102 . 
 103 
 104 . 
 105 
 
 106 . 
 
 107 .. 
 
 108 . . 
 109 
 
 110 .. 
 
 111 . 
 
 112 . . 
 
 113 . . 
 
 114 .. 
 
 115 .. 
 
 116 .. 
 
 117 . 
 
 118 . . 
 119" 
 120" . 
 
 121 . . 
 
 122 . . 
 
 123 . . 
 
 124 . . 
 
 125 .. 
 
 126 .. 
 
 127 .. 
 
 128 . 
 
 129 . 
 
 130 . . 
 
 131 .. 
 
 132 . 
 
 133 .. 
 
 134 . 
 
 135 .. 
 
 136 .. 
 
 137 .. 
 
 138 .. 
 
 139 . . 
 
 140 .. 
 
 141 .. 
 142 
 
 143 .. 
 
 144 .. 
 
 145 . 
 146'2 . 
 147 .. 
 148' 3 . 
 
 149 . . 
 
 150 . . 
 
 151 .. 
 
 152 . . 
 
 153 .. 
 
 154 .. 
 
 155 .. 
 
 156 . . 
 
 157 .. 
 
 158 . 
 
 159 .. 
 
 160 .. 
 
 161 . 
 
 162 . 
 
 50.119 
 10320 
 18.574 
 17.132 
 44.710 
 18.694 
 43 443 
 33.440 
 21.855 
 
 4.923 
 12.662 
 37.290 
 31.025 
 22.186 
 
 5.684 
 12.203 
 
 6.179 
 
 2.963 
 40.268 
 
 3.351 
 
 3.155 
 20.943 
 
 2.389 
 12.385 
 14.907 
 
 5.564 
 11.443 
 
 9.670 
 15.919 
 
 1 1 .229 
 10.155 
 11.556 
 19.659 
 21.465 
 28.660 
 12.651 
 15.111 
 11.187 
 22.116 
 28.286 
 
 1.622 
 
 2.834 
 
 4.870 
 
 9.772 
 
 2.430 
 
 2.442 
 
 44.371 
 
 7.117 
 
 33.704 
 
 29.747 
 
 18.654 
 
 27.567 
 
 1 1 .075 
 
 19.759 
 
 1 1 .230 
 3.828 
 4.577 
 
 NA 
 
 11.610 
 
 2.708 
 
 8.690 
 
 1.145 
 
 3.349 
 
 5.413 
 
 6.504 
 
 2.154 
 
 12.373 
 
 12.280 
 
 6.107 
 
 35.515 
 
 32.462 
 
 5.947 
 
 18.746 
 
 10.959 
 
 4.695 
 
 20.680 
 
 10.927 
 
 120 00 
 .2 
 ND 
 ND 
 NO 
 ND 
 ND 
 4.40 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 .59 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 .60 
 .22 
 ND 
 .20 
 ND 
 ND 
 .32 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 11 
 2.2 
 .46 
 .84 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 53 
 ND 
 ND 
 5.7 
 ND 
 
 59 
 ND 
 
 76 
 
 65 
 800 
 
 22 
 
 52 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 32 
 7.4 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 29 
 
 65 
 
 26 
 ND 
 
 11 
 8.6 
 110 
 ND 
 
 33 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 42 
 5.7 
 
 50 
 4.7 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 2 
 ND 
 
 2 
 
 Tr 
 
 6.014 — — 
 ">.12 — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — 3 
 ND — — 
 ND - — 
 ND — — 
 
 .147 — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — - 
 ND — — 
 
 .018 — - 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 
 .004 — — 
 
 .001 — — 
 ND — — 
 
 .001 — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 
 .001 — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 
 .126 — — 
 
 .021 — — 
 
 .007 — — 
 
 .009 — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 ND — — 
 0.671 - 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 .126 
 ND 
 
 .096 
 ND 
 
 .370 
 
 .635 
 1.944 
 
 .054 
 2.307 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 .597 
 
 .204 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 .326 
 
 .249 
 
 .119 
 ND 
 
 .128 
 
 .025 
 
 .956 
 ND 
 
 .110 
 
 .292 
 
 .078 
 
 .056 
 
 .520 
 
 .070 
 
 .305 
 
 .167 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 ND 
 
 3 - 
 
 Tr 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Tr 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 s 
 
 — 1 
 
 — 1 
 
 — 1 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 10 
 10 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 7—2 
 
 — — 4 
 
 — 1 
 
 — 1 
 
 4 — 
 
 5 — 
 
 — 2 
 
 — 1 
 
 1 — — 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 — 
 
 2 Tr 
 
 — 1 1 
 
 — .5 
 
 — 6 
 
 — Tr 
 
 — 3 
 
 6 — 
 2 — 
 
 
 5 — — — 
 
 .5 
 Tr 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Tr 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Tr 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 .5 — 
 
 — — Tr 
 
 — — 2 
 
 — — 2 
 
 — — 3 
 
 — — 2 
 
 — — 3 
 
 3 
 8 
 
 Tr 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 — — — — Tr 
 
 — 5 
 
 — 6 
 
 — 4 
 
 — 4 
 3 — 
 2 — 
 
 — 1 
 
 — Tr 
 
 — 2 
 
 
 — 1 
 
 6 — 
 
 1 4 
 
 2 3 
 
 — 7 
 
 Tr 5 
 
 5 — 
 
 — 2 
 
 
 — — — — Tr Tr 
 
 — Rock type not present. NA Not analyzed. NAp Not applicable. 
 
 'Burned shale also present. 
 2 Hematite also present, 0.1%. 
 3 No rock types, only sands. 
 
 4 Manually separated gold, samples not analyzed by atomic absorption methods. 
 ^Flakes. 
 6 ln 30-pan bulk sample. 
 
 Rock type abbreviations 
 
 ND Not detected. Tr Trace. 
 
 7 Specks. 
 
 °Clay, sideritic sandstone. 
 
 9 Boulder. 
 10 5.5-pan sample. 
 "Traces of grit also present. 
 12 Clay also present, 0.1%. 
 "Mostly sand, possible phyllite rock type present. 
 
 A. . . Slate 
 C... Chert 
 D. . . Dolomite 
 E . . . Calcite 
 
 G. 
 H.. 
 
 Gneiss 
 
 Shale, silt- 
 stones, fine- 
 grain elastics 
 
 I . . . Schist 
 L. . . Limestone 
 O. . . Conglomerate 
 P . . . Phyllite 
 
 NOTE.— Recovered gold values of 0.19 mg/pan were arbitrarily chosen as anomalous. 
 
 Q. . . Quartz 
 R . . . Argillite 
 S . . . Sandstone 
 T. . . Quartzite 
 
 W. . . Intrusive — felsic 
 X . . . Intrusive — mafic 
 Z. . . Volcanic— mafic 
 
APPENDIX B.— SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION KEY 
 
 23 
 
 (Sample numbers used in this report related to field numbers referenced in 
 previous Bureau open file report (2)) 
 
 , Field 
 
 Sam P le number 
 
 1 KD1807 
 
 2 KD1805 
 
 3 KD1801 
 
 4 KD1643 
 
 5 KD8147 
 
 6 KD1653 
 
 7 KD1794 
 
 8 KD1661 
 
 9 KD1659 
 
 10 KD8232 
 
 11 KD1791 
 
 12 KD8152 
 
 13 KD1673 
 
 14 KD1671 
 
 15 KD1675 
 
 16 KD1669 
 
 17 KD8234 
 
 18 KD1786 
 
 19 KD1784 
 
 20 KD8262 
 
 21 KD1695 
 
 22 KD1763 
 
 23 KD8249 
 
 24 KD1744 
 
 25 KD8109 
 
 26 KD8161 
 
 27 KD8270 
 
 28 KD1752 
 
 29 KD8272 
 
 30 KD8277 
 
 31 KD8252 
 
 32 KD1722 
 
 33 KD1720 
 
 34 KD1717 
 
 35 KD8256 
 
 36 KD8259 
 
 37 KD1757 
 
 38 KD1759 
 
 39 KD1712 
 
 40 KD1708 
 
 41 KD1706 
 
 „ Field 
 
 Sam P le number 
 
 42 KD8378 
 
 43 KD10658 
 
 44 KD10662 
 
 45 KD8373 
 
 46 KD8375 
 
 47 KD1703 
 
 48 K01701 
 
 49 KD8383 
 
 50 KD8367 
 
 51 KD8370 
 
 52 KD10630 
 
 53 KD10634 
 
 54 KD8368 
 
 55 KD8101 
 
 56 KD2971 
 
 57 KD8388 
 
 58 KD1772 
 
 59 KD1689 
 
 60 KD2968 
 
 61 KD12379 
 
 62 KD12439 
 
 63 KD1778 
 
 64 KD8156 
 
 65 KD2965 
 
 66 KD2964 
 
 67 KD8240 
 
 68 KD8415 
 
 69 KD8390 
 
 70 KD8392 
 
 71 KD8413 
 
 72 KD8417 
 
 73 KD8419 
 
 74 KD1809 
 
 75 KD8236 
 
 76 KD8238 
 
 77 KD8422 
 
 78 UP8425 
 
 79 UP338 
 
 80 UP8002 
 
 81 UP8004 
 
 82 UP279 
 
 Co ,„ Field 
 
 Sam P le number 
 
 83 UP341 
 
 84 UP278 
 
 85 UP271 
 
 86 UP801 1 
 
 87 UP10610 
 
 88 UP345 
 
 89 UP343 
 
 90 UP298 
 
 91 UP289 
 
 92 UP301 
 
 93 UP304 
 
 94 UP66 
 
 95 UP59 
 
 96 UP449 
 
 97 UP4 
 
 98 UP51 
 
 99 UP146 
 
 100 UP149 
 
 101 UP220 
 
 102 UP222 
 
 103 UP934 
 
 104 UP936 
 
 105 UP938 
 
 106 UP880 
 
 107 UP883 
 
 108 UP885 
 
 109 UP70 
 
 110 UP6 
 
 111 UP370 
 
 112 UP367 
 
 113 UP362 
 
 114 UP8054 
 
 115 UP8206 
 
 116 UP8016 
 
 117 UP8018 
 
 118 UP8020 
 
 119 UP237 
 
 120 UP235 
 
 121 UP8215 
 
 122 UP8213 
 
 123 UP8023 
 
 o i Field 
 
 Sam P' e number 
 
 124 UP8025 
 
 125 UP8027 
 
 126 UP8029 
 
 127 UP8032 
 
 128 UP8217 
 
 129 UP8221 
 
 130 UP8036 
 
 131 UP8040 
 
 132 UP8223 
 
 133 UP95 
 
 134 UP97 
 
 135 UP99 
 
 136 UP8227 
 
 137 UP8043 
 
 138 UP8046 
 
 139 UP8049 
 
 140 UP8126 
 
 141 UP353 
 
 142 UP360 
 
 143 KD10650 
 
 144 UP357 
 
 145 UP8300 
 
 146 UP8342 
 
 147 UP8344 
 
 148 UP8347 
 
 149 UP8311 
 
 150 UP8309 
 
 151 UP8351 
 
 152 UP8355 
 
 153 UP8358 
 
 154 UP8305 
 
 155 UP8361 
 
 156 UP8303 
 
 157 UP296 
 
 158 UP294 
 
 159 UP291 
 
 160 UP248 
 
 161 UP243 
 
 162 UP241 
 
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