CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ISSIONERS FROM CONNECTICOT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ColumWan Exhibition of 1893 
 
 AT CHICAGO. 
 
 EEPORT OF THE WORK OF THE BOARD OP LADY MANAGERS 
 
 Of Connecticut 
 
 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE 
 
 Morris W. Seymour 
 Leverett Brainard 
 George H. Day 
 Kate B. Knight 
 
 HARTFORD, CONN.: 
 Press of The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company 
 1898 
 V . 
 
53241 
 
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 I]N"TEODUOTOEY -NOTE 
 
 The connection of the writer with the Connecticut Board 
 of World's Fair Managers as Executive Secretary will explain 
 why he was asked b;^' the Publication Committee to prepare a 
 history of Connecticut at the World's Fair, and to make it 
 such a record as could be adopted by them as an official report. 
 
 The committee considerately allow^ed a wide latitude in the 
 formulation of the report, as will readily be seen, and if 
 portions of it do not seem to be strictly germane to the subject, 
 reference being made especially to features in Chapter XIY, 
 they may, nevertheless, possibly prove of sufficient interest to 
 the general reader to justify their appearance in connection 
 with it. The '^ Forecast of America's future greatness " (page 
 169), was written several months before the occurrence of the 
 tragic event in the harbor of Havana that precipitated the con- 
 flict between the United States and Spain, the first part of this 
 volume having been completed before the close of 1897; con- 
 sequently the reader is reminded of the fact that the map of 
 the world has been undergoing important and suggestive 
 changes while the volume has been in process of preparation. 
 
 Gratefully acknowledging the marked consideration shown 
 him by members of the Board of Managers and Lady Managers 
 during his long connection with them as executive officer, and 
 especially to the Publication Committee during the prepara- 
 tion of his portion of this record, and, finally, hoping it may 
 find its way to indulgent readers, it is respectfully submitted. 
 
 J. H. VAILL. 
 
 WmsTED, October, 1898. 
 
COE'TES'TS. 
 
 Part I. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 Sketch of the Inception of the World's Columhian Exposition of 1893 — 
 Causes resulting in the Selection of Chicago as its Site — Congres- 
 sional Legislation providing for Appointment of National Commis- 
 sioners, etc. — Personnel of the Connecticut National Commission, 
 with Portraits, 9 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 Deadlock between the two Branches of General Assembly results in 
 failure to secure Appropriation — Preliminary Steps taken by leading 
 citizens of the State to secure, upon non-partisan Basis, proper 
 Representation at the Exposition — Report of Meeting at Capitol, 
 February 22, 1892, resulting in formation of Connecticut Boards of 
 World's Fair Managers and Lady Managers — Composition of the 
 two Boards, with Portraits 16 
 
 CHAPTEE in. 
 
 Organization of the Board of Managers — Appointment of Board of Lady 
 Managers — Election of Executive Officers — Preliminary Work of 
 Building Committee — Selection of Design for State Building — Visit 
 of Building Committee to Jackson Park — Award of Contract for 
 State Building to Tracy Bros., 39 
 
 CHAPTEE lY. 
 
 Participation of Connecticut at the dedication of the Exposition in 
 October, 1892 — Roster of Military Escort to the Governor and Official 
 Boards — Connecticut in the World's Fair Parade at Chicago, etc. , . 34 
 
 CHAPTEE Y. 
 
 The Connecticut State Building — Work of the Building and House Fur- 
 nishing Committees — Embellishment of the Edifice — Its Dedication 
 on Opening Day and Use as Headquarters for Connecticut Visitors 
 during the Exposition — Final Disposition of the Building — Plans 
 for its Preservation as a Permanent Memorial of the World's Fair — 
 Report of Chairman of Furnishing Committee, 44 
 
vi CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. . 
 
 Sketches from notable Connecticut visitors to the "City of the Lagoon:" 
 Simeon E. Baldwin, LL.D., of the Supreme Court of Errors ; Joseph 
 Anderson, D.D., pastor of the First Church of Waterbury ; and 
 Charles Dudley Warner, L.H.D., D.C.L., of Hartford, in which are 
 given their varied impressions of the Exposition, 58 
 
 CHAPTER YIL 
 
 Observance of Connecticut Day — Official Delegation from the Nutmeg 
 State — Reception by Governor Morris — Distinguished Invited Guests 
 — Report of Formal Exercises, 73 
 
 CHAPTER YIII. 
 
 Connecticut Collective Exhibits in Departments of Education, Agricul- 
 ture, Forestry, Minerals, Dairy Products, Live Stock, Leaf Tobacco, 
 and Colonial Relics, 86 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Review of Notable Connecticut Exhibits, with Illustrations — Yankee In- 
 ventions — Silverware — Watches and Clocks — Machinery — Thread 
 
 — Bicycles — Carriages — Fine Arts — Live-stock — Butter and Cheese 
 
 — Large variety of Woods — Curious Antiques, 100 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Work of Executive Department — Canvass of State for Solicitation of Ex- 
 hibits — Causes of Withdrawal of Applications and of Non-acceptance 
 of Allotments of Space — Outline of Work during the Exposition, etc., 
 
 115 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Awards to Connecticut Exhibitors — List of Exhibits not Intended for 
 Competition — List of Intending Exhibitors who Failed to Accept Al- 
 lotment of Space, 126 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Statement of Reinbursement of Subscribers to Original Appropriation — 
 Conservatism of the Board of Managers in its Expenditures — Treas- 
 urer's Account and Summary of Expenses, 140 
 
CONTENTS. Vii 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Personnel of Boards of Managers and Lady Managers — Manner in which 
 Selection of Managers was Made — Official Tributes to Members of 
 the Board Who Died While in Office, 145 
 
 CHAPTER XIY. 
 
 RETROSPECTIVE GLANCES AT THE EXPOSITION IN 
 GENERAL. 
 
 Apologetic — Statistical — Connecticut Visitors to the Exposition — Will 
 Another Equally Wonderful Exposition Be Seen ? — Marvelous Ad- 
 vancement Achieved Since the Centennial of 1876 — Who Can Guess 
 What Science and Invention Will Do for the Future ? — Will Man 
 Always Eat in Order to Live ? — An Incentive for Connecticut Students 
 toward Solving Mysterious Problems — Is Longevity One of the 
 Lost Arts ? — Will Aerial Navigation be Possible in Another Hun- 
 dred Years? — Forecast of America's Greatness — Brief Duration of 
 the Exposition Regretted — The Chicago Society of Sons of Con- 
 necticut — Connecticut Souvenir Badge — Connecticut at the World's 
 Congress — Extracts from Bulletins to Connecticut Newspapers, 151 
 
 Part II. — "Women's Work. 
 
 CHAPTER XY. 
 
 Methods and Resume of Work — Organization — By-Laws — Circulars — 
 Exhibits — Inventions — Decorations — Statistics — Literature — The 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe Collection — The Board Work — The Connecti- 
 cut House, 249 
 
 CHAPTER XYI. 
 
 The Connecticut House — Furnishing Committee in Charge — Plan of 
 Work — Scheme of Decoration — List of Articles Lent, .... 258 
 
 CHAPTER XYII. 
 
 The Connecticut Room — Contributions for — Work in — Miss E. B. 
 Sheldon Complimented — How Decorated, 273 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XYIII. 
 
 Literature — Product of One Hundred and Fifty Women of Connecticut — 
 Compiling of the State Volume — List of Titles — Names of Contribu- 
 tors — Sent to State Libraries — Acknowledgments, 280 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 The Harriet Beecher Stowe Collection — Forty -two Translations of Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin — Quotations from Introduction — Letters of George 
 Bullen and Thomas Watts — List of Editions and Translations, . 293 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Exhibits and Inventions of Women — Names and Addresses with Titles of 
 Invention, . 324 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 Statistical and Industrial Conditions — Relations of Women to Labor — 
 Individual Canvass of Manufacturing Interests — Canvassing under 
 Difficulties — Material Secured — " Sustained Enthusiasm " — Circular 
 Issued — Extracts from Circular — Women's Organizations — Facts 
 Secured from, 331 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 Financial Work of the Board — ' ' Nothing so fallacious as figures, except 
 facts" — Itemized Account Submitted — U. S. Congress appropriates 
 for Women's exclusive use — Bills paid without question — Simplicity 
 of the Work — Absolute Harmony — Stock in Woman's Dormitory 
 Association disposed of, 361 
 
REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BOAED OF WORLD'S FAIE MAS" AGERS 
 
 To the G-eneral Assembly of the State of Connecticut : 
 
 As a concluding dntv, the Board appointed by the State 
 of Connecticut " to secure a due representation and display at 
 the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893/' held in the city 
 of Chicago, the undersigned has the honor to transmit here- 
 with the final report of its doings and of the part taken by 
 the State of Connecticut in such exhibition. 
 
 We avail ourselves of this opportunity to acknowledge the 
 valuable co-operation and assistance of the Connecticut mem- 
 bers of the United States World's Columbian Commission, ex 
 officio members of this Board, and also of the voluntary associa- 
 tion which inaugurated this work under the name of " The 
 Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut," and of the 
 Board of Lady Managers, vdthout whose assistance the work 
 of this Board could not have been so satisfactorily accom- 
 plished. 
 
 We would also pay a tribute to the memory of those mem- 
 bers of the Board who have deceased, to whose generous and 
 painstaking labors much of the success of the exhibit of our 
 State was due. 
 
 Too high commendation cannot be given Mr. Joseph H. 
 Vaill, who has been indefatigable in the discharge of his 
 duties as secretary, and to whom the preparation of an im- 
 portant part of this work has been entrusted. 
 
 It was universally conceded that no State excelled Con- 
 necticut in the exhibit made by her, showing the high char- 
 
X REPORT. 
 
 acter of tlie work done by the women of oiir State. For this 
 higli praise we were largely indebted to Mrs. George H. 
 Knight of Lakeville, Connecticnt, by whom the report of this 
 part of the work has been prepared. Yonr committee are re- 
 strained from expressing their high appreciation of this 
 part of the work, lest it do violence to the modesty of one 
 of its own members, but leave the report to speak for itself. 
 We, cannot, however, refrain from congratulating ourselves 
 and the State at large that both the work itself and the report 
 "upon it fell into such intelligent and painstaking hands. 
 
 The expenses incurred by the Board in the performance 
 of its duties appear in the report of the Treasurer as sub- 
 mitted from time to time to the Comptroller of the State. 
 
 All of which is respectfully submitted by the undersigned, 
 as a Committee especially appointed for that purpose. 
 
 Dated at Hartford, this 1st day of October, 1898. 
 MOEEIS W. SEYMOUE, 
 
 For the Committee. 
 

 m 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 Sketch of the Inception of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 — 
 Causes resulting in the Selection of Chicago as its Site — Congres- 
 sional Legislation providing for Appointment of National Commis- 
 sioners, etc. — Personnel of the Connecticut National Commission, 
 with Portraits. 
 
 If there were ever a time when the question should have 
 been raised as to whom highest honors are due for the discovery 
 of this western world, it seems now to have passed. Common 
 consent has settled the question and Columbus must be recog- 
 nized as entitled to such credit as may be due for the enterprise 
 he exhibited in his quest of a shore far out beyond Europe's 
 western horizon. Before the wheels of time bring around an- 
 other '92, there will have been ample time, perhaps, for the de- 
 scendants of Norsemen and Welshmen or other claimants to 
 establish their titles to priority in the line of world discovery. 
 If it is a fact that in the year 1000 Leif Erickson landed upon 
 what is now known as Martha's Vineyard, and reveled among 
 the wild grapes he found there, as tradition says, his claim as 
 the original, authentic discoverer should be established by the 
 Scandinavians, so that when the year of our Lord 2000 breaks 
 on the eastern horizon, a millennial event worthy the occasion 
 may be celebrated, and a meritorious name restored to its right- 
 ful place as a brilliant leaf among the pages of history. 
 
 For the historian of to-day there appears no other course 
 except to consider Columbus entitled, by courtesy at least, to 
 the chief honors as the Discoverer of America, though why he 
 failed to secure the name of Columbia for the land he dis- 
 covered can be expLnined only on the hypothesis of modesty. 
 2 
 
10 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Thougli we confess ourselves Americans, we liave done well to 
 acknowledge oiir greater indebtedness to the illnstrions Genoan 
 rather than to his Plorentine snccessor, whose name the new 
 world bears. 
 
 It is perhaps not to be wondered at that there was no dem- 
 onstration in this country in 1792, in commemoration of the 
 300th anniversary of the landing of Colnmbus. The da^^ of 
 marvelous advancement in the application of steam, electricity, 
 and the mechanic arts had hardly dawned. Enlton, Stephen- 
 son, Whitney, Goodyear, Morse, Ericsson, Gray, Bell, Edison, 
 and Hoe were then nnknoT\Ti names. Though 300 years 
 had elapsed since the gTeat mariner first knelt upon occi- 
 dental soil, the almost boundless territory to the westward of 
 the Atlantic states might have been fittingly lettered upon 
 the map as unexplored regions. There were yet forty years to 
 wait for railways, fifty years for ocean steamers and telegraph,, 
 seventy-five for perfecting presses, and eighty-five for the tele- 
 phone. These, and seemingly all other needful or possible ac- 
 cessories, were in readiness in 1892 to render se:r\dce in illustra- 
 tion of the extent to which intelligence had made further dis- 
 coveries and development through four hundred years. 
 
 The project of holding a World's Fair by which to com- 
 memorate the 400th anniversary of the landing of Columbus 
 was inaugurated with more or less definiteness in 1884, and the 
 honor of being its original projector has several claimants. In 
 a letter to the Chicago Times of February 16, 1882, Dr. A. 
 W. Harlan, a Chicago dentist, first proposed that city as the 
 location of a Columbian World's Eair, but his letter appears to 
 have had little effect except as an anesthetic, for not only was 
 Chicago quiet for about two years, but there was no other 
 well-defined movement until 1884, when another Chicagoan, 
 Dr. Charles W. Zaremba, claims to have issued a circular in 
 which he invited the foreign ministers in Washington to con- 
 fer with reference to this event. Dr. Zaremba asserts that he 
 received flattering replies to his circular from oflicial represent- 
 atives of Turkey, ]\[exico, Brazil, and Chili, and that the same 
 year President Diaz of Mexico and his ministers, with whom 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. H 
 
 lie had a personal audience, expressed their gratitude for his 
 originating the idea of an international Columbian Exposition, 
 and making it known to representatives of other governments. 
 
 It is proper in this connection to record the fact that in 
 1884 the secretary of the board of trade at Washington, D. C, 
 Alexander D. Anderson, outlined his ideas upon the subject of 
 a Columbian World's Fair in the 'New York Herald, and to this 
 gentleman, evidently, is due no small share of the credit of pro- 
 moting the movement. At a public meeting held in that city 
 February 25, 1886, Mr. Anderson presented the subject in 
 detail, whereupon committees were appointed, headquarters 
 established, and a vigorous campaign inaugurated. During 
 the following April the memorial of the committee was pre- 
 sented to the United States Senate by Mr. Gorman of Mary- 
 land, which, with its accompaning diagrams, was published in 
 the Congressional Record. 
 
 With this presentation of the enterprise for Congressional 
 consideration an important step forward was taken — transfer- 
 ing the movement from local limits to that of a national board 
 of promotion. The governors of forty states, who were noti- 
 fied of the enterprise, pledged their co-operation, as also did 
 mayors of the principal cities throughout the country, to 
 which was added the endorsement of many boards of trade and 
 similar organizations. The movement which had been inau- 
 gurated in Washington was designed to secure the location of 
 the Exposition in that city, and in June, 1888, the Committee 
 on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives unanimous- 
 ly reported in favor of the project, designating Washington as 
 the place at which it should be held. 
 
 The report of the committee referred to above evidently 
 resulted in awakening Chicago to a realization of the situa- 
 tion, for within a month after the Congressional action which 
 had pronounced in favor of holding the Exposition at the na- 
 tional capital, her leading citizens were called together " to dis- 
 cuss the advisability of holding a World's Fair in Chicago in 
 1892, and the best means to employ to carry such a project into, 
 execution." The movement was spasmodic, however, and not: 
 
12 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 until a year later (July, 1889), was action taken by tke people 
 of that city which was determined and effective. At this time 
 the Paris Exposition was in successful operation, and the peo- 
 ple of Chicago were again ardent mth zeal in their desire 
 to capture the location for the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 This final movement on the part of Chicago was inaugu- 
 rated by Mayor Cregier in a message to the city council, by 
 w^hom he was authorized to appoint a committee of its citizens 
 to outline the preliminary work necessary to secure the Exposi- 
 tion for Chicago. The committee, numbering nearly three 
 hundred of the foremost men of the city, first formulated a 
 •series of resolutions setting forth Chicago's peculiar advan- 
 tages as a location for the Exposition, which were telegraphed 
 over the countiw. The next important step was the securing 
 of subscriptions in aid of the project, which in April, 1890, 
 exceeded the simi of -Qrve millions of dollars. 
 
 The next stage in the proceedings was the action of Congress 
 in determining the site for the Exposition, the special claim- 
 ants for the honor being Chicago, ISTew York, St. Louis, and 
 Washington. In December, 1889, Senator CuUom of Illi- 
 nois introduced a bill entitled " An Act to provide for the hold- 
 ing of a World's Exposition of the arts and industries, in com- 
 memoration of the four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery 
 of America." The bill provided that thirty days after its 
 adoption the President should appoint Exposition commission- 
 ers, nominated by the governors of different states and terri- 
 tories; that the governor of the state chosen as the site of the 
 Exposition should, with the mayor of the city, nominate one 
 hundred commissioners from among the subscribers of the 
 stock of the Exposition company, to be formed for the purpose 
 of promoting the Exposition project, upon the express con- 
 dition that the state designated should raise a reserve fund of 
 $5,000,000 in cash or equivalent bonds; that the President 
 should also appoint eight commissioners-at-large, and two from 
 the District of Columbia as representatives of the Federal gov- 
 ernment; that the commission so formed should be officially 
 entitled '^ The United States Columbian Commission," and 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 13 
 
 that the body should meet in the capital city on call of the Sec- 
 retary of State, and receive subscriptions to the reserve fund 
 to the amount of fifteen million dollars, each share to be limited 
 to $10. It was further provided that so soon as the bill should 
 have received the executive sanction, the President should 
 make proclamation of the location selected for holding the 
 Exposition, and invite the nations of the world to participate 
 in it. A similar bill was introduced in the House of Kepre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 Shortly after the introduction of the bill referred to, Sen- 
 ator Vest oifered an amendment to the Senate bill, directing 
 that the Exposition be held in the city of St. Louis. At this 
 stage of proceedings the entire subject was referred to an ap- 
 propriate committee, and pending final action of Congress in 
 determining the site, the rival cities pressed their claims upon 
 senators and members of the House. In January, '1890, the 
 Senate committee on the Exposition heard arguments from 
 delegates representing the several contestants. 
 
 In the House of Representatives the question of location 
 claimed the attention of its members to no small degree, Chi- 
 cago being the favorite from the outset. A special committee 
 of nine was appointed ^^ to have charge of all bills in relation 
 to a celebration of the four-hundredth anniversary of the dis- 
 covery of America." At length, on the 24th of February, 
 1890, the day arrived which had been designated as the date 
 for the decision of the House upon the question named. In the 
 eight ballots required to arrive at a verdict, Chicago was imi- 
 formly in the lead, with 'New York, St. Louis, and Washing- 
 ton following in the order named, the votes of four ballots 
 being given as examples : 
 
 First Tliird Fiftli Eighth 
 
 Chicago, 115 127 140 157 
 
 :N"ew York, 70 92 110 107 
 
 St. Louis, 61 53 38 25 
 
 Washington, 58 34 24 18 
 
 The eighth ballot determined the question of location so 
 far as the House was concerned, and the concurrence of the 
 
>f Individuals 
 
 Ae:greu:ate 
 
 16 
 
 $1,000,000 
 
 74 
 
 1,218,780 
 
 858 
 
 1,631,750 
 
 6,006 
 
 1,145,730 
 
 22,420 
 
 471,090 
 
 14 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Senate was secured in the following April, and on the 28th of 
 that month the engrossed copy of the bill was signed by Presi- 
 dent Harrison. It had been stipulated by Congressional pro- 
 vision that a minimum of five millions of dollars must be sub- 
 scribed by persons in good financial standing in consideration of 
 location, and in this connection it is interesting to exhibit the 
 statement of the sources from which Chicago obtained its guar- 
 antee fund of $5,467,350, subscribed by 29,374 individuals, as 
 showm by the following schedule : 
 
 Amounts taken ]^ 
 
 Fifty thousand dollars and upward. 
 Ten to fifty thousand, 
 One to ten thousand, 
 One hundred to one thousand, 
 Ten to one hundred. 
 
 The original intention of holding the Exposition in 1892 
 was subsequently changed. In view of the magnitude of the 
 undertaking a full year's additional time for preparation was 
 allowed. Congressional action required, however, that the 
 dedication ceremonies must be held in October, 1892, thus 
 officially inaugurating the commemorative occasion four hun- 
 dred years from the self-same month in which Columbus set 
 foot upon the new world. 
 
 The first official connection Connecticut had with the 
 memorable event was the nomination, by Governor Bulkeley, 
 of two commissioners and the same number of alternates as its 
 representatives upon the national board of " The World's 
 Columbian Commission," an organization formed in com- 
 pliance with Congressional action and designed to stand as the 
 representative of the general government in securing fulfill- 
 ment of stipulations upon which its appropriation of money 
 in support of the enterprise was based. The nominations by 
 the governor for these positions were as follows: Commis- 
 sioners, Leverett Brainard of Hartford, and Thomas M. Wal- 
 ler of I^ew London ; alternates, Charles F. Brooker of Torring- 
 ton, and Charles R. Baldwin of Waterbury. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1^ 
 
 The act of Congress creating the Columbian Commission 
 required the appointment of a I^ational Board of Lady Man- 
 agers, to be appointed by the Commission, and whose duties 
 were to be prescribed by it. The representatives of Connecti- 
 cut on this Board were Miss Frances S. Ives of 'New Haven, 
 and Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker of Hartford; alternates, 
 Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman of Stevenson, and Mrs. Virginia T. 
 Smith of Hartford. 
 
CHAPTEK II. 
 
 Deadlock between the two Branches of General Assembly results in 
 failure to secure Appropriation — Preliminary Steps taken by leading 
 citizens of the State to secure, upon non-partisan Basis,' proper 
 Representation at the Exposition — Report of Meeting at Capitol, 
 February 22, 1892, resulting in formation of Connecticut Boards of 
 World's Fair Managers and Lady Managers— Composition of the 
 two Boards, with Portraits. 
 
 "Why Coniiecticiit was late in taking official action with 
 reference to participation in the World's Fair is easily ex- 
 plained. Briefly stated, the delay and inaction were the result 
 of a " deadlock " between the Senate and House of Represen- 
 tatives of the Legislature. The Senate was Democratic, and 
 the House was Republican. The two branches could not agree 
 — or would not, — the point of disagreement being certain 
 claims and counter-claims as to the result of the state election 
 in I^ovember, 1890. The Democrats claimed the election of 
 Judge Luzon B. Morris as governor upon the " face of the re- 
 turns " ; the counter-claim set up by the Republicans was that 
 by the counting of certain votes which, it was asserted, had 
 been illegally thrown out. General Samuel E. Merwin would 
 have had a majority sufficient to elect him. The matter was 
 further entangled by referring the question to the courts for 
 adjudication. Meanw^hile the gubernatorial chair was kept by 
 Governor Morgan G. Bulkeley, upon the plea that it was his 
 constitutional right and duty to occupy the executive office 
 until his successor was duly inaugurated. So strenuously were 
 partisan lines held during the session of the General Assembly 
 that no appropriations of any character were passed by the 
 joint action of its two branches, lest such action might be re- 
 garded as tacit acknowledgment of the legality of the existing 
 status. 
 
 The first public movement taking cognizance of the subject 
 of State action with reference to the AVorld's Lair, was at 
 
NATIONAL COMMISSIONERS, ALTERNATES, AND PRESIDENTS OF THE STATE BOARD 
 FOR CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 17 
 
 the annual meeting of the State Board of Trade, held in Hart- 
 ford, January 21, 1891, with the Hon. James D. Dewell of 
 ^ew Haven, president of the board, occupying the chair. 
 During that meeting the following resolution, submitted by 
 the 'New Haven Chamber of Commerce, was presented and 
 discussed: 
 
 Resolved — That it is the sense of the Connecticut State 
 Board of Trade that the legislature of this state should, as 
 soon as practicable, pass the necessary laws for the appointment 
 of a state commission, whose duty it shall be to perfect arrange- 
 ments for such display at the Columbian World's Fair in Chi- 
 cago in 1893 as shall fitly celebrate and show the history, in- 
 dustry, ingenuity, enterprise, and progress of this state. 
 
 Professor Brewer of Yale University urged that the sug- 
 gestions of the resolution should be carried out with regard to 
 agricultural interests as well as manufactures. He asserted that 
 the importance of this industry in Connecticut is often over- 
 looked; that there had been no decline here in the number of 
 persons employed, or the number of acres tilled ; that while no 
 crop stands out prominently, the output is varied and enor- 
 mous, and that the value of productions per acre is larger than 
 in Illinois, Indiana, or Ohio. An amendment to the resolu- 
 tion was offered by the Hon. Leverett Brainard, that an appro- 
 priation be asked for by the State for the purpose indicated, 
 and the resolution was passed as amended. President Dewell 
 was authorized to appoint a committee, to whom the subject be 
 referred for further consideration. The following gentlemen 
 were named as such committee: Leverett Brainard of Hart- 
 ford, ]Sr. D. Sperry of New Haven, J. H. Yaill of Winsted, F. 
 B. Bice of Waterbury, and John Hopson, Jr., of Xew Loudon. 
 
 The next public agitation of the subject of Connecticut par- 
 ticipation at the World's Fair occurred at the annual meeting 
 of the State Board of Trade, held in Waterbury January 20, 
 1892. " The World's Fair Commission of Connecticut " was 
 one of the themes named in the programme for discussion. The 
 Hon. ^. D. Sperry of i^ew Haven said the business of the 
 committee to whom the subject had been referred, was to go 
 
18 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 before the legislature and ask for a certain appropriation, which 
 would put Connecticut interests on a footing with the indus- 
 trial exhibits of other states. He remarked that the national 
 commissioners for Connecticut were extremely anxious that 
 the State have an exhibit at the fair. Connecticut alone, of all 
 the states, was tbe only one against which a word could be said. 
 The position of the commissioners was humiliating, and that 
 of the State also. Its manufacturers and business men had for- 
 mulated no scheme, but were eagerly looking to the legisla- 
 ture in the hope that it would, for a few minutes, put aside 
 its differences, and appropriate a certain sum to carry on the 
 work. It seemed to Mr. Sperry that the State Board of Trade 
 ought to have non-partisan influence enough to go to the legisla- 
 ture and induce the two houses to come together for five min- 
 u.tes and pass a World's Tair appropriation. Supplementing 
 his remarks, Mr. Speny offered a resolution to the effect that 
 the State Board of Trade was of the opinion that the legislature 
 should take action on the matter of an appropriation, $25,000 
 being named, and that a committee of one from each board be 
 appointed to aid the commissioners from Connecticut to secure 
 the accomplishment of such a result. 
 
 The discussion that followed Mr. Sperry 's presentation of 
 the matter was mainly upon the question of the amount of the 
 appropriation. Eichard O. Cheney of Manchester advocated 
 $50,000 ; E. J. Hill of ¥orwalk raised it to $100,000, and made 
 an able argument why such a sum should be appropriated. 
 Francis B. Cooley of Hartford thought it would be a mistake 
 to ask for more than $50,000, as there were many rural legisla- 
 tors who would object to a large sum, but who would vote for 
 the amount named. Mr. Cheney's amendment, making the 
 amount to be appropriated $50,000, was accepted by Mr. 
 Sperry, and the resolution was passed as amended. 
 
 Upon motion of i^athan Easterbrook, Jr., of New Haven, 
 it was voted that the resolution be telegraphed to the presiding 
 oflicei's of the Senate and House of Representatives, which was 
 done. The dispatch to the Senate was similar to that of the 
 House, of which the following is a copy: 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 19 
 
 Waterbiiiy, January 20, 1892. 
 To tlie Hon. A. AV. Paige, 
 
 Speaker of the House of Kepresentatives, Hartford: 
 
 The Connecticut State Board of Trade have unanimously 
 adopted the following preamble and resolutions, and have or- 
 dered the same transmitted to the Speaker of the House, \yith. 
 the request that it be laid before the House, and a hearing be 
 given to a committee from this Board. 
 
 The State Board of Trade, meeting this day in the city of 
 Waterburj, are of the decided opinion that the present legisla- 
 ture now in session should take immediate action to have Con- 
 necticut duly represented at the Columbian Exposition, to be 
 held in the city of Chicago in 1893, and to that end we would 
 urge upon the legislature to make sufficient appropriation, say 
 to the amount of at least fifty thousand dollars, that the indus- 
 trial interests of this state may at Chicago be put upon a foot- 
 ing with other states in relation to this great international en- 
 terprise, therefore 
 
 Resolved — That in the opinion of this Board of Trade the 
 legislature of this state should immediately appropriate fifty 
 thousand dollars, to be used in the interests of our state at Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 Resolved — That a committee of one from each board of 
 trade be nominated to aid in any way the commissioners from 
 this state to have Connecticut duly represented, and the sum 
 above named duly appropriated by our legislature to meet the 
 accomplishment of the above named. 
 
 T. A. Barnes, Secretary. 
 James D. Dewell, President. 
 
 A dispatch was soon received from the president pro tern. 
 of the Senate, the Hon. David M. Bead, in response to the 
 above telegram, announcing that the House adjourned for 
 lack of a quorum, but that the Senate would confer with the 
 committee when practicable. 
 
 The people of Connecticut soon came to the conclusion 
 that it was useless to expect legislative action relative to the 
 World's Pair, and that if the state had proper representation 
 there, it must be secured through other agencies than its Gen- 
 eral Assembly. It should be remembered, however, that the 
 failure of the legislature to make an appropriation was wholly 
 due to a dead-lock between its two branches rather than in- 
 
20 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 disposition to aid the enterprise. 'No question was raised as to 
 the desirability of having the State properly represented at the 
 great Exposition, bnt it was thought that if the Senate united 
 with the House of Representatives in the passage of a joint 
 resolution appropriating money for any purpose, it might vio- 
 late the self-imposed underst-anding, which would be a disas- 
 trous precedent to the dead-locking branch in the eye of the 
 people or the courts. 
 
 Having fully arrived at the conclusion that the people of 
 the state must take hold of the matter in a non-partisan way, 
 the press generally promptly advocated such action. The pop- 
 ular sentiment was reflected in an editorial in the Hartford 
 C our ant in its issue of February 1, 1892, from which an ex- 
 tract is here given: , 
 
 '^ The Chicago fair will be the greatest event of the kind 
 the people of this earth have ever witnessed. It will be the 
 wonderful nineteenth century on exhibition to itself. The 
 people of the liveliest city that the sun shines on are full of 
 zeal and enthusiasm in planning for it, and their contagious in- 
 terest has spread wherever people read. To exhibit there is an 
 opportunity such as can in the nature of things have few, 
 if any equals. . . . It is time to do something. The 
 boards of trade throughout the State should take the matter 
 up without delay. The great manufacturers should plan to- 
 gether. Some sort of scheme for united effort should be im- 
 dertaken that the next legislature can assume, if we ever elect 
 another working body. It is time to organize and do some- 
 thing. If we don't, where will Connecticut be ? Right here, 
 when everything and everybody else will be at Chicago." 
 
 The next step in the proceedings was taken by the Connec- 
 ticut Board of l^ational "World's Fair Commissioners, which in 
 conformity to CongTessional enactment had been appointed in 
 1890. The following letter appeared in many of the news- 
 papers of the State: 
 
 Hartford, Conn., Feb. 4, 1892. 
 
 To His Excellency, Morgan G. Bulkeley, 
 Governor of Connecticut. 
 Sir: The undersigned, commissioners of the World's Co- 
 lumbian Exposition and members of the Ladies' Board of the 
 Columbian Commission for Connecticut, respectfully suggest, 
 
I 
 
 S X. 
 
 LADY MANAGERS AND ALTERNATES OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 21 
 
 ill view of the possibility of the failure of the General Assembly 
 to make in due time an appropriation of money to aid in organ- 
 izing an adequate and creditable exposition of the arts and in- 
 dustries of Connecticut at the Exposition of 1893, that you 
 should, in your official capacity as the legally recognized high- 
 est authority in the state, extend a non-partisan invitation to 
 representative citizens in different parts of the commonwealth 
 to meet at some suitable place in Hartford at an early day to 
 consider the expediency of asking a popular subscription to be 
 used as a legislative appropriation would be, and to recommend 
 an application to the General Assembly to make an appropria- 
 tion for the reimbursement of those who assist in such popular 
 subscription. 
 
 Leverett Brainard, Commissioner, 
 Charles F. Brooker, Alternate, 
 Thomas M. Waller, Commissioner, 
 Charles R. Baldwin, Alternate, 
 Frances S. Ives, Commissioner, 
 Amelia B. Hinman, Alternate, 
 Isabella B. Hooker, Commissioner, 
 Virginia T. Smith, Alternate. 
 
 Acceding to the suggestion of the national commissioners 
 contained in the foregoing communication, four days later 
 Governor Bulkeley issued the following letter, which was sent 
 to boards of trade, prominent manufacturers, and leading cit- 
 izens throughout the state: 
 State of Connecticut, Executive Department. 
 
 Hartford, February 8, 1892. 
 To the People of the State of Connecticut: 
 
 Owing to the failure of the General Assembly to make pro- 
 vision for the representation of this state at the " Columbian 
 Exposition of 1892,'' and at the earnest request of the Com- 
 missioners and Ladies' Board of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, and of the representatives of varied industrial interests 
 of this state, and to the end that Connecticut, which for nearly 
 a century has been foremost in the development of the inven- 
 tive, educational, manufacturing, and industrial genius of her 
 people, may participate in this Exposition, intended to illus- 
 trate the growth and development of the country in the four 
 centuries since the discovery of America by Christopher Co- 
 lumbus, I most cordially invite all persons interested, and es- 
 pecially a representative from each organized industry, boards 
 
22 CONNECTICUT AT THE WOULD'S FAIR. 
 
 of trade, manufacturing firm or corporation, educational and 
 agricultural society and institution, to meet in convention in 
 the hall of the House of Representatives, in the Capitol, at 
 Hartford, on Monday, the 2 2d day of February, at 11 o'clock 
 a. m., for the appointment of a commission to organize and 
 provide for an adequate and creditable exhibition of the arts 
 and industries of Connecticut, and to consider the expediency 
 of raising by popular subscription a sum sufficient to defray 
 the expenses of such a commission, to be used in the same man- 
 ner as a legislative appropriation would be; application to be 
 made to the General Assembly for an appropriation for the 
 reimbursement of those who join in such subscription. 
 
 MORaA:^ G. BULKELEY, Governor. 
 
 The effect of Governor Bulkeley's letter was to stimulate 
 prompt action in behalf of the suggestion for a popular sub- 
 scription, especially on the part of boards of trade. The Hart- 
 ford Board of Trade held a meeting February 17th, to consider 
 the subject, the following-named gentlemen taking part in the 
 discussion: Jeremiah M. Allen, George A. Fairfield, Jud- 
 son H. Root, Mayor Henry C. D wight, John M. Fairfield, 
 Charles Flopkins Clark, and General "William H. Bulkeley. 
 
 A resolution introduced by General Bulkeley was 
 passed to the effect '^ that the Board of Trade of Hartford ap- 
 point a committee of ten to represent its various interests at the 
 meeting of February 2 2d, and that said committee have au- 
 thority to pledge one-fifth of sum needed, not exceeding $50,- 
 000." The committee named consisted of William H. 
 Bulkeley, Alfred E. Burr, Francis A. Pratt, Alvan P. Hyde, 
 Charles Hopkins Clark, George H. Day, Charles E. Gross, 
 Charles M. Beach, Edward H. Sears, John Addison Porter, 
 and Mayor Henry C. Dwight, ex officio. Five of the com- 
 mittee were Republicans, and five Democrats. 
 
 The response of the people of Connecticut to the invita- 
 tion of Governor Bulkeley to meet at the Capitol on the 2 2d 
 day of February, indicates that there was no lack of interest 
 in the question of having Connecticut adequately and credit- 
 ably represented at the World's Fair, nor any lack of money 
 for the enterprise by way of popular subscription. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 2:3 
 
 The convention was called to order by Governor Bulkeley, 
 
 and the following officers were chosen : 
 
 President — Ex-Govemor Thomas M. Waller of i^ew London. 
 Vice-Presidents. 
 
 Hartford County — Alfred E. Burr, Hartford; Henry E. Rus- 
 sell, 'New Britain. 
 
 ^ew Haven County — George F. Holcomb, I^ew Haven; Sam- 
 uel P. Williams, Waterbury. 
 
 'New London County — Edward T. Brown, ^ew London; Frank 
 A. Mitchell, Norwich. 
 
 Fairfield County — Oscar I. Jones, Westport; David M. Read, 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 Windham County — George A. Hammond, Putnam; Edward 
 Milner, Plainfield. 
 
 Litchfield County — Lyman W. Coe, Torrin^ton; Samuel S. 
 Newton, Winchester. 
 
 Middlesex County — D. Ward l^orthrop, Middletown; George 
 M. Clark, Haddam. 
 
 Tolland County — George Sykes, Rockville; Wilbur B. Fos- 
 ter, Rockville. 
 
 Secretaries — George M. Harmon, 'New Haven; Richard O. 
 Cheney, Manchester. 
 
 General William H. Bulkeley offered for the consideration 
 of the convention the following preamble and resolution : 
 
 To provide for the Collection, Arrangement, and Display of 
 the Products of the State of Connecticut at the World's 
 Colimibian Exposition of 1893, and to secure the neces- 
 sary money therefor. 
 WJiereaSy The Congress of the United States has provided, by 
 an Act approved April 25, 1890, for celebrating the four 
 hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by 
 Christopher Columbus, by holding an international exhi- 
 bition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the iDroducts 
 of the soil, mine, and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the 
 State of Hlinois, in the year 1893 ; and 
 Whereas, It is of great importance that the natural resources, 
 industrial development, and general progress of the State 
 of Connecticut should be fully and creditably displayed 
 to the world at said exposition, therefore 
 Resolved, That for the purpose of exhibiting the resources, 
 products, and general development of the State of Connecti- 
 cut at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. a Com- 
 mission is hereby constituted, to be desigiiated the Board of 
 World's Fair Managers of Connecticut, which shall consist 
 
24 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 of sixteen citizens, two from each county, selected equally 
 from the two leading political parties, and there shall be 
 selected in like manner sixteen alternates, who shall assume 
 and perform the duties of said Managers when requested by 
 them so to do. The said managers to be organized, and con- 
 tinue their duties as hereinafter provided. The officers of 
 this Convention shall constitute a committee to recommend to 
 the Governor suitable persons for appointment as members of 
 the said Board of Managers, and said Board shall meet for or- 
 ganization at such time as the Governor of the State may ap- 
 point, and organize by the election of a president, a vice-presi- 
 dent, a secretary, a treasurer, and other assistants as may be 
 needed. The treasurer of said Board shall give a bond in the 
 sum of $5,000, with two sureties, to be approved by the Gov- 
 ernor, for the proper performance of his duties. The said 
 Board shall have charge of the financial management of the 
 funds hereinafter provided for, and direct as to their expendi- 
 ture, and shall make report of its receipts and ex]3enditures 
 from time to time to the Governor, and at any time upon his 
 written request. Five members of said Board shall constitute 
 a quorum for the transaction of business. The Board shall 
 have power to make rules and regulations for its own govern- 
 ment, provided such rules and regulations shall not conflict 
 with the regulations adopted under the Act of CongTess for 
 the government of said World's Columbian Exposition. Any 
 member of said Board may be removed at any time by the 
 Governor for cause. Any vacancy which may occur in the 
 membership of said board shall be filled by the Governor. 
 
 The members of said Board appointed under this resolu- 
 tion shall not be entitled to any compensation for their ser- 
 vices except their actual expenses, authorized by the Board. 
 
 The Board of World's Fair managers is authorized and 
 directed to appoint an Executive Commissioner, a Secretary, 
 and such other assistants as they may need, outside of their 
 own commission, and to fix their salaries, which shall be pay- 
 able monthly out of the appropriation hereinafter made, and 
 said Executive Commissioner shall be authorized and required 
 to assume and exercise, subject to the supervision of said Board, 
 all such executive powers and functions as may be necessary to 
 secure a complete and creditable display of the interests of the 
 State at the '' World's Columbian Exposition of 1892 "; and, 
 as the executive agent of said Board, the Executive Commis- 
 sioner shall have personal charge of the solicitation, collection, 
 transportation, arrangement, and exhibition of such objects. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 25 
 
 sent by individual citizens of the state as may be by them placed 
 in his charge. He shall make a report to the Board monthly, 
 and shall hold oflB.ce at the pleasure of the Board. 
 
 The World's Columbian Commissioners and the Board of 
 Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commission from 
 the State of Connecticut, and their respective alternates, shall 
 be ex officio members of the Board of World's Fair Managers 
 for the State of Connecticut. 
 
 The said Board of World's Fair Managers shall recom- 
 mend to the Governor, for his appointment, sixteen Lady Man- 
 agers, to be selected two from each county; also in like man- 
 ner sixteen alternates to the Board of Lady Managers. It shall 
 be the duty of said Board of Lady Managers to secure desirable 
 exhibits of woman's work in the arts, industries, and manufac- 
 tured products of this State. 
 
 To carry out the provisions of this resolution, and to make 
 provision for the erection, furnishing, and care of a suitable 
 building for use as headquarters at Chicago, for the conven- 
 ience and comfort of the citizens of the State who may visit 
 the Exhibition, it is deemed advisable that the sum of $50,- 
 000 be contributed, and to that end, we, the subscribers, hereby 
 agree to contribute towards the said fund the sum set opposite 
 our respective names, payable to the Treasurer of said Board 
 of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut, one-half the ajnount 
 to be payable on demand, and the other half at such time or 
 times as the said Board of Managers may require, provided the 
 General Assembly of the State shall not in the meantime make 
 appropriation therefor. The subscription to be valid and bind- 
 ing only when and after the sum of $25,000 shall have been 
 subscribed, and it is further conditioned that application shall 
 be made to the Legislature of the State by the Board asking 
 for a reimbursement for the expenditure made, together with 
 the interest thereon, and if the Legislature shall at some fu- 
 ture time make such reimbursement, the said money shall be 
 paid by said Board to the several subscribers according to the 
 amount of their payments. 
 
 The Hon. James D. Dewell moved the adoption of the 
 resolution on behalf of the E'ew Haven Chamber of Com- 
 merce, the motion was seconded by Thomas R. Pickering of 
 Portland, and after somewhat prolonged discussion it was 
 unanimously adopted. 
 
 The following is a brief transcript of the desultory dis- 
 
26 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 cussion whicli occurred during the convention, which was in 
 actual session one hour and thirty minutes by the clock. 
 
 J. M. Allen, president of the Hartford Board of Trade, 
 said the Board had taken hold of the question mtli absolute 
 unanimity, believing that the great industries of Hartford 
 and the entire state should be suitably represented at the 
 World's Fair, Connecticut is a great bee-hive, and its pro- 
 ducts should be properly shown to the world. The subscrip- 
 tions called for are intended to tide over the crisis until the 
 Legislature can do something. He believed the subscribers 
 would all be reimbursed. 
 
 The Hon. David M. Bead, president pro tempore of the 
 Senate, and president of the Bead Carpet Company of Bridge- 
 port, said it was necessary that Connecticut should be fully 
 represented, and he believed the people were ready to re- 
 spond to the call in the resolution. 
 
 Frofessor William H. Brewer of Yale Hniversity spoke 
 of the material and mechanical progress of the state. He 
 favored the resolution, and believed the Connecticut exhibit 
 would be an honor to the state. 
 
 Bresident Charles B. Clark of the ITew York, New Haven 
 & Hartford railroad said he was glad to hear the favorable 
 talk, and hoped the talk would not be all. He proposed that 
 the meeting proceed to receive subscriptions, and named $5,- 
 000 from that road, which subscription was authorized by the 
 board of directors at its meeting of the Saturday previous, 
 upon motion of a director who was not a citizen of Connecti- 
 cut. 
 
 The Hon. James D. Dewell of New Haven said he Avas au- 
 thorized by the New Haven Chamber of Commerce to sub- 
 scribe one-fifth of the amount needed ($10,000). 
 
 General Bulkeley pledged the same amount ($10,000) on 
 behalf of the Hartford Board of Trade. 
 
 Senator Bead followed with a pledge of $5,000 from the 
 Bridgeport Board of Trade. 
 
 General Stephen W. Kellogg of Waterbury said he was 
 not authorized by his city to make a subscription, but he was 
 sure Waterbury would do its share. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 27 
 
 Other subscriptions quickly followed: Edward Milner 
 of Moosup, $1,000; Senator Wilbnr B. Foster of Kockville, on 
 behalf of four firms in that city, $1,000; Henry Gay of Win- 
 sted, on behalf of the Winsted Board of Trade, $1,000; Thomas 
 K. Pickering of Portland, $1,000; Hon. Lyman "W. Coe of 
 Torrington, on behalf of the manufacturers of that town, $1,- 
 000; Colonel Prank W. Cheney, on behalf of the Cheney Silk 
 Works of South Manchester, $5,000; L. B. Plimpton, on be- 
 half of the Plimpton Manufacturing Company of Hartford, 
 $1,000; John L. Houston, for the Hartford Carpet Company 
 of Thompsonville, $1,000; G-overnor Mor^^an G. Bulkeley, 
 individual subscription, $2,500; Willimantic Linen Company, 
 Willimantic, $4,500, pledged by General Lucius A. Barbour; 
 
 C. E. Billings, for the Billings & Spencer Company of Hart- 
 ford, $1,000; Hon. Leverett Brainard, Hartford, $1,000, and 
 the Putnam Business Men's Association, $250, making an 
 aggregate of $51,250." 
 
 The Hon. Henry C. Robinson of Hartford was called 
 upon by the presiding officer, and made a brief speech on the 
 honorable part Connecticut had always taken in the history of 
 the nation, and he felt sure that it would not be found want- 
 ing at the World's Pair. 
 
 On motion of Governor Bulkeley, the board of managers 
 to be appointed were instructed to receive additional sub- 
 scriptions, and to apportion the $50,000 pr^o rata. 
 
 The Chair also called upon Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker, 
 as one of the lady managers of Connecticut, to speak. She 
 spoke encouragingly of the work being done for the fair. 
 Lieutenant-Governor Merwin also spoke in favor of the pro- 
 ject. 
 
 Governor Bulkeley offered a motion, which was passed, 
 that the subscription list be kept open two weeks, to the end 
 that it might be made more popular, and upon motion of James 
 
 D. Dewell it was voted that J. M. Allen, president of the 
 Hartford Board of Trade, be authorized to receive additional 
 subscriptions. 
 
 * A full liet of subscribers will be found in the appendix. 
 
28 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 
 
 The officers of the convention, having been empowered 
 by the resolution to make nominations to the governor for 
 the board of managers, met in the governor's room after 
 its adjournment, and took the following action: 
 
 Voted, That when this committee adjourn, it be to Mon- 
 day, March 7, at 12 o'clock, noon, in the Governor's room, and 
 that the members from each county recommend to the com- 
 mittee suitable persons for appointment as members and al- 
 ternates of the Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecti- 
 
 vCUt. 
 
 In due time nominations were made of members of the 
 IBoard of Managers, and of their respective alternates, as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Hartford County: Charles M. Jarvis, East Berlin, and 
 George H. Day, Hartford; alternates, John L. Houston, En- 
 field, and Jeffery O. Phelps, Simsbury. 
 
 New Haven County: John E. Earle,* 'New Haven, and S. 
 W. Kellogg, Waterbury; alternates, Guernsey S. Parsons, 
 "Waterbury, and T. Attwater Barnes, 'New Haven. 
 
 New London County: Frank A. Mitchell, iN'orwich, and 
 Edward T. Brown, New London; alternates, John Hopson, Jr., 
 New London, and Asa Backus, l^orwich. 
 
 Windham County: Eugene S. Boss, Willimantic, and 
 Charles S. L. Marlor, Brooklyn; alternates, George A. Ham- 
 mond, Putnam, and Edward MuUan, Putnam. 
 
 Litchfield County: Milo B. Richardson, Lime Pock, and 
 Pufus E. Holmes, West Winsted; alternates, Merritt Heming- 
 way, Waterto^vn, and George A. Stoughton, Thomaston. 
 
 Fairfield County: David M. Pead, Bridgeport, and Os- 
 car I. Jones, Westport; alternates, John S. Seymour, Nor- 
 walk, and Franklin M. Paymond, Westport. 
 
 Middlesex County: Thomas P. Pickering, Portland, and 
 Clinton B. Davis, Higganum; alternates, W. A. Brothwell, 
 Chester, and E. K. Hubbard, Middletown. 
 
 Tolland County: George Sykes, Pockville, and W. B. 
 Foster, Pockville; alternates, George E. Keeney, Somers, and 
 W. H. Yeomans, Columbia. 
 
 * George F. Holcomb of New Haven succeeded Mr. Earle, whose death occurred in 
 December, 1892. 
 
^^"^^ARDrBROWi^ 
 
 [K AM ITCH -^ 
 
 MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CHAPTEK III. 
 
 Organization of the Board of Managers — Appointment of Board of Lady 
 Managers — Election of Executive Officers — Preliminary Work of 
 Building Committee — Selection of Design for State Building — Visit 
 of Building Committee to Jackson Park — Award of Contract for 
 State Building to Tracy Bros. 
 
 The nominations for the Board of Managers having been 
 cinlj confirmed by Governor Biilkeley, its members were form- 
 ally notified of their appointment and requested to meet in the 
 Senate Chamber of the Capitol in Hartford on the 30th of 
 March for organization. Mr. Read was called to the chair 
 and Mr. Foster ofiiciated as clerk. Ofiicers of the Board were 
 elected as follows: 
 
 President — The Governor of the State, ex officio. 
 
 Yice-Presidents — David M. Bead and Engene S. Boss. 
 
 Treasurer — John E. Earle. 
 
 Secretary — Wilbur S. Foster. 
 
 Executive Committee — David M. Bead, Charles M. 
 Jarvis, John E. Earle, Frank A. Mitchell, Charles S. L. Mar- 
 lor, Rufus E. Holmes, George Sykes, and Clinton B. Davis. 
 
 Among the duties of the Executive Committee, as specified 
 by resolutions, were these : To have in charge the active work 
 of the Board; to determine the general scope of work to be 
 performed; the supervision of disbursement of funds for all 
 purposes; the recommendation of proper persons as execu- 
 tive officers; and the procuring of plans aiid estimates for a 
 State Building to be erected on the Exposition grounds at 
 Chicago. 
 
 A vote passed by the Board at its initial meeting provided 
 for the payment of actual expenses incun-ed by its mem- 
 bers while attending to their official duties. This constituted 
 the only remuneration for ser^^ce rendered by members of the 
 Board of Managers from the time of their appointment to the 
 
30 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 time of tlie final meeting of the Board, January 30, 1894, a 
 period of twenty-two months. 
 
 At the first meeting of the Board it was voted to recom- 
 mend to the Governor for appointment sixteen ladies to con- 
 stitute the Board of Lady Managers ; also sixteen alternates — 
 two managers and two alternates from each county. The 
 nominations were duly confirmed by the Governor as follows : 
 
 Hartford County — Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Hartford, 
 and Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford; alternates, Mrs. E. H. Sears, 
 Hartford, and Mrs. H. D. Smith, Plantsville. 
 
 ^ew Haven County — Mrs. Franklin Parrel, Ansonia, 
 and Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, Xew Haven; alternates, Mrs. 
 D. B. Hamilton, Waterbury, and Mrs. Alton Parrel, Ansonia. 
 
 ^ew London County — Miss Anne PI. Chappell, Xew 
 London, and Mrs. Henry C. Morgan, Colchester; alternates, 
 Mrs. George P. Lathrop, IS^ew London, and Miss Mary Apple- 
 ton Aiken, ISTorwich. 
 
 Pairfield County — Mrs. P. T. Barnum, Bridgeport, and 
 Miss Edith Jones, Westport; alternates, Mrs. J. G. Gregory, 
 ^orwalk, and Miss Clara M. Hurlbut, Westport. 
 
 Windham County — ]\Iiss Harriett E. Brainard, AYilliman- 
 tic, and Mrs. E. T^ Whitmore, Putnam; alternates. Miss 
 Josephine W. Bingham, Windham, and Miss May L. Bradford, 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 Tolland County — Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford, and Mrs. 
 A. K. Goodrich, Yemon; alternates, Mrs. A. P. Hammond, 
 Eock^dlle, and Miss Charlotte E. Skinner, Kockville. 
 
 Middlesex County — Miss Clemontine D. Clark, Higga- 
 num, and Mrs. Welthea A. Hammond, Portland; alternates, 
 Miss Gertrude M. Turner, Chester, and Mrs. Leora C. Wilkins, 
 Portland. 
 
 Litchfield County — Mrs. George H. Knight, Lake^ille, 
 and Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Winsted; alternates, Mrs. George 
 H. Stoughton, Thomaston, and Mrs. John A. Buckingham, 
 "Watertown. 
 
 The Board of Lady Managers organized by the choice of 
 Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley as president, and Mrs. George H. 
 Knight as secretary. [Upon the resignation of Mrs. Bulke- 
 ley, Mrs. Knight was elected president in January, 1893, con- 
 tinuing to fill the office of secretary as well until the close of 
 the Pair.] 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 31 
 
 The f oUo^^dng-iiamed ladies were appointed meml>ers o£ the 
 Board of Managers, but resigned their position within a few 
 months after appointment, to wit: Miss Elizabeth T. 
 Ripley, ^N'orwich, succeeded by Mrs. H. C. Morgan; Miss 
 Elizabeth P. Wilcox, Berlin, succeeded by Mrs. Edward H. 
 Sears; Mrs. Thomas Wallace, Jr., Ansonia, succeeded by Mrs. 
 Alton Farrel; Miss Mary M. Grosvenor, Pomfret, succeeded 
 by Miss Josephine W. Bingham; Mrs. Frank E. Hull, South 
 Coventry, succeeded by Miss Charlotte E. Skinner; and Mrs. 
 Charles G. B. Yinal, Middletown, succeeded by Mrs. Leora 
 C. Wilkins. 
 
 At the second meeting of the Board of Managers, held on 
 the 19th of April, George H. Woods, of Hartford, was ap- 
 pointed Executive Manager, at a salary of $200 per month, and 
 J. H. Yaill, of Winsted, Executive Secretary, at a salary of 
 $100 per month; the resolutions under w^hich they were ap- 
 pointed pro^dding for additional payment of " actual expenses 
 while traveling," and specifying further that their appoint- 
 ments might be canceled and their salaries cease '^ whenever 
 in the opinion of the Executive Committee the best interests 
 of the State should so require." At the meeting at which the 
 above-named appointments were made the further appoint- 
 ment was made of Morris W. Seymour of Bridgeport as the 
 attorney of the Board. 
 
 Among the earlier steps taken by the Executive Committee 
 was the appointment of a Building Committee, consisting of 
 Messrs. Read, Jar^ds, and Earle, who were instructed to adver- 
 tise for " preliminary plans " for a State Building, '' to cost 
 about $10,000." In accordance ^\dth their instructions the 
 Building Committee advertised in several of the leading news- 
 papers of the state for plans, and, in due time, received de- 
 signs, accompanied by plans and specifications from the fol- 
 lowing named architects : Warren R. Briggs and Joseph W. 
 Northrop of Bridgeport; George Keller of Hartford; George 
 Cole of ^ew London; and David Brown of Xew Haven. The 
 design submitted by Mr. Briggs received the ajoproval of the 
 Executive Committee, and was adopted by the Board of 
 
32 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Managers. The next step in the same direction was advertis- 
 ing for bids for the erection of the building, the following 
 being received: 
 
 Henry Bernritter & Co., Chicago, . . . $7,800 
 
 Tracy Brothers, Waterbnry, . . . . 9,870 
 
 A. W. Burritt & Co., Waterbnry, . . . 13,425 
 
 Grace & Hyde, Chicago, .... 16,650 
 
 T. E. Larkins & Sons' Co., :New Haven, . . 17,025 
 
 C. A. Keynolds, IS^orwalk, . ... 18,373 
 
 The proposal of Tracy Brothers was accepted, theirs being 
 the lowest bid made by parties of established reputation and 
 of well-known financial standing. The contract with these 
 parties stipulated that at the close of the Exposition the owner- 
 ship of the building should revert to the builders, who should 
 assume all responsibility and expense of its removal from 
 the Exposition grounds. It was further stipulated that the 
 building should be completed by the first of October, 1892. 
 It was also decided, by resolution passed by the Board of 
 Managers at its meeting of April 19th, that the Building Com- 
 mittee should be limited to an expenditure not exceeding 
 $15,000 " for building complete, including furniture.'' A 
 House Eurnishing Committee was appointed by the Board of 
 Lady Managers to act with the Building Committee, and to 
 have charge of the furnishing and decorating of the State 
 Building. This committee consisted of Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, 
 Mrs. Eranklin Farrel, and Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, Mrs. 
 Farrel being appointed in place of Mrs. P. T. Barnum, who 
 declined the appointment. 
 
 The first representatives of the Board of Managers to 
 visit the Exposition grounds at Jackson Park, were the mem- 
 bers of the Building Committee, Messrs. Bead, Jarvis, and 
 Earle, accompanied by Executive Manager Woods. Their 
 principal errands to Jackson Park were to submit to the Direc- 
 tor-General and the Chief of the Bureau of Construction for 
 their approval the plans and specifications of the State Build- 
 ing; to examine the site set apart for it by the Exposition 
 
— ^ip_h:k£a.^-^- - 
 
 MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 33 
 
 authorities, and to make provision for filling and grading the 
 plot assigned to the State of Connecticut. Upon their return, 
 Mr. Read, chairman of the committee, reported to the Board 
 of Managers at their meeting, held at the Capitol May 17th, 
 that the design and plans adopted for the State Building had 
 been duly approved by the Director-General, that the site for 
 the building was very satisfactory, and that Charles S. Frost, 
 a Chicago architect of excellent reputation, had been engaged 
 by them to superintend the construction of the building. 
 These preliminary steps having been duly approved by the 
 Board of Managers, the Building Committee was instructed to 
 enter into contract with Messrs. Tracy Brothers, requiring of 
 them an acceptable bond for its faithful performance. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Participation of Connecticut at the dedication of the Exposition iu 
 October, 1892 — Roster of Military Escort to the Governor and Offi- 
 cial Boards — Connecticut in the World's Fair Parade at Chicago, etc. 
 
 The first moYement by the Board of Managers in the 
 direction of Connecticut's participation in the dedication cere- 
 monies of the Exposition was made at its meeting of July 6th. 
 It was then voted that the Board attend the dedication exerci- 
 ses to be held in October. At the same meeting it was deter- 
 mined that the Eirst Company of the Governor's Eoot Guards 
 should be invited to accompany the delegation as military es- 
 cort, and an appropriation of $2,500 was made therefor from 
 the funds of the Board. The president of the Board was 
 empowered to appoint a committee of three of its members, 
 which should make all necessary arrangements for the trip, 
 including transportation and hotel accommodations at Chicago, 
 of which committee the president of the Board was the chair- 
 man. Thus constituted, the committee consisted of Governor 
 Bulkeley and Messrs. Marlor, Mitchell, and Davis. 
 
 The first official record of the work of the committee ap- 
 pears in the minutes of a meeting of the Board held September 
 8th, recorded as follows: '^ Governor Bulkeley reported that 
 full arrangements to take the Board of Managers to Chicago 
 in October had not been made, but he would see that every- 
 thing should be ready in ample time." 
 
 The days originally designated for the dedication exercises 
 were the 11th, 12th, and 13th of October, coiTesponding to 
 the time when Col ambus set foot on San Salvador. Owing, 
 however, to the fact that a grand naval parade had been 
 planned to take place in ISTew York at that time, in which it was 
 desired that not only the President of the United States and his 
 Cabinet, but distinguished representatives of foreign govern- 
 ments should participate, the dedication ceremonies at the 
 Exposition had been deferred until October 21st, 2 2d, and 23d. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 35 
 
 On tlie lltli of October orders were issued from the Adju- 
 tant-GeneraFs office, at Hartford, for the Oovemor's Staff to 
 report to the Adjutant-General at 9 A.M. October 18th, " fully 
 uniformed and equipped for duty, upon the occasion of the 
 dedication of the World's Columbian Building's at Chicago." 
 At same time similar orders were issued by Major E. Henry 
 Hyde, commandant of the First Company of Governor's Foot 
 Guards. The hour named found the Board of Managers, 
 the Board of Lady Managers, and the military escort assembled 
 at the Hnion railroad station in Hartford, prepared for de- 
 parture for Chicago. 
 
 The Staff of Governor Bulkelev was constituted as fol- 
 lows: Adjutant-General, Brig.-Gen. Andrew H. Embler; 
 Quartermaster-General, Brig.-Gen. William B. Rudd; Sur- 
 geon-General, Brig.-Gen. Henry Hungerford; Commissary- 
 General, Brig.-Gen. Eugene S. Boss; Paymaster-General, 
 Brig.-Gen. Wallace T. Fenn; Asst. Adjutant-General, Colonel 
 Wm. H. Tubbs ; Asst. Quartermaster-General, Colonel Henry 
 C. Morgan; Aids-de-Camp, Colonels Wm. C. Skinner, James 
 Y. Fairman, Wm. E. A. Bulkeley, Frank T. Maxwell, and W. 
 H. C. Bowen. Accompanying the Staff were the Governor's 
 Executive Secretary, Austin Brainard, Samuel A. Eddy, Clerk 
 of the House of Representatives, and Andrew F. Gates, Assis- 
 tant Clerk. 
 
 The special train which conveyed the excursionists to 
 Chicago consisted of ten palace cars and one baggage car, the 
 train being tastefully decorated with national and state colors. 
 It was designated by the railway officials as the " Connecticut 
 Special." The schedule for the train was as follows : Leave 
 Hartford at 9.20 A. M., Springfield at 10.20, Albany at 2.30 
 P. M., Buffalo at 10 P. M., and arrive in Chicago at 4 P. M. 
 the following day. 
 
 The Board of ]\[anagers was represented by the following: 
 Governor Morgan G. Bulkeley, George H. Hay, Charles S. 
 L. Marlor, Rufus E. Holmes, Oscar I. Jones, George Sykes, 
 Wilbur B. Foster, George A. Hammond, and W. A. Brothwell. 
 Accompan^-ing were Warren A. Briggs, architect of the Con- 
 
36 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 necticut Building at Jackson Park; George H. Woods, Execu- 
 tive Manager; and J. H. Yaill, Executive Secretary. 
 
 The following members of tke Board of Lady Managers 
 joined the excursion party: Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Mrs. 
 P. H. Ingalls, Mrs. Eranklin Earrel, Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, 
 Miss Anne H. Chappell, Mrs. Henry C. Morgan, Miss Edith 
 Jones, Miss Harriett E. Brainard, Mrs. Edward T. Whitmore, 
 Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Mrs. Clemontine 
 D. Clark-Hubbard, Mrs. Welthea A. Hammond, Mrs. George 
 H. Knight, Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Miss May Bradford, Mrs. 
 Alton Parrel, and Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman of the Connecticut 
 National Commission. 
 
 Accompanying the party were the following invited 
 guests: Colonel Albert A. Pope of Boston, Hon. William 
 Waldo Hyde and wife, Colonel George Pope and Dr. P. H. 
 Ingalls of Hartford, Hon. Seneca 0. Griswold of Windsor, 
 Dr. George H. Knight of Lakeville, Mrs. George Sykes of 
 Rockville, Mrs. R. E. Holmes of Winsted, Eranklin Parrel of 
 Ansonia, Cyril Johnson of Stafford, C. R. Brothwell of Ches- 
 ter, Alembert O. Crosby of Glastonbury, Addison Pitkin of 
 East Hartford, Miss Bertha E. Hammond of Putnam, and 
 Warren W. Foster of ^^Tew York. 
 
 The Governor's Foot Guards, accompanying the party as 
 military escort, was constituted as shown by the following 
 roster : 
 
 COMPANY OFFICERS. 
 
 Major Commanding. 
 
 Captain and First Lieutenant. 
 
 E. Henry Hyde, Jr 
 William S. Dwyer, 
 Henry Bryant, 
 Albert A. Bill, 
 Robert R. Pease, 
 Fred R. Bill, . 
 
 W. A. M. Wainwright, 
 M. M. Johnson, 
 Joseph J. Poole, 
 Leander Hall, . 
 E. D. Bobbins, 
 Henry Osborn, 
 Fayette C. Clark, 
 Charles E. Shelton, 
 
 Second Lieutenant. 
 Third Lieutenant. 
 Fourth Lieutenant. 
 
 Surgeon. 
 
 Assistant Suroeon. 
 Lnspector Rifle Practice. 
 Acting Quartermaster. 
 Acting Judge Advocate. 
 Acting Paymaster. 
 Acting Commissary. 
 Acting Signal Officer. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 37 
 
 NON-COMMISSIONED STAFF. 
 
 James W. Hirst, 
 Edson Sessions, 
 Thomas R. Shannon, 
 Gr. Wilhams McClimie, 
 Theodore H. Goodrich, 
 Eugene H. Richmond, 
 William H. Foster, 
 Ralph W. Williamson, 
 Alfred C. Deming, . 
 Warren L. Forbes, . 
 Irwin N. Tibbals, . 
 
 Sergeant-Major. 
 Quartermaster-Sergeant 
 Hospital Steward. 
 Ordnance- Sergeant. 
 Signal- Sergeant . 
 Commissary- Sergeant. 
 Asst. Commissary 
 Color -Sergeant. 
 Color-Sergeant. 
 Color -Corporal. 
 Color -Corporal. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 George Hayes, 
 William F. Williams, 
 James E. Williams, 
 George E. Cox, 
 
 Alfred E. Snow, 
 William A. Canty, 
 Harry Prutting, 
 William H. Wilson. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 DeGray F. Crozier, 
 Wilson L. Fenn, 
 Fred J. Dole, 
 Alfred O. Warner, 
 
 William Melrose, 
 Henry S. Ellsworth, 
 Elbert J. Andrews, 
 Theodore W. Laiman. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Alexander, Edward W. 
 Allen, James C. S. 
 Bardol, Edward A. 
 Barrett, George F. 
 Beers, Robert C. 
 Belcher, Warren J. 
 Berry, Thomas A. 
 Blake, John F. 
 Bonner, John D. 
 Bottelle, Charles W. 
 Brainard, Fred L. 
 Brooks, Albert H. 
 Bubser, Fidel 
 Burr, Fred W. 
 Bullard, Arthur H. 
 Conkey, D. Frank 
 Cook, Harris J. 
 Cook, Joseph L. 
 Cook, Charles S. 
 Coombs, Thomas J. 
 Cornell, George A. 
 
 Clapp, Joseph B. 
 Dobler, John F. 
 Doty, Samuel C. 
 Doty, Alfred E. 
 Dowden, Thomas B. 
 Dwyer, Benjamin R. 
 Evans, William L. 
 Fenner, Alexander E. 
 Flagg, Frank S. 
 Forbes, Frederick H. 
 Gorton, Joseph C. 
 Graham, Alfred S. 
 Hall, Charles W. 
 Halliday, Ernest C. 
 Hanmer, Charles C. 
 Harmon, Fred 
 Hawley, Lewis F. 
 Hayden, Henry R., Jr, 
 Horan, Patrick J. 
 Johnson, Ethel E. 
 Johnson, George L. 
 
38 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE AYORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Jones, Rollin C. 
 Judd, Fred E. 
 Kemmerer, John R. 
 Kilbourne, Joseph A. 
 Kingston, Raymond L. 
 Lang, Archer W. 
 Lathrop, William H., Jr. 
 Lewis, T. Jarvis 
 Lipsey, Robert G. 
 Lloyd, William B. 
 Miller, Charles B. 
 Milliken, Nathaniel H. 
 Moran, John F. B. 
 Naedle, Gus J. A. 
 Newton, Burton L. 
 Newton, Frank E. 
 Nevers, Robert E. 
 Nichols, CD. 
 Oakes, Thomas 
 Parsons, George A. 
 Penfield, George S. 
 Perry, Edwin L. 
 Phillips, Edward B. 
 Pollard, Frederick 
 
 Potter, Marcus A. 
 Pratt, James C. 
 Quinn, Lewis C. 
 Quintard, Herbert A. 
 Ray, Frank E. 
 Robinson, George E. 
 Shumaker, Charles 
 Shaffer, Charles 0. 
 Sloan, John, Jr. 
 Smead, George H. 
 Spalding, James A.. Jr. 
 Speath, Anthony H. 
 Stedman, Charles E. 
 Stanton, Chester 
 Tefft, Stephen A. 
 Tennyson, James E. 
 Thomas, Albert L. 
 Waldorf, Clarence C. 
 Warner, Frank A. 
 Williams, Gros^ H. 
 Wilson, George H. 
 Worcester, Charles W. 
 Wright, Henry E. 
 Young, Frank S. 
 
 Accompanying tlie military escort was Colt's Band of 
 Hartford, thirty pieces, W. M. Eedfield, leader. 
 
 The progress of the ^' Connecticut Special " on its way to 
 Chicago, and a brief summary of the notable events occurring 
 there were telegraphed to the Hartford C our ant by the execu- 
 tive secretary of the Board of Managers, and are reproduced 
 here: 
 
 Buffalo, Oct. 18. — The Connecticut delegation to the 
 World's Fair dedicatory exercises arrived here at 10.10 P. M., 
 after a pleasant day's ride. J^othing has occurred to mar the 
 enjoyment of the trip. Columbus may have attained more 
 fame than any of us, but we are having a better time than he 
 did. Dr. Ingalls is master of ceremonies, and Dr. Knight is 
 musical director. 
 
 Chicago, Oct. 20. — The grand ci^dc parade set down in 
 the dedication calendar as the special feature of the first of the 
 three days' celebration is over, and, though there may not 
 have been fully one hundred thousand men in line, there were 
 enough, for it took three hours to see them all pass. It was 
 
MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 39 
 
 a very creditable display, and Chicago is in ^'ood humor to- 
 night over her success. The most interesting- feature was the 
 Procession of the GovernorSj in which Connecticut held her 
 own. Governor Bulkeley and his Staff w^ere superbly 
 mounted, while most of the governors and their staffs rode in 
 carriages, and some of them in not very elegant turnouts. The 
 Foot Guards and Colt's Band also easily carried off first honors 
 in their line. The most marked demonstration of the day 
 was the personal ovation to Governor McKinley, and the most 
 suggestive object-lesson was the battalion of Indian students 
 from the Carlisle School. They were dressed in military 
 unif onn, and borne upon their bayonets were samples of their 
 work as shoemakers, blacksmiths, harness-makers, and at other 
 trades. The applause which greeted their appearance plainly 
 meant that these dusky youths are worth more to educate into 
 useful citizens than as food for regular army powder. 
 
 Chicago, Oct. 21. — The himdred thousand people, more 
 or less, vrho attended the dedicatory exercises to-day are tired 
 to-night. Tens of thousands of them sat more than ^ve hours 
 in order to see Mr. Depew speak, for but few, comparatively, 
 could hear a word he said. There were some impressive feat- 
 ures, such as the great multitude, whom no man could number, 
 suggestive of the hundred and forty and four thousand in the 
 vision of John. Xo grand-stand, probably, was ever before so 
 heavily loaded down with dignitaries as that of to-day, but it 
 sustained them vT.thout accident. It contained members of 
 diplomatic corps from all the principal powers of the globe, 
 and nothing less than governors, supreme court justices, major- 
 generals, and cabinet ofiicers coimted much in the big crowd. 
 The Connecticut delegation were well supplied with special 
 tickets to ceremonies through the efficiency of Mrs. Bulkeley 
 and Executive Manager AYoods. Chicago is happy again to- 
 night, and is illiuninating three of her parks with a fine dis- 
 play of fireworks, ^e start on our homeward jouiTiey Satur- 
 day night at 10 o'clock. 
 
 Xo recital of the events of the excursion of the Connecti- 
 cut delegation to Chicago in October, 1892, is as likely to con- 
 form to the requisite characteristics of history as one told at 
 the time when the occun-ences were fresh in mind, and it may, 
 therefore, be pardonable to borrow from the files of the Hart- 
 ford C our ant, for the conclusion of this chapter, some extracts 
 from a sketch ^antten then. 
 
40 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 TPIE TRIP TO CHICAGO — ITS PLEASURES AND INCIDENTS. 
 
 " It seems a little hard that the man who did such a good 
 thing as to discover this coimtry should have had such a rough 
 time of it. If he had been content to wait until our day, he 
 might easily have interested an English syndicate in his 
 scheme . . . and how much more comfortable it would 
 have been for Columbus to come over in a modern ^ ocean 
 greyhound.' 
 
 " How pleasant to cross the country in a Wagner vestibuled 
 train rather than by the slow coaches of former days! It is, 
 much nicer it is to go across the country in a Wagner vesti- 
 buled train than by the slow coaches of former days. It is, 
 perhaps, better to ride horseback than go afoot, and stage- 
 coaches, canal boats, and prairie schooners were thought to be 
 all right on a western trip sixty or seventy years ago. The 
 advancement has been so gradual that we of to-day find it 
 difficult to realize what a marvelous change there has been 
 in transportation methods, unless we are able to go back in 
 personal recollection about fifty years, for that time about 
 covers the existence of the New York Central road. 
 
 ^^ I cannot characterize a modern vestibuled railroad outfit 
 more tersely nor more comprehensively than to call it a Kodak 
 train. All the passenger has to do is to touch the button, 
 the porter does the rest. 
 
 ^^ The Connecticut delegation to the dedication ceremonies 
 at the World's Fair at Chicago last week made their roimd 
 trip on one of these superbly equipped trains. 
 
 " The party consisted of Governor Bulkeley and staff, the 
 Governor's Foot Guard (112 men). Major E. Henry Hyde, Jr., 
 commanding; Colt's Band, thirty pieces, W. M. Bedfield, 
 leader; the Connecticut Board of World's Eair Managers; the 
 Board of Lady Managers, and a few invited quests. 
 
 '^ The start was made from Hartford at 9.20 on the morning 
 of October 18th, and in just thirty hours the train of eleven 
 cars halted at the Van Buren Street station in Chicago, only 
 twenty minutes behind schedule time. . . . The Michi- 
 gan Central and Boston & Albany roads were both represented 
 on this train; General Passenger Agent Hanson of the latter 
 road accompanying the party from Hartford to Pittsfield, 
 while the traveling passenger agent of the Michigan Central, 
 Mr. Carscadin, looked after the welfare of the train from 
 Hartford to Chicago, and back to Buffalo. When he left the 
 train the sentiment of appreciation was so stron,2: that it sought 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 41 
 
 expression in cheers for the man who had spent so many hours 
 of watchful care for the welfare of his charge. Resolutions 
 were also passed to the same general tenor, which were ordered 
 to be engrossed, and to bear the signatures of Governor Bulke- 
 ley, Major Hyde, and the president of the Board of Lady 
 Managers. Four hundred years hence the Carscadin family 
 will probably be treasuring this engrossed testimonial, and 
 some future Ignatius Donnelly will probably try to solve the 
 question as to the origin of that family name, perhaps arriving 
 at the conclusion that he was the inventor of railway cars. 
 
 ^^ And wdiile railways are under discussion, it may interest 
 some Connecticut readers of this letter to hear about a couple 
 of straight pieces of railway track our party discovered on their 
 trip. They are on the Michigan Central line between Buffalo 
 and Detroit, the first one of sixty miles, as straight as a lead 
 pencil, and then, after a slight curve, another stretch of fifty 
 miles, which is as straight as the cockney said he was when he 
 was young — straight as a harrow. Lost time can be pretty 
 safely made uid on a track like that. 
 
 ^^ I will not dwell on the events in Chicago, of which the 
 papers have been so full. The Connecticut party was com- 
 fortably quartered and entertained at the monster Auditorium 
 Hotel, which I overheard one fellow telling another, as they 
 were strolling through its corridors, was the finest hotel in the 
 world. Most of our party lived high during their sojourn 
 there, their rooms being on the eighth floor! If there is a 
 garret to the Auditorium Hotel it must be down in the cellar, 
 for the dining-room is clear up in the top of the house, ten 
 stories above the pavement. 
 
 '^ The civic parade of the 20th was chiefly interesting to 
 the Connecticut delegation for the opportunity it afforded of 
 setting off the Connecticut contingent to good advantage. 
 It was agreed at all points that Governor Bulkeley sat his horse 
 more superbly than any other of the governors in the procession 
 of states. So, too, the Governor's Foot Guard and Colt's Band 
 were not outshone by any other similar organizations. You 
 may have heard about this before; never mind, it will bear 
 repeating, and it is worth repeating when it is known that 
 it was the general verdict of impartial observers from every- 
 where. 
 
 ^^ About the dedication exercises I will not say a word ; 
 by this time everybody has been overloaded mth the story. 
 Or, at least, just a word. The two most impressive features, 
 
42 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 said a Connecticut spectator to me, were the music and tlie 
 people, and I fully agree with him. . . . 
 
 '' The Connecticut building is practically completed, but 
 the finishing touches will not be put on until spring. These 
 touches will include the antique furnishing, which mil be 
 provided by the Board of Lady Managers. The plumbing is 
 completed, and is of a superior kind. It is all silver plated, 
 was made in Connecticut, put up by Connecticut workmen, 
 and is approved by all Connecticut visitors who see it. 
 
 ^^ When next year comes I msh it might be the good for- 
 tune of every Connecticut man, woman, and child to visit 
 the great Exposition. They can't all go, but no one who can 
 go should fail of seeing it. It will not be repeated in our day, 
 and these terms are, perhaps, not too large for it: The Crown- 
 ing Glory of the IsTineteenth Century. The last da}^ of our 
 stay in Chicago was mainly devoted to a stroll through the 
 Exposition grounds by the Connecticut visitors, and from the 
 foretaste they had that day they will be all the more eager 
 to see the wonderful Fair when it is in complete running order 
 next year. 
 
 " The wind-up of dedication week found the Connecti- 
 cut party very willing to start homeward, and so, at 10 o'clock 
 Saturday night, we were on a move in our comfortable quarters 
 in the Wagner cars. Sunday afternoon we spent a couple of 
 hours at Niagara Ealls, where we read the " sermons in stones " 
 and listened to the impressive diapason tones which came up 
 from the caverns below the mighty waterfall. 
 
 ^' We had no chaplain aboard nor any contribution-box, so 
 that the nearest we could come to a religious observance of 
 the day was to hold a praise service in the evening. It lasted 
 from Buffalo to Rochester, and the hymns we sang were just 
 about what might have been expected. Here is a list of them 
 as far as memory serves me: ^ ^N'earer, my God, to Thee,*" 
 ^ Rock of Ages, cleft for me,' ^ Jerusalem, the Golden,' ^ Abide 
 with me, fast falls the eventide,' ^ The Shining Shore,' ^ Sun 
 of my Soul,' ^ All hail the power of Jesus' N'ame,' ^ Blest be 
 the tie that binds,' ' Roll, Jordan, Roll,' ' Mary and Martha 
 have just gone along,' ^ How firm a foundation.' 
 
 ^' Here we are, home again, gliding down the valley of the 
 Connecticut River. The run from Springfield to Hartford 
 was devoted to getting ready for disembarkation, to farewells, 
 and to the passage of resolutions. There were some people 
 on the train who had done more than the rest to make the trip 
 an enjoyable one. There was no lack anywhere of courteous 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 43 
 
 attention, but on the part of a few there was a ^Teat deal, and 
 to them came the graceful and grateful acknowledg-ment at 
 the end. The special recipients of these honors were Governor 
 and Mrs. Bulkelej and Dr. Ingalls. These were respectively 
 the presidents of the two Boards and the acting commissary — 
 the man who prescribed three meals per day for his patients 
 and who saw to it that they had them. 
 
 " My last paragraph must chronicle the only sad event of 
 the entire trip, and nothing of its kind could have been worse. 
 One of the lady managers left her elegant plumed hat in the 
 upper berth of her section, and the porter shut it up there! 
 As for looks, an elephant might as well have lain on it over 
 night.'' 
 
CHAPTER Y. 
 
 The Connecticut State Building — Work of the Building and House Fur- 
 nishing Committees — Embellishment of the Edifice — Its Dedication 
 on Opening Day and Use as Headquarters for Connecticut Visitors 
 ■during the Exposition — Final Disposition of the Building — Plans 
 iorits Preservation as a Permanent Memorial of the World's Fair — 
 Heport of Chairman of Furnishing Committee. 
 
 The state buildings erected on Jackson Park to serve as 
 headquarters for people of the several states during the Colum- 
 bian Exposition varied widely in their types of architecture, 
 each having an individuality of its own. In some instances 
 they were copies of well-known historic structures. Cali- 
 fornia reproduced the old Mission Church at San Diego; 
 Florida built a miniature of old Fort Marion; Virginia made a 
 copy of ^^ Mount Yemon," the home of Washington; Xew 
 Jersey patterned after Washington's headquarters at Morris- 
 town; the front of Pennsylvania's building was a reproduction 
 of the front of Independence Hall; and Massachusetts copied 
 the form of the old John Hancock house in Boston. A French 
 design was adopted by Arkansas, and a Spanish model was 
 followed by Colorado. In keeping with the pioneer life of 
 her people, Idaho erected a thi^ee-story log-oabin, to which 
 Swiss balconies were inharmoniously added, which cost, not- 
 withstanding its rude general appearance, $30,000. Regard- 
 ing herself the host at the Exposition, Illinois chose for a 
 model for her state building what might have been imagined 
 to be a rejDroduction of her capitol, so broad were its founda- 
 tions and so stately its dome. 
 
 The Connecticut State Building was not a reproduction of 
 any former edifice. It was designed to represent a type of 
 structure that was in great favor among well-to-do people in 
 this state in colonial times, of which some still remain. As 
 
CONNECTICUT AT TFIE WORLD'S FAIR. 45 
 
 before stated, its designer was Warren K. Brig^s of Bridgeport, 
 his design being accepted by the Board of Managers in pre- 
 ference to those offered in competition by four other architects. 
 
 By terms of contract with Tracy Brothers the building was 
 to be completed by October 1, 1892, and it is but fair to re- 
 cord the fact that the building was not only completed at the 
 time named in the bond, but that the work was so well done 
 that inspection of it resulted in securing for its builders 
 various other contracts, from which handsome pecuniary pro- 
 fits followed. The superb Tiffany Pavilion, in the Manu- 
 factures and Liberal Arts' Building, occupied by the Tiffany 
 Company, Gorham Company, and Tiffany Cut Glass Com- 
 pany, Avas built by this firm of Connecticut contractors, for 
 which they received about $28,000, and it is asserted that the 
 contract was awarded to the Tracys in view of the fact that 
 their work on the Connecticut Building had been done in 
 such thorough and workmanlike manner. Members of the 
 Building Committee made occasional trips to Chicago to in- 
 spect the work of the contractors during the period of con- 
 struction of the building, mainly relying, however, upon the 
 efficiency of the supervising architect, C. S. Frost, and upon 
 the good reputation of the contractors. 
 
 The building still lacked interior embellishment, however, 
 and during the winter and spring months following the Bipley 
 Brothers of Hartford were engaged to decorate it. It had 
 been determined to decorate the three rooms on the east side 
 of the second story in honor of three of Connecticut's oldest 
 towns — Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. To carry out 
 this plan the walls of the Windsor room were stenciled in imita- 
 tion of the paper on the walls of the guest chamber of the 
 Oliver Ellsworth house in that town, and, in like manner, the 
 walls in the Wethersfield room were decorated in imitation 
 of the walls in a noted homestead in that town in which Wash- 
 ington was entertained as a guest during the Revolutionary 
 War. The walls of the Hartford room were stenciled with 
 oak leaves, suggestive of the famous Charter Oak of Hartford's 
 earlier history. • The walls of the two parlors were differently 
 
46 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 embellished, being covered mth rich silk tapestry, made by 
 the Cheney Brothers of South Manchester, and presented to 
 the furnishing committee by Colonel Frank W. Cheney of 
 that firm. 
 
 Further embellishment was given the building by antique 
 furnishings, some from various dismantled Connecticut home- 
 steads and some as loans from existing Connecticut homes. 
 Of the former class were two ancient corner cupboards, which 
 were so dextrously fitted into the corners of the dining-room 
 as to give the appearance of being part of the original design. 
 Another improvised attraction was the mantel in the rear 
 parlor. Its original dwelling-place was the home of the late 
 General William H. Russell of J^ew Haven; afterward it did 
 duty in a former dining-room of Connecticut's distinguished 
 son and author, Donald G. Mitchell, by whom it was loaned 
 to the Committee. 
 
 In addition to these more noteworthy features the Commit- 
 tee secured many interesting loans which served to make the 
 interior attractive and homelike, the various articles being of 
 such character as to aid in carrying out the original design. 
 The Windsor and Charter Oak rooms were furnished as ex- 
 hibits representing guest chambers of Colonial days. There 
 were highpost bedsteads, surmounted by canopies which pre- 
 vented attacks from marauding bands of Revolutionary mos- 
 quitoes ; and high, fluffy feather, beds covered with counter- 
 panes wrought by gentle hands that rested from their labors 
 long before the dawn of the present century; antique wash- 
 stands, with washbowls and pitchers to match; old-fashioned 
 chairs, in which people of a former generation could, possibly, 
 have taken their ease; mirrors that, perchance, reflected the 
 loveliness of many sl dame or maiden of the long-ago ; candle- 
 sticks and snuffers that served good purpose before the advent 
 of those sisters of light, camphene and kerosene, and ere the 
 arc-angel of inventive genius had captured and unfolded the 
 marvelous glow-worm lurking within the recesses of the 
 mvsterious electric wire. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 47 
 
 And tliere were andirons once the property of " Mother 
 Bailey " (Anna Warner Bailey of Groton), noted for her 
 patriotic sacrifice to the extent of surrenderino; her red-flannel 
 petticoat for gun- wadding, when, in 1813, the gunners at 
 Eort Trnnibnll, 'New London, successfully repelled the attack 
 of the British fleet; and floors were covered with rag-carpets 
 and circular rag-mats, suggestive of the " age of homespun '' ; 
 the old Connecticut clock found a place in this exhibit, as also 
 did the warming-pan of our grandfather's days. It is true 
 that the electric lights with which these Colonial guest cham- 
 bers were supplied seemed somewhat incongruous in their 
 association with brass candlesticks, snuffers, and warming- 
 pan, but thgy were available for service, even if they were long 
 antedated by other features of the exhibit. 
 
 The parlors were furnished with oldentime tables and chairs, 
 old-fashioned lamps, and quaint crockery, writing-desks of 
 antique design, mirrors, and what not. A spinnet of London 
 make (1640) was loaned to the committee by Mr. Steinert of 
 ^ew Haven, and was one of the most notable attractions of 
 the ladies' parlor. The dining-room, which was such for 
 exhibition only, was well supplied by Connecticut loans, and 
 their arrangement reflected much credit upon the House-Fur- 
 nishing Committee. The collection of crockery, with which the 
 corner cupboards, china-closet, and high shelves were embel- 
 lished, represented almost an untold number of donors, and 
 t]ie task of gathering them, and the additional task of return- 
 ing them to their owners after the close of the Exhibition, can 
 be more easily imagined than recounted here. The most 
 conspicuous articles of dining-room furnishing — sideboard, 
 china-closet, etc. — were loaned by Mrs. C. C. Munson of JN'ew 
 Haven. 
 
 The main hall, having a width of twenty-one feet and length 
 of fifty-eight, afforded but little opportunity for embellishment 
 other than pictures, etc., on the side walls. On one side was 
 the fine portrait of General Israel Putnam, by Thompson, 
 which was released from the Executive Chamber at the State 
 Capitol by special permission. On the opposite side was a 
 
48 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 
 
 large and fine oil painting of tlie old '' Charter Oak," by 
 Brownell, lent by Mrs. Artlinr M. Dodge of Xew York, 
 dangliter of tlie late ex-Governor Marshall Jewell of Hartford. 
 In addition to these more notable features were many lesser 
 attractions — portraits of distinguished sons and daughters 
 of Connecticut, rare and interesting documents, etc., of 
 Colonial days. 
 
 In the upper hall and in the AYethersfield room were several 
 upright show-cases, in which were arranged treasured and 
 interesting heirlooms that had been handed down from sire 
 to son and from mother to daughter for generations. There 
 were high-heeled kid slippers, worn at weddings a hundred 
 and fifty years ago, which led visitors to remark that there were 
 extremes in fashion before our own day. There were rare 
 laces made and worn in a long-gone-by day; ladies' fans of 
 exquisite workmanship; quaint specimens of jewelry; rare old 
 books, pamphlets, and letters; and, in short, hundreds of 
 articles of rare interest which cannot be individually men- 
 tioned. Each had a history which, unfolded, would make a 
 book; and that they were of a character to interest sightseers 
 generally was clear from the great number of visitors who 
 lingered to give them careful inspection. 
 
 The task of furnishing and embellishing the building being 
 jointly under the supervision of the House-Building and 
 House-Furnishing Committees, it is difiicult to ^tell where 
 the Avork of one committee began and that of the other left off, 
 so interwoven and harmonious were their labors. It was a 
 laborious imdertaking for both committees, and their work 
 made a suggestive picture. Women who could shine with 
 resplendent lustre in social events demonstrated their ability 
 to effectively direct the laying of carpets, the adjustment of 
 curtain draperies, and the artistic display of bric-a-brac ; while 
 men who could preside with ability over Senates might have 
 been seen in shirt-sleeves superintending the hanging of 
 pictures for the embellishment of the State's headquarters. 
 
 Among the extra features of work required during the last 
 few days before the opening of the Exposition was the laying 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 49 
 
 of an oak inlaid lioor over tlie entire first story of tlie building, 
 thereby rendering unnecessary tlie use of carpets, as originally 
 designed. Tlie tens of thousands of visitors who roamed 
 through the various rooms of the building during the Exposi- 
 tion season of six months would have made a sorry sight of 
 carpets ere it was over, and the change to hard-wood floors was 
 fully justified. 
 
 The janitor's ap^artments on the second story were adequately 
 furnished with housekeeping outfit, and the quarters for the 
 use of the Executive Manager and his family were made home- 
 like and attractive. On the first floor the front room on the 
 right was designed as office of the Executive Manager, and 
 was furnished with such desks, tables, etc., as its use required. 
 The front room on the left was devoted to post-office, registry 
 desk, and reading-room, where flies of a great number of 
 Connecticut newspapers were received daily for the use of 
 Connecticut visitors to the Exposition. 
 
 The finishing features in the line of embellishment of the 
 building were not aesthetic in their character, but were de- 
 cidedly suggestive. They consisted of fine water-color paint- 
 ings of many of Connecticut's most prominent manufacturing 
 establishments and their immediate surroundings. Taken 
 together they made an attractive exhibit of the busy hives of 
 industry by which Connecticut has attained world-wide fame 
 for the variety and extent of her manufactures. The collec- 
 tion represented but a small fraction of the State's notable 
 industries, but there were enough to make a suggestive object 
 lesson, indicating the source of her wealth, and, indeed, all 
 that suitable wall-spaces could be found for, some of the paint- 
 ings being quite large. The establishments thus represented 
 were: The Stanley Rule and Level Company, Xew Britain; 
 The !N^ew Haven Carriage Company and The Bigelow Com- 
 pany, ^ew Haven; The Berlin Iron Bridge Company, East 
 Berlin; The Coe Brass Manufacturing Company, Torrington; 
 The Collins Company, Collinsville ; R. AVallace & Sons, Wal- 
 lingford; Bridgeport Brass Company, Bridgeport; Derby 
 
50 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Silver Companv, Birmingliam ; ^ew En^-land Brownstone 
 Company, Cromwell; The H. D. Smith Companv, Plantsville; 
 A. r. A\"'illiams' Works, Bristol; The Gilbert & Bennett 
 Manufacturing Company, Georgetown; The Connecticut 
 Brownstone Company, Portland; The Union Manufacturing 
 Company, Xorwalk; Kandolph & Clowes, Scoville Manufac- 
 turing Company, Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, Waterbury TTatch Company, and TaiTel Foundry and 
 Machine Company, Waterbury; and The Pope Manufactur- 
 ing Company, Hartford. 
 
 The dedication exercises at the Connecticut Building on 
 May 1, 1893, the opening day of tbe Exposition, were of a 
 quiet and informal character, and were entirely devoid of dis- 
 play. There were but few persons present, the attendance 
 consisting principally of Governor Luzon B. Morris and bis 
 Staff and a few members of tbe Connecticut Board of World's 
 Fair Managers. A few brief addresses were made, the prin- 
 cipal speakers being Governor Morris and Senator David M. 
 Read, respectively president of the Board and chairman of 
 its executive committee. The members of the Governor's 
 Staff present were Brig.-Gen. Edward E. Bradleiy, Adjutant- 
 General; Brig.-Gen. Jobn P. Harbison, Quartermaster-Gen- 
 eral; Brig.-Gen. Patrick Cassidy, Surgeon-General; Brig.-Gen. 
 William Jamieson, Comm.issary-General; Brig.-Gen. Henry 
 A. Bishop, Paymaster-General; Colonel Jobn G. Healey, 
 Asst. Adjutant-General; Colonel Everett L. Morse, Asst. 
 Quartermaster-General; and Colonels H. Holton Wood, 
 Charles S. Andrews, Louis F. Heublein, and Salmon A. Gran- 
 ger, ^ids-de-camp. 
 
 With the opening of the Exposition and of the Connecticut 
 Building came also the opening of the " Connecticut Head- 
 quarters Register," pro^T.ded by the Board of Managers for 
 the registration of ^dsitors. It can hardly be expected that 
 place will be found in this volume for recording the entire list 
 of Connecticut visitors to the Exposition, of whom, from open- 
 ing day to closing, there were upwards of twenty-six thousand. 
 A transcription from the first page of the Register must suffice, 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 51 
 
 and is perliaps admissible in view of the official relation with 
 the State Building of those whose names appear there: 
 
 STATE BOARD. 
 
 Luzon B. Morris, New Haven, President, ex officio. 
 
 Katharine B. Knight, Lakeville, Pres. Woman's Board. 
 
 BUILDING COMMITTEE. 
 David M. Read, Bridgeport, 1st Vtce-Pres. and Chairman. 
 
 Chas. M. Jarvis, Berlin, 
 
 Geo. H. Day, Hartford, Treasurer. 
 
 Morris W. Seymour, Bridgeport, Attorney. 
 
 HOUSE FURNISHING COMMITTEE. 
 
 Katharine B. Knight, Lakeville, Ex officio. 
 
 May Helen Beach Ingalls, Hartford, Chairman. 
 
 Lillian C. Farrel, Ansonia, Vice-President. 
 
 Lucy Parkman Trowbridge, New Haven, Treasurer. 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 J. H. Yaill, West Winsted, Executive Manager. 
 
 Mrs. J. H. Vaill, West Winsted, Hostess. 
 
 Mrs. Ida Stanley Goss, Chicago, Bureau of Information. 
 
 William J. Foster, Rockville, Clerk. 
 
 Theodore B. Vaill, West Winsted, Clerk. 
 
 Etta Andrews, Norwalk, Postmistress. 
 
 Marguerite Walshe, Chicago, Stenographer. 
 
 Charles S. Kelsey, Lakeville, Janitor. 
 
 Mrs. Charles S. Kelsey, Lakeville, Janitor's Assistant. 
 
 The illumination of the Connecticut Building was entirely 
 by incandescent lights, fixtures for them being loaned for the 
 purpose by the Bradley & Hubbard Manufacturing Company 
 of Meriden. The electric current was supplied by the Expo- 
 sition company, the wiring of the building having been done 
 by the latter company. 
 
 All possible precaution was taken against the contingency 
 of fire about the premises, Babcock fire-extinguishers being 
 provided for both upper and lower halls, and in addition to 
 these appliances hand-gTenades were distributed at various 
 points about the edifice. Insurance rates ran high on Jackson 
 Park during the Exposition season. ^Nevertheless the valuable 
 
52 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 
 
 loans mtli wliich the building was supplied were protected by 
 insurance policies, whereby in the event of loss their owners 
 might be, to some extent, indemnified. Happily, watchful 
 care kept the building and its valuable contents in good condi- 
 tion to be restored to the owners at the close of the Exposition, 
 and it is gratifying to be able to say that every article loaned 
 to the House Purnishing Committee for the embellishment 
 of the edifice was returned in as good condition as when it w^as 
 received. 
 
 By the terms of contract with the builders, the State Build- 
 ing was to revert to their possession when its use was no longer 
 required by the Board of Managers. During the progress of 
 the Exposition several individuals made overtures looking 
 towards its purchase, generally with the view of removing it 
 bodily and re-establishing it as a private residence, but the 
 obstacles in the way of removal seemed to make such a venture 
 impracticable. Among those who contemplated purchase of 
 the edifice was Huntington Wolcott Jackson of Chicago, a 
 gentleman who had manifested much interest in it during the 
 progress of the Exposition, mainly from the fact that he traced 
 his lineage to honored names in Connecticut history — Major- 
 G-eneral Jabez Huntington of I^orwich, and Major-General 
 Oliver Wolcott of Litchfield — whose portraits formed part 
 of the embellishment of the main hall of the Connecticut 
 Building. The task of transporting the structure upon huge 
 floats ten or fifteen miles up the lake shore to the site he had 
 in view was not considered an easy one, however, even by 
 Chicago building-movers, and the idea was at length given up 
 as too hazardous a venture, especially in vdew of the possibilty 
 of a severe lake storm during the progress of the undertaking. 
 
 The first reference to the ultimate disposition of the build- 
 ing which later on was carried out was made on the occasion of 
 ^' Connecticut Day " (October 11th). James D. Dewell of 
 Xew Haven, now Lieutenant-Governor, was one of the guests 
 at the reception held by Governor Morris. Addressing the 
 Executive Manager, Mr. Dewell asked what disposition was to 
 be made of the State Building after the Exposition closed. " I 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 53 
 
 don't know what wdll be done with it," was the reply, " but it 
 ought to be taken to Connecticut and preserved as a historic 
 inemoriaL Possibly the suggestion was like the sowing of 
 good seed, for during the following January Mr. Dewell was 
 the means of organizing a syndicate composed of five gentle- 
 men, he being of the number, who bought the building of its 
 owners (the Tracy Brothers of Waterbury, who built it), and 
 during the simimer of 1894 it was taken down by the carpen- 
 ters who erected it, brought to Connecticut, and re-erected on 
 a beautiful site near the shore of l^ew Haven harbor, about 
 one mile to the w^estward of Savin Rock. 
 
 The land upon which the building now stands, a lot five 
 hundred feet square, was given to the syndicate by Wilson 
 Wadingham of IN'ew York, a former resident of West Haven. 
 The cost of removal and rebuilding of the edifice was about 
 twenty thousand dollars, in addition to which several thousand 
 dollars have been expended upon the premises in the direction 
 of permanent improvements, including the building of a large 
 reservoir, supplied with excellent water from never-failing 
 springs with which the wooded hills in the rear of the premises 
 abound. An electric railway, connecting 'New Haven with 
 Woodmont, skirts the rear boundary of the grounds of the 
 building, making it easily accessible from Xew Haven, from 
 which it is about four miles distant. The edifice has been re- 
 built in the most substantial manner, upon foundations de- 
 signed to secure permanence for ages, and with the good care 
 that is planned for it there seems no good reason why it may 
 not continue to remain an interesting historic feature for cen- 
 turies to come. 
 
 In the summer of 1895 the gentlemen composing the syndi- 
 cate of OAvners in\dted prominent citizens of Connecticut to 
 meet at the World's Fair Building to consider the advisability 
 of adopting some plan whereby the edifice might be made 
 serviceable to the public as a permanent institution. At that 
 meeting, at which about two hundred persons were present, 
 a committee was appointed consisting of Nathan Easterbrook, 
 Jr., chairman, D. A. Alden, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Anderson, 
 
54 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 William E. Chandler, Hobart L. Hotchkiss, H. Wales Lines, 
 and the Rev. Dr. Watson L. Phillips, " to recommend some 
 plan for utilizing the World's Fair Building for public and 
 patriotic purposes, and securing its ownership to the people of 
 Connecticut." In due time this committee presented a some- 
 what elaborate report, and with reference to the uses to which 
 the building should be put it suggested the following : 
 
 1. That it be made the depository (1) of relics of Revolu- 
 tionary, colonial, and pre-colonial times; (2) of souvenirs of the 
 now historic World's Fair; (3) of a library of books and pamph- 
 lets relating to Connecticut. 
 
 2. That it be offered to the patriotic organizations of the 
 State, such as the Sons and Daughters of the American Revo- 
 lution, as a permanent headquarters and a regular place of 
 meeting. 
 
 3. That it be made the headquarters of a summer school 
 devoted to American history (the term '' history " being used 
 in its widest sense, including not only the record of national 
 events, but the history of literature, art, science, and the like, 
 and also archaeology, ethnology, genealogy, and certain de- 
 partments of sociology). 
 
 4. That it be used, all the year round, as ^^ a quiet and 
 dignifieid club house " by those who, on a basis to be subse- 
 quently indicated, shall secure the right so to use it. 
 
 The committee also recommended a plan for securing its 
 ownership to the people of Connecticut, which, briefly stated, 
 proposed (1) the formation of the '^ Columbian League of Con- 
 necticut," consisting of a self-perpetuating board of trustees, 
 incorporated under the State law, to hold the Columbian 
 Building and the valuables deposited in it as a sacred trust for 
 the people of Connecticut forever; (2) that provision be made 
 for an associate membership, to be secured by payment of a 
 moderate membership fee (not annually, but once for all, or 
 in two or three installments), entitling such associate mem- 
 bers and their families the right to the use of the building for 
 any or all of the purposes indicated, — the membership fees, 
 together with the gifts of interested individuals, to constitute 
 
^ 
 
 1^ 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 55 
 
 a fund for the permanent endowment and support of tlie 
 building. 
 
 Tlie plan of the committee as here outlined was accepted by 
 the members of the syndicate, who stood ready to transfer the 
 property to the proposed ^^ Columbian League " at bare cost, 
 but for various reasons the progress of the scheme has been 
 unexpectedly delayed. The death of one member of the syn- 
 dicate (Henry Sutton) may change the course of events Avith 
 relation to the project. The survi^dng members of the syndi- 
 cate of owners are James D. Dewell and L. Wheeler Beecher of 
 IsTew Haven, Israel A. Kelsey of "West Haven, and Cornelius 
 Tracy of Waterbury. 
 
 The following report of the House Furnishing Committee 
 was not originally intended for these pages, but it will prove 
 interesting history, nevertheless: 
 
 REPORT OF THE FURNISHING COMMITTEE OF THE 
 WOMAN'S BOARD OF WORLD'S FAIR MANAGERS OF CONN. 
 
 Madam President and Ladies 
 
 Of the Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut : 
 
 It gives me great pleasure to present to you my report, poor 
 though it may be, of the work of the Furnishing Committee 
 of this Board. As you all know, more than a year and a half 
 ago, the gentlemen of the Building Committee asked our 
 former President, Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, to appoint from 
 our board a committee to work with them, and to do such part 
 of the work of furnishing the Connecticut State Building 
 as they might feel they did not wish to undertake. This com- 
 pliment was extended to Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Miss Lucy P. 
 Trowbridge, and myself. After some discussion it was de- 
 cided by the Committee that, as Connecticut was prominent 
 in Colonial history, and as the plan adopted for the building 
 had been decided upon with that idea, that portion of the 
 house open for the general inspection of visitors should be 
 furnished as far as possible with articles of that period, which 
 should come from this state, and, therefore, be of historic value 
 and interest. It ended eventually in the gentlemen retiring 
 from the actual task of the furnishing and leaving it entirely 
 to us, holding themselves as an Advisory Committee in such 
 matters where we felt that both men and advice were neces- 
 sary to the better carrying out of our plans and ideas. For 
 
66 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 eiglit or nine months previous to May of tliis year we were 
 working for a creditable showing in onr little house. Some- 
 thing more than the ordinary was expected of us, as our State 
 was one of the thirteen original states of the Union, and, of 
 course, must be full of choice old bits. You were all asked 
 to help us in locating these articles of interest. I think that 
 all were successful to a greater or less extent, some on account 
 of the historic places near their homes were more so than 
 others. Many of the owners who were approached were very 
 gracious and very willing to do anything for the glory and 
 good record of their State. Others, I am sorry to say, were 
 decidedly the reverse. 
 
 To Miss Trowbridge was allotted the greater part of the 
 selecting of the antique furnishings, she having made a study 
 of the value of the different styles and dates of such furniture 
 and articles of decoration as would joroperly represent a Con- 
 necticut house of the last century. She was very successful, 
 the greater part of our handsome pieces having come from 
 'New Haven. Mrs. Tarrel took charge of the modem or 
 working furniture, that belonging to the office, bedrooms, 
 and kitchen, while I took the uninteresting, but highly neces- 
 sary articles, such as bed-linen, blankets, towels for toilet and 
 living-rooms, kitchen-linen, soap, and various odds and ends. 
 By this division of work we managed to accomplish it all by 
 the middle of April, at which time our valuable load was 
 shipped West in an express-car sixty feet in length, under the 
 supervision of Mr. Yaill and an expressman from Hartford. 
 It arrived at Jackson Park promptly and safely, where we 
 found it, and then began the disagreeable work of unpacking 
 and putting in order the building which, for six months, was 
 to offer the atmosphere of home to our Connecticut people. 
 
 It is unnecessary to enumerate our trials with the workmen 
 of Chicago, as their deeds and misdeeds have been spread from 
 ocean to ocean. Suffice it to say that on May first, Connecti- 
 cut threw^ open her hospitable doors to all unfortunates who 
 had ventured to Chicago thus early in the season, trusting that 
 everybody and everything would be ready and waiting for 
 the public look and comment. Connecticut was not ready 
 and w^aiting; however, we did the best we could, although our 
 little home was not settled and in shipshape for some two 
 weeks more. We left it the middle of May, feeling that we 
 had done the best we could with the small appropriation set 
 apart for this portion of our work, and feeling amply repaid 
 for our tribulations by the almost universal expressiohs of 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 57 
 
 delight and pleasure that we heard from all our visitors. Per- 
 sonally, I have heard of but two people who failed to appre- 
 ciate the simple beauty and dignity of our Revolutionary 
 Home, to say nothing of the hard work entailed; these two 
 unpleasant members of society were men, so Ave must gener- 
 ously forgive them. All through the summer pleasant re- 
 marks were heard, and congratulations offered us on our 
 success; and when, on !N^ovember first, the doors of Connecti- 
 cut closed, never again to open on the scenes of the past six 
 months, it was with a feeling of sorrow that our work of 
 despoiling the house was begun. On iTovember ninth the 
 last loaned article left the house, and on Monday, the thir- 
 teenth, the express-cars arrived in Hartford. From here the 
 different pieces were forwarded to their respective owners, 
 and I feel that we can all congratulate ourselves that whatever 
 we asked for in the name of the Board and of the State has 
 arrived home safely, and, I trust, vith the value increased by 
 the part it may have taken in making our State Building at- 
 tractive. Fortunately, out of all the very valuable antique 
 furniture loaned to us, only two or three pieces were at all 
 damaged, and the Committee saw that these pieces were fully 
 restored, before returning to their owners. 
 
 I feel that I must mention, before closing, the kindness, 
 generosity, and gentlemanly bearing of the Messrs. Ripley, 
 who did all in their power to aid us in every way, not only in 
 furnishing us with such beautiful decorations on which much 
 time and study had been spent, but in helping us in many 
 ways too numerous to mention herein, when the gentlemen of 
 the Building Committee were forced to return home last 
 springy leaving Miss Trowbridge and myself to cope with all 
 sorts and conditions of men. Also, I would mention Mr. and 
 Mrs. Yaill, whose kindly interest and painstaking care made 
 all visitors feel at home, and added much to the cheerfulness 
 and attractiveness of the house. 
 
 To Mrs. Barrel and Miss Trowbridge I would like to tender 
 my thanks for their hearty co-operation and successful efforts, 
 and I think we may all rejoice in the felicitous termination of 
 our work, which, for over a year, continued to grow in a man- 
 ner which would have put to shame Jack's Beanstalk, and 
 we can all feel proud and confident that our little State of 
 Connecticut has played by no means a small part in this great 
 World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. 
 RespectfuUv submitted, 
 
 MARY H. B. IFGALLS, 
 5 Chairman of Furnishing Committee. 
 
CHAPTEK YI. 
 
 yketclies from notable Connecticut visitors to the " City of the Lagoon: " 
 Simeon E. Baldwin, LL.D., of the Supreme Court of Errors ; Joseph 
 Anderson, D.D,, pastor of the First Church of Waterburj^ ; and 
 Charles Dudley Warner, L.H.D., D.C.L., of Hartford, in which are 
 given their varied impressions of the Exposition. 
 
 Connecticut was represented at tlie Co'lumbian Exposition 
 by more than twenty-six thousand of her eons and daughters^ 
 as shown by registrations at the State Building. Their 
 ages ranged from upwards of four score and ten years at one 
 extreme, to about five months at the other. The oklest was 
 William H. Seymour, born in Litchfield, in 1802 (now a resi- 
 dent of Brockport, N. Y.), and the youngest was Miss Elinor 
 Houghton Bulkeley^ daughter of Governor Morgan G. Bulke- 
 ley, whose birth occurred April 7, 1893. The impractica- 
 bility of obtaining an expression in writing as to the views of 
 Miss Bulkeley relative to impressions left upon her mind by 
 the great event will readily be apparent; and as nearly eighty 
 years have elapsed since Connecticut has had legal claim upon 
 Mr. Seymour, who removed from its borders in 1818, it ^vill 
 not be thought strange if he is allowed to eiscape with the light 
 task of confessing his loyalty to the land of his birth, a confes- 
 sion he seemed to take pleasure in making, judging from his 
 repeated visits to the Connecticut State Building, where he 
 was induced to recount interesting incidents of his boyhood 
 in the early days of the present century. 
 
 It will be proper, however, to put upon record in this chapter 
 sketches from a few notable representatives of Connecticut's 
 twenty-six thousand visitors, who therein give^ impressions 
 made by the great Exposition. With the exception of the 
 article from the Editor's Study of Harper's Magazine (which 
 
 (58) 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 59 
 
 has been kindly placed at onr disposal), the contributions were 
 prepared by request, and the series cannot fail of bringing to 
 every intelligent reader interesting and instructive views and 
 lessons, of which the memorable event was so full. 
 
 [The extract from Mr. Warner's '' Study " will serve as 
 a sharpener of the appetite of the reader for a perusal of the 
 omitted portion of the article, which may be found in full in 
 the October number of Harper's Magazine for 1893.] 
 
 A DREAM OF BEAUTY. 
 
 Sketch by Judge Simeon E. Baldwin, LL.D. 
 
 The law of evolution has b-een at work upon World's Fairs 
 during the half-century that has elapsed since the London 
 Crystal Palace w^as first built. There has been a " natural 
 selection " of their best features, that is, of those which best 
 pleased the public, " for '^ this wise world is mainly right." 
 Their original aim was to show the progress of invention and 
 the best products of the industry of the day. They do this 
 still, and do it well; but their great attraction has come to be 
 
60 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 the setting in which these things are shown, and the fringes 
 with which they are adorned. 
 
 ^N'lothing oould have been finer than the architectural and 
 top'ogra-phical setting of the Columbian Exposition. What- 
 ever else of scenes once visited nuay be forgotten, no one who 
 saw Jackson Park in 1893 will ever cease to Teniember that 
 dream of beauty which rose from the shore of Lake Michigan, 
 to dazzle every ©ye that beheld it, with its resplenident, yet 
 solemn, majesty. The grand peristyle was an unwritten poem. 
 If Chicago borrowed the thought from the G-reeks, she sur- 
 passed them in its rendition. Athens, at its loveliest, hardly 
 oould have had as great a charm. The hills which displayed 
 the colonnades of her temples also served to dwarf them by 
 contrast; but through the columns and arches at Chicago one 
 saw only the magnificent reach of her inland sea, whose tran- 
 quil waters seemed content to wash their feet. 
 
 And who does not recollect with more than pleasure the 
 Midway Plaisance ? If it was but a fine fringe for the fair, 
 fringes, nevertheless, have their use, and are sometimes re- 
 meanbered better than the dress. But it was more. These 
 intemiational expositions have no aim higher than that of 
 bringing the men and the life of different nations together. 
 
 I am afraid that we did not all examine with much minute- 
 ness the endless lines of machinery and brilliant suoession of 
 show-cases that filled the great buildings devoted to the display 
 of mechanism and manufacture. It had too familiar a look to 
 the 'N&w Engiander. But he was sure to steal away to the 
 Midway Plaisance, for an hour or two in the day, after giving 
 the rest to seeing what somebody said that everybody must 
 see. 
 
 I visited, last smnmer, the E'ational Inter-cantonal Exposi- 
 tion lof Switzerland, at Greneva. They had their Plaisance, 
 too; the Swiss Village; the pretty peasant girls; the side- 
 shows of many sorts; but how immeasurably short, in interest, 
 of that at Chicago ! At Jackson Park, one passed by a single 
 step from Illinois into Egypt, or among the savage islanders 
 of the South Sea. A six months' trip abroad gives many a 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gl 
 
 man less knowledge of Enropeian life and manners, and im- 
 measurably less of those of tlie many peoples who live beyond 
 the Mediterranean, than he might have gained by a few days 
 idly spent in the Midway. It showed the dnbioTis or the dark 
 side, as well as the bright one ; and it could not have done less 
 with truth. There was plenty to amuse, something to siadden, 
 much to teach. 
 
 The Columbian Exposition would not have been true to 
 its name, if there had not been a good deial in it that spoke of 
 Columbus. Spain is a country which few Americans visit, 
 and wihere fewer still gain access to its stores of ancient 
 manuscripts and of memorials of its fo^rmer possessions on 
 this side of the Atlantic. But to those who walked through 
 the low, irregular chambers, in the Chicago rep^duction of 
 the convent of La E-abida, the very presence of Columbus 
 seemed almost visible, in the midst of so much that once had 
 come from his hand or passed under his eye. The ships, too, 
 that lay off the shore, near by, with their medieval shape, theiir 
 antique rigging, and their Spanishnspeaking crews, gave an 
 object lesson in American history, worth more than the study 
 of a dozen volumes that might describe the great event which 
 has made 1492 the date of dates for the American school-boy. 
 
 The Yiking ship, also, brought us close to our Norseman 
 ancestors, and helped every one to understand more cle'arly 
 the free swing with which they dashed down from their lands 
 of mountain and snow to overrun the fertile plains of England 
 and ISTofrmiandy. 
 
 Every one moves from a center. The home center of the 
 Connecticut man at the Exposition w^as his State Building. 
 There were grander ones put up by greater States. It could 
 show nothing like the palatial halls of the 'New York Build- 
 ing. It commemorated nothing of the stately life of the 
 favored few in Colonial days, as did the buildings of Mas- 
 sachusetts and New Jersey. But then, it did not fail, as did 
 some others, by attempting too much. It presented nothing 
 unsuited to its idea. It did not, like one of its nearest neigh- 
 
62 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 bors, attempt to throw Xew England life into the frame of an 
 Egyptian temple. 
 
 Our building was a roomy, clieerful, ample mansion, such, 
 as any one could wish that his great gTandfather had lived in 
 before the Revolution, and could be certain that he did not. 
 Its upper chambers had an historic look. They were for 
 show. Every thing ebe was for comfort, and we all took 
 comfort in it, and have been glad to know that it has now 
 found a lasting home on the soil of the State that built it, 
 where its broad piazzas can look out on the free play of the 
 waves of Long Island Sound, instead of the tranquil blue of 
 Lake Michigan. 
 
 SIMEON E. BALDWIK 
 
 N'ew Haven, January 12, 1897. 
 
 A GREAT COMMEMORATION^. 
 
 [Response of Dr. Joseph Anderson to an invitation for a 
 
 sketch.] 
 Mr. J. H. Yaill: 
 
 My Dear Sir: When you asked me to give you, in a brief 
 paper, my impressions of the World's Fair, I was reminded 
 of an essay on that subject, to which I once listened at a 
 ministers' meeting, a single sentence of which remains fixed 
 in my memory. My clerical brother was unconsciously 
 giiided in his selection of matters for comment, as we all are, 
 by his individual tastes, and dwelt especially upon the wonders 
 of the electrical exhibit. After a rapid suiwey of the whole 
 building, he took us down into the basement, and described in 
 vivid words the vast amount of apparatus he saw there, the 
 innumerable interlacing wires, the novel processes perpetually 
 going on. He stirred us with his descriptive rhetoric, and 
 then, in deep and solemn tones, he added, '' The impression 
 was one of caution.''^ The anti-climax was complete and 
 amusing, and, if the speaker was unconscious of it, the au- 
 dience was not. 
 
 But, after all, why should not any one's account of the im- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR 03 
 
 pressioii produced by tlie World's Fair abound in anti-cli- 
 miaxes? AYby should not tbe most eloquent account, as com- 
 pared with the thing itself, be -of the nature of an anti-climax? 
 The Fair was not only a very big thing; it was a very great 
 thing. Among the myriads who visited it, no one saw it all. 
 Xo one can recall, broadly or with accurate detail, the frag- 
 ment which he succeeded in really seeing, and to put on record 
 to-day what he remombers, or what chiefly inapressed him, 
 would be a difficult task. To everybody else the reminis- 
 censes of any one visitor must seem meager and commonplace, 
 and, most of all, they must seem so to the visitor himself. 
 . What you wish, however — if I mistake not — is not my 
 remembrance of what I saw, or of the impressions produced 
 at the time, but my opinion, as I look back to-day, of the value 
 of the World's Fair — of what it did and continues to do for 
 the world of mankind. You want not so much impressions 
 as inferences and an estimate. 
 
 Well, there are many ways of looking at it, but I find my- 
 seK looking at it first of all as a great co-mmeonoration. I am 
 a firm believer in the commemoration of notable events, and 
 in all the history of mankind I know of no event, with one 
 exception, so great and so noteworthy as the disciovery of 
 Aimerica by Columbus. It has proved to be of moimentous 
 importance not alone to the people of America, but to the 
 peoples of the Old AYorld. If there is any historical fact 
 worthy of a visible and permianent monument — a monument . 
 which should tell its perpetual story and make its perpetual 
 appeal to the eyes and hearts of mankind — it is this fact. 
 Such a monument, except that it lacked permanence, was the 
 T^Hiite City of 1893. Or, if not a monument, it was certainly 
 a celebration, a commemorative act on the grandest scale, and, 
 doubtless, more enduring than one would at first thought sup- 
 pose it to be. For the history of it is henceforth part of the 
 history of the world ; the record of it has gone into the world's 
 literature and art; and its material, let us not forget, has, to a 
 considerable extent, gone into the world's museums. We 
 
64 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 have liere in "Waterbury, for example, a "beautiful collection 
 of minerals gleaned from its geological exhibits. 
 
 The connection established bj such a commemoration be- 
 tween the present and the past — that past of four hundred 
 years ago in which Columbus lived — is a thing of no little 
 moment. It brings to light the great fact of the, continuity 
 of history and the continuity of natural and social law; it re- 
 veals to us an element of unity in the great processes of the 
 ages. There were thousands of visitors who saw only the 
 concrete ^^ show/' who came and went without a thought of 
 the historical significance of what they saw; thousands, it may 
 be, who in the very midst of the manuscript relics of the Con- 
 vent of lya Rabid a failed to establissh any vital connection be- 
 tween the Avorld of which Columbus formed a part and the 
 Columbian Exposition. But in others, undoubtedly, " the 
 historic sense," so sadly lacking in the American people, was 
 gTeatly developed. And this effect, which we can trace in 
 individuals, was produced in tlie nation at large, if not in 
 other nations. As the Civil War gave us the sense of nation- 
 ality, as the Centennial Exposition, commemorating our de- 
 claration of independence, deepened that sense, so the World's 
 Fair gave us a sense of the relations of the civilized world of 
 to-day to Columbus and his greiat discovery. 
 
 Mention of the Centennial Exposition suggests a compari- 
 son between that 'and the Exposition of 1893. The Centen- 
 nial commemorated an event which took place a century be- 
 fore in one of these western nations. It was great to us; it 
 proved to be great to the world ; but, after all, it was only one 
 in the long line of American events. It was the greatest 'inci- 
 dent of all, but it will be seen in the future that it was only 
 an incident in the unfolding of the splendid drama of Ameri- 
 can history. But the event commemiorated by the Chicago 
 Fair was an initiatory act which can never lose its relative or 
 its actual significance. The fact that the Centennial was cen- 
 tenary led to a great many comparisons, covering the com- 
 pleted century, and these comparisons were full of suggestive- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 65 
 
 ness and of promise. The long period of four hundred years 
 brought to ^dew "by the later commemoration did not, for 
 obvious reasons, yield itself so readily to processes of com- 
 parison; the space was too large to be easily traversed, and the 
 materials too vast to be readily handled. But, after all, I 
 cannot doubt that the total impression was proportionately 
 greater, not only as regards the importance of the event, but 
 as regards the progTess the world had made. The achieve- 
 ments of 1492 and the Kenaissance period were wonderful; 
 but how little conception the men of that time had of the 
 civilization which the four coming centuries were to bring 
 forth in the Eastern Hemisphere and the "Western. And how 
 little conception any of us had in 1876 of what was to take 
 place in the seventeen years ensuing, as revealed, for example, 
 in the Electrical and Transportation Buildings. 
 
 The international influence of the Centennial Exposition 
 was of great importance ; the international influence of the Ex- 
 position of 1893 must have been and must continue to be 
 proportionately more widespread and more positive. I wonder 
 whether the noble treaty of arbitration made between Eng- 
 land and America would have been Hkely to come into ex- 
 istence if the World's Eair had not been held. And our re- 
 lations with Spain — critical as they are just now — I wonder 
 whether they would not have been less satisfactory and less 
 promising if Spain had not been represented at our great 
 celebration of Spanish achievement by the man who is now 
 the Spanish minister at Washington. 
 
 The theme is one that opens more and more widely before 
 us. How are men educated? 'Not altogether or chiefly by 
 direct teaching, by didactic utterances, after the " line upon 
 line '' pattern. We are educated by subtle influences, by laws 
 and customs, by established institutions, by commemorative 
 monuments, by public celebrations. In developing the patriot- 
 ism of the rising generation our Memorial Day counts. These 
 more concrete things are '' object lessons," not necessarily 
 talked about, like the objects of the kindergarten, but al- 
 
(36 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'vS FAIR. 
 
 lowed to tell tbeir own story; and tliey tell it. And liow are 
 peoples educated, unless in tlie same way — by indirect in- 
 fluences. And I know of nothing that men have thus far 
 prepared or constructed, in all the world's history, possessing 
 greater elements of educational power, of quiet, but sure in- 
 fluence upon tihe nations, than the World's Fair at Chicago. 
 Lines of light and of ha.rm*onizing eneirgy radiated from it 
 from the beginning, and will continue to take effect long after 
 we have ceased to trace them, or to think of tliem. 
 
 One of my predecessors in the pastorate of this old First 
 Church of Waterbury was the Rev. Holland Weeks. He 
 was ordained liere on ^N'ovember 20, 1799, and twenty days 
 later man^ied Harriot Byron, daughter of Moses Hopkins, 
 Esq., of Great Barrington, and granddaughter of the cele- 
 brated theologian. Dr. S^amuel Hopkins, who, by tlie way, 
 was of Waterbury birth. The youngest daughter of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Weeks married Edwin Bumham of Henderson, I^T. Y., 
 and became the mother of Daniel H. Bumham, the man who 
 planned and built the White City, and to whose skill and 
 energy the success of the World's Fair w^as so largely due. 
 Qualities were in existence-, influences were at work, in the 
 lives and the characters of the Waterbury clergyman of 1799 
 and his young wife, which were to be transmitted and to re- 
 appear a century later, blossoming out into the architectural 
 bea/uty, and the orderliness, and the vastly comprehensive 
 plans of the Exposition of 1893. I do not speak of this to 
 claim that the Waterbury of a century ago, or its Congrega- 
 tional muinister, was responsible for the glory and success of 
 the World's Fair, but rather to indicate how impossible it is 
 to trace the unseen influences by which our life is shaped and 
 our civilization developed. There is no measurement of such 
 forces. We cannot follow out the process, but we must be- 
 lieve that the unseen and intangible, but beneficent, influences 
 of the Columbian Exposition, vdll continue to radiate and 
 broaden out, and perhaps multiply, for a long time to come. 
 
 JOSEPH ANDERSOK 
 
 Waterbury, Conn., January 25, 1897. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 67 
 
 THE EDITOE'S STUDY. 
 
 [Charles Dndlej "Warner in " Harper's Magazine/' October 
 
 1893.] 
 
 I. 
 
 To the loiterer in the Citj of the Lagoon at Chicago at 
 twilight there came a profound feeling of sadness. It was the 
 touch of melancholy that exquisite beauty is apt to induce 
 when it is felt to be transitory or when it is a reminiscence of 
 historic splendor. It was a moment of repose. The Court 
 of . Honor was not wholly deserted. Stray figures moved 
 about, but with the air of leisure and contemplation. The 
 crowd was elsewhere, in the Midway Plaisance, at the res- 
 taurants, and presently it would return, refreshed and eager 
 for the great night display. In the fading light the city 
 seemed more than ever only an enchanted city. Through the 
 long rows of white columns of the Peristyle the lake gleamed 
 blue, and there was a pink hue in the west that flushed the 
 domes and towers and the white figures relieved against the 
 delicate sky. Even the fountains were silent, and the golden 
 gigantic statue of Columbia seemed to emphasize the impress- 
 ive stillness of the hour. Presently the lines of electric light 
 would run along the cornices of the white palaces and along 
 the water's edge, and the dome would be aflame. Presently 
 the Eountain of the Ship and the Sea Horses would leap up 
 and overflow with loud murmurous sound; and the flasliing 
 electric fountains would begin their fantastic and unreal dis- 
 play, thrusting up into the night ever-changing shapes of 
 beauty, with exquisite colors shifting each moment, mingling, 
 passing, fading, brightening, grace of form and charm of color 
 uniting to move the spectator as he was never moved before 
 by any earthly vision. But now it was the hour of stillness 
 and of sentiment akin to melancholy. And when this silence 
 was almost painful, came the soft chime of bells from the tower 
 of Machinery Hall, floating over the city and out upon the 
 water, tones in harmony with the scene and yet reminiscent of 
 
68 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 traditionary glory. It so easily might be a requiem for pass- 
 ing splendor, like the sound of bells over the towers and spires 
 of the oity that De Quincey saw at the bottom of the sea. 
 
 Was it real? The spectator looked about, up the canals 
 spanned by bridges and flanked by white facades, at the lofty 
 towers, upon the monumental columns that made the gateway 
 of the sea, in a nervous apprehension of the transitoriness of 
 it all. Every night he had feared that he should see it no 
 more, and every morning he had hastened to reassure himself 
 that the creation had not disappeared. And the chimes drop- 
 ping soft sounds seemed more than ever to have the note of 
 decadence. Perhaps the traveler had seen pictures of the 
 ruins of Persepolis, of the lonely marble columns in the desert 
 of Palmyra; perhaps he had heard the lament of the sea, as 
 Byron heard it, along the sunken walls of Venice ; perhaps he 
 had mused, as Gribbon mused, in the church of Ara Coeli amid 
 the fallen splendors of great Pome. Perhaps these pictures 
 came to his mind with an overwhelming sense of the transi- 
 toriness of life at the moment when life seemed to reach a sum- 
 mit in the experience of beauty. And he knew that it would 
 not last — that in a few more weeks of splendor, days of ex- 
 citement, and nights of enchantment, it would all vanish as 
 if it had never been; the chimes would cease, the lagoon would 
 return to its solitude, and the white columns would be no 
 longer reflected in the waves on the Michigan shore. 
 
 11. 
 
 And yet it is a very lasting possession in American life. 
 If the city could stand as it now is after the fair is over, de- 
 serted and silent, could stand for years, for generations, a pil- 
 grim from a distant country who should enter it would be filled 
 with amazement at the evidence of the genius for art, the love 
 of beauty, of a nation reckoned so practical in its creations, 
 so material in its aspirations. But the millions of people, 
 young and old, who have seen it, have carried away this great 
 picture in their minds, and not in one or two generations will 
 it be effaced from the national memory. It is at once a revela- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. QQ 
 
 tion to tlie nation of wliat it can do, and it is a standard of 
 beauty of tlie higliest value. In our anticipation the benefit 
 of the exhibition was in its industrial comparison and stimu- 
 lation. That will be realized, and perhaps beyond anticipa- 
 tion, but something else, and something of perhaps more value, 
 has been gained. Heretofore all the world's fairs have been 
 industrial, with an incidental exposition of progress in the fine 
 arts. Here, for the first time, the World's Fair itself is an 
 exhibition quite apart from the arts and the industries it brings 
 together. What were the great cities of antiquity? What 
 will be the splendid cities of the future? Go and see here 
 what it is possible for man to do in this age of the miracles of 
 science. 
 
 Forebodings have been expressed that science was killing 
 poetry, was killing art, and was killing our love of the beauti- 
 ful. And, behold, it is science itself that has made possible 
 the distinctive triumphs of Jackson Park. The very beauty 
 we rave over would have been impossible without the use of 
 cheap material to produce these effects, and without the use 
 of electricity. Whether we look either to form or color here, 
 we see that it is science that has enabled art to achieve its 
 dreams. The great lesson, perhaps the greatest lesson, that 
 the fair is to impress upon the millions of people in this new 
 and adaptive country, is that use and beauty can be coworkers. 
 A sort of roseate light is thrown upon this mechanical age. 
 
 III. 
 
 This is our first answer to the critics of all such material dis- 
 plays. If this had been merely a display of industries of the 
 old sort, the same question might have been asked of it as was 
 asked of the last Paris Exhibition. What spiritual significance 
 has it? What is the good of the further stimulation of material 
 competition? It may be that the shows of this sort have 
 reached the limit of their use. But what shall we say of them 
 as a meeting-ground of humanity, as the Chicago Fair pre- 
 eminently is? E'ever before in one place has come together 
 
70 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 such variety of the human species in numbers sufficient to rep- 
 resent national and tribal traits and customs. Paris had more 
 Orientals, but to the Orientals Chicago has added a mighty 
 Occidental contingent, specimens on exhibition from our whole 
 western hemisphere and the islands of the Pacific. From the 
 Esquimaux and the !N"orth American tribes to the South Sea 
 Islanders we have barbarians to match the savages of Dahomey 
 and gentle Japanese and Javanese to offset the Turks, Egypt- 
 ians, and Persians long civilized in vice. To the student of eth- 
 nology the field is very attractive, and it is scarcely less interest- 
 ing to the humanitarian. What effect will this contact have upon 
 the savage representatives who have been brought into the midst 
 of our advanced civilization? What can we learn from them? 
 Will they leave anything behind, especially will the Orientals, 
 except suggestions of vices in nations in moral decay? Will 
 only the dancing and the dissipation remain? In some small 
 but appreciable degree the world will be changed by this fair; 
 some seeds will be broadcast which will bear fruit. Perhaps 
 a sort of sympathy will be created by even this slight knowl- 
 edge of each other, which will aid in the diffusion of morality, 
 in the promotion of commerce, in inducing arbitration to take 
 the place of war. 
 
 YI. 
 
 The fair is a great school, a university. It is hardly proba- 
 ble that in our day any other nation will attemj)t another ex- 
 position on so grand a scale. Future expositions are likely to 
 be specialized. One in search of information could only at- 
 tend this with profit on the eclectic system. To be sure, it is 
 worth a long journey and much inconvenience merely to look 
 at it externally, for it is an unprecedented expression of en- 
 ergy as well as of beauty ; but profitable study of any one of its 
 many departments would require a whole season. It is a peo- 
 ple's university, where ciTriosity is excited and illustrations 
 are furnished in the study of nearly every branch of mechanics 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 71 
 
 and of art. The majority of the visitors have never seen be- 
 fore such architecture, such landscape-gardening, such har- 
 mony in landscape and architectural effects ; few of them have 
 ever seen so many paintings and so good, or such collections of 
 statmary, water-colors, etchings, and engravings; few of them 
 have ever heard, day after day, as a part of daily life, so much 
 music, and none of them have ever heard a better orchestra. 
 Many, of course, will profit by the industrial exhibits; but if 
 we set these, which were the primary considerations of the fair, 
 aside altogether, we have several educational results which 
 will affect the national life. 
 
 One of these may seem unimportant at the first glance. It 
 may be called education in the joyousness of life. It has been 
 remarked that the common American crowd lacks gayety; its 
 holiday assemblages are apt to be listless and weary. The art 
 of public enjoyment has not been cultivated. Our common 
 notion of a holiday is the sight of some spectacle, which usually 
 requires tiresome hours of waiting, and there is little personal 
 enjoyment. We are not much accustomed to holidays, and 
 they are usually wearying to flesh and spirit. At Jackson 
 Park the personal entertainment of the crowds was provided 
 for. There were not only beautiful sights everywhere, which 
 might not be repeated elsewhere, but there were means of en- 
 joyment which are almost everywhere attainable. People 
 lunched and dined, together in the open air, or in elevated and 
 airy restaiu-ants which commanded pleasant prospects, and gen- 
 erally with music, and usually good music. The hours thus 
 spent Avere not merely feeding-times but full of animation 
 and gayety. Dining or supping together in the open air, in 
 the midst of agreeable surroundings, Avith music, was a new 
 delight to thousands of untraveled visitors. And then there 
 was a band playing every day at twelve by the Administration 
 Building, and every evening at the time of the illuminations 
 and the kaleidoscope fantasies of the electric fountains; and 
 everywhere in the Midway, specially devoted to popular 
 amusements, could be heard the strange strumming and beat- 
 
72 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 ing of barbarous instrranents, the twanging of strings, and 
 the lingering beat of the darabnka drum, the waltz music of 
 Vienna, and the weird melodies of Hungary. There was, in 
 short, an air of festivity and gayety which could not but have 
 its effect upon the most prosaie crowd. It must,, perforce, get 
 some hints in the art of public enjoyment. 
 
 But there was another educational result more important, 
 and that was the kindling of j)atriotic feeling. Probably no 
 person, native or naturalized, saw the fair without new pride 
 in the fact that he was an American citizen, new pride in the 
 country that could create all this. And it was a reasonable 
 pride, tempered by comparison of the arts and industries of 
 the whole world, not the ignorant assumption of isolation. 
 The exhibitions of the varied products of the scA^eral States 
 gave an idea of the vast resources of the republic, and the ad- 
 ministrative ability and the power of the people for order and 
 organization. For it is a show made by the States and the 
 people. The Federal Congress has been a cold stepmother to 
 the enterprise. From the moment it was determined on the 
 national honor was involved in its success or failure. It is not 
 pleasant to remember that local jealousies and provincial de- 
 traction and apathy stood in the way of its success, and that 
 there was an unpatriotic prediction of its failure. It is un- 
 fortunate for the cities that regarded Chicago as a rival that 
 they cast upon it the odium of possible failure; for, as a con- 
 sequence, Chicago reaps the credit of success in the most cred- 
 itable national undertaking we have ever engaged in. To 
 seek to belittle the fair was to cast discredit upon American 
 genius and ability; to gibe at Chicago, which poured out its 
 money in an overflow like the Macmonnies Fountain, and 
 which has exhibited administrative ability and energy hitherto 
 unparalleled by any other community, to seek to put all the 
 responsibility upon her, was to make it inevitable that she has 
 the chief credit of the success, and occupies the foremost 
 rank among public-spirited cities. And yet the last word 
 must be that even the lavish energy and generosity of Chicago 
 would have been inadequate to this result but for the noble 
 response of the individual States and of foreign nations. 
 
CHAPTEK YII. 
 
 Observance of Connecticut Day — Official Delegation from the Nutmeg 
 State — Reception by Governor Morris — Distinguished Invited Guests 
 — Report of Formal Exercises. 
 
 The Exposition Calendar had for many months announced 
 the eleventh of October as " Connecticut Day '' — that date 
 having been selected by the Executive Manager, approved by 
 the State Board, and adopted by the Exposition Company's 
 special committee on ceremonies. 
 
 At a meeting of the Board of Managers, held at the State 
 Capitol in Hartford, June 19, 1893, it was voted that the 
 Boards of Managers and Lady Managers attend the exercises 
 at Jackson Park on Connecticut Bay, and Clinton B. Davis 
 was appointed a committee to arrange for railway transporta- 
 tion and for hotel accommodations while in Chicago. 
 
 It was arranged that the delegation should go by special 
 train, arriving in Chicago at 5 P. M., October 8th, and be quar- 
 tered at the Chicago Beach Hotel, a few blocks northerly 
 from the Exposition grounds. The visiting party consisted 
 of about ninety persons. It included Governor Morris and 
 the following members of his staff: Generals Bradley, 
 Harbison, Cassidy, Jamieson, Bishop, and Colonels Healey, 
 Morse, Andrews, Granger, Heublein, and Wood. 
 
 The Board of Managers was represented in the delegation 
 as follows: Messrs. Bead, Jarvis, Holcomb, Brown, Jones, 
 Kellogg, Holmes, Marlor, Boss, Sykes, Foster, and Hammond ; 
 the Board of Lady Managers by Miss Trowbridge, Miss Chap- 
 pell, Miss Brainard, Mrs. Alvord, Mrs. Knight, Mrs. Hubbard, 
 Mrs. Hammond, Miss Jones, Mrs. Gregory, Miss Skinner, and 
 6 (73) 
 
74 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Mrs. Johnson; and tlie State's National Commission by Miss 
 Ives and ]\Irs. Hinman. 
 
 Accompanying the party as invited guests were Mrs. Luzon 
 B. Moms, the Governor's Executive Secretary, Seymour C. 
 Loomis, and Mrs. Loomis, Miss Holcomb, Miss Dexter, Mrs. 
 Edward E. Bradley, Miss Bradley, Miss Russell, Judge Lynde 
 Harrison, Mrs. Harrison, and Miss Gertrude Harrison of ^ew 
 Haven ; Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin, Mrs. David M. Bead and Miss 
 Bead of Bridgeport; Miss Taylor of I^orwalk; Mrs. George 
 Sykes of Rockville; Colonel Charles M. Joslyn of Hartford; 
 Mrs. Batrick Cassidy of Norwich; Mrs. Charles S. Andrews 
 of Danbury; Bichard O. Cheney of South Manchester; Mrs. 
 Stephen W. Kellogg, Miss Kellogg, Mrs. I. C. White, Mrs. 
 George I. "White, Miss Carrie White, William AYhite, and 
 George White of Waterbury; Miss L. M. Looseley of !N'ew 
 London; O. H. K. Bisley and E. G. Hathaway of Willimantic; 
 Mrs. Bufus E. Holmes of West AYinsted; Jabez H. Alvord of 
 Winsted ; Mrs. Erank H. Ensign of Kingston, E". Y. ; Mr. and 
 Mrs. Borter S. Burrall of Lime Bock; Dr. George H. Knight 
 of Lakeville ; and the following from ^^Tew York city : Mr. and 
 Mrs. E. H. Baker, Mr. and Mrs. Duncan C. Chaplin, Miss 
 Margaret Middleton, and Mr. and Mrs. William H. Kenyon. 
 
 The preliminary observance of Connecticut Day was a re- 
 ception on the evening of October 10th. In consequence of 
 the limitations of room, admission was by card, which was in- 
 scribed as follows : 
 
 THE PLEASURE OF TOUE, COMPANY, WITH LADIES, 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY REQUESTED 
 
 AT THE 
 
 Connecticut State Building, 
 
 jackson park, 
 
 Tuesday Evening, October the Tenth, 
 
 FROM eight to TEN O'CLOCK 
 TO MEET 
 
 His Excellency, Luzon B. Morris, 
 governor of connecticut. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 75 
 
 Accompanying the inTitation was a second card, bearing 
 the following announcement : 
 
 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER THE ELEVENTH, BEING CON- 
 NECTICUT DAY, GOVERNOR MORRIS, IN THE PRESENCE 
 OF THE CONNECTICUT BOARD OF WORLD'S FAIR MANAG- 
 ERS AND LADY MANAGERS, WILL DELIVER AN ADDRESS 
 OF WELCOME AT THE CONNECTICT BUILDING, AND 
 WILL THEN HOLD A PUBLIC RECEPTION FROM TWO TO 
 FOUR o'clock. 
 
 The State Building was tastefully decorated for the occa- 
 sion with flags, bunting, and other suitable embellishment, 
 and when the hour for the reception arrived its various apart- 
 ments swarmed with a jubilant assemblage. It was another 
 instance when lights 
 
 " — shone o'er fair women and brave men." 
 
 Mrs. George H. Knight, President of the Board of Lady 
 Managers, received with Governor and Mrs. Morris, assisted by 
 Hon. David M. Read, chairman of the Executive Committee 
 of the Board of Managers. The ushers were the aids-de-camp 
 on the Governor's Staff — Colonels Wood, Heublein, Gran- 
 ger, and Andrews. Befreshments were served by the Wel- 
 lington Company. 
 
 The invitation list numbered about four hundred in addi- 
 tion to the Connecticut official delegation, and was designed 
 to include as fully as possible Connecticut visitors to the Ex- 
 position. It also embraced the members of the Chicago Soci- 
 ety of the Sons of Connecticut, numbering about one hundred, 
 who were duly marshaled under the leadership of the presi- 
 dent of the society, E. St. John, then general manager of the 
 Chicago, Bock Island & Pacific Bailway. 
 
 Among the Connecticut people who paid their respects to 
 the Governor on this occasion the following are recalled : Lieu- 
 tenant Boger Welles, Jr., of the l^avy, Major George W. 
 Baird of the Army, Leverett Brainard, William L. Matson, T. 
 Sedgwick Steele, and Captain D. G. Francis of Hartford;, 
 George W. Beach and E. C. Lewis of Waterbury ; Daniel ]^. 
 
76 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Morgan and Da^dd F. Read of Bridgeport; John S. Seymour 
 of I^orwalk; Frederick W. Holden of Ansonia; James D. 
 De well and N. D. Sperry of ]^ew Haven; John I. Hutchinson 
 of Essex, and C. J. York, ]^. B. Stevens, S. L. Alvord, Dr. H. 
 G. Provost, L. C. Strong, Lauren Smith, and Edward P. Jones 
 of Winsted. The reception was also attended by many foreign 
 and State Commissioners. 
 
 The first official observance of Connecticut Day proper 
 was at noon on the 11th. At that hour Governor Morris and 
 Staii and members of the Board of Managers and Lady Man- 
 agers, accompanied by a number of Connecticut visitors, as- 
 sembled at the Columbian Liberty Bell, near the Administra- 
 tion Building, sun'ounding it with a cordon of humanity, 
 while His Excellency rang it. A rope of red, white, and blue 
 was then attached to the tongue of the bell, which was rung 
 jointly by the members of the two official boards in commem- 
 oration of Connecticut's admission into the Union in 17Y6, 
 after which the rope was cut into short sections and distributed 
 among the assembled company as souvenirs of the memorable 
 event. 
 
 The public exercises of the day were held in the main hall 
 of the Connecticut Building in the early afternoon, a speakers' 
 platform having been built at the foot of the stairway. The 
 platform was occupied by Governor Morris, President of the 
 Board of Managers, Mrs. George H. Knight, President of the 
 Board of Lady Managers, Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker, mem- 
 ber of the Board of National Commissioners, the Rev. George 
 C. Woodruff of Litchfield, chaplain of the occasion, and the 
 Hon. David M. Read, chairman of the Executive Committee 
 of the Board of Managers, who officiated as master of cere- 
 monies. The members of the Governor's Staff had positions 
 on the broad stairway in the rear of the platform, and members 
 of the two boards were provided with seats in close proximity. 
 
 The opening feature of the exercises was an invocation by 
 Mr. Woodruff, followed by music by the " Sanford Girls' Or- 
 chestra " of New Haven, an organization specially engaged 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 77 
 
 for the occasion, which interspersed well-rendered selections 
 between the addresses that followed. The first address was 
 that of the presiding officer, who spoke as follows : 
 
 ADDRESS OF THE HON. DAVID M. READ. 
 
 In representing the Connecticut Commissioners, and more 
 particularly the Executive and Building Committees of our 
 board, I have thought it proper at this time to speak of the 
 peculiar condition which existed when the idea of having our 
 beloved State properly represented at the World's Columbian 
 Exposition was first conceived. Connecticut, always foremost 
 in the line of progress, was slowly solving the gubernatorial 
 problem. The Legislature of the State was at a standstill, and 
 no appropriation for a cause, however worthy, could be made. 
 Principles were at stake in the contest in the Genel-al Assem- 
 bly. The sisterhood of Connecticut was called upon from Chi- 
 cago. 'No legislation, and an appropriation needed at once. 
 Ex-G^overnor Bulkeley appealed to that patriotism which was 
 fighting for principles, and instantly from the private purses 
 of our blue-blooded Nutmeggers poured forth a contribution, 
 sufficient to at least inaugurate, and, if needed, complete, an 
 exhibit creditable to one of the noblest of the original States. 
 
 I would say that the Legislature subsequently appropri- 
 ated an amount adequate to liquidate all advancements and 
 expenditures. 
 
 A commission of thirty-two members, sixteen ladies and 
 sixteen gentlemen, was appointed, and from their number an 
 Executive and Building Committee. A design submitted by 
 Mr. Warren E. Briggs of our State, after the colonial style of 
 architecture, was selected as best representing sturdy Con- 
 necticut. Our choice is before you for judgment to-day. 
 
 Its furnishings are in perfect harmony, such as the Pilgrim 
 Fathers would enjoy; but, may I say, even the Pilgrim Fathers 
 could not have been more proud of the Pilgiini Mothers than 
 are the men commissioners of the lady commissioners, to whose 
 excellent judgment, taste, and diligence, under the leadership 
 of their talented president, the interior furnishings are due. 
 
78 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Our building is not the largest, nor are our furnishings the 
 most elaborate, but they represent Connecticut, and within is 
 a hearty Connecticut welcome to all her sons and daughters, 
 and those of her sister States. Thousands of her bone and 
 sinew have wandered away from home to develop the re- 
 sources of the newer States. We bid you all welcome to " Our 
 Miniature Home in the West." 
 
 I would here express the appreciation of the Committee of 
 the able and courteous services of our Executive Manager, 
 Mr. Joseph H. Yaill, to whom should, in a large measure, be 
 given the credit for the hospitable reputation which the Con- 
 necticut Building enjoys. 
 
 Regarding the money expended for our State, I will sim- 
 ply say that considering the time at our disposal, the amount 
 of the appropriation, and what was required to be accom- 
 plished, we feel quite well satisfied with ourselves, both from a 
 comparative and economical standpoint. 
 
 Our decorations in the "Woman's Building are, I presume, 
 sacred ground, to be spoken of only by the President of the 
 Ladies' Board, Mrs. Kate B. Knight. 
 
 Our agricultural and forestry exhibits and adjuncts, to- 
 bacco, cattle^ etc., have received the care of the committee 
 appointed for each particular branch of industry, and also the 
 assistance and consideration desired by their special promoters. 
 It is with pride and pleasure that we display the products of 
 our small ISTew England farms so near to those of our sister 
 States which supply the granaries of the world. Our manu- 
 facturers' exhibits, all due to private enterprise, have met 
 with praise and commendation, shomng that we still keep to 
 the front in what has won Connecticut her renown. It was 
 first proposed by some of our most enterprising Yankee manu- 
 facturers to ship out, say, a hundred or so cars of wooden hams 
 and a like quantity of wooden nutmegs, but fearing the com- 
 petition of Chicago hams, and knowing Chicagoans were par- 
 ticular about the flavor of their puddings and hot drinks, they 
 were persuaded to refrain. 
 
 In conclusion, I beg to say to our honored Chief Magis- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 79 
 
 trate that we wisK to thank hiin, also the other State officers, 
 and the whole people of Connecticnt, for their confidence and 
 support during our labors in endeavoring to wisely (of course) 
 spend their money. We wish to thank the officers of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition for theiir kind and courteous 
 treatment. We hope and trust our people may continue to 
 enjoy themselves in sightseeing until November 1st, and shall 
 expect to meet you all at the great World's Fair in Xew York 
 at the dawn of the next century, in the year of our Lord, 1900. 
 After a graceful introduction by the master of ceremonies, 
 the President of the Board of Lady Managers delivered an ad- 
 dress, in which she outlined the work of Connecticut women 
 in behalf of the Exposition. 
 
 ADDRESS OF MRS. GEORGE H. KNIGHT. 
 
 Ever since Congress recognized women as an important 
 factor in the success of this great World's Fair we have heard 
 very often that this was woman's opportunity; now was the 
 time to convince the world that her one talent had really al- 
 ways been ten, and to make sure that liberty and equality 
 should hereafter mean something besides sounding phrases for 
 her. But we found in Connecticut that this did not mean 
 emancipation, scarcely even opportunity for women. The men 
 who could secure and maintain the first free charter were not 
 made of the stuff which held women in bondage, and Con- 
 necticut women have not needed to wait for the Columbian 
 year, nor for an Act of Congress, to find their gifts recognized 
 and encouraged. 
 
 For various reasons we were somewhat late in making a 
 beginning, and when we found ourselves a full-fledged Board 
 of Managers we had something less than a year before us in 
 which to formulate and carry out definite methods of work. 
 
 From the first our watchword might tridy be said to haxe 
 been co-operation, not alone with each other as a Board of Man- 
 agers, but especially vdth the women of the ]!^ational Board at 
 headquarters, whose groundwork gave promise, even at that 
 
80 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR: 
 
 early day, of the wonderful reality wliicli all the world has 
 come to see, and stayed to praise. 
 
 We began this work by doing onr best to make it certain 
 that a resting place for little children would be established in 
 Jackson Park, becoming the first State to guarantee our share 
 of a fund, which had to be all pledged before permission could 
 be gained for the erection of the Children's Building, which 
 has proved itself both a rest and an inspiration to those who 
 have shared its benefits. 
 
 Xext, we decided to make it possible for every woman in 
 Connecticut to exhibit any work in which she excelled, by as- 
 suming for each one the entire expense of transportation and 
 maintenance of such exhibits during the period of the Fair. 
 We guaranteed everything but the acceptance of all work sent 
 out under our direction. 
 
 We also tried to bring within the reach of every Connecti- 
 cut woman of limited means an opportimity to visit the Ex- 
 position in a safe and reasonable way, by placing as many 
 shares as possible in the Woman's Dormitory; and here, too, 
 we led all the other States by being the first to dispose of the 
 amount of stock allotted us — an amount which was perhaps 
 more than doubled afterwards. 
 
 Our list of exhibits to the various departments is exceed- 
 ingly small. We did not begin early enough to secure much 
 work of the kind, which must be prepared mth great detail 
 and nicety, to compete with exhibitors who were professional, 
 nor did we need to depend upon the hand crafts to make a 
 place in the front ranks for the work of Connecticut women. 
 
 In literature our place was already assured, for besides the 
 works of Mrs. Sigourney, Rose Terry Cooke, and a host of 
 others, we had the wonderful book 
 
 ' ' Of her who world-wide entrance gave 
 To the log cabin of the slave ; " 
 
 and if it is true that '' the pen is mightier than the sword," then 
 we can justly claim that the women of Connecticut have done 
 more and better work than many regiments of soldiers; for 
 
COXNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gl 
 
 if ^ve had nothing besides the exhibit of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
 with its forty-two translations into other tongues, showing the 
 tribute which many lands have paid to this foremost Ameri- 
 can woman of genins, Connecticut could challenge every other 
 State, every other country even, to equal this example of 
 woman's work. 
 
 In making this exhibit of literature we secured as many 
 autograph copies of books from various authors as possible, 
 and in our collection are included many rare and curious things 
 which the five-minute limit of this report will not permit me 
 to describe. We confined ourselves entirely to collecting the 
 work of women born in Connecticut, real daughters of the 
 State; and as many of these had sown their work broadcast, 
 here a little, and there a little, in magazines and papers, never 
 gathering together within two covers this golden harvest of 
 profit and pleasure, we determined to honor these also by put- 
 ting something from as many as possible into the permanent 
 form of a book. The result is our " Selections from the Writ- 
 ings of Connecticut Women," most ably edited by Mrs.* J. G. 
 Gregory of ^orwalk, well printed and handsomely bound, 
 with both cover and frontispiece the design of a Connecticut 
 woman. In this instance, also, we stand alone as the only State 
 which has so honored her writers of short stories, and our Con- 
 necticut book has a place among the valuable and rare things 
 in the library of the Woman's Building, 
 
 Besides this exhibit of literature and the exhibit of Mrs. 
 Stowe's books, which stand by themselves in a cabinet, we have 
 contributed six carved panels of wood toward beautifying the 
 library, each one the work of a Connecticut woman, a number 
 equaled by but one other State; while we make one of the 
 three States which have decorated and furnished an entire 
 room in the Woman's Building. " The Connecticut Room," 
 which in design and workmanship stands easily in the front 
 ranks among so much that is artistic, is the production of a 
 young .N"ew Haven woman, Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, whose 
 faithful and beautiful work has brought not only deserved 
 
82 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 credit to herself, but also to the State which has the honor to 
 claim her, and especially to the "Woman's Board under whose 
 enconragenient the work was carried out. If I should enter 
 into the details of the statistics we gained from all over the 
 State, — statistics relating to woman's place in educational, 
 social, and religious movements, as well as her relations to 
 labor in various forms, I should never reach the furnishing of 
 this State Building, which was placed in our hands by the ex- 
 ecutive committee of the Men's Board. We did our best to 
 make a house of the olden time out of it. The decorators, the 
 Ripley Brothers of Hartford, brought not only careful study, 
 but also a keen sense of State pride to their work, even repro- 
 ducing in stencil the color and design of paper upon the walls 
 of certain rooms in our State, which had given hospitality to 
 Washington. 
 
 It may be of interest to know that everything used in the 
 building either came from Connecticut, or was manufactured 
 on the jDremises by Connecticut men. 
 
 An endless amount of hard and discriminating work went 
 into the collecting of the various loans and articles for furnish- 
 ing, — loans most cheerfully granted in spite of the distance 
 of transportation and chance of accident — and a history of 
 the contents of this house could carry us as deeply into the 
 public as into the familiar everyday life of early Connecticut. 
 
 We have Israel Putnam's gun here, as well as his portrait, 
 and a three-edged sword carried under Cromwell and through 
 our own Revolutionary War, hanging over a commission 
 signed by the last Colonial Governor. Our present Governor 
 and his Staff had luncheon earlier in the year from a table two 
 hundred years old. There is a counterpane upon the " high 
 poster " in one of the bedrooms one hundred and forty years 
 old, and bed-hangings one hundred and seventy-five, embroid- 
 ered in a stitch that we are copying in our own time. A warm- 
 ing pan makes us glad that our days are days of steam, and if 
 the old spinet here had an echo, we might hear once more the 
 music of an earlier and statelier time. The high-backed chairs^ 
 one of which has held everv President from Jackson to Grant, 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 33 
 
 inclusive, and in which the decision in the famous Dred Scott 
 was reached, prove to us over again, that the earlier settlers of 
 Connecticut had physical as well as mental backbone. The 
 tapestries upon the walls reproduced and loaned to us by the 
 Cheney Brothers of our own State, remind us that younger 
 sons did not always come portionless to the Colonies from their 
 English homes; and the writing desk, with its mysterious hid- 
 ing places, proves that the keeping of secrets is not a modern 
 accomplishment; while the dining-room, with its corner cup- 
 boards, blue china and pewter plates, its candlesticks, and-«t 
 irons, and old tankards, convinces us that there is abundant 
 reason for the tradition of that rare 'New England hospitality 
 which is known the world over. 
 
 All these things serve to make us feel a part of the past — 
 or they would if the pictures upon the w^alls did not let out 
 the secret of Connecticut's progress, and whisper to us that it 
 is largely to the manufacturers and business men of our State 
 that we have a State Building and a Woman's Board of Man- 
 agers, an outline of whose work I have tried to give. 
 
 It does not sound like much in the telling, but we brought 
 to its fulfillment the best we had. That which we carry away 
 will brighten the recollections of a lifetime. 
 
 The introduction of Governor Morris by the presiding offi- 
 cer was followed by a generous demonstration of applause on 
 the part of the assembled multitude. When it had subsided 
 Governor Morris delivered the following address of welcome: 
 
 ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR LUZON B. MORRIS. 
 
 It is with great pleasure that I welcome to this grand Ex- 
 position the sons and daughters of Connecticut. While our 
 State, in territory, is one of the smallest, yet its position and 
 importance among the States of the Union are in no sense pro- 
 portioned to her territorial limits. 
 
 It was among the earliest of the colonies to effect a perma- 
 nent settlement in the new world, after the discovery made by 
 Columbus. It took a leading part in the wars to subdue tlie 
 
84 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Indians when this countr}^ was first settled. It was represented 
 upon the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence 
 when oiir relations with Great Britain were such that war was 
 inevitable. It was well represented among the signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence. 
 
 In the war that followed, none of the colonies furnished 
 men and means more liberally in proportion to population than 
 Connecticut. After the war was over, and the people of the 
 colonies found it necessary to have a more substantial form of 
 government than there existed under the confederation, Con- 
 necticut took a leading part in the foundation of the constitu- 
 tion, which was ultimately adopted, and was among the first 
 five States to adopt the same. In all the wars for the main- 
 tenance of the Union which have since occurred, Connecticut, 
 in proportion to her population, has not been exceeded, in men 
 and means furnished, by any of the States. 
 
 But it would not be doing justice to the State to confine its 
 influence to those born within its borders. At an early period 
 in the existence of the colony, provision was made for the edu- 
 cation of her children. These provisions for education have 
 been enjoyed, not only by her own children, but by those from 
 other States and other countries. The reputation of her edu- 
 cational institutions has been, and now is such, that young men 
 are attracted there for the purposes of education and the in- 
 fluence which Connecticut, through her educational institu- 
 tions, has exerted upon this country, has not been equaled by 
 any of the States. 
 
 A comparative list of Senators, members of Congress, 
 judges, educators, and men devoted to the professions, who 
 have been educated in Connecticut, would show that no State 
 would equal her in this respect. One of the first, if not the 
 very first, law school in the United States was located in Con- 
 necticut, and was successfully maintained for many years. 
 
 In manufactured articles you will find Connecticut largely 
 represented in this exhibition. As an illustration of what her 
 sons have done in the line of inventions, we find from the 
 records of the patent office for the first hundred years of its ex- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. g5 
 
 istence — 1790 to 1890 — that 21,810 patents were granted 
 to citizens of Connecticut — a mncli larger ratio than to any 
 otlier State in the Union. 
 
 I cannot close my remarks without thanking, in behalf of 
 the State of Connecticut, the Board of World's Fair Managers, 
 including the Board of Lady Managers, for the faithful and 
 laborious work performed by them to make the fair a success, 
 so far as Connecticut is concerned. The variety of the work 
 done by them is too great to allow one to enter into details, 
 but everywhere are evidences of the forethought, discretion, 
 and good taste exercised by them. 
 
 The formal exercises bein^^ concluded, Mrs. Isabella 
 Beecher Hooker paid a fitting tribute to the work of women 
 in furthering the plans for the successful celebration of the 
 great event that had brought together at Jackson Park repre- 
 sentatives of the nations of the globe. The closing feature of 
 the day was a public reception by the Governor in the main 
 parlor of the State Building, which was attended by a large 
 number of people. 
 
CHAPTEK YIII. 
 
 Connecticut Collective Exhibits in Departments of Education, Agricul- 
 ture, Forestry, Minerals, Dairy Products, Live Stock, Leaf Tobacco, 
 and Colonial Relics. 
 
 In most instances the task of collecting and arranging 
 Connecticnt's collective exhibits, and that also of their super- 
 vision during the Exposition, was delegated to various indi- 
 viduals especially qualified for such service. The educational 
 exhibit was placed under the general supervision of Charles D. 
 Hine, secretary of the State Board of Education, who was 
 assisted by Samuel P. Willard of Colchester. The general 
 supervision of the agricultural exhibit was delegated to Theo- 
 dore S. Gold, secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who 
 called to his aid Professor Charles S. Phelps of the Storrs Agri- 
 cultural College. The exhibit of leaf tobacco was made a dis- 
 tinct feature, whose various details received special attention 
 from John B. Haas of Hartford, Seneca O. Glriswold of Po- 
 quonock, and H. S. Erye of Windsor. At the request of the 
 Board of Managers, the work of collecting and preparing speci- 
 mens for the forestry exhibit was imdertaken by Thomas R. 
 Pickering, a member of the board, who employed Horace E. 
 Walker of South Glastonbury to give attention to the details 
 of the exhibit. The management of the exhibit of dairy pro- 
 ducts devolved upon the State Dairymen's Association, which 
 was represented at the Exposition by Robert A. Potter of 
 Bristol and A. M. Bancroft of Rockville. Reports and data 
 relating to exhibits above named have been furnished by per- 
 sons superintending them, and are embodied herewith. The 
 following report was made by Samuel P. Willard: 
 
 (86) 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. §7 
 
 EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 " The Connecticut Educational Exhibit was situated in the 
 south gallery of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 
 east of the center. 
 
 It was not until about the first of Eebruary, 1893, that it 
 was definitely decided that space would be allowed to the state. 
 The space of 1,000 square feet then granted was soon cut down 
 to 900 square feet. In this space there could not be a large ex- 
 hibit, but it was attempted to show as far as the time for pre- 
 paration would allow: 
 
 1. Plans of teaching by subjects, showing the end or object 
 in view, on charts and by complete outlines in books prepared 
 by teachers. 
 
 2. Methods, apparatus, material, devices sho"wing means 
 used in teaching. 
 
 3. Books containing the work of children, showing the best 
 work done under the plan and with the means. 
 
 The exhibit would, therefore, show the best teaching and its 
 results. The most prominent part of it was the outlines fur- 
 nished by the different schools of the plans of teaching and 
 the methods used to attain these plans. It, was in this that 
 the Connecticut exhibit was unique. 
 
 The material was arranged by towns, rather than by sub- 
 jects, and was contributed almost entirely by the foUomng 
 places: I^ew Haven, Hartford, Willimantic, New Britain, 
 "Waterbury, Stamford, Torrington, Bristol, Colchester, Old 
 Saybrook, ISTorwich, Middletown, and Bridgeport. 
 
 In the plans and methods shown the correlation of the 
 studies was a marked feature. In reading there were primary 
 lessons based on science and on literature. There were lan- 
 guage lessons based on simple scientific phenomena, on litera- 
 ture, and on geography, while literature lessons made lessons 
 in language and in reading. Science lessons were made a basis 
 for reading lessons, language lessons, and also for dramng 
 and penmanship. 
 
 Erom the Middletown schools came very complete plans 
 for science work in all the gi*ades, and specimens from the 
 
88 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 scliool collection in zoology, botany, and mineralogy were 
 shown to indicate the material to put in the hands of the pupils 
 for their study. 
 
 In geography, history, and civil government very complete, 
 interesting, and intelligent plans were shoA\Ti, and enough 
 work by the pupils to illustrate the results that could be ob- 
 tained by f oUowi^ng these methods. 
 
 At the time this exhibit was collected no manual training 
 schools had been opened in Connecticut, and the exhibit was 
 in this department almost entirely wood work. 
 
 A set of models setting out a four-years' plan of work in a 
 somewhat modified course of sloyd was shown from one school. 
 Accompanying this were specimens of the pupils' work, and 
 the scale dra^^dng that they had made and which they followed 
 in their manual work. 
 
 From the Industrial School, Middletown, and from one or 
 two city schools, came samples of sewing and lace work. 
 
 Photographs accompanied the exhibits of the different 
 places. These photographs illustrated the different styles of 
 school architecture, shomng exterior and interior of school 
 buildings. The pictures of the olass-rooms were, for the most 
 part, selected to show the classes engaged in certain lessons; 
 those in the kindergarten to show the children engaged in 
 various occupations and games; those in the older classes to 
 show the children engaged in various exercises, as observation, 
 drawing, gymnastics, manual training, cooking, writing, his- 
 tory, and arithmetic. 
 
 There was shown a file of town and school reports covering 
 three years from the various towns in the state. 
 
 There was also a com])lete set of the works of the Honorable 
 Henry Barnard. This included : 
 
 (a) Official Reports of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Wiscon- 
 sin, Maryland, and as United States Commissioner of Educa- 
 tion. 
 
 (b) Volumes I to XXXI of American Joui-nal of Educa- 
 tion. _ * 
 
 (c) A complete set of his Library of Education, and 
 
>«i^l^ .^^' 
 

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 89 
 
 (d) Other publications, including tractates and treatises. 
 
 This sketch is necessarily brief. The exhibit lacked some 
 of the striking features that the products of the E'ormal Art 
 and Manual Training Schools gave to some of the other states. 
 In progressive methods, unhampered by precedent, founded 
 on sound pedagogical principles, and proved by practice, the 
 exhibit showed that the best Connecticut elementary schools 
 are second to none." 
 
 YALE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The exhibit made by Yale University consisted mainly of a 
 collection of photographic views of the various departments 
 of the university. It is due to Yale, as well as to the State 
 Board of Education, to say that both would have been more 
 effectively represented at the Exposition had it been possible 
 to secure ampler allotment of space. At the time their applica- 
 tions w^ere pending there came to the Chief of the Liberal 
 Arts Department an application from the German government 
 for 20,000 square feet of space in which to make an exhibit 
 of its public school system, and in order to accede, as far as 
 possible, to this large requirement American applicants were 
 asked to waive their claims to the utmost extent. This condi- 
 tion of affairs afforded an excellent opportunity for Connecti- 
 cut educators to make an exhibition of magnanimity, and there 
 was but comparatively small space left to them in which to 
 exhibit anything else. Eor nearly two hundred years, how- 
 ever, Yale has been exhibiting her alumni to the world — a 
 more effective display than though she had filled unlimited 
 space with minor details. Her exhibit included portraits of 
 many illustrious men from her long list of graduates — with- 
 out whom this world would have been poor indeed. 
 
 l^otwithstanding the fact that Connecticut is not one of the 
 notable agricultural states, her exhibit in. the department of 
 agriculture at the Exposition was unique and attractive. 
 "When it is known that the total cost of collecting, installing, 
 and maintaining this exhibit during a period of six months, 
 including the cost of the pavilion, was but little more than 
 "7 
 
90 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 $4,300 it must be conceded that the appropriation was ex- 
 pended to good purpose. During the greater part of the Ex- 
 position season the exhibit was under the careful and intel- 
 h'gent supervision of Martin Parker of South CoYentrj. The 
 report of Prof. Phelps which follows gives ample details of its 
 various features. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 The pavilion used for the collective agricultural exhibit 
 was designed by E. E. Benedict of AYaterbury, and was built 
 by Tracy Brothers of that city at a cost of $2,600. 
 
 As it was impossible to commence the work of collecting 
 the exhibit until late in the season of 1892, it was not possible 
 to obtain specimens of many of the crops of that year. In the 
 preparation of the exhibit the following spring the lack of 
 proper material for decorative purposes was especially felt. 
 This feature, however, was greatly improved as the season 
 of 1893 advanced by the utilization of grains in the straw, 
 grasses, and other materials of that year's crops. 
 
 An effort was made to have the exhibit of educational value 
 as far as possible. Some of the leading collections were : First, 
 an exhibit in glass cases of over one hundred and fifty vari- 
 eties of corn grown within the state, including field, pop, and 
 sweet corn. About one hundred of thesie were varieties of 
 field com, which were accompanied by analyses, kindly fur- 
 nished without expense by the Connecticut Agricultural Ex- 
 periment Station. 
 
 Second, a large case of leaf tobacco formed a conspicuous 
 part of the collective exhibit, in addition to the general ex- 
 hibit of tobacco, which was located in another part of the 
 building. As Connecticut is famous for the high quality of 
 her tobacco, this exhibit naturally attracted much attention. 
 
 Third, a collection of distinct species of grasses, neatly ar- 
 ranged in bunches, was an interesting feature. These were 
 grown and furnished by the Storrs Experiment Station. 
 
 Fourth, a collection of grains shown in bottles. 
 
 Eifth, exhibits of the leading vegetables grovm vdtliin the 
 

 *-s 
 
COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gi 
 
 state, wliicli were not of a perisliable character. These were 
 shown in their seasons from the crops of the year 1893. 
 
 Sixth, an attractive collection of views of farm buildings, 
 crops, and other farm scenes. These views were made by K. 
 T. Sheldon of AVinsted. 
 
 The special decorative features of the exhibit were a central 
 piece representing a wigwam about ten feet in diameter, made 
 of ears of corn; a large motto placed above the whole exhibit, 
 containing the sentiment, " Connecticut's Best Crop, Her Sons 
 and Daughters." This motto was the design, and largely the 
 work, of !Mrs. A. S. Parker of South Coventry. An arch near 
 one end contained the words " The Xutmeg State,'' and a 
 great variety of wreaths, festoons, etc., made from the heads 
 of oats, barley, and rye, covering the pillars and other parts 
 of the booth, added much to its beauty. These decorative 
 features added greatly to the attractiveness of the entire ex- 
 hibit, and those who saw it during the latter half of the season 
 offered many words of praise and commendation. Considering 
 the fact that Connecticut expended on her collective exhibit 
 only a small part of what most of the states used, it was gen- 
 erally thought that a very creditable showing was made. 
 
 FORESTRY EXHIBIT. 
 The general direction of collecting and preparing the State's 
 exhibit in the Forestry Department, as has been already said, 
 was delegated to llr. Pickering of the Board of ^Managers, 
 whose experience as special agent of the State at the Centennial 
 Exhibition of 1876 had given him the requisite qualifications 
 for the position. Mr. Pickering employed Horace P. "Walker 
 of South Glastonbury as his assistant, who obtained and pre- 
 pared for exhibition a fine collection of Connecticut woods, as 
 shown by the subjoined list. Mr. TTalker took the collection 
 to the Exposition and installed it with no little care. The total 
 cost of this exhibit, including transportation and installation, 
 was $1,100. Its daily supervision and care during the Exposi- 
 tion fell to the lot of "William J. Poster, one of the clerks at the 
 
92 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Connecticut State Building. At tlie close of the Exposition 
 the collection was given to tlie Storrs Agricultural College by 
 tlie Board of Managers. 
 
 SPECIMENS IN THE CONNECTICUT FORESTRY EXHIBIT. 
 
 Quercus Prinus, . 
 
 Quercus bicolor, . 
 
 Quercus palustris, 
 
 Quercus illicifolia, 
 
 Quercus rubra, 
 
 Quercus coccinea,. 
 
 Quercus coccinea, var. tiuctoria 
 
 Quercus aquatica, 
 
 Quercus alba, 
 
 Castanea sativa, . 
 
 Fagus ferruginea, 
 
 Carpinus Caroliniana, 
 
 Ostrya Yirginica, 
 
 Betula papyracea, 
 
 Betula populifolia, 
 
 Betula nigra, 
 
 Bet-ula lenta, 
 
 Betula lutea, 
 
 Alnus incana, 
 
 Alnus serrulata, . 
 
 Salix alba, . 
 
 Salix longifolia, . 
 
 Salix purpurea, . 
 
 Salix nigra, . 
 
 Populus balsamifera, 
 
 Populus balsamifera, var. candicans, 
 
 Populus monilifera, 
 
 Populus tremuloides, 
 
 Populus grandidentata, 
 
 Populus, 
 
 Pinus strobus, 
 
 Pinus rigida, 
 
 Picea nigra, . 
 
 Picea alba, . 
 
 Abies excelsa, 
 
 Thuja Canadensis, 
 
 CliamcEcyparis sphceroides, 
 
 Juniperus Virginiana, 
 
 Juniperus communis, 
 
 Larix Americana, 
 
 Tilia Americana, 
 
 Chestnut oak. 
 
 Swamp white oak. 
 
 Swamp Spanish or pin oak. 
 
 Bear or black scrub oak. 
 
 Red oak. 
 
 Scarlet oak. 
 
 Black oak, quercitron. 
 
 Water oak. 
 
 White oak. 
 
 Chestnut. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Hornbeam, blue beech. 
 
 Hop-hornbeam, iron wood. 
 
 Paper or canoe birch. 
 
 White birch. 
 
 River or red birch. 
 
 Sweet or black birch. 
 
 Yellow birch. 
 
 Speckled or hoary alder. 
 
 Black or tag alder. 
 
 White willow. 
 
 Long-leaved willow. 
 
 Purple willow. 
 
 Black or pussy willow. 
 
 Balsam poplar. 
 
 Balm of Gilead. 
 
 Cotton wood. 
 
 Aspen. 
 
 Poplar. 
 
 Lombardy poplar. 
 
 White pine. 
 
 Pitch pine. 
 
 Black spruce. 
 
 White spruce. 
 
 Norway spruce. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 White cedar. 
 
 Red cedar. 
 
 Juniper, umbrella tree. 
 
 Tamarack, American larch. 
 
 Mountain bass wood. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 93 
 
 Tilia Europsea, 
 Liriodendron tulipifera, 
 Tilia Americana, . 
 Rhus typhina, 
 Acer saccharinum, 
 Acer saccharinum, var, 
 Acer rubrum, 
 Acer dasycarpum, 
 Robinia pseudacacia, 
 Prunus Americana, 
 Prunus cerasus, . 
 Prunus cerasus, var. 
 Prunus serotina, . 
 Prunus Virginiana, 
 Crataegus coccinea, 
 Crataegus crus-galli, 
 Pyrus malus, 
 Pyrus communis, . 
 Amelanchier Canadensis 
 Hamamelis Virginica 
 Cornus florida, 
 Cornus stolonifera, 
 Nyssa sylvatica, . 
 Yaccinium corymbosum, 
 Gaylussacia resinosa, 
 Kalmia latifolia, . 
 Fraxinus Americana, 
 Fraxinus sambucifolia 
 Sassafras officinale. 
 Benzoin odoriferum, 
 Ulmus fulva, 
 Ulmus Americana, 
 Ulmus racemosa, . 
 Morus alba, . 
 Morus rubra, 
 Platanus occidentalis, 
 Juglans cinerea, . 
 Juglans nigra, 
 Carya tomentosa, 
 Carya alba, . 
 Carya porcina, 
 Carya amara, 
 
 River basswood. 
 
 Tulip tree, whitewood. 
 
 Basswood, linden. 
 
 Staghorn sumach. 
 
 Sugar maple. 
 
 Curled or birdseye maple. 
 
 Red or swamp maple. 
 
 White or silver maple. 
 
 Locust. 
 
 Wild yellow or red plum. 
 
 Red garden cherry. 
 
 White garden cherry. 
 
 Wild black cherry. 
 
 Choke cherry. 
 
 Scarlet-fruited thorn. 
 
 Cockspur thorn. 
 
 Apple. 
 
 Pear. 
 
 Shad bush, June berry. 
 
 Witch hazel. 
 
 Flowering dogwood. 
 
 Red dogwood, sweet osier. 
 
 Pepperidge. 
 
 Swamp blueberry. 
 
 Black huckleberry. 
 
 Mountain laurel. 
 
 White ash. 
 
 Black ash. 
 
 Sassafras. 
 
 Spice-bush. 
 
 Red or slippery elm. 
 
 White or American elm. 
 
 Cork or rock elm. 
 
 White mulberry. 
 
 Black or red mulberry. 
 
 Sycamore, button ball. 
 
 Butternut. 
 
 Black walnut. 
 
 White heart hickory. 
 
 Shell bark hickory. 
 
 Pig nut hickory. 
 
 Bitter nut, swamp hickory. 
 
 Aside from its regular exhibit in tlie Forestry Department, 
 Connecticut furnislied six pillars for tlie Forestry Building. 
 These were tree trunks twenty-five feet long, the choicest speci- 
 mens that could be found in the " mountain county '' of the 
 
94 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 state. Three were contributed from Cornwall, as follows : 
 White pine by John E. Calhoun ; white wood, or tulip tree, by 
 Eiles Scoville; and white oak by T. S. Gold. E^orth Canaan 
 also' contributed three : A chestnut by Burton A. Pierce, and 
 white oak and hickory by Samuel A. Eddy.* They were sent to 
 Cliicago during the summer of 1892 by special cars, great care 
 having been taken in felling and loading them that their barks 
 might not be marred. 
 
 MINERAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 Connecticut is rich in her mineral deposits — richer by far 
 than was shown by her collective exhibit in the Department of 
 Mines and Mining at the Exposition. This is explained by the 
 statement that not until January, 1893, was it decided that 
 the state would make an exhibit in this department. The sub- 
 ject of a collective mineral exhibit was first brought to the at- 
 tention of the Board of Managers by its newly-appointed ex- 
 ecutive manager at their meeting held January 7, 1893, and 
 in response to his suggestions, the following action was taken 
 by the Board, as shown by the official minutes : 
 
 " On motion, duly seconded, it was voted that the matter in 
 reference to the exhibit for the Mining Department of the dif- 
 ferent quarries of the state be referred to the executive man- 
 ager, with full power to act upon the same." 
 
 Acting under the authority above quoted, the executive man- 
 ager communicated with the proprietors of forty-one quarries 
 in various parts of the state, with the view of obtaining a 
 " technical exhibit " of building stones of Connecticut, includ- 
 ing granites, limestones, sandstones, and marbles — such a 
 display being specially urged by the chief of Mining Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 The time was too short, however, to secure as many speci- 
 mens as hoped for. In due time specimens were received from 
 twelve quarries, as follows : 
 
 Charles O. Wolcott, Buckland, 4 and 6-incli cubes, Red Sandstone. 
 Shaler & Hall Quarry Co., Portland, 4, 6, and 12-inch cubes, Brown 
 Sandstone. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 95 
 
 Millstone Granite Co., Niantic, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Granite. 
 
 Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle Granite Co., New London, 4 and 6-inch 
 cubes, Granite. 
 
 Plymouth Quarry Co., Thomaston, 6-inch cube. Granite. 
 
 R. I. Crissey, Norfolk, 4 and 6-inch cubes. Granite. 
 
 New England Brownstone Co., Cromwell, 4, 6, and 12-inch cubes, 
 Brown Sandstone. 
 
 Stony Creek Red Granite Co., Stony Creek, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Red 
 Granite. 
 
 S. Holdsworth, Stony Creek, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Gray Granite. 
 
 N. Bolles & Son, New Preston, 6-inch cube. Granite. 
 
 Garvey Bros., Sterling, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Granite. 
 
 H. C. Burnham, Hadlyme, 4 and 6inch cubes, Granite. 
 
 This " teclinical exliibit '' was duly installed in the east gal- 
 lery of the Department of Mines and Mining at the Exposition, 
 and at its close was donated to the Field Columbian Museum 
 in Chicago, by special permission of the individual contrib- 
 utors. 
 
 In addition to the building-stone exhibit there was a fine dis- 
 play of burnt limestone, under glass, made by the Canaan Lime 
 Company, of l^orth Canaan, and an attractive collection of 
 beryls, garnets, tourmaline, feldspar, and mica from the quar- 
 ries of S. L. "Wilson of ISTew Milford. Mr. Wilson's display of 
 beryl and garnet gems was exquisite. The beryls were of 
 various shades — golden, aquamarine, blue, canary, and light 
 green — and were so much admired by the chief of the depart- 
 ment, F. J. Y. Skiff, that he solicited specimens as souvenirs 
 of Connecticut's mineral attractions. Mr. Skiff was given per- 
 mission to make such selection as he desired, upon which golden 
 and aquamarine beryls were chosen, which, ere this, have 
 doubtless found appropriate and effective setting. In this 
 collection were upwards of a hundred gems, which had been 
 exquisitely cut by Tiffany & Co., of 'Ne^Y York. 
 
 DAIRY EXHIBIT. 
 
 It was not a light task to make a competitive exhibit of Con- 
 necticut dairy products at the World's Fair, especially for its 
 July exhibit, in the height of summer heat and at a distance 
 of nearly a thousand miles from home. Yankee energy entered 
 
96 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 the contest with, resoluteness, however, and came ont of it with 
 merited honors. 
 
 The July exhibit of butter was made under the direction of 
 A. ]\I. Bancroft of Eockrille, and the October exhibit was 
 superintended by Eobert A. Potter, who were selected bv the 
 Connecticut Dairymen's Association to represent them. There 
 were forty-eight entries of butter, of which thirty-six were from 
 co-operative creameries. Of the latter the average scoring was 
 ninety-four points, entries from sixteen of them scoring over 
 ninety-five points. State pride is fully justified by the fact that 
 the co-operative creameries of Connecticut made a higher 
 record than those of any other state. 
 
 BUTTEK. 
 
 Ellington Creamery, Ellington. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 95 ; Class 3, 
 
 score 94. October exhibit : Class 5, score, 96 ; Class 3, score, 96. 
 Windsor Creamery, Windsor. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 96 ; Class 3, 
 
 score 98. 
 Wapping Creamery, Wapping. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 90 ; Class 3, 
 
 score, 94^. October exhibit : Class 5, score, 94 ; Class 3, score, 94^. 
 Lebanon Creamery, Lebanon. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 96^ ; Class 3, 
 
 score, 96^. October exhibit : Class 5, score, 96 ; Class 3, score, 96^. 
 Glastonbury Creamery, Glastonbury. — July exhibit: Class 5, score 96^; 
 
 Class 3, score, 97. 
 WetJiersJield Creamery, Wether sfield. — July exhibit: Class 5, score, 93. 
 
 October exhibit : Class 5, score, 93^ ; Class 3, score, 95. 
 Andover Creamery, Andover. — July exhibit: Class 5, score, 86; Class 3, 
 
 score, 93. October exhibit : Class 5, score 88 ; Class 3, score, 95. 
 CromiDell Creamery, Cromwell. — July Exhibit : Class 5, score, 96. October 
 
 exhibit ; Class 5, score, 89. 
 Canton Creamery, Canton. — July exhibit: Class 5, score, 92. October 
 
 exhibit : Class 5, score, 91 ; Class 3, score, 93. 
 BrooTdyn Creamery, Brooklyn. — July exhibit : Class 5, score 92. 
 Eastford Creamery, Eastford. — October exhibit: Class 5, score, 93 ; Class 
 
 3, score, 93i. 
 Vernon Creamery, Rockville. — October exhibit : Class 5, score, 94. 
 E. Stevens Henry, Private Dairy, Rockville. — October exhibit: Class 5, 
 
 score, 94. 
 Plainville Creamery, Plainville. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 93^. Octo- 
 ber exhibit : Class 5, score, 94 ; Class 3, score, 96^. 
 iV^. S. Stevens cfc Co., Proprietary Creamery, East Canaan. — July Exhibit: 
 
 Class 4, score, 92 : Class 3 (damaged), score, 79. 
 George A. Miner, Private Dairy, Bristol. — October exhibit : Class 1, score, 
 
 92 ; Class 3, score, 97. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 97 
 
 George E. Morse, Private Dairy, Cheshire. — October exhibit: Class 1, 
 
 Score, 93. 
 H. A. Huntington, Private Dairy, Eigganum. — October exhibit: Class 1^ 
 
 score, 93|-, 
 Mrs. Fairclough, Private Dairy, Wolcott. — October exhibit : Class 1, score^ 
 
 91. 
 Silas A. Gridley, Private Dairy, Terry ville. — October exhibit: Class 1^ 
 
 score, 94. 
 Henry Avery, Private Dairy, Talcottville. — October exhibit: Class 1, 
 
 score, 94. 
 Mrs. G. F. Douglass, Private Dairy, New Hartford. — October exhibit : 
 
 Class 2, score, 90. 
 
 OHEESE. 
 
 Horace Sabin, Pomfret. — July exhibit : Class 8, score, 86; Class 8, score,. 
 
 93. 
 N. S. Stevens & Co., East Canaan. — July exhibit : Class 2, score, 91. 
 Mrs. F. B. Chaffee, Woodstock. — Su\j exhibit : Class 8, score, 94. 
 Mrs. G. B. Stearns, Andover. — July exhibit: Class 8, score, 87; Class 8,. 
 
 score, 86. 
 Scotland Dairy Co., Scotland. — July exhibit: Class 4, score, 89. 
 Edward Norton, Goshen. — July exhibit : Class 9 (pineapple cheese), score,. 
 
 96. 
 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 An effort was made bj the executive officers of tlie Board 
 of Managers to secure entries of live stock at tlie Exposition, 
 especiallj from the choice herds of milk producers with which 
 Connecticut abounds, but without avail, the great distance and 
 the inevitable trouble and expense being barriers to the under- 
 taking. In the competitive dairy herd test the American Jer- 
 sey Cattle Club selected the Baroness Argyle, 40,498, o^^nied 
 by Hon. E. Stevens Henry of Rockville, as one of the twenty- 
 five Jersey cows for that contest. She stood 'No. 4 in the gen- 
 eral sweepstakes, embracing all the different tests, with credited 
 butter product of 250,65 pounds of butter in 120 consecutive 
 days. The Baroness was the leading cow during the first forty 
 days of the ninety-days' test, with a credited butter product of 
 91.15 pounds. She would doubtless have maintained her 
 position at the head of the list had not the extreme heat during 
 the test affected her condition adversely for a few days. 
 
 The only other entries of live stock from Connecticut were 
 those of working oxen. These were selected by a committee 
 
^8 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 appointed by the State Board of Agriculture, namely, Messrs. 
 William G-. French, Charles W. Lee, and Augustus Hamilton. 
 Under the rules they were to be shown imder yoke, without 
 regard to age or breeding. The committee made selection of 
 four pairs, which were taken to the Exposition in October, 
 under charge of Mr. Hamilton and E. W. Lyon. The com- 
 petitive exhibition was held in the live stock pavilion, each pair 
 heing put to the test of strength, and to that also of general 
 working qualities. The exhibition was witnessed by Hon. 
 William I. Buchanan, chief of the Agricultural Depai-tment, 
 who seemed much impressed by the intelligence shown by the 
 faithful workers, as well as by their great strength, and by the 
 careful training they evinced. Among the contestants was a 
 pair of Devons, seven years old, owned by Hon. David Strong 
 of Winsted. They not only surpassed all of their competitors 
 in drawing loads of stone, and in other working tests, but were 
 almost as closely matched as two blades of grass, or the pro- 
 verbial two peas. Awards were given for the Connecticut 
 working oxen exhibit as follows: 
 
 1st prize, $50 and medal, ... David Strong, Winsted. 
 
 ^d prize, $40 and medal, . . . Jno. Ferris, Stamford. 
 
 3d prize, $30 and medal, . . . Granger Bros., Broad Brook. 
 
 4th prize, $20 and medal, . . . E. W. Lyon, Nortlifield. 
 
 The pair exhibited by Mr. Lyon were grade Devons, and 
 were not only admirable working oxen, but were trained 
 to do many interesting and laughable tricks, and would have 
 been creditable performers in a vaudeville entertainment. 
 
 LEAF TOBACCO EXHIBIT. 
 
 Connecticut's position as a gi-ower of leaf tobacco was very 
 much in evidence at the World's Pair. A collective exhibit was 
 undertaken under the direction of the ^ew England Tobacco 
 Growers' Association, to which one hundred and thirty-eight 
 Connecticut farmers contributed five hundred and seventy-one 
 samples. A showcase in the state's agricultural pa^dlion con- 
 tained seventy-eight samples from nineteen toAvns. Three hun- 
 dred samples were packed away in drawers in the Agricultural 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 99 
 
 Pavilion for examination by practical tobacco men and by 
 members of the jury of award. In connection with the tobacco 
 exhibit in the Agricultural Department of the Grovemment 
 Building there were twenty-six samples of Connecticut to- 
 bacco. In the Connecticut collective tobacco exhibit in the 
 gallery of the Agricultural Building there were five hundred 
 and forty-five samples in its two showcases and in bulk. This 
 exhibit was effectively displayed, each sample bearing the 
 name and residence of the grower. Its fine appearance re- 
 flected credit upon H. S. Frye, president of the Tobacco 
 Growers' Association, who superintended the work of arrange- 
 ment in its various details. 
 
 COLONIAL RELICS. 
 
 A collective exhibit of Connecticut colonial relics was made 
 in the Government Building under the direction of Miss Fran- 
 ces S. Ives of 'New Haven, member of Board of I^ational Com- 
 missioners for Connecticut. An appropriation of $800 was 
 Toted by the Board of Managers to defray the expense of the 
 collection of articles for this exhibit, but less than half the 
 .amount was required, $480 being returned to the treasury by 
 Miss Ives. 
 
 It was found that many owners of colonial relics were loath 
 to surrender them, through fear of loss or damage by fire or 
 -accident, so that the collection was not as large as hoped for. 
 Among other relics much desired for this exhibit was the fa- 
 mous Connecticut charter granted by Charles II to the Con- 
 necticut Colony in 1662, but the state's Magna Charta is too 
 precious a document to entrust away from its quiet resting- 
 place in the Capitol — so evidently thought the Legislature of 
 1893, regardless of promises of watchful guardianship and safe 
 Teturn. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Review of Notable Connecticut Exhibits, with Illustrations — Yankee In- 
 ventions — Silverware — Watches and Clocks — Machinery — Thread 
 
 — Bicycles — Carriages — Fine Arts — Live-stock — Butter and Cheese 
 
 — Large variety of Woods — Curious Antiques. 
 
 It is not practicable to undertake to give in tbis volume ex- 
 tended sketches of individual exhibits made at tbe World's 
 Fair from Connecticut. How could justice be done in limited 
 space to tbe large number of Connecticut exhibitors wbo merit 
 special recognition — there were about one hundred and 
 twenty-five of them, all told — when an adequate description 
 of some of the more notable ones would require an entire chap- 
 ter? In this latter category were exhibits of the Willimantic 
 Linen Company, The Cheney Silk "Works, Pope Manufactur- 
 ing Company, Meriden Britannia Company, Waterbury 
 Watch Company, Pratt &: Whitney Company, Randolph & 
 Clowes, the Russell & Erwin and Billings & Spencer Com- 
 panies. The most that can be done with reference to even the 
 more notable exhibits is to barely mention them, and let the 
 camera do the rest. 
 
 Prom February to July, 1894, the ^ew England Magazine^ 
 of Boston, published a series of sketches, written by the ex- 
 ecutive officers of the World's Pair Boards of the several Xew 
 England States, which were designed to pass in review the 
 more notable features of the exhibits of each state. The sketch 
 of " Connecticut at the World's Pair," which appeared in the 
 July number, refers to so many of the more prominent ex- 
 hibits from this state that the entire sketch is reprinted here^ 
 by permission of the publisher of the magazine. Indulgence 
 will be hoped for if the reader discovers that some features in 
 this sketch have appeared elsewhere in this volume. It seems 
 fitting that the sketch should find a lodgment within these 
 covers as a part of the story of Connecticut's participation in 
 the great Columbian Exposition of 1893.. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. IQI 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 {Beprinted from New England Magazine of July, 1S9U.) 
 
 The ingeniiitj of the Connecticut Yankee is conceded 
 wherever he is intimately kno^vn. It requires some stretch 
 of the imagination to accept the story of the Connecticut manu- 
 facturer who made his surplus shoe pegs serve for oats. The 
 old-time legend of Connecticut wooden nutmegs may or may 
 not have contained grains of truth; it is a fact that when the 
 ITational Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic 
 was held in Boston, in 1890, a Connecticut peddler of wooden 
 nutmeg souvenirs, upon finding that his stock was running low, 
 bought a quantity of genuine nutmegs, and after equipping 
 them with rings and ribbons palmed them off by the hundred 
 as imitations, at a quarter apiece ! The inventive characteris- 
 tics of the Yankee boy were aptly told by the Rev. John Pier- 
 pont, in his poem delivered at the Litchfield county centennial 
 celebration, in 1851: 
 
 " Thus by his genius and his jack-knife driven, 
 Ere long he'll solve you any problem given; 
 Make any gimcrack, musical or mute, — 
 A plow, a coach, an organ, or a flute; 
 Make you a locomotive or a clock, 
 Cut a canal, or build a floating dock, 
 Or lead forth Beauty from a marble block; 
 Make anything, in short, for sea or shore. 
 From a child's rattle to a seventy-four. 
 Make it, said I? Ay, when he undertakes it, 
 He'll make the thing, and the machine that makes it; 
 And, when the thing is made, — whether it be 
 To move on earth, in air, or on the sea, 
 Whether on water, o'er the waves to glide. 
 Or, upon land, to roll, revolve, or slide, 
 Whether to whirl or jar, to strike or ring, 
 Whether it be a piston or a spring. 
 Wheel, pulley, tube sonorous, wood or brass, — 
 The thing designed shall surely come to pass; 
 For, when his hand's upon it, you may know 
 That there's go in it, and he'll make it go." 
 
 In Connecticut, as elsewhere, the boy is father of the man, 
 Prom the elderwood popgun of the Yankee boy to the Gatlin 
 of the Yankee inventor is a long stride, but one may with good 
 reason regard the latter as in lineal descent from the former. 
 From the crude horse-pistol of other days has been evolved 
 
102 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 tlie complex Colt's revolver of onr own time, with all its vary- 
 ing kin. There are many intermediate steps between the 
 primitive looms on which onr grandmothers wove prosaic plaids 
 and the intricate machinery which now produces silken poems 
 in fabrics woven at the Cheney mills, with colors that would 
 delight the eye of Titian, but the evolutionary steps are well 
 defined to him who has studied them. 
 
 As he who has a good story likes to tell it, so he who has 
 a good thing likes to show it, especially upon an auspicious oc- 
 casion. It should not be taken for granted, however, credit- 
 able as was Connecticut's display at the World's Fair, that 
 she Avas there ^^ for all she was worth." Less than forty-five 
 per cent, of intending exhibitors from Connecticut accepted 
 the allotment of space offered to them in the various depart- 
 ments, — the principal reason being that many allotments 
 were made at so late a day as to allow inadequate time for the 
 proper installation of exhibits. 
 
 aSTotwithstanding the large percentage of intending exhibit- 
 ors who failed to put in an appearance, Connecticut was not 
 without an excellent representation at the Exposition. Of 
 about one hundred and thirty applicants for space in the De- 
 partment of Manufactures, sixty were reported in the official 
 directory as exhibitors. It is impossible here to make indi\dd- 
 ual mention of but a small fraction of the whole number. 
 
 The most conspicuous Connecticut exhibit in this depart- 
 ment was the Meriden Britannia Company's superb pavilion 
 and exquisite display of silverware. The pavilion was of rich, 
 dark mahogany; and when its cost is known as upwards of 
 twenty thousand dollars, some idea may be obtained of the 
 setting pro^dded for the beautiful exhibit of the company's 
 wares. Its location was on Columbia Avenue, near the center 
 of the building, — a position to which it was entitled by virtue 
 of its unsurpassed excellence. 
 
 In the same class were exhibits by the Holmes & Edwards 
 Silver Company of Bridgeport ; the Wm. Rogers Manufactur- 
 ing Company of Hartford; Simpson, Hall, Miller & Company 
 of Wallingford; the Rogers & Brothers of Waterbury. Con- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. iQg 
 
 necticut lias long been noted for its superiority of manufact- 
 ures of this class, and its best known representatives were tliere. 
 
 Famous as Connecticut is for her clocks, with which for 
 more than a hundred years she has compelled the civilized 
 world to take note of passing time, it may seem strange that 
 but one exhibit was made of them, that of the Ansonia Clock 
 Company. Their absence may be attributed to their inability 
 to secure adequate space. But Connecticut time-keepers were 
 in abundance, in the shape of Waterbury watches. It must 
 have surprised visitors, especially those who only remembered 
 the earlier product of this company, to see what an advance 
 has been made in them. A dozen years ago, though they were 
 always good timekeepers, their chief mission seemed to be to 
 furnish a text for newspaper humorists: the jokes about their 
 long winding were numberless. !N^ow they are wound in five 
 seconds, and not only in appearance but in timekeeping quali- 
 ties they rival their more pretentious cousins from Geneva, 
 Waltham, and Elgin. This company also exhibited what 
 proved to be one of the wonders of the Fair, — the Century 
 Clock. Its cost was sixty thousand dollars, its construction re- 
 quiring twelve years' time; and its mechanism is said to surpass 
 that of all the famous clocks of the past. 
 
 To whatever section of the Manufacturers' Department the 
 visitor was drawn in which Connecticut exhibits were shown, 
 it is not overstating the case to say they were found to be of 
 high standard and in greatest variety; writing machines, cur- 
 tain fixtures, household furniture, bronze monuments, lace 
 thread work, silk thread and fabrics, cotton and woolen fabrics, 
 carpets, hosiery, pins and thimbles, gun implements and am- 
 munition, firearms (long and short), lighting apparatus, paints^ 
 hardware specialties, pocket cutlery, carpenter's tools, copper- 
 ware, rubber goods, — these so abounded as to show that Con- 
 necticut could stock a new world, could another be found, in 
 business or housekeeping. 
 
 In the Department of Machinery, in which there were up- 
 wards of fifty applications for space from Connecticut manu- 
 facturers, the official directory shows the names of only about 
 
104 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 half that number. It is the same old story of lack of space, 
 and delay in making allotment of such space as was granted. 
 The outside world can never fully know of the dilemma in 
 which chiefs of departments found themselves, or of their ef- 
 forts to provide space for exhibitors. As early as July 1, 
 1892, it was discovered that -Qye times as much space had been 
 applied for as was at the disposal of the various department 
 chiefs. In the Mechanic Arts Building, large as was the space 
 for exhibits, it may well be doubted if any applicant secured 
 the area desired, while many were unable to secure any. The 
 rule was, evidently, to grant the least possible space in which 
 it was thought the applicant could install his exhibit; and un- 
 less there was reason to believe that the exhibit offered would 
 be specially meritorious, to grant none at all. The first appli- 
 cation for space in this department from Connecticut was that 
 of A. D. Quint of Hartford, for a drill press. 'No allotment 
 had been made to him up to February, when the writer made 
 a personal appeal in his behalf. The chief said he had appli- 
 cations for space for such exhibits which would cover acres 
 of his floor, and he had no room for them. " But Mr. Quint 
 says his press will do what no other drill press in the world can 
 do," was the reply. That settled it. Four feet of space, was 
 found for it. It was enough to enable the exhibitor to fully 
 establish the claim made for his invention. 
 
 Among the more notable exhibits from Connecticut in this 
 department were those of the Willimantic Linen Company, 
 of cotton thread machinery, always attracting many visitors 
 by its marvelous mechanism; wire-stitching machines of R. 
 H. Brown & Co. of New Haven, book-sewing machines of the 
 Smyth Manufacturing Company, and the Thome typesetting 
 machine of Hartford. Exhibits of the Pratt & Whitney and 
 Billings & Spencer Companies of Hartford, Peck, Stow & 
 Wilcox Company of Southington, and others of the same 
 general class, were chiefly interesting to those who were famil- 
 iar with the work for which they were designed. 
 
 It was a good place in which to make good things known. 
 The Hendey Machine Company of Torrington had, among 
 
COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 105 
 
 other exhibits, one of their improved iron-working lathes. A 
 German visitor inspected it, and was evidently interested in it, 
 thongh he conldn't speak English, and the attendant couldn't 
 speak German. Again and again he came on his en*and of 
 inspection, at length bringing with him an interpreter. 
 Finally, he gave his order for one, to be shipped to Germany; 
 and multiphdng orders for them are in most instances traced 
 to the exhibit at the Fair. 
 
 The most ponderous Connecticut exhibit in the ]Machinery 
 Department was that of the Yale & Towne Manufacturing 
 Company of Stamford, — an ^^ electric traveler " which ran on 
 an overhead track of its own, the entire length of the building. 
 This was one of the indispensable landmarks in service during 
 the installation of heavy exhibits. TTith its chains and blocks 
 it would lift from freight cars the heavy parts of machinery, 
 no matter of how many tons' weight, and move away with 
 them as though they were but playthings. 
 
 The most notable exhibit from Connecticut in the Trans- 
 portation Department was that of the Pope ]\Ianufacturing 
 Company of Hartford. The official catalogue contained en- 
 tries of thirty-six bicycle exhibits, but there was no exhibit 
 wdiich compared with the Columbias. The pavilion in which 
 they were installed was of itself a superb creation, giving the 
 exhibit a setting which could not fail to compel the admira- 
 tion of all visitors. 
 
 Of the four-wheeled vehicles sent from this state, that which 
 perhaps attracted the most attention was a jaunty six-passenger 
 ^^ brake " made by the Xew Haven Carriage Company, — a 
 turnout which was as fine a specimen of work of its kind as 
 could be found in the department. The B. Man^-ille Com- 
 pany of Xew Haven exhibited a brougham which well merited 
 the diploma and medal given them by the Bureau of Awards. 
 
 But few exhibits were made by Connecticut in the Depart- 
 ment of Liberal Arts, and they were unpretentious. 
 
 In the educational section the space allotted to Connecticut 
 was too meagre for an elaborate display by either Yale Uni- 
 versity or the State Board of Education; and at the eleventh 
 8 
 
106 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 liour a portion of the original allotment was recalled for dis- 
 tribution among other and belated applicants. The result was 
 the disarranging of original plans and marring the design 
 mapped out by those having the work in charge. Neverthe- 
 lesSj the exhibit was meritorious enough to warrant medals by 
 the Bureau of Awards, not only to Yale and to the training 
 schools at Willimantic and Bridgeport, but also to the seven- 
 teen public schools which were represented. It is hardly 
 possible that Yale will go down in the scale of public estima- 
 tion on account of the disparity between her square feet of ex- 
 hibition space and that occupied by Harvard, so long as she 
 maintains her superiority over her famous rival at football 
 and on the Thames ! 
 
 One of the most notable exhibits in this department was the 
 collection of musical instruments exhibited by Mr. M. Steinert 
 of ISTew Haven, said to be the most valuable collection of the 
 kind in the world, in which were harpsichords, clavichords, 
 spinets, and possibly " an instrument with ten strings." He 
 must indeed be devoid of sentiment who could not be moved 
 when in the presence of an instrument upon which Beethoven 
 played his divine symphonies. 
 
 We are compelled to confess, as we enter the portals of the 
 Art Palace, that in the domain of fine arts Connecticut is not 
 conspicuous. Her people, as a rule, are more inclined to turn 
 their attention toward matters of practical nature. The pro- 
 verbial thrift of her average citizen would lead him to prefer 
 owning the smooth meadoAV that adjoins his own, or a bond 
 from which he could cut six per cent, coupons, to a parlor full 
 of Corots or Meissoniers. As elsewhere, however, there is 
 here an appreciation of art that comes from culture, observa- 
 tion, and study; and here and there the little utilitarian Com- 
 monwealth can point out gifted sons, and daughters, too, whose 
 brushes have put upon canvas paintings of great worth and 
 beauty. 
 
 Of Connecticut exhibits in the Department of Fine Arts 
 were six subjects in oil by Charles H. Dslyis of Mystic, all of 
 them awarded medals; a portrait of Mark Twain, by Charles 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 107 
 
 [NToel Flagg of Hartford; two subjects from Prof. John Y. 
 Wier of the Yale Art School; a spring landscape bj Henry C. 
 White of Hartford; and about a dozen others by artists of 
 reputation. There were, of course, relative degrees of ex- 
 cellence among the works of artists at the World's Fair; but 
 mediocrity had no opportunity even for entrance ; only works 
 of high merit had a chance to hang upon the walls of the Art 
 Palace. 
 
 . Modest, indeed, in comparison with the rich and marvelous 
 exhibits from the great mining states of the West, was Con- 
 necticut's contribution to the Department of Mines and Min- 
 ing. Promises of collections from the Salisbury iron mines, 
 from whose ore beds the best car wheels in the world are made, 
 were unfilled. Cubes from the Canaan marble quarries, from 
 which the state's most noted edifice, the beautiful capitol at 
 Hartford, was built, were lacking, though they, too, were faith- 
 fully promised. Connecticut abounds in granite of almost 
 every conceivable shade, and there were fine specimens sent 
 from her best quarries, — from ^ew London, l^iantic, Had- 
 lyme. Stony Creek, Sterling, Plymouth, and ^N'orfolk. The 
 brownstone quarries of Portland and Cromwell also added 
 attractiveness to the collection. 
 
 In addition to these substantial specimens was a fine col- 
 lection of minerals exhibited by Mr. S. L. Wilson of 'New Mil- 
 ford, all obtained from his own premises near that place. 
 The collection inculded mammoth sheets of the clearest mica,. 
 immense crystals of garnet and beryl, in addition to which were 
 upwards of a hundred exquisite cut gems, rivalling in beauty 
 the richest topaz and diamond. At the close of the Pair it 
 was the desire of Chief Skiff of this department to obtain a 
 specimen from each exhibit as souvenirs of the Exposition. 
 His choice from that of Connecticut was a golden beryl gem 
 from Mr. Wilson's collection. 
 
 The exhibit of Connecticut in the Department of Agricul- 
 ture was made under the direction of the State Board of Agri- 
 culture, and was installed and maintained under the superin- 
 tendence of Prof. C. S. Phelps of the Storrs Agricultural 
 
108 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Scliool. There was probably no other exhibit in this depart- 
 ment that had so large and complete a variety of corn as was 
 shown by this state, though it was not displayed in the artistic 
 manner common to the great agricultural states of the West. 
 The display of Connecticut grasses was also excellent, though 
 less time and money were spent than in some instances which 
 might be named, to make them attract the eye of the visitor by 
 artistic effects. The most notable exhibit from Connecticut 
 in this department was that of leaf tobacco, made under the 
 direction of the N'ew England Tobacco Grrowers' Association. 
 The superiority of the " Connecticut leaf '' has long been es- 
 tablished, and choice samples were shown in a case designed 
 for the purpose, by one hundred and thirty-eight individual 
 growers, though the award was given only in the name of the 
 association of which they are members. 
 
 The pa^dlion in which the agricultural exhibit of the state 
 was shown was embellished by an arch bearing the legend, 
 " Connecticut's best crop — her sons and daughters." 
 
 Comparatively few visitors to the World's Eair were cogni- 
 zant of the contest that was going on over in the live-stock 
 section of the Exposition grounds, where the ninety-day test 
 was made between selected teams of milk, butter, and cheese 
 producers, — Jerseys, Ayrshires, and Shorthorns. While the 
 visitors were sailing the lagoons, admiring the widespread 
 panorama from the Eerris Wheel, or imbibing music or lager 
 in " Old Vienna," they little realized, we imagine, how these 
 gilt-edged kine were straining and being strained for the 
 golden prize that would bring fame to themselves and perhaps 
 fortune to their owners. We have not at hand data showing 
 the results of the test between the respective breeds in this 
 family contest; it is our wish simply to show Connecticut's 
 participation in the race for lacteal honors. In the Jersey 
 team the only Connecticut representative was the ^' Baroness 
 of Argyle," owned by Hon. E. Stevens Henry of Eockville. 
 She was considered the best cow of her family in the state, 
 and for the first forty days of the contest proved herself to be 
 the best of the team, vdth a credited butter product of ninety- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 109 
 
 one and fifteen one-limidredtlis pounds, better tlian two and 
 one-fonrtli pounds per day. This marvelons bntter-maker 
 would, doubtless, have maintained her position at the head of 
 her class had she not been unduly affected by the excessive heat 
 during the ordeal. '^ Blood will tell." The record of six 
 generations, of which the " Baroness " is the fifth, shoAvs all 
 to have produced upwards of fourteen pounds of butter in 
 seven days, while she herself has a record of two and sixty- 
 seven one-hundredths pounds per day for seven days. 
 
 It must be that if the manufacturers of imitation butter, of 
 whatever name, can find a market for their product in Con- 
 necticut, it is not because her people do not know what real 
 butter is. Eleven of Connecticut's creameries and seven in- 
 dividual butter-makers entered the competition list in the 
 Dairy Department at the Fair ; and though the samples had to 
 be transported a thousand miles before going to the judges' test, 
 the result showed that she stood second in the race, led under 
 the wire by 'New Hampshire, and only by a nose at that. 
 
 The ox is a patient animal and is seldom known to complain, 
 whatever his treatment. But I cannot allow the record of the 
 live-stock department to be closed vdthout referring to Con- 
 necticut's exhibit of work oxen. This was the only state ex- 
 hibiting in this class. Indeed, nowhere else in the world has 
 there been so much care paid to the breeding of oxen during 
 the past fifty years. Devons are the favorites, not on account 
 of tlieir beauty solely, but as well for their intelligence, their 
 excellence as brisk roadsters, and their enduring qualities at 
 the plow. Of the four yokes entered, all were awarded cash 
 prizes as well as medals, the first prize being taken by Hon. 
 David Strong of Winsted. Of his pair Chief Buchanan re- 
 marked that he believed them to be " the finest yoke of oxen 
 in the world." 
 
 In the Department of Electricity there were but few ex- 
 hibits from Connecticut. The principal ones were made by 
 the Eddy Electric Company of Windsor, a comparatively re- 
 cent establishment, whose claims upon the attention of the 
 elecrrical world are pretty sure to be more fully recognized as 
 
110 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 time goes on. The inventive genius wliich is always so active 
 in Connecticnt can best be noted by examination of tbe weekly 
 Patent-Office reports, in wliicb sbe will be found to carry off 
 a large percentage of the prizes. Were it possible to trace to 
 their source the notable improvements in electrical mechanism 
 and ideas during the past few years, they would probably be 
 found to have originated largely in the inventive faculties of 
 Connecticut brains, which are always on the alert to improve 
 whatever comes within the range of their observation. 
 
 The Electricity Building bore conspicuously, in connection 
 with that of Morse, the name of Alfred Yail, his co-laborer, to 
 whom should be given the principal credit, as his biographers 
 have established, for the practical working of the modern tele- 
 graph. The dot and dash of its alphabet, as devised by him, 
 have remained unchanged through all the years since he first 
 gave it to the world. His name merits a place here, from the 
 fact that his ancestors were Connecticut Yankees. 
 
 We should be ungracious, indeed, did we fail to refer to the 
 exhibits of Connecticut women at the Fair. They were not 
 numerous, but without exception were meritorious. That of 
 the highest order was the decorative treatment of the Connecti- 
 cut room in the AYoman's Building, by Miss Elizabeth B. 
 Sheldon of New Haven, for which she was awarded a medal. 
 Another exhibit of unusual excellence was made by Mrs. Isabel 
 H. Butler of Bridgeport, — reproductions on the sewing 
 machine of hand art needlework, — which was also given an 
 award. Besides these were a dozen or more exhibits of handi- 
 work, all of them choice specimens, else they could not have 
 passed the rigid ordeal of examination to which they were sub- 
 jected. Had mxcn been judges of the selection of offerings for 
 exhibit in the "Woman's Building, the case might have been 
 different; they would very likely have opened wide the door 
 rather than subject themselves to possible charges of favorit- 
 ism. But women sat in judgment upon exhibits for which 
 space Avas desired by their sisters, and the criterion they estab- 
 lished and maintained was genuine merit. The belief that a 
 woman's judgment upon those of her own sex is severer than 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. m 
 
 would be that of men may be erroneous; but no applicant 
 for space in the Woman's Building was granted it, we are 
 certain, unless her offering was fully up to the required 
 standard. 
 
 To the Forestry Department Connecticut sent a collective 
 exhibit of one hundred and four varieties of her woods. The 
 specimens were mainly of small dimensions, and the collection 
 was designed to be a chapter in natural history rather than a 
 feature of commercial character. 
 
 The only Connecticut exhibit in the Department of Ethno- 
 logy was Prof. r. W. Putnam, its scholarly chief, — a lineal 
 descendant of Gen. Israel Putnam, Connecticut's most illus- 
 trious soldier of the Eevolution, — whose portrait hung in the 
 main hall of the State Building. Prof. Putnam merited 
 diploma and medal for the marvelous collection in his wonder- 
 ful realm, in which was opportunity for greater range of 
 study than in any of the more pretentious departments. 
 
 In the Fisheries Department Connecticut had but one ex- 
 hibit, that of fishing-rods, made by the Horton Manufacturing 
 Company of Bristol. The temptation to diverge from the 
 path of truth is so indefinably strong when one is within pisca- 
 torial environment, that we hasten from it lest we flounder in 
 the deep waters of extravagant expression ere we are aware. 
 
 The home of the Connecticut visitors while at the World's 
 Fair has been reserved as the final feature of this inadequate 
 sketch. In its architecture and interior furnishings the Con- 
 nectictit Building was designed to represent a type not un- 
 common in this state in colonial days, though it was patterned 
 after no existing model. The plan was chosen from among 
 several w^hich were offered in competition with it, as being 
 best suited for the use required of it. Its architect was Mr. 
 W. P. Briggs of Bridgeport. Its dominant interior feature 
 was a spacious main hall, twenty-one feet in width, with ample 
 entrances to parlors on one side and dining-room on the other. 
 A broad staircase at the rear led to the second story, being di- 
 vided into two narrower flights from the broad landing. The 
 main feature of the upper hall was the open well of about 
 
112 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 twelve feet in width, which was surrounded by a substantial 
 railing. This gave to the central portion of the edifice 
 spaciousness which was much commended by visitors. The 
 parlors and dining-room were supplied mainly with antique 
 furniture loaned from Connecticut homesteads, in which it 
 had been the highly prized inheritance from generations long 
 passed. In the parlors were straight-backed chairs on which 
 strait-laced people of a former century must have sat with little 
 comfort. In the rear parlor was an old-time writing-desk well 
 supplied with pigeon-holes and drawers, where, in other days, 
 possibly, some dignified squire kept copies of his decisions in 
 lawsuits, between John Doe vs. Richard Roe et al. The fire- 
 place in the rear parlor had an interesting setting — a mantel 
 brought from Connecticut, loaned by Donald Gr. Mitchell, 
 possibly one in front of which he sat in his younger days when 
 his brain was filled with the " Reveries of a Bachelor." 
 
 The walls of the two parlors Avere draped with silk tapestry 
 of colonial pattern, a gift from the Cheney Brothers of South 
 Manchester. Corner cupboards, genuine antiques from an- 
 cient Connecticut homes, were transported to Jackson Park, 
 and neatly fitted in corners of the dining-room; and behind 
 their small-paned windows were beheld quaint pottery of the 
 olden time, while on a high shelf running nearly around the 
 room reposed tableware of a bygone age in great variety. 
 
 Two of the chambers on the second fioor were furnished (for 
 exhibition only) with high-post bedsteads with canopies, and 
 the high feather beds were covered with counterpanes wrought 
 in colonial days by hands which long, long since rested from 
 their labors. Here and there in the upper hall were upright 
 showcases, in which were securely kept imder lock and key, 
 to shield them from souvenir kleptomaniacs, many curios of 
 the days of knee buckles, powdered wigs, and fancifully figured 
 wedding slippers, the latter with heels of about the same height 
 and pattern as the '' French heels " of our own day. The only 
 musical instrument with which the building was provided was 
 a four-octave spinet made in London two hundred and fifty 
 years ago, loaned from the collection of M. Steinert of Xew 
 
CHENEY BROTHERS,^ SILK MANUFACTURERS, 
 SOUTH MANCHESTER, CONN. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. l|g 
 
 Haven, elsewhere referred to. Its day of usefulness had 
 passed, except as a curio, but it was in good harmony wdth the 
 accompanying furniture. 
 
 The spacious veranda which partly surrounded the first story^ 
 and the balcony on the second story, were well supplied with 
 easy-chairs, in which Connecticut visitors were to be found at 
 all hours, resting after the tiresome ordeal of sight-seeing, read- 
 ing letters from home, or perusing piles of Connecticut news- 
 papers, with which the reading-room was well supplied. There 
 was but little about the building indicating elegance, and visi- 
 tors soon discovered that the design of the architect had been 
 well carried out, — to make the Connecticut Building a com- 
 fortable and homelike resort, where they could indulge a 
 homelike feeling. 'No other state was better typified by its 
 building than this, and it will gratify most of the tAventy-six 
 thousand Connecticu.t visitors to the Fair to know that it is 
 now being re-erected, piece by piece, on a charming site near 
 New Haven, overlooking its harbor and Long Island Sound, 
 where it will be maintained as a historic relic, — thanks to the 
 Hon. James D. Dewell and other enterprising members of the 
 Society of the Sons of the Revolution of that city. 
 
 Whatever credit may be du.e to Connecticut for her part in 
 this memorable Exposition belongs mainly to the efiicient 
 board of managers, state and national, upon whom was con- 
 ferred the authority of expending the state's appropriation of 
 $70,000; and the equally efiicient lady managers, who proved 
 to be their serviceable handmaids. The former were safe, con- 
 servative, and wise guardians of the trust imposed upon them; 
 in evidence of which we only need remark that upon the com- 
 pletion of the ofiicial report of the Executive Commissioner, 
 which will be the last item in the expense account. Treasurer 
 Day will be able to return to the state treasu.ry several thou- 
 sand dollars of the appropriation voted by the Legislature. 
 To the Board of Lady Managers unmeasured commendation 
 rightfully belongs for the interest they manifested in the task 
 to which they applied themselves with enthusiastic zeal, — 
 
114 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 that of gathering from every corner of the commonwealth 
 articles required for the proper embellishment of the State 
 Bnilding. Especially do the people of Connecticut owe a debt 
 of gratitude to the efficient president of the Board, Mrs. Geo. 
 H. Knight of Lakeville, and to the chairman of the House 
 Furnishing Committee, Mrs. P. H. Ingalls of Hartford, and 
 her co-workers, Mrs. Franklin Far r el of Ansonia, and Miss 
 Lucy P. Trowbridge of 'Ne'w Haven, for the many wearisome 
 days they spent in their labor of love. 
 
 That such a marvelous creation as the World's Fair of 1893 
 should be compelled to yield to the inexorable demand and be 
 turned over to the hand of the destroyer, after such a short life, 
 seems one of the saddest tales that tongue can tell. It is not 
 probable that its equal will ever be seen on earth by those who 
 were fortunate enough to. see this. The camera has caught, 
 and printing-presses are fast multiplying pictures of many of 
 its attractive features; yet they are but '^^ half-tones," and 
 although they give fair delineation of the wonderful scenes 
 there beheld, how far short do they fall of the pictures in which 
 was the real life ! 
 
CHAPTEE X. 
 
 IVork of Executive Department — Canvass of State for Solicitation of Ex- 
 hibits — Causes of Wittidrawal of Applications and of Non-acceptance 
 of Allotments of Space — Outline of Work during the Exposi|ion, etc. 
 
 The work of tlie Executive Department of tlie Board of 
 Managers was promptly taken up by its executive officers at 
 tlie time of tkeir appointment in April, 1892. Room 33 in the 
 Capitol was assigned to tliem as headquarters, whicli was occu- 
 pied as sucli until the following January. That room, being 
 iin anteroom of the Hall of Representatives, was required for 
 the use of members of the House of Representatives for the 
 session of the Greneral Assembly of 1893, in consequence of 
 which new headquarters were established in Room 80, fourth 
 £oor, which was occupied until the executive department was 
 transferred to the Connecticut State Building at Jackson Park, 
 Chicago, in the following April, a few days before the opening 
 of the Exposition. 
 
 The delay in the organization of the Connecticut Board 
 of "World's Eair Managers, resulting from the " deadlock " in 
 the General Assembly of 1891, was of no little disadvantage to 
 Connecticut. Other states had organized their boards of man- 
 agers the j)i'evious year, whose executive officers had thereby 
 been enabled to devote themselves considerately toward se- 
 curing collective exhibits, which ample time enabled them to 
 make comprehensive, and, therefore, valuable and attractive. 
 It may be better understood what disadvantage the Connec- 
 ticut executive officers labored under, when it is known that 
 within about two months from the time of their ajDpointment 
 it was announced by Exposition officials that five times the 
 -amount of space that had been provided for exhibits had been 
 
 (115) 
 
116 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 applied for ! Coupled with this information came the injunc- 
 tion from chiefs of departments to limit applications for space 
 to the smallest possible figure, and even when that was done 
 the space desired was in almost every instance still further re- 
 duced bv department chiefs before allotment, and in some in- 
 stances wholly rejected. It should be explained, however, that 
 rejection of applications for space was not without reason; 
 allotments already made had completely taken up the space 
 in the class in which the disappointed applicant desired to 
 exhibit. 
 
 The work of the executive officers during the summer and 
 fall of 1892 was mainly in the direction of inducing Connec- 
 ticut manufacturers to become applicants for space in which 
 to exhibit their products. Circulars were sent to parties en- 
 gaged in manufacturing in every city, village, and hamlet in 
 the State, and not to manufacturers only, but to those also 
 who might be prevailed upon to exhibit in any of the thirteen 
 departments of the Exposition. Exhibits in the department of 
 Eine Arts were as urgently solicited as in the State's wider 
 realm of manufactures, nor indeed was any class or interest 
 overlooked. Such features as formed part of the State's col- 
 lective exhibits of AgTiculture, Eorestry, Tobacco, Live Stock, 
 and Dairy Products were referred to those who had been se- 
 lected to give them superintendence, and if any of the Con- 
 necticut collective exhibits seemed meager, compared with 
 those of other States, it may be attributed to the fact that 
 the limited time did not permit larger and more comprehen- 
 sive collections. In one department in which Connecticut 
 could have made a specially attractive exhibit — that of fish, 
 fisheries, fish products, etc, — the Board of ^Managers decided 
 that in view of the limited time it would be impracticable to 
 attempt an exhibit in that department, their decision being 
 formed after interviews with members of the State's Eish Com- 
 mission, and the Commissioners of Shell Eisheries. 
 
 In addition to the generous distribution of circulars 
 throughout the State, urging manufacturers and others to 
 apply for space in which to make exhibits, a personal can- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. II7 
 
 Tass was made hj tlie execiitive officers in manv of the princi- 
 pal towns, namely: Hartford, l^ew Haven, AYaterbnry, 
 Bridgeport, 'Ke^Y London, i^orwdch, ISTew Britain, Meriden, 
 'Winsted, and Torrington. The records of the Executive De- 
 partment show that there were upwards of two hundred and 
 fifty applications for space from Connecticut, exclusive of 
 those in the Department of Fine Arts, and not including in- 
 dividual contributors to collective displays like that of the 
 Connecticut Leaf Tobacco exhibit, to which there were nearly 
 one hundred and fifty contributors, nor including the displays 
 made by schools in various towns in the State. It has been 
 ascertained also, that a considerable number of exhibits for 
 which Connecticut should have received credit appeared in 
 the official directory accredited to other States, by virtue of 
 the fact that the headquarters or selling office of the manu- 
 facturing company chanced to be located in IN'ew York, Bos- 
 ton, or Chicago. Reference is here made to such exhibitors 
 as the Consolidated Safety Yalve Company and the Hayden 
 and Derby Company, whose names appeared in the directory 
 of the Exposition credited to the state of Xew York, for the 
 reason that the salesrooms of those companies are in !N"ew Y^ork 
 city, though their products are manufactured at Bridgeport, 
 Connecticut. How many instances there were of the kind re- 
 ferred to it is not easy to determine, but such as have been 
 discovered have been included in the list of Connecticut ex- 
 hibitors. One of the most conspicuous instances of this char- 
 acter Avas that of one of Hartford's best known industrial es- 
 tablishments — the Pope Manufacturing Company — which 
 w^as entered in the official directory of the Exposition as a 
 Massachusetts exhibit, by reason of the fact that the applica- 
 tion for space was sent from the principal office of the com- 
 pany in Boston. The still more important fact remains, how- 
 ever, that " Columbia " and " Hartford " wheels, from center 
 to circumference, and with all their accessory parts, are manu- 
 factured only in Hartford, where, since the close of the Colum- 
 bian Exposition, the principal office of that company has been 
 established. The main excellence of the official directorv is 
 
118 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 not questioned, but these facts are noted to sliow that with 
 reference to entries like that of the Pope Company it is not in 
 all particulars an infallible guide book. 
 
 Notwithstanding the fact that the records of the Executive 
 Department showed more than two hundred and fifty appli- 
 cants for space from Connecticut, it is not difficult to explain 
 why only about half that number accepted allotments and 
 made exhibits. One of the reasons was that adequate space 
 could not be secured. Naturally, those desiring to exhibit 
 wished space in which to make not only a creditable display, 
 but a comprehensive one as well. Many intending exhibitors 
 felt that they could not provide satisfactory displays if they 
 were restricted to two hundred square feet, when their appli- 
 cations called for a thousand, and rather than make an in- 
 adequate exhibit they preferred not to attempt any. Another 
 reason why many applicants for space declined their allot- 
 ments was, that they were received too late to allow adequate 
 time for the preparation of exhibits. It was originally an- 
 nounced that allotments of space would be made December 1, 
 1892. This would have allowed ^yo months in which to pre- 
 pare for exhibition, including the work of installation, and that 
 w^as none too much time for the painstaking tasks intending 
 exhibitors had in view. "When allotments of space were re- 
 ceived two months after the promised time, however, it so dis- 
 arranged previously-laid plans as to make acceptance of allot- 
 ments out of the question. One intending exhibitor remarked 
 that he had made arrangements to have his company's exhibit 
 made ready during the months of December and January, 
 when orders for its products were comparatively light. His 
 allotment of space was not made, however, until February, at 
 which time his force was so fully occupied in filling orders 
 that he could not give the time and attention required for the 
 preparation of an exhibit, and he was, therefore, compelled to 
 decline the allotment of space offered him. This instance is 
 given as an example, and there were many of similar nature. 
 Still another reason for non-acceptance of space was sim- 
 ilar to that which compelled the Collins Company to decline 
 

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. II9 
 
 to exhibit. This companT, by common consent, stands at the 
 head of its class, axes and machettes being prominent among 
 its products, and its trademark is known not only throughoiii 
 the civilized world, but beyond it. The company made early 
 application for space, more from its desire to recognize a 
 patriotic duty than for pecuniary gain. It specially requested 
 that g'ood location be granted on a main aisle — a request that 
 ^s■Rs, proper by reason of the position occupied by the company. 
 The allotment was not made until February, and instead of 
 being an advantageous location, it was one of the most incon- 
 sj)icuous portions of the space assigned to the cutlery gToup. 
 The allotment was declined by the Collins Company, and Con- 
 necticut thereby lost one of its leading industrial establish- 
 ments from its list of intending exhibitors. This mis-allot- 
 ment of space can only be accounted for upon the supposition 
 that other and less prominent applicants were more zealous 
 in their demands for eligible positions, and more successful 
 by reason of their importunity. 
 
 The field of action for the executive department was trans- 
 ferred to the Connecticut State Building upon the Exposition 
 grounds, at Jackson Park, Chicago, about the middle of April, 
 1893. At that time an express car was chartered for the ship- 
 ment of effects for furnishing and embellishing the State 
 Building, and for exhibits for the Connecticut room in the 
 Roman's Building. Upon the arrival of the car at Jackson 
 Park, its contents were stowed upon the spacious verandas of 
 the State Building, where they awaited .the laying of a hard- 
 wood mosaic floor over the lower story of the building, which 
 at a late day had been decided upon instead of carpets, as orig- 
 inally intended. 
 
 AYhen everything was in readiness for the laying of stair 
 and hall matting, the hanging of pictures, and the proper dis- 
 tribution of furniture — for use and for disj^lay — the Execu- 
 tive Department was augTiiented in number and effectiveness 
 by service rendered by Messrs. Bead and Jarvis of the Build- 
 ing Committee of the Board of Managers, by Mrs. Ingalls. 
 Mrs. Parrel, and Miss Trowbridge of the House Purnishing 
 
X20 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Committee, Mrs. Kniglit, president of the Board of Lady Man- 
 agers, and Hon. Morris W. Seymour, coimsel of the Board. 
 Mr. Seymour's service was not confined to counseling as to 
 the best position for pictures; lie might have been seen doing 
 effective step-ladder service (in shirt> sleeves) as assistant to 
 Messrs. Bead and Jarvis, and with this efficient corps of work- 
 ■ers the Connecticut Building was among the fi-rst of the State 
 buildings to be opened to visitors to the Exposition. 
 
 There were other workers, however, employed in getting 
 the State Building in presentable condition. The Ripley 
 Brothers of Hartford gave attention to the embellishment of 
 the walls and ceilings of the various rooms and halls; David 
 L. Gaines, a Hartford expressman, who had charge of loading 
 the special car in Hartford, looked after the unloading and 
 moving of heavy articles; the janitor and his wife, Mr. and 
 Mrs. Charles S. Kelsey, found plenty to do in various direc- 
 tions; Mrs. C. C. Munson of ISTew Haven, who had loaned 
 many pieces of antique furniture for the furnishing of the 
 building, was especially helpful in the preparation and ar- 
 Tangement of mndow draperies, while the two executive de- 
 partment clerks — TTilliam J. Foster and Theodore B. Vaill 
 — made themselves generally useful here and there in such 
 directions as they were needed. To the foregoing enumeration 
 of able assistants in putting the State Building in order and 
 condition for the reception of visitors should be added several 
 scrub-brush queens, whose names have escaped the historian — • 
 humble though deser^ung personages, possibly allied hj social 
 ties if not otherwise to the Mrs. O'Leary whose restless cow 
 brought disaster upon the Queen City in other days. 
 
 From the opening day of the Exposition to its close, there 
 was but little pastime for those connected with the executive 
 department, and although it was the privilege of a lifetime 
 to occupy the Connecticut State Building during the six 
 months of the memorable event, as far as sight-seeing was 
 concerned, visitors who could devote two weeks to the study 
 of its various features could see more than fell to the lot of 
 those whose official duties made them temporary residents of 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 121 
 
 Jackson Park; at least this statement holds good as to those 
 connected with the Connecticut headquarters. It may seem 
 strange that Connecticut's executive officer at the Exposition 
 should not have found a single day in six months' time when 
 he felt free to equip himself ^vith note book, and roam through 
 the departments with the requisite leisure for satisfactory 
 study, but such was the case, nevertheless. It should not be 
 imagined, however, that the executive officer had no oppor- 
 tunity for sight-seeing, for there was rarely a day that he had 
 not an official errand to at least one of the many departments, 
 and it was under such circumstances that his sight-seeing was 
 done — a new aisle or route being generally selected toward 
 the objective point. 
 
 It is not improbable that those connected with the Execu- 
 tive Department of the Connecticut headquarters were more 
 fully occupied, as a rule, than others occupying similar posi- 
 tions, and enumeration of the duties devolving upon them will, 
 in some measure, explain the cause of such a state of activity. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to remark that the State Building- 
 had to be cleaned every day, for, as a matter of course, all state 
 buildings, as well as all departmental buildings, had to un- 
 dergo the ordeal of daily " house-cleaning." It was the rule to 
 open state buildings at 8 in the morning, and to close them 
 at 6 in the evening. The hundreds of visitors each day brought 
 such a condition of dust and litter, not to mention the dirt 
 brought by soiled shoes in unpleasant weather, that made 
 nightly scrubbing of floors indispensable, thereby bringing 
 upon the janitor of the building a never-ending warfare with 
 scrubbing-brushes, brooms, and dusting paraphernalia. 
 
 To properly replenish the newspaper files vith which the 
 reading-room was supplied was not a light daily task, for nearly 
 every Connecticut newspaper was sent regularly to the State 
 Building from the office of publication, all of which were 
 eagerly perused by Connecticut visitors. A thoroughly 
 equipped post-office in the State Building required a constant 
 
122 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 attendant, for most Connecticut visitors to the Exposition liad 
 their letters thus addressed. 
 
 The daily care of som© of the State's collective exhibits 
 also fell to the lot of the Executive Department, and though 
 it was not a specially laborious task it consumed considerable 
 time, that in the Forestry Building being a long distance from 
 the Connecticut headquarters, as will be distinctly remem- 
 bered by those who had occasion to traverse Jackson Park 
 from one end to the other. 
 
 A further daily and constant task undertaken by the Ex- 
 ecutive Department was that of securing temporary homes, at 
 hotels and private residences, for such Connecticut visitors as 
 desired such service in their behalf. This undertaking in- 
 volved a large correspondence, necessitating the employment 
 of a stenographer and typevrriter, and the transforming of 
 oifice clerks intO' messengers when occasion required. 
 
 The most laborious service which came within the round of 
 duties of the Executive Department, however, was that of send- 
 ing to all Connecticut newspapers weekly bulletins containing 
 registrations of Connecticut visitors at the State Building. 
 This task involved, first, the transfer of names from the offi- 
 cial register to a record of visitors by towns, work that had ta 
 be done after the building was closed for the day, in conse- 
 quence of the constant use of the register by visitors during 
 the day. The second feature of this task was the preparation 
 of " printer's copy," for the bulletins. When it is known that 
 all of the 26,000 Connecticut visitors to the Exposition were 
 thus bulletined it will readily be seen that no small amount 
 of work was involved. In addition to other details connected 
 with the bulletins was that of printing, folding, and mailing, 
 so that when the weekly task was completed it was with a 
 sense of relief that the Executive Manager could take a long 
 breath — and then set himself at work in preparation of the 
 next bulletin ! 
 
 It is perhaps apparent that those connected with the Execu- 
 tive Department of the Connecticut World's Eair Board were 
 not called to positions of elegant leisure, and it may safely be 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 123 
 
 said tliat, as a mle, they fully earned the compensation voted 
 them by the Board of Managers. If the question were raised 
 as to the most satisfactory return from the appropriation voted 
 by the General Assembly, my answer wonld be that it was 
 from publishing of the bulletins above referred to. That fea- 
 ture of expense was limited to bills for printing and postage, 
 the work being done without increase of the regular clerical 
 force. By means of the bulletins the people of Connecticut, 
 through newspapers in every section of the State were not only 
 kept regularly informed as to the ^dsits of Connecticut people 
 to the Exposition, but they also made note of many matters of 
 especial interest to intending visitors. And, so far as the 
 writer is aware, Connecticut was the only state that was sys- 
 tematically furnished with bulletins from first to last. It could 
 not be expected that all Connecticut newspapers would re- 
 publish the full list of registrations of Connecticut people at 
 the State's headquarters, for some of the bulletins contained 
 upwards of a thousand names. Hartford papers selected from 
 them the names of A^sitors from that immediate vicinity, and in 
 like manner, newspapers from other sections of the State made 
 clippings from the bulletins to correspond with their general 
 circulation. Thus every section of the State was well supplied 
 with desired information. 
 
 The work of the Executive Department did not terminate 
 with the close of the Exposition, and it was not until the 15th 
 of the following February that the Executive Manager was re- 
 leased from his engagement vdth the Board of Managers.. 
 There was much still to do to wind up the work of the Board,, 
 and for two or three weeks after the Exposition closed the in- 
 terior of the Connecticut Building was the scene of active 
 operation, by night as well as by day, in repacking furniture, 
 pictures, and the multitude of articles that had been loaned 
 to the House Furnishing Committee for the embellishment 
 of the State Building. The members of that committee were 
 present to superintend various features of the work, which was 
 carried on under the efficient general direction of Dr. P. H. 
 
124 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Ingalls of Hartford, wlio had been selected by tbe Executive 
 Committee of tlie Board of Managers to render that service. 
 
 AVben the task of repacking was completed, the next step 
 in order was to secure transportation for the effects to Hart- 
 ford. This was not easily accomplished, for all of the thou- 
 sands of exhibitors, and all of the state boards, were anxious 
 to get away from their long confinement at Jackson Park, 
 but by dextrously crossing the hand of this railway agent and 
 that drayman, it was not long before teams were ordered to re- 
 port to the Connecticut Building, and its contents were se- 
 curely stowed away in Michigan Central cars for ship- 
 ment to Hartford. 
 
 Upon their arrival such articles as had been loaned by in- 
 dividuals were forwarded to them by various railway lines or 
 express companies, and those that had been purchased by the 
 House Furnishing Committee and Executive Manager were 
 transferred to the basement of the State Capitol for such dis- 
 position as might be ordered by the Board of Managers. The 
 final meeting of the Board was held at the Capitol, January 30, 
 1894, when action was taken relative to disposal of furniture, 
 etc., as sho^^oi by the following extract from the official min- 
 utes : 
 
 Yotcd, That we present Mr. J. H. Yaill the desk and chair used 
 by him in the Connecticut Building at the World's Fair. 
 
 Voted, That two of the glass cases used in the Connecticut Build- 
 ing for the display of relics he presented to the New Haven Colony 
 Historical Society. 
 
 Voted, That Mr. J. H. Vaill be directed to sell all remaining furni- 
 ture not disposed of at Chicago within ten days from date, at private 
 sale. All that remains unsold at that time he is empowered to sell 
 at public auction. 
 
 Pursuant to instiTictions the Executive Manager disposed 
 of the furniture and other effects of the Board at private sale, 
 making return to the treasurer of receipts for the same. His 
 official connection with the World's Eair Board terminated on 
 the 15th of February, 1894, after a service of about twenty- 
 two months, namely, from April 19, 1892, to December 31, 
 
CONNElCTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 125 
 
 1892, as executive secretary, and from January 1, 1893, to 
 February 15, 1894, as executive manager and secretary. 
 
 It is a matter for especial congratulation, which will be 
 shared by all members of the Board of Lady Managers, as well 
 as by those of the Board of "World's Fair Managers, that, so far 
 as is known, no article entrusted to their care failed of return 
 in good condition to the owner. 
 
 It is j&tting that acknowledgment should here be made by 
 the Executive Manager for the consideration he received dur- 
 ing his long official connection with the two boards, and for 
 the valuable assistance rendered by individual members from 
 time to time. This acknowledgment would be incomplete if it 
 lacked special recognition of the service rendered by the treas- 
 urer of the Board, George H. Day, who never, in a single in- 
 stance, failed to keep the Executive Manager well supplied 
 with funds wherewith to meet financial obligations that were 
 continually confronting him. 
 
CHAPTEE XI. 
 
 A.wards to Connecticut Exhibitors — List of Exliibits not Intended for 
 Competition — List of Intending Exhibitors who Failed to Accept Al- 
 lotment of Space. 
 
 The system of awards adopted by tlie World's Fair of 
 1893 did not receive general commendation among exhibitors, 
 and strenuous efforts were put forth by them to secure a 
 different plan, but without avail. The usual system of grant- 
 ing awards by grades, designated by gold, silver, and bronze 
 medals, was completely modified, whereby a single grade of 
 medal — of bronze — was made to do service for all awards 
 alike, the only distinguishing token between exhibits of the 
 highest excellence and those of inferior grade, being the 
 phraseology by which the various juries chose to express their 
 judgment, upon the certificate which accompanied each medal. 
 By the rule adopted, an exhibitor who sent a peck of wheat or 
 com, more or less, received a medal that was identical in every 
 particular with that awarded to the "Willimantic Linen Com- 
 pany, whose exhibit cost many thousands of dollars, and whose 
 exj^ense in maintaining the exhibit during the Exposition was 
 probably thousands of dollars more. The only difference be- 
 tween awards, as before remarked, was in the wording of the 
 certificate of award that accompanied the medal. It will read- 
 ily be apparent that the plan adopted by the Bureau of Awards 
 of the Columbian Exposition was not calculated to win the 
 favor of those whose exhibits were of the highest order of 
 merit, though it was doubtless satisfactory to those who did 
 not exhibit as competitors. There was nothing in the line of 
 awards which would justify any exhibitor in laying claim to 
 having received the " highest award," — certainly not unless 
 he had been favored with the privilege of comparing his certifi- 
 
 (126) 
 
COXXECTTCUT AT THE AVORLD'S FAIR. 127 
 
 cate vdxh. those given to his competitors, for the grade of the 
 award was established by the certificate and not by the medal. 
 
 It is not strange that there should have been strong opposi- 
 tion to this system of making awards on the part of many prom- 
 inent exhibitors, for in not a few instances there is a high pecn- 
 niary value pertaining to an aw^ard that can be legitimately 
 claimed as the " highest award '' of its class. This is peculi- 
 arly trne with reference to such things as pianos, sewing-ma- 
 chines, mo^ving-machines and reapers, type-setting machines, 
 — in short, there are almost innumerable articles Avhose value 
 would be largely increased if the Bureau of Awards of the most 
 notable AVorld's Fair ever held announced that they were en- 
 titled to the highest award. 
 
 It should not be understood, however, that if the names of 
 some exhibitors do not appear in the list of awards their ex- 
 hibits did not merit that recognition. It was optional with ex- 
 hibitors to enter " for competition," or not, as they chose, 
 and there were good reasons why some exhibitors of special 
 prominence should prefer not to do so. The case of one of 
 Connecticut's best-known establishments — The Pope Manu- 
 facturing Company — mil serve as an ilkistration. This com- 
 pany was the pioneer in the manufacture of bicycles, and their 
 wheels have long been acknowledged as the " Standard of the 
 "World,"' — a position attained from the fact that the highest 
 grade of inventive genius and mechanical skill that abundant 
 capital cotild command had for many years been employed in 
 the attainment of the best possible results. When it became 
 known to the management of the Pope Corapany that a gentle- 
 man who was identified with a Chicago bicycle company — 
 their most prominent rival for public favor — had been se- 
 lected as a member of the jury that was to sit in judgment upon 
 bicycles, it was at once decided not to enter their exhibit for 
 competition, prefening to rely upon the verdict of the hun- 
 dreds of thousands of wheelmen the world over, as to the 
 proper classification of the " Columbia " bicycle. How many 
 Connecticut exhibitors there were who declined to enter their 
 exhibits for comj)etition we do not know, for applications for 
 
128 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 space did not, as a rule, pass tlirougli the State's Executive De- 
 partment, but that some notable exhibits were not entered for 
 competition, we know to be a fact. It is proper, therefore, that 
 this explanation should be made here, in justice to those who 
 were content to exhibit for other purpose than simply to secure 
 recognition from the Bureau of Awards. To such it was 
 enough that the multitude of visitors should examine their 
 exhibits and formulate their own verdict. 
 
 The lists which follow embrace three distinct classes: (1) 
 those that received awards; (2) those that did not receive 
 awards, whether entered for competition or not; and (3) those 
 who made application for space, but for various causes decided 
 not to accept allotments of space. The latter class, which 
 is a large one, as has been heretofore explained, was, as a rule, 
 prevented from exhibiting in consequence of the extreme de- 
 lay in the allotment of space, whereby inadequate time was 
 allowed for the preparation and installation of exhibits. 
 
 LIST OF AWAEDS TO CONINE CTICUT EXHIBITOES, 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Name. Address. 
 
 The Bridgeport Wood Fin. Co., New Milford, 
 
 The J. B. Williams Co., Glastonbury, 
 
 The New Haven Chair Co., New Haven, 
 The Meriden Curtain & Fix. Co. , Meriden, 
 
 Mrs. Maud P. Gibbs, Brooklyn, 
 
 The Holmes & Edw'ds Silv, Co., Bridgeport, 
 
 The Meriden Britannia Co., Meriden, 
 
 Meriden Britannia Co., Meriden, 
 
 The Wm. Rogers Mfg. Co., Hartford, 
 
 The Waterbury Watch Co., Waterbury, 
 
 Exhibit. 
 Wheeler's pat. wood filler, 
 
 Brenig's Lithogen, 
 
 Silicate paints. 
 
 Shaving soaps. 
 
 Fancy chairs. 
 
 Shade exhibition, 
 
 Rollers, shade, 
 
 Meriden shade fringes, 
 
 M'den opaque shade cloth. 
 
 Stained glass window. 
 
 Artistic display, 
 
 Silver-plated spoons. 
 
 Silver-plated forks. 
 
 Silver-plated table flatware, 
 
 Elec. silv. -plat, steel kniv's. 
 
 Artistic display, 
 
 Silver-plated hollow-ware. 
 
 Works of art, 
 
 Hollow-ware in nickel, 
 
 Silver-plated knives, forks, 
 and spoons. 
 
 Silver-plated ware, silver- 
 plated knives and forks. 
 
 Artistic display, general ex- 
 hibit, century clock, du- 
 plex watches. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 129 
 
 Name. Address. 
 
 The Brainard& Armstrong Co., New London, 
 
 Cheney Brothers, 
 
 The Grosvenordale Co., 
 
 The Glasgo Lace Thread Co 
 
 The Morse Mills, 
 
 The Nightingale Mills, 
 
 The Ponemah Mills, 
 
 The Powhatan Mills, 
 
 So. Manchester 
 
 Grosvenordale, 
 
 Glasgo, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Taftville, 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 The Williamsville Mfg. Co., Killingly, 
 
 The Monohasset Mfg. Co. , 
 The Willimantic Linen Co., 
 The American Hosiery Co. , 
 
 The Norfolk & New Bruns- 
 wick Hosiery Co. , 
 
 Putnam, 
 Willimantic, 
 New Britain, 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 The American Mills Co., 
 
 Rockville, 
 
 The Broad Brook Co., 
 
 Broad Brook, 
 
 The Clinton Mills Co., 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 The Glastonbury Knitting Co. 
 
 , Addison, 
 
 Mayer, Strouse & Co., 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 The Hockanum Co., 
 
 Rockville, 
 
 TheF. Milner Co., 
 
 Moosup, 
 
 The New England Co., 
 
 Rockville, 
 
 The Rock Mfg. Co., 
 
 Rockville, 
 
 The Read Carpet Co. , 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 The Spring ville Co., 
 
 Rockville, 
 
 The Norwich Woolen Co., 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 The Bridgep't Elastic Web. Co. 
 
 , Bridgeport, 
 
 Wm. H. Wiley, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 The Canfield Rubber Co., 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Mrs. Isabel H. Butler, 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Lillian A. B. Wilson, 
 
 Meriden, 
 
 Jessie Ives Smith, 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 The New England Pin Co., 
 
 Winsted, 
 
 F. D. Buess, 
 
 Meriden, 
 
 The Greenwoods Co.. New Hartford, 
 
 The Goodyear Metallic Rub. Co.,Naugatuck, 
 The Ives, Blak'lee& Will'ms Co., Bridgeport, 
 
 The Bridgeport Gun Imp. Co., Bridgeport, 
 
 Exhibit, 
 Spool, knitting, crochet, 
 wash, and emb'd'y silks, 
 
 Machine twist. 
 
 Plain, printed, and figured 
 dress silks, velvets, 
 plushes, spun silk, spun 
 silk fabrics, printed and 
 plain pongees, upholster- 
 ing silks, decor've silks. 
 
 Bleached cotton goods. 
 
 Jaconets. 
 
 Threads for fancy work. 
 
 Bleached muslin. 
 
 Bleached muslin. 
 
 India linens & fancy goods. 
 
 Bleached muslin, 
 
 Brown muslin. 
 
 Bleached muslin, 
 
 Brown muslin. 
 
 Bleached muslin. 
 
 Spool cotton. 
 
 Cotton woolens, men's hos- 
 iery, silk hosiery. 
 
 Underwear. 
 
 Knitted underwear. 
 
 Kerseys for men's wear. 
 
 Irish frieze cloth, 
 
 Beavers, cheviots, kerseys. 
 
 Cassimeres. 
 
 Knitted underwear. 
 
 Corsets. 
 
 Fancy cassimeres, 
 
 Worsted suit'gs <fc coat'gs. 
 
 Fancy cassimeres. 
 
 Fancy cassimeres, worsted 
 suitings and coatings. 
 
 Fancy cassimeres. 
 
 Worsted coat'gs & suit'gs. 
 
 Carpets. 
 
 Fancy cassimeres, worsted 
 coatings and suitings. 
 
 Flannels. 
 
 Elastic goring & webbing. 
 
 Leggings, soles. 
 
 Seamless rub. dress shields. 
 
 Art embroidery. 
 
 Needle work. 
 
 Embroidery. 
 
 Pins. 
 
 Picture of steamship Elbe 
 in human hair. 
 
 Cotton duck. 
 
 Rubber foot wear. 
 
 Toys, clock work, electric- 
 al work, straw work. 
 
 Gun implements, Foster 
 auger bits, loading ma- 
 chinery of all kinds. 
 
130 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THH WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Name. Address. 
 
 The Colt Pat. Firearms Mfg. Co., Hartford, 
 The Ideal Mfg. Co., Kew Haven, 
 
 Parker Brothers, Meriden, 
 
 The Union Metallic Cart'ge Co., Bridgeport, 
 The Winchester Rep. Arms Co., New Haven, 
 
 The Marlin Firearms Co., Kew Haven, 
 
 The Am. Automatic Light. Co., Meriden, 
 The Chapman Mfg. Co., Meriden, 
 
 The Capewell Horse Nail Co 
 George J. Capewell, 
 
 Hartford, 
 Hartford. 
 
 The Eagle Lock Co., Terry ville, 
 
 Hobart B. Ives & Co., New Haven, 
 
 The Russell & Erwin Mfg. Co., New Britain, 
 
 The Stanley Rule & Level Co., New Britain, 
 The Stanley Works, New Britain, 
 
 The Cutaway Harrow Co. 
 M. B. Schenck&Co., 
 
 Peck Bros. & Co., 
 
 Higganum, 
 Meriden, 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Randolph & Clowes, Waterbury, 
 
 The N. Haven Car Register Co. , New Haven, 
 Elizabeth B. Sheldon, New Haven, 
 
 Exhibit. 
 
 Firearms. 
 
 Implements for reloading 
 cartridges, shells for 
 rifles, pistols, and shot 
 guns, powder flasks, bul- 
 let moulds. 
 
 Breech-loading shot guns. 
 
 Metallic ammunition. 
 
 Small arms, military, sport- 
 ing and hunting firearms; 
 ammunition; cartridge 
 re-loading implements. 
 
 Sport'g & hunt'g firearms. 
 
 Lighting system. 
 
 Hardware specialties; sil- 
 ver, gold, and nickel tea- 
 bells; sleigh & telephone 
 bells; dog collars. 
 
 Horse shoe nails. 
 
 Combined hammer and 
 tack-puller. 
 
 Improved nail puller. 
 
 Locks. 
 
 Sash locks. 
 
 Builders' hardware, house 
 furnish'g goods, screws, 
 bolts, and nails; carpen- 
 ter tools. 
 
 Carpenter tools. 
 
 Builders' and cabinet hard- 
 ware. 
 
 Wagon locks. 
 
 Casters for furniture and 
 trunks. 
 
 Lavatories and sanitary 
 goods ; miscellaneous 
 brass goods and brass 
 railings. 
 
 Boilers and brass kettles. 
 
 Fare registers for railr'ds. 
 
 Conn, room and interior 
 decorations. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY. 
 
 The G-. H. Bushnell & Co., Thompsonville, 
 The J. T. Case Engine Co., New Britain, 
 The Consol'd Safety Valve Co., Bridgeport, 
 The Hay den & Derby Mfg. Co. , Bridgeport, 
 The Nait'l Pipe Bending Co., New Haven, 
 New York Belting & Pack'g Co. , Newtown, 
 The Pratt & Whitney .Co., Hartford, 
 
 Filter presses. 
 
 20-horse power engine. 
 
 Valves. 
 
 Injectors 
 
 Nat'l feed water heater. 
 
 Belting and packing. 
 
 Automatic machine for 
 weighing granular ma- 
 terial; collection of ma- 
 chine tools; standard 
 measuring machines and 
 standard gauges ; miscel- 
 laneous small tools for 
 machinists' use ; Thurs- 
 ton torsion machine and 
 Thurston oil tester. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 131 
 
 Name. 
 The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., 
 
 The Armstrong Mfg. Co., 
 
 The Billings & Spencer Co., 
 
 Curtis & Curtis, 
 
 The Hendey Machine Co., 
 
 The E. Horton & Sons Co., 
 The Peck, Stow & Wilcox Co., 
 
 The Chas. Parker Co., 
 
 A. D. Quint, 
 
 The Atwood Machine Co., 
 
 The Willimantic Linen Co. , 
 The Farrel Fdy. & Mach. Co., 
 
 The Babcock Print. P. Mfg. Co. 
 R. H. Brown & Co , 
 The SmytheMfg. Co., 
 
 The Thorne Type-Sett'g M. Co. 
 The BristolsMfg. Co., 
 
 The Ashcroft Mfg. Co. 
 Leonard D. Harrison, 
 
 Address. 
 Stamford, 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 Torrington, 
 
 Windsor Locks 
 Southington, 
 
 Meriden, 
 Hartford, 
 Stonington, 
 
 Willimantic, 
 Ansonia, 
 
 New London, 
 New Haven, 
 Hartford, 
 
 Hartford, 
 Waterbury, 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 New Haven, 
 
 Exhibit. 
 
 Differential pulley blocks, 
 screw hoisting blocks, 
 safety double lifts, pillar 
 cranes, safety winches, 
 crabs, sustaining tripods, 
 electric traveling crane, 
 triplex spur-gear blocks. 
 
 Armstrong pipe-threading 
 machine. 
 
 Machinists' tools and drop- 
 forgings, box-opener. 
 
 Thread mach. & die-stock. 
 
 Planers, engine lathes, pil- 
 lar shapers. 
 
 , Chucks. 
 
 Tinsm'h tools, bench tools, 
 meat-cutter, machine for 
 cutting and folding tin. 
 
 Machinists' vises. 
 
 Quint's turret drill. 
 
 Display of machinery for 
 handling silk. 
 
 Cotton thread machinery. 
 
 Cal'dar rolls used in paper 
 making. 
 
 Power printing-presses. 
 
 Wire stitching machine. 
 
 Smyth thread book sewing 
 machine. 
 
 Type-setting machine. 
 
 Recording gauges for pres- 
 sure, temperature, and 
 electricity, & belt f ast'gs. 
 
 Machinery appliances. 
 
 Portable grinding mills. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 S. A. Chalker, 
 
 James Sturgis, 
 
 A. O. Thrall, 
 
 Jasper S. Brooks, 
 
 Arnold Warren, 
 
 J. C. Atkins, 
 
 Chauncey Deming, 
 
 John B. Hubbard, 
 
 Richard C. Wilcox, 
 
 Charles Wolcott & Son, 
 
 C. M. Beach. 
 
 N. S. Baldwin, 
 
 J. R. Campbell, 
 
 A. P. Textus, 
 
 E. C. Warner, 
 
 George W. Harris, 
 
 The Imperial Granum Co., 
 
 The Windsor Creamery Co., 
 
 The Ellington Creamery Co., 
 
 The Lebanon Creamery Co., 
 
 Saybrook, 
 
 Wilton, 
 
 Yernon Center, 
 
 Moodus, 
 
 So. Coventry, 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 Farmington, 
 
 Guilford, 
 
 Guilford, 
 
 Wethersfield, 
 
 West Hartford, 
 
 Meriden, 
 
 Wallingford, 
 
 East Morris, 
 
 North Haven, 
 
 Wethersfield, 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 Melrose, 
 
 Lebanon, 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn, rye. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Buckwheat. 
 
 Buckwheat. 
 
 Popcorn. 
 
 Potatoes. 
 
 Potatoes. 
 
 Imperial Granum. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
132 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Name. Address, 
 
 The Wapping Creamery Co.. Wapping, 
 The Glastonbury Creamery Co., Glastonbury, 
 The Cromwell Creamery Asso., Cromwell, 
 
 Edward Norton, Goshen, 
 
 J. B. Sanford, Redding, 
 
 The Plain ville Creamery Co., Plain ville. 
 
 The Andover Creamery Co., Andover, 
 The Springbrook Creamery Co., Plainville, 
 
 The Vernon Creamery Co., Yernon. 
 
 E. Stevens Henry, Rockville, 
 
 Henry Avery, Talcottville, 
 
 The Eastford Creamery Co., Eastford, 
 
 Silas A. Gridley, Terryville, 
 
 H. A. Huntington, Higganum, 
 
 George E. Morse, Cheshire, 
 
 George A. Miner, Bristol, 
 
 The N". E. Tobacco Asso.,* East Hartford, 
 
 The Cutaway Harrow Co., Higganum, 
 
 The Ostrom & Lincoln Co., Bridgeport, 
 
 Exhibit. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Cheese. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Collective award of leaf 
 tobacco. 
 
 Plows, harrows, and culti- 
 vators. 
 
 Toilet soaps, stands, brack- 
 ets and hangers for 
 anchored soap." 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF LIVE STOCK. 
 
 A. F. Williams. 
 
 Bristol, 
 
 Incubators, 
 brooder. 
 
 Monitor 
 
 (Oxen shown under yoke without regard to age or breeding.) 
 David Strong, Winsted, 1st prize, $50 and medal. 
 
 John Ferris, Stamford, 2d prize, $40 and medal. 
 
 Granger Brothers, Broad Brook, 3d prize, $30 and medal. 
 
 E. W. Lyon, Northfield, 4th prize, $20 and medal. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 The Yale & Town e Mfg. Co. , Stamford, 
 Dann Brothers & Co., New Haven, 
 
 B. Man ville & Co., New Haven, 
 
 The New Haven Carriage Co., New Haven, 
 
 H. G. Shepard & Sons, 
 The H. D. Smith Co., 
 
 S. W. Kent, 
 
 The White Mfg. Co., 
 
 New Haven, 
 Plantsville, 
 
 Meriden, 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 The Bridgeport Chain Co., Bridgeport, 
 C. Cowles & Co.. New Haven, 
 
 Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, 
 
 The American Publishing Co., Hartford, 
 
 The Winchester Rep. Arms Co., New Haven, 
 
 Locomotive crane. 
 
 Bent wood. 
 
 Brougham. 
 
 Six passenger brake, New- 
 port cabriolet, and plat- 
 form spider. 
 
 Bent carriage woodwork. 
 
 Carriage, wagon, sleigh^ 
 and bicycle forgings. 
 
 Horse ice-calks. 
 
 Carriage lamps and mount- 
 ings. 
 
 Chains. 
 
 Carriage coach lamps. 
 
 Marine hardware. 
 
 Water-color painting of 
 vessels in U. S. Navy. 
 
 Small arms for naval use, 
 cannon and small-arm 
 ammunition. 
 
 * There were 138 contributors to the collective exhibit of leaf tobacco. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 133 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Name. 
 The Mather Electric Co., 
 
 The Bryant Electric Co., 
 The Carp. Enam. Rheostat Co. 
 The Hart & Hegeman Mfg. Co. 
 The Johns Pratt Co., 
 The Eddy Electric Mfg. Co., 
 
 The Waring Electric Co., 
 William Wallace, 
 
 Address. Exhibit. 
 
 Manchester, Dynamos and motors, Ring 
 type, direct current and 
 constant potential, dyna- 
 mos, multiplied power 
 generators, direct cur- 
 rent and constant poten- 
 tial, automatic circuit 
 breaker. 
 
 Bridgeport, Snap switches. 
 
 Bridgeport, Rheostats. 
 
 Hartford, Snap switches. 
 
 Hartford, Insulating material. 
 
 Windsor, Motors, direct current and 
 
 constant potential. 
 
 Manchester, Incand. lamps, "Novak." 
 
 Ansonia, Historical electric light ex- 
 
 hibit. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS. 
 
 The State Board of Health, New Haven, 
 The State Board of Education, Hartford, 
 
 Norwich Normal School, 
 
 Public Training Schools, 
 
 Public Schools, 
 
 Stamford High School, 
 Mrs. C. E. Ripley, 
 The State Board of Education, 
 Willimantic Nor. Train. School. 
 
 Yale University, 
 
 Mrs. Marie H. Kendall, 
 Obiel W. Nelson, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Bristol, 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Middletown, 
 
 New Britain, 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Waterbury, 
 
 Stamford, 
 
 Torrington, 
 
 Stamford, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Willimantic. 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Norfolk, 
 New London, 
 
 Charts, maps, and reports. 
 
 Complete works of Hon. 
 Henry Barnard. 
 
 Charts showing course of 
 study, 
 
 Method in teaching, etc. 
 
 Charts illustrating plans 
 and methods of city train- 
 ing schools. 
 
 School work. 
 
 School work. 
 
 High school work. 
 
 School work. 
 
 School work. 
 
 Courses in study and stu- 
 dents' work. 
 
 School work (elementary 
 grades). 
 
 High school work. 
 
 Portfolio children's work. 
 
 Public school work. 
 
 School work. 
 
 School work. 
 
 School work. 
 
 Bound vols, pupils' work. 
 
 Orig. designs of wall paper. 
 
 Set of Conn. Ed. Reports. 
 
 Charts, pupils' drawing il- 
 lustrating lessons in other 
 branches. 
 
 Collection photographs and 
 charts illustrating equip- 
 ment and work. 
 
 Photographs. 
 
 Improved policeman's club. 
 
134 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Name. Address. 
 
 The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., Stamford, 
 The Lightning Check Punch Co. .Bridgeport, 
 M. Steinert, New Haven, 
 
 Exhibit. 
 Post-oflSce equipment. 
 Lightning check punch. 
 Loan collection of keyed 
 and stringed instruments. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINING. 
 
 Name. 
 The Shaler & Hall Quarry Co. 
 The N. E. Brownstone Co., 
 Randolph & Clowes, 
 
 J. D. & E. S. Dana. 
 
 Address. Exhibit. 
 
 Portland, Building stone. 
 
 Cromwell, Brown sandstone. 
 
 Waterbury, Sheet copper and brass; 
 brazed brass tubes and 
 mouldings ; seamless 
 drawn copper tubes. 
 
 Yale University, 140 vols. Journal of Sci- 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
 The Horton Mf g. Co. , Bristol, Fishing rods. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 
 
 E. H. Williams, (No address), Stone implements. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS. 
 (Oil Paintings.) 
 
 Charles H. Davis, 
 
 Leonard Ochtman, 
 
 Mystic, Abandoned, 
 
 Summer Morning, 
 
 April, 
 
 On the New England Coast, 
 
 The Valley, 
 
 A Winter Evening. 
 
 Mianus, Night, 
 
 Harvesting by Moonlight, 
 Along the Mianus River. 
 
 EXHIBITS yOT E:NrTEKED EOK COMPETITIOX 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURES. 
 
 (The following list includes all Exhibits not appearing in report of awards.) 
 
 The Am. Writing Machine Co., Hartford, 
 
 The Yost Writing Macli. Co., Bridgeport, 
 The Whitcomb Met. Bedst'd Co., Birmingham, 
 
 The Monumental Bronze Co , Bridgeport, 
 
 Rogers & Brother, 
 The Attawaugan Co., 
 The Ossawan Mills Co. 
 Isaac E. Palmer, 
 Timothy E. Hopkins, 
 
 Waterbury, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Middletown, 
 
 Danielson. 
 
 Writing machines and ap- 
 pliances ; typewriters. 
 
 Typewriters. 
 
 Brass and iron bedsteads, 
 and mattresses. 
 
 Monuments, statuary, me- 
 dallions, busts, etc. 
 
 Silver-plated ware. 
 
 Cotton goods. 
 
 Picture and shade cords. 
 
 Cotton fabrics. 
 
 Woolen goods. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 135 
 
 Name. Address. Exhibit. 
 
 B. Lucas & Co.. Norwich, Woolen goods. 
 
 The Niantic Mills Co. . East Lyme, Woolen goods. 
 
 The Niantic Woolen Co , Niantic, Woolen goods. 
 
 The Union City Thimble Co., Union City, Thimbles. 
 
 The Automatic Knife Co., Middletown, Pocket knives. 
 
 The Northfield Knife Co., Northfield, Pocket cutlery. 
 
 Simpson, Hall, Miller & Co., Wallingford, Silver-plated ware. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY. 
 
 The Norwalk Iron Works Co., So. Norwalk, 
 The Underwood Mfg. Co.. Tolland, 
 
 The Norton & Jones M. T. W'ks, Plain ville, 
 The ^tna Boot & Shoe H. Co. , Unionville, 
 
 The Kelsey Press Co., Meriden, 
 
 Geo. W. Sanborn & Son, Mystic, 
 
 Kinsley & Frisby, Bridgeport, 
 
 The Springfield Emery Wh. Co. , Bridgeport, 
 Frank J. Dugan, Norw^alk, 
 
 Air compressor. 
 Belting and pulleys. 
 Light machine tools. 
 Boot and shoe heel nailing 
 
 machine. 
 Printing-presses. 
 Paper-cutt'g machines, etc. 
 Chime whistles. 
 Em^ry wheels & grinders. 
 Potters' wheel. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The Eclipse Mfg. Co. 
 
 Middlebury, 
 
 Grain and seed separator 
 and grader. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OP TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 The Eagle Bicycle Mfg. Co., Torrington, 
 
 The Hartford Cycle Co., Hartford, 
 
 The Pope Mfg. Co., Hartford, 
 
 The Wilcox & Howe Co. , Birmingham, 
 
 Moses Clarke Swezey, New Haven, 
 
 The Union Hardware Co., Torrington, 
 
 Bicycle & pneumatic tires. 
 Bicycles and parts. 
 Bicycles and parts. 
 Vehicle hardware. 
 Cash carriers. 
 Tackle bl'cks, marine hard- 
 ware, etc. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY. 
 
 O. S. Piatt. 
 
 The Jewell Belting Co., 
 
 The Billings & Spencer Co. 
 
 The J. T. Case Engine Co., 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 New Britain, 
 
 Switches. 
 
 Dynamo belting. 
 
 Forged commutator bars,. 
 
 construction tools. 
 Engines driving dynamos. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS. 
 
 '^^'i.^T'^^ ^'^^ ^'^^ ^^"^^ I Hartford. Collective exhibit. 
 
 Asylum 
 
 School for the Feeble Minded, ' Lakeville, 
 The State Board of Education, Hartford, 
 The Dickinson Ivory Co., Centerbrook, 
 
 Keller Bros. & Blight, Bridgeport, 
 
 The B. Shoninger Co., New Haven, 
 
 L. P. Wildman, Danbury, 
 
 The Phoenix Mutual Ins. Co., Hartford, 
 
 Collective exhibit. 
 
 Educational exhibit. 
 
 Piano keys, etc. 
 
 Pianos. 
 
 Pianos, reed organs. 
 
 Violins. 
 
 Statistics, reports, etc. 
 
136 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINING. 
 
 Name. Address. 
 
 Exhibit. 
 
 The Canaan Lime Co., Canaan, 
 
 Lime and limestone, section 
 
 
 of plastered wall. 
 
 N. Bolles & Son, New Preston, 
 
 Granite. 
 
 Bootli Bros. & Hurricane Isle) ^t^„ t^ ^^ 
 Granite Co., [ New London, 
 
 Granite. 
 
 H. C. Burnham, Hadlyme, 
 
 Granite. 
 
 R. I. Crissey, Norfolk, 
 
 Granite. 
 
 GarveyBros., Sterling. 
 
 Granite. 
 
 The Millstone Granite Co , Niantic, 
 
 Granite. 
 
 Norcross Bros., Stony Creek, 
 
 Gray granite. 
 
 The Plymouth Quarry Co., Thomaston, 
 
 Granite. 
 
 The Stony Creek Red Gran. Co., Stony Creek, 
 
 Red granite. 
 
 ■Charles P. Wolcott, Buckland, 
 
 Red sandstone. 
 
 S. L. Wilson, New Milford, 
 
 Beryls, garnets, mica, etc. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS. 
 
 (Oil Paintings.) 
 
 
 €harles Noel Flagg, Hartford, 
 
 Portrait of Mark Twain. 
 
 P. E. Rudell, Greenwich, 
 
 A November day, 
 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 J. H. Twachtman, Greenwich, 
 
 Autumn shadows, 
 
 John F. Weir, 
 Henry C. White, 
 
 Fidelia Bridges, 
 Leonard Ochtman, 
 J. H. Twachtman, 
 
 J. H. Twachtman, 
 
 R. R. Wiseman, 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Brook in winter. 
 
 The Brooklyn bridge, 
 
 Decorative landscape. 
 
 Por't of Admiral Farragut, 
 
 Forging the shaft. 
 
 Spring landscape. 
 
 In an old orchard. 
 
 Frost. 
 
 Pier near Newport, 
 
 Winter. 
 
 (Pastel Drawings.) 
 
 Greenwich, Le Gorge d'Enfer (Throat 
 
 of hell). 
 (Etching). 
 New Haven, View New Haven green. 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Hartford, 
 (Water Colors.) 
 Canaan, 
 Mianus, 
 Greenwich, 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 
 
 Board of World's Fair Mngrs., Hartford, Specimens of native woodf 
 
 WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 Clara M. Barnes, 
 Mrs. M. A. Frisbie, 
 Miss Mary M. Smith, 
 Miss E W. Palmer, 
 3Irs. Thomas Kerr, 
 Harriet C. Mott, 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Washington, 
 
 Stonington, 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 East Hartford, 
 
 Punch bowl. 
 Jardinier, plates, etc. 
 D'c'rated ice-cream platter. 
 Souvenir spoons. 
 Infant's knitted cap. 
 Wax. feather, tissue paper, 
 and shell flowers. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 137 
 
 Mrs. W. A. Pilkinton, Bridgeport, Sleeve-holder and hat-pin. 
 
 Hattie L. Lyon, Bethel, A bouquet of onions (oil 
 
 painting). 
 
 Hiss Charlotte E. McLean, Hartford, Daisy field near Stock- 
 
 bridge (water color). 
 
 Miss Frances P. Hall, New Haven, Tray, pitcher, bonbon- 
 
 niere, etc. 
 
 The following is a list of intending exhibitors wlio were 
 applicants for space, but who, for reasons heretofore ex- 
 plained, declined their allotments, or were denied admission 
 for lack of sj)ace: 
 
 The Brown Cotton Gin Co., New London. 
 
 The A. B. Hendryx Co., New Haven. 
 
 The Bridgeport Brass Co., Bridgeport. 
 
 Ensign, Bickford & Co., Simsbiiry. 
 
 L^riah Cummings, New Haven. 
 
 The Loomis Gas Machine Co., Hartford. 
 
 The McLagon Foundry Co., New Haven. 
 
 The Safety Emery Wheel Co., Bridgeport. 
 
 The Farrel Foundry & Machine Co., Waterbury. 
 
 D. H. Carpenter, New Haven. 
 
 The Wheeler & Wilson Mfg Co., Bridgeport. 
 
 The Skinner Chuck Co., New Britain. 
 
 The Hartford Machine Screw Co., Hartford. 
 
 The D. E. Whiton Machine Co., New London. 
 
 The James Reynolds Mfg. Co., New^ Haven. 
 
 Frank Wheeler, Meriden. 
 
 €. B. Rogers & Co., Norw^ich. 
 
 Foskett &: Bishop, New Haven. 
 
 The New Process Nail Co., Torrington. 
 
 George P. Clark, Windsor Locks. 
 
 The Plartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co., Hartford. 
 
 The Franklin Moore Co., Winsted. 
 
 The Lane Bros. Harness Co., Norwich. 
 
 The New Departure Bell Co., Bristol. 
 
 Blakeslee & Co., Plantsville. 
 
 E. W. Stiles & Co., Hartford. 
 
 The Hartford Insulating Co., Hartford. 
 The New^ Haven Clock Co., New Haven. 
 Foy, Harmon & Chadw^ick, New Haven. 
 The Acme Shear Co., Bridgeport. 
 The Knapp & Cowles Mfg. Co., Bridgeport. 
 The Waterbui-y Clock Co., Waterbury. 
 Rogers & Hamilton, Waterbury. 
 
 10 
 
138 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 The Waterbury Button Co., Waterbuiy. 
 
 The Patent Button Co., Waterbury. 
 
 The Collins Company, CoUinsville. 
 
 W. A. Parsons & Co., Durham Center. 
 
 The Gong Bell Co., East Hampton. 
 
 The J. D. Bergen Co., Meriden. 
 
 Landers, Frary & Clark, New Britain. 
 
 P. & F. Corbin, New Britain. 
 
 The New Britain Knitting Co., New Britain. 
 
 The New Britain Architectural Terra Cotta Co., New Britain. 
 
 The Norwich Nickel and Brass Works, Norwich. 
 
 Child s & Childs, Manchester. 
 
 Caroline Hyde, Stonington. 
 
 The Hartford Carpet Co., Thompson ville. 
 
 The Yantic Woolen Co., Yantic. 
 
 The Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co., New London. 
 
 The Elmendorf Water Closet Apparatus Co., New London. 
 
 The T. C. Richards Hardware Co., West Winsted. 
 
 The Joseph Parker & Son Co., New Haven. 
 
 The Bevin Bros. Mfg. Co., East Hampton. 
 
 The W. H. Page Boiler Co., Norwich. 
 
 E. T. Naylor, Meriden. 
 
 The Wm. L. Gilbert Clock Co., Winsted. 
 
 The Natchaug Silk Co., Willimantic. 
 
 The Diamond Match Co., Westville. 
 
 The Whiton Letter Book Co., New London. 
 
 The Empire Knife Co., West Winsted. 
 
 The Holley Mfg. Co., Lakeville. 
 
 The Bridgeport Corset Co., Bridgeport. 
 
 The Grilley Company, New Haven. 
 
 The New Haven Car Register Co., New Haven. 
 
 The Mallory-Wheeler Co., New Haven. 
 
 I. S. Spencer's Sons, Guilford. 
 
 J. S. C. Rowland, M.D., Hartford. 
 
 L. T. Sheffield, New London. 
 
 The Yanderman Plumbing Co., Willimantic. 
 
 The Griest Mfg. Co., New Haven. 
 
 J. M. W. Gllligan, Hartford. 
 
 The Iron Clad Stove Polish Co., Middletown. 
 
 William R. Hartigan, CoUinsville. 
 
 The E. N. Welch Mfg Co., Forestville. 
 
 The Colchester Rubber Co., Colchester. 
 
 The C. F. Monroe Co., Meriden. 
 
 The King Implement & Mfg. Co., New Haven. 
 
 C. H. Bacon, Danielsonville. 
 
 Ernst Schall, Hartford. 
 
 C. Brewster, Birmingham. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 139 
 
 The Connecticut Mfg. Co., Hartford. 
 
 Waterhouse Bros., Hartford. 
 
 T. H. Brady, New Britain. 
 
 The Waddell & Entz Co., Bridgeport. 
 
 The Mathusheck Piano Co., New Haven. 
 
 The Sterling Co., Derby. 
 
 W. G. Talmadge, Plymouth. 
 
 H. C. Voorhees, Meriden, 
 
 W. B. Lloyd, Hartford. 
 
 National Amateur Press Asso., New Britain. 
 
 Elihu Geer's Sons, Hartford. 
 
 L. W. Bacon, M.D., New Haven. 
 
 W. W. Crampton, New Haven. 
 
 The Embalmers' Supply Co., Westport. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Statement of Reinbursement of Subscribers to Original Appropriation. — 
 Conservatism of the Board of Managers in its Expenditures — Treas- 
 urer's Account and Summary of Expenses. 
 
 The General Assembly of 1893 — unlike its predecessor 
 — was in harmony with itself, and, as a consequence, it was 
 naturally expected that when the TV^orld's Fair Board asked 
 for an appropriation that would permit the reimbursenient 
 of subscribers to the original fund of $50,000, it would be 
 favorably reported and promptly voted. And so it was. The 
 matter was presented to the Committee on Appropriations by 
 a special committee of the Board of Managers, consisting of 
 S. W. Kellogg, D. M. Read, Geo. H. Day, and Morris W. 
 Seymour. An appropriation of $75,000 was urged before the 
 legislative committee, a careful estimate having been made 
 by members of the committee, representing the Board 
 of Managers. The committee on appropriations, possibly 
 thinking that by so doing they would be more likely to be con- 
 sidered conservative legislators (and so, perhaps, be returned as 
 law-makers at a subsequent session), compromised the matter 
 by making the amount of the appropriation $70,000 instead 
 of the amount asked. 
 
 The appropriation voted enabled Treasurer Day to reim- 
 burse those, who, a year previous, had supplied from their own 
 pockets the means whereby the World's Fair Board was en- 
 abled to organize and to assume pecuniary obligations. In 
 addition to this patriotic loan being a creditable affair it ul- 
 timately was proven to be a good investment, for by vote of 
 the Board of Managers the treasurer was instructed to add six 
 per cent, interest for the money advanced. The amount thus 
 paid as interest was $1,067.26, as will be seen by the treasurer's 
 report. 
 
 (140) 
 

 * ^ 
 
 m 
 
 \M- MFRR """ HF^^'M'^u'/^V 
 
 LTERMATL^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 .^v--< 
 
 i^:i(^»^c. 
 
 rALTERNATE MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. l4l 
 
 It is hardly necessary for tlie executive officer of the 
 "World's Fair Board to appear as its apologist in the matter 
 of expenditure of the State's appropriation, for he is not 
 aware that any item of expense has ever. been called in ques- 
 tion. It will be proj)er for hun to say, nevertheless, that he 
 regards them as having been uniformly conservative as to 
 the disposition of the money entrusted to them. Among the 
 earlier votes passed by the Board, as shown by its official min- 
 utes, was " that the treasurer pay no bills except such as are 
 approved by the Chairman of the Executive Committee, ex- 
 cepting such as are provided for at the previous meeting of 
 the Executive Board." The exception referred to in the fore- 
 going extract pro^dded for the payment of traveling expenses 
 of members of the Boards of Managers and Lady Managers 
 when in attendance at authorized meetings, and of commit- 
 tees of which they were members, payment of such bills to be 
 made " upon presentation of proper vouchers." 
 
 It vull be observed further, by those who examine the 
 treasurer's statement which follows, that payment of all possi- 
 ble accounts was made under specific appropriations voted by 
 the full Board,- or by the Executive Committee as its author- 
 ized representative. The only exceptions to this rule were in- 
 stances of contingent expenses incurred by the Executive 
 Manager at Jackson Park, who was duly authorized to incur 
 such pecuniary obligations as in his judgment were warranted 
 in the administration of his executive duties. 
 
 The position of treasurer of the Board from its organiza- 
 tion on the 30th of March, 1892, was held by Colonel John E. 
 Earle of Xew Haven, until his death, which occurred on the 
 30th of October of the same year. At a meeting of the Board 
 held November 4:th, George H. Day of Hartford was unani- 
 mously elected its treasurer, a position he still holds. The 
 treasurer's statement which is here given is taken from the 
 official minutes of the meeting of the Board held on the 30th 
 of January, 1894. The account is given to the 24th of Janu- 
 ary, subsequent to which date further obligations were liqui- 
 
142 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 dated wMch. do not appear in tlie published statement, among 
 them the final vouchers of members of the Board for traveling . 
 expenses, etc. 
 
 BOAKD OF WOKLD'S FAIE MA^'AGEES OF C0¥- 
 ^^ECTICUT. 
 
 TREASURER'S ACCOUNT, JANUARY 24, 1894. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 1893. 
 
 March 8. Received from State Treasurer, . $40,000.00 
 
 June 13. " " " " . 10,000.00 
 
 Aug. 9. " " " " . 20,000.00 
 
 Total receipts, $70,000.00 
 
 Disbursements. 
 
 Building, Decorating, and Furnishing Appropriations. 
 
 Apr. 19. 1892. By vote of Full Board, . . 815,000.00 
 
 Apr. 7, 1893. " " " " . . 2,500.00 
 
 Nov. 4, 1892. " " " " (Tracy Bros. 
 
 bill for extras), . . . 1,271.08 
 
 Dec. 20, 1892. By vote of Executive Commit- 
 tee (grading of grounds), . 390.00 
 Total appro, for building, dec- 
 orating, and furnishing, . 19,161.08 
 
 Expended on account of the above appropriations : 
 
 Tracy Bros, contract, $9,870.00 
 
 " extras, 1,271.08 
 
 Architectural fees and expenses, . . . 786.46 
 
 Fittings, etc., viz. : Electric wiring, gas connec- 
 tions, fence, turfing, etc., .... 720.23 
 Decorating and furnishing, .... 6,046.90 
 
 Grading grounds, 390.00 
 
 Total expended (leaving an unexpended bal- 
 ance of $76.41), 19,084.67 
 
 Board of Lady Managers. 
 Appropriated May 17, 1892, by vote of Full Board, 5,000.00 
 Apr. 7,1893, " " " " 2,000.00 
 
 Total appropriated and paid, . . . 7,000.00 
 
 State Board of Agriculture. 
 
 Appropriated Sept. 8, 1892, by vote of Execu- 
 tive Committee for exhibit 1,500.00 
 
 Appropriated June 19, 1893, by vote of Full 
 
 Board for pavilion, 2,600.00 
 
 Appropriated June 9, 1893, by vote of Execu- 
 tive Com. for care of exhibit, $50 per mo., 253.64 
 
 Cost of pavilion exceeded appropriation by, . 1.24 
 
 Total paid, 4,354.88 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 143 
 
 Dairymen's Association. 
 
 Appropriated June 19, 1893, by vote of Full 
 
 Board for exhibit, $1,000.00 
 
 Casb paid for butter-cases, .... 178.80 
 
 State's proportion for refrigeration of Dairy 
 
 Building . . 45.00 
 
 Total paid, $1,223.80 
 
 State's Forestry Exhibit. 
 
 Appropriated Sept. 8, 1892, by vote of Execu- 
 tive Committee 400.00 
 
 Appropriated Jan. 7, 1893, by vote of Execu- 
 tive Committee, 600.00 
 
 Total appropriated and paid, . . . 1,000.00 
 
 Tobacco Growers' Association. 
 
 Appropriated Sept. 8, 1892, by vote of Execu- 
 tive Committee, 600.00 
 
 Appropriated Dec. 20, 1893, by vote of Execu- 
 tive Committee, . . . . . . 400.00 
 
 Appropriated by vote of special committee, . 300.00 
 
 Total appropriated and paid, ... 1,300.00 
 
 Expenses of Governor and Staff and 12 mem- 
 bers of Board of Managers to Dedicatory 
 Exercises, October, 1892, by vote of full 
 Board, July 6, 1892, 1,818.85 
 
 Expenses of Governor and Staff . and twenty- 
 eight members of Board of Managers to 
 Connecticut Day Exercises, October, 1893, 
 and expense of exercises there, by vote of 
 Full Board, June 18, 1893 ; also fare of one 
 member one way, 6,116.06 
 
 Colonial Exhibit. 
 Appropriated April 7, 1893, by vote of Full 
 
 Board, 800.00 
 
 Less amount returned unexpended, . . . 480.00 
 
 Net amount paid, 320.00 
 
 Educational Exhibit. 
 Appropriated April 7, 1893, by vote of Full 
 
 Board, 1,300.00 
 
 Less amount returned, unexpended, ... 4.65 
 
 Net amount paid, 1,295.35 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 Executive Officers, by votes of Full Board, 
 
 April 19, 1892, and January 7, 1893, . . 4,910.00 
 
 Janitor and wife, by vote of Executive Commit- 
 tee, Feb. 1, 1893, 1,200.00 
 
 Clerks, 819.90 
 
 Total amount paid 6,929.90 
 
 Shipping and installing expenses of State Ex- 
 hibit, by votes of Executive Committee, 
 Feb. 1, 1893, and June 9, 1893, . . . 1,587.35 
 
 Removing, packing, and returning same at 
 
 close of Exposition, 1,430.82 
 
 Total amount paid, . . . . . 3,018.17 
 
144 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Board of Executive Manager, .... $347.91 
 
 Board of janitor and wife before State Building 
 
 was ready for occupancy, .... 88.50 
 
 Total amount paid, $436.41 
 
 Traveling expenses of managers attending 
 
 meetings, 285.13 
 
 Traveling expenses of Building and Furnishing 
 
 Committee, 3,443.06 . 
 
 Traveling expenses of Executive Officers, etc., 746.64 
 
 Total amount paid 4,474.82' 
 
 Expenses of Hostess (Mrs. C S. Yaill), appointed 
 
 bv special sub-committee, .... 481.04 
 
 Post-office in State Building, .... 109.80 
 
 General expenses, not elsewhere specified, per 
 vouchers approved by Chairman of Exec- 
 utive Committee, 4,148.69 
 
 Interest paid to those advancing money for use 
 of Pro visionary Board, pending session of 
 legislature, per vote of Full Board, March 
 8, 1893, 1,067.26 
 
 Foot Guard Excursion to Dedication, appropri- 
 ated July 6, 1892, by vote of Full Board, . 2,500.00 
 
 Total Disbursements, . . . . . 66,679.70 
 
 Balance in American National Bank, . . 3,320.30 
 
 (Signed) GEORGE H. DAY, Treasurer. $70,000.00 
 
 At a meeting of the Full Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecti" 
 cnt held in Hartford on the 30th day of January, 1894, it was voted that 
 the above report be approved and adopted. 
 Attest : 
 
 (Signed) WILBUR B. FOSTER, 
 Secretary Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut. 
 
ALTERNATE MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBL-VN EXPOSITION. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Personnel of Boards of Managers and Lady Managers — Manner in which 
 Selection of Managers was Made — Official Tributes to Members of 
 the Board Who Died "While in Office. 
 
 It should not be imagined that because the members of the 
 Connecticut Board of Workl's Fair Managers consented to 
 serve the commomvealth without compensation for the long^ 
 terms of twenty-two months that thev were gentlemen of 
 leisure, and had nothing else to do. TTithout exception — and 
 this statement applies to members of the National Commission 
 equally with those of the State Board — they were men act- 
 ively engaged in business or professional work, and surren- 
 dered whatever time was required that the State might be prop- 
 erly represented at the great Exposition. 
 
 It is the experience of every community, that if extra bur- 
 dens must be borne for the common weal they are, as a rule» 
 placed upon shoulders already overborne with work. This 
 ride seems to cany with it the understanding that men who 
 are most fully occupied, are better qualified to undertake pub- 
 lic service than those of comparative leisure. 
 
 It will interest the general reader, and possibly the politi- 
 cal economist, to take note of the active occupation of the 
 members of the two organizations about referred to. Of the 
 Xational Commission, Leverett Brainard is prominently 
 identified with The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company, 
 the largest printing and bookbinding establishment in the 
 State. Thomas M. ^^aller, though a resident of Xew London,, 
 maintains a law ofiice in Xew York, where he is identified Avith 
 extensive corporate interests. At the time of his appointment 
 on the Commission, Charles F. Brooker was secretary of The 
 Coe Brass Manufacturing Company of Torrington, the largest 
 establishment of its kind in this country, if not in the world, — 
 
 (145) 
 
146 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 since promoted to its presidency. Charles K. Baldwin, the re- 
 maining member of the JN'ational Commission, was at time of 
 appointment at the head of the business department of the 
 Waterbnry American, and was also cashier of a banking insti- 
 tution in that city. The members of the Board of Managers 
 ^vere not less actively occupied. Charles M. Jarvis is president 
 and chief engineer of the Berlin Iron Bridge Company. 
 George H. Day, treasurer of the Board during sixteen months 
 of its active existence, is vice-president of the Pope Manufac- 
 turing Company, an establishment which gives employment to 
 several thousand men. David M. Bead, chairman of the Ex- 
 ecutive Committee and Auditor of the Board, was president of 
 the Read Carpet Company of Bridgeport, and at the head of 
 the D. M. Bead Company, the largest mercantile house in that 
 city. Oscar I. Jones, who, with Mr. Bead, represented Fair- 
 iield County on the Board, was actively engaged in trade. 
 John E. Earle, the first treasurer of the Board, had for many 
 years been Connecticut's leading patent solicitor. He was 
 also treasurer of the Connecticut Centennial Commission of 
 1876. The vacancy resulting from Mr. Earle's death was filled 
 by the appointment, by Governor Bulkeley, of George F. Hol- 
 comb, a former Mayor of 'Ne^v Haven, and closely identified 
 with its business interests as president of the 'New Haven Car- 
 riage Company. The colleague of Messrs. Earle and Holcomb 
 w^as General Stephen W. Kellogg, former member of Con- 
 gress, and for many years Waterbury's most prominent attor- 
 ney. Litchfield County was represented by Bufus E. Holmes, 
 vice-president of the Hurlbut ^N'ational Bank, and member 
 of the financial firm of Holmes & Gay, and by Milo Bichard- 
 son, manager of the Bamum & Bichardson Company, manu- 
 facturers of car wheels, etc. Wilbur B. Foster is one of Bock- 
 ville's busy merchants, and George Sykes, his colleague, is 
 manager of several of the great textile establishments for 
 which that place has long been noted. Windham County 
 called into service General Eugene S. Boss, general manager 
 of the largest corporation within its territory — the Willi- 
 
COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I47 
 
 niantic Linen Companv — and Charles S. L. Marlor, whose 
 father, Thomas S. Marlor, was a member of the Centennial 
 Commission of 1876, and from whom he inherited qualities 
 which made him a valuable member of the Board. From ]\Iid- 
 dlesex Connty came two of its most prominent and active busi- 
 ness men, Clinton B. Davis, treasurer of the Cutaway HaiTOW 
 Companv, and Thomas R. Pickering, well known as the in- 
 ventor of the " Pickering governor," and at the head of the 
 Pickering Governor Company of Portland. ]Mr. Pickering's 
 service in connection with former expositions had qualified him 
 for rendering good counsel in the position to which he was 
 chosen. He had represented Connecticut at four Interna- 
 tional Expositions — at Vienna, twice in Paris, and as State 
 Agent at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876. Xew London 
 County was represented on the Board by Prank A. Mitchell, 
 secretary and treasurer of the Thames Iron TTorks, Norwich, 
 and by Edward T. Brown, treasurer of the Brown Cotton Gin 
 Company of Xew London. The foregoing outline seems to 
 clearly indicate that those who were selected to represent Con- 
 necticut in her relations with the T^'^orld's Pair were men of 
 unusual qualifications, and of such standing as to ensure the 
 State's highest welfare in connection therewith. 
 
 There are no data easily obtainable from which to outline 
 the particular methods adopted for selecting the various mem- 
 bers of the Board of Managers. The task was imposed upon the 
 gentlemen who were chosen to represent the several counties 
 at the meeting of citizens held at the State Capitol on the 2 2d 
 of February, 1892. In order to secure a strictly non-partisan 
 Board it was decided that two members should be selected from 
 each county, one Republican and one Democrat, who were to 
 be nominated (appointment to be made by the Governor) by 
 the gentlemen who were chosen vice-presidents of the meeting 
 held on the date above named. In some instances the vice- 
 presidents were prevailed upon to propose their colleagues as 
 the best possible choice. In other cases it is probable that the 
 ground was carefully looked over, and selection made in a man- 
 
148 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 ner similar to tlie metliod adopted in LitcMeld County. The 
 vice-presidents tliere^ as recorded on page 23, were Lyman AV. 
 Coe of Torrington and Samnel S. IS^ewton of Winchester. 
 When these gentlemen met in conference it was understood by 
 them that the persons selected for nomination as members of 
 the Board of Managers should be approved by both. Mr. 
 Xewton narrated to the writer, at the time, the manner in 
 which the choice for Litchfield County was made, and we 
 give it as nearly as possible in his own Avords. 
 
 • " When we came together to make our selection," said 
 Mr. Xewton, " Mr. Coe asked if I had settled upon my candi- 
 date. I told him my choice was Milo B. Bichardson of Lime 
 Rock. He said that selection would be entirely satisfactory to 
 him. I then asked Mr. Coe if he had made his selection. He 
 replied that he had as yet made no choice, but that he A^dshed 
 to confer the honor upon some citizen of Winsted, in recogni- 
 tion of its position as the industrial center of the county. He 
 said : " If you will give me a list of a few of your leading 
 business men, any one of whom will be acceptable to your- 
 self, I will indicate my preference. I gave him a list, which 
 included the most prominent men in the toAvn, and when he 
 had looked it over he said : ' My choice is Ruf us E. Holmes.' " 
 Members of the Board of Managers do not need to be told, 
 since their long service of twenty-two months, that Lyman W. 
 Coe was a good judge of men. 
 
 The composition of the Board of Lady Managers, like that 
 of its counterpart, seems to have been the result of " natural 
 selection." Every community is endowed Avith Avomen who 
 have special gifts in the direction of executive ability — at 
 least every Connecticut community is; not simply the ability to 
 formulate plans, but to carry them successfully into execution. 
 One of the tasks imposed upon the Board of Managers Avas 
 that of selecting tAvo Avomen from each county AA-ho should 
 comprise the Board of Lady Managers, and an equal number 
 of alternates to render service Avhen the principals Avere unable 
 to do so. The successful manner in Avhich Connecticut was- 
 
COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I49 
 
 represented at tlie AVorld's Fair in matters devolving upon 
 tliem fnlly justified tlie appointments that were made. If there 
 was favoritism shown in the selection of members of the Wom- 
 en's Board it was the kind of favoritism that is approved bv the 
 general public — that which recognizes high social standing, 
 combined with especial fitness for undertaking laborious and 
 difficult tasks. They could devote themselves ^ to social 
 functions with credit, but they could do far more than 
 that: could jDlan wisely and execute plans successfully. The 
 story of the work of the Women's Board is to be told by its effi- 
 cient president, Mrs. George H. Knight, and it only need be 
 remarked here that from first to last their administration of 
 the duties committed to their charge was emphatically ap- 
 proved by the Board of Managers. 
 
 MEMOEIAL TKIBUTES. 
 
 Dming the existence of the World's Pair Board of Man- 
 agers as an active organization, death entered its ranks, and 
 bore away two of its most prominent membei*s. In October, 
 1892, the treasurer, Mr. Earle, Avas stricken with pericarditis, 
 and passed away after but two weeks' illness. In due time the 
 following minute found place in the official records of the 
 Board, passed by a unanimous rising vote. 
 
 COL. JOHN E. EARLE. 
 
 The committee appointed to draft resolutions on the death 
 of the late treasurer of the Board. Mr. John E. Earle, offered 
 the foUov^ng preamble and resolutions. 
 
 IVJiej'eas, The Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut and 
 its Executive Committee have lost, by the death of Colonel John 
 E. Earle, one of their most esteemed and efficient members, and 
 Whereas, We, the members of said Board and Executive Committee 
 desire to place upon record a suitable testimonial of our high re- 
 gard for his memoiy. and of our sense of the gi"eat loss this 
 Board and the State of Connecticut have suffered by his death, 
 therefore 
 Resolved, That by this mysterious dispensation we have been de- 
 prived of the counsel and advice of one whose ripe experience, ex- 
 
150 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 cellent judgment, and varied information, made him a most impor- 
 tant member, and we deplore his loss to the Board and the State. 
 And, while we recognize his great usefulness as a Commissioner, 
 and his high devotion to duty in all the relations of a citizen, we feel 
 that we have met with a great personal loss in his death, in common 
 with the State and the community in which he lived, where he has 
 so long been loved and honored by all who knew him. 
 
 Resolved, That the above preamble and resolutions be entered 
 upon the records of this Board, and a copy be sent to the afflicted 
 family of the deceased, with the assurance of our sincere sympathy 
 and condolence in their sad bereavement. 
 
 GEO. F. HOLCOMB, 
 S. W. KELLOGG, 
 "^ E. T. BROWN, 
 
 Committee. 
 
 HON. DAVID M. READ. 
 
 In December, 1893, tlie Board was again called to record 
 its sense of loss in the death of Hon. D. M. Eead, chairman of 
 the Executive Committee, who had been in gradually failing 
 health for several weeks. At the first subsequent meeting of 
 the Board, held January 30, 1894, the following minute, of- 
 fered by Mr. Jarvis, was adopted, the Secretary of the Board 
 being instructed to send^ an engrossed copy to Mr. Read's 
 family, and to cause the same to be made public through the 
 medium of various prominent newspapers. 
 
 (Extract from official minutes.) 
 
 The Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut, appreciat- 
 ing the obligation that they and the entire State are under by reason 
 of the wisdom, energy, and skill displayed by the Honorable David 
 M. Read in representing the interests of the State at the World's 
 Columbian Eixposition at Chicago during the past summer, and, 
 desiring to attest the deep sense of personal bereavement they feel 
 at his death, cause this minute to be entered upon their records : 
 
 Resolved, That in the death of the Honorable David M. Read the 
 State of Connecticut has lost a tried and faithful servant, one who 
 was ever watchful of its true interests, willing, at a sacrifice of 
 personal comfort, to advance its prosperity and uphold its reputa- 
 tion ; that we extend to his family and the entire community in which 
 he lived, our sincerest sympathy at the loss they, in common with 
 ourselves, have sustained. 
 
 Resolved, That the Secretary of the Board send an engrossed 
 copy of this minute and resolution to the family of the deceased, 
 and cause a copy to be printed. 
 
CHAPTER XIY. 
 
 RETROSPECTIVE GLAIS^CES AT THE EXPOSITION IN 
 GENERAL. 
 
 Apologetic — Statistical — Connecticut Visitors to the Exposition — Will 
 Another Equally Wonderful Exposition Be Seen ? — Marvelous Ad- 
 vancement Achieved Since the Centennial of 1876 — Who Can Guess 
 What Science and Invention Will Do for the Future ? — Will Man 
 Always Eat in Order to Live ? — An Incentive for Connecticut Students 
 toward Solving Mysterious Problems — Is Longevity One of the 
 Lost Arts? — Will Aerial Navigation be Possible in Another Hun- 
 dred Years? — Forecast of America's Greatness — Brief Duration of 
 the Exposition Regretted — The Chicago Society of Sons of Con- 
 necticut — Connecticut Souvenir Badge — Connecticut at the World's 
 Congress — Extracts from Bulletins to Connecticut Newspapers. 
 
 APOLOGETIC. 
 This final cliapter lias been reserved for a gathering-up of 
 odds and ends, which have been unable to find a fitting lodg- 
 ment elsewhere, a sort of literary waste-basket into which have 
 been thrust features which could not be assimilated in connec- 
 tion with any of the preceding chapters, and some of which, 
 the reader may think, would assimilate more readily in an- 
 other kind of waste-basket. If considerable latitude has been 
 taken in this chapter (to say nothing of its longitude), the 
 writer promises to plead guilty to almost any indictment that 
 may be made, with reference to some of its features, excepting 
 that of seriousness. The temptation to indulge in strange 
 conceptions as to what the future may evolve seems to be justi- 
 fied by recalling the progress of events of the past, especially 
 during recent years. How wide he has shot of the mark to 
 be established by conditions possibly to be attained a hundred 
 years hence, only those of that far-off time can know. 
 
 STATISTICAL— CONNECTICUT VISITORS TO THE EXPOSI- 
 TION. 
 
 The large number of visitors from Connecticut to the Co- 
 
 (151) 
 
152 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 liimbian Exposition, as shown by registrations at the State 
 Building, indicates the interest with which it was regarded by 
 its citizens. The three registers required during the six months 
 contain the names of 26,100 people, representing 366 towns, 
 cities, villages, and hamlets. ' 
 
 The percentage of the State's population visiting the Expo- 
 sition was 3.4 (based upon the census of 1890), while the at- 
 tendance at the Centennial of 1876 w^as 7.4 per cent, (census 
 of 1870). The larger attendance at Philadelphia is easily ac- 
 counted for by the shorter distance. I^ew Haven stands at the 
 head of the list, numerically, Hartford being represented by the 
 largest percentage of population, the largest, at least, of the 
 record shown in the following table. 
 
 The subjoined list shows tOT^ms that were represented by 
 more than 200 people, with percentages of population, and 
 the percentage of the same towns attending the Centennial ex- 
 hibition. The latter figures have been obtained from " The 
 Souvenir of the Centennial,'' published by Geo. D. Curtis in 
 1 877. The figures indicate attendance by towns; for example : 
 Vernon includes registrations from Yernon Center, Rock- 
 ville, and Talcottville, and Winchester includes Winchester 
 Center, Winsted, and West Winsted. 
 
 Town. 
 
 Attend- 
 
 P. C. 
 
 P. c. 
 
 Town. 
 
 Attend- 
 
 p. c. 
 
 P. c. 
 
 
 ance. 
 
 in 1893. 
 
 in 1876. 
 
 
 ance. 
 
 in 1893. 
 
 in 1876. 
 
 l^ew Haven, 
 
 3649 
 
 4.2 
 
 8.6 
 
 New London, 
 
 464 
 
 3.3 
 
 7.6 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 3641 
 
 68 
 
 11.0 
 
 Middletown, 
 
 460 
 
 3.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 1903 
 
 8.6 
 
 8.6 
 
 Winchester, 
 
 344 
 
 5.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 Waterbury, 
 
 1042 
 
 3.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 295 
 
 3.3 
 
 6.9 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 814 
 
 3.5 
 
 6.4 
 
 Bristol, 
 
 280 
 
 3.7 
 
 8.7 
 
 Meriden, 
 
 694 
 
 2.7 
 
 10.7 
 
 Windham, 
 
 271 
 
 2.7 
 
 6.5 
 
 Norwalk, 
 
 610 
 
 3.4 
 
 7.9 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 248 
 
 3.0 
 
 5.7 
 
 New Britain, 
 
 559 
 
 2.9 
 
 8.2 
 
 Derby, 
 
 224 
 
 3.7 
 
 5.4 
 
 Stamford, 
 
 541 
 
 3.6 
 
 78 
 
 Stonington, 
 
 215 
 
 2.0 
 
 5.9 
 
 Danbury, 
 
 517 
 
 2.7 
 
 6.8 
 
 Suffield, 
 
 207 
 
 6.0 
 
 9.4 
 
 The foregoing statistics show that the percentage of popu- 
 lation of towns represented at the Chicago Exposition varied 
 but little. Sixteen of the twenty from which figures are given 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I53 
 
 varying less than one per cent, from the attendance of tlie 
 State as a whole. The highest percentage, that of Hartford, 
 may be accoimted for by the fact that, per capita, it is Connecti- 
 cut's richest toAvn. The next highest, that of Suffield, the 
 richest agricultural town in the State, having the largest area 
 of arable land, probably shows that farmers who, for many 
 years, have been successful cultivators of tobacco, are 
 presumably well supplied with pocket-money. Winchester, 
 standing third in the order of percentages, is chiefly 
 noted for the great variety of its manufactures, and as a result 
 the more continuous occupation of the greater portion of its 
 artisans. To the fact that it is an unusually prosperous indus- 
 trial town, that local interest in the Exposition was increased by 
 reason of its having a representative on both the Board of 
 Managers and Lady Managers, and that another of its citizens 
 was domiciled in the State Building as executive officer, may 
 possibly be attributed its large percentage of attendance. It 
 is worthy of note that Winchester visitors to the Chicago 
 Exposition numbered 344, and that 345 registered at the Phil- 
 adelphia Centennial. 
 
 It is noteworthy also that prominent agricultural towns are 
 better represented at expositions than the same grade of manu- 
 facturing towns. This statement is verified by the record of 
 Litchfield and Washington, agricultural to^ms, which were 
 represented at the Centennial Exhibition by 9.2 and 10.4 per 
 cent, of their population, the percentages from Winchester 
 and Torrington, which are the most prosperous manufacturing 
 towns in the same County, showing only 8.5 and 6.5 per cent, 
 respectively. To the Columbian Exposition the same agricul- 
 tural communities sent combined, 9 per cent, of their popula- 
 tion, while Winchester and Torrington, combined, were repre- 
 sented by but 7.7 per cent. 
 
 WILL ANOTHER EQUALLY WONDERFUL EXPOSITION BE 
 
 SEEN? 
 
 It is not improbable that many visitors to the Columbian 
 Exposition of 1893 have wondered if they vdll ever again, 
 11 
 
154 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 during their earthly lives, have the opportunity of attending 
 an exposition planned and carried ont on so grand a scale as 
 that held in Chicago. Notwithstanding the gTeat stride by 
 which the "World's Fair, in many particnlars, surpassed the 
 Centennial Exhibition of 1876, after a lapse of but seventeen 
 years, it may well be doubted if this generation will be likely 
 to see its equal, either in this country or in any other. ^VTien 
 we remember the superior location of Jackson Park, vdth its 
 canals and lagoons affording such rare opportunity for the ply- 
 ing of gondolas, electric and other launches to the very doors of 
 almost every department building; when we contemplate the 
 number and extent of the various buildings; when we recall 
 the imperial gTandeur of the Court of Honor mth its un- 
 approached magnificence, by night or by day; and especially 
 when w^e reflect upon the sum total of expense borne by the 
 Exposition Company — upwards of twenty-six millions of 
 dollars — we shall be likely to arrive at the conclusion that 
 never again in our day is it probable that we shall see its equal- 
 In another hundred years, when the 500th Columbian anniver- 
 sary comes around, Chicago will have fully recovered from 
 what seems to us must have been accomplished by almost super- 
 human endeavor, and she may then feel like showing to the 
 world that she can surpass her former triumph. If, as now, her 
 motto continues to be " I will ! '' that will settle the; question — 
 especially if the enterprise of her people shall have been trans- 
 mitted to her coming generations. Jackson Park will exist in 
 1993, but by that time it wdll so largely be embellished by 
 trees, boulevards, fountains, statuar}^, and grass plots, that its 
 use for another Exposition would, doubtless, be denied. Lower 
 down on the lake shore, however, there may be, even a hundred 
 years hence, imoccupied space sufiicient to more than eclipse 
 the Exposition of our own remembrance. It may be too soon 
 to suggest to Chicago, that somewhere in the vicinity of Lake 
 Calumet, adequate space should be reserved for a Coliunbian 
 Exposition in 1993. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 155 
 
 THE MARVELOUS ADVANCEMENT ACHIEVED SINCE THE 
 CENTENNIAL OF 1876. 
 
 When one reflects npon the advance along various lines 
 from the Centennial of 1876 to the Columbian Exposition of 
 1893, and upon the further stride already made since the close 
 of the latter, it is easy to believe that Avhen another hundred 
 years shall have given ampler scope for inventive genius and 
 scientific application, the 500th anniversary of the discovery 
 of America will reveal conditions, which now, at least mth 
 reference to some of them, have no place in the calculations of 
 the average mind. He who questions this statement only 
 needs to recall the fact that in 1893 the X-rays had not come to 
 light, so that since the close of this greatest of the "World's Ex- 
 positions, when it was fairly supposed by most people that we 
 had got " about to the end," this marvelous discovery has been 
 made, rivaling in importance, within its own field, the old- 
 time discovery of the circulation of the blood, and the later dis- 
 covery of anesthesia, to go no further into the realm of scien- 
 tific and beneficent discovery. 
 
 The Centennial of 1876 had no electric light, and its great 
 exhibition buildings, and Eairmount Park itself, were closed at 
 sunset to all visitors. Contrast that with Jackson Park in 
 1893, fairly aglow with electric lights, from one end to the 
 other, and through all of its exhibition buildings, to such ex- 
 tent that when the moon rose out of Lake Michigan, it seemed 
 as though it hastened to hide its pale light behind a convenient 
 cloud — so brilliant was the scene upon which it looked 011 
 Jackson Park. 
 
 Those who visited the Centennial will recall the exhibit 
 of the first practical type-writing machine, and they will possi- 
 bly remember the pretty girl who operated it. She wrote dic- 
 tated letters for visitors to show the capabilities of the machine,, 
 and the fee was 25 cents. In 1893, type-writing machines had 
 come to be something more than a mechanical curiosity, — in- 
 deed, a requisite in evers- business ofiice that made any preten- 
 tions toward keeping abreast of the times. 
 
156 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 The phonograph had not been heard of at the time of the 
 Centennial, but at the "World's Pair of 1893 it was employed 
 for business purposes, and visitors to the Shoe and Leather 
 Building will distinctly remember how it enunciated clearly 
 the merits of " H-u-b Hub, G-o-r-e Gore, Hub Gore!'' 
 Whether or not some form of phonograph may come into wider 
 practical use remains to be seen, but the fact of its success as a 
 practical toy out of which fortunes have been already made, by 
 which the world has been delightfully entertained, and will 
 continue to be more and more entertained as its use is amplified, 
 shows conclusively that in 1876 inventive genius has not ex- 
 hausted itself. 
 
 As to that most marvelous of latter day inventions — the 
 telephone — it was patented during the Centennial year, but 
 not i]i time to attract special attention as an exhibit at Philadel- 
 phia. Had xllexander Graham Bell then asserted that the time 
 would ever come when the voice of an acquaintance could be 
 recognized at a distance of one thousand miles, or that it 
 would ultimately be such an indispensable business requisite as 
 it has now come to be, with what a vast number of grains of al- 
 lowance his assertion would have been received, l^evertheless, 
 during the AYorld's Fair, the writer clearly distinguished the 
 " hello " of one of his Connecticut friends through about 
 twelve hundred miles of wire, the recognition being so distinct 
 as to be unmistakable. 
 
 Another advanced step in scientific discovery since the Cen- 
 tennial Exhibition, and one that has almost entirely revolu- 
 tionized the then prevailing methods of hand-engraving, is the 
 " half tone " process of the present day. If those who are not 
 well versed in the advancement in illustration during the past 
 few years will compare Harper^ s WeeMif, for instance, or the 
 illustrated magazines of to-day, with the same periodicals of 
 twenty years ago, they will readily observe the marked im- 
 provement. This advance is mainly due to experiments with 
 the camera conducted by a former Connecticut boy, rrederic 
 Ives of Litchfield. The process is known as the " Ives process." 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLDS FAIR. 157 
 
 Besides being of much higher grade than can be done by even 
 the highest grade of hand engraving, because of the absolute 
 correctness of the camera's work, its cost has been reduced 
 many fold. Without the aid of the camera the superb half-tone 
 illustrations of the World's Fair of 1893 would not have been 
 possible. It will interest the reader to know that Mr. Ives, 
 when about 15, while serving as an apprentice in the office 
 of the Litchfield Enquirer, began experimenting with a cigar- 
 box camera, made by himself; and that his present field of 
 scientific enterprise (E'ovember, 189Y), is London, in connec- 
 tion with " The Photochromoscope Syndicate, Limited," a 
 concern which, by use of the ^' Kromskop " (Mr. Ives' inven- 
 tion), produces colored photographic pictures successfully. 
 
 The next, and still more wonderful use that inventive 
 genius has made by means of the camera — that of showing 
 moving pictures by the Kinetoscope and other processes — has 
 been the result of experiments made since the close of the Ex- 
 position of 1893. What opportunities for reproducing moving 
 pictures were offered on the Midway Plaisance, the lagoons, 
 with gondolas and electric launches, the multitude of moving 
 exhibits in Machinery Hall, to say nothing of the splendid 
 sight presented by Connecticut's Governor Bulkeley and Staff 
 and the Governor's Foot Guards on Michigan Avenue at the 
 time of the dedication observance in October, 1892! These 
 brief references are sufficient to outline the possible photo- 
 graphic effects that await those who survive the great exposi- 
 tion which will probably be held to commemorate the 500th 
 anniversary of the advent of Columbus upon the shores of this 
 Western world. 
 
 WHO CAN GUESS WHAT SCIENCE AND INVENTION WILL 
 DO FOR THE FUTURE ? 
 
 During the next hundred years, who shall say what invent- 
 ive genius and scientific discovery may not be able to accom- 
 plish? In these latter days nearly all things seem to be ] ossible 
 
158 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 for man to do. If tlie battlesliip of eiglitv years ago ^vas to 
 Byron a " huge leviathan/' how shall the poet of this end of 
 the nineteenth century characterize the marine monsters that 
 now plow the seas? Who can guess what transatlantic passage 
 may be reduced to after another hundred years shall have 
 elapsed, if during the present century it has been reduced from 
 several weeks to about five days? How nearly can we guess 
 as to the changes that may be made in the line of inland 
 transportation during the coming century? The "Empire 
 State Express/' now called the fastest train in the world, 
 covers the distance between ^ew York and Buffalo, 440 miles, 
 in 495 minutes. This is a marked advancement on the time 
 made at the beginning of this century, to say nothing of the 
 methods of travel, when settlers in the " 'New Connecticut " 
 (the Connecticut Beserve), now northern Ohio, journeyed by 
 ox-wagon and stage coach. And though twenty-four hours 
 from ISTew York to Chicago is fast enough for the generality of 
 mortals of the present day, there continues to .be a demand for 
 more rapid transit — a demand that may ultimately send a car 
 by pneumatic tube between these two points in four hours in- 
 stead of twenty-four. The problem of aerial navigation may 
 possibly be solved in the lapse of another hundred years, if 
 it is ever to be solved, though possibly only those who delight 
 in extra-hazardous journeyings would' care to avail themselves 
 of opportunities for aerial flight. I^evertheless, standing in 
 the light of the marvelous progTess human achievement has 
 attained during the past quarter of the nineteenth century, it 
 would be futile to assert that man has come near to the limit of 
 his capabilities. 
 
 We have neither time nor space here to outline except as 
 to a few possibilities, we may say probabilities, in the line of 
 progress reserved for the future, though they are referred to 
 more for the sake of indulging in prophetic entertainment 
 than othermse. Let us say, to allay the apprehension of those 
 who weep over the possibility that the coal deposits of the 
 world will be exhausted of their supply of fuel in about twenty 
 thousand years, that, before the twentieth century shall have 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 159 
 
 run its course^ i^^ovision Avill most likely have been made 
 whereby the water that now runs to waste everywhere will 
 be made to store ujo energy with which to reduce the demands 
 upon the coal fields. If the electric current in the trolley wire 
 of to-day cannot only propel, but also light and heat the mov- 
 ing car, it can also heat, as well as light, the dwellings of men, 
 and water enough now runs to waste which, if employed fully, 
 might greatly lessen, if not exempt, the use of coal. Though 
 not as yet common in use, the electric cooking range is a prac- 
 tical verity, and in a few years a house equipped with all the 
 modem improvements will include a cooking apparatus that 
 will require neither matches, kindling wood, nor kerosene 
 can, from start to finish ; only the placing of a plug in an elec- 
 trical switch-board will be needed to bring a hot current to 
 the electric range. Tidy housewives will delight in the absence 
 of dust and ashes, when the coal scuttle has been relegated to 
 the junk heap. 
 
 And then there is waste of energy in the ever-moving tides, 
 and in the surf of the restless sea sufiicient to furnish all the 
 power and light and heat the world has need of when inventive 
 genius shall have harnessed them. Already the practicability 
 of the surf -motor has been demonstrated on the Pacific Coast, 
 which furnishes electrical power at very much less cost per 
 horse power than it can be obtained from coal. There is plenty 
 of surf power running to waste, night and day, winter and sum- 
 mer, along the Atlantic Coast, as well as above and below the 
 Golden Gate of the Pacific. 
 
 But the world is not limited to coal mines and ocean waves 
 for sources of energy. Probably enough wind blows to waste 
 to furnish all the energy required to run the activities of the 
 globe if it could be fully utilized. It might be difficult to 
 catch all the winds that blow and make them spend their entire 
 strength in the service of man, but it would be possible to-day 
 for the suburban dweller to charge storage batteries vfith suffi- 
 cient energy to furnish all the light and heat he required, es- 
 pecially in localities where Boreas and other members of the 
 howling quartette residing in the Cave of the Winds, could all, 
 
160 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 in their turn, have opportunity to do their share. Shoukl there 
 still be lack of energy to keep mundane affairs moving, after 
 other handmaids have done their full share, the inflammable 
 gases that are latent in water will be sufficient to supply any 
 deficiency, to say nothing of what might be obtained from con- 
 centrated rays of solar heat. Sources of energy for power, and 
 consequently for light and heat, are so vast and illimitable, as to 
 preclude the necessity of our worrying over the question as to 
 future supply. Science and inventive genius will solve that 
 problem in due time. 
 
 WILL MAN ALWAYS EAT IN ORDER TO LIVE? 
 
 If there is nothing else to worry over in behalf of those who 
 are to make up this country's population, of possibly a thou- 
 sand millions at the time of the 500th anniversary, will it not 
 be as to whether they can all get enough to eat? If the State 
 of Texas is, of itself, large enough to furnish an eighth-acre 
 building lot for every man, woman, and child of the esti- 
 mated population of the globe, — more than thirteen hundred 
 millions, — it is, perhaps, not unreasonable to regard the rest 
 of the country large enough, and fertile enough, to adequately 
 sustain its prospectively large population with all requii-ements 
 in the way of " daily bread." The question that worries us 
 just now is this: Is man always to be subjected to the gTOSs 
 propensity of eating? It may be somewhat extravagant to 
 advance the idea, but when we consider what scientific activity 
 has been doing for mankind during the past few years, the 
 inquiry seems pertinent, mil eating be a physical necessity, 
 in order to sustain life, a hundred years hence ? The man who 
 now enjoys life simply to the extent of gratifying his appetite; 
 the hon vivant whose life would be largely devoid of pleasure 
 could he not appease the demands of his palate — they will 
 take no delight in the hypothetical picture I am about to de- 
 lineate. On the other hand, many a tired housewife, who is 
 wearing her life away in the never-ending task of providing 
 meat for her household, 1,095 times a year, will wish the pic- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 161 
 
 tiire were real, and that she could take a Eip Yan Winkle nap 
 long enough to wake and find it in practical operation. This is 
 the picture : Such an advanced stage of chemical and electrical 
 science as would make it possible for the human body to be sup- 
 plied with chlorides, phosphates, carbonates, etc., in such 
 quantity and quality as are required for its proper maintenance 
 without resorting to the present method by knife, fork, and 
 spoon. Already, by means of the electrical battery the opera- 
 tor can transmit to the hidden recesses of his patients' anatomy 
 liquid hypnotics that will allay pain; by similar process wdiy 
 may not liquid iron be transmitted through the system for the 
 strengthening of the blood, phosphates for maintaining the 
 structural portion of the individual? "Why may we not as well 
 learn what proportions of liquid carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and 
 nitrogen are required to build up and m^aintain the human 
 body in all its parts? Malt is the vital principle of bread, and 
 there is but little goodness left in beef after it has been sub- 
 jected to the Liebig process of extracting its juices. It is al- 
 ready an easy task for the chemical laboratory to reduce iron 
 to liquid form; why may not the time come when floimng 
 mills are converted into laboratories which shall turn out liquid 
 beef, wheat, corn, sugar and potatoes with which to supply 
 household galvanic batteries the Avorld over ? 
 
 If gold, silver, and nickel can be transferred from the solid 
 block, and deposited upon forks and spoons, why, in due time, 
 may not all the necessaries of life be vulcanized by chemi- 
 cal process, and transmitted in like manner by the mysterious 
 current, and restore to man his wasting vitality ? What a relief 
 this process would be to the digestive organs, and who knows 
 but that through some such manner of living man may bring 
 back his lost birthright of longevity? 
 
 The electric launches that rendered such excellent sendee 
 on the lagoons at the World's Tair were placed in their stalls 
 at night, and in seven hours their hidden batteries were re- 
 stored Avith sufficient energy to run sixty miles, ten hours at six 
 miles an hour. Is it impossible that in a hundred years such 
 
162 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 aclYancement as has been here outlined may not have been 
 attained, whereby when a mortal lays himself down to pleasant 
 dreams, he can bnckle around him his electric belt and then, 
 after w^rapping the drapery of his conch about him, touch a 
 button Avhich shall set in motion a current, that in seven hours 
 will restore in his system the wasted tissues of the day gone 
 b»y ? This picture will not be complete without the embellish- 
 ment it naturally suggests — such relief from care as will per- 
 mit of rational enjoyment of the highest order — enjoyment 
 wdiich the imaginative reader can picture to suit himself. The 
 man who required a resting hour at midday, or at sunset, and 
 with it a little toning up of wasted energies, could he not 
 buckle on his electric belt, and spend an enjoyable hour in his 
 easy chair with his newspaper or the latest book from the press, 
 and so keep himself abreast of the times ? Think of the number 
 of untouched books that gather dust on library shelves for lack 
 of time for reading ! What a vast amount of information and 
 literary enjoyment might come to him, who, 1,095 times a year, 
 prefers reading to eating! 
 
 Perhaps this hypothetic picture is too strongly drawn to 
 suit some conservative minds, who may argue that because man 
 was provided with digestive organs he ought not to try to cir- 
 cumvent his Creator by devising some way to put them on the 
 xetired list. Such conser^^atism is out of date in these days, and 
 belongs to the age of the Scotch Covenanters, who railed 
 against tlie use of fanning-mills for winnowing grain; they 
 "winnowed their grain, with the wind the Lord furnished, and 
 it was to them like rebuking the Almighty to devise any new- 
 fangled method. Then, again, the suggestion may not be alto- 
 gether pleasing to those who regard the alimentary canal as 
 especially designed for the encouraging of sociability during 
 life's journey, and who, moreover, regard that as the surest, 
 and in some cases the only, channel by which man's affections 
 may be reached. If such be the case, let it be understood that 
 palatable liquids (we shall not attempt to enumerate them all, 
 for good reasons), including tea, coffee, milk, and soda-water, 
 shall be exempted from the electrical process; also grapes, 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. IQ^ 
 
 peaches, oranges, and other tasteful fruits that can be served 
 without fiu'ther preparation than the accompaniment of finger 
 bowls. This will restrict the storage-battery process to such 
 features as will eliminate the principal part of kitchen drud- 
 gery, and will also help to solve the servant girl problem. 
 
 If the reader considers this picture as altogether Utopian, 
 and entirely out of the range of possibilities, let him go back 
 a hundred years and imagine some -Mother Shipton predict- 
 ing the Atlantic cable, the telegraph, telephone, phonograph, 
 biograph, photograph, the perfecting printing-press and type- 
 setting machine;, motor carriages, the trolley car, the " ocean 
 ^I'eyhound," the dynamite gun, the sewing-machine and type- 
 writer, the electric light, smokeless powder, and the X-rays, 
 and then ask himself if, in the light of what has been achieved, 
 our strange picture is very trying to the imagination. 
 
 AN INCENTIVE TO CONNECTICUT STUDENTS TOWARD 
 # SOLVING MYSTERIOUS PROBLEMS. 
 
 To Professor Asaph Hall, an honored son of Connecticut, 
 was reseiwed the task of discovering the Martian moons. Dur- 
 ing the twentieth century, now almost dawning, may not the 
 further gTatifying honor fall to the lot of some one of her gifted 
 sons of discovering other hitherto unrevealecl luminaries in the 
 stellar depths, or, at least, be the discoverer of something, if 
 nothing more than a law or theory, as Xewton did, and so im- 
 mortalize himself? 
 
 There seems good reason to believe that the telescope may 
 be so improved in years to come as to give the astronomer much 
 gTcater range of vision than now, though even with all of man's 
 capabilities, many times multiplied, it may well be doubted 
 if he will be able to " loose the bands of Orion " or find out 
 the source and dwelling-place of the Almightv. Since the days 
 of Job, however, having been able to " send lightnings," and 
 taught them to say with audible voice " Here we are," may he 
 not be able, later on, to demonstrate that their source is in the 
 great solar battery; that the mission of fast-speeding comets is 
 
164 CONNECTICTJT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 to restore wasted energy tliroiiglioiit the Avicle realm of space, 
 and that the beneficent influeoices of solar heat are transmitted 
 to lis by never-ceasing electrical currents? May it not be possi- 
 ble for modern science, now that it has demonstrated its ability 
 to not only weigh distant spheres in its scales, but to show 
 by the spectroscope of what they are composed, to overt-urn the 
 Xewtonian theory of gravitation as a propelling force, and sup- 
 plant it by a well-defined demonstration which shall show 
 that the law of gravitation operates upon moving spheres sim- 
 ply as a " governor " control* the speed of an engine — regu- 
 lating rather than being its propelling force? Sir Isaac knew 
 a good deal, considering the time in which he lived, but the 
 electrical age had not dawned in his day. It may be that some 
 later-day genius will discover, after awhile, that electricity is 
 the force that propels the spheres in their orbits. 
 
 And when you come to reflect upon the subject, does it 
 not seem reasonable to think that in order for the sun's warm- 
 ing rays to do a full day's work for the benefit of humanity 
 upon earth, they should start from home early in the morn- 
 ing, and come through space by the " lightning express." If 
 it is a fact that the electrical current moves at the rate of 
 285 thousand miles a second, the distance from the sun to the 
 earth can be traversed by it in -Q.Ye or six minutes, and we 
 know of no other element that travels as fast — distancing 
 light by about a hundred thousand miles a second. 
 
 Should the electric current theory prove unteuable from a 
 more scientific standpoint than ours, a substitute theory is of- 
 fered as a compromise: that the sun's direct rays may be re- 
 fracted through the earth's convex atmosphere, in similar man- 
 ner as they are refracted and concentrated by a sun-glass, 
 focusing at or near the earth's surface. If this theory is ac- 
 cepted, it will possibly lead us to worry less about the sun's 
 rays pelting unbearably upon the heads of our near neighbors, 
 who may chance to dwell upon Mercury, which is more than 
 fifty millions of miles nearer the sun than the earth is, for, of 
 course, the atmosphere of all habitable worlds would be so 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 165 
 
 fixed as to make tlie conditions of lieat and cold just suited to 
 popular needsj tlie same as ours is. "We should also be less 
 anxious as to the number of degrees below zero that might 
 otherwise bo the portion of our distant relatives, the ISTep- 
 tunians, living thousands of millions of miles away from our 
 great source of light and heat. May some Connecticut youth 
 who is eager for immortal honors be incited to study in the 
 direction of these mysterious problems ; perchance he may win 
 rare prizes in the realm of fame, and so merit recognition from 
 him who shall write of Connecticut at a World's Fair a hun- 
 dred years hence. 
 
 IS LONGEVITY ONE OF THE LOST ARTS? 
 
 Does it occur to the reader that it may be possible at some 
 future period, for conditions to be such as to bring about a 
 return of the good old times when patriarchal longevity 
 enabled mortals to live hundreds of years instead of the more 
 limited span of to-day ? Is it not a little strange that it should 
 have been possible for Methuselah to live 969 years, while as 
 for us the days of our years, as the Psalmist said, are threescore 
 and ten, and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, 
 yet is their strength labor and sorrow, for it is soon cut off 
 and we fly away. Is longevity one of the lost arts ? Has mod- 
 em science a more inviting field than that of endeavoring to 
 restore to humanity its apparent birthright of long life? 
 
 Look at the family record. Methuselah, 969; Jared, 962; 
 :N"oah, 950; Adam, 930; Seth, 912; Cainan, 910; Enos, 905; 
 Mahalalel, 895; Lamech, Y77; Shem, 600; Eber, 464; Ar- 
 phaxad, 438: Salah, 433; Enoch, 365; Peleg and Eeu, 239; 
 Serug, 230; Terah, 205; Isaac, 180; Abraham, 175; IS^ahor, 
 148; Jacob, 147; Moses, 120; Joseph and David, 110. This 
 shows a fearful degeneration, and science ought to bring itself 
 to the task of finding out the causes from which it has resulted. 
 It surely cannot be traceable to moral degeneracy, for 930 was 
 the lot of our first j)arent. 
 
 " Whose mortal taste 
 Brought death into the world, and all our woe." 
 
IQQ CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 If tlie gradual lessening of the years of human life lias not 
 come from the sin of eating forbidden frnit it must also be ap- 
 parent that it has not resulted as the penalty from indulgence 
 in the fruit of the yine^ for Xoah, the head of the only ante- 
 deluyian family worth saying, is said to haye allowed his bibu- 
 lous tendencies to get the better of him, and he was hardly 
 excusable on the plea of youthful indiscretion, haying then 
 passed his 600th birthday. Eyidently, too, it would be futile 
 to assert that to the non-obseryance of the proprieties of social 
 ethics can be attributed this seeming diyine disapprobation, 
 manifesting itself in the period of human life, for Joseph, the 
 most conspicuous exemplar of social proprieties, liyed no longer 
 than Dayid, who conspicuously yiolated them. 
 
 We don't know ydiat can be done toward solying this prob- 
 lem of restoring longeyity to our fallen race — and it is a good 
 deal of a fall from Methuselah's great age to that of our " cen- 
 turions," as Mrs. Partington used to call them — better than to 
 offer large cash prizes for the oldest and best-preser^^ed speci- 
 mens of himianity to be exhibited at the next Columbian Ex- 
 position in 1993. Of course, there would be no trouble in 
 getting large purses guaranteed, for people eyerywhere would 
 be interested, expecting, naturally enough, that all of the yari- 
 ous medical schools — allopaths, homeopaths, hydropaths, elec- 
 tropaths, and others that follow no well-de£ned paths — would 
 each do their best toward raising the ayerage of longeyity 
 among their respectiye adherents. It is not many yeai*s ago 
 that a syndicate of publishers offered a cash prize — a million 
 dollars, if we remember correctly — for what should proye to 
 be the best type-setting machine. Xow almost eyery well- 
 equipped printing establishment throughout the ciyilized 
 world is supplied with maryelously intricate machines that can 
 set type much faster, and at less cost, than the work can be 
 done by hand, and the pages of this yolume indicate how well 
 the work is done. "Where there is a will there is a way, espe- 
 cially if in connection with the will there is promise of en- 
 ticing reward. Just at present the bicycle industiw appears to 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1^7 
 
 be tlie most attractive realm for tlie employment of inventive 
 genius, Connecticnt still maintaining the lead in the race, and 
 that for the reason that the " Columbia " wheel, in addition tO' 
 its perfection in all other respects, has the gTeatest longevity. 
 What humanity wants, and is willing to pay for, is the utmost 
 longevity, of course, with all of its active faculties to the utmost 
 extent unimpaired. If the comparatively new theories of 
 Christian Science and Osteopathy Avill enter the contest and 
 show as fruits of their respective systems at the next Columbian 
 Exposition, nimble and well-preserved exhibits of humanity,, 
 who were visitors at the last one, — ranging in age from 125 
 to 150 years, — what a flocking there would be to the standards 
 of their school ! AVhat the world Avants most of all is the dis- 
 covery of the Fountain of Perpetual Youth, and we indulge 
 the hope that its source may be found by some searcher from 
 the " Land of Steady Habits." 
 
 WILL AERIAL NAVIGATION BE POSSIBLE IN ANOTHER 
 HUNDRED YEARS? 
 
 The marvelous advancement achieved during the latter 
 part of the nineteenth century in the realm of locomotion 
 naturally inclines us to wonder what changed conditions may 
 be attained when the year 1992 shall have dawned and plans 
 are being laid to attend the Columbian Quincentennial an- 
 niversary. By that time an intelligent people, demanding 
 what they had long been entitled to, will not lack good roads. 
 The " great multitude, which no one can number," now 
 mounted on bicycles, have thoroughly inaugurated that de- 
 sideratum, and the multitude of motor wagons soon to fol- 
 low in their wake will emphasize the demand. But there is 
 plenty of time before 1992 for human ingenuity to bring about 
 aerial navigation, if it is ever going to. As to the possibility 
 of a human being flying a hundred years hence, does not tlie 
 bicyclist almost fly now when he goes a mile in a minute and 
 twelve seconds, a record already made, with a "century" record 
 of a hundred miles in three and one-half hours ! As to flying 
 
168 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 througli the air, the fanciful dreaming of " Darius Green and 
 his flying machine '^ may only have been prophetic. Alumi- 
 num is several times lighter than iron; nohody knows how soon 
 some one may be able to produce a gas that will have several 
 times the buoyancy of hydrogen gas, and, possibly, one that 
 will be incombustible. I^ot many years ago experiments were 
 made in the hope of producing a smokeless powder; now it can 
 be bought by the carload. The invention of gunpowder 
 brought a marvelous force into the world; to-day it cannot be 
 compared with dynamite and nitro-glycerine. There is plenty 
 of room in the air for aerial navigation, and the time may come 
 when travel there will be safer than by land or water. The 
 imaginative mind can picture Connecticut people going to the 
 "World's Fair in Chicago, in 1993, by an aerial train of cars, or 
 by airship, and having delightful birdseye views, of Niagara, 
 the great lakes, the Hudson, and the Ohio, with indeed a 
 charming panorama all the wav, and the trip made entirely by 
 daylight. A hundred miles an hour on an " air line " ought not 
 to overtax an imaginative mind in these days, when railway en- 
 gines have already been sped at the rate of 120 miles an hour. 
 Safe? No misplaced switches; no absent-minded telegraph op- 
 erators; nO' broken rails; no grade crossing; nor delaying hot- 
 boxes. How would it land ? It might not land at all, but, per- 
 haps, glide down, and settle upon the surface of Lake Michigan 
 as gracefully as a duck settles upon the surface of a mill pond. 
 Don't believe it possible? Neither do I, but would our grand- 
 fathers, in 1793, have believed it possible for us to go from New 
 York to Chicago on the " Exposition Flyer " in nineteen hours? 
 Would they have believed in the transmission of messages by 
 ocean cables; that the human voice could be unmistakably 
 recognized a thousand miles away; would they have believed 
 the present achievements of the camera possible, and the pene- 
 trating powers of X-rays; the wonderful resources of steam 
 and electricity, and the present perfection now reached in the 
 art of printing; in the attainments in the realm of engineering 
 like that of the Brooklyn Bridge, or that in a hundred years 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. Jgg 
 
 the navies of the world would be floating fortresses of iron? 
 Truly, Ho who gave man dominion " over all the earth " hath 
 not limited his powers. 
 
 FORECAST OF AMERICA'S FUTURE GREATNESS. 
 
 The forecasting of America's greatness, when another hun- 
 dred years shall have rolled away, and there is a call to celebrate 
 the 500th Columbian anniversary, affords an interesting sub- 
 ject for contemplation. If there is anything left of Cuba after 
 the present unhappy conflict over it, we may not unreasonably 
 expect that the " gem of the Antilles '' will some day glisten 
 in the crown of " Columbia, the gem of the ocean." As to 
 Hawaii, whose fate just now seems to be in the balances, it 
 would perhaps be twisting Scripture unwarrantably to assert 
 that the prophet Isaiah referred to this particular case when he 
 said " the inhabitant of this isle shall say in that day, behold, 
 such is my expectation." AYith reference to the great domains 
 that lie upon our borders, there seems to be no- good reason 
 why they should be added to our now sufficiently large terri- 
 tory. 
 
 Predicting the possible population of the United States in 
 a hundred years, is, perhaps, a more reasonable undertaking, 
 for there seem to be somewhat well-defined laws which may 
 bear upon the subject. When the population of the American 
 Colonies was about two millions, a writer in an English maga- 
 zine is said to have estimated that in 1890, it would have in- 
 creased to sixty-four millions, an estimate that was less than 
 three per cent, higher than the census of 1890 showed — 62,- 
 622,250. Applying the same rule to 1990, estimating that the 
 population will double itself every twenty-five years, would 
 make the population of the United States aggregate upwards 
 of 1,000 millions at the time of the celebration in 1993, of 
 which Connecticut's quota would exceed eleven millions. 
 Such a Connecticut population, more than 2,300 to the square 
 mile, against 149 as by the census of 1890, is not likely to be 
 reached, however, and we shall do well not to be too anxious. 
 Restricted immigration is coming in for its share of Con- 
 12 
 
170 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLDS FAIR. 
 
 gressional consideration one of these days, if political promises 
 are kept. Tlie day of large families seems also to liave gone 
 by, nnliappily. The writer's great-grandfatlier was one of 
 eighteen children; three generations later the average in the 
 same line was less than three. If there be an inclination to 
 worry about an over-populated country a hundred years hence, 
 let it be the lamentable lot of him w^ho w^orries lest our coal 
 supply may be exhausted in twenty thousand years. 
 
 BRIEF DURATION OF THE EXPOSITION REGRETTED. 
 Of those who visited the Columbian Exposition of 1893, 
 there were few, we imagine, who did not greatly regret that 
 the marvelous exhibition was not permitted to continue during 
 the corresponding months of 1894. It is true, that it would 
 have been impossible to keep the Exposition running during 
 the intervening mnter months, for Chicago can boast of ther- 
 mometers that go as low as her buildings do high, but no one 
 cognizant of the marvelous work she had already performed 
 could doubt her ability to successfully continue the Fair an- 
 other season if she decided to undertake the task. It will 
 always seem a pity that such a lavish expenditure of money — 
 for the auditor's books showed a total expense of more than 
 26 millions of dollars — could have allowed only the oppor- 
 tunity of a few months in which to ^ee it. Those whose good 
 fortune it was to be able to attend the Exposition were so 
 thoroughly pleased with it that they would have wished to 
 see during the second season what they failed to see the first, 
 and it would have required no further advertising to draw 
 largely-increased attendance than the story of its gTandeur as 
 told the world over by those who had traversed Jackson Park 
 by gondola, electric launch, intramural railway, or wheeled 
 chair, and who had reveled among the strange sights and 
 stranger sounds of the " Midway." It is said to have been the 
 great desire of Mayor Carter Harrison to have the Exposition 
 temporarily closed and reopened during the summer and fall 
 months of 1894, and it is not improbable that he would have 
 brought about such an arrangement had not an assassin's pistol 
 brought his life to an untimely end. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 171 
 
 THE CHICAGO SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 It is pleasant and desirable to liave a " friend at court/' and 
 such the World's Fair Managers had in the organization known 
 as the " Chicago Society of the Sons of Connecticut." Hardly 
 had the Connecticut Board of Managers begun to make ar- 
 rangements to visit Chicago to participate in the Exposition 
 dedication ceremonies than Governor Bulkeley received a tele- 
 gram from the president of the Chicago Society, E. St. John, 
 general manager of the Chicago & Rock Island railway, ten- 
 dering a reception to the Connecticut visitors, and offering 
 them other kindly attentions. During the progTess of the Ex- 
 position the Executive Manager was frequently under obliga- 
 tion to this organization for courteous and efficient assistance, 
 and especially to Mr. A. A. Dewey, secretary of the Society. 
 Members of the Society were frequent visitors to the State 
 Building, and on one June afternoon a banquet was given by 
 the Society in its parlors, its hospitality being shared by all 
 Connecticut visitors who chanced to be present. 
 
 CONNECTICUT'S SOUVENIR BADGE. 
 A complete collection of souvenir badges at the TTorld's 
 Fair would make an exhibit, that, in number and variety of 
 design, would rival the famous Tingue collection of buttons in 
 the Capitol at Hartford. The Connecticut badge was designed 
 by Miss Etta Andrews of Xorwalk, a young lady of rare gifts 
 in the direction of art, and who, since the Exposition, has heen 
 pursuing her studies in Paris and in Sweden. Miss Andrews'^ 
 design was adopted by the Board of Lady Managers, several 
 others being in competition. Briefly described, the badge 
 shows the Connecticut coat of arms; its motto — Qui Trans- 
 tulit Sustinet; the flags of the United States and Spain, and 
 the lettering: " Connecticut; World's Fair, 1893." It is made 
 of fine-gilded brass, the face being inlaid with white enameL 
 The flags are represented in their natural colors, in enamel. 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S CONGRESSES. 
 
 The coimter attraction of the World's Congresses, held at 
 the Art Palace in Chicago during the Exposition season, drew 
 
172 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 away from Jackson Park, from time to time, many prominent 
 Connecticnt visitors; some to edify, others to be edified. We 
 are not in possession of a complete list of residents of Con- 
 necticut who took part in its various sessions, but recall from 
 memory tliat addresses were made as follows: By Dr. Henry 
 Barnard of Hartford, before the Educational Congress ; Elwood 
 S. Ela of tbe Manchester Herald, and Nathan W. Kennedy of 
 the Putnam Standard, at the Press Congress; Dr. William 
 M. Hudson of Hartford, Prof. W. O. Atwater of Wesleyan. 
 University, and Henry C. Powe of ^ew Haven, before the 
 Pish and Fisheries Congress; Hon. E. H. Hyde of Stafford, at 
 the Agricultural Congress, and Prof. Simeon E. Baldwin of 
 Yale University, at the Law Congress. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM BULLETINS TO CONNEGTIGUT NEWS- 
 PAPERS. 
 
 In Chapter X, relating to work of the Executive Depart- 
 ment, reference is made to bulletins sent to publishers of Con- 
 necticut newspapers. Beside giving a list of Connecticut visit- 
 ors to the Exposition from time to time, they contained occa- 
 sional paragraphs, which, it was thought, might be of some 
 interest to Connecticut readers — references to- notable ex- 
 hibits, items of more than ordinary moment, suggestions to 
 intending visitors, — in short, anything that would be 
 likely to increase the attendance from home, or in any way 
 serve to entertain those who were unable to visit the great 
 Fair. A few of the paragraphs are reproduced herewith, as a 
 closing feature of the last chapter of " Connecticut at the 
 World's Fair." j j 
 
 [From Bulletin of June 17.] 
 
 May weather at the World's Fair was anything but agreea- 
 ble or comfortable, but June is making ample amends for the 
 sourness exhibited by her older sister. June is proverbial for 
 rare days, and when visitors to the Fair recall how raw the open- 
 ing month was they are inclined, if they still remain here, to 
 exclaim " Avell done.'' Possibly all tastes have thus been suited. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I73 
 
 The largest attemdance at the Fair, since opening day, was 
 yesterday — about 193,000 all told. It was Germany's day, 
 and the lovers of tlie fatherland were out in full force. The 
 force was full too — the fullness consisting of sentiments of 
 affection for the home of other days — (possibly some came 
 from " Bingen on the Rhine,") — and also the sentiment of 
 appreciation of a home in this blessed land of liberty. If any 
 of the fullness was the result of undue libations of German 
 tonic — that sounds better than " lager," though it tastes very 
 much like it, so I hear — it did not behave itself unseemly. 
 Hon. Carl Schurz came all the way from 'New York to deliver 
 the oration. 
 
 People who are now attending the Exposition think they 
 have struck it just right. Uncomfortably warm days are rare, 
 and the nights are so comfortable that a good night's rest can 
 be secured. That is essential, for sight-seeing is a tiresome 
 pastime. Chairs and seats are being multiplied daily, adding 
 much to the attractiveness of the gTounds, and to its comfort. 
 
 The Tiffany exhibit was open to the public yesterday for 
 the first time. Its display of set diamonds and other precious 
 stones in a single show-case is valued at a million dollars. Prob- 
 ably most of the gems were real diamonds — maybe all of 
 them — but people are sometimes deceived thereby, though 
 perhaps not by Mr. Tiffany. 
 
 Close by the Tiffany pavilion is that of the Meriden Britan- 
 nia Co., whose booth alone is said to have cost $22,000. It is 
 of solid mahogany. Their exhibit attracts great attention — 
 possibly on account of its sterling qualities. Kichard W. Miles, 
 who has charge of this marvelously fine exhibit, had charge of 
 the same company's display at the Paris Exposition, and at 
 Melbourne also. His career as a salesman began in Camp's 
 store, Winsted — an establishment which has graduated many 
 successful men. 
 
 People who take pleasure looking at fine textile goods of 
 American manufacture can see something which will make 
 their bosoms swell with pride by looking at Pockville's dis- 
 play of what we suppose are trouserings. They are from the 
 mills of the Hockanum, ^ew England, Rock, American and 
 Springville manufacturing companies of that busy and enter- 
 prising town. The goods are superbly displayed where they 
 now are, and later on those who wear them will be superbly 
 dressed. 
 
 The Read Carpet Company of Bridgeport exhibits as 
 
174 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 handsome carpets and rugs as can be seen anywhere in the 
 Department of Mannfactures — so at least I heard a, lady say 
 who stood in front of its display a few days ago. 
 
 The Department of Transportation has an antique exhibit 
 which is in distingnished company. It is the E'ancy Welles 
 wagon belonging to Peter Lux of Hartford. Nancy was a 
 lineal descendant of Miles Standish, and the wagon is about 
 125 years old, and very likely was regarded as a Lux-ury in the 
 olden time, before Peter became owner of it, for wagons were 
 heavily taxed in days when saddles and pillions were in com- 
 mon use by our great-grandfathers. ISTear by the old wagon 
 is an old carriage which belonged to Daniel Webster, and other 
 old-time vehicles. 
 
 The bicycle exhibit in the Transportation Building is 
 mainly on the gallery floor, but it will amply repay a visit up 
 up there to see the fine display, and free elevators make the 
 ascent as easy as the descent to Avernus used to be, and possi- 
 bly is now, for some people. Connecticut easily takes the 
 lead on bicycles, as visitors will see when the beautiful brass 
 pavilion of the Pope Manufacturing Company is observed. 
 
 The Chicago Tribune says nothing seems to attract and 
 hold the crowds in Machinery Hall so permanently as does 
 the exhibit of the Willimantic Linen Company, and suggests 
 that no visitor to the Exposition should miss seeing it. The 
 company has made such an advance in the quality of their 
 goods that their threads made from long staple Sea Island cot- 
 ton are pronounced by experts to be superior to^inen thread. 
 
 The Sons of Connecticut, resident in Chicago, had a meet- 
 ing in the Connecticut State Building this afternoon, pre- 
 sided over by Everitte St. John, general manager of the Rock 
 Island road, a former resident of ISTorwalk. Secretary A. A. 
 Dewey (formerly of Middleto^vn) reports that about fifty new 
 members were added to the organization to-day as the result 
 of the meeting. 
 
 [June 30.] 
 People in Xew England, who are staying away from the 
 World's Fair lest it may be hot in Chicago, will perhaps be- 
 interested to know that no such apprehension has been justified 
 thus far. There have been a few summery days, but the nights 
 have been delightful, and there has been but little complaint 
 about heat. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I75 
 
 If one would have the world see what he has to exhibit 
 the AVorld's Fair is the place to show it. The Hendey Ma- 
 chine Company of Torrington recently received an order for 
 one of their machines to go to Germany. 
 
 Hon. O. B. King of Watertown is spending the Exposi- 
 tion season in Chicago, where his daughter lives. He is not 
 now^ interested in Devon stock, but it may be remembered by 
 some people that he was very much interested in them in 1876. 
 Queen Victoria, good woman, will perhaps remember the fact 
 when her attention is called to it, for Mr. King's herd took the 
 first prize at the Centennial at Philadelphia, though the 
 Queen's Devons were on the list. The King usually beats the 
 Queen — I am told. 
 
 Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. 
 I refer to the Cheney silks, which may be seen in the northeast 
 section of the Manufactures Building. If a bride could have 
 her pick of a trosseau from their exhibit the wedding day 
 would most likely be long delayed, for it would be difficult to 
 decide which to choose from the beautiful array. 
 
 It is frequently remarked by visitors that none but good- 
 natured people come to the World's Fair. Everybody seems 
 willing to answer questions courteously, and it iS' hard to 
 realize that the gTeat throng are not all Bostonians. 
 
 It is especially noticeable also that there are no drunken 
 men on the grounds, notmthstanding the fact that beer is sold 
 at nearly every restaurant and lunch counter. I have not 
 seen a drunken person here in the two months since the Fair 
 opened. 
 
 The illumination of the " Court of Honor," which is now 
 observed every evening, presents a scene which will be long 
 remembered by all who see it. It is hard to realize that a 
 scene of such marvelous beauty could be witnessed in this land 
 of popular government. It is much easier to imagine it to be 
 a foreign picture — one in which imperial grandeur was the 
 object lesson. Three evenings each week, as a rule, the most 
 exquisite fireworks add to the attractions of the general illu- 
 mination. They are made by Pain, the world-renowned pyro- 
 technist — a pain nobody cares to drive away. 
 
 A¥hen the last display of the evening has been made the 
 whistles on all the steamers, little and big, toot their thanks 
 for the hour's entertainment, and then signal also that the show 
 is over. If you listen attentively to these whistles you will 
 observe that some are more musical than others. I call atten- 
 
176 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLDS FAIR. 
 
 tion to them from the fact that they are Connecticut chime 
 whistles — made by Kinsley & Frisbie of Bridgeport. They 
 have been adopted by the Exposition as a sort of official 
 whistle, and may be seen over the roof of the Machinerj^ Hall 
 power house. The time will come ere long — and it can't 
 come too soon to suit most people's ears — when they will be 
 on all railway trains and stationary engines. 
 
 [July 5.] 
 
 In my limited wanderings in the department of Fine Arts 
 I have thus far seen no painting which has so much impressed 
 me as the one entitled " Breaking Home Ties/' by Hovenden. 
 Many Connecticut people mil find an added interest in the pic- 
 ture, from the fact that the same artist painted the picture of 
 John BrO'Wn on his way to execution — now owned bv Hon. 
 Eobbins Battell of N'orf oik. 
 
 Connecticut hardware firms make a good sho^ving at the 
 Fair. The Russell & Erwin exhibit from I^ew Britain is one 
 of the best in its line in the Manufactures Building. It is en- 
 closed in fine ebony cases, and its superb builders' hardware, 
 door knobs, etc., remind one of the old conimdrum: Why is 
 a door knob like an attractive woman? Because it is some- 
 thing to adore. The exhibit is in charge of Mr. F. D. Stid- 
 ham of l^ew Britain, who has ordered a new bronze railina^ to 
 t^ke the place of the plush rope which has surrounded it, and 
 which has been found to be insecure. 
 
 The sanitary features of the Exposition grounds are well 
 looked after by a former Connecticut boy, C. M. Wilkes, a 
 native of Manchester. Mr. Wilkes is an expert sanitary engi- 
 neer, and has charge of the sewerage system. The sewage is 
 not allowed to contaminate the water of Lake Michigan, but is 
 pumped out of the sewer at the south end of the grounds and 
 burned. There is no prospect of typhoid fever here this sum- 
 mer, as there was at the Centennial in 1876. The world has 
 learned something in this direction during the past seventeen 
 years, 
 
 John W. Hutchinson, of the well-known Hutchinson 
 family of singers of other days, was at the Connecticut build- 
 ing a few days ago, and as he sat near the old clock on the 
 stair landing he sang, at my invitation, Longfellow's " Clock 
 on the Stairs," to music composed by himself many years ago. 
 (That old clock was very likely of Connecticut manufacture, 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I77 
 
 for its owner, Thomas Gold, of Pittsiield, Mass., whose grand- 
 daughter w^as llrs. Longfellow, was bom in Cornwall in 1759, 
 and graduated at Yale in 1778.) Mr. Hutchinson is an old 
 man now, the only survivor of his family, but he retains his 
 singing qualities to a remarkable degree considering his years. 
 On the 17th of June he sang " The Sword of Bunker Hill '' at 
 the Massachusetts State Building, and at the dedication of the 
 IN'ew Hampshire State Building last week he sang " The Old 
 Granite State." 
 
 Dr. George F. Boot's home is on Cornell Avenue, near 
 the Exposition grounds. I spent an evening at his home re- 
 cently, and had the pleasure of hearing him sing some of the 
 popular war songs of his own composing — " Rally 'Bound the 
 Flag," " Tramp, Tramp, Tramp," and the like. Dr. Boot still 
 sings with remarkable vigor for a man of 72, and is a charming 
 man to meet. He was of Massachusetts origin, but Connecticut 
 can claim connection with his family, for his sister, Mary, now 
 Mrs. James Bidwell Beck, was organist of the Congregational 
 Church in Litchfield during the writer's boyhood. 
 
 Bev. Dr. Hiram Eddy of Canaan, Conn., has recently re- 
 turned home after a ten-days' visit to the Fair. Dr. Eddy 
 stands 6 feet 4 inches in his shoes, and a good deal 
 higher than that in the estimation of his friends, is something 
 over eighty years of age, and is said to be a pretty good repre- , 
 sentation of an ideal Jove. There is nothing mythological, 
 however, about Dr. Eddy. As chaplain of a three-months Con- 
 necticut regiment, he was captured at the battle of Bull Bun 
 (they say he had a musket in his hand at the time), and he was 
 the first Union prisoner to darken the door of Libby prison. 
 The last day the doctor spent in Chicago was partially devoted 
 to Libby prison, which as all well-informed readers are aware, 
 is now a Chicago exhibit, and a very interesting one. To no 
 one, however, would it be more interesting than to the venera- 
 ble " war parson," who was its first victim. 
 
 [July 7.] 
 
 The heated term has arrived, but thus far the shore of I^ake 
 Michigan is a more comfortable place than people generally at 
 the East may imagine. There is usually a good breeze from 
 the lake, so that the temperature is perceptibly modified by it, 
 and as the Connecticut building is located near the lake shore 
 
178 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, 
 
 many Connecticut visitors seek the sliade of its verandas dur- 
 ing the heated midday hours. 
 
 The tribe of Stanley ^as well looked after here on the 
 recent Fourth, also some other Xew Britai peojDle. A boat- 
 ing party was gotten up for them, and they were thus enabled 
 to have a charming view of the fireworks from the lake. Among 
 the guests were ^Ir. and ]\Ii*s. James Stanley, Mr. Isaac Stan- 
 ley, Misses HaiTiet, Minnie, Alice, and Emily Stanley, Mr. 
 and Mrs. Howard S. Hart, Miss Peck, Miss Larned and Mr. 
 Cooley. 
 
 Perhaps there was no more attractive exhibit at the Fair 
 during the early part of the month than that of Pain's fire- 
 works. A whole pavilion made of fire-crackers was enough to 
 drive the average American boy to distraction. It is a pretty 
 structure, surmoimted by the English coat of anus,- and resting 
 on an apparently substantial base of rockets, Roman candles, 
 etc. 
 
 A party of Hartford girls doing the Fair spent a day very 
 agreeably in Cairo street. They saw the conjurors performing 
 their wonderful feats, inspected the curios about them on every 
 hand, witnessed the wonderful wedding procession, and lis- 
 tened knowingly to the gibberish rattled off so glibly by the 
 queerly-dressed, dark-visaged denizens of the place, and then 
 moimted the camels and took a billowy ride on the ungainly 
 creatures. It was rather exciting to girls of doubtful eques- 
 trian ability at best, and as one beast after another doubled 
 himself up after his manner to let them dismount, one of the 
 girls excitedly exclaimed : '' TTell, that was the most delight- 
 ful agony I ever experienced." 
 
 People cannot keep too sharp a watch of their pocketbooks, 
 umbrellas, etc., while they are at the Fair. An umbrella left 
 unprotected two minutes is likely to walk off under the arm 
 of a new possessor. Yesterday two ladies' purses were laid down 
 in the Connecticut State Building, and the owners walked 
 away without them. One of them was brought to the execu- 
 tive manager's office, by Charles A. TTright, of Chester, and 
 the other by Miss Almira Lovell, formerly of Sharon. It is 
 not often that lost articles fall into honest liands like these. 
 
 [July 12.1 
 
 A. D. Quint of Hartford doesn't occupy much space in 
 Machinery Hall with his one exhibit of a turret head drilling 
 machine, but the machine occupies a good deal of attention 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 179 
 
 from macliinists. This is a comparatively new machine, pat- 
 ented last year, but it is doubtless able to do' all its inventor 
 claims for it — to do what no other drilling machinei in the 
 world can do for he has sold over eighty of them already. 
 
 At last reports a Connecticut cow was getting to be almost 
 as famous as her sister that jumped over the moon. She is 
 owned by ex-State Treasurer E. S. Henry of Rockville, and 
 stands second in the class of twenty-five Jerseys as a butter- 
 prodiicer. She mil prove herself still more of a treasure in the 
 estimation of the ex-treasurer if she succeeds in jumping over 
 the cow who just now stands at the head of the class. 
 
 The appalling disaster of Monday afternoon — the burn- 
 ing of the cold storage building and the loss of a score of lives 
 
 — has thrown a cloud over the " White City," but after a little 
 it will be forgotten, except in homes where an absent one 
 will never return. It is consoling in some measure to believe 
 that there is nO' other structure within the entire grounds which 
 may be called a fire trap, as the cold storage building was. 
 
 [July 17.] 
 
 The scoring of butter of the July exhibit is now being 
 made, and my next bulletin will let Connecticut people know, 
 if Connecticut butteo' is as rank as butter from other states. 
 
 There was a time when the " lightest word '^ would harrow 
 up one's soul — according to the plaintive prince of Denmark 
 
 — but when it comes to harrowing up one's soil, why, that's a 
 different matter, and to do that in an effective manner re- 
 quires a modern cutaway harrow. The Cutaway Harrow Com- 
 pany of Higganum is among the exhibitors in the annex to the 
 Agricultural Building, and if it does not carry home one of the 
 medals, provided by the Bureau of Awards, we shall be sur- 
 prised, and the company will be disappointed. Their exhibit 
 merits the attention of all tillers of the soil. 
 
 [July 20.] 
 
 In a recent bulletin I said the Jersey cow belonging to 
 Hon. E. S. Henry of Bockville, stood second in her class of 
 twenty-five. I was misinformed, and beg pardon of the Bar- 
 oness of Argyle for the injustice done her. She stands at the 
 head! Her record for the first thirty of the ninety-day test 
 was 68.95 pounds of butter, the next highest being 68,19. 
 
180 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 I am unable to give the comparative figures of the butter 
 test in the July exhibit, the score not yet ha^T.ng been 
 made public, but I have reason to believej from what I 
 have heard from a semi-official source, that when the 
 scores are completed Eastern butter will scale somewhat higher 
 than the Western article. It should be understood, however, 
 that no poor butter is exhibited here from any of the Western 
 states. In the test just completed the butter from Connecti- 
 cut co-operative creameries scored a higher average by from 
 one to two points than the average in which private creameries 
 and dairies are included. In the former the range is from 86 
 to 98, the average 94 to 95 out of a possible 100. The highest 
 score was obtained by the Windsor Creamery Company, 98, 
 with several others close following. !N"ew England butter lacks 
 mainly in flavor, in which particular it is at a disadvantage 
 when compared with butter from states near by, like Illinois 
 and Wisconsin, whose samples were fresher by nearly ten 
 days. Connecticut cheese scored an average of 90.25, ranging 
 from 86 to 96, the latter score being obtained by Edward Nor- 
 ton's pineapple cheese, from Goshen. The highest score on 
 domestic cheese, 94, was awarded to Mrs. E. B. Chafiee, of 
 East Woodstock. 
 
 Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, of Xew Haven, w^ho decorated 
 the Connecticut room in the Woman's Building, has returned 
 home after a sojourn here of several months. Miss Sheldon's 
 work has brought her almost no end of commendation — in- 
 deed more praise than pecuniam — but if she has lacked re- 
 mimeration to which her artistic work has entitled her, she 
 can at least have the satisfaction of knomng that her work is 
 appreciated, and that her departure is much regTetted. Dur- 
 ing Miss Sheldon's stay in Chicago there was no social atmos- 
 phere so rarefied but that she floated in it with rare gTace. 
 
 [July 28.] 
 A recent bulletin contained reference to Miss E. B. Shel- 
 don of jSTew Haven, the gifted artist who decorated the Con- 
 necticut room in the Woman's Building. I have since learned 
 an interesting bit of news regarding the lady and her work 
 which I cannot keep to myself. The Kentucky Board of Lady 
 Managers decided that the design for the decoration for their 
 room in the Woman's Building should be open to competition. 
 The design selected by the jury of award was presented by 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 131 
 
 Miss Sheldon, but wlien it was discovered tliat tlie lady was not 
 a Kentiickian the next best design was awarded the honor. 
 
 I have a singular story to relate. A woman^ of seyenty- 
 one called at the Connecticut State Building recently, and 
 said she was born in Otsego County, X. Y., but that she had 
 registered in the Rhode Island Building in honor of her 
 mother, who was a native of that State, and, inasmuch as her 
 father was bom in Connecticut, she asked the privilege of reg- 
 istering here " in his honor." She was, of course, permitted 
 to do so, and as she was inclined to be communicative this 
 story was gathered from her. She has been a widow for thirty 
 years, supporting herself by laundry work, or, to quote her 
 o^vn. words, '' by taking in washing." She was in good health 
 and wished very much to see the World's Fair. Having no 
 money with which to pay her passage, she borrowed enough to 
 meet her needs in this respect. Upon her arrival here she en- 
 gaged to do housework in a family about three miles from the 
 Exposition gTounds at $3 per week, mth the privilege of '^T.sit- 
 ing the Fair one day in each week. She said her friends at 
 home told her she was crazy to think of going to the Fair, but 
 she thinks she wasn't, for she has already paid back the money 
 she borrowed; says she lives better than she did at home, 
 and that as she expects to live to be 100 years old she will have a 
 good many years in which to think of and talk over the wonder- 
 ful siorht she beholds here. Surelv, this humble woman can 
 be regarded as having strength of purpose sufficient to make 
 her title clear to genuine Puritan ancestry, and to character- 
 istics akin to those who sailed from Palos and Delf thaven. She 
 has certainly discovered a way in which a poor woman can 
 see the World's Fair. 
 
 [August 1.] 
 
 Elizabeth Stuart Phelps wrote : " Pealing, the clock of 
 time has struck the woman's hour." There is, perhaps, no use 
 trying to keep woman in the background after her hour has 
 struck, so it seems proper to refer briefly to a beautiful volume 
 which has recently been published under the direction of the 
 literary committee of the Connecticut Board of Lady Man- 
 agers for the Columbian Exposition. Its title is " Selections 
 from the Writings of Connecticut Women." It is a beautiful 
 volume and contains upwards of fifty selections — almost ex- 
 
 * Mrs. Esther Preston of South Edmeston, N. Y. 
 
182 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 clusivelj fugitive pieces, gathered from newspapers and maga- 
 zines — from the pens of Connecticut's gifted literary daugh- 
 ters. The edition was limited to 200 copies (the price to be 
 $3.50), and already 150 have been sold. The selections were 
 edited by ]\Irs. J. L. Gregory of ;N'orwalk, of the Literary Com- 
 mittee, and sales of the book are made by her. 
 
 If Columbus was not afraid to brave Atlantic storms with 
 his trio of queer-looking little ocean craft — the Santa Maria, 
 Xina, and Pinta — what may not be said of the bravery of the 
 Xorsemen, who sailed in the Yiking six hundred years earlier ! 
 The little Yiking, which recently " came over," said to be an 
 exact reproduction of its famous prototype, now lies near the 
 battle ship " Illinois,'' and thousands of visitors inspect it daily. 
 It is about eighty feet long, and though stanchly built is not an 
 inviting craft to undertake much of a sea voyage in — nor even 
 a sail on Lake Michigan in weather such as has been seen here 
 since the Exposition opened. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. 'W". H. Higgs of Hartford are now visiting 
 the Fair, and are quartered at Hotel In^Tam as guests of Hon. 
 "W. F. Cody, alias "Buffalo Bill." The Calhoun Printing 
 Company, of which Mr. Higgs is general manager, does the 
 entire printing for the " "Wild "West " show, and the exhibit 
 of color printing is almost equal to the show itself. 
 
 [August 8.] 
 
 When it was decided last year that Connecticut would 
 make a crop exhibit at the World's Fair the time for gathering 
 samples of gTasses and grains had passed. The crop of 1893 is 
 now being garnered here, however, and the Connecticut 
 pavilion in the AgTicultural Building has been greatly im- 
 proved in appearance of late by Mr. Parker, its new attendant. 
 But it should not be supposed that Connecticut will attempt to 
 rival in agricultural display the great grain-growing states of 
 the West. Hers is a different domain. In the realm of manu- 
 factures she is on the throne. Only a ^ancy Hanks can out- 
 strip her Columbia bicycles, the thread of our lives snaps more 
 easily than Willimantic spool cotton; John L. Sullivan cannot 
 pulverize an antagonist to half the fineness that a Cutaway 
 harrow will pulverize old Mother Earth ; neither the orient nor 
 autumnal nature can produce a more beautiful carpet than 
 Bridgeport exhibits at the Fair. Silkworms never spun for 
 silks of more exquisite designs than those of the Cheneys ; the 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. Igg 
 
 Coe Brass Company spins German silver wire to the fineness 
 of S.OOOths of an inch, and the structures of the Berlin Iron 
 Bridge Company will resist the rhythmic tread of an army 
 with bands and banners. ]^ evertheless, Connecticut is to have 
 a very creditable display in its agricultural pavilion. 
 
 The crop exhibit of the Dominion of Canada is as fine 
 as anything of its kind in the Agricultural Building. It looks 
 as though she were striving to win favor in the eyes of annexa- 
 tionists on this side of the line, and she has done it. 
 
 Hon. Clinton B. Davis, of the Connecticut Board of 
 World's Fair Managers, is at the Fair, and during his stay he 
 will give special attention to matters "relating to " Connecticut 
 Day.'' 
 
 Senator Brooker of Torrington, is also at the Fair, sum- 
 moned to attend meetings of the N^ational Commission as al- 
 ternate of Hon. Leverett Brainard. 
 
 The Pope Manufacturing Company has withdrawn its ex- 
 hibit of Columbia bicycles from competition on account of 
 dissatisfaction with the rules which govern the bureau of 
 awards. The Columbias are part of the World's Columbian 
 Exposition all the same, and in the estimation of all who 
 know what high grade wheels are they will not suffer from the 
 lack of one of the bureau's bronze medals. 
 
 [August 12.] 
 
 ■ Connecticut people who wish to come to the Fair should 
 not delay their departure simply because they have not made 
 arrangements for boarding places, etc. There is no lack of ac- 
 commodations close by, and those who so report themselves at 
 the Connecticut State Building can be provided for at an 
 hour's notice. 
 
 There hasn't been a rainy day here since the first of June, 
 and day after day the weather has been almost perfect. There 
 have been not more than six or eight real hot days all told, with 
 the mercury above ninety, and not more than two consecutive 
 hot days. 
 
 Kev. J. B. McLean, of McLean Seminary, Simsbury, i^ 
 now a visitor at the Fair, and so favorably impressed with it 
 that he thinks he may come out again later in the season bring- 
 ing a lot of his scholars with him. He thinks it would be tlu- 
 best kind of schooling for them. 
 
 The Electrical Building is full of surprises for the unin- 
 
184 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 itiated. Genuine thunder and liglitning are here made to 
 •order; all sorts of messages are sent far and near, and all sorts 
 of lightning apparatus dazzle the eye. In the north end of the 
 g^allerv cooking is going on without the aid of a match, and re- 
 freshments are served, cooked by wires in the most satisfac- 
 tory manner. The gTeatest attraction in the building is proba- 
 bly Gray's TelautogTaph. It is located in about the middle of 
 the western gallery. Here, before innocent-looking little ma- 
 chines, about the size of a sewing-machine cover, sit the opera- 
 tives sending messages in their own handwriting, drawing pic- 
 tures, etc., which are exactly reproduced at the other end of the 
 line. To see the little pencils bobbing about, apparently of 
 their own accord, and doing their work so accurately, fills one 
 with renewed wonder at the ingenuity of man; and certainly 
 the old woman who recognized her son's handwriting in the 
 telegram she received was only a few days ahead of the times. 
 
 [August 18.] 
 
 H. S. Hinman, late chief clerk in the office of Secretary of 
 State, is now at the Tair, accompanied by his son. ]\Ir. Hin- 
 man represents the Connecticut Farmer, and his letters to 
 that paper will be interesting reading to Connecticut farmers. 
 
 To go through the Transportation Building and give its 
 exhibits a thorough study is worth a good deal more than it 
 costs. The Baltimore & Ohio road has a wonderfully interest- 
 ing display of locomotives, antique as well as modem, and some 
 ■of the former are enough to make an iron horse laugh. Then 
 for contrast between olden time and the present in the matter 
 of road wagons one should see the IJ^Tancy T\"elles wagon, of 
 "Wethersfield, 125 years old, and a " 6-passenger brake " of the 
 present day, made by the 'New Haven Carriage Company. 
 
 A Connecticut visitor here, who doesn't want his name 
 divulged, asks that people from that State be warned against 
 the German village on the Midway Plaisance, or, at least, 
 against some of its charges. There was no fee for admission, 
 so he thought he would patronize the place bv ordering a bottle 
 of beer for himself and another for his wife, expecting the 
 charge would be about fifteen cents a bottle. The principal 
 reason why he doesn't care to be known in connection with 
 the matter is because the two bottles cost him $1, and not be- 
 cause of the sin of beer-drinking. Indeed, it may almost be 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 185 
 
 regarded a sin — tlie wages of which is typhoid fever — to 
 drink Chicago water. 
 
 The first rainj day at the AVorld's Fair since the first of 
 June, was on the 16th of Angnst^ and even then the rain was 
 all over before noon. 
 
 The section of the Agricnltnral Building which most at- 
 tracts the Connecticut farmers who visit the Fair, is the annex 
 — devoted to implements. 
 
 The babies on the Plaisance are among the curiosities. 
 There is one in the Dahomey village that attracts considerable 
 attention. Simply clad in an abbreviated shirt he crawls about 
 in front of the hut where his mother sits, and with great glee 
 deposits the pennies thrown to him in her lap. The clothes 
 which the Dahomey baby lacks seem to be piled in a mass of 
 dirty color on to the Arab baby, who rejoices in pants and 
 skirts, and shawls, and coats enough to smother an ordinary 
 child, and the powerful, strong-featured woman who coddles 
 it seems to forget for the time that she is part of a show, and 
 possibly dreams that she is far away again on her native sands. 
 The little Indian boy has been very gorgeous of late in fairly 
 fashioned trousers and waist of bright turkey-red calico figured 
 with black. His hair is closely cropped and he will never 
 have the air of the noble red man if he is allowed to become 
 so civilized. The little Chinese girl, clad in the quaintest of 
 garments, sits just outside the door of her mother's room, and 
 replies to the questions of all passers-by, her one phrase of 
 English being "two-year-old.'' Her brown little face and 
 hands, and queer little slanting eyes, her shaven head with a 
 little pig-tail sticking out over each ear, make her a funny 
 little object, and the ease with which she manages her chop- 
 sticks is certainly surprising. 
 
 The American Hosiery Company of 'New Britain has a 
 fine display of underwear of all sorts. The great variety of 
 dainty silk garments is fitly displayed in Chicago, where the 
 belles of the ballroom and the ballet vie with each other 
 in the delicacy of their apparel. 
 
 [August 23.] 
 
 One of the most attractive exhibits to be seen now at the 
 Fair is the corps of West Point cadets in camp near the Govern- 
 ment Building for a few days. Their dress parades, held twice 
 each day, draw thousands of admiring spectators. All the 
 "is 
 
186 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 State Buildings were illuminated and opened to them last night 
 (22d), and thej danced — not to their hearts' content, how- 
 ever — with a host of pretty girls, some^ of them from Con- 
 necticut. Our State is represented in the corps by a fine lot 
 of young fellows, namely: W. J. Barden, of Salisbury; "W. H. 
 Paine, of Westford; Geo. H. Shelton, of Birmingham, and S. 
 A. Cheney, of South Manchester. Cadet Barden is one of the 
 cadet captains, stands at the head of his class, and is very popu- 
 lar withal. 
 
 Possibly the time is coming when the use of pneumatic 
 and rubber tires will not be confined to bicycles and trotting 
 sulkies. In the Transportation Building at the World's Pair, 
 may be seen pleasure carriages with rubber tires. If rubber 
 horseshoes can take the place of iron ones there would be im- 
 mediately eliminated, say, seventy-five per cent, of the noise of 
 the streets. 
 
 The Bell-Telephone Company have two telephones in the 
 Electricity Building, so adjusted that one reflects a ray of light 
 to the other, ninety feet distant, and on this ray of light mes- 
 sages are sent from one telephone to the other. The communi- 
 cation is hot yet sufiiciently clear and satisfactory to alarm 
 copper-wire manufacturers, but it aflords a glimpse of what 
 scientific investigation will do. 
 
 Some time ago it was reported that the Hendey Machine 
 Company of Torrington had sold one of its machines to a Ger- 
 man visitor. More recently it has sold machines to parties in 
 England and in Switzerland. Mr. Hendey thinks it pays to 
 show wares at a World's Fair. 
 
 Prank J. Dugan of Norwalk, manufacturer of clay novel- 
 ties, was an early applicant for space at the Pair, but before 
 assignment of space was made some enemy forged his signature 
 to a letter which mthdrew his application. The forgery was 
 not discovered for several weeks, and when it was discovered 
 there was really no space left for him. Chief Pobinson, of the 
 machinery department, was so incensed over the injustice done 
 Mr. Dugan by his unknown enemy that he determined to help 
 him, and allotted him space about a week before the Pair 
 opened. His potter's wheel is now surrounded by visitors, and 
 his exhibit is one of the attractions of that great department. 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. P. H. Ingalls of Hartford, left Chicago and 
 the Exposition on the 2 2d inst., on their homeward trip, going 
 by way of St. Paul and Duluth, thence by steamer down the 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 187 
 
 lakes to CleYeland. Their boat ride will be about five days 
 long. 
 
 Connecticiit bas no mortgage on tbe World's Fair tbat I 
 am aware of, but nearly every building on tbe gronnds is en- 
 circled by Connecticut chains, made by the Bridgeport Chain 
 Company. The company also has an exhibit in the Transporta- 
 tion Building. 
 
 [August 29.] 
 
 There are some rules which Connecticut visitors to the 
 World's Tair will do well to observe when they are here. Drink 
 very sparingly of Chicago water, for, say, the first month. 
 Those who do not heed this rule are liable to discover that it 
 has a decidedly debilitating effect. The change of air is 
 enough without the change of water. 
 
 Tiffany has a finer exhibit of diamonds than any lady or 
 gentlemen in Connecticut. It may be considered sensible ad- 
 vice that visitors leave valuable gems, etc., at home. If 
 brought here they will be likely to bring the owner lots of 
 anxious moments lest they may be stolen. The same rule will 
 well apply to valuable watches. A $4 short winding " Water- 
 bury " will answer as good purpose as a $400 chronometer, and 
 the loss of the former would occasion only a $4 pans:. 
 
 Of course no visitor contemplates losing his (or more likely 
 her) pocketbook; nevertheless, it is a good rule to have a card 
 in it bearing the name and address of the owner. 
 
 Connecticut visitors are cautioned, also, about lea^dng any- 
 thing uncared for any^vhere. Thieves are almost as 
 
 Thick as leaves that strew the brooks 
 
 In Vallombrosa, 
 
 thick enough, cprtainly, and an umbrella, hand satchel, opera 
 glass, or guide book is soon missing if laid down and left un- 
 guarded. A lady took off her gold-bowed spectacles to wash 
 her face in the ladies' toilet-room at the Connecticut State 
 Building a few days ago, and when she had completed her 
 ablutions her spectacles were missing, as was also the imknown 
 lady who had been talking with her. 
 
 [September 6.] 
 
 Xo day passes that some son or daughter of Connecticut, 
 now resident elsewhere, does not come to the State Building 
 
188 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 in tlie hope of finding some acquaintance of other days, or pos- 
 sibly that they may show their regard for the land of their 
 birth. A few instances of this kind merit especial mention. 
 An elderly gentleman called and remarked that he was bom 
 in Litchfield, signifying a msh to enter his name on the regis- 
 ter. He did not appear to be more than seventy-five, bnt he 
 divulged his real age before he departed, for he said he left 
 Litchfield in 1818, where he was bom in 1802, whereby it ap- 
 peared that he was ninety-one! He was Wm. H. Seymour of 
 Brockport, N". Y., a relative of the late chief justice, Origen S. 
 Seymour, and he still remembers people now living in Litch- 
 field who were his associates in boyhood days. 
 
 A recent visitor to the Connecticut State Building was the 
 venerable Wilford AYoodrufi of Salt Lake City. Mr. Wood- 
 ruff was bom in Farmington; in his younger days was a miller 
 in the employ of the Collins Company of CoUins^ulle, and was 
 one of tlie pioneers to Utah in 1847, when the site of Salt Lake 
 City was only a waste of sand. He is now eighty-five, and one 
 of the bright and shining lights of the Mormon church. I say 
 " bright " understandingly, for notwithstanding his extreme 
 age his eye does not seem to be dimmed nor his natural force 
 abated. Mr. "Woodruff is president of the Mormon church, 
 though in his boyhood he sat under the preaching of the ortho- 
 dox Doctor Porter in Farmington, and was a schoolmate of the 
 late ex-President iN'oah Porter of Yale. Mr. Woodruff is 
 here to take part in the Congress of Religions, whose sessions 
 will begin September 11. On Saturday of this week, " Utah 
 Day," the great choir of the great Mormon tabernacle in Salt 
 Lake City will sing in Festival Hall. 
 
 Another interesting visitor to the Connecticut State Build- 
 ing of late is Mr. J. L. Swift of Chicago, a native of Hartford. 
 Mr. Svdft has been a resident of Chicago many years, and his 
 property was entirely wiped out of existence by the great fire 
 of 1871. He had lots of " sand," however, and though offered 
 a position in Hartford after the fire he decided to stick his 
 stakes again on the spot where he was burned out, and later on 
 success again sprang, phoenix-like, from the ashes of his lost 
 fortune. 
 
 Still another notable visitor is a Mr. Abbott, who left Hart- 
 ford in 1854, equipped with a Sharps' rifle and bound for Kan- 
 sas. He was one of the sturdy pioneers to that state in the 
 troublesome Kansas-I^ebraska days. Mr. Abbott was an inti- 
 mate acquaintance and co-worker with John Brown, and re- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 389 
 
 lates many interesting incidents of those times that tried the 
 souls of the free state men. Mr. Abbott is a relative of Presi- 
 dent Watrons of the Wm. Rogers Manufacturing Company of 
 Hartford. 
 
 [September 9.] 
 
 People who do not msh to be bothered beyond what they 
 are able to bear will leave their trunks at home when they 
 start for the World's Fair. A hand satchel will hold every 
 article needed during a fortnight's stay. It should be remem- 
 bered, however, that the cool nights have come, and warm 
 wraps should be brought along, for they'll be needed. Xo man 
 should start away mthout at least a light-weight overcoat, and 
 it will not feel uncomfortable these cool evenings if it is not a 
 very light one. 
 
 The attendance at the Fair has gTadually increased since 
 the ides of September made their appearance, and the visitors 
 are having fine weather for sight-seeing. 
 
 Connecticut visitors to the Fair about the time of ^' Connec- 
 ticut Day " will be likely to see more people than they will 
 ever see again on earth or possibly elsewhere. Chicago day 
 will be October 9, two days in advance of Connecticut's day, 
 and Chicago proposes to get together the biggest assemblage 
 that was ever together on one spot since the foundations of the 
 earth were laid. Her idea is at least to beat the record of the 
 biggest day at the Paris Exposition, and in order to do that 
 the turnstiles must record about 400,000 people."^ It should 
 be remembered that Chicago's motto is " I will!" 
 
 [September 13.] 
 
 An enthusiastic Litchfield county farmer, who is now at 
 the Fair, says if he had but a hundred dollars in the world he 
 would think fifty of it well spent in seeing the Fair. 
 
 The clergy who are now at the Fair are in a quandary 
 whether to see the sights in the limited time at their disposal or 
 attend the meetings of the Congress of Religions at the Art 
 Institute in the city. They will most likely divide their time, 
 giving the larger portion, however, to sight-seeing. They 
 think they can get the principal benefits of the CongTCSsional 
 papers from the printed reports. 
 
 *The number of visits on Chicago Day exceeded 700,000. 
 
190 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 One of the finest sights on the Exposition grounds in the 
 evening is the illuminated Ferris wheel. It is surrounded on 
 each side by two circles of incadescent lights, one at the 
 periphery and one interior, giving an effect somewhat like the 
 rings of Saturn. 
 
 [September 19.] 
 
 The Ferris wheel is certainly a great attraction to children 
 from all over the world who visit the Fair. A lady, benevo- 
 lently inclined, took some little folks, a short time ago, who had 
 never been inside the gates. Entering at Eifty-seventh street, 
 she showed them the Florida Building, with its cocoanut tree, 
 the Iowa Building, with its corn palace, the battle ship, etc. 
 On coming out from each place the qu.estion was always tim- 
 idly asked, " When are we going to the World's Fair?" and 
 the ..nswer was always given : " Why, this is the World's Fair, 
 all of it and much more." Finally, light broke on the subject 
 when the smallest of the party, a mere infant, inquired: 
 ^' AYhen are we going to the World's Fair wheel?" The hint 
 was taken and the children were gratified. 
 
 The parade through the grounds on Transportation Day 
 was certainly unique. Elegant coaches, baby carriages, bicy- 
 cles, camels, hammocks suspended between the heads of the 
 South Sea Islanders, palanquins, donkey and ox carts, and all 
 sorts of unheard-of vehicles found place in it. The building it- 
 self was thronged throughout the. day. A Stratford lady stood 
 in front of the I^ew York Central exhibit, and looked with in- 
 terest at the' old train — the first ever run in this country, in 
 1831. " My mother rode on that train," said she, '' from Al- 
 bany to Schenectady when she was a girl." The old lady still 
 lives, and has had many a ride since on the moving palaces 
 which the road now furnishes. 
 
 There came near being a sensation at the Connecticut State 
 Building Monday morning. A well-known Connecticut 
 clergyman, a doctor of divinity at that, and standing at the 
 head of his denomination, remarked to a party of friends that 
 he " spent yesterday at polo." We knew that many Chicago 
 theaters were open Sunday, and that the race tracks made good 
 records of time — if not for eternity — on that day, and had 
 almost reached the conclusion that the strain of sight-seeing at 
 the Fair had unsettled the good doctor's mind, as well as his 
 morals, when it dawned upon us that he had been to Polo, 111. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 191 
 
 [September 23.] 
 
 " Wliere do tliey feed tlie lagoons/' was asked by a World's 
 Fair visitor at the Woman's Bnilding the other day. She had 
 heard of the lagoons, evidently, and had seen the various water 
 fowl that float upon its surface and waddle on the shores of the 
 wooded island; we can guess the rest. 
 
 There are doubtless almost numberless instances of renewal 
 of acquaintance at the World's Fair by men who have not seen 
 each other since the war. One of these re-unions occurred at 
 the Connecticut Building recently — after thirty-one years — 
 between General H. C. Dwight of Hartford (27th Massachu- 
 setts Volunteers) and Captain E. E. Yaill of Litchfield, who 
 commanded the flagship Guide, of the Burnside expedition 
 (1862). I^umerous mutual acquaintances were called to mind, 
 and interesting events of the war recounted, relating princi- 
 pally to scenes on deck and shore in and around North Carolina 
 waters. Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan had hardly been heard 
 of at that early period of the war, and Pat Gilmore, leader of 
 the flagship band (24th Massachusetts) had not yet achieved 
 musical fame. 
 
 [September 28.] 
 
 People who decide not to visit this World's Fair, under the 
 misapprehension that in 1900 or some other eventful year 
 they will have a chance to see something surpassing it, make a 
 mistake. Every person who has seen it will tell you that no 
 person now living mil ever be likely to see its equal again on 
 earth. The like of this Fair could be put nowhere else except 
 in Jackson Park, with its marvelous side show of a mile in 
 length up the Midway Plaisance. There the ends of the 'earth 
 meet, and the middle of the earth is there too. A stroll up the 
 Plaisance makes one feel as though he had stopped at every 
 port on the Mediterranean sea, at every far-off island on the 
 globe, and, indeed, among the people of every civilized and 
 uncivilized country that the sun shines upon, as well as some 
 upon which the sun doesn't shine very often. 
 
 Early in the season the Connecticut State Building was 
 criticised by a few Connecticut visitors as not reflecting credit 
 upon the state. On the other hand, people from other states, 
 and especially those who indicate the highest degTee of intelli- 
 gence and culture, pronounce the structure one of the most at- 
 
192 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 tractive of all tlie State Buildings, and almost the only one 
 tliat would serve as a model for a dwelling place. 
 
 These are great days for the World's Eair, and the daily at- 
 tendance of paid admissions reaches close up to 200,000. And 
 not a sight-seer goes away mth any other sentiment than this 
 — that the Fair surpasses his highest anticipation, and that 
 there is no use trying to describe it. 
 
 [Octoher 3.] 
 
 If any one doubts the ability of Connecticut to let its light 
 shine before men let them behold the exhibit of carriage lamps 
 in the Transportation Building. Tine displays are there made 
 by the White Manufacturing Company of Bridgeport, and by 
 C. Cowles & Company of ]^ew Haven. 
 
 There is an exhibit in Manufactures Building which has a 
 great attraction for Chicago people, to whom the word " fire " 
 has a deeper significance than to many others, and that is the 
 fire proofing and mre4atliing exhibit of Gilbert and Bennett, 
 together with Hammond's metal furring, of George t0T^^l. 
 
 The Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine Company has a 
 fine display in the patent ofiice department of the Government 
 Building. The latest improvements in their machines are 
 shown there. Besides the machines for ordinary sevdng and 
 embroidery are those for hemstitching, tailoring, for cutting 
 and stitching button-holes at the same time, machines with two 
 needles for vamping shoes, and four needles for stitching 
 gloves. 
 
 There is a funny display in the Government Building of 
 articles from the dead-letter office. There are false teeth, 
 cocoanuts, skulls, stuffed animals, fishing tackle, articles of 
 clothing, furs, jewelry, boats, fruit, toys, farming implements^ 
 false hair, seeds, plants, keys, lamps, etc. The assortment 
 rivals that of any country store. The directions on missent 
 letters must be seen to be appreciated. Besides those in every 
 known and unknown language are many in which the English 
 is past finding out, and others which only an expert could de- 
 cipher. Behold one directed in a clear, bold hand to Bev. H. 
 H. Stratton, L. Siner P. O., Carter Co., Mo. The govern- 
 ment stamp on the envelope explains that the letter was duly 
 received at Ellsinore, Mo. 
 
 I do not remember to have seen William J. Broatch since 
 he was down " at the front," thirty years ago or thereabouts, 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. IQg 
 
 but his name was discovered on the register in the Connecticut 
 State Building recently, his residence being given as Omaha^ 
 of which city he was mayor not long ago, and possibly is now. 
 I think he was of Middletown origin, or somewhere in that 
 sandstone region. 
 
 [October 17.] 
 
 Connecticut's exhibit of working oxen arrived at the Fair 
 last week, with Mr. Augustus Hamilton of Bristol in charge. 
 There are six pairs, all told, owned as follows : DaAT.d Strong, 
 Winsted, one pair; Granger Brothers, Broad Brook, one pair; 
 J. M. Berris, Stamford, two pairs ; and E. W. Lyon, Xorthfield, 
 two pairs. The latter are trained steers — taught to perform 
 many wonderful tricks, though I do not credit the story that 
 they say " JSTow I lay me " every time they lie doA^^i. I have 
 no hesitation in saying that Connecticut will take " first 
 money '' on working oxen, for there are no other entries except 
 from our state. 
 
 A Connecticut lady who had not intended visiting the Ex- 
 position came here a few days ago to make a week's stay — 
 compelled to undertake the trip and the task of World's Fair 
 sight-seeing from the high-colored reports of it from her friends 
 who had been here. ]!^otwithstancling the fact that she had 
 seen most of the art galleries of Europe, and, of course, 
 nearly all European attractions, from the Giant's Causeway 
 to the Bosphorus, she says that when she had been here two 
 days — just long enough to take in the exterior sights, such as 
 could be obtained from electric launches, including the sights 
 of the Court oi Honor with its electric fountain, the lagoons 
 with their marvelous surroundings, and a view of the TVliite 
 City from the upper deck of the whaleback steamer, Christo- 
 pher CohimhKS, — she was amply repaid for the time and ex- 
 pense of coming. H you haven't seen the Fair, reader, don't 
 let the 30th of October pass ere you have seen its wonderful 
 sights. 
 
 [October 20.] 
 
 One of the most interesting colonial exhibits in the Connec- 
 ticut State Building is a photograph of the old charter granted 
 by Charles II in 1680, or thereabout. It was secured by ex- 
 Comptroller C. C. Hubbard, of Hartford, who has reproduced 
 several colonial documents in a very creditable manner. 
 
194 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 » 
 
 Connecticut lias a triple part in the Congress on Fish and 
 Fisheries held this week. Dr. Wm. M. Hudson, of the Con- 
 necticut Fish Commission, presided at the opening session on 
 the 16th; Prof. W. O. Atwater, of Wesleyan University, de- 
 livered an address on the 17th on " The Correlation of Land 
 and Water in Kelation to Food Supply and Agriculture,'' and 
 on the 19 th Henry C. Eowe of 'New Haven delivered an ad- 
 dress on '*' The Methods of Deep Water Oyster Culture.'' Mr. 
 Rowe is authority on bivalves, and if his address was as good 
 as the Xew Haven oysters he recently shipped to a friend 
 of ours in Chicago (of which we had a satisfactory taste), it 
 must have been a good one. 
 
 [October 30.] 
 
 At a recent banquet at the Auditorium hotel given in 
 honor of President Palmer of the Columbian Commission, I 
 sat across the table from President Charles P. Clark, of the 
 J^ew York, ^ew Haven and Hartford road. The last pre- 
 vious banquet I attended at which he was a s'uest was twenty 
 years ago, in 1873, at Poughkeepsie, when the people of that 
 city desired to interest ISTew England railroad interests, and 
 capitalists generally, upon the subject of a bridge over the 
 Hudson River. The bridge is built, but many of those who 
 attended the banquet, especially the older ones interested in 
 the project, did not live to see the structure completed, passing 
 over another river, which railway trains never cross. Mr. 
 Clark came out to the Fair, accompanied by Hon. Leverett 
 Brainard, one of Connecticut's United States Commissioners to 
 the Exposition, in a special car tendered to him»by Yice-Presi- 
 dent Webb of the IsTew York Central. Mr. Brainard, by the 
 way, has concluded his labors with the Columbian Commission, 
 and returned to his home in Hartford, and merits the most em- 
 phatic commendation for the excellent service he has tendered 
 Connecticut during his long service as a member of it. 
 
 [^N^ovember 3.] 
 The Cheney tapestry which has beautified the walls of the 
 parlors in the Connecticut Building at the Exposition received 
 its final compliment a few days ago. Two feminine visitors 
 were making a tour of observation through the house, when 
 one queried of her companion after this manner : " Say, Mar- 
 thy, see this tapistiy the Cheney Brothers have given 'em. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 195 
 
 D'je spose it's bonyfidj? " " I^o; I guess it's real/' was tlie 
 complimentary response. 
 
 [:N'ovember 20.] 
 
 The siirewdness of the Connecticut Yankee is proverbial. 
 An instance in which this characteristic is well-defined comes 
 to light just now when the State Buildings on Jackson Park 
 have to be disposed of. The various State Boards of Managers 
 are required by the Exposition Company to remove their build- 
 ings and leave the premises in good, condition. Some of the 
 buildings are offered to wreckers for nothing ; for some a mere 
 pittance is received, and as for such a palatial structure as the 
 Xew York Building — it can't be given away! Executive 
 Commissioners are worrying by day and lying awake by night 
 over the question — How shall we get rid of it? The Con- 
 necticut Board of World's Fair Managers, on the other hand, 
 saw this state of things from the outset and decided to avoid 
 the annoyance at the close. They stipulated that the- State 
 Building should revert to the possession of the builders at the 
 close of the Exposition. The builders were also Connecticut 
 Yankees (the Tracy Brothers of Waterbury), and they sold 
 the building more than a year ago to a resident of Chicago, 
 for $3,000 — to be delivered to him at the close of the Fair. 
 Is'ow the aforesaid resident of Chicago is worrying himself 
 about it."^ The present consensus of opinion in and about 
 Jackson Park is that there was much good business sense dis- 
 played by the Connecticut Board of World's Fair Managers at 
 the outset, and that the shrewd, common-sense Yankee still 
 abides in the land of wooden nutmegs. 
 
 Some Connecticut newspapers have recently been publish- 
 ing extracts from an address delivered before the Agricultural 
 •Congress in Chicago last month by " Abram " Hyde. Abram 
 is a good scriptural name, but the right name for Mr. Hyde is 
 Epliraim — in other words, ex-Lieutenant-Governor E. H. 
 Hyde of Stafford. 
 
 * The purchaser of the building failed to consummate his contract, 
 in consequence of which its ownership remained with the Tracy 
 Brothers, which made possible the subsequent and more gratifying 
 disposition of it as related in Chapter Y. 
 
196 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 CONNECTICUT VISITORS TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.* 
 
 The total nuinber of visitors to tlie World's Fair from Con- 
 necticut, as shown by registrations at the State Building, was 
 a little more than 26,000. The following list shows attend- 
 ance by towns, including only places from which at least fifty 
 visitors registered. There were 316 towns and villages from 
 which there were less than fifty registrations. 
 
 Greenwich, 195 
 
 Ansonia, 192 
 
 Killingly 175 
 
 Putnam, 174 
 
 Milford, 157 
 
 New Milford, . . .^ . . 150 
 
 Torrington, 134 
 
 Wethersfield, 129 
 
 Litchfield 125 
 
 Wallingford, 125 
 
 Naugatuck, 121 
 
 New Canaan, ..... 120 
 
 Bethel, 118 
 
 East Hartford, .... 117 
 
 Windsor, 117 
 
 Collinsville, 106 
 
 Weistport, 105 
 
 Guilford, 104 
 
 Stafford Springs, .... 99 
 
 Branford, ...... 95 
 
 Stratford, 95 
 
 Ridgefield, 95 
 
 Simsbury, ♦ . 92 
 
 Southington, 92 
 
 Glastonbury, 90 
 
 Lakeville, ...... 86 
 
 Southport, 81 
 
 Colchester, 80 
 
 Essex, 77 
 
 Newtown, 74 
 
 Norfolk, 74 
 
 Thompsonville, 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 Clinton, . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 Somers, . . . 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 Pomfret, 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 Woodbury, . . 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 Groton, . . . 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 Berlin, . . . 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 Sharon, . 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 Seymour, . . 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 Fairfield, . . 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 Windsor Locks, 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 New Hartford, 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 Thompson, . 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 Orange, . . . 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 Portland, . . 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 Farmington, . 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Lyme, . . . 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Woodstock, 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Jewett City, . 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 Granby, . . 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 Washington, . 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 Enfield, . . 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 Canaan, . . 
 
 
 
 
 . 55 
 
 Plainville, . . 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 Chester, . . 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 Cheshire, . . 
 
 
 
 
 . 53 
 
 Darien, . . . 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 Watertown, 
 
 
 
 
 . 53 
 
 Thomaston, 
 
 
 
 
 . 52 
 
 Plainfield, . . 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 Warehouse Point 
 
 
 
 
 . 50 
 
 * Omissions in the foregoing list, as it originally appeared in 
 the Bulletin of November 20, will be accounted for by referring to a 
 statistical section that forms part of this chapter, in which a few, 
 errors in the original list have been corrected. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 197 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS TO THE CONNECTICUT BOARD OF WORLD'S 
 FAIR COMMISSION FUND. 
 
 Willimantic Linen Co., Willimantic, 
 
 Cheney Brothers, Manchester, 
 
 New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, New Haven 
 
 Bridgeport Board of Trade, Bridgeport, 
 
 Governor M. G. Bulkeley, Hartford, 
 
 J. D. Dewell, New Haven, . 
 
 L. Brainard, Hartford, 
 
 Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, . 
 
 L. Wheeler Beecher, New Haven, . 
 
 T. Attwater Barnes, New Haven, 
 
 Bradley & Hubbard Manufacturing Co., Meriden, 
 
 Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co., Hartford, 
 
 Derby and Shelton Board of Trade, Derby, 
 
 Nathan Easterbrook, New Haven, 
 
 James Graham, New Haven, 
 
 George F. Whitcomb, New Haven, 
 
 Hartford Carpet Co., Ehfield, 
 
 F. B. Loomis, New London, 
 
 S. E. Merwin, New Haven, . 
 
 Edwin Milner, Plainfield, 
 
 Pope Manufacturing Co., Hartford, 
 
 Plimpton Manufacturing Co., Hartford, 
 Thomas R. Pickering, Portland, 
 
 Rogers & Brother, Waterbury, 
 
 Schuyler Electric Co., Middletown, 
 
 Coe Brass Manufacturing Co., Torrington, 
 
 Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, 
 
 Winsted Board of Trade, Winsted, 
 
 Berlin Iron Bridge Co., Berlin, 
 
 Collins Co., Collins ville, 
 
 Hartford Cycle Co., Hartford, 
 
 HoUey Manufacturing Co., Salisbury, 
 
 Strong, Barnes, Hart & Co., New Haven, 
 
 Henry Sutton, New Haven, 
 
 J. Howard Whittemore, Naugatuck, 
 
 Dwight, Skinner & Co., Hartford, 
 
 Hockanum Co., Rockville, 
 
 Hammond & Knowlton Co., Putnam, 
 
 H. C. Judd & Root, Hartford, 
 
 New England Co., Rockvilie, 
 
 Putnam Business Men's Association, Putnam, 
 
 $5,500 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 2,500 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 300 
 250 
 250 
 250 
 250 
 250 
 
198 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Rock Manufacturing Co., Rockville, 
 
 Springville Manufacturing Co., Rockville, 
 
 Cook & Hapgood, Hartford, 
 
 C. T. Stuart, Hartford, 
 
 J. W. Denison & Co., Mystic, 
 
 John K. Bucklyn, Mystic, 
 
 250 
 250 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 $52,825 
 
REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WORK OF THE WOMAN'S BOARD 
 
 OF COMMISSIONEES 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 WORLD'S Fair at Chicago, 
 . 1893. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The comparatively recent decision of Congress to postpone 
 the printing of tlie official reports of the late Columbian Ex- 
 position has made it necessary for each State to print for itself 
 whatever history of that event it finds desirable to preserve 
 among its records. 
 
 At the close of the World's Fair an urgent appeal for a de- 
 tailed report of work was made to each State. The National 
 Commission proposed to publish an official history which 
 should embody a carefully compiled record of whatever was 
 of unusual interest in the reports from States. Eminent 
 sociologists, statisticians, and educators were to join with scien- 
 tists, artists, and experts in every field to sift out and preserve 
 for all time the proofs of the tremendous progress in civiliza- 
 tion which this marvelous conception furnished. 
 
 In the white heat of enthusiasm generated by the mag- 
 nificence of the World's Fair as a spectacle, it was impossible 
 to remember that men are influenced more by appearances 
 than realities, and that national glory, rather than gaining a 
 fragmentary knowledge of things to be seen, is the object of 
 expositions. It was equally impossible to realize that 
 
 " Time, who in the twilight comes to mend 
 All the fantastic day's caprice," 
 
 would gently weave these fragTaents into a delightful, un- 
 broken remembrance, infinitely more satisfactory to the pos- 
 sessor than any written reminder of opportunities forever lost 
 in the swift progress of those enchanting weeks. Each State 
 had somewhat in its work which, separated it from every other. 
 The result was far more eloquent than the details could ever 
 become, but to the people who had wrought out those details 
 14 (201) 
 
202 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 by months of vigorous, untiring effort, tlie parts seemed in 
 their way quite as interesting and well worth considering as 
 the whole. We were asked to " omit nothing " in our reports, 
 and it is to be feared that this request was fulfilled to the very 
 letter of the law in one ?mall State at least. 
 
 And since by every mail and in a great variety of phrases 
 we were urged to put our best foot foremost, and, realizing that 
 now was the time for anyone owning mates to the Seven- 
 Leagued boots to put them on and take strides in them, we did 
 not hesitate to remind the rest of the world that as a State we 
 were not always so small in area as the World's Fair found us 
 — that magnificent, enterprising Chicago, and even the White 
 City itself, stood upon what was originally Connecticut soil, in- 
 cluded in that first far-reaching grant to the colonies, " From 
 the said JSTorrogansett Bay on the east to the South Sea on the 
 west part." 
 
 We could also claim that the Constitution of the United 
 States was modeled upon our Constitution, as were those of a 
 majority of the State Constitutions now existing, and that we 
 gave the present system of money to the country when a 
 change was made from pounds, shillings, and pence, even the 
 copper for coinage coming from the mines of our inland town 
 of Simsbury. The model far all the tremendous business 
 operations carried on in the civilized world was also a 
 " Yankee l^otion," since the first stock company originated in 
 Connecticut, as did that priceless boon to the illustrated papers 
 the world over, the figure of the original " Brother Jonathan,'' 
 and when one adds the fact that three-fourths of the me- 
 chanical part of the World's Fair came from Connecticut, and, 
 by inheritance, the landscape gardening and construction, and, 
 last touch of all, the fact that all the medals for the final 
 awards were made and sent out from our own small State, it 
 is difficult to believe that the World's Columbian Exposition 
 could have been held without us. 
 
 Behind facts like these that have become history lie the 
 distinguishing traits of a people who have made such his- 
 
PREFACE. 203 
 
 tory characteristic of themselves. And wMle^ for a national 
 report, destined to have an international circulation, and aim- 
 ing to become, within certain limits, a distributing center of 
 knowledge for its own country and the rest of the world, it 
 was necessary to sketch the individuality of Connecticut with 
 such broad outlines as should, in a measure, represent the past 
 with vividness, yet it was also necessary to remember that any 
 record of recent events important enough to become in turn 
 history would prove valuable only in proportion to the thor- 
 oughness of its description of small things as well as great, of 
 means as well as ends. 
 
 Therefore, the committee appointed to finish satisfactorily 
 the work of Connecticut at the World's Fair decided to print 
 for their own State an official record which would be entirely 
 separate from the national report, hoping to secure by this 
 means, and without further delay, such a history of that time 
 as should by its accuracy and detail prove valuable as a book 
 of reference for Connecticut people. 
 
 The following account of the work of the "Woman's Board 
 is a simple statement of how they succeeded in certain direc- 
 tions, and why they failed in others, in their effort to interpret 
 liberally the requirements of the act creating them, which de- 
 clared " It shall be the duty of said Board of Lady Managers 
 to secure desirable exhibits of woman's work in the arts, in- 
 dustries, and manufactured products of this State." 
 
IT^TEODUCTION, 
 
 Nothing but great weight in things can afford a quite literal speech.'''' — Emerson. 
 
 The literature of tlie World's Fair must, for many a day 
 yet, consist of impressions. Indeed, no other word so fitly de- 
 scribes this greatest of illusions. Whatever earnestness of 
 purpose the visitor may have started with, moved thereto by 
 the true 'N&w England spirit of improving one's opportuni- 
 ties, it was impossible, once within the magic circle, to take 
 soberly this delightful blending of Arcadia, Bohemia, and the 
 Arabian nights, which with its thousand lights and shades 
 alternately dazzled and uplifted the beholder. 
 
 Fortunately, neither time nor change can alter its per- 
 manent value as an influence and educator, although as a spec- 
 tacle 
 
 " Boldly o'erleaping in its great design 
 The bounds of Nature," 
 
 it has become a thing of the past. 
 
 It is difficult, however, even after sufficient time has 
 elapsed to enable one to sift out impression from experience and 
 change enthusiasm info calm judgment, to follow the request of 
 the committee having in charge the compilation of a record, 
 and to present faithfully and in detail the work of the Connecti- 
 cut women at the World's Columbian Exposition with such 
 accuracy as shall make the result of value to that student or 
 historian of the future who, when all this has become a tradi- 
 tion, shall have the courage to unearth and consult some an- 
 tique report for a hint of ancient methods. Living in the recol- 
 lection of the fortunate beholder as a priceless possession, 
 which he would share if he could, an effort to do so discovers 
 anew the poverty of words. Happily, one can fall back on the 
 assurance that " there is no such thing as pure originality in a 
 large sense; that by necessity, by proclivity, and by delight 
 
206 OONNEiCTIOUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 we all must quote, since old and new make the warp and woof 
 of every moment.'' We are told that " a great man quotes 
 bravely, and lacking a new thought finds the right place for 
 an old observation." Especially must this be true of him who 
 writes as an eye-witness of the Columbian Exposition, and if, 
 because of limitations within himself, he must chain his fancy 
 and touch upon the matter-of-fact details which lie within the 
 province of the statistician, then indeed does he long to be 
 great enough to quote bravely, choosing the glowing words 
 and delicate appreciation of the artist rather than the simple 
 sturdy touch of the workman, and withal uplifting it with that 
 leaven of truth which is stranger than fiction, and yet realiz- 
 ing how helpless are mere words, however glowing and forc- 
 ible, to convey the picture to those who were outside its in- 
 fluence, one finds himself praying, like the chronicler of Barty- 
 Josselin in the Martians, " for mere naturalness and the use 
 of simple homely words " with the same hope of " blundering 
 at length into some fit form of expression." 
 
 The methods and extent of the work of the "Woman's Board 
 of Managers of Connecticut is told with some detail in the fol- 
 lowing chapters. There was no thought of competition in that 
 which was attempted. For many reasons there was hardly 
 a fair representation of woman's work in any broad sense. We 
 were sharing in a celebration, rather than helping on an exhi- 
 bition. Alone, it might not have been missed, yet as a part it 
 served its purpose. There were many reasons why the work 
 of the wom-en of Connecticut was only a bit of detail rather 
 than a perfect whole. Maybe the principal one lies in that 
 characteristic reluctance of the real native of the soil to exert 
 himself, or herself, distinctly to impress anyone. Gentle and 
 simple possess it alike, and it abounds as vigorously to-day 
 as when Fitz-Greene Halleck wrote: 
 
 " They love their land because it is their own, 
 And scorn to give ought other reason why, 
 
 Would shake hands with a King upon his throne, 
 And think it kindness to his Majesty. 
 
 A stubborn race, fearing and flattering none, 
 Such are they nurtured, such they live and die." 
 
INTRODUCTION. 207 
 
 With tliat spirit inherent in the population it is needless to 
 saj that the thought of competition or of any commercial ad- 
 vantage did not enter into the work done. 
 
 The time for preparation was limited, and the appropria- 
 tion small, because, while the country at large was dealing 
 with Exposition matters, Connecticut, as represented by both 
 political parties, was repeating the history of the first settlers, 
 each struggling to secure " popular control of legislation." 
 Public sentiment and private citizenship gave the first sub- 
 scription of fifty thousand dollars. The Scriptural tenth was 
 devoted to the Woman's Board, and with that for a beginning 
 — and, for aught thoy knew then, the end — they began their 
 work. 
 
 Meanwhile, the fact that Congress had recognized the 
 possibilities which lay in an organized effort upon the part of 
 women to aid and abet the Exposition, by an exhibition which 
 should embrace all the advancement which the last fifty years' 
 attempt at equality had wrought in woman's achievement, 
 gave the ilsTational Commission of Women an opportunity to 
 urge upon their sisters of the State Boards the serious con- 
 sideration of the possibilities which apparently lay within their 
 grasp. Reams of circulars were printed and sent out from the 
 headquarters at Chicago, recommending, urging, outlining, 
 planning, suggesting, and asking questions. Tons of letters 
 went flying back and forth. Nothing was left untouched in 
 these plans. The heavens above and the earth beneath, and 
 the waters under the earth were to be searched. Woman, it 
 seemed, had had an astonishing part in the development of 
 things. All the bright and shining lights of our own sex who 
 had figured in history were recalled to our minds and glorified 
 anew — or all but Eve. Very considerately, nobody men- 
 tioned her or the Fall. It was as if we were given another lhA 
 more intelligent chance, letting such bygones be bygones. 
 But Sappho was mentioned, and Joan of Arc. Matilda of 
 Flanders with her wonderful needle painting (of her husband's 
 prowess, be it noted) was recalled, and plenty of opportunity 
 offered for any modern Matilda to develop her gifts in similar 
 
208 CONNEOTIOUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 directions. All these who had come wandering down the 
 ages as an ornament and example to our sex were again mar- 
 shaled before ns. Helen of Troy escaped mention, and Rosa- 
 lind; and Maud MuUer was forgotten, though she was prob- 
 ably saving the wages of a " hired man '' that charming June 
 day when the judge showed himself such a laggard in love, 
 proving anew the occasional truth of the saying, " A man's 
 foes are those of his own household.'' A few others were 
 omitted in the roll-call of famous women, and even poor 
 Ophelia's rosemary did not serve for remembrance in the 
 stirring days before the Columbian Exposition, but enough 
 were brought to mind to spur the present generation. 
 
 With something less than a year before us in which to 
 awaken interest, develop methods of procedure, and obtain re- 
 sults, it would have been fatal to attempt large things in Con- 
 necticut. Instead, we contented ourselves with the far more 
 difficult, even if more commonplace, task of trying to do small 
 things well and of winning a definite place for Connecticut in 
 the permanent history of the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 We were urged to be up and doing with hearts that were 
 strong enough to compel Eate. We had learned to labor. 
 We need no longer wait for recognition, at least. So we re- 
 called Joan of Arc with renewed pride, and the diplomatic side 
 of Cleopatra. Catherine of Russia, too, and Queen Elizabeth 
 became once more real personages to us. The Queen of 
 Hearts we deliberately turned our backs upon. Her accom- 
 plishments were too hopelessly old-fashioned. She probably 
 was content to broil herself while baking those tantalizing 
 t^rts that summer day, which were eaten without doubt by the 
 Knave and King of her own suite, or some other, and who can 
 tell whether they were even gracious enough to admit after- 
 ward that they were as good as those they had eaten when they 
 were boys? Certainly, the history of her own times made no 
 mention of it. 
 
 Not only were famous personages held up to us for our 
 imitation by the Central Board, but lessons in history were 
 
INTRODUCTION. 209 
 
 recommendedj and courses of study were pressed upon us. As 
 for instance : 
 
 "The first two lessons are on history, comparing 1493 with 1892. 
 Then follows : Electricity ; Forestry ; Pre-Historic Man, which includes the 
 Cliff-Dwellers, Mound-Builders, Ruins of Mexico, Yucatan, and Peru ; 
 Lessons on Government Departments, Lighthouses, Life-Saving Stations, 
 Postal Service, etc., etc. 
 
 "Then, there are lessons on Art, explaining characteristics of histor- 
 ical epochs and the different schools of painting ; two on modern uses of 
 electricity ; besides the exhibits of Transportation, Horticulture, Floricul- 
 ture, Machinery, and the Woman's Department." 
 
 But alas! though we felt our limitations but too keenly, 
 ■we had no time to make ourselves over. The time and tide 
 which wait for no man were equally prompt and disobliging 
 when it came to waiting for women, and so at the risk of being 
 classed with the heathen who, in his blindness, persists in say- 
 ing his prayers in his accustomed manner to familiar gods of 
 wood and stone, despite the self-sacrificing and well-directed 
 efforts of the missionary, we felt compelled to follow the 
 familiar and beaten path of our foremothers, trusting to simple 
 earnestness of purpose for results. 
 
 Of modem Portias, capable of expounding the law,' we 
 had a few; of Joan of Arc not even one imitator, though that 
 sturdy old fighter, Israel Putnam, imtrained as a carpet knight, 
 but with clear insight into realities, recognized that patriotism 
 has no sex in his emphatic answer to the Britisher who claimed 
 that five thousand British soldiers could march through the 
 continent. " ^o doubt," was his answer, " if they behaved 
 civilly, and paid well for everything they wanted, but if in a 
 hostile manner, though the American men were out of the 
 question, the women with ladles and broomsticks would knock 
 them all on the head before they could get half through." 
 
 There was not one daughter of the Amazons left among us. 
 But of the old Hebrew type, the woman in whom the heart of 
 her husband doth safely trust, whose children rise up and 
 call her blessed, who rears the soldier, helping him fight his 
 battles with the smokeless powder of self-sacrifice and uncom- 
 plaining endurance, who makes the home that is worth fight- 
 
210 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 ing to save — dying to save, maybe — of these there were 
 many. That to such simple lives, already full, women were 
 willing to add the tremendous amount of hard, detail work in- 
 volved in furthering the fuccess of the Exposition, gives us 
 some idea of the depth of real interest which was aroused and 
 maintained. 
 
 At the very outset we decided to write co-operation so 
 plainly at the head of each plan of work that we should lose 
 neither time nor effort in a vain struggle for new devices, and 
 therefore we were quite ready to adopt the suggestion from 
 Chicago that the Woman's Building should receive our best 
 work. Studying carefully the printed directions sent us, we 
 read with dismay, " It is intended that this building and all its 
 contents shall be the inspiration of woman's genius." 
 
 In our first awe-struck moments we felt that the mountain 
 of glass from the children's fairy tale had suddenly taken the 
 place of the beaten path we had planned to follow. Like 
 Constance, we realized that being born women, we were far 
 more naturally subject to fears than to geniuses, but, fortu- 
 nately, the first demand for real action came in the form of an 
 appeal for help to build a house for little children. The 
 Board of Lady Managers had secured a location adjoining the 
 Woman's Building, on which they would be permitted to 
 build a children's home if the necessary funds for its erection 
 could be provided T\^thin sixty days. Their appeal was full of 
 promise : 
 
 "In many cases it will be impossible for the mothers to visit the 
 World's Fair without taking their children, and in so doing they will wish 
 the little ones, as well as themselves, to take the fullest advantage of the 
 educational facilities there offered. With these ends in view, the Chil- 
 dren's Home has been designed, which will give to mothers the freedom 
 of the Exposition, while the children themselves are enjoying the best of 
 care and attention. 
 
 "No plan having been made by the Board of Directors for a Chil- 
 dren's Building, and no funds having been appropriated for this purpose, 
 the Board of Lady Managers feels it necessary to take up the work of 
 building and equipping a beautiful structure, which shall be devoted en- 
 tirely to children and their interests. The board has secured a desirable 
 
INTRODUCTION. 211 
 
 location adjoining the Woman's Building, on which to build the Children's 
 Home, but only on the condition that the necessary funds for erecting it 
 be provided within sixty days. 
 
 " In the Children's Home will be presented the best thought on sani- 
 tation, diet, education, and amusement for children. A series of manikins 
 will be so dressed as to represent the manner of clothing infants in the dif- 
 ferent countries of the world, and a demonstration will be made of the 
 most healthful, comfortable, and rational system of dressing and caring 
 for children according to modern scientific theories ; while their sleeping 
 accommodations, and everything touching their physical interests, will be 
 discussed. Lectures will also be given upon the development of the child's 
 mental and moral nature by improved methods of home training. 
 
 " The building will have an assembly-room containing rows of little 
 chairs, and a platform from which stereopticon lectures will be given to 
 the older boys and girls, about foreign countries, their languages, man- 
 ners, and customs, and important facts connected with their history. 
 These talks will be given by kindergartners, who will then take the 
 groups of children to see the exhibits from the countries about which 
 they have just heard. They can make these little ones perfectly happy, 
 and yet give them instruction which is none the less valuable because re- 
 ceived unconsciously, and without the coercion of the ordinary classroom. 
 
 Here was sometliing we could understand and to which we 
 could most heartily respond. 
 
 The county fair is one of 'N&w England's most cherished 
 institutions. We had all seen the young and anxious mother 
 with rows of tense little fingers clutching her skirts, and in her 
 arms a fretful little bundle of nerves with which she was con- 
 stantly compelled to divide her interest in the many-pieced 
 bedquilt, the biggest pumpkin, the large and thriving-looking 
 cucumber in the small-mouthed bottle, and the all-pervading 
 and by no means " over-trained " brass band. To be counted 
 among those who could help change such conditions as these 
 for the things promised in the children's building w^as like 
 being granted a foretaste of the Millennium. 
 
 Most eagerly we answered that we could, and hereby did, 
 contribute the three hundred dollars asked, — an answer 
 that guaranteed the first contribution from any State, and 
 which was made the occasion for general rejoicing in the Board 
 meeting at headquarters. That it was a step well taken, the 
 following figures will show : 
 
 Between ten and eleven thousand children from everv 
 
212 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 State and Territory in tlie country were cared for. At first 
 the number averaged fifty a day, later tlie average increased 
 to one hundred a day. Of these, twenty-five were fed daily, 
 in addition to the care and amusement furnished them, at a 
 uniform cost of twenty-five cents for each child. The method 
 of identification was a simple one of three checks ; one for the 
 mother, one for the back of the child's frock, the third for the 
 outer garments. Out of the great number but one unfortu- 
 nate little waif was left in the hands of the people in charge. 
 After doing what we could to insure a certain measure of com- 
 fort and happiness for the children, the next step led us quite 
 naturally to do what we could toward securing the best pos- 
 sible conditions of safety for the large number of women in 
 our State who must see. the fair unattended, and under the 
 simplest possible conditions, or not at all. 
 
 For these the Woman's Dormitory Association seemed to 
 promise a veritable ark of safety. The names of the directors, 
 both men and women, were too well known to admit of doubt 
 as to the sincerity and disinterestedness of the plan; the charac- 
 teristics of our wage-earning American girls, upright, capable, 
 self-respecting, made such a plan entirely practicable upon 
 American soil. As it was outlined, it was in no sense a 
 charity; it simply made it possible for women to build their 
 own lodging-houses, and the eagerness with which the oppor- 
 tunity was seized upon every hand proved that, as the adver- 
 tisements say, it filled a long-felt want. Originally designed 
 to benefit working girls, so called, the freedom and safety in- 
 sured induced a great many other women who, like John Gil- 
 pin's wife, while they were on pleasure bent, must have 
 frugal minds to make application for admission, and the 
 buildings were filled with artists, teachers, and self-supporting 
 women from all walks in life. Capable oversight, cleanliness, 
 and simplicity were all that was promised. We could not 
 guarantee comfort; we could only hope that the mattresses 
 would continue to preserve the beautiful level of the surround- 
 ing prairies, instead of falling into the picturesque outlines of 
 our own Connecticut hills and dales; but the safety that lay in 
 
INTRODUCTION. 213 
 
 numbers was the principal attraction, a condition that seemed 
 sadly overworked when, May proving cold and cheerless, a 
 double number elected to come in June, thereby forcing the 
 committee in charge to try and solve anew the old problem of 
 how to put eight into six and have nothing left over. 
 
 But somehow we seemed farther than ever from being able 
 to furnish any of that awesome thing, the "Inspiration of 
 Woman's Genius." AVhen Daniel Deronda filled the public 
 mind, there was a delightful definition of genius which made 
 it a twin of painstaking hard work, and that did not seem so 
 unattainable, but that word " inspiration " was our stumbling- 
 block. From tihe first it seemed to involve a Micawberish 
 " waiting for something to turn up,'' and, however wide we 
 might open the door, if it refused to enter there did not seem 
 to be any chance to take it by a metaphorical coat-collar and 
 compel its presence. Like the quality of true mercy, we 
 knew that it must not be strained. 
 
 Meanwhile, we tried to meet intelligently the demand for 
 needlework. "Not the gusset and seam and band familiar to 
 the women who look well to the ways of their households, but 
 in the newer field of modern fancy work. And here again 
 we were met with the rule, " Only original work desired." 
 •• 1*^0 stamped articles will be accepted." This meant that 
 first we must find an artist able to originate a design of beauty, 
 and willing to place the free-hand drawing upon mere cloth. 
 Then we must find the artistic needle-woman who, with a 
 proper knowledge of color, combined the patience to bring 
 out the design stitch by stitch. The two do not often in- 
 habit the same earthly tenement of clay, and, when the work 
 was finished, whose would it be ? It was like the matrimonial 
 puzzle in the 'New Testament, and, like cowards, we gave it up, 
 salving our conscience with the reflection that the Sisters of 
 Charity of France would exhibit infinitely finer plain sewing. 
 The Mexican women with their exquisite drawn work could 
 give any American spider of our acquaintance an object lesson 
 in cobwebs. The Senoritas of Spain with their needlework 
 portrait medallions of royalty left us nothing but the kodak 
 
214 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 for fair competition, while the fact that the Egyptians made 
 and wore lace thousands of years before " the little yellow spot 
 upon the map '^ which represented ns was even dreamed of, 
 made ns feel so hopelessly and unpleasantly new in our efforts 
 that we decided competitive needlework in any of its branches 
 was not for us. 
 
 We knew better than to try and alter the rules governing 
 these things. The father of the Woman's Building was a 
 Mede and the mother was a Persian; their rules were not made 
 to be altered. This strong new roll of red-tape put into 
 women's hands for the first time was not to be trifled with. It 
 Avas by no means tied in bow-knots simply because women let 
 it pass between their fingers. Instead, the old-fashioned 
 square knot which tightened under pressure, was the rule. 
 
 Gladly we availed ourselves of the opportunity to follow 
 the familiar, even if more commonplace, duty of finding suit- 
 able furnishings for the Connecticut State Building. It was 
 a relief to drop the terrible feeling of responsibility for not 
 having been discovered earlier, in time to take the first train, 
 as John Burroughs says of something else ; we comforted our- 
 selves by remembering that one of our own literary men had 
 assured us that Columbus was a well-meaning man, and if he 
 did not discover a perfect continent he found the only one that 
 was left. We could not compete with the countrywomen of 
 Columbus, nor with the Egyptians in lace-making, but we 
 could, and we did, bring together some delig'htful examples of 
 the cabinetmaker's art. Art is not too fine a word to use in 
 describing the work of the men who wrought out, piece by 
 piece, no two alike, the simple, strong, graceful, eminently 
 suitable furnishings for the early homes of the Colonists. It 
 may be true, as has been asserted, that the first settlers were 
 strongly opposed to all forms of amusements, but that they 
 were not beyond the pale of feeling the keenest artistic pleasure 
 these lasting examples of beauty and service wrought together 
 plainly show. That the Connecticut house was real was not 
 by any means because as a State we felt superior to the prevail- 
 ing shams of our neighbors. There was neither time nor money 
 
INTRODUCTION. 215 
 
 for anytliing pretentious, even had there been inclination. 
 That it takes both to differ from one's surroundings there was 
 ample opportunity to discover later, as, for instance, in the 
 simple matter of paint for the finished buildings, our neigh- 
 bors, who leaned upon " Staff " for their effects, were able to 
 finish their productions by the aid of a machine which dis- 
 tributed the paint with the freedom and vigor of a bottle of 
 pop unceremoniously trifled with, while our own structure of 
 good honest wood, nails, and plaster had to have its outward 
 adornment supplied, line upon line, in the good old way set 
 down in the copy books. 
 
 Completed, the Connecticut House was, as Judge Baldwin 
 charmingly says elsewhere, " such a mansion as anyone could 
 wish his grandfather had lived in before the Revolution, and 
 could be certain that he did not." When one entered the 
 door he turned his back upon that delightful modern inven- 
 tion, the Intramural Railway, which had brought him swiftly, 
 noiselessly, and almost instantaneously through space. 
 Within doors he had to turn his back also on electric lights, 
 plate-glass, and modem hardware, or else accept them as a 
 need of the times with the two-cent postage-stamp, the en- 
 velope, the typewriter, and the telegraph. 
 
 The furnishing committee tried to reach a happy medium 
 between the earliest simplicity and the later luxury. Between 
 the "fitting out'' of the Rev. Thomas Trowbridge, for in- 
 stance, in the days when the clergy were the aristocracy, a de- 
 scription of which reads, " I have purchased a clock, brass 
 kettle, iron pot, coffee mill, pair of flats, pair of brass candle- 
 sticks, brass andirons, and looking-glass, so I hope we shall be 
 able, on the whole, to set up housekeeping with some little 
 decency," and the fitting out of that governor who paid fifteen 
 dollars a yard for the first Brussels carpet sent to this country, 
 and whose house, even unte this day, is the envy and despair 
 of all those lovers of the antique who are condemned to the 
 const-ant falling out of those modem dragons, steam-heat and 
 glue. 
 
 It is interesting in looking over the list to note that the 
 
216 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 "American rocking-chair/- that typical illustration of our 
 national restlessness, was, like some of our other sins and short- 
 comings, a direct importation from English ancestors. Ex- 
 cept for the very few who treated the sight-seeing as a moral 
 obligation, there was no attempt to study things in detail. 
 The hand-made fringes and old brass bosses at the windows, 
 the " drawn in " rugs, braided mats and rag carpets in the bed- 
 rooms, the embroidered curtains and tester of the " high 
 poster," the fringed dimity ones of the quaint " bow bed " 
 with their hints of drafts, and warming pans and flickering 
 candlelight, the low, straight-backed chairs — all these es- 
 caped general attention. The high-backed settle from the 
 governor's reception room with its suggestion of open fires, 
 fans and coquetry, the knee-breeches, powdered wig's, lace 
 fichus, scant satin gowns, and wedding slippers; the knee- 
 buckles reminding one of the man " who would have died as 
 the fool dieth " rather than give his to the British soldier; 
 the medicine scales of the time, when every doctor had to be 
 his own chemist; the bridal chests, and the chair which held 
 every president from Washington to Grant; the parch- 
 ments and old deeds from the Indians; the foot-warmers 
 and firearms reminding one of the cold churches and the armed 
 guards; the pathos of the old sampler, wrought with tears, 
 and " cherished in memory of two deceased children " — the 
 whole story of life was here, its pomp and circumstance, its 
 joys and sorrows, its tears and laughter, its early privation and 
 final victory. ~Ro one had time to realize it except the pains- 
 taking committee under whose tireless hands the parts were 
 fitted into the whole, but into many a quiet life, a thousand 
 miles away, came something of the stir and charm and vigor 
 of the beautiful White City through the cheerful offering of 
 priceless possessions at the prompting of that compelling 
 quality we call State pride. It was both a surprise and grati- 
 fication at the end of it all to find that one of Chicago's most 
 successful architects felt that he had received more inspiration, 
 more actual help for his future work from the Connecticut 
 house than from anv other house upon the grounds. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 217 
 
 And then, suddenly, v/e discovered that the gold which we 
 coveted did not lie at the end of the rainbow as we had feared, 
 but, like the cobweb cloth woven for the King's armor, its 
 very fineness made its invisibility and its strength; wo had, 
 indeed, to learn that " the eye altering alters all.'' That 
 stately phrase, " the inspiration of genius," like the botanical 
 names of our favorite flowers, had made us feel that we were 
 being presented to the mysterious and the unknown. In bow- 
 ing too low we had failed to recognize the faces of familiar 
 friends. Our eyes had, indeed, been holden while we gazed 
 covetously after the strange gods of our neighbors. 
 
 At last we no longer stood abashed before the rules for- 
 bidding copies in art and stamped articles. We were the 
 proud possessors of not only the originals, but the originators 
 as well, for in our exhibit of literatu.re^ we confined our col- 
 lection to the productions of real daughters of the State. We 
 could now send galleries of pictures to the World's Fair, the 
 outlines of the stem 'New England hills, the rocky pastures, 
 the early farmhouses, built like boats with their keels turned 
 up to the heavens. The very fragrance of the old-fashioned 
 flower garden with its lad's love and " meetin' seed," its 
 sweet briar and dainty little lady's delight, the great, great 
 grandmother of our cherished pansies, its marigolds, holly- 
 hocks, and princess feather. Portraits of little children, too, 
 and flower-faced girls, and spare, upright, tender-eyed women, 
 the meeting-house, the minister and the deacons, the village 
 squire, and the country doctor, guide, philosopher, and friend 
 all in one — all that related to the narrow, simple, self-respect- 
 ing life of the Puritans as it survived in the distinguishing 
 traits and traditions of their descendants we could offer, and 
 ^' so largely writ " that he who ran might read. 
 
 Our artists had taken that which lay before them, and 
 whether it was the pathos and the humanity in " Pishin' 
 Jimmie," the salt air in Cape Cod folks, or the ghostly White 
 Birches of our hillsides, made human and familiar to us by 
 " the jackknife's carved initial," always standing, as ghosts 
 should stand, at least in tradition, beside the fatal hemlock, 
 15 
 
218 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 eacli carried its message straight from heart to heart, because 
 each had in it that true touch of nature which makes the whole 
 world kin. 
 
 Every season had its translator in our collection, " Spring- 
 time, Summer, Tall of the Leaf, and "Winter," and if we did 
 not talk learnedly of depth of color, light, and shade, or mat- 
 ters of detail, it was because that which we offered needed no 
 interpreter. Having once found that which met all the re- 
 quirements of the laws governing the Woman's Building, we 
 made our collection of literature as full and as unique as the 
 time at our command permitted. Following somewhat the 
 methods of the private collector, first editions were secured 
 whenever possible. 
 
 Many writers of to-day contributed autograph copies of 
 their works to the' exhibit. An old book of compositions writ- 
 ten in Catherine Beecher's school, long before the angular 
 hand had become fashionable, and bearing such names as Har- 
 riet Beecher, Fanny Fern, and many others from whom the 
 world has long since heard, stood beside Julia Smith's transla- 
 tion of the Bible. The portrait of Mrs. Sigourney, lent us by 
 her son-in-law, the Rev. Thomas Bussell, rolled back the years 
 and brought us face to face with her in her early womanhood. 
 Several leaves from her diary, larger than foolscap, were kept 
 with such beautiful precision that even in this statistical age 
 one could learn a lesson in reimarkable detail from them. 
 
 In them was contained a minute record of calls made, 
 books read, lines written, and garments mended or made dur- 
 ing the year. Each page began with a text of Scripture, and 
 ended with a moral reflection, usually of disappointment in 
 herself. An autograph copy of the first edition of her poems 
 was also of great interest. 
 
 At first we were limited to one copy for each author, 
 enough to simply show the possibilities of our literary work; 
 but later, too late to make as large a collection as we might 
 easily have done had we been granted space earlier, we were 
 asked to contribute more fully. In some cases it was possible to 
 send a number of volumes from individual ^vriters, but in the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 219 
 
 majority of instances it was impossible, with, tlie time at our 
 command, to make furtlier additions. But, altliougli we 
 limited our collection, almost without exception, to tlie works 
 of women bom within the borders of one of the smallest of 
 the States, the writers themselves knew no arbitrary boundary 
 lines. What one might call the home manufacture in litera- 
 ture had the characteristics of many other Connecticut 
 products; there was enough for themselves and a great deal to 
 offer to the rest of the world. 
 
 Between the voyage made for the first Survey of the Coast 
 in 1612, and the journey to the stars in the Determination of 
 the Orbit of the Comet of 1847, there lies a beautiful table- 
 land out of which grew, quite naturally, the gentler things 
 of literature and art, biography, and poetry, as well as history, 
 and its charming shadow, romance. 
 
 The Bible had its interpreter and translator among us. 
 The difiiculties of the Russian tongue blossomed into simple, 
 graceful English in Connecticut hands. There were volumes 
 of Latin and English Quotations for the chronic borrowers, 
 and Domestic Economy for the housekeepers. Beginners had 
 Botany made charming for them, and beautiful bridges of 
 Bedtime Stories carried tired little feet into the Sandman's 
 enchanted country. 
 
 There was the story of Noble Deeds of American Women 
 to stir one's envy, one's ambition, and one's pride, and quiet 
 hours of restfulness in the Garden of Dreams. The very es- 
 sence of the l^ew England character has been caught and pre- 
 served for future generations by some of these women. In 
 deep understanding of human nature, appreciation of its pos- 
 sibilities, sympathy for its shortcomings, hope for its future, 
 they have no rivals, no equals outside the dwellers in the hill 
 countiy of Drumtochty and of Thrums. 
 
 In claiming Catherine Beecher as a daughter of Connecti- 
 cut, it is to be feared we lay ourselves open to the charge of 
 " assuming a good deal for relationship's sake." But the family 
 were so completely a Connecticut family that the mere acci- 
 dent of her birth on Long Island we simply set down among 
 
220 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 the visitations of Providence^ the kind of thing which no 
 amoTint of regret will alter. Her work and the impress of her 
 life are here still, handed down from family to family, as traits 
 and tendencies persist in being long after the source of in- 
 spiration has long been lost to sight. The value of her book, 
 " Domestic Economy," from a man's point of view, is rather 
 interesting. 
 
 The translation of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " into Dutch, pub- 
 lished in 1853 in Batavia, Java, was sent to Mrs. Stowe by 
 Mr. Samuel "W. Bonney, accompanied by a letter dated , 
 " Comet," at Sea, Eeb. 21, 1855. This edition was trans- 
 lated from the French and includes an interesting introduc- 
 tion by George Sand. Mr. Bonney mentions the fact that a 
 second Dutch translation had also been made and printed in 
 Java. In a postscript to his letter he says: 
 
 " Last October, having occasion to write to the King of 
 Siam in reference to a letter from him, I improved the oppor- 
 tunity to send him a copy of your sister Catherine's ' Domestic 
 Economy ' as a present for his Queen. It will aid her in im- 
 proving, by a good model, the domestic departments of the 
 palace at Bangkok! " 
 
 The making of the book Selections from the Writings of 
 Connecticut Women, including as it did short stories, poems, 
 and essays, grew, quite naturally, to prove a necessary part 
 of the exhibit of literature, for many of our writers of short 
 stories had won world-wide reputations. Most beautifully 
 was it boimd and printed, the cover and design being the work 
 of a Connecticut woman. Upon the cover was a band of oak 
 leaves, a reminder of the service of our Charter Oak, and be- 
 sides this the State seal and its motto. Qui transtuUt sustinet, 
 an earnest of the spirit which went to the gathering of what 
 lay between the covers. The frontispiece represented a colon- 
 ial clock with the hands at twelve, and the quotation, " Pealing, 
 the Clock of Time has struck the Woman's Hour." 
 
 Heading the preface is that verse from the book of Kuth, 
 " I pray you let me glean and gather after the reapers among 
 the sheaves." A very limited edition de luxe bound in Suede 
 
■ INTRODUCTION. 221 
 
 "was brouglit out, one of which remains in Mrs. Palmer's hands 
 until the permanent building is an accomplished fact. The 
 main edition bound in scarlet and white, and blue and white 
 with gold, was also limited and of value. 
 
 In placing a copy in every State library and in the college 
 libraries of our country, the committee were given a grateful 
 sense of work well done by the appreciative letters of thanks 
 which came from librarians, secretaries of States, college presi- 
 dents, and commanding officers of posts in western States 
 where public libraries were unknown. We were assured that 
 the " volume was both tasteful and interesting,'' and " the idea 
 a happy one," " giving pleasure as one encountered again and 
 again familiar names and titles," " a reflection of the pleasure 
 felt upon first becoming acquainted with them." 
 
 Two acknowledgments from the British Museum were in- 
 teresting, one from the Keeper of the Department of Printed 
 Books, the other from the trustees of the Museum. In judging 
 of the contents of the volume as a whole, it would be too much 
 to claim that in every instance the most fortunate representa- 
 tion of each one's work had been given. It is always a haz- 
 ardous thing to select for others. Criticism is so elastic an art 
 that it is apt to contrac or expand in accordance with the point 
 of view of the reader, and that would indeed be a rare collection 
 which did not fail to include some one's favorite. Unhappily, 
 the committee cannot claim that they have " gleaned after the 
 reapers among the sheaves " with thoroughness, for, in the 
 necessary haste of compiling, much that was choice must have 
 been left unseen and therefore ungarnered. 
 
 'No effort was made to give this book a market value. It 
 served its purpose when it won instant and cordial recognition 
 in Chicago, and a place among the rare and beautiful things 
 in the library of the Woman's Building, a place further re- 
 served for it in the permanent building. Noy does it claim 
 originality except for its design. Each writer represented had 
 already found within herself the mysterious password which 
 admitted her into the enchanted land of authorship. Be- 
 
222 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 tween tlie covers of this volume tliej are simply gathered 
 together as neighbors bj that golden thread of kinship with 
 which all the daughters of one State are bound. The book 
 found it^ value in the fact that the edition was extremely 
 limited, impossible tO' repeat, and unique among the souvenirs 
 of the great Exposition, since no other State had so honored the 
 work of her writers of short stories as to give it a definite place 
 among the beautiful and permanent reminders of the greatest 
 of World's Fairs. 
 
 In preparing our exhibit of literature we did not attempt 
 to follow the gTaded path by which one of our sister states 
 showed to the world the successive steps in the progress Ameri- 
 can women had made in the fields of literature from colonial 
 times until the^ present. Our own path was morei like the In- 
 dian trail through the wilderness, blazing a tree here and there 
 simply to keep our direction toward the^ heights tO' which the 
 exhibition of everything relating to Uncle Tom's Cabin natur- 
 ally led. 
 
 Holding in our hands two little black-covered volumes of 
 the first edition of that book, we felt the keen pleasure of the 
 collector at having taken the first step successfully, little real- 
 izing that it was in truth " not one voice but a chorus " which 
 was ready to proclaim that we did indeed possess such an ex- 
 ample of woman's genius as no other State or country in the 
 wide world could claim for its own. 
 
 In our first enthusiasm it seemed a comparatively easy 
 matter to* secure a complete collection of every translation 
 and edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin extant, but the longer we 
 worked the more hopeless it became, and the more our wonder 
 grew at the far-readhing irofiuenoe of thisi marvelous book, and 
 with our wonder grew also a certain feieling of mortification 
 that nowhere in our broad land, outside Mrs. Stowe's own 
 home, could there be found any collection worthy the name. 
 The authorities of the British Museum alone had done for the 
 most remarkable book of the age that which Americans might 
 easily have done from equal appreciation, and with an addi- 
 tional incentive in their very real pride of possession. But if 
 
INTRODUCTION. 223 
 
 we could not secure a comparatively complete collection of 
 translations and editions in time for the "World's Fair, we could 
 at least secure titles, and a great deal of that kind of informa- 
 tion w^hicli, as a people, we are fond of grouping under the 
 heading " Facts and Figures." 
 
 In giving this information in its present form we are under 
 the greatest obligation to Messrs. Houghton & Mifflin, Mrs. 
 Stowe's publishers, who, in addition to many other kindnesses 
 shown us with, the readiest, most delightful courtesy, have al- 
 lowed us to use their own plates for Mrs. Stowe's portrait and 
 the cut of the silver inkstand which are used as illustrations in 
 this history. 
 
 From Mr. Richard Garnett, Keeper of Printed Books in 
 the British Museum, we have also received such invaluable as- 
 sistance as has enabled us tO' give to the people of Connecticut 
 the fullest, most accurate record in existence of all that relates 
 to Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 
 And yet, full as are the data given in the chapter devoted to 
 the subject, it does not cover all the ground, as will be seen by 
 the following extract from a recent letter from Mr. Garnett, 
 in which he says : " We cannot claim to have a complete col- 
 lection of translations of Uncle Tom's Cabin in the Museum, 
 although our collection is certainly extensive. I enclose a 
 copied list of it, supplemented by information from other 
 sources." 
 
 This list, prepared with great care by Mr. J. P. Anderson, 
 clerk of the reading-room in the British Museum, to whom we 
 owe especial thanks for a great service most freely and cordially 
 given, will be found entire among the translations. The forty- 
 two translations and editions which we were able to exhibit at 
 the World's Fair, through the kindness of Mrs. Stowe and her 
 family, were mainly presentation copies to Mrs. Stowe. The 
 story of the autograph letters and inscriptions with the bits of 
 history connected with each one would make a book of itself. 
 A collection of the prefaces alone, as some one has already said, 
 would make a remarkable contribution to literature. Take as 
 a single instance the translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin into the 
 
224 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 charming rrencli of Madame Belloc, and tlie translation of 
 that rrencli into Dutch, with an introduction by George Sand. 
 Translate the Dutch into the original English of Miss Ophelia, 
 of St. Clair, and of Topsj, and the result would be a literary 
 curiosity, to say the least. 
 
 Although nearly a half century has pa^ed since Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin was printed as a serial in the National Era in 
 "Washington, it is to-day one of the household books which 
 generation after generation seems to read with the interest, if 
 not with the intensity, of other days. When one of the best 
 critics of our time speaks of its author as " the one American 
 woman of this century whose fame is likely to outlast the 
 memory of the generations immediately within the sphere of 
 her influence," we feel justified in thinking that the last 
 word has not yet been said about the book which created that 
 fame. 
 
 France, England, Germany, Austria, Eussia, Italy, Hol- 
 land, Denwark, Belgium, Sweden, ITorway, Portugal, Japan, 
 Siam, Algeria, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Brazil, the Argentine 
 Eepublic, Spain, Mexico, Cuba, Mcaragua, Colombia, Ecua- 
 dor, Yenezuela, Panama, and the Islands of the Sea, all joined 
 in the celebration of the discovery of America. Almost with- 
 out exception each of these had had translated into its own 
 literature the story of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Probably if the 
 contents of our single cabinet in the library of the Woman's 
 Building had been distributed in that pathway of nations, the 
 Midway Plaisance, every representative there might have seen, 
 each in his own tongue, the tribute his country had paid to this 
 foremost American woman of letters. 
 
 It was like the harp of a thousand strings. The key- 
 note was struck in America, the vibrations reached in truth to 
 Egypt and Mesopotamia and the uttermost parts of the earth. 
 Civilized and barbarian, bond and free, alike felt its influence. 
 
 Upon reading the story of stereotyped plates duplicated 
 and reduplicated, of printing-presses that were run day and 
 night to satisfy the demand of the public, one cannot but feel. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 225 
 
 even at this distance from the event, something of the stir 
 which the book made at its birth. 
 
 Five thousand copies sold in one week! One hundred 
 thousand copies sold in the first eight weeks after the book 
 went to press! Thirteen different German editions within the 
 first year! Eighteen different publishing houses striving to 
 satisfy the demand ! A million and a half copies sold on Eng- 
 lish soil alone ! If we were dependent upon the barren testi- 
 mony of figures to prove that this was, in truth, the story of the 
 age, more widely read than any other of the century, we might 
 safely leave them to speak for us. 
 
 With all his popularity and his familiarity with the plain 
 people, even Dickens was not translated into the language of 
 the l^orth Britons. And yet one of the most charming trans- 
 lations in Mrs. Stowe's possession was a copy of Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin in "Welsh, with illustrations by George Cruikshank. 
 
 To one unfamiliar with the Welsh language, and therefore 
 forced to stand speechless before the double-barreled spelling 
 of its unutterable tongue, there seems to have been a touch of 
 genius as well as of premeditation on the part of the publishers 
 in securing so delightful a key as Cruikshank's illustrations to 
 unlock the text for (we privately believe) even the native 
 reader. 
 
 Without doubt the message of Uncle Tom's Cabin was the 
 secret of its immediate popularity in America, possibly also 
 the secret of its restricted sale in Portuguese and Russian, but 
 its genius alone carried it round the world. 
 
 Answering in a remarkable degree to Sir Walter Besant's 
 test of a gTeat book " that it appeals to every age and all ages,"' 
 we find, even in the first year of its publication, paper-covered 
 editions issued in German to bring it within the reach of the 
 poor class. Sixpenny and shilling editions were issued in Eng- 
 lish for the same purpose, and this at a time when cheap edi- 
 tions were comparatively unknown. 
 
 Eive years after its first publication the story of Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin was given in a versified abridgment for the chil- 
 dren of Hungary. Sixteen years after, an abridged edition for 
 
226 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 cliildren was printed in Sweden. An effort in otlier languages 
 " to adapt it to the understanding of tlie youngest readers '^ 
 tells its own story of how far it had entered into the literature 
 of the people. 
 
 Forty years after its publication in America the attempt of 
 a handful of people to re-read this story of their youth bore 
 witness, in the faltering voice of the reader and the tear- 
 stained faces of the listenersi,. that the secret of its power lay, 
 not so much in the stress of the times in which it was written, 
 as in the truth that the lights and shades of the lives it pictured 
 were painted in the enduring " flesh tints 'of the heart." 
 
 It was a matter of course in making Uncle Tom's Cabin the 
 principal attraction in their exhibit of literature that the 
 Woman's Board of Connecticut should bring as many details 
 as possible to the attention of the public. 
 
 Besides all that they could gather in relation to the book 
 itself, enough of a purely personal character was given to 
 satisfy the natural desire of the public to get a glimpse of what 
 manner of woman this was, whose name, a household word for 
 so many years, yet seemed so familiar, so much a part of the 
 present that it might have been yesterday that her wonderful 
 book was the talk of the world. 
 
 Besides the books within the cabinet, an open letter showed 
 the fine, clear hand ; an early portrait showed the strong, sweet 
 face, and more than common beauty of Mrs. Stowe's young 
 womanhood. 
 
 The famous silver inkstand, a token of English apprecia- 
 tion, was the only exhibition of the priceless treasures which 
 the world had made the outward sign of reverence, admira- 
 tion, and affection for Mrs. Stowe. A number of valu- 
 able autograph letters were incidentally a part of the collec- 
 tion, but of these the world of sight-seers were mainly in igno- 
 rance. They contented themselves with collecting the writ- 
 ten description of the contents of the cabinet with such tire- 
 less industry that finally a strong leather case chained to the 
 top of the cabinet was used to hold what proved by these means 
 to be a permanent record. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 227 
 
 Among tlie many letters kindly placed at our service by 
 Mrs. Stowe's piiblisliers we have chosen for reprint only 
 enoiigli to show once again that there was no life too busy, no 
 life too sheltered to make way for the story of Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin. ' I , i 
 
 Macanley's first and second letters are given, and Canon 
 Kingsley's appreciation of it through the tender eyes of his 
 mother, the picture of the brotherhood of monks on their quiet 
 island printing the story for themselves, the delightful touch 
 about the " pagan blacks '' with its unconscious emphasis of 
 the difference between Western conviction and Eastern con- 
 version, the forceful words of Frederika Bremer; the deeds, 
 speaking louder than any words, of the slave-holding woman 
 at the Court of Siam; Florence ^Nightingale's vivid picture of 
 misery borne with greater fortitude, and pain forgotten as her 
 wounded soldiers listened to sorrows greater than their own; 
 the pen-portrait of himself given by brilliant, imaginative, 
 critical, skeptical Heine, one of the world's masters of letters, 
 coming at last, by his own confession, to the level of fervent, 
 faithful, unlettered Uncle Tom, able, like him, to face the 
 mystery of the hereafter only through simple faith in the ten- 
 der mercies of a personal God. These are but single voices in 
 the chorus. 
 
 "Wherever we turn, however varying the conditions of life, 
 the refrain is the same, always in that heart-searching minor 
 which is our unconscious recognition of the common heritage 
 of human suffering. 
 
 Dwelling as it must on the history of things exhibited, and 
 the reasons for their selection, the tribute of deeds rather than 
 words, of the printing-press and the translator rather than 
 the voice of the people, has been given in this simple record 
 prepared for the people of Mrs. Stowe's own State. Many of 
 these had the privilege of knowing her well, and remember 
 how completely she hid the woman of genius behind the de- 
 voted wife and mother, the sympathetic neighbor, and the 
 faithful friend. Fortunate, indeed, is the country which can 
 claim her for its own. Fortunate the association of women 
 
228 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 wIlo, in Mrs. Stowe's lifetime, were given siicli an opportunitj 
 to do Iter lionor as was offered by tlie celebration of the dis- 
 covery of tbe country of wbicb sbe was so proud. 
 
 Since tben sbe bas gently closed tbe door of old age be- 
 hind her, and entered into the radiant pathway of eternal 
 youth, leaving her own works to praise her in the gates, and the 
 children's children of the dusky race whom she befriended to 
 rise up and call her blessed unto who can say how many gen- 
 erations! 
 
 In the circulars and appeals through which contributions 
 were solicited, both for decoration and exhibit in the Woman's 
 Building, we were assured that no effort would be spared to 
 make that building and its contents a faithful representation of 
 the greatest achievements of women. It was proposed to trace 
 their footsteps from prehistoric times to the present. Only 
 the most brilliant things they had accomplished were to be ex- 
 hibited; "work of supreme excellence alone," whose accept- 
 ance would be equivalent to an award. 
 
 Forcibly emphasized as these conditions were in the begin- 
 ning, and restrictive as they were meant to be, nevertheless 
 Miss Elizabeth Sheldon's designs and scheme of color for the 
 decoration of what was known as the Connecticut room in the 
 Woman's Building were accepted without hesitation, both by 
 our own board and by the judges for the Exposition. 'Nov were 
 we alone in our appreciation of the great beauty and value of 
 her work. A sister State also gave her designs the honor of 
 first place and acceptance. That Miss Sheldon preferred to 
 give the labor of all those difficult weeks as a free-will offering 
 to her own State is but another example of the closeness of 
 the tie which binds Connecticut people to each other and to 
 their commonwealth. 
 
 Great as our anticipations were, the results of Miss Shel- 
 don's work more than justified them. The courage, endur- 
 ance, and strength of purpose which were necessary to bi*ing 
 about these results are but faintly shadowed in her report, 
 which, happily, we are able to give in her own words. Full 
 
INTRODUCTION. 229 
 
 appreciation of wliat it meant to be a pioneer in the early days 
 •of the "White City, is only possible to those of her fellow- 
 workers whose patriotism and enthusiasm were, like her own, 
 of that sterling kind which double under diffionlties. Hap- 
 pily, an international reputation was one of Miss Sheldon's 
 rewards for the successful treatment of the Connecticut room. 
 
 The Connecticut room, reserved for the use of the Foreign 
 Commissioners, held exhibits and objects of unusual interest 
 to the public, among otheirs the miniature mineral palace 
 of gold, silver, and alabaster, given by the women of Colorado, 
 the golden nail from Montana, and the jeweled hammer from 
 ISTebraska, all of which were used at the dedication ceremonies 
 of the Woman's Building. 
 
 Confirming as this did their decision that it was better to 
 encourage and further some one work of intrinsic value than to 
 undertake a variety of small exhibits, the recollection of their 
 small share in bringing about this result is one of the most 
 gratifying memories of the Woman's Board. 
 
 The women of the !^ational Commission had a very keen 
 appreciation of the opportunity and responsibility placed in 
 their hands when a government appropriation gave them a 
 -definite share in the success or failure of the Columbian Ex- 
 position. To many it seemed as if this golden opportunity was 
 all that American women needed to show their ability and their 
 strength. In their anxiety to make the contents of the 
 Woman's Building reach the high-water mark of woman's at- 
 tainment in every direction, it followed inevitably that in the 
 methods of procedure decided upon in their first enthusiasm 
 they should have failed to take into sufficient account the very- 
 real difficulties which lay thick in their way. 
 
 A World's Fair with the responsibilities of a Woman's 
 Building upon its shoulders must deal with all sorts and con- 
 ditions of women as well as men. Any rigid process of selec- 
 tion of things that were to be " the best of their kind " involved 
 having competent judges for each variety of thing offered, 
 -^oapable in truth of discriminating with the nicest accuracy. 
 
230 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Tlie parts in tbeir minutest divisions must be worked upon with 
 the most exacting attention to detail if the whole was to show 
 only the highest achievements of women. 
 
 We of the State boards were counselled to let no foolish 
 considerations of sentiment tempt us to lower the high stand- 
 ard set up in the rules and regulations made for our guidance. 
 But, unfortunately, woman's work in directions suitable for 
 exposition purposes lay principally in some half dozen out of 
 the many lines in which she was asked tO' exhibit her progress. 
 Almost at once the accumulation in these half dozen offered 
 a good imitation of one of ^Nature's first laws, that of excess. 
 Unhappily, there was no time to' wait and imitate I^ature's 
 remedy as well in the survival of only the fit. 
 
 Contributions from every quarter of the globe, and repre- 
 senting every condition in life, came pouring in; offerings 
 from the women of royal families in every country, and from 
 the natives of India and Iceland; the lace of centuries ago 
 from a queen's treasures, and the lace of yesterday from re- 
 vived cottage industries; weavings in gold and silk from 
 the Associated Artists in ISTew York, and buffalo skins 
 tanned by Indian women in the far "West; Highland stock- 
 ings and Shamrock table centers ; altar cloths of exquisite em- 
 broidery and patchwork bedquilts with Scripture texts; 
 beautiful carvings in wood and in ivory; plans and photographs 
 of thoroughly good architecture; work in leather, in brass, 
 stone, and marble; exquisite work in stained glass, the Rook- 
 wood pottery, and examples of the gold china, with its well- 
 kept secret; pearls from Wisconsin; needle-work and em- 
 broidery from the whole world; contributions in the fine arts 
 which could stand upon their merits anywhere; portraits of 
 women famous in art, and letters, and philanthropy; statistics 
 of every known charity, and of every educational movement; 
 countless treasures of historical value — each and all of 
 these things bore witness to the world-wide interest and en- 
 thusiasm which had been awakened and developed every- 
 where. It was impossible at that late day tO' separate that 
 which was simply curious from that Avhich was valuable; the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 231 
 
 Mgjiest attainment possible in commonplace tilings from the 
 liigL. attainment whicli showed ability without any question of 
 sex. 
 
 Immediate acceptance and installation were imperative if 
 the exhibits were to be in readiness at the specified time. It 
 followed that the rules, and regulations had to be stretched to 
 their utmost to find a happy medium between courtesy to the 
 offerings of guests and justice to the offerings of earnest work- 
 ers in our own country. The happiest solution of the difficulty 
 lay in acting upon the suggestion of the Director-General, that 
 the Woman's Building be made one of exhibits, open like the 
 others to competition and award. 
 
 When this decision was reached it was too late for Con- 
 necticut women to profit by whatever advantages lay in the 
 new order of things. Under the old order we had decided 
 that, although the Board was willing to bear every expense for 
 them, the benefit to be gained would not compensate self-sup- 
 porting women for the loss of time involved in turning aside 
 from their usual occupations to prepare work for exhibition 
 only. For this reason, Connecticut women had but a small 
 share in the exhibits in the Woman's Building outside the 
 two departments of art and letters, to which women naturally 
 seem to devote whatever leisure is left from the exactions of 
 daily life, horaemaking, education, charity, and philantliropy. 
 
 The arbitrary rule that exhibits in that building must rep- 
 resent only the work of women, shut out at once all that related 
 to work in industrial lines where men and women must work 
 together. The opportunities and duration of a World's Fair 
 are not sufficient to justify the labor involved in separating and 
 labeling the proportion of work done by each sex. The out- 
 come could not fail to seem trivial. A single example will 
 serve as an illustration of the difficulties which were to be met. 
 In our own State an exhibit of silks prepared with great care 
 and skill could not be exhibited in the Woman's Building be- 
 cause in the preparation of the dyes a man's help was neces- 
 sary. As a natural result, there was no representation of in- 
 
232 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 ■dustrial work from a State where tliousands of women are em- 
 ployed side by side with men. 
 
 In many of the arts and sciences the restrictions were neces- 
 sarily equally arbitrary. As a result, the mass of things seen 
 ■did not fully represent the actual work which women, under 
 the keen spur of competition, have learned to do well, but 
 rather the things which gr-ew into occupations from having 
 been first taken up as a pastime in leisure hours, such as em- 
 broidery, lace-making, and decorative work of various kinds. 
 
 It is true that the "Woman's Building presented to the 
 casual observer an unfair example of woman's attainments. 
 It did not accompKsh what it promised; it could not accom- 
 plish what it hoped. Like a woman's life, it seemed to be full 
 -of things which did not count, necessary things, but absolutely 
 valueless for purposes of dress parade. Here and there in art 
 and science and invention one found the unusual. Two widely 
 differing examples of woman's work in new directions lay, 
 in the record of Kate Marsden's heroic work among the lepers 
 and her 7,000 miles of travel in Siberia, and in Mrs. French 
 Sheldon's exhibit of the outfit with which she crossed the 
 Dark Continent. A woman, alone, at the head of ^ve hun- 
 dred men, she undertook an expedition which hitherto had 
 tested the courage and cost, the life of more than one brave 
 man. Doing a man's work in a woman's way, she accom- 
 plished it without a single drop of bloodshed. Armor of 
 cloth of gold and cuirasses of silver sequins, stuffs rivaling in 
 liue the brilliant Tyrian purple of the ancients, amulets and 
 beads and shining things of every kind were the weapons she 
 used. One could imagine the Queen of Sheba m_aking her 
 formidable visits with such 
 
 " Flashing of jewels and flutter of laces," 
 
 .and possibly Solomon in all his glory may have presented just 
 such a spectacle to the children of the desert, but one cannot 
 imagine a Livingston, a Gordon, or a Stanley attempting to 
 cross Darkest Africa in such an array. Grace Darling's simple 
 ^outfit for her deeds of heroism found its place among the boats 
 
INTRODUCTION. 233 
 
 in the Transportation Building. Beyond her name there was 
 nothing to separate it from other boats of its kind. She did a 
 man's work in a man's way and with a man's weapons. They 
 were glad to make room for her, and the life-saving service 
 exists to-day as her lasting monument. 
 
 Among the world of sight-seers who crossed its threshold, 
 the student alone could do justice to the Woman's Building. 
 For him the statistics became eloquent in their story of the 
 tremendous educational and preventive work which women 
 are doing everywhere. The variety and abundance of ap- 
 pliances for nursing the sick, the records of the friendly hands 
 stretched out in every direction toward the suffering, the poor, 
 the prisoner, and the helpless show that Florence N^ightiugale, 
 Dorothea Dix, and Elizabeth Fry have had followers and fel- 
 low-workers, who have multiplied as human need has grown, 
 until we accept them as if they had always existed. 
 
 Some of the paintings in the Woman's Building may, as the 
 critics claim, have lacked something in depth of feeling, but 
 no one could charge that against the pictures, unconsciously 
 presented on every side, of woman's work in the simple, 
 homely, necessary things of everyday life. 
 
 For the hopeful ones who remembered the exceptional 
 women who have now and then astonished and blessed the 
 world, there was, until the end, a sort of faith that the unusual 
 coiiditions for women, of which we heard more than we saw, 
 would result in some new type of womanhood, as distinct and 
 impressive, in its way, as the Golden Goddess of the Lagoons. 
 But to those of us who were so old-fashioned as to believe that 
 men and woonen had a fair start together in the garden of 
 Eden, or wherever the cradle of the race was rocked, and who, 
 consequently, felt that the entire Exposition was as true a 
 picture of woman's advance in civilization as it was of man's, 
 it was a great relief to feel that, apart from the developing 
 power of responsibility, the World's Fair had left us very 
 much as it found us, able still to think of the familiar figure of 
 Patience on her monument as the only example of the sex who 
 had been able to occupy successfully a lofty position with sus- 
 16 . ' 
 
234 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 tained, even if unfeeling, cheerfulness. It would have been 
 humiliating in the extreme to feel that, like America, we owed 
 the discovery of our possibilities to Columbus — our only op- 
 portunity for real appreciation to a chance appropriation of 
 Congress. 
 
 The statistics presented in the chapter devoted to that 
 subject are not offered as the point of any moral; they cannot 
 be said to even adorn the printed page when one compares 
 them with the neat figures with which the modern zealous 
 statistician slays his thousands, perhaps even his tens of thou- 
 sands, when he really girds himself to bring confusion to the 
 enemies of progress. And although there has been an oc- 
 casional astronomer among womenkind, and also an occasional 
 schoolmistress capable of teaching the multiplication table and 
 the rule of three to the sterner sex in its youth, still no tradi- 
 tion is more firmly fixed among the unchangeables than the 
 one declaring that " women have no head for figures." 
 
 Realizing our inherent limitations, therefore, we do not 
 attempt to " deduce " anything; we are content to leave that 
 to the second sight of the trained sociologist, for whose use this 
 data was secured. 
 
 Looking over the list, one realizes that, for women as well 
 as men, work is, in truth, the chief business of life. Count- 
 ing the ownership of homes, one ventures to hope that the 
 answer to Agur's prayer, " ^Neither poverty nor riches and 
 food convenient for me," has been granted often enough to be 
 the prevailing condition. 
 
 The large number of women employed in the usual ave- 
 nues open to unskilled labor tells its own story, even to the gen- 
 eral reader. For his benefit, too, the unusual has been selected 
 from among the occupations of women. 
 
 " In other lines," says the circular. Considering " other 
 lines " one forgets to be statistical and begins to be curious. 
 He finds himself hoping that the woman who is a butcher 
 simply keeps the shop, and knows nothing of the things, 
 big and little, especially little, which are condemned to death. 
 He wonders if the blacksmith is a widoAV, finding in the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 235 
 
 shoeing of other people's horses the only way to cover the 
 little feet that tramp in and out over her own doorstone ; and 
 the teamster! can she be a Yankee Tom Grogan carrying 
 on her husband's work in the interest of the family and 
 the neighborhood mth a tender heart and a fearless conr- 
 age^, or is she some strong, hearty, farmer's daughter, accus- 
 tomed to horses from her babyhood, gaining her first lessons 
 when too young to know fear, and growing up with her four- 
 footed friends so familiarly that tO' work in the world with 
 them is but a natural step from her own father's dooryard! 
 And then the two carpenters — what a long-sought opportunity 
 for closets and rearranged building plans ! But if such things 
 continue what mil become of the tradition that nails are much 
 safer in a womau's fingers than on them? Surely, the foun- 
 dations are being trifled with, even if they are not moved ! 
 
 Remembering Bluebeard's favorite wife, one is not sur- 
 prised at discovering feminine locksmiths, but somehow we 
 had thought that Tubal Cain's descendants, those natural 
 artificers in brass, must be of the masculine persuasion. And 
 the bell-hangers ! Can it be that in a State where family names 
 and types show so little change there can have been handed 
 down from generation to generation that love of bells which 
 caused the first settlers to bring with them from Massachu- 
 setts the only bell in the country above Virginia, and that 
 the music of that can have found expression in the occupations 
 of the daughters when there were no longer sons to carry it 
 on? 
 
 There is so much in the list tOi excite surprise that at 
 first we find ourselves unconsciously occupying Dr. Johnson's 
 attitude toward a woman's preaching. We do not ask if these 
 things are done well in our astonishment that they are done at 
 all. And yet, in this day of keen competition, when ability 
 and not chivalry gives a woman her place, the fact that work 
 which has a market value continues to be done by women is 
 convincing proof that it is done well. But, however faith- 
 fully we may collect and collate statistics, we have yet to dis- 
 cover a method which mil show the brave struggle, against 
 
236 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 odds of sex and surroundings, wMcli self-supporting women 
 have made in their effort to take their places, upon merit alone, 
 in new fields of the world's work. It takes courage of a high 
 order to differ from the prevailing conditions. Isolation 
 seems to be the price of the unusual, even outside of exposi- 
 tions. 
 
 ISJ'othing at the World's Fair so fully emphasized the 
 widening influence of modern education as the statistics show- 
 ing the number of interests and occupations which women 
 have added to the original three of housework, sewing, and 
 teaching, which, for a time, seemed the natural order and ex- 
 tent of their accomplishments. 
 
 For women themselves to have taken the step from the 
 summer term at the dame school of a hundred years ago to 
 the yearly course at the college of the present time is to have 
 stretched and hurried the processes of evolution to the snapping 
 point, if Ave are to believe all we read in this progressive age. 
 There is a grain of leaven, however, in the discovery that 
 women were the first among English-speaking people to ap- 
 preciate the value and benefits of education, even if they were 
 incapable of receiving them in their own persons; and we find 
 one of them founding the first college for men as early as the 
 thirteenth century, l^ot a moment too soon, evidently, if the 
 weaker sex were ever to have its chance, since it seems to have 
 taken all these intervening centuries for men to learn and un- 
 learn their physiology often enough to be at last convinced 
 that probably l^ature did not, after all, intend to make such a 
 sweeping difference in the original gray matter of infants in 
 arms. Baliol and Wadham colleges in Oxford, Clare, Pem- 
 broke, Queen's, Christ, and Sidney colleges in Cambridge, 
 owed their existence to the English women of hundreds of 
 years ago. That is something to remember when we are ac- 
 cepting gratefully from the men of our own times the oppor- 
 tunities of Yassar, Wellesley, and Smith. 
 
 A faithful record of the means toward an end is the utmost 
 that even the enthusiastic compiler of statistics can hope to at- 
 tain. The record of the large number of helpful societies, of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 237 
 
 every degree and kind, which women in Connecticut have 
 established, and still maintain with surpassing ahilitj, is power- 
 less to show the fine spirit which lies behind them. That de- 
 lightful phase of 'New England life which is known outside of 
 large cities as neighborhood kindness, the ready hand, the keen 
 sympathy, the deeds which come easier than words to a reticent 
 people, this it is impossible to reproduce ; no classification, how- 
 ever complete, can include it. 
 
 The Connecticut statistics, valuable as they were for the 
 sociologist, show to the general public two things especially: 
 One the tremendous amount of work done hy women of the 
 State in industrial lines. The other the tremendous amount 
 of work done for women in social and educational lines. We 
 discovered nothing in these statistics to prove that we were 
 downtrodden or deprived of our natural rights. It isi true 
 that in some directions, teaching for instance, the infiuence of 
 supply and demand make the salaries of women far lower than 
 the salaries of men. In this profession there is much keener 
 competition than in any other which men and women share, 
 but in uncrowded lines we found that women who were capable 
 of doing a man's work received a man's wages. In industrial 
 lines, at piece work, women often earned more than men. In 
 educational matters our largest, most famous university has 
 opened its doors to women for post-graduate studies with a 
 hearty, ungrudging welcome. 
 
 The domestic relations of the Connecticut woman are as 
 old-fashioned as those of the Roman matron. She, too, can 
 both inherit and endow. She is her husband's equal in the 
 home, and (tell it not in Gath) sometimes his superior. She 
 is a recognized influence, uplifting and refining, heroic if 
 necessary, patriotic always, accepting life as it presents itself, 
 and men as they are. Largely of the type of whom Ian Mac- 
 laren says, " If a woman will find his belongings, which he has 
 scattered over three rooms and the hall, he invests her with 
 many virtues, and if she packs his portmanteau he will asso- 
 ciate her with St. Theresa. But if his hostess be inclined to 
 
238 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 discuss problems with him he will receive her name with 
 marked coldness; and if she follow up this trial with evil food, 
 he will conceive a rooted dislike for her, and will flee her house. 
 So simple is man! '^ 
 
 And so simple are we all, really; dependent at every point 
 upon this same spirit of helpfulness which makes up the com- 
 monplace, wholesome, natural atmosphere of the home. 
 
 When we had collected and contributed the statistics asked 
 of us, our work of preparing exhibits for the Woman's Build- 
 ing and the World's Fair was ended. We had tried to send 
 whatever was characteristic of our State and people and times, 
 rather than to marshal all our single exceptions. We could 
 show nothing that was being done better than it had been done 
 before, offer nothing which should make us an exception in the 
 eyes of the world. We sent priceless pieces of silver, and so 
 did Germany. We sent early portraits of famous women, and 
 so did England. We sent treasures in lace, and so did Queen 
 Margharetta of Italy. We sent valuable statistics, and so did 
 the women of France. 
 
 In literature. Uncle Tom's Cabin was our shining example, 
 and even that, we soon found, had been taken into the life and 
 literature of every civilized country in the world. As a 
 record, simply, and not as an example, our work must stand. 
 Whatever merit it possessed lay in its simplicity, and in the 
 singleness of purpose with which it went forward. A willing 
 service, we sent nothing to Chicago that was half-hearted or 
 incomplete. 
 
 It is quite true that for a time the extraordinary interest 
 shown in the event by the outside world, and the stir of prepa- 
 ration in our own country, swept us along with a kind of fresh 
 vigor which took all our fancies captive, and made us long for 
 the splendid and covet the impossible with which to dazzle 
 visiting nations; but, fortunately, the intervening months of 
 hard, unremitting, detail work served to give us a truer sense 
 of our own importance, and convinced us that even so praise- 
 worthy a pursuit as national glory would prosper none the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 239 
 
 worse for coming under " tlie restraining gTace of common 
 sense.'' 
 
 Our work of preparation and installation had ended with- 
 out misfortune or mishap. The Men's Board had been will- 
 ing to share a part of their appropriation, a few of their re- 
 sponsibilitieSj and all their festiyities with us, from which it 
 will be seen that the simple conditions of everyday life had 
 prevailed even in Exposition matters. 
 
 Twice the united boards accompanied the governors and 
 their staff to Chicago to be present on certain ceremonious oc- 
 •casions. I^ot that we needed to follow the suggestion of the 
 Illinois senator who thought that- the people of " the stable 
 East/' which means Connecticut, if it means anything, needed 
 to take stated trips to Chicago to become " inoculated with 
 unrestrained enthusiasm." 
 
 There were three occasions, at least, when we " had it " in 
 the good old-fashioned way rampant before inoculation itself 
 was dreamed of, and long before the economical advantages of 
 the ounce of prevention over the pound of cure had caught the 
 public ear. 
 
 The first time came when, standing in that wonderful 
 building of manufactures and liberal arts, its forty acres all too 
 small to hold the representatives who had come from every- 
 where to celebrate the discovery of this youngest nation, to 
 rejoice in her rapid growth in the past and her splendid pos- 
 sibilities for the future, we realized something of what the old 
 Hebrew prophets had seen in their visions, " the mighty host, 
 the multitude whom no man could number." 
 
 There was something so magnetic in that impressive gather- 
 ing of tens upon tens of thousands; an enthusiasm so wide- 
 spread, so powerful, so contagious, that no one could face it 
 unmoved. It stirred the soul, quickened the pulse, and made 
 of every man a patriot and a musician at heart as he tried, with 
 faltering voice, tO' join in the first verse of his national hymn. 
 
 The second occasion of unrestrained enthusiasm was cumu- 
 lative. In accepting the invitation of Chicago to join in the 
 dedication ceremonies at Jackson Park, Governor Bulkeley 
 
240 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 felt tliat Connecticut slionld assist in a manner befitting a State 
 wliicli counted among its citizens descendants of not only the 
 men who had helped settle the colonies, but also of those who 
 had helped defend and maintain them for freedom and the 
 future. 
 
 Therefore, although we did not furnish all the king's 
 horses nor all the king's men for the celebration, we had 
 enough of each in the mounted staff and the uniformed Guards 
 to do honor to both our State and the occasion. The difiicul- 
 ties of precedence, and some other things, made the masters- 
 of-ceremonies decide that as this was to be, finally, a strictly 
 civic parade, anything so military as the Connecticut Foot 
 Guards did not properly belong to it. Governor Bulkeley's 
 reply was characteristic : " The Foot Guards are as much my 
 escort as my staff are. They will go where I go. I brought 
 them here for that purpose." 
 
 And go they did, winning round after round of applause on 
 every side, and so universally that the next day they were 
 offered the place of honor in the line, when such an ovation was 
 again given them that the spectators from their own State felt, 
 once more, that they would rather be born Connecticut Yan- 
 kees than princes of the blood, and that, however severe and 
 rock-ribbed her soil, howe'ver thrifty and commercial her in- 
 terests, there was still that in a Connecticut inheritance which 
 brought forth the very fiower of manhood. 
 
 There was another moment of this occasion when we were 
 compelled to agree that Chicago was, after all, the very birth- 
 place of unrestrained enthusiasm. We had seen the mag- 
 nificent promise of the coming Exposition; we had seen and 
 listened to some of the best, and ablest, and most eloquent of 
 the sons of a great nation, united in their desire to do her honor 
 in the eyes of the outside world, which had, in turn, sent its 
 best as representatives and sharers in the event. We had 
 joined in the pomp and circumstance of the great reception 
 and the magnificent ball, with its representatives of Pope and 
 prelate and ambassadors from foreign courts, the brilliant 
 robe of the cardinal and the purple cassock of the priest, the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 241 
 
 jeweled court costumes of Eastern nations, and the scarlet 
 coats in Her Majesty's service, shining resplendent beside the 
 plain black of our own democratic rulers. The beauty of the 
 White City and the inspiration of the occasion had called out 
 all our enthusiasm; the orators had used up all our adjectives^ 
 the wonderful heart-stirring procession, in truth like an army 
 with banners, had kindled afresh our patriotism, and won . 11 
 our cheers, and now, at last, it was ended, and we w^ere stand- 
 ing, silent, in the gTeat hall of the Auditorium, filled to over- 
 flowing with governors and representatives and dignitaries of 
 every kind, waiting, like ourselves, to turn their faces toward 
 home, when, sudden as a bugle call, the strains of " Hail to the 
 Chief " were played with such spirit and enthusiasm, followed 
 by such an instantaneous and hearty burst of applause that 
 every eye was turned, eager to find the occasion; and when we 
 saw that it was the appearance of Connecticut's governor on 
 the staircase, looking every inch a man, which is much more 
 to the point in a republic than looking every inch a king, we 
 may surely be forgiven for confiding to the unread privacy of 
 a State report the fact that we would not have exchanged Con- 
 necticut as an abiding place, nor Bulkeley as a governor, for 
 all that we saw at Chicago. 
 
 A year later the united boards were again asked to accom- 
 pany the governor and his staff to Chicago, this time for the 
 purpose of celebrating Connecticut Day in the State building, 
 and again the women of the board were equal sharers in all the 
 privileges of the occasion: in the special train, the comfort- 
 able rooms, the prompt arrival of their belongings, and front 
 seats in the synagogue whenever there was occasion for them. 
 True to their belief that all men were born free and equal, 
 and all women were bom a little more so, the men of the board 
 had asked us to share as fully in the preparations for the cele- 
 bration of the State day as we had already shared in the prepa- 
 ration of the State building for service. 
 
 In the reception given to the representatives and officials 
 of other States, in the governor's reception, and again in the 
 exercises of Connecticut Day, when a review of their year's 
 
242 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 work was given in a sliort address, the TToman's Board was rep- 
 resented by tlieir president. 'We had changed governors in 
 the meantime, and also the distinguishing name of the govern- 
 ing policy in the State, bnt except for the daily press the 
 TToman's Board would never have known it. 
 
 For unfailing courtesy, out of which grew wishes antici- 
 pated and privileges secured, and for a thousand thoughtful 
 kindnesses, we were under the same obligations to Grovemor 
 Morris and his staff that had made us grateful debtors to Gov- 
 ernor Bulkeley and the membei^ of his staff. 
 
 And when, that brilliant October day, we saw every ap- 
 proach to the small Connecticut building crowded for hours 
 by people waiting to shake hands Avith the chief executive of 
 the State which was their own, either by residence or through 
 ancestry, anxious to share in the celebration, ready to applaud 
 every word of appreciation, we did not need fine phrases nor 
 the eloquence of the most brilliant orator to illustrate Con- 
 necticut's loyalty. 
 
 From every section hundreds came, eager to stand together 
 on the spot which, in the midst of all this seeming splendor, 
 represented home, and childhood, and the green hills of his 
 youth to many a wanderer over the prairies, and deserts, and 
 level stretches of the far Vest, many a settler who had never 
 been able to get back to what he lovingly called " the old 
 State." Thatching the meeting of old friends, the speaking 
 faces, the kindling eyes, the hand clasp, more eloquent than 
 any words, one came to understand something of the spirit 
 which builds up commonwealths and makes America a glory 
 among the nations. 
 
 And when, daylight ended, the Exposition people took up 
 the celebration, and the watching multitudes saw their State 
 building, under the witchery of electricity, caught up into the 
 heavens like the vision of Elijah's chariot of fire, then once 
 more the ringing cheers straight from the heart taught us that 
 unrestrained enthusiasm was not a borrowed product, but 
 rather a Connecticut birthright, the seeds of which were sown 
 in the cheerful endurance of the early privations and hard- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 243 
 
 sMps, and reaped in a loyalty and patriotism Tvliicli made each, 
 descendant a joint owner in that invincible spirit which took 
 for its motto " Qui transfidU sustineiJ^ 
 
 We did not need to be told by the press the next morning 
 that Connecticnt Day, with its multitude of visitors, out- 
 ranked in numbers every other day at the Fair except Chicago's 
 own; we already knew it. 
 
 When Connecticut Day was over, the official duties of the 
 Woman's Board were practically ended; what remained to be 
 ■done was entirely the work of tke committees who, beginning 
 early, were also to know the other extreme of finishing late; 
 and so with permits already safe in hand for the speedy re- 
 moval, at the close of the Fair, of whatever must be returned 
 to our own State, we were at last free to follow Sidney Smith's 
 advice and take short views of life. 
 
 That useful person, the statistician of the impossible, had 
 been abroad computing that with but two minutes spent on 
 each exhibit it would take a lifetime of thirty-two years to in- 
 spect the Columbian Exposition! With that in mind it was 
 easy for people with even the most rigidly-trained 'New Eng- 
 land consciences to give up trying to see anything improving, 
 and left them free to vitalize their geogTaphy and compare 
 notes with their fellow sufferers of a previous wet spring of 
 preparation. 
 
 But alas! The prosperity of an American summer had 
 changed these almost beyond recognition. The soft-eyed 
 Egyptians, who had persistently sought out the windless and 
 sunny side of the imfinished buildings in Cairo street, sitting 
 for hours holding great boards of treacherous-seeming snakes, 
 as unmoved as if St. Patrick himself sat at their elbows, had 
 looked so desolate, so homesick, on first acquaintance, that we 
 liad forgiven them the bricks ^vithout straw on the spot, and 
 felt like apologizing for our early enjoyment of the retributive 
 plagues, and now we found them so brisk, so affluent, so patron- 
 izing even, that they no longer reminded us of the Pyi'amids 
 and the Desert, of wandering Israelites and a mighty river, 
 
244 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 lined with crocodiles and bulruslies and an occasional joung- 
 prophet, and we left them where we found them, remorselessly 
 restoring them to the orthodox disapproval of our earliest 
 recollections. We had left the little Javanese building their 
 houses with a rapidity that had a touch of the miraculous about 
 it, row upon row of thatch put in place without tools of any 
 kind, and with a dexterity and a silence which would have 
 made us suspect hairpins if we could have associated anything 
 so modern with them. We had pitied them, shivering in the 
 bitter cold of those rainy spring days, and our hearts had ached 
 for the young Javanese mother who had laid her first baby 
 away in alien soil in that chill April twilight; and now we 
 found them with a flourishing village, filled with streets, and 
 bazars, and gay visitors, buying all manner of charming, 
 foreign-looking things, still unwarmed, however, although 
 familiar with the uses of electricity, keeping the bulbs well- 
 hidden imder their shawls for whatever heat lay in them. 
 Patrons of the drama in their own right, they had set up a 
 musical summons so soft, so mellow, so enticing in its soimd, 
 that their neighbors, who were forced to depend upon the heat- 
 ing clamor of sounding brass and tinkling cymbals to attract 
 their audiences must have felt themselves consuming with 
 envy. 
 
 Little Malula, with her sweet baby voice, the only sweet 
 thing in the Dahomey Village, had learned to say the one 
 word " penny,'' in unmistakable and very fetching English, 
 and the gentlemanly person from the far East had adopted 
 citizen's clothes, and was not above telling fortunes, incident- 
 ally disclosing plans for immediate bigamy upon the part of 
 the respected and unromantic head of the family. 
 
 The Ferris Wheel, with its impartial activity, filled more 
 than ever our childish notion of the inside machinery of the 
 mills of the gods, and even the reeds in the costumes of the 
 South Sea Islanders seemed to shake with a more aggressive 
 air, instead of being limp and apologetic after such a summer 
 of activity. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 245 
 
 Motley and blue serge were tiie only wear in the Plaisance, 
 except when one came unexpectedly upon a familiar face, 
 associated with flowing white and a turban which, under the 
 swift development of that Chicago summer, had changed into 
 the semblance of an American citizen mth a " tailor begotten 
 demeanor.'^ 
 
 It had all changed, gTown, developed, degenerated, and 
 improved. But the delightful and obsequious ancients of the 
 early days seemed to have taken to themselves modem man- 
 ners, and a new commercial standpoint, and it was a relief to 
 turn to the familiar brogue of the Irish village, 'there to get an 
 object lesson in the mellowing influence of having had the 
 Blarney Stone kissed by one's ancestors. 
 
 To those who were familiar from the first with the aims 
 and preparations for the World's Columbian Exposition noth- 
 ing was more remarkable than the rapid development of a 
 national interest in the study of ethnology as embodied in the 
 Midway Plaisance. 
 
 There were those who were so misguided as to look upon 
 it, just at first, as a sort of foreign connection, not by blood 
 happily, of the side-shows of the American circus, a place 
 where the unusual^ and the two-headed, the overgrown, and 
 the undersized would feel at home and appreciated, but the 
 magazines and the newspapers speedily set them right, and con- 
 vinced them that here was the opportunity of a lifetime to re- 
 ceive all the benefits and none of the disadvantages of foreign 
 travel, in homeopathic doses, to be sure, and not always 
 through the medium of plenty of water, but nevertheless effica- 
 cious, and touching the spot. Bemembering the dexterity 
 with which some of these peoples from the uttermost parts of 
 the earth developed that thrifty kind of vision called " an eye 
 to the main chance," one felt as though the line in the hymn 
 which described him as " the heathen in his blindness '' must 
 hereafter stand robbed of something of its descriptive force. 
 
 That they served their day, and, let us hope, their genera- 
 tion, as a part of the AYorld's Fair, there can be no more doubt 
 
246 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 than tliat notliing tlie foreign element offered was more inter- 
 esting and numerous than the various types of American citizen 
 from north and south, east and west, from every walk in life^ 
 and representing every known condition, who, as thirsty seek- 
 ers after knowledge, helped fill to overflowing what a very 
 learned article has called " the highly instructive villages of 
 the Midway Plaisance.'' 
 
 For the outside world the Columbian Exposition closed 
 October 30, 1893. Even the lightest, most careless of the 
 pleasure-seekers left it with reluctant feet. It was given over 
 to owners, and managers, and committees, who had endless 
 treasures to look- after, endless detail to meet and master. 
 
 Almost at once we went back to the primitive conditions, 
 the Intra-Mural railway stopped, the lights went out, the shade 
 of the Ancient Mariner could no longer have been seen in the 
 beautiful waters of the electric fountain, the modern rival of 
 the witches' oils, " Burnt green and blue and white." Colum- 
 bus, coming to these shores, would not have had even the torch 
 of the Indian woman, lighting her husband home, to ser^^e as 
 a beacon to the undiscovered country he was seeking. 
 
 It was startling to find how much of the wonderful charm 
 of the Fair was made up of the people. The buildings were 
 still there in all their magnificence, the exhibits were in many 
 instances untouched, and yet we found ourselves unconsciously 
 treading softly and speaking low in the sudden silence which 
 had fallen upon it, as if we were, indeed, in the City of the 
 Dead. That which but yesterday had been so instinct mth 
 life, sounding a note so triumphant that it seemed immortal^ 
 had suddenly sunk into the saddest of minors. 
 
 The spirit was gone, the pulse had stopped, the individu- 
 ality was swept away, the summer was ended, and the autumn 
 haze, the drifting fogs, the occasional sunlight, the swift 
 drenching rains and the chill of approaching winter depressed 
 one like the sudden close of a promising life. 
 
 The World's Fair was ended as far as that can end which 
 has entered forever into the very life and spirit of a young. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 247 
 
 vigorous, and appreciative people, giving tliem higher ideals, 
 wider interests, a broader standard of beauty, and a truer 
 knowledge of their own possibilities and of their own needs. 
 
 In closing this simple story of what the women of one State 
 tried to do, and of how they succeeded, I must at least come 
 from behind the friendly shelter of the editorial " we " long 
 enough to confess that my only fitness for the task of chronicler 
 lay in the fact that the detail of the work I have tried to de- 
 scribe passed through my hands, and, therefore, I have been 
 able to write from knowledge, and also able to discover in that 
 writing that historians must be born, and cannot be made by 
 any such simple means as the holding of an official position. 
 
 To the members of the Board I have had the honor to 
 represent, and for whose sakes this record has been presented, 
 I frankly own that if after this lapse of time I have found mem- 
 ory gently inclined to " drop a fault and add a grace,'' I have 
 not been too honest to take advantage of it, since this introduc- 
 tion is made up of recollections ; and if, in the body of the re- 
 port, any of them miss a detail which should have been set 
 forth with mathematical precision, I beg that they will turn 
 to the chapter on statistics, and by realizing how many weary 
 hours of work that represents, will feel inclined to forgive me 
 at once for what would have been, in truth, but an uninten- 
 tional oversight, and so once again give evidence of that will- 
 ingness to 
 
 "Read between the unwritten lines 
 The finer grace of unfilled designs," 
 
 which has so many times in the past won my deepest gratitude, 
 and made of the recollections of our work together a possession 
 beyond the reach of words. 
 
 My warmest thanks are due to the members of the va- 
 rious committees for their unfailing support, and especially 
 to Mrs. P. H. Ingalls and to Mrs. J. G. Gregory, for such un- 
 tiring devotion to their work and such forgetfulness of self 
 as made their service an inspiration and a delightful remem- 
 brance. 
 
•248 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 To Professor W. H. Holmes of Washington for his gener- 
 ous permission to use the photographs from the l^ational 
 Museum for illustrations, and to Miss Frances B. Johnson, 
 to whose ability and interest these illustrations are due, I am 
 under great obligation for the opportunity to use a woman's 
 work; and last and most grateful of all is the acknowledg- 
 ment of my indebtedness to Mrs. Isabel C. Barrows for her 
 literary skill, her invaluable help, and that generous encour- 
 agement which gave me the inspiration of a fresh auditor, and 
 made it possible for me to tell once again this more than twice- 
 told tale. 
 
 KATE BKANNON^ KOTGHT. 
 
 Xakeville, Connecticut, August, 1898. 
 
Hill' 
 
 fff ppr 
 
 11 i 1 I 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATIOX BUILDING 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 METHODS AND RESUME OF WORK. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Upon tlie decision of tlie Congress of the United States 
 that the World's Fair should be held in Chicago in 1893, a 
 meeting of citizens was called at the Connecticut State Capitol 
 February 22, 1892. It was voted that there should be a State 
 representation at the Columbian Exposition, and the sum of 
 fifty thousand dollars was subscribed for that purpose. A 
 Board of Managers was organized, who recommended the ap- 
 pointment of a separate Board of Lady Managers from differ- 
 ent sections of the State. In accordance with this request, a 
 board of sixteen, with sixteen alternates, was appointed. The 
 following formal announcement to each member was the oc- 
 casion of the present writer's interest in this direction and the 
 authority under which she worked. 
 
 STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Executive Depabtment, 
 
 Hartford, April 12, 1893. 
 
 Mrs. George H. Knight, Delegate. 
 Mrs. Georg-e H. Stoughton, Alternate. 
 
 You have been appointed a member of the ' ' Board of Lady Managers 
 of Connecticut," for the World's Columbian Exposition, under the pro- 
 visions of the resolutions adopted at the meeting held at the State Capitol, 
 February 23, 1893. Mrs. George H. Stoughton of Thomaston has been 
 selected as your alternate. 
 
 A meeting of the Board of Lady Managers and their alternates, for 
 the purpose of organization, will be held in the Senate Chamber on Tues- 
 day, April 19th, at one o'clock. You are requested to be present, and in 
 the meantime please signify your acceptance of the appointment. 
 
 MORGAN G. BULKELEY, 
 
 Governor. 
 17 (249) 
 
250 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Board of Lady Manageks of Connecticut. 
 Managers. Alternates. 
 
 Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Hartford, Mrs. Edwin H. Sears, Hartford. 
 President from April to Dec, 1892. 
 
 Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. Mrs. H. D. Smith, Plantsville. 
 
 Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. Mrs. D. B. Hamilton, Waterbury. 
 
 Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, Treas. , Mrs. Alton Farrel, Ansonia. 
 New Haven. 
 
 Mrs. Henry C. Morgan, Colchester. 
 
 Miss Anne H. Chappell, New Lon- Mrs. George P. Lathrop, New Lon- 
 don, don. 
 
 Mrs. P. T. Barnum, Bridgeport, Mrs. J. G. Gregory, Norwalk, Mana- 
 Vice-Pres., April to December. ger from January, 1893. 
 
 Miss Edith Jones, Westport. Miss Clara Hurlburt, Westport. 
 
 Miss H. E. Brainard, Willimantic. Miss Josephine BiDgham, Windham. 
 
 Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, Putnam. Miss May Bradford, Brooklyn. 
 
 Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford. Mrs. A. P. Hammond, Rockville. 
 
 Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Vernon. Mrs, Charlotte Tinchier, Rockville. 
 
 Mrs. Elmer A. Hubbard, Higganum. Miss Gertrude Turner, Chester. 
 
 Mrs. Welthtea A. Hammond, Port- Mrs. L. C. Wilkins, Portland, 
 land. 
 
 Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Winsted. Mrs. John A. Buckingham, Water- 
 
 town. 
 
 Mrs. George H. Knight, Sec'y, Lake- Mrs. Geo. H. Stoughton, Thomaston. 
 ville. 
 
 In accordance witli tlie call of Governor Bulkeley, the 
 newly-appointed Board of Lady Managers met at tlie State 
 Capitol on the 19th of April, for the purpose of organization. 
 By unanimous vote Mrs. Bulkeley was elected president and 
 Mrs. Geo. H. Knight secretary. 
 
 Later, owing to the resignation of the president, vice-presi- 
 dent, and a few of the members, certain changes were made 
 necessary. In January, 1893, Mrs. Franklin Larrel was 
 elected vice-president, and Mrs. George 11. Knight president, 
 who continued the work of secretary as well till the close of 
 the Lair. 
 
 The following complete list of officers remained un- 
 changed to the end: 
 
 President. 
 Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville. 
 
 Vice-President. 
 Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. 
 
LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLDS COLUI^IBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 251 
 
 Treasurer. 
 Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven. 
 
 Secretary. 
 Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville. 
 
 Executive Committee. 
 Mrs. Geo. H. Knight, Lakeville. Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. 
 
 Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven. Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. 
 Mrs, A. R. Goodrich, Vernon. 
 
 Auditing Committee. 
 
 Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Yernon. Mrs. J. H. Alvord, Winsted. 
 
 Mrs. Henry C. Morgan. 
 
 Furnishing Committee. 
 
 Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. 
 
 Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven. 
 
 ExMUt Committee. 
 Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. Mrs. J. H. Alvord, Winsted. 
 
 Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford. Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, Putnam. 
 
 Miss H. E. Brainard, Willimantic. Miss A. H. Chappell, New London. 
 Miss Edith Jones, Westport. Mrs. Martha A. Hammond, Portland. 
 
 Subsequently, as the needs of the work developed, two 
 additional committees Avere formed: 
 
 Committee on Literature. 
 Miss Anne H. Chappell. Mrs. J. G. Gregory. 
 
 Miss H. E. Brainard. 
 
 Sales Committee. 
 Mrs. P. H. Ingalls. Mrs. J. G. Gregory. 
 
 Mrs. Gregory directed her time and tireless energy to the 
 arrangement and publication of the " Selections from the 
 Writings of Connecticut Women.'' Miss Chappell found, in 
 turn, that the collection of books needed her constant service. 
 Both were aided most efficiently by Miss Brainard and the 
 different members of the Board. 
 
 The Sales Committee was appointed to dispose of the 
 various articles remaining in the hands of the Board at the 
 conclusion of the Exposition. 
 
 The following by-laws, modeled upon those governing the 
 
252 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 National Commission, guided the transactions of the Board of 
 Lady Managers : 
 
 Article I. At any authorized meeting of the Board of 
 Lady Managers of the State of Connecticut a quorum for the 
 transaction of business shall consist of not less than -^yq 
 managers or alternates, when present, in place of their 
 principals. 
 
 Article II. The alternate manager, in the absence of 
 her principal, shall assume and perform the duties of the 
 manager both as a member of the Board and as a member of 
 any committee to which her principal may have been ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 Article III. The officers of this Board shall consist of a 
 President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, and 
 such other officers and, agents as the Board shall from time to 
 time deem necessary. 
 
 Article IY. The President shall preside over all the 
 meetings of the Board, shall appoint all committees, and shall 
 be, ex officio, member of all the committees. In the absence 
 of the President and Vice-President shall perform her duties. 
 
 Article V. The Secretary shall keep a record of the 
 minutes of each meeting of the Board, and have the custody 
 of its documents and records. 
 
 Article VI. The Treasurer shall keep all the accounts 
 of the Board, receive and disburse its funds upon proper 
 vouchers, duly certified by the Auditing Committee, and shall, 
 upon request of the Board" of World's Fair Managers of Con- 
 necticut, submit a report of said expenditures. 
 
 Article VII. There shall be an Executive Committee, 
 consisting of five members, of which the Treasurer shall be 
 one. Each of the Standing Committees to be represented on 
 the Executive Board. The said committee, when the Board 
 is not in session, shall have all the powers of the Board of Lady 
 Managers. Three members shall constitute a quorum, and 
 the committee may make such regulations for its own govern- 
 ment and the exercise of its functions through the medium of 
 such sub-committees as it may consider expedient, and shall 
 direct all expenditures of the Board. The committee shall 
 recommend to the Commission such employes and agents as 
 may be necessary, and shall distinctly define the duties. They 
 shall report fully all their transactions to the Board at its 
 meetings. In case of any vacancy in the Committee, the 
 same shall be filled by appointment of the President. In all 
 
tf 
 
 
 FIHKnRtlAriiiJOii 
 
 
 Vfc 'i 
 
 ALTERNATE LADY ^LA.NAGERS OF COXXECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD k3 FAIR. 253 
 
 cases where Managers, who are members of the Executive 
 Committee, are absent, their alternates are directed to repre- 
 sent them on the committee. 
 
 Article YIII. There shall be an Auditing Committee, 
 consisting of three members, to whom shall be presented all 
 bills contracted under authority of the Executive Committee, 
 which, on their approval, shall be presented to the Treasurer 
 for payment. 
 
 Article IX. In accordance with the request of the 
 "World's Eair Commissioners of this State, there shall be a 
 Committee of three appointed from this Board as members 
 of the committee having charge of the furnishing and decorat- 
 ing of the Connecticut State Building. 
 
 Article X. There shall be a Committee on Exhibits, 
 consisting of eight members of this Board, to whom shall be 
 submitted for approval all articles offered for competition or 
 exhibit. 
 
 Article XL The Managers and their Alternates from 
 each county shall constitute a Committee for their respective 
 counties, and it shall be their duty to awaken an interest in 
 woman's work; to encourage its exhibition; and to promote 
 in every way the object for which this Board was created. 
 
 Article XII. The traveling expenses of Managers or 
 their Alternates, when in attendance upon meetings of this 
 Board, or in the performance of duties authorized by this 
 Board, shall be paid by the Treasurer on approval of the 
 Auditing Committee. 
 
 CIRCULARS. 
 
 At the first meeting a committee of three was appointed 
 to act with the general Building Committee, to have charge 
 of the furnishing and decoration of the Connecticut House at 
 Chicago. At a subsequent meeting, Mrs. Amelia B. Hin- 
 man was chosen to assist in collecting an exhibit of the work 
 of Connecticut women. On the 17th of May, the following 
 circular letters were sent broadcast throughout the State: 
 
 Bear Sir: — 
 
 The Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut for the World's Coluni- 
 bian Exposition desire to obtain immediately the names of women, resi- 
 dents of this State, who are skilled in wood carving. 
 
 They also wish the names of women who are particularly skillful in 
 fancy work and domestic manufacture, and of such persons or corpora- 
 tions as employ female help largely, with the class of goods made. 
 
 Trusting that we may rely upon your assistance in obtaining this in- 
 formation, I am, etc. 
 
254 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION. 
 
 The Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut for the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition desire that the State of Connecticut shall be creditably- 
 represented in the Woman's Department. I have been advised that you 
 are skilled in , . . . 
 
 Please inform me whether you have or are willing to make any articles 
 for exhibition at Chicago. A Committee of the Board of Lady Managers 
 will examine all articles offered, and such as are accepted will be forwarded 
 and placed on exhibition, without expense to the exhibitor. 
 An early reply will oblige, etc. 
 
 The following circular was issued by tlie Connecticut 
 Board of Lady Managers, tlie rules being tbe same as those 
 adopted by the National Board of Lady Managers: 
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS 
 
 OF Connecticut 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 Hartfoed, Dec 189 . 
 
 There has been a Committee of Experts appointed by the President 
 of the Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut, whose duty is to make 
 decision upon the merit of articles for which application for space is to be 
 made in the Woman's Building ; and no article will be installed by the 
 Director of the Woman's Building which has not been approved by this 
 Committee of Experts. 
 
 Specimens of paintings are to be sent to either Miss Lucy P. Trow- 
 bridge, 210 Prospect Street, New Haven, or to Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, 
 136 Washington Street, Hartford. China painting to Miss Trowbridge, 
 and needle-work to Mrs. Bulkeley. 
 
 Every applicant for space in the Woman's Building will have space 
 assigned to her by the Secretary of the National Board of Lady Managers, 
 if her article is marked of the first order of merit in its class. Articles of 
 the second order of merit will, very often, be quite eligible to a place in 
 the General Departments of the Exposition. 
 
 RULES. 
 
 In Fine Arts, copies will not be admitted. 
 
 In Embroideries, only original designs will be admitted ; stamped 
 patterns will be strictly excluded. 
 
 In the Library, only books of scientific, historical, and literary value 
 will be received. 
 
 Magazines and press articles of the women writers of the State may 
 be bound together, making a State volume. 
 
 In Patents, only drawings and photographs will be allowed, except 
 in rare cases of peculiar value, when working models will be admitted. 
 
 The exhibitor must be the manufacturer or the producer of the article 
 exhibited, except in the case of the loan and retrospective exhibit. 
 

 
 -^l-t 
 
 •>-' 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i>r 
 
 1 r ^^^^^H 
 
 
 B^ AANAGERS 
 
 |;^ ■■■■■■■■■ ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 255 
 
 FINANCE. 
 
 To meet the expenses of the women's work an appropria- 
 tion was asked for from the Connecticut fund. The sum of 
 ^Ye thousand dollars, afterward increased to seven thousand 
 dollars, was granted, which was used for the following pur- 
 poses : For decorating and furnishing the Connecticut Room 
 in the Woman's Building; for exhibit of literature, including 
 the publication of Selections from the Writings of Connecticut 
 Women ; for assuming the entire expense of all the Connecti- 
 cut women making exhibits in the World's Fair; for such 
 carved panels as were not gifts in the Women's Building; for 
 the collection of statistics and the general expenses of the 
 Board in carrying on their work as managers. 
 
 Early in May, 1892, the Board voted to raise a guaranty 
 fund of three hundred dollars for the children's Building at 
 the Fair. Of this amount two hundred and twenty-six dol- 
 lars was secured by the direct efforts of some of the managers, 
 the remaining seventy-four dollars only being drawn from the 
 fund at their disposal. 
 
 Before distributing the volume containing the selections 
 from the writings of Connecticut women to the State libraries 
 of the country, one hundred and sixty-seven copies were sold, 
 and the proceeds used toward meeting the cost of publication. 
 
 EXHIBITS. 
 
 Among the exhibits of women's work were paintings in 
 oils and water-colors, china painting, designing in silver, 
 needlework, designs for wall-papers, and photography. 
 
 INVENTIONS. 
 
 But one invention was exhibited under the auspices of the 
 Board, viz. : a new and remarkable departure in machine em- 
 broidery and art work. Color, design, and execution won in- 
 stant recognition upon inspection, although an endless amount 
 of correspondence and effort had to be expended because of the 
 rule forbidding acceptance of machine work. Placed side by 
 
256 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 side with hand work of the highest order this won a medal. 
 Designer and exhibitor, Mrs. Isabel Butler, Bridgeport, Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 DECORATIONS. 
 
 Six cai^ved panels of wood were contributed and used in 
 the decoration of the library of the Woman's Building. 
 
 Three large frames, containing portraits of child life, artist, 
 Mrs. Marie H. Kendall, Norfolk, Connecticut. One room, 
 known as the Connecticut Room, in the Woman's Building, 
 artist and designer. Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, New Haven, 
 Connecticut; medals were awarded in both instances. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 A record of ninety-seven (97) clubs and societies of women 
 was furnished, representing literature, science, philanthropy, 
 etc. The names of one hundred and forty women following 
 the profession of journalism were sent the Committee on 
 Journalism at headquarters. Statistics bearing upon the re- 
 lations of women to labor were also collected and sent, with 
 photographs, to Chicago. 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 One hundred and three women, natives of Connecticut, 
 were represented in the exhibit of literature, fifty as writers 
 of short stories in the book published by the Board. About 
 two hundred and fifty books, including the translations 
 loaned by Mrs. Stowe, were contributed to the Woman's 
 Library. 
 
 THE HARRIET BEECHER STOWE COLLECTION. 
 
 A complete set of Mrs. Stowe's works and forty-two trans- 
 lations of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " were exhibited, details of 
 which are given in another chapter. 
 
 THE BOARD BOOK. 
 
 In the chapter upon Literature will be found a full account 
 of the collecting of short stories, poems, and essays in a 
 memorial volume, of which 500 copies only were printed. 
 
^€#1*6 
 
 ALTERNATE LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 25T 
 
 THE CONNECTICUT HOUSE. 
 
 While not strictly an exhibit in the sense in. which the 
 word is used in the preceding items, the Connecticut House 
 was an exhibit of woman's work, and, in a measure, of the 
 early history of the State. An entire chapter in this report is 
 devoted to the subject. 
 
CHAPTER XYL 
 
 THE CONNECTICUT HOUSE. 
 
 "At a meeting of the Building Committee of the Connecticut Board of 
 World's Fair Managers with the Furnishing Committee from the Ladies' 
 Board, held at the State Capitol, Hartford, Feb. 1, 1893, there were present 
 D. M. Reed, C. M. Jarvis, Geo. H. Day, Mrs. Knight, Mrs. Ingalls, Mrs. 
 Parrel, and Miss Trowbridge. 
 
 Voted — That the Furnishing Committee be given full power to 
 decorate and furnish the State Building at Chicago." — Extract from 
 minutes of special meeting called hy Hon. D. M. Beed. 
 
 The formal adoption of this resolution placed the Con- 
 necticut House, fresh from the builders, in the hands of the 
 Furnishing Committee of the Woman's Board of Managers. 
 Our decision to make it Colonial in character, as nearly as pos- 
 sible, or, failing -^at, to have it represent a house of a date not 
 later than the time of the ReYolution, collecting from Con- 
 necticut homes the necessary furniture, gave us a working plan 
 that TTOuld have been delightful to carry out in the spring or 
 summer, but which, in February and March, at the end of an 
 unusually rigorous New England ^vinter, proved difficult be- 
 yond belief. It was not easy, in the face of biting winds, 
 drifted roads, and unaccommodating time-tables, to keep one's 
 State pride always well to the front, to feel warmed and fed, 
 as well as morally supported, by the consciousness of a self- 
 imposed task well done ; but it is worthy of note that never in a 
 single instance, in making a report, were the difficulties en- 
 countered made prominent. Each member of the committee 
 and of the Board — for we were all pressed into service more 
 ■or less — dwelt with enthusiasm upon any success which fol- 
 lowed the quest for that which was historically suitable for the 
 furnishing of the State Building. 
 
 The old Connecticut spirit, which makes it easier to invent 
 an article than to hunt for its substitute, could not be made 
 
 (258) 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 259 
 
 useful in our searcli. What we desired above all else, was 
 the original, with as much history and beauty, in addition, as 
 possible. 
 
 The just criticism upon the Connecticut House, on its 
 completion, that there was but little in it, was but a proof of 
 its faithfulness in detail to tradition. The handful of settlers 
 who, following ^^ the strong bent of their spirits, '^ left the 
 Massachusetts Colony because religion was literally an essen- 
 tial part of their daily walk and conversation — administering 
 even their justice with ^^ the rule of righteousness " — were 
 made of the stuff which values character and men above mere 
 things. Life was at its simplest in Connecticut long after the 
 other Colonists had had time to recover from the exaltation of 
 the pioneer and to replace bareness and privation with com- 
 fort and even a semblance of luxury. While the purpose of 
 the building — to serve as a State house — compelled us to 
 link the present closely with the past, yet in the severity and 
 simplicity which we preserved wherever we could, we were but 
 following our model. 
 
 The loans made to the committee for the Connecticut 
 House carried one back in many instances to the early history 
 of our State. That they represented but a small part of the 
 historical furniture in daily use in many homes throughout 
 the commonwealth, is a matter of course. It requires a cer- 
 tain amount of sturdy State pride to trust one's most cherished 
 possessions to any committee, however well known, even for 
 so worthy an object. We could not legally insure the articles 
 for their full value, even in dollars and cents. 'No return 
 could have compensated for their injury or destruction. We 
 did what we could when we gave a receipt, the facsimile of 
 which is appended. The various articles were brought to- 
 gether in Hartford from different parts of the State. Each 
 was accurately numbered, packed by experts, and carefully 
 guarded at the Capitol till their removal to Chicago. They 
 were then sent under faithful guardianship the entire distance, 
 and responsible persons awaited the arrival of the express car 
 
260 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 at Chicago. Besides having the careful supervision of the 
 most faithful Commissioner that any State or Exposition ever 
 had or can have, we secured 'New England care-takers, who 
 daily looked after the safety of these things. 
 
 To give the personal experience of the House-Furnishing 
 Committee would be to recite the history of every committee 
 which brought patient, earnest, vigorous purpose into its work. 
 It was wearing, and, at times, it seemed thankless and endless, 
 but, under the direction of Mrs. Mary B. Ingalls, as chairman, 
 aided most efficiently by Miss Trowbridge and Mrs. Eranklin 
 Farrel, it was conducted with such method, precision, and 
 dispatch as to prove anew the truth of the Spanish proverb, 
 " Three working together are equal to six." 
 
 When the express car, with its precious freight, reached 
 Chicago, the Building Committee, together with the counsel 
 for the Board, Hon. Morris W. Seymour, and the Eurnishing 
 Committee, were on hand to decide upon the work of the 
 builders and decorators, and to do their utmost to comply with 
 the requirement that all State buildings should be in readiness 
 for the general public by the first of May, 1893. It took a 
 great deal of faith, backed by a tremendous amount of work, 
 to believe that anything could ever be really ready at that 
 date. Everything was in a chaotic condition. An unusually 
 wet, backward spring brought constant wind and rain, fol- 
 lowed by fog and a depth of mud, which seemed to possess to 
 an alarming degree the Chicago quality of surpassing anything 
 of the kind hitherto seen. There was no food to be had within 
 the Exposition grounds; hotels and restaurants were a long 
 distance away. No fire, no light but candles permitted, no 
 carriages allowed, no intra-mural railway to take their places, 
 no rolling-chairs, with accommodating guides, who knew just 
 where one wished to go, and a short-cut to it if one was in a 
 hurry to traverse this place of magnificent distances — none 
 of these things; neither was there discontent. If any one of 
 the committee felt like quoting Touchstone when he ventured 
 to leave the known for the untried: "Ay, now am I in Arden: 
 
CONNEOTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 261 
 
 the more fool I; when I was at home, I was in a better place; 
 but travelers must be content," it was only in the secrecy of 
 his own mind. We were travelers, gathered together for a 
 specific work, and we were content. All that is left now of 
 those dreary, chaotic, hard-working, foundation-laying April 
 days in Chicago is a tender memory of the fellowship and 
 friendship which must always grow out of working together 
 for a common purpose, with no thought of personal gain. 
 
 Almost at once we were compelled to make a rule forbid- 
 ding the acceptance of any modern article for use in the Con- 
 necticut Building. It would have been impossible to dis- 
 criminate in favor of any one of the liberal offers of things 
 which by any chance could be placed in such a building. The 
 one item of pianos alone will serve as an illustration. The ac- 
 ceptance of one would have shown favoritism of a high order. 
 To have accepted all would have been to make the State Build- 
 ing an exhibit of pianos. We were grateful for every evi- 
 dence of interest, but justice to all demanded the same answer 
 to each. Wherever place could be found for them upon the 
 limited wall-space, the water-colors, so kindly presented, were 
 hung. Especially grateful were we for the magnificent paint- 
 ing of the historic Charter Oak, so generously loaned to us by 
 Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge now of 'New York, to beautify the walls 
 of the building erected by her native State. Of great interest 
 also was the portrait of Israel Putnam, courteously lent by 
 Hon. Luzon B. Morris, from the Governor's room in the 
 Capitol at Hartford. Beside the portrait was Putnam's gun, 
 used at the traditional wolf -hunt. The decision and energy 
 in the painted likeness made it easy to believe in the authen- 
 ticity of his famous letter to Governor Try on in the days of 
 the Pevolution: 
 
 " Sir : — Nathan Palmer, a lieutenant in your King's service, was taken 
 in my camp as a spy. He was tried as a spy; he was condemned as a spy; 
 and you may rest assured. Sir, he shall be hanged as a spy. 
 I have the honor to be, &c., 
 
 ISRAEL PUTNAM. 
 His Excellency, Governor Tryon. 
 
 P. S. — Afternoon. He is hanged." 
 
262 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 The Connecticut House is familiar to many people of the 
 State, either from having seen the building itself, or photo- 
 graphs of it. That the public spirit of Connecticut men was 
 great enough to move the building bodily from Chicago and 
 re-erect it in !^ew Haven for historic purposes shows the union 
 of sentiment with thriftiness that is a marked characteristic 
 of our people. 
 
 The house, in a general way, was modeled after an old 
 colonial residence. Instead of being covered with " staff,'' 
 which formed the outer covering of many buildings on the 
 gTOunds, it was a substantial wooden house, clapboarded and 
 painted yellow, with white trimmings and green blinds. A 
 wide piazza extended across the front and down each side to 
 the projecting semicircular windows of the dining-room on 
 the right and the " keeping-room '' on the left. Above the 
 front doors, on the elliptical transom, was the word " Con- 
 necticut," each letter occupying one pane. 
 
 The hall, running the whole length of the house, was 22 
 feet wide and about 20 high. A broad flight of stairs op- 
 posite the entrance led up to a landing, from which on either 
 side short flights joined the gallery. 
 
 The ground plan of the beautiful house, kindly contributed 
 by the architect, will give a still better idea of this hospitable 
 home, beneath whose portals throngs of Connecticut men, 
 women, and children went and came for six long months. 
 
 As will be seen from reference to the resolution at the head 
 of this chapter, the final decision in all matters relating to the 
 interior decoration of the House was left with the Furnishing 
 Committee. Early in the work of the Board the Kipley 
 Brothers of Hartford volunteered their services in the interest 
 of the State. Their standing as decorators made any doubt 
 of their ability impossible, and, after looking at their designs 
 and color schemes, the committee felt that it was fortunate in- 
 deed in securing such intelligent, painstaking service. They 
 brought not only careful study and artistic skill, but also that 
 most important of all things in the belated, hurried, exorbi- 
 tant conditions existing in Chicago, the executive ability to 
 
CONNECTICUT HOUSE. 
 
tnr 
 
 LIVING ROOM 
 
 'foil_E:"r'Roo.'^ 
 
 >5ECOMD '^TORY PLAN 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 263 
 
 hold tlieir workmen and to fulfill their contract with ns. 
 Their undertaking was carried out in the face of great diffi- 
 culty, and they well earned the gratitude not only of the 
 committee, but of the general public. A description of the 
 design and coloring used will be of interest to those who have 
 not had the good fortune to see the House. 'We are to be 
 congratulated in ha^dng the details to present in the words 
 of the decorators. 
 
 THE SCHEME OF DECORATION. 
 By Louis W. Ripley. 
 The controlling idea in the decoration of the building was that 
 it should represent as nearly as possible the finest class of work used 
 in the Colonial Mansion. As a matter of State pride, it was thought 
 proper to use only such material as was manufactured in Connec- 
 ticut. 
 
 The Lower Hall was paneled in wood throughout, except a 
 narrow frieze, which was of relief. The Upper Hall was wain- 
 scoted with panels of lincrusta walton, the walls above being 
 covered with squares of leather tanned by Messrs. Geo. Dudley & 
 Son of Winsted. These were separated by rows of nails made by 
 Turner & Seymour of Torrington. The ceiling of this hall, which 
 extended through the entire length of the bunding, was finished 
 in large panels frescoed in yellow and brown. There were three 
 rooms on the second floor which were open to the public. These 
 were done in fresco, two of them being reproductions of rooms 
 in historic Connecticut houses. Both of these houses are said to 
 have claimed Washington as a guest, and he is said to have occu- 
 pied the very rooms from which the decoration was copied, and which 
 have remained unchanged to this day. The first is the " northwest 
 room " of the Gov. Ellsworth homestead at Windsor. In this room 
 rows of red and black figures were frescoed on a gray ground. 
 
 The reception-room was finished with a wainscoting, frieze, 
 and ceiling in lincrusta walton, contributed by the manufacturers, 
 Fr. Beck & Co. of Stamford. This room was colored in soft 
 yellows, gold, and white. 
 
 The walls of the two parlors were hung with a heavy satin 
 damask, manufactured and contributed by Messrs. Cheney Bros, 
 of So. Manchester; one was finished in pink and green, the other in 
 green and gold. The ceilings in these, as in the two mmaining 
 rooms on the lower floor, were ornamented with modeled relief 
 of the sort introduced by the English in the eighteenth cetury. 
 The library scheme was similar to that of the reception-room ex- 
 cept for color and material. 
 
 The wainscoting had the effect of illuminated leather, while the 
 frieze and paneled ceiling was of the plastic relief. The coloring 
 
264 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 of this room was very appropriate for Connecticut,— a tobacco 
 brown. The dining-room walls were colored a plain yeUow, their 
 decoration consisting of an ornamental Shelf supporting a collection 
 of ancient china in blue and white. The ornament on the ceiling 
 was of soft shaded pinks. 
 
 The second room was a reproduction of the "front chamber" 
 of the old Wells house at Wethersfield. Here the walls were 
 covered with an immense foliage pattern in two shades of maroon. 
 The design is so large that there is only one repetition of the pattern 
 between the floor and ceiling. 
 
 The remaining room was ornamented with a simple design in 
 oak foliage on a light green ground. This was called the Charter 
 Oak room. The woodwork throughout the house was finished 
 in white enamel. The entire lower floor was laid in oak parquet. 
 
 LIST OF ARTICLES LENT FOR CONNECTICUT HOUSE 
 With names of Owners and Lenders. 
 
 Portrait of Governor Buckingham, the war governor of Con- 
 necticut during the Civil War. 
 
 Mrs. Eliza Buckingham Aiken, Norwich, Conn. 
 
 Candlestick, 100 years old. Mr. James Bascom, Bristol, Conn, 
 
 One sugar bowl with cover, one pitcher, one teapot with cover, 
 five cups, three saucers, one silver spoon, one silver pin, two silver 
 link sleeve-buttons, one pair gold earrings. 
 
 Miss Bessie B. Beach, Branford, Conn. 
 
 Old New England settle. Owners, descendants of Gov. Treat. 
 Dr. George L. Beardsley, Birmingham, Conn. 
 
 A pau' of bellows owned and used by the poet " Fitz Greene 
 Halleck " of Guilford, Conn., about seventy-five years old. 
 
 Clifford F, Bishop, Guilford, Conn. 
 
 Table, sampler (1795), old candlesticks. 
 
 Miss Lucy A. Camp, Bristol, Conn. 
 
 Cut glass tumbler, once the property of General Jedediah Hunt- 
 ington. The glass is about six inches high, handsomely cut with the 
 initials " A. J. H." standing for Anne and Jedediah Hunttugton, one 
 of a wedding gift of six from George Washington. 
 
 " General Huntington was a native of Norwich, Conn., born in 
 1743. He was colonel of one of the regiments organized in Connect- 
 icut in 1775, afterwards commanding a state battalion. He con- 
 tinued in active service during the whole war, at the close of which 
 he had the rank of brigadier-general. For a time he acted as aid- 
 de-camp to General Washington, who reposed in him unlimited con- 
 
"^^ .^'-^^ 
 
 f 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 265 
 
 fidence and continued his friendship and correspondence with him 
 to the close of his lifa .... His life was marked by integrity, 
 piety, and benevolence." 
 
 Miss Anne Huntington Chappell, New London, Conn. 
 
 Old oaken chest, brought to America in 1682 by Thomas Robin- 
 son. Miss Anna H. Chittenden, Guilford, Conn. 
 
 Portrait of General Israel Putnam. State of Connecticut. 
 
 One fan, brought from China as a wedding present to Anne Mills 
 of Fairfield. 
 
 Full length silhouette of Roswell Judson of Stratford, Conn., 
 who delivered the first Hebrew Oration at Yale, class of 1787. 
 
 Mrs. Rebecca Gold Cornell, Guilford, Conn. 
 
 One piece of needle-work. Mrs. Wilbur F. Day, New Haven. 
 
 Chair from room occupied by Washington at Chief Justice Ells- 
 worth's during his visit in 1789. 
 
 Mrs. Frederick Ellsworth, Windsor Locks, Conn. 
 
 E;are old hautbois, tall old clock. 
 
 Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia, Conn. 
 
 One pair of embroidered stick-heeled slippers of 1790, one pair 
 of sandals. Chas. B. Gilbert, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Bottle containing acorn from the Charter Oak, breastpin, carved 
 from the Charter Oak, old fan, old tile. 
 
 Mrs. Horace Goodwin, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Silk waistcoat, linen lawn stock with silver buckle, one pitcher. 
 The silk waistcoat and silver buckles were worn by Willis Eliot at 
 his marriage, 1763. He was a lineal descendant of John Eliot, the 
 Apostle to the Indians. Mrs. Charlotte Gregory, Guilford, Conn. 
 
 Chair embroidered by Eunice Williams, sister of William 
 Williams, signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Mrs. J. G. Gregory, Norwalk, Conn. 
 
 Old paper money in frame. 
 
 Mrs. J. S. Grifling, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Pewter platter brought from England in 1735, name of maker, 
 Clarke, stamped with die on the reverse. 
 
 Clarence A. Hammond, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Chair, part of Miss Wealthy Haskell's outfit at her marriage to 
 Levi Hayden, 1800. Jabez H. Hayden, Windsor Locks, Conn. 
 
 Letter from Gen. Washington to Gen. Jedediah Huntington. 
 Mrs. Alfred Hebard, Red Oak, Iowa. 
 
 Three " Fiddle-Back " chairs made in England, over 150 years 
 old, one glass bottle painted, one painted tumbler, one blue gravy 
 18 
 
266 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 dish, one large blue ewer, two blue plates, one blue bowl with 
 handles, one bowl with decoration of w^reath of leaves, two pottery 
 dogs, one bronze-colored pottery pitcher, two small colored prints in 
 black frames. Mary L. Hubbard, Guilford, Conn. 
 
 One teapot and cover (brown landscape decoration), one creamer, 
 one sugar bowl and cover, one bowl, two small blue platters, one 
 small blue cup plate, 100 years old at least. 
 
 Miss Kate E. Hunt, Guilford, Conn. 
 
 Old pewter, two chairs, silhouettes, 90 years old at least, of 
 Samuel and Phoebe (Billings) Eldredge. 
 
 Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Framed letter written by Nellie Custus, framed invitation from 
 Gen. Merean, blue Nankin plates. 
 
 Mrs. C. R. Ingersoll, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Two old pictures in black frames, two blue teapots with covers, 
 one white teapot with cover, blue and yellow decoration, one blue 
 sugar bowl with cover, one blue and white pitcher, one double jug, 
 three large blue plates, one large lavender plate, three blue plates, 
 four blue cup plates, seven cups and saucers. 
 
 Miss Justine R. Ingersoll, New Ha^en, Conn. 
 
 Two bowls with covers, one plate, four cups and saucers, one 
 glass candlestick, one embroidered collar, embroidered yoke and 
 undersleeves, 100 years old at least. 
 
 Mrs. Eleanor Harrison Isbell, Branford, Conn. 
 
 Ring. Edith Jones, Westport, Conn. 
 
 Brass and copper warming-pan, 1779, old Windsor chair, made 
 and owned by the first Pastor of Cumminton, 1762, antique dining- 
 table, 1778 to 1800. Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville, Conn. 
 
 One quilt, one crib spread. 
 
 Mrs. Jane Leavenworth, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Old carved high poster. Originally owned by Mrs. Elizabeth 
 Lezure. Dr. C. P. Lindsley, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Two ivorytj'pes in cases, one chair cover. 
 
 Mrs. W. W. Low, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 One Windsor chair, one pair shovel and tongs, one stomacher, 
 two lace fichus, two chairs, seventeen pieces knotted fringe, colonial; 
 once belonging to the T'ottens, an old Tory family. 
 
 Mrs. McMaster, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Andirons. Original owner, Anna Warner Bailey, better known 
 as " Mother Bailey." 
 
 Mrs. Adriana Smith Marsh, New London, Conn. 
 
^^^^ifc«^ 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 267 
 
 Anna Warren Bailey was famous in Revolutionary history for 
 her patriotic spirit and for brave and heroic acts during the Revolu- 
 tion and during the war of 1812. 
 
 Scales and weights for medicines, used about 150 years ago by 
 Dr. Gideon Welles, who practiced in Canterbui-y and Plainfield, 
 and owned by daughter of Gen. Seth Pomeroy, who served in the 
 
 Pewter platter, embroidered linen bedspread, 140 years old. 
 
 Mrs. Frederick Miles, Twin Lakes, Conn. 
 
 Rare old Chippendale furniture (brought from England 1771, 
 and owned by daughter of Gen. Seth Pomeroy, who served in the 
 French and Indian wars and at Bunker Hill), including bookcase, 
 sideboard, inlaid table, six chairs, and four-post bed, plate 
 warmer, one sampler framed, three mirrors, green pitcher, lilac 
 Wedgewood pitcher, Lowestoft gravy bowl, blue serving platter, 
 silver bread tray, hot water plate, three Lowestoft plates, Lowestoft 
 meat platter and strainer, two cut-glass decanters, brass knocker, 
 copper urn, pitcher. 
 
 Mrs. Charles Clayton Monson, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Quaint old clock made by Ephraim Downs, candle-stand, more 
 than 100 years old. Formerly owned by Phoebe Wilcox. 
 
 Mrs. D. Adelaide Morgan, Bristol, Conn. 
 
 Windsor chair, 1795, made at first chair factory established in 
 America. Adrian James Muzzy, Bristol, Conn. 
 
 " Bridal chest," between 250 and 300 years old. 
 
 Mrs. Martha Brewster Newell, Bristol, Conn. 
 (Direct descendant of Elder William Brewster, who came over 
 in the Mayflower.) 
 
 Antique glass vase. Mrs. Eliza P. Noyes, Stonington, Conn. 
 
 Small tip-table of Revolutionary date, from original owner, a 
 soldier in the Revolutionary army, owned and loaned by descend- 
 ant. Astral lamp. 
 
 Miss Harriet Smith Olmstead, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 One cup and saucer, one plate, one green veil, one lace fichu, 
 two lace collars, one embroidered collar, one lace neckerchief, one 
 lace shoulder cape. Colonial times. 
 
 Mrs. James B. Palmer, Branford, Conn. 
 
 Old mirror. Mrs. Ellen Lewis Peck, Bristol, Conn. 
 
 Study chair of Rev. Samuel Newell, the famous " Parson 
 Newell," 1747. Epaphroditus Peck, Bristol, Conn. 
 
 (There is a cut of Parson Newell's chair with many other articles 
 in the Memorial History of Hartford County, vol. 2, in the article 
 " Bristol.") 
 
268 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Old curtains, with Lrord Nelson's victory, the Battle of the Nile, 
 mahogany dressing-table, 100 years old, old mirror, china vases, etc. 
 Miss Harriet E. Peck, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Concerning the curtains, a lady over eighty years of age writes 
 as follows: "The curtains 'Lord Nelson's victory, or the Battle 
 of the Nile,' have been in our family more than a hundred years, 
 purchased by one of my relatives in London soon after the victory. 
 My ancestors were sons and daughters of the Revolution. My 
 mother had a brother killed early in the war. He was a member of 
 Yale College. The College-president, professors, and all the students 
 had to enter the army. My mother also had an uncle killed in the 
 street. He had his tongue cut out because he would not speak — 
 he was deaf and dumb! " H. E. P. 
 
 Portrait of Sampson Occum, 200 years old. The first Indian 
 clergyman in Connecticut. Old book by Nancy Maria Hyde and 
 Lydia Huntley Sigourney. 
 
 Katherine King Pettit, Norwich, Conn. 
 
 Chair belonging to daughter of Jacob Sargeant of Hartford, a 
 Revolutionary soldier. Supposed to have belonged to the outfit of 
 Miss Nancy Sargeant about 1810. 
 
 Miss Olivia Pierson, Windsor Locks, Conn. 
 
 Astral lamp for whale oil, old mahogany chair, 145 years old, 
 weight 16 pounds, original owner, Enos Ailing. 
 
 Miss Harriet A. B. Punderson, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 " The mahogany chair was one of six owned by my mother. It 
 descended to her from her grandmother's brother, Enos Ailing, who 
 was born April 19, 1719. He was a graduate of Yale College, a 
 member of the legislature, and for many years clerk and warden 
 of Trinity Church, which he was so active in establishing and sus- 
 taining as to receive the sobriquet of ' Bishop Ailing.' He was a 
 merchant and a man of wealth. The following incident connected 
 with Uncle Ailing was related by my mother. Uncle was sitting in 
 his library one day during the invasion of New Haven by the 
 British army in the war of the Revolution, dressed in the fashion of 
 * ye olden time,' with short breeches and silver knee-buckles, when 
 a British soldier came in and demanded his knee-buckles, which 
 Uncle Ailing refused to give to him. The man exclaimed: * I will 
 kill you if you don't give them to me.' Just at that moment one of 
 his slave women (thiis was in the time when slaveiy was tolerated 
 in Connecticut) coming in heard the threat and going to the door 
 she saw a British officer passing. She said to him, * One of jour 
 men is going to kill my master, and he is a good man.' The officer 
 entered the house and the man went out very fast. Uncle Ailing 
 in relating the circumstances afterwards, said, * I should have died 
 as the fool dieth but I would not give him my knee-buckles.' " 
 
 H. A. B. P. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 269 
 
 An " Old Deed of the 28th lot of the Township of Canaan, County 
 of Litchfield and Colony of Connecticut, in New England," Con- 
 veyed by Charles Burrall to Samuel Robbins, both of Canaan. 
 
 This deed is dated " The 5th day of June, in the Fifteenth year 
 of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lord George ye 2nd. by ye Grace of 
 God, of Great Britain, &c. Annoque Domini 1742." 
 
 This land is still in the possession of the Robbins family. 
 
 Mr. Milton H. Robbins, Lakeville, Conn. 
 
 A " Bil of Sail," from Caleb and Samuel Turner, of Hartford, to 
 Samuel Robbins of Canaan, of " one negro man named Bello, aged 
 18 or 19 years," for the " sum of Sixty-five pounds lawful money," 
 dated " 8th. Day Dec. Anno Domini, 1769." 
 
 Mr. Milton H. Robbins, Lakeville, Conn. 
 
 " Canaan Meeting House Lottery Ticket," issued " Agreeable to 
 an act of the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut passed 
 in May, 1804." The church built from the proceeds is still in use as 
 a house of worship. Mr. Milton H. Robbins, Lakeville, Conn. 
 
 Fan and old sampler, 150 years old. 
 
 Mrs. Geraldine Whittemore Russell, New Haven, Conn. 
 The sampler is yellow with age. It has worked on one end: 
 
 " Hannah Reed is my name 
 
 New England is my nation 
 
 Boston is my dwelling place 
 
 And Christ is my salvation 
 
 When I am dead 
 
 And all my bones are rotten, this you see. 
 
 Remember me, and never let me be forgotten. 
 
 In the fifteenth year of my age June the 25th, 1735." 
 
 G. W. R. 
 
 Old mirror. Miss Laura Sargent, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Commission signed by the last Colonial Governor of Connecticut, 
 reading as follows: 
 
 "Jonathan Trumbull Captain General and Commander in Chief 
 of His Magesty's Colony of Connecticut in New England, To John 
 Sedgwick, Gent, greeting. 
 
 You are hereby appointed Lieutenant of the North Company or 
 Trainband of the Town of Cornwall in the 14th. Regiment in this 
 Colony. 
 
 Given under my hand and the seal of this Colony, in New Haven, 
 the 30th. day of October, in the 14th. year of the reign of our Sover- 
 eign Lord George the Third, King of Great Britain, A.D. 1773." 
 
 Mr. Cyrus Swan Sedgwick, New York. 
 
 Three-edged sword, carried through War of 1776. 
 
 This sword was originally owned by Major John Sedgwick of 
 
270 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Cornwall Hollow, Conn., who fought in the Revolutionai-y War. 
 By will he directed his " Small sword of the Revolution " to be given 
 to the first of his grandsons who should obtain a commission in the 
 militia. By virtue of this bequest it became the property of Gen. 
 Chas. F. Sedgwick of Sharon, Corm. In August, 1824, Jw gave the 
 sword to his son, its present owner, Cyrus Swan Sedgwick. 
 
 Cyrus Swan Sedgwick, Sharon, Conn. 
 
 Old Queen Anne gun, date 1721. Original owner John Sharpe, 
 Pomfret, Conn. Carried in the celebrated " wolf hunt " 1743, and 
 was borrowed by Gen. Israel Putnam to kiU the wolf. Carried 
 through War of Revolution by Robert Sharpe. 
 
 Robert Davis Sharpe, Brooklyn, New York. 
 
 Old satin slippers, Windsor rocking chair, 1745. Original owner, 
 granddaughter of Col. Seth Pomeroy. 
 
 Mrs. Kate M. Sizer, Fair Haven, Conn. 
 
 " The slippers were part of the wedding outfit of Miss Sally 
 Pomeroy who was married in 1770 to Abraham Burbank, Esq., of 
 West Springfield. She was the daughter of Colonel Seth Pomeroy 
 an oflicer at the siege of Louisburg, 1745, and at Lake George, 1755, 
 and also in the Battle of Bunker Hill." 
 
 Chair. Original owner, Dept. Gov. Darius Sessions, Grandson 
 of Natlianiel Sessions, Colonial Secretary under Lord Paul Dudley. 
 Darius Sessions Skinner, Putnam, Conn. 
 
 " The antique chair was purchased in London, England, about 
 1735 by Darius Sessions, a native of Pomfret, Conn., and a graduate 
 of Yale College, then deputy governor of Rhode Island and Provi- 
 dence plantations. Intending marriage on his return home from 
 one of his earlier voyages he purchased this chair with five others 
 and a rocker for his fitting out." 
 
 Two pieces bedquilt fringe, about ten yards. 
 
 Mrs. W. Skinner, Guilford, Conn. 
 
 Crimson satin damask pulpit hangings, First Congregational or 
 " Road Meeting House," Stonington, 1674. Silver spoons and china 
 from Revolutionary homes. Owned by Col. Joseph Smith, War 
 of 1776. Miss Emma T. Smith, Old Mystic, Conn. 
 
 Sampler and gilt frame. 
 
 Mrs. Heniy R. Spencer, Guilford, Conn. 
 
 Spinet, 1700. M. Steinert, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Gun carried in the Revolutionary War by Patriot John Plant. 
 Mrs. Henry F. Swift, Branford, Conn. 
 
 Blue bowl and ewer, one chair cover in three pieces. 
 
 Miss L. P. Trowbridge, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Old china and Irish point lace. 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth M. Welch, New Haven, Conn. 
 
No.._ .._.... Hartford, Conn., 1893. 
 
 Received of_ of_ 
 
 Loaned to thp House- Furnisliing Committee of the Connecticut Board of 
 Lady Managers for the emhellisliment of the Connecticut Building at 
 the World's Columbian Exposition. Articles thus loaned 'will receive 
 considerate care until the close of the Exposition, ivhen tliey will he re- 
 turned to their owners luithout expense, and it is hoped luifhout deprecia- 
 tion in condition or value. 
 
 On behalf of the Board of Lady Managers, 
 
 of Ho'use-Lurnishing Committee. 
 
 BUILDING COMMITTEE. 
 
 Hon. D. M. Read, Bridgeport, C. M. Jarvis, East Berlin. 
 
 Geo. H. Day, Kurtford. 
 
 HOISE-FUKNISHING COMMITTEE. 
 
 Mrs. Geo. H. Knight, Lakeville {ex officio). 
 
 Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. 
 Miss Lucy P. TROWiiiiiDGE, New Haven. 
 
 Mrs. Frankijn Parrel, Ansonia. 
 
 Ship loans to J. H. Vaill, Executive Manager, Capitol, Hartford, Conn. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 271 
 
 Two plates. Mrs. William C. Welch, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Old sampler, 100 years, " Designed and cherished to the memory 
 of deceased children." Mrs. E. H. Wells, Middletown, Conn. 
 
 Sugar bowl and teapot, 17th century. Originally owned by a 
 Huguenot family of Sigourneys. 
 
 Mr. Geo. Whittlesey, New London, Conn. 
 
 One washbowl, one pitcher, one mug, soap-dish and cover. 
 Young Woman's Christian Association, New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Extract from Bulletin from J, H. Vaill, Executive Commissioner 
 for Connecticut: A powder horn, which in 1776 was the property 
 of Capt. Gad Stanley (afterward major and lieutenant-colonel), of 
 New Britain, is one of the interesting objects on exhibition at the 
 Connecticut State Building. It was finely engraved, the principal 
 features being the British coat of arms, cannon, flags, etc. It was 
 recently espied here by a powder horn antiquary, who has made 
 drawings of it, which are to be sent to the Smithsonian Institute. 
 The fellow who, 117 years ago, took such infinite pains to scratch the 
 lion and the unicorn on it with a needle point little dreamed of the 
 way it would be handed down through the tribe of Stanley, to be 
 offered in 1893 as a World's Fair curio by Thomas Stanley Goss, a 
 great-great-grandson of the original owner. 
 
 Chaos reigned in the Exposition grounds at the close, 
 but thanks to the untiring energy and executive ability of 
 Dr. P. H. Ingalls, who gave his willing service to the State, 
 everything moved with machine-like order and precision in 
 the Connecticut Building, and packers, boxes, hammers, and 
 even the nails from home were gathered together and returned 
 with the same exactness. With such care it is not remarkable 
 that but one article was lost or misplaced, a small reel for sew- 
 ing-silk. It was gTatifying to receive letters of thanks, say- 
 ing that the articles had come back in many cases improved in 
 appearance. In no instance was any injury reported. 
 
CHAPTEE XYII. 
 
 THE con:necticut EOOM. 
 
 When tlie Woman's Board of Connecticut decided tliat 
 their State should become one of the three to decorate and 
 furnish an entire room in the Woman's Building at the 
 World's Fair — the others being 'New York and Ohio — the 
 value of taking advantage of the most unusual feature of the 
 Columbian Exposition was recognized. Eor the first time in 
 the history of expositions a definite sum was set apart by the 
 government for the express purpose of fostering the interests 
 of women everywhere, abroad as well as at home. The Direc- 
 tory made it possible to have a beautiful building; the Com- 
 mission gave the right to the sole control of all the exhibits 
 in the interests of women. 
 
 The [N'ational Board was quick to seize this opportunity, 
 and, relinquishing the chance to have a building planned by 
 Mr. Richard Hunt, President of the Society of American 
 Architects, they accepted the design of Miss Sophia Gr. Hay- 
 den, a Massachusetts young woman of twenty-one. Full con- 
 fidence was thus shown at the outset by the women of the 
 Board in the ability of their own sex to conquer in this hitherto 
 untried field. The modeling for the caryatids which sup- 
 ported the cornice of the roof was also done by a girl of 
 twenty-two. In placing the decorating of the Connecticut 
 room in the hands of a young girl from our own State, there- 
 fore, we were but following closely in the steps of the elder 
 Commission. 
 
 The mere fact of the existence of a Woman's Building, 
 
 as a prominent feature of the Exposition, gave at once a great 
 
 feeling of security, not alone in America, where women have 
 
 long been successful in many of the professions, but in foreign 
 
 countries as well, where the freedom granted American 
 
 women is always a subject of questioning interest. 
 
 (272) 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 27^ 
 
 We were given an opportunity to contribute marbles, 
 carving, furniture, onyx slabs for tables, flags, vases, and otber 
 things of beauty for tbe Woman's Building, and we did con- 
 tribute six beautifully-carved panels for tbe decoration of tbe 
 library, but we decided very early tliat we could do but a few 
 things with the time and money at our disposal, and, in doing 
 these, we were anxious to have the influence of our efforts out- 
 last the midsummer day's length of the Fair. Happily for us, 
 our choice of Miss Sheldon and her work gave us the increase 
 long before we realized that the season of planting was over. 
 We are at a loss how to express adequately our obligation to 
 Miss Sheldon for the results obtained in the charming Con- 
 necticut Room. It is not half enough to say that they were 
 successful far beyond our highest expectations, winning com- 
 mendation on every side and also the deserved honor of a 
 medal from the Judges of the Exposition. 
 
 Upon its completion the President of the Woman's Board 
 had the privilege of presenting the room in the name of the 
 women of Connecticut, at the opening of the Woman's Build- 
 ing, May 3, 1893, in the following words: 
 
 " Madame President : In presenting to you this room, 
 decorated by Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon of Connecticut, under 
 the auspices of the Women's Board of Managers of that State, 
 pray believe that I also present the warm interest and appre- 
 ciation of not only the women of Connecticut, but also of the 
 men of the State, who have given unfailing sympathy and en- 
 couragement in all our work as women for women. 
 
 " Our gift is necessarily small, limited by the unavoidable 
 restrictions of your acceptance, but our interest is large aryd 
 our pride in and appreciation of all that this Woman's Build- 
 ing represents to women the world over cannot be measured." 
 
 The following letter of thanks from the National Board 
 
 was received: 
 
 Office of the Secretary, 
 
 Chicago, June, 1893. 
 The Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commis- 
 sion desire to express to the Committee of the State Board of Con- 
 necticut their thanks for the artistic decorations and the beautiful 
 
274 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 appointments of the " Connecticut Room." They feel that so simple 
 a statement is quite inadequate to express their appreciation of the 
 labor and thought which has been expended to produce these results, 
 but while simple it is genuine. 
 
 With sentiments of the highest consideration, we are. 
 Youi-s very truly, 
 
 SARAH S. C. ANGELL, 
 CLARA E. THATCHER. 
 MRS. K. S. G. PAUL. 
 
 Perhaps the most gratifying feature in connection with 
 this special work lies in the fact that e^'en the harmony of the 
 beantifnl coloring was not more perfect than the harmony of 
 our relations with Miss Sheldon from first to last. In honor- 
 ing her we honored ourselves, and we shall always remember 
 the Connecticut Eoom as one of the most beautiful and satis- 
 factory parts of our State work at the Exposition. 
 
 In answer to our request Miss Sheldon has given an outline 
 of her work, and, incidentally, thrown a strong light upon 
 much that a casual visitor might not have observed. The 
 history of the patient effort that went to make even the 
 "Woman's Building successful must always remain an unwrit- 
 ten story. The world of sight-seers cares only for results, 
 but who can say what this training school of preliminary work 
 mav have done for women the wide world round? 
 
 THE DECORATION OF THE CONNECTICUT ROOM. 
 
 The " Connecticut Room " in the Woman's Building was so called 
 because it was through the interest and libei-ality of the ladies of 
 the Connecticut Board that the room was decorated. 
 
 Of the five available rooms on the second floor I chose one near 
 the northwest staircase in which to show my work by the aid of 
 Connecticut public spirit. 
 
 The room was thirty-eight feet long, nineteen feet wide, and 
 eighteen feet high, and had two large windows at its west end, 
 opposite the door. Otherwise the waUs were without a break or 
 feature of any kind. 
 
 The unpretending simpUcity of the architecture of the building, 
 as well as its temporaiy character, clearly required simple interior 
 treatment. 
 
 It had been decided, after protracted correspondence between 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 075 
 
 the National and State Boards, that on account of the limited space 
 the Connecticut room could not be reserved for the work of the 
 women of that State exclusively, hut must be used for general exhi- 
 bition purposes, at the discretion of the National Board and the 
 superintendent of the building, and that, therefore, all decoration 
 must be kept at least ten feet above the floor to accommodate show- 
 cases of that height underneath. 
 
 The color scheme must be light, not only to accord with the 
 :general surrounding whiteness, but because no one then knew what 
 would be exhibited in the room, or what color would thereby be 
 introduced. 
 
 For the same reason no historic style of ornament could be used 
 consistently. 
 
 With these limitations in view I laid out the plans for the Con- 
 necticut decorations. I first drew an elevation of the room to scale, 
 decided upon the proportion of the cornice, frieze, and filling, and 
 then designed the ornamentation. 
 
 The motif that I used throughout was interlacing garlands of 
 conventionalized flower forms suspended from ornamental lattices. 
 This idea was brought out most distinctly in the frieze; it was re- 
 flected in the ceiling, suggested in the cornice, and echoed again in 
 the mosaic border of the hard-wood floor. 
 
 In order to lessen the apparent length and narrowness of the 
 room I divided the ceiling into three transverse panels, putting a 
 circle twelve feet in diameter in the center and an oval somewhat 
 smaller at each end. These panels were wrought out in plaster- 
 work in low relief, and were made, of course, from my own designs. 
 Their outside bounding lines were not hard and fast, but fringed 
 out and sank away into the ceiling in alternating swags and gar- 
 lands of flowers freely conventionalized. This gave variety and 
 softness to the outlines, interimpted the long perspective of the 
 ceiling, and escaped much of the distortion so often produced when 
 a more geometrical scheme is adopted. 
 
 The cornice was also of plaster relief, especially modeled to 
 correspond with the ceiling and frieze. It was eighteen inches 
 deep and consisted of three sets of members, viz.: the cove, which 
 was the largest member and carried the principal ornament; a 
 series of members above, one of which was the classical laurel- 
 rope — and another series below the cove showing the egg and dart 
 moulding and the simple pearls. 
 
 The frieze was in flat colors stenciled on painted canvas and 
 touched up afterward free-hand. It was five feet wide, and was 
 made to fit the room without joints, except at the comers. There 
 were consequently two strips thiity-eight feet long, and one strip 
 nineteen feet long, besides the three pieces to fill the spaces about 
 the windows. 
 
 I planned to use the apricot as my scheme of colors because it 
 
276 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 was sunshiny in effect and would blend sympathetically with a 
 great variety of tones. I tinted the walls in my sketch the light 
 pinkish yellow of the apricot. The background of the frieze was a 
 lighter shade of the same color with the designs worked out in the 
 delicate greens of the half-ripe fruit — the dull pinks and reds of its 
 sun-burned cheeks and the various greens and browns of stem and 
 branch. The cornice was in faint yellow and whitish green and the 
 ceiling was cream-colored with the relief ornament of both picked 
 out with gold. 
 
 The floor was of brownish oak, which gave a note of deeper tone 
 and consequently a feeling of support for the color and ornament of 
 the room, but the border was inlaid with white maple to repeat a bit 
 of the lightness of the effect above. 
 
 After these plans had been approved I was obliged to design 
 and construct arrangements for accommodating and handling such 
 large and heavy work in my studio in New Haven, where the full- 
 sized drawings and working plans were made, and where the 
 frieze was painted. 
 
 I had a huge movable table made to draw and paint on, and 
 seven horses each eight feet high and with segment heads, over 
 which the canvas could be slipped and hung to dry and harden, 
 besides numerous devices for lifting and shifting the canvas after 
 the paint had been applied. Each strip passed over the table four 
 times — twice for the background color and twice for the stenciled 
 pattern. 
 
 It took three hundred pounds of white lead to paint the frieze, 
 all of which I mixed, strained, colored, and spread myself, because 
 I felt the necessity of its being, so far as possible, the work of a 
 woman's hands, as well as of a woman's head. 
 
 For the same reason I cut my own stencils, of which there 
 were seven, besides the one for the Connecticut coat of arms, which 
 occupied the place of . honor between the windows. My greatest 
 difficulty while I was enlarging and experimenting with my design 
 lay in getting sufficient perspective to enable me to judge of the 
 carrying power of the forms and colors when they should hang at 
 least twelve feet above the eye of the spectator. No place in the 
 house was big enough or high enough to accommodate these giant 
 samples at their proper height. At last I nailed them to the rafters 
 in the attic, and clumsy with fur wraps and mittens I proceeded 
 with my experiments and corrections from the top of a ladder, but 
 in this way I managed to avoid many mistakes, both in design 
 and color. 
 
 Although the ornament of the frieze appeared comparatively 
 simple, each running foot represented an hour of work, not includ- 
 ing the time taken in designing and cutting the stencil, preparing 
 the paints, shifting the canvas, or painting the background. 
 
 After it was finished the paint was still so fresh as to make it 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 277 
 
 •an exceedingly awkward thing to pack for shipment to Chicago. I 
 covered the face of the canvas with oiled paper, and rolled the frieze 
 tightly around cedar posts five feet long with a staple in each end, 
 through which I wired every turn securely in place to prevent any 
 possibility of rubbing or smearing. 
 
 Mrs. J. Josef, manager of the Wood Mosaic Company of New 
 York, very generously gave the beautiful polished oak floor for the 
 Toom. It was laid in diagonal eight-inch squares, and had a mosaic 
 iDorder of white maple in a lattice pattern. 
 
 Mrs. Maud P. Gibbs of Brooklyn, designed, cut, and made a 
 «tained-glass window for the room, consisting almost exclusively 
 of " chip jewels," the most brilliant and diflEicult kind of glass to use. 
 
 I am glad to say that she received a well-merited medal for her 
 excellent and conscientious work, as well as constant admiration 
 and enthusiasm from the visitors at the Fair. 
 
 On the 15th of March I started for Chicago, hoping to complete 
 the placing of these simple decorations in about three weeks, which 
 seemed an ample allowance of time. 
 
 When I arrived in Chicago, however, I found the roads around 
 the Fair grounds almost impassable for mud, the buildings so damp 
 and cold as to benumb the most enthusiastic worker, and the rain 
 pouring down in almost continuous torrents. For five weeks I 
 lived in rubber boots, furs, and mackintosh — cold, wet, and hungry 
 from morning until night, for there were but few stoves on the 
 grounds and only one restaurant. 
 
 The freight depots were glutted beyond imagination — endless 
 red-tape was necessarily required — committees were overworked, 
 and often several journeys were made through mud ten inches deep 
 in order to get one permit. 
 
 It will be best to say but little in regard to the strike of the work- 
 men, for the question has two sides with some right on each. They 
 ■certainly, however, added largely to the delays and to the difficul- 
 ties of a situation that was trying at best. 
 
 A very few days before the opening of the Fair it was decided 
 that the Connecticut Room was to be used as a parlor for the For- 
 eign Commissioners, and we were asked if we would furnish the 
 room as we had offered to do at first. It was too late then to re- 
 construct my plans, and bring the decorations down further on the 
 walls: through rise in wages I had already exceeded the sum at 
 first set aside for my work. I was a thousand miles away from 
 the Connecticut committee, and almost a total stranger to them all. 
 
 It was an anxious time — but the ladies of the Connecticut Board 
 responded promptly and co-operated with me in the most generous 
 and reassuring way. 
 
 Before the first decision had been rendered, declining the offer of 
 furniture for the Connecticut Room, the ladies of New Haven had 
 .signified their kind interest in my work by donating money for a 
 
278 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 mantel. Tliis generous gift, wbicli had been held to await further 
 developments, was now immediately and gladly accepted. I was, 
 unfortunately, too hurried by that time, however, and too far away 
 to give the construction of the mantel the personal supervision that 
 it required. The manufacturers did not make it according to 
 agreement, and, although it was imposing in appearance, it proved 
 to my great regret to be a less successful evidence of the liberality 
 of New Haven's women than we all had a right to expect from the 
 amount donated and the interest shown. 
 
 I am sure I appreciated the encouraging spirit of helpfulness 
 that they manifested, and wish to thank each donor personallj- and 
 sincerely for it. 
 
 The Cheney Brothers of South Manchester, with characteristic 
 liberality, gave satin damask to cover the delicate mahogany furni- 
 ture that was selected to make the room usable. They also fur- 
 nished velour and silk brocade for pillows and draperies. 
 
 Marshall Field loaned a fine antique Iram rug to cover the divan. 
 
 The most impoilant and interesting part of the mural decora- 
 tion consisted of a group of ceramic pictures painted under the 
 glaze by Mrs. Ellen A. Richardson of Boston, and which she loaned 
 at my request. 
 
 The room was also honored by the work of Mrs. Katherine T. 
 Prescott of Boston. Mrs. Prescott exhibited there her charming in- 
 taglio " Blessed are the pure in heart," and various medallions and 
 small bits in bronze and plastic relief. 
 
 In reference to the many other busts, bas-reliefs, pictures, etc., 
 to which the Connecticut Room gave a welcome upon request from 
 the Superintendent and Board of Lady Managers, I regret to say 
 that I can give no report, as I regarded my duty done when they 
 were properly hung. 
 
 There was a second stained-glass window made for the room, 
 but after long delays in the express office, it was found to have been 
 hopelessly broken in transit. As it was then the middle of July, 
 it was thought to be too late to have another one made to take its 
 place. 
 
 Only those who had experience at the Fair can know how 
 much work and time and strength it took to install these few and 
 simple exhibits. They will understand the difficulties. To the 
 others I can only say, I tried to do my best, and if I succeeded at 
 all it was largely due to the confidence of those who were behind me. 
 
 I wish to give especial and grateful thanks to Mrs. Kate Brannon 
 Knight of Lakeville, Connecticut, President of the Connecticut 
 Board of Lady Managers, whose untiring interest and advocacy 
 made my work possible and delightful ; to Mrs. Maiy H. B. Ingalls, 
 for her kind and practical suggestions and help, and to Miss Lucy 
 P. Trowbridge, for her encouragement and many courtesies, and 
 also not less to the men of the Connecticut Board, for their con- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 279 
 
 siderate liberality and good- will; to Mrs. Bertha Honore Palmer 
 for her help at various critical moments; to the superintendent of 
 the Woman's Building, Mrs. Amey M. Starkweather, for her uniform 
 kindness, and to all the many persons connected with the Expo- 
 sition who helped to make my work at the World's Fair an inspiring 
 experience. 
 
 ELIZABETH B. SHELDON. 
 
 At the final meeting of the Connecticut Board of Lady 
 Managers of the World's Fair Commission, held at Hartford, 
 Connecticnt, on Monday, December eighteenth, eighteen hun- 
 dred and ninety-three, the following resolution was nnani- 
 monsly passed: 
 
 Recognizing the artistic and appropriate decorations and ar- 
 rangejnents of the Connecticut Room, in the Woman's Building, at 
 the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, this Board desires to express 
 to Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, of New Haven, Connecticut, their 
 appreciation of her ability in decorating and executing this speci- 
 men of Woman's Work, from the State of Connecticut, and extend 
 to her their cordial thanks for her efforts, and congratulations upon 
 the marked success that attended the same. 
 
 LILLIAN C. FARREL, 
 
 Y ice-President Woman's Board. 
 
CHAPTER XYIII. 
 
 LITERATUEE. 
 
 Our exhibit of literature was the largest, as well as the 
 most "unique, thing we had to offer on. behalf of the State. 
 The central point of interest was, of course, Mrs. Harriet 
 Beecher Stowe's contribution of forty-two translations of 
 ■" Uncle Tom's Cabin." In addition to that one hundred and 
 fifty women, natives of Connecticut, were represented as 
 writers in a collection of more than two hundred books ex- 
 hibited in the library of the Woman's Building. But it was 
 discovered that a collection of bound volumes alone gave no 
 representation whatever to a great number of Connecticut 
 women who had won recognition as successful writers of short 
 stories. It was impossible to overlook the value of many of 
 "these contributions to literature ; equally impossible to present 
 as complete any exhibit of the literary work of the women of 
 our State which did not include them. The committee, there- 
 fore, adopted a method of presenting in a permanent form 
 ^selections from as many authors as possible, omitting, with but 
 few exceptions, the work of those who had hitherto published a 
 volume of either prose or verse. The effort simply was to make 
 a thoroughly readable book, one good of its kind, and, there- 
 fore, valuable; and as it stands, it is '' itself its best excuse." 
 This was printed in a handsome volume bearing the title, 
 " Selections from the Writings of Connecticut Women." The 
 selections indicate only in a general way the preferences of the 
 committee, the authors themselves, in many instances, choos- 
 ing that which they considered their best story or poem. 
 About fifty writers were represented in this collection. Their 
 names, some in facsimile, are given in the list at the end of 
 "this chapter. 
 
 The edition was limited, and, in deciding upon a final dis- 
 
 (280) 
 
fix. Ot^^rir Pl\t)fS 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 281 
 
 tribution of the copies remaining after selling a certain num- 
 ber toward meeting tbe cost of publication, we felt that we 
 could not make a more fortunate disposition of tbe book than 
 to secure for it a place upon tlie shelves of each important 
 library in our country. They were, therefore, sent to every 
 State library and to selected colleges and universities in the 
 name of the Board. 
 
 At the close of the Fair, at the final meeting of the Board, 
 a report was made by Mrs. Gregory, of the Committee on 
 Literature, extracts from which will be of interest to the reader. 
 
 " The compiling of the State volume, which contains the fugi- 
 tive writings of Connecticut women, as scattered through the various 
 magazines and publications of the country, fell chiefly to my share. 
 Miss Chappell, who was interested in collecting the looks written 
 by Connecticut women, gave always her warm assistance, and Miss 
 Brainard stood ready to perform any service, and responded at once 
 to every call. 
 
 " The Board meeting, at which it was decided that our women 
 should be represented by their writings at the World's Fair, was 
 held only a little over two months before the opening of the Fair; 
 consequently our time was exceedingly limited, and we were obliged 
 to work at high-pressure. If we were disappointing in any way, 
 I feel sure the Board will kindly remember this plea in our defense, 
 and will deal gently with our short-comings. 
 
 " The plan occurred to us of writing to all the best 
 magazines and journals in the country, and asking the editors for 
 the names and addresses of the Connecticut women who had con- 
 tributed articles for them. It was a doubtful experiment, but nearly 
 every one of the letters was answered,— about sixty, I think,— in 
 some way,, promptly. 
 
 " Then too, the members of our Board were delightfully helpful 
 and sympathetic, sending us suggestions and encouraging words, 
 and what we needed most of all,— good solid information concern- 
 ing the literary work. After the first trembling plunge, so to speak, 
 our book made itself. 
 
 Of the women writers of Connecticut Mrs. Gregory says: " They 
 are cordial, warm hearted, and courteous, and I shall think of them 
 always, collectively and singly, with admiration and affection. 
 
 " In looking through my desk-drawer," she continues, '* dedicated 
 to state patriotism, and containing some three or four hundred 
 letters, I find some effusions which are amusing. 
 
 "We put in all the State papers, notices that the Connecticut 
 women were to be represented by their books and writings at the 
 Fair and a few aspiring poetesses warmed to the information. 
 19 
 
282 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 " One woman sent us some fifty or a hundred verses upon tem- 
 perance, infant baptism, and true religion, a fireman's duty, etc., etc. 
 She said that she had read in the newspaper that poems from the 
 pens of gifted women of Connecticut were to be published at the ex- 
 pense of the state, for the World's Fair; therefore she sent us these 
 few verses, which had called forth the greatest admiration, and she 
 would like them printed at once in pamphlet form, entitled, ' Flowers 
 of thought,' and as many copies forwarded to her address as we 
 could conveniently spare. 
 
 " Another woman, of whose name we had never heard, wrote 
 to ask us this alarming question: Which of all the books she had 
 written did we prefer? For private reasons we hastened to assure 
 her that we should not think of placing our judgment beside her 
 own, but would not she select for us; which she promptly did 
 by sending them all. 
 
 " We were not sure whether one woman had written a magazine 
 article or whether she had written a book, but we thought she had 
 written something, so we worded our letter veiT cautiously. We 
 received a dignified and impressive reply. She was greatly compli- 
 mented, we were doing splendid work, we deserved a great deal of 
 credit, .and all that. Concerning her writings; she had already 
 given a number of volumes to a neighboring state; she could not 
 give more, but all the rest, — something over a hundred — she felt 
 certain we could have for the collection, provided we would purchase 
 them. What a narrow escape, and to think that we should have 
 fancied her the writer of one humble article! 
 
 " A charming woman, whose works we have, stated that she had 
 written a profound and exhaustive treatise on psychical subjects, 
 more adapted to a collection of works written by 7nen of deep 
 thought, than to a woman's library. 
 
 " We wrote to a woman for a history which she had written, and 
 we had this reply from her husband: His wife had been dead for 
 a number of years, but he had a copy of her book in the house, 
 which he would sell to us for two dollars and a half ,— postage 16 
 cents. We roused also a second wife, the first wife having written 
 the book: She did not think it wise to send the volume, she feared 
 it might awaken painful associations; thanked us for having writ- 
 ten, but would we please not pursue the subject. 
 
 " Much Avhich was fascinating and interesting in the work, as 
 well as a fear lest we might not do credit to the Board and State, 
 kept us from flagging. Bargains with printers, of which many of 
 the severe things said are by far too mild; gaining permission from 
 editors to reprint articles; reading of proofs; and replying to 
 questions from writers,— a more important detail than you can well 
 imagine, as we must at any cost keep them good uatui*ed. — made 
 the month of March rather a frantic four weeks. 
 
 " We came out of it with our State colors flying, however, and 
 
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CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 283 
 
 in the best of spirits; for tlie volume, wliich liad become a sort of 
 child to us, was an actual reality." 
 
 " The fact that the Board was not ashamed of us, and that people 
 of our State spoke well of the volume, and proved that they meant 
 what they said by buying it, would have been delightful compen- 
 sation for more than twice the work." 
 
 CONNECTICUT BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE WOMAN'S 
 
 BUILDING. 
 Allin, Abbt % 
 
 A Man's a Man for a' That. 
 
 Home Ballads, a book for New Englanders. 
 Anderson, Mrs. E. F. S. 
 
 His Words, all the words of Jesus Christ, as recorded in the four 
 Gospels. 
 Angier, Mrs. Annie L. 
 
 Poems. 
 Bacon, Alice 
 
 Japanese Girls and Women. 
 Baker, Mrs. Josephine R. 
 
 Tom's Heathen. 
 
 Dear Gates, one of the Gates' children. 
 
 Calvin, the Sinner. 
 
 Roundtop and Squaretop, the Gates' twins. 
 Ballard, Mrs. Julia P. and Smith, A. L. 
 
 The Scarlet Oak and other poems. 
 Beecher, Catherine E. 
 
 Treatise on Domestic Economy. 
 Bishop, Mrs. Georgiana M. 
 
 The Yule Log, a series of stories for the young. 
 
 Conversations on the Christian seasons. 
 Bolton, Mrs. Sarah K. 
 
 Stories from Life. 
 
 Lives of Girls who became Famous. 
 Cabell, Isa C. 
 
 Seen from the Saddle, with introduction by Charles Dudley Warner. 
 Carrington, Katherine 
 
 Aschenbroedel. 
 Case, Mrs. Marietta S. 
 
 The Plymouth Rock, the C. L, S. C. class of 1888. 
 
 Immortal Pansies. 
 
 The White Water Lily, the chosen emblem of the World's Woman's 
 Christian Temperance Union. 
 
 Tribute to the memory of Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes, first president 
 of the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the M. E. Church, 
 who died June 25, 1889. Written for a memorial service, held 
 at Willimantic, Connecticut, August, 1889. 
 
284 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Case, Yenelia R. 
 
 Granger poems. 
 
 The China Hunter's Club; by the youngest member. 
 Caulkins, Frances M. 
 
 History of New London from first survey of the coast in 1612 to 1852. 
 Chappell, Hannah S. 
 
 Literary remains of Martha Day. 
 
 Cheney, Mrs. Mary B. 
 
 Life and letters of Horace Bushnell. 
 
 A Club Corner, published by the Saturday Morning Club of Hartford. 
 Cleveland, Mrs. 
 
 No Sect in Heaven. 
 Clement, J. 
 
 Noble Deeds of American Women. Introductory by Mrs. Sigourney. 
 Cooke, Rose Terry 
 
 Happy Dodd, or She hath done what she could. 
 
 Huckleberries, gathered from New England hills. 
 
 No. 
 
 Poems. 
 
 Root-bound, and other sketches. 
 
 Somebody's Neighbors. 
 
 The Sphinx's children and other people's. 
 
 Steadfast, the story of a saint and a sinner. 
 CoRBiN, Mrs. Caroline F. 
 
 Letters from a Chimney Corner, a plea for pure and sincere relations 
 between men and women. 
 
 A Woman's Philosophy of Love. 
 
 His Marriage Vow. 
 Delano, Aline 
 
 The Blind Murderer. Translated from the Russian, with an intro- 
 duction by George Kennan. 
 Dixon, Minnie A. 
 
 Leaves by the Way-side, a volume of poems. 
 Eliot, Annie 
 
 White Birches, a novel. , 
 
 An Hour's Promise. 
 Foster, Mrs. M. O. 
 
 Rana ; or Happy Days. 
 Goodwin, Alice H, 
 
 Christ in a German Home, as seen in the married life of Fred'k and 
 Caroline Perthes. 
 Greene, Mrs. Sarah Pratt McLean 
 
 Last Chance Junction, Far West, a novel. 
 
 Leon Pontifex. 
 
 Some Other Folks. 
 
 Towhead, the Story of a Girl. 
 
 Vestry of the Basin's, a novel. 
 
 Cape Cod Folks. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 285 
 
 Gkegory, Mrs. J. L. 
 
 Selections from the writings of Connecticut women. 
 GusTAFSON, Mrs. Zadel B. 
 
 Meg, a Pastoral, and other poems. 
 
 Genevieve Ward, a biographical sketch. 
 
 Zophiel; or the Bride of Seven, by Maria del Occidente (Maria Jansen 
 Brooks). 
 
 Can the Old Love? 
 Hartford, Conn. (See A Club Corner.) 
 Holmes, Mrs. Mary J. 
 
 A Fair Puritan, a New England tale. 
 
 Cousin Maude and Rosamond. 
 
 Ashes, a Society Girl. 
 
 Bessie's Fortune, a novel. 
 
 English orphans ; or a home in the New "World. 
 
 Gretchen, a novel. 
 
 The House of Five Gables. 
 
 Lena Rivers. 
 
 Marguerite, a novel. 
 
 Sins of the Fathers. 
 Hollow AY, Charlotte M. 
 
 A Story of Fve. 
 Hooker, Isabella Beecher 
 
 The Constitutional Rights of the Women of the United States. 
 
 Womanhood, its Sanctities and Fidelities. 
 HoYT, J. K. and Ward, Anna L. 
 
 Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations, English and Latin, with appendix. 
 Hyde, Nancy Maria 
 
 Volume of Writings. 
 James, Mrs. E. Beecher 
 
 Sylvia Kirtland, a temperance story for girls. 
 Kirk, Mrs. Ellen Olney 
 
 Better Times Stories. 
 
 Sons and Daughters. 
 
 A Daughter of Eve. 
 
 A Lesson in Love. 
 
 A Midsummer Madness. 
 Lathrop, Mrs. Rose Hawthorne 
 
 Along the Shore. 
 Larned, Ellen D. 
 
 History of Windham County, Connecticut. 
 LrppiNCOTT, Mrs. (Grace Greenwood) 
 
 Poems. 
 
 Noble Deeds of American Women. 
 LoTHROP, Mrs Harriet M. S. (See Sidney, Margaret, ) 
 
 Five little Peppers and how they grew. 
 Mason, Caroline A. 
 
 A Loyal Heart. 
 
 A Titled Maiden. 
 
286 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 McCray, Florine T. 
 
 Life work of the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 Morehouse, Mrs. Carrie W. 
 
 Legend of Psyche and other verses. 
 Morgan, Emily M. 
 
 Prior Rahere's rose. , 
 
 A Poppy Garden. 
 
 A little White Shadow. 
 MouLTON, Mrs. Louise Chandler 
 
 Random Rambles. 
 
 Miss Eyre from Boston. 
 
 In the Garden of Dreams, lyrics, and sonnets. 
 
 Swallow flights. 
 
 Stories told at Twilight. 
 
 Some Women's Hearts. 
 
 Bed-time Stories. 
 
 Ourselves and our Neighbors, short chats on social topics. 
 Palmer, Margaretta 
 
 Determination of the Orbit of the Comet 1847. YI. 
 Parker, Margaret K. 
 
 The Old House at Four Corners. 
 Phelps, Mrs. Almira H. L. 
 
 Ida Norman. 
 
 Botany for Beginners, an introduction to Mrs. Lincoln's Lectures 
 on Botany. 
 Porter, Rose 
 
 Foundations, or castles in the air. 
 
 Charity, sweet charity. 
 
 In the Mist. 
 
 A modern St. Christopher, or the Brothers. 
 
 Driftings from Mid-ooean, character studies, a sequel to Summer 
 drift wood and The winter fire. 
 
 The Years that are Told. 
 
 _A Song and a Sigh. 
 
 Story of a Flower, and other fragments twice told. 
 Sanford, Mrs. D. P. 
 
 From May to Christmas at Thorne Hill. 
 Saturday Morning Club. 
 
 A Club Corner. 
 ScHENCK, Mrs. Eliza H. 
 
 History of Fairfield, Fairfield County, Conn., from the settlement 
 of the town in 1639 to 1818. 
 Setmour, Mrs. Mary H. 
 
 Sunshine. 
 Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia H. 
 
 Writings of Nancy Maria Hyde, connected with a sketch of her life. 
 
 Illustrated Poems. 
 
 Select Poems. 
 
 
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CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 287 
 
 Sidney, Margaret. (See Lothrop, Mrs. H. M.) 
 
 Little Paul and the Frisbie school. 
 
 Bob, a story for boys. 
 
 The Pettibone Name, a New England story. 
 
 St. George and . the Dragon, a story of boy life, and Kensington, 
 Junior. 
 
 So as by Fire. 
 
 How they went to Europe. 
 
 Two modern little Princes and other stories. 
 
 Five little Peppers midway. 
 
 Five little Peppers, grown up. 
 
 Hester and other New England stories. 
 Slosson, Annie T. 
 
 Fishin' Jimmy. 
 
 Seven dreamers. 
 Smith, Annie L. and Ballard, Mrs. J. P. 
 
 The scarlet Oak and other poems. 
 Smith, Mrs. Julie P. 
 
 His young Wife, a novel. 
 
 Kiss and be Friends, a novel. 
 
 Lucy, a novel. 
 
 The married Belle ; or, Our red cottage at Merry Bank, a novel. 
 
 Widow Goldsmith's Daughter. 
 
 Ten old Maids, and five of them were wise, and five of them were 
 foolish, a novel. 
 
 The Widower ; also a true account of some brave frolics at Craigen- 
 fels. 
 
 Blossom-bud and her genteel Friends, a story. 
 
 Courting and Farming ; or, Which is the gentleman. 
 
 Chris and Otho, the pansies and orange-blossoms they found in 
 Roaring River and Rosenbloom, a sequel to Widow Goldsmith's 
 . • daughter. 
 Stark, Kate L. 
 
 Emily Ashton, or Light Burdens Lifted. 
 Stevens, Mrs. Anne S. 
 
 Fashion and Famine. 
 Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher 
 
 Dred (sometimes called "Nina Gordon "). 
 
 The Minister's Wooing. 
 
 Agnes of Sorrento. 
 
 The Pearl of Orr's Island. 
 
 The May Flower, etc, 
 
 Oldtown Folks. 
 
 Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories. 
 
 My Wife and I. 
 
 We and Our Neighbors. 
 
 Poganuc People. 
 
 House and Home Papers. 
 
288 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher 
 
 Little Foxes. 
 
 The Chimney Corner, 
 
 A Dog's Mission, etc. 
 
 Queer Little People. 
 
 Little Pussy Willow. 
 
 Religious Poems. 
 
 Palmetto Leaves. Sketches of Florida. 
 
 Flowers and Fruit. From Mrs. Stowe's Writings. 
 
 Scenes from Mrs. Stowe's Works. 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 Todd, Adah J. 
 
 The Vacation Club. 
 Trowbridge, Catherine M. 
 
 Victory at last. 
 
 A Crown of Glory. 
 Ward, Anna L. 
 
 Dictionary of quotations from English and American poets. 
 
 Surf and Wave, the sea as sung by the poets. 
 
 Dictionary of quotations in prose from American and foreign 
 authors. 
 Ward, Anna L. and Hoyt, J. K. (See Hoyt, J. K.) 
 
 Cyclopaedia of Practical Quotations, English and Latin, with an 
 appendix. 
 Watson, Augusta C. 
 
 The Old Harbor Town, a novel. 
 Weed, Emily S. 
 
 Twilight Echoes. 
 Williams, Eunice A. 
 
 Bay Ridge Farm, a story of country life in New England half a 
 century ago, founded on fact. 
 WooLSEY, Jane Stewart (Susan Coolidge). 
 
 LIBRARIES HAVING THE CONNECTICUT BOOK. 
 
 Tlie " Selections from tlie "Writings of Connecticut 
 Women/' sent to every State in tlie Union and to the chief 
 universities, may be found in the following libraries: State 
 libraries of California, Connecticut, Colorado, Delaware, 
 Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, 
 Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Xevada, ^N'ew 
 Jersey, "New Hampshire, !N'ew York, [N'orth Carolina, Ohio, 
 Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, West 
 Virginia, Wisconsin, from which acknowledgments have been 
 received; also in the Library of Congress and the Post-library, 
 
OONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 289 
 
 Fort Sully, South Dakota; libraries of Amherst College, 
 Brown University, University of Chicago, Columbia College, 
 Cornell University, Harvard College, Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity, Tulane University, University of Michigan, College of 
 ^N'ew Jersey, University of Pennsylvania, Leland Stanford 
 Junior University, St. Paul Public Library, Yassar College, 
 Wellesley College, Yale University; and in all the town libra- 
 ries of Connecticut. 
 
 A copy was also sent to the British Museum, which was ac- 
 knowledged both by Mr. E. M. Thompson, the principal libra- 
 rian, and Mr. Richard Garnett, '^ keeper of printed books." 
 
 NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS TO "SELECTIONS FROM THE 
 WRITINGS OF CONNECTICUT WOMEN." 
 
 Allen, Jessica Wolcott Knapp, Margaret L. 
 
 Armstrong, Mrs. M. F. Earned, Ellen D. 
 
 Brackenridge, Annie Louise Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne 
 
 Branch, Mary L. Bolles Merrell, Julie 
 
 Bull, Lucy Catlin Mitchell, Agnes L. 
 
 BuUard, Elizabeth Morgan, Bessie 
 
 Bushnell, Frances Louisa Ogden, Eva S. (Mrs. D. Lambert) 
 
 Carrington, Katharine Ormsby, Ella W. 
 
 Demerritt, Emma W. Porter, Rose 
 
 Du Bois, Constance Goddard Potter, Delia Lyman 
 
 Eliot, Annie Preston, Annie A. 
 
 Ferry, Mary Prichard, Sarah J. 
 
 Foote, Kate Shaw, Emma 
 
 Fuller, Jane Gay Shelton, Ada S. 
 
 George, Harriet Emma Shelton, Jane de Forest 
 
 Greene, Sarah Pratt McLean Slosson, Annie Trumbull 
 
 Gustafson, Mrs. Z. B. Smith, Helen Evertson 
 
 Hirsch, Bertha Stephens, Eliza J. 
 
 Holloway, Charlotte W. Talbot, Ellen V. 
 
 Holly, Sarah Day Trumbull, Sarah R. 
 
 Hungerford, Mary C. Wesley, Pauline 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Department L.— Liberal Arts. 
 
 ExMUtor — State Board Woman Managers, Address, Lakeville, Ct. 
 
 Group 150. Class 854. 
 
 ExMhit — Books and Literature. 
 
290 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 AWARD. 
 
 A choice collection of literary works in 215 volumes, by distin- 
 guished woman authors, native or resident, of Connecticut; consists 
 of scientific and educational works, poetry, history, fiction, and 
 charming stories for children,— is of high literary merit and bril- 
 liant style, bears the stamp of intellectual vigor, originality, culti- 
 vated thought, poetic sentiment and higher education, and the 
 evenness of excellence is shown by the best works of authors rep- 
 resented. The scope is wide, embracing science, art, poetry, history, 
 and romance,— deals with affairs of Church and State, social prob- 
 lems, the home, and functions of society,— is the best expression 
 of woman's capability to lead in the advance of all that is noble 
 and salutary in the progress of an exalted civilization, and is an 
 admirable example of the character and influence of modern litera- 
 ture. 
 
 It also includes a handsomely bound volume of articles, in the 
 line of poems, short stories, and historical sketches, written by 
 women of Connecticut, who are not authors of books, but are 
 equally distinguished for brilliant contributions to magazines and 
 leading journals, and who are justly recognized by this permanent 
 form of preserving selections from their writings. 
 
 Among writers represented are, Harriet Beecher Stowe, prose 
 and poetry of Mrs. Sigourney, educational writings of Emma H. 
 Willard, original manuscripts of the early works of Mrs. Parton 
 (Fanny Fern); the works of Catherine Beecher, Sara J. Lippincott 
 (Grace Greenwood), Rose Teriy Cooke, Mary Bushnell Cheney, Sarah 
 Pratt McLean Greene, Annie Trumbull Slosson, Rose Hawthorne 
 Lathrop, Zadel Barnes Gustafson, Margaretta Palmer, Adah J. 
 Todd, Jean L. Gregory, Alice Howland Goodwin, Ellen D. Larned; 
 translations of Aline Delano, Mary J. Holmes; historical works of 
 Sarah J. Pritchard, Frances M. Calkins, Marj^ B. Brauch, and Anna 
 L. Ward; writings of Charlotte M. HoUoway, *' Margaret Sidney," 
 Katharine Carrington, Annie Eliot, :Mary Chappell, Caroline At- 
 water Mason, and many other well known authors and contributors 
 to magazines and the press. 
 
 {Signed) JANET JENNINGS, 
 
 Individual Judge. 
 Approved: K. BUENZ, 
 
 President Departmental Committee. 
 
 Airproved: JOHN BOYD THACHER, 
 
 Chairman Executive Committee on Awards. 
 Copyist, M. A. P. Date, February 6, 1895. 
 
 STATE OF CONNECTICUT, 
 Executive Depaetmext. 
 My Dear Mrs. Knight: 
 
 I am in receipt — by express — of the beautiful volume of selec- 
 tions from the writings of Connecticut Women, prepared by the 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 291 
 
 Woman's Board of Managers. In design and execution I can con- 
 ceive of nothing more appropriate. 
 
 It is certainly a credit to the State and especially to those who 
 have had the labor of preparing the same. 
 
 Please communicate to the Woman's Board of Managers my 
 high appreciation of their work and my thanks for their kind remem- 
 brance of me. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 LUZON B. MORRIS. 
 
 New Haven, Aug. 4, 1893. 
 
 Rev. Samuel Hart, 
 
 My dear Mr. Hart: 
 
 The Woman's Board of World's Fair Managers of Con- 
 necticut desire to present formally to the State Historical Society 
 a collection of the literary work of Connecticut women secured by 
 them for exhibit in the Library of the Woman's Building at the 
 Columbian Exposition. 
 
 This collection consists of about one hundred and seventy-five 
 volumes, many of them autograph copies presented by the authors. 
 
 Among the most valuable additions is the complete set of Mrs. 
 Stowe's works, twenty volumes in number, which were expressly 
 t)ound for this purpose. 
 
 The cabinet which held all that related to Mrs. Stowe, as a sepa- 
 rate exhibit; an original copy of Uncle Tom's Cabin, one of the first 
 edition. The key, and forty-two translations into other tongues, 
 forms a part of the gift, to which is added a copy of the book, 
 ^' Selections from the Writing of Connecticut Women," brought out 
 under the auspices of the Board for the purpose of giving representa- 
 tion in the Exhibit of Literature to the large number of Connecticut 
 women who have won recognition as successful writers of short 
 stories. The collection as a whole is unique and won a place of 
 bonor among the rare and beautiful things in Chicago. In giving 
 it into the keeping of the Historical Society the Woman's Board feel 
 that they have made the best possible disposition of this part of 
 their work. 
 
 With the assurance that its acceptance will be a great gratification 
 to the Board w^hich I have the honor to represent, I am. 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 KATE BRANNON KNIGHT. 
 
 Hartford, Conn., October 2, 1893. 
 Dear Madam: — I have much pleasure in writing, at the request 
 of the President of our society, the Hon. John W. Stedman, to ac- 
 knowledge your kind letter of the 30th of September, and to say that 
 the Connecticut Historical Society will gladly accept the gift of the 
 collection of books by Connecticut women, which is on exhibition at 
 the World's Fair and Columbian Exposition. 
 
292 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 We are very grateful to you that you have so kindly thought of 
 securing the whole of the collection of which you wrote for perma- 
 nent presei-vation in the State, and by an authorized society; and we 
 sincerely hope that nothing will happen to prevent the making so 
 valuable an addition to our collections. 
 And I have the honor to be, 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 SAMUEL HART, 
 
 Corresponding Secretary. 
 Mes. Kate BEANNoivr Knight, 
 
 President. 
 
 At a meeting of tlie Connecticut Historical Society in 
 March, 1894, the president of the Woman's Board, accom- 
 panied by Governor and Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkelev, Mr. and 
 Mrs. George H. Day, and Dr. and Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, as es- 
 pecially invited guests of the society, made a formal presenta- 
 tion of the exhibit of literature, and gave a short sketch of its 
 collection, to which a very graceful and appreciative speech 
 of acceptance was made by the president of the society, the 
 Hon. John "W. Stedman. 
 
CHAPTEE XIX. 
 THE HAKEIET BEECHEK STOWE COLLECTIOIsr. 
 
 Since we were so fortunate as to be able to claim for our 
 own State the writer of the most marvelous work ever written 
 bj a woman, we naturally gave Mrs. Stowe's AYorks and Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin the most prominent place in our exhibit of litera- 
 ture. 
 
 Securing permission to place a cabinet in tbe Library of 
 tlie "Woman's Building, we selected one of mahogany, 
 elliptical in shape, with glass upon every side, and glass shelves, 
 the whole about five feet in height. A description of the con- 
 tents reads as follows: 
 
 " Contents of the cabinet devoted to the rare and valuable 
 loan collection from Harriet Beecher Stowe — a copy of the 
 first edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin in two volumes as originally 
 bound and printed, very rare; a copy of the key to Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin, also rare; the latest reprint of Uncle Tom by 
 Houghton, Mfflin & Co., and a complete set of Mrs. Stowe's 
 works, in twenty volumes, a special edition bound in calf 
 for exhibition in the library of the Woman's Building. 
 Also forty-two (42) translations of Uncle Tom's Cabin, nearly 
 all of which were presentation copies to Mrs. Stowe. Among 
 the rarest of these is one in Armenian, one in Welsh with illus- 
 trations by George Cruikshank, one in Dutch, one in Italian, 
 printed by the Armenian priests on the Island of St. Lazarus, 
 and a penny edition brought out in English. 
 
 A copy of an early portrait of Mrs. Stowe and a fac- 
 simile of her introduction to her son's biography of her were 
 also loaned, as well as an autogTaph letter announcing the 
 printing of two different editions of Uncle Tom's Cabin in the 
 Island of Java. 
 
 A beautiful silver inkstand, a testimonial to Mrs. Stowe 
 from her English admirers in 1853, the year following the 
 
 (293) 
 
294 COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, Tras also exhibited. The 
 design of the inkstand represents two slaves freed from their 
 shackles. It is ten inches in height, eighteen inches wide, 
 and twenty-eight in length. 
 
 The collection could not have been duplicated in the 
 world. It was loaned with her permission bv !Mrs. Stowe's 
 children as a part of the exhibit. 
 
 In the beginning the decision of the "Woman's Board of 
 National Commissioners was to arrange the exhibit of litera- 
 ture in the Library of the Woman's Building in a general 
 classification according to subjects, rather than in collections 
 from various States and countries. The exception, however, 
 in favor of the exhibition of Mrs. Stowe's chief work and its 
 various translations, gave Connecticut an opportunity to bring 
 directly to the attention of the public the most unusual col- 
 lection any country could claim. Of great interest, since 
 it also represented woman's genius, was the marble bust 
 of ]\Irs. Stowe modeled by Miss Anne Whitney of Boston, 
 which stood on its pedestal close beside the cabinet of books, 
 adding value and charm to the exhibit of literature, embody- 
 ing as it did, most impressively, the love and reverent admira- 
 tion of the women of her native State, by whose indi^udual 
 contributions it was made possible. Although it formed no 
 part of the work of the State Board, except as they were given 
 the privilege of contributing toward it. Most generously, the 
 special committee having its final disposition in charge gave 
 us the opportunity to present it also with our exhibit of litera- 
 ture to the State Historical Society — an offer we felt obliged 
 to decline with grateful thanks, feeling that- the women who 
 had worked so zealously for so delightful and valuable a re- 
 sult should be associated with it in the permanent records of 
 the society. 
 
 The following resolution offered at the final meeting by 
 Miss H. E. Brainerd of the committee on literature gave 
 formal expression to the imanimous thanks of the Woman's 
 Board: 
 
BUST OF HARRIET BEECHER ST(3WE. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 295 
 
 To Mrs. Harriet Beeclier Stowe and Family: 
 
 The Connecticut Board of Lady Managers for the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition is desirous of showing in some degree its apprecia- 
 tion of your courtesy in loaning for exhibition at the Chicago Exposi- 
 tion the valuable and unique collection of your works. 
 
 The members of the Board herewith present assurances of their 
 unqualified appreciation, with heartfelt thanks, and the hope that 
 every possible blessing may be yours. 
 
 In order to give a more perfect picture of Mrs. Stowe's 
 unique place in literature, as illustrated in tlie publication of 
 " Uncle Tom's Cabin/' we have received the generous per- 
 mission of ber publishers, Messrs. Hougbton & Mifflin, to re- 
 print some extracts from tbeir plates. From tbe wonderfully 
 interesting introduction to one of tbe later editions of " Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin " we quote certain letters received by Mrs. Stowe 
 from distinguisbecl persons giving tbeir estimate of ber work. 
 We are also allowed to use tbe bibliograpbical account of 
 " Uncle Tom's Cabin " contained in tbe same volume, wbicb, 
 witb tbe list furnisbed us twenty years later by tbe Britisb 
 Museum also included, gives tbe fullest information ever 
 brougbt togetber on tbis subject. Tbe editions starred are 
 tbose tbat were at tbe World's Fair. 
 
 [Tbe following eigbt pages, preceding tbe bibliogTapbical 
 account, are an abstract from tbe introduction referred to.] 
 
 The Alba^^y, Loxdon, May 20, 1852. 
 
 Madam: — I sincerely thank you for the volumes which you have 
 done me the honor to send me. I have read them — I cannot say with 
 pleasure; for no work on such a subject can give pleasure, but with 
 high respect for the talents and for the benevolence of the writer. 
 I have the honor to be, madam. 
 
 Your most faithful servant, 
 
 T. B. Macaulay. 
 
 In October of 1856 Macaulay wrote to Mrs. Stowe: — 
 
 " I have just returned from Italy, where your fame seems to throw 
 that of all other writers into the shade. There is no place where 
 * Uncle Tom ' (transformed into ' II Zio Tom ') is not to be found. 
 
296 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD S FAIR. 
 
 Soon after Macaulay's letter came to her, Mrs. Stowe began 
 to receive letters from other distinguished persons, expressing 
 41 far warmer sympathy with the spirit and motive of her work. 
 
 From Eev. Charles Kingsley: 
 
 EvEESLEY, August 12, 1852. 
 
 My Dear Madam: — Illness and anxiety have prevented my ac- 
 Tinowledging long ere this your kind letter and your book, which, if 
 success be a pleasure to you, has a success in England which few 
 novels, and certainly no American book whatsoever, ever had. 
 I cannot tell you how pleased I am to see coming from across the 
 Atlantic a really healthy indigenous growth, "autochthones," free 
 from all second and third-hand Germanisms and Italianisms, and 
 all other unrealisms. 
 
 Your book will do more to take away the reproach from your 
 great and growing nation than many platform agitations and 
 speechifyings. 
 
 Here there is but one opinion about it. Lord Carlisle (late Mor- 
 peth) assured me that he believed the book, independent of its 
 artistic merit (of which hereafter), calculated to produce immense 
 good, and he can speak better concerning it that I can, for I pay 
 you a compliment in saying that I have actually not read it through. 
 It is too painful, — I cannot bear the sight of misery and wrong 
 that I can do nothing to alleviate. But I will read it through and re- 
 read it in due time, though when I have done so, I shall have noth- 
 ing more to say than what every one says now, that it is perfect. 
 
 I cannot resist transcribing a few lines which I received this 
 morning from an excellent critic: " To my mind it is the greatest 
 novel ever written, and though it will seem strange, it reminded me 
 in a lower sphere more of Shakespeare than anything modern I have 
 ever read; not in the style, nor in the humor, nor in the pathos,— 
 though Eva set me a crying worse than Cordelia did at sixteen, — 
 but in the many-sidedness, and, above all, in that marvelous 
 clearness of insight and outsight, which makes it seemingly im- 
 possible for her to see any one of her characters without showing 
 him or her at once as a distinct man or woman different from all 
 others." 
 
 I have a debt of personal thanks to you for the book, also, from 
 a most noble and great woman, my own mother, a West-Indian, who 
 in great sickness and sadness read your book with delighted tears. 
 What struck her was the way in which you, first of all writers, she 
 said, had dived down into the depths of the negro heart, and brought 
 out his common humanity without losing hold for a moment of his 
 race peculiarities. But I must really praise you no more to your face, 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 297 
 
 lest I become rude and fulsome. May God bless and prosper you, 
 and all you write, is the earnest prayer, and, if you go on as you 
 have begun, the assured hope, of your faithful and obliged servant, 
 
 Charles Kingsley. 
 
 Sampson Low, who afterwards became Mrs. Stowe's Eng- 
 lish publisher, thus records its success in England : 
 
 " From April to December, 1852, twelve different editions (not 
 reissues) at one shilling were published, and within the twelve 
 months of its first appearance no less than eighteen different houses 
 in London were engaged in supplying the demand that had set in. 
 The total number of editions was forty, varying from the fine illus- 
 trated edition of 15^. to the cheap popular one at Qd. 
 
 " After carefully analyzing these editions and weighing proba- 
 bilities with ascertained facts, I am able pretty confidently to say 
 that the aggregate number circulated in Great Britain and her 
 colonies exceeded one million and a half." 
 
 From Erederika Bremer: 
 
 Stockholm, January 4, 1853. 
 
 My Dearest Lady: — How shall I thank you for your most 
 precious, most delightful gift? Could I have taken your hand many 
 a time, while I was reading your work, and laid it on my beating 
 heart, you woiild have known the joy, the happiness, the exultation, 
 it made me experience! It w^as the work I had long wished for, that 
 I had anticipated, that I wished while in America to have been able 
 to write, that I thought must come in America as the uprising of 
 the woman's and mother's heart on the question of slavery. I 
 wondered that it had not come earlier. I wondered that the woman, 
 the mother, could look at these things and be silent, — that no cry of 
 noble indignation and anger would escape her breast, and rend the 
 air, and pierce to the ear of humanity. I wondered, and, God be 
 praised! it has come. The w^oman, the mother, has raised her voice 
 out of the very soil of the new^ world in behalf of the wronged ones, 
 and her voice vibrates still through two great continents, opening 
 all hearts and minds to the light of truth. 
 
 How happy you are to have been able to do it so well, to have 
 been able to win all hearts while you so daringly proclaimed strong 
 and bitter truths, to charm while you instructed, to amuse while 
 you defended the cause of the little ones, to touch the heart with the 
 softest sorrow while you aroused all our boldest energies against 
 the powers of despotism. 
 
 In Sweden your work has been translated and published, as 
 feuilleton in our largest daily paper, and has been read, enjoyed, 
 and praised by men and women of all parties as I think no book 
 20 
 
298 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 here has been enjoyed and praised before. ... I look upon you 
 as the heroine who has won the battle. I think it is won! I have 
 a deep unwavering faith in the strong humanity of the American 
 mind. It will ever work to throw out whatever is at war with that 
 humanity, and to make it fully alive nothing is needed but a truly 
 strong appeal of heart to heart, and that has been done in *' Uncle 
 Tom." 
 
 You have done it, dear, blessed, happy lady. Receive in these poor 
 words my congratulations, my expressions of love and joy, my 
 womanly pride in you as my sister in faith and love. God bless you 
 forever! 
 
 Feedekika Bremer. 
 
 The autlior also received letters from France, announcing 
 tlie entlinsiastic reception of her work there. 
 
 Madam L. S. Belloc, a well-known and distinguished 
 writer, the translator of Miss Edgeworth's and of other Eng- 
 lish works into French, says : 
 
 " When the first translation of ' Uncle Tom ' was published in 
 Paris there was a general hallelujah for the author and for the cause. 
 A few weeks after, M. Charpentier, one of our best publishers, called 
 on me to ask a new translation. I objected that there were already 
 so many that it might prove a failure. He insisted, saying, ' U n'y 
 aura jamais assez de lecteurs pour un tel livre,' and he particularly 
 desired a special translation for his own collection. Bibliotheque 
 Charpentier,' where it is catalogued, and where it continues now 
 to sell daily. ' La Case de I'Oncle Tom ' was the fifth, if I recollect 
 rightly, and a sixth illustrated edition appeared some months after. 
 It was read by high and low, by grown persons and children. A 
 great enthusiasm for the anti-slavery cause was the result. The 
 popularity of the work in France was immense, and no doubt in- 
 fluenced the public mind in favor of the North during the war of 
 secession." 
 
 The next step in the history of " Uncle Tom " was a meet- 
 ing at Stafford House, when Lord Shaftesbury recommended 
 to the women of England the sending of an " affectionate and 
 Christian address to the women of America." 
 
 This address, composed by Lord Shaftesbury, was taken in 
 hand for signatures by energetic canvassers in all parts of Eng- 
 land, and also among resident English on the Continent. The 
 demand for sifinriatures went as far forth as the city of Jerusa- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 299 
 
 lem. When all tlie signatures were collected, the document 
 was forwarded to the care of Mrs. Stowe in America, with a 
 letter from Lord Carlisle, recommending it to her, to be pre- 
 sented to the ladies of America in such way as she should see 
 fit. 
 
 It was exhibited first at the Boston Anti-slavery fair, and 
 now remains in its solid oak case, a lasting monument of the 
 feeling called forth by " Uncle Tom's Cabin." 
 
 It is in twenty-six thick folio Tolumes, solidly bound in 
 morocco, with the American eagle on the back of each. On 
 the first page of the first volume is the address, beautifully 
 illuminated on vellum, and following are the subscribers' 
 names, filling the volumes. There are 562,448 names of 
 women of every rank of life, from the nearest in rank to the 
 throne of England to the wives and daughters of the humblest 
 artisan laborer. 
 
 It was a year after the publication of " Uncle Tom " that 
 Mrs. Stowe visited England, and was received at Stafford 
 House, there meeting all the best known and best worth know- 
 ing of the higher circles of England. 
 
 The Duchess of Sutherland, then in the height of that 
 majestic beauty and that noble grace of manner which made 
 her a fit representative of English womanhood, took pleasure 
 in showing by this demonstration the sympathy of the better 
 class of England with that small unpopular party in the United 
 States who stood for the rights of the slave. 
 
 On this oc-casion she presented Mrs. Stowe with a solid gold 
 bracelet made in the form of a slave's shackle, with the words, 
 " We trust it is a memorial of a chain that is soon to be broken." 
 On two of the links were inscribed the date of the abolition of 
 the slave-trade, March 25, 1807, and of slavery in English terri- 
 tory, August 1, 1834. On another link was recorded the num- 
 ber of signatures to the address of the women of England. 
 
 ^ At the time such a speech and the hope it expressed seemed 
 like a Utopian dream. Yet that bracelet has now inscribed 
 upon its other links the steps of American emancipation: 
 
300 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 ^^Emancipation in District of Columbia, April 16, 1862"; 
 " President's proclamation abolishing slavery in rebel states, 
 January 1, 1863''; "Maryland free, October 13, 1864"; 
 " Missouri free, January 11, 1865." " Constitutional amend- 
 ment " (forever abolishing slavery in the United States) is in- 
 scribed on the clasp of the bracelet. Thus what seemed the 
 vaguest and most sentimental possibility has become a fact of 
 history. 
 
 " Uncle Tom's Cabin," in the fervor which conceived it, 
 in the feeling which it inspired through the world, was only 
 one of a line of ripples marking the commencement of mighty 
 rapids, moving by forces which no human power could stay 
 to an irresistible termination, — towards human freedom. 
 
 'Now the war is over, slavery is a thing of the past; slave- 
 pens, blood-hounds, slave-whips, and slave-coffles are only bad 
 dreams of the night ; and now the humane reader can afford to 
 read " Uncle Tom's Cabin " without an expenditure of torture 
 and tears. 
 
 In a letter from Miss Florence Mghtingale, October 26, 
 
 1856, she says: 
 
 *' I hope it may be some pleasure to you, dear madam, to hear 
 that ' Uncle Tom ' was read by the sick and suffering in our Eastern 
 Military Hospitals with intense interest. The interest in that book 
 raised many a sufferer who, while he had not a grumble to bestow 
 upon his own misfortunes, had many a thought of sorrow and just 
 indignation for those which you brought before him. It is from the 
 knowledge of such evils so brought home to so many honest hearts 
 that they feel as well as know them, that we confidently look to 
 their removal in God's good time." 
 
 From the Armenian Convent in the Lagoon of Venice 
 came a most beautiful Armenian translation of " Uncle Tom," 
 with a letter from the principal translator. 
 
 Eev. Mr. Dwight thus wrote to Professor Stowe from Con- 
 stantinople, September 8, 1855: 
 
 " ' Uncle Tom's Cabin ' in the Armenian language! Who would 
 have thought it? I do not suppose your good wife, when she wrote 
 that book, thought that she was going to missionate it among the 
 
y/v^7^<3^^^^.^^ 
 
! CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 301 
 
 sons of Haig in all their dispersions, following them along the banks 
 of the Euphrates, sitting down with them in their towns and villages 
 under the shade of hoary Ararat, traveling with them in their 
 wanderings even in India and China. But I have it in my hands! 
 in the Armenian of the present day, the same language in which I 
 speak and think and dream. Now do not suppose this is any of my 
 work, or that of any missionary in the field. The translation has 
 been made and book printed at Venice by a fraternity of Catholic 
 Armenian Monks perched there on the Island of St. Lazarus. It is 
 in two volumes, neatly printed and with plates, I think translated 
 from the French. It has not been in any respect materially altered, 
 and when it is so, not on account of religious sentiment. The ac- 
 count of the negro prayer and exhortation meetings is^given in full, 
 though the translator, not knowing what we mean by people's be- 
 coming Christians, took pains to insert at the bottom of the page that 
 at these meetings of the negroes great effects were sometimes pro- 
 duced by the warm-hearted exhortations and prayers, and it often 
 happened that heathen negroes embraced Christianity on the spot. 
 
 " One of your former scholars is now in my house, studying 
 Armenian, and the book which I advised him to take as the best 
 for the language is this ' Uncle Tom's Cabin.' " 
 
 Wateeley in Belmont, October 26, 1860. 
 Mrs. H. B. Stowe, 
 
 Dear Madam: — I will not make any apology for the liberty 
 which I take of writing to you, although I cannot claim any personal 
 acquaintance. At any rate, I think you will excuse me. The facts 
 which I wish to communicate will, I doubt not, be of sufficient 
 interest to justify me. 
 
 It was my privilege, for such I shall esteem it on many accounts, 
 to receive into my family and have under my especial care the young 
 Brahmin whose recent visit to this country you must be acquainted 
 with. I mean Joguth Chunder Gangooly, the first and only individual 
 of his caste who has visited this country. Being highly intelligent 
 and familiar with the tocial and intellectual character of the Hindoos 
 of his native land, he gave me much information for which, in my 
 scanty knowledge of that country, I was unprepared. Among other 
 things he assured me that "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was a book as 
 well known and as much read in Bengal among his own people as 
 here in America, that it had been translated into their language, 
 and been made a household book. He himself showed a familiar 
 acquaintance with its contents, and assured me that it had done 
 not a little to deepen the loathing of slavery in the minds of the 
 Hindoos, and also to qualify their opinion of our country. 
 
 The facts which he gave me I believe to be substantially true, 
 and deemed them such as would have an interest for the author of 
 the book in question. Though I grieve for the wrong and shame 
 which disgraces my country, I take a laudable pride in those pro- 
 
302 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 ductions of the true-hearted that appeal to the sympathies of all 
 nations, and find a ready response in the heart of humanity. 
 
 With high respect, yours truly, 
 
 James Thukston. 
 
 From Mrs. Leonowens, formerly English governess in tlie 
 family of tlie King of Siam: 
 
 48 Ikglis Stkeet, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 
 
 October 15, 1878. 
 Mes. H. B. Stowe. 
 
 Dear Madam: — The following is the fact, the result of the trans- 
 lation of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " into the Siamese language, by my 
 friend, Sonn Klean, a lady of high i-ank at the court of Siam. I en- 
 close it to you here, as related in one of my books. 
 
 " Among the ladies of the harem I knew one woman who, more 
 than all the rest, helped to enrich my life, and to render fairer and 
 more beautiful every lovely woinan I have since chanced to meet. 
 Her name translated itself, and no other name could have been more 
 appropriate, into ' Hidden Perfume,' Her dark eyes were clearer 
 and calmer, her full lips had a stronger expression of tenderness 
 about them, and her brow, which was at times smooth and open, 
 and at others contracted with pain, grew nobler and more beautiful 
 as through her studies in English the purposes of her life strength- 
 ened and grew deeper and broader each day. Our daily lessons and 
 translations from English into Siamese had become a part of her 
 happiest hours. The first" book we translated was * Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin,' and it soon became her favorite book. She would read it 
 over and over again, though she knew all the characters by heart, 
 and spoke of them as if she had known them all her life. On the 
 Sd of January, 1867, she voluntarily liberated all her slaves, men, 
 women, and children, one hundred and thirty in all, saying, ' I am 
 wishful to be good like Harriet Beecher Stowe, and never again 
 to buy human bodies, but only to let them go free once more.' 
 Thenceforth, to express her entire sympathy and affection for the 
 author of ' Uncle Tom's Cabin,' she always signed herself HaiTiet 
 Beecher Stowe, and her sweet voice trembled with love and music 
 whenever she spoke of the lovely American lady who had taught 
 her as even Buddha had taught kings, to respect the rights of her 
 fellow-creatures." 
 
 I remain yours very truly, 
 
 A. H. Leonowens. 
 
 The distinctively religions influence of "Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin '' has been not the least remarkable of the features of its 
 history. 
 
 Among other testimonials in the possession of the writer 
 i? a Bible presented by an association of workingmen in Eng- 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 303 
 
 Jand on tlie occasion of a lecture delivered to them on " Uncle 
 Tonij as an Illustration of Christianity." 
 
 The Christianity represented in the book was so far essen- 
 tial and unsectarian, that alike in the Protestant, Catholic, and 
 Greek church it has found sympathetic readers. 
 
 It has, indeed, been reported that " Uncle Tom's Cabin " 
 has been placed in the Index of the Roman Catholic Church, 
 but of this there may be a doubt, as when the author was in 
 Rome she saw it in the hands of the common people, and no 
 less in those of some of the highest officials in the Vatican, 
 and heard from them in conversation expressions of warm 
 sympathy with the purport of the work. 
 
 In France it was the testimony of colporteurs that the en- 
 thusiasm for the work awakened a demand for the Bible of 
 Uncle Tom, and led to a sale of the Scriptures. 
 
 The accomplished translator of M. Charpentier's edition 
 said to the author that, by the researches necessary to translate 
 correctly the numerous citations of Scripture in the work, she 
 had been led to a most intimate knowledge of the sacred writ- 
 ings in French. 
 
 The witty scholar and litterateur, Heinrich Heine, speak- 
 ing of his return to the Bible and its sources of consolation in 
 the last years of his life, uses this language: 
 
 « rpjjg reaM'-akening of my religious feelings I owe to that holy- 
 book the Bible. Astonishing! that after I have whirled about all 
 my life over all the dance-floors of philosophy, and yielded myself 
 to all the orgies of the intellect, and paid my addresses to all possible 
 systems, without satisfaction, like Messalina after a licentious night, 
 I now find myself on the same standpoint where poor Uncle Tom 
 stands, — on that of the Bible. I kneel down by my black brother 
 in the same prayer! What a humiliation! With all my science I 
 have come no farther than the poor ignorant negro who has scarce 
 learned to spell. Poor Tom, indeed, seems to have seen deeper 
 things in the holy book than I. . . . Tom, perhaps, understands 
 them better than I, because more flogging occurs in them, — that is, 
 to say, those ceaseless blows of the whip which have aesthetically 
 disgusted me in reading the Gospels and Acts. But a poor negro slave 
 reads with his back, and understands better than we do. But I, who 
 used to make citations from Homer, jiow begin to quote the Bible 
 as Uncle Tom does." — TermisGMe Snhriften, p. 77. 
 
304 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 BIBLIOGKAPHICAL ACCOUis^T OF U^tCLE 
 TOM'S CABK. 
 
 [This account was first published in the edition of the 
 book for which Mrs. Stowe's Introduction was written, in 1878. 
 Later researches have brought to light further titles, and these 
 additions are indicated by being inclosed in brackets [ ] . The 
 opportunity has also been taken to revise and correct the 
 original list.] 
 
 British Museum, September 14, 1878. 
 
 Deak Sirs, — I well remember the interest which the late 
 Mr. Thomas Watts took in the story of '' Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
 from the moment that he had read it. Mr. Watts, besides 
 being an accomplished philologist and one of the gTeatest lin- 
 guists that ever lived, never neglected the current literature of 
 his time, including the novels and romances of his own coun- 
 try and America. Scott and Dickens, Washington Irving and 
 Fenimore Cooper charmed him more than the dull books 
 which great scholars are commonly supposed to be always read- 
 ing. In Mrs. Beecher Stowe's work he admired not only the 
 powerful descriptions of life in the Slave States, the strokes of 
 character, the humor and the pathos, but above all he was im- 
 pressed with the deep earnestness of purpose in the wiiter, and 
 used to express it as his opinion that it was a work destined 
 to prove a most powerful agent in the uprooting of slavery in 
 America. 'No one in this country was better acquainted than 
 Mr. Watts with the politics of the United States; and in the 
 war which eventually ensued on the subject of slavery, between 
 the ISTorthern and Southern States, he v/as always a consistent 
 supporter of the policy of President Lincoln. 
 
 Of the reasons which induced him to prevail upon Mr. (now 
 Sir Anthony) Panizzi to make a collection for the library of 
 the British Museum of the different translations of " Laicle 
 Tom's Cabin," the extracts given from his letter to Professor 
 Stowe, are a sufficient explanation. 
 
 At your desire I have the pleasure to f or^vard to you, as a 
 supplement to Mr. Watts's letter, the accompanying list of 
 editions and translations of '^ Uncle Town's Cabin," contained in 
 the Library of the British Museum, as well as of others which 
 have not yet been obtained. Of the latter there is a Seiwian 
 translation which has been ordered but not yet received. 
 
 When this shall have been added, the various languages 
 into which " Uncle Tom's Cabin " has been translated will be 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 305 
 
 exactly twenty in number, — a copy of each being in tlie 
 British Museum. These several languages, in alphabetical 
 order, are as follows: ^dz., Armenian, Bohemian, Danish, 
 Dutch, Finnish, Flemish (only a modification of Dutch, but 
 often treated as a distinct language), French, German, Hunga- 
 rian or Magyar, Illyrian (by Mr. Watts called Wendish), 
 Polish, Portuguese, Romaic or Modern Greek, Russian, 
 Servian, Spanish, Swedish, Wallachian, "Welsh. 
 
 There may still be translations in other languages, of which 
 sure intelligence has not yet been obtained. 
 
 In spme of the languages mentioned, as, for instance, in 
 French and German, there are several distinct versions. A 
 summary of these is given at the end of the general Biblio- 
 graphical List herewith appended. 
 
 I remain, dear sirs. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 George Bulled. 
 Messrs. Hottghtois', Osgood & Co. 
 
 The letter of Mr. Watts to which Mr. BuUen refers, was 
 addressed to Professor Stowe about 1860, and is as follows: — 
 Extract from a Letter from the late Thomas Watts, Esq., Li- 
 
 hrarian of the British Museum, to Professor Stowe. 
 
 Dear Sirs, — It is certainly one of the most striking 
 features of the popularity of " Uncle Tom's Cabin '' that it has 
 been translated into so many languages, and among them into 
 so many obscure ones, languages which it has been so hard for 
 popularity to penetrate. Even the masterpieces of Scott and 
 Dickens have never been translated into Welsh, while this 
 American novel has forced its way, in various shapes, into the 
 languages of the ancient Britons. 
 
 There is a complete and excellent translation by Hugh Wil- 
 liams, there is an abridged one by W. Williams, and there is a 
 strange incorporation of it, almost entire, into the body of a tale 
 by Rev. William Rees called " Aelwyd F' Ewythr Robert " (or 
 "Uncle Robert's Hearth.") 
 
 In the east of Europe it has found as much acceptance as in 
 the west. The " Edinburgh Review " mentioned some time 
 ago that there was one into Magyar. There are, in fact, three 
 in that language, — one by Tringi, one by Tarbar, and one 
 (probably an abridged one) for the use of children. There 
 are two translations into the Illyrian, and two into the Wal- 
 
306 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 lachian. There is one Polish translation, and an adaptation 
 hj ]\Iiss Arabella Palmer into Pussian. A full translation 
 into Russian appears to have been forbidden till lately, lest it 
 might get into circulation among the serfs, among whom it 
 might prove as hazardous to introduce it as the Portuguese ver- 
 sion published in Paris among the slaves of Brazil. 
 
 Of course the book exists also in Danish, Swedish, and 
 Dutch, (one Dutch edition being published in the island of 
 Batavia.) In the great literary languages of the Continent 
 the circulation has been immense. In the " Bibli'ographie de 
 la Prance," at least four versions are mentioned which have run 
 through various editions, and in the Leipsic Catalogue for 
 1852 and 1853, the distinct German versions enumerated 
 amounted to no less than thirteen. 
 
 In the Asiatic lauguages the only version I have yet seen is 
 the Armenian. Copies of all these versions have been pro- 
 cured or ordered for the British Museum. 
 
 It is customary in all great libraries to make a collection of 
 versions of the Scriptures in various languages and dialects, to 
 serve, among other purposes, for those of philological study. I 
 suggested to Mr. Panizzi, then at the head of the printed book 
 department, that in this point of view it would be of consider- 
 able interest to collect the versions of " Uncle Tom." 
 
 The translation of the same text by thirteen different trans- 
 lators at precisely the same epoch of a language is a circum- 
 stance perhaps altogether unprecedented, and it is one not 
 likely to recur, as the tendency of modern alterations in the 
 law of copyright is to place restrictions on the liberty of trans- 
 lators. The possession, too, of such a book as "Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin " is very different from that of such books as "Thomas 
 a Kempis," in the information it affords to the student of a 
 language. There is every variety of style, from that of ani- 
 mated narration and passionate wailing to that of the most 
 familiar dialogue, and dialogue not only in the language of the 
 upper classes but of the lowest. 
 
 The student who has once mastered " Uncle Tom " in 
 Welsh or Wallachian is not likely to meet any further diffi(?ul- 
 ties in his progress through Welsh or Wallachian prose. 
 These considerations,, united to those of another character, 
 which had previously led to the collection by the Museum of 
 translations of the plavs of Shakespeare, the Antiquary, the 
 Pickwick Club, etc., led to the adoption of my views, and many 
 of these versions have already found their wav to the shelves of 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gQT 
 
 tlie Museum^ while otliers are on their way. When all are as- 
 sembled the notes and prefaces of different translators would 
 fiTvnish ample material for an instructive article in a 
 review. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Tho]mas AVatts. 
 
 The following is a list of the various editions and trans- 
 lations of " Uncle Tom's Cabin/' contained in the library of the 
 British Museum : — 
 
 I. Complete Texts and abridgments, extracts, and adapt a- 
 
 tionSj versified or dramatized, of the original English. 
 
 II. Translations, in alphabetical order, of the languages, 
 twenty in number, viz.: Armenian, Bohemian, Danish, 
 Dutch, Finnish, Flemish, French, German, Hungarian 
 or Magyar, lUyrian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Romaic 
 or Modern Greek, Russian, Spanish, Servian, Swedish, 
 AYallachian, Welsh.* 
 
 In these are also comprised abridgments, extracts, and adap- 
 tations. 
 
 III. Appendix. Containing a list of the various works re- 
 lating to "Uncle Tom's Cabin; " also critical notices of 
 the work, whether separately published or contained in 
 reviews, magazines, newspapers, etc. 
 
 I. ORIGINAL ENGLISH. 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . One hundred 
 and tenth thousand. 2 vols. 
 
 Jolm P. Jewett & Go. Boston, TJ. S. 1852. 12° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . With intro- 
 ductory remarks by J. Sherman. 
 
 H. G. Bohn. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
 T. Bosworth (Aug. 14th). London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . With a Preface 
 by the Author, written expressly for this edition. 
 
 T. Bosworth (Oct. 13th). London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . With twenty-seven Illustrations on wood 
 by G. Cruikshank, Esq. 
 
 J. Gassell. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin. With a new Preface by H. B. Stowe. 
 
 Clarke & Go. London. [1852.] 8° 
 
 * This list of translations is omitted as the more recent catalogue obtained for this 
 Report through the courtesy of the oflScers of the British jNIuseum contains the latest 
 •editions and is therefore a little fuller than that printed by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1893. 
 
1 
 
 308 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 The People's Illustrated Edition. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro 
 Life in the Slave States of America. With 50 Engravings. 
 
 ClarJc3 & Go. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
 [With a Preface signed G.] 
 
 Clarke (^ Go. London. 18^.2. 12= 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
 Third edition. [With a Preface by G.] 
 
 Clarice d Go. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
 (The seventh thousand of this edition.) 
 
 G. H. Clarke & Go. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America 
 . . . reprinted . . . from the tenth American edition. 
 
 Clarke do Co. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin, " the Story of the Age." 
 
 J. amert. London. 1852. 18° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin: a Tale of Life among the Lowly; or. Pictures of 
 Slavery in the United States of America. Third edition. Embel- 
 lished with eight spirited Engravings. 
 
 IngraJiam, Cooke & Co. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, the History of a Christian Slave. With an 
 Introduction by E. Burritt. With 16 Illustrations, etc. 
 
 Patridge & Ookey. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, the History of a Christian Slave . . . With 
 [an Introduction and] twelve Illustrations on Wood, designed 
 by Anelay. 
 
 Patridge & Oakey. London. 1852. 8° 
 Another edition. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, the History of a Christian 
 Slave. With an Introduction [and Illustration by H. Anelay]. 
 Patridge & Oakey (Sept. 18th). London. [1852.] 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
 With eight Engravings. [With a Preface signed G.] 
 
 Routledge & Co. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
 Third edition. With forty Illustrations. 
 
 Routledge d Co. and Clarke d Co. London. 1852. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly. With introductory 
 remarks by J. Sherman. 
 
 J. SnoiD. London. 1852. 8° 
 
 Second edition. Complete for seven pence. Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . 
 Reprinted verbatim from the American edition. Fiftieth thou- 
 sand. 
 
 C. Tickers. London. [1852.] 4° 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin. Tauclinitz, Leipzig. 1852. 16°. Being part of 
 
 the Collection of " British Authors." Vol. 243, 44. 
 Cassell's edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin [by H. E. B. S.]. 
 
 Londofi. 1852. 12" 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin. London. 1852. 8° Forming Vol. 84 of the 
 
 " Parlour Library." 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
 
 London. 1852. 8°. Being No. 121 of the " Standard Novels." 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly. New illustrated 
 
 edition. 
 
 Ada7n d Charles Black. Edinhurg. 1853. 8° 
 
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CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 309 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in Slave States of America. 
 
 Clarke, Beeton & Go. London. [1853]. 16° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . With above 
 one hundred and fifty illustrations. 
 
 1^. CooJce. London. 1853. 8° 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly. Illustrated edition. 
 Designs by Billings, etc. 
 
 S. Loiv, Son & Co. London. 1853. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Slave Life in America. [With a Biographi- 
 cal Sketch of Mrs. H. E. B. Stowe.] 
 
 T. Nelson & Sons. London, Edinlurgli, printed 1853. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin: a Tale of Life among the Lowly. With a Pre- 
 face by the . . . Earl of Carlisle. 
 
 G. Routledge & Go. London, 1853. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin. Adapted for young persons by Mrs Crowe. 
 With 8 lUusti-ations. 
 
 G. Routledge d Go. London. 1853. 8" 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin: a Tale of Slave Life, etc. 
 
 Forming part of tlie " Universal Library. Fiction, Vol, I. 
 
 London, 1853. 8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . Standard illustrated edition. 
 
 London, Ipsivich [printed 1857]. 12° 
 
 One of a series called the " Eun and Eead Library." 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . With a Preface by . . . the Earl of 
 Carlisle. A new edition. 
 
 Routledge & Sons. London, [1864.] *8° 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . Standard illustrated edition. London. 
 
 1870. 8.° Forming part of the "Lily Series." 
 All about Little Eva, from Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 
 London. 1853. 12° 
 All about Poor Little Topsy, from Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 
 London. 1853. 12° 
 A Peep into Uncle Tom's Cabin. By " Aunt Mary " [i. e. Miss Low]. 
 With an address from Mrs. H. B. Stowe to the Children of Eng- 
 land and America. 
 S. Low d Son. London. (Jewett & Co., Boston, U. S.) 1853. 8° 
 
 A selection of passages from Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 
 Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom's Cabin (designed to adapt Mrs. 
 Stowe' s narrative to the understanding of the youngest readers). 
 
 Edinhnrgh. 1853. 4° 
 The Juvenile Uncle Tom's Cabin. Arranged for young readers. By 
 Mrs. Crowe. 
 
 Routledge & Co. London. 1853. 12° 
 
 An abridgment. With four Illustrations. 
 
 Uncle Tom's Cabin for Children. By Mrs. Crowe. 
 
 Routledge & Sons. London. 1868. 12° 
 
 This is another edition of the preceding abridgment. With two Illustrations. 
 
 XFncle Tom's Cabin. A drama of real life. In three Acts [and in 
 prose]. Adapted from Mrs. Beecher Stowe's celebrated Novel. 
 
 London. 1854. 12° 
 
 Contained in Vol. XII. of " Lacy's acting edition of Plays." 
 
 TJncle Tom's Cabin. A drama in six Acts, by G. L. Aiken. 
 
 Neio York. 1868. 12° 
 
 Contained in "French's Standard Drama." 
 
310 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 III. APPENDIX. 
 
 The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; presenting the original facts and 
 documents upon which the story is founded. Together with cor- 
 roborative Statements, verifying the truth of the Work. By 
 Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. 
 Clarke, Beeton & Co.; and Thomas BoswortJi. London. [1853.] 8° 
 
 A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. Tauclinitz, Leipzig. 1853. 16* 
 
 Forming Vols. 266-67 of the " Collection of British Authors." 
 
 A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. Second Edition. 
 
 Sampson Low, Son & Co. London. 1853. 8° 
 
 La Clef de la Case de I'Oncle Tom. Avec les pieces justificatives. 
 Ouvrage traduit par Old Nick \jfseud. i. e. Paul Emile Dauran 
 Forgues] & A. Joanne. 
 
 Paris. 1853. 8" 
 La Clef de la Case de I'Oncle Tom. 
 
 Paris. 1857. 
 
 This is another copy of the preceding, with a new title-page and a different date. 
 
 Schlussel zu Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Enthaltend die ursprtinglichen 
 Thatsachen und Documente, die dieser Geschichte zu Grunde 
 liegen. Zweite Auflage. 
 
 Leipzig. 1853. 8** 
 
 Forming Bnd. 5 and 7 of the "Neue Volks-Bibliothek, herausgegeben von A. Schrader.'' 
 
 La Slave de la Cabaiia del Tio Tom. Traducida de la ultima edicion 
 por G. A. Larrosa. 
 
 Madrid, Barcalona [printed], 1855. 8° 
 
 Reviews and Notices of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," separately pub- 
 lished; ALPHABETICALLY AEEANGED UNDER THE AUTHORS' 
 
 Names. 
 
 Adams (F. Colburn). Uncle Tom at Home. A review of the re- 
 viewers and repudiators of Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Mrs. Stowe. 
 
 Philadelphia. 1853. 12° 
 Another Edition. London. [1853.] 12° 
 
 Brimblecomb (Nicholas) pseud. Uncle Tom's Cabin in Ruins. 
 Triumphant defense of Slavery: in a series of Letters to H. B. 
 Stowe. 
 
 Boston, U. S. 1853. 8° 
 Clare (Edward). The Spirit and Philosophy of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 
 London. 1853. 12° 
 Criswell (R.). Uncle Tom's Cabin contrasted with " Buckingham 
 Hall, the Planter's Home; " or, a fair view of both sides of the 
 Slavery Question. 
 
 New York. 1853. 12° 
 
 Denman (Thomas) Baron Denman. " Uncle Tom's Cabin." " Bleak 
 House," Slavery and Slave Trade. Seven articles by Lord Den- 
 man, reprinted from the " Standard." With an article contain- 
 ing facts connected with Slavery, by Sir G. Stephen, reprinted 
 from the " Northampton Mercury." 
 
 London. 1853. 12° 
 
 Second Edition. London. 1853. 12° 
 
 Helps (Sir Arthur). A letter on Uncle Tom's Cabin. By the author 
 of " Friends in Council." 
 
 Cambridge, U. S. 1852. 8° 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 322 
 
 Henson (Josiah). " Uncle Tom's Story of his Life." An Autobiog- 
 raphy of J. Henson, from 1789 to 1876. With a Preface by Mrs. 
 H. B. Stowe, and an introductoiy note by G. Sturge and S. 
 Morley. Edited by J. Lobb. [With a Portrait.] Fortieth 
 thousand. 
 
 London, 1877. 8° 
 Senior (Nassau William). American Slavery: a reprint of an article 
 on " Uncle Tom's Cabin," of which a portion was inserted in the 
 206th number of the Edinburgh Review; and of Mr. Sumner's 
 Speech of the 19th and 20th of May, 1856. With a notice of the 
 events which followed that speech. 
 
 London. 1856. 8° 
 Published without the author's name. 
 
 Another Edition. London. [1862.] 8° 
 
 Published with the author's name. 
 Thompson (George). American Slavery. A lecture delivered in the 
 Music Hall, Store St., Dec. 13th, 1852. Proving by unquestion- 
 able evidence the correctness of Mrs. Stowe's portraiture of 
 American Slavery, in her popular work, " Uncle Tom's Cabin." 
 
 London. 1853. 12° 
 
 Reviews and Notices of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which have appeared in 
 VARIOUS Periodicals in the United Kingdom ; alphabetically arranged. 
 
 Note. — Those in the Welsh language are printed together at the end. 
 The "■Athenceum." London. 1852, p. 574. Notice. 
 1852, p. 1173. Contrast between " Uncle Tom's Cabin " and the 
 
 works by Hildreth and W. L. G. Smith. 
 1859, p. 549. Contrasts the literary merits of " Uncle Tom's 
 
 Cabin " and " The Minister's Wooing." 
 1863, p. 78. Notice of the Influence of " Uncle Tom's Cal5in." 
 The " Baptist Magazine." London. 1852. Vol. 44. p. 206. Notice. 
 The ''Baptist Reporter.'' London. 1852. N. S. Vol. 9, p. 206. Notice. 
 " Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine." EdinJjurgli. 1853. Vol. 74. p. 
 
 393. Review of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " and "Key.'.' 
 •' The ChHstian Reformer." London. 1853. 3d Series, Vol. 8, p. 472. 
 
 Review. 
 The "Christian Witness." London. 1852. 8°. Vol. 9, p. 344. Review. 
 " The Critic." London. 1852. fol. p. 293. Notice. 
 " DuUin University Magazine." Dublin. Vol. 40, Nov., 1852. 8°. 
 
 Review. 
 " The Eclectic Review." London. 1852. 8". N. S. Vol. 4. Notice 
 
 Do. Vol. 7. 1854. Notice. 
 " The Edinburgh Review." London. 1855. No. 206. The article 
 
 " American Slavery," written by N. W. Senior, and twice re- 
 printed by the author with additions. 
 ''Eraser's Magazine." London. 1852. 8°. Vol. 46. A critique by 
 
 A. H. 
 "The Free Church Magazine." Edinburgh. 1852. 8°. N. S. Vol. 1, 
 
 p. 359. Notice. 
 "The General Baptist Repository." London. 1852. 8°. Vol. 31, p. 
 
 339. Notice. 
 "The Inquirer." London. 1852. fol. Vol. 2, p. 644. Review. 
 " The Literary Gazette." London. 1852. fol. Notice. 
 "The Local Preacher's Magazine." London. 1853. 8°. N. S. Vol. 1. 
 
 Notice. 
 
512 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 ^'The Methodist New Connexion Magazine:' London. 1852. 8° 3d 
 
 Series, Vol. 20. Review. 
 '' The Mother's Magazine." London. 1852. Review. 
 
 "The North British Review." EdUibiirgh. 1853. 8°. Vol. 18. Re- 
 view. 
 
 "The Quarterly Review." London. 1857. Vol. 101. Review of 
 
 " Dred " and *' Uncle Tom's Cabin." 
 " Sharpens London Magazine." conducted by Mrs. S. C. Hall. London 
 
 1852, 1853. 8°. N. S. Vol. 1. Review. 
 
 N. S. Vol. 2. Notice, with Miss Bremer's opinion of " Uncle Tom's 
 Cabin." 
 
 " The Spectator." London. 1852. 8°. Notice. 
 
 " Taifs Edinburgh Magazine." EdinMrgh. 1852. 8°. 2d Series. 
 Notice. 
 
 -" The Westminster Review." London. 1853. 8°. N. S. Vol. 4. Re- 
 view. 
 
 Welsh Reviews and Notices. 
 
 "y Cylchgrawn" [The Circulator]. Alertawy. 1853. 8°. Vol. 3. 
 
 Review of Welsh translation. 
 "YDiicygiwr" [The Reformer]. Llanelli. 1852. 8°. Vols. 17 and 
 
 18. Notices of Welsh translations. 
 
 "7 Z)j!/.'?/7e(?y(ZcZ" [The Instructor]. Dolgellan. 1853. 8°. Notices of 
 Welsh translations. 
 
 "Tr E'urgrawn Wesleyaidd" [The Wesleyan Golden Treasurv]. Llan- 
 idloes. 1853. 8°. Vol. 2. Review of Welsh translations. 
 
 "Y Greal" [The Miscellany]. Llangollen. 1853. 8°. Vol. 2. Re- 
 view. 
 
 *'Tr Haul" [The Sun]. Llahymddyfri. 18°. Vol. 4. Extracts and 
 Reviews. 
 
 "T Traethodydd" [The 'EssELjist]. Dinlych. 1853. 8°. Vol.9. No- 
 tice. 
 
 Reviews and Notices in United States Periodicals. 
 
 " The Literary World." New York. 1852. fol. Vol. 10 Review. 
 
 " LittelVs Living Age." Boston. 1852. 8°. Reviews from American 
 and English Periodicals. 
 
 " The New Englander." New Haven. 1852. 8°. Vol. 10. Review. 
 
 " The New YorTc Quarterly Review." New Yorlc. 1853. Vol. 1. Re- 
 view. 
 
 " The North American Review." Boston. 1853. 8°. Vol. 77. Review. 
 
 " The Vnited States Review." New York. 1853. 8°. Vol. 1. 
 
 A Critique in " Blackwood's Magazine." Article, '-Slavery and Slave Power in the 
 United States." The writer speaks of "Uncle Tom"s Cabin" as "A romance without 
 the slightest pretension to truth, and the foundation of a wholesale attack on the in- 
 stitutions and character of the people of the United States." 
 
 Reviews and Notices in Foreign Periodicals. 
 
 ■*' Boekzaal der Geleerde We^^eld." Dutch. Amsterdam. 1853. 12°. 
 
 Review, by " J. J. V. T." 
 ^' Be Tijd." Dutch. ' SGravenhage, 1853. 8°. Deel 17. Notice, with 
 
 portrait of Mrs. Stowe. 
 " Yaderlandsche Letteroefeningen." Dutch. Amsterdam. 1853. 8". 
 
 Review. 
 ^' De Eendragt." Flemish. Gent. 1853. Jaerzang 7. Review, by 
 
 "R." 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 313 
 
 *' Revue Critique des Livres Nouveaux.'' French. Paris. 1852. 8°. 
 
 Review, by *' H. A. P." 
 "Revue Contemporaine.'" French. Paris. 1852. 8°. Tome 4. 
 
 Article, " Les Negres en Amerique," by Philarete Chasles. 
 " Revue des Deux Mondes.'' French. Paris. 1852. 8°. 6th series. 
 
 Tom 16. Article, " Le Roman Abolitioniste en Amgrique," by 
 
 fimile Montegut. 
 " Blatter fiir Uterarische Unterhaltung." German. Leipzig. 1853. 
 
 4°. Band I. Review, by Rudolf Gottschall. 
 " Europa.''' German. Leipzig. 1853. fol. Review and Notices. 
 " Das Pfennig-Magazin. German. Leipzig. 1852. fol. Notices. 
 *' Unterhaltungen am hduslichen Herd.'' German. Leipzig. 1853. 
 
 8°. Review. 
 *' II Chnento." Italian. Torino. 1852. 8°. Review. 
 
 Titles of Various Editions, Translations, Abridgments, Adaptations, Keys, 
 Reviews, etc., not contained in the Library of the British Museum at 
 THE Time when the Foregoing Lists were compiled. 
 
 [Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. New Edition, with 
 Illustrations, and a Bibliography of the Work by George BuUen, 
 Esq., F. S. A., Keeper of the Department of Printed Books, British 
 Museum. Together with an Introductory Account of the Work. 
 Houghton, Osgood & Co. Boston. 1878. 8°] 
 [Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly. New Edition with 
 an Introductory Account of the Work by the Author. 
 
 Houghton, Mifflin & Go. Boston. 1885. 12°] 
 [Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. Illustrated by 
 E. W. Kemble. [With introduction.] 2 Vols. 
 
 Houghton, Mifflin & Go. Boston. 1891. 16°] 
 [Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. Universal Edition. 
 Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Boston. 1892. 12°] 
 [Uncle Tom's Cabin. Brunswick Edition. 
 
 Houghton, Mifflin & Go. Boston. 1893. 18°] 
 [Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life a,mong the Lowly. W^ith an Introduc- 
 tion setting forth the History of the Novel, and a Key to Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin. 
 
 Houghton, Mifflin & Go. Boston. 2 Vol. 1896. Crown 8°] 
 [Uncle Tom's Cabin. A Tale of Life among the Lowly. With Por- 
 trait and Twenty-seven Illustrations [woodcuts] by George 
 Cruikshank. 
 
 Hutchinson & Go. London, [no date]. 8°] 
 [The Christian Slave. A Drama, founded on a Portion of Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin. Dramatized by Harriet Beecher Stowe, expressly 
 for the Readings of Mrs. Mary E. Webb. 
 
 Philips, Sampson & Go. Boston. 1855. 16°] 
 Strejcek Tom, cili: Otroctvi ve svobodne Americe. Povidka pro 
 mlady a dospely vek, vzdelana die anglickeho romance od pani 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe. 
 
 Bohemian. Prague. 1853. 12°] 
 
 [Onkel Toms Hytte. Tredie Oplag. 
 
 Danish. 2 Vols. Y. Pio. [Kjohenhavn?] 1876.] 
 De Hut van Oom Tom, of het Leven der Negerslaven in Noord- 
 Amerika. Naar het Fransch van de La Bedolli^re, door W. L. 
 Ritter. 
 
 Dutch. Batavia. 1853. 8° 
 A copy of this version is in the possession of Professor Stowe. 
 21 
 
314 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 De Neger hut, of het Leven der Negerslaven in Amerika, Uit En- 
 gelsch vertaald door P. Munnich. Eerste Deel. 
 
 Dutch. Soerahaya [at the East End of Java]. 1853. 8° 
 
 A copy of this version is also in the possession of Professor Stowe. 
 
 [De Negerhut. (Uncle Tom's Cabin.) Een Vehaal uit het Slaven- 
 leven in Noord-Amerika. Naar den 20sten Amerikaanschen Druk. 
 Uit het Engelsch vertaald door C. M. Menslng. Volks-Uitgave. 
 
 Dutch. Amsterdam. 1874. 12"] 
 La Cabane de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction revue par L. de Wailly et E. 
 Texier. 
 
 French. Paris. 1852. 8** 
 La Cabane de FOncle Tom. Traduction complete par A. Michiels. 
 2e Edition. 
 
 French. Paris. 1852. 12° 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Ti-aduite par L. Pilatte. 
 
 French. 2 tom. Paris. 1852. 12° 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Tl*aduction de La BSdolliSre. Illustra- 
 tions Anglaises. 
 
 French. Paris. 1852. 4° 
 Another Edition. Paris. 1852. large 8° 
 Another Edition. Paris. 1852. sm. 8° 
 La Cabane de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par A. Michiels. 3e Edition. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
 4e Edition. Paris. 1853. 12° 
 La Cabane de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de MM. Wailly et Texier. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 4° 
 2e Edition. Paris. 1853. 12°. 
 La Case du Pere Tom. Traduction de La B§dolli§re. Nouvelle 
 Edition, augmentee d'un'e notice de G. Sand. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par L. Enault. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par MM. C. Rowey et A. Rolet. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
 Another Edition, Paris. 1853. 8° 
 La Cabane de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par Texier et Wailly. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 4** 
 
 Contained in the " Musee Litteraire due Siecle." 
 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de L. I^nault. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 16° 
 
 Contained in the " Bibliotheqne des Chemis de Fer." 
 
 Another Edition. Paris. 1853. 12°. 
 
 Contained in the " Bibliotheqne des meilleurs romans etrangers." 
 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par Victor Ratier. Edition revue 
 par I'AbbS Jouhanneaud. 
 
 French. Limoges et Paris. 1853. 8° 
 
 " Edition raodifiee a Tnsage de la Jeunesse." 
 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Racontee aux enfants, par Mme Arabella 
 Palmer. Traduite de I'anglais, par A. Viollet. (With Illustra- 
 trations.l 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de La Bedolliere. 
 
 French. Paris. 1854. 4° 
 
 Contained in the " Pantheon Populaire." 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 315 
 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de Y. Ratier. Revue par 
 I'Abbg Jouhanneaud. 
 
 French. Limoges et Paris. 1857. 12° 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par La Barre. 
 
 French. 3 Vols. Paris. 1861. 12° 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par Mme L. S. Belloc. Avec 
 une preface de Mme Beeclier Stowe. Ornee de son Portrait. 
 
 French. Paris. 1862. 12° 
 
 Contained in the " Bibliotheque Charpentier." 
 
 Reprinted. Paris. 1872. 12° 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par M. L. Pilatte. Nouvelle 
 Edition, augmentee d'une preface de I'auteur et d'une introduction 
 par G. Sand. 
 
 French. Paris. 1862. 12° 
 
 La Case du Pere Tom. Traduction de La BedoUiere. Notice de G. 
 Sand. Illustrations Anglaises. 
 
 French. Paris. 1863. 4° 
 
 Contained in the " Pantheon Populaire." 
 
 Reprinted. Paris. 1874. 4° 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduite par L. Enault. 
 
 French. Paris. 1864. 12° 
 
 Contained in the " Bibliotheque des meilleurs romans etrangers." 
 Reprinted. Paris. 1865. 12° 
 Do. Paris. 1873. 12° 
 Do. Paris. 1875. 12° 
 Do. Paris. 1876. 12° 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de L. Barre. 
 
 French. Paris. 1865. 
 [La Case de I'Oncle Tom; ou, Vie de Ndgres en Am§rique. Roman 
 Americain traduit par Louis E nault. 
 
 French. Paris. 1872. 16°] 
 [La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par M. Leon Pilatte. Nouvelle 
 edition, augmentee d'une introduction par George Sand. 
 
 French. Paris. 1875. 12°] 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction revue par E. du Chatenet. 
 
 French. Limoges. 1876. 8° 
 Abr^g^ de I'histoire de I'Oncle Tom, a I'usage de la jeunesse. 
 
 French. Leipzig. 1857. 16° 
 
 Forming "Vol. 24 of the " Petite Bibliotheque Fran9aise.'" 
 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Drame en huit Actes: .par MM. Dumanoir 
 et d'Ennery. Musique de M. Artus. Theatre de I'Ambigu 
 Comique. 
 
 Paris. 1853. 12° 
 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Romance tiree du reman de ce nom, jou§e 
 a I'Ambigu, paroles de E, Lecart. 
 
 Paris. 1853. 4° 
 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Chanson nouvelle. d'apr^s le drame de ce 
 nom. [By " L. C."] 
 
 Paris. 1853. 4° 
 
 Onkel Tom, oder Sklavenleben in der Republik Amerika. 
 
 German. Berlin. 1852. 8** 
 Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten AmerT- 
 kas. Aus dem Englischen. 2 Thle. 
 
 German. Berlin. 1852. 8* 
 
316 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Onkle Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerlebeu in den Sklavenstaaten Ameri- 
 kas. Aus dem Englischen. 
 
 German. 30 Lieferungen. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Uebersetzt von F. C. Nordestern. 
 
 German. Hefte. Weln. 1852. 8° 
 Onkel Tom, oder Negerleben in den nordamerikanischen Sklaven- 
 staaten. Uebersetzt von W. E. Dragulin. 
 
 German. 4 Bdc. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 
 Forming Bd. 9-12 of the " Amerikanische Bibliothek." 
 
 Onkel Tom's Htitte, oder Negerleben in den Sclavenstaaten des 
 freien Nordamerika. Frei bearbeitet von Ungewitter. 
 
 German. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 
 Forming Bd. 317 of the " Belletristisches Le"8e-Cabinet." 
 
 Sclaverei in dem Lande der Freiheit, oder das Leben der Neger in 
 den Sclavenstaaten Nordamerika's. Nach der 15 Auflage von 
 Onkel Tom's Cabin. 
 
 German. 4 Bdc. Lepzig. 1852. 8° 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder die Geschichte eines christlichen Sclaven 
 von H. B. Stowe. 
 
 German. 11 Bdchen. 1852-52. 4° 
 
 Forming Bdchen 1871-1881 of " Das Belletristische Ausland." 
 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Sklavenleben in den Freistaaten Amerika's. 
 Aus dem Englisclien. Zweite Auflage, 
 
 German. 3 Thle. Berlin. 1853. 8°. 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder die Geschichte eines christlichen Sklaven. 
 Aus dem Englischen iibertragen von L. Du Bois. 
 
 German. 3 Thle. Stuttgart. 1853. 16°. 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 
 Amerika. Au« dem Englischen. 
 
 German. Leipzig. 1853. 8°. 
 Forming Bd. 1 of the " Neue Volks-Bibliothek." 
 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 
 Nordamerika. Mit 50 lUustrationen. Zweite Auflage. 
 
 German. Leipzig. 1853. 8°. 
 
 Dritte, mit Anmerkungen vermehrte Auflage. 
 
 Leipzig. 1853. 8°. 
 
 Vierte Auflage. Leipzig. 1854. 8°. 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Sclaverei im Lande der Freiheit. German. 
 Dritte Auflage. 4 Bdc. 
 
 German. 4 Bdc. Leipzig. 1853. 16°. 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in Nordamerika. Im Auszuge 
 bearbeitet. 
 
 German. Berlin. 1853. 16°. 
 
 [Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 
 Amerika. Aus dem Englischen iibersetzt. 
 
 German. Leipzig. 1878. 16°. 
 In the Universal-Bibliothek. 
 
 Onkel Tom's Schicksale. Erzahlung fur die Jugend, von Max 
 Schasler. 
 
 German. 2 Bdchen. Berlin. 1853. 8°. 
 
 Onkel Tom's Schicksale. Erzahlungen fiir die Jugend. Flir die 
 deutsche Jugend bearbeitet von Max Schasler. 
 
 German. 2 Bdchen. Berlin. 1853. 8°. 
 
 Forming Bdchen 1 of the " Hausbibliothek der Jugend." 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 317 
 
 La Capanna di Papa Tom. Libera Yersione clal Franchese. etc. 
 
 Italian. Napoli. 1853. 8°. 
 A copy of this version is in the possession of Professor Stowe. 
 [La Capanua dello Zio Tom. Nnovo Veisione Italiana, Elegamente 
 Illustrata dal Sig. Bonamore. 
 
 Italian. Milano. 1883. 8°. 
 [Chata Wuja Tomasza, czyli zycie niewolnikow w Zjednoczonych 
 Stanacli Polnocnej Ameiyki. 
 
 Polish. 2 Tom. Wars.zawa. 1877. 32°.] 
 Khizhina dyadi Toma, etc. 
 
 Russian. Moscow. 1858. 8° 
 Khizliina dyadi Tom, etc. 
 
 Russian. St. Petershurg. 1858. 8°. 
 Dyadya Tom, etc. [Uncle Tom; or, Life of tlie Negro-Slaves in 
 America. A tale adapted from the English by M. F. Butovich. 
 Abridged.] 
 
 Russian. St. Peters'burg. 1867. 8°. 
 [Khizhina dyadi Toma: Povyest, etc. 
 
 Russian. St. Petersljuvfj and Moscow. 1874. 16°] 
 Chicha-Tomina Koliba. 
 
 Servian. Belgrade. 1854. 8°. 
 [La Cabafia del Tio Tom. Traducida al Castellano por A. A. 
 Orihuela. 
 
 SpanisJi. Paris. 1852. 16°.] 
 [Onkel Toms Stnga, eller Negerlifvet i Amerikanska Slafstaterna. 
 Ofversattning af S. J. Callerholm. 
 
 Swedish. Gotelorg. 1873. 8°.] 
 [Onkel Toms Stnga. Skildring ur de Yanlottades Lif. 
 
 Swedish. Stockholm. 1882. 16°.] 
 
 [Three editions were also published between 1860 and 1865 by Alb. Bonnier, Stockholm.] 
 
 [Aelwyd F'Ewythr Robert: neu, Hanes Caban F'Ewythr Tomos. 
 Gan y Parch. William Rees. 
 
 Welsh. Diiibych. 1853. 16°. 
 [A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; presenting the Original Facts and 
 Documents npon which the story is founded. Together with 
 Corroborative Statements verifying the Truth of the Work. By 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe, 
 
 John P. Jewett cC- Co. Boston. 1853. 8°] 
 Nyckeln till Onkel Toms Stuga. [Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin.] 
 Werkliga Tilldragelser pSi hwilka Romanen af samma mamn 
 hwilar. L^^ldrag efter Mrs. H. Beecher Stowe. Ofwersatt efter 
 Engelska Originalet. 
 
 Swedish. Stockholm. 1853. 16°. 
 [The Southern Tiew of " Uncle Tom's Cabin." From The Southern 
 Literary Messenger. By the Editor [John R. Thompson]. 
 
 No place or date. 8°] 
 
 [Uncle Tom in England. The London Times on Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
 A Review from the London Times of Friday, September 3, 1852. 
 Bunce c6 Bro., New York. 1852. 8°, paper] 
 
 [Uncle Tom in Paris: or. Views of Slavery Outside the Cabin. 
 Together with Washington's Views of Slavery, now for the first 
 Time Published. By Adolphus M. Hart. [Also containing the 
 London Times Review of September 3. 1852.] 
 
 Williain Taylor d Co. Baltimore. 1854. 12°] 
 
318 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 [Notes on Uncle Tom's Cabin: Being a Logical Answer to the Alle- 
 gations and Inferences against Slavei-y as an Institution. With 
 
 a supplementai-y note on the Key, and an Appendix of Authori- 
 ties. By the Rev. E. J. Stearns, A.M., Late Professor in St. 
 
 John's College, Annapolis, Md. 
 
 Lippincott, Grajiiho & Co. Philadelphia. 1853. 16 "'j 
 [Father Henson's Story of his own Life. With an Introduction bv 
 
 Mrs. H. B. Stowe. 
 
 John P. Jewett & Go. Boston. 1858. 12° 
 
 While Josiah Henson was not really the original of Uncle Tom 
 
 (the latter being an entirely imaginary character), yet his life 
 
 was in many respects a parallel to that of Mrs. Stowe's hero.] 
 [Reviews in Leading Periodicals as follows:— 
 
 Prospective Review. London. 1852. Vol. 8. p. 490. 1853. Vol 
 
 9. p. 248. 
 
 Chambers' Edinburgh Journal. Edinburgh. 1852. Vol. 19. pp. 
 
 155, 187. 1853. Vol. 19. p. 85. 
 
 Southern Literary Messenger. Richmond. 1852. Vol. 18. pp. 620, 
 
 721. 1853. Vol. 19. p. 321. 
 
 Southern Quarterly Revieic. Charleston, S. C. 1853. Vol. 23. p. 81. 
 
 1854. Vol. 24. p. 214. 
 
 Christian Observer. London. 1852. Vol, 52. p. 695. 
 
 Irish Quarterly Revieic. Dublin. 1856. Vol. 6. p. 766. 
 
 Western Journal and Civilian. St. Louis. 1853. Vol. 9. p. 133. 
 
 Vol. 10. p. 319 (A. Beatty). 
 
 Putnam's Monthly Magazine. Xeic York. 1853. Vol. 1. p. 97. 
 
 ("Success of U. T. C") 
 
 Atlantic Monthly. Boston. 1879. Vol. 43. p. 407 (W. D. Howells). 
 
 1896. Vol. 78. p. 311 ("The Story of U. T. C," by C. D. 
 
 Warner). 
 
 Manhattan. Neic York. 1882. Vol. 1. p. 28 (W. H. Forman). 
 
 Andover Revieic. Boston. 1885. Vol. 4. p. 363. (" Is it a Novel?") 
 
 Magazine of American History. 'New York. 1890. Vol. 23. p. 16. 
 
 (F. Y. McCray). 
 
 Magazine of Western History. New York. 1890. Vol. 12. p. 24. 
 
 (" Origin of U. T. C," by H. D. Teetor.) 
 [Discourses on Special Occasions and Miscellaneous Papers. By 
 
 Cornelius Van Santvoord. 
 
 M. W. Dodd, New York. 1856. 12° 
 
 Contains a chapter entitled " Uncle Tom's Cabin, and colonization.'"] 
 
 TRANSLATIONS OF MRS. H. B. STOWE'S "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN." 
 
 A list received from the British Museum. 
 
 The starred editions are those which were in the Stowe Cabinet at the World's Fair. 
 
 Uncle Tom"s Ca-Bin. — Translations. 
 
 [Brother Thomas' Cabin, a stoiy by H. B. Stowe, an American 
 Lady.] 2 vols. 
 
 Armenian. Yenice. 1854. 12° 
 
 Strejcek Tom, cili: Otroctvi ve svobodue Americe, 
 
 Bohemian. Y Praze. 1853. 12° 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 3^9 
 
 Stryc Tomas, aneb Obrazy ze zivota cerny cli otniku v Americe, z 
 anglickeho pang H. B. S. (Much abridged.) 
 
 Bohemian. V Brne. 1854. 8° 
 Strycek Tom. Obraz ze zivota Americkelio. 
 
 Bohemian. Y Praze. 1877. 8* 
 Nove sbirky svazek 125 of Boleslavsky's " Divadelin Ochotnik." 
 Onkel Tomas, eller Negerlivet i Amerikas Slavestater. Oversat fra 
 den nordamerikanske original af Capt. Scliadtler. 
 
 Danish. Ejhenhavn. 1853. 8° 
 Onkel Tom's Hytte, eller Negerllv i de Amerikanske Slavesteter. 
 Oversat af P. V. Grove. 
 
 Danish. Kjhenhavn. 1856. 8° 
 
 * De Negerhut. Naar den 20en Amerikaanschen druk, uit bet En- 
 
 gelscb vertaald door C. M. Mensing. 2 Deel. 
 
 Dutch. Haarlem. 1853. 8* 
 
 * De Hut van Oom Tom. Naar bet Franscb door W. L. Ritter. 
 
 Dutch. Batavia. 1853. S*' 
 
 * De Neger but. Uit Engelscb Vei*taald door P. Munnicb. 
 
 Dutch. SoeraMya {Java). 1853. 8® 
 Seta Tumon Tupa, lybykaisesti Kerottu ja KannuUa kuvanksilla 
 valaistu. (Abridged translation.) 
 
 Finnish. Turussa. (Abo) 1850, obi. 4° 
 De Hut van Onkel Tom, eene Slaven-Gescbiedenis. Naer bet En- 
 gelscb. 3 Deel. 
 
 Flemish. Gent. (1852.) 8° 
 
 * La Cabane de TOncle Tom, ou les Noirs en AmSrique. Traduction 
 
 par L. de Wailby et E. Texier. 
 
 French. Paris. 1852. • 8** 
 
 Troisieme edition. Paris. (1853.) 8° 
 
 * Le Cabane de I'Oncle Tom, traduition complete par A. Micbiels, 
 
 avec une biograpbie de I'auteur. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12'' 
 . Nouvelle edition. Paris. 1887. 8" 
 
 Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. ou sort des NSgres Esclaves. Traduction 
 nouvelle par M. L. Casion. 2 tom. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12" 
 
 * Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction complete par Ch. Romey et 
 
 A. Rolet. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
 
 Le Case de I'Oncle Tom racont^e aux enfants par Arabella Palmer. 
 Traduit par Alpbonse VioUet 
 
 French. Paris. 1852. 8** 
 
 Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par Victor Ratier. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12*' 
 
 * La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par Old Nick (i. e., P. B. 
 
 Dauran Forgues) et A. Joanne. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 8*' 
 
 ♦La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction faite a la demande de 
 I'Auteur par Madame L. S. Belloc, avec une preface de Madame 
 
 ^' ^^'^'^^' French. Paris. 1853. 12" 
 
 * Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par L. Pilatte 2 vols. 
 
 French. Pans. 1852. 8" 
 
320 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 
 
 * Nouvelle edition revue, et d'une introduction par George Sand. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
 Another edition. 2 vols. Paris. 1862. 12° 
 
 * Le Pere Tom, ou vie des negres en Amgrique. Traduction de La 
 
 Bedolliere. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
 Nouvelle Edition, augmentge d'une notice de G. Sand. Illustrations, 
 etc. 
 
 French. Paris. (1859.) 4° 
 La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de L. Enault. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 8° 
 
 One of a Beries called " Bibliotheqae des Chemis de Fer." 
 
 Reprinted. Paris. 1864. 12° 
 do Paris. 1865. 12° 
 
 * L'Oncle Tom, racont^e aux Enfants par Mile. Rilliet de Constant. 
 Reprinted. Paris. 1873. 12° 
 
 do Paris. 1876. 12° 
 
 do Paris. 1890. 12° 
 
 Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Romance tirge de ce nom, jouge a I'Ambigu, 
 paroles de E. Lecart. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 4° 
 
 * Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Drame en huit actes. Par MM. 
 
 Dumanoir et D'Einnery. Repr§sent6 pour la premiere fois, ^ 
 Paris sur le Theatre de I'Ambigu-Comique le 10 Janvier, 1853. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 4° 
 
 Contained in the " Theatre Contemporain Illustre." 80e serie. 
 
 * L'Oncle Tom. Drame en cinq actes et neuf tableaux. Par M. E. 
 
 Texier et L. de Wailly. Represents pour la premiere fois £L Paris, 
 sur le TbSatre de la Gaite le 23 Janvier, 1853. 
 
 French. Paris. 1853. 8° 
 
 Contained in the "Bibliotheque Dramatique," torn. 49. 
 
 Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction revue par E. du Chatenet. 
 
 French. Limoges. (1880.) 8° 
 Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Edition abrggSe et illustree. 
 
 French. Paris. 1887. 8" 
 
 * Onkel Tom. oder Sklavenleben in der Republik Amerika. 
 
 German. Berlin. 1852. 8** 
 
 * Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten Ameri- 
 
 kas. 2 Tble. 
 
 German. Berlin. 1852. 8° 
 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, 30 Lief. 
 
 German. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 
 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Uebersetzt von F. C. Nordestern. 6 Hfte. 
 
 German. Wien. 1852. 8° 
 
 Onkel Tom. Uebersetzt von W. E. Dragulin. 4 Bde. 
 
 German. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 
 
 * Sclaverei in dem Lande der Freiheit, etc. 4 Bde. 
 
 German. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 
 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder die Geschichte eines christlichen Sclaven* 
 II Bdchen, 1852-3. 4° 
 
 * Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Eine Negergeschichte. 3 Bdchen. 
 
 German. Berlin. 1852. 8° 
 
 Bdch. A-% Jahrg. 5 of "Allgemeine Deutsch Volks Bibliothek," 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 321 
 
 Oheim Tom's Hiitte oder das Leben bei den Niedrigen. Uebersetzt 
 Yon H. R. Hutten. 
 
 German. Boston. U. 8. 1853. 8° 
 
 * Onkel Tom, oder Sehildemngen aus dem Leben in den Sklaven- 
 
 staaten Nordamerikas. Nach der 35sten englischen Auflage von 
 J. S. LoTve. 2 Bde. 
 
 German. Eamhurg. 1853. 8° 
 
 * Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Ein Roman aus dem Leben der Sklaven in 
 
 Amerika. 2 Bde. 
 
 German. Berlin. (1853.) 8° 
 
 * Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder das Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten des 
 
 freien Xordamerika. In deutscher Auffassungsweise fur 
 deutsche Leser bearbeitet von Dr. Ungewitter. Dritte Ausgabe. 
 Mit 6 Illustrationen. 
 
 German. Wien. 1853. 8° 
 
 * Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten Ameri- 
 
 kas. Aus dem Englischen. Mit 6 Holzscbnitten. 3 Bde. 
 
 German. Berlin. 1853. 8° 
 
 * Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 
 
 Amerika. Neunte Auflage. Nebst Portrait. 
 
 German. Leipzig. 1853. 8° 
 Bd. 1. of Neue-Volks Bibliothek herausgegeben von A. Schrader. 
 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 
 Nordamerika. Mit funfzig Illustrationen, Yierte Auflage. 
 
 German. Leipzig. 1854. 8° 
 
 * Onkel Tom's Hiitte, nach dem Englisclien . . . fur die reifere 
 
 Jugend bearbeitet von M. Gans. 
 
 German. Pesth. (1853.) 8° 
 
 * Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Leiden der Negersklaven in Amerika, 
 
 German. Berlin, a.853. 16° 
 
 * Onkel Tom's Scbicksale. Erzablung fur die Jugend, Fiir die 
 
 deutsche Jugend bearbeitet von M, Schaster, 2 Bdch. 
 
 German. Berlin. (1853.) 8° 
 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Erzahlung fur Kinder bearbeitet. Xeues Bil- 
 der, etc. 
 
 German. Nilrn'berg. (1854,) Obi, 4° 
 Onkel Tom's Hiitte, fiir Kinder. Nach dem Englischen von A, Har- 
 tel. 
 
 Ger-man. Leipzig. (1854.) 16" 
 
 Tamas BStya Kunyhoja, vagy, Neger elet a rabszolgatarto Amerikai 
 allamokban, B. S. H. utan Angolbol, Trinyi J. 4 kotet. 
 
 Hungarian. Pesten. 1853. 12° 
 
 Tam^s Batya. Gymermekek szamara. Kidolgozta. M. Rokus. 
 
 Hungarian. Pesten. 1856, 8° 
 
 Tam^s Batya, vagy egy Szerecsen rabszolga tort^nete, H, B. Stowe 
 utan irta Tatar Peter. (A versified abridgment.) 
 
 Hungarian. Pest. 1857. 8° 
 
 * Stric Tomaz all zivlenje zamorcov v Ameriki . . . Svobodno za 
 
 Slovence zdelal J. B. 
 
 Illyrian. Y Celoven. 1853. 8° 
 
 Stric Tomova Koca, ali zivljenje zamozcov v robnih derzavah 
 svobodne severne Amerike. Is memskega poslovenil F. Mala- 
 vasic. 
 
 Illyrian. Y LjuUjani. 1853. 8° 
 
322 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 * La Capanna dello Zio Tommaso; ossia la vita dei Negri in Amerika. 
 
 Italian. Lugano. 1853. 8° 
 
 * La Capanna dello Zio Tomasso, scene della Schiavitu dei negri in 
 
 America, di Baldassar Mazzoni. 
 
 Italian. Firenze. 1853. 
 
 * La Capanna di Papa Tom. 
 
 Italian. Napoli. 1853. 8° 
 
 * La Capanna dello Zio Tom. narrato ai FanciuUi, di C. Grolli. 
 
 Italian. Milano. 1868. 
 
 * La Capanna dello Zio Tom. 
 
 Italian. Milan. 1877. 
 Chata Wuya Tomasza, czyli zycie niewolunikCw . . . Przettumaczyt 
 F. Dydacki. 2 tom. 
 
 Polish. Lwow. 1853. 8" 
 Chatka Ojca Toma, czyli zycie murzynSw w stanach niewolniczych 
 Ameryki P61nocn6j. 2 tom. 
 
 Polish. Warszawa. 1865. 8* 
 
 * A Cabana do Pai Thomas . . . traduzido por F. L. Alvares d'And- 
 
 rada. (With plates.) 2 tom. 
 
 Portuguese. Paris. 1853. 12** 
 
 An edition published at Athens in 2 vols., 1860, 8° 
 
 Romuic or Modern Greek. 
 
 Khizhina dyadi Toma. 
 
 Russian. St. Petersburg. 1858. 8** 
 
 Khizhina dyadi Toma. 
 
 Russian. Moscow. 1858. 8" 
 
 Khizhina dyadi Toma. 
 
 Russian. St. Petersburg. 1865. 8** 
 
 Dyadya Tom. (Abridged by M. F. Butovich.) 
 
 Russian. St. Petersburg. 1867. 8** 
 
 Chicha-Tomina Koliba. ^ ^ ^^ 
 
 Servian. Belgrade. 18o4. 8° 
 
 La Cabana del Tio Tomas, o los Negros en America. 2 tom. 
 
 Spanish. Mexico. 1853. 12" 
 
 * La Cabana del Tio Tom . . . traducida al Castellano por A. A. 
 
 Spanish. Paris, 1852, and Bogota, 1853. 8* 
 
 La Cabana del tio Tomas . . . illustrada con cinco laminas flnas 
 
 grabadas en acero. ^o-o oo 
 
 Spanish. Barcelona. 18o3. 8" 
 
 La Choza del Negro Tomas. Novela . . . traducida al Castellano. 
 
 Spanish. Madrid. 1853. 8" 
 La Choza de Tomas. Edicion illustrada con 26 grabados a parte del 
 
 *®^*^' Spanish. Madrid. 1853. 4° 
 
 La Choza de Tom . . . traducida por W. Ayguals de Izco. Segunda 
 
 ^^^^^^' Spanish. Madrid. 1853. 4'» 
 
 La Cabana del Tio Tom. Version castellano pm- ^\fj^^^^^^^:^ ^l^^' 
 
 Nyckeln till Onkel Toma Stuga. (Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin.) 
 
 Sicedish. Stockholm. 18o3. lb 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 323 
 
 Onkel Tom's Stuga. Bearbetad for Barn. (An abridgment for chil- 
 dren.) 
 
 Swedish. Stockholm. 1868. 16" 
 Koliba lui Moshu Toma. 2 tom. 
 
 Wallachian. J assy. 1853. 8" 
 Bordelulu Unkiului Tom. 2 tom. 
 
 Wallachian. J assy. 1853. 8° 
 
 * Caban f 'Ewyrth Twm . . . gyda . . . gerfluniau gan G. Cruick- 
 
 shank. Cyfieithiad H. Williams. 
 
 Welsh. Llundain. 1853. 8" 
 Another edition. Wrexham. (1880.) 8° 
 . * Crynodeb o Gaban 'Newyrth Tom. (With a prefatory notice by 
 W. Williams.) 
 
 Welsh. Abertawy (1853.) 16° 
 
 * Oaban f 'Ewythr Tomos, neu hanes caethwas Christ 'nogol. 
 
 Crynodeb a waith H. B. 
 
 Welsh. Caernarfon. (1860.) 12" 
 
 * Cyflynir Fel arnydd o Barch I Awdures Caban Newyreth Tom. 
 
 Gaw Y. Cyfiethydd. Cmyreig Y. Lefiad. Welsh. 
 
 List prepared by Mr. J. P. Anderson, Clerk of Eeading Room, British Museum. 
 
CHAPTEK XX. 
 
 EXHIBITS AXD raVEXTIOXS OE WOMEX. 
 
 There is no record in ancient history of just T^-'lien the men 
 of Gibeon took the women of their households into partner- 
 ship as hewers of wood and drawers of water, but from the 
 earliest days of most primitive peoples it seems to have been 
 an accomplishment which women were allowed to monopolize 
 without competition, in spite of the restless energy of man- 
 kind. 
 
 Therefore, in sending to the AYoman's Building six ex- 
 quisitely carved panels of wood for decorative purposes we 
 felt that we were but sending the lineal descendants of an 
 ancient process, " revised, corrected, and with numerous addi- 
 tions,'' as we say of reprints of old books, and because of this 
 all the more truly marking progress. Their instant and 
 hearty acceptance under the rules then governing that build- 
 ing was equivalent to an award. At the close of the Fair we 
 were asked to contribute them further toward the decoration 
 of a Connecticut corner in what promised to be a permanent 
 memorial building in Chicago to which women everywhere 
 were to contribute something of interest or value. Eive out 
 of the six panels we were able to give for this purpose, with the 
 understanding that they should be returned to the Historical 
 Society in our own State should the memorial building fail of 
 erection. An expression of appreciative thanks for these gifts 
 will be found in the last chapter in a letter from the president 
 of the Xational Commission of Women. 
 
 (324) 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 325 
 
 1. WOOD CARVING FOR DECORATION OF WOMAN'S 
 BUILDING. 
 
 Miss Gertrude Bradley, 
 
 Bridgeport, Panel, presented to Memorial Building. 
 
 Miss Miriam Hill, 
 
 Stonington, " " " " 
 
 Miss Elizabetli B. Sheldon, 
 
 New Haven, " " " " 
 
 Miss Emma H. Yiets, 
 
 New Britain, " " '• " 
 
 Miss Sophia Tracy, 
 
 Hartford, " " " " 
 
 Mrs. J. E. Root, Hartford, Panel, returned to contributor. 
 
 EXHIBITS INSTALLED IN THE WOMAN'S BUILDING, UNDER 
 THE AUSPICES OF THE WOMAN'S BOARD. 
 
 Fine Arts — Group 141. 
 Miss Charlotte E. McLean, Hartford, 
 
 Water color. 
 
 China Painting — Group 91. 
 Miss Clara M. Barnes, New Haven. 
 
 Mrs. M. A. Frisbie, 
 Miss Frances P. Hall, 
 Miss Mary M. Smith, 
 
 Hartford. 
 New Haven. 
 Washington. 
 
 Fancy Work — Group 104. 
 Mrs. Thomas Kerr, Bridgeport. 
 
 Original Designs in Silver — Group 97. 
 Miss E, W. Palmer, Stonington. 
 
 Original Designs in Wall Paper — Group 149. 
 Mrs. Jay F. Ripley, Hartford, 
 
 Award. 
 
 Original Work in Photography — Group 151, 
 Mrs. Marie H. Kendall, Norfolk, 
 
 Award. 
 
 Inventions — Group 106. 
 Mrs. Isabel H. Butler, Bridgeport, 
 
 Mrs. W. A. Pilkington, Bridgeport. 
 
 Award. 
 
326 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 The wood-carving and the majority of these exhibits were 
 not entered for competition, because at the time of their pre- 
 sentation to the judges for the Woman's Building the fact 
 that they were accepted for installation was considered equiva- 
 lent to an award. 
 
 A glance at the accompanying list of inventions patented 
 by Connecticut Women within the space of one generation 
 will show that there are about three times as many for general 
 use as for feminine use alone ; twice as many for general use 
 as for purely domestic purposes, and several exclusively for 
 the convenience of men. One would hardly answer '^ A 
 woman,'' if asked who invented a curry-comb, a mode of form- 
 ing the air chamber in dental plates, step-ladders, cooking 
 stoves, sleigh-bells, piano pedal attachments, still alarms, hitch- 
 ii^g devices, surgical knives, dice boxes, and the check punch 
 in use in banks throughout the civilized world. 
 
 It is natural to expect a great deal from all classes of the 
 population in the very heart of that region which is known as 
 the birthplace of Yankee notions. Three-fourths of the me- 
 chanical contrivances used in the construction of the buildings 
 at the World's Eair came from Connecticut. In fact, the 
 great constructor of it all, D. F. Bumham, can hark back to 
 a Connecticut ancestor a generation or two ago. But one 
 does not associate much of this peculiar inventive genius with 
 women. One thing, however, is certain, that the original of 
 many an invention made with jackknife and pine stick on 
 winter evenings was watched with interest, and the young in- 
 ventor's efforts fostered and encouraged, by a sympathetic 
 mother at the family hearthstone. 
 
 The following list of patents was compiled from the records 
 in the United States Patent Office, at the instigation of the 
 Woman's Board, as a part of the work in gathering statistics: 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 32T 
 
 WOMAN INVENTORS OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 No. 
 
 Name and Address. 
 
 Title of Invention. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 31,199 
 
 Sarah Jane Wheeler, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Britain, 
 
 Curry-comb, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 22, 
 
 1861 
 
 35,289 
 
 Sarah A. Baldwin, 
 
 Combination of sofa 
 
 
 
 
 
 Waterbury, 
 
 and bathing-tub, 
 
 May 
 
 20, 
 
 1862 
 
 36,388 
 
 Sarah A. Baldwin, 
 
 Door-plate and card 
 
 
 
 
 
 Waterbury, 
 
 receiver. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 9, 
 
 1862 
 
 44,039 
 
 Evelyn Beecher, Plymouth, 
 assignor to HenryBeech' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 er & Co., Waterbury, 
 
 Basket, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 30, 
 
 1864 
 
 56,210 
 
 Catherine A. Griswold, 
 
 Skirt-supporting cor- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Willimantic, 
 
 sets. 
 
 July 
 
 10, 
 
 1866 
 
 61,825 
 
 Catharine A. Griswold, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Willimantic, 
 
 Corsets, 
 
 Feb. 
 
 5, 
 
 1867 
 
 83,327 
 
 Mrs. Nancy M. Selden, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 Pie-tube, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 20, 
 
 1868 
 
 102,534 
 
 Jane E. Oilman, Hartford, 
 
 Work-holders, 
 
 May 
 
 3. 
 
 1870 
 
 107,479 
 
 Jane E, Oilman, Hartford, 
 
 Combined dress- 
 bureaus and bath- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tubs. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 20, 
 
 1870 
 
 111,429 
 
 Mary Ann Boughton, 
 Norwalk, 
 
 Modes of forming the 
 air chamber in den- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tal plates. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 31, 
 
 1871 
 
 112,352 
 
 Carrie Jessup, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Culinary vessels. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 7, 
 
 1871 
 
 113,842 
 
 Mary Ann Boughton, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 Cooking stoves. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 18, 
 
 1871 
 
 116,585 
 
 Catharine A. Griswold, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Willimantic, 
 
 Corsets, 
 
 July 
 
 4, 
 
 1871 
 
 120,995 
 
 Mary M. J. 0' Sullivan, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Dinner-plate covers. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 14, 
 
 1871 
 
 123,287 
 
 Emily M. Norton, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Step-ladders, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 30, 
 
 1872 
 
 128,412 
 
 Harriet H, May, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Birmingham, 
 
 Bustles, 
 
 June 25, 
 
 1873 
 
 128,813 
 
 Charlotte B. Pollock, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Bustles, 
 
 July 
 
 9, 
 
 1872 
 
 130,801 
 
 Lavinia H. Foy, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Cuff, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 27, 
 
 1873 
 
 133,962 
 
 Elizabeth Balmforth, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Danbury, 
 
 Portable balcony. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 17, 
 
 1872 
 
328 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 No. 
 
 Fame aud Address. 
 
 Title of Invention. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 137,340 
 
 Elizabeth N. Bradley, 
 
 Wall or window 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 washer. 
 
 April 
 
 1, 
 
 1873 
 
 137,907 
 
 Lavinia H. Foy, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Reversible cuff, 
 
 April 15, 
 
 1873 
 
 145,653 
 
 Cornelia Hitchcock, Mill- 
 dale, assignor to her- 
 self and William J. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Clark, same place. 
 
 Coffee-urns, 
 
 Dec. 
 
 16, 
 
 1873 
 
 147.259 
 
 Ann Harrison, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 East Hampton, 
 
 Sleigh-bells, 
 
 Feb. 
 
 10, 
 
 1874 
 
 148,477 
 
 Mary E. Marcy, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Cosmetic compounds, 
 
 Mar. 
 
 10, 
 
 1874 
 
 150,777 
 
 Elizabeth E. Norton, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Skirt elevators, 
 
 May 
 
 12, 
 
 1874 
 
 155,823 
 
 Sarah W. Blake, 
 
 Piano pedal attach- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Waterbury, 
 
 ments. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 13, 
 
 1874 
 
 161,123 
 
 Delia Howland and James 
 W. Howland, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Folding-tables, 
 
 Mar. 
 
 23, 
 
 1875 
 
 178,789 
 
 Harriet H. May, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Birmingham, 
 
 Corsets, 
 
 June 
 
 13, 
 
 1876 
 
 191,175 
 
 Sarah R. Raffel, Hartford, 
 
 Traveling bags, 
 
 May 
 
 22, 
 
 1877 
 
 191,787 
 
 Eliza L. Whit on, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 West Stafford, 
 
 Stove polish. 
 
 June 
 
 12, 
 
 1877 
 
 197,463 
 
 Lavinia H. Foy, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Corsets, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 27, 
 
 1877 
 
 200,234 
 
 Ursula L. Webster, 
 
 Adjustable patterns 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 for garments. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 12, 
 
 1878 
 
 200,384 
 
 Lavinia H. Foy, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Corsets, 
 
 Feb. 
 
 19, 
 
 1878 
 
 212,343 
 
 Catharine A. Adams, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Milford, 
 
 Kitchen cabinets, 
 
 Feb. 
 
 18, 
 
 1879 
 
 214,247 
 
 Lavinia H. Foy, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Corsets, 
 
 Apr. 
 
 15, 
 
 1879 
 
 219,796 
 
 Evelyn Beecher, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Still-alarms, 
 
 Sept. 
 
 23, 
 
 1879 
 
 229,225 
 
 Sarah G. Young, Hartford 
 
 Sofa-bed, 
 
 June 
 
 22, 
 
 1880 
 
 252,935 
 
 Mary E. Field, New Haven 
 
 , Corset, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 31, 
 
 1882 
 
 264,427 
 
 Catharine Ann Adams, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Milford, 
 
 Corset bust and clasp. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 19, 
 
 1882 
 
 267,242 
 
 Annie M. H. Moss, Monroe 
 
 Dust-pan, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 7, 
 
 1882 
 
 274,984 
 
 Mary E. Smith, 
 Southbury, 
 
 Lamp-supporting 
 bracket for sewing- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 machines. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 3, 
 
 1883 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 329 
 
 No. 
 
 Name and Address. 
 
 Title of Invention. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 306,484 
 
 Leila C. Harrison, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Hitching device. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 H, 
 
 1884 
 
 316,414 
 
 Emma J. Swartout, 
 
 Machine for sewing 
 
 
 
 
 
 Danbuiy, 
 
 hat-tips, 
 
 Apr. 
 
 21, 
 
 1885 
 
 318,776 
 
 Mary Mc Waters, Bethel, 
 
 Corset attachment. 
 
 May 
 
 26; 
 
 1885 
 
 328,406 
 
 Bridget O'Connor, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 ' Shirt, 
 
 Feb. 
 
 32, 
 
 1887 
 
 364,792 
 
 Evelyn Beecher, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Rotary cutter. 
 
 June 
 
 14, 
 
 1887 
 
 384,674 
 
 Mary F. Bishop, 
 
 Means for operating 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 egg-beaters. 
 
 June 
 
 19, 
 
 1888 
 
 396,962 
 
 Bela St. John, Farmington, 
 
 , Abdominal supporter. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 29, 
 
 1889 
 
 397,570 
 
 Clara M. South worth, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Under arm pad. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 12, 
 
 1889 
 
 398,511 
 
 Eleanor E. Howe, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Body brace. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 26, 
 
 1889 
 
 404,081 
 
 Drusilla M. Fuller, 
 
 Device for holding 
 
 
 
 
 
 Terryville, 
 
 head gear. 
 
 May 
 
 28, 
 
 1889 
 
 420,651 
 
 Jennie B. Fowler, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Nursing-nipple, 
 
 Feb. 
 
 4, 
 
 1890 
 
 420,766 
 
 Emma H. Brown, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wethersfield, 
 
 Hook and eye. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 4, 
 
 1890 
 
 429,100 
 
 Ellie N. Sperry, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 
 Check-punch, 
 
 May 
 
 27, 
 
 1890 
 
 429,169 
 
 Minnie I. Durgy, Sherman, 
 
 Skillet, 
 
 June 
 
 3, 
 
 1890 
 
 431,153 
 
 Mathilde Schott, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Surgical knife. 
 
 July 
 
 1, 
 
 1890 
 
 431,325 
 
 Marian L. Brewer, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Shutter-fastener, 
 
 July 
 
 1, 
 
 1890 
 
 435,635 
 
 Mathilde Schott, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Dice and dice box. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 3, 
 
 1890 
 
 435.949 
 
 Lizzie T. Potter, Hartford, 
 
 , Belt-fastener, 
 
 Sept. 
 
 9, 
 
 1890 
 
 454,477 
 
 Sarah K. Hibler, Stamford, 
 
 Press board, 
 
 June 
 
 23, 
 
 1891 
 
 461,531 
 
 Lizzie T. Potter, Hartford, 
 
 Belt-fastener, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 20, 
 
 1891 
 
 462,965 
 
 Catherine L. Darby, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stamford, 
 
 Clothing-protector, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 10, 
 
 1891 
 
 463,900 
 
 Caroline Hyde, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stonington, 
 
 Artificial fruit. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 24, 
 
 1891 
 
 468,454 
 
 Emma J. Weller, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Waterbury, 
 
 Seam-iron, 
 
 Feb. 
 
 9, 
 
 1892 
 
 471,926 
 
 Emma A. Willard, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Greenwich, 
 
 Bodkin, 
 
 Mar. 
 
 29. 
 
 1892 
 
 23 
 
330 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 REISSUE. 
 
 No. Name and Address. Title of Invention. Date. 
 
 4,427 Catharine Allsop Griswold, Skirt-supporting cor- 
 
 Willimantic, sets, June 20, 1871 
 
 5,41^ Harriet H. May, 
 
 Birmingham, Bustles, May 20, 1873 
 
 5,876 Cornelia Hitch-cock, Mill- 
 dale, assignor to herself 
 and William J. Clark, 
 
 same place, Coffee-urns, May 19, 1874 
 
 6,448 Lavinia H. Foy, 
 
 New Haven, Corsets, May 25, 1875 
 
■^""^ t . -*" 
 
CHAPTEE XXI. 
 STATISTICS AXD IXDUSTEIAL CONDITION'S. 
 
 Among the requests wMcli came from the Xational Com- 
 mission of women to the State Boards none were more frequent 
 and persistent than those which urged upon us the exhibition 
 of statistics which should show in round numbers the relations 
 of women to all labor, whether of the head or of the hand. 
 
 AVe were assured that a united canvass embracing " Every 
 people, every tribe, on this terrestrial ball,'' which could be 
 reached, was to be made, and especially valuable would such 
 statistics become if each State and Territory in our own country 
 could but secure returns which were accurate enough to be 
 used as a basis- of comparison with past and future like condi- 
 tions. 
 
 The amount of expense, as well as labor involved, together 
 with the short time allowed us in which to work, made it im- 
 possible to take up many of the lines of inquiry and research 
 indicated. A haphazard collection of statistics would prove 
 useless, extravagant, and misleading. Therefore, the Connec- 
 ticut Board felt obliged to decline to enter upon any extended 
 effort in a field wherein the United States Department of 
 Labor with trained men and millions at its command could do 
 so much more thorough work. But when, some months later, 
 another circular was issued containing questions bearing 
 directly ujDon the industrial conditions of women employed 
 more especially in large manufacturing centers we felt com- 
 pelled, in answer to this last most urgent appeal, to furnish as 
 much detailed information as we could secure in the few 
 nionths left us for effort. 
 
 Connecticut industries had an international reputation. To 
 have taken no part in a movement which was to reach the 
 whole civilized world, and which, if the detail asked for was at 
 all accurate and comprehensive, promised to become of such in- 
 
 (331) 
 
332 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 trinsic value, would have been a great omission, and yet, with 
 the last government report still in the hands of the printer, and 
 with our State Labor Bureau unable to furnish any of the 
 particular kind of information asked for, we felt that we had a 
 most difficult task assigned us. There was but one way to ac- 
 complish it satisfactorily, and that was to make it a personal 
 matter upon the part of each member of the board. 
 
 An individual canvass of every manufacturing interest was 
 undertaken. For the largest manufacturing districts we were 
 so fortunate as to secure, in addition to our own members, the 
 invaluable help of Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman of the !N'ational 
 Commission, to whose untiring zeal we owe much of the com- 
 pleteness of our returns. The legislature was in session, and 
 representatives and senators alike did good service in the 
 cause. The village doctor and the clergyman were often 
 pressed into service, and it is safe to say that in our search for 
 information we left no stone unturned. When they were 
 turned in no other way they were driven over, for when one 
 follows the railway in Connecticut he finds it in truth a place 
 of magnificent distances, and often the shortest way to the hill 
 towns was to drive across country. 
 
 Much of the work had to be done in February and March, 
 and we had ample opportunity to discover that the conditions 
 which, when the roads in all the colony were bad, gave to those 
 in Hartford and its vicinity ^^ a certain evil pre-eminence,'' 
 were in our day by no means confined to that neighborhood. 
 The reason given by the historian that " the excellence of the 
 soil was reflected in the bad character of the roads " may be 
 of lasting comfort to the farmer, but to the collector of statis- 
 tics, trying to make time on a mnter's day, the agricultural 
 possibilities of the highways often seemed a trifle overdone. 
 
 In no part of the work undertaken by the Connecticut 
 Board did that special characteristic of women which someone 
 has called ^^ sustained enthusiasm " prove so valuable, as in this 
 united effort to secure as fully as possible every important de- 
 tail of the industrial conditions under which the women labored 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 333 
 
 who were engaged in gainful occnpations in Connecticut. We 
 felt tliat if these conditions were better than those pre- 
 vailing in other places the world should know it. If 
 they were worse we should know it ourselves, and, therefore, 
 the entire field was canvassed with such vigor and thoroughness 
 that the statistical experts employed to collate and report upon 
 the data secured gave to the Connecticut returns the honor 
 of first place in value, France, that paradise of statistical fiends, 
 ranking second. 
 
 The material secured, together with various photographs, 
 were, at the request of the committee in Chicago, left in the 
 hands of the Commission for more complete tabulation and re- 
 port, after which they were to be returned to our own labor 
 bureau in Connecticut. The facts contained were embodied 
 together with returns from other sources in a volume of statis- 
 tical and narrative exhibits of great value, prepared at the re- 
 quest of the Commission, by that eminent sociologist, Dr. E. R. 
 L. Gould, but since the printing of the final reports by the 
 JSTational Commission is not yet an accomplished fact, some- 
 what of the ground covered in Connecticut is presented in this 
 short history, much of it verified and made more complete 
 through the courtesy of the Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Chief 
 of the Government Department of Labor. An outline only is 
 attempted here. Of the special information obtained regard- 
 ing the purely industrial class the questions of numbers, of 
 those owning homes, of the single, married, widowed, and 
 divorced are alone considered. The whole question of wages 
 is too involved and many sided, even in Connecticut, where so 
 much is still done " by the people for the people " to be treated 
 intelligently by a novice. 
 
 However much we may covet for our own small State the 
 distinction of having the best prevailing conditions for work- 
 ing women, we cannot hope to alter suddenly the evils spring- 
 ing from excess of supply over demand, nor can we alter the 
 fact that the keen competition inseparable from the super- 
 abundance of untrained labor has endless disadvantages for 
 women. 
 
334 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 The reproduction of tlie following circulars will explain 
 tlie direction of some of our inquiries : 
 
 EXTRACT FROM CIRCULAR. 
 
 The industrial arts, among all primitive peoples, were almost 
 exclusively invented and carried on by women. 
 
 They originated the art of cooking and the preparation of food, 
 including the grinding of grain and the making of bread; the curing 
 of skins and furs and the shaping of them into garments; the in- 
 vention and use of needles, and the twisting of various fibres into 
 threads for sewing and knitting; the weaving of textile fabrics; the 
 use of vegetable dyes; the art of basket-making; the modeling of 
 clay into jars and vases for domestic use, and also their ornamenta- 
 tion and decoration.. 
 
 When these arts became profitable they were appropriated by 
 men. It is desirable, therefore, that we show the chronological 
 history of the origin, development, and progress of the industries 
 carried on by women from the earliest time down to the present day. 
 
 board of lady managers, 
 
 World's Columbian Commission. 
 Statistics of Woman's Wo7^Jc in the States. 
 The president of the Board of Lady Managers believes that no 
 exhibit that can be made by the women of the nation will be of 
 greater interest or more profitable than a full record of what 
 women are doing in all industrial lines. Hence, she desires that 
 the ladies of each State and Territory shall prepare a chart giving 
 full information as to the work of industrial women. 
 
 In order to secure uniformity, we would suggest the following 
 heads: 
 
 Number of wage-earners, or self-supporting women. 
 " employed in factories, stores, shops, and offices. 
 " owning and controlling farms. 
 " engaged in mining. 
 
 " engaged in horticulture and floriculture. 
 " engaged in the professions. 
 *' engaged in domestic service. 
 " of authors. 
 " of teachers. 
 
 " engaged in art work and designing. 
 " engaged in literary work. 
 " engaged in other lines. 
 
 If this information could be plainly and beautifully engrossed 
 upon a large chart and hung upon the walls of each State building, 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 335 
 
 it would enable us to make a national summary that would not 
 only be of present value, but would become historical. 
 
 The following data show some of the results obtained: 
 
 Female population of Connecticut in 1890, . . . 376,720 
 
 No. 1. Number of females 10 years and over engaged in 
 
 gainful OQCupations in Connecticut in 1890, . 71,380 
 Number of females 14 years and over engaged in 
 
 gainful occupations in Connecticut in 1890, 1,693 
 
 Number of females 15 years and over engaged in 
 
 gainful occupations in Connecticut in 1890, . 69,687 
 
 No. 2. Number of women in professions, . . . 4,976 
 
 No. 3. Number of women employed in domestic and per- 
 sonal service, ...... 24,907 
 
 No. 4. Number of women employed in manufacturing and 
 
 mechanical industries, . ... . 35,804 
 
 No. 5. Number of women employed in trade and transporta- 
 tion, ....... 4,926 
 
 No. 6. Number of Avomen farmers, planters, and overseers, 683 
 
 Farm Owner sMp. 
 
 Number of women owning or occupying farms as heads of 
 
 families, 2,248 
 
 Number of women as farm tenants, .... 73 
 
 Number of women living on owned farms free of incumbrance, 1,762 
 
 Number of women living on farms encumbered, . . 413 
 
 Eome OwnersMp. 
 
 Number of women heads of families, . . . . 28,923 
 Number of women heads of families owning home in which 
 
 they lived, 15,277 
 
 Number of women, heads of families, who were tenants, . 13,646 
 
 Number of homes free of encumbrance owned by women, . 10,125 
 
 Number of homes encumbered owned by women, . . 5,152 
 
 Mining. 
 Number of women engaged in mining, .... 1 
 
 Agriculture and Floriculture. 
 
 Farmers, planters, and overseers, ..... 683 
 
 Agricultural laborers, ...... 62 
 
 Dairy women, ........ 12 
 
 Nurseries. 
 
 Owned and managed by women, ..... 4 
 
 Wages paid women per day, 85 cents. 
 
336 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Seed Farms. 
 
 Women employed, ..... 
 Wages paid per day, 65 cents. 
 
 Floricultii7'e. 
 
 Whole number of establishments in Connecticut, 
 
 Whole number owned and managed by women, 
 
 Whole number women employed, . 
 
 Wages paid women per day, 
 
 Total wages per year in Connecticut, . 
 
 85 
 
 120 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 . $1.00 
 
 $4,200.00 
 
 P7'ofessions. 
 
 Architects, .... 
 
 Clergy, ..... 
 Dentists, ..... 
 Lawyers, ..... 
 Physicians and surgeons, 
 Authors, ..... 
 Teachers, ..... 
 Professors, .... 
 
 Artists and teachers of art, . 
 Designers and draftsmen, 
 Musicians and teachers of music, . 
 Journalists, .... 
 
 Actresses, . . .' . 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 89 
 
 153 
 
 3,891 
 
 14 
 
 187 
 
 11 
 
 543 
 
 140 
 
 30 
 
 OtJier Lines. 
 Managers and showmen, .... 
 
 Officials of government, .... 
 
 Inventors, ...... 
 
 Officials of banks and insurance and trust companies 
 Manufacturing officials, .... 
 
 Bookkeepers and accountants, 
 
 Clerks and copyists, ..... 
 
 Stenographers and typewriters. 
 
 Telephone and telegraph operators. 
 
 Packers and shippers, ..... 
 
 Electric light and power company, employes, . 
 Steam railway employes, .... 
 
 Street railway employes, .... 
 
 Commercial travelers, ..... 
 
 Foremen and overseers, .... 
 
 Porters and helpers in stores, 
 
 Agents and collectors, .... 
 
 Watchman or detective, .... 
 
 Messengers and errand girls. 
 
 8 
 
 79 
 
 165 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 705 
 
 1,247 
 
 310 
 
 281 
 
 623 
 
 56 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 73 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 Business. 
 
 337 
 
 Wholesale dry goods, . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Dry goods, 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Drugs and chemicals, 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 Wines and liquors, 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Grocers, .... 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 Newspaper sellers, 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Undertakers, 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Livery and stable-keepers, . 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Butcher, .... 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Teamster, 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Hucksters and peddlers, 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Gold and silver workers, . . . ... . 176 
 
 Lead and zinc workers. 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Tinners and tin-makers, 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 Tool and cutlery, .... 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 Leather goods makers. 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell-hangers, . 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 Electro platers, ..... 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 Engravers, . . . . 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Machinists, ..... 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Painters, glaziers, and varnishers, 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 Piano and organ-makers and tuners, 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 Holders, . 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Model and pattern-makers. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Paper-hangers, . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Marble and stone-cutters, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Potters, . 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Brick and tile-makers, . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Blacksmiths, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Carpenters and joiners, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Engineer, not locomotive, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Barbers and hairdressers. 
 Janitors, . 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 42 
 19 
 
 Saloon-keepers, . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Restaurant-keepers, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Hotel-keepers, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 Saleswomen, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1,333 
 
 Dressmakers, milliners, and 
 
 seamstresses. 
 
 
 
 8,451 
 
 Tailoresses, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 440 
 
 Corset-makers, . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 2,570 
 
 Hat and cap-makers, . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1,352 
 
 Cotton, woolen, and textile mill operatives, . 
 
 
 
 13,057 
 
 Rubber factory. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1,229 
 
338 
 
 COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Brass workers, ..... 
 
 Clock and watch, .... 
 
 Iron and steel workers, including molding. 
 Paper mill operatives, . 
 Printers, engravers, and bookbinders, 
 Paper box-makers, .... 
 
 Wooden box-makers, .... 
 
 Powder and cartridge-makers, 
 Housekeepers, ..... 
 
 Boarding and lodginghouse-keepers, 
 
 Nurses and other service, 
 
 Servants, ...... 
 
 Day laborers, ..... 
 
 Ijaundresses, ..... 
 
 1. Farmers, planters, and overseers, 
 
 2. Musicians and teachers of music, 
 
 3. Professors and teachers, 
 
 4. Hotel and boardinghouse-keepers, 
 
 5. Dressmakers, milliners, and seam- 
 
 stresses, 
 
 6. Tailoresses, 
 
 7. Corset-makers, 
 
 8. Textile mill operatives 
 
 9. Rubber factor^'-, . 
 
 10. Paper mills, 
 
 11. Paper box-makers, 
 
 12. Stewardesses, 
 
 13. Servants, 
 
 532 
 
 558 
 426 
 646 
 398 
 
 1,064 
 
 90 
 
 292 
 
 2,264 
 515 
 
 1.110 
 
 18,833 
 
 565 
 
 1,375 
 
 Sinofle. Married. Widwd. Divced. 
 
 77 65 530 11 
 
 459 44 31 8 
 
 3,699 102 95 9 
 
 64 143 340 18 
 
 6,3.52 
 
 1,008 
 
 964 
 
 127 
 
 318 
 
 42 
 
 70 
 
 10 
 
 2,339 
 
 119 
 
 90 
 
 22 
 
 11,389 
 
 1,180 
 
 431 
 
 57 
 
 1,137 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 534 
 
 69 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 1,005 
 
 34 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 1,028 
 
 315 
 
 852 
 
 69 
 
 16,270 1,072 1,392 
 
 99 
 
 EXTRACT FROM CIRCULAR. 
 
 women's oegaxizations. 
 
 Not only has woman become an immense, although generally un- 
 recognized, factor in the industrial world, but hers being essentially 
 the arts of peace and progress, her best work is shown in the number- 
 less charitable, reformatory, educational, and other beneficent in- 
 stitutions which she has had the courage and the ideality to estab- 
 lish for the alleviation of suffering, for the correction of many forms 
 of social injustice and neglect, and for the reformation of long- 
 established wrongs. These institutions exert a strong and steady 
 influence for good, an influence which tends to decrease vice, to 
 make useful citizens of the helpless or depraved, to elevate the 
 standard of morality, and to increase the sum of human happiness; 
 thus most effectively supplementing the best efforts and furthering 
 the highest aims of all government. 
 
 All organizations of Avomen must be impressed with the necessity 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 339 
 
 of making an effective sliowing of the noble work which each is 
 carrying on. 
 
 The following circular was issued to secure facts as to 
 tliose organizations: 
 
 Office Boakd of Lady Managers, 
 World's Columbian Commission. 
 
 Your organization will greatly oblige the Board of Lady Managers 
 of the Columbian Exposition, if you will answer the following ques- 
 tions, and give any additional data that you deem of value in order 
 to fully explain the aims, practical workings, or results of your 
 association. This information is to be inserted in a catalogue of 
 the organizations conducted by women, for the promotion of char- 
 itable, philanthropic, intellectual, sanitary, hygienic, industrial, or 
 social and moral reform movements. 
 
 The Board of Lady Managers wishes to make this encyclopedia 
 the most complete record of woman's work ever given to the public, 
 and desires to impress every woman that no band of women is too 
 large or too small to find a place in this historic record. If you will 
 all help us we shall succeed in making this work a book of reference 
 for the years to come, and shall be able to show the most wonderful 
 advancement of women along all philanthropic and charitable lines, 
 with their industrial and educational advantages. In view of this, 
 may we ask a prompt and full reply? 
 
 1. Name. 
 
 2. Date of Organization. 
 
 3. Names of Officers. 
 
 4. Address of Headquarters and Corresponding Secretary. 
 
 5. Number of Charter Members. 
 
 6. Present Membership. 
 
 7. What are the aims of your Society? 
 
 8. Have you any educational features? If so, what are they? 
 
 9. Source of income. 
 
 10. Annual expenditures. 
 
 11. How nearly self-supporting? 
 
 12. Remarks. 
 
 This special line of work has been placed by the president in care 
 of the Superintendent of Industrial Department. Direct all letters to 
 
 Mrs. Helen M. Barker. 
 
340 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 EXTRACT FROM ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 OF LADY MANAGERS 
 
 Name. 
 
 o 5 
 <i-i'-0 
 
 O 03 
 
 II 
 
 OflBcers. 
 
 Headquarters. 
 
 
 Ijiterary aud Social. 
 
 1 The Thursday Cluh. 1883 
 
 2 Review Club. 1890 
 
 3 Conversational Club. 1890 
 
 4 The Friday Club. 1884 
 
 5 Woman's Club of Seymour. 1892 
 
 6 Thursday Morning Club. 1889 
 
 7 Monday Afternoon Club. 1886 
 
 8 Waterbury Women's Club. 1889 
 
 9 The Conversational Club. 1892 
 10 Willimantic Woman's Club. 1891 
 
 11 The Thursday Club. 1889 
 
 12 Friday Afternoon Club. i 1890 
 
 13 Saturday Morning Club, i 1881 
 
 14 Woman's Work in the 1881 
 
 Grange. 
 
 15 Algae Reading Circle. 1890 
 
 16 Fortnightly Columbian His- 1892 
 tory Club. 
 
 17 The English Literature 
 
 Club. 
 
 Industrial. 
 
 18 Fair Hat Trimmers' Union. 
 
 Miss Elizabeth W. Prince, Hartford, 
 
 President. 28 Vernon St. 
 
 Lottie Manning, President. 
 
 Meriden. 
 
 Mrs. J. R. Buck, President. Hartford. 
 
 Miss Mary Bulkeley, Presi- Hartford. 
 
 dent. 
 Miss Sara Winthrop Smith, Seymour. 
 
 President. I 
 
 Miss S. J. Roby, President. Meriden. 
 
 Miss Palmer, President. Hartford. 
 
 ! 
 Miss E. L. Frisbie, Presi- Waterbury. 
 dent. I 
 
 Miss Elizabeth R. Abbott, Waterbury. 
 President. { 
 
 Miss Charrie A. Capen, Pres-; Willimantic. 
 ident. 
 
 South Norwalk. 
 South Norwalk. 
 
 Miss Edith 
 
 ident. 
 Miss E. H 
 
 President. 
 Miss May 
 
 President. 
 
 Mrs. Emma 
 ident. 
 
 Mrs. Curtis 
 ident. 
 
 Woolsey, Pres- New Haven, 
 
 250 Church St. 
 , Barnes, Vice-Southington. 
 
 i 
 K. Champion, New London, 26 
 
 j Huntington St, 
 
 I. Heath, Pres- Danbury, No. 9'* 
 j Town Hill Av. 
 
 1 
 
 H. Bill, Pres- Bridgeport. 
 
 1885 !Mrs. Ellen M. Foote, Pres-:Danbury. 
 ident. 
 
 19 Hat Trimmers' Mutual Aid 
 
 Association. i 
 
 20 Hat Trimmers' Association. 1885 
 
 21 United Workers and Wo- 1887 
 
 man's Exchange. { 
 
 I 
 
 22 Bridgeport Exchange for 1887 
 
 Woman's Work. ! 
 
 Mrs. Emma I. Heath, Pres- Danbury. 
 ident. j 
 
 Mrs. H. A. Crane, President. South Norwalk. 
 
 jHartford, 
 ' 49 Pearl St. 
 
 Miss Lewis, President. 
 
 Mrs. Wm. Jewett, President. [Bridgeport. 
 
 29 
 
 16 
 30 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 26 
 
 125 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 60 
 27 
 
 11 
 
 1,800 
 210 
 400 
 700 
 200 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 341 
 
 3 COMPILED FOR THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION BY THE BOARD 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Aims. 
 
 Source of 
 Income. 
 
 The intellectual advancement of 
 its members and the develop 
 men of a good literary style. 
 
 To promote literary culture. 
 
 Improvement in conversation. 
 
 Study of history, literature, art, 
 and music. 
 
 Mutual improvement. The ad- 
 vancement of women in all laud- 
 able pursuits, etc. 
 
 Study for mutual improvement 
 
 Study of history — not general, but 
 
 the selection of certain periods. 
 Mutual improvement. To do 
 
 good in the community 
 
 elsewhere. 
 Education and study of all topics 
 
 of interest to women. 
 
 To awaken to thought and action 
 the women of the city, and cre- 
 ate an organized center for the 
 development thereof. 
 
 Mental stimulus and conversa 
 tional improvement. 
 
 Literary and musical culture. 
 
 To promote culture and social 
 
 intercourse. 
 The elevation and education of 
 
 the rural community. 
 To keep up with the learning and 
 
 culture of the age by a systematic 
 
 and elevated course of reading. 
 Literary. 
 
 To protect labor. 
 
 Assessments 
 and tines. 
 
 Membership 
 fees. 
 
 Fees and 
 
 fines. 
 Membership 
 
 fees. 
 
 Membership 
 
 fees. 
 Membership 
 
 fees. 
 Membership 
 
 fees. 
 
 Membership 
 fees. 
 
 Membership 
 fees. 
 
 Membership 
 
 fees. 
 Membership 
 
 fees. 
 
 Membership 
 I fees. 
 
 Membership 
 i fees. 
 
 Membership 
 ' fees. 
 
 Dues (self- 
 supporting), 
 
 To aid sick and disabled mem- Membership 
 
 bers with benefits ranging from fees & dues, 
 
 $3 to 15 per week for ten weeks. 
 In the interest of employer andpues and 
 
 employes. A business organi-; assessments. 
 
 zation. i 
 To help women to help them- 
 
 selves. I 
 
 To sell the work of women andiSubscriptions 
 assist them to self-helpfulness. &com'sions. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Three lectures given during the 
 year. 
 
 Lectures given. 
 
 Belongs to the General Federation 
 of v\ omen's Clubs. Has marked 
 educational features. 
 
 Lectures given. 
 
 Three lectures given annually. 
 
 Belongs to General Federation of 
 Clubs. Has four departments 
 of work. 
 
 Has studied parliamentary law 
 for two years. Belongs to Gen- 
 eral Federation. 
 
 Belongs to General Federation of 
 Clubs. 
 
 300 Three hundred and thirty honor- 
 ary members. Lectures. 
 
 Under control of National 
 Grange. 
 
 Main feature — educational. 
 
 $30 
 
 47 
 
 250 
 
 2,843 
 550 
 396 
 
 Composed of members of Hat 
 Trimmers' Union and Mutual 
 Aid Association. 
 
 Belongs to Knights of Labor. 
 Death benefit, §100. 
 
 Started from a fund of 82,300 
 raised by an entertainment. Be- 
 longs to Knights of Labor. 
 3,000 Pays a funeral benefit of SIOO. 
 Does charitable work. Sent 
 rSlOO to Johnstown sufferers. 
 500jSelf-supportiDg. Has a reading- 
 room and librarj', debating clubs, 
 I choral unions, etc. 
 
342 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF 
 
 Name. 
 
 Q§) 
 
 23 Woman's Exchange. 
 
 24 Stamford Exchange for 
 
 Woman's Work^ 
 
 25 Sewing-school. 
 
 26 Kitchen Garden. 
 
 27 Seaside Institute. 
 
 28 Connecticut Association of 
 
 Working Girls' Clubs. 
 
 29 Warner Club. 
 
 30 Enterprise Club. 
 
 31 Independence Club. 
 
 32 Perseverence Club. 
 
 33 Hope Club. 
 
 34 Toung Women's Christian 
 
 League. j 
 
 35 Young Ladies' League of 
 
 Meriden. 
 
 36 City Club. 
 
 37 Greeneville Girls' Club. 
 
 (Branch of City Club). 
 
 38 Help Each Other Club. 
 
 39 Earnest Workers' Club. 
 
 40 Young Women's Friendly' 
 
 League. 
 
 41 Working Girls' Club. 
 
 42 Working Girls' Club. 
 
 43 Perseverence Club. 
 
 1888 
 1885 
 
 1887 
 
 1890 
 
 Headquarters. 
 
 
 Mrs. Henry A. Whitman, Hartford. 
 
 President. 
 Mrs. C. F. Soshe, Corre- Stamford. 
 
 spending Secretary. j 
 
 Mrs. E. M. Parker, Pres- Bridgeport. 
 
 ident. 
 Mrs. H. H. Scribner, Pres- Bridgeport. 
 
 ident. 
 Controlled by Trustees. Bridgeport. 
 
 Miss Jar vis, Chairman. 
 
 jMiss Katherine McGrath, 
 I President. 
 
 1888 'Miss White, President. 
 
 1891 
 
 1888 
 1888 
 1882 
 1890 
 1885 
 
 Brooklyn. 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 New Haven, 
 87 TrumbuU St. 
 
 iMiss Dotha Bushnell, Pres-'New Haven, 
 
 ident. 
 Miss M. T. Dana, President. 
 
 Miss Jennie E. Andre"ws, 
 President. 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 1891 
 
 944 Chapel St. 
 
 New Haven, 
 24 Grove St. 
 
 Rockville. 
 
 350 
 
 Miss E. N. Eastman, Pres- New Britain, 
 ident. j 
 
 Mrs. Charles Young, Pres-; Meriden. 
 ident. 
 
 Mrs. Sidney L. Greer, Sec'y. Norwich. 
 Mrs. Sidney L. Greer, Sec'y. Norwich. 
 Miss Mary Dexter,President.jDanielson. 
 Bridgeport, 
 Miss I. M. Russell.President 
 
 Miss C. B, Wheeler, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Miss Annie McElroy, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Waterbury, 
 43 E. Main St. 
 
 Stamford, 
 Atlantic Sq. 
 
 Miss A. J. Dates, President. New Britain, 
 280 Arch St. 
 
 Mrs. Mary E. Bragaw, Pres- New London, 
 ident. I Union St. 
 
 1,100 
 
 30 
 30 
 25 
 35 
 50 
 69 
 85 
 70 
 79 
 30 
 70 
 180 
 108 
 50 
 30 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 CONNECTICUT. — CoNTmuED. 
 
 343 
 
 To help women to help them-SubscriptioD'=; 
 
 selves. i (fccom'sions. 
 
 To help women to help them- Subscriptions 
 
 selves. &com'sions. 
 
 To teach girls sewing and neat- Donations. 
 
 ness. 
 Teaches girls cooking and house-iDonations. 
 
 work. 
 For the welfare of women em- 
 
 ployes. 
 
 To strengthen, knit together, Club dues. 
 
 and protect the interests of the 
 
 Clubs. 
 To become true and noble women 
 
 Mutual enjoyment. 
 
 To furnish pleasant rooms where 
 its members can pass their even- 
 ings. I 
 
 To furnish pleasant rooms where 
 its members can pass evenings. 
 
 To gain by co-operation, oppor- 
 tunities for the general improve- 
 ment of members. 
 
 To provide pleasant rooms where 
 members can learn all ordinary 
 occupations. 
 
 To secure by co-operation, means 
 of self -improvement, recreation, 
 etc. 
 
 To benefit self-supporting young 
 women. 
 
 For the industrial education and 
 amusement of working girls. 
 
 For the industrial education and 
 amusement of working girls. 
 
 Mutual improvement. 
 
 Mutual improvement and social 
 pleasure. 
 
 To promote the social, mental, i 
 and moral welfare of self-de- 
 pendent girls. 
 
 Mutual improvement and friend- 
 ship. 
 
 Mutual improvement and friend- 
 ship. 
 
 To provide headquarters for 
 working girls, and to elevate 
 them morally, socially, and 
 physically. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertain m'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertalnm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertain m'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 
 I dues and en- 
 
 ' tertainm'ts. 
 
 jMembership 
 
 j dues and en- 
 
 I tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 $1,150 
 
 100 
 
 60 
 
 160 
 
 185 
 
 280 
 378 
 
 100 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,200 
 
 350 
 
 250 
 
 Was a branch of the United 
 Workers until 1892. 
 
 Attendance, 233. 
 Attendance, 348. 
 
 Fine building erected by Warner 
 Bros. A good library therewith 
 connected. 
 
 Consists of thirteen clubs. 
 
 Given rooms rent free in Seaside 
 Institute. Aims to be self-sup- 
 porting. 
 
 Members are factory employes. 
 Evening classes. Collecting a 
 library. 
 
 Promotion of higher sort of social 
 life. Evening classes. 
 
 Composed largely of working 
 classes for intellectual improve- 
 ment. 
 
 Has a library. Evening classes. 
 
 Lends a helping hand to oth- 
 ers. Industrial and intellectual 
 classes. 
 
 Classes in German and short- 
 hand. 
 
 Under auspices of the United 
 Workers. 
 
 Under auspices of the United 
 Workers. 
 
 Educational and industrial 
 classes. 
 
 Composed of women employes of 
 Warner Bros. Evening classes. 
 
 Has rooms open every evening 
 for working-women. Classes. 
 
 Members engaged in all occupa- 
 tions. Industrial and intellect- 
 ual classes. 
 
 Members mostly factory em- 
 ployes. Evening classes. 
 
 Educational and industrial 
 classes. 
 
344 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF 
 
 Name. 
 
 o 5 
 
 O sj 
 
 PS) 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Headquarters. 
 
 44 Girls' Evening Club. 
 
 45 Lend-a-Hand Club. 
 
 Philanthropic and 
 Charitable. 
 
 46 Girls' Friendly Society. 
 
 47 City Mission Society. 
 
 48 Women's Christian Asso- 
 
 ciation. 
 
 49 Conn. Woman's Christian 
 
 Temperance Union. 
 
 50 Non-partisan Woman's 
 
 Christian Temp. Union. 
 
 51 Woman's Relief Corps of 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 52 Connecticut Indian Asso- 
 
 ciation. 
 
 53 Hartford Auxiliary of the 
 
 American McCall Asso. 
 
 54 Woman's Aux. to Young 
 
 Men's Christian Asso. 
 
 55 The Order of the Eastern 
 
 Star. 
 
 56 Woman's Aux. to Young 
 
 Men's Christian Asso. 
 
 57 Young Women's Christian 
 
 Association. 
 
 58 Order of the King's Daugh- 
 
 ters of Connecticut. 
 
 59 Good Will Club. 
 
 60 Hartford Branch of Wo- 
 
 man's Board of Missions. 
 
 61 New Haven Branch of Wo- 
 
 man's Board of Missions. 
 
 62 Connecticut Branch Wo- 
 
 man's Auxiliary to Board 
 of Missions (Episcopal). 
 
 63 Woman's Centenary Asso- 
 
 ciation of Connecticut. 
 
 64 Eastern Connecticut Branch 
 
 of Woman's Board of 
 Missions. 
 
 65 Woman's Congregational 
 
 Home Missionary Soc. 
 
 1891 
 1889 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1867 
 
 1875 
 1885 
 
 1881 
 
 1887 
 1892 
 1874 
 
 1892 
 1880 
 
 1880 
 1870 
 1870 
 1880 
 1871 
 1868 
 1885 
 
 Mrs. Wilmot, President. Bridgeport. 
 
 Mrs. W. C. Lanman, Sec'y. Norwich 
 
 Mrs. Jacob Knous, Sec'y. 
 
 Mrs. George C, Merriam, 
 President. 
 
 Mrs. George Kellogg, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Mrs. S. B. Forbes, President. 
 
 Mrs. H. W. Howell, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Harriet J. Bodge, Depart- 
 ment President. 
 
 Mrs. S. T. Kinnev, President. 
 
 Mrs. Geo. M. Stone, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Mrs. Truman B. Smith, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Mrs. Hannah S. Harvey, 
 Grand Matron. 
 
 Mrs. H. I. Mygatt, Pres- 
 ident. 
 Mrs. J. N. Dana, President. 
 
 Miss Katharine Gillette, 
 State Secretary. 
 
 Miss Mary Hall, President. 
 
 Mrs. Chas. Jewell, President. 
 
 Miss Susan E, Daggett, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Mrs. Samuel Colt, President. 
 
 Miss Ella E. Manning, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Miss Emily S. Gilman, Pres- 
 ident, 
 
 Mrs. Jacob A. Biddle, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 Meriden, City 
 I Mission Bldg. 
 
 Hartford, 
 58 Church St. 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 New Haven, 
 1162 Chapel St. 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 Southington. 
 
 Bridgeport, 
 42 Madison Av. 
 
 New Milford. 
 
 New Haven, 
 568 Chapel St. 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 9 Eld St. 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 New Haven, 
 77 Grove St. 
 
 Hartford. 
 Stamford. 
 Norwich. 
 
 Hartford, 
 149 High St. 
 
 30 
 
 142 
 
 250 
 
 4,590 
 
 85 
 
 2,543 
 
 855 
 
 100 
 2,000 
 
 112 
 
 9,000 
 800 
 800 
 
 5,000 
 
 250 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 CONNECTICUT. — Continued. 
 
 345 
 
 Aims. 
 
 Source of 
 Income. 
 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 Mutual improvement and socia- 
 bility. 
 
 To help onward and upward, and 
 to " lend a hand." 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 Membership 
 dues and en- 
 tertainm'ts. 
 
 To bind young women together Membership 
 
 for mutual help, both secular fees, 
 
 and religious 
 Christian work among the neg- Endowment. 
 
 lected classes outside the ordi 
 
 nary ministrations of the church 
 To aid young women temporari- Membership 
 
 ly, morally, and religiously. fees and 
 
 board 
 Promotion of temperance and Dues, contri- 
 
 prohibition of the liquor traffic, butions, etc 
 Promotion of the cause of tem- Dues, contri- 
 
 perance, butions, etc 
 
 To assist needy Union veterans Per capita 
 
 and their families. tax. 
 
 To awaken and stimulate public Subscriptions 
 
 sentiment to a just government- and contri 
 
 al policy toward the Indians. butions. 
 To aid the McAll Mission in Membership 
 
 Paris, Prance. fees 
 
 To co-operate in the religious and Membership 
 
 secular work of the Y. M. C. A. fees. 
 To give practical effect to the Charter mem- 
 
 beneticent purposes of Freema- bers and 
 
 sonry. dues 
 
 To assist the Association in any Membership 
 
 good work for young men. 
 To aid self-supporting young wo 
 
 men. 
 
 To develop spiritual life. 
 
 To promote the moral, intellect 
 
 ual, and physical improvement 
 
 of boys. 
 To send female missionaries to 
 
 foreign lands ; to educate and 
 
 Christianize pagans. 
 To spread a knowledge of the 
 
 pure Gospel among women in 
 
 heathen lands. 
 To aid the work of missionary 
 
 bishops ; to help missionaries — 
 
 home and foreign. 
 To promote the interests of the 
 
 Universalist Church throughout 
 
 the world. 
 Collection of money for mission- 
 ary purposes ; cultivation of 
 
 missionary spirit. 
 To aid all forms of home mis 
 
 sionary work. 
 
 23 
 
 Subscriptions 
 and contri 
 butions. 
 
 Membership 
 fees. 
 
 Donations. 
 
 Dues, contri 
 butions, etc. 
 
 Dues, contri- 
 butions, etc. 
 
 Voluntary 
 contribu- 
 tions. 
 
 Membership 
 fees. 
 
 Voluntary 
 contribu- 
 tions. 
 
 Collections 
 and gifts. 
 
 For benefit of working-girls. 
 For benefit of working-girls. 
 
 Four branches. Under auspices 
 of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 },756 Hon. I. C. Lewis of Meriden pre- 
 sented the society with a busi- 
 ness block valued at $70,000. 
 12,800 Owns property worth $60,000. 
 Boarding-home accommodates 
 sixty inmates. 
 2,870 One hundred and forty-two local 
 unions. 
 175 Scientific temperance instruction. 
 
 Forty-three corps in the State. 
 
 2,500 Supports mission station and 
 workers at Fort Hall, Idaho. 
 
 800 
 
 325 
 
 300 
 
 5,790 
 12,160 
 22,700 
 
 3,500 
 15,000 
 
 Meets annually. Has twenty- 
 eight subordinate chapters. 
 
 Evening classes in vocal culture, 
 stenography, etc. 
 
 Classes in book-keeping, litera- 
 ture, German, etc. Value of 
 property, $45,000. 
 
 Three counties organized. Sup- 
 ports children's ward in hospit- 
 al, sewing-school, etc. 
 
 Owns a building worth more than 
 $20,000. For boys from 8 to 21 
 years. 
 
 Congregational. Eighty -four 
 auxiliaries. 
 
 Congregational. One hundred 
 and eighty-eight societies in four 
 counties. 
 
 Educates daughters of clergymen; 
 provides scholarships in dioce- 
 san, Indian, and colored schools. 
 
 Thirty-seven auxiliary societies. 
 
 Seventy-six auxiliaries. Congre- 
 gational. 
 
346 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF 
 
 Name. 
 
 O e3 
 aj.2 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Headquarters. 
 
 66 Ladies Auxiliary of tlie 
 
 Young Men's Chr. Asso. 
 
 67 Hartford Orptian Asylum 
 
 68 Widows' Society. 
 
 69 Bridgeport Associated 
 
 Charities. 
 
 70 Union for Home Work. 
 
 71 Catholic Ladies'Benevolent 
 
 Association. 
 
 72 Larrabee Fund Association 
 
 73 Ladies' Aid Society of 
 
 Gilead. 
 
 74 Ladies'Benevolent Society. 
 
 75 United Workers of Nor- 
 
 wich. 
 
 76 Rocknook Children's 
 
 Home. 
 
 77 Sheltering Arm. 
 
 78 Cottage Hospital. 
 
 79 Sisters of Mercy. 
 
 80 St. Francis Orphan Asylum 
 
 81 The Ezra Chappell Benev- 
 
 olent Society. 
 
 82 The Lewis Female Cent. 
 
 Society. 
 
 83 New Haven Orphan Asy- 
 
 lum. 
 
 84 Bridgeport Protestant Or- 
 
 phan Asylum. 
 
 85 Bridgeport Protestant Wid- 
 
 ows' Society. 
 
 86 First Church Home for 
 
 Aged and Destitute Wo- 
 men of New Haven. 
 
 87 Ladies' Seaman's Friend 
 
 Society. 
 
 88 St. John's Sewing Circle. 
 
 89 United Workers of New 
 
 London. 
 
 90 Day Nursery. 
 
 1888 
 1833 
 
 1826 
 1886 
 
 1872 
 
 1884 
 1864 
 
 1891 
 1883 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 1881 
 1831 
 
 Mrs. George Van Alstyne. 
 President. 
 
 Mrs. Chas. F. Howard, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Mrs. R. E. Day, President. 
 
 Mrs. H. H. Pyle, President. 
 
 Mrs. Samuel Colt, President. 
 
 Mrs. C. O'Neill, President. 
 
 Mrs. Jacob Knous, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Mrs. J. H. Buell, President, 
 Mrs. Ed, Bugbee, President. 
 
 Norwalk. 
 Hartford. 
 
 Hartford, No.lJO 
 Washington St.! 
 
 Bridgeport, I 
 
 248 Main St. 
 
 Hartford, 
 239 Market St. 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 9 Pratt St. 
 Hartford, 
 
 426 Asylum St. 
 
 Gilead. 
 Wauregan. 
 
 Miss Maria P. Gilman, Pres- Norwich, 
 ident. . 
 
 Mrs. Louisa G. Lane, Sec'y. Norwich. 
 
 Mrs. K. H. Leavens, Pres- Norwich. 
 
 ident. 
 Mrs. H. R. Bond, President. New London. 
 
 Sr. M. Rose Maher, Supe-PIartf ord. 
 rioress. 
 
 1862 Sr. M. Rose Maher, Supe- Hartford. 
 
 rioress, \ 
 
 1866 Mrs. Hannah Chappell, Pres-New London. 
 
 ident. j 
 
 1810 [Mrs. Lucretia Perry, Pres-|New London, 
 
 ident. i 
 
 1833 
 
 1867 
 
 1849 
 1871 
 
 1845 
 1890 
 
 Mrs. Edw. Sterling, Chair 
 man Board of Managers, 
 
 Mrs, Alex. Wheeler, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Miss Henrietta W. Chaplin, 
 President. 
 
 . {New Haven, 
 J 610 Elm St. 
 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 Mrs. T. W. Robertson, Pres- 
 ident. 
 Mrs. John Moran, President 
 1892 Miss Alice Chew, President. 
 
 Miss Helen Wordin, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 New Haven, 
 125 Wall St. 
 
 New London. 
 
 New London. 
 New London. 
 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 136 
 
 40 
 
 9 
 500 
 
 254 
 
 60 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 1,300 
 
 4 
 
 150 
 
 270 
 23 
 
 36 
 
 675 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 CONNECTICUT. —Continued. 
 
 347 
 
 Aims. 
 
 Source of 
 Income. 
 
 P ft 
 
 H 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 To assist the association in its 
 work among young men. 
 
 Care and support of children 
 needing homes (not of necessity 
 orphans). 
 
 To relieve aged widows. 
 
 Invested 
 funds and 
 subscript's. 
 
 Legacies. 
 
 Legacies, do- 
 nations, etc, 
 
 To remedy the evil of street beg- 
 ging. Investigates the case of 
 each applicant. 
 
 To care for women and children Membership 
 of the poor who are helped by fees and sub- 
 being taught to help themselves, scriptions. 
 
 Charity and benevolence. jMembership 
 
 I dues. 
 
 To distribute the income from the 
 
 Larrabee fund to lame, deform 
 ed, or maimed females of the 
 town of Hartford. 
 
 Benevolent purposes. Entertain 
 
 I ments, etc, 
 
 To extend help to the poor of the Fees and 
 city and vicinity. ' i work. 
 
 Promotion of practical benevo- Contributions 
 
 lence. 
 
 The care of destitute children. 
 
 To care for the sick poor. 
 
 To provide a home for the sick. 
 
 To acquire all possible perfection 
 in virtue, and to serve the sick, 
 poor, and ignorant. 
 
 Care and education of orphans. 
 
 To aid the poor of New London. 
 
 To relieve the necessities of the 
 poor. j 
 
 The care of orphans,half-orphans, 
 and destitute children. j 
 
 Care and education of orphans.- j 
 
 To aid indigent widows in the' 
 
 home and township. | 
 
 To provide a comfortable home 
 
 for aged and destitute women; 
 
 belonging to the Center Church! 
 
 and sister churches. 
 To aid destitute seamen and their 
 
 families. j 
 
 Clothing of the poor. 
 To secure united and consecutive^ 
 
 efforts in benevolent work! 
 
 among the needy. \ 
 
 To care for the children of work-i 
 
 ing-women during the day. j 
 
 and dona- 
 tions. 
 
 Donations 
 and board. 
 
 Voluntary 
 gifts. 
 
 Patients pay, 
 etc. 
 
 City funds 
 and contri- 
 butions. 
 
 Interest on 
 fund. 
 
 Bequest, con- 
 tributions. 
 
 Invested 
 funds and 
 public funds. 
 
 Invested 
 funds & sub- 
 scriptions. 
 
 Bequests and 
 fees. 
 
 Donations 
 and board. 
 
 Investments, 
 etc. 
 
 Donat'ns, etc. 
 
 Contribu- 
 tions, etc. 
 
 Donations. 
 
 $200 Endeavors to make the Associa- 
 tion rooms attractive. 
 15,000 
 
 1,700 
 
 3,535 Maintains kitchen garden, sew- 
 ing-school, girls' evening club, 
 I labor bureau, etc. 
 
 6,000,Maintains a cooking-school, train- 
 ing - school for housework, 
 creche, and diet-kitchen. 
 
 Beneficiaries receive small quar- 
 terly allowances. Amount of 
 fund, $21,000. 
 
 100 
 
 60 Helps in mission work. 
 
 14,189 Maintains children's home. Shel- 
 tering Arm, gifls' club, employ- 
 ment bureau, district and alms- 
 house visitations, etc. 
 2,760| Under auspices of United Work- 
 
 ! ers. 
 4,200 Under auspices of United Work- 
 , I ers. 
 
 200 Five beds. Soon to be supplant- 
 ed by public hospital. 
 
 ....300 children. Costs about $100 
 annually for each child. 
 
 940| 
 
 17,000 Accommodates one hundred and 
 , forty children. 
 
 2,645 Forty-eight inmates, 
 board of trustees. 
 
 Under a 
 
 3,992 The Sterling Home was erected 
 by this society in 1884. 
 Twelve inmates. 
 
 300 
 
 85 
 600 
 
 Five hundred and fift3'-f our in at- 
 tendance. 
 
348 
 
 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF 
 
 Name. 
 
 .2 
 o « 
 
 Officers. Headquarters. 
 
 j 
 
 h 
 
 Reformatory. 
 
 
 
 
 91 The Woman's Aid Society. 
 
 1878 
 
 Mrs. Chas. B. Smith, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Hartford. 
 1 Pavilion St. 
 
 350 
 
 92 Home for the Friendless. 
 
 1866 
 
 Mrs. Wm. Hillhouse, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 New Haven. 
 
 
 Political. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 93 Woman's Suffrage Asso. 
 
 94 Political Equality Club. 
 
 1889 
 
 Mrs. Isabella B. Hooker, 
 President. 
 
 Mrs. Wilbur F. Rogers, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 Hartford. 
 Meriden. 
 
 60 
 
 .Esthetic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 95 The Hartford Art Society. 
 
 1877 
 
 Mrs. Mary B. Cheney, Pres- Hartford, The 
 Ident. Athenaeum. 
 
 100 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 
 
 
 96 Conn. State Board of Lady 
 
 Managers. 
 
 1892 
 
 Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkelev Hartford, 
 and Mrs. Geo. H. Knight, Lakeville. 
 Presidents. | 
 
 82 
 
 97 Ladies' Narragansett Cy- 
 cling Club. 
 
 1892 
 
 Miss Harriet Scott, Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 New London. 
 
 11 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Number of societies, 
 Total membership, . 
 Total annual expenses, 
 
 97 
 
 37,697 
 
 $170,790 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 CONNECTICUT. — Continued. 
 
 349 
 
 Aims. 
 
 Source of 
 Income. 
 
 "3 a 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 
 
 To assist, reclaim, and reform 
 erring women. To aid friend- 
 less women and provide a tem- 
 porary home for them. 
 
 To provide a temporary home for 
 girls who have been led astray ; 
 to give them employment and 
 instruction. 
 
 Subscriptions 
 and collec- 
 tions. 
 
 Legacies and 
 donations. 
 
 1,200 
 
 The inmates are fitted to honor- 
 ably support themselves. 
 
 A-lso provides a home for small 
 children and infants Avith their 
 mothers. Home for old ladies 
 in connection. ■ 
 
 To secure for women full rights 
 
 of citizenship. 
 To secure political equality to 
 
 women. 
 
 Membership 
 fees, etc. 
 
 
 Recently received a gift of S10,000 
 from Mr. Isaac Lewis, Meriden. 
 
 To establish and maintain an art 
 school with a view to practical 
 training in the various branches. 
 
 Membership 
 fees, tuition, 
 etc. 
 
 893 
 
 Free-hand drawing, painting, me- 
 chanical and industrial design- 
 ing and decorative work taught. 
 Art lectures given to the public. 
 
 To assist the National Commis- 
 sion in collecting statistics, and 
 in preparing an exhibit of wo- 
 man's work for the Columbian 
 Exposition. 
 
 To promote an interest in cycling 
 among women. 
 
 State appro- 
 priation, 
 
 $7,000. 
 
 
 The resignation of Mrs. Morgan 
 G. Bulkeley in December, 1892, 
 made the election of a second 
 President necessary. 
 
 Dues and 
 fines. 
 
 
 For physical recreation. 
 
 The great number of local societies makes it impossible to present them in 
 detail. In Connecticut they are as follows : 
 
 Local Missionary Societies, 
 Local Unions of W. C. T. A., . 
 Corps of Woman's Relief-Corps, 
 Chapters Order Eastern Star, 
 Indian Associations, 
 
 400 
 
 142 
 
 43 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 
CHAPTEE XXII. 
 
 FINAE'CIAL WOEK OF THE BOAED. 
 
 The delightf ul courage of tlie man who had the wit to dis- 
 cover and the frankness to own that " nothing is so fallacious as 
 figures, except facts/' puts him at once upon a footing with 
 Columbus and other fearless navigators and discoverers. 
 Using the statement as a text, and a solemn warning as well, 
 no attempt will be made in this chapter to prove in round num- 
 bers that the expenditure of the appropriation given the 
 Woman's Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut was 
 the wisest, most conservative, or most far-reaching that could 
 have been made. At the close of the Board work a detailed 
 statement and itemized account, arranged in neat columns, 
 and capable of proving either way, was submitted in due form 
 to the treasurer of the Men's Board, and, upon being duly ap- 
 proved and accepted, was' promptly filed away for future 
 reference, since nothing seems more interesting to the anti- 
 quarian than old accounts. If any one doubts this let him 
 study the catalogue of any exhibition of Colonial or Eevolu- 
 tionary relics, and he will discover that the Father of his 
 Country even does not escape having the homely commonplace 
 of his laundry bills audited and reaudited by successive ad- 
 miring and curious generations. 
 
 For the first time in its history the Congress of the United 
 States appropriated a definite sum of money to be used exclu- 
 sively by women for their own interests and advancement. 
 Probably the same thing was true in the history of States, but 
 in Connecticut our relations with the Men's Board, to whom 
 we owed our appropriation, were so simple, straightforward, 
 and business-like, that it is to be feared we failed to remember 
 that we worked under unusual conditions. They certainly 
 failed equally to remind us of the fact. 
 
 (350) 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 35I 
 
 The sum of five, out of tlie fifty tliousand dollars sub- 
 scribed for Exposition purposes by tbe citizens of tbe State, was 
 placed to our credit upon vote of the commission. An order 
 upon tbe treasurer of tbe general fund, signed by tbe presi- 
 dent of the Woman's Board, was sufiicient to cause the sum 
 specified to be placed in the hands of our own treasurer, who, in 
 turn, paid all bills upon the presentation of vouchers, which 
 had been properly audited by a committee appointed for that 
 purpose. 
 
 Our method of work was very simple. The State contains 
 eight counties, and two managers and two alternates were ap- 
 pointed in each. They, in turn, divided the county into four 
 divisions, each taking for her field of operation the section 
 nearest her place of residence, thereby saving all unncessary 
 expenditure of time and strength, as well as money. 
 
 When an unusual amount of work developed in a county, 
 as, for instance,' gaining statistics in a crowded manufacturing 
 center, we engaged, at a definite salary, the best outside ser- 
 vice we could secure, to lighten the difiiculties encountered. 
 With one exception, that of our treasurer, whose work was 
 very exacting, the members of the Woman's Board gave the 
 most devoted and persistent effort to this common cause liter- 
 ally " without money and without price.'' 
 
 Unhampered by suggestions or restrictions, and sure of the 
 most cordial support of the Men's Board, whenever we needed 
 it, we used the utmost freedom in carrying forward our work 
 by whatever steps commended themselves as a valuable means 
 of advancement. 
 
 The absolute harmony existing in our organization, whose 
 members showed the most delightful spirit of enthusiastic co- 
 operation from first to last, reduced the necessity for general 
 meetings to the lowest possible number. We had no " chronic 
 objector " to checkmate our best intentions, and though we 
 may have lost the inspiration of battle, we gained in time, 
 money, and enthusiasm by being able to confine our con- 
 
352 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 ferences exclusively to reports, comparisons, and details of 
 future work. 
 
 The following brief outline gives tlie main channels of ex- 
 pense, as well as of work followed : 
 
 The ChHdren's Building. 
 
 The Woman's Dormitory Association. 
 
 The entire expense of all exhibits sent out under the direc- 
 tion of the Board. 
 
 Collecting articles of artistic or historic interest for ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 Collecting statistics relating to labor, and to educational, 
 philanthropic, religious, and social movements. 
 
 Collecting and arrangement of an exhibit of literature. 
 
 Collecting and printing of a book of short stories, poems, 
 essays, and other articles. 
 
 The decoration and furnishing of a room in the Woman's 
 Building. 
 
 Collecting wood carving for the library in the Woman's 
 Building. 
 
 The direction of the decorations and furnishing of the 
 Connecticut State Building. 
 
 The request for the sum of three hundred dollars as our 
 share in the funds which was to be used in the construction of a 
 house for little children upon the Exposition grounds found 
 immediate response, the members of the Board contributing, 
 or raising, two hundred and twenty-six of the three hundred 
 dollars we were asked to guarantee. 
 
 The disposal of shares of stock in the Woman's Dormitory 
 Association also commended itself to us as well worth while. 
 The various circulars sent us from headquarters, one of which 
 is reproduced at the end of this chapter, promised a safe, as well 
 as economical, way in which women of limited means could 
 avail themselves of the wonderful advantages of the Exposi- 
 tion. Two hundred and fifty shares of stock were apportioned 
 to us, an amount nearly doubled later, in answer to eager ap- 
 plications from women, mainly teachers, who were glad to avail 
 themselves of what promised to be at least a safe starting point. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 353 
 
 The exhibits sent out under the direction and at the ex- 
 pense of the Board were very few. 
 
 A greater expense was incurred in letting both artists and 
 workers in every field know that the Board was willing to help 
 them to the utmost in other ways than in actual exhibits. 
 There were several reasons for this. Lack of sufficient space 
 for a successful exhibition of articles was a very important one. 
 The outlay devoted to gaining statistics was mainly the 
 traveling expenses of the various members in their personal 
 canvass. The results more than repaid us for the strenuous 
 effort required, a history of which would prove a valuable 
 object lesson in tact, courage, patience, and endurance. The 
 exhibit of literature was the most costly, as it was the most 
 valuable and enduring of all our exhibits. The cabinet in 
 which Mrs. Stowe's books and silver were shown to the public 
 was only secured after days of fruitless search among the wares 
 of the best furnishers and decorators in 'New York. Standing 
 apart from the general decoration of that most charming room, 
 the library in the Woman's Building, it had to be in harmony 
 with its surroundings, besides being perfectly adapted to the 
 purpose for which it was secured. A beautiful edition of all 
 Mrs. Stowe's books was especially brought out for us by her 
 publishers, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., and besides these we 
 spared no pains to have our general collection of literature com- 
 plete. 
 
 When we began collecting the work of writers of poems, 
 short stories, and essays, it was proposed to spend but fifty dol- 
 lars in the collection, using typewritten copies to insure con- 
 formity with other work of the same kind exhibited by sister 
 States, but the work grew and grew, not unlike a modem Jack's 
 beanstalk, in the hands of the able woman having it in charge, 
 until a full-fledged book, in an attractive cover, with a frontis- 
 piece and the best of printer's ink within, claimed the Woman's 
 Board as godmother. 
 
 By gaining a copyright, or giving credit for all the articles 
 contained, we were able, after presenting the book in directions 
 
354 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 which would enhance its value, to sell copies enough to cover a 
 large share of the expense we had incurred in its production, 
 besides adding a unique and valuable feature to our exhibit of 
 literature-. 
 
 The six beautifullj-carved panels of wood which were used 
 as a part of the decorations of the library in the Woman's 
 Building were nearly all paid for out of the appropriation. 
 While the decoration and furnishing of the room known as the 
 Connecticut Room was, and remains, one of the most satis- 
 factory results of our work as a Board, its influence for the 
 direct advancement of womankind outlasts, as we hoped it 
 would, the fleeting enthusiasm of the AVorld's Eair. The col- 
 lection of rare and historic articles, both for exhibition and for 
 the furnishing of the Connecticut house, came under the head 
 of expense of members, since that also was mainly traveling ex- 
 penses incurred in going from place to place in the search for 
 what was attractive or appropriate. The actual expense of 
 furnishing in detail, together with the decorations of the house, 
 which the Building Committee placed in the hands of a com- 
 mittee from the Woman's Board did not, of course, come out 
 of our appropriation, which was increased by an additional two 
 thousand dollars when the State assumed the expense of con- 
 ducting Exposition affairs. This additional sum enabled us 
 to furnish the Connecticut Room, to print the Board book, and 
 to gather the industrial statistics asked of us. The sale of the 
 book, " Selections from the Writings of Connecticut Women," 
 paid every expense connected with it except a part of the print- 
 ing. At the close of the Pair the carved panels, which we sent 
 to the Woman's Building, were, at the request of the Com- 
 mittee at headquarters, presented as gifts to the Women's Mem- 
 orial Building. For the same purpose the Connecticut Board, 
 in a formal letter to Mrs. Palmer, presented a beautiful copy 
 of the edition de luxe of the book " Selections from the Writ- 
 ings of Connecticut Women," also a volume containing early 
 compositions of Harriet Beecher Stowe, Banny Bern, and 
 Lydia H. Sigourney, and other rare books. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 355 
 
 That part of tli€ furniture whicli had been used in the 
 Connecticut room in the Woman's Building, and which was 
 suitable for gifts, was purchased by the president for a nominal 
 sum and presented, in the name of the Board, to various libra- 
 ries and historical societies. 
 
 In the same way a legal transfer was made of the remain- 
 ing copies of the Board book, which were afterward distributed 
 to the larger libraries and to those of our own State. 
 
 The collection of literature, together with the cabinet 
 which held Mrs. Stowe's exhibit, was presented to the State 
 Historical Society. 
 
 Yery generously, the remainder of the furniture was pur- 
 chased by ex-GrOvernor Morgan G. Bulkeley, for a third of 
 its original value, the sum fixed upon by the committee in 
 charge, and placed at the disposal of the members of the Board, 
 who in turn purchased it for its historical value. 
 
 The proceeds from these sales were placed in the hands of 
 the treasurer of the Men's Board, and the Woman's Board had 
 the delightful satisfaction of coming out on the right side of 
 their balance sheet, with an unexpended sum to their credit. 
 A general financial report only is herewith presented. 
 
356 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 .189 
 
 Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut, 
 
 To.„ : 
 
 of 
 
 For Traveling Expenses incurred in attending meeting of 
 
 Dr. 
 
 at. 
 
 Members and Officers of the Board of Lady Managers will please fill 
 out the above, giving name and P. O. address, place and date of meeting 
 attended, and the amount of expenses incurred, and send the same to the 
 Treasurer, 
 
 MiBS Lucy P. Trowbridge, 210 Prospect Street, New Haven, Conn., 
 
 who will send check for the amount. The check endorsed by the member, 
 together with this statement, will be the Treasurer's voucher for the pay- 
 ment of such expenses. 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 357 
 
 C5 
 
 W 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 > 
 
 m 
 
 P^ 
 
 
 
 m 
 
358 
 
 lONNECTICUT at the WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 The Board of Lady Managers op Connecticut. 
 
 In account with Connecticut Board of World's Fair Managers. 
 
 Received from Treasurer as per appropriations of main Board, $7,000.00 
 
 '• " Subscriptions to Children's building, . . . 226.00 
 " " Sales of book "Selections from the Writings of 
 
 Connecticut Women," 135.33 
 
 " " Sales of furniture Connecticut room, . . 103.00 
 
 Total Receipts, 
 
 . $7,464.33 
 
 Disbursements. 
 
 Paid for collection of books, cabinet, etc. , . 
 
 Exhibit of literature for Library in Woman's Building 
 List of Women Inventors of Connecticut, . 
 Printing, . . . ' . 
 
 Carving panels, framing photos, . 
 
 Painting table top, 
 
 Labor in gathering statistics. 
 Decoration of Connecticut room and furniture. 
 Expenses of Board of Managers, . 
 Appropriation for Children's building, 
 Expense of special exhibits, .... 
 
 Total disbursements, 
 Refunded to Treasurer of main Board, 
 
 $227.65 
 
 609.92 
 
 5.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 99.75 
 
 100.00 
 
 895.57 
 
 1,633.14 
 
 3,091.79 
 
 300.00 
 
 13.94 
 
 7,001.76 
 462.57 
 
 $7,464.33 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 359 
 
 THE WOMAN'S DORMITORY ASSOCIATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 Capital Stock, $160,000. 
 
 Officers. 
 President, Mrs. Matilda B. Carse. 
 Secretary, Mrs. Helen M. Barker. 
 Treasurer, Mr. Elbridge G. Keith. 
 
 Directors. 
 
 Mrs. Potter Palmer, Miss Frances Willard, 
 
 Mrs. Matilda B. Carse, Mrs. Martha H. Ten Eyck, 
 
 Mrs. Helen M. Barker, Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr. , 
 
 Mrs. L. Brace Shattuck, Mrs. A. L. Chetlain, 
 
 Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr., Mrs. Ben C. Truman, 
 
 Mrs. Leander Stone, Mrs. George L. Dunlap, 
 
 Mrs. Charles Henrotin, Mrs. James A. Mulligan. 
 
 Office Board of Lady Managers, 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 The Board of Lady Managers has been desirous to carry out the 
 design of Congress in creating it, and the intent of the National 
 Commission in prescribing its duties. ,The Commission said, in de- 
 fining the duties of the Board: " The Board shall have general 
 charge and management of all interests of women in connection with 
 the Exposition." In conformity with this, Mrs. Palmer called a 
 meeting of all the Lady Managers resident in Chicago to consider 
 what could be done for the benefit of the great army of women that 
 will visit Chicago during the Fair, especially those known as " in- 
 dustrial women," " wage earners," and " working girls." It was 
 felt that after reduced traveling rates had been secured, the next 
 duty would be to procure for these women good, clean, safe homes 
 at reasonable rates. Hence, it was resolved to take steps towards 
 providing such homes. Mrs. Matilda B. Carse was appointed by this 
 body to look the matter up and report to a second meeting. Mrs. 
 Carse presented a plan, and, in harmony with her plan, an Associa- 
 tion has been formed and incoi-porated, and is now ready for work. 
 Its directors are well-known and reliable women of Chicago con- 
 nected with the Board of Lady Managers. The treasurer is one of 
 Chicago's most prominent bankers. 
 
 Our plan, as set forth in the former circular, is to erect buildings 
 adjacent to the Fair grounds, capable of sheltering 5,000 women, 
 the rooms to be furnished with comfortable beds and toilet con- 
 
360 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 veniences. These dormitodes will be presided over by refined, 
 matherly women, wbo will have a watchful care over unprotected 
 girls who may come singly or in groups. 
 
 In order to accomplish all this work we have formed a stock 
 company, and will soon be ready to issue stock in shares of $10. 
 These shares will be taken at any dormitory of this association in 
 payment for lodging bills. Only two persons will be allowed to come 
 at one time on a single share. These shares will be transferable, and 
 if the face value is not used by the holder during her stay, it can be 
 made over to another who can use the balance. After the ten dollars 
 has been used, the share still stands on our books, credited to the 
 holder, and she will be entitled to her pro rata share of the profits, 
 if a surplus remains after the enterprise is closed. 
 
 Our rate per day will not exceed forty cents to stockholders, and if 
 the association finds it can isafely do so, the rate may be put at 
 thirty-five cents, but this we cannot promise. Each person must 
 engage her room at least one month before coming, in order to be 
 sure of accommodation at that time, and, in making application for 
 stock, must state what month and what part of that month she de- 
 sires to come. 
 
 The association finds it will be necessary to limit the number of 
 guests to be entertained during each month, hence the first to apply 
 for stock will have the choice of the month in which they will come, 
 while those who follow later may be obliged to select another month 
 when there are vacancies. 
 
 Stockholders will be given' the preference over others. Non- 
 holders of stock will be furnished lodgings whenever vacancies exist, 
 but we may have to charge them a slightly higher rate. 
 
 Application for stock can be made and money sent at once, and 
 as soon as $25,000 is in the bank your certificate will be promptly 
 forwarded. In the meantime, you will receive an official receipt by 
 return mail that will insure your safety. 
 
 ii 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 EESOLUTIOisrS AisTD LETTERS OF THANKS. 
 
 The final meeting of the Woman's Board of Managers 
 was held in Hartford, December 18, 1893, with an unusually 
 full attendance of members. The World's Eair, to which we 
 had given so many months of thought and work, walking by 
 faith, had gladdened our sight at last with such a vision of 
 loveliness that the remembrance of all exactions of time and 
 strength faded into the background. We were glad and 
 proud to have been even among the least of those who had con- 
 tributed to such a marvelous result. We had worked so 
 unitedly toward a common purpose that we found our- 
 selves upon the footing of familiar friends, unwilling to go 
 our separate ways without at least a handshake and an expres- 
 sion of the hope that we might meet again. The delightful 
 harmony of our Board had been unbroken from the first meet- 
 ing to the last, and the resolutions of thanks, some of which ap- 
 pear in this report, expressed the unanimous feeling of the 
 members. 
 
 We cannot close this report without expressing our individ- 
 ual and collective thanks to the members of the Men's Board 
 for the delightful consideration and courtesy which they 
 showed to us at every opportunity. To the members of the 
 Building Committee especially, and to the Treasurer, Mr. 
 George H. Day, we owe more than can be conveyed in any 
 formal expression of thanks. Of all the gracious things said 
 of us nothing touched us so much as the compliment paid the 
 Board on Connecticut Day by Senator Reed, whose untimely 
 death came as a personal grief to each of us who had the 
 privilege of knowing him : " The Pilgrim Fathers did not 
 begin to be as proud of the Pilgrim Mothers, nor the Revolu- 
 tionary Fathers of the Revolutionary Mothers, as our Men's 
 Board are of our Women's Board in Connecticut." 
 24 (361) 
 
362 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 Whatever success came to us in our work is due, next to 
 the direct personal effort of committees, to that wise, far-see- 
 ing, foundation work planned and carried out for several 
 months by Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, our first president. We 
 all caught her enthusiasm and something of the high standard 
 she set for our attainment. 
 
 Especially was her successor under the greatest personal 
 obligation to her from the first meeting to the last, for in every 
 new plan for the f iui;herance of the Board work her advice and 
 help were as unfailing as they were valuable. 
 
 The following resolution, offered by Mrs. J. G. Gregory 
 at the final meeting of the Board, December 18, 1893, puts 
 into formal speech something of the personal feeling of warm 
 appreciation with which the members of the Board remember 
 Governor Bulkeley's unfailing consideration: 
 
 Whereas, With the close of the official existence of the Board of 
 Lady Managers for Connecticut, its members desire to place on 
 record their appreciation of the generous aid and many thought- 
 ful services rendered by ex-Governor Bulkeley; 
 
 Whereas, We owe our existence as a Board to his appointment, 
 and have availed ourselves of his wise counsel from the com- 
 mencement, and found in him an ever-ready friend and generous 
 supporter; and 
 
 Whereas, W^e recognize the fact that our success as a Board has 
 been largely promoted by his unostentatious help. 
 Resolved, That we express to him our recognition of his kindly 
 
 thoughtfulness toward us, and our gratitude for the material heir 
 
 which he has given, and assure him that among the many agreeabl* 
 
 experiences of our official life, none will be more pleasantly recalled 
 
 than those connected with himself. 
 
 Following the suggestion of the JSTational Board, each State 
 Board adopted a distinctive badge of its own. The Connecti- 
 cut B'^ird were fortunate in having a beautiful adaptation of 
 tha fecate Seal given them by Mr. Franklin B. Farrel of An- 
 sonia. 
 
 A slender bar of gold, bearing the word " Connecticut '' 
 on blue enamel, held suspended the badge, which followed in 
 outline, and in most exquisite coloring, the State Seal and its 
 motto. JSTothing that our most famous American silversmith 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 363 
 
 sent to the World's Fair was more artistic in its way than the 
 beautiful Connecticut badge. 
 
 The formal thanks of the Board, expressed in the resolution 
 offered by Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, gives a suggestion of the 
 very informal amount of genuine pride and pleasure with 
 which each member of the Board treasured and wore this 
 charming gift : 
 
 Resolved, That we, the members of the Board of Lady Managers 
 of Connecticut, tender our most sincere thanks to Mr. Franklin B. 
 Farrel of Ansonia for his gift of the beautiful State badge, which 
 we highly prize as a souvenir, and are proud to wear for its own 
 artistic beauty. 
 
 At the last general meeting of the National Board of Lady 
 Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, held IvTovem- 
 ber 6, 1893, this resolution, offered by Mrs. Julia B. Shattuck, 
 was unanimously adopted: 
 
 Wheeeas, The work of women in the World's Columbian Exposition 
 has been most materially advanced by and through the co-opera- 
 tion of the women's branch of all State and Territorial World's 
 Fair Boards, therefore, 
 
 Resolved, That the women's branches of these boards be cordially 
 invited and earnestly requested, to present at as early a date as 
 possible, full reports of their respective work to the President of 
 the Board of Lady Managers. And, further, 
 
 Resolved, That a special vote of thanks be tendered all State and 
 Territorial Boards for their valuable assistance, without which the 
 Board of Lady Managers feels its work could never have assumed 
 the magnificent proportions of which they are so justly proud. 
 
 Office of the President, 
 BoAED OF Lady Managers World's Coluiubian Exposition, 
 
 November 11, 1893. 
 My Dear Mrs. Knight: 
 
 Your letter of Nov. 6th, accompanying the report of the work of 
 your Board, was duly received, and I hasten to reply in order to ex- 
 press my sense of obligation to you, and to the ladies representing 
 your State, for the co-operation which was received in our work. 
 
 Even though the work which has been so spread before us for 
 the past three years has brought no remuneration in dollars and 
 cents, and has cost each one many days and nights of anxiety and 
 labor, the result which stands before us to-day certainly compen- 
 sates for all the expenditure of the past. 
 
364 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 The work which has been accomplished by your Board is or in- 
 estimable value, and I wish to express, personally ami in the name 
 of the Board, our appreciative thanks for the gifts which have been 
 made to us from your State. The sight of these beautiful objects 
 in our memorial building will vividly recall the pleasant associations 
 surrounding them during their installation in the Woman's Build- 
 ing the past summer. 
 
 With renewed expressions of cordial regard, and Ifiudest wishes 
 for the future, I am, my dear Mrs. Knight, as ever. 
 
 Sincerely yours, 
 BERTHA HONORl: PALMER, 
 
 Pres't B. L. M. 
 Mrs. Kate Brannon Knight, 
 
 Connecticut Building, 
 
 Jackson Park. 
 
 The following letter from the secretary of the Board of 
 Lady Managers, conveying the thanks of the National Board, 
 and requesting a detailed report of State work, was, in turn, 
 supplemented by circulars of the most urgent nature, con- 
 taining lists of questions to be answered and asking for com- 
 plete statistics and details : 
 
 Office of the Secretary, 
 
 Chicago, January, 1894. 
 Dear Madam: 
 
 In behalf of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's 
 Columbian Commission, I desire to express to the ladies composing 
 the State Board of Connecticut, our sincere appreciation of the 
 valuable aid given by them to the advancement of women in the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, and trust the result of their labor 
 may help enrich the resources of their State and enlarge the op- 
 portunities of its women. 
 
 We would ask that a complete report of the work of your Board 
 be sent to this office for future reference and record. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 SUSAN G. COOKE, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 A few extracts from one of these circulars will serve to 
 show the thoroughness with which the historians proposed to 
 do their work : 
 
 In your report please state: — 
 
 1. All of the facts concerning the exhibit of women's work from 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 365 
 
 your State at the Exposition. You are not limited as to the number 
 of words. 
 
 It is very necessary that you make mention, however briefly, of 
 exhibits in every department of work and every line of work ex- 
 hibited. You can send the data that you have in hand now. Omit 
 nothing because your data may be imperfect. 
 
 You will see the propriety of having Connecticut properly repre- 
 sented. We want to do justice to your efforts and to those of the 
 women of your State in the exhibit at the Exposition. Your report 
 is urgently needed for the history as well as for the digest. 
 
 I have not mentioned many of the subjects that you should treat 
 in your report, only those you are most likely to forget. 
 
 The President of the Women's Board of Connecticut had 
 already presented at headquarters an outline of the most im- 
 portant parts of the work done in that State, but recognizing 
 the value of a national report which should embody compara- 
 tive results, questions were answered, photographs sent, and 
 the fullest possible detail was most willingly prepared for 
 official publication. Besides this history a digest of all re- 
 ports from States was also in process of preparation at Chicago, 
 from which it will be seen that the impetus gained during the 
 existence of the fair, which tempted every one to do even 
 simple things in a large and effective way, inevitably carried 
 the zealous collector of data over into the midst of a rather 
 plentiful harvest. 
 
 The results, although specialists had sifted, assorted,, and 
 eliminated a portion of the subject matter, amounted to eight 
 large packing cases of unedited material, all of which was sent 
 as a slight token of remembrance to what might well be an 
 astonished Congress. Evidently, a few other States besides 
 Connecticut felt somewhat responsible for the World's Fair. 
 
 Unfortunately, or otherwise, statistical literature, even of 
 the most attractive kind, cannot always count a special ap- 
 propriation for printing among its birthrights. 
 
 The Congress of the United States, in some of its work- 
 ings, is not unlike the mills of the gods. It grinds slowly. 
 Probably, if some process had been discovered to grind this 
 
366 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
 
 especial grist " exceeding small " before it reached that legis- 
 lative body, tbere might have been some hope of speedy pub- 
 lication. But the whole cannot be printed at present. The 
 parts, therefore, however valuable they may seem to those 
 interested, must also wait, as did the official history of the Civil 
 War, until they are needed for permanent records. Fortu- 
 nately for the Connecticut data, the State appropriation for 
 Exposition purjDoses outlasted the immediate needs of that oc- 
 casion. 
 
 At the last meeting of the Board of World's Fair managers 
 of Connecticut, a comniittee was appointed to finish the re- 
 maining work of both boards. This committee, composed of 
 the Hon. Leverett Brainard of the National Commission, Mr. 
 Greorge H. Day, the treasurer of the Board, the Hon. Morris 
 W. Seymour, counsel for the Board, and Mrs. George H. 
 Knight, president of the Board of Lady Managers, considered 
 one of their imperative duties to be the preparation and pub- 
 lication of a comprehensive history of the methods us^d and 
 results obtained in accomplishing the ends for which the Con- 
 necticut Board was created, 'namely, " For the purpose of ex- 
 hibiting the resources, products, and general development of 
 the State of Connecticut at the World's Columbian Exposition 
 in 1893." 
 
 We had been able to show the world that as a State we had 
 within our borders the three things which make a nation great 
 and prosperous, " a fertile soil, busy workshops, and easy con- 
 veyance for men and goods from place to place." It remained 
 for us to show to our public-spirited citizens, whose generosity 
 had made the first steps in Exposition matters possible, that in 
 bringing about this result it had only been necessary to make 
 use once more of the familiar pursuits of Connecticut people. 
 
 The following letter of thanks sent by the president of 
 the l^ational Commission to the Woman's Board of Connecti- 
 cut, closed officially a relationship that had been cordial, har- 
 monious, and, we trust, mutually beneficial, and though, keep- 
 ing in mind the progress we were expected to make, we have 
 done our best, hampered as we are by unavoidable limitations, 
 
CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 367 
 
 to follow the advice of the ancient philosopher and " look at 
 things as a man, as a human being, as a citizen, as a mortal.'' 
 Still, there is a delightfully familiar and unprogressive satis- 
 faction in the fact that, after all, in closing this report, a woman 
 will have the last word! 
 
 Chicago, Illinois, 
 
 February 14, 1894. 
 My dear Mrs. Knight: 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition having passed into history 
 and through its wonderful record become indissolubly associated 
 with all intellectual and artistic thought and progress, I feel it to 
 be my duty, as well as my pleasure, to express the deep obligation 
 under which the Board of Lady Managers rests for the effective 
 co-operation so cordially given it by the Connecticut State Board. 
 
 It is impossible for me to adequately express my appreciation 
 of the beautiful room furnished by your Board. The decorations of 
 the walls and ceiling were successful in design and extremely well 
 executed: the color scheme was most attractive and the furnishing 
 both charming and appropriate, all of which rendered the Connect- 
 icut Room one of the most attractive in our Building and a very 
 creditable exhibit to the young lady who planned it. 
 
 I must not omit to mention especially the remarkable work ac- 
 complished by your Board in gathering data of the industrial occu- 
 pations of the women of joar State. I thoroughly appreciate the 
 labor involved and the diflSculty encountered in securing such a 
 comprenensive report. It will be gratifying to you to know that 
 government statistical experts, who have examined our statistics, 
 pronounced those sent from Connecticut most complete and valuable. 
 With renewed thanks for the many kindnesses received from 
 your Board and for your ready and sympathetic promotion of all 
 of our plans, believe me to be, my dear Mrs. Knight, with assurance 
 of high consideration and esteem, 
 
 Most cordially yours, 
 BERTHA HONORf: PALMER, 
 
 President Board of Lady Managers. 
 
 World's ColumUan Exposition. 
 To Mrs. George H. Knight, 
 
 President Connecticut State Board, 
 Lakeville, Conn. 
 

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