Qass B T^^o 
 Book_-_ <Fl 4-2^ 
 
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 gUL 
 
 [Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1837, by O. S. Fowler, in 
 the Clerk's office of the Southern District of New York.] 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY; 
 
 AND THE 
 
 PHREItfOXOGICAL DEVEX,0P2VX3KrTS ? 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 THE CHARACTER AND TALENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 AS GIVEN BY 
 
 ''PHRENOLOGY PROVED, ILLUSTRATED, 
 
 AND APPLIED," WHERE WILL BE FOUND A FULL AND CORRECT 
 
 DELINEATION OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL 
 
 CHARACTER AN'» MANIFESTATIONS OF THE 
 
 ABOVE-NAMED INDIVIDUAL. 
 
 BY 0. S. FOWLER, 
 
 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGIST, 
 
 OF THE NEW YORK PHRENOLOGICAL ROOMS, 
 286 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
 EXPLANATION. 
 
 The proportionate size of the phrenological organs of the Individual 
 examined, and, consequently, the relative strength of his primary mental 
 powers, that is, his moral and intellectual character and manifestations, will 
 be indicated by the written figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 : figure 1 standing for 
 very small ; 2, for small ; 3, for mooerate ; 4, for average ; 5, for 
 full ; 6, for large ; and 7, for verv large. 
 
 To make the indications still plainer, these figures will be written opposite 
 those lines which describe the individual examined ; and at the end of these 
 lines opposite which the figures stand, are figures referring to those 
 pages of " Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied," where will be 
 found a full description both of his individual characteristicks, and, also, of 
 the effects upon his intellect and feelings produced by the combined action of 
 She faculties in that degree in which he may possess them, 
 
2 SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 Or thus : — In the body of the work referred to, the phrenological faculties 
 are describrd in seven states of development, which states are represented by 
 seven written figures, each figure being placed opposite the description 
 for which it stands. For example ; 1, written opposite very small, indi- 
 cates that the organ thus marked is very small, or almost wholly wanting 
 in the head of the individual examined : 2, written opposite small, that 
 it is feeble and inactive in character : 3, written opposite moderate, 
 means tbat, in his head, the organ thus marked is only moderate, or some- 
 what below mediocrity ; active only in a subordinate degree, and has but a 
 limited influence upon the mind and character : 4, written opposite 
 average, means that the organ thus marked is fair, or between moderate 
 and full, with which are united the definitions and the elementary functions 
 of the faculties : 5, written opposite full, shows that the character 
 of the person examined will be found under the term full, which means a 
 respectable, though by no means controlling, or even marked, influence upon 
 the feelings and character : 6, placed opposite large, shows that, in him, 
 the organ thus marked is large, and that the corresponding faculty has a 
 ' powerful, not to say controlling, influence upon his mind and feelings : 7, 
 written opposite very large, indicates that the organ thus marked is very 
 large ; has a predominant influence over his other faculties, especially the 
 weaker : constitutes and gives tone and direction to his character and talents ; 
 is easily excited, and powerful in its action ; calls to its aid the other powers ; 
 and is quite liable to perversion and abuse. 
 
 Thf* s'ze of the head of the individual examined, the degree of activity, 
 the quantum or amount of mental strength and power, the sharpness or other- 
 wise of his organs, the consequent excitability of his faculties, and the pro- 
 portion of the temperaments, together with the relative development of the 
 several classes of the organs, may be indicated in the same manner. 
 
 A dash placed under a written figure, adds to it one half of a degree : thus, 
 _5 means five and a half. 
 
 Excesses and defects of character are marked by curved dashes. A 
 curved dash drawn under a figure, thus 6, or ^, indicates that the organs 
 thus marked, considered in reference to their combinations, are liable to be 
 over exercised, or perverted, and require to be closely watched and judiciously 
 directed, or else restrained : a curved dash drawn over a written figure, 
 thus 3\ signifies that the weakness of the faculty thus marked constitutes a 
 palpable defect of character, and that it should be cultivated and stimulated. 
 
 The printed figures in the margin, refer to the number of their respective 
 faculties, or the order in which they are described, and the figures in the 
 cut?, to the location of the corresponding faculties in the head, excepting that 
 the figures directly under, or in the open parts of the cuts refer to their number. 
 
 Before the terms Average, Full, Large, very Large, Moderate, Small, 
 and very Small, the reader will please supply the ellipsis one having this 
 organ, and read accordingly. 
 
 Explanation of the Cuts, abbreviated c. Cut No. 1, is a profile view of 
 Dr. Gall's head, with firmness depressed and benevolence elevated, and 
 shows the location, number, and abbreviated name of the several organs : 
 Nos. 2, and 3, show the location of the organs in the frontal and occipital 
 portions of the head : No. 4, indicates the general division or classification of 
 the organ : 5, is a profile cut of Franklin : 6, of Washington : 7, of De 
 Witt Clinton : 8, of the scull of Le Blanc, the murderer of Judge Sayer of 
 
WITH REFERENCES TO " PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C. 3 
 
 Middletown, N. J. : 9, is a front view of the same : 10, a side view of 
 Aurelia Chase, who was executed in Baltimore in 1834 for the murder of 
 the wife of Dr. Dirkee, and the attempted murder of the whole family ; who 
 is supposed to have murdered six other individuals, and who died regretting 
 that she could not murder three others : No. 11, a profile cut of a celebrated 
 Indian chief whose scull was disinterred in Detroit, Mich. : 12, front view 
 of the same. The names of the remaining ones will be found printed under 
 them. 
 
 The mental manifestations depend upon — 
 I. The Size, or quantity of the brain — 
 II. Its Activity ; and this is determined by — 
 
 1. The constitutional organization, or the physiological structure, or the 
 
 state of the physical functions of the system, including the brain : - 
 
 2. The temperament of the body, and brain — 
 
 3. The physical health of the person, his freedom or otherwise from disease, 
 particularly cerebral or otherwise — 
 
 4. The amount of excitement or stimulus under which an organ acts. 
 
 I. Other conditions beina equal, the size of the brain is the measure of the 
 aggregate amount of the mental power ; and the relative size of the 
 several organs shows the proportional strength and energy of their 
 corresponding faculties in the individual examined. 
 
 It should however be remembered that the amount of the mental power, 
 depends even more upon these " other condition", such as the organization, or 
 vigour of constitution, the condition of the nutritive organs, the state of the 
 health, the temperament, the amount of excitement, the habits, &c, of the 
 person than upon the size of the brain alone. Accordingly, the same in- 
 dividual, in consequence of different degrees of health, rest, fatigue, excite- 
 ment, <fec, differs, in the quantity, or the amount of his mental power, twenty, 
 fifty, and even eighty per cent., yet the kind, or the quality, of his mental 
 power varies little if any, except gradually. Hence, in proving phrenology, 
 and also in applying its principles, we point out rather the character, and the 
 kind, of the mental manifestations, than their amount ; and yet, by knowing 
 these " other conditions," which in all cases, the phrenologist not only has a 
 right, but ought to know, he can very nearly ascertain the amount, as well 
 as the kind, of intellect and feeling. 
 
 Average. — One having an average sized head, with activity only average, 
 will discover but an ordinary amount of intellect ; be inadequate to any 
 important undertaking ; in a small sphere, or one that requires only an 
 ordinary and mechanical routine of business, will do well : with activity 
 great, or very great, and the organs of the propelling powers, and of practical 
 intellect large, or very large, may do a fair business, and pass for a man 
 of some talent, yet he will not be original nor profound ; be quick of percep- 
 tion ; have a good practical understanding ; will do well in his sphere, yet never 
 discover any traces of greatness ; out of his sphere, be common-place : with 
 moderate or small activity, will hardly discover common sense. 
 
 Fu l. — One having a full sized head, combined with the several degrees 
 of activity, will pDssess mental manifestations analogous to those de- 
 scribed under an average sized head, with but this difference, that the addi- 
 tional size of the brain, will proportionally augment the amount of the 
 mental power. 
 
 Large. — One having a large sized brain with activity average, will pos- 
 
4 SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 sess more power of intellect and feeling than he will discover unless circum- 
 stances powerfully excite hitn ; with activity full, will possess a more than 
 ordinary amount of power and energy of mind, yet, unless his faculties are 
 urged on by some powerful stimulus, will not be likely to manifest more 
 than an ordinary share of intellect, and unless the organs of the propelling 
 faculties and of practical intellect are large or very large, perhaps hardly that ; 
 but with these organs thus developed, and brought into constant and powerful 
 action, will discover vigour of intellect and power of feeling quite above 
 mediocrity ; be adequate to undertakings which demand originality of mind 
 and force of character, yet, after all, be rather indolent : with activity great 
 or very great, will combine great power of mind with great activity ; exercise 
 a commanding influence over those minds with which he comes in contact ; 
 when he enjoys, will enjoy intensely, and when he suffers, suffer equally 
 so ; be susceptible of powerful excitement ; and, with the organs of the 
 propelling powers, and of practical intellect, large or very large, will possess 
 all the mental capabilities for conducting a large business ; for rising to 
 eminence, if not to pre-eminence ; and discover great force of character 
 and power of intellect and feeling : with activity moderate, when powerfully 
 excited, will discover considerable energy of intellect and feeling, yet be too 
 indolent, and too sluggish to do much ; lack clearness and force of idea, and 
 intenseness of feeling ; unless literally driven to it, not be likely to be 
 much or do much, and yet will possess more vigour of mind, and energy of 
 feeling than he will manifest : with activity 1 , or 2, will border upon idiocy. 
 
 Very large.— One having a very large head, with activity average or full, 
 on great occasions, or when his powers are thoroughly roused, will be truly 
 great ; but upon ordinary occasions, will seldom manifest any remarkable 
 amount of mind or feeling, and perhaps pass through life with the credit of 
 being a person of good natural abilities and judgments, yet nothing striking : 
 with activity very great, strength, and the intellectual organs the same, will 
 be a natural genius ; endowed with very superiour powers of mind and 
 vigour of intellect ; and, even though deprived of the advantages of education, 
 his natural talents will surmount all obstacles, and make him truly talented : 
 with activity very great, and the organs of practical intellect and of the pro- 
 pelling powers large or very large, will possess the first order of natural 
 abilities ; manifest a clearness and force of intellect which will astonish the 
 world, and a power of feeling which will carry all before him ; and, with 
 proper cultivation, enable him to become a bright star in the firmament of 
 intellectual greatness, upon which coming ages may gaze with delight and 
 astonishment as a prodigy in intellect. His mental enjoyment will be most 
 exquisite, and his sufferings equally excruciating. 
 
 Moderate. — One with a head of only moderate size, combined with great 
 or very great activity, and the organs of the propelling powers and of prac- 
 tical intellect, will possess a tolerable share of intellect, yet appear to possess 
 much more than he does ; with others to plan for and direct him, will perhaps 
 execute to advantage, yet be unable to do much except merely as an 
 automaton ; will have a very active mind, and be quick of perception, yet, 
 after all, possess a contracted intellect ; be of only small mental calibre, 
 and lack momentum both of character and intellect : with activity only aver- 
 age, ox fair, will have but a moderate amount of intellect, and even this scanty 
 allowance will be too sluggish for action, so that he will neither suffer nor 
 enjoy much ; with activity moderate or small, border upon idiocy. 
 
WITH REFERENCES TO " PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C. 5 
 
 Small or very small. — One with a small or very small head, no matter 
 what may be the activity of his mind, will be a natural fool ; incapable of 
 intellectual effort ; of comprehending even easy subjects ; or, of 
 experiencing much pain or pleasure. 
 
 II. The degree of Activity of the brain, is a phrenological condition of 
 more importance to the mental manifestations than its size. Whilst size 
 gives power and momentum of intellect and feeling, activity imparts a quick- 
 ness, willingness, and even a desire to act, and that intensity which goes 
 far to produce vigour and efficiency of mind and character, together with 
 accompanying physical efforts. 
 
 The activity of the brain is found to depend upon — 
 
 3 . The physiological organization and condition of the brain, or what is 
 commonty considered a good constitution. Probably no phrenological con- 
 dition is so important to the mental manifestations as a strong, compact, and 
 energetick constitution ; for this, even though it be debilitated, often retains 
 no small share of its original energy ; and gives endurance and efficiency to 
 the mental faculties ; but in proportion as the organization is defective, will 
 be the weakness and imbecility of the mind. 
 
 2. Upon the age, the state of the health and of the stomach, rest or 
 fatigue, &c, which do not affect the size of the organs, and ought to be told 
 to the phrenologist. 
 
 3. Upon the temperament, which is applied to the degree of activity of 
 the several classes of the physical powers. With some apparent propriety, 
 phrenologists have described four temperaments. 
 
 1. The Lymph atick, in which the secreting glands are the most active 
 portion of the system, produces an ease-seeking, indolent disposition of 
 mind and body ; aversion to effort ; a drowsy, sleepy habit. This is favorable 
 to long life, and increases with age, and the authors regard it in a far more 
 favourable light than do most other phrenologists : p. 39. 
 
 2. The Sanguine, in which the arterial portion of the system, or that 
 which gives circulation to the various^iw^, particularly the blood, predomi- 
 nates in activity, is accompanied with strong feelings, warm passions, and a 
 great amount of ardour, zeal, activity, and warmth, yet with less endurance 
 and power. Its predominance indicates a strong constitution ; love of physi- 
 cal pleasure ; and a stirring, business talent : combined with much of the 
 lymphatick, it is quite unfavourable to the mental manifestations, and requires 
 almost constant exercise in the open air : p. 39. 
 
 3. The Bilious, in which the osseous and muscular portions of the 
 system predominate in activity, produces great physical strength, endurance 
 and power both of body and mind ; with great force and energy of mind and 
 character : p. 39. 
 
 4. The Nervous, in which the brain and the nerves predominate in 
 activity, gives clearness of perception ; quickness of mind and body; sus- 
 ceptibility to excitement, with less power and endurance : p. 39. 
 
 The nervous predominant, with a large share of the bilious and san- 
 guine, combines a great amount of power and endurance of mind and body, 
 with great activity and excitability ; and is more favourable to intellectual pur- 
 suits, and vigour of thought and feeling than perhaps any other. When one 
 of this temperament enjoys, he enjoys intensely, and when he suffers, his 
 sufferings are extremely excruciating. 
 
 The sanguine-bilious, is not an unfavourable temperament, nor particularly 
 
 A 2 
 
6 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY,- 
 
 favourable, but whilst it gives a great amount of mental power, it is freqtie'ritf/ 
 coupled with some manifest deficiency. 
 
 The nervo-bilious combines great power and activity, and, although it 
 seldom gives great brilliancy, it produces that kind of talent which will stand 
 the test, and shine in proportion as it is brought into requisition. A good 
 share of the sanguine added, is more favourable to the manifestations of 
 mind, and also, of physical power, than probably any other* 
 
 The bilious, combined with the lymphatick, gives considerable power of 
 mind, and strength of body, accompanied with so much heaviness and in- 
 dolence as to be unfavourable ; yet, if one with this temperament acts under 
 powerful excitement, his efforts tell with power upon the object in view. 
 
 The nervo-sanguineous, with but little bilious, gives extreme intensity of 
 action, and perhaps brilliancy of talent, with vivid feelings and conceptions^ 
 vet for want of the strength imparted by a bilious temperament, the mental 
 operations will be flashy, vapid, and too intense to remain long enough to* 
 amount to much, the activity being too great for the strength. 
 
 The temperaments are* capable of being greatly modified, and their propor- 
 tion even radically changed, by the habits, diet, exercise, &c, of the 
 individual* The hard-working man, who exercises his muscles mainly, 
 and cultivates but little of sensitiveness, either of body or feeling, and the' 
 fashionable belle, who experiences the other extreme of excessive sensibility $ 
 both physically and mentally, will serve to illustrate this point. 
 
 The author is of opinion that in the case of the temperaments, as in 
 that of the several organs, the nearer equal they are, the better for the mani- 
 festation of both the physical and mental energies, and for long life. 
 
 4. Upon excitability.— Sharp or pointed and prominent organs generally 
 accompany a very active temperament, and indicate the proportional 
 excitability of the mind and body, yet, being generally accompanied by only 
 moderate or small Concentrativenes, denote intensity and vividness of 
 thought and feeling, with less endurance, and great rapidity of transition. 
 
 Sharpness of thb Organs.— One with an uneven head, or a head 
 peculiarly shaped, and having a great many protuberances and depressions, 
 or hills and valleys on it, has a peculiar, ecCentrick, sui-gencris character; 
 presents many very strong and very weak points of mind and character ; is 
 too much the sport of circumstances ; lacks discretion and consistency of 
 character, opinion, and conduct ; is likely to be beaten hither and thither by 
 strong currents and counter-currents of passion, and thus to have a rough 
 passage through life ; to experience many remarkable incidents, hair- 
 breadth escapes, &c. On the other hand, one with a round, even head, is 
 uniform and consistent ; has good sense and judgment ; is free from excesses 
 or deficiencies ; and, like Pope's good man, " maintains the even tenour of 
 his way," having a smooth passage through life. 
 
 The propelling, or executive powers.— The direction which the 
 faculties take in any given case, depends 5 to a great extent, upon the pre- 
 dominance, or otherwise, of certain classes of faculties. The authors consider 
 a perfect classification of the faculties impossible, and believe that phrenolo- 
 gists attach quite too much importance to this matter, and, also, that it may 
 be well to group together those faculties, whatever may be then primary 
 functions, which, taken Collectively, have given influences upon the character* 
 For example ; combativeness, destructiveness, firmness, hope, self-esteem, 
 &c, might with propriety be called the propelling , or executive poivers, their 
 
trlTii REFERENCES TO <; ^HRENOLOGlr i*ROVED, H &C. ? 
 
 office being to give impetus, enterprise, and efficiency to the whole man. 
 They are to the mind what steam i3 to the engine, or wind to the sails. 
 
 The Sentimental Faculties. — Again, very large adhesiveness, philopro- 
 genitiveness, conscientiousness, veneration, benevolence, ideality^nd agree- 
 ableness, with weaker combativeness, destructiveness, acquisitiveness, and 
 secretiveness, make their possessor amiable, good-hearted, and sentimental, 
 and might be called the sentimental faculties. 
 
 Degree of Selfishness. —Selfishness is caused by a predominance of 
 acquisitiveness, secretiveness* alimen iveness, amativeness, and self-esteem 
 or approbativeness, or both. It generally turns every thing to some personal 
 and selfish account, and thus often violates or blunts the higher feelings of 
 our nature. It might be added that, at the present day, nearly every things 
 both in education and in the habits of society, tends to cultivate, almost 
 exclusively^ the selfish faculties, and even to turn the nobler powers of intel- 
 lect and feeling into a purely selfish channel. From this selfish root grows a 
 world full of sinj and its ever present companion— misery. 
 
 Practical Intellect. — Large or very large individuality, form, size* 
 order, calculation, locality, eventuality, language* and comparison, give a 
 practical, matter-of-fact, common-sense tact and talent, with brilliancy, and 
 ability to show off to the best advantage, and hence are called practical 
 intellect. 
 
 Theoretical Intellect, is produced by a predominance of the reflective 
 faculties over observing and practical intellect. It gives more depth than 
 brilliancy of talent ; does not at first show to be 1 what it is, yet holds out well. 
 
 The succeeding; descriptions, and also those referred to in " Phrenology 
 Proved*" &c, are predicated on the supposition that the brain is full or 
 large in size — the organization sound — health fair or good— activity full or 
 great ; and that the faculties have not been raz's-directed. 
 
 For the effects of the combined action of the faculties, which constitute by 
 far the most important features of phrenology, or, rather, its very essence^ 
 and without a knowledge of which no correct estimate of character can be 
 formed, the reader is referred to " Phrenology Proved," &c, the main de- 
 sign of which is to present this hitherto neglected, but all important, portion 
 of this subject. 
 
 THE FACULTIES* AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 ®Rf>EB£ i. Affective Faculties, or Feeiing§. 
 
 These occupy that portion of the head usually covered by the hair, and 
 constitute the emotions, sentiments, and feelings, &c. i p. 45. 
 
 GENUS 1. Propensities, or Physical and Animal desires : p. 45. 
 
 Species I. Domestick 'Propensities, or Family and Social Feelings : c. 4, 
 
 i. AMATIVENESS. — Reciprocal attachment, and love of the sexes; with 
 adhesiveness large, connubial love : p. 56. 
 
 Average, to a fair extent, loves the other sex and enjoys their society. 
 Full, cherishes considerable love and tenderness for the other sex ; is 
 fond of them ; yet, with activity great, has more excitability than power i 
 p. 59, 
 
8 SYNOPSIS OF PHRfcNoLoGV, 
 
 Large, is an ardent and a tender lover of the person and company of 
 the other sex ; experiences strong connubial attachments, and sexual 
 impulses: p. 57. c. 8. 11. 
 
 Very large, is passionately, if not excessively, fond of the opposite 
 sex ; experiences an almost uncontrollable activity and power of this pas- 
 sion : p. 58. c. 10. 
 
 Moderate, is rather deficient in tenderness, attentions, love, &c, for 
 the other sex, yet not palpably so ; may be ardent yet lacks power : p. 59. 
 Small, discovers little sexual or connubial love, or inclination to marry : 
 p. 59. 
 Very small, seldom or never perceptibly experiences this feeling: p. 60. 
 
 2. PHILOPROGENITIVENESS.— -Parental attachment; love of one's 
 offspring ; fondness for pets ; the young and tender of animate, $c. : p. 61. 
 Average, loves his children somewhat, yet not a great deal. 
 
 Full, is fond of his own children, yet not particularly so of those of 
 others ; tender as a parent, yet not indulgent ; will not indure much from 
 children generally, especially when annoyed by them : p. 63. c. 8. 
 Large, has strong and tender parental attachment ; loves his own chil- 
 dren, if not those of others, very much ; is very kind to them • p. 62. c. 11. 
 Very Large, is even passionately fond of his own offspring ; generally 
 a favourite with children ; bears much from them ; must have a pet of some 
 kind: p. 63. c. 10. 
 
 Moderate, loves his own children somewhat, yet bears little from them ; 
 dislikes young children and those of others, especially if they are cross : 
 p. 64. 
 
 Small, discovers little or no interest even in his own children, much 
 less in those of others, and is liable to treat them unkindly : p. 64. 
 Very small, knows not parental love ; is indifferent to, or hates, chil- 
 dren : p. 64. 
 
 3. ADHESIVENESS. — Friendship; social feeling * love of company : p. 64. 
 Average, is rather friendly than otherwise, yet nothing striking either way. 
 Full, is friendly, yet not particularly warm-hearted as a friend: p. 66. 
 Large, is eminently social ; an ardent, sincere friend ; enjoys friendly 
 society much, especially those he loves : p. 65. c. 10. 
 
 Very large, forms attachments at once ; loves his friends with indes- 
 cribable purity, tenderness, and strength of feeling; will sacrifice almost 
 any thing upon the altar of friendship ; with amativeness full or large, is 
 capable of the most devoted connubial love : p. 65. 
 
 Moderate, loves friends, yet not so much as self; changes friends for 
 trifles ; p. 67. 
 
 Small, is unsocial ; cold-hearted ; likes and is liked by few or none : 
 p. 67. 
 Very small, is a stranger to friendly, social feeling : p. 67. 
 
 4. INHABITIVEIVESS. — Love of home as such ; attachment to the place 
 where one has lived ; unwillingness to change it ; patriotism : p. 68. 
 Average, forms some local attachments, yet not very strong ones. 
 
 Full, loves home, yet does not grieve much when absent from it : p. 69. 
 Large, soon forms a strong attachment to the place in which he resides ; 
 loves his homestead and country dearly ; leaves them with reluctance ; 
 feels very unhappy without a home : p. 68.* c. 11. 
 Very large, regards his home as the dearest, sweetest spot on earth ; 
 
WITH REFERENCES TO " PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C. 9 
 
 is liable to fee! home-sick when away from it ; dislikes other places : is 
 pre-eminently patriotic : p. 68. c. 5. 6. 
 
 Moderate, regards home with some, yet not great, interest: p. 69 
 Small, or very small, forms few local attachments ; is a cosmopolite; 
 cares little where he is ; makes any place home : p. 69. 
 5. CONCENTRATIVENESS — Umty and continuity of thought and 
 feeling : power of entire and concentrated application to one thing : p. 70. 
 Average, possesses this power to some, though to no great, extent. 
 Full, is rather disposed to give his undivided attention to one thing, yet can 
 turn rapidly from thing to thing ; is neither disconnected nor prolix : p. 71. 
 Larg , is able and inclined to apply his mental powers to one and but 
 one subject for the time being, until it is finished ; changes his currents 
 of thought and feeling with difficulty ; is rather prolix : p. 70. c. 11. 
 V;:ry larg •', cannor. turn off his mind from a subject of thought or 
 feeling until it is wholly disposed of; is often prolix ; can attend lo but one 
 thing at once ; has great application, yet lacks intensity and point : p. 70. 
 .Mod 1 rate, rather lacks application ; loves and indulges variety, change 
 of thought, feeling, occupation, &c. ; has intensity, but lacks unity and 
 connectedness ; of mind and feeling : p. 71. 
 
 Small, is sadly deficient in application ; indulges to exce-s his constant 
 thirst for novelty and variety ; thinks clearly and rapidly, yet jumps as it 
 were from premise to conclusion ; fails to carry out his trains of ideas ; 
 feels intensely, yet not long upon one subject : p. 71. c. 
 Very small, is restless; satisfied only by constant succession: p. 72. 
 This organ is sui generis, and incapable of classification. 
 A. VITATIVENESS. — Lo^e of existence as such ; fear of death : p. 73. 
 Average, is attached to life, yet not particularly so. 
 
 Full, desires, though not greatly, to live, both from love of existence 
 and also of its pleasures : p. 74. 
 
 Large, loves existence dearly, and for its own sake ; clings tenaciously 
 to it ; desires immortality and dreads to die, even though miserable : p. 74. 
 Very Large, even if miserable, shudders at the thought of annihilation, 
 and shrinks intuitively from it ; dreads dying, and also being dead : p. 74. 
 Moderate, loves existence, yet is not anxious about it : p. 74. 
 Small, or very small, cares little whether he lives or dies, exists or is 
 annihilated : p. 74. 
 6. COMB ATI VENESS. — The feeling of resistance; defence; opposition y 
 fyc. ; spirit ; courase, boldness, Sec. p. 74. 
 
 Average, when obliged to do so, will defend his rights, yet is pacifick; 
 avoids collision and clashing of interests and feelings, p. 75. 
 Full, does not court opposition, yet will not shrink from it; is quite 
 energetick wbere there is a clashing of feeling, interests, &c. p. 75. 
 Large, is bold and spirited in his opposition ; quick to feel resistance; 
 very energetick ; boldly meets, and perhaps courts, opposition ; loves 
 debate : p. 75. c. 11. 
 
 Very large, is powerful in his opposition ; violent in anger ; very 
 contrary ; strongly predisposed to contend, attack, &c. ; controls this 
 passion with extreme difficulty : p. 77. c. 8.10. 
 
 Moderate, is pacific ; not strong in opposition or defence ; not really 
 tame, yet not spirited, energetick, or driving; rather inefficient : p. 78. 
 
10 gVNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 Small, has feeble resistance and temper; shrinks from collision; is 
 cowardly : p. 79. 
 
 Very small, is an arrant coward ; tame ; chicken-hearted ; can with- 
 stand nothing ; p. 79. 
 
 7. DESTRUCTIVENESS. — A destroying, pain-causing- disposition; 
 indignation ; severity ; Jorce, sternness ; execuiiveness : p. 82. 
 Average, is not deficient in indignation, yet has none too much of it. 
 Full, does not show much anger unless the real or supposed provocation 
 is considerable, and then is quite forcible ; generally will not cause much 
 pain, and cannot bear to witness it : p. 83. 
 
 Large, when excited feels deep indignation, if not hatred, toward 
 
 what displeases him ; is disposed to injure, and subdue, or remove it ; is 
 
 forcible : p. 82. a 6. 7. 
 
 Very large, when provoked, is vindictive ; terrible as an enemy ; bitter 
 
 and revengeful in anger; almost unable to govern himself; disposed to 
 
 hurt or kill; cruel :~p. 83. c. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 
 
 Moderate, is not sufficiently severe nor destructive for defence ; when 
 
 angry, lacks power ; is generally mild ; can hardly witness or cause pain 
 
 or death : p. 84. 
 
 Small, would hardly hurt any one if he could, or could if he would ; 
 
 has so feeble indignation that it is rather laughed at than feared : p. 84. 
 
 Very small, is wholly unable to cause, witness, or endure, pain or 
 
 death. 
 
 8. ALIMENTIVENESS. — Appetite for food and drink; cause of hunger : 
 p. 86. 
 
 Average, likes his food, yet not very well, nor is he particular. 
 
 Full, has a good appetite, yet can govern it well ; is not greedy : p. 87. 
 
 Large, has an excellent appetite, and a hearty relish for good food and 
 
 drink ; enjoys them much ; is a good liver : p. 86. 
 
 Very large, sets too much by the luxuries of his palate ; is prone to 
 
 indulge his appetite, and make a god of his belly ; a very great eater : 
 
 p. 87. c. 7. 
 
 Moderate, has neither a very good or poor, but rather poor, appetite ; 
 
 prefers plain food : p. 87. 
 
 Small, or very small, is dainty ; eats with little relish ; hardly cares 
 
 when he eats, or whether he eats at all; eats more from habit or duty 
 
 than appetite : p. 88. 
 
 9. ACQUISITIVENESS.— Innate feeling of meum et tuum; of personal 
 ownership, claim, right to possess and dispose of things ; love of acquiring 
 and possessing property as such ; desire to lay up, save, SfC. : p. 89. 
 Average, loves money, yet not a great deal ; spends it freely." 
 
 Full, likes money well, both as a means of self gratification, and as an 
 end, yet spends it when his larger organs require ; is industrious ; saves 
 and lays up what he can, yet is not penurious : p. 93. 
 Large, has a strong desire to acquire property ; is saving of money ; 
 close and particular in his dealings ; very frugal ; generally gets the value 
 of his money ; is devoted to trading and money making, &c. : p. 89. c. 7. 
 Very large, makes money his idol ; is penurious, if not sordid and 
 covetous ; grudges to part with it ; is strongly tempted to get it dishonestly : 
 p. 92. c. 8. 9. 
 
WITK REFERENCES TO "PHRENOLOGY PROVED, " &C. 11 
 
 Moderate, finds it more difficult to keep, than to make money, desires 
 
 it as a means of gratification rather than to lay up ; is not saving enough i 
 
 p. 94. 
 
 Small, will generally spend what money he can command too freely, 
 
 and often injudiciously ; lays up but little ; is profuse with it ; disregards 
 
 the prices of things : p. 95. 
 
 Very small, will not know, and cannot be taught, the value and use of 
 
 money, or how to make it : p. 95. 
 
 10. SECRETIVENESS. —Disposition and ability to secrete or conceal: 
 p. 96. 
 
 Average, is neither artful nor frank; and yet can be either to some 
 extent : p 96. 
 
 Full, can keep things to himself when occasion requires ; yet is not 
 cunning : p. 99. 
 
 Large, is hard to be found -out; non-committal; always guarded; 
 very reserved ; seldom discloses his plans, feelings, opinions, &c. ; 
 manages adrolity : p. 96. 
 
 Very large, is mysterious, dark, prone to eye-service and double- 
 dealing ; seldom appears to be what he is or says what he means ; often 
 equivocates and deceives : p. 98. c. 8. 9. 11. 12. 
 
 Moderate, is quite candid and openhearted ; dislikes concealment, under- 
 handed measures, &c. ; seldom employs them ; loves truth ; speaks out 
 his mind freely : p. 100. 
 
 Small, speaks just what he thinks ; acts just as he feels ; cares nothing 
 about learning or telling secrets ; tells his own, but keeps others' secrets ; 
 is too plain spoken and candid ; trusts others too much : p. 101. 
 Very small, keeps nothing back ; has a heart perfectly transparent : 
 p. 101. 
 
 GENUS II. — Moral, Human, and Religious Sentiments. p. 102. 
 
 Species I. — Selfish Sentiments. These are higher in their aim and 
 character than the selfish propensities, yet they terminate upon self, but 
 have more or less connexion with the moral character, p. 103. c. 11. 12. 
 
 11. CAUTIOUSNESS. — Anxiety, apprehension of clanger ; provision for the 
 future : p. 103. 
 
 Average, has a fair share of caution, yet hardly enough. 
 Full, has considerable prudence and solicitude, yet less than he seems 
 to have, or needs ; is apparently rather bold and careless, yet not really 
 very much so : p. 105. 
 
 Large, is very careful and anxious ; provides much against both real 
 and imaginary danger ; is alwavs upon the look out ; very solicitous : 
 p. 104. 
 
 Very large, hesitates quite too much ; suffers intensely from ap- 
 prehended danger without cause ; is timid ; easily frightened ; extremely 
 fearful : p. 105. 
 
 Moderate, is often imprudent ; hence, frequently unlucky ; liable to 
 misfortunes arising from carelessness ; does not plan before action : 
 p. 106. 
 Small, acts impromptu, and without forethought or regard to con- 
 
12 SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 sequences ; fears nothing ; is often in hot water ; very imprudent, luck* 
 less, rash, heedless, &c. : p. 106. 
 
 Very small, is reckless ; utterly destitute of fear and prudence ; 
 always in trouble : p. 107. 
 B. C IRCUMSPECTION.— Propriety, discretion, guardedness of expres- 
 sion and conduct. 
 
 Average or full, has considerable, but not quite enough discretion 
 and propriety of action and expression ; speaks before he thinks. 
 Large or very large, always weighs well his expressions; has a nice 
 sense of propriety, and thinks twice before he speaks once. 
 Moderate or small, does and says many things for which he ought 
 to be sorry ; does not time his remarks. 
 
 This organ is not ascertained, but supposed to be located betw r een consci- 
 entiousness, approbativeness, and cautiousness (Su.< gestedby F. Barlow.) 
 12. APPROBATIVENESS— Regard for character ; wha> people will say or 
 think, SfC. ; love of honour* popularity, fame, <j-c» • ambition jor distinction; 
 feeling of shame: p, 107. 
 
 Average, enjoys the approbation of his fellow men, yet will not sacri- 
 fice much for it ; is between vanity and indifference to praise. 
 Full desires and seeks the approbation of men, and feels their censure ; 
 yet will not deny or trouble himself much to secure the former or avoid 
 the latter : p. 100 
 
 Large, is keenly alive to the frowns and favours of public opinion ; seeks 
 distinction ; is very honourable ; affable ; courteous ; complimentary, and 
 fond of compliments ; tries to show off to the best advantage ; sets every 
 thing by his character : p. 108. 
 
 Very large, is morbidly alive to praise and censure ; extreme'y fond 
 of show, style, fashion, notoriety, praise, &c. ; over polite and ceremoni- 
 ous ; regards his character as the apple of his eye ; p. 110. 
 Moderate, feels reproach, yet is little affected by popularity 
 or unpopularity ; may gather flowers of applause that are strewed in his 
 path, yet will not turn out of it to gather them : p. 112. 
 Small, thinks and cares little about the frowns or favours of men ; feels 
 little shame ; disregards fashion, show, etiquette, &c, if he does not dis- 
 pise them : p. 112. 
 
 Very Small, cares nothing for popular approbation or disapprobation. 
 13. SELF-ESTEEM. — Self-respect; high-toned manly feeling ; innate love 
 of personal liberty, freedom, independence, <5fC ; pride of character ; self* 
 importance i p. 113. 
 
 Average, thinks quite well of himself, yet is not haughty ; has fair 
 self-respect. 
 
 Full, is well satisfied with himself, yet not conceited nor proud ; rather 
 independent, yet will listen to advice ; not exclusive, nor yet too familiar : 
 ». 116. 
 
 Large, is high-minded ; self-confident ; dignified ; independent ; his 
 awn master; aspires to be and do something worthy of himself ; never 
 belittles himself; assumes the responsibility : p. 116. 
 Very large, has the utmost self-confidence ; will not endure restraint ; 
 is self-sufficient, if not haughty ; authoritative ; pretends to too much : 
 p. 116. 
 Moderate, has some self-respect and manly feeling, yet not enough to 
 
WITH REFERENCES TO " PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C, 18 
 
 feel easy, or give dignity ; trifles too much ; lacks weight of character : p. 1 16. 
 Small, often lets himself down ; says and does trifling things ; associ- 
 ates with inferiors ; is not looked up to ; lacks independence ; belittles 
 himself: p. 117. 
 
 Very small, is servile; low-minded; destitute of self-respect and 
 character : p. 117. 
 
 14. FIRMNESS. — Decision; stability; fixedness of purpose; constancy: 
 p. 119. 
 
 Average, possesses some firmness, yet not enough to form a prominent 
 feature in his character. 
 
 Full, has sufficient decision for ordinary occasions, yet too little to 
 overcome great difficulties ; has some, but not great perseverance . p. 121. 
 Large, may be fully relied upon ; is hard to be turned, or in any respect 
 changed ; set in his own way ; generally carries through what he begins : 
 p. 119. 
 
 Very large, will not give up; is so tenacious of his will, so unchange- 
 able of opinion and purpose that he carries through whatever he undertakes 
 and is wellnigh obstinate, if not really stubborn : p 120. 
 Moderate, gives over effort too soon ; thus fails to effect what he mighi 
 do with large tirmness ; changes too often and too easily : p. 122. 
 Small or very large, lacks perseverance ; cannot be relied upon 
 because he is so fickle and easily turned ; always vascillating ; seldom 
 completes what he begins : p. 122. 
 
 SPECIES II. — Moral and Religious Sentiments. 
 
 These render mart a mora!, accountable, and religious being ; humanize, 
 adorn, and elevate his nature ; connect man with the moral government 
 of God ; create the higher and nobler qualities of our nature ; and are the 
 origin of goodness, moral principle and purity, virtue, &c. : p. 123. 
 
 15. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. —Invite feeling of justice, accountability, 
 right, d'lty, fyc, as such; love of truth ; rectitude of motive : p. 124. 
 Average, has some conscientious scruples, yet their influence is not 
 great. 
 
 Full, means to do right, yet too often and too easily yields >o tempta- 
 tion ; struggles against besetting sins, yet is often overcome, and suffers 
 remorse : p 130. 
 
 Large, is honest ; faithful ; upright at heart ; moral in feeling ; means 
 to do right ; very penitent and grateful for favours'; consults duty rather 
 than expediency ; loves and speaks the truth ; cannot endure what is at 
 all wrong : p 126. 
 
 Very large, m matters of right is scrupulously exact ; perfectly honest 
 in motive ; has an extremely tender conscience ; always repenting and 
 condemning himself ; very forgiving ; makes duty every thing, and expedi- 
 ency nothing . p. 129. 
 
 'Moderate, has considerable regard for duty in feeling, but much less 
 in practice; often justifies himself; is not very penitent, grateful, or 
 forgiving ; often temporizes ; lets interest sometimes rule duty : p. 131. 
 Small, has few conscientious scruples ; little penitence, or gratitude, 
 or regard for moral principle, or for the claims of right and justice as 
 such: p. 132. 
 
 B 
 
14 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 Very small, neither regards nor even feels the claims of duty or justice ; 
 * p. 133. 
 
 16. HOPE. — Anticipation; expectation of future success, happiness, $c. : 
 p. 136 
 
 Average, has some hope of success, but generally founds it upon good 
 
 reasons ; is seldom elated by high hopes. 
 
 Full, quite sanguine, yet realizes about what he expects : p. 139. 
 
 Large, expects, attempts, and promises a great deal ; is very sanguine 
 
 and cheerful ; rises above present troubles ; though disappointed, hopes 
 
 on ; views the brightest side of prospects : p. 137. c. 
 
 Very large, has unbounded anticipations ; builds a world of castles 
 
 in the air ; revels in the future ; is full of schemes ; has too many irons 
 
 in the fire : p. 138. c. 
 
 Moderate, expects and attempts too little ; is somewhat desponding ; 
 
 succeeds beyond his hopes, regards his prospects as less favourable than 
 
 they really are ; p. 139 c. 
 
 Small, is easily discouraged ; fears the worst ; calculates upon but 
 
 little ; sees many lions in his way ; magnifies evils ; lacks enterprize ; is 
 
 desponding and low spirited : p. 1 ; 9. 
 
 Very small, expects nothing; is distracted by forebodings of evil : p. 140. 
 
 17. MARVELLOUSNESS. — Credulity ; belief in the supernatural, wonder- 
 ful, 4c. : p. 141. 
 
 Avera e, has considerable belief in supernatural manifestations, yet 
 is not any way superstitious ; must have considerable proof to create belief. 
 Full, is open to conviction ; rather credulous : believes somewhat in 
 dreams, special providences, forewarnings, &c. ; deals somewhat in the 
 wonderful : p. 139. 
 
 Largl, believes and delights in supernatural manifestations and lore- 
 warnings, in dreams, ghosts, &c. ; regards even ordinary things as 
 supernatural: p. 143. c. 8. 9. 3 1. 
 
 Very lar e, is very superstitious and regards almost every thing as 
 supernatural : p. 144. 
 
 Moderate, is somewhat open to conviction, yet quite incredulous ; can 
 be convinced by strong reasons, yet believes little, especially that is un- 
 accounted for, upon hearsay alone : p. 144. 10. 
 
 Small, is very incndulous, believes nothing without demonstrative 
 proof; not even revelation farther than a reason is rendered, or than he 
 '[ sees why it is so ; perhaps questions its truth ; is very hard to be con- 
 vinced : p 146. 
 
 Very small, is skeptical; doubts almost everything: hardly believes 
 his own senses : p. 146. 
 
 18. VENERATION. — The feeling of worship for a Supreme Being; 
 L respect for things sacred, and for superiors : p. 147. 
 
 ; Average, has some, yet not strong worship for the Deity, with but little 
 respect for men. 
 
 Full, is somewhat devout, yet not very fervent; not very respectful, 
 nor yet very disrespectful, to his fellow men : p. 149. 
 Lar Gii, adores and loves to worship the Deity, especially as seen in his 
 works, with heart-felt devotion ; treats men with respect, and superiors 
 with deference : p. 148. 
 Very large, is eminent, not to say pre-eminent, for his piety, religious 
 
WITH REFERENCES TO " PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C. 15 
 
 fervour, &c, and delights above every thing else, to study the character 
 
 of God : p. 149. 
 
 Moderate, is rather deficient in divine adoration and worship ; scarcely 
 
 regards religious forms , creeds, worship, SfC. ; places his religion in other 
 
 things ; is not particularly serious or respectful : p. 150. 
 
 Small, is irreverent; disrespectful; deficient in religious fervour, woi- 
 
 ship, &c. : p. 150. c. 
 
 Very small, is a stranger to this feeling ; never thinks of worshipping ;. 
 
 God. 
 
 19. BENEVOLENCE. — Kindness ; goodness ; sympathy for distress 
 desire to make men happy, and proportionate willingness to make sacrifices 
 for this end : p. 153 
 
 Average, has some kind, fellow feeling, without much active benevolence 
 Full, has a good share of benevolent feeling, with some, though no great 
 willingness to sacrifice in order to make his fellow men happy : p. 158. c. 
 Largk, is very kind; obliging; humane; equally glad to serve others, 
 even to his own injury ; feels lively sympathy for distress ; does good to 
 all : p. 155. c. 
 
 Verv large, does all the good in his power ; gladly sacrifices selfish in- 
 terests upon the altar of pure benevolence ; scatters happiness wherever 
 he goes; is one of the kindest, best hearted of men : p. 157. c. 
 Moderate, has some benevolent feeling, yet too little to prompt to much 
 self-denial; does good only when he can without cost : p. 158. c. 
 Small, feels little kindest or sympathy ; is almost deaf to the cries of 
 distress ; hard-hearted, selfish, and with large destructiveness, cruel, 
 blood-thirsty, &c. : p. 159. c. 8. 9 10. 11. 
 Verv small, is destitute of all traces of humanity and sympathy : p. 159. c. 
 
 SPECIES III. — Semi-intellectual Sentiments. 
 
 These create a taste for the fine arts, polite literature, the refinements and 
 improvements of civilization, &c., and thus greatly augment human hap- 
 piness : p. 159. c. 4. 
 
 20. COSSTRVCTIYENESS.— Mechanical ingenuity ; ability and disposi- 
 tion to make, build, use tools, invent, and employ machinery, SfC. ; dexterity 
 in these operations : p. 160. 
 
 Average, has some, though no great, dexterity in using tools ; does not 
 like them. 
 
 Full, has a fair share of mechanical ingenuity, yet no great natural tact 
 or disposition ; by practice, may do well, yet has no great natural talent : 
 p. 163. 
 
 Lar e, shows natural facility and skill in using tools ; performing me- 
 chanical operations of almost every kind ; employing machinery, &c. ; 
 and loves it: p. 161. 
 
 Veri large, is a natural mechanick of the first order; a true genius ; 
 will be likely to devote himself to this business ; is remarkably dextrous 
 and successful: p. 162. 
 
 Moderate, with considerable practice, may perhaps use tools tolerably 
 well, yet dislike mechanical operations, and owe more to art than nature : 
 p. 163. c. 
 
 Small, is awkward and unskilful in using tools and making things, and 
 hates it : p. 163. 
 
16 SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 Very small, has no mechanical skill or desire : p. 164. 
 
 21. IDEALITY. — Imagination; taste; fancy; loie of the per feet, of poetry. 
 Oratory, the fine arts, polite literature, the beauties of nature and art, fyc. : 
 p. 165. 
 
 Average, has some taste, though not enough to influence him much. 
 Full, considerable refinement and delicacy of feeling and expression with- 
 out sickly delicacy ; some love of poetry without sufficient imagination to 
 make it : p. 168. c. 
 
 Large, has a lively imagination ; brilliant fancy ; great love for poetry, 
 eloquence, the fine arts, fiction, eloquence, style, works of nature, &c. : 
 p. 166. c. 
 
 Very large, often gives reins to his erratic fancy and poetic revellings of 
 imagination; experiences enthusiasm, ecstacy, rapture of feeling : p. 166. c. 
 Moderate, has som% but not much imagination ; is rather plain in expres- 
 sion, manners, feelings, &c. ; dislikes poetry and finery : p. 168. c 
 Small, lacks taste, nieeness, refinement, delicacy of feeling, &c. : 169. 
 "Wry small, is destitute of the qualities ascribed to this faculty. 
 
 X SUBLIM IT Y. — Conception of grandeur ; sublime emotions on beholding the 
 vast or magnificent in nature, or art : p. 2.49. 
 
 Average, sometimes, though not often, nor to a great degree, experiences 
 this feeling. 
 
 Full, has little excitement of this feeling unless some magnificent scene 
 excites it, yet is by no means a stranger to this emotion : p. 249. 
 Large, admires and enjoys mountain scenery, thunder, lightning, tempest, 
 avast prospect, &c. exceedingly, and hence delights in travelling : p. 249. 
 Very large, is enraptured beyond measure by the grand and awful in 
 nature ; the dashing, foaming, roaring cataracts ; the towering mountain : 
 peals of thunder ; flashing of lightning ; the commotion of the elements ; 
 the stars of heaven ; and is a passionate admirer of nature : p. 249. 
 Moderate, has some, though not very powerful emotions of the sublime. 
 Small, or very small, discovers little or nothing in nature to excite this 
 feeling. 
 
 22. IMITATION. — Disposition and ability to take pattern ; do what ive see 
 done; copy, tf-c. : p. 169. 
 
 Full, by some effort can copy, yet not mimick : p. 171. 
 
 Large, has a great propensity and ability to do what he sees done ; learn 
 
 a thing by a single showing ; &c. ; gesticulates much, describes and acts 
 
 out well : p. 170. 
 
 Very large, can mimick, act out, and copy almost any thing ; learn to 
 
 do anything at once; describe and relate anecdotes to the very life ; 
 
 scarcely speaks without gesture ; has a theatrical taste and talent : p. 171. c. 
 
 Moderate, cannot mimick at all ; can copy, draw, take pattern from others, 
 
 &c, only with difficulty ; describe and relate anecdotes but poorly : p. 171. 
 
 Small, dislikes and fails to copy, draw, take pattern, requires much 
 
 showing, &c. : p. 172. 
 
 Very small, has no ability to imitate any thinof : p. 172. 
 
 23. MIRTH FULNESS. — Intuitive perception of ichat ts absurd and ridicu- 
 lous ; a joking, fun-making disposition and ability ; propensity to ridicule, 
 make sport, <$-c. : p. 172. 
 
 Average, perceives jokes, and relishes fun, but cannot make much. 
 Full, has considerable mirthful, humorous feeling ; relishes jokes much ; 
 p. 175, 
 
'WITH REFERENCES TO " PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C. 17 
 
 Large, has a quick, keen perception of the ludicrous , makes a great 
 
 amount of fun, — too much for his own good ; is prone to ridicule ; quick 
 
 at repartee ; laughs hartily at a joke : p. 173. c 
 
 Very large, turns almost every thing into ridicule ; throws off almost 
 
 constant sallies of wit ; is quite too facetious ; very quick and apropos in 
 
 joking; &c. : p. 176. c 
 
 Moderate, has some witty ideas, yet lacks tact and quickness in express- 
 
 ino- them ; is generally quite sober, yet enjoys a joke well : p. 176. c 
 
 Small, makes little fun ; is slower to perceive, and still slower to turn 
 
 jokes ; seldom laughs, and thinks it wrong to do so : p. 177. c 
 
 Very small, never jokes ; has few if any witty ideas : p. 177. 
 
 OISP12E& if. IiitellectiHal Facilities. 
 
 These faculties have to do with the material world ; with things and 
 their relation ; with the world and what is on it. 
 
 GKNUS I. Perceptive Faculties. 
 
 These bring man in contact with the physical world ; observe facts oi 
 all kinds; collect and treasure up information ; desire to know things; 
 study nature ; &c. : p. 49. c 
 
 §pecit;§ I. The External Senses. 
 These are Sensation, Sight, Hearing, Taste, Smell and Motion. 
 
 &pecie§ II. Observing and Knowing Faculties, 
 These observe and recollect physical facts, or the natural and necessarv 
 properties of the material w T orld. 
 
 24. INDIVIDUALITY. — Observing and individualizing power and desire ; 
 curiosity to see and know things ; disposition to specify and personify : p 
 183. c 
 
 Average, has some, though no great, curiosity, and desire to see thino-s. 
 Full, has fair observing powers, and considerable curiosity to see things : 
 p. 185. c 
 
 Large, has a great desire to know, investigate, examine and experience 
 things ; is a great observer of men and things ; quick to see what and how 
 things should be done ; has quick perceptions and clear ideas : p. 184. c. • 
 Very large, has a prying curiosity to see and know every thino- ; is a real 
 looker, if not eager ; observes every thing that passes around him : 185. c 
 Moderate, is somew 7 hat deficient, yet not palpably so in observing power 
 and desire, and is no great looker : p. 185. c 
 
 Small, attends little to particulars ; is slow to see things : p. 186. c 
 Very small, sees scarcely any thing ; regards things in the gross : p 186. 
 
 25. FORM. — Cogjiizance and recollection of shape and configuration: p. 186. 
 Average, recollects forms and faces some, though not very well. 
 Full, recollects persons and countenances quite well, though not remark- 
 ably so : p 188. 
 
 Lar^e, generally notices, and for a long time recollects, the faces, 
 countenances, appearances, &c, of persons, and the shape of beasts, 
 recollects that he has seen many whom he cannot name : p. 187. 
 Very large, never forgets a person's countenance, walk, looks, &c. ; can 
 easily learn to read and spell correctly ; read and see things at a distance ; 
 has excellent eye-sight : p. 188. c. 12. 
 
 B2 
 
18 SYNOPSIS OF PIIRENOLOGV* 
 
 Moderate, requires to see persons several times before he can fully 
 recollect them ; often doubts whether he has seen certain persons : 
 p. 189. 
 
 Small, oh Very small, has but a miserable, if he has any memory of 
 persons, appearances, looks, &c. ; fails to recognize even those that he 
 daily sees : p. 189. 
 
 26. SIZE. — Cognizance and recollection of magnitude, bulk, proportion, tf-c. : 
 p. 190. 
 
 Av -rate, can judge of size with some accuracy, though not with much. 
 
 Full, measures ordinary distances well if accustomed to them, yet his 
 
 natural talent in this respect is not great : p. 191. c. 
 
 Larg , has an excellent eye for measuring the size* proportion, length; 
 
 height, angles, parallelisms, &c; ; detects inaccuracies in proportion very 
 
 quick, &c. : p. 190. 
 
 Very large, has a wonderfully exact eye ; judges correctly of size, &c, 
 
 by intuition, and as well without as with instruments ; cannot endure 
 
 disproportion: p. 191. c. 11. 12. 
 
 MobERAi--, discovers some deficiency in measuring by the eye; does 
 
 tolerably well in short, but fails in long distances : p. 191. 
 
 Small, will be inaccurate in judging of relative magnitude : p. 191. 
 
 Very small, can hardly distinguish different sizes or proportions : p. 192. 
 
 27. WEIGHT.— Intuitive perception and application of the principles of 
 specific gravity, projectile forces, momentum, resistance : ability to keep the 
 centre of gratify : p. 192. 
 
 Average, preserves his centre of gravity in common cases, yet nothing 
 
 more. 
 
 Full, can balance himself tolerably, yet not remarkably, well : p. 194. 
 
 Lar e, can ride a fractious horse, throw a stone or ball straight ; hold a 
 
 gun steady ; walk on a high or narrow place ; play billiards successfully ; 
 
 p. 193. c/ll. 12. 
 
 Very large, possesses these qualities to a wonderful extent i p. 194. 
 
 M on k rate, preserves his gravity and balances himself rather poorly : 
 
 p 194. 
 
 Small, or very small, is the opposite to one with weight large: p. 195 
 
 28. COLOUR.- — Perception and recollection of colour, hues, tints, Sec: p. 195. 
 A vera, e, can by effort recollect and judge of colours correctly, yet seldom 
 thinks of them. 
 
 Full, compares, arranges, and judges of colours well, especially with 
 
 practice, though not very well; does not notice colours much unless 
 
 specially called to it : p. 196. 
 
 Lar e, is highly delighted with colours; arranges ami judges of them 
 
 •correctly ; has a- natural taste and talent for mingling and applying them : 
 
 p. 195. c. 
 
 Very lar' e, has the same kind of disposition and talent as to colour 
 
 as Lar e, but greater in amount : p. 196. 
 
 Moderate, with some practice may learn to judge of and compare colours, 
 
 yet is not a natural colourist; seldom notices the colour of a person's hair, 
 
 eyes, dress, &c. : p. 197. c. 
 
 Small, neither knows nor remembers, and can hardly tell, even the 
 
 primary colours, much*less their tints and hues ; often mistakes colour*, 
 
 <fec. : p. 197. e. 
 
WITH R£fERENC^3 TO " PlIR E NOl/OGY PftOVED,'* &C. 19 
 
 29. ORDER. — Physical arrangement ; system ; a place for things : p. 185, 
 Average, likes to see order, yet is too indifferent to keep it, and suffers 
 confusion 
 
 Full, likes to see order, and uses some, but no great effort to keep it % 
 p. 196. c. 
 
 Lar e, has a place for every thing, and every thing in its place ; is ex- 
 ceed ngiy annoyed by disorder; very systematic; can always find what 
 he alone uses : p. 199. c. 
 
 Very large* is extremely precise ; very particular about having every 
 little thing in the plaee assigned to it, even fastidious ; literally tormented 
 by disarrangement : p. 199. c. 
 
 Moderate, appreciates order, yet does little to keep it ; suffers con- 
 fusion : p. 201. 
 
 Small, or very small, is comparatively destitute of system and order £ 
 p. 201. c. 
 
 30- CALCULATION. — Intuitive -perception of the relations of numbers ; 
 ability to reckon figures in the head ; numerical computation : p 202. e. 
 Avura e, by efforts and rule, may manage to reckon figures, only toler- 
 ably well. 
 
 Full, can reckon %ures by rule, or with a pen and pencil, and with 
 practice become quite expert, yet is not remarkable for his computing 
 powers : p. 204. c. 
 
 Lar e, can add, subtract, divide, <&c, with great facility and correct- 
 ness ; delights and excels in arithmetic ; is capable of becoming a rapid 
 and correct accountant : p. 202. c. 
 
 Vi ry lar e, has an intuitive faculty of reckoning even complicated 
 figures and difficult numerical problems in his head to an extraordinary 
 extent: p 203. 
 
 Modi- rate, is rather slow, and inaccurate in doing sums in his head : 
 p. 204. c. 
 
 Small, is slow and dull in arithmetic ; adding, dividing, &c, and dislikes 
 them : p. 205. 
 Very small, can hardly count, much less go higher : p. 205. 
 
 31. L >CALIT ( . — Cognizance and recollection of relative position of the looks 
 and geography of places ; desire to travel and see the world: p. 205. 
 Average, has some, though not very distinct, recollection of places seen. 
 Full, recollects places quite well, though not remarkably weii : some- 
 times, though not often, loses himself; ordinarily shows no deficiency, 
 yet cannot go far into the woods : p. 207. 
 
 Lakge, has a distinct recollection of the looks of places ; where he saw 
 things; a strong desire to travel, and see the world; seldom loses him- 
 self, even in the dark : p. 205. c 
 
 Verv large, never forgets the geography or looks of any place he has ever 
 seen ; recollects the looks of even trifling things ; is passionately fond of 
 travelling, scenery, &c. : p. 206. c 
 
 Moderate, is rather forgetful of places ; gets lost easily ; does not notice 
 his way : p. 207. c 
 
 Sm-\ll, or very small, neither notices nor recollects where he goes ; can- 
 sot return s- has Lttle, if any, geographical local knowledge : p 208. 
 
SO SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY,- 
 
 §pecie§ ISB. Semi-perceptive Faculties, 
 These have to do with action and phenomena and their conditions, and 
 receive facts from the perceptive faculties which they deal out to the 
 reasoning powers : p. 209. c. 6. 11. 12. 
 
 32. EVENTUALITY. — Recollection of actions, phenomena, occurrences, 
 what took place, circumstantial information, SfC. : p. 209. 
 Average, has not a very bad, nor very good, memory of occurrences. 
 Full, recollects leading events, and also particulars when they make a 
 strong impression ; in general has a tolerably good memory of facts and 
 circumstances : p. 212. 
 
 Large, has a clear and retentive memory of even details, circumstances, 
 iittle things, historical, and literary facts, what he has seen* known, or read 
 of, &c. : p. 210, c. 6. 
 
 Very large, never forgets any thing ; not even little particulars ; has a 
 craving thirst for information ; literally devours newspapers ; has at 
 command an astonishing amount of facts : p. 212. 
 
 Moderate, recollects generals, but not particulars ; is rather forgetful : 
 p. 212. 
 
 Small, has a treacherous, indistinct, miserable recollection of occurrences : 
 p. 213. c. 
 
 Very small, forgets almost every thing, generals as well as particulars : 
 p. 213. 
 
 83. TIME. — -Cognizance and recollection of the lapse of time; succession, 
 dates, Sec. : p. 214 
 
 Average, notices and remembers the lapse of time some, though not 
 well. 
 
 Full, recollects about how long ago things occurred, yet is not very pre- 
 cise : p. 216. 
 
 Large, recollects dates, appointments, the time of the day, age ; &c. : p. 215. 
 Very large, has a wonderful recollection of the exact time when almost 
 every thing occurred ; measures time by intuition; is a great chronolo- 
 gist, timist, &c. : p. 216. 
 
 Moderate, neither attends to nor recollects dates well nor is very defi- 
 cient : p. 218 
 
 Small, or very small, never notices nor remembers dates, ages, appoint- 
 ments, &c, or the time when things occurred ; without help even forgets 
 his own age : p. 217. 
 
 34. TUNE. — Sense of melody ; tone ; ability to learn tunes and detect discord 
 by the ear ; delight in singing and ability to form melody : p. 217. 
 Avera e, likes to hear music, and with practice may perform, yet not 
 well, and then more mechanically than naturally. 
 
 Full, by studying, can learn tunes by the ear, hut quite as well by note, 
 may sing well, yet will be indebted quite as much to art as nature : p. 220. 
 Large, easily catches tunes, and learns to sing, by the ear; has a correct 
 musical ear, and delights in singing; can easily learn to use musical in- 
 struments and is almost enchanted by good music: p. 218. c. 
 Very lar e, can learn tunes by hearing them sung but once or twice 
 over; is passionately fond of music, and spends much time in making it ; 
 sings from the heart and with melting sympathy and pathos : p. 219. c. 
 Moderate, by practice and notes may learn to sing mechanically, yet 
 
I 
 
 WITH REFERENCES TO "PHRENOLOGY PROVED," &C. 21 
 
 lie will lack the soul and feeling which touches the heart of the hearer : 
 
 p. 220. 
 
 Small, finds it very difficult to sing or play tunes, even by note, much less 
 
 by rote, and is a mechanical singer : p. 221. 
 
 Very small, can hardly distinguish one tune or note from another : p. 221. 
 
 35. LANGUAGE. — Power of communicating ideas by means of words, 
 signs, <5fC. ; desire and ability to talk, and connect ideas with signs ; verbal 
 memory : p. 222. 
 
 Average, communicates his ideas well, but has no great power this way. 
 Full, has a respectable command of words, yet is not fluent ; when 
 excited, expresses himself quite freely ; yet is not fluent nor copious ; 
 learns by heart, but with some difficulty ; is a free, easy, ready talker ; 
 uses good language ; seldom, if ever, hesitates for words ; commits to 
 memory easily ; can talk fluently : p. 22". 
 
 Very large, has an astonishing command of words, and verbal memory ; 
 is an e> erlasting talker ; has too many words for his ideas ; quotes with 
 great facility; has native copiousness and eloquence of diction : p. 226. c 
 Moderate, hesitates some for words ; employs too few to be well under- 
 stood ; cannot be an easy, fluent speaker, yet may write well ; may be a 
 critical linguist, yet is not a good speaker ; and has more thoughts than 
 words : p. 228. 
 
 Small, employs few words and those common-place ; hesitates much in 
 speaking ; is often barren in expression, unintelligible, confused, &c. : 
 p. 228. 
 
 Very small, can hardly remember or use w r ords at all, or read or talk : 
 p. 229. 
 
 GENUS III. Reflective, or Reasoning Intellect, 
 These look behind and below physical facts and natural phenomena to 
 ascertain their causes, moving principles, abstract relation, analogies, &c. : 
 p. 229. 
 
 36. CAUSALITY. — Cognizance of the relations of cause and effect, and 
 ability to apply them ; power of reasoning, discovering first principles, draw- 
 ing inferences from premises, adapting means to ends, <$c. : p. 231. 
 Average, has some, though not great, ability to plan and reason ; c. 11. 
 Full, has an active desire to ascertain the causes of things, and a good 
 talent for adapting means to ends, yet not a deep original, cause-discover- 
 ing and applying mind : p. 236. 
 
 Large, thinks and reasons clearly and closely; is always inquiring for the 
 why and the w here! ore, the causes and explanation of things ; always gives 
 and requires a cause for everything; has good judgment, strength of 
 intellect, penetration, good ideas and plans well : p. 233 c. 6. 
 Very large, has a deep, strong, original, comprehensive mind ; powerful 
 reasoning faculties ; great energy and power of thought ; first rate judg- 
 ment and a gigantic intellect : p. 236. c. 5. 
 
 Moderate, is rather deficient in adapting means to ends, originating 
 reasoning, &c. ; rather slow of perception, and has not good judgment : 
 p. 237. c. 
 
 Small, has a weak, imbecile mind; cannot adapt means to ends — nor 
 plan, nor do any thing without being shown how : p. 238. c 
 Very small, has no knowledge of causation ; is a natural fool : p. 238. c 
 
4% SYNOPSIS OF PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 37. COMPARISON.— Pcrccptionof resemblances, differences, analogies, fyc. ; 
 ability to compare, illustrate, criticise, classify, generalise, perceive similar 
 cases, tfc. : p. 239. 
 
 Average, discovers striking analogies, and compares tolerably well. 
 Full, compares, illustrates, criticises, &c., quite well, yet not remarkably 
 sc : p. 243. 
 
 Large, has a happy talent for composing, illustrating, arguing from 
 parallel cases ; discerning what is or is not appropriate, criticising, &c. : 
 p. 241. c. 
 
 Very large, has analytical, discriminating, illustrating, and comparing 
 powers and critical actum n to a remarkable extent; is full of striking, 
 appropriate comparisons : p. ^243. c. 
 
 Moderate, may discern striking analogies, yet overlooks others : p. 244. c 
 Small, or very s&jall, is almost destitute of this power : p. 244. c 
 
 We w r ould here ask the phrenological world whether or no there is an 
 organ, located between comparison and benevolence, the function of which 
 is to render its possessor agreeable, persuasive, and acceptable to his 
 fellow men ; to enable him to say things so as to excite the good feel- 
 ing of others, and gain the confidence and influence of those into whose 
 company he may fall. 
 
 We would also ask if there is another organ between causality and 
 imitation, the function of which is to impart an intuitive knowledge of 
 human nature, of the character and the motives of men, &c, and to create 
 a passion for this study. The author has made many observations, and 
 especially upon the first of these organs, which have given him consider- 
 able confidence in it. These organs and functions were first suggested 
 by L. N. Fowler. Let observations be made and facts settle these points. 
 
14 
 
 18 
 
 4 \ 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 D* 
 
 11 
 
 B 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 / 34 \ 33 ! 
 
 
H 18 
 
 18 14 
 
PHRENOLOGY 
 
 PROVED, ILLUSTRATED, AND APPLIED, 
 
 ACCOMPANIED BY 
 
 A CHART; 
 
 EMBRACING AN 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY, MENTAL POWERS 
 
 IN THEIR 
 VARIOUS DEGREES OF DEVELOPMENT, 
 
 THE 
 PHENOMENA PRODUCED BY THEIR COMBINED ACTIVITY, 
 
 AND THE 
 LOCATION OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS IN THE HEAD '. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH A 
 VIEW OF THE MORAL AND THEOLOGICAL BEARING OF THE SCIENCE. 
 
 BY 
 
 O. S. & L. N. FOWLER, 
 
 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGISTS, 
 ASSISTED BY 
 
 SAMUEL KIRKHAM, 
 
 AUTHOR OP " ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN LECTURES/' AND AN 
 " ESSAY ON ELOCUTION.' 5 -p- 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 FOR SALE, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
 
 WITH ACCOMPANYING BUSTS, CHARTS, $e. 
 At tfie New York Phrenological Rooms, »86 Broadway* 
 
 1837. 
 

 Entered, 
 According to Act of Congress, in the year 1836, by 
 L. N. FOWLER & S. KIRKHAM, 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 STEREOTYPED BY P. P. RIPLEY, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 To Americanize whatever in science and the arts, is capable of 
 improving or adorning the mind, or of otherwise benefiting mankind, 
 is no less the duty, than it would prove the glory, of every American 
 citizen. Americans have had the genius and the moral courage to 
 point out to the world the landmarks of civil liberty, and the true 
 form and principles of free government, and, also, the highroad to 
 national prosperity by improving and promoting agriculture, com- 
 merce, and the arts ; but, with a deep sense of humility and abase- 
 ment, it must be acknowledged, that hitherto they have rendered to 
 foreign literature and foreign science, a far more degrading homage 
 and submission than that demanded of our forefathers by political 
 tyrants at the period of our Revolution. We have nobly burst the 
 bands of despotick rule, and raised a proud beacon of liberty and in- 
 dependence whose light has penetrated and illumined the remotest 
 corners of the earth ; and yet, it cannot be denied, that we have too 
 generally been content to receive our literary and our scientifick sup- 
 plies by foreign importations — that we have too long degraded our- 
 selves by tamely submitting to the dictum of transatlantick writers, 
 and by servilely copying their works ; or, in other words, that our 
 literary and scientifick dependence has brought a blush upon our po- 
 litical independence. 
 
 In nothing has this spirit of literary servility been more strikingly 
 manifested than in the works of our countrymen upon the science of 
 Phrenology. Hitherto, no American work has appeared upon this 
 subject, stamped with originality of thought, or presenting new and 
 comprehensive views, or even imbodying, to any considerable ex- 
 tent, facts produced by the soil and climate of equal rights ; but every 
 thing phrenological in this country, has been either a reprint, or a 
 substantial copy, of some foreign work. 
 
 Why this dearth of talent in American authorship upon Phrenolo- 
 gy 1 Is it because foreign writers have exhausted the subject ; or be- 
 cause it is an exotick plant which no man of genius and learning 
 dares to touch 7 or because we have not among us, minds sufficiently 
 gifted in logical and critical acumen, to grapple with the subject, and 
 to imbody and analyze the enormous mass of facts presented by the 
 peculiar condition of the country in which we live/? Surely, if the 
 genius of science ever demanded an advocate — if ever nature held 
 out her hand, and invited her worshipper to sit down by her side and 
 take her picture, here the votary of the one and the amateur of the 
 other have inducements and allurements to step forth, which were 
 never before proffered to mortal genius. In this land of plenty and 
 equal rights, conscious of its liberty to exercise any and all of its 
 powers, the human mind marches forth unfettered and free. Here 
 human nature displays itself in all its varying hues of light and 
 shade. Here, then, ii" anywhere, we might expect to find, not only 
 the greatest variety, but, also, the greatest extremes, of character and 
 
-V PREFACE. 
 
 talents, as well as the most striking specimens of original genius, and 
 all accompanied with corresponding phrenological developments. 
 Among those who have become identified with the American soil, 
 we find three of the five varieties of the human race, namely, the 
 Anglo-American, ihe Aboriginal American, and the African ; be- 
 sides an innumerable multitude of every other nation, kindred, 
 tongue, and people, who are every day landing upon our prolifick 
 shores : and, in short, here we have all the materials necessary for 
 the most extensive, and interesting, and instructive phrenological ob- 
 servations and experiments. Since, then, the grand basis of the 
 phrenological system has been laid by Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, in 
 the Old World, does it not behoove some American genius to step 
 forward and lay hold of these ample materials thus placed by Provi- 
 dence within his reach, and complete this beautiful structure, and 
 thereby identify the American name with a monument which is des- 
 tined to become the admiration of all future ages % 
 
 Phrenology, it is true, is yet in its infancy; and its warmest advo- 
 cates do not deny, that, for years, it must totter along in its leading- 
 strings. They do not expect, that, like the birth of Minerva from 
 the brain of Jupiter, a science of so vast importance can spring at 
 once into perfect form and maturity. They do not imagine, that, in 
 the freshness of its tender youth, it can possess all the strength, and 
 vigour, and compactness of manhood. They are not unaware, that 
 centuries have rolled up their rich floods of discovery to aid in rear- 
 ing to its present growth, the science of astronomy ; and they believe 
 that the fertilizing efforts of other centuries will be required to per- 
 fect it : and they are sensible, too, that the same is true of botany, ehym- 
 istr} - , medicine, and, indeed, of all other sciences. Hence, they are 
 not so unreasonable as to suppose, that two or three intellects, however 
 gigantick, are capable of discovering and perfecting so comprehen- 
 sive and profound a science as that of Phrenology; but they do be- 
 lieve, that Phrenology is a noble and thriving plant — a germe of true 
 science, which has already taken deep root, and which requires noth- 
 ing more than the fostering care of men of genius and learning to 
 increase it to a stately tree, whose branches will wave over all na- 
 tions, and whose fruit will gladden the hearts of all people. 
 
 Of all the subjects in philosophy, that which pertains to the mind 
 of man, is undoubtedly the most interesting and important. Every 
 discovery, therefore, in this imperfectly-explored region — every fresh 
 ray of light cast upon this clouded tract, should be hailed with joy 
 by every votary of science and by every friend of man. This volume 
 is not designed to supersede the invaluable writings of Drs. Gall and 
 Spurzheim, and of Mr. Combe, nor does it profess to be wholly original ; 
 but it does lay claim to many important improvements in the science 
 of Phrenology. These consist mainly in presenting many new and 
 (as the Authors conceive) useful views upon the subject ; in bringing 
 forward many new facts and the result of many observations and suc- 
 cessful experiments, which serve as new proofs of the truth of the 
 science and illustrations of its principles and utility; in supplying 
 many gross deficiencies of the other writers upon the subject; and, 
 above all, in presenting the subject in a far more practical form than 
 it has been heretofore given. These several improvements, how- 
 ever, will be more clearly understood by giving a definite, numeri- 
 cal statement of them. 
 
PHEFAC32. V 
 
 The present work, then, differs from all others upon the same sub- 
 ject, in the following important particulars; 
 
 1 . In order to obtain a clear and distinct idea of the character 
 and analysis of the primary mental faculties, the student in Phre- 
 nology requires, not only that the phenomena produced by them, 
 should be described, but that those great principles in nature, in ac- 
 cordance with which these various faculties are constituted, and to 
 which they adapt the human mind, should also be presented and ex- 
 plained ; for, without a knowledge of these natural laws, he could 
 gain but a very imperfect idea of the nature and functions of the 
 mental faculties. The faculty of Weight, for example, has to do 
 with those great principles of specifick gravity to which all material 
 objects are subservient; Causality takes cognizance of the abstract 
 principles of cause and effect, upon which, as far as we can perceive, 
 the whole natural and moral government of God proceeds ; Compari- 
 son is adapted to those laws of analogy which enter into the whole 
 system of things ; and so of the rest. The omission of a more dis- 
 tinct reference to these fundamental laws, the Authors consider as a 
 radical defect in other phrenological works, which defect they have 
 attempted to supply. 
 
 2. The organs were discovered when developed in ezcoss, which 
 has led many to an almost exclusive observation of their extreme de- 
 velopments to the neglect of the medium and more common mani- 
 festation of the faculties, as displayed in the ordinary transactions of 
 life. In applying the principles of the science, the authors have al- 
 ways practised giving the proportionate size of all the various organs, 
 and of describing character as deduced from the combined manifest- 
 ations of the faculties in their various degrees of strength: and thus 
 they have been enabled, in this work, to describe the phenomena pro- 
 duced by the faculties in all their various degrees of development. 
 
 3. By perusing what is said of the manifestations of the various 
 faculties in our best works upon Phrenology, the reader will find it 
 extremely difficult to form any distinct notions of the actions and 
 feelings which these faculties would produce in their ordinary, daily 
 manifestations. This marked deficiency the Authors have attempted 
 to supply by dwelling chiefly upon the incidents which result from the 
 most common operations of the faculties, and by directing the atten- 
 tion of the reader mainly to the precise phenomena produced by 
 them. 
 
 4. Hitherto phrenologists have described the organs, not only when 
 developed in excess, but, also, (which is a still greater defect,) as they 
 manifest themselves when acting singly and alone— -a thing that 
 scarcely ever takes place: and hence the very vague and imperfect 
 knowledge of the science acquired by those who have perused all 
 our most able works upon ihe subject. The most important point to 
 be understood in Phrenology, is a knowledge of the modifications 
 produced by the combined action of the several organs; and the prin- 
 cipal merits of this work are believed to res; upon this point, namely, 
 the Authors have presented several thousand combinations of the facul- 
 ties, and described their accompanying manifestations and phenome- 
 na, which have not been noticed by any other writers. 
 
 5. Extensive observation, and long experience in applying the 
 principles of Phrenology to the living subject, have satisfied the Au- 
 thors, that, if a conviction of the truth and importance of the science, 
 
 1* 
 
Vi PREFACE. 
 
 is ever to be forced home upon the minds of men, it will be, not SO 
 much by reasoning upon the subject, as by a practical application of 
 its principles. What do the common people, or even scientifick men, 
 care about the arguments adduced in support of any new subject or 
 science 1 Before they will believe in it, or even listen to it, ihey must 
 see its truth practically demonstrated. Indeed, the world will never 
 believe, either in any new mechanical invention or improvement, or 
 in any proposed discovery, however reasonable or useful it may be, 
 until they see it fully and fairly tested by actual experiment. In their 
 phrenological experiments in describing character, the Authors sel- 
 dom fail to convince nearly all who witness them, both of the truth 
 of the science and of its practical utility; and, by gaining converts, 
 it gains advocates, students, and admirers, becomes hwi.cn, and its 
 usefulness is thus disseminated. The import?nce of this manual as 
 a practical treatise, may be inferred from the fact, that it will enable 
 any individoal, by having the relative size of his phrenological or- 
 gans correctly marked upon the Chart which accompanies it, to read 
 from the different pages of the book to which the Chart will refer 
 him, a most beautiful and accurate analysis of his own mind — a cor* 
 rect delineation of his own character and talents, and a perfect clas- 
 sification of all his mental operations, and thus enable him to judge 
 experimentally of the truth of the science. 
 
 6. The moral and theological bearing of the science is one of the 
 most important points connected with it, and is presented in the 
 latter part of this work, and discussed in such a manner, it is be- 
 lieved, as to wipe out the disgraceful stigma heretofore cast upon 
 Phrenology by branding it as a science whose doctrines lead to infi- 
 delity, fatalism, and so forth. The Authors trust that they have en- 
 tirely scraped off from it this moral fungus, and clearly shown, that, 
 so far from its being a legitimate shoot springing naturally from the 
 phrenological stock, it is a vile and baneful exotick, wholly engen- 
 dered in the minds of immoral, misguided, or designing men : and 
 thus, by clearing the skirts of Phrenology from every thing impure, 
 anti-christian, or unholy, they trust they have rendered an accept- 
 able service both to the cause of science and of pure morality and 
 true religion. 
 
 The great haste in which this volume has necessarily been pre- 
 pared for the press, is the only reasonable apology which the Authors 
 nave to offer for its numerous defects; and even this, it must be con- 
 fessed, is more hackneyed than weighty. 
 
 The contents will be found at the end of the work* 
 
PHRENOLOGY 
 
 PROVED, ILLUSTRATED, AND APPLIED, 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS IN PROOF OP PHRENOLOGY, 
 
 Phrenology professes to point out a connexion between 
 certain manifestations of the mind, and particular conditions 
 and developments of the brain. It asserts, for example, that 
 the feeling of benevolence or kindness, is always manifested 
 andr indicated by means of, and in proportion to, a given por- 
 tion of the brain; (see cuts;) and that the same is true of 
 cautiousness or circumspection, of love, hatred, and reason, 
 and of all the other mental faculties and feelings; and, vice 
 versa, that the relative developments and various conditions 
 of given portions of the brain, manifest and indicate the 
 character and talents of individuals ; so that the one can be 
 always ascertained by an observance of the other. 
 
 Phrenology also claims to be a new and complete system 
 of intellectual and moral philosophy, and professes to devel- 
 op and illustrate the fundamental principles of human nature 
 — principles which are inseparably connected with man's im- 
 provement and happiness, and which embrace every thing 
 pertaining to him as a physical, moral, and intellectual be- 
 ing. It rests for support, in part, upon the truth of the fol- 
 lowing propositions. 
 
 I. The brain is the organ of the mind, or that corporeal 
 instrument which the mind employs in the exercise of 
 thought and feeling. This proposition is established by the 
 following arguments. 
 
 First. How impossible soever it may be for us to compre- 
 hend the connexion between mind and matter, it is, neverthe- 
 less, indisputably true, that we have no knowledge of the 
 operations of the mind, except through the medium of its 
 physical organ, the body. This fact admits of the most am- 
 ple proof; but, without proof, it must be obvious to every one 
 
8 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 who reflects at all — obvious that we know nothing of mind, 
 in this life, as a separate entity, or a thing that acts indepen- 
 dently of its organiek apparatus. 
 
 Second. Since the body is the instrument of the mind, it 
 follows, that the mind must act upon the physical world, 
 either directly through the whole body, or by means of some 
 particular portion of it. But it would be absurd to suppose, 
 that the mind employs the whole body as its corporeal organ ; 
 for it is well known, that the various parts of the human 
 frame, with the exception of the brain, # such as the limbs, 
 the lungs, the heart, the liver, the stomach, the viscera, &c, 
 are exclusively occupied, each in performing its particular 
 class of functions. Hence it may be inferred, analogically, 
 that some particular vortion of the body is allotted to the 
 exercise of the mental functions — a class of functions im- 
 mensely more important than all those which fall to the lot of 
 the whole body besides : and inasmuch as all the other parts 
 of the body are known to be employed in the performance of 
 the other functions, it follows, that the brain must be devoted 
 to the performance of the intellectual functions. 
 
 Third. Another and, perhaps, stronger evidence that the 
 brain is the organ of the mind, may be derived from its im- 
 portant location in the human frame, and the extreme deli- 
 cacy of its -wonderful structure. Look at its commanding 
 position, in the superiour and crowning portion of this ma- 
 jestic k structure called man ! See the matchless skill of the 
 Divine Architect displayed in protecting, from external in- 
 jury, this exquisitely-wrought instrument; first, by the scull, 
 so elegantly and wonderfully shaped, and so judiciously di- 
 vided into its various frontal, lateral, and occipital portions ; 
 and all these so ingeniously and so strongly joined together 
 by their respective sutures 1 And in order still farther to 
 strengthen this bulwark of the intellect, we find the scull 
 again divided into its external and internal tables ; and these 
 tables supported and united by an intervening, spongy sub- 
 stance called diploe, which renders it less liable to be cracked 
 or broken. This ossifick ball is also strengthened by the 
 scalp or skin ; and this, again, is both protected and adorned 
 by a thick coat of flowing hair. But, when we take a view 
 of the interiour of this " dome of thought, 5 ' this "palace of 
 the soul," and survey its beautiful chambers, so superbly 
 
 * The spleen may also be considered another exception; but it is too unJrn* 
 portantto be noticed in the argument. 
 
THE BRAIN THE ORGAN OF THE MIND. y 
 
 lined with the dura mater — when we look at the pia mater, 
 which envelops the brain, and at the ingenious contrivance 
 of that secreting membrane, the tunica arachnoidea, placed 
 between the dura and the pia mater to lubricate and soften 
 both — when we examine the partition walls of these cham- 
 bers, formed by the falciform process of the dura mater, and 
 the connecting fibres of the two hemispheres of the brain, 
 styled the corpus collosum— when we scrutinize the cineri- 
 tious substance of which the brain itself is composed, and 
 notice the beautiful convolutions in which it is deposited — 
 when we observe that this organ is the grand centre of all 
 the most delicate and intricate machinery of the human frame, 
 the finale of the spinal marrow, and of the whole nervous 
 system, and, moreover, the recipient of, at least, one-third of 
 the vital flood propelled by the heart — when we look at all 
 this, the conviction is forced home upon us, that the Great 
 Architect would not be likely to make such a display of wis- 
 dom and skill in the formation, location, and protection of the 
 brain, unless, in doing so, he had some important end in 
 view — unless, in short, he designed the brain to perform the 
 mental functions. 
 
 Fourth. It has been fully proved by anatomical demonstra- 
 tions, that the nerves of feeling, seeing, hearing, smelling, 
 &c, have their origin in the brain, and even compose a por- 
 tion of that organ; and the functions of these nerves, consti- 
 tute a portion of the intellectual operations. Now, since a 
 portion of the mental functions, is performed by a part of the 
 brain, it is a logical induction to infer, that the remaining 
 mental operations are performed by the remaining portions 
 of the brain ; and, without first showing by ichat organ or 
 organs the other intellectual phenomena are performed, no 
 one can logically call in question this induction. 
 
 Fifth. An inflammation of the brain produces a derange- 
 ment of the mental faculties ; and its debility causes mental 
 weakness, and sometimes even imbecility ; but no such effects 
 are produced by the inflammation or debility of any other 
 portion of the body. A suspension of the action of the brain 
 by pressure, or other causes, produces a suspension of the 
 action of the mind, while the animal functions continue to 
 operate. The destruction or injury of even a portion of the 
 brain, (when it reaches an organ on both sides of the head,) 
 causes a derangement of some of the mental faculties; but 
 the mutilation of any other part of the body, such, for exanv 
 
10 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 pie, as the amputation of a limb, produces no such effect. 
 How can these things be accounted for on any other princi- 
 ple than that which recognises the brain as the organ of the 
 mind? 
 
 Sixth. There is found to exist a reciprocal proportion be- 
 tween the power and qualities of the mind, and the size, 
 activity, and shape of the brain. An observation of the va- 
 rious classes of animals, will illustrate this position. The 
 worm has little or no brain, and (except sensation) little or 
 no intellect or passion. The frog, the toad, the turtle, &c. 
 have a contracted and flattened brain, and the mental powers 
 proportionally weak. The dog, the monkey, the elephant, 
 &c, possess a cerebral development far superiour to those 
 animals last-named, and an intellect equally superiour. Idi- 
 ots are found to possess brains vastly inferiour to those be- 
 longing to men of ordinary talents; and these, again, a 
 development of this organ far inferiour to that of a Frank- 
 lin, a Bacon, a De Witt Clinton, a Webster, a Bonaparte, a 
 Sir Walter Scott, &c. : in other words, as we rise in the 
 scale of animated being from the lowest grade tothe highest, 
 at every ascending step, we invariably find, particularly in 
 the coronal and frontal regions of the head, (in which, 
 according to phrenology, the intellectual and moral organs 
 are located,) an additional amount of brain. Are these 
 things merely the result of chance ; or do they show de- 
 sign ? — are they merely accidental ; or are they the result 
 of fixed and immutable laws? 
 
 Other arguments in favour of the proposition that the 
 brain is the organ of the mind, might easily be adduced ; 
 but, since it is generally admitted by the great naturalists, 
 anatomists, physiologists, metaphysicians, and philosophers, 
 it might fairly be assumed, ariM the burden oi proof thrown 
 upon those who call it in question. 
 
 II. The mind consists of a plurality of innate and inde- 
 pendent faculties — a congregate of separate, primary pow- 
 ers. The truth of this proposition may be shown by the 
 following arguments. l 
 
 First. The mind performs different classes of functions, 
 or various kinds of operations, such as love, hatred, fear, 
 reason, sensation, &c. ; and, throughout all nature, different 
 classes of functions are always performed by different in- 
 struments. It is admitted, that seeing and hearing are men- 
 tal operations, and, also, that they are performed by different 
 
MIND A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. 11 
 
 faculties. (See second argument under this proposition.) It 
 is likewise admitted, that the functions of love, hatred, rea- 
 son, &c, are intellectual functions, differing in their nature 
 and qualities no less than those of seeing and hearing. If, 
 then, the economy of nature requires, that the mental opera- 
 tions of seeing and hearing, should be performed by differ- 
 ent faculties, why should not the same economy also demand, 
 that the mental operations of loving, hating, reasoning, &c. 
 should also be performed by as many different faculties ? 
 The mind, therefore, consists of as many different faculties, 
 or primary powers, as it performs different classes of func- 
 tions. 
 
 Second. The mind is capable of doing several things at 
 the same time — of seeing and loving a friend, of reasoning 
 and feeling upon a subject, of talking, walking, looking, 
 thinking, hearing, &c, and all simultaneously ; which could 
 not possibly be done by a single faculty. According to the 
 theory of Dr. Thomas Brown,* the mind is but a single 
 faculty or power, and all the various mental operations are 
 the product of this single faculty in different states, or modes 
 of action : — seeing, for example, is the mind, or, what is the 
 same thing, the man, in a state of seeing ; hating, the mind, 
 or the man, in a state of hating; reasoning, the man in a 
 state of reasoning, &c. If this is so, how can the same 
 mind, or, what is equivalent, the same man, be in two or 
 more different states at the same instantl How can an in- 
 dividual, at one and the same time, be wholly engrossed in 
 seeing his friend and in loving him ? How can a speaker 
 carry on, simultaneously, a train of thought and a process 
 of feeling ? or how can he reason better when excited than 
 when not excited ? If this theory Avere true, while looking 
 at a wound we could not feel its pain, but, with perfect ease, 
 we might relieve its pain by simply looking at the wound, 
 or at any other object, or by engaging the mind in the exer- 
 cise of any other function ; for, inasmuch as it would be im- 
 » possible for us both to see and feel at the same time, the 
 instant we should begin to look, or think, or do any thing 
 else, we should cease to feel. But since we can see the per- 
 forating needle whilst we feel its smart ; can see our friend 
 whilst loving him ; can be, at the same instant, both devising 
 and executing ; can be walking, and talking, and seeing, and 
 
 * Brown's Philosophy of the Human Mind. 
 
12 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 feeling, and reasoning, &c. simultaneously, and as these 
 require each the exercise of the mind, it follows, that these 
 various classes of functions, and, by a parity of reasoning, that 
 all the different classes of mental functions, are performed 
 by as many different faculties, several of which can be in 
 simultaneous action. 
 
 The supporters of Dr. Brown's theory, maintain, indeed, 
 that the mind can perform but one class of functions at a 
 time ; but this can easily be shown to be incorrect ; for, if 
 this position were true, the moment one should begin to 
 walk, which requires the exercise of the mind, and all the 
 time he is engaged in walking, he must necessarily cease to 
 perform any and all other functions ; and so of seeing, hear- 
 ing, feeling, &c. Suppose, for example, an orator is deeply 
 engaged in addressing an audience : according to this the- 
 ory, he must be engaged one moment in thinking, the next, 
 in feeling, the next, in looking at his audience, the next, in 
 gesticulation, and so on through the whole round of mental 
 operations which it is necessary for him to perform, before 
 he can recommence the circuit of the various functions en- 
 tering into the delivery of his discourse; but, it is evident, 
 that he may be, at one and the same time, beholding his au- 
 dience, gesticulating, and pouring forth a powerful current 
 of thought commingled with deep emotion ; or, in other 
 words, at one and the same time, exercising all the various 
 faculties necessary to the performance of his oratorical 
 effort. 
 
 But, say the supporters of this theory, in such instances, 
 the mind does not perform several classes of functions at the 
 same time, but its transition from one class to another, is so 
 rapid as not to be observable. Let us look at this argument. 
 It cannot be denied, that an organ which performs any por- 
 tion of a class of functions, always performs the whole of 
 that class- — that, for example, the organ of vision does all 
 the seeing, and that no seeing can be effected without its 
 agency and action ; that no digestion can be performed with- 
 out the action of the stomach ; that no sensation can take 
 place except by the instrumentality of the nerves of feeling; 
 no motion, except by the muscles, and so on ; and that this 
 principle holds good throughout all the operations of nature : 
 and hence it follows, that the action of the brain,' (which has 
 been proved to be the organ of the mind,) is just as neces- 
 sary in every, as in any, operation of the mind ; and, conse- 
 
MIND A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. 13 
 
 quently, that there can be no operation of the mind without 
 a corresponding action of the brain : and, moreover, that a 
 change in the operations of the mind, must necessarily pro- 
 duce a change in the action of the brain. If, then, the mind 
 were a single faculty, and, consequently, the brain a single 
 organ, their united transition from one class of functions to 
 another, could be no more rapid or instantaneous than that of 
 the eye, the finger, or any other corporeal organ, and, of 
 course, not so instantaneous as not to be observable ; and, if 
 not observable, (which all will admit,) it cannot exist : and, 
 therefore, the mind cannot be a single faculty. But according 
 to the principle, that the mind consists of a plurality of facul- 
 ties, any, or even all, of these faculties may be in simultane- 
 ous and harmonious action — -a principle as remarkable for 
 beauty and consistency, as the old theory is for deformity 
 and absurdity. 
 
 Third. The diversity of human character and talents, 
 proves the plurality of the mental faculties. If the mind 
 were a single faculty, all minds must be exactly alike in 
 their nature, their qualities, and their modes of action, and 
 could differ only in their strength and activity; which is 
 by no means the case : but, if different minds possess the 
 various faculties in different . degrees of development, they 
 must, like the primary colours mingled in various propor- 
 tions, differ accordingly ; which is the fact. If the mind 
 were a single faculty, it could work just as well in one har- 
 ness as in another — could perform all classes of mental op- 
 erations with equal facility and success ; and every man 
 could succeed equally well in any and in every pursuit — • 
 equally well as a poet, a painter, a musician, a logician, an 
 orator, a mathematician, a linguist, a mechanick, a naturalist, 
 a divine, and, in short, in every calling, and in every department 
 of literature and science. Partial genius, or a taste and tal- 
 ent for doing particular things, striking instances of which 
 frequently occur, could not then exist ; but all men would be 
 equally capable of succeeding equally well in any thing and 
 in every thing. This, however, the experience of almost 
 every individual, even from the very cradle, proves to be erro- 
 neous. Those who are idiots in some things, are often re- 
 markably gifted in other things ; which proves that such, 
 and, by a parity of reasoning, that all mankind, possess dif- 
 ferent mental faculties, and in various degrees of strength 
 and activitjr. 
 
 2 
 
14 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 Fourth. According to the principle, that the mind consists 
 of several faculties, it is evident that, in a given time, it can 
 perform, not only a greater number, but also, a greater vari- 
 ety, of operations, which would render it proportionally the 
 more perfect and useful. In order to show the force of this 
 argument, let us suppose that the body were so constituted 
 as to be incapable of performing more than one class of 
 functions at a time, so that, whilst performing the function of 
 respiration, for example, it would be incapable of exercising 
 any other function — whilst executing the function of seeing, 
 that of hearing, of feeling, of digestion, and of every thing 
 else, must cease. How infinitely inferiour must such a ma- 
 chine be, to the magnificent structure which we now pos- 
 sess — a structure capable of proceeding, in the most easy 
 and elegant manner, in the simultaneous performance of 
 many widely different classes of functions ! As, in the op- 
 erations of the body, scarcely any thing important is ever 
 effected which does not -require the cooperation of several, 
 different organs, so is it with respect to the operations of the 
 mind, for we rarely meet with any of its products that do not 
 evince the combined efforts of several of its faculties. If 
 we look into an author, for example, we can seldom proceed 
 far without meeting with a thought that displays the com- 
 bined action of reason, wit, fancy, and so forth. 
 
 Fifth. That the mind consists of a plurality of faculties, 
 may be proved, in the fifth place, by a reference to the men- 
 tal exercise of memory, by which we are to understand, a 
 reminiscence of the operations of the mind. It has been 
 shown, that, if the mind were a single faculty, its operation 
 would be just as powerful in all classes of functions, as in 
 any class. In this case, it could not only remember, judge, in- 
 vent, construct, copy, &c, with equal success, but its memory 
 would be just as strong when exercised upon one class of 
 facts, as when upon any other class; and, consequently, 
 every one would be able to remember every class of facts 
 with equal ease and tenacity. But this is seldom, if ever, 
 the case. Almost every individual is a living witness to the 
 opposite state of things . in proof of which, it is necessary 
 only to appeal to observation and experience. Most persons 
 find it as easy to remember some things, as it is difficult t© 
 remember others : they often find that their associates rec- 
 ollect what they forget, and forget what they remember. 
 It is both natural and easy for some persons to remember 
 
MIND A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. 15 
 
 faces, but to forget names ; whilst others forget faces, but re- 
 collect names. The same holds true of size, weight, col- 
 ours, dates, tunes, places, incidents, &c. Hence, there are 
 many kinds of memory ; but this could not be the case if the 
 mind were a single faculty : therefore, if we admit — what, 
 indeed, the phenomena of memory compel us to admit — that 
 there are many kinds of memory, we must also admit, that 
 there are, at least, as many separate intellectual faculties, as 
 there are sorts of memory: ergo, the mind consists of a 
 plurality of faculties. 
 
 Sixth. A plurality of the mental faculties, is also estab- 
 lished by the phenomena of dreaming. If the mind were a 
 unity, it would act or repose, be asleep or awake, as a whole ; 
 that is, one portion of it could not be awake and active, 
 whilst the remainder slept; and, consequently, all its phe- 
 nomena, so far as produced at all, would be in perfect har- 
 mony with each other. But this would entirely preclude 
 the phenomena of dreaming ; or, at least, that kind of dream- 
 ing so very common, in which numerous vivid emotions, 
 such as joy, grief, terrour, fear, affection, &c. arise, succeed 
 one another, and depart, without the control of the reason- 
 ing faculties. These phenomena, however, perfectly har- 
 monize with the doctrine of a plurality of faculties, some of 
 which, being awake and excited to action by some stimulus 
 which does not affect the other faculties, present those dis- 
 ordered ideas and feelings which constitute a dream, whilst 
 the repose of the others, permits this disordered action. 
 
 Seve?ith. Partial insanity, or monomania, is utterly at va- 
 riance w r ith the idea that the mind is a single faculty, em- 
 ploying in its operations but a single organ. A derange- 
 ment of the mind can be caused only by a derangement of 
 the brain. Now, if all classes of the mental functions, were 
 performed by a single organ, it is evident, that a derange- 
 ment of this organ, would cause a corresponding and uni- 
 form derangement of all the operations of the mind : 
 whereas, cases of monomania, or a derangement that extends 
 to only one or two classes of the mental operations, whilst 
 all the other classes are performed with perfect sanity and 
 propriety, very frequently occur. This, indeed, is the most 
 common form in which derangement appears, many instances 
 of which have fallen under the author's own observation. 
 We often meet with persons deranged in the matter of love, 
 or hatred, or on the subject of religion, or with respect to 
 
16 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 property, &c, whilst they are perfectly rational on every 
 other subject ; but, if one and the same faculty exercised the 
 various functions of love, and hatred, and religious feeling, 
 &c, and, also, all the other mental functions, it would be im- 
 possible for this single faculty to be deranged in the perform- 
 ance of these first-named functions, whilst it was perfectly 
 sane in the exercise of all its other functions : consequently, 
 it is impossible for the mind to consist of only a single fac- 
 ulty.* 
 
 Eighth. The relief, and even refreshment, afforded to the 
 mind by a change of thought, study, feeling, &c, furnish 
 another evidence of a plurality of the mental faculties ; for, 
 if the mind were but a single faculty, this single faculty 
 would have to perform all the mental operations, and, con- 
 sequently, would be just as much exhausted and fatigued by 
 its exercise in performing any one class of functions, as in 
 any other class ; and, therefore, when fatigued by exercising 
 one class of functions, it could, not only, not be relieved or 
 refreshed, but would be still farther exhausted, by dropping 
 that class, and taking up another. But what is the language 
 of facts touching this subject? How is it that the mechan- 
 ick, when fatigued by hard labour in his shop, experiences 
 relief and refreshment by taking a smart walk to his meals ? 
 Not, as has been intimated by some, by the mere novelty 
 presented by the change, but, by giving rest to the fatigued 
 organs, and by bringing into exercise another set of organs. 
 What is here predicated of the physical phenomena, holds 
 equally true when applied to the intellectual phenomena. 
 The student, for example, when suffering great fatigue of 
 mind from a long and continued pursuit of mathematicks, or 
 metaphysicks, often turns to chymistry, history, the study of 
 language, of geography, or, perhaps, a work of imagina- 
 tion, with new vigour and fresh delight, although his fatigue 
 of mind is too great any longer to continue the first study. 
 The fact that a change of subjects or studies, affords relief 
 and refreshment to the mind, is too familiar to need farther 
 illustration ; and the inference to be drawn from it, is per- 
 fectly obvious, namely, that this change which presents an- 
 other subject of study, calls into exercise another set of fac- 
 ulties. 
 
 * For a farther illustration of this point, see Dr. A. Combe, and also Dr. Spura- 
 heim, upon Insanity. 
 
THE BRAIN A PLURALITY OF ORGANS. 17 
 
 Thus it would appear, that the various arguments under 
 this second proposition, namely, that the mind performs dif- 
 ferent classes of functions — that it is capable of performing 
 several classes of functions at the same time — that different 
 individuals possess the various mental faculties in different 
 degrees of strength and power, constituting what is called 
 partial genius — that the perfection of the mind requires that 
 it should be composed of many faculties — that the phenom- 
 ena of the various kinds of memory, could not be produced 
 by a single faculty — that the phenomena of dreaming could 
 not result from the operation of a single faculty — that partial 
 insanity is inconsistent with the idea of but a single mental 
 power — and that the relief which the mind experiences by a 
 change of subject, is owing to the exercise of another set of 
 faculties, one and all, clearly demonstrate the truth of the 
 proposition, that the mind is a plurality of innate and inde- 
 pendent faculties, and that this is a fundamental and consti- 
 tutional principle of the human mind. Many other argu- 
 ments in proof of this position, might readily be adduced ; 
 but it is believed that the foregoing are abundantly sufficient. 
 
 In the general argument in proof of the truth of phrenol- 
 ogy, this proposition is all-imp or tani, and even fundamental. 
 It is, indeed, the test and touchstone of the truth of the sci- 
 ence. If this proposition should be disproved, phrenology 
 would fall, " like the baseless fabrick of a vision, and leave not 
 a wreck behind ;" but if, in connexion with the preceding 
 proposition, it be established, there can be no such thing as 
 evading the inference, that phrenology is true : and when 
 we prove that phrenology is true, we sweep away, like spi- 
 ders 5 webs, all the old and crude theories of mental philoso- 
 phy, and, in their stead, establish, upon an immoveable basis, 
 the beautiful and splendid superstructure of phrenological 
 science. 
 
 III. The brain consists of as many different portions or 
 organs, as the mind does of faculties. Throughout all 
 nature, different classes of functions are always performed 
 by different instruments ; and no single organ is known to 
 perform more than one class of functions. It has already 
 been stated, that the organs of seeing, hearing, sensation, 
 &c, have been proved each to perform its respective, intel- 
 lectual function exclusively by means of a particular portion 
 of the brain ; and hence it follows analogically, that all the 
 2* 
 
18 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 other mental faculties must also perform their functions by 
 means of the other portions of the brain. 
 
 In support of this third proposition, innumerable facts have 
 heretofore been brought forward by phrenologists, in addi- 
 tion to which the author takes the liberty of presenting a 
 few of the many that have fallen under his own observation. 
 
 He once examined the head of a lady who was deranged 
 in the matter of conscience, but perfectly sane in every other 
 respect. He found the argan of conscientiousness to be very 
 large, and much heated, or much warmer than any other por- 
 tion of the head. At the request of the author, other per- 
 sons present who were disbelievers in phrenology, applied 
 their hands to the bead r and very readily perceived, and bore 
 testimony to, the fact. 
 
 While practising phrenology in Brattleborough, Vt., a 
 lady called upon the author, stating that she laboured under 
 a great difficulty in expressing her ideas. He remarked that 
 her organ of language was large, and asked if it had al- 
 ways been so. She replied,, that, until she had an inflamma- 
 tion of the brain, which was particularly severe about the 
 eyes, (above which, this organ is located,) causing excruci- 
 ating pain in those parts, she could talk with fluency; but 
 since that time, she often hesitated for words in which to ex- 
 press the most commonplace ideas. The organ of language 
 being situated upon the superorbiter plate, its inflammation 
 might easily be mistaken for an inflammation of the eyes. 
 
 A little girl of Washington, D. C, received a fracture of 
 the scull in the region in which the organ of tune is located. 
 Whilst confined with this wound, which had become irri- 
 tated, she experienced, what had never been manifested be- 
 fore, a strong and involuntary propensity to sing. Thus 
 the phenomena of musick was produced by what, under or- 
 dinary circumstances. w T e should expect to prevent it, viz. a 
 wound; and the only solution of the case, seems entirely to 
 turn upon the fact, that the inflammation was connected with 
 the phrenological organ of tune. This case was stated to 
 the author in 1835, by Dr. Miller, at the house, and in the 
 presence, of Dr. Sewal, a distinguished physician and anti- 
 phrenologist. 
 
 Several cases of monomania, produced by wounds and in- 
 flammation in the cerebellum, in which the feeling of ama- 
 tiveness was deranged, have been related to the author. One 
 was that of a gentleman in the west, who had to submit to 
 
THE BRAIN A PLURALITY OF ORGANS. 19 
 
 the discipline of the straight-jacket, and who died the ninth 
 day of the disease, reported to the author by a Mr. C. An- 
 other case of the same kind, was reported by Dr. Miller of 
 Baltimore, and another by Dr. Jackson of Boston ; which, 
 together with the thousands of similar ones stated by Drs. 
 Gall, Spurzheim, and others, all tend to confirm the truth of 
 the proposition, that the brain consists of a plurality of or- 
 gans. 
 
 The author saw a man in Hatfield, Mass., who possesses 
 good talents, but who is deranged in the matter of love, while 
 he is sane in other respects. He is often complaining of a 
 compressed sensation, and of a buzzing sound, exactly in 
 that portion of the head in which the organ of adhesiveness 
 is located. Many other cases in which the individuals were 
 rational, but whose attachments had been interrupted, have 
 fallen under the author's observation, and in all of which 
 they complained of a soreness in the same place. In one of 
 these instances, the individual was unable to rest the back 
 part of the head upon a pillow, and suffered so much from 
 the presence of pain as to call in a physician : # meanwhile 
 the mental suffering, caused by the absence of the object of 
 attachment, was almost insupportable. 
 
 Did the proposed limits of this work permit, many more 
 similar facts would be presented, but those given are deemed 
 sufficiently numerous to prove a reciprocal connexion be* 
 tween the diseased condition of certain portions of the brain, 
 and a derangement of particular classes of the mental func- 
 tions. Here, then, we rest the argument. If the brain is a 
 unity, a disease of any portion of it, must affect it as a whole ; 
 and, consequently, (on the supposition that the brain is the 
 organ of the mind,) equally affect every function of the 
 mind; yet, since this is not only, not borne out by facts, but 
 even in direct opposition to them, the only remaining con- 
 clusion is, that, instead of the whole brain's being employed 
 by each, separate faculty of the mind, one portion of it is 
 employed by that faculty, for example, which performs the 
 function of anger, another portion by that which exercises 
 fear, and another by that which exercises reason, and so of 
 all the other mental functions. The contrary supposition is 
 
 * Through ignorance of the real cause of the disease, the mode of treptment 
 adopted in this case, was very injurious and highly reprehensible. Instead of al- 
 laying the excitement, by removing the inflammation, a blister was applied, which 
 greatly increased the disease. 
 
20 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 as absurd, and as much opposed to all analogy, both physical 
 and intellectual, as to suppose that the whole body should be 
 employed in seeing, the whole in hearing, in digestion, in 
 respiration, and in every other particular function : and if 
 this connexion between the faculties of the mind and par- 
 ticular portions of the brain, exists at all, it follows, that there 
 can be no exercise of the one, without a reciprocal action of 
 the other ; or, in other words, that there can be no exercise 
 of a faculty, without the exercise of its corresponding or- 
 gan ; and, vice versa, no exercise of an organ, without the 
 exercise of its corresponding faculty. The great Author of 
 nature would not have established this mutual connexion, 
 unless the economy of nature required it ; and if this econ- 
 omy requires it in any one instance, it must, for the same 
 reason, equally demand it in every instance. 
 
 It may also be added in this connexion, that, according to 
 the theory of the unity of the brain, each faculty must, of 
 necessity, use the brain as a whole in succession, which pre- 
 cludes the possibility of that common and necessary phenom- 
 ena of the mind, namely, its simultaneous exercise of several 
 faculties. 
 
 IV. The various faculties of the mind are possessed, orig- 
 inally, in differe7it degrees of strength by different indi- 
 viduals, and also by the same individual. There exists a 
 toto celo difference between a Shakspeare and a Franklin, a 
 Howard and a Nero, a Raphael and a Washington, a Ben- 
 jamin West and a Patrick Henry — a difference which nei- 
 ther education nor circumstances could create, nor even 
 essentially modify. So strong was the passion for painting 
 with West, that he bid defiance both to the corrections of 
 his school-teacher, and the frowns of his parents, and seclu- 
 ded himself in his garret merely to indulge it; and even 
 while a mere child, and without instruction, he conceived 
 and executed some of his most beautiful designs. Diversi- 
 ty and variety characterize the intellects and the feelings of 
 men, at least, as much as they do their countenances, and 
 that, even from the first dawn of the mind, and not unfre- 
 quently in opposition to circumstances. This diversity of 
 human intellects, dispositions, predilections, talents, &c, is 
 too common and too striking to need illustration. Every 
 individual, in a greater or less degree, furnishes an illustra- 
 tion of this fact. It has even passed into a proverb, that " a 
 poet must be bom, and not made ;" and this applies equally 
 
SIZE THE MEASURE OF POWER- 21 
 
 to the artist, the orator, the mechanick, the divine, the natu- 
 ralist the accountant, and even to all who excel in any par- 
 ticular calling. The happiness of society, and the improve- 
 ment of mankind, absolutely demand this variety of talents 
 and character ; and, in accordance with this demand, the 
 Creator doubtless intends, and, therefore, qualifies, one man 
 for one sphere of action, and another, for another sphere. 
 
 If this diversity and variety did not exist, it is evident from 
 the principle, that like causes produce like effects, that, in 
 all cases, the same circumstances would form similar char- 
 acters, and opposite circumstances, opposite characters ; or, 
 rather, that the character and talents of men would vary in 
 exact proportion to the variation of their education, circum- 
 stances in life, &c, so that, the one could always be estima- 
 ted from a knowledge of the other ; but the fact is, similar 
 circumstances often produce opposite characters and talents, 
 and opposite circumstances, similar characters and talents. 
 The conclusion, then, both a priori and from facts, is, that 
 the various faculties are imparted to different individuals, and 
 even to the same individual, originally, in different degrees 
 of strength. The force of education, however, in impro- 
 ving or perverting the faculties, as originally bestowed, in 
 modifying their relative power, and in changing their direc- 
 tion, is not intended here to be denied. 
 
 V. There exists a reciprocal proportion between the rel- 
 ative strength and power of the various mental faculties, 
 and the size of those portions of the brain, or those organs, 
 by which they are severally manifested. It has already been 
 shown, that each mental faculty is exercised, exclusively, by 
 means of one particular portion of the brain ; and, upon the 
 principle, which holds good throughout all nature, that, 
 other conditions being equal, size is always the measure of 
 power* — a principle too familiar to require proof — it follows, 
 that the stronger a faculty is, the larger must be its organ; 
 and, vice versa, the larger an organ, the stronger its faculty. 
 
 This proposition is also rendered evident from the estab- 
 lished and familiar, physiological principle, that the exercise 
 of any corporeal organ, causes its increase. The exercise 
 of the arm of the blacksmith, causes its enlargement. Those 
 who spend their lives at the oar, thereby greatly augment 
 the size of their arms and chests, while the lower extremi- 
 
 • See Combe's System of Phrenology, pages 23 to 29, and 90 to 98, 
 
22 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 ties are comparatively feeble. Labouring men generally 
 possess much larger bodies, and much smaller heads, than 
 literary and scientifick men. Give a child no exercise, and 
 you thereby make him a dwarf. Cease to exercise any por- 
 tion of the body, and it diminishes in size and strength. 
 
 Now, since the brain is one of the corporeal organs, it 
 follows, (until the brain is shown to form an exception to 
 the action of this law,) that the same common law of increase 
 by exercise, and of decrease by inaction, which has been 
 shown to govern the other corporeal organs, equally governs 
 the organs of the brain, causing their increase in proportion 
 to their exercise. And, since it has been shown, that the va- 
 rious faculties of the mind manifest their functions by means 
 of as many organs of the brain — that these faculties differ 
 in their strength — that the exercise of these organs must be 
 proportionate to that of their corresponding faculties — and 
 that the increase of these organs must be proportionate to 
 their exercise, it necessarily follows, that the increase of each 
 organ, must be proportionate to the exercise of its faculty ; 
 that, for example, if, in the exercise of the function of con- 
 scientiousness, an individual calk into action a given portion 
 of the brain, (see cuts,) and in the exercise of benevolence, 
 another portion, he must exercise, and, of course, increase, 
 the organ of benevolence more than he does that of consci- 
 entiousness, in proportion as he is more benevolent than he 
 is conscientious; and that the same holds true with respect 
 to all the other faculties of the mind, and their corresponding 
 organs of the brain. Hence, a proportion between the two, 
 must necessarily exist. 
 
 VI. The shape of the brain may generally be ascertain- 
 ed by the form of the scull; or, in other words, an increase 
 of the various portions of the brain, causes a corresponding 
 increase of the portions of the scull above them ; for, inas- 
 much as the scull is moulded and adapted to the brain, the 
 conformation of the brain determines the shape of the scull, 
 and, with a few unimportant exceptions, corresponds with it. 
 
 The scull is merely the protector of the brain, and sub- 
 servient to it; that is, the scull is formed for the brain, and 
 not the brain for the scull. How unreasonable, then, to 
 suppose, that the scull should throw any obstruction in the 
 way of the development of the brain ! This would be like 
 aasuming, that men are made for the houses they occupy, 
 and not the houses for the men. What ! one operation of 
 
SHAPE OF THE BRAIN. 23 
 
 nature interfere with, and prevent, another operation of na- 
 ture ! Does the bark of a tree obstruct the growth of the 
 tree ? Does the shell of the oyster, the lobster, or the turtle, 
 prevent the increase of, or give shape to, the body of these 
 animals? As well might we assume, that the skin gives 
 shape to, and prevents the growth of, the arm, the hand, or 
 the scull, as to suppose that the scull controls the size and 
 shape of the brain. 
 
 It is brought forward as an objection to phrenology, that 
 an enlargement of the scull can take place, only by the me- 
 chanical pressure of the brain, and that the brain is too soft 
 a substance to produce such an influence upon the scull. 
 This objection is fully answered by an appeal to that general 
 law of nature which accounts for the gradual expansion 
 of the scull as the individual advances in years, by the anal- 
 ogy of growth and formation as displayed in all her works. 
 Are not the gradual growth and formation of the wood and 
 bark of the tree, both mutual and natural ? And does not 
 the same hold true of the hard and soft parts of the shell-fish, 
 and of every thing analogous in nature? Can we conceive 
 any thing more mysterious or difficult in this, than in any 
 other operation of nature ? Is there any thing more unac- 
 countable in the formation and growth of the brain and scull, 
 than in that of the wood and bark of a tree ? The clear 
 voice of facts speaks in the language of demonstration upon 
 this subject ; and from its decision, there is no appeal. Not 
 only does the whole head, which, of course, includes the 
 scull, and all the various parts of the head, increase up to 
 the age of thirty or more, but the form of the head changes, 
 more or less, " from the cradle to the grave." 
 
 In children the cerebellum (organ of amativeness) is 
 commonly very small. In middle aged persons (when the 
 vigour of the passion is greatest) its proportionate size is 
 greatly increased ; and in aged persons, again diminished ; 
 and the scull adapts itself to this increase and decrease. The 
 middle of the foreheads of children and youth, is, in general, 
 extremely full and rounded, while that of men is generally 
 depressed. 
 
 Nor is this the only class of facts bearing upon this point. 
 Numerous instances of the increase of various portions of 
 the scull, while other portions remained stationary, might 
 be cited ; yet, why should we consume time upon the prop- 
 osition, that the external surface of the brain and scull, in 
 
24 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 general, correspond — a proposition which is not only a mat- 
 ter of observation, and which is demonstrated by almost every 
 scull upon which we can cast our eyes, but which is already 
 proved to our hands by such men as Cuvier, Magendie, 
 Charles Bell,* and others of equal learning and authority, and, 
 moreover, which is susceptible of physical demonstration ? 
 
 It remains, then, for the phrenologist merely to ascertain 
 what portions of the brain are employed to manifest the vari- 
 ous faculties, and, also, what are the indications upon the 
 scull of the relative size of these organs, (which, indeed, 
 has already been done by the most critical and extensive 
 observation,) and then he will have sufficient data from 
 which to determine even the minutice of the character and 
 talents, and of the various mental qualities, of any and of 
 every individual. 
 
 In this connexion may be mentioned the fact, that the 
 thickness of the scull may be determined by its vibrations in 
 speaking, the tones of the voice, &c. 
 
 VII. The history of the discovery of phrenology, fur- 
 nishes ample demonstration of its truth. Like all the other 
 exact sciences,! every portion of it was discovered, and 
 brought to its present state of perfection, entirely by indue* 
 tion — by an observation and a classification of facts. It 
 originated with Dr. Gall, a celebrated physician of Vienna, 
 who noticed, in the first place, a uniform connexion between 
 full and prominent eyes, and a talent for committing to mem- 
 ory. By this happy circumstance, he was led to look for 
 
 * In Charles Bell's Anat. II. 390, we are furnished with the following passage : 
 "Thus we find, that the bones of the head are moulded to the brain, and the pe- 
 culiar shapes of the bones of the head, are determined by the original peculiari- 
 ty in the shape of the brain." It is also added in a note, "I have seen one striking 
 instance of the scull's decreasing with the brain. It occurred in an individual 
 who died at the age of thirty-two, after having laboured under chronick insanity 
 for upwards often years, and whose mental weakness augmented in 'proportion to 
 the diminution of the, brain and the shrinking of his scull. The diminution of 
 his head in size, attracted his own attention during life." Cuvier is still more ex- 
 plicit upon the same point. He says, " In all mammiferous animals, the brain is 
 moulded in the cavity of the cranium, which it fills exactly : so that the description 
 of the osseous part, affords us a knowledge of, at least, the external form of the 
 medullary mass within." Magendie says, "The only way of estimating the volume 
 of the brain in a living person, is to take the dimensions of the scull," &c. Other 
 authors might be quoted ; but these are sufficient for our purpose ; so that anat- 
 omists and physicians, at least, cannot, with any appearance of consistency, ques- 
 tion this proposition : and no others have any right to do so. Its correctness 
 stands, then, unshaken. 
 
 t So many phrenological facts, all, like the converging rays of the concave mir- 
 ror, tending to the same focus, all establishing and confirming the same general 
 principles as the great law of nature, have been collected and classified, that, 
 until their opponents, upon whom the burden of proof is thus thrown, explain 
 these facts upon other than phrenological principles, phrenologists have an un- 
 disputed right to number it among the " other exact sciences." 
 
DISCOVERY OF PHRENOLOGY. 25 
 
 other signs of intellect, in other portions of the head, and, 
 accordingly, when he ascertained that a certain servant-man 
 was pre-eminent for his kindness and goodness, he took a 
 cast of his head, and afterwards, the casts of several other 
 persons distinguished for the same trait of character. He 
 then made a careful examination and comparison of these 
 several casts, and found, that, although they differed in every 
 other respect, there was one protuberance, upon the upper 
 part of the frontal portion of the head, (see cuts,) common 
 to them all. 
 
 The following is the method adopted by Dr. Gall in the 
 discovery of combativeness. After collecting a promiscuous 
 company of ordinary persons from the streets, he ascertain- 
 ed from them which were cowardly, and which, courageous. 
 He then placed the former by themselves and the latter by 
 themselves, and proceeded to examine and compare the re- 
 spective developments of the different portions of their heads, 
 until he ascertained, that, notwithstanding the great diversity 
 of shape in other parts, yet the heads of the courageous ones, 
 all displayed a fulness and thickness just behind the top of 
 the ear, (see cuts,) and that the heads of the cowardly were 
 all thin and depressed in that particular region. This dis- 
 covery — as well as that of benevolence — was then applied 
 to innumerable other subjects, until its correctness was fully 
 established. 
 
 The same plan was afterwards pursued by Drs. Gall and 
 Spurzheim in the discovery of every other organ. They 
 travelled through many countries of Europe, visiting the va- 
 rious hospitals, prisons, and other places where extreme cases 
 of character might be found, and examined the heads of all 
 the remarkable persons within their reach, and thus, slowly 
 but surely, confirmed the discovery and location of about 
 thirty of the phrenological organs : and in this way they 
 collected an amount of facts sufficient to fasten conviction 
 upon every philosophical mind that will examine them. 
 Thus, in the discovery of phrenology, nothing was theo- 
 rized ; but every organ was discovered, and that by observ- 
 ing, that certain manifestations of the mind, are always ac- 
 companied by particular manifestations of the brain. Phre- 
 nology rests its claims to respect and belief upon the same 
 grounds with the sciences of chymistry, mineralogy, botany, 
 electricity, anatomy, and all the other sciences which are de- 
 duced from an observance and classification of natural facts. 
 3 
 
26 PHRENOLOGY PROVE*). 
 
 VIII. The truth of phrenology is mainly supported bf 
 an appeal to the demonstrative evidence of physical facts. 
 In this place an allusion can be made to only a few of the 
 innumerable facts that have already been observed in support 
 of phrenological science. Throughout the whole animal 
 kingdom, they abound ; but, more especially, and in the most 
 striking manner, are they found to be manifested in that most 
 important and wonderful of the animal species — man. 
 
 The human head generally presents a large development 
 of the frontal and coronal portions of the brain ; and, accord- 
 ing to phrenology, the former of these portions, is the seat of 
 the intellectual, and the latter, of the moral, organs ; but, in 
 the brains of animals, these portions are almost entirely 
 wanting, as their heads manifest scarcely any traces of these 
 organs : and does not this perfectly correspond with the 
 mental qualities of these different classes of beings ? The 
 European race (including their descendants in America) 
 possess a much larger endowment of these organs, and also 
 of their corresponding faculties, than any other portion of 
 the human species. Hence, their intellectual and moral su- 
 periority over all other races of men. Franklin, Locke, 
 Bacon, Browne, Edwards, Webster, and Drs. Richard and 
 James Rush, and, indeed, all deep and profound reasoners, 
 all original and powerful thinkers, without a solitary excep- 
 tion, possess really immense causality and comparison. 
 Among all the heads examined and noticed by the author, 
 he has never seen one with so very high, broad, and deep a 
 forehead, or, in other words, in which the reasoning organs 
 are developed in so extraordinary a manner, as in that of 
 Daniel Webster ;* and where do we find his superiour for 
 displaying those faculties of the mind which are imparted 
 by these organs % (See comparison and causality very large.) 
 Men of ordinary talent, possess a respectable endowment of 
 these organs. The Hindoos, Chinese, American Indians, 
 and the African race, still less, but much more than the low- 
 er order of animals. Idiots, scarcely any ; and the lower 
 order of animals, none, or next to none at all. (See illus- 
 tration by cuts.) 
 
 The monkey possesses immense philoprogenitiveness, 
 
 * In the different parts of this work, the author occasionally takes the liberty 
 of referring to individuals whose permission to do so, he has not had the oppor- 
 tunity to ask. He trusts, however, that the cause of science will be subserved 
 by this license, and that this will be received as a sufficient apology for him. 
 
PHRENOLOGY OF ANIMALS. 3? 
 
 amativeness, and individuality, and large secretiveness, com-- 
 bativeness, &c, and but very little language, causality, com- 
 parison,* and moral organs; which perfectly corresponds 
 with the character of the animal. The crow has very large 
 cautiousness and secretiveness, and large combativeness ; the 
 cat, the fox, the weasel,, and all those animals which employ 
 secrecy in catching their prey, possess large cautiousness, 
 secretiveness, and destructiveness ; the tiger, the lion, the 
 leopard, and the panther, or the feline species generally, the 
 bear, the wolf, the fox, the hawk, the owl, the eagle, and all 
 animals which destroy other animals and live upon their 
 flesh, possess, without an individual exception, large com- 
 bativeness and immense destructiveness ; while the deer, the 
 calf, the sheep, the hen, the dove, the pigeon, and all those 
 animals which eat no flesh, and are not savage in their na- 
 ture, have small combativeness and very little destructiveness. 
 The dog has very large locality, and, accordingly, is able 
 to pursue the deer for successive days through the deep for- 
 est, making almost innumerable turnings and windings, and 
 yet, when he gives up the chase, can pursue a direct line to 
 his home. The bear and the swine possess the same organ, 
 and also the same faculty, in a remarkable degree. The 
 familiar fact of tying up a pig in a bag, and of transporting 
 him, in this condition, to a distance, is directly in point. It 
 is well known, that as soon as he is released, if he has the 
 opportunity, he will draw a bee-line for his home. Secre- 
 tiveness is so extremely developed in the head of the cat and 
 the fox, that the protuberance assumes the appearance of a 
 little horn, while destructiveness, though large, comparatively 
 retires ; but in the dog and the bear, destructiveness is much 
 larger than secretiveness : and this exactly corresponds with 
 the character of each. In the gambols of the kitten, and in 
 the general disposition of the cat, we see a great deal more of 
 secrecy and slyness than of destructiveness ; but in the dog, 
 we see the disposition to bite and tear in pieces without the 
 
 In the monkey, the superorbiter plate, upon which language is located, and 
 the portion of the scull beneath which causality is situated, are joined together, 
 thus indicating a want of these organs. Their want of the corresponding/acM/- 
 ties, is equally striking. In the Indian and African races, these portions^ of the 
 ecull are separated, perhaps, one inch and a half; whilst in the miniature bust of 
 Franklin, which is probably not one-tenth the size of his head, these same por- 
 tions are separated nearly as far as in the full grown Indian and African heads. 
 The height of this miniature bust, from the external opening of the ear, is also 
 nearly as great as that of the full-sized Indian head; which strictly corr3Sponds 
 with the moral character of each. 
 
28 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 use of artifice or cunning. In the head of the monkey, the 
 robin, the bluebird, the partridge, and other animals which 
 show an extreme fondness for their young, as well as in fe- 
 males generally, the organ of philoprogenitiveness is very 
 large ; while in the male dog, which is a stranger to this 
 feeling, no traces of it are to be found. The strength of this 
 feeling in the female bear, which, as is well known, will 
 fight so desperately for her cubs, corresponds exactly with 
 the development of the organ in a scull of the bear now in 
 the author's possession.* 
 
 Facts which show the correspondence between the known 
 characteristicks of the various classes of animals and their 
 phrenological developments, might be added to almost any 
 extent, and their correctness demonstrated by the author's 
 collection of the sculls of animals. Every menagerie in 
 the country affords numerous and striking evidences and 
 illustrations of the truth of phrenology. All animated na- 
 ture teems with facts in its favour: and no striking instance 
 has been, or, the affirmation may be ventured, can be, pro- 
 duced, through all the gradations and classes which compose 
 the animal kingdom, from the worm up to man, and even 
 through all the different races of men, which can show a 
 discrepance between the known and marked characteristicks 
 of an animal, and the phrenological developments and con- 
 ditions of his brain ; but, on the contrary, the coincidences 
 between the two, are invariably found to be the most striking 
 and satisfactory. Inasmuch, then, as the phrenological 
 phenomena, from one end of the chain of animated beings 
 to the other, are uniformly found to accord with the characters 
 of these beings, it follows, that the same phrenological law 
 governs all animals, and, consequently, causes this uni- 
 formity. 
 
 Yet, after all, it is the human species that furnishes the 
 most varied, the most striking, and the most copious evi- 
 
 * The following anecdote is well authenticated. Recently a farmer in Allegany 
 Go., N. Y., on rising in the morning, discovered that a sow of his had been killed 
 m the sty, and that her litter of pigs was missing: and from the tracks of a bear 
 around the pen, together with copious traces of blood, he concluded that the pigs 
 had all been eaten by the bear. Some time after, however, the farmer encoun- 
 tered, in the woods, a large female bear, having in her charge and keeping his lost 
 Utter of pigs. A sharp conflict ensued. The farmer, determined to recover his 
 stolen property, displayed his combativeness in aheroick manner; and bruin, ac- 
 tuated by the still stronger passion of philoprogenitiveness, showed unwonted 
 prowess in defending her paternal right to her adopted offspring, until, at length, 
 overcome by the skill of her human antagonist, she took to flight, carrying off one 
 o( the l'ttle squeakers in her mouth. This singular incident clearly shows, that 
 %he bear possessed larger philoprogenitiveness than alimentiveness. 
 
INDIAN DEVELOPMENTS. 29* 
 
 dences and illustrations of the truth and principles of this 
 science j because it is man alone that is capable of perform- 
 ing the greatest number, and the most complicated kinds, of 
 functions — man, whose mind can grasp the great, and attend 
 to the minute — man, in short, who is lord over all other ter- 
 restrial beings. 
 
 A great number of Indian heads and sculls, from many 
 of the different American tribes, has fallen under the author's 
 observation and inspection ; and he has found, as a general 
 feature common to them all, an extreme development of de- 
 structiveness, secretiveness, and cautiousness, together with 
 a large endowment of individuality, eventuality, tune, con- 
 scientiousness, and veneration, and, sometimes, firmness ; 
 large approbativeness or self-esteem, and sometimes both 
 large; moderate acquisitiveness^ benevolence, causality, 
 combativeness, amative ness, and constructiveness : and, in 
 the female, extr emeTy large adhesiveness and philoprogeni- 
 tiveness ; but in the male, philoprogenitiveness moderate. 
 This combination of organs indicates just such a character 
 as the Indians generally possess. Their extreme destruc- 
 tiveness would create a cruel, blood-thirsty, and revengeful 
 disposition — a disposition common to the race — which, in 
 connexion with their moderate or small benevolence, would 
 make them turn a deaf ear to the cries of distress, and steel' 
 them to such acts of barbarity as they are wont to practise 
 in torturing the hapless victims of their vengeance. Their 
 extremely large destructiveness combined with their large 
 secretiveness and cautiousness, and smaller combativeness, 
 would cause them to employ M cunning and stratagem in 
 warfare, in preference to open force j" would give them less 
 courage than cruelty; cause them to be wary, extremely 
 cautious in advancing upon an enemy, and to lurk in am- 
 bush ; and, with high firmness, admirably fit them to endure 
 privation and hardship, and even the most cruel tortures ; 
 and, at the same time, render them unconquerable: and if 
 to these we add large approbativeness, we may expect them 
 to glory in dark deeds of cruelty ; in scalping the fallen foe, 
 and in butchering helpless women and children. 
 
 Their large conscientiousness would make them g^ate^ 
 fox favours, and, according to their ideas of justice, (wEIcETm" 
 "consequence of their small causality, would be contracted,) 
 honest, upright, and faithful to their word ; and these consti- 
 tute the principal sum of their moral virtues : but when, we 
 3* 
 
30 
 
 PHRENOLOGY FROVEI> 
 
 add their high veneration and marvellousness, we find them 
 credulous, religious, and superstitious. Their small amount 
 of brain in the coronal region of the head, when compared 
 with their immense development of the animal passions and 
 selfish feelings, would bring them chiefly under the domin- 
 ion of the animal nature of man, and render them little sus- 
 ceptible of becoming civilized, humanized, and educated : 
 hence, the rugged soil which they present to the labours of 
 the Christian missionary. Their very large individuality 
 and locality, and full perceptive organs generally, with their 
 large destructiveness, secretiveness, and cautiousness, would 
 cause them to delight in the chase, and admirably qualify 
 them to succeed in it ; whilst their small causality, would 
 render them incapable of producing many inventions and im- 
 provements, or of reasoning profoundly. Their small ac- 
 quisitiveness would create in them but little desire for prop- 
 erty ; and this would result in a want of industry, and leave 
 them, as we find them, in a state of comparative destitution 
 as regards the comforts, and even the necessaries, of life. 
 The very large philoprogenitiveness of their females, admira- 
 bly qualifies them to protect and cherish their offspring under 
 the peculiarly disadvantageous circumstances in which they 
 are placed ; whilst the small endowment of this faculty in 
 their males, would cause them to be comparatively indiffer- 
 ent to their children, and to throw the whole burden of taking 
 care of them while young, upon the other sex. Their large 
 tune, and very large destructiveness, would give them a pas- 
 sion for war-songs and war-dances ; and these combined with 
 their large eventuality, would cause them to adopt this meth- 
 od of perpetuating their warlike exploits. 
 
 In Washington the author examined the heads of about 
 twenty Indians of the Cherokee delegation to Congress, in 
 which he found the animal portion of the brain relatively 
 smaller, and the human and reasoning organs much larger, 
 than in Indian heads generally; and this perfectly harmon- 
 izes with, and accounts for, the fact, that this tribe is less 
 savage, and more intellectual, than any other. Indeed, the 
 phrenological developments of some of the half-breeds, were 
 decisively superiour. Those examined from Indiana, pos- 
 sessed a much larger development of destructiveness, and 
 were less talented and civilized. Those, again, from the 
 Osage tribe, possessed a development still more inferiour, 
 
AFRICAN HEADS. ol 
 
 and a corresponding character. A scull* from a tribe of 
 cannibals, located near the isthmus of Darien, which was 
 examined by the author, presented altogether the worst 
 phrenological developments of any scull he ever saw. In 
 shape, it bore a strong resemblance to that of the monkey, 
 except that destructiveness, secretiveness, and veneration, 
 and, perhaps, conscientiousness, were larger. Of intellect, 
 of course, these beings possess very little; and no descrip- 
 tion can adequately set forth their barbarity and brutal fero- 
 city, no pen describe their degradation. And thus it appears, 
 that, in passing from the European race to the Indian, and 
 from one tribe of Indians to another, we find, in every in- 
 stance, a striking coincidence between the phrenological de- 
 velopments of brain, and the known traits of character. 
 
 The African race as found in America, furnish another 
 instance of the striking correspondence between their known 
 character and their phrenological developments. They pos- 
 sess,! in general, either large, or very large, adhesiveness, 
 philoprogenitiveness, hope, language, and approbativeness, 
 or self-esteem, and sometimes both; large veneration, mar- 
 vellousness, individuality, locality, and tune ; with moderate 
 causality, constructiveness, and mirthfulness. Combative- 
 ness r destructiveness, secretiveness, acquisitiveness, and, per- 
 haps, conscientiousness, unlike these organs in the Indian 
 head, vary in size, being sometimes very large, and in other 
 instances, moderate or small. The size of their heads, is 
 generally moderate or small. Their extremely large hope, 
 would make them very cheerful, and little anxious about the 
 future; and, with their large approbativeness and small ac- 
 quisitiveness, extravagant, and predisposed to lead a life of 
 ease and idleness. Their very large hope and language, 
 with small secretiveness and mirthfulness, would give them 
 hilarity and garrulity, without much pure wit. 
 
 Their large, or very large, tune, which inspires them with 
 melody, with their smaller reasoning organs, which give 
 them but few thoughts, and their large language, would fur- 
 
 * A cast of this scull, the author believes, is for sale. 
 
 t Individual exceptions. to this description, are frequently to be met with, but 
 the author is confident that its general features will be found to be characteristick. 
 What the negroes are capable of attaining to by education and cultivation, he does 
 not pretend to say, nor is it necessary to his argument that he should do so ; for he 
 is merely pointing ouc the coincidences between \he\r present character, and their 
 phrenological developments. This, however, he has observed; that the intellec- 
 tual organs are, in general, much better developed, in coloured children than in 
 adult* , 
 
32 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 nish exactly such composition as we meet with in negro 
 songs, doggrel rhymes glowing with vivacity and melody, 
 and containing many words and repetitions with but few 
 ideas. Their small reasoning organs would give them but 
 little depth and strength of intellect, and a feeble judgment, 
 with very little talent for contriving and planning. Their 
 very large philoprogenitiveness, adhesiveness, and inhabi- 
 tiveness, would make them extremely attached to their fami- 
 lies and the families of their masters, and pre-eminently 
 social. 
 
 Their excessively large approbativeness and self-esteem 
 would create in them that fondness for dress and show, and 
 that pride and vanity, for which they are so remarkable. 
 Their large religious organs would produce those strong 
 religious emotions, and that disposition to worship, for which 
 they are distinguished, as well as those rare specimens of 
 eminent piety sometimes found among them. Their variable 
 selfish organs would cause those extremes of temper and 
 character which they display, sometimes running into cun- 
 ning, thievishness, and general viciousness and cruelty, and 
 sometimes showing the opposite character. Their large 
 marvellousness accounts for their belief in ghosts and super- 
 natural events so often manifested among them ; whilst their 
 very large language, combined with their large perceptive 
 organs generally, would create in, them a desire to learn, and 
 enable them to succeed well in many things. 
 
 The phrenological developments and characteristicks of 
 the Hindoos, are no less striking. In them the organs of 
 destructiveness and combativeness, are generally small ; 
 which renders them less cruel and warlike than the Amer- 
 ican Indians, or even the European race. Their extremely 
 large veneration and marvellousness produce that religious 
 enthusiasm and superstition for which they are so noted ; 
 and their large acquisitiveness and small conscientiousness 
 often make them thievish. 
 
 Another important argument in favour of phrenology, 
 may be drawn from the difference in the conformation of the 
 heads of the two sexes. In the female character, fondness 
 for children, and general attachment, are undoubtedly pre- 
 dominating and controlling passions, much stronger, indeed, 
 than the same passions in the male sex; and, accordingly, 
 we find the organs of adhesiveness, and, particularly, philo- 
 progenitiveness, so strongly developed in the female head as 
 
HEADS OF THE SEXES. 33 
 
 to elongate, and even deform, the middle portion of the back 
 part of the head, affording a sure sign by which to enable 
 the phrenologist to distinguish the female from the male 
 head. 
 
 The timidity, trepidation, and anxiety of the sex, are pro- 
 verbial ; in accordance with which, in their heads we find 
 the organ of cautiousness much larger than in the male, and 
 combativeness and destructiveness much smaller : and this 
 perfectly harmonizes with the fact, that they are more amia- 
 ble, and less cruel, than the other sex. Man possesses more 
 dignity, sternness, and force of character than woman, and 
 has less to do with trifles ; and we find in his head, not only 
 a superiour endowment of combativeness and destructive- 
 ness, but also of self-esteem and firmness. The moral and 
 religious organs are generally much larger in the female, 
 than in the male, head ; and we know that women are much 
 more inclined to religious worship than men. Ideality is 
 commonly larger in females ; and in harmony with this, we 
 find them more refined and delicate in feeling, and possessed 
 of better taste. 
 
 The sympathy and kindness of woman are also proverbial. 
 She will go much farther than man (with reverence, and to 
 her everlasting honour, be it recorded) in her assiduities and 
 unremitting attentions to the sick, the needy, and the afflict- 
 ed ; she will do, she will suffer, she will sacrifice any thing 
 and every thing to relieve distress, to bind up the broken- 
 hearted, and to pour the oil of consolation into the wounds 
 of a troubled soul : and all from pure motives of kindness, 
 affection, love, and duty. The phrenologist alone, is capa- 
 ble of developing and explaining this interesting mystery. 
 He can place his finger upon her superiour organs of benev- 
 olence, conscientiousness, adhesiveness, and philoprogeni- 
 tiveness. 
 
 But the justice of the Great Giver, would not allow the 
 sex to lay claim to all that is superiour. The reasoning or- 
 gans are not so strongly developed in the softer, as in the 
 nobler, sex; (whether from a want of cultivation, or from 
 some other cause, the author does not pretend to decide:) 
 and, accordingly, we find the former less distinguished for 
 originality and power of thought than the latter. 
 
 If the mind were a single faculty, and the brain a single 
 organ, and, of course, phrenology a farce, we might expect 
 to find a uniformity in the shape of the heads of the two 
 
34 
 
 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 
 
 sexes, and, also, uniform developments in the heads of the 
 various individuals of the same sex ; that is, exactly the re- 
 verse of what we find to exist. Now, this marked differ- 
 ence in the conformation of the heads of the different races 
 of men, of the sexes, and of different individuals, must either 
 be designed for some wise purpose, or it must be accidental. 
 That it is accidental, no rational mind can believe ; but if it 
 is the result of design in the great Author of it, the conclu- 
 sion is obvious, that it must have a direct reference to the 
 different qualities of mind known to be possessed by these 
 different races, sexes, and individuals. 
 
 Thus far, then, the author has presented only a few of the 
 numerous classes of facts which go to prove the truth of 
 phrenology. Should he descend to particulars, volumes 
 would be required to enumerate even the striking instances 
 which, in the course of a few years' practice in the science,* 
 have fallen under his own observation. Many additional 
 facts will be interspersed through the following pages of this 
 work. 
 
 Phrenology is either wholly true or wholly false. If the 
 phenomena which support it, are fortuitous or accidental, the 
 truth of phrenology may be doubted ; but if they are the 
 result of fixed laws — of the unalterable principles of nature, 
 it must be true. But the uniformity and harmony observable J 
 in these phenomena, render it impossible that they are the 
 mere product of chance : hence it is impossible that phrenol- 
 ogy can be untrue. Phrenology, then, is consistent in the- 
 ory, and, by an appeal to nature and to facts, susceptible of 
 physical demonstration. Let judgment be pronounced 
 upon it, then, at this tribunal alone, and let it stand or fall 
 accordingly. It boldly challenges the most scrutinizing 
 examination. They who question its truth, are called upon 
 to disprove the foregoing propositions, and to account for the 
 facts which support it, on other than phrenological princi- 
 ples : and the importance of the subject, makes this call a 
 reasonable one. 
 
 The author is willing that the truth or falsity of this sci- 
 ence, should wholly turn on his own ability to apply the 
 principles in describing the character and talents of individ- 
 uals by an examination of their head& For several years 
 
 • Should the present work be favourably received by the publick, it is the de- 
 sign of the author soon to publish a larger work upon the subject, in which many 
 more individual facts will be stated 
 
HEADS OF THE SEXES. 35 
 
 past, on all occasions, and under every disadvantageous cir- 
 cumstance — even when opposed by prejudice, by envy, by 
 malice, by ridicule — he has boldly challenged those who 
 doubted the truth of phrenology, to test him in any and in 
 every way which their skepticism and their ingenuity could 
 devise : and, although, at first, whilst he lacked experience, 
 he made some mistakes, yet, he can appeal to more than ten 
 thousand living witnesses, who have been present at his pub- 
 lick examinations of heads, (as well as to the testimonials 
 introduced at the close of this work,) who will bear evidence 
 to the great and wonderful accuracy with which, in ninety- 
 nine cases in a hundred, he has described, even in minute 
 detail, the character and talents of those examined — notwith- 
 standing very many of these examinations were made by the 
 sense of touch alone, the author's eyes being covered. Obser- 
 vation and experience, in short, have as thoroughly convinced 
 the author of the truth of phrenology, as he is satisfied of 
 the truth of chymistry, electricity, or any other of the natu- 
 ral sciences, and by the same kind, and an equal amount, of 
 evidence. 
 
 Phrenology, then, demands assent to the following series 
 of propositions, namely, that the brain is the general organ 
 of the mind — that the mind consists of a plurality of facul- 
 ties — that each of these faculties is exercised by means of a 
 particular portion of the brain — that these several faculties 
 are possessed in different degrees of power by the same in- 
 dividual, and also by different individuals — that the size of 
 these several portions of the brain, or organs, is proportion- 
 ate to the power and exercise of their respective faculties — 
 that, in general, the shape of the scull corresponds with that 
 of the brain — that phrenology was discovered, and thus far 
 matured, wholly by induction — and that the whole animal 
 kingdom, and especially the human species, both prove and 
 illustrate the truth of this science. 
 
 But, as phrenology claims to be supported by facts, they 
 whose opinions are valuable, will neither form nor express a 
 decision upon its merits, until they have examined a suffi- 
 cient number of these facts to decide under standingly. 
 " Self-con viction," observes an able, phrenological writer, 
 "must depend upon self-observation." As the field is open 
 to every one, and is easy of observation, all are invited to 
 examine and judge for themselves. In this work will be 
 
36 
 
 TEMPERAMENTS. 
 
 found our rules ; and all, into whose hands it may fall, will 
 be able to apply them to the characters and developments of 
 their friends and acquaintances, and thus either prove or dis- 
 prove phrenology. 
 
PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED- 
 
 TEMPERAMENTS. 
 
 As the illustration and application of the principles of 
 phrenology, necessarily combine with them much evidence 
 of the truth of the science, it is impossible to treat these sev- 
 eral branches of the subject in a manner wholly distinct and 
 separate. At every succeeding step of the author's progress, 
 therefore, he will be able to present additional proofs of the 
 correctness and importance of the science. 
 
 Since the brain is the organ of the mind, and its action 
 necessary in every operation of the mind, we may naturally 
 expect a most intimate relation to exist between the two, and, 
 also, that this relation is reciprocal. Through the nerves 
 there likewise exists a most intimate and close connexion 
 and sympathy between the brain and every other portion of 
 the human system ; hence, it is evident, that the various 
 conditions of the brain, and of the several parts of the body, 
 must effect, in the most direct manner, the manifestations of 
 thought and feeling. This, indeed, is a well-known fact; 
 but, nevertheless, one that is not appreciated nor acted upon 
 in any due proportion to its real value. 
 
 It is well known that, after the excitement produced by 
 drinking ardent spirits, has subsided, their effect is to lethar- 
 gise the powers of the intellect, and leave them in a similar 
 state of torpor with that of the body — that a given amount 
 of opium, or calomel, or arsenick, will drive from its throne 
 the feeling and thinking principle — that, in short, the ex- 
 haustion and the rpfreshment of the body and of the mind, are 
 proportional and reciprocal. Yet, how little are the natural 
 laws of this mutual relation between body and mind, regard- 
 ed or attended to! The phenomena of the earth and its 
 surrounding elements, the mechanical principles, the laws of 
 numbers and proportion, and of the various branches of phys- 
 ical science, are studied with the greatest assiduity, and ap- 
 plied with the greatest care as far as they tend to promote 
 our physical wants and comforts, whilst the laws and condi* 
 4 
 
18 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 tions which regulate the mental manifestations, are nearly 
 overlooked. Mens sanis in corpore sano, is, to be sure, an 
 adage often repeated, but seldom understood. 
 
 Every day's observation confirms and deepens the convic- 
 tion the author has long entertained, that much more is de- 
 pending upon the physiology of the body and the qualities 
 Of the brain, or, what is the same thing, upon the tempera- 
 went, than upon the size and combinations of the organs — 
 that the depraved manifestations of the organs, or those vices 
 which everywhere abound, and which pour forth such a 
 flood of corruption among men, originate not in the nature 
 or the combinations of the organs or of their faculties, but in 
 the disordered physiology of mankind. For example : it is ad- 
 mitted that the size of the organs is not directly changed by 
 an improper use of ardent spirits ; but w r ho does not know, 
 that the vices of an individual, may be easily augmented a 
 hundred-fold by habits of intemperance ? And why is this ? 
 Simply because his physiology is deranged. Now, why 
 should not every derangement of the body, whether brought 
 about by the use of alcohol or wine, or an improper quality 
 or quantity of food, or by any other cause, produce the same 
 result ? And is not the conclusion just, that the ocean of 
 sin, and consequent misery, which swallows up nearly all 
 that is lovely, and elevated, and desirable among men, is 
 produced by the same cause ? This portion of the expan- 
 sive field of phrenology, and, also, its kindred one, viz. that 
 containing the laws of propagation and its accompanying 
 phenomena, and which are undoubtedly the most fertile 
 parts of the w T hole phrenological soil, are, as yet, compara- 
 tively unexplored. With the open volume of nature in one 
 hand, and the torch of truth in the other, phrenologists alone 
 have entered upon this immense and valuable tract. The 
 works of A. Combe upon this subject, are valuable above all 
 praise. 
 
 These digressive remarks, which, were they carried out to 
 the extent their importance demands, would require volumes, 
 will enable the reader to understand what the phrenologist 
 means by the 
 
 TEMPERAMENTS. 
 
 The word Temperaments is here used to denote certain 
 states or conditions of the body, or the relative activity of 
 particular classes of the corporeal organs. 
 
TEMPERAMENTS. 39 
 
 Uther conditions being equal, the strength and power of 
 the various faculties of the mind, are in proportion to the 
 size of their corresponding organs of the brain. Yet, since 
 much depends upon the quality, organization, and activity of 
 the brain, and this upon the quality, organization, health, 
 habits, and activity of the body, or, in other words, upon the 
 temperament, a small brain often gains, in these respects, 
 what it loses in size. All great men are found to possess both 
 a favourable temperament and a large brain. 
 
 The temperaments are divided into four kinds : 
 
 1. The lymphalick, or phlegmatick, in which the secreting 
 glands are the most active portion of the system; indicated 
 by soft and abundant flesh, and languor of the pulse, and of 
 all the corporeal and mental functions ; by a dull, ease-seek- 
 ing, inefficient, indolent, disposition, and an aversion to cor- 
 poreal and intellectual effort. Great excitement is necessary 
 to arouse one with this temperament to effort, yet the action 
 may then be a powerful one. This temperament is often 
 found among the Pennsylvania Germans, and also in ne- 
 groes. 
 
 2. The sanguine-, in which the arterial system, and the 
 organs which circulate the various fluids, particularly the 
 blood, are most active ; indicated by light or sandy hair, fair 
 skin, a fresh and florid countenance, light or blue eyes, a 
 strong and rapid pulse, strong animal passions, and more ar- 
 dour, enthusiasm, activity, and zeal, than strength and power 
 of mind or body. 
 
 3. The bilious, in which the muscular portion of the sys- 
 tem predominates in activity ; characterized by a more ath- 
 letick form ; by strong bones and muscles, black hair, a dark 
 skin, and dark eyes; a strong and steady pulse, hardness, 
 strength, and power of body, accompanied with considerable 
 force and energy of mind and character. 
 
 4. The nervous, in which the brain and the nervous sys- 
 tem are much more active than the other portions of the 
 body, which gives rise to, and- is accompanied by, the highest 
 degree of excitability and activity of the corporeal and men- 
 tal powers ; vividness and intensity of emotion ; clearness 
 and rapidity of thought, perception, and conception; spright- 
 liness of mind and body ; light, fine, and thin hair ; a fair, 
 clear, and delicate skin ami countenance ; and more activity, 
 vivacity, and intensity, trhan power and endurance, of mind 
 and body. 
 
40 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 These temperaments are generally compounded : the ner- 
 vous-sanguine gives the highest degree of activity and inten- 
 sity of thought and feeling ; the nervous-bilious, activity, 
 accompanied with power and endurance, constituting one of 
 the most favourable temperaments, especially when united 
 with a little of the sanguine ;* the bilious-lymphatick gives 
 mental and corporeal indolence, accompanied with power 
 under strong excitement ; the sanguine-lymphatick, is less fa- 
 vourable to intellectual, than to corporeal, manifestations, &c. 
 
 But since these temperaments, and other conditions, ex- 
 cept the size of the respective organs, are alike in the same 
 head, it follows, that the power and energy of each faculty, 
 are proportionate to the size of its organ ; so that this work 
 will generally present a comparison between the different 
 faculties of the same individual, rather than between the 
 various faculties of different individuals. i ^ 
 
 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION. 
 
 The influence of education, which is admitted to be very 
 great, is exerted chiefly in directing and modifying the op- 
 erations and the manifestations of the various faculties, rath- 
 er than in increasing or diminishing their strength and 
 power, or the size of their respective organs. The function 
 of combativeness, for example, when trained in the ruder 
 states of society, manifests itself chiefly in physical combat, 
 family feuds, personal prowess, and hatred as manifested by 
 open violence and force, bodily exposures to danger, &c. ; 
 while the same amount of the same faculty, even with a 
 similar combination of the other faculties, when the subject 
 is educated in refined society, and placed under the restraints 
 of law and religion, manifests itself chiefly in intellectual 
 and moral courage and resistance, in sarcasm, hatred, &c. j 
 and yet, the primary function of resistance and opposition, 
 in both instances, is the same in its nature, degree, and aims. 
 The same is true of all the other faculties ; so that, in de- 
 scribing character correctly, it is necessary for the phrenol- 
 ogist to know under what influences, and in what circum- 
 stances, the individual examined, has been placed. 
 
 The author does not intend, in this connexion, to touch 
 upon the influence of education in radically changing the 
 
 * Henry Clay. 
 
SHAPE OF THE ORGANS. 4i 
 
 relative power and activity of the various mental faculties,, 
 or in moulding and materially changing the character of in- 
 dividuals, but he will reserve, for a future chapter, some re- 
 marks upon its importance, its influence, and the proper 
 method of conducting it. 
 
 SHAPE OF THE ORGANS. 
 
 Each mental faculty, as has been already shown, is mani- 
 fested by means of two organs, occupying a corresponding 
 portion of each hemisphere of the brain. The same princi- 
 ple of double organs obtains here, as is exemplified in the 
 case of the eye, the ear, &c, and, doubtless, for the same 
 good reason, namely, that when one organ is injured, the 
 other may perform the function. In shape, the organs are 
 conical, their apex being at the medulla oblongata, and their 
 base at the skull. The medulla oblongata is situated at the 
 base of the brain, or, rather, forms the capital of the column 
 of the spinal marrow. A straight line drawn from the open- 
 ing of one ear to that of the other, would pass nearly through it. 
 
 A more particular account of the anatomy of the brain, as 
 connected with phrenology, may be found in Dr. Spurzheim's 
 Phrenological Works, and in G. Combe's "System of Phre- 
 nology." As the limits of the present work, do not give the 
 author sufficient space to do justice to this subject, it is left 
 comparatively untouched, and, as it has been so fully and so 
 ably presented by these authors, it is the less necessary that 
 he should enter into an examination of it. 
 
 It has already been shown, that the power of each faculty, 
 and its tendency to action, are proportionate to the size of 
 its respective organ. In order to determine the size of the or- 
 gans, it is necessary to ascertain their length and their 
 breadth. The length of the organs may be determined by ob- 
 serving the distance from the external opening of the ear to 
 that part of the skull in which they terminate; and the breadth, 
 by the surface of the skull they occupy. It is supposed that 
 the portion of an organ which is nearest to the skull, is 
 chiefly used in the exercise of the mental functions. 
 
 In some heads, the organs are sharper and more elongated 
 than in others, thus presenting a greater prominence ; in 
 others, they are shorter and broader. The shape of the 
 former, denotes greater activity and quickness, and less pozo- 
 er ; that of the latter, greater intensity and strength. 
 4* 
 
42 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 TEST OF THE FACULTIES. 
 
 Before we enter upon the classification or description of 
 the several faculties, it will be necessary to lay down some 
 rules by which to test each supposed faculty, that we may thus 
 be able to decide correctly, not only upon the claims of the 
 faculties as now laid down by phrenologists, but also upon 
 all that may be hereafter proposed as discoveries. 
 
 What is a faculty? The test which was proposed by 
 Spurzheim, and which is generally followed, is that 
 
 1. Which exists in one kind of animals and not in another ; 
 
 2. Which varies in the sexes of the same species ; 
 
 3. Which is not proportionate to the other faculties of the 
 same individual; 
 
 4. Which does not manifest itself simultaneously with 
 the other faculties ; that is, which appears or disappears ear- 
 lier or later than they ; 
 
 5. Which may act or repose singly ; 
 
 6. Which individually is propagated in a distinct manner 
 from parents to children ; and, 
 
 7. Which singly may preserve its proper state of health, 
 or be affected by disease. 
 
 These seem to be descriptions of the phenomena of a fac- 
 ulty, rather than a definition of its nature. A more simple 
 and comprehensive test seems to be, 
 
 That power of the mind which performs one, and but one, 
 distinct and homogeneous class or kind of functions, and which 
 is manifested by means of a given portion of the brain. When- 
 ever, therefore, we ascertain that there is exercised a distinct 
 class of functions, having for their end one important object, 
 we may infer, that there exists a distinct faculty which per- 
 forms it ; and, vice versa, that the existence of a faculty pre- 
 supposes,.and necessarily implies* a corresponding sui generis 
 class of functions which this faculty produces. Upon sub- 
 mitting the faculties as laid down in this work, to this test, it 
 will be found that the functions ascribed to amat, combat,, 
 acquis., benev., hope, firm., caus., and all the rest, constitute 
 each a distinct, homogeneous class directed to a specifick end, 
 and exercised by so many distinct portions of the brain ; and 
 each supposed discovery of a faculty, which does not con* 
 form to these requisitions, is spurious. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 43 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 
 
 No permanent classification of the faculties has yet been 
 generally adopted. That last adopted by Spurzheim, and 
 followed by G. Combe, and all American phrenologists, is 
 unquestionably the best now in use. In its general divisions 
 and fundamental principles, it harmonizes very well with the 
 generick character of the faculties, and the grouping together 
 of the organs in the head. So far as this is the case, it is per- 
 fect j yet, in its details, it is evidently defective, because it 
 often groups organs together which are located in widely 
 different parts of the head, and also classifies faculties togeth- 
 er between which there is a generick difference. A more 
 perfect classification of the faculties than that adopted by the 
 great Author of nature in the respective locations of their cor- 
 responding organs, cannot be imagined, and could have been 
 invented only by that all- wise Being who created these fac- 
 ulties ; and yet, to draw lines of demarcation between these 
 organs, is often extremely difficult. Concentrativeness, for 
 example, is sui generis in its character, and too much unlike 
 any of the other faculties to be properly classed with any 
 subdivision of them, whether it be the propensities, the sen- 
 timents, or the intellectual faculties of Spurzheim and others, 
 or the domestick, selfish, human, or intellectual faculties of 
 the author. The function of ideality is not exclusively an 
 emotion, nor yet wholly an intellectual operation, but is evi- 
 iently a compound of both ; and, accordingly, we find its lo- 
 cation to be between these two classes of faculties. Still, it 
 »s evidently human, in its character, and is classed accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 The same is true, except in a degree still more striking, 
 concerning mirthfulness, tune, imitation, and constructive- 
 ness. Is there not quite as much intellect displayed in a 
 truly pungent and appropriate witticism, or a splendid con- 
 ception of the imagination, as there is in musick 7 in a ton mot, 
 and the inspiration of poetry and oratory, as in a tune % and 
 is there not quite as much emotion in a musical, as there 
 is in a poetical, performance ? There is evidently as little 
 generick difference between firmness and self-esteem, as there 
 is between any other two organs. Both evidently belong to 
 the same species; yet, Dr. Spurzheim, and all succeeding phre- 
 nologists, have grouped firmness among the religious organs. 
 Why should destructiveness be placed before amativeness ? 
 
44 
 
 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Certainty not because it comes first in the order of nature, 
 nor in its position in the head. How much more of senti- 
 ment is there in imitation, than there is in attachment? Wom- 
 en are considered even more sentimental than men, and; 
 chiefly because they manifest so much stronger attachment. 
 
 What reason or philosophy is there in grouping construe* 
 tiveness among the animal propensities, when it unquestion- 
 ably displays as much of intellect, and as little propensity,, 
 as almost any other faculty? Its location also borders upon, 
 that of the intellectual faculties. Similar remarks will apply 
 to the subdivisions of the intellectual faculties. 
 
 Enough has already been said to induce the reader to 
 suppose, that the author, in common with most other phre- 
 nologists, considers the present classification of the faculties,. 
 if not every classification that can be made, very imperfect.. 
 For his own, though widely different from that generally 
 adopted, and, he hopes as materially improved, he is far from 
 claiming perfection. Phrenology is not a man-made theory. 
 All that we can know about it, is learned from an observation 
 of nature. Why not, then,, in the classification of the fac- 
 ulties, as well as in their phenomena and analysis, follow 
 nature. ? or, in other words, why not let the faculties class- 
 ify themselves according to the grouping together of their 
 respective organs in the head ? In the classification of the 
 faculties, the author has endeavoured, as far as his ingenuity 
 and observation; enable him, to follow this arrangement of the 
 organs, as the fundamental principle upon which his divis- 
 ions are based.* 
 
 * It will be seen that this discrepance between the author and other phrenolo- 
 gists, has a direct reference, not to the facts or principles which involve the truth 
 of phrenology, nor to the nature or the manifestations of the faculties, but simply 
 to the numerical arrangement and the classification of the faculties, or to the 
 nomenclature of the science ; and cannot, therefore, be cited as an instance of a 
 radical disagreement among phrenologists. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 45 
 
 He will then submit the following 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL FACULTIES 
 AND ORGANS. 
 
 The Faculties are divided into two Classes, or Orders, 
 and these are subdivided into several Genera, and 
 these again into various Species* 
 
 ORDER I. Affective Faculties, or Feelings. 
 
 From these faculties originate the propensities, desires, 
 emotions, sentiments, and the whole range of those mental 
 operations denominated feelings. They constitute by far 
 the largest, most vivid, and most powerful class of the men- 
 tal operations, and, whenever their legitimate stimuli are 
 presented, rush into involuntary activity, and frequently 
 without awaiting the mandate of reason, or listening to the 
 voice of propriety ; and, although the internal excitement 
 necessarily produced by the presence of these stimuli, can- 
 not be avoided, yet, an open expression of this excitement, 
 need not take place ; or, in other words, w r e are not always 
 obliged to express all that we feel. The organs of these fac- 
 ulties, occupy that portion of the head commonly covered by 
 hair, or the space enclosed by the lines D. J. I. G. C. in the cuts. 
 
 GENUS I. Propensities. 
 
 These embrace those mental functions which pertain to 
 man as an animal, or to his physical relations. They stim- 
 ulate the other faculties ; impart efficiency, impetus, and phys- 
 ical force to the whole character ; originate the various ani- 
 mal impulses, instincts, desires, passions, and propensities to 
 act ; and are located in the inferiour posterior, or back and 
 lower, portion of the head, (see the figure D. C. F. H. J. in 
 the cuts,) causing, when large or very large, great breadth 
 and fulness between, behindhand over the ears, as in the cut 
 of Pope Alexander VI. ; but, when small, this portion of the 
 head is thin and narrow, as in the head of Melancthon. Near- 
 ly all the brain of animals is developed in this region, as 
 will be seen by a reference to their heads or the cuts ; and 
 their characters are made up, chiefly of the functions per- 
 taining to the corresponding faculties, 
 
46 PHRENOLOGY HAUSTRATED* 
 
 SpedeS !• DoMESTICK PROPENSITIES;. 
 
 They are, 
 
 Abbreviated. 
 
 1. Amativeness, amat. 
 
 2. Philoprogenitiveness, philopro. 
 
 3. Adhesiveness, adhes. 
 
 4. Inhabitiveness, inhab. 
 
 These constitute man a gregarious animal ; lay the found- 
 ation for his civil institutions ; make him a social and do- 
 mestick being; create his family attachments and relations ; 
 have a direct reference to the marriage state, and originate 
 most of its duties, its relations, and its pleasures. When 
 large or very large, they cause ai& elongation and fulness 
 in the middle and lower portion, q{ the back part of the 
 head ; (see the figure D. B. E. C. in the cuts, and, also, the 
 female and Aurelia Chase ;) but when they are small, this 
 part of the head presents a depressed and flattened appearance, 
 as in the skull of the male Indian represented in the cuts. 
 
 5. Concentrativeness, concent. 
 
 This is sui generis, or, unique in character ; and, therefore, 
 referable to no specified class of faculties, but acts as a kind 
 of regulator or modified of all the other faculties. 
 
 Species II. Selfish propensities. 
 
 The selfish propensities are,. 
 
 Abbreviated. 
 
 t Vitativeness,* vitat. 
 
 6. CoMBATivENEsSi combat. 
 
 7. Destructiveness, destruct. 
 %. Alimentiveness, aliment. 
 9. Acquisitiveness, acquis. 
 
 10. Secretiveness, secret. 
 
 These provide for the various animal wants ; have a di- 
 rect reference to the necessities, desires, and gratification of 
 the individual possessing them ; and terminate upon his in- 
 terests, wants, and happiness. They are located upon the 
 sides of the head, around the ears, and, when large or very 
 large, give it a thick and rounded appearance, and make 
 
 the 
 IrD cation 
 
 From the limited number of the author's experiments, he is disposed to regard 
 location of this organ, als uncertain, yet all his experiments confirm its present, 
 
 Lti.on. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 47 
 
 the sides of the head spherical, but when moderate or small, 
 the head is thinner and more flattened in this region. 
 
 These propensities, as will be seen by referring- to the 
 combinations of the various classes of faculties, receive their 
 direction and their modification mainly from the relative in- 
 fluence of the sentiments and intellect. 
 
 GENUS II. Human, moral, and religious sentiments. 
 
 These are feelings of a higher order than the propensi- 
 ties ; are more elevating and ennobling in their character, 
 and more humanizing in their influence. They are located 
 togeiher in the coronal or upper portion of the head, and, 
 when large or very large, elongate, widen, elevate, and ex- 
 pand this part of the head ; but w T hen moderate or small, the 
 head is lower, shorter, and narrower. In the cuts this por- 
 tion is enclosed within the lines C. E. F. H. I. G. See the 
 contrast between the heads of Tardy, or the Indian, and that 
 of Franklin or Melancthon. 
 
 Species I. Selfish sentiments. 
 They are, 
 
 Abbreviated. 
 
 11. Cautiousness, cautious. 
 
 12. Approbativeness, approbat. 
 
 13. Self-esteem, self-e. 
 
 14. Firmness, firm. 
 
 These, like the selfish propensities, also terminate upon 
 their possessor, and, by disposing him to seek his own indi- 
 vidual interest and happiness, make him selfish; yet their 
 character and manifestations are far superiour to those of the 
 selfish propensities, especially when the religious and rea- 
 soning faculties are strong. They are located together in 
 the superiour posterior, or back part of the upper portion 
 of the head, which is represented in the cuts by the portion 
 enclosed between the lines C. E. F. G. When these organs 
 are large or very large, this portion of the head is extended 
 upwards and backwards, and, when the remaining sentiments 
 are deficient, is rendered conical, as in the cut of Pope Alex- 
 ander VI. 
 
48 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Species II. Moral and Religious Sentiments. 
 They are, 
 
 Abbreviated. 
 
 15. Conscientiousness, conscien. 
 
 16. Hope, hope. 
 
 17. Marvellousness, marvel. 
 
 18. Veneration, ven. 
 
 19. Benevolence, benev. 
 
 These faculties create those maral, religious, and devo- 
 tional feelings and emotions which enter so largely into the 
 human character ; humanize, adorn, elevate, and soften the 
 nature of man ; constitute man a moral and accountable being, 
 and connect him with the moral government of God; create 
 those moral duties and relations which exist between man 
 and his Maker, and also between man and man ; and pro- 
 duce those characteristicks commonly attributed to angels, 
 and (except in a vastly greater degree) to the Supreme Be- 
 ing. They are located in the superiour anterior, or the 
 frontal, portion of the upper part of the head, and, when 
 large or very large, throw a proportionally large amount of 
 brain into this region, elevating and elongating it in this di- 
 rection, as in the case of Franklin, Melancthon, and the pious 
 female in the cuts ; but when small, this portion of the head is 
 low and slopes rapidly, as in the cut of Pope Alexander VI. 
 
 Species III. Semi-intellectual Sentiments. 
 They are, 
 
 Abbreviated. 
 
 20. Constructiveness, construct. 
 
 21. Ideality, ideal. 
 
 22. Imitation, imitat. 
 
 23. Mirthfulness, mirth. 
 
 These faculties are of a mixed nature, participating the 
 properties both of the human sentiments and of the intellec- 
 tual faculties. They tend to the adornment and perfection 
 of the human mind, by creating in it a taste and a talent for 
 the fine arts and polite literature, for constructing, manufac- 
 turing, copying, and the like. They are located partly be- 
 tween the forehead and the portion of the head covered by 
 hair, and partly within the latter, giving, when large or very 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 49 
 
 large, a fulness and breadth to this portion of the head; but 
 when small, the head where the hair begins to appear, is 
 narrow and flattened. 
 
 ORDER II. Intellectual Faculties* 
 
 These faculties have to do exclusively with objects and 
 things, their physical qualities, and abstract relations. They 
 create a thirst for information, and furnish the ability to ac- 
 quire knowledge in general; take cognizance of facts and 
 conditions, and remember them, and constitute what is com- 
 monly called the intellect, understanding, or judgment. 
 
 GENUS I. Perceptive Faculties. 
 
 These perceive natural objects and their physical quali- 
 ties, together with some of their relations. They constitute 
 the direct medium of communication between the other fac- 
 ulties and the material WQrld, and convey to the mind all the 
 physical information it is capable of acquiring. 
 
 Species I. External Senses. 
 They are, 
 
 Sensation, "1 (that is, feeling or touch.) 
 Sight, In accordance with the usage of his 
 
 Hearing, > predecessors, the author has left these fac- 
 Taste, ulties unnumbered ; but, inasmuch as they 
 
 Smell. J occupy each a given portion of the brain, 
 
 and are also mental faculties, there evidently exists no good 
 reason why they should not, in like manner, be numbered. 
 
 These perform the first portion of the process of observ- 
 ing the physical qualities of material objects. The eye, for 
 example, may be perfectly good, yet the individual be utter- 
 ly unable to distinguish between the colours of objects, or 
 some of their other qualities ; so that in observing a colour, 
 the faculty of sight performs the first portion of the process, 
 and that of colour, the second. Hence, neither, acting sepa- 
 rately, can take cognizance of the colour of objects. This 
 example will also furnish an idea of the difference existing 
 between the other external senses, and the other perceptive 
 faculties. Their perfection materially assists the other intel- 
 lectual, and even the affective, faculties ; yet, there is no ab- 
 solute dependance of the functions of the one upon the func- 
 tions of the other. 
 5 
 
50 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Species II. Observing and Knowing Faculties. 
 
 They are, 
 
 Abbreviated. 
 
 24. Individuality, individ. 
 
 25. Form, form. 
 
 26. Size, size. 
 
 27. Weight, weight. 
 
 28. Colour, colour. 
 
 29. Order, order. 
 
 30. Calculation, calcu. 
 
 31. Locality, local. 
 
 These store the mind with individual facts ; furnish a gene 
 ral knowledge of things, their conditions, and qualities ; collect 
 statistical information ; create a desire and a talent propor- 
 tionate to their size, for observing and knowing ; and thus 
 render very great assistance in doing every kind of business. 
 They are located directly about the eyes — their principal 
 medium of communication with the external world — and, 
 when large or very large, cause the lower portion of the 
 forehead above the eyes, proportionally to protrude, as in the 
 cut of Lafayette, of the Indian, of Pope Alexander VI, 
 the bust of Washington, &c, (see the figure K. J. M. in the 
 cuts ;) but, when they are moderate or small, this portion is 
 proportionally depressed, as in the cut of Franklin. 
 
 Species III. Semi-perceptive Faculties. 
 They are, 
 
 Abbreviated. 
 
 32. Eventuality, event. 
 
 33. Time, time. 
 
 34. Tune, tune. 
 
 35. Language, Jang. 
 
 These constitute a class of faculties intermediate between 
 those which perceive objects and their physical qualities, and 
 those which comprehend the abstract relations of things, and 
 have to do with a class of facts which are not necessarily of 
 a physical character. Some of these faculties are much 
 stronger in children than in men, and their corresponding 
 organs proportionally larger : hence, the depression general- 
 ly observable in the middle of the foreheads of the latter, and 
 the fulness and roundness in that of the former. 
 
COMBINATIONS OF THE FACULTIES. 51 
 
 GENUS II. Reflective or Reasoning Faculties. 
 They are, 
 
 Abbreviated. 
 
 36. Causality, caus. 
 
 37. Comparison, compar. 
 
 These form ideas ; reason ; superintend the operation of 
 the other faculties ; perceive abstract and metaphysical rela- 
 tions, the connexion between cause and effect, proposition 
 and inference, &c. ; form judgment ; discover truth and ab- 
 surdity, &c. They are located in the superiour and frontal 
 portion of the forehead. When they are large, or very 
 large, the upper portion of the forehead is very high, broad, 
 and deep, as well as prominent, as in the cut of Franklin ; 
 but when they are small, this portion of the forehead is low, 
 narrow, and depressed, as in the cut of the Indian. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF THE CLASSES OF 
 FACULTIES. 
 
 That portion of the head represented in the cut by the fig- 
 ure D. C. G. F. H. J., is called occipital, and is exclusively 
 occupied by the organs of the propensities and selfish senti- 
 "inents : the remaining portion is called frontal, and is devoted 
 to the organs of the sentiments and the intellect. The por- 
 tion represented by the figure D. C. EL F. H. N. K., is called 
 basilar, and the portion above it, coronal ; the former being 
 allotted to the organs of the selfish propensities and percep- 
 tive faculties, which constitute the principal faculties possess- 
 ed by animals, and the latter, to those of the sentiments and 
 reasoning faculties. 
 
 The influence of the various combinations of faculties 
 upon the character, constitutes one of the most important fea- 
 tures of phrenology ; and in nothing is this influence more 
 manifest than in those more general combinations of the va- 
 rious classes of faculties already mentioned. One in whom the 
 occipital region, (or the organs of the propensities and pro- 
 pelling powers,) is much larger than the frontal, will have 
 proportionally more of feeling than reason ; of passion, than 
 intellect ; of propelling, than directing, power ; of efficiency, 
 than depth and strength, of intellect ; of mental sail, than 
 ballast ; of zeal, and energy, and action, than judgment ; of 
 the animal, than of the intellectual and moral, qualities : but 
 
52 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 when the occipital portion is smaller than the frontal, the char- 
 acter will be direct] y the opposite. 
 
 One in whom the basilar region greatly predominates over 
 the coronal, will possess great force and efficiency of char- 
 acter ; a ready talent for business and study ; and strong pas- 
 sions applied to selfish purposes, but accompanied with less 
 morality and elevation of character and feeling ; less depth of 
 intellect, with less of the moral, religious, and human senti- 
 ments ; and yet, with full comparison and causality, may be 
 capable of conducting and effecting important operations. 
 This portion of the brain is generally large in men who dis- 
 tinguish themselves in the world. 
 
 One who possesses a much greater development of the 
 moral and intellectual organs, than of the propensities, will 
 have goodness, with less greatness or force, of character j 
 morality and virtue, joined with w T ant of impetus, if not of effi- 
 ciency ; will have fine talents and a love for moral and in- 
 tellectual pursuits, accompanied with so much modesty and 
 dependance, if not actual tameness, of character, that he will 
 not be likely to rise in the world, unless pushed forward by 
 others, but may then distinguish himself; will be amiable 
 and sentimental, if not eminently pious, yet effect but little, 
 This organization is but poorly adapted to the exigences of 
 the nineteenth century. 
 
 One having large or very large organs of the propensities 
 and of the religious sentiments, and reasoning faculties only 
 moderate or full, may struggle hard against the current of 
 his propensities, yet will be liable to be often overcome by 
 it ; may endeavour to live a virtuous, Christian life, yet will 
 be sometimes guilty of gross inconsistencies, and apt to take 
 contracted views of religious subjects, and indulge, alternate- 
 ly, both classes of organs; but, with the moral and reasoning 
 organs equally large, will be obliged to struggle hard, yet 
 will generally struggle successfully, against " his easily be- 
 setting sins," and, in general, be consistent in his religious 
 belief and practice. 
 
 One having the propensities well developed, w T ith very 
 large moral and intellectual organs, w T ill combine great 
 strength of mind with great energy of character, directed by 
 the human sentiments, and applied to the advancement of 
 moral and benevolent objects, and be a talented and useful 
 member of society, yet have many faults. 
 
 One with the propensities and the intellectual organs 
 
( 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF THE FACULTIES. 53 
 
 large or very large, and the moral deficient, will combine 
 great power and energy of mind with great depravity ol 
 character, and never lack means by which to gratify his self 
 ish passions. 
 
 One having some of each class of organs large or very 
 large, will present seemingly contradictory phases of char- 
 acter ; will often do what he afterwards regrets, and be sub- 
 ject to a constant and severe " warfare between the flesh and 
 the spirit." 
 
 One having the perceptive organs generally large or very- 
 large, and the reasoning organs only full, will have a mind 
 well stored with facts, and a desire to see and know ; a thirst 
 for general information, and a facility in acquiring it; an 
 ability to attend to details, and a popular, practical, business 
 talent, but will lack depth, judgment, originality, and pene- 
 tration of mind ; may execute well, but cannot adapt means 
 to ends, nor superintend complicated operations; may pos- 
 sess versatility of genius, be a good scholar, and pass for a 
 man of talents and learning, yet will not think profoundly, 
 nor readily comprehend first principles, nor bear sounding. 
 
 One with the reflecting organs large or very large, and 
 the perceptive only moderate or small, or with the upper 
 portion of the forehead much larger than the lower,, will 
 think more than he observes- or communicates ; will have 
 much more to do with ideas than with facts ; with funda- 
 mental principles and the general bearing of things, than 
 with their details and minutiae ; with the abstract relations, 
 than with the qualities, of things ; with the analytical and 
 demonstrative sciences, than with the natural; with thoughts 
 than words ; may have great strength, shrewdness, and pen- 
 etration of intellect, and be a deep and profound reasoner, 
 but will lack versatility of talent, and be unable to employ 
 his powers to good advantage, or show what he is, except in 
 a certain sphere, yet will wear well, have a fund of import- 
 ant ideas, and excellent judgment, and shine in proportion 
 as he is tried. One having the perceptive and reasoning or- 
 gans both large or very large, and a large and an active brain, 
 will have a universal talent,and a mind well balanced and well 
 furnished with both facts and principles ; will be a general 
 scholar, and, with a respectable development of the propensities, 
 possess a decidedly superiour intellect, and be capable of ri- 
 sing to eminence ; wilf not only possess talents of a very high 
 order, but also be able to use them to the best advantage, and 
 5* 
 
54 
 
 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 both devise and execute projects, and succeed in whatever he 
 undertakes, even when most of those around him, fail 
 
 One with an even head, in which all the parts are re- 
 spectably developed, will have few prominent traits of char- 
 acter, and few excesses or deficiencies ; will do a fair busi- 
 ness, take his character from surrounding circumstances, and 
 pass quietly through life ; but, if the brain is large and very 
 active, and external circumstances are favourable, he will be 
 a universal genius — great in every thing, and without any 
 weak points of character, and capable of swaying a general 
 and a commanding influence.* 
 
 One with an uneven and peculiar head, will possess a sui 
 generis character ; will be notorious for his peculiarities oi 
 talents and disposition ; for his excesses and deficiencies; his 
 strong and weak points ; will often present opposite phases 
 of character ; cut a bold and commanding figure wherever 
 he moves ; and often effect something important. 
 
 The combined action of the several organs, has, also, a 
 very important influence upon the character and the mental 
 manifestations, particularly in directing them. Self-esteem 
 large or very large, for example, combined with still larger 
 moral and reasoning organs, and with smaller propensities, 
 imparts a dignity, manliness, nobleness, elevation, and high- 
 mindedness, which scorn every thing mean, low, and de- 
 grading, than which no trait of character is more useful or 
 commendable: while the same degree of self-e., joined with 
 weaker moral and reasoning faculties, and stronger selfish 
 propensities, makes its possessor proud, conceited, haughty, 
 domineering, forward, impertinent, and most disagreeable. 
 The same principle applies to amat, combat., destruct., se- 
 cret., firm., approbat., &c. ; and, in determining character, is 
 as important, at least, as any other. 
 
 The larger organsf control and direct the smaller ones, 
 and also give the stamp and direction to the whole char- 
 acter, while the smaller organs, in proportion to their 
 strength, modify the action of the larger. Thus, one having 
 combat, and destruct. large, with large or very large self-e., 
 will employ the former to avenge personal injuries ; promote 
 selfish interests ; domineer over others, &c. ; but, with self-e. 
 
 • Napoleon Bonaparte. 
 
 +*In this work the term " organs" is often used as synonymous with " faculties," 
 and is intended to. refer to both the organs and the faculties, collectively ; just aa 
 self-esteem means both the organ and the faculty of self-e. 
 
COMBINATIONS OF THE FACULTIES. 55 
 
 only moderate or full, and benev. and conscien. very large, 
 will seldom resent personal injuries, yet will be very spirited 
 in maintaining the cause of justice, truth, and humanity; in de- 
 fending suffering innocence, punishing the aggressor, driv- 
 ing forward moral and philanthropick causes, &c. ; with 
 large or very large acquis., will employ these organs in de- 
 fending his property, and in prosecuting, with energy, his 
 money-making projects ; with large or very large intellectu- 
 al organs, in the vigorous pursuit of intellectual acquire- 
 ments, in spirited debate, or the fearless declaration of opinion ; 
 with moderate selfe. and large or very large adhes. and be- 
 nev., in the defence of friends, while he himself patiently 
 endures oppression, &c. The combinations of the phreno- 
 logical faculties, are almost innumerable, especially when 
 taken in connexion with the varieties of temperament, educa- 
 tion, habit, external circumstances, &c. of different individu- 
 als — sufficient, at least, to produce that endless diversity and 
 ever-changing variety which exist in the manifestations of the 
 mind. Hence, here is opened the most extensive field im- 
 aginable for philosophical research — a field embracing the 
 whole range of the mental phenomena, and also every thing 
 pertaining to human nature. 
 
56 
 
 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATE!?. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE FACULTIES. 
 
 The reader will bear in mind that, in the following anal- 
 ysis of the various faculties, the author has left ample room 
 for him to exercise his own judgment and discrimination, 
 particularly in ascertaining the influence of some of the 
 combinations. For example: he has described the influence 
 of the organ of amat. large, when acting in conjunction with 
 other organs: yet as the influence of amat. very large upon 
 the other organs, is the same in kind with that of amat. 
 large, and differs only in the degree or amount of that influ- 
 ence, the reader is left to ascertain this by a reference to the 
 combinations under amat. large. The same is true of amat. 
 full, 3^d of all the other organs very large or moderate. 
 
 Under amat. moderate, again, the organ is described be- 
 low par, with its combinations. Yet these same combina- 
 tions will also apply to amat. small, after making the neces?- 
 sary allowance for the diminution of the mere quantum of 
 the amative feeling. 
 
 ORDER I. — Affective Faculties qr Feelings. 
 
 GENUS I.— Animal Propensities, 
 SPECIES> L— Dgmestick and^ Social. Pjiopensities. 
 
 AMATIVENESS. 
 
 Reciprocal attachment and love of tfte sexes. 
 
 This faculty prompts many of those kind attentions 
 and obliging manners which the sexes are accustomed to 
 show to each other; greatly increases their mutual attach- 
 ment and tenderness ; gives correct reciprocal ideas of taste 
 and propriety in whatever concerns the other sex, and se- 
 cures to them a kind and genteel treatment — thus promoting, 
 as much as any other faculty, general politeness, urbanity, 
 refinement, kindness, and social happiness. The proper ex- 
 ercise and expression of this faculty, so far from being the 
 least gross or indelicate, is as perfectly inoffensive as that of 
 any other ; and is so far from being the least exceptionable, 
 as to be even indispensable, to a virtuous character, especial- 
 ly when modified by large adhes., approbat., benev., ccn- 
 seien., ideal., mirth., and the reasoning faculties. The influ- 
 ence of this faculty in the intercourse of the sexes, is highly 
 
AMATIVENESS. 57 
 
 advantageous to both, inasmuch as it has a tendency to make 
 man civil, courteous, cleanly, and humane, condescending, 
 polished, affable, &c. ; and woman agreeable, graceful, and 
 elegant, accomplished, sensible, and elevated in character, 
 feeling, and purpose. 
 
 Large. — One in whom amat. is large, is extremely 
 fond of the other sex, and of their company, and alive to 
 their charms ; is a favourite with them, and readily ingrati- 
 ates himself into their good will, even though he may be 
 possessed of some qualities that are disagreeable ; has a 
 great influence over them; easily kindles in them the pas- 
 sion of love, because he is himself so susceptible to the 
 same passion ; and, when in circumstances calculated to ex- 
 cite the faculty, finds its restraint extremely difficult. 
 
 One having large amat. with large or very large adhes., 
 is an ardent and devoted lover; and, with ideal, also large, 
 adds to his love that warmth, and fervour, and intensity which 
 make it romantick, and kindle it to a passion ; with firm, 
 also large or very large, will be constant ; but with these or- 
 gans large or very large, and firm, moderate or small, will 
 be liable to be inconstant, and possess an attachment by no 
 means exclusive : with ideal, and approbat. very large, se- 
 cret, and destruct. large, benev., adhes., and caus. only full, 
 and conscien. moderate or small, will sometimes act the part 
 of the coquette, and seek the general admiration of the other 
 sex, rather than be satisfied with individual attachment : with 
 large or very large adhes., philopro., benev., and conscien., 
 will be inclined to marry, and be pre-eminently qualified to en- 
 joy the family and social relations, and will also highly ap- 
 preciate the joys and pleasures of home, family, and friends ; 
 and, with large combat, and destruct., will defend them with 
 boldness, protect their rights with spirit, and punish with se- 
 verity those who injure them : with large or very large ap- 
 probat. and ideal., will be over-anxious to obtain the approba- 
 tion, and avoid the disapprobation, of the other sex, and 
 exceedingly sensitive to their praise or censure, and too eager 
 to follow the fashions demanded by the taste of the other 
 sex : with moderate acquis., and large approbat. and benev., 
 will spend money freely for their sakes : with large or very 
 large secret, and adhes., will feel much stronger attachment 
 than express: keep his heart much to himself; affect com- 
 parative indifference ; and, even when the fire of love is 
 burning fiercely within, will express it equivocally, especial- 
 
53 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 ly at first; but with secret, moderate, will express it without 
 reserve ; throw the portals of the heart wide open ; and, with 
 self-e. moderate, the more readily give up to the dominion of 
 the passion ; but, with self-e. and firm, large or very large, 
 and large intellectual organs, though he may be deeply in 
 love, will have too much pride to be subdued by this passion : 
 with very large adhes., ideal., approbat, and mirth., and caus. 
 only full, will prefer the company of the beautiful, the gay, 
 and the accomplished of the other sex, and love them 
 best : with very large adhes., benev., ven., and conscien. r 
 will choose the virtuous, the devout, the religious, &c. : with 
 large intellectual organs in addition, the religious, the refin- 
 ed, and the highly intellectual, and almost adore them, but 
 be disgusted with those first described : with conscien. small, 
 caus. only full, and acquis, and ideal, large or very large, 
 will be less particular with regard to their moral qualities: 
 with large or very large ideal., approbat., mirth., hope, ali- 
 ment., and lang., and moderate or small acquis., conscien., 
 and marvel., is given to joke with and about the other sex ; 
 and inclined to profligacy and revelry: with large or very large 
 conscien., ideal., mirth., benev., and the reasoning organs 
 large, will express this passion in a very delicate, refined, 
 witty, and acceptable manner; but, with moderate or small 
 ideal, and mirth., in a coarse and vulgar manner : with con- 
 scien. large, is strongly tempted, but strongly resists ; and, with 
 firm., cautious., and caus. also large, will not yield to the solic- 
 itations of the passion ; but, with firm., cautious., and caus. only 
 full, may sometimes sin, yet will deeply repent of it ; and, with 
 approbat. large, suffer intolerably from shame and remorse : 
 with conscien. small and caus. moderate, will be extremely 
 liable to abuse and peryert this faculty, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having a.mat. very large, experiences, 
 at times, the goadings of the propensity to a degree almost 
 beyond endurance ; can govern it only by the aid of large 
 or very large firm., conscien., and reasoning organs, and by 
 avoiding the causes calculated to excite it ; and possesses ex- 
 traordinary depth, strength, and power of this passion. One 
 having very large amat, with large or very large conscien., 
 firm., benev., and reasoning organs, will exercise towards 
 the other sex, strong feelings of kindness and love; is ever 
 ready in his attentions to them ; is but ill at ease without their 
 society ; and enjoys intercourse with them in the greatest 
 possible degree : with conscien. moderate or small, and the 
 
AMATIVENESS. 59 
 
 reasoning organs only full, is strongly inclined and urged to 
 profligacy, licentiousness, vulgar allusions, indelicate ex- 
 pressions and jesting ; to the relation of obscene anecdotes, &c. 
 See combinations under amat. large. 
 
 Full. — One having amat full, with adhes. and ideal, large 
 or very large, will place a high estimate upon the other sex ; 
 eagerly seek their company, and take great delight in it ; 
 be ardent as a lover, and not insensible to their charms ; 
 with good health and an active temperament, experience, 
 in a high degree, the influence of this passion, yet will pos- 
 sess more activity than power. The descriptions of amat. 
 full, when combined with the other organs, will be found 
 much the same, except in degree, with those given under 
 amat. large, and will be between those under amat. large and 
 amat. moderate. 
 
 Moderate. — One having amat. moderate, is not particu- 
 larly partial to the other sex, nor very fond of their company ; 
 may enjoy the society of a few select persons of the other 
 sex, but will dislike their promiscuous society, unless his 
 adhes., approbat, ideal., mirth., or other organs, create attach- 
 ment to them, and fondness for their society : with self-e. and 
 mirth, moderate or small, large or very large secret., appro- 
 bat., cautious., conscien., and ven., will be extremely diffident 
 and reserved, if not awkward and affected, in their company, 
 and ill qualified to shine in parties of amusement, and will be 
 rather deficient in the strength and power of this passion. 
 One having moderate amat., with large or very large adhes., 
 benev., and conscien., and full compar. and caus., will exercise 
 more of pure love and virtuous affection towards the opposite 
 sex, than of the mere amative passion — of chaste Platonick 
 affection, than of sexual love — of pure and sentimental 
 friendship, than of merely animal feeling ; and, with large 
 or very large ideal, and conscien., will manifest this passion 
 in a peculiarly refined and delicate manner, and be exceed- 
 ingly disgusted with vulgarity, particularly in the other 
 sex. This is the kind of attachment generally exercised by 
 females, in whom adhes. is commonly altogether larger 
 than amat. When the size of these organs is reversed, they 
 produce the opposite kind of love, or that which is less 
 sentimental and exclusive, and more promiscuous and sexual. 
 
 Small. — One having small amat., is not partial to the oth- 
 er sex as such ; does not pay them so much attention, nor 
 wait upon them so genteelly, nor sacrifice so much for their 
 
60 
 
 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 sake, nor excite their love so easily, as if possessed of full or 
 large amat, but is rather cold, coy, distant, unacceptable, and 
 less inclined to marry, unless induced to do so b}r philopro., 
 adhes., approbat., benev., acquis., the intellectual organs, or 
 some other motive than his sexual desire. 
 
 Very Small. — One having amat. very small, is incapa- 
 ble of sexual attachment or intercourse; seldom, if ever, ex- 
 periences the workings of this feeling ; and is given to pas- 
 sive continence. This organ is always very small in very 
 young children, and the passion proportionally weak ; it at- 
 tains its full size in the meridian of life, when the passion is 
 strongest; is generally larger in married, than in single, per- 
 sons; and decreases in old age, when the passion becomes 
 weaker. Phrenology determines the strength and power of 
 this passion, and its liability to be perverted, rather than the 
 virtue or licentiousness of the subject. Education and cir- 
 cumstances determine this question oftener than the strength 
 of the faculty. 
 
 The depraved exercise of this faculty, in one or another 
 of those ten thousand forms which it assumes, is unques- 
 tionably one of the most prolifick sources of depravity, cor- 
 ruption, and misery, with which mankind are afflicted ; and 
 it becomes the philanthropist, the Christian, and especially 
 the phrenologist, to inquire, why is this ? for, until we can 
 discover the root of this tree of vice, and attack the evil there, 
 it is in vain to attempt to lop off its branches. This faculty 
 is found to exist in animals, as well as in man, and that, too, 
 unrestrained by morality or intellect, and, consequently, far 
 more liable to perversion, than in the human species ; yet, 
 instances of its perversion in the brute creation, are exceed- 
 ingly rare. Now, why is this? The nature of the faculty, 
 and the character of the function, are the same in both, so 
 that its depraved manifestation cannot be attributed to any 
 natural cause. It must, then, depend upon the education, or 
 training, of this faculty. And no wonder that it is thus 
 perverted ; for the nature and the proper function of the fac- 
 ulty, not being generally understood, it has been regarded 
 chiefly in its perverted manifestation. Hence, that false 
 modesty, that sickly delicacy, that double-refined fastidious- 
 ness which pervade every civilized community in regard 
 to it, and which are far more detrimental to virtue and purity, 
 than any thing and every thing else could be. It is not too 
 much to add, that nearly all the licentiousness which per- 
 
PHILOPUOGENITIVENESS. 61 
 
 vades our country, and. yearly ruins scores of thousands, 
 originates in the false training of this faculty. 
 
 The question, then, becomes a most important one, How 
 can this faculty be so trained that this growing evil may be 
 checked and remedied? This question will be answered in 
 a subsequent portion of this work. One grand answer is, 
 let the dictates of nature — of simple, undisguised, unpolluted 
 nature, be followed — let the phrenological analysis of the 
 faculty be fully given, and thoroughly understood, and, in- 
 stead of pointing the finger of shame at the proper manifes- 
 tation of a faculty which the Great Author has implanted in 
 the very nature and constitution of man, and of suppressing 
 it by every possible means, let it follow where the ringer of 
 Heaven, in the indications of nature, points out the path of 
 virtue. 
 
 location. — This organ is located in the cerebellum, 
 or between the mastoid processes behind the ear : and, when 
 large, it causes this portion of the head to appear broad and 
 thick ; when small, the neck is thin and narrow. 
 
 2. PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. 
 
 Parental affection and tenderness — love of offspring, and of 
 children generally — fondness for pets, especially young 
 animals, and for the infirm and helpless. 
 
 If there existed no particular attachment to children as 
 such, the burden of raising and of educating them, would be 
 intolerable, and seldom submitted to ; whereas the effect of 
 this faculty is, to make them to their parents the dearest of 
 all objects, their richest treasure, and their greatest delight, 
 a source of their greatest anxiety and solicitude, and, in short, 
 the direct and main object of one of the strongest of the hu- 
 man passions, as well as the indirect object of many others ; 
 and this casts entirely into the shade the trouble, and pain, 
 and expense which they cause, and induces the parent to do, 
 and to suffer, whatever is deemed necessary, and often what 
 is entirely unnecessary, to promote the happiness and the 
 best interests of his child, especially the young child. While 
 children are yet too young to be regarded as friends — the 
 very time they require the greatest attention — they cannot 
 be the legitimate objects of adhes., and, for a similar reason, 
 they cannot come under the exclusive care of benev., of con- 
 scien., of reason, or, indeed, of any other faculty ; so that, if 
 6 
 
PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 there were no faculty exclusively devoted to them, fhefy- would 
 never receive that care, and those unnumbered attentions, 
 which their helpless condition demands even to maintain 
 them in existence. 
 
 Without this faculty, the action of the other faculties would 
 be less vigorous towards children than towards others ; 
 whereas, their wants demand a much more vigorous exer- 
 cise of them in their favour. But, with philopro. to 
 direct and stimulate their action towards children, their pro- 
 tection and nursing, difficult and even painful as they may 
 be, are abundantly secured. 
 
 It is, moreover, evident, that the duties and the circum- 
 stances of woman require of her a much greater endow- 
 ment of this faculty than is required of the other sex. Ac- 
 cordingly we find, that she possesses a much larger organ of 
 philopro. than man. This adaptation of the organ in females 
 to the far greater power of the passion, and of both to the far 
 greater demand made upon them by their offspring, is cer- 
 tainly no unimportant argument in proof of the truth of 
 phrenology. 
 
 Large. — One having large philopro., is deeply interested 
 in children ; delighted with their company and playfulness, 
 and even sports with them ; generally notices them, and ea- 
 sily gains their affections, by which their government and 
 education are greatly facilitated ; and, if a parent, willingly 
 endures paternal care and toil ; spares no pains in educating 
 them ; and considers them the richest of treasures : with 
 adhes. very large, experiences poignant grief at the loss of 
 children; and, with concent, large, will pour incessantly 
 over it, but with concent, moderate or small, will feel keenly 
 for the time being, yet frequently be relieved by a change of 
 the subject of feeling: with large amat. and adhes., feels 
 powerfully the reciprocal attachment of fathers and daugh- 
 ters, of mothers and sons, and of adults and children of op- 
 {>osite sexes : with full combat, and destruct, and large or very 
 arge adhes., benev., conscien., firm., and intellectual organs, 
 punishes children when their own good demands it; is kind, 
 yet strict ; governs them with decision mingled with mild- 
 ness and affection, and, with self-e. full, speaks with the au- 
 thority necessary to secure their obedience ; but, with combat, 
 and destruct. large, is by turns too indulgent and too severe; 
 and, with self-e. moderate, fails to secure their obedience and 
 respect, and allows them to trample upon him : with large 
 
PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. bd 
 
 or very large adhes., benev., ven., firm., conscien., hope, 
 compar., and caus., and moderate approbat. and ideal., will 
 regard their religious, moral, and intellectual character as of 
 primary importance ; their usefulness, rather than their dis- 
 tinction ; and endeavour to give them a practical and sub- 
 stantial, rather than an ornamental education. 
 
 Very Large. — One having very large philopro., is pas- 
 sionately fond of children, and has them always around him ; 
 and, with very large benev., and moderate destruct. and caus., 
 is in danger of spoiling them by excessive fondness and over- 
 indulgence ; is extremely fond of pets of some description, 
 such as pet dogs, pet horses, and the young and tender of 
 animals generally ; is willing to endure the greatest priva- 
 tions if he can thereby promote their happiness ; values them 
 above every thing else, and almost idolizes them ; and, with 
 adhes. very large, grieves immoderately at their loss, or is 
 overcome by it : with moderate or small destruct. and con- 
 scien., " spares the rod and spoils the child :" with very large 
 approbat. or self-e., and only moderate or full conscien. and 
 caus., indulges parental vanity and conceit; thinks his own 
 children much smarter than those of others ; delights to ex- 
 hibit their great attainments, &c. ; and, if very large ideal, 
 be added, would be likely to educate them for show and effect 
 — to teach them the ornamental and fashionable, to the ne- 
 glect of the more substantial, branches of learning — the fine 
 arts, rather than useful learning ; thus making them self-im- 
 portant fops, and vain and guady belles, rather than useful 
 members of society : with very large cautious., indulges a 
 multitude of groundless fears and unfounded apprehensions 
 about them, and borrows a world of trouble on their account : 
 with benev. very large, and acquis, only moderate, makes 
 them many presents ; with the moral and intellectual organs 
 also large or very large and well-cultivated, has a happy 
 talent for instructing them, and delights in it. 
 
 Full. — One having philopro. full, will take considerable 
 interest in children, especially when they begin to walk and 
 prattle; bear much from them, particularly when combat, 
 and destruct. are only moderate ; and, when they are pos- 
 sessed of high intellectual charms, will often notice and play 
 with them, and generally please them ; and, if he has chil- 
 dren of his own, will make strenuous efforts and great sacri- 
 fices to provide for, and to educate, them; but, with combat. 
 $pd destruct. larger than philopro., will be rather impatient 
 
64 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 when troubled by them, and sometimes severe with them : 
 with large or very large adhes., benev., conscien., firm., and 
 reasoning organs, and self-e. and combat., at least, full, will 
 love children, yet be far from spoiling them by over-indul- 
 gence, and generally secure their obedience, yet seldom be 
 harsh towards them. 
 
 Moderate.— One having philopro. moderate, is not very 
 fond of children., and cannot bear much from them; may 
 sometimes take some interest in them, yet does not like young 
 children ; may love his own, yet does not fancy those of others. 
 One with philopro. moderate and adhes. large, may love chil- 
 dren as frie nds rather than as children ; and, with benev. and 
 conscien. also large, will take all needful care of them from 
 feelings of kindness and duty, without being partial to chil- 
 dren as such. 
 
 Small. — One having philopro. small, with combat, and de- 
 struct. large, is generally severe, and easily vexed, with chil- 
 dren; and, with self-e. also large, and benev. only mod- 
 erate or full, is domineering, haughty, and arbitrary towards 
 them, and thus extremely unpopular with them, and delights 
 to torment and tease them. 
 
 Very Small. — One with philopro, very small, will be a 
 stranger to this passion, and deal with children entirely as his 
 other organs dictate. 
 
 Location. — This organ is located in the centre of the 
 hind head, just above the sharp point of the occipital bone, 
 and back of the top of the ears. When the lobes of adhes. 
 are large or very large, and philopro. is moderate or small, 
 a depression will be found between the lower portion of the 
 two lobes of adhes., but when philopro. is also large or very 
 large, this portion of the head will be elongated, as in the 
 cut of Aurelia Chase. When philopro. and adhes. are both 
 large, and inhab. is small, it assumes a sharpened appearance, 
 running horizontally between the two lobes of adhes. 
 
 3. ADHESIVENESS. 
 
 Susceptibility of attachment — propensity to associate — fond- 
 ness for society — inclination to love, and desire to be loved. 
 
 The chief office of this organ is to create those strong 
 ties of social and, with a mat., of conjugal affection, which 
 bind mankind together in families, societies, communities, 
 
ADHESIVENESS. 65 
 
 &C, and from which probably flows as much happiness, if 
 not virtue, as from any other source. This facuky is very 
 strong, and generally a ruling one, in females ; and its in- 
 fluence upon society, is incalculable. 
 
 Large. — One having adhes. large, exercises strong and 
 ardent attachment ; is eminently social and affectionate ; 
 seeks every opportunity to enjoy the company of friends, and 
 feels very unhappy when deprived of it; does and sacrifices 
 much for their sake ; sets much by them, and goes far to 
 see and help them ; and makes a real, true, warm-hearted, 
 and devoted friend. One having- adhes. large, with combat, 
 and destruct. large, readily takes the part of friends; resents 
 and retaliates their injuries; protects their rights, interests, 
 character, &c, as readily as he does his own; and, with 
 self-e, only moderate or full, even more so ; and yet, with 
 self-e. large or very large, will occasionally fall out with 
 them : with acquis, large, may love strongly, and be very hos- 
 pitable and kind, yet unwilling to give his money ; but, with 
 approbat. and benev. also large, may be liberal among his 
 friends, and sometimes forward to discharge the social bill, 
 yet will be as affectionate as he is liberal ; is very emulous to 
 excel among friends, and cut to the heart by their reproach- 
 es ; and, if approbat. or self-e. is very large, and caus. only 
 full, is jealous of those that excel him, and forward among 
 friends ; assumes the lead ; and must be first or nothing : 
 with moderate combat., destruct., and self-e. T and large or very 
 large approbat., benev., conscien., ideal,, mirth., and reasoning 
 organs, will have many friends and few enemies ; be amiable, 
 and gain the good will of all who know him : with large 
 ideal., will express his affection in a refined and delicate 
 manner, and with mirth, large, in a pleasing, jocose, and 
 lively manner : with large or very large event., will recol- 
 lect, with vivid emotions of delight, by-gone scenes of social 
 cheer and friendly intercourse : with large reasoning organs, 
 will give good advice to friends ; lay excellent plans for 
 them ; rightly appreciate their character ; and, with cautious, 
 also large, be judicious in selecting them, &c. 
 
 Very large. — Those who have adhes. very large, or 
 predominant, instinctively recognise it in each other ; soon 
 become mutually and strongly attached; desire to cling 
 around the objects of their love; take more interest and de- 
 iight in the exercise of friendship than in any thing else ; 
 are unwilling to think or believe ill of their friends : sym- 
 6* 
 
66 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 pathize in their misfortunes; dread an interruption of friend- 
 ship as the greatest of calamities; and willingly sacrifice 
 ease, property, happiness, reputation, and sometimes even life 
 for their sakes. Their friends may he few, hut will be dear, 
 and their attachment mutual, ardent, strong, and, with firm. 
 large, constant; their joys, hopes, fears, trials, &c. one; their 
 social intercourse delightful beyond description ; their sepa- 
 ration, painful, in the extreme ; their loss, agonizing, almost 
 beyond endurance; and the interruption of friendship, a fre- 
 quent source of partial derangement. 
 
 One having very large adhes., with large or very large 
 destruct., combat., self-e., firm., and benev., and only mode- 
 rate or small approbat., secret., and conscien., will be a most 
 ardent friend and an equally bitter enemy ; will never forget 
 a favour or an injury, till the one is rewarded, and the other 
 avenged or confessed ; cannot do too much good to his friends, 
 nor evil to his foes ; and will make all his acquaintance ei- 
 ther ardent friends, or bitter enemies : with very large phi- 
 lopro. and large amat., sets every thing by his family, and 
 almost idolizes them ; takes more delight in home and friends 
 than in any thing, if not in every thing, besides ; cannot en- 
 dure to be absent from home; is pre-eminently domestick; 
 and, with very large benev. and conscien., promoter their 
 happiness by every effort, and by every sacrifice in his pow- 
 er, and deeply sympathizes in their distress; and, with 
 moderate combat, and destruct., regards the peace and 
 quiet of the fireside as the greatest of pleasures, and family 
 dissension as the worst of evils ; and does every thing in his 
 power to promote domestick quiet and happiness, &c. One 
 having large or very large adhes., loves those best, and 
 chooses them for his friends, who most nearly resemble him- 
 self, and gratify the largest number of his organs: with 
 large or very large approbat., hope, ideal., and mirth., and 
 only moderate conscien. and caus., the gay and witty, the 
 fashionable and showy, &c. : with large or very large mor- 
 al organs, the eminently devout and religious, the sedate and 
 the sentimental : with large or very large ideal and intellec- 
 tual organs, those who are highly talented, intellectual, and 
 literary, but avoids the ignorant: with very large conscien., 
 requires, first of all, that his friends be perfectly moral and 
 honest, but with conscien. moderate, is not particular in this 
 respect. 
 
 Full. — One having adhes. full, will make a social, com- 
 
ADHESIVENESS. 67 
 
 panionable, warm-hearted friend, who will sacrifice much a\ 
 the shrine of friendship, yet sacrifice his friendship on the 
 altar of the stronger passions ; his friendship, though strong 
 and ardent, will be less glowing and intense than that 
 produced by large adhes. One having adhes. full, with 
 large or very large combat., destruct., self-e., approbat., and 
 acquis., will serve himself first, and his friends afterwards ; 
 form attachments, yet break them when they come in con- 
 tact with the exercise of these organs ; and, with large se- 
 cret, and small conscien., will not be at all desirable as a 
 friend, yet, after all, set considerable by his friends : with 
 very large benev., large conscien., approbat., and firm., only 
 moderate or full combat.„ destruct., and secret., and full 
 or large intellectual organs, will be very good company ; 
 desirable as a friend ; liberal, well-disposed, true to his friends, 
 and always ready to do them a favour. Many of the com- 
 binations under adhes. large, will apply, except in degree, to 
 adhes. full, in the selection of which, as in many similar 
 cases, the reader will use his own compar. 
 
 Moderate. — One having adhes. moderate, may be some- 
 what fond of society, and exercise some attachment to his 
 friends, yet will sacrifice it upon unimportant considerations, 
 and, though he may have many acquaintances, will have no 
 intimate and very dear friends : with large combat, and de- 
 struct., will become easily offended with friends, and seldom 
 retain a friend long : with, large benev., will bestow his ser- 
 vices, and, with moderate acquis., his money, more readily 
 than his affections ; and, with the selfish organs large, take 
 care of himself first, making friendship subservient to sel- 
 fish purposes^ 
 
 Small. — One having adhes. small, thinks and cares little 
 about friends ; takes little delight in their company ; prefers 
 to live and act alone; is cold-hearted, unsocial, and selfish.; 
 has few friends, and, with large or very large selfish organs, 
 a great many enemies, because he is himself so inimical to> 
 others. See combinations under adhes. moderate. 
 
 Very small. — when adhes. is very small, its influence is 
 not observable, and the subject, a perfect stranger to friendship. 
 
 While amat. is generally much smaller, adhes., philopro., 
 benev., and conscien., are commonly very much larger in fe- 
 males than in males, by which the former are qualified, in a 
 'pre-eminent degree, to enjoy the domestick and social rela- 
 tions, and to discharge the duties of their station. 
 
68 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Location. — The location of this organ is outward and 
 upward from philopro., and above amat., and its shape near- 
 ly oval. 
 
 4. INHABITIVENESS. 
 
 Love of home and country — desire to locate and remain in 
 one spot — attachment to the place in which one has lived. 
 
 That there often exists a partiality towards particular 
 places, and for no other reason than that one has lived there, 
 is a very common phenomenon, and even necessary to man's 
 happiness and well-being-, This class of functions must be 
 produced by some faculty ; and the fact that its organ is 
 found adjoining philopro. and adhes,, the objects of which 
 it directly and essentially aids, affords presumptive and ana- 
 logical proof both of its existence and of the correctness of 
 its location. 
 
 Large. — One having inhab. large, will have a very 
 strong desire to locate himself in a single spot which he can 
 call his home, and to remain there; leaves the place of his 
 nativity and abode with the greatest reluctance, and returns to 
 them with delight ; soon becomes strongly attached to his house,, 
 his office, his garden, his fields, &c, and is generally satis- 
 fied with them; thinks a great deal of his native town, state, 
 and country, and, when away from them, of those that have 
 lived in them, &c. One having inhab. large,, with philopro., 
 adhes., ideal., individ., and local, large or very large, will be 
 extremely fond of travelling, yet too fond of home to absent 
 himself long at a time; in early life, will have an insatiable 
 desire to rove about and see the world, and afterwards to set- 
 tle : with approbat. and self-e. large or very large, will have 
 high ideas of his country, of national honour, national ad- 
 vantages and privileges, &c. ; and, with large or very large 
 combat, and destruct., will be eminently patriotiek and ready 
 to sacrifice all, even life itself, in defence of his country's 
 rights and honour, and of his own fireside ; and, with large or 
 very large ven., will look with great reverence to those de- 
 parted worthies who have served and honoured their coun- 
 try, and also to the national relicks of past ages. 
 
 Very large. — One having inhab. very large, will be 
 sometimes homesick, especially if philopro. and adhes. are 
 also very large \ will suffer almost any inconvenience, and 
 
INHABITIVENESS. 69 
 
 forego bright prospects of acquiring wealth, &c, sooner than 
 leave his home ; and experience, only in a proportionally- 
 higher degree, the feelings attributed to this organ large. 
 
 Full. — One having this organ full, will prefer to live in 
 one spot, yet, when his interests require it, can change the 
 place of his abode without much regret ; and, with large 
 philopro. and adhes., will think much more of his family 
 and his friends, than he will of his home as such. 
 
 Moderate or small. — One having inhab. moderate or 
 small, with large or very large hope, individ., ideal., and lo- 
 cal., will be very apt to change his location either in hopes 
 of improving it, or to see the world ; will have an insatiable 
 desire to travel in foreign parts ; unless prevented by strong 
 reasons, will be likely to live, at different times, in several dif- 
 ferent places ; and, with philopro. and adhes. large, will regard 
 his home not for its own sake, but for the sake of family and 
 friends, and will not, by his mere love of home, be prevented 
 from going where his interest or business leads him, nor 
 be likely to suffer from a want of home. 
 
 Very small. — When this faculty is very small, its oper- 
 ation has no perceptible influence upon the character. 
 
 The author has seen numerous, striking developments of 
 the organ in conjunction with a proportionate strength of the 
 faculty ; and also many other instances of the deficiency both 
 of the organ and of the faculty. One of the most striking of 
 the former, is the case of Judge Tucker of Williamsburgh, 
 Va., half-brother of the late John Randolph, who, while yet in 
 the prime of life, left a very lucrative and honourable pro- 
 fession for the sole purpose of living and dying where his 
 lathers had lived and died. The organ is extremely large in 
 his head, and also the organs of adhes. and philopro. The 
 author might mention hundreds of others equally in point. 
 
 Between Spurzheim and Combe there exists a difference 
 of opinion concerning this faculty and that of concent. Dr. 
 Spurzheim gives the location and analysis of inhab. similar 
 to that contained in this work, but maintains that the organ of 
 concent, does not exist ; while Mr. Combe maintain?, that the 
 organ of concent, (which will be next analyzed) occupies near- 
 ly the same position. But from the numerous and marked 
 cases of a development of each organ in the absence of the 
 other, and the perfect coincidence between the strength of 
 these faculties and the size of their respective organs, of 
 which, in no instance, has he seen a failure^ the author is 
 
70 
 
 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 thoroughly convinced that both are substantially correct — • 
 that there are two organs as analyzed and located in this 
 work. 
 
 Location. — The location of inhab. is directly above phi- 
 lopro., and partly between, and partly above, the two lobes 
 of adhes. Where it is large or very large, and concent, 
 moderate, an angle is formed near the union of the lambdoi- 
 dal sutures, between which and the occipital bone, there will 
 be considerable distance, but when it is small, no such organ 
 will be found. 
 
 5. CONCENTRATIVENESS. 
 
 The power of mental concentration and continuity. 
 
 The object of this faculty is to continue the operations of 
 the other faculties upon any given subject, until they have 
 thoroughly acted upon it, and presented the result. The 
 nature of the faculty may not yet have been fully analyzed, 
 yet, of the phenomena ascribed to it, there can be no question. 
 
 Large. — One having large concent., is thereby enabled 
 and disposed to keep his whole mind patiently fixed, for a 
 long time, upon a single thing; to continue the existing train 
 of thought, feeling, &c, and to exclude every other ; to im- 
 part unity and mutual dependence to propositions, arguments, 
 paragraphs, parts of a sentence, &c. ; to dwell patiently on 
 any subject of interest, and, with large intellectual organs, to 
 go to the bottom of subjects ; to investigate them thoroughly; 
 to run out processes of reasoning, and chains of thought, &c, 
 in all their bearings and consequences; to give his whole 
 mind to one, and but one, thing at a time ; and to hold his 
 mind to a train of thought, subject of study, piece of labour, &c, 
 till they are entirely completed. It imparts a unity and con- 
 nectedness to all the conceptions and operations of the mind, 
 and yet, in doing this, prevents that intensity, and rapidity, 
 and variety which are manifested without it. One having 
 concent, large, with large combat, and destruct, will prolong 
 the exercise of anger: with cautious, large, that of fear: 
 with ideal, large, flights of imagination, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having concent, very large, is con^ 
 fused if several things claim attention at once; requires a 
 long time to fix his mind upon any particular subject, or to 
 divert it v/hen once fixed ; in conversation, is apt to be prolix 
 and tedious, and wear his subjects threadbare, and, if inter-. 
 
CONCENTRATIVENESS. 71 
 
 rupted, is greatly disturbed, if not vexed : with individ. moder- 
 ate or small, and the reasoning organs large or very large, is 
 frequently abstract, absent minded, and so deeply buried in 
 meditation, as to be unconscious of what is transpiring around 
 him, and often dwells so long upon a subject as to distort it, 
 and pursue it into absurd extremes. The style of Dr. 
 Chalmers, and also of Dr. Thomas Brown, will serve as il- 
 lustrations of the effect which this faculty produces upon the 
 manner of communicating ideas. 
 
 Full. — One having concent, full, will be inclined to dwell 
 upon a thing to which his attention has been called, and also 
 to impart as much perfection as may be to the operations of his 
 mind, yet, when occasion requires, can change, without much 
 difficulty, from one subject to another, and thus attend to a 
 variety of objects within a limited time, and will preserve a 
 happy medium between too great prolixity, and too great 
 brevity. 
 
 Moderate or small. — One w T ith concent, moderate or 
 small, is able and inclined to pass rapidly and easily from 
 one kind of study, book, conversation, thought, feeling, busi- 
 ness, occupation, &c. to another, from point to point, in argu- 
 ment, without connecting or arranging them ; does not sys- 
 tematically arrange his subjects ; fails to impart mental de- 
 pendence to his sentences, paragraphs, propositions, and 
 parts of a discourse, so that many of them could be omitted 
 without affecting the rest ; throws out his thoughts in con- 
 cise and distinct propositions, rather than in long paragraphs ; 
 stops when he has finished, and even before he has suffi- 
 ciently illustrated, his ideas, passes to others, and again re- 
 turns; abridges his anecdotes and sentences by the omission 
 of important particulars ; drops one sentence, subject, anec- 
 dote, &c. to commence another, and forgets what he was be- 
 ginning to say; wanders, in contemplation, through a great 
 variety of different or opposite subjects : throws off care and 
 trouble easily, and keeps no organ long in connected action 
 unless it is powerfully excited. 
 
 One having concent moderate or large, with adhes. large, 
 thinks of his friends for the time being w T ith vivid and intense 
 emotion, but only for a short time at once, yet is not, there- 
 fore, inconstant in his attachments: with combat, and des- 
 truct. large, may get angry quickly, but, unless the injury is 
 deep and intended, cannot retain his anger : with the intellec- 
 tual organs generally large or very large, will be more likely 
 
72 
 
 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 to make rather a general, than a critical, scholar, and more 
 apt to have a smattering of all the sciences, than a profound 
 knowledge of any; soon gets weary of one book, study, &c, 
 takes up another, and then returns to the first, thus studying 
 by piecemeal ; prefers short pieces upon various subjects to 
 long ones upon any — a newspaper to a book, &c. : with corn- 
 par, large or very large, may have bold and original ideas 
 upon a variety of subjects, yet will not, without great effort, 
 or great excitement, have a chain of connected thoughts upon 
 any, and will make rather a striking and immediate, than a 
 lasting, impression: with ideal., imitat, mirth., individ., event., 
 lang., and the reasoning organs large or very large, will 
 make a better extempore speaker than writer, may give vari- 
 ety, but will never give copiousness, to conversation and dis- 
 course ; will lack the requisite patience to prepare his ideas 
 for critical reading, and yet possess great versatility of talent. 
 For the merchant, accountant, superintendent, and those who 
 are called upon to attend to a great many different persons and 
 things, moderate or small concent, is indispensable, and large 
 or very large concent., extremely detrimental. 
 
 Very Small. — One having concent, very small, has so 
 great a thirst for variety, and change of occupation, and is 
 so restless and impatient, that he cannot continue long enough 
 at any one thing to effect much, and will experience, only in 
 a still greater degree, the phenomena described under the 
 head of concent, moderate or small. 
 
 In the American head this organ is generally moderate or 
 small, which perfectly coincides with the versatility of their tal- 
 ents, and variety of their occupations. They often pursue sev- 
 eral kinds of business at once, while the English and Ger- 
 mans, in whom the organ is generally large, experience the 
 greatest difficulty in pursuing any other calling or occupa- 
 tion than that in which they were educated. The want of 
 this organ constitutes a great defect in the American charac- 
 ter, which is still farther increased by the variety of studies 
 pressed upon the attention of each student in our schools and 
 seminaries. This, indeed, constitutes one of the greatest de- 
 fects in the present system of education. It is generally full 
 or large in those who spend their lives in doing a single 
 thing, such as factory tenders : and this furnishes an impor- 
 tant hint to those who wish to cultivate the faculty. It is 
 generally, though erroneously, supposed, that a large endow- 
 ment pf this faculty is necessary to great power of mind, 
 
 i 
 
VITATIVENESS. 73 
 
 and a transcendant genius. The fact is far "otherwise. 
 Franklin evidently possessed but a small portion of it; and 
 perhaps the majority of eminent men whom it has been the 
 fortune of the author to examine, have possessed but an in- 
 different endowment of this faculty. When it is weak, the 
 mind seizes at once what it seizes at all, and acts with so 
 much rapidity, that a second subject is introduced before the 
 first is completed, or, at least, before these operations are 
 fully presented and illustrated ; so that such persons are lia- 
 ble to be frequently misunderstood from a want of sufficient 
 explanation. Concentration of thought, style, and feeling, 
 intensity and power of mind, in which there is produced, as 
 it were, a focus of feeling or of intellect, is the result, not, as is 
 generally supposed, of concent, large or very large, but, of 
 concent, moderate or small, an active temperament, and 
 large or very large intellectual faculties. Large concent., as 
 it were, dilutes or amplifies the mental operations. 
 
 The difference between concent, and firm, is this ; con- 
 cent, bears upon the particular mental operations for the 
 time being, while large firm, has reference to the general 
 opinions, plans, &c., of life. For example; one having con- 
 cent, small, and firm, large or very large, will naturally pre- 
 fer an occupation in which his attention would be rapidly call- 
 ed to successive things, all of which would have reference 
 to his grand object of pursuit, and from which he could not 
 easily be diverted. If he were a merchant, he would pursue 
 his mercantile calling with perseverance, yet he would be 
 able, without confusion, to wait upon many different custom- 
 ers w r ithin a short time, &c. 
 
 Location. — This organ is located above inhab.and adhes., 
 and below self-e. When it is large or very large, a general 
 fulness of this region will be observable, but no protuberance 
 will be apparent ; but when it is moderate or small, a pro- 
 portionate semicircular depression will be very perceptible, 
 in part encircling adhes. and inhab., and following the lamb- 
 doidal sutures. When inhab. is also small, the depression is 
 widened at the union of these sutures. 
 
 t— VITATIVENESS. 
 
 Love of life as such — unwillingness to die. 
 
 It is evident that a desire to live, disconnected with any of 
 the comforts of life, and, also, with all the objects to be secur- 
 
74 PHRENOLOGY ILLUST RAT ED. 
 
 ed by living, constitutes a strong passion, not only in man, 
 but, likewise, in some classes of animals. In some, this in- 
 stinctive love of life, and this fearful shrinking from death, 
 amount to a passion, and nothing is regarded with more ter* 
 Jour than dying. Hence the necessity of a faculty whose 
 office it is to perform this class of functions, and, also, of a 
 portion of the brain, by means of which it can manifest these 
 functions. 
 
 The author became acquainted with Dr. Gibson, one of 
 the editors of the Washington Telegraph, in whom the or- 
 gan is very small, and who, when seemingly at the point of 
 death, in consequence of a wound he had received, not only 
 felt very little desire to live, or fear of death, but even exer- 
 cised his mirth., which is large, in a high degree, although 
 in the expectation that each hour would be his last. 
 
 Large/ — One having vitat. large, aside from the enjoy- 
 ment of life and the fear of death, will look upon life as one 
 of the most desirable of all objects, and upon death as " the 
 king of terrours." This desire to live will also be increas- 
 ed by the desires of the other faculties. One having vitat. 
 large, with the domestick faculties strong, will desire to live, 
 not only because he looks upon his existence here as a most 
 desirable object, but, likewise, on account of his family and 
 friends : with acquis, large or very large, for the purpose of 
 amassing wealth : with the intellectual organs large, to ac- 
 quire knowledge : with approbat. and self-e. large, to gratify 
 his ambition, &c. ; but, when these organs are interrupted or 
 disappointed-— when adhes., for example, is wounded by the 
 loss of dear friends, acquis., by the loss of property, appro- 
 bat, by disgrace, &c, the sufferings thus caused, may be so 
 much greater than his love of life, that the individual may 
 wish to die, and, by the aid of destruct., seek relief in self- 
 destruction. 
 
 Very large. — To one with this faculty very large, even 
 the thought of dying will be dreadful, and he will most te- 
 naciously cling to life, even though it be most miserable. 
 The combinations under this head, except in degree, are the 
 same as those under vitat. large. 
 
 Full. — One having vitat. full, with other organs large or 
 very large, will desire to live, but rather as a secondary, than 
 a primary, object ; and on account of his other faculties, 
 rather than on account of his vitat. 
 
 Moderate or small. — One with vitat. moderate or 
 
COMBATIVENESS. 7£ 
 
 small, will seldom think of dying, and when he does, will 
 be much more affected by the consequences of death, than 
 by a love of life ; be less careful of his health, and those 
 means calculated to lengthen life, than he would be with vitat 
 large. In this case, death will be preferred to trouble, and 
 life desired rather as a means, than as an end, and for the 
 objects sought to be accomplished. 
 
 Very small. — When vitat. is very small,a. desire to live, 
 and a shrinking from death, as such, and per sese, will never 
 be thought of. 
 
 Location.— Vitat. is located nearly beneath the mastoid 
 process, and partly between amat. and destruct. See cuts. 
 
 a COMBATIVENESS. 
 
 Propensity to defend, resist,, and oppose. 
 
 The influence of combat, upon the other faculties, and, 
 indeed, upon the whole character, manifests itself, not only 
 in physical, but also in moral and intellectual, opposition. 
 Its action is necessary whenever, in the execution of a diffi- 
 cult project, any thing is to be resisted or overcome. It acts 
 upon animate, as well as upon inanimate, objects, and imparts 
 to its possessor that nerve and determination which induce 
 him to grapple with all his undertakings, as though he could 
 and would effect his purposes. 
 
 The direction of this faculty, and the character of its man- 
 ifestations, are determined chiefly by its combinations, and 
 the education or breeding of the individual. When it is 
 under the control of the higher sentiments and of reason, 
 and directed to its proper objects, no manifestation of the 
 mind is more virtuous or more praise-worthy ; but when not 
 thus controlled and directed, its manifestation is odious and 
 vicious in the extreme. It was by this organ, directed, aided, 
 and stimulated by conscien., self-e., the domestick faculties, 
 reason, &c, that our ancestors achieved our ever-glorious 
 Independence; and yet, from this organ in its perverted 
 manifestation, originate those party strifes, family and village 
 dissensions, bickerings and quarrels, mobs and physical 
 combats which disgrace humanity. 
 
 Large. — One having combat, large, with self-e. full, and 
 firm, large, will be eminently qualified to meet difficulties; 
 overcame obstacles ; brave dangers ; endure hardships ; con- 
 
76 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 tend for privileges ; maintain and advocate opinions ; resist 
 encroachments; resent injuries and insults, &c; will defend 
 his rights to the very last ; suffer no imposition ; seize upon 
 whatever he undertakes with the spirit and determination re- 
 quisite to carry it through all opposing difficulties ; rather 
 glory in opposition than shrink from it ; be always ready, if 
 not glad, to act upon the defensive, if not upon the offensive ; 
 inclined to call in question, and oppose, the opinions and the 
 proceedings of others, and partly from pure love of opposi- 
 tion ; will often urge his own opinions ; generally take 
 sides upon every contested question ; and, with approbat. also 
 large, will seek to distinguish himself: with a full or large 
 brain, will possess energy and force of character in an emi- 
 nent degree ; and, with an active temperament, unless restrain- 
 ed by large benev., conscien., and caus., will be naturally too 
 violent and too hasty in his temper, and subject to sudden 
 ebullitions of passion. 
 
 One having combat, large, with large destruct., will unite 
 harshness, and severity, and a kind of fierceness with his re- 
 sistance, and frequently show quite too much spirit, and, with 
 an active temperament, will not only be quick tempered, but, 
 also, very severe and vindictive when roused ; but, with de- 
 struct. moderate or small, may be quick to resent and resist, 
 and cool and intrepid in the onset, yet will inflict as little pain 
 as possible ; will conquer, yet spare the vanquished, and can 
 never punish one who has surrendered, especially if conscien. 
 and benev. are large or very large; is more courageous than 
 cruel; more petulent than violent; more passionate than 
 harsh ; and, when anger is manifested, will not add to it that 
 fierceness, and that spirit of revenge, which give it a threat- 
 ening aspect, and make it dreadful : with very large self-e., 
 large destruct., and the selfish propensities stronger than the 
 moral and reasoning faculties, will protect himself and his 
 own exclusive privileges first of all; seem to claim the ser- 
 vices of others merely upon the ground of his own superiori- 
 ty, and without thinking of returning an equivalent, and, 
 perhaps, abuse those who infringe upon his rights, and, with 
 conscien. moderate or small, those also who do not render him 
 all the service and honour he claims ; will seldom evince 
 gratitude for favours received, because he will feel that they 
 of right belong to him ; will be naturally selfish and jealous, 
 and apt to treat his fellow men, except those whom he con- 
 descends to make his particular friends, with a kind of con- 
 
COMBATIVENESS. 77 
 
 fempt, and if they cross his path, with scorn : with acquis, 
 large or very large, self-e. large, and caus. only full, will de- 
 fend his property ; stand out for every farthing that belongs 
 to him ; and be very angry at those through whom he may 
 have sustained any pecuniary loss ; but, with acquis, only 
 moderate, and self-e. or approbat. large or very large, will 
 permit the injury of his property with comparative impunity, 
 yet boldly sustain his injured honour, and preserve his char- 
 acter unsullied to the last, cost him what it may : with self-e. 
 only moderate, and adhes. large, will suffer others to impose 
 upon himself, yet will take the part of a friend with a great 
 deal more readiness and warmth of feeling than he would 
 his own part : with amat. large, will defend the other sex 
 sooner than himself or his own sex — the character, the per- 
 son, &c, of a lover, sooner than of himself, &c: with concent, 
 and destruct. moderate or small, and an active temperament, 
 will be subject to sudden bursts of passion, which will contin- 
 ue but for a moment, and then leave him as calm as before, 
 and, perhaps, vexed with himself because he cannot suppress 
 his anger : with lang. and the reasoning organs large, is 
 extremely fond of debate ; very much inclined to start objec- 
 tions to what has been said ; to argue on the opposite side of 
 the question, even in opposition to his real belief, merely from 
 love of argument; and, with large firm.,, though vanquished, 
 will argue still. 
 
 Very Large. — The manifestations of combat, very large, 
 are much the same with those under the head of combat, large, 
 except when it is combined with large or very large self-e. 
 or approbat., firm, and destruct., and only moderate or full 
 conscien., secret., benev., ven., and caus., in which case 
 it actuates one to attack and provoke others without suffi- 
 cient cause ; to dispute and quarrel with those around him ; 
 crowd himself forward ; push his opinions on others ; create 
 disturbance ; kindle strife ; encourage quarrels and engage 
 in them; and creates a quarrelsome, combative, contentious 
 spirit. One having very large combat., with large destruct., 
 is terrible and desperate in the onset ; and fights with fierceness 
 and determination: with large amat., philopro., and adhes., 
 will fight for his family, yet quarrel with them himself: with 
 large acquis., will quarrel for a penny : with large or very 
 large benev., conscien., and reasoning organs, will be able 
 to regulate his anger only by turning abruptly from his op- 
 
 ponent, and by avoiding every thing calculated to excite his 
 *7# 
 
78 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 combative spirit; find extreme difficulty in governing his 
 anger, and, when really roused, be desperate. 
 
 Full. — One having combat, full, is always ready, when 
 opposition, is called for, to engage in it, and, with a nervous 
 temperament, soon excited to resent and resist, and natural- 
 ly quick-tempered ; will possess all necessary boldness and 
 effic iency of character, and rather court opposition than shun it ; 
 yet will be far from being quarrelsome, or seeking opposition 
 for its own sake. One having combat, full, with conscien., 
 firm., benev., and caus. large or very large, though his anger 
 is strong, will generally govern it; will be mild, kind, well- 
 disposed, and peaceable ; avoid quarrelling and contention, 
 and yet possess a large share of moral courage, and ©we the 
 combative spirit he may manifest, more to the powerful stimu- 
 lus he may experience, than to the natural activity and 
 power of the passion ; will show this feeling more in his 
 business, and in moral and intellectual resistance, than in 
 quarrelsomeness- or physical combat; and seldom employ 
 physical force, except when powerfully excited ; but, with a 
 predominance of the other selfish faculties, will possess an 
 unenviable temper. The combinations under combat, large, 
 will apply, except in degree, to combat, full. 
 
 Moderate. — One having combat, moderate, will contend 
 no more than the case really demands, and sometimes not even 
 as much ; will not tamely allow himself or others to be really 
 abused and trampled upon, and yet, will bear long before he will 
 manifest resistance, and be quite as forbearing as manliness 
 and virtue will allow; will dislike quarrelling and avoid it 
 as long as possible ; may be irritable from the irritability of 
 his temperament, yet is by no means contentious ; will not be,. 
 in reality, tame and cowardly, nor yet very efficient ; will 
 exercise but little indignation, and be amiable, peaceable, 
 easy with all, quiet, and inoffensive. 
 
 One having combat, moderate, with self-e. moderate or 
 small, and large or very large philopro., adhes., acquis., 
 benev., and conscien., will contend for children, family, 
 friends, the oppressed, his religious opinions, moral princi- 
 ples, &c, with much spirit, and yet, suffer personal abuse 
 with impunity: with large or very large self-e., firm., con- 
 scien., and the reasoning organs, will maintain his opinions 
 with stability, and pursue his plans with firmness, and yet, 
 do it in a quiet, but firm and effectual, manner ; seek to ac- 
 complish whatever he undertakes without opposition ; act 
 
C0MBATIVEN3ESS. 79 
 
 chiefly upon the defensive ; make but little noise or bustle, 
 yet hold on and persevere till his purposes and plans are 
 carried through ; and, with cautious, also large, will take the 
 castle rather by siege than by storm ; accomplish considera- 
 ble, and in the best manner, but must take his own time for 
 it ; and will be distinguished for his stability, judgment, 
 and success : with large or very large caus. and compar., 
 and large intellectual organs generally, will not distinguish 
 himself in argument or debate, unless when powerfully ex- 
 cited r yet, if his head is large, will then be original and logical, 
 and express many important ideas ; be characterized more by 
 perspicuity, and force of reason, than by passion and fervour 
 of feeling, &c. 
 
 Small. — One having combat, small, will be unable and 
 unwilling to encounter his fellow r men ; be mild, amiable, in- 
 offensive, and rather inefficient; lack spirit, and presence of 
 mind in time of danger ; quail too quick under opposition, 
 and shrink from it ; love peace and seek it, even at a great 
 personal sacrifice; avoid quarrelling; endeavour to reconcile 
 the contending; surrender rights rather than contend for 
 them ; endure oppression rather than shake it off, take 
 abuse in good part ; be forbearing, and generally beloved ; and, 
 with destruct moderate, whatever may be his other qualities, 
 will be unable to effect any thing of importance, or cut a figure 
 in the world ; and, with large or very large domestick, moral, 
 and intellectual organs, will seek his chief gratification in re- 
 tirement from the noise and bustle of active and publick life, in 
 literary and scientifick acquirements, religious exercises, &c.; 
 and, though he may have a high endowment of natural 
 talent, will have nothing to stimulate and bring it out ; and', 
 with cautious, large or very large, will be timid, irresolute, 
 cowardly, and easily overcome by alarm. 
 
 Very Small. — One having combat, very small, witfc 
 cautious, very large, is passive, tame, cowardly, chicken- 
 hearted, weak, destitute of spirit, force and energy of charac- 
 ter, and may be abused with impunity ; is excessively timid ; 
 does not stand his ground ; never ventures ; will never mani- 
 fest anger, and be utterly unable to withstand opposition. 
 
 When the author was in the town of Milton, Pa., in 1836, 
 one of the editors of that place, who w r as a decided opponent 
 of phrenology, for the purpose of testing the science, brought 
 forward a lad who was distinguished for his talents, his 
 shrewdness, high-toned,, manly feeling, and for his apparent 
 
80 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 boldness and daring in horsemanship. To make the experi- 
 ment the more satisfactory, the author was blindfolded. The 
 lad was described as possessed of extraordinary talent, and 
 high moral feeling, joined with some cunning, but with small 
 combat., and so extreme a development of cautious, as to 
 make him timid and cowardly — too timid to run any risk, or 
 venture near the brink of danger. All present allowed that 
 the description, throughout, was very correct, except that the 
 most marked feature of his character had been reversed.. 
 He was considered the most daring and reckless youth in 
 the whole village. Many instances, however, were soon 
 cited, of his unwillingness to mount horses with which he 
 was not fully acquainted, and which were considered frac- 
 tious. His brother also stated, that he was excessively afraid 
 m the dark ; and only a few days previous, his father had re- 
 marked to some one present, that, although he affected great 
 daring, bravado* and willingness to fight, &c, yet, when 
 brought to the sticking point, he always contrived, and some- 
 times very ingeniously, to get out of the scrape without com- 
 ing to blows. Still the youth affected to be as courageous 
 and as daring as ever, until, at supper, in the evening after 
 his examination, when his mother, who doubtless knew best 
 his real character, accosted him substantially as follows: 
 " My son, you know that you are a coward : why, then, do* 
 you persist in denying it? You know that I can never 
 make you* old as you are, go to bed alone ; and that, whenev- 
 er you are left alone in bed, you will get up and come down/' 
 "I know it, mother," replied the humbled boy, "but I did not 
 wish the other boys to find out that I was a coward, because, 
 when they do, they will call me out to fight." 
 
 The real explanation is this. His very large self-e. and 
 large approbat. created the demand for apparent bravery, and 
 his very large intellect, and large secret., enabled him to 
 devise this method of supplying his want of native courage 
 with this counterfeit bravery; while his predominating cau- 
 tious., which caused his excessive fear, kept him from expos- 
 ing himself to any real danger; and his self-e. gave him the 
 self-confidence necessary to carry out the ingenious expedient 
 which his intellect had devised. 
 
 The following anecdote was related to the author. A 
 Mr. S., in a certain engagement with the Indians, fought des- 
 perately, even with a bravery which greatly astonished those 
 who had known his father, who was always branded and 
 
COMBATIVENES& 81 
 
 ridiculed as an arrant coward. He then confessed, that his 
 fear was almost insupportable, and that he fought thus brave- 
 ly only to wipe out the disgrace of his father. 
 
 These facts, with ten thousand others which might easily 
 be cited, clearly show, that what is generally considered bra- 
 very, is more frequently produced by approbat. or self-e., 
 than by combat. Hence, great cowards often appear to be 
 men of real courage. 
 
 The way is thus opened for the remark, that the amount 
 of combat, manifested, depends, in no small degree, upon the 
 stimulus under which it acts. For example; suppose two 
 young men, possessed of an equal share of combat., and alike 
 in every respect, except, that one possessed a very large 
 share of approbat. and very small adhes., and the other only 
 a small degree of approbat., but very large adhes. Now, 
 under given circumstances, the former would be as much 
 more indignant at an insult offered to him, and touching his 
 honour, than the latter would be, as his approbat. was larger 
 than that of the latter ; whereas, the latter would take up the 
 quarrel of a friend as much quicker than the former, and 
 fight as much harder, as his adhes. excelled that of the form- 
 er. This illustration presents a general principle, which 
 applies with equal force to the combinations of any of the 
 other faculties with that of combat., and to all the combina- 
 tions of the organs. 
 
 The application of this principle, will most satisfactorily 
 explain, how a man may be perfectly honest in some things, 
 and quite dishonest in others, as well as ten thousand other 
 interesting phenomena of the human mind. It will explain 
 to us, how the timid and delicate mother, in rescuing her 
 darling child from imminent danger, can assume the boldness 
 of the hero, nay, the fierceness of the tiger. 
 
 In this last case, the phenomenon is explained thus : Very 
 large philopro., very powerfully excites what combat, there 
 is, but for which excitement, timidity would take the place of 
 boldness, and cowardice, that of courage. 
 
 Location. — In a common sized head, combat, is located 
 about an inch and a half behind the top of the ear, and ex- 
 tends itself in a perpendicular direction. When it is very 
 large, and the surrounding organs large, it will cause a 
 thickness of this part of the head, which may be the more 
 easily observed by placing the thumb upon the organ on one 
 side, and the fingers on the opposite side ; but when it is 
 
82 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 moderate or small, there will be little protuberance or breadth 
 in this region. 
 
 7. DESTRUCTIVENESS. 
 Propensity to destroy, exterminate, and infiict pain. 
 
 In the economy of human society, many things are to be 
 destroyed to make life even tolerable. Death and destruc- 
 tion enter largely into the great law of nature. Hence, the 
 necessity of some faculty to exercise this propensity to de- 
 stroy. We often see it in the child, which, long before it 
 " knows how to choose the good and refuse the evil," mani-- 
 fests an innate and strong propensity to tear in pieces, break,, 
 and destroy whatever comes in its way. As it advances 
 in life, it even makes a pastime of tormenting and killing 
 flies, and all such animals as fall into its power. When a 
 little older, it delights in hunting, and indulges feelings of 
 hatred and revenge. 
 
 We, moreover, see that this same characteristic^ of de- 
 struction, enters into every department of organized matter,, 
 and forms no unimportant feature, as well of the moral,, as 
 of the natural, government of God. The exercise of this 
 function, must therefore be both right and necessary, else, 
 why should it be exercised by the Creator?' And there evi- 
 dently exists, not only no reason why this class of functions 
 should not be performed by a distinct mental faculty, but 
 there certainly exists every reason for supposing that this is 
 the case. It is homogeneous in its kind, and unlike any 
 other in its character ; and, consequently, demands a distinct 
 faculty for its exercise, and upon the same ground with any 
 other class of functions. 
 
 Large.— One having destruct. large, with large combat., 
 firm., and self-e., possesses that sternness and severity of char- 
 acter, which make others fear to provoke him,, and that force 
 of character which enables him to prostrate and surmount 
 whatever obstacles oppose his progress ; accompanies his 
 mandate with a threat, either implied or expressed ; is point- 
 ed and sarcastick, if not bitter, in his replies ; feels strong 
 indignation towards those that displease or injure him, and 
 is disposed to persecute them by injuring their feelings, repu- 
 tation, or interests, or by treating them with entire contempt 
 &nd neglect ; experiences a feeling of revenge and bitterness 
 
DESTRTJCTIVENESS. 83 
 
 which, unless restrained by secret., conscien., benev., &c., he 
 does not fail to show. 
 
 One having destruct. large, with large adhes., loves his 
 friends dearly, yet often injures their feelings by saying bit- 
 ter things to them, which, with conscien. large, he often 
 afterwards regrets : with combat, moderate, is slow to wrath, 
 but bitter and vindictive when once roused, and will have 
 satisfaction before he can be appeased : with secret, large, 
 and conscien. moderate or small, watches his opportunity to 
 take vengeance, and strikes in the dark ; but with secret, 
 small, warns before he strikes : with benev. large or very 
 large, may be sometimes harsh in his efforts to do good, and 
 thus often cause needless pain, but will do this more by his 
 manner than from any cruel design ; will be kind, and sym- 
 pathetic^ and sensitive to the sufferings of others, and yet, 
 very harsh and severe when provoked ; and generally exer- 
 cise this faculty upon inanimate, rather than upon animate, 
 objects: with conscien. and combat, large, and secret, small, 
 is apt to find considerable fault, and that in a very harsh man- 
 ner: with large or very large compar., applies disgusting 
 epithets to his enemies, and compares them to some most odi- 
 ous or disgusting object; is pre-eminent for his sarcastick 
 comparisons, which always fit the one for whom they are 
 made,* &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having destruct. very large, with 
 large or very large benev., conscien., and caus., may be en- 
 abled so to govern and restrain his indignation, that it will 
 seldom carry him beyond the bounds of reason and justice, 
 or break out into ungoverned rage and violence, yet when 
 roused, will be dangerous, and like a chafed lion, and be 
 obliged to avoid the causes of excitement ; will be fond of 
 teasing, and also of hunting, and the warlike array of a gen- 
 eral muster, &c. ; and, with large or very large combat., 
 self-e,, approbat., firm., and hope, will excel as a soldier, &c. 
 For other combinations, see destruct. large. 
 
 Full.- — One having destruct. full, with large firm., and 
 full combat, and self-e., has sufficient harshness and severity 
 of character to keep off and punish those who would other- 
 wise injure him ; to take the rough and tumble of life, and 
 push his own way through it; and to destroy or subdue 
 whatever is prejudicial to his happiness, yet is neither mo- 
 
 ' John Randolph. 
 
84 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 rose nor cruel ; when driven to it, can witness and inflict 
 pain, but does it reluctantly, and causes as little suffering as 
 he consistently can ; when his anger is not highly exci- 
 ted, is mild in his disposition ; and, excepting occasional 
 flurries of passion, which are produced by irritability of 
 temperament, seldom shows strong indignation. 
 
 One having destruct. full, with large benev., conscien., 
 ideal., and adhes., will possess uncommon sympathy and ten- 
 derness of feeling, mingled with little sternness and harsh- 
 ness ; will secure obedience, and accomplish his wishes by 
 kindness and persuasion, more than by threats and passion, 
 and be beloved more than feared : with large or very large 
 benev., cannot bear to see pain or punishment inflicted, ex- 
 cept when he is angry, and then may inflict it with delight ; 
 yet, with large combat, and mirth., delights to tease and tan- 
 talize others ; will not be wanton and cruel in the infliction 
 of pain, yet will seldom allow his indignation to slumber 
 when his own interests, or those of his friends, or the cause 
 of justice or humanity, demand it; in ordinary circumstan- 
 ces, will inflict but little pain, yet will manifest strong dis- 
 pleasure towards his enemies, and, when his indignation is 
 fully kindled, show even more severity and bitterness than 
 the occasion demands ; will not readily forget the objects of 
 his displeasure, and will be far from possessing a tame and 
 insipid character. 
 
 Moderate. — One having destruct. moderate, will mani- 
 fest only a moderate share of indignation and severity of 
 character ; often spare what should be destroyed or punish- 
 ed ; and, with large or very large benev., will be unable to 
 witness suffering and death, much less to cause them ; and will 
 not possess sufficient force of mind or fierceness of character to 
 drive through important undertakings : with benev. and the 
 moral organs generally large or very large, will be beloved 
 more than feared ; will possess an extraordinary share of 
 sympathy, so much so as sometimes to overcome him, and 
 amount to a weakness ; and will secure his wishes more by 
 persuasion and mild measures, than by threats or harshness. 
 
 Small. — One having destruct. small, manifests his anger 
 in so feeble a manner, that it effects but little, and provokes 
 a smile, rather than fear : with benev. very large, possesses 
 too little hardness of heart to inhabit a world of suffering 
 and endure its cruelties and hardships, and cannot himself 
 endure physical suffering. 
 
DESTRUCTIVENESS. 85 
 
 In its perverted exercise, this faculty creates a vindictive, 
 bitter, revengeful, over-bearing spirit; delights in tantalizing 
 and tormenting ; produces cruelty towards beasts, and those 
 in its power; gives a relish for hunting, killing, destroying, 
 witnessing publick executions, and such amusements as the 
 fighting of men, dogs, and fowls, in bull-bating, bear-bating, 
 &c. ; produces a propensity for war, murder, violence, blood- 
 shed, &c. ; instigates children and others to stone, catch, tor- 
 ment, and destroy birds, insects, and such animals as fall in 
 their way, and also to stamp, strike, tear in pieces, and ex- 
 hibit other signs of rage, violence, &c. ; and, with approbat 
 and self-e. very large, to engage in duelling, &c, and pur- 
 sue enemies till revenge is fully satisfied. 
 
 That the class of functions here described, constitutes a 
 very extensive and a very influential portion of the mental 
 operations, no attentive observer of human nature can enter- 
 tain a doubt. Every page of the history of man, from that 
 which records the murder of Abel by his own brother, to 
 that which closes with the wars of Florida and Texas, is 
 written in characters of violence and blood. Even the most 
 favourite amusements of men have always been sanguinary: 
 a specimen of which are the theatrical representations and 
 gladiatorial shows which have always delighted mankind. 
 Every publick execution is crowded with eager spectators ol 
 all classes and ages, and of both sexes, who attend mainly to 
 gratify their destruct. by witnessing the violent death of a 
 fellow mortal. Almost every newspaper is stained with the 
 horrid details of some cold-blooded murder, duel, or suicide, 
 or some other act of violence or destruction in some of the 
 unnumbered forms it assumes. If phrenology did not make 
 provision for this class of functions, this omission would be 
 prima facie evidence of its destitution of truth, and inconsis- 
 tency with nature. 
 
 Its exercise is either virtuous or vicious, according to the 
 circumstances in which, and the objects upon which, it is 
 exercised. Perhaps no organ is more liable to be abused 
 than this, or productive of more misery; and yet, this is by 
 no means owing to the nature and the original character of 
 the faculty, but solely to its perversion. Hence the import- 
 ance of its proper education. 
 
 Location. — This organ is located beneath the temporal 
 bone, and, when large, extends from three to six eighths of 
 an inch above the top of the ear. When it is very large, it 
 8 
 
86 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 thickens the middle of the base of the head, and makes the 
 ears stand out from the head. When it is large or very 
 large, and secret, is small, it produces a horizontal ridge 
 which extends about half an inch above the top of the ears. 
 
 8. ALIMENTIVENESS. 
 
 Appetite for sustenance — desire for nutrition. 
 
 This faculty creates a relish for food, drink, &c. ; renders 
 important assistance in selecting the kinds of food best 
 calculated to nourish the body ; when the system needs a 
 further supply of food and drink, produces hunger and 
 thirst, and, when it is un perverted, and the stomach is in a 
 healthy state, is a sure directory as to the quantity and the 
 quality of food necessary for the purposes of nutrition and 
 health. 
 
 Large. — One having aliment, large, is very fond of the 
 good things of this life, and frequently eats more than health 
 and comfort require ; partakes of food with a very keen rel- 
 ish; sets a very high value upon the luxuries of the palate; 
 and, according to his means, is a good liver. 
 
 One having aliment, large, with acquis, also large, will in- 
 dulge his appetite, when he can do so without too great ex- 
 pense ; but, when good eating is costly, will sometimes suffer 
 hunger rather than pay a high price to appease it, except 
 where he is ashamed not to eat ; will expend money reluctantly 
 for sweetmeats, &c, unless his aliment, is stimulated by a 
 favourite dish, or, to him, favourite sweetmeats, but will, nev- 
 ertheless, find it hard to keep from eating whatever delicacies 
 may be in his way : with acquis, moderate or small, will 
 spend his time and money freely for rich viands and rare 
 liquors ; and, if large or very large adhes. be added to this 
 combination, will not only take the greatest delight at the 
 convivial board and the social meal, but will spend money 
 even more lavishly than is necessary to entertain his friends ; 
 with conscien. large or very large, will feel guilty whenever 
 he over-indulges his appetite, and will endeavour to regulate 
 his eating according to his ideas of duty, yet will be obliged 
 to struggle hard against this as " an easily besetting sin," by 
 which he will, nevertheless, be often overtaken : with con- 
 scien. and ven. large or very large, will be thankful for his 
 
ALIMENTIVENESS. 87 
 
 food as a bountiful gift from the hand of his Maker :* with 
 Jang., mirth., and adhes. large or very large, and secret, only 
 moderate, will be conversational, social, and humorous at the 
 festal board : with the intellectual organs generally large, 
 will prefer conversation upon rational and scientifick sub- 
 jects : with ideal, large or very large, must have his food 
 prepared in the nicest manner, and in elegant and fashion- 
 able dishes ; but, with ideal, moderate, thinks more of the 
 food and of the cookery, than of the ceremonies or the style, 
 of the table ; with self-e. large, and acquis, only moderate or 
 full, will be satisfied only with the first and the best table, 
 even if he is obliged to pay a high price for it: with large 
 approbat. and ideal., will be very ceremonious at table ; but 
 with ideal, only moderate, and self-e. and caus. large, will 
 despise ceremony, yet, with large or very large benev., will 
 provide bountifully, and show great hospitality at table, with- 
 out much splendour or ceremony, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having aliment, very large, will be too 
 much given to the indulgence of a voracious appetite ; too ready 
 to ask " what he shall eat and drink ;" will think as much 
 of his meals as of almost any thing else, and be strongly in- 
 clined to act the epicure or the gormand. The combinations 
 of aliment, very large, are analogous to those produced by 
 aliment. large, except that its manifestations will be greater in 
 degree, which the judgment of the reader will readily supply. 
 
 Full. — One having aliment, full, partakes of food with 
 a good relish, yet is not a gormandizer, nor very particular 
 in regard to what he eats and drinks ; can endure a poor 
 diet, yet is very partial to a variety of rich dishes, and some- 
 times overloads his stomach. The combinations of aliment, 
 full, resemble those of aliment, large, except in an inferiour 
 degree. 
 
 Moderate. — One having aliment, moderate, is by no 
 means destitute of a relish lor food, yet, when in health, is 
 not particular as to what he eats ; prefers a plain, simple diet 
 to that which is highly seasoned and very rich, &c. 
 
 One having aliment, moderate, with acquis, large, will 
 grudge the money he pays for his meals, and frequently suf- 
 fer hunger rather than pay the customary price for them; 
 will prefer to take up with a poorer meal or a cold bite at a 
 lower price, than to pay well for the best : with conscien. 
 
 * Hence, the custom of " asking a blessing" upon food, and of " returning thanks" 
 *yc it. 
 
88 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 large or very large, finds little difficulty in governing his 
 appetite, because he has so little to govern. &c. 
 
 Small. — One having aliment, small, will have but an in- 
 different or a poor appetite ; will care little about what he 
 eats, or when he eats ; and, with acquis, large, go long with- 
 out food, and live very poorly, rather than part with his 
 money to pay for food. 
 
 Gluttony, gormandizing, luxurious living, intemperance in 
 all its forms, and the unnatural cravings of the stomach, are 
 the perverted exercises of this faculty. To see the pains 
 taken, and the preparations made, and the time and money 
 worse than wasted, merely in gratifying this propensity, is 
 most astonishing : and, above all, to see the monstrous per- 
 versions of it which everywhere abound, to the reflect- 
 ing, sober mind, is humiliating in the extreme. That man, 
 made in the image of his God, and endowed by nature with 
 such transcendent powers of thought and feeling, that man 
 should thus "make a god of his belly," and, for the mere 
 purpose of indulging to excess this animal passion, thus de- 
 mean and degrade himself so far below the brute creation — 
 thus clog the wheels of this wonderful machine which we 
 call mind f exhibits, in a most mortifying light, the depravity 
 into which human nature is capable of being led. Yet such 
 is the deplorable fact, and such is likely to be the character 
 and condition of man, so long as he " lives to eat," instead of 
 "eating to live," and thus continues to indulge his animal 
 propensities at the expense of his moral and intellectual fac- 
 ulties. 
 
 The experience of all mankind shows that there exists a 
 reciprocal and most intimate connexion between the faculty 
 of aliment, and the state of the stomach, and, also, between the 
 state of the stomach and the conditions of the brain; and still 
 further, between the state of the brain and the mental opera- 
 tions, or, between the state of the stomach and the operations 
 of the mind. But this subject will be enlarged upon in a 
 subsequent chapter upon physiology. 
 
 Location. — Aliment, is located just before, and a little 
 below, destruct., in front of the top part of the ears, above the 
 back part of the zigomatick process, and beneath the anteri- 
 or pcvrtion of the temporal bone. It may be distinguished 
 from destruct., by its being situated farther forward than de. 
 struct., and a little below it. It is generally large or very 
 large in children. 
 
ACQUISITIVENESS. 89 
 
 9. ACQUISITIVENESS. 
 
 Propensity to acquire substance, and to appropriate it to 
 one!s self- — love of property — desire to amass wealth, lay up y 
 oton, possess, keep, <fyc. 
 
 This faculty loves money as an end, and not as a means ; 
 money for its own sake, and not for what it will purchase ; 
 gives ideas of exclusive right, and personal ownership and 
 possession ; creates that feeling of rneum el tuum, or that im- 
 pression that certain things are our own, and that other 
 things belong to others, which is so universally manifested 
 among men, and upon which the law r , and, indeed, all our 
 claims to property, are founded, &c. 
 
 This faculty, in its operation, brings within our reach most 
 of the necessities, and all the comforts and luxuries, of life ; is 
 the great nerve of commerce, manufactures, inventions, and 
 business in all its multifarious forms ; and is the great mov- 
 ing cause of husbandry, trade, the arts, and the improve- 
 ments with which mankind are blessed. We little realize 
 how much we owe to this faculty. The making of books, 
 and .apparel, and houses, the cultivation of farms, the 
 building of villages, and cities, and stores, and canals, and 
 the possession of nearly all that prevents life from being one 
 dreary waste, may be traced, through the helps afforded by 
 the other faculties, directly to the influence of this love of 
 money. Without this faculty, man, like those beasts which 
 are destitute of it, when he had satiated his hunger, and 
 slaked his thirst, would wander on till again overtaken by 
 these cravings of his nature; would not provide, in health 
 and the vigour of life, for sickness and old age, but, like the 
 savage of our western wilderness, in whom it is generally 
 small, would live " from hand to mouth," providing nothing 
 for a rainy day, and idling aw r ay his life. 
 
 That this feeling exists, and even manifests itself in bold 
 relief in the^human character, every observer of human nature 
 will at once admit; and that, while, in some, it amounts to a 
 ruling passion, in others, it is scarcely perceptible. Here, 
 then, we have a distinct, a sui generis, and a homogeneous 
 class of functions ; and we must hence conclude, that there 
 exists a distinct power of the mind w T hich performs it. 
 
 Large. — One having acquis. large y is stimulated by his 
 8* 
 
90 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATE©. 
 
 love of money, to use arduous and self-denying efforts in 
 order to acquire wealth ; takes delight in accumulating prop- 
 erty of every description ; spends his money reluctantly for 
 things to be consumed ; cannot endure to see waste ; enters 
 upon his money-making plans in good earnest, or, perhaps, 
 makes them his main object of pursuit ; unless he is accus- 
 tomed to handling large sums of money, has a watchful and 
 eager eye upon the small change, both in making and in spend- 
 ing money ; thinks much of becoming rich ; seems to place 
 his heart upon what property he may possess ; and seeks, 
 with avidity, to obtain all 1 that belongs to him. 
 
 One having acquis, large, with self-e. only moderate, and 
 eonscien. and caus. only full, will occasionally discover a 
 penuriousness, littleness, and closeness in his dealings, and 
 also banter for trifles, if not for the half-cent : with hope large 
 or very large, not only has strong desires to accumulate prop- 
 erty, but also views every project of acquiring it, through the 
 magnifying medium of hope, and thus exaggerates every pros- 
 pect for making money ; and, with firm?, and self-e. also large 
 or very large, is eminently enterprising; devises bold 
 schemes for acquiring property, and enters upon them w r ith 
 great determination and energy, cheered on by seemingly 
 bright prospects of success : with the perceptive organs also 
 large or very large, is a first rate judge of property ; prone 
 to trade and speculate ; and, with secret, also large, will ex- 
 cel in negotiating, and in- conducting a trade ; is seldom taken 
 in, and generally gets the best of the bargain : with hope 
 very large, cautious, only moderate, and concent, small, will 
 be disposed to enter so largely into business as to endanger 
 an entire failure; to venture beyond his means and capabili- 
 ties ; to speculate too largely; to acquire his money by trafBck, 
 or by investing it, expecting thereby greatly to increase 
 it; and, with large combat, and destruct. in addition, 
 will be likely to prosecute his money-making operations 
 with great vigour and energy ; and w T ith firm, also large or 
 very large, to drive them through all opposing difficulties, 
 and either to "make or break;" will be subject to reverses 
 of fortune, and sometimes lose by imprudence what he has 
 gained by enterprise ; but, with combat., cautious., self-e., 
 hope, and the reasoning organs large or very large, and the 
 perceptive at least full, will combine uncommon energy, 
 with uncommon prudence ; may enter largely into business, 
 yet will be so careful and Judicious as generally to secure 
 
ACQTJISIT1VENE3S. 91 
 
 himself against losses and accidents ; will generally have for- 
 tune upon his side; and, with a large and active brain, un- 
 less prevented by his friendship, his benev., or his conscien., 
 or by accidents against which no carefulness or sagacity could 
 provide, will doubtless become rich ; but with hope mode- 
 rate, and cautious, large or very large, will desire to enter 
 largely into business, yet fear to do so; frequently be "a 
 day after the fair ;" and deliberate so long before he decides 
 what to do, as to lose the most favourable time for action ; 
 yet will sustain fewer losses, and, in what he does undertake, 
 will be more sure of success ; will not invest his money un- 
 less he can foresee the necessary result of the undertaking ; to 
 acquire property, saves rather than speculates ; and prefers an 
 income that is more sure, though it may be more slow, to one 
 that is more promising, yet more precarious ; takes all availa- 
 ble security against losses by fire, by accidents, by dishon- 
 esty, or in any other way ; makes every thing as safe as pos- 
 sible ; and is over-careful in all his pecuniary transactions, 
 &c. : with hope very large, concent, small, and firm, only 
 full, will be likely frequently to change his plan of operation, 
 or, it may be, his business, hoping thereby to get rich the 
 sooner; will never be satisfied to "let well enough alone, ;> 
 nor to pursue one steady occupation long enough to reap 
 much profit ; but, with firm, large or very large, and hope 
 less than firm., will be likely to pursue one steady business 
 and plan of operation through life, unless literally compelled 
 to change it by duty, or judgment, or friendship, or some oth- 
 er powerful motive : with cautious, very large, through fear 
 of consequences, may waver in business, and will labour un- 
 der the greatest anxiety about his property; and, with hope 
 small, in the midst of wealth, friends plenty, and the fairest 
 prospects, may really apprehend poverty and even starvation : 
 with compar. and caus. large or very large, intuitively per- 
 ceives what means or causes put in operation, are naturally 
 calculated to effect certain ends : what property will be likeiy 
 to increase in value : lays judicious plans ; makes shrewd cal- 
 culations as to what will be ; and, with cautious, also large, so 
 calculates as generally to succeed, &c. : with conscien. large 
 or very large* though he may be very eager in his desire for 
 money, and tax all his powers to accumulate property, yet 
 w 7 ill acquire it : only by honest means; despise the "tricks 
 of trade," and can be safely relied upon: with large 
 or very large intellectual organs, will prefer to make 
 
92 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED".. 
 
 money by some intellectual, scientific^, or literary pur- 
 suit, &c. 
 
 Acquis, merely desires property, but the kind of property se- 
 lected for acquisition, is determined by the wants and the tastes 
 of the other faculties. One having acquis, large, for example, 
 with philopro. also large, w T ill desire property both for its own. 
 sake, and, also, on account of children, or, with alLthe domes- 
 tick faculties energetick, for his family, and will spend it freely 
 for their sake: with approb'at large or very large, will seek 
 money both to lay up, and also to obtain approbation by dress,, 
 equipage, elegant furniture, &c, and expend it freely for 
 these purposes, yet may show penuriousness in other respects :: 
 with benev. very large, will love money, yet give it freely to* 
 relieve suffering, and also to* do good to his fellow men:. 
 with large or very large moral and religious organs, will be- 
 likely to "be diligent in his business,?' economical and,per> 
 haps, close in money matters, yet will give freely to benevo- 
 lent, missionary, and religious objects, and for the purpose 
 of converting men to Christianity : with ideal, and ven. very 
 large, will be likely to lay lip ancient coins, paintings, books, 
 &c., and be an antiquarian: with the selfish faculties strong 
 and vigorous, will lay up such things as will gratify his va- 
 rious selfish passions:: with the intellectual organs large, 
 books, philosophical apparatus, and other assistants to intel- 
 lectual pursuits ; and, with ideal, also very large, books 
 that are elegantly bound and embossed,, minerals, curious 
 specimens of nature and art, &c. : with several of these or- 
 gans large or very large, will desire money for its own 
 sake, for the sake of family, for purposes of personal aggran- 
 dizement, for benevolent and literary objects, &c, all com- 
 bined. Hence, this universal scrambling for the " root of all 
 evil," which is the bane of human happiness and moral virtue. 
 
 This analysis of " the love- of money" is certainly most 
 beautiful. Phrenology shows us not only how strong the 
 love of money is in every man, but, also, the character 
 of this love, and the ultimate ends sought to be reached by it. 
 
 Very Large. — One having acquis, very large, makes 
 money his idol ; taxes, to the utmost, all his powers to amass 
 wealth; makes every sacrifice, and endures every hardship 
 to secure this object, and allows nothing to divert him from 
 it; spends money grudgingly, and is so penurious and close- 
 fisted as to deprive himself of many of the comforts, and of 
 all the luxuries, of life ; is covetous and miserly, unless benev. 
 
ACQUISITIVENESS. 93 
 
 and conscien. are equally large, and can never be satisfied 
 with adding field to field, house to house, &c* 
 
 One having acquis, very large, with combat, and destruct. 
 also large, and benev. and conscien. only moderate or full, 
 will " grind the face of the poor ;" practice extortion ; take 
 every advantage of his fellow men; make all the money he 
 can, both by fair and foul means; and is light fingered. 
 The combinations under this head will coincide with those 
 under the head of acquis, large, with the modification pro- 
 duced by the mere increase of acquis. 
 
 Full. — One having acquis, full, will be likely to be in- 
 dustrious, frugal, anxious to acquire possessions, both from 
 love of money, and also to secure the comforts of life; will 
 be zealous, if not quite eager, in all his money-making pur- 
 suits ; and unwilling to spend his money except when his 
 stronger faculties demand it for their gratification ; will be nei- 
 ther prodigal nor penurious, unless made so by circumstances ; 
 will be likely to save enough to live comfortably, but live 
 well upon what he has, yet, as a general thing, will find it 
 very difficult to keep money by him, and seem to be extravagant. 
 
 So far as the making of money and the class of substan- 
 ces selected for acquisition are concerned, the selections 
 under acquis, large, will apply to acquis, full ; yet, in 
 the spending of money, there may be a difference. One 
 having acquis, full, with approbat., and ideal., &c, large or 
 very large, will be industrious in making money, and quite 
 anxious to become rich, yet will spend it too freely for fash- 
 ionable and ornamental articles of convenience, dress, equi- 
 page, &c, or to make a show ; with ideal, and local, very 
 large, in travelling ; with adhes. and benev. large or very 
 large, for the purpose of assisting his friends; with the reli- 
 gious organs very large, in promoting the cause of religion 
 and advancing the benevolent objects of the day, and will 
 take much more delight in spending his money in this way, 
 than in laying it up ; with large or very large intellectual 
 oigans, in such things as will gratify these faculties; with 
 several organs large, in such a manner as to gratify the 
 greatest number of them ; with amat. and adhes. large or 
 very large, in supplying the wants, and augmenting the 
 pleasures, of the other sex, &c. 
 
 This same principle of spending money, applies to acquis. 
 
 * Stephen Gerard, of Philadelphia, whose picture shows a very large 
 development of acquis. 
 
94 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 large, whenever the larger organs require it, at whose mandate 
 acquis, will unlock her treasures, and may even permit extrava- 
 gance. The additional combinations of acquis, full with the 
 other organs, will be found to be intermediate between those 
 under acquis, large, and acquis, moderate. 
 
 Moderate. — One having acquis, moderate, desires mo- 
 ney more as a means than as an end, more for its uses than to 
 Lay up ; will pay too little attention to small sums, spend his 
 money too freely, so that he can hardly account for the 
 amount spent ; does not grudge what he spends, or gives, or 
 sees given ; though he may be industrious, will not be suffi- 
 ciently economical ; will as soon purchase things to consume 
 as to keep ; and prefers to take the good of his money as he 
 goes along, instead of laying it up. 
 
 One having acquis, moderate, with the domestick organs 
 very large, will be likely to spend his money for the present, 
 rather than reserve it for the future, wants of his family : 
 with the selfish faculties strong, and the moral and reasoning 
 deficient, will spend his money upon the gratification of his 
 passions, and seldom accumulate property : with approbat. 
 and ideal, very large, and caus. only full, will be extrava- 
 gant ; likely to run into debt for the purpose of dashing out ; 
 and will be foppish : with combat., destruct, self-e., and firm. 
 large or very large, will almost throw away money to gratify 
 his will : with ideal, and self-e. large or very large, never 
 purchases a poor article, and pleases his fancy, compara- 
 tively regardless of its cost; and, with hope ?lso large 
 or very large, will be too apt to run into debt; spend 
 money in anticipation of future income; and be too prodi- 
 gal. One having acquis, moderate, may have a very 
 strong desire to make money, but not upon its own account : 
 with the domestick organs large, when he comes to have a 
 family of his own, will love money much more than before, 
 on their account : with the intellectual organs geneially large, 
 will desire it to facilitate his literary pursuits, &c. Hence, 
 the amount of one's acquis, can seldom be determined, either 
 by the eagerness with which he seeks it, or the manner of 
 his spending it; and hence, also, some appear to be spend- 
 thrifts at one period of their lives, and misers at another.* 
 
 * The author is acquainted v\ith a Mr. H. who, until within five years, 
 was accustomed to spend an annual income of several thousand dollars, 
 'aying up nothing ; hut who, since that time, has acted up to a determina- 
 tion to make, and save, all the money he can, not because he loves mo- 
 n^y, per sese, any better now than he did then, but from other motives. 
 ills fellow citizons call him penurious.. 
 
ACQUISITIVENESS. 95 
 
 Small. — One having acquis, small, holds money loosely; 
 spends it without sufficient consideration, and often without 
 receiving its full value ; is thoughtless how his money goes, 
 and, with hope very large, will live on, enjoying the present, 
 thinking that the future will provide for itself ; will spend 
 his last dollar as freely as his first; is wasteful, or at least, 
 does not save the fragments; and, with approbat. and ideal, 
 very large, and caus. only full, will be a spendthrift; lay out 
 his money to very little advantage ; run into debt without 
 making a provision for payment, &c. For additional com- 
 binations, see those under acquis, moderate. 
 
 Very Small. — One having acquis, very small, neither 
 knows or considers the value of money : cares not how it goes, 
 nor how expensive things are, provided they take his fancy; 
 will have no idea of laying up property and, with ideal, and 
 approbat. very large, will spend all he can command ; every 
 thing pertaining to money being determined by his other 
 faculties. 
 
 In females, this faculty is generally weaker than in males, 
 while ideal, and approbat. are generally much larger, which 
 accounts for the fact, that they spend money so much more 
 freely than men, especially, for ornamental purposes. 
 
 The author has observed, that the sons of rich parents 
 generally possess the organ (as they do the faculty) develop- 
 ed in an inferiour degree. This is doubtless owing to the fact, 
 that, having an abundance of money at command, they have 
 had nothing to stimulate, and thus increase, this faculty, so 
 that, from mere w r ant of exercise, it becomes weak and 
 feeble. This likewise accounts for the fact, that the children 
 of men who have made themselves rich, g?nerally make a 
 very poor use of their fathers' earnings, and often fall into 
 dissipated habits. A deficiency of this faculty is one cause 
 of their idleness, and this, the cause of their dissipation, 
 and this, frequently, the cause of their ruin. 
 
 Thus it is, that full acquis, is an important inducement to 
 industry, and, therefore, highly promotive of virtue and 
 moral worth ; whilst a deficiency of this faculty leaves open 
 the floodgates of temptation and dissipation. If this is so, 
 the lesson thus taught mankind, by phrenology, is invalua- 
 ble. We are thus taught the importance of a proper cultiva- 
 tion of acquis., and, also, what that proper education is. We 
 are farther taught, that the exercise of acqais. is virtuous or 
 vicious, not in itself, nor in its medium exercise, but 
 
96 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 in its extremes of manifestation. This faculty certainly needs 
 to be educated no less than caus., event., calcu., or any other 
 faculty of the mind. 
 
 The perverted manifestations of acquis, are, theft, cheating, 
 extortion ; with construct, and imitat. large, forgery, counter- 
 feiting, burglary; penuriousness, meanness, a miserly, sordid, 
 money-loving, covetous feeling, &c. 
 
 Location. — This organ is located just before secret, and 
 above aliment. ; or, upon the sides of the head, and a little 
 farther forward than the fore part of the ears ; or, in the mid- 
 dle of a line connecting the organs of cautious, and calcu. 
 It seldom causes a protuberance, but, when it is large, the 
 thickness of the head just in front, and a little above the tops 
 of the ears, will be conspicuous, even to the eye. 
 
 10. SECRETIVENESS. 
 
 Propensity and ability to secrete, to conceal, and to sup* 
 press the expression of the other mental operations. 
 
 We often think and feel what it would be very improper 
 for us to express. Hence, the necessity of some faculty, the 
 office of which is to suppress the open manifestation of the 
 various mental operations, until the reasoning faculties, 
 conscien., benev., &c, have decided upon the propriety and 
 the utility of their expression. The legitimate office of tljis 
 organ is not, as has generally been supposed, to keep the 
 secrets intrusted to the individual, but to enable him success- 
 fully to keep his own secrets, and conceal his own plans from 
 general observation. It is even unfavourable to keeping the 
 secrets of others ; because, inasmuch as it has to do with 
 secrets, it creates an anxiety, not only to ascertain the secrets 
 of others, but also to reveal them as secrets, but with the in- 
 junction of secrecy. 
 
 A good endowment of this organ is essential to prudence 
 of character, particularly in speaking of, and exposing, one's 
 business, &c, and also to etiquette and modern politeness. It 
 removes the blunt, unpolished edge from the manner of ex- 
 pression, appearance, &c; assists in covering many weak 
 points of character ; and prevents exposures, not to physical 
 dangers, (for this is the office of cautious.,) but to the machina- 
 tions of the designing and the envious, to the impositions of 
 the crafty, and tho false constructions of all. 
 
 Large. — One having secret, large, will generally keep 
 
SECRETIVENESS. 9f 
 
 his thoughts, feelings, business, plans, opinions, &c. chiefly 
 to himself, except when they are drawn from him ; will 
 effect his purposes indirectly, and without detection; will 
 govern his feelings, and restrain the open manifestation of 
 ang-jr, joy, grief (fee; can banish from his countenance and 
 appearance the indications of his real feelings, and, with 
 imitat. large, seem to feel as he does not : with firm., and 
 self-e., and destruct. also large, will suffer pain and sickness 
 without showing or complaining much of it ; is prudent 
 about speaking; careful in what he says; reserved; slow to 
 communicate, form attachments, make acquaintances, fee.; 
 does not make the first advances to strangers; is not free in 
 expressing his feelings, but does it equivocally, and by piece- 
 meal ; with conscien. moderate, is suspicious of the intentions 
 of others ; war}-, and always on the alert ; generally answers 
 questions, expresses opinions, &c, in an ambiguous, equivocal, 
 evasive, or indefinite manner, which will bear different interpre- 
 tations, so that he seldom commits himself; hesitates, and re* 
 commences his sentences as though afraid to speak out plainly 
 just what he thinks; can employ cunning, art, management, 
 and manoeuvre, and act the double part; says but little, yet 
 thinks the more; pries into the secrets of others, yet keeps 
 his own to himself, or, at least, sounds others closely ; gen- 
 eral] y judges correctly of character, especially if individ., 
 ^aus.,and com par. are large or very large, and so success- 
 fully conceals his own character and purposes, that but little 
 is generally known of him except by a long and intimate 
 acquaintance. 
 
 One having secret, large, with adhes. large or very large, 
 may sometimes communicate his feelings freely to his nearest 
 friends, yet will seldom do this, and exercise more attach- 
 ment than he expresses: with amat. also large, may love 
 strongly, but will express his love in a somewhat doubtful 
 and equivocal manner : with combat, and destruct. large, 
 unless the excitement is very sudden, and his temperament 
 very irritable, may restrain, for a long time, the expression 
 of anger, and cover up the fire which is burning in his bo- 
 som, yet, when he does give vent to it, will blaze forth in 
 good earnest: with self-e,, or approbat, or both, large or 
 very large, caus. only full, and conscien. moderate or small, 
 will be inclined to employ cunning and deception in advan- 
 cing his reputation ; operate indirectly, and through the agen- 
 cy of others ; be given to eye-service, and will do many things 
 9 
 
»8 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 merely for effect, and " to be seen of men: 11 with cautious, 
 large or very large, will be very careful, not only about 
 what he says, but also about what he does ; and, with the 
 reasoning organs large or very large, be pre-eminently dis- 
 creet and judicious, and never venture an opinion, unless he 
 is very certain that it is perfectly correct, and then generally 
 with a but, an if or a perhaps ; and will drop no word, and 
 give no clew, by means of which he can be detected: with 
 conscien. only moderate or small, and self-e. and caus. only 
 full, and approbat. large or very large, will be deceitful, and 
 inclined to employ cunning and artifice in accomplishing his 
 plans ; contrive to throw the ignominy of his evil deeds upon 
 others; be very apt to say one thing in your presence, and quite 
 another in your absence ; cannot be confided in as a friend ; 
 and, with adhes. only fall, and imitat, large or very large, can 
 carry on his malicious designs under the garb of friendship : 
 with combat., destruct, self-e. , and approbat. large, benev., 
 firm., and caus. only full, and conscien. only moderate or 
 small, Avill be obsequious to superiours, and domineering to 
 inferiours : with acquis, large or very large, and conscien. 
 only moderate or full, will practise the " tricks of trade;" and 
 make a good bargain whenever he can, even though he is 
 obliged to use some misrepresentations : with destruct., self-e., 
 and firm, large or very large, will possess great fortitude, 
 and endure severe, corporeal suffering without flinching or 
 complaining : with conscien. large or very large, may some- 
 times equivocate and employ deception in cases in which he is 
 under no moral obligation to communicate the facts, and, also, 
 in which his interest demands secrecy, but will never know- 
 ingly deceive others to their injury, especially if his duty re- 
 quires him to tell the whole truth : with adhes., benev., and 
 conscien. large or very large, and self-e. full, will be frank 
 and candid in telling a friend his faults, yet will never re- 
 prove, unless his sense of duty compels him to do so : with 
 firm, and self-e. very large, will seem to yield, yet will do so 
 only in appearance ; will say but little, and make very little 
 ado about the matter, yet, in acting, will be immoveable 
 and inflexible, &c. 
 
 Very Large. — One having secret, very large, will be 
 very apt to keep every thing pertaining to himself wrapped 
 up in profound secrecy, and disclose his feelings to no one ; 
 be generally dark, secret, and mysterious in his movements ; 
 seldom accomplish his purposes, except in an indirect and in- 
 
SECRETIVENESS* 99 
 
 triguing manner; and be so crafty, reserved, and mysterious, 
 that no one will know much of his real character ; and, with 
 combat., destruct., and the selfish faculties generally large, 
 the moral and reflective only full, and conscien. only mode- 
 rate, will be "a snake in the grass j" practise art, cunning, 
 and deception, &c: with aliment, large, will steal pies, cakes, 
 and sweatmeats : with acquis, large, will take and conceal 
 money, property, clothing, &c: with approbat. and destruct. 
 large, and conscien. only moderate, will lie in ambush, plot 
 and execute his plans of injuring his rival, in secret ; and 
 yet, appear to be his friend, &c. For farther combinations 
 under this head, see those under secret, large, which are 
 equally true with secret, very large, except in degree, and 
 this the judgment of the reader will enable him to adapt to 
 secret, very large. 
 
 Full. — One having secret, full, will be able to keep his 
 thoughts, feelings, and business to himself when occasion 
 really demands it, yet will commonly express them without 
 reserve ; unless somewhat excited, will not be rash or blunt in 
 the expression of his feelings, yet, when any of the faculties 
 that are more energetick than secret., or when those that are 
 not, become suddenly or considerably excited, will give a 
 full, and frank, and strong expression to them, because, al- 
 though secret, may be sufficiently active to hold even the 
 larger organs in check when they are but little excited, it 
 will not be powerful enough to do so when they are roused to 
 more energetick action, so that he will fail to preserve an equa- 
 nimity of feeling and conduct ; is generally free in conversa- 
 tion and discourse, yet seldom commits himself; is not hypo- 
 critical, nor yet remarkable for saying all he thinks ; and 
 will generally govern his feelings, except when excited, but 
 will then throw them out freely and fully; is somewhat re- 
 served and suspicious, especially upon a first acquaintance, 
 and yet, will generally be found to be sincere, unless strong- 
 ly tempted by interest to act a double part, and even then, 
 will not be really dishonest, especially if conscien. be large 
 or very large ; will know well how to keep dark upon points 
 which he may wish to conceal, and also know how T to ascer- 
 tain the intentions and the secrets of others ; and will be re- 
 served to strangers and partial acquaintances, yet frank and 
 open among his intimate friends. 
 
 One having secret, full, with conscien. large, will never 
 knowingly practise deception to the injury of another, yet 
 
100 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 may practise it in self-preservation, and in doing business, 
 especially when urged to it by other selfish faculties, and 
 when it is unrestrained by the moral and intellectual facul- 
 ties : with acquis, large or very large, and conscien. mode- 
 rate or small, will bear, and even need, to be watched; 
 sometimes give a false colouring to things in order to make a 
 good bargain; and occasionally take the advantage, &c. 
 The additional combinations under secret, full, will be inter- 
 mediate between secret, large, and secret moderate. 
 
 Moderate. — One having secret, moderate, is generally 
 frank, candid, and openhearted in his disposition and inter- 
 course with men, and so ingenuous and undisguised as often 
 to expose himself to imposition and deception ; chooses a 
 plain, direct, and unequivocal manner of expressing his 
 thoughts and feelings; has few secrets of his own which he 
 wjishes to keep, and cares little about learning the secrets of 
 others, and, when things are told him with the injunction 
 "not to tell," he scarcely thinks of them again; and gener- 
 ally despises secrecy wherever he finds it. 
 
 One having secret, moderate or small, with combat, and 
 destruct. large or very large, tells others just what he thinks 
 of them : expresses his hatred and his love freely : is often un- 
 derstood as saying more than he really intended to say ; and 
 frequently expresses his anger in a harsh, blunt, and offensive 
 manner; but, with conscien. equally large, and concent, 
 moderate or small, soon recovers his wonted serenity of tem- 
 per, and, if he is- conscious that he has said or done any 
 thing wrong, is soon very sorry for it, and ready, if not glad, 
 to make any reasonable acknowledgment or reparation de- 
 manded: with conscien., at least, full, firm., self-e., benev., and 
 eaus. large or very large, will take an open, fair, honest, hon- 
 ourable, dignified, and high-minded course, and heartily de- 
 spise every thing like low cunning or management ; employ 
 none but fair means ; and do nothing behind the curtain : with 
 self-e. only moderate, or full, benev., ven., and adhes. large or 
 very large, is naturally upright and honest himself, and open 
 and fair in his dealings, and thinks others equally so ; is too 
 ready to trust others, and especially those who cat I him their 
 friend ; presumes too much upon the integrity and honesty 
 of others, and relies too implicity upon their word, so that 
 he is extremely liable to be deceived and imposed upon : 
 with self-e. or approbat, or both, and hope very large, or 
 even large, is given to egotism j apt to talk too much of him- 
 
SECRETIVENESS. LOI 
 
 sreff ; becomes enthusiastick in telling what he bas done or 
 can do ; is often the hero of his own tale ; and too forward to- 
 display himself: with cautious, large or very large, manifests 
 great care and deliberation in his business, yet is very incau- 
 tious in his manner of speaking; is judicious in laying his 
 plans, and providing against a time of need, and very de- 
 liberate and prudent in making all his arrangements, yet is 
 very imprudent in the expression of his feelings. 
 
 Small. — One having secret, small, acts just as he feels ; 
 speaks just what he thinks ; is so blunt and direct in his 
 manner of expression as often to give needless offence ; speaks 
 out his whole mind without due regard to time, circumstan- 
 ces, or manner ; communicates his ideas in plain and un- 
 equivocal language, and prefers natural and forcible, to 
 elegant, expressions; is natural and open in his manners, 
 and, with lang. full or krge, generally ready to enter into 
 conversation with his friends, and even with strangers, and 
 to communicate to them his business, history, opinions, feel- 
 ings, concerns, &c. ; and can deceive only by means of his 
 reasoning faculties, or by taking those steps which are cal- 
 culated to cause deception. 
 
 One having secret, small, with conscien., benev., and the 
 reasoning organs large or very large, will be incapable of 
 deception ; abominate and censure hypocrisy, concealment, 
 and mere outside-show in all those ten thousand forms in 
 which they are practised in society ; keeps nothing back ; 
 gives away almost entirely to his feelings unless they are 
 checked by his other faculties ; and has a window in his 
 breast, through which all that is passing in his heart, can be 
 plainly seen. Additional combinations will be found under 
 secret, moderate. 
 
 Very small. — One in whom this organ is very small, is 
 a total stranger to the function and the influence of ihis fac- 
 ulty. 
 
 A deficiency of this faculty, by exposing at once whatever 
 excesses or defects of character one may possess, is apt to 
 leave, at first, a very unfavourable impression of a person up- 
 on the minds of others, yet, if it exposes the more disagreea- 
 ble traits of character, it equally reveals the virtues ; so that, 
 if the agreeable traits of character greatly predominate over 
 the more disagreeable, the individual will appear still more 
 amiable in consequence of this deficiency ; and, vice versa. 
 
 This faculty, in its perverted exercise, produces Iving, de- 
 *9* 
 
102 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 eeit, hypocrisy; and those ten thousand artifices in dress, fur* 
 niture,. equipage, &c, the chief object of which is to create 
 false appearances, and, also, the innumerable arts and make-be- 
 lieves which enter into the very frame-work of society as it now 
 is. From this faculty, also, with large or very large appro 
 bat, self-e., destruct., and combat., unrestrained by the moral 
 or intellectual organs, arises that tattling, backbiting, scan- 
 dalizing disposition which is by no means uncommon, and 
 which does such immense mischief. 
 
 In the New England head, this organ is generally large : 
 hence, that reserve in communicating things about them- 
 selves, and that tact in prying into the affairs of others, for 
 which they are so noted; but, in the Southern head, it is 
 small, which produces that frankness and openness which 
 characterize Southern gentlemen. 
 
 Location.— Secret, is located just above the organ of de- 
 3tr.uct, and runs nearly parallel with it, the centre of it being 
 about an inch above the top of the ears. Or thus: let a 
 person, standing behind, one that is seated, place the third fin- 
 ger horizontally upon the head, so that the lower side of it 
 will just touch the tip of the ear, and it will rest upon de- 
 struct; then let the second or middle finger be separated from 
 it about three eighths of an inch, and it will rest upon secret.; 
 or, if the organ be small, fall into a depression : then let the 
 first finger be separated from the second about five-eighths of, 
 an inch, and it will rest upon cautious., which, however, will 
 be a little farther back than secret When it is large or very 
 large, with cautious, and destruct. also eo A ually large, there 
 will be no prominence, but all of the side-head above the ear 
 will be full,, rounded, and thick. 
 
 GENUS II. — Moral, Religious, and Human Sen- 
 timents. 
 
 The character of the sentiments is much higher, more 
 elevated, and more humanizing than that of the propensities. 
 and, when not under the dominion of the propensities, is 
 more virtuous and more praiseworthy than perhaps any oth- 
 er class of the mental functions. A very correct idea of 
 the nature and character of these sentiments, may be derived 
 from a comparison of civilized man w T ith savages and barba- 
 rians, or of man with the brute creation. 
 
 Dr. Spurzheim, George Combe, and phrenologists gener- 
 
CAUTIOUSNESS. 103 
 
 ally, define the sentiments as distinguishable from the pro- 
 pensities, by their uniting a propensity to act with an emo- 
 tion ; but the author is unable to discover the reason why the 
 passion of love, for example,, is not as much " an emotion 
 joined with a certain propensity to act," as the function ascri- 
 bed to benev. Nor does the distinction that the propensities 
 "are common to men and animals," designate them with suffi- 
 cient accuracy, because benev., approbat, imitat., and some 
 of the other sentiments, are found to belong to some animals 
 of the brute creation, as well as to man. 
 
 SPECIES I.— Selfish Sentiments. 
 
 These seem to be intermediate between the propensities 
 and the moral sentiments, partake, in part, of the na- 
 ture of both, taking their direction, and the character of 
 their manifestation, from the propensities when they pre- 
 dominate, and from the moral sentiments, in case they are 
 the more energetick. Like the propensities, they greatly in- 
 crease the propelling power, and the efficiency of the charac- 
 ter ; yet they terminate upon self, being blind impulses de- 
 signed to secure selfish interests. 
 
 11. CAUTIOUSNESS. 
 
 Solicitude about consequences — apprehension of dangers- 
 instinct of fear — care — anxiety. 
 
 So numerous and so great are the dangers with which 
 man is surrounded, so many evils beset his path, and 
 so many things are to be provided against, that, unless there 
 were implanted in the human breast by the hand of nature, 
 some faculty which, upon the least intimation of danger, 
 should sound the tocsin of alarm, and thus save him from 
 accident, and, also, which should give him consideration and 
 forethought, he would be liable to be frequently overtaken by 
 impending dangers, and, also, would make, comparatively, 
 little preparation for future wants. Of the necessity of the 
 faculty, then, there can be no question ; nor that the function 
 of solicitude constitutes a very large class of the intellectual 
 functions. Hence, the inevitable conclusion is, that there exists 
 a faculty which exercises this class of the mental operations. 
 But when we find that the strength and activity of this facul- 
 ty, when compared with the other feelings, are proportionate 
 
104 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 to the size of a given portion of the brain, reason and philos- 
 ophy join in admitting cautiousness to be a separate faculty of 
 the mind. Its office is, to provide against present danger, to 
 cast up a bulwark of defence against danger in the dis- 
 tance, to watch over the interests of the individual, and to ex- 
 cite, repress, and direct the operations of the other faculties. 
 
 Large. — One having cautious, large, looks at every plart 
 and project with a careful, anxious eye before he concludes 
 upon the course to be pursued, and hesitates long before he 
 finally decides ; turns the whole matter over and over again 
 in his mind ; is very often in suspense, and remains too long 
 undecided ; fully considers every chance against him ; takes 
 all necessary, and, often, even unnecessary, precaution ; too 
 often reconsiders, and manifests a pains-taking, careful, anx- 
 ious, provident disposition in all he does. 
 
 One having cautious, large, with combat, and destruct. 
 also large, is slow in commencing, yet when once interested 
 m any project, pushes it with great spirit ; may be timid and 
 fearful till his courage is once excited, but will then be bold 
 and fearless ; may be nearly overcome with fear before he 
 commences acting or speaking, and where effort is unavail- 
 ing, yet is full of courage, and spirit, and determination 
 when he has once commenced, and where effort is required ;: 
 combines discretion with valour ; intrepidity with carefulness j 
 prudence with determination, &c; in cases of danger, will be 
 perfectly self-possessed, and yet have forethought enough to 
 do just what the occasion demands ; cannot be soon worked 
 up to the sticking point,. but*is determined, if not desperate, 
 when once kindled; may drive forward with some fury, but 
 will steer clear of every thing that can upset his vehicle or 
 obstruct his progress; and, with hope also large, will enter 
 so largely into business, and push his projects with so much 
 energy and zeal, as to seem to be very rash, and nearly des- 
 titute of caution, yet come out about right in the end ; with 
 compar. and caus. large in addition, will very seldom entire- 
 ly fail in his projects, though he may be sometimes obliged 
 to retrace his steps ; will present seemingly contradictory 
 points of character, sometimes appearing to be rash, and at 
 others fearful ; and, with a nervous temperament, will be 
 either " in the garret or in the cellar ;" when circumstances 
 are favourable, or excite his hopes, and quiet his fears, will be 
 in high hopes and spirits, and promise himself too much ; but 
 when his fears are awakened, and nothing excites his hopes, 
 
CAUTIOUSNESS. 105 
 
 be cast down, discouraged, and exceedingly anxious, and sub- 
 ject to extremes of hope and fear : with very large compar. 
 and caus., and large perceptive organs, will generally come 
 to a correct decision, yet take his own time for it ; will act 
 understandingly, and make every effort tell directly on the 
 object in view ; take hold of things judiciously and in the 
 right place ; seldom retrace his steps, change his decisions,or 
 undo what he has done ; in general, will be eminently suc- 
 cessful, and seldom subject to accidents or disappointments ; 
 consider well the pros and cons on both sides of all questions, 
 and investigate the whole matter in hand thoroughly be- 
 fore decision or action. 
 
 Very Large. — One having cautious, very large, is so 
 doubtful, fearful, uncertain, and apprehensive, so irresolute 
 and inefficient, that he is disqualified for prompt, enterprising, 
 vigorous effort, and wastes the day of action in fruitless de- 
 liberation; indulges groundless and unfounded apprehensions ; 
 anticipates danger when there is little or no cause; is unwill- 
 ing to run any risk, and much more alarmed by sickness 
 and trouble than the occasion really demands, &c. 
 
 One having cautious, very large, with combat., self-e., and 
 hope moderate, will be irresolute; easily discouraged ; un- 
 willing to engage in any important undertaking for fear of 
 experiencing a failure ; is timid, easily frightened, destitute 
 of decision and energy, and unable to effect any thing im- 
 portant; but if hope, firm., and self-e. are also very large, 
 and combat, is large, cautious, will not prevent action and 
 effort, but will simply take care, that every thing is provided 
 for, arranged, and seen to : with hope, caus., and compar. 
 very large, and the perceptive organs large, may take some 
 seemingly bold measures, but they will be dictated by a cor- 
 rect judgment, rendered the more acute by the strong ex- 
 citement caused by cautious.: with hope and combat, mode- 
 rate or small, looks always on the dark side of prospects ; 
 borrows a world of trouble, even in prosperity ; apprehends 
 the worst rather than the best ; indulges gloomy, dismal, 
 melancholy feelings, and often suffers intolerably from them ; 
 pores constantly over misfortunes ; magnifies every difficulty ; 
 diminishes advantages; fears much more than hopes; does 
 not venture, or run any risk ; shrinks from difficulty, and, 
 by his terrour and alarm, is easily overcome, so that he cannot 
 act on occasions of danger. 
 
 Full. — One having cautious, full, will possess a suffi- 
 
106 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 cient degree of this faculty to secure success, and provide 
 against accidents in ordinary cases, yet will frequently seem 
 to be very imprudent ; does not act without care and fore- 
 thought, yet does not consider so long as to let pass the day 
 for action; and cannot be called rash or careless, except 
 when rendered so by his other faculties. 
 
 One having cautious, full, with hope and combat, large or 
 very large, will not possess sufficient circumspection to regu- 
 late and prevent the precipitate action of these faculties, and 
 thus be hurried headlong by them into projects without suffi- 
 cient caution or forethought, and will seem to be much less 
 cautious than he really is. 
 
 When full, large, or very large, cautious, acts with a 
 vigour reciprocally proportionate to the power of this faculty 
 and the strength of the desires of the other faculties. For 
 example ; one having cautious, full, large,, or very large, with 
 philopro. very large, and acquis, small, will experience but 
 little solicitude concerning his property, but feel the greatest 
 anxiety concerning his children ; but, with the same degree 
 of cautious., and acquis, very large, and philopro. small, will 
 expend his anxiety upon his property, and feel little for his 
 children: with approbat. very large, will be over-anxious 
 about his character and! feis standing: with conscien. very 
 large, upon every point of duty, &c. This accounts for the 
 phenomena, so frequently occurring, of an extreme anxiety 
 concerning some things, and a want of it in other things — a 
 class of phenomena which no other system of mental phi- 
 losophy has ever accounted for, or can ever explain. 
 
 Moderate, — One having cautious, moderate, will discov- 
 er a want of forethought and discretion, yet the extent of this 
 deficiency will be greater or less according as his other facul- 
 ties do, or do not,expose him to danger. One having cautious, 
 moderate, for example, with hope and combat, also moderate, 
 will need but little cautious, to restrain the excesses produced 
 by these faculties ; with combat, and hope large or very large, 
 will be hasty, inconsiderate, and improvident ; with caus. and. 
 compar. very large, when not blinded by passion or preju> 
 dice, maybe judicious, and lay good plans; with acquis, very 
 large, will take good care of his property, yet be careless in 
 other respects, &c. The remaining combinations of cautious., 
 moderate, will be intermediate between those under cautious., 
 full, and cautious, small. 
 
 S^al.l. — One having cautious, small, will decide and act 
 
APPROBATIVENESS. 107 
 
 without due deliberation ; be careless, precipitate, imprudent, 
 and, consequently, often unlucky, and subject to frequent acci- 
 dents ; will fail to perfect his plans, and therefore, often be 
 obliged to undo what he has done; proceed without fore- 
 thought or care, and thus labour to the greatest disadvantage ; 
 will sustain repeated and heavy misfortunes ; and, with com- 
 bat, and destruct. large, w T ill drive forward in a furious, reck- 
 less manner, so as often to defeat his plans, and frequently 
 be in hot water ; will know nothing about fear ; but, with 
 large or very large reasoning organs, may proceed so habit- 
 ually under the influence of reason as to sustain few losses, 
 yet will lack solicitude, &c. 
 
 Very Small. — One with cautious, very small, will, be 
 destitute of fear, of forethought, of discretion, &c, and, con- 
 sequently, rash, heedless, headlong, regardless of consequen- 
 ces, unfortunate, and governed by his other faculties. 
 
 This faculty is generally much more active, and the organ 
 much stronger, in females tnan in males ; while combat, 
 and destruct. are much smaller. Hence, the irresolution, 
 fear, terrour, groundless alarms, and uncalled for anxiety, 
 which they so often manifest : and also the superiour discreet- 
 ness and propriety they generally possess over the other sex. 
 In children, too, this organ is much larger than in adults, 
 doubtless because their dangers being greater, the protection 
 demanded is proportionally greater. 
 
 Location. — This organ is located just above, and partly 
 behind, secret. Or thus : when the head is erect, cautious, 
 will be found upon the sides of the head, just back of a per- 
 pendicular line passing through the opening of the ears 
 
 12. APPROBATIVENESS. 
 
 Love of the approbation of men — sense of character — 
 desire for the favourable estimation, and the good opinion, 
 of others — ambition for distinction and popularity — love 
 of fame, <fyc. 
 
 Certain actions are considered praiseworthy, while others 
 are considered disgraceful, which proves that the mind is so 
 constituted as to approve of some things, and disapprove of 
 others. Hence, we infer the existence of a distinct faculty 
 which exercises this class of functions, and the facts that the 
 strength of this class of functions is various, being energetick 
 in some, and weak in others — that it is manifested in propor* 
 
MH8 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 tion to the development of a certain portion of the brain— 
 and that it is an instinctive and intuitive, and not secondary, 
 exercise of the mind, and that it is unique and homogeneous 
 in its character, establish the conclusion, that it is the pro- 
 duct of a distinct faculty of the mind. 
 
 This faculty does not decide what actions are praisewor- 
 thy and what are not, but only arraigns the actions before 
 such a standard as may have been settled upon by custom, by 
 the dictates of the other faculties, by the passions, &c, and 
 praises or blames, according as they do, or do not, conform to 
 this standard. This standard has more or less reference to 
 the moral qualities of actions, and, doubtless, if left to act in 
 conjunction with a full and equal development of the other 
 faculties, particularly of conscien., and if it were not warped 
 by education, or the customs of society, would approve those 
 actions which are moral, and frown upon those that are 
 immoral. Yet such is the influence of custom and of " the 
 fashions" in this matter, that the decisions of this faculty are 
 not, in the least, to be relied upon as a standard of virtue. 
 Properly trained, it would promote decency and propriety of 
 appearance and manners ; yet, as now manifested, it oftener 
 produces the most disagreeable, not to say, sinful, actions, 
 under the sanction of fashion. Its influence, however, in 
 promoting morality and refinement, and in preventing vice 
 by censuring it, is very great. 
 
 Large. — One having approbat. large, is extremely sensitive 
 upon every point connected with his honour, his character, 
 his reputation, &c, and, in all he does, will have an eye to 
 the approbation and the disapprobation of his fellow men ; 
 frequently asks himself, if not others, what do, or what will, 
 people think of this or that performance, course of conduct, 
 &c; is very desirous of being thought and spoken well of, 
 of being noticed and commended, esteemed, praised, and ad- 
 mired ; instinctively shrinks from whatever is considered 
 disgraceful; will be affable, courteous, polite, and mindful of 
 appearances, and frequently experience, in a very high de- 
 gree, the feelings of mortification and shame. 
 
 One having approbat. large, with adhes. large or very 
 large, will be extremely sensitive to the approbation and the 
 disapprobation, particularly of his friends; and with self-e. 
 moderate, and firm, only full, will be disposed to act in con- 
 formity with their wishes, lest he should incur their censure 
 or ridicule, which have a withering effect upon him ; and, 
 
APPROBATIVENESS. 109 
 
 with combat, and destruct. large in addition, will be too 
 quickly offended by any coldness or apparent neglect, and 
 too ready to construe any want of attention into dislike ; will 
 avenge his injured honour, and never allow any disgrace to 
 be attached to his character : with self-e. only full, benev., at 
 •east, large, combat., destruct., and secret, only full, individ., 
 event., lang., imitat., ideal., and compar. large or very large, 
 will be a perfect gentleman : with secret, large, and conscien. 
 moderate or small, will do things in secret which he would 
 not, for the world, have divulged; be governed far more 
 by the voice of publick opinion, than by the dictates of jus- 
 tice and conscience, and make the former, rather than the 
 latter, his code of morals ; but with conscien. larger than ap* 
 probat., will fall in with publick opinion so far as he con- 
 siders it right, but no farther, and, with combat, also large, 
 will not only breast publick opinion with boldness, but will 
 glory in facing the frown of men while engaged in what he 
 considers a righteous cause: with benev. large, will add to 
 his strong desire to please those around him, a strong desire 
 to make them happy, which together will make him doubly 
 obliging and attentive to the wants of others: with cautious., 
 secret., ven., and conscien. large or very large, and self-e. 
 small, will have a very strong desire to please, and, also, 
 great anxiety lest he should not succeed in pleasing; feel a 
 great deference, especially for superiours in age, talents, &c; 
 possess a feeling of his own unworthiness and inferiority ; 
 and also of reserve, which together produce extreme diffi- 
 dence and backwardness ; a natural shrinking from exposure ; 
 and a bashful feeling, from which, when he is among stran- 
 gers, he will suffer intolerably : with combat., destruct., self-e., 
 firm., ideal., individ., event., and lang. large, and compar. 
 and caus. very large, will possess, not only a high order of 
 talent, but, also, that restless ambition for distinction and fame 
 which will spur him on to use his utmost efforts to attain pre- 
 eminence, and thus enable him to distinguish himself, par- 
 ticularly for his intellectual qualities: with cautious, and 
 conscien. very large, secret, full, and the intellectual organs 
 large, will fear to be noticed, lest he should be reproached ; 
 appear before the publick with extreme reluctance; shrink 
 from the popular gaze ; sometimes feel almost compelled to 
 abandon any undertaking in which he may be en- 
 gaged, and shrink from the thought of publick responsibility : 
 w r ith self-e. full or large, hope very large, combat., ideal., in- 
 10 
 
110 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 divid., lang., and compar. large, and conscien., ven., and caus. 
 only full, will take the other extreme ; be likely to put him- 
 self forward in conversation, debate, publick meetings, socie- 
 ties, parties, &c, be officious, vain, and conceited, and too apt 
 to meddle in affairs which belong to others : with ideal, very 
 large, caus. only full, and a smaller sized brain, will be a fash- 
 ionable dandy, who will devote himself chiefly to dress, eti- 
 quette, and tea-table talk, which will be without sense or point, 
 and, though he may pass well in fashionable society, will 
 be unable to think or reason upon subjects, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having approbat. very large, will re- 
 gard his character as the apple of his eye, and the approba- 
 tion of his fellow men as the idol of his heart ; will be with- 
 ered by the finger of scorn or the breath of slander ; unable 
 to bear up under ridicule, and be ever goaded by a morbid 
 sensibility to shame and reproach. One having approbat. 
 very large, with self e. large, caus. only full, and a brain of 
 only ordinary size, will be both proud and vain ; inclined to be 
 very ceremonious, merely for effect, and for the sake of appear- 
 ances ; affected in his manners ; excessively eager for fame, 
 and ever fishing for popularity, yet destitute of the talents re- 
 quisite to obtain his desires ; and, with ideal, very large, will 
 be a gay, dressy, showy, affected, ceremonious fop or belle, 
 floating upon the surface, or following the wake, of popular 
 applause and fashion, and a perfect index of both, shifting, 
 like the weather-cock, with every changing breeze of pub- 
 lick opinion, &c. Under approbat. large, will be found ad- 
 ditional descriptions and combinations, which will apply to 
 approbat. very large, except that they are not sufficiently in- 
 tense. 
 
 Full. — One having approbat. full, will place a high esti- 
 mate upon his character, and be by no means indifferent as to 
 what may be thought and said of him, yet will sacrifice his 
 honour upon the altar of his stronger passions ; will possess 
 sufficient approbat. to create ambition, and a high sense of 
 honour, if not a strong desire to gain popularity, and yet, from 
 this motive alone, will not materially injure himself, nor will 
 he turn aside from the object he may be pursuing to pluck 
 the wreaths of popular applause ; may seek distinction, and, 
 indeed, manifest a strong desire or make great sacrifices to 
 obtain it, yet he will seek it, not chiefly as an end, but partly 
 as an end, and partly as a means ; will not be governed by 
 the voice of publick opinion, yet will not by any means, be 
 
APPROBATIVENESS. Ill 
 
 insensible to its dictates; and will so conduct as to secure the 
 good will of all, at least, as far as he can do so consistently 
 with the gratification and the demands of his other faculties, 
 yet no farther. 
 
 One having approbat. full, with adhes. large, will seek to 
 please his friends, and, to escape their displeasure, in doing 
 this, will sometimes even go farther than he ought: with 
 large or very large firm., self.e., and conscien., and full com- 
 bat, will first please himself, faithfully discharge his duty, 
 and seek honour as a secondary object ; will be sufficiently 
 condescending and affable to please all, and yet be too firm 
 and independent ever to be enticed from the path of rectitude 
 by the syren voice of popularity, or driven from it by the 
 lowering frown of popular proscription, or by the hoarse 
 voice of publick censure ; will not eagerly adopt all the ridic- 
 ulous whims of " fashion," because " everybody else does so," 
 nor yet be so inattentive to what is generally approved as to be 
 singular, and, without cause, to incur the displeasure of any 
 one : with combat., destruct, amat., self-e., and ven. full, benev., 
 conscien., ideal., adhes., mirth., imitat, lang., and the rea* 
 soning organs large or very large, will be a favourite, go 
 where he will ; will please all, and yet command respect from 
 all ; be neither stubborn nor obsequious ; will be pleasing, dig- 
 nified, and popular in his manners, and reasonably condescend- 
 ing, yet sufficiently independent; and, without attempting to 
 do so, will readily enlist the good will and the affections of 
 all, and especially of the other sex. The combinations under 
 approbat. large, modified by a diminution of the influence of 
 approbat., will apply to approbat. full. They will be inter- 
 mediate between those under approbat. large, and approbat. 
 moderate. 
 
 The direction taken by approbat. full, large, or very large, 
 and the objects upon which it fastens, are determined by its 
 combinations, and, also, by the circumstances in which the 
 individual has been educated. For example; approbat. full, 
 large, or very large, combined with large or very large com- 
 bat, and destruct., and educated in a warlike community, 
 would fasten, for its object, upon warlike exploits, upon intre- 
 pidity, bravery, and, perhaps, even upon acts of bloodshed, 
 or create in its possessor, a desire to be considered the best 
 boxer, pugilist, wrestler, &c.: with aliment, very large, to be 
 noted for the quantity he can eat or drink: with large con- 
 struct., ideal, and imitat., to be considered the best median- 
 
112 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 ick, or create a mechanical ambition : with large or very 
 large moral organs, will create a moral ambition, and desire 
 to be distinguished for morality ', for piety, for honesty, 
 and for a correct, if not religious, walk and conversation : 
 with ideal, moderate* and conscien. and ven. large or very 
 large, will create no desire to obtain the kind of distinction 
 and approbation awarded to fine clothes, splendour of equi- 
 page, the pomp of riches, &c., yet will place the highest es- 
 timate upon the approbation awarded to a moral, virtuous, 
 and religious life: with very large ideal., mirth., compar., 
 and caus., the perceptive organs generally large, and the 
 propensities only full, will seek distinction as a wit, a poet, 
 an orator, a scholar, a writer, or for his intellectual, rather 
 than his physical or animal, qualities, &c. 
 
 Moderate. — One having approbat. moderate, will not be 
 materially influenced by what others may think of him or 
 his actions ; will not be particularly emulous nor ambitious, 
 nor care much for reproach and ridicule, &c. One having 
 approbat. moderate, with firm, and self-e. large or very large, 
 and ven. moderate, will be too austere and too independent 
 to give general satisfaction, and lack the condescension requi- 
 site to become popular and be generally beloved, and, even if 
 his talents are such as to place him in stations of trust and 
 publick observation, he will have many enemies, and, when- 
 ever duty, or judgment, or interest demands it, will do just 
 what he chooses to do, whether his conduct be approved or 
 censured, even though he knows it will bring down publick 
 odium upon his head, 
 
 Small. — One having approbat. small, will experience but 
 little shame; be comparatively insensible to ridicule and re- 
 proach; and indifferent whether his conduct, appearance, ex- 
 pressions, &c, please or displease. One having approbat. 
 small, with large intellectual and simi-intellectual organs, 
 may possess commanding talents, yet will have too little ambi- 
 tion, and too little love of fame, to exert and apply his powers, 
 &c. The combinations under approbat. small, will be the 
 reverse of those under approbat. full, large, or very large, so 
 far as these phenomena are the product of these several states 
 of its development. 
 
 Perhaps no faculty is more frequently perverted, or more 
 injurious in its operation, especially upon the virtuous poor, 
 than approbat. The rich, in order to gratify this passion, 
 " have sought out many inventions" by which to distinguish 
 
SELF-ESTEEM. 113 
 
 themselves from the poor, and attract attention ; and the poor 
 exhaust all their powers to follow in the footsteps of the 
 rich, and in doing this, they even take their bread out of their 
 mouths. The rich, finding themselves partially imitated, 
 change the fashion, and are again followed by the poor. 
 Thus it is that a vast amount of time, and labour, and com- 
 fort, and, it might be safely added, of virtue, too, is worse 
 than wasted. This evil is daily augmenting, and the pros- 
 pect of a reform daily diminishing. It holds an equal sway 
 in the church and in the state, polluting the holy garments 
 of the one, and destroying the liberty and the virtue of the 
 other. The tyranny with which it rides over the necks of 
 men, is a hundred fold more despotick than ever tyrant sway- 
 ed over his subjects; and nowhere does it hold so cruel a des- 
 potism, and rule with such an iron sceptre, as in this our boast- 
 ed land of freedom and equal rights. Here, one must not 
 speak out boldly his honest sentiments — must not do this, and 
 must do that, because, forsooth, to do otherwise will be un- 
 popular, and whatever is unpopular, is proscribed, and visited 
 with a frown as deadly and as withering in its effects as the 
 samiel winds of the Arabian desert. But, so long as men 
 will follow, and submit to, so fickle and so tyrannical a dame 
 as fashion, they need not complain of u hard times,'' 1 and of 
 the ten thousand miseries which she heaps upon the devoted 
 heads of her subjects. 
 
 Location. — Approbat. is located between cautious, and 
 self-e. See location of self-e. 
 
 13. SELF-ESTEEM. 
 
 Self-respect — self-confidence — self-complacency and sat- 
 isfaction — high-mindedness — independence — nobleness — love 
 of liberty and freedom. 
 
 The proper office of this faculty is to create, in the bosom 
 of its possessor, a good opinion of himself; of his own char- 
 acter and opinions, and of whatever belongs to, or proceeds 
 from, himself; to beget an esteem and respect for himself; 
 to feel satisfied with himself, and unwilling to change his 
 identity and mental qualities for those of another ; to give a 
 manly tone to the character and turn to the conduct, and a 
 dignified, erect attitude and bearing to the person, and thus, 
 to exert an important influence in elevating and ennobling the 
 character of man. And what is still more important, it gives 
 10* 
 
ll 14 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 that innate love of personal liberty and independence, and of 
 religious freedom, so deeply seated in the nature of man, and 
 so conducive to his virtue and happiness, which constitutes 
 the sole foundation of his free institutions, civil rights, and 
 religious privileges, and inspires him with an aversion to 
 every thing connected with arbitrary authority, despotick 
 rule, or religious intolerance, and gives him that spirit of re- 
 sistance to such things, which no despotism can destroy, no 
 arbitrary authority crush or long subdue. 
 
 The proof of the existence of this faculty, as a separate 
 and primary mental power, is derived from the same data 
 which establishes the existence of the other faculties. 
 
 Large. — One having self-e. large, will be independent, 
 and place a high value upon himself: feel that whatever he 
 thinks or does, is well thought and done; throw himself back 
 upon his own unaided resources, and rely upon his own judg- 
 ment and strength ; will never knowingly degrade or demean 
 himself; aspire at something commanding ; never be content 
 to be dependent or to serve^but rather aspire to be himself a 
 leader and commander of others; will despise and detest 
 meanness, and shrink from it ; and assume an appearance of 
 dignity and manliness, calculated to command respect. 
 
 The manifestations of self-e. take their character chiefly 
 from the combinations of this faculty with the other facul- 
 ties. For example ; combined with large or very large com- 
 bat., destruct., and firm., and with only moderate or full con- 
 soien., ven., benev., and reasoning faculties, it makes one 
 haughty, domineering, overbearing,, dogmatical, arbitrary, 
 egotistical, arrogant, authoritative, conceited, and extremely 
 selfish, while the same amount of self-e., combined w T ithonly 
 full combat, and destruct, and with very large benev. and 
 reasoning organs, large conscien., ideal, ven., and perceptive 
 faculties, and a large brain, will impart to the character a 
 commanding dignity, a nobleness, a high-toned sense of hon- 
 our, an elevation, and authority which cannot but command 
 universal respect and admiration ; which scorn a vulgar, 
 common, or trifling act or expression ; and impart an air of 
 greatness and magnanimity to the whole man. 
 
 One having self-e. large, with amat. and adhes. large, may 
 love strongly and tenderly, especially when his love is in 
 harmony with his ideas of propriety, yet will never sacrifice 
 his independence to his love, nor break down under the pres- 
 sure of blighted affections : with the domestick organs gene- 
 
SELF-ESTEEM. 115 
 
 ra?ij large, will love his family, yet make them obey him : 
 with acquis, full or large, will place a high estimate upon 
 what he possesses, upon his horse, his farm, his etcet. : with 
 combat, large, and firm, large or very large, will pursue his 
 own straightforward course, and will not be dictated to ; is 
 disposed to lead, and to push himself forward; feels that 
 he is as good and as worthy as anybody else: with cautious, 
 large, in order to form his own judgment, may sometimes 
 ask advice, and then follow it or not, according as it does, or 
 does not, coincide with his own views ; and will be so solicit- 
 ous about every thing which is likely to affect him, and so 
 fearful lest, in some way, he should lower himself down, 
 that he may, at times, be disconcerted, and diffident, and ap- 
 pear awkward and unbending in his manners: with combat, 
 and destruct. large, and conscien. only full, will experience 
 strong indignation at every word or deed calculated to throw 
 him into the shade, or derogatory to his character ; and will 
 guard, with a jealous eye, his liberty, his personal preroga- 
 tives, and whatever belongs to him, &c. : with compar. and 
 caus. only full, witt make greater pretensions to knowledge 
 and talent than he is in reality able to sustain and fulfil ; and, 
 with only a middling-sized brain, thinks and talks much 
 more of himself than others do of him ; pushes himself for- 
 ward where he is not wanted; and is proud, egotistical, and 
 self-important: with combat, and destruct. full, benev., hope, 
 ideal., individ., event., and lang. large, and compar. and caus. 
 very large, accompanied with a large and an active brain, 
 will not only possess talents of a high order, but will so em- 
 ploy them as to cut a bold and commanding figure wherever 
 he moves, and add to it that weight and force of character, 
 that dignity, and magnanimity of feeling, which will com- 
 mand an extensive influence in the world; advance him to 
 some commanding station, and enable him to sustain himself 
 in it with great ability and dignity ; will place such unbound- 
 ed confidence in himself, and also have such towering ambi- 
 tion, that he will attempt great things, and also have the tal- 
 ent requisite to carry them through ; will not be satisfied with 
 ordinary attainments, but will grasp at some great, some im- 
 posing object, and aspire to pre-eminence ; wall aim high ; 
 never trifle with himself, nor allow others to trifle with him ; 
 and be emphatically magnanimous, yet not manifest pride or 
 haughtiness, merely because he has too much good sense to 
 
116 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 do so. The same combination of other organs, with self-e. 
 very large, will produce the same result. 
 
 Very large. — One having self-e. very large, willingly 
 assumes the responsibility, will think too much of himself, 
 of his opinions, plans, judgment, &c; and, with combat, 
 large, and caus. and conscien. only moderate, will be likely 
 to be regardless of the frown and of the favour of men ; 
 deaf to reproof; liable to have many enemies; intractable, 
 bold, proud, haughty, domineering, forward, conceited, jeal- 
 ous, austere, and repulsive ; to be blind to his faults, and un- 
 able to see his errours, be they ever so glaring, because he 
 will feel that he is well nigh infallible ; will look down with 
 a kind of contempt upon the great mass of his fellow men, 
 and treat even his equals as though they were his inferiours ; 
 will be extremely ambitious to obtain power, and also arbi- 
 trary in its exercise ; insensible to the shafts of ridicule, 
 thinking that surely he cannot be intended ; by his manner 
 and expression, will give an air of consequence and import- 
 ance to what he says; with approbat. moderate or small, and 
 firm, large or very large, will be perfectly independent ; will 
 go straight forward in his own way, follow his own judg- 
 ment, and defy the consequences, &c. Many of the combi- 
 nations under self-e. large, will apply to self-e. very large. 
 
 Full. — One having self-e. full, will think well of him- 
 self, yet, when benev., conscien., and caus. are large or very 
 large, his self-e. will manifest itself in creating a manly, no- 
 ble, self-respectful feeling, which will prevent him from do- 
 ing anything beneath himself ; will be sufficiently conde- 
 scending, yet not servile, and enabled and disposed to pay a 
 due respect, not only to himself, but also to his fellow -men ; 
 will possess sufficient force and weight of character to do a 
 good business and sustain himself; to mingle dignity with 
 condescension and talent, and so conduct himself as to be 
 generally respected ; will neither assume too much to him- 
 self, nor yield too much to others ; and will maintain his 
 rights and his self-respect, so that others can have no face to 
 trifle with or trample upon him, and yet, will not be haughty 
 or conceited. 
 
 Moderate.— One having self-e. moderate, places too low 
 an estimate upon himself, upon his own judgment, and is too 
 ready to give in to the judgment of others ; will lack the re- 
 quisite independence, manliness, high-mindedness, and self- 
 confidence to beat his own way through life, and will suffer 
 
SELF-ESTEEM. 117 
 
 from a feeling of unworthiness ; will fear to trespass upon 
 the attention of others, and not possess an influence equal to 
 his character and talents, merely because he does not as- 
 sume enough to himself. One having self-e. moderate, with 
 combat., firm., and conscien. large or very large, will possess 
 genuine firmness of character, and much moral courage, yet 
 will seldom manifest them in bold relief, except when under 
 excitement, or in the defence of moral principle, or the cause 
 of virtue, or in doing what he considers to be his duty : with 
 firm, only full, may be too easily led aw r ay, and too ready to 
 ask and to follow advice, and too obsequious, especially if 
 cautious, is large or very large: with large intellectual 
 faculties, may possess talents of a high order, yet, from want 
 of self-confidence and boldness to pretend to considerable, and 
 in consequence of occasionally letting himself down in his 
 expressions and appearance, and trifling with himself and 
 with others, will have much less influence than he might 
 have if possessed of more self-e., &c. 
 
 Small. — One having self-e. small, will sink into compar- 
 ative insignificance in his own estimation, and be tormented 
 with a feeling of unworthiness and inferiority ; will feel too 
 humble and submissive, and too dependant and diminutive, 
 which will still be increased by large ven. and conscien. ; 
 will underrate himself, his judgment, his talents, &c, and, 
 therefore, be undervalued by others ; will make himself too 
 common and familiar, and associate so much with inferiours, 
 that he will fail to command general respect and confidence ; 
 will be too trifling in his manners and expressions ; more apt 
 to follow than to lead ; and too modest and backward to ap- 
 pear well; and will not be likely to advance himself to some 
 bold and commanding position, and maintain himself in it, 
 even though, with large ideal, and intellectual organs, and a 
 large brain, his talents may be abundantly sufficient for that 
 purpose ; yet, with firm, very large, will nevertheless be de 
 termined, persevering, &c. 
 
 Very Small. — One having self-e. very small, with con- 
 scien. and cautious, very large, will be always dissatisfied 
 with, and have a miserable opinion of, himself, and all he 
 does ; and, with hope only moderate, fear to attempt any 
 thing which involves responsibility, lest he should fail to do 
 all that may be required of him ; will feel ashamed to hold 
 up his head, or look his fellow-men in the face ; and be al- 
 ways condemning himself. 
 
118 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Location. — Self-e. is located on the mesial line of the 
 head, about half an inch above the union of the lambdoidal 
 sutures, and directly back of firm.; or, in the middle of the 
 superiour-inferiour portion of the head, at an angle of about 
 forty-five degrees with the plane of the base of the skull. 
 Approbat. is located on the two external sides of it, and cau- 
 toius. beyond approbat., in the same range. 
 
 The existence of this faculty demonstrates the position, that 
 the feeling or principle of liberty and of equal rights, is in- 
 alienable, and inherent in the very nature and constitution of 
 man ; that, therefore, it can no more be destroyed than hunger, 
 or love ; that a purely republican and demoeratick form of 
 government is the only one adapted to the nature of man, and 
 the*only one calculated to secure universal satisfaction and 
 happiness ; and that the subjugation of man by his fellow-man, 
 is an open violation of the principles of human nature. If 
 our rulers only understood this principle of our nature, and 
 if all the landmarks and all the regulations of government 
 only proceeded upon it, subjection and servitude, in all those 
 ten thousand forms which they assume in society, would be 
 at once abolished. By creating every man free to choose or 
 refuse the evil or the good, God allows every man to govern 
 himself; and, surely, then, men ought to allow one another to 
 govern themselves, subject, however, in the latter case, as they 
 are in the former, to those regulations which are necessary 
 to the general good, and, also, to be " rewarded according to 
 their deeds." 
 
 There is no danger that this feeling will ever be extin- 
 guished ; but, in case the subjugation and servitude of man, in 
 any form, should be carried to a very great length, there 
 is danger, ay, a moral certainty, of a revolution, and a rev- 
 olution, too, attended with a violence proportionate to the 
 pressure laid upon it In this country, there is no likelihood, 
 nor scarcely a possibility, of a despotick form of government, 
 but there is danger of a moneyed despotism — of aristocratick 
 monopolies, and of the powerful 7 s tyrannizing over the weak, 
 and because they are poor or friendless. This same love 
 of being free ourselves, and of ruling ourselves, reaches still 
 farther, and desires to govern others. Slowly but surely, as 
 it were, in the insinuating, yet resistless, folds of the Boa 
 Constrictor, is this serpentine aristocracy subduing and sub- 
 jugating, by piece-meal, particularly the virtuous and the 
 talented poor of our country ; and, should things progress^ 
 
FIRMNESS. 119 
 
 for sixty years to come, as they have done since the Revolu- 
 tion, this nation, the birthplace and the cradle of liberty, 
 will be ruled by an aristocracy, not of government, but of 
 monopoly, of wealth, &c, far more tyrannical than any na- 
 tion under heaven. But, thanks to the great Author of our 
 being, man's nature is unalterable ; the spirit of Seventy-six, 
 and the love of liberty, will live and will increase, and wo be 
 to those that ride over it. The great doctrine of human 
 rights — of liberty — of free government — of " INDEPEND- 
 ENCE," will iive and spread, and root up, and trample 
 down, every vestige of tyranny, of aristocracy, and of ser- 
 vitude. 
 
 14. FIRMNESS. 
 
 Stability — decision of character — fixedness of purpose — 
 desire to continue — aversion to change. 
 
 The necessity of some faculty, to which to refer that stead- 
 fastness, perseverance, and unwillingness to relinquish what 
 has been undertaken, which are so indispensable to success, 
 and so common phenomena of the human mind, is too ob- 
 vious to need comment ; and the frequent instances of down- 
 right obstinacy, and of blind adherence to what has been 
 adopted, and solely because it has been adopted, afford con- 
 clusive evidence of the existence of firm, as a primary faculty 
 of the human mind. 
 
 Large. — One having firm, large, will be so stable, de- 
 cided, determined, &c, that he may be relied upon; and 
 be very unwilling to change his plans, opinions, purposes, 
 course of conduct, or whatever he undertakes or adopts. One 
 having firm, large, with combat., destruct., and self-e. full 
 or large, will add perseverance to stability, and not only hold 
 on to his plans to the last, but, also, drive them forward with 
 great determination through opposing difficulties : with self-e. 
 large or very large, is so sure and certain that he is right, 
 that there will be the greatest difficulty in convincing him 
 that he is wrong, or in turning him from his purposes ; yet, 
 if the reasoning organs are very large, he may listen to 
 strong and conclusive arguments : with cautious, large, may 
 seem to waver, and to lack decision of purpose, but this will 
 be the case only before he has fully decided, and openly com- 
 mitted himself, and when his fear is so active as to overcome 
 his firmness : with hope very large, and cautious, only mode- 
 
120 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 rate, may start on foot so many new projects as to appear 
 fickle, yet the phenomena will proceed rather from an excess 
 of hope, than from a deficiency of firm. : with adhes. and 
 benev. very large, may be easily persuaded, or led, espe- 
 cially by friends, yet cannot be driven the least : with com- 
 bat., destruct., self-e., hope, and caus. large or very large, not 
 only holds on to his own opinions and plans with great tena- 
 city, but also drives forward whatever he undertakes with 
 great energy, and can be turned aside or driven from his pur- 
 poses only by compulsion or impossibilities ; is pre-eminently 
 persevering, if not really obstinate, ancTis well qualified to 
 complete what he undertakes : with the perceptive organs, at 
 least, full, the reasoning organs very large, and cautious, 
 large, will lay his plans for a long time to come, and pursue 
 a preconcerted, systematick course of action, and thus effect 
 important objects; may take some time to make up his mind, 
 yet will seldom change it ; will be slow in undertaking, but 
 unchanging in executing; and may always be relied upon: 
 with combat, and self-e. large, ven. moderate, and the reasoning 
 organs only full, will not be open to conviction, nor feel the 
 force of reasons urged against him, but will blindly and tena- 
 ciously adhere to his opinions and determinations, and seem 
 to be much more firm than he really is, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having firm, very large, will be 
 likely to be obstinate, if not really stubborn ; and, with self-e. 
 large, will be unbending, and yield only to dire necessity or 
 compulsion; and, when he has once committed himself, will 
 turn comparatively a deaf ear to the voice of entreaty, of 
 threatening, of reason, and even of interest, and all for no 
 other reason than because he will or will not ; with hope 
 and combat, also large, will boldly encounter the greatest 
 difficulties ; " hope against hope ;" and possess the greatest 
 fortitude, and the most unbending determination : with self 3. 
 large, cautious, moderate, and caus. only full, will make up 
 his mind at once, and upon a partial view of the subject, 
 and then absolutely refuse to change it ; will think himself 
 willing to see his errours and listen to reasonable advice, while 
 the doors of his mind will be barred and bolted against every 
 thing designed or calculated to convince or turn him ; and 
 may be called blindly obstinate and mulish : with the reason- 
 ing organs large, will be loath, and even sometimes refuse, to 
 change, when his reason tells him that he ought to do so, yet 
 may be influenced by very strong motives, and very urgent 
 
FIRMNESS. 121 
 
 reasons: but, if the moral and reasoning faculties predomi- 
 nate over the selfish, firm, will seldom manifest itself in 
 downright obstinacy. The combinations under firm, large, 
 modified by an increase of the influence of firm., will apply 
 to firm, very large, 
 
 Full. — One having firm, full, will possess, except in a 
 less energetick and apparent degree, those qualities ascribed 
 to firm, large, with this important exception, that he will be 
 much more liable to abandon his purposes, and appear to be 
 changeable, not because firm, is absolutely/ deficient, but be- 
 cause the other more powerful faculties cause it to yield to 
 their demands. When, therefore, his other faculties which 
 are large or very large, act in conjunction with his firm,, 
 he will be so firm as to be thought obstinate, but, when his 
 larger faculties act in opposition to firm., he will manifest 
 fickleness. For example ; one having firm, full, aided by 
 large combat, and self-e., (which add self-confidence and re- 
 sistance to firmness,) and, also, by bright hopes of success, will 
 show a great amount of decision and perseverance, especially 
 when his feeling of resistance is awakened; but, when hope 
 is very large, he will be likely to become dissatisfied with 
 his present situation and success, and to grasp eagerly at any 
 new object to which his hope may allure him : with cau- 
 tious, very large, and combat, only moderate, will often fear 
 to proceed, and be irresolute, because he fancies there is 
 "some lion in the way:" with self-e. small, will have so lit- 
 tle confidence in himself, that he will be unwilling to trust 
 his own judgment, and thus too often listen to advice : with 
 approbat. very large, may frequently vary his course in order 
 to adapt himself to publick opinion : with cautious, large, and 
 caus. and compar. very large, will generally decide and pro- 
 ceed so judiciously as seldom to need to change ; yet, in almost 
 any combination, the individual will maintain his opinions, 
 however he may change his flans and course of conduct. 
 
 Firm, full, large, or very large, acts with the greatest 
 vigour in combination with the other faculties that are most 
 energetick. For example; one having firm, of a given size, 
 with adhes. very large, and acquis, small, will be more con- 
 stant in his adherence to friends than to money-making pur- 
 suits in proportion as his adhes. is more vigorous than his 
 acquis.: with combat, large and philopro. small, will have 
 very little patience or perseverance with regard to children^ 
 yet will manifest great determination, and even obstinacy 
 11 
 
122 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 when his spirit of resistance is kindled : with the intellectua- 
 organs large and self-e. small, will persevere in his literary 
 pursuits, yet will be too easily made to believe that he is 
 wrong, and too easily led, &c. 
 
 Moderate. — One having firm, moderate, will be likely to 
 be inconstant, changeable, and fluctuating in his character ; to 
 be doing one thing to-day, and another to-morrow, and can- 
 not be depended upon. One having firm, moderate, with ad- 
 hes. large or very large, will love his friends ardently for the 
 time being, yet frequently change friends for slight causes, 
 loving those who a re last and untned,the best : with combat, and 
 destruct. large, in the prosecution of his plans, may drive all 
 before him for awhile, yet will soon change his course ; may 
 be bold and courageous in the onset, yet will fail to carry the 
 matter out, or execute his threats : with approbat. large, and 
 self-e. only moderate, will do much as he is told to do ; follow 
 the advice of every one ; and be always shifting to adapt him- 
 self to circumstances: with cautious, large or very large, will 
 be always " halting between two opinions,'' and always unde- 
 termined as to his plan of operation: with the intellectual 
 organs generally large, may be a rapid, but will not be a 
 persevering, scholar; will have a thorough and profound 
 knowledge of no branch of science ; and allow trifles to di- 
 vert him from his purposes. 
 
 Small. — One having firm, small, will begin many things, 
 yet complete very few ; cannot be depended upon ; will be 
 fickle, unstable, inconstant in every thing, &c; may sow 
 much, yet will not remain to reap the fruits of his labours, 
 and thus bring to pass very little. The combinations under 
 firm, moderate, modified by a still farther reduction of the 
 influence of firm., will apply to firm, small. 
 
 Very small. — When firm, is very small, the subject will 
 be the sport of the other faculties. 
 
 Location. — Firm, is located in the back part of the top 
 of the head. When the head is erect, a perpendicular line, 
 drawn from the external opening of the ear to the top of 
 the head, will pass through the anterior portion of the organ. 
 It is usually the highest portion of the American and tbe 
 English head. In the cut of the head of Aurelia Chase, it 
 is very large. 
 
MORAL AND RELIGIOUS FACULTIES. 123 
 
 SPECIES II. — Moral and Religious Faculties. 
 
 Man has always been considered " a religious animal." 
 It will hardly be denied that, aside from his " love of money," 
 and the means employed to obtain it, religion of some kind, 
 and religion in some form, have constituted, and still consti- 
 tute, one of the leading, not to say, all-absorbing, objects of 
 human contemplation and pursuit. Scarcely a single nation 
 or tribe of men has ever been known to exist, whose religion 
 did not enter into, if not even constitute, the very texture of 
 all the habits and the character of that nation or tribe. Take 
 away the religion of the Hindoo, of the Asiatick nations, of 
 the Ethiopian race, of the tawny sons of our western wilds, 
 of the European nations or of their descendants in America, 
 or, indeed, of any other "nation, or kindred, or tongue under 
 heaven," and, with Micah, they w r ould at once exclaim, " Ye 
 have taken away my gods: what have I more?" And, so 
 long as the nature of man remains unchanged, there is no 
 possibility of his being less religious than he always has been. 
 We have to fear only that his religious doctrines will be er- 
 roneous, and his religious life and practices therefore incor- 
 rect; or, in other words, ^hat his moral faculties will make 
 him immoral. To avoid this evil, and to secure one of the 
 greatest of blessings, namely, a correct religious belief and 
 practice, let him fully analyze his religious faculties, and 
 adopt those practices which they clearly point out. 
 
 Now, reason teaches us, that the nature of man must neces- 
 sarily be in perfect harmony with the moral government of 
 God, and with the moral constitution of the universe; and, if 
 phrenology is true, tbe morality it inculcates, must necessarily 
 be in perfect harmony with the nature of man: so that, upon 
 the principle that any two things which are each like a third, 
 are, therefore, like each other,, it follows, that the moral prin- 
 ciples of phrenology must be in perfect harmony with the 
 moral principles and constitution of the universe; because 
 each is in harmony w ith the nature of man. And, as the 
 moral government of God must be in harmony with both the 
 moral character and attributes of the Deity, and, also, with 
 his natural kingdom, it follows, that phrenology, if true, 
 must be in perfect harmony with the natural and the moral 
 government and attributes of the great Creator and Governour 
 of the universe. And if revelation is also true, its doctrines 
 and precepts must be in harmony with those taught by phre- 
 
124 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 nology. In other words; if revelation and phrenology are 
 both true, there must be a perfect harmony and coincidence 
 between the theology of phrenology, and the theology of 
 revelation. In this case, each would assist to explain and in- 
 terpret the other, and both together, would give a far more 
 perfect view of theology and religion, than either can do 
 separately. And if, through prejudice, or blindness, or wick- 
 edness, any one should pervert either, he may readily be 
 corrected by the other. 
 
 The authors are free to acknowledge, that they have more 
 hope that their fellow men will be brought to a correct 
 knowledge of the only true religion, and, also, to a right un- 
 derstanding and a proper application of revelation, through 
 the instrumentality of phrenology, than by any, if not every, 
 other means now in operation. The grounds of this hope 
 will be more fully presented in a subsequent chapter, in 
 which the theology of phrenology will be compared with 
 that of revelation, the phrenological answer given to the 
 question, " In what does true religion consist?" and the moral 
 and religious bearings of phrenology will be considered and 
 presented. 
 
 15. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 
 
 Moral 'principle — sense of justice — regard for duty — 
 feeling of moral accountability \ incumbency, and obliga- 
 tion — perception of the right and the wrong of feelings 
 and conduct. 
 
 The proposition that man is a moral and accountable 
 agent — that he is governed by moral laws, and is capable of 
 taking cognizance of the morality, or the right and the 
 wrong, of feelings and conduct, and of performing actions and 
 exercising feelings which are virtuous and vicious, and, as 
 such, rewardable and punishable, is susceptible of demonstra- 
 tion by an appeal to the moral feelings of almost every in- 
 dividual of the human race. How often do men, when they 
 are conscious of having done wrong, feel guilty and con- 
 demned, and deserving of punishment ? This cannot be the 
 result of education, nor of circumstances, for, without a fac- 
 ulty for exercising this class of functions, men could no more 
 be taught to feel guilty than they could be taught to see 
 without eyes, or to breathe without lungs. And, since this 
 class of functions is entirely distinct from every other class, 
 
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 125 
 
 is homogeneous in its character, and has for its end a very- 
 important object, and, above all, since it is always found to 
 be manifested in proportion to the development of a given 
 portion of the brain, it follows, that it is performed by a dis- 
 tinct faculty of the mind, or by a mental power which is in- 
 nate, and which forms a constituent part of the human mind. 
 
 This being the case, it follows, that man's mind is consti- 
 tuted with a direct reference to certain abstract and first 
 principles of right and justice. This is rendered evident 
 from the fact, that every portion of the universe of God, is in 
 perfect harmony with, and also adapted to, every other por- 
 tion of it. Now, since the mind of man forms a part of this 
 universe, and is, therefore, in perfect harmony and consist- 
 ency with every other part of it, and since this same mind is 
 likewise moulded and constituted with direct reference to, and 
 proceeds upon, certain first principles of right and justice, it 
 follows, that the whole system of things, or the whole uni- 
 verse of God, is also constituted with direct reference to, and 
 proceeds upon, these same principles of right and justice 
 upon which the human mind proceeds, or, in other words, 
 that the universe is a moral universe- — that God's govern- 
 ment recognises the morality and the immorality of feelings 
 and conduct, and that its Gbvernour rewards the one, and 
 punishes the other. 
 
 If there were no such thing as right and wrong, as virtue 
 and vice, as morality and immorality, why should the great 
 Author of nature tell us that some things are right, and 
 others wrong, by implanting in our very nature this moral 
 tribunal of right and wrong, and thus knowingly and egre- 
 giously deceive us? If there exist no first principles of 
 right and wrong, why should the mind of man be so formed 
 as to receive any such impressions ? or why should the hu- 
 man mind be adapted to that which does not exist ? 
 
 Thus, by physical demonstration, and the language of 
 facts, we are inevitably brought to the conclusion, that God's 
 government is a moral government — that, consequently, its 
 Govemour is a moral Governour, and that mankind are his 
 moral subjects. These are great and fundamental princi- 
 ples of morality and of ethicks, and, farthermore, principles 
 which have never before been fully established, unless, in- 
 deed, it should be maintained that a revelation which is 
 known, comparatively, to only a few, and believed in by fewer 
 11* 
 
k26 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 still, has established it by assuming it, and making it an 
 artiele of faith. 
 
 Large. — One having conscien. large., will have a clear and 
 an acute moral eye, and a ready perception of what is right 
 and what is wrong, both in himself and in others, and will 
 frequently, if not generally, direct his attention to this quality 
 of actions and feelings ; will consult duty rather than expe* 
 diency, and pursue the course which he considers right, even 
 though it may be in opposition to his interest ; will endeavour 
 to be honest and faithful in the discharge of his supposed ob- 
 ligations; will often feel guilty, and unworthy; be ready to 
 acknowledge his faults, and condemn himself for them ; will 
 strive to lead a moral, virtuous, and upright life; and possess 
 a thankful, and grateful heart. 
 
 One having conscien. large, with firm, also large, will 
 manifest firmness upon all occasions, but be particularly de- 
 cided and determined in every case of duty, or justice, or 
 right ; will take a firm stand upon the side of duty and 
 moral principle, and maintain it, even to extremity; and, with 
 combat, also large, will possess great moral courage, great 
 boldness to go forward in advocating and urging on the 
 cause of virtue or morality, and will also resolutely oppose 
 whatever he considers to be wrong or unjust ; with large de- 
 struct. and self-e. added to this combination, will not only 
 quickly notice, but be inclined severely to censure, whatever 
 he considers wrong; and, with self-e. very large, will be cen- 
 sorious, and severe in his reflections upon others: with firm., 
 caus., and compar. large, will regard the claims of duty and 
 justice as of primary importance, and discharge them at al- 
 most any hazard ; can be induced only with the greatest dif- 
 ficulty, and by the strongest temptations, knowingly and wil- 
 fully to violate them ; will make strenuous efforts to restrain 
 his immoral, and excite his moral, feelings; though he may 
 sometimes be overcome by his still stronger faculties, and led 
 into sin by them, yet will generally maintain the ascendency, 
 and experience deep remorse and repentance when he is sen- 
 sible of having swerved from the path of duty; and, unless 
 self-e. is very large, will readily acknowledge his faults : with 
 adhes. and benev. large or very large, secret, only moderate, 
 and destruct. and combat, only full, will mildly, yet faithfully, 
 reprove his friends; tell them their faults in a plain and can- 
 did, yet in a mild and feeling, manner, so as to do them the 
 greatest amount of good, and yet injure their feelings as lit- 
 
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 127 
 
 tie as possible ; closely watch over their moral conduct ; have 
 their good at heart, and, therefore, affectionately reprove 
 them ; but, with combat., destruct., and self-e. large, will be 
 rather harsh and censorious in his manner of administering 
 reproof; and, with secret, moderate or small, will find fault 
 with others when they do not conform to his own standard of 
 duty ; and, if firm, and self-e. are very large, and caus. and 
 benev. only full, will set up himself or his doctrines as the 
 only correct standard of truth and rectitude; pronounce judg- 
 ment upon the character of others ; be censorious and rigid 
 in his moral and religious views and practices, &c. : with be- 
 nev. large, and combat., caus., compar., hope, and self-e., at 
 least, full, will possess great moral courage ; will never tem- 
 porize upon questions of duty, but will stand up boldly and 
 resolutely in defence of morality and truth ; and, let conse- 
 quences be what they may, will never abandon them ; and 
 never fly from persecution in the cause of virtue and benev- 
 olence, but will boldly meet and face all opposition ; will not 
 forsake his ground ; will drive forward moral, and religious, 
 and benevolent enterprises with great energy ; go all lengths, 
 and make any sacrifices, in defence of moral principle, and 
 in securing or maintaining what he considers right, chiefly 
 on account of the principle involved in the matter, even 
 though the thing itself may be unimportant; and, if compar. 
 and caus. are very large, will be admirably qualified to distin- 
 guish himself as a moral and religious leader; to fill stations 
 of responsibility and trust, where judgment and talents are 
 required to be combined with integrity and energy of mind 
 and character : with large or very large selfish propensities, 
 and only moderate or full firm, and reasoning organs, will 
 struggle hard against his " easily besetting sins," yet be often 
 overcome by them ; will do many things of which he will 
 bitterly repent; will resolve on amendment, but again yield 
 to temptation : and alternate between sinning and repenting : 
 with very large cautious., in every case w<here he is not certain 
 what his duty is, will be so fearful of doing wrong as often 
 not to act at all, and thus fail to do right ; will frequently 
 tremble for fear of apprehended punishment; and, with large 
 or very large ven. in addition, will have high ideas of the 
 majesty, and holiness, and justice of the Deity ; be filled with 
 dread and awe while contemplating his character and works ; 
 have great fear of incurring his displeasure, and of being 
 visited with his judgment ; and, with hope moderate or small, 
 
128 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 little expectation of pardon, or, at least, many " doubts and 
 fears" concerning his salvation and future condition ; be giver* 
 to religious melancholy ; and have but feeble faith ; but, with 
 hope large, will look upon his Maker, not only as a sin-pun- 
 ishing, but also as a sm-forgivi?ig Godj generally have 
 strong Christian faith, and be solaced by hopes of pardon 
 through a Redeemer, yet experience occasional doubts : with 
 philopro. large, will love his children, yet their moral char- 
 acter and conduct will be the chief objects of his regard and 
 anxiety ; and, if benev. is large, and destruct. full, will 
 faithfully reprove, if not chastise, them for their faults : with 
 large caus. and compar., will first investigate subjects with ref- 
 erence to their moral character and bearings ; will take great 
 delight in tracing out the connexion between moral causes 
 and their effects — in reasoning upon the relations of man to his 
 Maker, of man to his fellow-man, and of man in all his rela- 
 tions as a moral and accountable being, &c; in investigating 
 the attributes and the character of the Deity, especially as ex- 
 hibited in his works ; in inquiring into the moral relations off 
 things, &c; and will appreciate the full force of moral infer- 
 ences : with compar. and caus. very large, will be a profound 
 and acute theologian, and with large concent., will take orig- 
 inal views of subjects, and be unable to leave any subject of 
 moral inquiry or research until he has run it out in all its bear- 
 ings ; will be exceedingly interested in moral philosophy, in 
 metaphysical and theological studies, &c. : with large or very 
 large combat, compar., and caus., will delight in discussing 
 religious and moral questions, &c. : with large self-e., and 
 very large firm., will reluctantly open his eyes upon his 
 faults, yet will then freely acknowledge them, and endeavour 
 to reform: with only full secret, and acquis., and large firm., 
 self-e., benev., and caus., and a large and active brain, will 
 never be guilty of either a mean, or a dishonest action ; will 
 be just, obliging, and faithful to his word, and possess true 
 moral worth in a high degree ; and, with only full combat, 
 and destruct., will be amiable: with approbat. very large, 
 will experience a morbid sensibility to shame, and, with large 
 ven., and only moderate self-e., will often sutler intolerably 
 from mingled feelings of guilt, unworthiness, and shame, and 
 be unable to look his fellow men in the face: with large or 
 very large benev. and adhes., and only full self e., will be 
 very grateful for favours received, and glad of an oppor- 
 tunity to return them; will feel strong attachment towards 
 
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS* 129 
 
 his benefactors, and think of them only with lively emotions 
 of gratitude and love; will be thankful to those who will 
 point out his faults to him ; be forgiving in his disposition, 
 especially when forgiveness is asked ; sincerely repent of 
 his sins, both of omission and of commission, weep over them, 
 and strive against committing more sin, &c. 
 
 The functions of the other faculties are often mistaken for 
 those of conscien., yet a close analysis will point out a radi- 
 cal difference between them ; and, since those who have the 
 least conscien., are the least sensible of their deficiency, and, 
 also, of the functions ascribed to it, they will be likely to give 
 themselves credit for much more conscien. than they actually 
 possess. 
 
 Very large. — One having conscien. very large, will 
 make morality and duty the pole-star of his life, and the 
 only guide of his conduct ; will not, for the world, knowing- 
 ly do wrong or injure another ; will make almost any sacri- 
 fice sooner than incur guilt ; is tormented with the mere sus- 
 picion of having done wrong or injured another ; frequently 
 experiences the feeling of remorse for things that are even 
 right ; bitterly repents and loathes himself when he is appre- 
 hensive that duty has been violated or neglected, and feels 
 miserable until he is sure that all is right again ; is even 
 scrupulously and unnecessarily exact in all his dealings ; 
 is constantly tormented and harassed by the goadings of a 
 guilty conscience ; and, when he has failed to fulfil any prom- 
 ises, feels condemned and unhappy, even though to have ful- 
 filled them was impossible. 
 
 One having conscien. very large, with benev. and ven. 
 large or very large, will experience the liveliest emotions of 
 gratitude to his bountiful Creator for favours received, and, 
 with adhes. large, to his fellow-men for acts of kindness, 
 and feel strong attachment to his benefactors: with approbat., 
 acquis., &c, only full, will sacrifice ease, property, happiness, 
 and friendship, if not every thing else, sooner than violate 
 his conscience: with large combat., will do what he consid- 
 ers right, regardless of consequences ; will be as bold and as 
 fearless as a lion in every case of duty, and in defending any 
 moral principle; and will make every thing in which he is 
 concerned, bend to his ideas of duty, and to those moral 
 principles by which he himself is governed : with moderate 
 or small self-e., shrinks from publick responsibility: with 
 ven. and cautious, very large, and hope and self-e. very small, 
 
130 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 contemplates the character of the Deity with the most pro- 
 found awe, mingled with dread and terrour, and himself as 
 sinful and unworthy in the extreme ; will tremble in view of 
 the punishment he believes to await him ; have few and feeble 
 hopes of pardon, and be driven to actual despair and religious 
 melancholy or mania, &c. 
 
 The combinations under conscien. large, modified by an 
 increase of the influence of conscien., will apply to conscien. 
 very large. It might also be added, that words cannot do 
 full justice to the character of this faculty, or to its influence 
 upon the moral conduct and feelings of its possessor. 
 
 Full. — One having conscien. full, will desire and en- 
 deavour to do right, and feel condemned when convinced of 
 having done wrong ; will recognise the claims of duty ; feel 
 his moral obligations, both to God and man; and, unless his 
 temptations, or, in other words, the solicitations of his strong- 
 er faculties, overcome the remonstrances of conscien., will be 
 honest and faithful, and live a virtuous, moral life, yet his 
 conscien. will have a great deal to struggle with, and some- 
 times lose the ascendency. 
 
 The manifestations of conscien. full, are governed by the 
 following general principle, namely, that one having con- 
 scien. full, with such an organization as would be favourable 
 to virtue and morality, or with the selfish faculties under the 
 control of the moral and reasoning faculties, especially if 
 placed in circumstances calculated to promote virtue, will be 
 likely to possess a high standard of virtue, and of moral feeling 
 and principle; but, with the selfish faculties generally larger 
 than conscien. and the other moral and the reasoning faculties, 
 especially if placed in circumstances calculated to urge him 
 into excesses, or to create defects, will possess conscien. too 
 feeble to turn the current of his stronger passions into a vir^ 
 tuous channel, or to supply his defects. Thus, one having 
 conscien. full, with large combat., and only moderate secret.,, 
 will be subject to ebullitions of passion, yet, a$ soon as the- 
 excitement of combat, has subsided, conscien. will create pun- 
 gent remorse and contrition : with large combat, anddestruct., 
 and only moderate acquis., may be often led into sin by bis 
 anger, yet will be perfectly honest in all his pecuniary trans- 
 actions: with large or very large acquis., adhes., and secret., 
 and only full caus. arid self-e., may frequently take the ad* 
 vantage of strangers, and be even dishonest in his pecuniary 
 transactions with mere acquaintmces % yet will never w~ r 
 
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 131 
 
 & friend, and will be likely to be honest in all his transac- 
 tions where love of gain does not entice him astray: with 
 only moderate acquis., and large or very large destruct., 
 combat., approbat., and secret., may defame his rivals with- 
 out a strict regard to truth, yet possess a moral character un- 
 exceptionable in other respects, &c. Accordingly, we find 
 many persons to be perfectly moral in their general charac- 
 ter, yet addicted to some grossly immoral, if not even vicious, 
 propensity — some "easily besetting sin:" and this one fault 
 is too often allowed to throw into the shade all their virtuous 
 qualities. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under conscien. large, 
 modified by a diminution of the influence of conscien., will 
 apply to conscien. full. 
 
 Moderate. — One having conscien. moderate, will expe- 
 rience fewer and feebler compunctions of conscience, and jus- 
 tify himself more than one with larger conscien.; will con- 
 sider the moral qualities of actions far less than he will their 
 effects upon himself; will frequently indulge his other facul- 
 ties to excess, and, also, fail to do his duty, and will not be 
 very particular to govern his feelings and his conduct by 
 any fixed standard of moral principle ; will consult expedi- 
 ency rather than duty ; and be less sensible of his faults, less 
 open to conviction, less clear in his discernment between 
 right and wrong, less correct in his reasoning upon religious 
 subjects, the character of God, and the moral relations of 
 man to man, and of man to his Maker, and will appreciate 
 moral inferences less, than one with larger conscien. 
 
 One having conscien. moderate, with very large self-e., 
 and large selfish organs generally, will be likely to make 
 such demands upon others as his interest may dictate, without 
 sufficient regard to what really belongs to him; and will not 
 experience lively emotions of gratitude for favours received, 
 because the feeling will be implanted in his mind that others 
 are under a kind of obligation to do whatever he may choose 
 to require of them : with large or very large self-e., adhes., and 
 benev., arid only moderate secret., may be perfectly honest 
 and unexceptionable in his moral conduct, yet will be so from 
 feelings of kindness or friendship, or because it will be mean 
 and degrading to do wrong ; will govern his conduct by prin- 
 ciples of nobleness, and do the honourable and the manly thing, 
 yet will seldom feel guilty, or do right from conscientious 
 6cruples: with large or very large approbat., will do right 
 
132 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 when to do wrong, would injure his reputation, or tarnish 
 his honour, yet, will do that which is wrong, and which large 
 conscien. would forbid, when such things are generally 
 approved; and do what is popular, without thinking or ca- 
 ring whether it is right or not : with very large adhes., and 
 benev., may be very kind, very affectionate, very willing to 
 do favours, &c; feel a great deal of sympathy for distress, 
 and show much tenderness of feeling, which are liable to be 
 mistaken for conscien., yet these feelings will not be ac- 
 companied with a deep sense of duty, of obligation, of grati- 
 tude, of moral principle, &c. : with large or very large 
 ven. and a religious education, may be devout, religiously 
 inclined, and, with cautious, large, fear to offend his Maker, 
 and, with the selfish faculties only full, may live a blame- 
 less, Christian life, yet will lack those nice moral qualities 
 imparted by conscien. ; but, with small marvel., and with- 
 out a strict, religious education, will be likely to be irreli- 
 gious, if not skeptical : with large or very large secret, and 
 approbat, will be likely to do wrong in secret, and when 
 there is little risk of detection ; and, with only moderate self-e., 
 will be deceitful, if not hypocritical, yet, with ven. large, 
 may even profess religion, but will be a Pharisee : with large 
 or very large reasoning organs, may govern his conduct by 
 the dictates of reason, feel the full force of philosophical con- 
 clusions, and reason clearly and forcibly upon all subjects 
 disconnected with morality and duty, yet will not appreciate 
 the force of moral truths, &c. 
 
 Small — One having conscien. small, will have but lit- 
 tle idea of right and wrong in the abstract ; even when guilty, 
 will be comparatively a stranger to the feelings of peni- 
 tence, and to the compunctions of conscience ; will have but 
 little regard for moral principle, and little concern whether 
 his character conforms to its requisitions or not; or care 
 whether he is moral or immoral as such; will have few con- 
 scientious scruples, and, perhaps, ridicule those who have; 
 will lack that regard for pure justice, that desire to do 
 right, and that tenderness of conscience, which this faculty 
 alone can impart, and be nearly destitute of moral acumen 
 and discrimination. 
 
 The combinations under conscien. moderate, modified by 
 a reduction of the influence of conscien., will apply to con- 
 scien. small. Other combinations, deduced from the princi- 
 ples there illustrated, may be added by the reader. 
 
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 133 
 
 Very small. — One having conscien. very small, will 
 neither know nor feel the difference between right and wrong 
 in themselves, nor have any moral discernment ; will have 
 no conscientious scruples : deny the doctrine of rewards and 
 punishments, and the whole system of moral accountability 3 
 be a stranger to the feelings of responsibility and repentance : 
 and, being unrestrained by the influence of conscien., do just 
 what his other faculties dictate. 
 
 The faculty of conscien. does not decide as to what is right 
 or wrong, nor create that moral standard or tribunal by 
 which the feelings and the conduct are tried, but merely ar- 
 raigns them before such a tribunal as may have been settled 
 by the combined influence of the other faculties, of educa- 
 tion, of circumstances, &c. Suppose, for example, that two 
 individuals, A. and B. possessed an equal share of conscien., 
 while A. possessed very large acquis., and B. only small ac- 
 quis. Let both be placed in given circumstances, and the 
 conscien. of A. will allow him to take an unjustifiable 
 amount of money, and even to demand it ; while the same 
 degree of conscien. in B., would not allow him to take the 
 game amount, even in case it should be offered to him ; yet, 
 should A. possess a large endowment of ven., and B. but 
 small ven., although the conscien. of A., might allow him 
 to take more money than belonged to him, this same con- 
 scien. might even compel him, out of a sense of duty, to attend 
 upon certain religious observances, go to meeting, &c, more 
 strictly than the same amount of conscien. would require of B. 
 If the reasoning organs of B. were much larger than those of 
 A., his views of right and wrong would be much more cor- 
 rect and reasonable than those of A. The conscien. of the 
 Indian doubtless urges him on even to commit deeds of cru- 
 elty and vengeance upon that race which, he conceives, has 
 wronged him. The conscience of the Catholick might re- 
 quire him always to attend mass, and torment him for tasting 
 meat on certain days, or for visiting a Protestant place of wor- 
 ship., while that of a Protestant, might condemn a visit to a 
 Catholick church as a heinous sin. 
 
 This illustration will furnish a perfect and most beautiful 
 solution of the otherwise inexplicable phenomena, that the di- 
 versity of opinion as to what is right and what is wrong, and 
 as to what constitutes the test and standard of virtue and of vice, 
 is well nigh infinite, or, at least, receives a different modifica- 
 tion from almost every individual — that some approve as virt* 
 12 
 
134 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 uous, what others condemn as wicked, and what others still, 
 regard as neither — that almost every vice has been considered 
 a virtue, and practised as such, and many forms of virtue con- 
 demned as sinful — that a very conscientious man may be a 
 very wicked man, and be even made the more wicked by his 
 perverted or " seared" conscience, and that a man with but 
 feeble conscien., may be comparatively virtuous, &c. 
 
 The decisions of conscien. alone, then, form no criterion 
 as to what is right or wrong ; yet, in conjunction with the 
 full development and unperverted exercise of all the other 
 faculties, it constitutes a greai moral formula by which every 
 feeling of the heart, and every action in life, may be tried, 
 and its moral character determined. So that phrenology, in 
 fact, teaches us, " what most we need to know," what is 
 right and what is wrong. By a reference to a subse- 
 quent chapter, the reader will see this point fully illustrated 
 and applied. 
 
 The diversity of opinion just alluded to, as to what is con- 
 sidered right and what wrong, does not, in the least, affect any 
 of the arguments under this head, because they are predicated 
 merely upon the existence of some standard of right — upon 
 some code of morality, which standard and code actually ex- 
 ist, though modified in their application. 
 
 The influence of conscien. upon the conduct and the char- 
 acter, is so great and so peculiar, as, in a measure, to baffle 
 description. A person with little conscien., may be as honest 
 a man, as kind a neighbour, as warm a friend, as trusty and as 
 honourable in his dealings, &c, as another is who has large 
 conscien., but from very different motives ; yet a deficiency of 
 conscien. constitutes a palpable and a radical defect of charac- 
 ter, a defect which is more observable in a want of moral feel- 
 ing, and in a comparative destitution of moral principle, than 
 in the mere conduct and dealings of the individual. 
 
 The larger this organ, the more guilty will the individual 
 feel. The reason of this is, that large or very large con- 
 scien. being always awake, arraigns all the actions, and 
 feelings, and motives before this moral tribunal, and brings 
 them to a much more heart-searching trial, and thus creates 
 a much greater sense of guilt and sinfulness than would be 
 done by weaker conscien., even though the conduct, feelings, 
 and motives, from which this feeling of guilt is derived, should, 
 in both cases, be alike. 
 
 This faculty, then, while it actually prevents the truly con- 
 
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 135 
 
 scientious man from committing as much sin as he would 
 probably commit with but feeble conscien., makes him feel 
 the more guilty, and allows those who have but little con- 
 scien., and are therefore the less restrained from commit- 
 ting sin, to live on, comparatively insensible to their faults, 
 dead to the reproach of a guilty conscience, and justified in 
 their own eyes. 
 
 This fact refutes the doctrine that the goadings of a gitilty 
 conscience in this life, constitute the only punishment for 
 sin : for it is a plain dictate of reason and of conscience, that 
 the punishment of sin must always be proportionate to the in- 
 iquity committed. Yet we here see that the punishment in- 
 flicted by conscien., is lightest upon those who sin the most, and 
 most severe upon those who are least deserving of it, and that 
 it is often inflicted when the actions punished are even virtu- 
 ous. (See conscien. very large.) Conscien. has been shown 
 to be merely the judge of sinfulness, and not its executioner. 
 
 Now, by proving that the principle of accountability, 
 which necessarily implies accompanying rewards and pun- 
 ishments, enters into the very nature and constitution of man — 
 that men are punishable for their sins, and punishable in 
 proportion to their guilt, — and, that conscien. inflicts the 
 lightest punishment upon those who are the most guilty, phre- 
 nology proves that there is some other punishment for sin 
 than the goadings of a guilty conscience, which, taken in 
 conjunction with the fact, that those who sin most, often suffer 
 least in other respects, and that the righteous are often se- 
 verely afflicted in this life, brings us to the inevitable conclu- 
 sion, that these rewards and punishments, which must be in- 
 flicted somewhere, are reserved for administration in another 
 state of existence. 
 
 Not that rewards and punishments, as such, are not ad- 
 ministered in this life ; for we know, indeed, that obedience 
 to the laws of our corporeal organization, produces health, 
 and with it, a great degree of happiness, and that the viola- 
 tion of these laws, produces severe punishment, examples 
 of which are to be found in those pains caused by cut- 
 ting, bruising, burning, poisoning, or otherwise injuring our 
 bodies ; but that the present state is not the only state of 
 retribution. And since the administration of rewards and 
 punishments in the present state of existence, is not only not 
 incompatible with the benevolence and the government of 
 the Deity, but is even demanded by both, why should not the 
 
136 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 same administration of rewards and punishments in anothei 
 state of existence, not only not be incompatible with the same 
 character and government of the same unchangeable Being, 
 but be even demanded in another world, in like manner as 
 it is in this? All sectarian prejudices aside, are not these 
 fair inferences from phrenological principles ? 
 
 In children and in females, this organ is generally found to 
 be much larger (as the faculty is much stronger) than in males. 
 Indeed, in children below ten years of age, it is almost invari- 
 ably large or very large, while in men, especially in some 
 sections of our country, the deficiency is quite common. We 
 may hence conclude, that it constitutes a leading feature of 
 the human character, and that its deficiency is mainly owing 
 to a want of culture. A deficiency of conscien., then, implies 
 a neglect of its cultivation; and this want of cultivation im- 
 plies the guilt consequent upon burying so important a talent 
 in the earth. 
 
 Location. — Conscien. is located upon the two sides of 
 the posteriour portion of firm. Its protuberances are at right 
 angles with those of firm., and parallel to those of hope. Its 
 development can generally be determined without difficulty, 
 yet, as hope is located by its side, it is sometimes difficult 
 to determine with certainty to which a given protuberance 
 belongs. 
 
 16. HOPE. 
 
 Expectation — anticipation — tendency of mind to contem- 
 plate the future with bright expectations of happiness and 
 success. 
 
 This faculty expects to obtain and enjoy what the other 
 faculties desire. This it does without basing this expectation 
 upon any other grounds than the mere impression that things 
 will happen as the individual desires that they should hap- 
 pen. By promising the continuance, and even the increase, 
 of present enjoyments, by diminishing the quantity and the 
 bitterness of present sufferings, and by predicting that the 
 burden will be lightened, or that sorrows will be turned 
 into joys, it adds greatly to the sweetness and the fullness of 
 the cup of human happiness; and by representing things 
 as much more desirable, and more easily obtained, than 
 they really are, it contributes greatly to enterprise and ef- 
 fort. How many things do the fair promises of hope induce 
 
HOPE. 137 
 
 us to undertake, and firmness, to carry through, when, with- 
 out hope, the undertaking would be scouted, and, without 
 firmness, abandoned. 
 
 This faculty not only embraces within its range, the present 
 state of existence, but, leaping the dark chasm of death, it 
 revels in the prospect of bliss beyond the shores of time, as 
 those in whom it is large, generally believe in a future state 
 of existence. 
 
 Its function is, expectation in general — a vivid and intense 
 glow of delight in the mere anticipation of future happiness 
 and success : and the beauty of its manifestation is, that the 
 individual p] aces almost as much confidence in the promises and 
 allurements of this faculty, as he does in the conclusions of 
 reason or experience. 
 
 Large. — One having hope large, will contemplate the 
 future with high expectations of happiness, and dwell upon 
 his projects and his prospects with sanguine anticipations of 
 success; will magnify advantages, and diminish obstacles; 
 will dwell upon the fairer side of prospects, and take only a 
 slight glance at discouraging circumstances ; will be likely 
 to promise himself and others much more than is reasonable; 
 will be cheerful, lively, and sanguine ; will feast upon the prom- 
 ises of hope; will overlook past and present disappointments 
 and troubles, in the brighter visions of the future ; and, though 
 subject to frequent discouragements, will still indulge his 
 hope, forgetting the past, and pressing onward to the future. 
 
 One having hope large, with only full cautious., will hope 
 much more than fear, yet, with caus. large, will seldom al- 
 low his hopes to hurry him into imprudent measures; but, 
 with the addition of large or very large combat., firm., selfe., 
 and ideal., will seem to be imprudent, especially when in 
 pursuit of some most desirable object, yet his forethought 
 and judgment will not only guard against misfortune, but 
 secure success, even though he will seem to be very impru- 
 dent, and when hope is excited, even hazardous : with only 
 moderate caus. and cautious., may sometimes attempt impos- 
 sibilities, and, with only full caus. and cautious., improbabili- 
 ties: with very large cautions., will never expose himself 
 to any of those dangers or losses which can be fore -seen or 
 provided against, even though he might thereby gain the 
 more; will keep upon the safe side of things, and risk but 
 little, yet will anticipate and attempt considerable : with firm, 
 and self-e. large or very large, will rise above trouble and 
 12* 
 
138 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 adversity, confidently expecting that the scale will soon turn 
 in his favour; will lay many new plans ; form many new pro- 
 jects ; and be prone to try experiments; yet, if concent, is small, 
 will frequently change or vary them : with self-e. large or 
 very large, and only full eaus., will feel himself capable of 
 attempting and effecting great things ; think that he can suc- 
 ceed much better than others ; and thus often attempt what 
 he cannot accomplish ; yet will not learn, even by repeated, 
 disappointments, that he can do no more than others ; but, 
 with very large caus. and compar., and large intellectual or- 
 gans generally,, will hope for great things, yet hope within 
 the bounds of reason ; like De Witt Clinton, will be capable 
 of projecting some stupendous work, and, also, of devising 
 the means for accomplishing it ; and will seldom or never 
 fail in his projects, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having hope very large, will literally 
 revel in the bright anticipations of those enjoyments which 
 he fancies are before him ; and view the future with so high 
 expectations as to. be dissatisfied with the present, be it ever 
 so satisfactory ; will always live in th« future, and long for 
 its arrival ; and thus often, misimprove the present. 
 
 One having hope very large, with cautious, and caus. only 
 full, will be always in chase of some new and desirable 
 object in prospect; will have too many irons in the fire at 
 once; attempt too much, and things which are even chi- 
 merical; will look upon even difficult attainments as very 
 easy ; be subject to frequent disappointments, yet neither disap- 
 pointments nor misfortunes will damp the ardour of his hope ; 
 will be always upon tiptoe of expectation — always sanguine, 
 cheerful, and lively, and, with large mirth., merry ; be con- 
 stantly building castles in the air ; and hazardous in his un- 
 dertakings: with large self-e., will think himself adequate to 
 almost any undertaking : with large or very large benev.. will 
 promise much more than he can fulfil, yet, with large conscien., 
 and only moderate secret, will make his promises with the best 
 intentions, and feel sorry that he cannot fulfil them : with 
 very large cautious., will be tantalized with hopes and fears, 
 and have the highest anticipations, accompanied with suffi- 
 cient solicitude to cause him to proceed with great care and 
 deliberation, yet, with large combat., will combine discretion, 
 with energy: with only moderate acquis., and only full cau- 
 tious., will live on, enjoying the present, and think that the 
 future will take ample care of itself; and that plans will 
 
HOPE. 139 
 
 succeed to his utmost desire, even with very little effort, so 
 that he will be predisposed to a life of ease r and idleness, and 
 pleasure ; and, with very large ideal., amat., and adhes. added 
 to this combination, will be disposed to revelry and profli- 
 gacy, and will be a spendthrift. 
 
 The combinations under hope large, modified by an in- 
 crease of the influence of hope, will be found applicable to 
 hope very large. In this case, as in many other similar 
 ones, the reader is requested to exercise his own organ of 
 comparison. 
 
 Full. — One having hope full, will be reasonable in his 
 expectations, and yet be spurred on by them to attempt import- 
 ant undertakings ; will be cheerful, yet seldom elated with 
 hope, &c. One having hope full, with large or very large cau- 
 tious., will forebode more evil than good, and endure pre- 
 sent troubles well, yet live in dread of apprehended misfor- 
 tunes; but, with the addition of large or very large caus. and 
 compar., will be pre-eminently judicious; calculate with accu- 
 racy ; realize about what he expects ; seldom be led astray 
 by favourable prospects ; rely more upon the dictates of rea- 
 son than the promises of hope ; and, in the long run, succeed 
 far beyond his expectations, and accomplish more than most 
 others : with large or very large acquis., may make great 
 calculations upon amassing wealth, because his love of riches 
 will be so great ; and so of the other faculties that are large. 
 
 The additional manifestations of hope full, will be inter- 
 mediate between hope large, and hope moderate, and the op- 
 posite of hope small. See combinations under hope large, 
 modified by a diminution of hope. 
 
 Moderate. — One having hope moderate, will expect too 
 little rather than too much; make few promises, either to 
 himself or to others ; will not be sanguine, nor have a high 
 flow of animal spirits, &c. One having hope moderate, 
 with large or very large cautious., will anticipate the worst 
 rather than the best; fear much more than hope; generally 
 realize more than he calculates upon ; dwell more upon the dis- 
 couraging features of the case, than upon its encouraging pros- 
 pects: with large or very large conscien., ven., and cautious., 
 if a professing Christian, will have many doubts and fears 
 as to his future condition, and lack Christian faith : with the 
 propensities only moderate, will not be likely unaided, to un- 
 dertake and prosecute with vigour, every important pro- 
 ject, yet, with large firm., may hold on and persevere when 
 
140 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 he is once finally embarked, and is fully committed: vvi&h 
 large or very large caus. and compar., may be sure of ob- 
 taining his ends, but will be so because he sees by what 
 means they are to be brought about, &c. 
 
 Small. — One having hope small, in addition to the man- 
 ifestations described under hope moderate, will be hardly 
 capable of having his hopes raised by the brightest prospects, 
 and take little delight in contemplating the future: with 
 large or very large cautious., and only moderate or full com- 
 bat, and self-e., will be easily discouraged; generally fancy 
 that he sees some lion in the way ; dwell chiefly upon the 
 darker shades of the picture; brood over misfortune; borrow 
 a great deal of trouble, even in prosperity ; fear to undertake 
 or risk much, lest he should fail ; lack enterprise, and elas- 
 ticity and buoyancy of spirits; indulge, and even delight to 
 indulge, melancholy feelings, &c. : with only moderate mirth., 
 and large ven. and conscien., will be sober, sedate, and often 
 cast down, if not ascetick : with large or very large combat., 
 firm., self-e., and caus., may manifest a high degree of sta- 
 bility and energy of character when once fully embarked in 
 an undertaking; yet, unless actually obliged to undertake 
 important operations, will shrink from them : with very large 
 cautious., conscien., and ven., and only full self-e., will look 
 upon the Deity with the strongest impressions of his justice, 
 and holiness, and majesty, and be in great fear of offend- 
 ing him> accompanied with little hope of the pardon of his 
 sins, and with the most pungent feelings of remorse, and the 
 most dismal forebodings, and fearful apprehensions, of future 
 punishment, if not with actual despair. Thus we perceive, 
 that they who have the most to fear in this matter, actually 
 fear the least, and that they who have the least to fear, fear 
 the most. The additional manifestations and combinations of 
 hope small, will be found under hope moderate, and others 
 may be ascertained by reversing the description of hope large. 
 
 Very small.: — When this organ is very small, its func- 
 tions are too weak and too feeble to have very perceptible influ- 
 ence upon the character, or to be experienced by the subject. 
 
 The objects upon which hope fastens, will be determined 
 by its combinations. One having full, large, or very large 
 hope, for example, with small acquis., and large or very large 
 philopro., will indulge the highest expectations concerning his 
 children, yet exercise very little about property as such : with 
 large approbat, and only moderate or small religious organs, 
 
MARVELLOUSNESS. 141 
 
 will hope for distinction and fame ; yet his hopes will be con- 
 fined chiefly to this life, and he will be skeptical concerning 
 another state of existence, &c. Thus it is, that hope acts with 
 the greatest vigour upon those things which are the objects 
 of the desires of the other faculties. Hence, some individuals 
 are very sanguine about some things, while their hopes flag 
 in relation to other things. 
 
 Location. — Hope is located upon the two sides of the 
 anteriour portion of firm., in front of conscien., and behind 
 marvel., being elongated in the direction of the ears. 
 
 17. MARVELLOUSNESS. 
 
 Wonder — credulity — disposition to believe what is not 
 proved, or what are considered supernatural manifestations, 
 <SfC. — to regard with wonder and astonishment that which is 
 somewhat strange or singular. 
 
 There are things, the evidence of which the human mind 
 is incapable of grasping, and which must therefore be taken 
 upon trust, or, what is the same thing, which must be the ob- 
 jects of credulity. Hence the necessity of some faculty, 
 through the door of which such truths as are beyond the 
 reach of reason or of observation, can be admitted to the 
 mind. 
 
 It cannot be denied, that there exists a tendency in the hu- 
 man mind to view things, as it were, through the medium of 
 extravagance and wonder ; to magnify uncommon phenome- 
 na, or to regard them as supernatural ; to believe the mere 
 declarations of others, even though they may be strangers, 
 &c. This tendency of mind is more apparent in chil- 
 dren than in adults. They listen with delightful astonish- 
 ment to tales of wonder, and implicitly believe what is told 
 them, even after they have been repeatedly deceived. With- 
 out this faculty, they could be instructed no farther than their 
 extremely limited observation, or their still feebler reasoning 
 faculties, could demonstrate the truths presented to their 
 minds. 
 
 It is by no means certain that this faculty is not adapted, 
 among other things, to a belief in those portions of Revela- 
 tion which are attributed to a supernatural agency, and that 
 it is calculated to increase religious zeal and fervour. At 
 least, it prepares the mind for a reception of some of those 
 doctrines taught in the Bible, which reason does not teach, 
 
142 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 because it cannot comprehend, and which can be believed 
 only "by faith." By creating a love of the wonderful and 
 the novel, marvel, is calculated to lead the way to many 
 valuable improvements. 
 
 Large. — One having large marvel., with large ven., will 
 readily believe in special providences, the interposition, of di- 
 vine agency, &c, and regard many things as providential 
 which can be readily accounted for upon other principles: 
 with full or large ideal, will gaze with surprise upon mag- 
 nificent objects, and possess a wondering frame of mind: 
 with large event, and ideal., will be passionately fond of 
 hearing or perusing marvellous accounts, hair-breadth 
 escapes, and such mysterious relations as are contained in 
 Sir Walter Scott's writings, and in works of fiction gene- 
 rally, and be liable to be greatly injured by this kind of read- 
 ing: with large or very large ven. and conscien,., will be 
 naturally inclined to believe in supernatural manifestations, 
 in dreams, signs, lucky and unlucky days, &c. ; place impli- 
 cit confidence in every part of Revelation, and in what is told 
 him by his religious teachers; will contemplate the charac- 
 ter and the works of the Creator with mingled emotions of 
 awe and astonishment; be zealous and enthusiastick in his 
 religious belief and practice, if he is not bordering upon re- 
 ligious enthusiasm and extravagance ; and, with the addition 
 of large cautious., will be afraid of ghosts, of staying in 
 houses said to be haunted, &c. ; may even fancy that he has 
 seen supernatural appearances, and, with only moderate se- 
 cret, added, can be easily hoaxed and imposed upon by stories 
 about witchcraft, &c. : witfc large or very large approbat, 
 lang., event., and imitat, will be even enthusiastick in re- 
 lating wonderful anecdotes concerning himself and his rela- 
 tives ; in narrating hair-breadth escapes, astonishing feats of 
 dexterity, &c, &c. ; and will describe even common occurren- 
 ces as very extraordinary : with large or very large conscien. 
 and benev., and only moderate secret., will place perfect con- 
 fidence in what is told him, even though it be extravagant ; 
 pin his faith upon the sleeve of others ; seldom doubt the 
 word of others; and take things for granted without exam- 
 ining them for himself: with large or very large conscien., 
 ideal, compar., and ven., will be likely to fancy that he dis- 
 covers a striking resemblance between the prophecies of 
 Scripture and particular events, and also between spiritual 
 and temporal things ; will imagine that he sees the special 
 
MARVELLOUSNESS. 143 
 
 hand of divine Providence in almost every event of his life; 
 believe that God often manifests his will in a miraculous 
 manner ; be likely to experience what seems to him a re- 
 markable, religious conversion, attended with many subse- 
 quent religious impressions which are extraordinary; and will 
 have wonderful and ecstatick views of the character and the 
 works of the Deity, &c. ; and, with large caus. added to this 
 combination, like Swedenburgh, will adduce wonderful theo- 
 ries to account for curious natural phenomena, and reason in a 
 very extravagant manner : with large or very large cautious, 
 and individ., will be likely to experience optical illusions, 
 fancying that he sees ghosts, spectres, hideous shapes, &c, 
 when the appearance may be caused by an indistinct vision 
 of some natural object : with large or very large hope, ideal., 
 imitat., lang., event., and compar., will delight and excel in 
 relating marvellous stories, wonderful tales, "• fish-stories," 
 &c., which he will generally augment, and always adapt to 
 the occasion. 
 
 Very large. — One having very large marvel., with only 
 moderate secret., will take for granted whatever is told him, 
 however inconsistent it may be j seem greatly astonished at 
 almost every thing which is a little uncommon, as though 
 something mysterious had happened ; will religiously believe 
 in supernatural agents and interpositions, the doctrine of 
 ghosts, witchcraft, and in signs, the fulfilment of dreams, &c. 
 Additional descriptions and combinations of very large mar- 
 vel., will be found under large marvel., especially when they 
 have been modified by an increase of the influence of marvel. 
 
 In Sir Walter Scott, this organ was large, accompanied 
 with a very large and an active brain, very large imitat., lang., 
 compar., and local., and large or very large intellectual, mo- 
 ral, and domestick organs generally, which gave him those 
 unequalled powers of conception and description which he 
 possessed, and thus furnishes an additional proof of the truth 
 of phrenology, whilst his writings afford one of the very best 
 illustrations of such a combination of faculties anywhere to 
 be found. 
 
 Full.< — One having full marvel., will have a mind open 
 to conviction, and possess sufficient credulity in what is pre- 
 sented to his mind, to give it an examination, yet cannot be 
 satisfied without considerable proof; will require a good de- 
 gree of evidence in order to produce entire conviction, yet 
 will rest satisfied with less evidence, both in degree and 
 
144 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 amount, than he would if possessed of smaller marvel., and 
 will not so thoroughly canvass the evidence presented to his 
 mind : with only full caus., will frequently advance insuffi- 
 cient reasons for his belief, and believe without fully under- 
 standing the grounds of his belief: with the religious organs 
 generally full, large, or very large, may possess much relig- 
 ious faith, and unhesitatingly believe in the truth of Reve- 
 lation, in special, divine providences, &c, and also be quite 
 zealous as a Christian: with large or very large caus. and 
 compar., on the first presentation of a subject, may believe 
 upon insufficient data, yet will afterwards more closely exam- 
 ine why and ivherefore he believes as he does, investigate the 
 proof upon which his belief is founded, and reject that which 
 will not stand the test of close investigation : with large or 
 very large ideal., will feast his fancy, and revel in such fairy 
 tales as the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, in the novels 
 of Sir Walter Scott, and in fictitious works generally ; find it 
 difficult to divest himself of a partial belief in them, and be 
 liable to be injured, not only by perusing works of this class, 
 but, also, in the revellings of his own fancy. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations under large marvel., 
 with a reduction of the influence of marvel., will apply to 
 full marvel., as will also those under moderate marvel, when 
 they are reversed. 
 
 Moderate. — One having moderate marvel., cannot yield 
 a full assent to things which are a little extraordinary or un- 
 accountable, unless they are supported by evidence which is 
 quite satisfactory, both in kind and amount, and will have 
 many doubts as to the truth of what he hears. One having 
 moderate marvel., with large or very large caus. and corn- 
 par., will be hard to be convinced of the truth of that for 
 which a satisfactory reason, or full explanation, cannot be 
 rendered ; can be readily convinced by appeals made to his 
 understanding ; and, with only moderate perceptive facul- 
 ties, may even question the evidence of his own senses, or, 
 at least, attempt to account for uncommon phenomena upon 
 such principles as are already admitted ; and, with the addi- 
 tion of large or very large firm, and self-e., can be convinced 
 only with extreme difficulty ; will, in a measure, close the 
 doors of his mind against the admission of new facts or 
 truths, and, with only moderate ven. added to this combina- 
 tion, will not be likely to believe in the authority of great 
 names, nor admit the correctness of opinions or customs 
 
MARVELLOUSNESS. 145 
 
 upon the ground that they have been long established ; nor 
 make "ipse dixits" a part of his creed: with large or very 
 large conscien., ven., and hope, may believe in the existence 
 of a God, in the forewarnings, and interposition, and guidance 
 of a special, divine providence, in a future state of existence, 
 in Revelation, and the doctrines of Christianity, because his 
 moral feelings will harmonize with these views ; and, with 
 the addition of large or very large compar. and caus., may 
 believe in the doctrines of Christianity, because they seem 
 consistent and reasonable, yet not because he has been told 
 that the one or the other doctrine is true ; upon religious 
 subjects, will have views of his own, and think for himself; 
 in common matters, which are disconnected with religion, 
 will believe no farther than can be consistently explained, but 
 may believe in the doctrines taught by religion, as articles of 
 faith merely: but, with only moderate conscien. and ven., will 
 no sooner believe the doctrines of religion, farther than he can 
 see them proved, than he will any other doctrines ; be natu- 
 rally skeptical, if not infidel, as to his religious creed ; trou- 
 ble himself little about matters of this kind; and consider zeal 
 in religion as fanaticism, &c. : with only moderate secret, and 
 large or very large adhes., benev., and conscien., will implicit- 
 ly believe what is told him by a tried friend, and place quite 
 too much confidence in the integrity and honesty of his fel- 
 low men, yet not believe reports of common fame, nor those 
 new doctrines or statements which seem to him improbable ; 
 will put no confidence in signs, dreams, or supernatural ap- 
 pearances, and will even ridicule those who do ; thus seeming 
 to himself, and to others, as both credulous and incredulous : 
 with large or very large ideal., individ., and event., may be 
 extremely fond of reading works of fiction, yet will not be- 
 lieve them, &c. 
 
 Small. — One having small marvel., will reject as untrue, 
 whatever things are presented to his mind unsupported by 
 demonstration, or, at least, by an abundance of the strongest 
 kind of proof; will be very incredulous in regard to almost 
 every thing new or uncommon ; and will receive facts and 
 truths into his mind chiefly through the door of his other 
 faculties. One having small marvel., with large or very 
 large caus., must know upon what principles of reason, or 
 of cause and effect, those things are to be explained, of the 
 truth of which he is to be convinced ; will scrutinize closely 
 every point of the argument, and be convinced only by aa 
 13 
 
146 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 overwhelming* mass of evidence; and even then, for a long 
 time, his mind will refuse its full assent : with large or very- 
 large individ., will wish to possess some tangible evidence 
 upon which to rest his belief; and, with the perceptive facul- 
 ties strong, to see before he can believe : with large or very 
 large self-e., and moral and reasoning organs, if religiously 
 educated, may, perhaps, believe in Revelation, and the funda- 
 mental doctrines of Christianity, yet will often have his 
 doubts as to the truth of these matters ; will have religious 
 views peculiar to himself; put no more confidence in what 
 he is taught by religious instructers, than he does in what 
 he is taught by other men ; and have a religious creed of his 
 own, especially in its details : with only moderate or small 
 conscien. and ven., will have no door to his mind for the re- 
 ception of moral and religious truths ; doubt the truth of 
 Revelation ; reject the doctrines of Christianity ; and be natu- 
 rally inclined to skepticism, fatalism, and deism, if not athe- 
 ism, &c. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations under marvel, mode- 
 rate, will generally apply to marvel, small, especially after 
 a diminution of the influence of marvel. The descriptions 
 and combinations under marvel, large, reversed, will also 
 apply to marvel, small. The same principle holds good in 
 reference to all the other organs. 
 
 Very small. — One having marvel, very small, will 
 doubt almost every thing, and fully believe scarcely any- 
 thing ; will even doubt the evidence of his own senses, and 
 be almost unwilling to say that he positively knows any 
 thing, and much less any thing pertaining to religion, &c. 
 
 Location. — Marvel, is located on the two sides of ven., 
 between imitat. and hope. It runs lengthwise in the di- 
 rection of the coronal sutures, and lies nearly under them. 
 Very large imitat., throws it as far back as the middle of the 
 head. 
 
 The authors have seen many interesting examples of ex- 
 treme developments, and of extreme deficiencies, of this organ, 
 some of which will be presented in a subsequent portion of 
 the work. In the American head, it is generally moderate or 
 small, while in the English head, it is frequently large. In 
 many very zealous preachers, they have found it large. In 
 Methodists, this organ, and ven., and adhes., are generally full, 
 large, or very large, while in Campbelites all these organs 
 are generally only moderate or small. In the so-called new 
 
TENERATION. 147 
 
 measure Presbyterians, it is generally small, while conscien. 
 and benev. are generally large or very large. In Roman 
 Catholicks, marvel, and ven., are generally large or very 
 large. 
 
 17. VENERATION. 
 
 Sentiment of adoration and worship for the Supreme Be- 
 ing — reverence for what is considered above us — respect for 
 superiority, fyc. 
 
 That there exists in the human mind a disposition to " wor- 
 ship God," and that this disposition constitutes one of the 
 strongest of the human passions, are matters of universal his- 
 tory and observation. Strike from the page of history, and 
 from the customs of society, every thing pertaining to religion, 
 or, rather, every thing connected w T ith the worship of deified 
 beings, and the unity, and even identity, of the whole would 
 be destroyed. In producing this religious feeling and wor- 
 ship, education, doubtless, has its influence ; but still they must 
 be the exercise of some faculty of the mind. Education evi* 
 dently cannot create this feeling. As well might we attempt 
 to educate a man to speak who possessed no organs of speech, 
 or to see without eyes — as well try to teach the brute crea- 
 tion to worship God, as to attempt to teach man to worship 
 when destitute of a faculty by which to exercise this feeling, 
 or even to conceive what it means. 
 
 This class of functions is distinct and homogeneous ; and 
 if the mental economy requires a separate faculty for the 
 exercise of any distinct class of functions, analogy shows 
 us that this class, equally with any and every other class, 
 must also be exercised by a distinct faculty. The history 
 and the manifestations of this faculty,- prove that the functions 
 ascribed to it, are always reciprocally proportionate to the 
 developments of a given portion of the brain. If, therefore, 
 there is any truth in phrenology, the sentiment of worship 
 for a Supreme Being, must be admitted to be the exercise of a 
 distinct mental faculty — a faculty which is innate, and which, 
 therefore, forms a constituent portion of the human mind. 
 That the worship of a Supreme Being constitutes the pri- 
 mary, the legitimate, and the chief object of this faculty, is 
 rendered abundantly evident by a reference to its nature, its 
 discovery, its history, and the whole tenour of its manifesta- 
 tions; and that a reverence for those who are considered su- 
 
148 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 periours, such as parents, the aged, the talented, the titled, &c^ 
 is only an incidental manifestation of ven,, is rendered equal- 
 ly evident by a similar reference. 
 
 This faculty also throws the mind into a deferential frame, 
 and creates a feeling of respect for all. 
 
 Large. — One having large ven., will think of the Deity 
 only with feelings of awe, if not of devotion ; has a strong 
 religious tendency of mind, and, indeed, can hardly be con- 
 tented without some kind of religion ; pays great respect to 
 the religious opinions of others ; always treats those whom 
 he considers his superiours in age, standing, talents, &c, 
 w r ith deference, and his equals with respect ; and will never 
 make light of what he considers true religion, nor of the 
 Supreme Being. 
 
 One having large ven., with large or very large adhes. 
 and conscien., will experience a high degree of enjoyment in 
 social meetings for religious worship and exercises ; will ear- 
 nestly desire the conversion and salvation of his friends, and, 
 with large philopro. added, of his children, and will pray 
 earnestly for these objects; and, with the addition of mode- 
 rate or small concent., will be exceedingly annoyed in his 
 devotions, by the intrusion of wandering thoughts, against 
 which he will strive, and for which his conscien. will con- 
 demn him ; will find it exceedingly difficult to keep his mind 
 fixed upon the prayer or sermon ; greatly prefer short pray- 
 ers and sermons, and greatly dislike those that are prolix ; 
 and will give variety to his religious exercises, and detest 
 those that are monotonous or tedious: with large combat., 
 will defend his religious opinions with great warmth and 
 spirit, and contend earnestly for their advancement ; and, with 
 destruct. also large, will be liable to employ considera- 
 ble severity and harshness of expression ; with the addition 
 of large or very large firm, and self-e., and of only full be- 
 nev., will be much set, and somewhat bigoted, in his religious 
 opinions and practices ; esteem his own sect, creed, and forms 
 of worship, far more than he does any other, and even blindly 
 and tenaciously adhere to them, and denounce those who 
 differ from him : with only moderate firm., large ideal, and 
 hope, and full or large marvel., will be apt frequently to 
 change his religious opinions and connexions, yet will be 
 zealous as a Christian : with large secret., acquis., and appro- 
 bat., and only moderate conscien., if he pay any regard at 
 all to religion, will be likely to make great pretensions to 
 
VENERATION. 149 
 
 piety ; put on a fair outside show of religion ; and connect 
 himself with some popular religious denomination, yet will 
 possess very little practical piety and every -day religion; 
 will have the "form of godliness without its power ;" will 
 neglect duty, disregard justice, violate moral principle, and 
 take shelter under the cloak of his religious pretensions ; 
 will be a worldling all the week, yet a very strict Christian 
 on the Sabbath, &c. : with moderate conscien. and small mar- 
 vel., will not be likely to experience much religious venera- 
 tion ; and may be even infidel in his religious creed ; but his 
 ven. will be directed towards his parents, the aged, the tal- 
 ented, the patriotick, or, it may be,, his superiours in rank, 
 office, and station: with large or very large conscien., benev., 
 caus., and compar., will delight to study the character and 
 the works, and contemplate the perfections, of the Deity ; 
 will be a consistent, every-day Christian ; rejoice to see the 
 advancement of true religion, and labour zealously and ju- 
 diciously to effect it; impart an uncommon degree of fer- 
 vour and warmth of feeling to his religious exercises, and 
 take great delight in them ; adopt consistent religious opin- 
 ions and practices, and be an honour to the Christian name, 
 both in life and doctrine, &c. 
 
 Very large.— One having very large ven., with con- 
 scien. large or very large, will make every thing- subservient 
 to his religious views and feelings; will experience great 
 awe upon the contemplation of God, and manifest great fer- 
 vour and intense feeling while engaged in religious worship 
 and exercises, and take his chief delight in them ; be pre- 
 eminent for piety and religious fervour ; will make the wor- 
 ship and the service of his Creator the paramount object of 
 his life, and be liable to become over-zealous, if not enthusi- 
 a stick, in his religious feelings and views. 
 
 The combinations under large ven., modified by an in- 
 crease of the influence of ven., will apply to very large ven. ; 
 and the combinations and descriptions under moderate or 
 small ven. reversed, will also appfy to it. 
 
 Full. — One having full ven., will pay a suitable respect 
 to religion, and will worship his Creator with sincere devo- 
 tion, yet will not be particularly devout. One having full 
 ven., with large or very large conscien. and benev., will be 
 pre-eminently religious, and, perhaps, make religion the 
 great object of his life, yet his religion will be characterized 
 by a regard for moral principle, a desire to do good, &c, 
 
 ia* 
 
150 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 more than by a regard for religious worship, creeds, and 
 ceremonies ; will place a much higher estimate upon the du- 
 ties and the first principles of religion, than he will upon 
 any external observances : with conscien. and marvel, only 
 moderate or small, will not be likely to pay much regard to 
 religion of any kind, or, if he does, will be satisfied with the 
 name and the forms of religious worship, &c. 
 
 The additional manifestations and combinations of full ven., 
 may be inferred from those under large ven., by diminishing 
 the influence of ven. 
 
 Moderate. — One having moderate ven., will not be par- 
 ticularly religious, nor very zealous in his religious observ- 
 ance ; will not manifest a great deal of deference towards 
 superiours, nor impart a great degree of warmth or fervour 
 to his devotional performances. One having moderate ven. f 
 with large or very large conscien. and benev., if religiously 
 educated, will maintain a consistent, religious walk, and " do 
 works meet for repentance," yet will pay comparatively 
 little regard to religious creeds and observances ; will be 
 likely to be very zealous in reforming the w T orld, and in 
 " converting men from the errour of their ways," yet will 
 despise sectarianism, and regard only the " weightier matters 
 of the law f will make great sacrifices in order to do good, 
 promote pure morality, and prevent sin, yet will not be par- 
 ticularly devout ; will make the chief burden of his petitions 
 to the throne of grace, consist in confessions of sin, and suppli- 
 cations for his fellow men, rather than in adoration and wor- 
 ship ; will follow the dictates of his own conscience, even 
 though they oblige him to forsake ''the good old way," 
 and adopt new measures ; will think more of doing good 
 than of attending religious meetings ; will live an upright, 
 and consistent, Christian life, and perform all the essentials 
 of religion, yet will pay little or no attention to meats and 
 drinks, &c. 
 
 Small. — One having small ven., will experience but lit- 
 tle feeling of devotion, or love of religious worship, as such; 
 will manifest little feeling of deference or respect for pa- 
 rents, teachers, or superiours ; and be deficient in the heart\ 
 and soul, and fervour, of devotion ; will not be very pious, 
 nor at all particular in observing religious ceremonies, nor 
 particularly impressed with a feeling of solemnity and awe> 
 while engaged in religious exercises, &c. 
 
 One having small ven., with moderate or small conscien 
 
VENERATION. 151 
 
 and marvel., will have very little regard for religion ; seldom, 
 if ever, attend religious meetings ; and when he does attend 
 them, will go from other than devotional feelings ; will be 
 very little affected by solemn or religious exercises, or by ap- 
 peals to his conscience, or to his fear of offending God ; be in- 
 fluenced but little by the restraints of religion ; doubt almost 
 every thing connected with religious belief; be irreverent, 
 irreligious, unprincipled, and skeptical ; and, with large mirth, 
 and imitat. added, inclined to ridicule religious people and re- 
 ligious services by imitating or mocking them; and, with 
 large combat., destruct., and self-e. also added, will oppose 
 every thing pertaining to religion ; denounce it either as a 
 delusion, or as a humbug, by which designing men impose 
 upon the simple and the unsuspecting. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations under moderate ven., 
 after due allowance has been made for the diminished influ- 
 ence of ven., will apply to ven. small. 
 
 The office of ven. is simply to reverence and worship that 
 which the other faculties select as the proper objects of its 
 exercise. 
 
 It has been already remarked, that its primary and legiti- 
 mate object is, the worship of a Supreme Being, yet, as in 
 the case of conscien., the other faculties, education, &c, modify 
 the notions entertained of the character of the being to be wor- 
 shipped. For example ; one having full, large, or very large 
 ven., with a deficiency of the intellectual faculties, will be 
 likely to regard the Deity as exercising the various human 
 passions, and swayed by human prejudices, and to worship 
 him accordingly : with large or very large self-e. and firm., 
 as an omnipotent Sovereign, clothed with authority, immuta- 
 ble and unchangeable, and ruling his creatures "according 
 to his own will :" with full or large destruct, firm., and self-e., 
 and large or very large conscien., benev., and adhes., will re- 
 gard him as " a God, merciful and gracious, long-suffering, 
 and abundant in goodness and truth, and who will by no 
 means clear the guilty;" as perfectly holy himself, and, also, 
 as requiring holiness of all his creatures ; as creating and 
 governing his moral subjects with a special reference to their 
 greatest ultimate good, and, in doing this, as rewarding those 
 who obey his commands, and punishing such as disobey; as 
 blending mercy with justice ; or, rather, as infinitely benev- 
 olent, yet as a God who will " not let the wicked go unpun- 
 ished:" with very large benev., only moderate or full con- 
 
152 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 scien., combat., and destruct, will consider the Deity too* 
 benevolent and too merciful to punish the wicked : with large 
 ideal., will fancy that he sees him clothed with splendour,, 
 and, while contemplating the beautiful, the perfect^ or the 
 sublime in the works of nature, will worship him with a fer- 
 vid glow of devotion : with large or very large individ., form,, 
 size, and local., will contemplate the Deity as possessed of 
 form and size, a local habitation, &c. : with large or very 
 large caus. and com par., will view God as the great first-cause 
 of all things, and as effecting his purposes by means of causes 
 and effects ; and, with the intellectual faculties generally 
 large, as possessed of all possible wisdom and intelligence,, 
 and as governing his universe in accordance with the great 
 principles of reason: w T ith very large adhes. and benev., as a 
 God of great sympathy and love ; and,, with very large phi- 
 lopro. added, as acting the part of a tender parent to his crea- 
 tures, and as entering, with a feeling of tenderness, into all, 
 their little joys and sorrows : with very large destruct. and 
 combat., and educated in uncivilized society, as capable of 
 being propitiated by the sacrifice of human or animal vic- 
 tims, &c. 
 
 According to this principle of phrenology, (which is con- 
 sidered as established,) one with the moral and the intellectu- 
 al organs large or very large, and the propensities full, and 
 all unperverted in their education and exercise, will form cor- 
 rect views of the character, attributes, and government o£ 
 God, and worship him with pure and acceptable worship. 
 This is rendered the more evident from the fact, that the views, 
 entertained of God by different nations and different individ- 
 uals, with the exception of the influence of association and: 
 education, generally correspond with their phrenological or- 
 ganizations. Consequently, if an individual possesses a 
 well-balanced, and a perfectly developed, phrenological organ- 
 ization, his views of the character, the attributes, and the gov- 
 ernment of God, must therefore be proportionally the more 
 consistent and correct. 
 
 This same conclusion is also strengthened by the principle 
 of adaptation already alluded to. The mind of man must be 
 constructed in perfect accordance with those great principles 
 which regulate the structure of the whole universe, and the 
 moral faculties of man's mind, in accordance with the moral 
 constitution and relations of things. Consequently, the mind 
 of man must be so formed as naturally to view his Creator 
 
BENEVOLENCE. 153 
 
 through the medium of truth, and to form only correct no- 
 tions of him. 
 
 This harmonizes perfectly with the doctrine taught by the 
 great Apostle of the Gentiles, when he says, that " the Gen- 
 tiles, who have not the law," that is, who are destitute of Rev- 
 elation, "are a law unto themselves," and "show the works 
 of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bear- 
 ing them witness." Not that a divine revelation is unneces- 
 sary, but, that phrenology opens up to our view another rev- 
 elation, to wit, a revelation of natural theology, which per 
 fectly harmonizes with that which is given by inspiration — 
 a volume which every man carries, or should carry, within 
 his own breast, and which u he that runs may read." 
 
 Location. — Ven. is located anteriour to firm., in the mid- 
 dle of the top of the head, and nearly beneath the union of 
 the coronal sutures. 
 
 19. BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 Desire for the happiness of others — sympathy, compassion — 
 kindness, fellow-feeling, benignity. 
 
 By creating in the breast of man, an interest in the welfare 
 of his fellow-men, this faculty prompts its possessor toper- 
 form those innumerable acts of kindness and generosity 
 which, by gratifying his benev., greatly increase the huppi- 
 ness of the giver, and, by adding new comforts to those al- 
 ready possessed, proportionally enlarge the enjoyments of the 
 receiver. Though it is blessed to receive, it is still "more 
 blessed to give than to receive." 
 
 Let us suppose, for a moment, that every vestige of this 
 feeling were blotted out from among men — let us suppose the 
 human breast to be callous to the cries of suffering innocence, 
 steeled against the wants and miseries of the world, and per- 
 fectly insensible to the happiness or unhappiness of all cre- 
 ated beings, and what a picture of moral desolation — what a 
 frigid region of suffering and sorrow, should we have pre- 
 sented to our view ! Wrapped in his cold cloak of selfish- 
 ness, man might, perhaps, endure existence, but an existence 
 to which annihilation would be preferable. Never to give, 
 or receive, a favour, to say nothing of the mutual advantage 
 accruing to mankind from the principle of helping one anoth- 
 er, he would, of course, be a perfect stranger to the delightful 
 and thrilling emotion of gratitude, either to God or man. 
 
154 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Let us suppose, in addition, that none of this feeling had 
 entered into the Divine Mind, and that, in the construction 
 of our bodies, and in the arrangement of the physical and 
 the intellectual world, he had made no reference to, and in- 
 stituted no adaptation of, any thing that concerns the happi- 
 ness either of man or of the brute creation, and existence 
 must have been the greatest of curses. But, on the contra- 
 ry, we perceive that every possible arrangement and adapta- 
 tion which could be devised by infinite wisdom and skill, 
 prompted by infinite benevolence, and aided by infinite pow- 
 er, have been contrived by that adorable Being whose benef- 
 icence knows no bounds. Every work of God is a perfectly 
 benevolent work, planned and executed evidently with a view 
 to secure the greatest amount of happiness to his creatures : 
 and this fact incontestably proves, that the feeling of benev- 
 olence enters largely into the Divine Mind. Even those 
 pains which follow the burning, bruising, or otherwise in- 
 juring of the body, whilst they are so many instances of di- 
 vine punishment for sin, are, at the same time, a most benev- 
 olent ordination, evidently designed and calculated to prevent 
 those injuries and mutilations which would otherwise mar 
 the beauty, and destroy the utility, of our corporeal frame : 
 and if these punishments are a, benevolent ordination, anal- 
 ogy sanctions the inference, that a¥C punishments are equally 
 benevolent; and, if even punishments we benevolently de- 
 signed, surely every other institution throughout the uni- 
 verse, must be formed for benevolent ends. This brings us 
 to the important conclusion, that all the miseries which man-, 
 kind endure, are brought by themselves (collectively) upon 
 themselves, or, that they "give themselves the pains they 
 feel." 
 
 Since, then, this principle of benevolence thus enters into 
 the character and the works of God, and, also, into the whole 
 constitution of things, it is evident, both a priori, and upon 
 the principle that the human mind is adapted to that universe 
 of which it forms a part, that the human mind must be so 
 constituted as to appreciate and exercise the function of be- 
 nevolence, or, in other words, that there must be some innate 
 faculty of the mind adapted to the exercise of this class of 
 feelings. That same train of argument which has been, 
 previously employed to show that other classes of functions 
 &re exercised by distinct faculties, proves that this class of 
 
BENEVOLENCE. 155 
 
 functions is likewise exercised by a separate, primary facul- 
 ty, created expressly and solely for this purpose. 
 
 Of all the moral organs, this occupies the most prominent 
 portion of the head, and has allotted to it the greatest surface, 
 thus apparently implying, that its function is designed to be 
 one of the cardinal, human virtues, and that to do good to 
 those around us, is both our privilege and our duty. Yet 
 how frequently is the soothing voice of benevolence drown- 
 ed in the din of business, of pleasure, and of fashion ! In- 
 deed, to learn to live in, and become a part of, society as it 
 now exists, is to learn to be supremely selfish ; and to " ac- 
 quire a knowledge of the world," is to become acquainted 
 with the maxims and the practices dictated by selfishness. 
 In the little child, we sometimes see the feeling of benev. 
 manifested in its pure state ; but, in adults, how seldom do 
 we behold it unadulterated by the selfish passions, or un- 
 stifled by their hoarse clamours! Every thing can be had, 
 and every thing done, for money ; but he who is dependent 
 for support or for happiness solely upon the benevolence of 
 mankind, runs but a poor chance of enjoying even the ne- 
 cessaries of life. 
 
 This faculty originates that feeling of sympathy which 
 manifests itself in an obliging disposition, and in reciprocal 
 interchanges of kind offices, and, also, that feeling of hu- 
 manity which willingly makes a sacrifice of personal hap- 
 piness in order to relieve the miseries, and promote the 
 enjoyment, of others. 
 
 Large. — One having benev. large, in the expression of 
 his countenance, in his manners, and in all his intercourse 
 with his fellow-men, will manifest a warm and glowing feel- 
 ing of kindness and good-will ; enter into the interests of 
 others, and do much to advance them ; " rejoice with those 
 that do rejoice, and weep with those that weep;" and expe- 
 rience that strong desire to witness and promote the enjoy- 
 ment of his fellow-men which will make him willing, and 
 even glad, to sacrifice his own ease and interests in order to 
 alleviate the sufferings, or to augment the comforts, of his 
 fellow-men, and even of the brute creation. 
 
 One having benev. large, with large or very large adhes., 
 wall manifest this feeling to all, and be particularly kind and 
 obliging to his friends ; will sympathize deeply in their dis- 
 tresses or misfortunes, and, with acquis, only moderate, add lib- 
 erality to friendship ; be pre-eminently hospitable; willing to 
 
156 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 do and sacrifice much for those he loves, in serving whom he 
 will often injure himself; and, with large or very large philo- 
 pro. added, will be extremely kind to children, to the infirm, 
 the aged, and the destitute, and ready to perform those acts of 
 kindness which they require, and which sympathy, mingled 
 with affection, alone can prompt : with moderate acquis., only 
 full approbat. and self-e., and large or very large secret., 
 ideal, and conscien., will proffer his favours in a manner pe- 
 culiarly modest and delicate : with very large approbat., and 
 only full conscien. and caus., will do and give partly on ac- 
 count of the approbation awarded to benevolent actions: with 
 large or very large approbat., conscien., and adhes., will give 
 partly to please others, and partly to make them happy, 
 which union of motives will greatly increase the manifesta- 
 tions of benev. : with large acquis., will be more kind than lib- 
 eral; unless a case of distress strongly excite his benev., will 
 give sparingly and grudgingly, yet freely bestow his time, 
 services, and whatever does not draw directly upon his acquis.; 
 in his sympathy and kind feeling, (which, after all, are the 
 better manifestations of this faculty,) will show a large share 
 of pure benevolent feeling, yet will generally be considered 
 very far from being benevolent ; but, with large or very large 
 adhes., and only moderate or small acquis., will be ready to 
 help his fellow-men, and particularly his friends, with both 
 his services and his substance, and be quite too generous for 
 his own good : with full or large acquis., and large or very 
 large ven. and conscien., may give freely to religious and 
 philanthropick societies; to the advancement of missionary 
 enterprises ; and in cases of real distress ; but not upon 
 other occasions : with only moderate destruct, cannot endure 
 to witness suffering or death, nor see pain inflicted without 
 experiencing a pang himself: with large combat, and de- 
 struct., and an active temperament, will manifest a general 
 spirit of mildness and kindness, and, when these organs are 
 not excited, will be much moved at the sight of pain, yet, 
 when his anger is thoroughly roused, will even inflict pain 
 with delight; except in a fit of passion, will not cause corpo- 
 real suffering, yet will be extremely bitter and sarcastick in 
 his expressions, and manifest strong indignation and resist- 
 ance towards his enemies, and those whom he thinks would 
 impose upon him : with large or very large cautious., full 
 secret., and only moderate or full destruct., will be careful 
 not to do or say any thing designed or calculated to wound 
 
BENEVOLENCE. 157 
 
 the feelings of others; yet, with only moderate secret., will 
 often speak before he reflects, and speak in such a manner 
 as to injure the feelings even of his best friends, but will 
 soon be sorry for it : with large or very large adhes. and 
 firm., when he undertakes to help a friend out of trouble, 
 will help him effectually ; but, with only moderate or full 
 firm., will espouse the cause of a friend with great warmth 
 of feeling, which, however, will soon become cool, and leave 
 him in a worse predicament than he would have been in 
 without his help : with large or very large conscien. and 
 caus., will be actuated to do good both by feelings of genu- 
 ine benev., and, also, by a sense of duty ; endeavour to make 
 men happy by first reforming them and making them virtu- 
 ous ; and, with large ideal, and only full self-e. added, will 
 manifest his benev. in so refined and delicate a manner as 
 not to oppress the recipient with a sense of obligation : with 
 large or very large mirth., will endeavour to augment the 
 enjoyment of all around him by his mirthful effusions, and, 
 except when provoked to it, will not be sarcastick : with 
 large or very large self-e., and only moderate or full consci- 
 en., will show favours to those who acknowledge their obli- 
 gations to him, and render him all the tribute of respect he 
 may claim, yet will bestow but few favours upon those who 
 wound his pride: with large or very large caus., compar., 
 and individ., will lay judicious plans, and employ the best 
 means for doing good and relieving distress ; take hold of 
 benevolent enterprises in the right way, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having benev. very large, with large 
 or very large conscien., will possess, as it were, a deep and 
 an overflowing fountain of kind and tender feeling, and have 
 a heart full of sympathy and goodness ; cause trouble to 
 those around him with great reluctance ; grieve over the 
 miseries of mankind, and sacrifice almost any personal com- 
 fort and interest upon the altar of his benev. ; be pre-eminent 
 for his philanthropy and his real goodness of heart, and all 
 from feelings of disinterested benev. ; and, with large ven. 
 added, will gladly devote himself and spend his all in pro- 
 moting the salvation of his fellow-men, and in advancing the 
 cause of humanity and religion: with large or very large 
 adhes., will be likely to ruin himself by assisting his friends, 
 and will ask what they want, rather than what he can afford 
 to give ; and, with large or very large philopro. and consci- 
 en., w 7 ill be pre-eminently qualified to endure the fatigues of 
 14 
 
158 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 attending upon the sick ; watch, with the utmost anxiety, 
 over a sick friend, and perform ten thousand acts of kindness 
 which nothing but the strongest feelings of benev., increased 
 by the tenderest feelings of friendship, could suggest or sup- 
 port him under; with only moderate or full destruct. added, 
 will be nearly overcome by the sight of suffering or death, 
 &c. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under benev. large, 
 modified by an increase of its influence, will apply to benev. 
 very large. 
 
 Full. — One having benev. full, will experience, in a good 
 degree, the phenomena described under large benev., yet 
 will manifest less active benev. ; not be very willing to make 
 personal sacrifices, or waive his own interests, in order to 
 oblige others, yet will experience considerable benevolent 
 feeling ; and will be more apt to give from selfish motives 
 than one with large benev. For example ; one having be- 
 nev. full, with several of the selfish faculties large or very 
 large, and conscien. only full, in general, will first gratify 
 these larger organs, even though he must do so at the ex- 
 pense of his benev. ; will be habitually more selfish than be- 
 nevolent, and seek his own interest, though he thereby in- 
 fringe even upon the rights of others: with other large or 
 very large organs acting in conjunction with benev., may 
 manifest a large share of generosity and liberality; yet, with 
 these same, or any other, organs, acting in opposition to his 
 benev., will appear to be comparatively destitute of these 
 qualities : with approbat. very large, and conscien. only full, 
 may give " to be seen of men, 11 and take some pains to show 
 others what he has done: with approbat. or self-e., or both, 
 large or very large, may give even lavishly, but it will be 
 from selfish or mercenary motives : with large or very large 
 combat., destruct., firm., and self-e., or approbat,, to gain his 
 will, may assist in building churches, and in advancing good 
 objects, yet the feeling of pure benev. will be only secon- 
 dary. 
 
 Moderate. — One having benev. moderate, will, perhaps, 
 do favours which cost him little or no self-denial, yet will 
 exercise but little sympathy for his suffering fellow-men, and 
 seldom step aside from his own selfish pursuits in order to 
 relieve their distresses, or increase their enjoyment ; and ex- 
 perience but few benevolent remonstrances or promptings. 
 
 The manifestations and the combinations described under 
 
SEMI-INTELLECTUAL SENTIMENTS. 159 
 
 benev. large, reversed, will apply to benev. moderate, and, 
 also, to benev. small ; and those under benev. small, due al- 
 lowance being made for the increase of benev., will also ap- 
 ply to benev. moderate. 
 
 Small. — One having benev. small, will seldom disoblige 
 himself in order to oblige others ; seldom think or care how 
 much loss or inconvenience he subjects others to; and, with 
 any or all of the selfish organs large or very large, be selfish 
 in the extreme ; and seek, exclusively, the gratification of his 
 own selfish passions, regardless of the consequences to oth- 
 ers : with large or very large combat, and destruct., will not 
 only, not be moved to pity by the sight of suffering and 
 death, but even take delight in witnessing and causing 
 them: with large or very large adhes., may love ardently, 
 yet will never add kindness to affection, &c. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under benev. large or 
 very large, reversed, will apply to benev. small. 
 
 Very small. — One having benev. very small, will never 
 feel his heart beat with the emotion of pity; never heed the 
 most heart-rending cries of distress : and, with the selfish 
 organs large or very large, and the reflective only moderate 
 or full, will be literally a fiend incarnate. 
 
 This faculty is generally much stronger in females than 
 in males, and creates, in the former, a much greater mani- 
 festation of sympathy, of tenderness, of " the milk of human 
 kindness," of benignity, of pure sensibility for suffering and 
 desire to relieve it, than is manifested by the other sex. From 
 this fountain spring those innumerable acts of kindness, and 
 those ten thousand attentions to the wants and woes of oth- 
 ers, for which woman is so pre-eminent. 
 
 Location. — Benev. is located in the anterior superiour 
 portion of the head, just forward of ven., and of the union 
 of the coronal sutures, and beneath the posterior superiour 
 portion of the frontal bone. (See cut of the female head, 
 and contrast it with the scull of Aurelia Chase.) 
 
 SPECIES III. — Semi-intellectual Sentiments. 
 
 Improvement seems to be the watchword of our race, 
 and its spirit is manifested in those almost innumerable in- 
 ventions and contrivances which so greatly augment our 
 
160 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 comforts, multiply our conveniences, and give new charms 
 to our existence. These improvements result from a class 
 of faculties which partake of the nature and qualities of 
 both the sentiments and the intellectual faculties, constituting, 
 as it were, a stepping-stone between them. 
 
 20. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 
 
 Mechanical ingenuity and talent — ability to make, build, 
 construct, and manufacture. 
 
 Well has the philosophick Franklin observed, that "man 
 is a tool-making animal ;" and with equal propriety he might 
 have added, " and the only tool-making and tool-using ani- 
 mal, because the only animal which unites constructivenes? 
 with causality." Unquestionably man is calculated for liv- 
 ing in houses, wearing apparel, and, by the aid of machinery, 
 effecting objects which are even necessary to his well-being. 
 
 Mechanical principles, by the application of which vas* 
 additions can be made to the sum total of human happiness 
 and human improvement, are also found to exist, and, 
 likewise, to pervade the physical world. Now, since man 
 forms a part of this physical world, and is, in part, under 
 the dominion of these laws, there exists an absolute necessi- 
 ty for him to possess some innate and primary faculty, the 
 office of which is to take cognizance of these principles, 
 and, also, to exercise this class of the mental functions. In- 
 deed, without such a faculty, man would not be adapted to 
 that physical state of existence in which he is placed, but 
 would be imperfect, and perish. This faculty is found in 
 construct. 
 
 Men are not made skilful mechanicks and artisans sole- 
 ly, nor even chiefly, by instruction ; for, if they were, (other 
 conditions being equal,) their skill and dexterity would always 
 be in proportion to the amount of instruction received. But 
 such is by no means the case ; for we frequently observe 
 that some who have every advantage of instruction, make but 
 indifferent workmen, whilst others seem intuitively to un- 
 derstand the art of manufacturing. Proper instruction may, 
 indeed, improve the natural talents even of the latter, and 
 greatly facilitate their operations, yet they possess a natural 
 capability of being taught to make — a docility which often 
 manifests itself very early in life, and of which others are 
 comparatively destitute. Who taught Michael Angelo how 
 
CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 161 
 
 to build, or Canova how to use the chisel, or Benjamin West 
 iiow to paint while yet not nine years old, and entirely ig- 
 norant of the art of painting? Nature, mainly. Their 
 powers were innate, or, in other words, they possessed ex- 
 traordinary construct., aided by other faculties. 
 
 Imperfection in this faculty, and, also, a want of it, exist 
 in combination with almost every conceivable variety of 
 character and talents. Men of feeble intellects often possess 
 it in a remarkable degree, whilst others who have gigantick 
 minds, are sometimes almost entirely destitute of it. The 
 conclusion, therefore, is inevitable, that a talent for making 
 and building, must depend upon a distinct and primary, 
 mental power. 
 
 Large. — One having construct, large, will possess a high 
 degree of natural skill in making, building, contriving, re- 
 pairing, &c. ; be prone to whittle and scribble ; be delighted 
 with mechanical operations ; and, with large imitat., aided 
 by some practice, can become an excellent mechanick. 
 
 In effecting mechanical operations, other organs contribute 
 as largely as construct. For example; one having large 
 construct., with large or very large imitat, will be uncom- 
 monly dexterous in making after a pattern, and can readily 
 learn to do with tools what he sees others do ; with large or 
 very large form and ideal, added, will give a peculiar finish 
 and neatness to his work, and succeed in making fine and fancy 
 articles,- such as combine utility with richness and elegance; 
 but, with ideal, only moderate, will succeed only in making 
 common and useful things : with large firm, and self-e., large or 
 very large form, size, ideal., caus., and compar., and only mod- 
 erate imitat, will excel in superintending mechanical opera- 
 tions ; in directing others what to do and how to do it, and 
 in judging of the qualities of work, and will be a first-rate 
 foreman, yet will not himself excel as an operative mechan- 
 ick; can plan and oversee much better than execute; but, 
 with large or very large imitat. added, will excel in both; 
 be a natural mechanick or artist of a very high order; be 
 capable of turning his hand readily to almost any branch of 
 mechanical business ; and frequently contrive new methods of 
 accomplishing his work ; with large or very large conscien. 
 added, will never slight his work ; with large weight and indi- 
 vid. added, be highly delighted with the operations of machine- 
 ry ; able to comprehend it and judge of its adaptation ; and 
 possess an extraordinary talent for drawing, draughting, 
 14* 
 
162 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 modelling, planning, and probably for inventing ; be remark- 
 ably ingenious, and very successful, in every branch of me- 
 chanicks which he may undertake : with large or very large 
 concent., will dwell patiently upon any piece of work until 
 it is entirely completed, and rendered as perfect as possible ; 
 and will be able to engage in only one kind of labour at a 
 time; but, with moderate or small concent., will leave much 
 of his work unfinished ; generally have on hand several 
 pieces of work at a time, and feel a desire frequently to 
 change from one to the other ; be rather " a jack at all trades" 
 than perfect in any, &c. : with large or very large combat, 
 and destruct., and only full conscien., when his work does 
 not please him, will become angry with it, and feel like 
 breaking or tearing it in pieces : with very large self-e., hope, 
 and ideal., will be induced to try many mechanical experi- 
 ments; to engage largely in heavy operations, and even 
 speculations ; and be likely to spend much time in endeavour- 
 ing to invent : with very large ideal., imitat., mirth., form, size, 
 colour, local., and compar., can design and execute ludicrous 
 pictures or drawings, burlesque representations, caricatures, 
 &c. ; copy hand-writings; draw after a pattern; recollect, 
 for a long time, the shape of faces, landscapes, machines, 
 &c, which he has seen, and make their fac similes, or draw 
 and make from memory ; and, with large or very large caus, 
 and compar. added to this combination, can readily adapt 
 mechanical principles to the accomplishment of desired me- 
 chanical objects ; readily detect the faults in machinery and 
 remedy them ; invent and improve machinery, &c. : with 
 large or very large imitat., individ., form, size, weight, order, 
 and calcu., and full or large compar. and caus., will make a 
 first-rate engineer, surveyor, &c. 
 
 Very large.— One having construct, very large, with 
 very large ideal., imitat., individ., form, size, colour, and 
 compar., will literally possess a passion for the pursuit of 
 the fine arts; be able to perform almost any operation be- 
 longing to mechanicks or the arts with wonderful and intui^ 
 tive skill, and with extraordinary facility and success ; to 
 make almost any thing within the attainment of human in- 
 genuity ; to become an artist or mechanick of the very first 
 order ; and will be likely to break away from all hinderances^ 
 and to surmount every obstacle, in order to indulge this pas- 
 sion ; will be able to impart a peculiar beauty and a richness 
 to all his works, and combine perfect accuracy with taste^ 
 
CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 163 
 
 and will excel in every undertaking of the kind, even though 
 obliged to use indifferent tools. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations under large construct- 
 due allowance being made for the increase of the construc- 
 tive power, will apply to construct, very large. 
 
 Full. — One having full construct., with large imitat, will 
 possess a respectable share of mechanical ingenuity ; and ; 
 with the addition of large or very large form and size, and 
 full individ., have all the natural talent requisite for becom- 
 ing an excellent mechanick, especially in those branches 
 which require but little more than making after a pattern ; 
 can learn to use tools with tolerable dexterity, yet will re- 
 quire considerable practice, but with it, will become quite suc- 
 cessful ; can repair articles that break, and " fix up" such 
 things as he may have occasion to use in his family and his 
 business ; yet his success will depend as much upon art as 
 nature: with imitat. only full, will seem to possess this fac 
 ulty only in an inferiour degree,, especially if circumstances 
 do not imperiously urge its exercise, and will be dependant, 
 in some degree, for any mechanical skill or success which he 
 may manifest, upon his other faculties,, such as form, size, 
 local, ideal., compar., caus., &c. 
 
 The additional descriptions and combinations under con- 
 struct, full, will be found under construct, large, after due 
 allowance has been made for the diminution of construct; 
 
 Moderate. — One having moderate construct., with only 
 moderate imitat., may learn, with considerable effort, some 
 of the less difficult "trades," yet will never be eminent for 
 his skill in an^r ; may, perhaps, learn to construct those plains 
 articles which are often called for in the family and in busi- 
 ness, yet will show but little skill and dexterity in such op- 
 erations, and prefer to pay a mechanick for executing them ;. 
 will dislike to use tools, and choose some occupation whichi 
 is not mechanical : with imitat. and form large or very large, 
 may succeed well in making after a pattern ; manifest con- 
 siderable skill in copying, and easily learn to do what he 
 sees done by others, yet will owe his success mainly to these 
 last-named faculties ; and, with large or very large compar. 
 and caus. added, may, perhaps, direct others, and improve their 
 inventions, and even invent, yet will not possess much inde- 
 pendent, mechanical talent, &c. 
 
 Small. — One having small construct, with only moderate 
 knitat., will be able to learn to perform even simple mechan- 
 
164 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 ical operations only with great difficulty, and then merely 
 as an automaton ; will manifest but little skill or dexterity in 
 the use of tools or the pen ; dislike a mechanical occupation 
 more than almost any other ; do every thing in which the 
 exercise of this faculty is requisite only by main strength, 
 and without contrivance or ingenuity ; and be a mere bungler 
 in almost every thing of the kind which he undertakes. 
 
 The additional combinations and descriptions of small 
 construct, will be found under moderate construct, the influ- 
 ence of construct, being diminished. 
 
 Very small. — One having very small construct, will be 
 apparently destitute of all mechanical ingenuity and incli- 
 nation. 
 
 In the sculls and casts of several North American Indi- 
 ans, in the scull of a New Zealander and of a Charib Indi- 
 an, examined by the authors,, this organ is either small or 
 very small, which harmonizes perfectly with the fact, that in 
 every mechanical art and effort, these tribes are quite inferiour 
 to many races of men. 
 
 Location. — Construct, is located just above the middle 
 of a line connecting the top of the ear and the external cor- 
 ner of the eye ; or, just below ideal.,, and a little forward 
 of it* 
 
 When both organs are large or very large,- they form an 
 obtuse angle, ideal, extending in a nearly horizontal direc- 
 tion, and construct, uniting with it in nearly a perpendicular 
 direction. When the intellectual organs are large and long, 
 it spreads itself upon the sides' of the head, and thus presents 
 but little prominence. This, together with the temporal 
 muscle, which passes over it, and varies in thickness, causes, 
 except in the case of children, an occasional mistake. It 
 may likewise be added, that many individuals who possess, 
 by nature, no small share of the constructive power, think 
 they have but little, because they have never been so situated 
 as to call it forth, and, also, because they suppose that con- 
 struct, applies exclusively to the use of tools as employed by 
 a professed mechanick, yet, when occasion requires, they are 
 found quite skilful in executing repairs, and have a whittling 
 and tinkering propensity. 
 
 t It may be proper here to remark, that, in the large cut, acquis* and construct 
 are located too far forward, and aliment., too low* 
 
IDEALITY. 165 
 
 21. IDEALITY. 
 
 Imagination — fancy — love of the exquisite, the beautiful, 
 the splendid, the tasteful, and the polished — that impas- 
 sioned ecstacy and rapture of feeling which give inspi- 
 ration to poetry and oratory, and a conception of the sub* 
 lime. 
 
 That there exists in the human mind some faculty, the 
 function of which is to inspire man with a love of the beau- 
 tiful and the exquisite — a fondness for the sublime, the ele- 
 gant, and the tasteful, will appear evident when we compare 
 man with the lower order of animals, or civilized man with 
 the savage, or the refined inhabitants of a city with the com- 
 mon population of the country. Were it not for the influ- 
 ence of this faculty, these things would be held in no higher 
 estimation by man than by the brute, or by one man than by 
 another. Were it not for its influence, mankind would have 
 no higher relish for the exquisite, the tasteful, the beautiful, 
 and the sublime, than for the insipid, the dull, the homely, 
 and the vulgar. Were it not for this faculty, we should no 
 more highly prize the bold images, the glowing flights of 
 fancy, the daring thoughts, and the impassioned bursts of 
 eloquence which characterize the productions of Homer, of 
 Shakspeare, of Milton, of Byron, of Addison, of Irving, of 
 Chalmers, of Patrick Henry, and of Daniel Webster, than 
 we do the plainer and dryer style of Locke, Dean Swift, 
 William Cobbett, and many other still more homely writers. 
 Without ideality, the splendid productions of a Raphael, a 
 Corregio, a Canova, a Phidias, and a Praxiteles, would find 
 no more favour in our eyes than the rudest paintings, and 
 the roughest carvings, of the most uncivilized nations. 
 
 Although poetry is one form in which this faculty mani- 
 fests itself, yet it is by no means exclusively confined to a 
 relish for the inspirations of the muses. Though essential 
 to the poet, it takes a wider range. It adds to the delight 
 we take in viewing an elegant statue, an exquisite painting, 
 a splendid temple, or any other finished production of art. 
 It causes and increases the glow and rapture experienced in 
 beholding the beautiful landscape, the rugged cliff; the bold 
 promontory, and the lofty mountain. It now loves to see 
 the "wilderness and the solitary place" made glad, and " the 
 desert rejoice and blossom as the rose ;" and " at the peep of 
 
166 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 dawn," when fair Aurora " sprinkles with rosy light the 
 dewy lawn," it delights to see " old ocean smile ;" and then 
 " to ride upon the wings of the wind ;" and then " upon the 
 circle of the heavens ;" and then, again, to see the untied 
 winds 
 
 " Take the ruffian billows by the top, 
 
 Curling their monstrous heads, and hanging them 
 
 With deaf 'ning clamours in the slipp'ry clouds." 
 
 Ideality gives elevation, and fervour, and polish, to the 
 mind ; inspires man with a love of improvement and refine- 
 ment, and assists him in forming and realizing splendid con- 
 ceptions and undertakings. With approbativeness large, it 
 often manifests itself in a fondness for splendour in apparel, 
 equipage, houses, and pleasure-grounds, and is an important 
 element in gayety, fashion, and elegance of manners. 
 
 Large. — One having ideal, large, will possess refinement 
 and exquisiteness of taste and feeling, a lively imagina- 
 tion, and a brilliant fancy ; an admiration of the elegant, the 
 beautiful, the gorgeous, the ornamental, the perfect, and the 
 sublime ; of the fine arts and polite literature. ; of poetry if 
 of a high order, and of eloquence ; and will relish every 
 thing fanciful and exquisite wherever it is to be found. 
 
 One having ideal, large, with colour, form, and size large, 
 will gaze, with intense delight, upon a splendid and well- 
 proportioned painting, and be able to appreciate its merits ; 
 and, with form and local, large or very large, upon a beau- 
 tiful landscape, cascade, flower, &c. : with lang. and compar. 
 large or very large, will employ many metaphors, hyper- 
 boles, and other figures of speech ; will express himself in 
 a glowing and elevated style 3 and, with a full-sized and an 
 active brain, have the natural talents for becoming quite elo- 
 quent in the expression of his thoughts and feelings : with 
 hope large or very large, will have high flights of fancy, 
 delight to indulge in the revellings of his imagination, and 
 be enraptured with his own contemplations ; yet, if concent, 
 is only moderate, his flights will be vivid and intense, but 
 not long-sustained, and he must dash them off at the mo- 
 ment, or they will vanish : with self-e. and compar. large* 
 will not often allow an uncouth or a low expression to escape 
 his lips, but will be disgusted with vulgarity : with only a 
 moderate-sized head, and only full caus. and compar., will 
 manifest more of refinement than solidity ; of sound than 
 
IDEALITY. 167 
 
 sense ; of rhetorick than logick ; of sickly delicacy than 
 vigorous intellect ; of finely turned periods than important 
 ideas ; and overload his style with figurative expressions : 
 with combat, and destruct. large or very large, throw invec- 
 tive into the form of poetry : with large or very large indi- 
 vid., event., and lang., may make a good speaker and writer, 
 and a popular lecturer, yet will be indebted for these quali- 
 ties more to his manner than to his matter — to his style than 
 to his ideas ; may please the fancy, and communicate many 
 facts, yet will not reason closely or clearly : with amat. and 
 adhes. large or very large, will take a special interest in sen- 
 timental poetry which breathes much of the passion of love, 
 and fires the fancy, and in romantick and dramatick compo- 
 sition : with mirth, large, will relish humourous poet- 
 ry, such as John Gilpin, the Dunciad, Beppo, &c. : with 
 ven. and conscien. large, devotional and religious poetry : 
 with the reflective faculties large or very large, will despise 
 light and trashy poetryfor even that which, though beautiful 
 in expression, is deficient in power of thought ; will relish 
 only that which, while it flows in smooth and equal num- 
 bers, bears upon its bosom a rich cargo of important ideas, 
 and sound, moral sentiments ; and, if he attempt to compose 
 poetry, will imbue it with much sound, practical sense, and, 
 also, prefer those authors, both in poetry and prose, who em- 
 ploy a glowing, elevated style, but pay far more attention to 
 the arrangement and the argument than to the expression, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having ideal, very large, will possess 
 a rich and glowing fancy, and experience emotions accompani- 
 ed with a kind of rapture and enthusiasm, or, rather, ecstacy ; 
 be disgusted with that which is commonplace or imperfect ; 
 be excessively fond of poetry and fiction ; an enthusiastick 
 admirer of the fine arts ; and revel with ecstacy in the re- 
 gions of fancy. 
 
 One having very large ideal., with very large adhes. and 
 compar., and full lang., can make poetry of a high order, 
 which will breathe forth the tenderest feelings of friendship ; 
 and will consider the common standard of friendship so very 
 low, and its exercise so imperfect, as to make him dissatisfied 
 with life, because he will be able to find few minds of kin 
 dred sympathy and pathos with his own ; will long for a 
 world where friendship will be pure and perfect, and unmix- 
 ed with, the least alloy; and mourn deeply over the imper- 
 fections of human nature : with large perceptive organs, 
 
168 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 large or very large reflective organs, and full or large mor- 
 al organs, accompanied with an active and a full-sized brain, 
 will be possessed of a deep fund of thought, which will flow 
 in a style, rich, but not gaudy, copious and powerful, but not 
 low or commonplace, splendid, but not bombastick; will be 
 admired for his talents, and beloved for his amiable qualities ; 
 will produce the best of sentiments, and yet manifest the 
 most exquisite feelings ; and rise far above his fellow-men, 
 both in genius and virtue ; be devoted to belleslettre, the fine 
 arts, and polite literature, and also to the more substantial 
 branches of learning ; and, with full self-e., firm., and com- 
 bat, will be qualified to become a splendid speaker ; will 
 make almost any sacrifice in order to listen to a splendid or- 
 atorical performance ; and will possess the feeling and the 
 power of eloquence and poetry in the highest degree. 
 
 The manifestations and descriptions under ideal, large, 
 modified by an increase of the qualities imparted by it, will 
 apply to ideal, very large. 
 
 Full. — One having ideal, full, will possess considerable 
 refinement of feeling, and some poetick fancy, yet they will 
 be exercised only in a subordinate degree ; will be fond of 
 poetry and the fine arts, yet not by any means devoted to 
 them; may relish poetry for its sentiment or its argument, 
 or the love it describes, the history or philosophy it imbodies, 
 &c, more than for its glowing imagination or vivid fancy. 
 
 One having ideal, full, with large or very large perceptive 
 and reasoning faculties, will confine his attention chiefly to 
 matters of fact, and to the investigation of first principles, 
 without reference to the splendour or the drapery of style ; 
 express his thoughts in a straight-forward, plain, and forcible 
 manner, with less reference to elegance and finish of style 
 than to the facts and arguments ; prefer those speakers who 
 do the same, and possess much more of the eloquence of 
 thought than of diction; prefer plainness and utility to 
 beauty and ornament ; and seem, at times, to possess less 
 taste, and refinement, and delicacy of feeling, than is com- 
 mendable. 
 
 Moderate. — One having ideal, moderate, will seldom 
 experience the glow and elevation of feeling which ideal, 
 imparts, nor manifest a great share of refinement of feeling, 
 nor express himself with elegance and taste; will regard 
 poetry, belleslettres, the fine arts, polite literature, works of 
 imagination, painting, sculpture, &c, with less enthusiasm, 
 
IMITATION. 169 
 
 and prefer plainness to ornament, and be rather plain and 
 awkward, than polished and refined, in his manners, dress, 
 &c., and, with self-e. moderate, take up with inferiour arti- 
 cles. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under ideal, large, re- 
 versed, will convey to the mind of the reader a correct idea 
 of the additional descriptions and combinations of moderate 
 or small ideal. 
 
 Small. — One having ideal, small, will be coarse and vul- 
 gar in his manner of expression ; have but poor ideas of 
 taste, of propriety, and beauty, and little relish for poetry or 
 oratory, or fine writing, and be but a miserable judge of any 
 thing of the kind • will be coarse and uncouth in his man- 
 ners, and very awkward, plain, and commonplace in every 
 thing he says or does. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under ideal full, and, 
 also, those under ideal, large and very large, reversed, will 
 apply to ideal, small. 
 
 Very small. — One having ideal, very small, will be 
 nearly destitute of the feelings and manifestations described 
 as pertaining to this faculty. 
 
 Location. — Ideal, is located upon the sides of the head, 
 about the spot in which the hair begins to appear, upwards 
 and backwards of construct., beneath the temporal ridge, 
 and near its union with the parietal bone, and nearly in a 
 line with compar., cans., and mirth. When large or very 
 large, the sides of the head, where the hair makes its ap- 
 pearance, are widened and heightened, but when it is small, 
 they are narrow and depressed. 
 
 22. IMITATION. 
 
 Ability to represent, copy, describe, and do what we see done 
 — the power of imitation and copying in general. 
 
 Man is emphatically a creature of imitation. In perform- 
 ing nearly all the actions of his life, the power of imitation 
 is more or less important, and a want of it exhibits an essen- 
 tial deficiency of character. In learning to speak or write 
 either a foreign language, or our vernacular tongue, the fac- 
 ulty of language furnishes us with words; but it is imitation 
 alone which enables us so to enunciate them as to make our- 
 selves understood. 
 15 
 
170 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 The skill of the mechanick depends, in a very great de- 
 gree, upon the extent of his imitative powers ; and the ges- 
 ticulations of the orator, by means of which he often ex- 
 presses more feeling, and makes a stronger impression, than 
 words could possibly convey, are the promptings of this fac- 
 ulty. So vastly diversified, indeed, are the feelings and the 
 practices of men, that, without some faculty to direct them 
 into even the common usages of society, different individu- 
 als would hardly be recognised as belonging to the same 
 race ; yet, with this faculty to give a degree of uniformity to 
 most of their habits and practices, and thus to attract them 
 towards a common centre, it is easy to determine, not only 
 in what country, but, frequently, in what section ofthecoun* 
 try, the manners of an individual have been formed. Hence 
 we infer, that man must be possessed of a primary faculty, 
 the exclusive function of which is imitation in general. 
 The experiments of the authors upon this organ, have been 
 both numerous and satisfactory. 
 
 Large. — One having imitat. large, will find it easy and 
 natural for him to copy and represent, and possess both the 
 ability and the disposition successfully to exercise this fac- 
 ulty, either in his gesticulation, his manner of description, 
 his talent for drawing and writing, his desire to adopt the 
 manners of others, or in almost any thing else demanded 
 by his circumstances in life, and his other faculties. 
 
 One having imitat. large, with construct, and the per- 
 ceptive organs also large or very large, will manifest his 
 imitative power in making after a pattern, in drawing, en- 
 graving, writing a copy-hand, &c. : with secret., ideal., and 
 lang., only moderate, cannot mimick, nor describe, nor act 
 out any thing well ; but, with secret, full or large, and ideal., 
 individ., event., lang., and compar. large or very large, has 
 a happy talent for description ; can relate anecdotes to ad- 
 miration, a fund of which he will have always at command, 
 so that he can always tell one story to match another ; can* 
 represent things which he wishes to describe, in so clear a 
 manner, and act them out so naturally, that the hearer will 
 seem to see just what the speaker wishes to convey ; by the ear- 
 nestness of his manner, his attitudes, gestures, the expression 
 of his countenance, the apparent pathos of his feelings, &c, 
 will make a far deeper impression than language alone could 
 produce, and be able to heighten the effect by the addition 
 of elegant, and even eloquent, delivery : with form, size, con 
 
IMITATION. 171 
 
 struct., and ideal, large, will be capable of becoming an ex- 
 cellent penman: with self-e. full, and ideal., individ., and 
 lang. large, can readily adopt the manners and customs of 
 those with whom he associates ; talk and act as others do ; 
 and make himself easy and acceptable in almost any society 
 in which he may be placed, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having imitat. very large, has a re- 
 markable talent for imitating almost every thing he under- 
 takes to imitate : with large secret., can conceal his real feel- 
 ings, while he appears to feel what he does not: with large 
 mirth., and moderate or small ven. and conscien., will have a 
 propensity to ridicule religion by imitating the peculiarities 
 of its professors : with large adhes., can assume the manners 
 of a friend: with large or very large combat., destruct., 
 self-e,, and ideal., can mimick and portray the several pas- 
 sions of haughtiness, of indignation, of revenge, of anger, 
 contempt, &c. : with any of the other selfish organs large 
 or very large, can imitate the several passions exercised by 
 those faculties : with large or very large event., will notice 
 ail the actions and peculiarities of others, and be able to 
 mimick them perfectly ; with large ideal, added, can ima- 
 gine and represent the action appropriate to any given senti- 
 ment, and express it to admiration ; and, with large or 
 very large lang. and secret, added, can carry on a dialogue 
 in several voices, and adapt the expression of his countenance 
 to the feelings represented; can imitate the accents and 
 brogue of the Englishman, the Scotchman, the Irishman,, 
 the Frenchman, &c, and even imitate the forms of express 
 sion adopted by these different countrymen; easily learn 
 both to read and to speak foreign languages : with large or 
 very large ideal., mirth., individ., event., lang., compar., and 
 adhes., and full or large secret, and combat., is capable of be- 
 coming a first-rate mimick and play-actor, and will have a 
 predominant passion, and a remarkable talent, for the stage, 
 and find it extremely difficult to avoid imitating the actions, 
 conversation, style, &c, of others. 
 
 Full. — One having imitat. full, will manifest this faculty 
 only in a subordinate degree, which will seldom amount to 
 rnimickry ; still, its influence upon the whole character will 
 be considerable, and may be inferred from the descriptions 
 and combinations of imitat. large, by diminishing the influ- 
 ence of imitat. 
 
 Moderate. — One having imitat. moderate, will possess 
 
172 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 this power in only an inferiour degree, and experience some 
 difficulty in copying and describing; fail to impart a natural 
 expression and accuracy to his attempts at copying, and, with 
 selfje., caus., and compar., large or very large, will disdain 
 to copy others; prefer to strike out, and pursue, a path of his 
 own ; fail to adapt himself to the customs of the society with 
 which he is not familiar; and will be original, if not eccen- 
 trick, in his manner of thinking and acting : with secret, 
 only moderate or small, can never seem to feel otherwise 
 than he really does. 
 
 Other combinations and descriptions may be inferred from 
 those under large and very large imitat. reversed. 
 
 Small.— One having imitat. small, will have but little 
 ability to imitate or copy, and none to mimick ; fail in his 
 attempts to describe or represent, and will almost, spoil a 
 story by attempting, in relating it, to act out the several parts ; 
 will not be at all natural in his gestures, and be a poor 
 penman, and experience great inconvenience from the defi- 
 ciency of this faculty. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under imitat. moderate, 
 the influence of imitat. being still farther diminished, and 
 also the descriptions and combinations under imitat. large or 
 very large, reversed, or negatived, will generally apply to 
 irnilat. small. 
 
 Very small.- — One in whom imitat. is very small, will 
 manifest none of the power in question, and be utterly unable 
 to imitate or copy. 
 
 Location. — Imitat. is located upon the two sides of be- 
 nev. When large, it extends nearly as far back as the organ 
 of benev., and the coronal sutures, and causes a protuber- 
 ance, especially when marvel, is small, which runs down- 
 ward from benev., and towards ideal, and construct. 
 
 23. MIRTHFULNESS. 
 
 That faculty of the mind which looks at things through a 
 ludicrous medium, and thus forms humorous ideas and 
 conceptions — a quick and lively perception of the ridicu- 
 lous and the absurd — facetiousness, pleasantly, humour y 
 wit, fun. 
 
 That certain conceptions, ideas, opinions, and occurrences 
 in life, are in themselves absurd and ridiculous, is a position 
 that will readily be admitted. This being the case, it natu- 
 
MIRTHFULNESS. 173 
 
 rally follows, that the mind should be possessed of some pri- 
 mary power or faculty, the office of which is to detect such 
 absurdities, and expose their ridiculousness : and this office 
 is performed by the faculty of mirthfulness. Its legitimate 
 function seems to be to aid caus. and compar. in determining 
 what is true, by intuitively discerning whatever in thought 
 or argument, is ridiculous or absurd : and the fact, that 
 mirth, is located by the side of caus., and in the same range 
 with compar., caus., and ideal., appears to strengthen the pro- 
 bability of the correctness of this supposition. 
 
 Unless we admit, that there is some primary faculty, the 
 proper operation of which is to detect that which is absurd 
 and ridiculous per se, how are we to account for the prone- 
 ness of mankind, when attempting to show the fallacy, or 
 expose the sophistry, of arguments, to endeavour to make 
 them appear ridiculous ? — how account for the very common 
 method of reasoning by the reductio ad absurdnm, the prin- 
 cipal ingredient of which is, mirth. ? The fact is, the mind 
 rests assured, that what is ridiculous, cannot be true ; or, 
 that the enlightened operation of mirth, is always in harmo- 
 ny with the principles of reason and analogy. 
 
 The existence of such a faculty as mirth., is rendered still 
 more evident from a consideration of that general tendency 
 of the human mind to make sport, to jest, joke, and seek for 
 something that will raise a laugh ; and, also, from the utility 
 of such a faculty ; which may be inferred from the fact, that 
 indulgence in laughter, merriment, lively conversation, hi- 
 larity, and rational amusements, by promoting respiration, 
 digestion, appetite, and the circulation of the fluids, contri- 
 butes greatly to health and bodily vigour, and, likewise, by 
 imparting buoyancy and elasticity to the spirits, greatly aug- 
 ments the power and activity of the mind. The old adage, 
 " laugh and be fat," though quaint, accords both with the 
 philosophy of human nature, and the experience of mankind, 
 and, moreover, with man's phrenological developments. If, 
 then, according to the vulgar notion, " every sigh drives a 
 nail into our coffin," this argument shows, that " every laugh 
 should draw one out." 
 
 Religionists often consider the exercise of this faculty as 
 wrong, nay, as wicked ; but the mere fact of its existence, 
 sanctions its exercise, and even makes its proper exercise a 
 virtue. 
 
 Large. — One having mirth, large, has a quick and lively 
 15* 
 
174 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 perception of the ludicrous, and a strong propensity to turn 
 singular remarks and incidents into ridicule, and to make 
 sport in various ways ; laughs heartily at any thing humor- 
 ous or funny, and enjoys it with a keen relish. 
 
 One having mirth, large, with large compar., destruct., and 
 combat., and caus. full or large, will mingle the sarcastick, 
 the pungent, and the bitter, with the purely humorous ; and,, 
 with compar. very large, hold the object of his displeasure 
 up to ridicule by comparing him to some most disagreeable,, 
 or even loathsome, object ; and be pre-eminent for his dry,, 
 terse, witty, and appropriate comparisons, which will be al- 
 ways in point, and very laughable, and sting while- they 
 tickle: with large or very large secret, and imitate will 
 have a happy faculty of saying a witty thing in a peculiarly 
 witty and laughable manner, and. with la?ge lang., compar., 
 and event, added, can work up the feelings of the hearer by a 
 most agreeable suspense, and mingle so much of the cunning 
 and the sly in his manner of expression, that his humorous 
 effusions will take admirably, and create a large amount of real 
 sport ; will be able to make fun of others without their seeing; 
 it, and to keep those in whose company he is, in a roar of 
 laughter, and yet appear perfectly sober himself;; to employ 
 insinuations and the double-entendre with effect: to hoax, 
 and quiz, and play his cunning pranks upon those around 
 him ; will make very happy allusions to ludicrous incidents ;. 
 and be very quick and opportune in his mirthful sallies : 
 with compar. large, approbat. very large, and caus. only full r 
 may say witty things, but will generally spoil them by laugh- 
 ing at them himself: with large or very large adhes., appro- 
 bat., benev., hope., ideal., imitat., event., lang., and compar., 
 will make a social, obliging, cheerful, companionable, and 
 pleasant friend, who will be full of good cheer, humorous 
 anecdote, and entertaining conversation : with large or very 
 large ideal., will express his mirthful effusions in a pecu- 
 liarly refined and delicate manner, and, with secret, large,, 
 can say even a vulgar thing without giving offence : with 
 secret, and imitat. moderate or small, will have a fund of lu- 
 dicrous ideas, and a ready conception of the truly ridiculous,, 
 but will generally fail to give them so ludicrous an expres- 
 sion as to make others laugh ; will relish a joke, yet spoil' 
 his own jokes, and those of others which he attempts to re- 
 late, by his defective manner of expressing them ; but, with 
 imitat. large or very large, even though secret is only mod- 
 
MIRTHFULNESS. 175 
 
 erate, will be able to express himself in so blunt, and dry, 
 and eccentrick, and even comick a manner, as to cause a 
 burst of laughter: with lang. large, and compar. very large, 
 will be a ready punster; have a happy talent of. reasoning 
 by the reductio ad absurdum, or, by carrying out, and apply- 
 ing, the arguments of his opponents in such a manner as to 
 make them appear supremely ridiculous : with hope large 
 or very large, will be both cheerful and witty, and mingle a 
 high flow of spirits, with a happy talent for humour ; but, 
 with hope only moderate or small, even when borne down 
 with melancholy, may say many witty things: with appro- 
 bat, and cautious, very large, and self-e. small, except among 
 his familiar acquaintances, will have too little self-confidence 
 to venture a joke, or will show so much fear in his manner 
 of expressing it as to spoil it: with ven. and conscien. large 
 or very large, will be frequently annoyed by the intrusion 
 of ludicrous thoughts, even upon solemn occasions ; feel 
 guilty upon this account, and endeavour to banish them from 
 his mind, yet, in spite of all his effcrts, they will frequently 
 arise : with compar. and caus. large or very large, like 
 Franklin, will express important ideas, containing a great 
 a mount of practical sense, in a witty manner, and imbody 
 many moral lessons, and much practical philosophy, in his 
 mirthful effusions ; and, whenever he attempts to joke, will 
 be dry, sententious, pithy, and always in point, &c. " Poor 
 Richard's Almanack" furnishes an admirable illustration of 
 the combined manifestation of very large caus., compar., and 
 mirth. ; whioh combination is most strikingly exhibited in 
 all the busts of Dr. Franklin. 
 
 Very large — One having very large mirth., will look 
 at almost every thing, as it were, in a ludicrous light ; manr 
 ufacture fun out of almost every passing incident ; find it 
 difficult to restrain that strong current of humorous emo- 
 tions which sweeps through his mind, and which will be 
 likely to burst forth, both upon proper and improper occa- 
 sions; and be unable to express himself without a strong 
 mixture of facetiousness with sober thought, and often car- 
 ry his jokes too far. 
 
 The descriptions and the manifestations of mirth, large, 
 modified by an increase of the power and the influence of 
 mirth., will apply to mirth, very large. 
 
 Full. — One having mirth, full, may have a good share 
 of humorous feeling, and enjoy the mirthful effusions of 
 
176 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 others, yet, without the aid of other faculties, will not him- 
 self be remarkably quick to turn a joke: with large or very 
 large destruct, combat., and compar., will be cogent and bi- 
 ting in his attempts at wit r yet his wit will sting more than 
 it will tickle, and be too., harsh, and severe, and personal to 
 please, and, consequently, will often give offence ; will, per- 
 haps, frequently indulge his teasing and 'pestering propen- 
 sity, yet his mirthful effusion will not be characterized so 
 much by pure humour, as by satire and raillery ; may be 
 eminent for his sarcastick and appropriate, if not ironical, 
 comparisons, yet the whole point and ludicrousness of his 
 jokes will turn upon the aptness of the comparison : with 
 hope very large, may have a large share of glee and hilarity, a 
 cheerful, lively disposition, anda sprightly mind ; enjoy a fine 
 flow of spirits, and be exceedingly fond of amusements, yet 
 the pure " attick salt" will not highly season his mirthful 
 effusions : with the assistance of other faculties, particularly 
 of imitat, lang., secret., hope, and compar., may express what 
 ludicrous ideas he has in so laughable a manner, act them 
 out so naturally, and accompany them with so much quaint- 
 ness, as to create a great deal of sport, and pass for a real 
 wit, yet he will owe more of this celebrity to his manner of 
 communicating his witticism, than to the witticisms them- 
 selves, or to the faculty of mirth ■; but, with secret., self-e.,. 
 lang., individ., and event, only moderate or full, will be un- 
 able to give half the jest to his mirthful expressions which 
 is contained in his ideas t and thus be generally considered 
 as comparatively destitute of the faculty. 
 
 Moderate. — One having mirth, moderate, will generally 
 look at things through the sober medium of fact; seldom 
 succeed well in his attempts at wit; generally think of his 
 jokes too late to make them ; and be more sober than jovial. 
 One having mirth, moderate, with compar., combat., and de- 
 struct. large, may be sarcastick, yet his jests will be too un- 
 kind and harsh to please; be more biting than humorous, 
 and often give offence : with approbat., combat., and destruct. 
 large, will be unable to take a joke in good part, and, when 
 rallied, frequently become angry: with self-e. and caus. only 
 moderate or full, approbat. large or very large, and secret, 
 large, will frequently labour under the false impression that 
 he is the object of ridicule when he is not ; will be quite too 
 jealous upon this point, and easily offended by jokes, espe- 
 cially if they hear upon facts, &c. 
 
PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 177 
 
 Small. — One having mirth, small, will be likely to con- 
 sider wit as either impertinent or silly ; wall rather lack 
 sprightliness and vivacity in conversation and appearance ; 
 be slow to take a joke, or to appreciate a witticism, and 
 slower still to make or turn one : with ven. and conscien. 
 large or very large, and hope only moderate, will seldom 
 smile, and probably think it wicked to do so: w T ith appro- 
 bat, and adhes. large or very large, will be extremely alive 
 to the lashes of ridicule, and the finger of scorn, and greatly 
 tormented by them : and be completely confused and routed, 
 when the battery of this organ is opened upon him. 
 
 Very small. — One with this organ very small, will never, 
 in any perceptible degree, manifest the functions exercised 
 by this faculty. 
 
 Location. — Mirth, is located beneath the temporal ridge, 
 externally from caus., but a little lower, and nearly in the 
 range of compar., caus., and ideal. 
 
 ORDER II. — Intellectual Faculties. 
 
 These faculties constitute what is commonly termed intel- 
 lect, as contra-distinguished from feeling, or emotion ; and 
 have to do with three classes of things, the physical, the 
 metaphysical, and the abstract ; or, in other words, with the 
 various conditions, relations, and qualities of things, and 
 with the physical, mental, and moral phenomena that are 
 produced by the operation of those first-principles or causes 
 by which these things and their respective phenomena are 
 regulated and governed, as well as with the principles them- 
 selves. 
 
 They consist of two genera. The first genus embraces 
 the Perceptive Faculties; and the second, the Reasoning 
 Faculties. 
 
 GENUS I. — Perceptive Faculties. 
 
 These bring us into communion with the external world 
 through the medium of the senses ; perceive natural objects 
 and their conditions, physical qualities, and phenomena, and 
 some of their relations, and collect facts and statistical infor- 
 mation for the use of the other faculties. 
 
178 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 SPECIES I. — The Faculties of the External 
 
 Senses. 
 
 SENSATION OR FEELING. 
 
 Cognizance of the impressions made, and of the effects pro- 
 duced, upon the body by the contact of physical objects with 
 the nerves of sensation. 
 
 Without a faculty of the mind whose legitimate office it is 
 to perform this class of functions, the contact of physical ob- 
 jects with the body, could produce no sensation — without 
 this ever-watchful sentinel of our corporeal frame — whose 
 organ (through the medium of the nerves of sensation) per- 
 vades the whole external surface of the body, including the 
 intestinal canal — placed, as it is, to guard from external in- 
 jury, this delicate machine — to keep in tune this harp of a 
 thousand strings, its safety would be put in constant jeopar- 
 dy, and its organization, liable soon to be destroyed. Negli- 
 gence here, even for a moment, might expose the body to ir- 
 reparable injury, and render this citadel of life liable to be 
 taken by the first rude hand that should assail it. Hence 
 we infer the necessity of a distinct faculty whose exclusive 
 office it is to perform the function of sensation. 
 
 The principle, that such a contact of physical objects with 
 the body as is calculated to injure it, causes pain, which pain 
 warns us of danger, and that such a contact as is beneficial 
 to it, produces a pleasurable sensation, will generally hold 
 good, and bear the scrutinizing test of experiment. To man, 
 then, as a corporeal being, this facult}' is indispensable. It 
 is, in short, the natural instinct in him which intuitively 
 comprehends those principles that regulate the preservation 
 pf the body from external injury, and is likewise in perfect 
 harmony with those principles. 
 
 The mediate function of the sense of feeling, is common- 
 ly called touch, of which the sphere of activity is very con- 
 siderable and important. The nerves of this faculty are 
 closely combined with those of voluntary motion ; and the 
 two kinds together, may assist the functions of all the inter- 
 nal faculties, as well the affective as the intellectual. Hence- 
 the reason why the nerves of feeling and the nerves of men- 
 tion are so intimately connected with the organs of th$ at 
 fective and the intellectual faculties. 
 
SIGHT. 179 
 
 This faculty is much more active in some animals than in 
 others ; and we find that the nerves of sensation are much 
 larger in the former than in the latter. In combination with 
 large cautiousness, this faculty produces that dread of pain, 
 which is often worse than the pain itself, aud that instinctive 
 shrinking from corporeal suffering, which it endeavours to 
 avoid. 
 
 For a more extensive analysis of this faculty, as well as 
 of the other external senses, the reader is referred to the ex- 
 cellent remarks upon the subject in Dr. Spurzheim's work 
 upon Phrenology. 
 
 SIGHT. 
 
 Vision — power of taking cognizance of the appearance of 
 physical objects by means of the optical organs. 
 
 There exist in nature certain optical law T s, the object of 
 which is to furnish animated beings with a knowledge of 
 the physical world by means of the eye and its accompany- 
 ing apparatus. Mankind intuitively understand and apply 
 these laws or principles of vision, and see just as well with- 
 out any theoretical or scientifick knowledge of them as with. 
 Since, then, this power of vision is possessed intuitively, and 
 is exercised by a given portion of the brain, the induction is 
 obvious, that men, and, indeed, all animals that see at all, 
 possess an innate, primary power, the proper function of 
 which is to see. 
 
 The fact that new-born infants possess the power of vision 
 but imperfectly, does not at all militate against the foregoing 
 conclusion, for, it is well known, that, at the birth, their eyes- 
 are in an imperfect state, and are not able to receive, modify, 
 and transmit strong impressions of light, until they are 
 about six weeks old. Hence, it is only by degrees that the 
 eye of a child becomes fit to perform its natural function 
 with full power ; but, as soon as the powers of this organ 
 are fully matured, a child can see, and without either habit 
 or education, just as well and as accurately as the greatest 
 philosopher. The same argument will apply to all animals 
 whose organs of vision are imperfect at the birth. 
 
 It is, moreover, a singular fact, that that portion of the 
 brain in which the optick nerve terminates, or. in phrenolog- 
 ical language, the organ of seeing, is found, in different an- 
 imals, to be proportionate to their power of vision — is found, 
 
180 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 for example, many times larger in the eagle and the hawk, 
 than in other animals of a corresponding size in which the 
 power of vision is much weaker. 
 
 Defects in noticing and recollecting the form and colour 
 of objects, are often attributed to the power of vision, when, 
 in fact, they belong exclusively to imperfections in the facul- 
 ties of form and colour. For example ; one whose sight is 
 perfectly good, and who is deficient in the faculty of form, 
 but possessed of a large organ of colour, often finds it ex- 
 tremely difficult accurately to ascertain by the eye, and to 
 recollect, the configuration of an object, when, at the same 
 time, he gets a distinct idea of its colour ; but, with form 
 large, and colour small, can readily judge of its shape, but 
 not cf its colour. Many cases illustrative of these points, 
 have fallen under the observation of the authors, some of 
 which will be stated in another part of this work. 
 
 Allusion is here made to these facts as clearly showing 
 the necessity of the mind's possessing the faculties of form 
 and colour, as distinct from that of vision, in order perfectly 
 to perform some of its ordinary functions. 
 
 HEARING. 
 
 Power of talcing cognizance of sounds by means of the au- 
 ditory apparatus. 
 
 It cannot be denied, that the principles of acousticks ex- 
 ist in nature, nor that all animals possessed of an auditory 
 apparatus, are capable of perfectly applying these principles, 
 unaided by habit or instruction : and hence it follows, that 
 the faculty of hearing is a primary power of the human 
 mind. 
 
 As has been shown in regard to the sense of vision, that 
 seeing is its sole function, so can it be proved with reference 
 to the auditory faculty, that hearing is its only function. The 
 common and prevailing opinion, that an individual possesses 
 the faculty of tune or melody of sounds, and the gift of 
 speech, in proportion to the acuteness and perfection of his 
 auditory apparatus and the excellence of his voice, can easily 
 be shown to be erroneous. The question maybe put to the 
 most superficial observer, whether all those who have equal- 
 ly good hearing and fine voices, possess an equal talent for 
 musick, or equal fluency of speech. Indeed, the authors are 
 prepared to prove, by many facts that they have witnessed, 
 
HEARING. 181 
 
 that many individuals whose voices and hearing are excel* 
 lent, but who are defective in the organ of tune, are not ca- 
 pable of distinguishing one tune, or one note, from another. 
 How is it, that, among birds, the song of the male is far more 
 melodious than that of the female? Can it be, that the au- 
 ditory or the vocal apparatus of the one is less perfect than 
 that of the other ? 
 
 But, that the sense of hearing cannot produce musick, is 
 evident from the fact, that the auditory apparatus is excited 
 solely by sounds from without, whereas, musick must pro- 
 ceed from an internal impulse given by a primary faculty of 
 the mind, for it is impossible that the first musician could 
 have previously heard the sounds which he produced. It is 
 well known, too, that musicians who have lost their hearing, 
 continue to compose. Singing birds, also, when hatched by 
 strange females, instead of employing the notes of their adopt- 
 ed parents, sing naturally, and without any instruction, the 
 song of their species. 
 
 In regard to the faculty of speech, we know that the nat- 
 ural language of every animal, is that which is peculiar to 
 its species, and that its perfection does not particularly de- 
 pend upon the perfection or imperfection of its faculty of 
 hearing. A duckling reared by a hen, does not adopt the 
 language of the hen ; nor does the young robin hatched by 
 the bluebird, learn the chirp of the bluebird. A kitten rais- 
 ed with a dog, does not learn to bark ; nor does a lamb rais- 
 ed among cattle, learn to low : but each animal naturally 
 adopts the language of its species. 
 
 So, in artificial language, as there is no natural connexion 
 between the names or sounds employed to denote certain ob- 
 jects, and the things signified, it is evident, that, in the for- 
 mation and use of words, some other faculties of the mind 
 are more intimately concerned than the sense of hearing. 
 When we pronounce the word book, the sound suggests to the 
 hearer the idea of the thing signified ; but it would be ab- 
 surd to suppose, that either his auditory apparatus, or his 
 organs of speech, conceived the idea of a book. The con- 
 ception was formed by his internal faculties alone. The 
 reason why the monkey cannot talk, is not because it is 
 destitute of the faculty of hearing, or of the proper organs 
 of the voice ; but because it has not the faculty of language, 
 and certain other internal faculties, which are necessary to 
 16 
 
182 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 the formation of words, and the application of them to the 
 various conceptions of the mind. 
 
 Thus it is obvious, that the function of the sense of hear- 
 ing, is confined to the production of impressions called sounds; 
 and that the production of melody and language, depend upon 
 other intellectual faculties. 
 
 TASTE. 
 
 Gustatory sensation 'produced by food, and, also, by other 
 substances. 
 
 This faculty differs materially in its function from that of 
 alimentiveness, to which it seems to be but the handmaid. 
 Alimentiveness produces hunger, and a relish for food, and, 
 without the assistance of taste, would be but a blind instinct, 
 producing merely the desire to feed ; while taste, acting as 
 the caterer for alimentiveness, is capable of being exercised 
 upon substances which can, and which cannot, be converted 
 into food, and of selecting the one, and rejecting the other. 
 
 That this faculty, in its ordinary state in civil society, does 
 not, under all circumstances, inform us what is, and what is 
 not, adapted to the nourishment and health of the body, will 
 readily be admitted ; but that, unpampered by luxury, and 
 unperverted by cookery, it would be capable of doing so, is 
 highly probable. Among the lower order of animals — m 
 beasts, birds, and fishes, where it is unperverted, it secures 
 this object to perfection, abundant evidences of which are 
 furnished by natural history. Why, then, should it not, in 
 its natural state, be equally perfect and serviceable in man? 
 Analogy would certainly give an affirmative answer to this 
 interrogatory. 
 
 SMELL. 
 
 Olfactory sensation — cognizance of the scent or odour of 
 
 objects. 
 
 By means of this faculty, the material world acts upon 
 man and animals from a distance. When detached, odor- 
 ous particles come in contact with the olfactory nerve, they 
 inform us of the existence, and some of the qualities, of the 
 bodies from which they are separated. Taste has been de- 
 scribed as the purveyor of alimentiveness ; and smell may 
 be denominated the pioneer of taste, and assistant handmaid 
 
INDIVIDUALITY. 183 
 
 of alimentiveness ; for it often acts as the guide to taste in 
 selecting food, and frequently decides upon what is good, 
 and what is bad, without the assistance of taste. 
 
 But the office of smell is by no means confined to the se- 
 lecting of food. Its function decides upon the agreeableness 
 or disagreeableness of the sensation produced by all odours 
 that are wafted to the olfactory nerve ; and here its office ceases. 
 It may be remarked, however, that the pleasurable or opposite 
 sensation produced by an odour, depends much upon the habit 
 of the individual, or the training of the faculty ; for odours 
 that are delightful to some individuals, are unendurable to 
 others. Some persons take great delight in scenting them- 
 selves and their clothes with musk, burgamot, cologne, &c; 
 whilst to others, these smells are an abomination. 
 
 Some of the lower animals excel man in the acuteness of 
 their smell, as their olfactory apparatus is larger. 
 
 Odours act powerfully upon the brain. Hence, the appli- 
 cation of stimuli to the olfactory nerves, often revives sensi- 
 bility in cases of suspended animation. 
 
 MOTION. 
 
 The existence of a mental faculty, the exclusive office of 
 which is to superintend and direct the action of the muscles, 
 has not yet been demonstrated, but is considered as quite 
 probable. 
 
 SPECIES II. — Observing and Knowing Faculties* 
 For a description of these faculties, see page 50. 
 
 24. INDIVIDUALITY. 
 
 Power of noticing single objects as separate existences, and 
 of considering each as a distinct identity and individu- 
 ality — desire to see and know, and to examine objects — 
 curiosity to see things — power of observation. 
 
 The material world is composed of single objects, arranged 
 and combined into one grand whole ; but without a faculty 
 whose function it is to individualize these objects, and take 
 cognizance of them one by one as distinct and separate ex- 
 istences and entities, mankind would perceive them only as 
 a confused and indistinct mass, and be unable to distinguish 
 
184 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 one single thing from another. It is doubtful, indeed, whether, 
 without such a faculty, we could form clear notions, or dis- 
 tinct ideas, upon any subject. 
 
 This faculty gives the desire, accompanied with the ability, 
 to become acquainted with objects as mere existences, without 
 reference to their qualities, such as form, size, colour, weight, 
 &c, or to their modes of action ; and, inasmuch as it leads 
 to observation, it becomes an important element in a literary 
 taste and talent. 
 
 Large. — One having individ. larg&\ has a great curiosity 
 to see and examine whatever comes within the range of his 
 observation ; is deeply interested in the mere examination of 
 individual objects, aside from their causes, uses, relations, 
 and conditions ; is quick to see what is passing around him, 
 and allows few things that come within the range of his vision, 
 to escape his observation \ is a close and practical observer 
 of men and things; and, by associating his thoughts and 
 arguments with some visible object, and by thus giving them 
 a distinct identity and individuality, imparts to them a pecu- 
 liar clearness and deflniteness, and seeming tangibility. 
 
 One having individ. large, with event, also large or very 
 large, will not only be quick to see what is passing around 
 Jaim, but, also, have ai> excellent memory of what fee has 
 seen ; with large or very large compar. added, will not only 
 have the ability of comparing things together, and noting 
 wherein they resemble, or wherein they differ from, each 
 other, but w T ill also take great delight in this exercise ; with 
 good advantages, will possess a rich fund of general and partic- 
 ular knowledge ; a ready command of facts, and a great fond- 
 ness for reading and study, and have the requisite talent and 
 disposition to become a superiour natural scholar; yet, to 
 become a finished scholar, he must also possess form, local., 
 ideal., and caus. large or very large : with large caus., 
 will first notice things in their individual capacity, and then 
 investigate their relations of cause and effect, their design 
 and utility, and the effects they are capable of producing ; or, 
 in other words, will be a close observer of things, and, also, 
 strongly inclined to philosophize upon them ; and, with the rea- 
 soning organs very large, will observe closely, yet reason more 
 than observe ; have excellent ideas, and also impart to them 
 a clearness and tangibility that will render them easy to be 
 understood, and thus greatly add to their power ; and, with 
 the addition of larg-e form, will be an enthusiastick and a 
 
INDIVIDUALITY. f85 
 
 successful investigator of human nature, and generally form 
 correct opinions- of the character and talents of men by their 
 physiognomy, conversation, deportment, &c., and can suc- 
 cessfully apply himself both to details and general princi- 
 ples: with idea], large or very large, will regard objects 
 as clothed with peculiar splendour, natural beauty, high per- 
 fection, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having individ. very large, will pos- 
 sess an unconquerable desire to see, see, see — whatever it is 
 possible for him to see : before he is aware of it, will take 
 up things and look at them, even when propriety would re- 
 quire him to leave them untouched; have a prying curiosity 
 to become acquainted with things as mere existences ; can 
 hardly rest satisfied without thoroughly exploring and sur- 
 veying every thing w r ithin the reach of his observation ; is 
 a real looker, and even given to gazing, or, perhaps, to sta- 
 ring : with caus. only full, looks much more than thinks, and 
 is so much devoted to the examination of objects, that his 
 power of abstract thought is thereby weakened, or, at least, 
 frequently interrupted by the operation of this faculty ; finds 
 it difficult to confine his attention to abstract contemplations, 
 because it is so frequently arrested by physical objects ; will 
 be given to personification, and, with compar. large, to met- 
 aphor, simile, &c, and be apt to consider mere abstract ideas 
 or notions, such as virtue, vice,, justice, reason, &c, as per- 
 sonal identities ; may readily learn things, but will, not pos- 
 sess an unusual share of depth of intellect, &e. 
 
 The additional manifestations and combinations of indi- 
 vid. very large, may be inferred from those described under 
 individ. large,, the compar. of the reader being allowed to 
 supply the increased influence of individ. 
 
 Full. — One having individ. full, with the reasoning or- 
 gans large or very large, will reason much more than ob- 
 serve, think more than look, and examine objects chiefly as 
 connected with their causes, relations, effects, qualities, uses, 
 &c.:. with moderate event, will be liable to forget things, 
 and have but an indifferent memory of facts ; will manifest 
 some curiosity to examine objects, and see whatever comes 
 in his way, yet not be at much pains merely to gratify his 
 looking propensity, and will not be distinguished, either for 
 his observing powers, or for the want of them. 
 
 Moderate. — One having moderate individ., will be some- 
 what deficient in his powers of observation ; have rather indis- 
 16* 
 
186 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED 
 
 tinct ideas of things^ and describe them rather in a summary 
 and general, than in a particular, manner, and, with the rea- 
 soning organs large or very large, be much more engrossed 
 with general principles than with their details, and more in- 
 terested in investigating the causes, reasons, and relations of 
 things, than with their physical qualities. 
 
 Small. — One having individ. small, will fail to observe 
 what is passing around him ; take little interest in the mere 
 examination of objects; have little of that prying curiosity 
 to see and handle things, which is imparted by large indi- 
 vid. ; often have but indistinct notions of objects which he 
 has seen ; fail to identify particular things, be vague in his 
 descriptions of them, and find attention to details and the mi- 
 nutiae of business, unpleasant, and not suited to the character 
 of his intellect. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations mentioned under indi- 
 vid. large, reversed, or read with a negative added to them, 
 will apply to individ. small. 
 
 Very small. — One having very small individ., will re- 
 gard things, as it were, in a mass ; see nothing which is not 
 forced upon his attention ; seldom regard objects in their in- 
 dividual capacity, and, with marvel, small, may be led to 
 doubt even his own personal identity. 
 
 Location. — Individ, is located at the root of the nose, 
 and when large, it separates the eyebrows from each other, 
 and, causes them, as they approach the nose, to arch ; but, 
 when small, the eyebrows nearly meet, and are nearly hori- 
 zontal. 
 
 The organ of individ. is generally much larger in children 
 than in adults ; which goes far to show, that it is highly 
 useful in the process of forming ideas: indeed, aided by 
 compar., whose office it is to compare things together, and by 
 event., which remembers what is observed and compared, 
 (and both of which are found highly developed in children,) 
 it constitutes the great medium of intellectual converse with 
 the material world, and assists us in treasuring up most of 
 the knowledge which we acquire. 
 
 25. FORM. 
 
 That mental power ivhich takes cognizance of the shape or 
 configuration of objects, and recollects them. 
 A Mr. Gibson, of Washington, D. C, suggested to one 
 of the authors, the ixiea that the superfices,. or shape, of ob- 
 
FORM. 18/ 
 
 jects, consists of nothing more than angles connected by 
 straight or curved lines, and that these constitute the form of 
 objects j and, moreover, that the faculty of form observes and 
 recollects these angles, and size, the length of the lines con- 
 necting them. This view of the subject, is, at least, ingen- 
 ious, and worthy of examination. 
 
 That no material object can exist without possessing the 
 property of form or shape, is a self-evident proposition ; 
 and without some mental power the function of which is 
 to convey to the individual a distinct idea of the forms of 
 different objects, no such idea could possibly enter the mind, 
 any more than could the idea of the colour of an object 
 without an organ of vision and a faculty of colour, or that 
 of a savour or an odour without the faculty of taste or of 
 smell. To the perfection of the human mind, then, some 
 faculty whose office it is to take cognizance of the various 
 forms of objects, becomes absolutely necessary. 
 
 The nature and operation of this faculty, may be inferred 
 from the principle which proves the necessity of its existence. 
 
 Large. — One having form large, finds it easy to observe 
 and retain forms ; readily catches the distinct appearance of 
 things, and recollects them for a longtime; generally at^ 
 tributes certain shapes to particular things which he hears, 
 described, and even to immaterial objects, &c. 
 
 One having form large, with individ. large, both notices,, 
 and recollects, the faces and countenances of those whom he 
 sees, and thus is enabled to know a great many persons : 
 with individ. only moderate, does not notice the shape or the 
 physiognomy of persons with sufficient accuracy to obtain a 
 clear idea of their appearance, but, when his attention is once 
 arrested by any thing special, and he has obtained a distinct- 
 impression of its looks, he seldom forgets it : with individ. 
 and local, large or very large, when he sees a person a second 
 time, will generally be able to identify and locate him, though 
 he may be unable to call his name, and, with event, large, 
 wall not only recollect that he has seen him before, but 
 often, where he has seen him, and also many incidents w r hich 
 transpired at the time, and yet may feel mortified that he 
 cannot call him by name : with imitat. very large, will be 
 able to copy from memory : with large or very large indi- 
 vid., size, local., order, and compar., will have all the talent re- 
 quisite for becoming agood naturalist, botanist, anatomist, and 
 chymist, and, with ideal, also large or very large, will expe- 
 
I8& PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 rience the greatest delight in the pursuit of these branches 
 of science : with construct., size, and imitat. large or very- 
 large, will be able to give the proper shape to the articles he 
 may make, &c. : with size large, can read writing that is in- 
 distinct, and, with individ. also large, easily learn to read cor- 
 rectly, and seldom miscal a word. 
 
 To the mechanick, the artist, the naturalist, the anatomist, 
 the botanist, and all those in publick life who have to trans- 
 act business with many individuals, a large development of 
 this faculty, is not only of the greatest utility, but even indis- 
 pensable to success. 
 
 Very large. — One having form very large, obtains, as 
 it were, by intuition, a distinct impression of the form of the 
 objects he sees ; will very seldom forget the shape or the ap- 
 pearance of things he has once seen ; if he once fairly looks* 
 at a person, wall almost always, know him when he meets 
 him again ; be able to recognise individuals even by a par- 
 tial view of their face, by seeing them at a distance, &c. ; 
 can readily discover family resemblances, and also detect dif- 
 ferences in the looks of persons and things; frequently re- 
 collects the name of a person by remembering its appear- 
 ance upon paper ;, can readily detect typographical errours, 
 and,, with lang. large, easily learn to spell correctly; can see 
 things that are very minute or indistinct,, or at a great dis- 
 tance, and, with size and individ. large or very large, can 
 read very fast and very correctly, and at a distance which 
 would enable ordinary form and individ. hardly to perceive 
 that there were letters : writh large or very large local., will 
 be able to study botany, mineralogy, geology, anatomy, and 
 all the natural sciences with remarkable ease and success, &c; 
 
 The additional descriptions and combinations under form 
 large, modified by an increase of the quality imparted by 
 form., will apply to form very large. 
 
 Full. — One having form full, after seeing an individual 
 several times, and becoming somewhat familiar with his 
 looks, will be able to recollect his physiognomy and appear- 
 ance, yet cannot be considered as remarkable for thispow r er; 
 will have a respectable memory of faces and countenances, 
 yet a long interval will weaken, or, perhaps, nearly obliter- 
 ate, his recollection of them, especially of those with whom 
 he is but partially acquainted; upon meeting those whom he 
 has before seen, will have an indistinct recollection that he 
 has seen them,, but will be less certain and distinct in his re- 
 
FORM. 189 
 
 collection, than if it had been produced by large or very- 
 large form. 
 
 One having form full, with individ. large or very large, 
 will have a very good recollection of the countenances, form, 
 and gait of persons, and partly because he is so great an ob- 
 server ; but, with individ. only moderate, will have but an 
 indifferent memory of such things, partly because he will 
 fail to notice them so particularly as to obtain a clear and 
 fixed impression of their shape, appearance, &c, and partly 
 because his memory of those which he does observe, is not 
 remarkably tenacious. 
 
 Moderate. — One having moderate form, retains only an 
 indistinct and confused memory of persons, animals, and 
 different objects, and must see them several times in order to 
 know them again, especially after a considerable lapse of 
 time ; is often quite uncertain whether he has, or has not, 
 seen individuals whom he meets ; is capable of making but 
 moderate progress in the study of the natural sciences ; can- 
 not clearly distinguish forms at a distance, nor certainly 
 identify a person or an object until he is near it, or has a 
 full view of it ; will make many mistakes in reading ; find 
 it difficult to read hand-writing, especially if it is not very 
 plain, &c. 
 
 The additional manifestations and combinations of form 
 moderate, may be inferred from a negative of those under 
 form large. 
 
 Small, or very small. — One having form small or very 
 small, will be exceedingly troubled by forgetfulness of per- 
 sons ; may meet an individual one day, and even converse 
 with him, and not recognise him at a subsequent meeting, 
 even though it may be very soon after : with approbat. large, 
 will feel mortified on account of this deficiency, and endeav- 
 our to notice and recollect shapes, yet his efforts will be una- 
 vailing ; in reading, will miscal many words, especially if the 
 print is fine or indistinct, and hardly be able to decipher 
 hand-writings : with individ. large, will see those whom he 
 chances to meet, but will seldom notice the expression of 
 their countenance, appearance, &c, and, therefore, not often 
 recollect them ; but, with individ. small, neither sees nor no- 
 tices those whom he meets ; so that, even those with whom 
 he is quite intimate, are sometimes not recognised by him. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations under form moderate, 
 modified by a diminution of the power of form, and also 
 
190 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 those under form large and very large, reversed, will apply 
 to form small or very small. 
 
 Location. — Form is located upon the two sides of the 
 crista galli, and, when large or very large, causes great 
 breadth between the eyes, and sometimes turns them out- 
 wards ; but, when small, they more nearly approach each 
 other. 
 
 26. SIZE. 
 
 That mental power which takes cognizance of magnitude 
 and proportion — ability to judge of length, breadth,, 
 height, depth, distance, fyc. 
 
 Since no material object can exist without occupying 
 space, it necessarily follows, that magnitude or bulk is a nat- 
 ural property of matter : and hence it also follows, that the 
 human mind would be defective, were it not possessed of a 
 distinct faculty the proper function of which is to distinguish 
 this property of matter. Without such a faculty, man could 
 not distinguish the difference between a mountain and a 
 mole-hill, a river and a rill, an ocean and a fountain. 
 
 That the faculty of form cannot execute the function at- 
 tributed to size, is clearly shown by the fact, that there exists 
 no proportion between the shape of an object and its magni- 
 tude or bulk The configuration of certain things, may be 
 the same, but their size widely different. Nature would be 
 at fault, therefore, did she not endow man with a separate 
 faculty adapted to the cognizance of each of these properties 
 of matter. 
 
 Again, the place, position, weight, and colour of objects 
 are conditions or properties each demanding a separate fac- 
 ulty of the mind to judge of it. 
 
 Large. — One having size large, will be able to judge 
 very correctly of the height, length, distance, middle, centre, 
 magnitude, &c, of objects ; to determine with considerable 
 accuracy, whether given points are on a water level ; to 
 judge very nearly of the weight of animals^ men, and 
 other objects by their size, ascertained merely by looking afe 
 them ; by a cast of the eye, can readily determine about how 
 much is, or can be, enclosed in a certain space ; whether a 
 given thing is in an exact perpendicular or horizontal posi- 
 tion, and will, in this way, always measure objects with a 
 view to ascertain these and similar points; will judge quite 
 
SIZE. 191 
 
 accurately in regard to the centre of a circle, the size of an 
 angle, and proportion generally, &c. 
 
 One having size large, with form and construct, large, will 
 have a very correct, mechanical eye, by which he will be 
 often guided instead of by measuring-instruments ; with imitat. 
 and local, added, can draw by the eye mathematical and 
 other figures with great accuracy ; decide correctly upon the 
 qualities of proportion and magnitude, and impart these 
 qualities to his drawings and mechanical operations ; and, 
 with weight added, is naturally a first-rate marksman, and 
 will need comparatively but little practice to make himself 
 quite expert with fire-arms, &c. In Col. Crocket, these or- 
 gans were all developed in an remarkable degree. 
 
 Very large. — One having size very large, will possess 
 the powers described under the head of size large, in an ex- 
 traordinary degree — be able to form his judgment of the 
 magnitude, distance, &c. of objects with surprising accuracy, 
 and, as it were, by intuition ; seldom need to employ instru- 
 ments to measure with, because he will be able to measure 
 so accurately by the eye, and calculate size correctly where 
 no instrument can be employed ; seemingly without an effort, 
 will be able to detect even a slight deviation from a hori- 
 zontal, a perpendicular, or a rectangular position, and be 
 greatly annoyed by it ; and not only perform all those func- 
 tions described under size large, but execute them with as- 
 tonishing accuracy and facility. 
 
 The combinations under size large, will hold good when 
 applied to size very large, except that the degree of the pow- 
 er of the organ, must be much increased. 
 
 Full. — One having size full, will possess a respectable 
 share of the power described under size large, yet will not 
 be distinguished for this talent ; will manifest a deficiency of 
 this faculty only when he is called upon to measure either 
 long distances, or short ones with considerable precision ; 
 and possess a sufficient share of this power for all ordinary, 
 practical purposes. 
 
 Moderate. — One having moderate size, will be able, by 
 practice, to measure short distances by the eye, especially 
 in those things with which he is acquainted, yet will not be at 
 ail distinguished for his accuracy in doing it; find considerable 
 difficulty in comparing different magnitudes, and will have 
 but an indifferent, mechanical eye. 
 
 Small. — One having size small, will be decisively defi 
 
192 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 cient in the power and qualities described under size large; 
 be very inaccurate in his judgment of distance and propor- 
 tionate bulk ; and entirely fail in his descriptions and com- 
 parisons of the size of objects. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations under size large and 
 very large, when reversed, or read with a negative, will ap- 
 ply to size small. 
 
 Very small. — One having size very small, will form ex- 
 tremely inadequate ideas of proportionate size, and, indeed, 
 of size generally, and hardly understand the meaning of the 
 term. 
 
 Location. — -Size is located at the internal termination of 
 the eyebrows, and develops itself on the two sides of the root 
 of the nose. When it is large, it causes the internal portion 
 of the eyebrow to project, or shelve, over the internal portion 
 of the eye nearly an inch ; but, when moderate or small, it 
 is nearly perpendicular from the inner corner of the eye to 
 that of the eyebrow. By inserting the thumb into the angle 
 formed by the arch of the eye and the nose, when the organ 
 is large or very large, and weight only moderate, a protu- 
 berance will easily be observed, in shape somewhat resem- 
 bling: a bean. 
 
 27. WEIGHT. 
 
 Intuitive perception and application of the principles of 
 specifick gravity — ability to judge of the force and resist- 
 ance of bodies, and of equilibrium — to preserve the cen- 
 tre of gravity, fyc. 
 
 The whole physical world (including man, of course) is 
 under the influence of the laws of attraction or gravitation. 
 By their all-pervading influence, these laws bind together 
 the whole material universe. They hold the sun, the moon, 
 the stars, and the planets in their orbits as they perform their 
 respective journeys through the trackless fields of space ; 
 cause the winds to blow, the waters to flow, the seasons to 
 return, and chain to the earth all things that rest upon its 
 surface. They also bind together those innumerable parti- 
 cles of matter which enter into the composition of all the 
 different material substances that exist ; and but for their op- 
 eration, these various particles of matter which compose the 
 universe, could never have been held together for a moment, 
 
WEIGHT. 193 
 
 but must have been promiscuously scattered and afloat 
 throughout the illimitable tracts of immensity. But for the 
 operation of these laws, the earth would still be " without 
 form and void," and no animate or inanimate thing would 
 have existence. 
 
 By some philosophical writers, a distinction has been 
 made between the attraction of cohesion, and the attraction 
 of gravitation ; but, unless it can clearly be shown, that 
 there is a difference between that primary power which 
 h ings the particles of matter together, and that which holds 
 them together, this distinction between the two kinds of at- 
 traction, will prove a distinction without a difference, and, 
 consequently, not a proper one. Can such a difference be 
 shown ? or can it be shown, that the principle or power 
 which brings together the larger masses of matter, differs 
 from that which binds together the particles of the smaller 
 masses 2 
 
 The object of these remarks, however, is not so much to 
 prove, or disprove, a difference between the laws of cohesion 
 and the laws of gravitation, as to throw out the general idea, 
 that for every set of laws in nature, and their accompanying 
 phenomena, with which man has to do, he requires a distinct 
 faculty of the mind, adapting him to these laws and phenom- 
 ena ; and that, therefore, if the attraction of cohesion is gov- 
 erned by one set of principles, and the attraction of gravita- 
 tion, by another, each of these sets requires a separate faculty 
 of the mind. 
 
 The faculty of weight has to do, mainly, with those prin- 
 ciples which relate to the speciflck gravity of bodies, in 
 judging of the consistency, density, softness, hardness, light- 
 ness, and heaviness or resistance of bodies — qualities which 
 cannot be decided upon by the mere sense of feeling or touch. 
 
 Large. — One having weight large, will seldom lose his 
 balance, even in difficult positions, and the instant he has 
 lost the centre of gravity, be warned by this faculty, and di- 
 rected to the muscular effort requisite to regain it ; seldom 
 slip or fall ; readily adapt himself to the laws of speciflck 
 gravity generally, and apply them to the accomplishment of 
 his designs ; can sling a stone, pitch a quoit, &c, very near 
 the mark; will naturally and intuitively understand the laws 
 of momentum, staticks, and resistance ; if much accustomed 
 to riding on horseback, can be thrown only with great diffi- 
 culty ; will easily learn to skate, and take great delight in 
 17 
 
194 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 the exercise, and seldom fall upon the ice; with great 
 ease, can balance things which those with weight small, can- 
 not, and perform other feats of a similar nature with appa- 
 rent ease and intuition ; will walk upon a pole or a spar 
 stretched across a stream, the frame of a building, a fence, 
 &c, without falling, or fearing to fall, especially if self-e. is 
 large ; and, with construct, form, and caus. large or very large, 
 will intuitively understand the power and the principles of 
 machinery, and skilfully apply them to effect mechanical op- 
 erations ; is capable of becoming a good machinist, and, with 
 large or very large size, individ., local., and calcu. added, a 
 first-rate engineer, or superintendent of machinery ; can, at 
 once, comprehend and apply the principles of hydraulicks, 
 hydrostaticks, pneumaticks, &c, and judge of powers and 
 projectile forces with uncommon facility and accuracy. 
 
 Very large. — One having very large weight, will pos- 
 sess the powers described under weight large, but in a much 
 higher degree, so much so as to stand out alone, and excite 
 the astonishment of those who witness his skill : — and all 
 this he will be able to do seemingly by intuition, and with- 
 out effort. 
 
 Full. — One having weight full, will apply the principles 
 of weight, balancing, equilibrium, and resistance, with suffi- 
 cient facility and correctness to get along with the ordinary 
 business of life, but will not be remarkable for this quality; 
 aided by considerable practice, may possess those powers 
 described under the head of weight large, yet they will be 
 the result of practice more than of nature, &c. 
 
 Moderate. — One having weight moderate, where only a 
 moderate share of this faculty is required, as in the case of 
 walking, running, &C;, may manifest little, if any, deficiency 
 in this respect, yet will not possess those powers described 
 under the head of weight large ; will be liable occasionally 
 to lose his balance, to stumble, and, perhaps, fall, and to be 
 thrown from a skittish horse ; to experience dizziness, espe- 
 cially over running water, or from heights ; will not be 
 able to throw a quoit, stone, or other missile, just high enough, 
 or low enough, just far enough to the right or left, and with ex- 
 actly momentum enough to hit the mark, &c. One having 
 weight moderate, with large or very large imitat, form, and 
 construct., will be able to use tools with great skill, yet will be 
 no machinist, and will not readily and intuitively understand 
 the operation and the powers of machinery, &c. The probabil- 
 
COLOUR. 195 
 
 ity is, that shooting running or flying game, depends more 
 upon' weight than upon any other faculty. 
 
 Small. — One having small weight, will be decisively de- 
 ficient in those qualities described under weight large and 
 very large ; can be easily thrown from his balance, or from 
 a horse ; frequently stumbles, and, with large or very large 
 cautious., will fear to trust himself where he is liable to fall, 
 because he will feel unsafe, &c. 
 
 Very small. — One having weight very small, will be 
 extremely deficient in all those functions which belong to 
 this faculty, and be liable to be thrown to the earth by slight 
 causes. 
 
 Location. — Weight is located adjoining to size, and a 
 little internally from the middle of the arch of the eye. It 
 is generally moderate or small in the American head. 
 
 28. COLOUR. 
 
 Ability to perceive and recollect the various colours of ob- 
 jects, to compare them, and judge of the harmony or dis- 
 cord of their different shades when mingled. 
 
 In speaking of vision, it was remarked, that the eye could 
 perceive the rays of light, and be agreeably or disagreeably 
 affected by their various modifications or colours, but, that 
 an ability to conceive the relations of colours, and compare 
 them, to judge of their harmony or discord, and remember 
 their teints, must depend upon another faculty of the mind ; 
 otherwise, all painters who possess equally good eyesight, 
 and who have had the same amount of practice, would be 
 equally happy in colouring : but this is by no means the 
 case. 
 
 The organ of colour is larger and more active in women 
 than in men, and in some nations, and some individuals, than 
 in others. Indeed, the authors have seen many persons who 
 were possessed of excellent powers of vision, but who were 
 utterly incapable of distinguishing (except black and white) 
 one colour from another. Many other similar cases are also 
 on record — all of which go to prove, that nature, in perfect- 
 ing her own handiwork, has seen fit to bestow upon the hu- 
 man mind, a primary faculty whose sole function it is to per- 
 ceive, and judge of, colours. 
 
 Large. — One having colour large, will readily notice 
 and remember, and be able to compare, different colours, and 
 
196 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 even their various shades and teints ; will often notice the 
 colour of a person's eyes, dress, hair, &c. ; manifest uncom- 
 mon taste and skill in selecting, arranging, comparing, and 
 mingling colours, and, as far as a natural talent for applying 
 them is concerned, he will excel : with large or very large 
 ideal, will be highly delighted with splendid paintings both 
 as regards their colours and the composition, or imagination 
 and taste displayed in them, and, with large form and imitate 
 ean easily learn to paint, and that with uncommon skill ; and, 
 with very large form, size, imitat., and construct., aided by- 
 practice, may be an excellent portrait or miniature painter j 
 and, in examining and purchasing articles of dress, furniture, 
 &c. will have a particular reference to their colour. 
 
 Very large. — One having colour very large, notices the 
 colour of objects as soon as he does any other quality, and 
 recollects it as long; is a natural and original colourist, and 
 capable of painting with extraordinary skill and facility: 
 with compar. and ideal, large or very large,, is a first-rate 
 judge and critick of colours, and has a passionate fondness for 
 employing the pencil or brush ; and is highly delighted with 
 rich and lively colours : with. caus. only full, and approbat., 
 Individ., and ideal, large or very large, will be excessively 
 fond of gayly coloured and gaudy articles of dress and furni- 
 ture, and even run into extravagance in this respect: with 
 very large form, and large or very large ideal., construct., 
 imitat., size, order, and individ., is capable of becoming a 
 portrait painter of the first class, and, with event, and com- 
 par. also large, a historical painter; of using the brush 
 with wonderful effect ; and of transferring to canvass both 
 the conceptions of his imagination, and real characters. 
 
 Full. — One having colour full, by considerable practice, 
 will be able to distinguish colours readily and accurately, yet 
 this talent will be the product of art more than of nature, or, 
 rather, of nature greatly improved by culture ; will notice 
 colours that are striking, or that are very well or very ill ar- 
 ranged, yet will seldom pay much attention to those that are 
 ordinary : with ideal, large or very large, may display much 
 taste and good judgment in mingling and arranging colours, 
 and, with imitat. large, be able to learn to paint well, yet the 
 mere colouring will form a less important feature in his pro- 
 ductions ; will gaze with enthusiasm upon a splendid paint- 
 ing, but will be more interested in the imagination and taste 
 displayed in it, than in the mere colouring ; but, with ideal. 
 
COLOUR. 197 
 
 moderate, will not be at all partial to pictures or paintings,, 
 and only an indifferent judge of colours. 
 
 Moderate. — One having moderate colour, will not take- 
 much interest in colours, unless something special calls hi& 
 attention to them, and will seldom notice or recollect them;, 
 can seldom describe persons by the colour of their eyes* 
 dress, &c. ; and can learn to select and match colours only 
 with considerable practice and effort : with ideal, large or 
 very large, though he may be highly delighted with splendid 
 paintings, will generally be more gratified with some of their 
 ether qualities and beauties, than with the mere arrangement 
 of their colours ; may distinguish one colour from another, but 
 will not be able to distinguish their nicer shades and teints. 
 
 Small. — One having small colour, will very seldom no- 
 tice the colour of people's eyes or hair, or of any article of 
 their dress, and even though familiar with them, will be unable 
 to describe them by these indications ; will seldom notice, or 
 take any interest in, colours, regarding them all as amount- 
 ing to about the same thing; will find great difficulty in dis- 
 tinguishing their different shades, and, perhaps, between the 
 different primary colours ; occasionally mistake one for an- 
 other,, and be comparatively insensible to the beauty produced 
 by the arrangement and blending of different colours. 
 
 The additional combinations and descriptions of colour 
 small, may be inferred from those under colour large or very 
 large, reversed, or read with the addition of a negative. 
 
 Very small. — One having colour very small, even 
 though his eyesight and his ability to distinguish form and 
 other qualities of objects, may be excellent, will be able to 
 form little or no idea even of the primary colours, and, much 
 less, of their shades ; can perceive very little, if any, differ- 
 ence between the colours of different cloths, or even those of 
 the prism or rainbow, as an indistinct, whitish appearance 
 will seem to him to characterize the whole ; and can distin- 
 guish between those objects only that are black or white, or 
 bordering upon this appearance. 
 
 Location. — Colour is located under the arch of the eye- 
 brow, a little externally from the middle, and between the 
 organs of weight and order. In ascertaining it, there is 
 occasionally some difficulty in consequence of the thickness 
 of the bone that covers it. 
 17* 
 
198 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 29. ORDER. 
 
 System — sense of physical arrangement — desire to have 
 things in their places. 
 
 " Order is heaven's first law." As far as our feeble powers 
 are capable of ascertaining, the whole universe is found to 
 be a perfect system of things. Perfection of arrangement 
 and perfect order characterize every part of it, the most mi- 
 nute details not excepted. In the marshalling of "the heav- 
 enly hosts," and appointing to each its time and place, in 
 limiting the growth of the various kinds of vegetation to differ- 
 ent portions of the earth's surface, in the arrangement and 
 structure of the constituent parts of even a flower, in the 
 formation of every portion of the human body, the system- 
 atick order displayed, is wonderful and perfect. In short, 
 throughout the whole kingdom of nature, every thing has 
 assigned to it a particular place, and can be expelled from 
 that place only by doing violence to the system of nature. 
 
 Can we suppose, then, that the infinitely wise Architect 
 of the universe, would institute such a harmonious and 
 beautiful arrangement, without adapting man to it by creating 
 in him an ability both to appreciate and practise it? Indeed., 
 we are conscious of possessing, to a great extent, a delight 
 in order, and a desire to practise it. 
 
 This, then, brings us to the in quiry,. whether this class of 
 functions is exercised by a faculty devoted exclusively to 
 this office or not. The obvious answer is, that, inasmuch 
 as the other classes of the mental functions, are each per- 
 formed by as many separate and innate mental powers, this 
 class is also exercised by a distinct, primary faculty. 
 
 This faculty has nothing to do with the logical arrange- 
 ment of ideas, (if we except the physical signs employed to 
 express them,) the structure of an argument, or the taste dis- 
 played in expression ; nor does it singly produce taste in 
 dress. At a recent, publick examination, one of the authors 
 observed of an individual, that he was remarkable for his 
 order and arrangement, but defective in taste and niceness : 
 and this proved to be the fact. He also knows a lady who 
 is uncommonly neat and tidy in her dress, and one of the 
 nicest of housekeepers, and yet she possesses only moderate 
 order, is often troubled to find her needle, thread r gloves, &c. 
 Such instances are even quite common — the first kind being 
 
ORDEA. 199 
 
 accompanied with only moderate ideal., and the last, with 
 this organ large or very large. 
 
 Large. — One having order large, with local, large or 
 very large, will have a particular place for every thing, and 
 every thing in its place ; instead of leaving his tools, books, 
 papers, clothes, and whatever he has occasion to use, where 
 it happens, he will return them to their respective places ; 
 can readily find what he wishes, provided it has not been 
 disarranged by others ; will be systematick in his business ; 
 not only precise himself to keep things in place, but partic- 
 ular to have those under him, do the same ; and, with ideal, 
 also large, be exceedingly annoyed by disorder, and thus 
 possess an indispensable requisite for regularity, correctness, 
 and despatch in whatever he undertakes. 
 
 One having large order, with large combat, and destruct., 
 will be rendered as impatient and as angry by disorder, as 
 by almost any thing else, and thus manifest much more pee- 
 vishness of disposition, and appear more passionate and 
 harsh, than he otherwise would : with ideal, large, will be 
 always cleanly, and tidy, and very nice and particular about 
 his person ; greatly annoyed by a rent in his garments, or a 
 spot upon them, or by their being soiled, not clean, or their fit- 
 ting badly ; by a long beard, disordered hair, or a dirty or disor- 
 dered room ; or by any thing irregular, contracted, or broken, 
 even though it m3.j have been repaired, &c, and will often 
 overdo in order to serve this faculty ; and, with ideal, very 
 large, will be even fastidious in these respects, and take 
 many an unnecessary step on this account; but, with ideal, 
 only moderate, though he maybe systematick, and have a place 
 for every thing, and every thing in its place, and always able 
 to lay his hand on such things as he uses, and about as quick 
 in the dark as in the light, yet will be neither nice nor par- 
 ticular in his personal appearance ; will, perhaps, seem to 
 others to have his things in utter confusion, and yet, what 
 will appear disorder to them, will be order to him : with time 
 large, will fulfil his appointments punctually, and have a 
 time, as well as a place, for every thing. 
 
 Very large. — One having order very large, will know 
 just where to lay his hand, both in the dark and in the light, 
 upon any article he wishes to use, provided no one has dis- 
 placed it ; when he puts off his clothes, or has done using his 
 things, he lays them away in the particular places assigned 
 to them ; in all he does, is perfectly systematick and precise \ 
 
200 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 and, in the matter of order, is what is termed " old-maidish " 
 instantly notices the least disarrangement, and is annoyed be- 
 yond measure, if not rendered perfectly miserable, by con- 
 fusion, disorder, &c. 
 
 One having order very large, with adhes. large or very 
 large, will love the company of his friends sincerely, but be- 
 so much disturbed by one thing and another about their per- 
 son, their furniture, house, &c, and by the disarrangement 
 they cause him, that he will almost dread to visit, or receive 
 a visit from, them, and, on this account, frequently feel vexed 
 at those he really loves ; in the selection of his friends, will 
 have a special reference to this quality in them, and be unable 
 to endure the company of the slovenly or the negligent: 
 with combat, and destruct. large, will frequently be angry at 
 those who leave things out of their places, and severely rep- 
 rimand, and even scold, them, though they may be his best 
 friends ; and, with ideal, large or very large, will be so extreme- 
 ly fastidious and over nice as to cause a great deal of trouble 
 to those around him, and be even a trouble to himself and a 
 slave to this faculty; and, to gratify it, will frequently do 
 much more than there is any need of doing, or than his 
 strength will bear ; and, if a woman, will scrub her finger- 
 nails off, and the nail-heads from her floors ; worry her ser- 
 vants to death ; scour the paint off the ceilings and mould- 
 ings, the silver off the door-knob and knocker, the brass off 
 the andirons, the tin from her pans, and the hoops from her 
 churn ; and still scrub and wash, and wash and scrub, till 
 she scrubs the patience out of her husband, and washes the 
 threads out of his lmen. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations which apply to order 
 large, modified by an increase of order, will apply to order 
 very large. 
 
 Full. — One having order full, will be pleased with ar- 
 rangement, and, if brought up to habits of system and order, 
 will seem to possess a high endowment of the qualities de- 
 scribed under order large, yet much will depend upon his 
 education and his ideal. ; will possess enough of this faculty 
 to get along well in business, yet not enough to make him 
 fastidious, or cause him to make any great sacrifices upon 
 this account ; and generally preserve order, partly from an 
 innate love of it, and partly from the necessity and utility 
 of ii 
 
ORDER. 201 
 
 The combinations under order large, modified by a dimi- 
 nution of the power of order, will apply to order full. 
 
 Moderate. — One having order moderate, though, per- 
 haps, a little disturbed by disorder, and rather fond of seeing 
 things in place, will not possess enough of this faculty to 
 prompt him to much effort in order to keep them properly 
 arranged; will generally leave his things at loose ends ; be 
 less systematick in his business than would be to his advan- 
 tage; may preserve something like system and arrangement 
 in his affairs, but will do so more from the necessity, than 
 the love, of them : with ideal, large or very large, though he 
 will be neat and nice in his person, dress, &c, will leave 
 things where it will trouble him to find them, often forget 
 w r here they are, and manifest taste and cleanliness without 
 system or arrangement: with self-e., combat., and destruct. 
 large or very large, will possess enough of this faculty to 
 command others to preserve order, and will even scold them 
 for allowing disorder, but will not keep things in order him- 
 self, and, perhaps, disarrange the things of others, as well 
 as his own. 
 
 Small. — One having order small, will be apt to leave 
 things where he happens to use them, or anywhere else, 
 either in, or out of, meir proper places, and, consequently, be 
 greatly troubled to find them again when he wants them, 
 thus subjecting himself to much inconvenience and delay; 
 will operate without system, and, of course, without despatch, 
 and thus consume much time in accomplishing but little ; 
 but, notwithstanding, will fail to amend, or to feel troubled 
 with disorder, or to appreciate the importance of order and 
 system ; and, with time only moderate, will seldom appor- 
 tion his time to specifick objects, and generally be behind- 
 hand in fulfilling his engagements, plans, and appointments. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations under order large and 
 very large, reversed, will apply to order small. 
 
 Very small. — One having order very small, will be al- 
 most insensible to the beauty and utility of systematick ar- 
 rangement ; will scarcely notice ihe difference between order 
 and disorder, and leave whatever he may have occasion to 
 use, scattered about in utter confusion. 
 
 Location.— Order is located under the arch of the eyebrow, 
 at the external corner of the eye, and beneath the origin of 
 the superciliary ridge. When it is large or very large, the 
 external angle of the lower portion of the forehead, appears 
 
202 
 
 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 projecting and full, the eyebrow, at the union of the temporal 
 ridge, arched and elongated, and sometimes sharp; but, 
 when it is moderate or small, the external portion of the eye- 
 brow will appear straight and shortened. The thickness of 
 the bone in this portion, increased by the temporal ridge, 
 causes an occasional mistake in deciding upon the size of 
 this organ. 
 
 30. CALCULATION. 
 
 Intuitive perception of the relations of numbers and pro* 
 portions — ability to reckon figures in the head — numerical 
 commutation. 
 
 In addition to the other qualities and conditions of things 
 which exist in nature, we naturally attach to them numerical 
 relations, such as are denoted by numbering them with the 
 signs one, two, three, and so on ; adding them together ; as 
 four and three make seven ; multiplying them ; as four times 
 three are twelve, &c. : and, for the purpose of facilitating 
 such calculations, mankind have instituted arbitrary signs, 
 by combining which, in various ways, they are enabled to 
 express these numbers with great accuracy and brevity. 
 Since, then, these relations expressed by numbers, actually 
 exist in nature, it is a fair induction to suppose, that the hu- 
 man mind requires a primary faculty the sole function of 
 which is to comprehend them, and apply them to the prac- 
 tical purposes of life. 
 
 That the mental faculty which perceives, comprehends, 
 and applies these numerical principles, is intuitive, and de- 
 voted exclusively to this class of functions, is moreover evi- 
 dent from the fact, that extraordinary, calculating powers, are 
 often found to be possessed by individuals whose talents, in other 
 respects, are quite ordinary; whilst, on the contrary, men of 
 extraordinary reasoning and other faculties, are frequently 
 found to be deficient in their computing powers. Many 
 striking cases of both kinds have fallen under the observa- 
 tion of the authors, some of which will be stated in the 
 chapter upon facts. 
 
 Large. — One having calcu. large, will be quick to compute 
 figures, and be able to perform numerical and arithmetical 
 calculations, even in his head, with accuracy, facility, and 
 despatch, and will delight in the study of figures^ and be 
 an expert accountant, 
 
CALCULATION. 203 
 
 One having calcu. large, with caus. and compar. also 
 large, will be able to seize even the abstract relations of num- 
 bers with intuitive ease, and to solve difficult problems in his 
 head, as well as on the slate, and will succeed well in the 
 higher branches of arithmeiick and mathematicks ; be quick 
 to detect errours in the calculations of others, but seldom 
 make them himself, and excel both in the reasoning, and the 
 figuring, parts of arithmetick ; and be able to study with 
 success, the higher branches of mathematicks ; with large 
 order, individ., event, and imitat. added, is capable of be- 
 coming a good accountant and book- keeper, and of casting 
 up accounts in his head, which others would be obliged to 
 do upon the slate; and, with local, and construct, added, will 
 possess all the natural talents requisite for the study of sur- 
 veying, geometry, algebra, mensuration, navigation, astron- 
 omy, conic k sections, &c. ; will be deeply interested, and 
 greatly delighted, in studies of this description ; possess a 
 remarkable talent for prosecuting and practising them ; and 
 be a natural mathematician : with caus. only moderate, and 
 individ., local., and form large, though he may be good in 
 arithmetick, and quick in figures, will be poor in the higher 
 branches of mathematicks. 
 
 Very large. — One having calcu. very large, will intui- 
 tively comprehend, and be able, at once, to solve, almost any 
 arithmetical problem proposed ; go through with difficult 
 and abstruse arithmetical problems with great ease and perfect 
 correctness ; cast up accounts, even though they may consist 
 of several columns of figures, and substract, divide, and 
 multiply with several figures at a time ; calculate chiefly in 
 his head without a pen or pencil, and even without the aid 
 of rules ; seize, by intuition, and with perfect certainty, upon 
 his conclusions, and be impatient at the errours and dulness 
 of those with only moderate calcu. : with caus., compar., indi- 
 vid.. form, size, and local, large or very large, will be a natural 
 mathematician of the first order, and be unrivalled for his 
 mathematical and astronomical powers; can solve, in his head, 
 the most abstruse questions even in the higher branches of 
 mathematicks, and will be passionately fond of these stud- 
 ies ; can perform, with wonderful ease, both the figuring, and 
 the reasoning, parts of these studies, and will excel both in 
 the principles and the details of mathematical science • be 
 great in the demonstrations, and in the principles involved, 
 and, with marvel, moderate or small, believe nothing which 
 
204 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 he cannot see, or see mathematically demonstrated: with 
 these last-named organs only moderate or full, may be, like 
 Zera Colburn, unrivalled in his arithmetical or calculating 
 powers, and readily solve all numerical questions propounded 
 to him ; yet will be unskilful in those branches of the math- 
 ematicks which demand the higher powers of reason and of 
 thought, &c. 
 
 Full. — One having full calcu., though he may be re- 
 spectable, will not be extraordinary, for his quickness and 
 correctness in performing numerical calculations; and, 
 though practice may make him rather expert in the ordinary 
 routine of calculations, yet he will not succeed remarkably 
 well out of this line ; will not be able intuitively to grasp 
 the results of complicated sums or problems ; may succeed 
 in the pursuit of arithmetick, but will be obliged to study in 
 order to succeed well ; and, with a high degree of culture, 
 may become, not only expert, but even eminent, as an arith- 
 metician and accountant. 
 
 The influence of calcu. full in combination, may be infer- 
 red from the combinations under calcu. large and very large, 
 modified by a diminution of the influence of this faculty. 
 
 Moderate. — One having calcu. moderate, from habit and 
 much practice, may, perhaps, become respectable as an ac- 
 countant, and in arithmetical calculations generally, yet will 
 not readily come at the result of new and abstruse questions ; 
 be obliged to perform his calculations with his pen or pencil 
 in his hand, and progress slowly and carefully, and then 
 make an occasional mistake ; and, upon the whole, will dislike 
 numerical calculations and the study of arithmetick : with 
 very large caus. and compar., though he may be highly de- 
 lighted with the reasonings and the demonstrations contained 
 in the mathematicks, will be by no means partial to the mere 
 figuring part, and will make his numerical calculations 
 chiefly by the help of reason, and the cause and effect by 
 which they are governed ; though he can at once see the 
 force and application of the rules, and comprehend the 'prin- 
 ciples of arithmetick and of mathematical science generally, 
 will consider figures rather a drudgery than a delight ; with 
 large or very large individ., form, size, local., imitat., and 
 construct, added, will be naturally a first-rate mathematician, 
 but a poor arithmetician ; be passionately fond of the study 
 of geometry, surveying, mensuration, navigation, astronomy, 
 &c, in case his attention be called to them, and capa- 
 
LOCALITY. 205 
 
 fele of excelling- in them, yet, in every thing in figures dis- 
 connected with reason and demonstration,!^^ talents will be 
 inferiour. 
 
 Small. — One having calcu. small, will have a strong 
 aversion to figures ; succeed in them but poorly, and do that 
 only with great labour ; be slow, and often incorrect, in cast- 
 ing up accounts ; can add, substract, divide, and multiply, 
 only by rule, and with his pen or pencil in his hand ; and, 
 though he may go through a mechanical course of arith- 
 metical calculations, will not advance rapidly, nor without 
 great effort. One having calcu. small, with large or very 
 large individ., event, lang., ideal., and compar., and caus. 
 only full, will be exceedingly fond of reading, of poetry, of 
 works of fiction, and of polite literature, and, with large or 
 very large form, size, and local, added, of the study of natu- 
 ral history, geography, botany, chymistry, &c, yet dislike 
 arithmetick exceedingly. 
 
 Very small. — One having very small calcu., will be un- 
 able to perceive numerical relations, or even to perform sim- 
 ple, arithmetical calculations; will find extreme difficulty 
 even in common adding and substracting, multiplying and 
 dividing, and be almost unable to count. 
 
 Location. — Calcu. is located externally from order, and 
 a little lower, at the external termination of the arch of the 
 eye. 
 
 31. LOCALITY. 
 
 Cognizance of the relative position of objects — recollection 
 of the looks of places — knowledge of the geographical 
 position of things, the points of the compass, fyc. 
 
 Location, or relative position, like form and size, enters 
 into the constitution of things. That a material substance 
 should exist without any location, or relative position with 
 respect to other things, is both inconceivable and impossible. 
 Hence the necessity of some faculty the exclusive function 
 of which is to perceive and apply this property to the objects 
 of the physical world ; and the same train of argument 
 which proves that form, size, weight, or any of the other 
 faculties, is a separate power of the mind, likewise proves 
 that local, is also an innate, primary mental faculty. 
 
 Large. — One having local, large, will retain, for a long 
 time, a clear and distinct impression of the looks of the places 
 he has seen, and, with imitat. and lang-. also larsre, be able to 
 18 
 
206 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 give a correct description of them; can form correct ideas 
 of places which he has not seen by hearing them described ; 
 will seldom lose himself, especially if he has seen the place 
 before, and easily retrace his steps ; can calculate, with un- 
 common accuracy, the relative positions and bearings of differ- 
 ent places ; find his way in the dark with ease ; is very fond 
 of travelling, of visiting places, and of viewing natural 
 scenery, and, with acquis, only moderate, and ideal, large, 
 will spend his money very freely for this purpose ; but, with 
 acquis, large, and ideal, only moderate or full, will still seek 
 to gratify this propensity, though at a cheaper rate; will 
 travel in indifferent and cheap conveyances, and take up with 
 inferiour fare: with self-e., approbat., and ideal, large or 
 very large, and acquis, only moderate or full, will be even 
 extravagant in his travelling expenses, and always journey 
 in the best style he is able to reach: with ideal., imitat, corn- 
 par., and lang. large or very large, will recollect places, and 
 be able to give a correct and a picturesque description of 
 scenery, roads, &c. : with large or very large inhab., will 
 call to mind, with vivid and intense feelings of delight, the 
 mountains, hills, dales, fields, groves, streams, &c. which 
 he was wont to gaze upon in his childhood or juvenile 
 days, and have a strong desire to revisit them : with event, 
 full, or even deficient, will often recollect incidents by re* 
 membering the place in which they transpired, and also 
 what he has read, by calling to mind its location upon the 
 page, and will discover uncommon tact in finding particular 
 passages : with large or very large individ. and form, will 
 notice, and also recollect, the houses, trees, rocks, and other 
 objects near the Toad which he has travelled, and not only be 
 very fond of the study of geography, and make rapid ad- 
 vances in it, but, with large or very large form, size, and 
 imitat., be able to draw, with great accuracy and skill, maps, 
 sketches of natural scenery, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having local, very large, with large 
 or very large form, will retain in his mind, a distinct and 
 perfect recollection of the appearance of nearly every place 
 he has ever seen, and, with large or very large lang., give a 
 lively and correct description of each, and, with event, also 
 large, be excessively fond of reading travels, voyages, &c. ; 
 can recal to his mind, not only the general aspect of places 
 which he has seen, but will distinctly remember the geogra- 
 phy, roads, scenery, rocks, houses, and other things, and, 
 
LOCALITY. 207 
 
 also, the position even of insignificant objects ; will have a 
 fine taste and talent for pursuing the study of geography, ge- 
 ology, &c, and will be likely to break from every restraint 
 to indulge his roving, strolling desire. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under local, large, 
 modified by an increase of the power and desires imparted 
 by local., will apply to this faculty very large. 
 
 Full. — One having local, full, will be able to recollect 
 places with considerable distinctness, yet not be remarkable 
 for this power; will understand the relative bearings of 
 places, and the position of objects, and, unless a long absence 
 has obliterated the impressions which they have made upon 
 this faculty, will seldom be troubled by a deficiency of it; 
 yet he will not distinctly recollect objects which he may pass, 
 unless, from some cause, they particularly arrest his atten- 
 tion ; may notice and recollect important things, yet be apt 
 to forget little things : with large or very large individ., will 
 have a strong desire to travel in order chiefly to gratify his 
 strong propensity to examine physical objects, and partly to 
 see places, &c. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under local, large, 
 modified by a reduction of the influence of local., will gen- 
 erally apply to this faculty full. 
 
 Moderate.— One having moderate local., will not pay par- 
 ticular attention to the location of objects, nor form or retain 
 very distinct notions of the aspect of places, roads, &c, and, 
 consequently, be often at a loss to find such places as he 
 wishes, to go a second time to obscure places, or return by a 
 given road; will frequently lose his way, especially in cities 
 and forests, and sometimes experience considerable inconven- 
 ience and delay from the want of a stronger development of 
 this faculty. One having local, moderate, with individ. and 
 ideal, large, will appreciate the beauties of splendid natural 
 scenery, yet will not retain a clear and correct impression of 
 the appearance and beauties which produced the delightful 
 impressions: with very large inhab. and only full ideal., in- 
 divid., and hope, will seldom go from home unless compelled 
 by urgent business, and will then see but little on his jour- 
 ney, and dread the fatigues of travelling, and long to be at 
 his journey's end: with acquis, large, will dwell pathetically 
 upon the expenses incident to journeying : with individ. and 
 form only moderate or full, will have but a very imperfect 
 idea of the places which he has seen, and, if living in <* 
 
208 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 city, frequently pass his own door without knowing it ; anc$> 
 with only full lang. and imitat., will be utterly incapable of 
 giving even a tolerably correct description of places which 
 he may have seen many times. 
 
 Small. — One having local, small, will find it very diffi- 
 cult to recollect, or return to, places ; often lose his way, es- 
 pecially in woods, cities, or streets ; can become familiar with 
 places only by seeing them many times; will form only con- 
 fused and incorrect ideas of the geography of a country, or 
 the appearance and localities of places described to him ; be 
 often uncertain and incorrect as to the points of the compass ; 
 consider travelling a burden, rather than a pleasure ; have 
 but little curiosity to see different places, &c. One having 
 local, small, with form and individ. small, will seldom notice 
 places, and then not distinctly recollect their appearance j will 
 seldom observe or recollect such objects as he may pass upon 
 the road ; and fail to remember a road which he may have 
 often travelled, and also to find his way back, &c: with form 
 large or very large, will frequently recollect the countenances 
 of persons, but will be utterly unable to locate them: with large 
 or very large event, will recollect distinctly that he has read, 
 or heard of, certain occurrences, yet will not be able to call 
 to mind the place in which they occurred, or where he read 
 them, &c. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under local, moderate, 
 modified by a reduction of the power of local., and, also, those 
 under local, large, reversed, will apply to this faculty small 
 
 Very small.— One having local, very small, will find 
 it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to form any clear 
 ideas of the relative position of objects, to keep the right 
 road in travelling, or to follow the same road back when 
 leturning on his journey ; be greatly perplexed to find 
 any particular spot, tree, rock, or other object, even on 
 the second or third visit to it ; and be very apt to lose him- 
 self, especially in the woods, in a city, &c. ; and find his 
 abilities in the exercise of this faculty, directly the opposite 
 of his in whom local, is large or very large. 
 
 Location. — Local, is located directly over size and 
 weight, and nearly above the internal orbit of the eye. It 
 extends diagonally in the direction of mirth, The frontal 
 sinus sometimes increases the apparent size of this organ ; 
 but this subject will be more fully presented in another por- 
 tion of the work. 
 
EVENTUALITY. 209 
 
 SPECIES III. — Semi-perceptive Faculties. 
 
 These faculties perform a class of functions intermediate 
 between those exercised by the perceptive, and those by the 
 reasoning, faculties ; and the location of their organs cor- 
 responds with their character. The perceptive faculties take 
 cognizance of material objects and their various 'physical 
 properties, such as their form, size, weight, colour, &c. ; 
 whereas, the semi-perceptive are of a more subtle nature, 
 having to do with facts, and the various phenomena produced 
 by physical objects, and form, as it were, a stepping-stone to 
 the reasoning organs. Eventuality, for example, takes cog- 
 nizance of, not physical objects themselves, but their actions, 
 and the incidents and events thus produced; time, of the par- 
 ticular period in which these events occur; language, of the 
 vocal sounds employed to name these objects ; and tune, of 
 the melody of sounds produced by them: and thus, both the 
 perceptive and the semi-perceptive faculties are employed as 
 the subordinate agents of the reasoning faculties, furnishing 
 them with materials to scan, digest, and reflect and reason 
 upon. Hence it would appear, that, in the mental economy, 
 the functions of the semi-perceptive faculties, are no less im- 
 portant than those of the perceptive, especially if we consid- 
 er, that they constitute as essential a part of the intellectual 
 machinery when viewed as a whole. 
 
 32. EVENTUALITY. 
 
 Memory of events — power of calling to mind those circum- 
 stances, occurrences, incidents, historical facts, fyc, which 
 have previously come to the knowledge of the individual. 
 
 It has been shown, that to notice the existence of material 
 objects and their various qualities, requires a set of faculties 
 whose various functions correspond with those ascribed to 
 individuality, form, size, and the other perceptive powers; 
 and that this requisition is the imperative demand of nat- 
 ure — which must be answered. But it is not only true 
 that things exist, and possess various properties, but equally 
 so that they act. If, then, the human mind requires faculties 
 whose proper functions are to notice the existence, conditions, 
 and properties of material substances, it follows, that it also 
 requires a faculty whose function it is to take cognizance of 
 18* 
 
210 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 their various actions, and other phenomena. In phrenolog- 
 ical language, the faculty that performs this portion of the 
 mental operations, is called Eventuality. 
 
 The importance of such a faculty as eventuality, in the 
 mental economy, as well as of individuality, and, indeed, of 
 all the other perceptive and semi-perceptive faculties, may be 
 farther illustrated by noticing some points in the process of 
 forming ideas. In order successfully to apply the principle 
 of causation, the antecedent cause and the consequent effect 
 must necessarily both be before the mind at the same time, 
 otherwise a comparison of them would be impossible. In 
 the language of phrenology, then, individuality notices and 
 recollects the physical object that acts, or the procuring 
 cause, and eventuality, the consequent action, or phenomena 
 produced ; and then comparison and causality compare, con- 
 trast, analyze, and draw deductions from, the materials thus 
 furnished by individuality and eventuality : and this consti- 
 tutes thinking or reasoning. The same principle applies- to 
 the modus operandi of individuality and eventuality with 
 benevolence, adhesiveness, and all the other mental faculties,. 
 
 Again, this view of the subject is strengthened by a refer- 
 ence to the intellectual developments, and the intellectual ad- 
 vancement, of children. In them the organs of individuality 
 and eventuality early appear largely developed and exceed- 
 ingly active ; and almost as early, comparison ; and soon after, 
 causality. Individuality, aided by sight, is found to be very 
 busy in noticing objects ; eventuality, equally so in remember- 
 ing all their various actions and other phenomena ; compar- 
 ison, in combining and comparing these things or notions 
 brought forward by the first two ; and causality, in prying 
 kito their nature and reason : and thus the process of form- 
 ing ideas, or of thinking, goes forward at a rapid rate. And 
 this process is still farther extended and perfected by the pro- 
 gressive increase and activity of the organs of form, size, 
 colour, calculation, &c. 
 
 Large. — One having event, large, will have a clear, a 
 distinct, and a retentive memory of what he sees, hears, or 
 reads; according to his advantages, will possess a mind well, 
 stored with historical and scientifick facts, with the news of 
 the day, and narrative and historical information generally ; 
 will seldom be troubled with forgetfulness, or with an indif- 
 ferent or indistinct recollection of circumstances, incidents,. 
 &c. ; will treasure up a rich fund of anecdotes upon suck 
 
EVENTUALITY. 211 
 
 subjects as are interesting to the other stronger faculties, or 
 of such of them as have come within the range of his 
 knowledge ; and, with large lang. added, in relating them, 
 will not fail to mention all the particulars; and, with large 
 concent, also added, will present them all in their proper or- 
 der ; but, with concent, moderate or small, will fail to connect 
 the several circumstances which compose a story so as to 
 give it unity ; will frequently omit important particulars, or 
 state them in a wrong connexion, and thus create confusion, 
 and lessen the effect of his narrative : with individ., lang., 
 and compar. large, will show a marked partiality for read- 
 ing and study, and succeed well as a general scholar ; will 
 be able, also, to make a good use of what information he 
 may possess, and have a happy faculty of communicating it 
 to others : with large or very large ideal., individ,, form, size, 
 local., and compar., and full, large, or very large caus., will 
 possess a literal passion for study, reading, the pursuit of 
 chymistry, mineralogy, geology, geography, botany, natural 
 history,, and every thing pertaining to the treasuring up of 
 facts ; according to his advantages, will be a superiour schol- 
 ar ; will allow nothing to divert him from literary and scien- 
 tifick pursuits; will be even enthusiastick, remarkably suc- 
 cessful as a student, and have a great amount of circumstan- 
 tial information upon matters and things in general ; with 
 large lang. added, can converse sensibly and fluently upon 
 almost any subject ; with full concent, also added, will have 
 a happy talent for compiling and arranging facts, for investi- 
 gating subjects, and attending to any complicated operation ; 
 but, with caus. only full, will appear to know a great deal, yet, 
 when held down to a close, logical or metaphysical process 
 of reasoning, will betray a deficiency of mental strength and 
 power, and of logical acumen: with compar. large, will 
 notice, recollect, and be able to compare, the operations of his 
 own mind : with lang. very large, will be able to repeat con- 
 versations with great accuracy and clearness. 
 
 Very large. — One having very large event., will pos- 
 sess a remarkably clear, distinct, and retentive memory of 
 events and transactions, and even of all the minute, and 
 seemingly unimportant, circumstances connected with them; 
 seldom allow any thing to escape his recollection ; have at 
 command more facts than he can manage to advantage ; have 
 an insatiable desire to learn all that is to be learned ; be 
 given quite too much to narration, and thus frequently 
 
212 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 weaken his arguments ; make a short story long, and a long 
 one, very long, by relating all the little particulars: with 
 caus. and compar. only full, will have a great fund of infor- 
 mation, which, however, will not be well digested ; be rather 
 a bookworm than a deep thinker ; attend much more to facts 
 and details than to general principles, and attempt to prove 
 his positions rather by narrating facts, than by logical infer- 
 ences : with large or very large individ., will see all that 
 passes around him, and remember all he sees, and thus know 
 a great deal, &c. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations under event. large, 
 modified by an increase of the power of event., will apply to 
 this organ very large. 
 
 Full.-— One having event, full, will have a respectable 
 memory of incidents, and a distinct recollection of those oc- 
 currences to which his attention has been particularly di- 
 rected, yet will seem to be deficient in his knowledge of those 
 things which have not made a distinct impression ; when he 
 has an occasion to adduce facts, will recur to them with tolera- 
 ble correctness and facility, and seldom manifest a striking de- 
 ficiency in this respect : with caus. and compar. large or very 
 large, will generally be able to command and collect a suffi- 
 cient amount of facts by which to substantiate and illustrate 
 his arguments, but will reason rather than narrate ; regard 
 phenomena chiefly in connexion with those principles which 
 produce them; and remember generals much more than 
 particulars : with lang. and imitat. large, will be able to relate 
 anecdotes in a happy style, yet, with only moderate lang., 
 imitat., and concent., will relate them very poorly, and hare 
 a better memory in reality than he seems to have ; will re- 
 collect the substance and the main features of whatever has 
 passed before his mind, &c, better than the particulars. 
 
 Moderate.- — One having event, moderate, will be less 
 distinct and certain in his recollection of incidents and cir- 
 cumstances than one with large event. ; have rather a general 
 than a 'particular memory of facts and events, and, with 
 caus. and compar. large or very large, may recollect distinct- 
 ly the points of an argument, and the substance of what he 
 hears or reads, yet will deal more in general principles than 
 in phenomena, and argue much more than narrate ; find 
 considerable difficulty in summing up, and in calling to 
 mind particular incidents, or in going into details. 
 
EVENTUALITY. 213 
 
 The descriptions and combinations of full event, dimin- 
 ished, will generally be found applicable to event, moderate. 
 
 Small. — One having event, small, will often fail to recol- 
 lect incidents and facts, and, consequently, to do important 
 things which he wishes to accomplish; have a poor, indis- 
 tinct, and confused memory of occurrences of which he has 
 heard or read, and even of those which have fallen under 
 his own observation ; will seldom, if ever, enter into \he par- 
 ticulars, and have great difficulty, and little success, in at- 
 tending to details ; find it hard to command the knowledge, 
 or apply the talents, he really possesses ; can learn things in 
 general only with great labour and application, and even 
 then, with caus. and compar. large, will learn principles 
 much sooner than phenomena ; and be often greatly troubled 
 to call to mind facts which he wishes to employ. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations under event, moderate, 
 modified by a diminution of the power of event., and also 
 the descriptions and combinations under event, large or very 
 large, reversed, or read with the addition of a negative, will 
 describe this faculty small. 
 
 Very small. — One having very small event., will forget 
 almost every incident or phenomena which he has seen, 
 heard of, or read of; be extremely confused and uncertain in 
 attempting to call to mind almost any occurrence, and suffer 
 very great loss and inconvenience from a deficiency of this 
 faculty. 
 
 Location. — Event, is located about the middle of the 
 forehead. When the surrounding organs are large and 
 event, only full, there will be an evident depression just above 
 individ. and between the two lobes of local, which will re- 
 sult rather from the size of the surrounding organs, than 
 from an absolute deficiency of event. In children, the organ 
 is generally large or very large, and gives a full and spher- 
 ical form to this part of the forehead, while the correspond- 
 ing depression often observable in men, is an evidence of a 
 deficiency of it. The tenacious memories of children, com- 
 pared with the more obscure memories, and palpable forget- 
 fulness, of men, furnish both a strong proof of the truth of 
 phrenology, and a happy illustration of the faculty in ques- 
 tion. 
 
214 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 33. TIME. 
 
 Cognizance of succession — that mental power which n& 
 tices and recollects the lapse of time, and the relative 
 distance of time, and order of succession, in which events 
 transpire. 
 
 The phenomena of succession, or the lapse of time, com- 
 pose a part of that system of things to which man is adapted, 
 and enter into that condition in which he is placed on earth. 
 Day and night follow each other in quick succession, and 
 approaching seasons tread upon the heels of their predeces- 
 sors, and, in their turn, retire to make room for their suc- 
 cessors. Generation after generation passes away, and 
 sleeps with those beyond the flood. The present instantly 
 becomes the past ; and, were it not for this wonderful ar- 
 rangement, there would be but one eternal, monotonous nou\ 
 (a thing impossible, and, to us, inconceivable,) without any 
 change or succession, either of birth or death, or days, sea- 
 sons, years, or ages. 
 
 The wisdom which devised this arrangement of chrono- 
 logical succession, is too obvious to need comment ; and the 
 necessity of some faculty in man by which he is qualified to 
 perceive this state of things, and enabled to adapt himself to 
 it, is equally apparent. In deciding upon this point, how- 
 ever, we are not left to the guidance of any uncertain a pri- 
 ori inferences, but, by the unerring evidence of facts, are 
 assured of the existence in the human mind, of such a fac- 
 ulty as time. 
 
 In common with all others who have inquired at the shrine 
 of nature touching this subject, the authors have seen many 
 individuals who, seemingly without an effort, are able to tell 
 the year, and even the day, of almost every birth, death, or 
 particular event which has come to their knowledge; how 
 old every person is whose age they have ever learned ; what 
 time every house in their neighbourhood or town was erect- 
 ed ; and the exact time of the occurrence of nearly all their 
 village affairs and business transactions. They have also seen 
 hundreds of others who, without consulting the family record, 
 could not tell either their own ages, or those of their brothers 
 and sisters, or even those of their own children. Though 
 they might have a distinct recollection of certain occurrences, 
 they could never recollect when they took place. 
 
TIME. 215 
 
 On the other hand, they know a gentleman who is accus* 
 tomed to relate many anecdotes, and who is always particu- 
 lar to mention the year, month, and day of the month, and, 
 sometimes, even the time of the day, on which the event re- 
 lated, took place : and this is done because it is perfectly 
 easy and natural for him to do so — his organ of time is very 
 large. They were recently in company with a lady in whom 
 this organ was decisively small, and who, when asked how 
 long she had been married, replied, with perfect honesty, 
 "about three years;" but, upon reflection, she concluded it 
 was only two. Not quite confident, however, of her correct- 
 ness, she appealed to her husband, and ascertained that it was 
 only one : and even then she could not tell the month in 
 which their marriage took place. They know persons who 
 can waken at any time of night which they may choose to 
 appoint, and also tell very nearly the hour of the .day with- 
 out the aid of the sun or a time-piece ; and others, again, who 
 are almost entirely unconscious of the flight of time even 
 when awake. For these effects there must be some cause ; 
 and, since this power of observing and recollecting the chro- 
 nological relations of events, the time occupied by sounds, 
 &c., is found to be proportionate to a certain development of 
 the brain, the induction that time constitutes an innate and 
 primary mental power, seems to be perfectly logical. 
 
 Large. — One having time large, will notice and remem- 
 ber very accurately, the relations of time in which certain 
 occurrences stand with each other, or how long one thing 
 happened before or after another ; without the aid of a time- 
 piece, be able to tell very nearly what time of the day or 
 night it is ; can waken from sleep at such an hour, or, per- 
 haps, minute, as he may wish ; will generally be in season, 
 recollect his appointments, and, if possible, fulfil them ; set 
 apart certain days or periods for doing particular things, and 
 be likely to perform them at the appointed time ; be regular 
 at his meals, and in all his business operations, &c. ; and 
 excellent in chronology. 
 
 One having time large, with large event., will have a dis- 
 tinct recollection both of particular circumstances, and, also, 
 of the chronological order in which they occurred, and, with 
 large caicu. added, will have a correct knowledge of the 
 chronology and dates of such events as have come to his 
 knowledge, the ages of persons, &c. : with large or very 
 large lang., ideal., and compar., will pay particular attention 
 
216 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 to the rhyme and measure of poetry, and be exceedingly an 
 noyed if either is imperfect; and, with only full cans, added, 
 will look more to the drapery of poetry than to the more 
 enduring qualities of sense and substance ; if he attempt 
 to compose poetry, may make good rhymes, yet his produc- 
 tions will be ephemeral and gaudy, rather than substantial 
 and excellent ; but, with large caus. added, will excel in sen- 
 timent, measure, style, rhyme, and power of thought : with 
 tune large, will keep the beat in musick, and be very fond 
 of dancing, and, with imitat. also large, will easily learn any 
 particular figure, and keep the step perfectly, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having very large time, will possess 
 a wonderfully accurate and precise memory of the time 
 when certain things occurred, of dates, ages, business trans- 
 actions, &c. ; how long one thing happened before or after 
 another ; the state of the weather upon certain days ; the pre- 
 cise period of historical events ; and, in short, will be a real 
 chronologist, to whom a reference will be had by all who 
 know him for the purpose of ascertaining the chronology of 
 events, &c. ; and will manifest, only in a still higher degree, 
 all the qualities described under time large. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under time large, mod- 
 ified by an increase of the power and manifestations of time, 
 will apply to time very large. 
 
 Full. — One having time full, will have a respectable 
 memory of dates, and yet, with event, large, be much more 
 correct and certain in regard to the minute particulars of the 
 occurrence itself, than of the precise time of the occurrence; 
 will ordinarily be punctual to his appointments, and seldom 
 discover a deficiency of this faculty, and yet, seldom manifest 
 this power in a very high degree. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations of time large, modified 
 by a diminution of time, will apply to time full. 
 
 Moderate. — One having time moderate, though he may 
 remember short intervals of time very well, will forget those 
 that are longer, or have rather an indistinct idea of the chron- 
 ological order and relations of time in which certain events 
 occurred ; forget dates and ages, and be unable to tell with 
 much accuracy the time of the day or month : with event, 
 large, though he may remember certain circumstances with 
 perfect accuracy, will not have a distinct or positive recol- 
 lection of the time when they occurred, or how long one event 
 
TtTNE. 217 
 
 happened before or after another ; and will have only a gen- 
 eral idea of the intervals between certain events. 
 
 Small. — One having time small, will be very forgetful as 
 to the time when ; find it difficult to remember the ages in 
 his own family, or even his own age, and be frequently 
 obliged to consult family and other records in order to ascer- 
 tain these and similar points ; have only a general, and a 
 very incorrect, memory of dates ; can seldom tell the time 
 of the day without the sun or a time-piece, or even the day 
 of the month or week ; will be the reverse of one with time 
 large : with aliment, large, may calculate the time of the 
 day quite correctly by his appetite, and be punctual to his 
 meals ; or punctual when some other faculty quickens the 
 iction of time, yet, in general, will discover a marked defi- 
 ciency in this respect ; and will be poor in chronology. 
 
 Very small. — One with time very small, will seldom, if 
 ever, notice the chronological order of events as they pass ; 
 have a most imperfect idea of every thing pertaining to suc- 
 cession and dates : with aliment, only moderate, will even 
 forget the time of his meals : with event, moderate, will have 
 a most miserable memory both of circumstances and of dates ; 
 forget his own age, and most of the circumstances connected 
 even with his own history, and thus be a constant sufferer 
 from this cause. 
 
 Location. — Time is located directly above colour, and a 
 little externally from locality, 
 
 34. TUNE. 
 
 Sense of melody and harmony of sounds — ability to learn 
 tunes and detect discords. 
 
 In another part of this work it has been shown, that hear- 
 ing cannot produce musick, any more than seeing can give 
 a just conception and judgment of colours, but that a con- 
 ception of the melody arising from a succession of sounds, 
 must depend upon another distinct faculty of the mind. That 
 those, indeed, who possess an equally perfect auditory and 
 vocal apparatus, differ widely in their musical talents, is prov- 
 ed by every votary of harmonious sounds, as well as by every 
 common observer, from the days of Orpheus down to those 
 of Haydn, Handel, Mozart, and Catalini. 
 
 That the faculty of musick is innate and primary, and man- 
 ifests its power in different individuals in proportion to apar- 
 19 
 
218 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 ticular development of the brain, is a fact fully established 
 by the observations of phrenologists. They have examined 
 the heads, busts, or portraits, of Gluck, Zumsteg, Dussek, 
 Mozart, Viotti, Rosini, Crescentini, and Catalini, Handel, 
 and Haydn, and of many other celebrated musical per- 
 formers or singers, and have found an extreme development 
 of the organ of tune in all of them. The authors have seen 
 many children, even, in which the organ was largely devel- 
 oped, that were able to catch and turn tunes soon after they 
 began to talk ; and, on the other hand, adults in whom the 
 organ was small, that, after the most laborious efforts under 
 the most able instructers, were utterly unable to turn a tune, 
 or even distinguish one tune from another. 
 
 The natural language of musick is universal, or, in other 
 words, sounds that are melodious to one nation, are measurably 
 so to another ; which shows not only, that the 'principles of 
 musick exist in nature, but, that the human mind, in order to 
 adapt itself to these principles, must necessarily possess an 
 innate faculty whose proper function it is to perceive and ap- 
 ply them : and hence it is, that what constitutes melody and 
 harmony of sound to the Englishman, is no less so to the 
 Swede, to the wild rover of the desert, and to him who in- 
 habits the islands of the sea. Some nations, however, as 
 well as individuals, are more musical than others, and are 
 distinguished by a larger development of the organ of tune. 
 In this respect, the Italians and Germans excel the Span- 
 iards, Frenchmen, Englishmen, and Otaheitans; and the 
 authors have noticed, that this organ is generally very large 
 in negroes ; which exactly corresponds with their wonderful 
 musical propensity and talent. 
 
 These remarks will show the utter folly, not to say ab- 
 surdity, of that modern, fashionable prejudice which demands 
 that musick shall be taught to young ladies indiscriminately, 
 and without the least regard to the natural talent, or defect, 
 of the individual in this respect, and which condemns many 
 a lovely female to waste years of precious time in what is to 
 her an intolerable drudgery, and one that nature never plan- 
 ned for her. 
 
 Large. — One having large tune, will be able easily to catch 
 tunes by hearing them sung a few times over, and to strike 
 correctly their key note; has a correct musical ear, and, 
 with a good voice, can easily become a good singer, or a good 
 performer upon musical instruments ; delights to listen to 
 
TUNE. 219 
 
 good musick, and can easily detect a discord, &c. One hav- 
 ing large tune, with large ideal., will not only be extremely 
 fond of good musick, but will impart a richness, and pathos, 
 and melody to his musical performances which are cal ulat- 
 ed to move the heart ; with large time added, will be a me- 
 lodious singer, and add new charms to his musick by keep- 
 ing the beat correctly ; but, with time small, will have an 
 excellent musical ear, accompanied with much melody and 
 good taste, yet will fail greatly in time, and, when singing in 
 company, generally sing too slowly ; with combat, and de- 
 struct. large or very large, will delight greatly in martial 
 musick, and be highly excited by the. stirring notes of the 
 fife, the drum, the bugle, &c. : with adhes. and ideal, large, 
 will be very fond of songs, and be able to sing them to ad- 
 miration ; and, with large or very large time and hope add- 
 ed, will be highly delighted with dancing tunes, and, in 
 dancing, precisely keep the step, and be gay and cheerful in 
 the " assembly room," and enjoy the cotillon party, &c, be- 
 yond measure : with hope small, and ven., conscien., and 
 adhes. large or very large, will prefer plaintive airs, minor 
 moods, solemn, devotional musick, &c. ; and, with hope large 
 even, will still prefer solemn tunes, yet select those of a 
 cheerful, lively air : with large or very large lang., can easi- 
 ly associate tunes with the words set to them, and thus read- 
 ily commit songs, hymns, &c, so as to sing them by rote. 
 In learning tunes, and in singing them with woHs, the or- 
 gan of lang. renders very important assistance. The same 
 is also true of imitat., which gives the proper expression to 
 a musical performance, enables the performer to imitate dif- 
 ferent kinds of style, &c. 
 
 Very large. — One having tune very large, will be able 
 to learn tunes by hearing them once or twice repeated, and 
 will never forget them ; is filled with ecstasy, or completely 
 carried away, with good musick, but cannot endure a discord, 
 or an awkward or artificial singer or player ; produces a 
 powerful impression upon the feelings of those who listen to 
 his performances, and literally charms them, &c. 
 
 One having tune very large, with large or very large ad- 
 hes., ideal., ven., hope, imitat., time, lang., individ., weight, 
 and compar., will be a natural musician of the first order ; 
 be pre-eminent for his musical taste and talent ; pour forth 
 his whole soul in the most melting and voluptuous strains of 
 melody and harmony, so as often to overcome the hearer ; 
 
220 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 learn, as it were, by intuition, to play upon any musical in- 
 strument ; perform to admiration all kinds of musick, par- 
 ticularly sentimental pieces, Irish airs, Scotch melodies, and 
 other pieces of kindred sympathy and pathos ; and will be 
 able to compose musick characterized by sentiment, pathos, 
 and the soul of melody. 
 
 Full. — One having tune full, will be able, with consid- 
 erable practice, to learn tunes both by note, and also by the 
 ear ; may be called a good, and even a superiour, singer, yet, 
 for any musical talent he may possess, will be indebted as 
 much to art and science as to nature ; with the aid of notes* 
 and a good knowledge of the principles, may be able to read 
 musick correctly, and even sing, at first sight, almost any 
 piece of musick presented to him, yet his musical perform- 
 ances will be characterized more by accuracy than melody 
 and pathos. One having tune full, with large or very large 
 ideal* will be highly delighted with good musick, and have 
 a correct musical ear, and impart a peculiar softness to his 
 singing, and, with large imitat. added, be capable of becom- 
 ing a good singer, if not a superiour musician; can readily 
 imitate different kinds of style, &c. : with the moral senti- 
 ments large, may experience much fervour of devotion while 
 singing, and impart this feeling te* his musical displays : with 
 lang. large, in calling to mind various tunes, will be greatly 
 assisted by recollecting the words set to them, and will find 
 it somewhat difficult to learn tunes disconnected with words: 
 with lang. moderate or small, will receive, in learning tunes, 
 Tery little aid from lang., and fail somewhat in applying words 
 to musical sounds : with compar. large or very large, will 
 readily decide between what tunes and words a fearmony of 
 sentiment exists; and, with large ven. added, when a hymn 
 is given out, will be able to select the most appropriate tune, 
 and, with imitat. also large, to sing it in such a manner as to 
 convey the sentiments and feelings expressed in the words, 
 &c. 
 
 The additional combinations and descriptions of tune full, 
 may be inferred from those under tune large, the power and 
 the manifestations of tune being diminished. 
 
 Moderate. — One having tune moderate, may, perhaps, 
 learn to read musick readily by note, but will be obliged to 
 labour hard to effect even this ; be obliged to hear tunes 
 many times repeated before he can learn them by rote, and 
 will then forget them unless he sings them frequently; may, 
 
TUNE. 221 
 
 pernaps, be a respectable singer, but will be indebted for this 
 talent much more to science and application than to nature ; 
 will sing more by the rules of musick than by his ear, and 
 be generally obliged to have his book before him ; will be 
 rather a mechanical than a natural singer ; and will fail to 
 impart melody and pathos to his musical performances, and 
 to kindle or melt the soul. 
 
 One having tune moderate, w 7 ith ideal, large or very large, 
 will listen with rapture to good musick, yet none will please 
 him except musick of the first order ; will be very unpleas- 
 antly affected by discord, and perhaps be a good judge of 
 musick, yet will not be a good or a great performer himself 
 
 Small. — One having tune small, with much effort, may 
 learn to sing and play tunes, yet will be only an automatic!?, 
 mechanical, indifferent, and unsuccessful musician, and will 
 be unable to make melody, or to learn tunes by the ear : with 
 large or very large ideal, will listen with delight, to good mu- 
 sick, yet be slow to distinguish one tune from another, and gen- 
 erally be insensible to the higher charms of excellent musick. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under tune moderate, 
 modified by a reduction of the influence of tune, and those 
 under tune large or very large, reversed, or read with the 
 addition of a negative, will generally apply to this organ 
 small. 
 
 Very small. — One having tune very small, will be un- 
 able to strike a note correctly, and even to distinguish one 
 tune or one note from another : with mirtk large, will be 
 likely to ridicule a musical taste or an amateur in musick, 
 or be, at least, indifferent to musick, if not really disgusted 
 with it. 
 
 Location. — Tune is located, in adults, about three quar- 
 ters of an inch above the organ of calcu., and within the 
 arch of the superciliary ridge. The location of tune is so 
 much affected by the size of the surrounding organs, and its 
 external appearance, by the temporal muscle which passes 
 over it, that, except in the case of children, the authors are 
 not always able to decide correctly upon its size. It may 
 also be added, that a good voice adds greatly to good musick, 
 and is therefore frequently mistaken for a musical ear or tal- 
 ent. Others, again, in whom the organ is only moderate, are 
 tolerable singers, but are indebted for this talent chiefly to 
 science and practice. Hence many correct decisions upon 
 tune, are considered erroneous. 
 19* 
 
222 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 35. LANGUAGE. 
 
 Power of communicating ideas by means of particular 
 signs — memory of words — recollection of arbitrary signs 
 as expressive of ideas. 
 
 In the plenitude of his wisdom and goodness, the Great 
 Author of our being has seen fit, in various ways, to distin- 
 guish man from "the beasts that perish;" and one of these 
 distinguishing characteristicks, is most strikingly displayed 
 in his power of speech. Without a faculty by means of 
 which to communicate to his fellow-men, his thoughts, feel- 
 ings, and desires, man would be incapable of any consider- 
 able degree of cultivation and refinement, and of carrying 
 on those vast schemes and projects by which the face of the 
 earth is subdued and cultivated, and the beasts of the field 
 brought under subjection to him — by which the forest bows 
 to his mandate, and, in its stead, the cultivated farm blooms 
 like a garden — by which science and the arts flourish, com- 
 merce springs into life, and cities, kingdoms, and republicks 
 burst forth in all their magnificence and glory. 
 
 The signs of language are of two kinds, natural and arti- 
 ficial. The natural signs are common both to man and the 
 lower order of animals, and are understood by each species 
 of animals by the operations of the instinctive principles of 
 its nature. In brutes, these natural signs are employed, for 
 example, in the bleating of a lamb, the neighing of a horse, 
 and the chirping of a bird ; and in man, in that expression of 
 voice and feature which he uses in sighing, groaning, laugh- 
 ing, crying, and in the use of all that class of semi-articulate 
 sounds called interjections. But the grand distinction be- 
 tween the faculty of language in man and the same faculty 
 in the brute creation, consists in the ability of the former to 
 make use of distinct, articulate sounds, whieh we call speech, 
 as signs of his ideas, whereas, the ability of the latter is con- 
 fined to the use of inarticulate sounds. 
 
 For the more extensive and perfect transmission of thought, 
 the superiour wisdom and ingenuity of man have also ena- 
 bled him to invent, and employ by common consent, various 
 sets of artificial sounds called words, or vocal or artificial 
 language ; and, moreover, to institute certain arbitrary signs 
 by means of which to represent these words to the eye, call- 
 ed written language. 
 
LANGUAGE. 223 
 
 That the power of speech in man, or his copia verborum, 
 is primitive, and depends upon a distinct faculty of the mind, 
 is evident from the fact, that it greatly differs in different in- 
 dividuals, and cannot, therefore, be the result of education 
 alone, but must originally be possessed by them in various 
 degrees of strength. Were it not so, each individual would 
 display this power in proportion to his cultivation of the fac- 
 ulty ; but such is by no means the case. We often see child- 
 ren that have received little or no instruction, learn the use 
 and application of words with a facility and accuracy alto- 
 gether wonderful ; and others again upon which a supera- 
 bundant amount of instruction has been bestowed, that re- 
 main extremely deficient in this respect, and find great diffi- 
 culty in commanding words enough to express their ideas 
 with even common propriety. 
 
 We see persons, also, who have studied many languages, 
 received all the advantages of instruction from the greatest 
 linguists, and wasted long nights over the midnight lamp, 
 and yet, when they come to express themselves in their mo- 
 ther tongue, often display a style marked with barrenness, 
 stiffness, and impropriety ; whereas, others who have enjoy- 
 ed no such advantages, are able to speak and write in a style 
 both copious and eloquent. 
 
 Some persons are able to repeat a page verbatim after 
 having read it but two or three times over ; whilst others, 
 again, cannot repeat it after having read it as many hundred 
 times. 
 
 And now let us ask, whether these facts at all accord with 
 the metaphysical notion of some, that language is wholly ar- 
 tificial, or conventional. If so, language should display it- 
 self, in individuals of equal talents, in an exact proportion to 
 its cultivation : but this has clearly been shown not to be the 
 case. We must therefore conclude, that the power of lan- 
 guage or speech, depends upon a primary faculty of the 
 mind, and that it is as natural for man to employ language, 
 as it is vision, or hearing, or any other faculty of the mind. 
 
 Many remarkable instances of an extraordinary manifes- 
 tation of this faculty, as well as of its extreme deficiency, 
 have fallen under the observation of the authors. From a 
 multitude of cases, they will select, and present, only the two 
 following. 
 
 They know a little girl in whom the organ of language 
 is extremely large, and who has been brought up in a family 
 
224 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 in which there is no child but herself; consequently, she 
 seldom has any one to talk with. But this deficiency she 
 has managed to supply, ever since she was two or three years 
 old, by almost incessantly talking to her doll or to herself; 
 for talk she must, although it often consists in nothing more 
 than the utterance of articulate sounds without meaning. 
 She often even conducts a long dialogue in two or three dis- 
 tinct voices, being assisted in this by large imitation ; and 
 has, moreover, a wonderful propensity to invent, and apply, 
 names to all objects she sees; and, when these are few, 
 she gives many names to the same object. Her organ of 
 tune is also large ; and this she frequently gratifies by com- 
 posing and singing tunes extempore, and sometimes, too, in 
 rhyme. 
 
 In the family of professor Eaton, the distinguished botan- 
 ist and naturalist, one of the authors saw a servant-man in 
 whom the organ is extremely small ; and it is with the ut- 
 most difficulty that he can command words enough to hold 
 a conversation upon the most familiar subject : — in proof of 
 which, many striking anecdotes were related by the professor. 
 The following is one of them. Being very anxious to learn 
 to read — a thing he found it next to impossible to accom- 
 plish — he was sent to school ; and, in attempting to relate to 
 his master the pains taken by his tutor in instructing him, 
 when he got to the word teaching, he stopped, and hesitated 
 for a long time, not being able to think of it, or of any other 
 word that would express the idea ; but, at last, he got it out 
 by saying, that " my tutor keep — jawing me how to read." 
 
 Large. — One having lang. large, will find it easy and 
 natural to learn and remember words, and to call to mind 
 such words as fully express his ideas ; possess, in a high 
 degree, copiousness, freedom, fluency, and power of ex- 
 pression ; have at command a multitude of words and phrases 
 from which he is able to make such a selection as may be 
 dictated by his other faculties ; will fill out his sentences 
 well, and leave but few ellipses to be supplied by the reader ; 
 will be able to write with ease and facility, and give a copi- 
 ousness, and richness, and variety to his style, and have a 
 great desire to talk and read, as well as to hear others do so ; 
 and can easily commit words to memory. 
 
 One having lang. large, with large or very large individ., 
 form, local., and event., can learn verbatim with great rapid- 
 ity and very little effort; has a remarkable talent for remem- 
 
LANGUAGE. 225 
 
 bering the precise expressions used by others in conversa- 
 tion, and for relating accurately what was said by a speaker ; 
 will be able, in school or in college, to learn his lessons, as 
 it were, by intuition, or, at least, by reading them two or 
 three times over ; will make very rapid advances as a schol- 
 ar, far outstrip those who have lang., event., and individ. only 
 moderate, and appear to understand his lessons much better 
 than he really does, and thus gain great credit for his reci- 
 tations j when he attempts to speak, will have a copious flow of 
 words, and display a remarkable talent for making quotations ; 
 with only moderate or full caus. added, will talk much, and 
 fluently, upon subjects without instructing the hearer, or pre- 
 senting many new ideas, or profound observations ; with 
 large or very large ideal, and compar., and full concent, 
 added to this combination, is capable of becoming quite in- 
 teresting, and even eloquent, as a speaker; will be chaste 
 and finished, if not polished and graceful, in his language 
 and expressions, and, with imitat. also large, decisively pop- 
 ular as an extempore speaker ; will be perspicuous and ap- 
 propriate, and easily and fully understood ; possess extraor- 
 dinary facility and felicity of expression, and, whenever he 
 becomes animated in speaking, will quote poetry with ease 
 and correctness, yet will have a better command of words 
 than of ideas ; may please the fancy, yet will not greatly 
 instruct, or enlighten the understanding : with individ. large 
 or very large, will use many adjectives and qualifying 
 phrases ; and yet employ words with considerable definite- 
 ness and precision : with large secret., cautious., approbat., 
 conscien., and ven., may be taciturn and reserved before 
 strangers or partial acquaintances, or, in consequence of his 
 bashfulness or modesty, yet, when among his familiars and 
 equals, will talk very freely : with large or very large se- 
 cret., will generally say but little, and, with cautious, also 
 large, frequently hesitate in speaking, but this will arise 
 from the fear of committing himself, or of saying what he 
 does not intend to say, rather than from a want of words ; 
 but, with secret, moderate or small, will not only have a 
 great command of words, but be free to express his thoughts 
 aud feelings, and, with benev. and adhes. also large or very 
 large, this propensity to unbosom himself to others, will be 
 still farther increased, and he will be a downright talker : 
 with large individ., combat., and destruct., will have a great 
 command of severe and bitter epithets, and, when excited, be 
 
226 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 extremely pointed and sarcastick in his expressions, and, with 
 compar. also large, can pour out a torrent of abusive words, 
 or scold with a vengeance : with adhes. and benev. large 
 or very large, will have a great command of words express- 
 ive of sympathy, affection, endearment, tenderness of feeling, 
 &c. ; and, with imitat. also large, will accompany his verbal 
 communications with appropriate gesticulation, and speak 
 through his action, the expression of his countenance, &c., 
 as well as by his words : w r ith compar. large or very large, 
 will have a critical knowledge of the precise meaning of 
 w r ords, of philology, synonymies, &c, and be prone closely 
 to criticise both his own expressions and those of others, and, 
 with large or very large individ. and event, added, is capable 
 of becoming a first-rate linguist : with large or very large 
 caus. and compar., and only moderate or full ideal, will be 
 bold, original, and powerful in his expressions, but not fin- 
 ished, elegant, or polished, and, if large combat, and destruct. 
 and moderate or small secret, he added, will speak out his 
 ideas in a plain, strong, blunt, and frequently uncouth style ; 
 will despise the flowers of rhetorick and finely turned peri- 
 ods, and present the facts and the arguments of his subject 
 without embellishment: with ideal, large instead of mod- 
 erate, will be a nervous, strong, and also polished writer 
 and speaker; have a full flow of ideas, and also of words in 
 which to express them ; will combine power of thought with 
 copiousness and fluency of diction, and, with a good educa- 
 tion, be capable of becoming an accomplished and a power- 
 ful publick speaker; will express important ideas and strong 
 arguments in a peculiarly felicitous and happy style, and 
 have thoughts enough handsomely to fill the channel through 
 which they flow. 
 
 Very large. — One having lang. very large, will possess 
 remarkable copiousness of speech and a great flow of words ; 
 talk with perfect ease and the greatest delight ; and, with se- 
 cret, only moderate and approbat. large or very large, among 
 his acquaintances, will be, perhaps, too forward in conversa- 
 tion, and an incessant, not to say intolerable, talker : with 
 concent, full or large, will be able, and much inclined, to 
 throw out the same idea in a great many different forms of 
 expression, frequently amounting to tautology; will often 
 weary the hearer with tedious repetitions and circumlocu- 
 tion, and not unfrequently bury up his ideas in a multitude 
 of words: with individ., form, and local, large or very large, 
 
LANGUAGE. 227 
 
 will be able to commit to memory page after page, even at a 
 second reading ; will be excessively fond of reading, and of 
 hearing and relating anecdotes ; after listening to an inter- 
 esting speech, oration, or sermon, will be able to repeat it 
 nearly verbatim, giving not only the ideas and the general 
 tenour of the discourse, but even many of the precise ex- 
 pressions of the speaker ; with large or very large ideal, and 
 imitat, and only full caus. added, will be bombastick in his 
 style, and present more bathos than pathos or sublimity ; 
 make a great display of eloquence and splendour in his lan- 
 guage, and yet be destitute of real eloquence and power of 
 thought; will be loquacious, flippant, and verbose, yet im- 
 body but little sense or argument in what he says : with very 
 large compar., caus., individ., event., ideal., and combat., 
 will be able to engross the whole attention of the hearer, and, 
 by the clearness and power of his reasoning, combined with 
 the superiour elegance of his diction, and the frequent and 
 well-sustained bursts of his overpowering eloquence, enchain 
 him for hours to the subject ; will be rich, copious, flow- 
 ing, vehement, and energetick in his style and manner, 
 but a much better extempore speaker than writer, because, 
 in writing, he will be apt to employ too many words for his 
 thoughts. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations of lang. large, modifi- 
 ed by an increase of the power and desires imparted by lang., 
 will apply to lang. very large. 
 
 Full.— One having lang. full, will have a respectable 
 command of words, yet, in order to become fluent, will re- 
 quire considerable excitement ; will not be barren in style or 
 expressions, nor yet employ many new-coined or redundant 
 words ; with some effort, may commit to memory, yet, unless 
 individ., form, and local, are very large, will not be eminent 
 for this talent. One having lang. full, with compar. and 
 caus. large or very large, will have a rich fund of important 
 ideas, but they will lose some of their force when expressed, 
 in consequence of their calling more loudly for words than 
 can be answered by the speaker, who, unless considerably 
 excited, will hesitate for words ; will seldom be guilty of 
 circumlocution, but will be rather brief and compact in his 
 style: with large or very large ideal, added, will be clear, 
 elegant, and forcible as a writer, but, though he may get on 
 tolerably well as a speaker, will not be very fluent, and even 
 
228 
 
 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 when excited, will by no means manifest verbosity, and will 
 employ no more words than the sense demands. 
 
 The additional descriptions and combinations of lang. full, 
 due allowance being made by the reader for the diminished 
 power and manifestations of lang., will be found under lang. 
 large. 
 
 Moderate. — One hating lang. moderate, will be some- 
 times at a loss for words in which to express his ideas, and 
 particularly so for happy and appropriate words ; when an 
 idea is presented to his mind, often be obliged to wait for the 
 organ of lang. to supply the proper sign by which to ex- 
 press it ; generally employ too few, rather than too many, 
 words ; and, instead of adding to the force and energy of 
 his thoughts by the ease and power of his expressions, will 
 fail to give them even their just due from the province of 
 language. 
 
 One having lang. moderate, with very large compar., will 
 be very critical in the use of words, and seldom employ one 
 which is not fully expressive of the meaning intended to be 
 conveyed ; with large or very large ideal, and individ. add- 
 ed, may be a first-rate linguist, and a clear and elegant wri- 
 ter, but will not be a fluent speaker — may command words 
 enough for the use of the pen, but not for the use of the tongue,' 
 will adopt a style more clear than copious ; will not be lo- 
 quacious, but, in what he says, will employ but few words. 
 
 Small. — One having small lang., in communicating his 
 thoughts and feelings, will employ but few words, and those 
 of every-day use; in speaking, will frequently hesitate for 
 words, and possess very little variety or copiousness of ex- 
 pression ; so far as style is concerned, will be barren, dry, 
 and common-place ; find extreme difficulty in calling to mind 
 the particular words required to express his meaning; con- 
 sider talking as rather a burden than a pleasure, and, conse- 
 quently, will generally say but little, and find it very difficult 
 to commit to memory. 
 
 One having lang. small, secret, large, and mirth, only full, 
 will be likely to pass whole days, and sometimes even weeks, 
 in which he will speak scarcely a word unless there is an 
 absolute necessity for it ; will not be at all interesting in pro- 
 miscuous conversation, and his thoughts will lose much of 
 their force and point in consequence of the deficiency in his 
 power of expression : with combat, large and excited, or with 
 a nervous temperament, may speak in a rapid, though some- 
 
REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 2*29 
 
 what incoherent, manner, but will use only common-place 
 phraseology, and generally express similar ideas in nearly 
 the same set of words : with very large caus. and compar., 
 will have many more thoughts than words, and make every 
 word express some important idea ; can think much better 
 than communicate ; say a great deal in a few words ; cannot 
 command a sufficient stock of words with nearly similar 
 meanings from which to make happy selections ; and will 
 think and reason much more than read or talk. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions of lang. moderate, mod- 
 ified by a diminution of the power of lang., and, also, those 
 under lang. large and very large, reversed, or read with a 
 negative, will generally apply to lang. small. 
 
 Very small. — One having lang. very small, will find the 
 utmost difficulty in recollecting the arbitrary signs used to 
 express the simplest and most common ideas ; from actual 
 poverty of lang., will be obliged to employ words in a sense 
 widely different from their common and legitimate significa- 
 tion, and will often express his ideas in very inappropriate 
 terms ; cannot commit to memory at all, nor learn to read 
 with any thing like tolerable facility and accuracy, and will 
 be able scarcely to understand others, or express himself so 
 that they can understand him. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under lang. small, 
 modified by a lessening of the power of lang., and those un- 
 der lang. full, reversed, will apply to this faculty very small. 
 
 Location. — Lang, is located upon the superorbiter plate. 
 When large or very large, by pressing down the upper orbit 
 of the eye, it pushes the eye outward and downward, giving 
 a fulness to it, and a swollen appearance to the under eyelid. 
 When the organ is small, the eyes will appear small and 
 sunken, and the under eyelid small. The bust of the dis- 
 tinguished Thos. Addis Emmit, affords a striking specimen 
 of a large development of this organ. 
 
 GENUS III. — Reflective or Reasoning Faculties. 
 
 These faculties impart to the human mind an intellectual 
 power of a higher order than that given by the perceptive 
 and semi-perceptive faculties. They enable man to invent, to 
 think, and reason — to ascertain those abstract relations and 
 bearings of things which neither observation, nor any other 
 mental power, can reach. Most of the other intellectual fee- 
 20 
 
230 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 ulties, are possessed, in a greater or less degree, by some 
 species of the lower order of animals, and some of them, to 
 a far greater extent than by man. Yet, none of these an- 
 imals can invent, or, to any considerable extent, adapt means 
 to ends. Neither can they improve upon their mere animal 
 instincts, for they are manifestly destitute of what, in man, is 
 called contrivance. From generation to generation, they 
 grovel in the same beaten track, and, as far as improvement 
 is concerned, remain stationary ; whilst soaring, reasoning 
 man is always advancing, and improving upon the discov- 
 eries and inventions of his predecessors. At the present day, 
 the sparrow builds its nest, and the beaver its hut and dam, 
 in precisely the same manner that their progenitors did four 
 thousand years ago; but, when we compare the ten thousand 
 improvements in manufactures, agriculture, commerce, sci- 
 ence, and the arts, of the present English and American 
 race, with the rude huts and implements of their Saxon fore- 
 fathers, we behold the striking and wonderful effects of cul- 
 tivated reason. 
 
 This subject also enables us to advance understandingly 
 to another important characteristick of man, by showing us 
 how it is that he becomes, not only a rational, but, likewise, a 
 moral and an accountable, being. Unaided by the reason- 
 ing faculties, conscience would be lame and blind ; but, with 
 their assistance, it is enabled to lay hold of the first princi- 
 ples of right and justice, and to point out to man the path of 
 rectitude and moral duty. Unaided by the reasoning facul- 
 ties, the other moral faculties would also wander in obscure 
 twilight, and often stumble upon the dark mountains of er- 
 rour ; but, with their help, veneration is enabled to look at 
 the attributes of the great Jehovah, and successfully to study 
 his divine character, and the moral relations that exist be- 
 tween man and his Maker, as well as between man and his 
 fellow-man— relations equally important and sublime with 
 any others which the reasoning powers are capable of tra- 
 cing. With their assistance, hope wings its flight into the 
 bright regions of futurity, and there expatiates rationally upcn 
 that state of being which awaits us when we shall have 
 passed the bourne of mortality. 
 
 Philosophers of all ages, have been agreed upon the fact, 
 that man is the only animal endowed with the moral and 
 reasoning faculties; but it has been left to phrenologists to 
 observe, and point out, the fact, that man is also the only an- 
 
CAUSALITY. 231 
 
 imal that possesses a high and broad forehead, and an ele- 
 vated, coronal portion to the head — in which the organs of 
 these faculties are located. And yet, without fully compre- 
 hending, or duly appreciating the importance oi\ the fact, 
 mankind have always been aware, as all history amply 
 proves, that a high, bold, and prominent forehead is neces- 
 sary to a great and profound reasoner. That there really 
 exists a reciprocal relation between the reasoning powers and 
 the expansion of the upper portion of the forehead, will be 
 made fully manifest by comparing the heads of any deep 
 thinkers and strong and bold reasoners with those of individ- 
 uals who possess these intellectual qualities in a lower de- 
 gree — by comparing, for example, the foreheads of Franklin, 
 Washington, Clinton, Gall, and Melancthon, with those of 
 Aurelia Chase, the New Zealander, Indian, Carib, idiot, &c., 
 and the heads of animals, in the cuts upon the Chart. Now, 
 such coincidences as these, are too striking to be the result 
 of mere chance, and must, therefore, be produced by design; 
 and if by design, they constitute a page in the book of na- 
 ture, worthy the perusal of every student of nature. 
 
 36. CAUSALITY. 
 
 Power of perceiving and applying the principles of causa- 
 tion — ability to discover, and trace out, the connexion and 
 relations existing between causes and effects ; to plan, in-> 
 vent, and adapt means to ends ; to draw conclusions from 
 given premises ; to reason — disposition to investigate, and 
 ask, why ? — key-stone of common-sense. 
 It is an axiom in philosophy, that " every effect must have 
 a cause;" and, also, that "every cause must produce an ef- 
 fect:" and, again, that, "under similar circumstances, like 
 causes produce like effects :" and, farther, that "all the phe- 
 nomena throughout universal nature, proceed upon the prin- 
 ciple of cause and effect, or antecedent and consequent." 
 
 But let us inquire from what source it is that philosophers 
 gather these maxims. That they are not the product of the 
 observing faculties, is evident from the fact, that these facul- 
 ties are possessed, more or less, by the brute creation, and 
 yet, we know that brutes do not reason — that they are not 
 capable of comprehending the relations of cause and effect — 
 at any rate, beyond the narrow limits of their experience ; 
 and this can scarcely be considered as reaching the princi- 
 ple of causation. Hence, we infer, that man is endowed 
 

 232 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 with some faculty of the mind of which the lower order of 
 animals is destitute, by which he is enabled to reach this 
 principle. 
 
 That the faculty in man which regards every phenomenon 
 or result in nature as the product of some antecedent cause r 
 is innate, and its operation, intuitive, may, moreover, be justly 
 inferred from the fact, that he is naturally prone to demand a 
 reason for every thing — to ask why it is so : and that this dis- 
 position in man is more or less strong in proportion as a cer- 
 tain part of the brain (causality, see cuts) is largely or other- 
 wise developed, is equally proved by the observations of phre- 
 nologists, as well as of mankind generally : — for here is one 
 point in phrenology in which mankind, in all ages, have be- 
 lieved. 
 
 That this faculty in man is innate, is still farther evident 
 from the fact, that this cause-seeking disposition is strikingly 
 evinced in children. Almost as soon as they begin to make 
 observations, they also begin to inquire, why things are so — 
 to investigate the causes, reasons, and uses of things. 
 
 As this faculty is designed for, and adapted to, the princi- 
 ple of causation alluded to, it is evident, that, when strongly 
 or fairly developed, and furnished with proper data upon 
 which to operate, it will always decide eorrectly concerning 
 causes and effects : for if, under such circumstances, it should 
 not always teach us the truth, or give us correct information 
 as to those first principles or truths which exist in nature, it 
 would not act in harmony with nature's laws, nor fully per- 
 form the function for which it is originally designed. 
 
 What should we think, for example, of an eye that would 
 present objects to the mind double, triple, or quadruple, or 
 give the image of a horse when it looked at a man, or of an 
 ass instead of a metaphysician ? What should we think of 
 a faculty of colour that would make green appear yellow, or 
 black, white? Undoubtedly, we should consider them de- 
 fective or perverted. If, then, we have a right to expect, that 
 the perceptive faculties, in conjunction with the external 
 senses, when uninjured and unperverted, will furnish us 
 with correct information concerning physical objects and 
 their qualities, it is equally reasonable to suppose, that, un- 
 der similar circumstances, the reasoning faculties will make 
 a true report of the abstract relations and causes of things. 
 Consequently, all that we have to do in order to ascertain 
 the truth in any given matter, is to lay before causality the 
 
CAUSALITY. 233 
 
 aaked facts in the case, and all the facts, and its decision will 
 be the truth required : and the only reasons why the opin- 
 ions of men so frequently and so widely differ upon the same 
 subject, and stray so far from the truth, are either that the 
 data upon which the decisions of causality and comparison 
 are predicated, are incorrect or insufficient, or because the 
 reasoning organs are too feeble to bear up against the clam- 
 ours of prejudice or passion. 
 
 Large. — One having caus. large, will be able intuitively 
 to perceive, and readily to apply, the principles of causation; 
 to lay good plans, and successfully reach desired ends by the 
 application of appropriate means ; will have a strong desire to 
 ascertain the why and the tvherefore of things; to investigate 
 their nature and relations, and ascertain their origin, uses, 
 and procuring causes ; will consider facts and phenomena 
 only as connected with their principles and causes ; perceive 
 selfevident truths, and draw inferences from them ; possess 
 an inquiring, investigating turn: of mind ; with proper cul- 
 ture of this faculty, be able to originate good ideas, and rea- 
 son correctly upon the data furnished by the other faculties ; 
 by the intuitive application of the principle that like causes 
 will always produce like effects, be able to predict what will 
 be, from what has been ; to tell wherein, one result will differ 
 from another, and, also, what will be the effect of given meas- 
 ures ; will intuitively perceive the various bearings and the 
 abstract relations of things ; naturally possess a large en- 
 dowment of sagacity, penetration, good sense, judgment, and 
 originality; and be disposed to give, and require, not only a 
 reason for every thing, but, also, a satisfactory explanation 
 of all its phenomena. 
 
 One having caus. large, with the perceptive organs full, 
 large, or very large, will be quick to perceive the first truths 
 or axioms of natural philosophy, to draw inferences from 
 them, and to apply them whenever occasion demands : with 
 compar. and conscien. large or very large, to perceive the 
 force of moral truths and inferences, and to admit moral ax- 
 ioms, and be able to reason clearly and correctly from them : 
 with the selfish faculties strong, will be able to provide for 
 his selfish wants, and secure selfish ends : with acquis, full 
 or large, or even only moderate or small, to lay excellent 
 plans for accumulating wealth: with the perceptive organs 
 only moderate or full, will be more delighted with the prin- 
 oiples and the philosophy of natural science, than, with the 
 20* 
 
234 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 mere facts, and seldom contemplate facts apart from the laws 
 concerned in their production : with individ. and event, only- 
 moderate or full, will be guided much more by the reason 
 of things, and by general principles, than by experience ; but* 
 with individ. and event, large or very large, will be influenced 
 both by experiments and facts, and also by the principles in- 
 volved in them; have a superiour talent, not onLy for col- 
 lecting facts, but, alsov for drawing correct deductions from 
 them ; devise and execute with surprising sagacity and tact, 
 and possess an excellent talent for turning things to his own 
 advantage — for seeing just what ought to be done in order 
 most successfully to obtain the desired end,, and will possess 
 a very large share of practical sense and sound judgment : 
 with large or very large compar. and only moderate percep- 
 tive faculties, will deal much more in that which is abstract 
 and metaphysical than in facts and details* and possess much 
 more intellect than he appears to have ; be too abstract, and 
 think too deeply, to be properly appreciated, especially by 
 those who have large perceptive, and only full reasonings 
 faculties;; will have an excellent memory of thoughts and 
 first-principles, but forget circumstances and particulars ;. 
 have a distinct recollection of inferences, yet be apt to forget 
 the premises from which they were drawn ; be able to think 
 and reason clearly and strongly, yet, in presenting his ideas, 
 will fail to do them justice, or give them the force necessary 
 to produce the conviction to which they are justly entitled : 
 with the selfish faculties generally large or very large, and 
 the moral only moderate or full, will make his reason sub- 
 servient to the mandates of his selfish, not to say vicious and 
 depraved, animal desires and gratifications ; and prostitute 
 this noble gift to the injury both of himself and his fellow- 
 men : with the moral organs large, and the selfish also large, 
 will have a vigorous intellect propelled by energetick, selfish 
 passions, and modified by a strong current of moral feelings 
 yet his moral and religious opinions and practices will be 
 strongly tinctured with his animal feelings — his religious gar- 
 ments often defaced with spots and patches of selfishness and 
 sin ; and his reason turned to a good or bad account according 
 as his education, external circumstances, &c, excite more pow- 
 erfully either the one or the other class of faculties : with 
 the moral organs large or very large, the propensities full or 
 large, but less than the moral and reasoning organs, and the 
 perceptive, at least, full, will possess great intellectual power 
 
CAUSALITY. 235 
 
 and superiour talents, which will be called into energetick 
 action, and urged forward by strong feelings, and directed 
 by high-toned, moral principle, to the advancement of some 
 noble and important object ; and have enough of the propen- 
 sities to impart efficiency to his intellectual and moral facul- 
 ties, which, however, will maintain the ascendency: with 
 combat, large, will warmly defend and advocate his opinions, 
 and engage in debate wtih spirit and delight, &c. 
 
 Cans, acts with a power and success reciprocally propor- 
 tionate to the size of the organ and the stimuli which excite 
 it. These stimuli are supplied by the other faculties, and 
 vary according to the intensity with which these faculties 
 desire those objects procured by the aid of caus. For ex- 
 ample ; one having caus. large, with very large domestick 
 organs, and only moderate selfish propensities, will seem to 
 lack wisdom in conducting his own selfish interests, because 
 he will be comparatively indifferent to them, but, in reference 
 to his children, his family, his friends, &c, he will plan 
 with uncommon judgment, and manifest great foresight: 
 with acquis, small, and approbat. or self-e., or both, very 
 large, will be likely to manifest great mental vigour in his 
 efforts to secure distinction, yet, in the mere accumulation of 
 w T ealth, may discover a decisive want of tact and judgment, 
 and ability to plan ; but still, if any of the other faculties de- 
 sire money, caus. will da its utmost to supply them, and 
 devise means admirably calculated to secure this object: 
 with the selfish propensities only moderate or full, compar. 
 and conscien. large or very large, ven. full or large, and the 
 perceptive organs only moderate or full, will reason clearly 
 and forcibly from correct moral premises, and successfully 
 prosecute ethical and theological investigations, yet be less 
 distinguished for his delight and success in pursuing nat- 
 ural philosophy, and be likely to make but indifferent calcu- 
 lations in regard to his pecuniary affairs, and manage them 
 rather poorly ; but, with the perceptive organs large or very 
 large, conscien. small, and ven. only full, while he will rea- 
 son clearly and correctly upon natural philosophy and mat- 
 ters which have no moral bearing, will commit the grossest 
 errours in reasoning upon the character of the Supreme Be- 
 ing and religious subjects generally, his duties to his fellow- 
 men, and of their obligations to him, &c. The same prin- 
 ciple applies to caus. in combination with any of the other 
 organs in their various states of development. 
 
236 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Very large. — One having caus. very large, with a large 
 head and an active temperament, in addition to the manifes- 
 tations described under caus. large, will be pre-eminent for 
 the correctness of his judgment, the clearness, originality, 
 and importance of his ideas, the extent of his understanding, 
 and the power of his intellect ; be distinguished for taking 
 new views, even of the most ordinary subjects, and for pre- 
 senting them in a striking light ; for discovering new me- 
 thods of effecting certain objects ; be able to calculate, with 
 certainty, what effects will be produced by the application of 
 particular means, and, also, the most judicious method of 
 applying these means; clearly perceive the full force of ar- 
 guments ; be able to explain, or '« clear up," abstruse points 
 and difficult subjects ; to carry conviction to the mind by his 
 irresistible arguments, and always, to present them in a man- 
 ner perfectly intelligible ; will grasp, as it were, with a giant 
 intellect, those great and fundamental principles^ which enter 
 into the nature and constitution of things ; and possess ex- 
 traordinary greatness of mind and vastness of comprehen? 
 sion. 
 
 One having caus. very large, with compar. large or very 
 large, will be extremely delighted with metaphysical and 
 abstract studies ; attempt to pry into the nature and first-prin- 
 ciples of every thing ; will speculate and theorize, and, with 
 large conscien. added, will excel as a metaphysician, and es<- 
 peciallyas a moral and intellectual philosopher; with large 
 individ. added, will not only display extraordinary depth and 
 power of thought, but, also, be able to express and illustrate 
 his ideas in a manner so simple and intelligible as to make 
 himself easily and fully understood even by feeble minds ; if 
 he fail in any part of his projects, will readily supply the 
 deficiency by a resort to the most happy expedients, and thus 
 generally succeed in his undertakings ; never be at a loss for 
 resources, and be wonderfully ingenious in calling them up 
 and applying them ; and possess extraordinary intellectual 
 power and acumen. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions of caus. large, modifi- 
 ed by an increase of the power of caus., will apply to this 
 organ very large. 
 
 Full. — One having caus. full, will have a strong desire 
 to ascertain the reason of things, and to investigate their na- 
 ture and procuring causes, yet his views of the relations of 
 cause and effect, will be less clear, and his inductions from a 
 
CAUSALITY. 237 
 
 given amount of data, less correct, than they would be if 
 caus. were large or very large ; with proper culture, will be 
 respectable as a reasoner, yet the cast of his mind will not 
 be strikingly original or logical, nor his judgment first-rate: 
 with large or very large perceptive faculties, may be qualifi- 
 ed to do a fair business, yet will not excel in planning or in 
 conducting a great business, nor be distinguished for employ- 
 ing the best means to effect desired ends ; with large imitat., 
 individ., and approbat., and moderate or small self-e. added, 
 will lack independence and originality of thought and char- 
 acter ; adopt the views and opinions of those with whom he 
 most associates, and thus have no marked character or plans 
 of his own, and, with ven. and conscien. large, will not de- 
 sire, or hardly dare, especially in religious matters, to think 
 or act for himself; may pass for a man of considerable talent 
 and intellect, yet much of his knowledge will be borrowed, 
 and his disposition and ability to apply his mind closely to 
 an argument or process of thought, will be weak and limit- 
 ed, and his judgment, not very profound: with compar., in- 
 divid., and event, large, will not be distinguished for the 
 superiority of his judgment, nor yet for the weakness of it; 
 will possess considerable practical talent, and understand 
 himself well, yet be somewhat superficial, and manifest more 
 discrimination and tact than originality and depth, and fail 
 to present arguments in a clear, cogent, and convincing man- 
 ner, as well as to appreciate the full force of the reasonings 
 of others. 
 
 Moderate. — One having caus. moderate, will not be 
 very clear or correct in apprehending the principles of 
 causation, nor reason clearly or closely; with individ., 
 event., and lang. large, and compar. full or large, may pass 
 through the ordinary routine of life with tolerable success, 
 yet, when called upon to think, or plan, or call up resources 
 — to devise means, or originate any thing, will manifest 
 weakness and inability ; may learn well, and, with imitat. 
 also large, do what he sees others do, and gain something 
 from experience, yet will be unwilling to apply his mind to 
 any subject which requires close investigation and research, 
 and will not be able to reason strongly or deeply, or to ap- 
 preciate the arguments of those who do ; and will not be at 
 all distinguished for quickness of comprehension or depth of 
 understanding : with the selfish faculties strong, will be sway- 
 ed chiefly by his animal propensities, and yet be shrewd in 
 
238 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 many things, although his shrewdness will result more from 
 instinct than reason : with secret, large, and conscien. only 
 full, by art and intrigue may succeed well for awhile, yet it 
 will not be difficult to penetrate his designs, and discover his 
 intentions, and, consequently, to defeat his purposes. 
 
 Small. — One having caus. small, will be decisively defi- 
 cient in discernment and understanding ; fail to comprehend 
 the reasons, principles, causes, and the general bearing of 
 things, as well as the force of logical arguments ; be injudi- 
 cious in planning, and unable to see the end from the begin- 
 ning, or comprehend the result of certain measures ; be un- 
 able to think, and dull in comprehending a subject, even 
 when clearly and fully explained to him ; slow to draw in- 
 ferences, and unskilful in adapting means to the accomplish- 
 ment of desired ends ; possess feeble powers of ratiocination, 
 and a judgment that cannot be relied upon ; and have no talent 
 for metaphysicks, or moralizing, and very little " hard sense." 
 
 One having caus. small, with secret, large or very large, 
 may manifest considerable tact and ingenuity in laying plots, 
 yet have too little depth or strength of intellect to carry 
 through his manoeuvres : with very large individ., may hav@ 
 an extensive knowledge of matters and things in general, yet 
 will not be able to invent, or improve upon the inventions of 
 others, to devise "ways and means," and create resources. 
 
 The combinations and descriptions under large or very 
 large caus., reversed, will apply to caus. small. 
 
 Very small. — One having caus. very small, wi# utterly 
 fail to appreciate or apply the principles of causation, or to 
 comprehend the relations of cause and effect ; : be unable to 
 reason, or to understand the arguments or explanations of 
 others, be they ever so clear and simple, and will be appa- 
 rently destitute of the qualities ascribed to caus. large. 
 
 Of all the human faculties, caus. is undoubtedly the most 
 useful and important, (if, indeed, a preference may be given 
 to one faculty over another,) as it gives that depth, and 
 strength, and solidity to the mind so necessary to the proper 
 guidance and direction of the other faculties, and without 
 which, man could scarcely be accounted a rational being. It 
 is, in fact, that faculty which, above all others, so pre-emi- 
 nently distinguishes man from the brute, and enables him to 
 stand forth in majestick dignity as the lord of this lower, cre- 
 ation. With this faculty largely developed, (and aided by 
 compar.,) man is capable of thinking, reasoning, rising, soar- 
 
COMPARISON. 239 
 
 incr of looking, with an intelligent eye, into the works of 
 
 the Deity, and of penetrating the mighty mysteries of his 
 divine o-overnment. Without it, what would be man? — a 
 helpless, unintelligent creature— a feeble, grovelling thing, 
 scarcely elevated above the meanest reptile. 
 
 Location. — Caus. is located in the upper and lateral por- 
 tions of the forehead, externally from compar., and gives 
 height and breadth to the forehead proportionate to the size 
 of the organ. 
 
 37. COMPARISON. 
 
 Disposition and ability to compare various things for the 
 purpose of ascertaining their points of resemblance and 
 of difference — power of classification — perception and 
 application of the principles of analogy — ability to dis- 
 cover truths that are unknown, by discerning their resem- 
 blance to those that are already ascertained, and also 
 errour from its incongruity with truth — power of illus- 
 tration — critical acumen. 
 
 On account of the resemblance which one thing, or one 
 set of things, bears to another, most of the phenomena of 
 the natural world, are capable of being grouped together 
 into classes. The causes of these phenomena, or their rela- 
 tions of cause and effect, as has been observed, are sought 
 out by causality ; their resemblances and analogies, and their 
 dissimilarities, are recognised by comparison. Form may 
 compare different shapes ; tune, different notes ; and colour 
 may contrast different shades ; but comparison can compare 
 a colour and a shape, a teint and a note, an idea and a sub- 
 stance ; which cannot be done by these other faculties alone : 
 and thus it is, that comparison embraces within the legitimate 
 sphere of its function, the whole range of nature. It some- 
 times discerns resemblances between things apparently the 
 most distant and unlike ; and often traces out analogies be- 
 tween the qualities of mind and matter: and is the grand 
 agent in producing similes, metaphors, and allegories, par- 
 ables, and fables. 
 
 As was predicated of causality, that, when furnished with 
 correct data, it would always draw just conclusions, and 
 teach us what is true ; so may it be of comparison, that, in- 
 asmuch as it is primarily adapted to take cognizance of cer- 
 tain resemblances and arrangements in nature, it, also, when 
 
240 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 furnished with proppr data, will give us the truth concerning 
 these arrangements. In other words; the legitimate conclu- 
 sions drawn by comparison in accordance with the principles 
 of analogy, may be relied upon with as much certainty as 
 those drawn by causality, or experience. For example; 
 there is a resemblance, more or less striking, in the anatomi- 
 cal structure of all the various orders, genera, and species of 
 animals, and, also, in the structure of different individuals 
 of the same species. Hence, comparison has a right to in- 
 fer, that, as far as this anatomical analogy extends, these dif- 
 ferent animals are governed by similar physiological laws. 
 In other words ; as far as an analogy actually exists between 
 any two things, we have a right to conclude, that what is 
 true of the one, is equally so of the other. If, for instance, 
 we discover an animal whose species is unknown to us, we 
 immediately compare it with some animal of a known spe- 
 cies which it most resembles ; and, as far as this resemblance 
 holds good, we at once, and justly, conclude the animals are 
 alike in their nature and habits. If the strange animal is 
 furnished with the organs which we know belong to herbiv- 
 orous animals, we conclude that it is herbivorous ; if, with 
 the organs of carnivorous or granivorous animals, we infer 
 that it is carnivorous, or granivorous, as the case may be : if 
 the animal is furnished with legs and feet, we conclude that 
 its nature is to walk or run on land ; if, with wings, we say- 
 it flies in the air ; if, with fins, we judge it swims in the wa- 
 ter, and so on: and we naturally rely upon the justness of 
 these conclusions, though drawn entirely from analogy, as 
 confidently as we do upon the truths taught by the most rigid 
 induction. Indeed, the human mind is so constituted, that it 
 cannot avoid making comparisons, and then relying upon 
 their result. 
 
 That the principles of analogy really exist in nature, is 
 demonstrated by every day's observation and experience; 
 and hence we infer the necessity of a primary power of the 
 mind whose proper function it is to perceive these principles, 
 and, by their application, to discover truth and detect errour : 
 and hence we may also infer, that arguments which are 
 based upon correct analogies, are strictly true. This being 
 the case, then, the only reason why arguments drawn from 
 analogy, are so often unsound, is, that the comparisons upon 
 which they are predicated, are not, in all respects, just : for, 
 if the resemblance upon which the argument is founded, 
 
'COMPARISON. 1241 
 
 Holds good in ninety-nine points in a hundred, and differs in 
 'one, this difference, provided the analogy from which the 
 ■conclusion is drawn, reaches this point, will destroy the 
 whole force of the analogy, or as far, at least, as the argu- 
 ment is concerned, and, of course, render the conclusion 
 false ; but, conclusions drawn from any points in which the 
 analogy holds good, are correct, and may be relied upon. 
 Here, then, we have arrived at the source of that great flood 
 of sophistry and false reasoning which sweeps through the 
 popular discourses and discussions of the day. 
 
 Large. — One having compar. large, will readily discover 
 analogies, resemblances, differences, &c, and be able, and 
 disposed, to classify those thoughts, phenomena, and things 
 ef which the other faculties have taken cognizance ; possess 
 a happy talent for generalizing, illustrating, and reasoning 
 from similar cases; frequently employ figurative expressions ; 
 readily discover the point and the application of arguments- 
 make nice discriminations ; possess a criticising, comparing 
 turn of mind, and readily detect fallacies in arguments, and 
 inaccuracies, and improprieties in the use of words, &c. 
 
 The objects compared by this faculty, are determined, in 
 part, by its combinations. For example] one having com- 
 par. large, with full, large, or very large event, and individ., 
 will have a happy talent, and a passionate fondness, for com- 
 paring different 'phenomena, and classes of phenomena, in 
 the natural world, as well as various historical accounts, 
 scientific k facts and experiments, &c, and be quick to dis- 
 cern those resemblances and differences which obtain between 
 them, and, also, between the various sciences themselves; 
 with a view to make himself easily understood, will be 
 •strongly prone to illustrate his ideas by a reference to some 
 feet or phenomenon with which the auditor is supposed to be 
 familiar; with form, size, and local, added, will be very 
 skilful in comparing those things which come under the 
 -cognizance of these faculties respectively, as well as in draw- 
 ing illustrations from them : with ven. and conscien. large 
 •or very large, will draw religious instruction from natural 
 objects, and apply the principles and phenomena of natural 
 science, and of the physical world generally, to the investi- 
 gation of moral and religious subjects ; compare spiritual 
 things with temporal, and temporal with spiritual, and be 
 predisposed to receive, and convey, religious instruction by 
 means of parables, allegories, &c, and, in reasoning upon 
 21 
 
242 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 moral subjects, make a great many nice distinctions, &c. : 
 with ideal, and individ. large or very large, will make many 
 elegant and elevated comparisons ; employ many metaphors, 
 simiies, and other figures which will glow with the fervour, 
 and be enlivened by the brilliancy, of a lively imagination, 
 and serve the purpose of argument and ornament united ; 
 yet, with only full caus. added, there will be very little rea- 
 son or sound logick in his metaphors and illustrations : with 
 caus. large, in investigating causes, will be greatly assisted 
 and often led to his conclusions, by the light of comparison; 
 in thinking and reasoning upon subjects, and especially in 
 deciding upon the force of arguments, will employ his caus. 
 as much as his compar., and probably more, yet, in commu- 
 nicating his ideas, will manifest more compar. than caus., 
 and illustrate them copiously and forcibly: with concent, 
 moderate or small, wall frequently employ mixed metaphors, 
 and seldom sustain, or carry out, his comparisons: with 
 ideal, only moderate or full, will still employ metaphors, 
 similes, and copious illustrations, but they will be argu- 
 mentative, rather than ornamental ; and, though they may 
 be clear and in point, they will not be glowing or elevated 
 in character, nor always in good taste : with secret, moderate 
 or small, and lang. and combat, full or large, will be so much 
 inclined to criticise the expressions of others, as often to get 
 their ill will, yet, to exercise his critical acumen, will be so nat- 
 ural to him, that he will find it difficult to avoid it : with ideal., 
 imitat., individ., form, size, order, local., event., and lang. 
 large or very large, and caus. only full, will have a popular 
 and decisively practical talent, which will appear to be much 
 greater than it really is, but his judgment will be much more 
 the result of experience and observation, than of reflection ; 
 have a superiour, natural tact and talent for doing business, 
 and getting along well in the world ; acquire knowledge very 
 easily, retain it for a long time, and also apply it to very good 
 advantage; speak and, perhaps, write well upon subjects 
 which require no great depth of thought ; be likely to pass 
 for a person of superiour mental powers, yet, he will not 
 often bear sounding, nor reason closely nor profoundly, nor 
 take original or comprehensive views of subjects ; but, w r ith 
 Caus. large or very large, will be able to combine uncommon 
 theoretical, with extraordinary practical, talents ; according 
 to his advantages, will have at command a great amount of 
 facts upon a great variety of subjects, and, also, be able to 
 
COMPARISON. 243 
 
 apply his knowledge to the best advantage, both in reasoning, 
 and in accomplishing his purposes ; will be naturally both 
 learned and profound, and capable of excelling in the natu- 
 ral, metaphysical, and demonstrative sciences ; be pre-eminently 
 talented, and calculated both to devise and execute, and thus 
 to conduct a great business ; and, with combat., firm., hope, 
 and self-e. large or very large, be abundantly able to rise far 
 above the common level of mankind, and to turn his hand 
 successfully to almost any undertaking; and will add to su- 
 periour natural talents, great energy and perseverance. 
 
 Very large. — One having compar. very large, will be 
 able, readily to compare, and perfectly analyze, almost any sub- 
 ject which may be presented to his mind; will instantly and 
 intuitively detect the fallacy of analogical arguments, and 
 the misapplication of words or facts ; present his ideas in a 
 manner so perfectly clear and simple, and accompanied with 
 illustrations so copious and appropriate, that they can be 
 fully and easily understood: with lang. and individ. large, 
 will pour out a superabundant flood of figurative expressions; 
 be strongly inclined to criticise every thing he sees, hears, or 
 reads ; and, with moderate conscien., will be likely, by his 
 wonderful power and copiousness, and seeming appropriate- 
 ness, of comparison and illustration, to make the better side 
 appear the worse, and the worse, the better — to employ sophis- 
 try, put false constructions upon things, and make wrong ap- 
 plications of them, and thus knowingly mislead the common 
 mind, &c. 
 
 The influence of compar. very large, acting in combina- 
 tion with the other organs, has been described under the 
 other organs respectively. It may also be added, that the 
 combinations and descriptions given as applicable to compar. 
 large, modified by an increase of the influence of compar., 
 will apply to this organ very large. 
 
 Full. — One having full compar., will be respectable for 
 his discrimination and ability to compare, analyze, and illus- 
 trate things, yet will not be particularly distinguished for 
 this power ; frequently resort to illustrations, yet they will 
 not manifest the quality of versatility, nor be always in 
 point; not at once discover whether a comparison is just and 
 appropriate, and, though he may be able to trace out plain 
 and striking analogies, will not so readily discover the more 
 obscure and subtle resemblances, analogies, differences, &c. : 
 with caus. large or very large, will have good ideas, but 
 
244 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 they will often be less applicable to the subject, and more 
 imperfectly illustrated, than is desirable : with the perceptive 
 faculties generally strong, will not discover any marked de- 
 fect in this particular, nor any peculiar talent for compari- 
 son, &c. 
 
 The additional manifestations of compar. full, may be in- 
 ferred from those of compar. large, modified by a decrease 
 of the power of this faculty. 
 
 Moderatf. — Otoe having compar. moderate, may be able 
 to discern the plainer and more obvious resemblances and 
 differences which exist in the phenomena of nature, but will 
 fail to discover the more obscure points, and nicer shades, of 
 resemblance and difference ; may perceive the force of com- 
 parisons and illustrations presented by others, yet will not 
 be happy in discovering them himself, nor readily perceive the 
 application of arguments, nor give point to his own : with fall 
 or large caus., will make many sensible remarks, yet they 
 will frequently lack point, and be inapplicable to the subject 
 in hand: with lang. full or large, will talk much, but not be 
 able to write with perspicuity, nor to use words with propria 
 ety and accuracy : with individ. and event, large or very 
 large, will have an excellent memory of facts, but, instead 
 ef arranging and classifying them, he will be likely to pre- 
 sent them in a confessed state, and, as k were, en masse :- will 
 not make nice distinctions between the various passions and 
 other mental operations,, and fail to make critical discrimina- 
 tions in matters and things generally, or to adduce many 
 appropriate illustrations. 
 
 The descriptions and combinations of compar. full, dimin- 
 ished, will apply to compar. moderate. 
 
 Small. — One having compar. small, will be dull and slow 
 in perceiving the force of comparisons and analogies, and 
 possess but little discernment or discrimination, and be un- 
 able successfully to compare, classify, arrange, illustrate, or 
 generalize; be almost destitute of critical acu*men; and fail 
 to perceive analogies and differences, even when they are 
 pointed out to him. 
 
 Very small. — One having compar. very small, will be 
 apparently destitute of all those qualities ascribed to com- 
 par. large and very large, and nearly so of those attributed 
 to compar. full. 
 
 Location. — Compar. is located in the middle and uppei 
 portion of the forehead, between the two lobes of caus., with 
 
COMPARISON. 245 
 
 event, below, and benev. above it. Its shape resembles an 
 inverted cone. 
 
 It has already been remarked, that the class of functions 
 performed by the reflective faculties, is of a far higher order 
 than any other, and, also, that, when fairly developed, and 
 furnished with correct data, if allowed to operate in an un- 
 perverted and unbiased manner, they will always form cor- 
 rect conclusions, and furnish us with the truth. But the 
 great misfortune to mankind is, that these faculties are sel- 
 dom allowed to assert their own proper prerogative, and sway 
 that influence over human actions and human conduct for 
 which they are originally designed. Hence it is, that we 
 so much more frequently see men guided by feeling, by pas- 
 sion, or by prejudice, than by reason. 
 
 This great and deplorable evil generally arises, either from 
 a neglect to cultivate the reasoning faculties, or from a per- 
 version of them. It cannot be denied, that the animal and 
 selfish passions in man, frequently occupy the greater portion 
 of the bnin ; but yet, on a close examination, it will generally 
 be found, that the moral and intellectual faculties, if properly 
 cultivated, are sufficiently powerful to keep in check, and to 
 control, the feelings and the passions. At present, however, 
 we have to consider the neglect and perversion of the reflec- 
 tive faculties only. 
 
 As society is now constituted, even in what is called civil- 
 ized and Christian communities, men are often taught to 
 fight, to covet, to cheat, lie, and scandalize, to gormandize 
 and be lascivious; but how rarely are they taught to think ! 
 In proof of this, we have only to look abroad upon the face 
 of society. How often do we see our beautiful system of re- 
 ligion debased and degraded, and made subservient to the 
 vilest and most selfish purposes — her sacred vestments tatter- 
 ed and torn by sectarian strife and party discord — her holy 
 altars polluted by base hypocrisy and sordid iniquity — her 
 sublime doctrines perverted, and her righteous laws trampled 
 under foot! How often do we seethe unprincipled pretend- 
 er, gaining his selfish objects by practising upon the ignorance 
 and the credulity of his fellow-rnen — the ambitious, rising 
 to high places of power ard profit by making use of the 
 basest duplicity and the most heartless intrigue — by fostering 
 the pride, flattering the vanity, pampering the luxury, and 
 gratifying the selfish passions of those around him ! Now, 
 it is evident, that, if men were taught to think — if their rea- 
 21* 
 
246 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 sorting faculties were properly cultivated, and trained to per- 
 form their legitimate functions with energy, these things 
 would not — these things could not, take place ; because, in 
 the first place, aided by the moral organs, they would restrain 
 the sinful passions and desires and the unhallowed ambition 
 of the designing ; and, secondly, so enlighten the minds of 
 the common people as to prevent their being thus deceived 
 and imposed upon. 
 
 But the vices and follies of mankind grow out of the^er- 
 version of the reasoning faculties more frequently, perhaps, 
 than out of their neglect : and when this is the case, their 
 tendency is to make man even worse than the brute, for they 
 are then under the dominion of the selfish passions, and are 
 rendered almost wholly subservient to the gratification of 
 their wants — they are then actively employed in searching 
 for new objects upon which the indulgence of the passions may 
 be expended, and new excuses for such indulgence — they are 
 energetick in seeking out, and presenting, artificial, improp- 
 er, and unnecessary stimuli to the selfish propensities of 
 which the brute can never form any conception, and, of 
 course, upon which it can never exert or debase its mental j 
 functions. 
 
 Again, mankind are not only, not taught to think, but 
 they are frequently mis-taught to think ; that is, they are 
 often taught to think in a particular way — taught to believe 
 certain doctrines, and to disbelieve others—- taught to believe* 
 whether reason approves or disapproves; and all this is 
 brought about by a kind of ratiocinative legerdemain, or by 
 causing the eye of reason to look at all objects through the 
 dim spectacles of prejudice. This point may be illustrated 
 by a reference to children. Before their reasoning faculties 
 have become perverted, they frequently reason more clearly 
 and accurately upon some subjects than their tutors or their 
 parents; for, in the simplicity of their honest hearts, they 
 deduce from the premises presented to their minds, the con- 
 clusions which naturally flow from them. Hence, many 
 would do well to take the hint, lay aside their bigotry and 
 their prejudice, bow their stubborn pride, and, in reasonings 
 adopt the simplicity of the child. 
 
UNASCERTAINED ORGANS. 247 
 
 UNASCERTAINED ORGANS. 
 
 It is admitted by phrenologists generally, that certain por- 
 tions of the brain remain, as yet, terra incognita ; and, be- 
 lieving, that every portion of the human frame, and every 
 part of the universe, is made for, and adapted to, some useful 
 purpose, and, more especially, since they have ascertained, 
 that every other portion of the brain is occupied by some 
 organ whose office it is to perform the functions of some one 
 of the mental faculties, they cannot resist the conclusion, that 
 each of these unascertained portions, is occupied by a phren- 
 ological organ adapted to the performance of the functions 
 of some important, though unknown, faculty of the mind. 
 
 One of these portions occurs between the reflective organs 
 upon the one side, and benevolence and imitation upon the 
 other: and one of the authors (L. N. Fowler) having made 
 numerous observations and experiments upon it, is disposed 
 to believe, that it is occupied by an organ whose function 
 it is to furnish its possessor with an intuitive knowledge of 
 human nature ; or, to enable him readily to perceive the 
 state of mind or feeling possessed by others, and thus suc- 
 cessfully to adapt himself to, and operate upon, the minds 
 and feelings of his fellow-men. 
 
 The authors are not unaware, that the functions here as- 
 cribed to this supposed organ, are commonly distributed 
 among the other organs: or, rather, that they are generally 
 supposed to be the product of the combined action of many 
 organs whose functions are already ascertained. But this 
 view of the subject, however plausible it may be, certainly 
 carries no great weight of argument with it ; for it is based 
 upon the same ground of reasoning which was formerly oc- 
 cupied by the metaphysicians, who attempted to account for 
 all the phenomena of the human mind without admitting it 
 to be constituted of distinct, separate faculties. 
 
 The existence of the faculty here supposed, is rendered 
 somewhat probable, however, by the a priori inference, that 
 the class of functions attributed to it, does not belong exclu- 
 sively to any one of the other organs. That our ability to- 
 judge of human nature, and adapt our actions to the feelings 
 and views of others, receives important aid from caus., corn- 
 par., cautious., secret., ideal., imitat, individ., event., &c, and 
 from experience, is. readily admitted ; but that this ability whoU 
 
248 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 ly depends upon these faculties and experience, remains to be 
 proved. The authors have received much evidence calculat- 
 ed to convince them that it is not wholly dependent upon 
 them, but that it depends more upon intuition. They do not 
 profess, however, to have settled this point, but have thought 
 proper to suggest it to the consideration of phrenologists, 
 leaving it to be confirmed or rejected as shall be decided by 
 future observations and experiments. 
 
 The observations of the authors have also led them to 
 the conclusion, that the central portion of the unascertain- 
 ed space alluded to, or that directly above compar. and 
 below benev., is occupied by a faculty the function of which 
 is to give a peculiar agreeableness and suavity to the man- 
 ners of its possessor, and an ease and gentleness to the de- 
 portment. It enables its possessor at once to gain the con- 
 fidence of those into whose society he may chance to fall ; 
 to obtain personal favours and credit, even from strangers ;. 
 to get along smoothly and pleasantly with all; and easily 
 ingratiate himself into their favour and good will. Even 
 though combat., destruct., self-e., approbat, and firm., may 
 manifest themselves in a very objectionable form, and thus 
 expose an individual to many serious difficulties, this faculty 
 enables him to smooth the whole matter over ; to heal the 
 wounds inflicted by these organs; and makes even his ene- 
 mies fond of him in spite of their prejudices. 
 
 By a reference to the note, it will be seen that the term 
 Agreeableness has been suggested as the name of this 
 faculty. 
 
 The supposed difference between the faculty described 
 upon page 247, and the one now under consideration, is, 
 that the former gives an intuitive perception of the motives of 
 others, of their feelings, and of the means best calculated to 
 operate upon them, &c, thus enabling its possessor success- 
 fully to persuade his fellow-men, and even to influence their 
 judgment, whilst the latter imparts those qualities which 
 make their possessor beloved and always acceptable. By 
 enabling one to understand the designs and state of mind 
 possessed by others, the former guards him against imposi- 
 tion and deception, whilst the latter, by throwing those into 
 whose society he may happen to fall, off their guard, enables 
 him, if he wishes, successfully to impose upon others. 
 
 The responsibility of making these suggestions in refer 
 ence to these unascertained organs, devolves upon L. N 
 
UNASCERTAINED ORGANS. 249 
 
 Fowler, who has been making observations upon them for 
 the last two years. In his opinion, he has the concurrence, 
 not only of Dr. Buchanan, who has been lecturing in con- 
 nexion with him on phrenology in the West, but, also, of 
 Dr. Judson, who has been an advocate and student of Phre- 
 nology for the last fourteen years. The opinion of Dr. J. 
 we take the liberty to subjoin.* 
 
 In reference to the space left unmarked in the cuts and 
 busts of G. Combe, and, also, of the authors, located between 
 cautiousness and ideality, and represented by Mr. Combe as 
 unascertained, but as probably occupied by an organ whose 
 function it is to impart the feeling of vastness, sublimity, 
 grandeur, &c, they would merely remark, that, although 
 they have made numerous observations upon it, and are daily 
 adding to the number, they are still unprepared to offer any 
 suggestions different from those of the excellent writer just 
 alluded to. They are unable, however, to coincide in opin- 
 ion with Dr. Powell, who is very positive in asserting, that, 
 in this place, he has discovered an organ of watchfulness. 
 To this organ he attributes, not only the function ascribed by 
 the authors to the unascertained portion of the brain first 
 alluded to, but, also, that of alertness, which they con- 
 ceive to be one of the manifestations of cautiousness aided by 
 secretiveness. But, however this may be, the authors gladly 
 
 * Mr. Fowler — Sir, 
 
 After some reflection upon the organs supposed to be newly discovered, I 
 take the freedom of offering the following remarks. I am disposed to regard as 
 correct the organ which renders those possessing it large, agreeable to others. I 
 am acquainted with several persons in whom the organ is largely developed and 
 the corresponding faculty clearly manifested. As it seems "to be "a nameless 
 wight," although a pleasant companion, I propose to call it Agreeableness. It 
 renders those who have it large, acceptable to their friends ; commends them to 
 all with whom they have intercourse ; gives ease to the behaviour, and bestows a 
 grace upon the manners. Its connexion with benevolence is worthy of notice: 
 and it is observable that the Apostle Peter has grouped these faculties together in 
 his exhortation to Christians, saying — "be pitiful; be courteous." 
 
 Marvellousness seems to be conversant with supernatural occurrences ; and, 
 therefore, it seems not improbable, a priori, that an organ exists whose primary- 
 function is the observation of natural events as distinguished from those which are 
 miraculous. If this is the case, I should imagine that the organ supposed by your 
 brother to give a knowledge of human nature, takes a wider range than that 
 which he has ascribed to it, and, instead of being confined exclusively to a knowl- 
 edge of human nature, that it expatiates freely through all the scenes of nature 
 spread before us. 
 
 Marvellousness inclines ub to believe an uncommon appearance to be supernat- 
 ural: this organ presents a plain, common-sense view of the matter, and compari- 
 son decides between them. I would call it naiuralite, and venture the name of 
 supernaturalite to marvellousness once bestowed upon it by Dr. Spurzheim. I 
 have no facts to offer in support of this organ ; and merely add, that, with vitative* 
 ness, it increases the number of the human faculties to forty. 
 I am, sir, your ob't servant, 
 
 H. S. JUDSON, M. D, 
 New York, Dec. 9, 1836. 
 
250 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 embrace the privilege of submitting this, and all similar 
 points, to the decisions of the unerring tribunal of facts. 
 
 Remarks upon the wonderful Wisdom and Beauty 
 displayed in the location and grouping of the 
 Organs. 
 
 Throughout the works of nature, we find perfect simplici- 
 ty and perfect arrangement combined with perfect harmony 
 and perfect adaptation : therefore, if phrenology is true, the 
 impress of the Deity must be stamped, not only upon the na- 
 ture and functions of the various faculties themselves, but, 
 also, upon the location and grouping together, or classifica- 
 tion and arrangement, of their respective organs in the head. 
 If then, we find, that this perfection of arrangement and 
 adaptation which is everywhere displayed in nature's works, 
 holds good in the location and classification of the phreno- 
 logical organs, we infer that this is the handiwork of the 
 great Creator, and a part of his great system of things, or, 
 that phrenology is true ; and, vice versa, if we find imper- 
 fection and a want of adaptation in the location and arrange- 
 ment of the various organs, the fair inference is, that the 
 whole is a man-made theory, stamped with inconsistency and 
 incongruity, or, a mere chimera of an infatuated brain. 
 
 Let us look, then, at the real facts in the case. The an- 
 imal passions and propensities unquestionably constitute the 
 most inferiour class of the mental functions; and, according- 
 ly, we find the organs of these faculties all grouped together, 
 and occupying the lower and back portion of the head, or, 
 if we may be allowed the expression, the least honourable 
 portion of the brain : whilst, on the other hand, the organs 
 of the moral and religious sentiments and of the reasoning 
 faculties, the functions of which are of a far higher order 
 than any other classes of the intellectual operations, and 
 even constitute the crowning excellence of man, are grouped 
 together, and occupy the highest portion of the brain. 
 
 Again, the organs of the intellectual faculties are located 
 together in the anterior portion of the head, or in the fore- 
 head — a portion better fitted for the abode of the intellec- 
 tual organs than any other. And not only so, but the ar- 
 rangement of the several classes of the intellectual organs, 
 is most wonderful and systematick. The eye forms one 
 great medium of communication with the external world 
 
GROUPING OF THE ORGAN*. 251 
 
 and is almost the only instrument which the perceptive fac- 
 ulties employ in the performance of their appropriate func- 
 tions. Accordingly, all the organs which take cognizance 
 of physical objects and their qualities, are grouped together, 
 and located about the eye — their principal and most obedient 
 servant. 
 
 The reasoning organs, again, are located between the per- 
 ceptive organs upon the one hand, and the moral upon the 
 other, being thus prepared to reason, either upon the natural 
 facts and phenomena which may be observed and collected 
 by the perceptive faculties, or upon moral and theological 
 subjects presented by the moral organs. 
 
 The beauty and perfection of this arrangement, are dis- 
 played in a manner no less striking when considered with 
 respect to the individual organs. The organs of all the 
 faculties, for example, which are directly concerned in per- 
 forming any of the domestick functions, are clustered into 
 one neighbourhood in the lower portion of the hind head. 
 Amat, which takes the lead in the animal economy, is lo- 
 cated in the lowest portion of the brain, and philopro., which 
 comes next, and greatly assists in carrying out the designs 
 of amat., is located by its side. Adhes., which, in its nature 
 and object, is closely allied to the two preceding organs, we 
 find located in the same group ; and inhab. completes both 
 this group of organs and this class of functions. Thus we 
 have presented to us the interesting picture of all the social 
 and domestick organs grouped together in, as it were, a 
 family circle. 
 
 The organs of the selfish propensities are likewise found 
 linked together, with secret, in their midst, as if for concealing 
 and scheming, and occupying the central portion of the side 
 head. Combat, anddestruct., twin-brothers in character and co- 
 equals as heroes, are seen marching up side by side. Moreover, 
 one important object of destruct. is to supply aliment, with 
 food. Hunger greatly increases the action of destruct., but, 
 when aliment, is fully satiated, even beasts of prey, except 
 when provoked, will seldom exercise this organ. Accord- 
 ingly, infinite wisdom has placed these organs side by side, 
 and thus greatly facilitated their reciprocal intercourse. If 
 secret, had been located among the moral or intellectual or- 
 gans, which seldom, if ever, require its aid, it would have 
 been out of place ; but, instead of this, it is found among the 
 propensities, which frequently and mainly require its action. 
 
252 PHRENOLOGV illustrated. 
 
 And is there nothing superhuman in all this? Cautious.* 
 like a faithful sentinel, takes its appropriate stand between 
 the domestick, animal, and moral organs — a most advan- 
 tageous post, from which to overlook them all, and warn 
 them of approaching danger. Between the functions of ap- 
 probat. and self-e., and, also, between those of self-e. and firm., 
 there exists, at least, a family resemblance; and, accordingly, 
 we find approbat. and self-e. located side by side, and self-e. 
 and firm, adjoining each other: and, moreover, the location 
 of firm, near the moral organs, which so frequently demand 
 its action, is certainly an admirable arrangement. 
 
 See the moral organs, also, all grouped together like a 
 band of brothers, illustrating the principle, that "union is 
 strength," constituting a great moral phalanx, and occupying 
 a position between the selfish organs upon the one hand, and 
 the intellectual upon the other, in order that they may purify 
 and sanctify the action of both. 
 
 Construct., which often demands the assistance of the per- 
 ceptive and of the reasoning faculties, and i*s itself, in part, 
 intellectual, is accordingly located near its kindred, the intel- 
 lectual organs. The same is true of ideal. Mirth., also, 
 which assists reason in detecting errour, is located next to 
 the reasoning organs. Event., again, the reservoir or great 
 intellectual warehouse of the facts collected by the percep- 
 tive faculties, and upon which the reflective organs are 
 obliged to make frequent and copious draughts, is located be- 
 tween the reflective and the perceptive faculties ; and, last of 
 all, compar. and caus., torch-bearers to all the other mental 
 faculties, occupy a position most advantageous for the per- 
 formance of their appropriate functions. 
 
 Now, it must be recollected, that one organ was discover- 
 ed in one portion of the head, and another, in another por- 
 tion, and at periods widely different, but, on examination, 
 each propensity is found to be in the group of the propensi- 
 ties, each sentiment, among its kindred sentiments, and all the 
 intellectual faculties together in the forehead, and, in fact, 
 not a single organ straggling abroad at random. If acquis., 
 for example, had been found among the moral organs, con- 
 scien. among the propensities, any of the intellectual organs 
 among the animal or selfish organs, or amat. in the fore- 
 head, this irregularity would have shown a radical defect in 
 the system, and proved its origin to be human ; but, as it is, 
 we find all its parts perfectly arranged, and uniting in a per- 
 
DIRECTIONS TO EXAMINERS. 253 
 
 feet whole, affording a new proof of the truth, and illustra- 
 tion of the principles, of this sublime science, and evincing 
 that it is the handiwork of infinite wisdom. 
 
 DIRECTIONS TO EXAMINERS. 
 
 In ascertaining the character of individuals from their 
 phrenological developments, the general size of the whole 
 head should first be observed, and then, the relative size of its 
 several parts according to the classification adopted in this 
 work. The temperament, health, habits, education, &c, of 
 the individual, should be next attended to. After these, the 
 relative size of each organ may be observed ; and then the 
 effect of the combinations as described in this volume. This 
 last point is of paramount importance. 
 
 In applying the fingers to the head, the balls should be 
 used instead of the ends. 
 
 The first joint of thesecond finger, should be placed upon the 
 middle of the organ examined, and the first and third finger, 
 upon the sides of the organ, while the portion of the fingers be- 
 tween the first joint and the end, should measure the farther 
 side of the organ, and the portion within the first joint, 
 ascertain the dimensions of the side of the organ next to the 
 examiner. 
 
 It should also be remembered, that, when an organ is very 
 large, and an adjoining one is small, the large one frequent- 
 ly so extends itself as to occupy much of the ground which 
 the other would have occupied in case the relative size of the 
 organs had been reversed, or, it apparently crowds the other 
 from its natural position. For example ; when ideal, is 
 large, and construct, small, the latter retires before the en- 
 croachments of the former, and ideal, falls lower than it is 
 usually found ; but, if construct, is large, and ideal, small, 
 construct, extends itself upwards, and ideal, is crowded into 
 narrower limits. Yet the shape imparted to the head by 
 large construct, and small ideal., differs greatly from that im- 
 parted by large ideal, and small construct. 
 
 Again, when, for example, both construct, and ideal, are 
 large or very large, that part of the head in which these 
 organs are located, will be greatly widened and deepened, 
 yet there may be but one protuberance for both organs. 
 Where several adjoining organs are large or very large, 
 22 
 
254 HINTS TO EXAMINERS. 
 
 •protuberances seldom exist, but the whole head in that re» 
 gion will be enlarged; whereas, when only one organ is 
 large, and an adjoining one is small, a depression will be 
 plainly perceptible. 
 
 Again, when several adjoining organs are small or very 
 small, there will be no apparent depressions; but the region 
 of the head in which they are located, will be low and re- 
 tiring. Protuberances, then, are by no means the only indi- 
 cations of a large development of the organs, nor depres- 
 sions, of the want of their development. 
 
 The most successful method of gaining a speedy know- 
 ledge of the location of the organs, is, first to learn, with as 
 much precision as possible, the location of some of the larger 
 organs, such as firm., benev., destruct., cautious., individ., 
 compar., &c, and then, by taking these as landmarks, calcu- 
 late the relative location of the organs that are between and 
 around them. To learn the location of many of these more 
 important organs, and, also, their usual appearance in their 
 extremes of development, the amateur will find to be com- 
 paratively an easy task; and yet, to learn the location and 
 appearance of all the organs in all their various degrees of 
 development, the operation of all the organs in all their 
 combinations, the influence of temperament, health, educa- 
 tion, habits, controlling circumstances, &c, and that, too, in 
 all their almost infinite varieties, affords ample scope for the 
 most vigorous exercise of the greatest genius and the highest 
 order of intellect through, at least, as long a period of life 
 as that allowed to the most favoured of mortals : and if one 
 might wish to prolong his stay on earth for any object, sure- 
 ly, the study of phrenology, with the utmost propriety, might 
 constitute that object; 
 
 BUSTS. 
 
 Although the private instruction of an experienced phre- 
 nologist, is almost indispensable to the acquisition of a practi- 
 cal knowledge of this science, yet, when this cannot be had, 
 a bust is the next-best assistant, and is an article which every 
 learner should have by him. Those in general use in this 
 country, are defective in two important respects: 1. The 
 general shape of the head represented by them, differs ma- 
 terially from that of the American head, and, consequently, 
 cannot convey a very distinct or correct knowledge of the 
 
HINTS TO EXAMINERS. 255 
 
 appearance assumed by the organs in American subjects. 
 2. They are marked in a very indistinct manner, and that 
 with figures, so that reference must be constantly made to 
 the book. These two defects, one of the authors (L. N. 
 Fowler) has attempted to supply by publishing a bust 
 modelled upon the most usual form of the American head, 
 and presenting the organs as found in this country, and with 
 the name of each organ written upon the bust, as well as the 
 grouping, or classification of the organs as adopted in this 
 work — which it is designed to accompany. 
 
 Instead of representing the several organs as separated 
 by lines, this bust presents them in the form of protube- 
 rances, in shape and appearance resembling the organs as 
 they are found in the head when large. 
 
 By this means the learner may at once ascertain the form 
 and appearance of the organs when fully developed. This 
 kind is generally preferred to the plain ones, which they 
 also have. Mr. L. N. Fowler is also preparing a set of 
 busts in which each organ w r ill be represented when both 
 large and small, and also moderate. These busts may be 
 examined, and also purchased, at their office in Clinton Hall, 
 No. 135, Nassau-street. 
 
256 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 FACTS IN PROOF AND ILLUSTRATION OF 
 PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 Having given the analysis of the different faculties, and 
 presented the phenomena produced by their combined activi- 
 ty, the way is thus prepared for the reader to understand the 
 character of individuals from a description or statement of 
 their phrenological developments, and for the authors to give 
 a far more concise and intelligible description of the facts 
 which have fallen under their observation than could have 
 been previously presented. In detailing these facts, they deem 
 it not inappropriate to commence with a brief account of 
 their own conversion to the phrenological faith, and then to 
 present a few of their own observations and experiments. 
 
 When entering upon his senior year in Amherst College, 
 one of the authors,. (O. S. Fowler,) aware that the study of men- 
 tal philosophy was to engage a large share of his attention? 
 during that year, took up the subject of phrenology with the 
 view of comparing it with other systems upon the philoso- 
 phy of the mind, and, in order to test its truth, began to com- 
 pare the phrenological developments of his fellow-students* 
 with what he knew of their characters, and, to his admira- 
 tion and delight, discovered, at every successive step of 
 his observations and experiments, a perfect coincidence be- 
 tween the two. He noticed, for example, that one of his 
 classmates possessed very large local., combined with large 
 individ., form, size, construct., and imitat. ; and this young 
 gentleman was distinguished for his geographical knowl- 
 edge, having drawn and published several maps. Two of 
 his fellow-students who were notorious throughout the col- 
 lege for their egotism and self-conceit, on examination, were 
 found to possess the organ of self-e. in such a degree as to 
 elongate the head in the direction of this organ. He 
 had always found the room of one of his most intimate 
 friends in the college, (H. W. Beecher,) in the greatest dis- 
 order, his clothes, books, &c, strewed about in all directions 
 and in utter confusion — some upon the floor, others in chairs, 
 or the windows, and others under or upon the bed, &c. ; 
 and, in accordance with this, his organ of order was almost 
 wholly wanting; but, for power of thought, cogency of ar- 
 gument, clearness of illustration, and eloquence and splen- 
 dour of diction, as well as for benevolence, humour, and 
 
BY FACTS. 257 
 
 sense of character, he had few equals in the institution: 
 to support this character phrenologically, his head was very 
 large; and in it, the organs of caus., compar., ideal., and 
 lang., mirth., benev., and approbat., were also very large. 
 
 A Mr. Brooks, confessedly one of the best mathematicians 
 in his class, was found, however, to possess but a moderate 
 development of calcu., which, at first, greatly perplexed the 
 narrator, as phrenology was here considered, by all parties,, 
 at fault; but, upon inquiry it was ascertained, that Mr. B. 
 excelled only in mathematical demonstrations, while his 
 arithmetical calculations were performed by the slow pro- 
 cess of rules. This phenomenon is explained on page 204* 
 under calcu. moderate, combined with large or very large 
 compar. and caus. Dr. Humphrey, the venerable President 
 of the institution here alluded to, is considered, wherever he 
 is known, pre-eminent both as a divine and a metaphysician, 
 and is equally admired for his piety and his talents— for the 
 strength and originality of his intellect, and the energy, 
 decision, and goodness of his character : in accordance with 
 which, his head is unusually large ; in it, compar., caus.,. 
 conscien., benev., and firm., are very large, self-e., ideal., 
 ven., and lang., large, and his temperament, active. The 
 combination under self-e. large at the bottom of page 115,. 
 occurs in his head, and the accompanying description applies 
 to his character. He possesses, also, very large philopro. 
 and adhes., and, in accordance with this, may be emphatical- 
 ly said to be a father and a firm friend to the students under 
 his care. 
 
 After leaving college, the narrator was urged to deliver 
 publick lectures upon phrenology, and also to test the truth 
 of the science by applying its principles to the development 
 of individual character. The first person he examined in 
 publick, was a young gentleman brought forward by the op- 
 ponents of phrenology on account of his obstinacy ; and 
 this was the first trait of his character pointed out by the 
 examiner. On a visit to a family shortly after this, the wri- 
 ter pointed out a large development of secret, in a servant 
 girl ; upon which the lady of the house remarked, that the 
 girl's only fault was, that she would sometimes falsify, 
 equivocate, and conceal. He next examined the heads of a 
 family distinguished for their mechanical ingenuity, and 
 found large construct, and imitat. in all of them. 
 
 While in Lansingburgh, N. Y., at a publick lecture, he 
 22* 
 
258 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 was requested to express his opinion of the character of a 
 lady present, and, without hesitation, he pronounced her 
 marvel., ven., and conscien. very large. He was afterwards" 
 informed, both by herself and others who knew her, that she 
 had experienced wonderful religious exercises, believed in 
 dreams, and the revelation of the divine will and purposes 
 by means of signs, omens, and forewarnings of various 
 sorts. She even fancied herself the special subject of divine 
 communication and influence. Her religious conversion 
 was, to her, most wonderful, attended with dreams, visions, 
 revelations, and so forth ; and religious feeling of the most 
 enthusiastick and extravagant kind, occupied her mind almost 
 to the exclusion of every other subject. 
 
 A case directly opposite to this, was found in a Mr. Law, 
 in whom marvel, was extremely deficient. He was not 
 only extremely incredulous, but incapable of being affected 
 by any thing bordering upon the supernatural. As arc 
 example : he was awakened one night by a noise in his 
 room ; heard something fall heavily upon the floor ; saw 
 a human scull, and heard a rustling, rattling sound proceed- 
 ing from it ; and at length saw it move, and open and shut 
 its mouth ; and yet, without the least alarm or fear, he arose 
 from his bed, walked to the scull, and took it up, when, instead' 
 of a spirit, behold, a large — rat escaped from it ! 
 
 In Waterford, Dr. Upham introduced to the writer a young- 
 gentleman who, without instruction, had copied, with remark- 
 able accuracy, the likenesses of Rubens, Chaucer, Sterne, 
 and several others ; and, from a mere boy, he had displayed 
 extraordinary ingenuity in constructing, inventing, drawing, 
 copying, and so forth. His organs of construct, and imitat 
 were developed in a high degree ; and these were aided by 
 large perceptive and reflective faculties. 
 
 While lecturing in Troy, he examined the head of a 
 young lady in Mrs. Willard's seminary, and remarked that 
 her ideal., compar., and lang., were very large; and that, con- 
 sequently, she would be, not only very fond of poetry, but 
 also able to compose it. Those present, pronounced the deci- 
 sion a failure. Some months after, however, the narrator 
 was informed by an intimate friend of the young lady, that 
 she had composed poetry enough to fill a volume, but that, 
 at the time of the examination, her most intimate acquaint- 
 ances knew nothing of the matter. Another young lady 
 in the same institution, was pointed out as being deficient 
 
BY FACTS. 259 
 
 in hope, and having an excess of cautious. She was subject 
 to extreme depression of spirits, and was easily discouraged. 
 
 But the strongest illustration and proof of the truth of 
 phrenology furnished in Troy, was found in the phrenolo- 
 gical developments of Professor Eaton, the distinguished 
 botanist and naturalist. He possesses about the largest organ 
 of form that the writer has ever seen, and an extreme de- 
 velopment of individ., size, order, calcu., local., event., corn- 
 par., and lang., and only full caus. ; and his works upon bot- 
 any and natural science, as well as his general knowledge of 
 almost all the sciences, furnish ample evidence, that he must 
 possess, in an extraordinary degree, the powers of mind im- 
 parted by the perceptive and semi-perceptive faculties. In the 
 professor's head, the organ of calcu. is also unusually large ; 
 and, in accordance with this development, at a very early age, 
 he commenced his publick career by publishing a treatise 
 upon mathematicks, and by entering the government service 
 as a surveyor. His extensive erudition, and especially the 
 immense amount of facts he has at command, illustrate 
 the use he has made of his individ. and event. ; while his 
 extraordinary colloquial powers, together with the fertility 
 of his prolifick pen, furnish abundant proof of his possessing 
 a very large faculty of lang. But, while his very large 
 perceptive faculties, aided by very large event., give him 
 a wonderful talent in collecting facts and statistical informa- 
 tion, and his very large compar., in classifying these facts, 
 his retiring caus. is the cause of that failure of originality 
 and profundity of thought and array of first principles so 
 clearly manifested in his works: see p. 53, 185. In the 
 professor's head, love of approbation, adhes., benev., and 
 hope, are prominent organs ; in his character, the qualities 
 which flow from their respective faculties, are pre-eminent; 
 but his secret, is small ; and frankness and candour are 
 emphatically characteristick in this gentleman. In short, 
 his head is very uneven: (p. 54:) the portion about the eye 
 projects in an extraordinary manner, and this forms a most 
 striking phrenological coincidence with his known charac- 
 ter and talents. 
 
 One other case in Troy may be worthy of notice. In the 
 head of a young lady remarkable for her talents in drawing, 
 painting, and embroidery, the organs of ideal., imitat, and 
 construct., were found to be very large. 
 
 In Hudson the writer examined the head of Dr. Whits, 
 
260 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 which he observed to be very large ; and in it, very large 
 firm., large combat., self-e., and an extraordinary develop- 
 ment of size. This gentleman is the founder of the Luna- 
 tick Asylum in Hudson, and, by the influence of his firm, 
 and self-e., has succeeded in keeping his wayward patients 
 under subjection. He obligingly related to the writer 
 many instances in which his extraordinary faculty of size had 
 strikingly displayed its power. When riding at full speed 
 past a new building, his eye caught a window frame in the 
 second story, which was not exactly plumb, upon which he 
 stopped, and pointed out the inaccuracy to the workman 
 who had made it, and who, by applying his plumb-line, 
 was convinced of the inaccuracy, and accordingly corrected 
 it. He once employed a man to build a fence, whose top 
 should present a water-level, around the yard in the rear of 
 his Asylum. On an inspection of the fence, after the work- 
 man had laboured with his instruments for more than half 
 a day, and, as he believed, effected a complete level, the 
 exact eye of the doctor instantly detected an unevenness in 
 it, but of which he failed to convince his builder until, by 
 another and more accurate measurement, he was enabled to 
 discover and correct the errour. In the doctor's head, order 
 is largely developed: and the perfect regularity and neat- 
 ness of his establishment, amply illustrate the marked in- 
 fluence of this faculty. 
 
 In the Asylum here alludfcd to, the writer saw a young 
 gentleman who possessed very large ideal., construct., 
 imitat., compar., and perceptive faculties, together with very 
 large cautious, and small hope: and such was his passion 
 for the Rne arts, to indulge which, he wished to visit Italy 
 and the various galleries of the fine arts, that when restrain- 
 ed by his mother, it had produced the partial insanity under 
 which he then laboured. The narrator saw a beautiful and 
 accurate specimen of miniature painting which the young 
 gentleman had executed while suffering under this partial 
 derangement. 
 
 In the same institution, he also saw one of the patients 
 who possessed very large combat, and destruct, and who 
 was sullen and fierce, and subject to violent out-breakings 
 of passion which swept every thing before them. An elderly 
 female, also, in the Asylum, similarly organized, with the 
 addition of large lang., frequently displayed her ferocity and 
 violence of temper, by pouring out upon those around her, 
 
BY FACTS. 261 
 
 a turbid torrent of abusive eloquence that might have 
 passed for prize-speeches in the halls of Pandemonium. 
 
 At one of his publick lectures, the writer described a 
 gentleman as possessing a very large organ of philopro.: 
 and it was afterwards stated, that, on account of his child- 
 loving and child-cherishing propensity, he was noted 
 throughout the neighbourhood, as a real Rip Van Winkle, 
 as he seldom appeared abroad without a troop of children 
 at his heels : see p. 63, philopro. very large. 
 
 In Hudson, the writer was also called to examine the family 
 of a butcher. One of the little lads was described as hav- 
 ing very large destruct. : and it appeared that his delight in 
 seeing cattle slaughtered, was so great, that, to enjoy this, 
 he would forego almost any other, pleasure. Even whilst 
 undergoing examination, he expressed great impatience and 
 dissatisfaction, because he could not be present at the butch- 
 ering of an ox ; and was pacified only by being told that 
 another would soon be killed. At the same time, another 
 child of the family not three years old, had caught a small pig 
 in the street, and, with a dull case-knife, was endeavouring 
 to cut its throat — whether in imitation of his betters, or in 
 pure gratification of his destruct., (which was very large,) is- 
 left to be determined by the judgment of the reader. Thesfr 
 last two facts, however, have a direct bearing upon education. 
 
 In Lansingburgh, in the office of Dr. Smith, (who took 
 lessons of the writer, and immediately after, commenced the 
 practice of phrenology,) there was a lad about nine years 
 of age, of Irish parentage, who had a large head and a 
 very active temperament, very large compar., caus., individ., 
 event, lang., firm., self-e., approbat., and destruct., and large 
 combat: (see p. 114, near the bottom.) From the time 
 he was old enough to read at all, he had devoted him- 
 self almost exclusively to the perusal of books; and, for 
 one of his age, was a perfect literary gourmand. But, of 
 all kinds of reading, historical, which generally presents 
 little else than a detail of sanguinary conflicts and bloody 
 strifes, possessed the greatest charms for him : and in this 
 department of knowledge, he was a prodigy. " The pomp 
 and circumstance of war," the thronging legions rushing on 
 to the fight, and the bloody carnage of the battle-field, were 
 circumstances that fired his imagination, and seemed to feast 
 his soul. But against the British nation in particular, he 
 burned with hot indignation, and frequently expressed a de^ 
 
262 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 sire, were it lawful for him, to kill every Englishman he 
 should meet. He often inquired whether he had the facul- 
 ties that would constitute him a general, and talked with 
 enthusiasm about leading on the armies of his country to 
 fight against England. A single incident will serve to show 
 how completely engrossed his mind was with wars, battles, 
 and conquests. Between meals, he had purchased a flat 
 cake; and, before eating it, he cut various figures upon it: 
 and when asked their meaning, said they represented a 
 camp, and proceeded to describe its several parts. In man- 
 ners, he was a perfect gentleman ; and his intellectual pow- 
 ers were altogether extraordinary. 
 
 While examining the pupils of a school in L., a young 
 Miss of about thirteen, was described as remarkably benevo- 
 lent, as the organ of benev. was so largely developed as to 
 produce a deformity of the head. In accordance with this, 
 it appeared that, young as she was, she was more distin- 
 guished for her attentions to the poor and afflicted than all 
 other charitable persons in the place. When out of school, 
 and especially in cold weather, her principal occupation 
 was seeking out, and administering to the wants of, proper 
 objects of charity, and exciting others to supply those wants 
 which her own limited means did not enable her to reach. 
 
 Another pupil in the same school, was described as com- 
 paratively destitute of the organs of caus. and compar., and, 
 consequently, unable to think, or understand her lessons. 
 The whole school heartily responded to the correctness of 
 these remarks; and the instructress observed, that, after be- 
 stowing upon her all the pains and instruction in her pow- 
 er, even until her patience was exhausted, the poor girl's 
 progress was scarcely perceptible. Her talents were con- 
 trasted by the writer, with those of another pupil, whom the 
 teacher afterwards pronounced to be the best scholar in her 
 seminary. 
 
 At a publick lecture in Catskill, one of the clergymen of 
 the place, who was a total stranger to the narrator, was 
 proposed for examination ; and so accurately were the 
 various traits of his private character described, as well as 
 the peculiarities of his style and manner of preaching, that 
 the audience could scarcely be persuaded but that the phre- 
 nologist had long been familiarly acquainted with him. 
 
 A young lady was sent by her friends to the office of the 
 writer for examination, and was pronounced to be stubborn, 
 
BY FACTS. 263 
 
 haughty, and incapable of reasoning or being reasoned with 
 — having but little benev., mirth., caus., compar., ideal., 
 imitat., and construct, large combat, and destruct, and very 
 large self-e. and approbat. But, although a believer in 
 phrenology, it is not at all singular that she should have been 
 dissatisfied with this description of her character. Accord- 
 ingly, she attributed its unfavourable features to the mistake 
 of the examiner, and was easily persuaded to return again to 
 the office, accompanied by her mother. The second exami- 
 nation, however, fully confirmed the unenviable points of the 
 first description, and tended only to make her case worse : 
 upon which her mother took occasion to administer to her a 
 salutary reproof, by reminding her of the innumerable in- 
 stances in which she had displayed the unhappy traits of 
 character which had been pointed out by the phrenologist. 
 The daughter appeared humbled, and promised to reform. 
 This incident suggests one of the important results to be 
 gained by a judicious application of the principles of phre- 
 nology. 
 
 At a publick lecture- in Amsterdam, N. Y., a distinguish- 
 ed physician of the village was examined, and described as a 
 benevolent man. This astonished most of the auditors, who 
 considered him quite the reverse; and this opinion, it ap- 
 peared, they had formed of him from the fact, that, to trie 
 popular, benevolent objects of the day, and especially to such 
 as were connected with religious purposes, he had seldom 
 been known to give any money. Farther inquiry, however, 
 soon showed, that the reason for his not giving to such pur- 
 poses, was, he did not believe them to be benevolent objects ; 
 but it w r as notorious, that he gave more medical advice and 
 services to the poor, than all the other physicians in the place, 
 and was, moreover, a kind and obliging neighbour. This 
 examination produced a change in the mind of the commu- 
 nity with respect to the gentleman, inasmuch as it showed 
 them, that we are not to measure a man's benevolence by the 
 amount of money he is ready to give to any popular object 
 of charity, for this amount may be, and often is, exactly 
 graduated by his pride, his desire of applause, or some 
 other selfish motive, whereas, true, phrenological benevo- 
 lence operates in proportion to the strength of the primitive 
 facult}r, as modified by the other faculties, and its direction 
 also depends upon the other faculties. The lady of the same 
 gentleman, possesses very large construct., imitat., ideal., 
 
264 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 and form, and large caus. and compar. ; and, in accordance 
 with the talents imparted by this organization, she displays 
 remarkable ingenuity with the needle, &c, and has often re- 
 ceived premiums for her specimens of embroidery, &c. 
 
 At the close of the same lecture, a lad was brought for- 
 ward by his instructress. The only remark made on his 
 phrenological developments, was, that he possessed construct, 
 and imitat. very large, and, consequently, was remarkably 
 ingenious. His teacher then remarked, that the lad was 
 uneasy and restless in school, inattentive to his books, and 
 strongly prone to cut the benches; but, that the moment he 
 was released from school, he would repair to his workshop, 
 and there indulge his mechanical propensity. 
 
 At a publick examination, the writer, among other quali- 
 ties, attributed to a clergyman examined, small lang. The 
 audience readily assented to the remarkable accuracy of the 
 description except on this point ; but here they dissented, and 
 declared him to be one of the most rapid speakers in thai 
 section of the country. Determined to ascertain the fact in 
 the case, the writer heard him deliver his next sermon , 
 which fully satisfied him of the correctness of his phreno 
 logical induction. Although his manner of speaking was 
 very rapid, to be sure, yet his style was by no means copious 
 or flowing; but, on the contrary, evinced a dryness and 
 barrenness. 
 
 In the same place, one of the authors (L. N. Fowler) 
 finding the organs of secret, and acquis., in the head of a 
 young female, not sufficiently balanced by the moral and 
 intellectual organs, described her as deceitful and light-fin- 
 gered. In the sequel, it turned out that she had frequently 
 been guilty of lying and theft: handkerchiefs, table-cloths, 
 pillow-cases, gloves, hose, and sundry other small articles 
 which she could conveniently lay her hands upon, had been 
 found in her possession. 
 
 At a publick lecture in the same place, a gentleman nom- 
 inated by the audience, came forward with his face covered, 
 and was described as very zealous in whatever he undertook, 
 and rather ultra and radical in his views and feelings. His 
 combat, destruct., firm., self-e., caus., adhes., and lang., were 
 large ; his benev., conscien., hope, and compar., very large, 
 and his secret., small. He was described as a leader in the 
 church, and as extremely liable to give offence in consequence 
 of his dealing so plainly with all ; as a great temperance 
 
3Y FACTS. 265 
 
 man, &c. : and all this was asserted without the examiner's 
 having previously had the least hint or knowledge of his 
 character. In regard to the description given, there was 
 but one voice from the audience, and that was, that it was 
 perfectly correct throughout. He was a new-measure pres- 
 byterian, and an elder in the church, and a very zealous 
 Christian ; and, moreover, was one of the greatest temperance 
 men in all that section of the country. 
 
 In Schenectady, L. N. Fowler examined the head of a 
 gentleman, the extraordinary and singular shape of which 
 arrested his attention. It was extremely high, very long, and 
 very narrow. Philopro., self-e., benev., individ., and event., 
 were developed in a very high degree, whilst acquis, and 
 secret, were very small. His philopro., in fact, was the 
 largest the phrenologist had ever seen ; and, in illustration 
 of the extraordinary manner in which this faculty displayed 
 itself, it was stated that he frequently went about the city 
 with two little dogs in his overcoat pockets, and two more in 
 his hands. Of children he was so excessively fond, that he 
 always made the greatest parade over them, and generally 
 had a whole bevy of them in his train. His very large 
 self-e., combined with his small secret, and moderate reason- 
 ing faculties, made him prodigiously egotistical, and utterly , 
 blind to his faults, as well as to the application of the jokes 
 to which his peculiarities and faults exposed him. In con- 
 sequence of his very large benev. and very small acquis., he 
 was incapable of keeping money, or of laying it out with any 
 tolerable judgment. He even squandered all he could com- 
 mand: and, when any thing took his fancy, he could easily 
 be imposed upon to almost any extent by the unjust demands 
 of any sharper into whose clutches he might have the mis- 
 fortune to fall. He had but little adhes. ; and, accordingly, 
 formed but few attachments, and those few so slightly, that 
 they were broken off whenever freak or fancy dictated. His 
 cautious, was small ; and, in his business, he was perfectly 
 reckless. 
 
 At a publick examination in the same city, a gentleman 
 was described as having extraordinary size and local, (see p. 
 191, 206.) The next morning, when passing by a carpenter's 
 shop, he was hailed by one of the workmen, and, mainly in 
 derision of phrenology, requested to pronounce upon the 
 length of a rod, which was about seven feet long, by a mere 
 cast of the eye. He did so, and came within one-fourth of 
 23 
 
266 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 an inch of its actual length. Considering this striking hit 
 merely accidental, the workmen desired him to designate 
 the central point of a board of considerable length : and he 
 came within half an inch of the middle one way, and one- 
 eighth of an inch the other way. Still deeming it mere 
 " guess work," they demanded the middle of a long work- 
 bench ; and, in this attempt, he came within three-quarters 
 of an inch in respect to the length, and one-quarter of an inch 
 of the breadth. As an illustration of his local., it was as- 
 serted that he knew where every person in that city and section 
 of the country, lived, and that he was referred to by all his 
 fellow-citizens as a sort of location- dictionary. 
 
 The next day, the occurrence in the workshop, was rela- 
 ted to the narrator in fhe presence of a gentleman who con- 
 sidered phrenology a mere humbug, and who tauntingly 
 asked, if the phrenologist could tell him his character. It 
 was remarked in reply, that his constructive talent, or me- 
 chanical ingenuity, was the leading talent he possessed: 
 upon which a friend of his present, astonished at the accu- 
 racy of the remark, stated that he was the inventor of about 
 a dozen patent rights. 
 
 While in Albany, in 1835, L. N. Fowler examined a man 
 in the Museum, to whom he gave very large secret., acquis., 
 combat, destruct, firm., and amat, with small conscien. and 
 only moderate benev., and described him as selfish, artful, 
 intriguing, and deceitful; as able and inclined to employ 
 cunning and hypocrisy in every thing, but more especially 
 in getting money : stated that he always effected his purposes 
 in an indirect way, and under false pretences, and was al- 
 ways ready to adopt any unfair means by which to possess 
 himself of money. No more was heard of this personage 
 by the phrenologist till, in the summer of 1836, while trav- 
 elling in one of the packet-boats from Columbia to Harris- 
 burg, Pa., at which time a boat-captain, who was present at 
 the examination alluded to, gave the narrator the following 
 account of one of the high-handed tricks of this sly-dodging 
 money-catcher. He stated that, during the preceding win- 
 ter, this artful scoundrel started on a travelling expedition to 
 Boston, with two teams, one of which he drove himself, and 
 the other was managed by an accomplice. When near B., 
 he caused one team to halt for a day, whilst, with the other, 
 he proceeded to the city. When arrived in the literary 
 emporium, he represented himself to several wholesale gro- 
 
BY FACTS. 267 
 
 cers, as a heavy dealer in their line from the interiour ; 
 stated that he had honoured them with a visit for the purpose 
 of making a large purchase; that he had several teams 
 upon the road, one or two of which would be in the next 
 day ; that, as despatch was important to a man of his en- 
 terprise, he should like to proceed forthwith to business. 
 The next day arrived, and in came the other team, and the 
 driver, being previously instructed, represented to the Bos- 
 tonian merchants, that the other teams were behind, one of 
 which had been detained by an accident, and parted company 
 with him only the day before. Thus far, every thing ap- 
 peared fair and smooth. Both teams were accordingly load- 
 ed and started for the country, before settlement was made : 
 and so rapidly were they pushed forward, and so admirably 
 were things managed, that the scoundrels evaded the alert- 
 ness of their creditors. 
 
 But the Boston merchants were not all that had cause 
 long to remember the redoubtable heroes of this expedition 
 to the East. As they were wending their way back with 
 their ill-gotten lading of teas, liquors, and spices, they chanc- 
 ed to light upon a country village just at nightfall, when 
 they announced themselves as Methodist preachers, and pro- 
 posed to tarry there that night and the next day, and the 
 next night to edify the good people by holding a meeting 
 with them. On account of the high and sacred character of 
 our wayfarers, they were most hospitably entertained by one 
 of the most respectable members of the connexion in that 
 place. And it came to pass, that the next morning, " rising 
 up a long while before day," they went forth to meditate ; but 
 prayer seemed to be the most distant thing from their hearts. 
 Instead of kneeling down, and offering up their holy orisons, 
 they seemed to be more devoutly engaged in laying schemes 
 to complete their assortment of merchandise. " Armed with 
 this strong intent," they proceeded to the smoke-house of their 
 pious host, and took thence a large quantity of ham, and, 
 also, divers lots of poultry from his barnyard, and straight- 
 way proceeded "on their way rejoicing." Thus they 
 peregrinated from place to place, committing petty larcenies, 
 and practising all manner of deceptions and impostures, 
 until they arrived at Albany. — For the correctness of the 
 statement concerning the examination, the reader is referred 
 to the manager of the Albany Museum. 
 
 At North Adams, where there are many factories, the 
 
268 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 narrator pointed out, in the head of a physician, extraordinar 
 ry mathematical and astronomical powers; and a large au- 
 dience of his fellow citizens testified that his talents and 
 fondness for pursuits of this nature, were uncommonly great. 
 In him the organ of weight was very large ; and he stated 
 publickly, that he had left a lucrative profession, and enga- 
 ged in manufacturing, chiefly to indulge his fondness for 
 machinery. 
 
 The young ladies who had been employed in the factories 
 for many years, were found to possess large concent., whilst 
 new-comers generally had it small. — This fact affords an 
 important hint to those who wish to cultivate this organ. 
 Confined for a long time to a single operation, concent, was 
 called into constant requisition, and thus became enlarged. 
 
 At a publick lecture in Adams, a gentleman was descri- 
 bed as having concent, very large (see p. 70.) The next day 
 w r hile riding in the stage w T ith him, the writer had an oppor- 
 tunity of witnessing a perfect illustration of the organ in 
 question. The gentleman was disposed to dwell long upon 
 every topick of conversation that was introduced ; and when 
 a new subject was brought forward* he would somehow con- 
 trive to make it bear upon the previous topick: and after 
 halting, upon returning to the stage, he would generally take 
 up the subject again at the point where it had been dropped, 
 
 At an examination in Pittsfield, a child was described 
 as having extraordinary form, and, consequently, as capable 
 of learning its letters easily. Its mother remarked, that 
 when she commenced teaching it the alphabet, to her aston- 
 ishment, she found it had already learned all its letters with- 
 out any instruction. 
 
 Among others examined in the city of New York in the 
 spring of 1835, was a gentleman, in whom time, individ., 
 lang., event., local., compar., and concent., were all very 
 large. He is accustomed not only to narrate a great deal, 
 but, also, almost always to tell the year, month, and day of 
 the month in which the transaction narrated, occurred. His 
 very large concent, and reasoning faculties make him fre- 
 quently absent-minded ; but his greatest peculiarity is, that he 
 can attend to but one thing at a time. For example : he is 
 utterly unable to take the sense of w T hat he reads, until he 
 has locked his door, muzzled his bell, and given strict orders 
 not to be disturbed. His amat. and adhes. are very large, 
 which, joined with his very large concent., cause him still 
 
BY FACTS. 269 
 
 to brood over the untimely death of the object of his early at- 
 tachment, even though the event occurred some twenty years 
 since. 
 
 He sent to his sister the written description of his char- 
 acter, requesting her opinion of its accuracy, to which she 
 replied, " You ask my opinion of your character as given 
 by the phrenologist: I think it correct in every particular ; 
 indeed, strikingly so." 
 
 While waiting upon a party of ladies, in N. Y., in one of 
 them the organ of order was pointed out as very large, in- 
 deed, so remarkable that the attention of the party was 
 several times called to it. She was accordingly described 
 as excessively neat and particular — as fastidious, and even, 
 in this particular, old-maidish : (see order very large, p. 199„ 
 especially the closing description, p. 200.) 
 
 The following day, a gentleman who had known her for 
 many years, (she being then upwards of 60,) stated, that 
 when of an age suitable for forming matrimonial connexions,, 
 she was addressed by a respectable, and even wealthy, young 
 gentleman, who owned a farm, and had around him all the 
 comforts of life. She accepted an invitation to take a ride 
 with him ; but her organ of order was so excessively annoy- 
 ed by some burrs which had lodged in the mane of his horse, 
 that she was as glad to be relieved from the painful specta- 
 cle, as she could have been at a release from prison \ and she- 
 immediately gave him letters of dismission. 
 
 She was next addressed by a student who was about to 
 graduate ; but in him her organ of order was unable to tole- 
 rate some things which she discovered about his clothes 
 Thus she rejected in succession, five excellent offers of mat- 
 rimony, which, in every respect except that of order, (and' 
 even in this they fell not below mediocrity,) were not only 
 very agreeable, but even desirable. 
 
 The city of Philadelphia furnished the writer, O. S. Fow- 
 ler, with several striking examples of the truth of practical 
 phrenology. In the spring of 1835, he opened a course of 
 lectures there, and, at the close of his first lecture, a Mr. 
 Pierce, who resides in Chestnut-St. near Broad, and who has 
 been known to the good people of that city by a residence 
 among them of forty years, came forward. Though a per- 
 fect stranger to the lecturer, and a disbeliever in phrenology* 
 yet, so perfectly correct throughout, was the description given* 
 that the next day, the gentleman was accused scores of time§ 
 23* 
 
270 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 by his fellow citizens, with collusion — with having given a 
 history of his life to the lecturer, and then presented himselt 
 as a candidate for examination. His well-known character 
 for honesty and piety, however, at length gave to phrenolo- 
 gy the credit of having discovered his character. 
 
 He was described as possessing a very large organ of 
 bene v., and as noted for the interest he takes in the welfare 
 of others, and for the extraordinary tenderness and humani- 
 ty of his feelings ; as having large ven., conscien., and hope, 
 and, therefore, as eminent for his piety ; as having large or 
 very large ideal., imitat., compar., lang., and event., and, conse- 
 quently, as possessing unusual descriptive powers, and great 
 tact in relating anecdotes, to the no small amusement ©f his 
 friends ; as having very large mirth., and though an emi- 
 nently pious man, devotedly fond both of hearing and telling 
 comical stories ; and that one of his greatest trials — one of 
 his "most easily besetting sins," was (which he confessed) 
 the intrusion of humorous thoughts and feelings upon sol- 
 emn occasions. 
 
 Among other subjects examined in that city, was an elder- ' 
 ly gentleman from the country, all of whose perceptive facul- 
 ties were very large, but among them, weight was develop- 
 ed in an extraordinary degree. This was distinctly pointed 
 out, and illustrated by the writer's saying, that he was one 
 in ten thousand for his natural talent in horsemanship, and 
 for those feats of agility, balancing, &c, which are practised 
 in the circus. Upon this, the old gentleman started from his 
 seat, and, facing the examiner, said, 
 
 " Do you know me, sir?" 
 
 M I do not," was the reply. 
 
 " On your honour do you say, that you know nothing of 
 my character except from feeling my head?" 
 
 " Upon my honour and my conscience too, not a thing, sir." 
 
 His surprise and astonishment were very great; and, in 
 illustration of the truth of what had been stated, he removed 
 the papers and books from a portion of the table, and although 
 upwards of sixty years of age, placed his head upon the 
 table, and elevated his feet into the air, assuming various 
 positions, and yet keeping his balance with perfect ease. 
 He stated that, when in the prime of life, he had often jumped 
 upon a platform the height of his chin, and turning upon his 
 head without touching his feet to the platform, walked upon- 
 his. hands and his head, with very little trouble, or difficulty 
 
BY FACTS. 271 
 
 in keeping his exact equilibrium. He then took a silver dol- 
 lar, and balanced it on an unusually convex watch-dial, and 
 gave many other equally striking examples of his extraor- 
 dinary faculty of weight. 
 
 Among others, the head of Mr; Waldie, editor of the 
 Circulating Library, and of several other important and 
 ably conducted periodicals, was examined. His head is of 
 the largest size, and his brain, active ; which give him the 
 ability to project and execute undertakings for which a com- 
 mon sized or sluggish brain is utterly inadequate. All his 
 perceptive organs are large, and his reasoning organs, very 
 large; which impart to him that general literary talent 
 and correctness of judgment and taste by which his exten- 
 sive, literary publications are so strikingly characterized. 
 His very large benev. and adhes. give him that hospitality 
 and kindness for which he is distinguished among all who 
 know him, and that enlarged spirit of philanthropy which 
 shines so conspicuously in his character. 
 
 Mr. P., a merchant, called on the lecturer, one side of 
 whose head was much larger than the other. When this 
 phenomenon was pointed out, he stated that the larger side 
 of the head, perspired freely, while the other did not, thus 
 clearly showing, either that the side which did not perspire, 
 had grown small by inaction, or that the other had grown 
 large by exercise. 
 
 One gentleman was examined in whom time was very 
 small and tune very large. He had the nicest ear for mu- 
 sick, indeed, a passionate fondness for it, and could catch 
 a tune by hearing it sung but once, and yet was unable 
 to sing with others, merely because he could not keep the beat 
 
 During the summer of 1836, the authors witnessed many 
 unequivocal proofs and illustrations of the truth of phrenol- 
 ogy in several distinguished citizens of Pennsylvania. One 
 of the most striking occurred at a private party of gentle- 
 men and ladies in Carlisle. After nearly all of the company 
 had been examined, an elderly gentleman, who was a per- 
 fect stranger to the writer, submitted his head to the mani- 
 pulator. The first remark of the examiner was, that the 
 phrenological developments of his head were so extraordi- 
 nary, that the common rules of interpretation would not 
 fully apply to his case. His head was of the largest size,, 
 being seven inches and three-quarters in diameter, and near- 
 ly equally developed in. all its parts. The propelling and 
 
272 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 the intellectual organs were all found to be very large. Ac- 
 cordingly, it was remarked that he possessed an extraordina- 
 ry degree of weight of character and greatness of mind, so 
 that a single town would not bound his influence, but that he 
 must be among the distinguished men of the nation. 
 
 His perceptive faculties being all large, and his reflective 
 very large, it was remarked that he had an extraordinary talent 
 for collecting the facts in any given case ; and that his very 
 large reasoning organs would give him great power and depth 
 of intellect and correctness of judgement. His extremely large 
 compar., in particular, would give him powers of discrimi- 
 nation and analysis surpassed by none. It is necessary only 
 to add, that, at the close of his examination, the writer was 
 introduced to Chief Justice Gibson of Pennsylvania. Those 
 acquainted with the talents of this distinguished gentleman, 
 will at once recognise the Chief Justice in the description 
 given. 
 
 This gentleman was mainly induced to submit to this ex- 
 amination from having seen the description given to his broth- 
 er at Washington, D. C. While one of the authors was 
 practising phrenology at Washington, in the fall of 1836, 
 in order to give to phrenology a fair test in the case of a 
 remarkable character, several individuals prevailed upon 
 Mr. G. (who is on intimate terms with the President,) to call 
 upon the narrator, and obtain a written description of his 
 character and talents. Among other peculiarities, he was 
 known be to excessively fond of children, and this was descri- 
 bed as one of his strongest passions, and marked at or near 
 the top of the scale ; to be exceedingly incredulous, and even 
 skeptical, which, accordingly, was dwelt upon with peculiar 
 emphasis ; to be one of the kindest of men, and indifferent 
 about money, which also was implicitly stated, &c. One 
 of the party afterwards waited upon the examiner, and stated 
 these and several other particulars of his character, adding, 
 that the description was singularly correct throughout, and 
 that President Jackson, on hearing it read, made a similar 
 remark. 
 
 At one of the publick examinations in Carlisle, an elderly 
 Irish gentleman was nominated, and came forward without a 
 coat on, and with every appearance of a day-labourer. He 
 was described as possessing very large calcu., compar., 
 caus., firm., and combat. It was hence inferred, that, con- 
 trary to his appearance, he was naturally one of the great- 
 
BY FACTS. 273 
 
 est mathematicians of the age ; that he had a powerful in- 
 tellect joined with obstinacy and fierce animal passions. 
 His extraordinary mathematical powers, (very large calcu., 
 compar., and caus., combined,) w T ere proved by the fact, that 
 he had solved several exceedingly difficult and intricate 
 problems, which «had been propounded through the publick 
 prints for a long time (six years) without finding any equal 
 to the task. This he did without the advantages even of a 
 common education, and while pursuing his daily labour. 
 His combat, was equally illustrated by his being, when an- 
 gry, violent in the highest degree, nay, even desperate. As 
 a boxer he w T as notorious. 
 
 A Mr. William Roberts entered the office, indicating by 
 his dress and appearance that he was any thing but an en- 
 gineer, but, almost the first remark of the examiner, was, 
 that his very large construct., form, size, local., individ., 
 weight, and calcu., with his other developments, would quali- 
 fy him in a pre-eminent degree, for a surveyor and an engineer. 
 The remark excited the greatest astonishment, and it was 
 then stated that he was an engineer and surveyor of the first 
 order, having an annual salary of $4,000. 
 
 In the head of Mr. James Cornelius, the organ of weight 
 was pointed out as being very large, and in confirmation of the 
 fact, it was stated, that he had never found his equal for throw- 
 ing stones at a mark. His usual way of killing birds, squir- 
 rels, &c, was with a stone, so that a gun was useless to 
 him. 
 
 Before the audience the very large organs of construct., 
 imitat., caus., and form, were pointed out in a son of Dr. 
 Foulke, and his talent for using tools, for drawing, &c, was 
 stated to be seldom equalled. So remarkable were these 
 faculties in the lad, that they were know T n to the whole vil- 
 lage, and it was on this account that he had been proposed 
 as a subject by which to test the science. 
 
 Another lad was examined, whose forehead was low and 
 narrow, and whose moral organs were only moderate, while 
 many of the selfish propensities were very strong. His in- 
 tellect was accordingly manifested in low abuse, and his pro- 
 pensities, uncontrolled by moral feeling or intellect, manifest- 
 ed themselves in theft, lying, &c. 
 
 The following is the testimony of one of the citizens of 
 Carlisle concerning the examination of a boy in his em- 
 ployment. 
 
274 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 14 A lad who is fifteen years of age, and has been in my 
 employ eighteen months, and who is very remarkable for 
 several peculiarities of character, was brought to Mr. Fow- 
 ler, the phrenologist, who, solely by the aid of his favourite 
 science, gave a description of his character in an unequivo- 
 cal manner, and with an accuracy, which, with all my 
 knowledge of the lad's character from long and close obser- 
 vation, I could not myself have surpassed, if equalled. Mr. 
 F. has also examined my own head, once in publick and 
 blindfolded, and again in his office, and without the possibil- 
 ity of knowing me at his second examination ; and his sec- 
 ond description agreed, in every particular, with his first. 
 
 D. SANGSTON. 
 
 Carlisle, Pa., Sept. 28, 1836." 
 
 While in Carlisle, the Rev. George G. Cookman, a Meth- 
 odist Episcopal clergyman of high standing, brought in a 
 son of his whom one of the authors (0. S. Fowler) had ex- 
 amined in Baltimore the summer previous, and stated that, 
 at the time alluded to, the lad had been described as possess- 
 ing unusual arithmetical powers, of which fact he was not 
 then conscious. Upon trying the arithmetical talents of his 
 son, however, he found that phrenology had revealed to him 
 an important truth concerning his son, of which his own ob- 
 servation had failed to inform him. 
 
 While in Baltimore, by the solicitation of one of his breth- 
 ren, Mr. C.'s own head was examined. He was described 
 as possessed of extravagant ideal., very large compar., event., 
 individ., lang., benev., imitat., and hope, and large caus., com- 
 bat., conscien., ven., adhes., self-e., and philopro. ; and, conse- 
 quently, as possessing descriptive powers, and a talent for 
 eloquence and popular speaking, of a high order. His abi- 
 lity to distinguish himself as a moral leader, his large moral 
 organs, and very large benev. or desire to benefit his fellow- 
 men, were all dwelt upon with such emphasis, that those who 
 came with him, thought the examiner must have been previous- 
 ly acquainted with their distinguished preacher ; but the fact 
 was, his phrenological developments corresponded so exactly 
 with those talents by which he had so eminently distinguish- 
 ed himself in his publick capacity as a preacher, that all the 
 phrenologist had to do, was to read off his character as from 
 a book, to the astonished listeners. It hardly need be added, 
 that, at a meeting of the Bible Society, this gentleman was 
 the author of that famous and beautiful allegory, in which 
 
BY FACTS. 275 
 
 the different denominations of Christians, uniting hand and 
 hand in this common cause, are compared to a great army, 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church constituting the scourers 
 and the vanguard, the Presbyterian, the grand centre, the 
 heavy artillery, &c. His very large comparison appears 
 conspicuous in almost every sentence, and often bursts forth 
 in the conception of beautiful similes and illustrations. His 
 imitat. is fully represented in his numerous and appropriate 
 gestures, thus imparting to his delivery an unusual, if not 
 superabundant, amount of action. His very large ideal, and 
 large marvel, appear throughout his discourses in bold relief, 
 giving his descriptions a high degree of beauty, sublimity, 
 glow, and wonder ; and his appeals to the passions display a 
 great amount of enthusiasm, and are almost irresistible. 
 His small secret, gives a directness and plainness to his ex- 
 pressions and appeals, which some call bluntness. His com- 
 mand of words and incidents is certainly remarkable. His 
 firm., self-e., and combat., give him a commanding and dig- 
 nified appearance, and beget great energy of mind and char- 
 acter, whilst, at the same time, his benev. and ven. give 
 him affability and benignity. His mirth, is large, and, with 
 his very large compar. and imitat., enables and disposes him 
 to say many very witty and ludicrous things ; and he stated 
 to the examiner, that, against this " easily-besetting sin," he 
 was obliged to struggle more than against any other, and 
 that it sometimes broke forth even in the pulpit. On the 
 whole, he may be emphatically styled eloquent, and his or- 
 ganization pronounced to be a most happy one for a popular 
 preacher, an appellation peculiarly appropriate to him. 
 
 Another striking proof of the truth of phrenology, occurs 
 in the person of the Hon. Judge Lewis of Pa. In him the 
 perceptive faculties and compar. are very large, and, in ac- 
 cordance with this development, it is well attested of his 
 intellectual character, that he possesses an astonishing facili- 
 ty in seizing upon the prominent facts in any given case, 
 (individ. and event.,) and in rejecting every thing that does 
 not bear directly upon the point in question, (compar.) His 
 brain is active, and his whole phrenological organization is 
 very happily balanced ; and the effects of these favourable 
 qualities, are conspicuous in his character. In giving his 
 decisions, his style is characterized by perspicuity and pre- 
 cision, and is always to the point. 
 
 Judge L. was examined by the writer (O. S. Fowler) at 
 
276 
 
 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 Danville? Pa., in 1836, without being introduced, and before 
 the writer had heard that there was such a man living ; and 
 yet, the description of his character and talents was pronoun- 
 ced to be strikingly correct throughout. In order, however, 
 to put phrenology to a still severer test, Judge L. requested 
 a blindfold examination of a gentleman whom he should se- 
 lect. Accordingly, he brought forward an intimate friend 
 of his (Mr. C. Hall) whom he had heard examined some 
 days previous : and, in the opinion of the Judge, and of all 
 others who heard them, the two descriptions were exactly 
 alike, and perfectly corresponded with the character of the 
 gentleman examined. 
 
 A still more striking proof of phrenology was presented 
 in the case of the Hon. Gen. Anthony, member of Congress 
 from Pa., who was prevailed upon to submit to an examina- 
 tion, by Mr, Parker. After describing him as possessing an 
 uncommon share of energy and decision of character, as 
 manifested by his unusual development of firm., combat., 
 self-e., hope, &c, the first remark made by the phrenologist 
 concerning his intellectual powers, was, that the size of 
 calcu., as developed in his head, was enormous— so great, 
 indeed, that it could hardly be spanned with the thumb and 
 middle finger. All his other perceptive organs were also 
 extremely large ; and the inference drawn, was, that he must 
 possess, not only an astonishing ability to reckon in his head, 
 but also a great fondness and talent for the higher branches 
 of mathematicks and astronomy. This examination occur- 
 red at Washington in 1835; and nothing was heard from 
 the examination until in the summer of 1836, when Mr. 
 Parker stated to the narrator, that Gen. A. possessed the 
 most astonishing faculty for casting up accounts in his head, 
 of any man he had ever seen or heard of; that he could 
 solve almost any arithmetical problem in his head, and with- 
 out apparent effort ; that he could add up at once a column 
 of three, four, or five figures, multiply large sums into each 
 other, and also divide and substract them by a single opera- 
 tion ; that he had not patience to witness the slow, plodding 
 calculations of ordinary minds, but would generally do them 
 himself, and at a glance. Mr. P. also stated, that in his 
 natural talents for arithmetick and the mathematicks, it was 
 generally conceded, that Gen. A. had no superiour, if an 
 equal, in Pa. 
 
BY FACTS. 277 
 
 Mr. P. remarked, that he was particularly struck with the 
 strength and force of the expressions used in the description 
 of this gentleman's mathematical talent, inasmuch as it ac- 
 corded so perfectly with the wonderful powers of the man ; 
 and he became at once a believer in phrenology. We there- 
 fore appeal to Gen. A.'s head and mathematical character, 
 and ask our opponents to solve this prenological problem. 
 
 Mr. P. also gave phrenology another trial in the case of 
 the Hon. Mr. McKean, U. S. Senator from Pa. His exami- 
 nation was made without the least intimation's being given 
 to the narrator, of the character or station of Mr. McK. ; and, 
 if the testimony of Mr. P., or of his friends who witnessed the 
 delineation of this gentleman's character, (and who will inval- 
 idate it?) is entitled to credit, a more correct description of 
 his character and talents could not have been drawn up by 
 his most intimate friends. In confirmation of this, we ap- 
 peal to the living testimony of Mr. P., whose astonishment 
 at the result was very great. 
 
 But the astonishment of Mr. P. was not greater at the descrip- 
 tion of these gentlemen's character, than was theirs at that giv- 
 en of his, especially when almost the first remark made of 
 him, was, that " he always went in for the whole amount ; was 
 exceedingly zealous in all that he undertook, and always did 
 whatever he attempted to accomplish, with his whole might ; 
 possessed a towering ambition for distinction, as well as a 
 talent for rising to eminence ; was persevering in an extra- 
 ordinary degree ; was a whole-hearted friend, but a bitter 
 enemy ; was unusually sarcastick, but excellent company ; 
 excessively fond of debate and opposition, and took hold of 
 every thing without mittens ; though he appeared very rash 
 and injudicious, and drove forward with prodigious fury, yet 
 he managed to steer clear of the breakers ; had always too 
 many irons in the fire, &c." Although yet young, these 
 traits of character have already brought this gentleman into 
 very general notice, and bid fair to augment his fame. 
 
 At the foot of the mountain, about ten miles north of Car- 
 lisle, Pa., O. S. Fowler examined the head of a farmer, who 
 was quite rustick in his appearance, and observed that his 
 perceptive faculties generally, and particularly his individ., 
 form, size, ealcu., local., event., and compar., were developed in 
 an extraordinary manner ; and after travelling some few miles 
 farther, the writer was informed, that this man was the won- 
 der and astonishment of the neighbourhood on account of 
 24 
 
"278 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 his astonishing recollection of historical and statistical 
 facts, &c. 
 
 At an iron foundry in the same neighbourhood, (owned 
 by Mr. Price of Phila.,) by a mere cast of the eye, the writer 
 was enabled to point out the best workmen, on account of 
 their superiour development of construct, and imitat. He 
 contrasted, for example, one man in whom these organs 
 were so large as to amount almost to a deformity, with ano- 
 ther by his side, in whom they were only full ; in reply to 
 which, the superintendent remarked, that the firstnamed be- 
 came a firstrate moulder (which operation requires the high- 
 est degree of mechanical skill and ingenuity) with very little 
 practice, and seemingly without effort, whereas, the other 
 had to practise several years before he became even passable, 
 and there was not the least probability that he would ever 
 excel in that business. The gentleman farther remarked, 
 that the difference of natural tact and talent manifested by 
 different individuals who engaged in his business, was aston- 
 ishingly great: that, while some seemed naturally to pos- 
 sess, as it were, a slight of hand for moulding, others could 
 tiot possibly learn the art by the most persevering applica- 
 tion, under the most judicious course of instruction— thus 
 showing most conclusively, that the faculty of construct, is 
 innate. 
 
 In Bloomsburg, Pa., phrenology gathered some laurels. 
 At a publick lecture, just after the arrival of the writer in 
 that place, a gentleman was examined, and described, among 
 other things, as always upon the tiptoe of expectation, prone 
 to build castles in the air, and for ever on a wild-goose chase 
 of some bubble or butterfly of fortune, which, however, was 
 -always sure to elude his grasp ; that he had too many * irons 
 in the fire," &c. (excessive hope and ideal., and small con- 
 cent. :) and so graphically correct was the description, that 
 the audience could not be made to believe but that the lectur- 
 er was intimately acquainted with the gentleman examined, 
 until the latter assured them, that he and the lecturer had 
 never seen each other until he entered the room that evening, 
 some time after the lecture had commenced. In regard to 
 the correctness of the description, a distinguished citizen of 
 the place (Lawyer Mackintyre) went so far as to declare, 
 that "if Mr. Fowler had made the man, and dwelt in him 
 ever since he was created, and thought and felt for him, he 
 could not have more perfectly portrayed his character." 
 
BY FACTS. 279 
 
 After examining, with complete success, many individ- 
 uals in the same place, in order to test phrenology the more 
 thoroughly, at the request of several gentlemen, the wri- 
 ter was blindfolded, and in this condition, examined the 
 heads of three respectable gentlemen (two of whom were 
 editors) the second time, he, of course, not knowing at the 
 time upon whom he was manipulating ; and, according to the 
 testimony of the three gentlemen re-examined, and of a large 
 number of spectators, one of whom was S. Kirkham, there was 
 not only no discrepance between the first and second descrip- 
 tions given, but their agreement throughout, was so perfect 
 and striking, as to prove most satisfactorily, that the appli- 
 cation of the same scientifick principles had produced a sim- 
 ilar result in both cases. 
 
 In the same place, a young gentleman was described as 
 having a large development of the moral and intellectual 
 organs, and was therefore recommended to study divinity ; 
 and it was afterwards ascertained by the writer, that such 
 was the predilection of the young man for this study, that 
 all his leisure hours for two years previous, had been most 
 sedulously devoted to it. 
 
 Another individual was described as having very strong 
 animal and selfish faculties, with a good endowment of in- 
 tellect, high veneration, and none too much conscience ; and, 
 consequently, not unlikely to make great pretensions to 
 piety, but very much inclined to traffick, banter, and make 
 excellent bargains, not hesitating frequently to gratify his 
 acquis, by misrepresentation, dissimulation, and overreach- 
 ing. In confirmation of the description, it was afterwards 
 stated by a very respectable physician of the place, that this 
 individual was a church-member, but so notorious for taking 
 the advantage of his neighbours in trade, that he had been 
 dealt with for it, and received the censure of his professing 
 brethren. 
 
 A little boy was described as prone to stealing ; and those 
 who brought him forward, stated, that he was presented 
 mainly on that account, as they wished to see whether phre- 
 nology could detect that trait in his character. 
 
 At a publick lecture in Milton, Pa., the writer examined 
 the head of Gen. Frick, editor of the " Miltonian," and de- 
 scribed him as an original, eccentrick, and very open-heart- 
 ed, plain-spoken, and independent character ; stated that he 
 possessed a high degree of discrimination and mental acu- 
 
280 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 men, was strictly honest and benevolent, but, at the same 
 time, often pointed and sarcastick in his replies, made many 
 odd comparisons, disregarded publick opinion and the fashions 
 of the day, controlled circumstances, swayed an influence 
 in whatever sphere he moved, and was undoubtedly a real 
 business man, a publick man, and a leader. These points 
 of character were phrenological deductions from his very 
 large firm, and compar., large combat., destruct, self-e., 
 adhes., hope, conscien., benev., mirth., individ., form, size, 
 order, calcu., and local., and small secret., approbate marvel., 
 and time; but here again the phrenologist was met with the 
 inquiry, whether he was not well acquainted with the gen- 
 tleman examined, although he had never seen him before, 
 nor heard of such a man. 
 
 While visiting a school in Milton, the teacher put several 
 questions to the writer concerning his pupils. In his replies, 
 one lad, in particular, was described as very cunning and 
 mischievous ; upon which the teacher described him to be 
 the greatest rogue in his school. The teacher also remarked 
 afterwards to one of his patrons, that all the remarks made 
 about his scholars by the phrenologist, were characterise 
 tick. 
 
 During this tour through Pa., the head of a singular 
 young lady fell under the writer's examination. It was of 
 full size, but developed mainly in the selfish and intellectual 
 regions. It was short, thick, low, and flattened at the top : 
 and in it were developed very large secret., approbat., ideal., 
 hope, aliment, and destruct., large combat, amat, adhes., ac- 
 quis., mirth., lang., compar., and imitat, only full caus. and 
 cautious., moderate firm., and small concent., benev.. conscien., 
 ven., and self-e. (the lastmentioned organs in this combination, 
 produce lowmindedness and meanness : see bottom of p. p. 
 97, 98, and top of p. 99.) On discovering so unfavourable a 
 phrenological development in a young lady w r ho had been 
 brought up in a very respectable family, and who still asso- 
 ciated with good company, the narrator hesitated to give a 
 description of her character, until, by the repeated solicita- 
 tions of some respectable persons who wished to hear what 
 phrenology could say for her, he screwed up his moral cour- 
 age to the sticking point, and proceeded to read off her real 
 character, accompanied by useful hints concerning her conduct 
 — the result of which wr-s, of course, to offend Miss, and cause 
 her to turn up her nose against phrenology. She was described 
 
BY FACTS. 281 
 
 as coquettish to the last degree, (small conscien. and concent., 
 and very large secret., approbat., and ideal., and large amat. ;) 
 as very ardent, and also inconstant, in her attachments, 
 (smaHconcent., conscien., and firm.: see middle of p. 57 ;) 
 as excessively vain and fond of dress, show, and ornament, 
 (approbat. very large: see p. 110;) as fickle, (small 
 firm: p. 122;) as possessed of fine conversational powers, 
 (large lang., mirth., imitate and compar., and very large 
 ideal. ;) as excessively fond of sweetmeats, and liable to steal 
 them, (large aliment, and secret, and small conscien. : p. 
 99 ;) and as exceedingly cruel, selfish, and ungrateful, (small 
 conscien. and benev., and very large destruct. ;) and yet, pos-- 
 sessed of a fair share of talents. At the request of the writer,, 
 he obtained from some of the family in which she had been 
 very genteelly brought up,, the following account of her char- 
 acter, viz,, that she had little regard for her word ; had 
 formed several matrimonial engagements, and had as often 
 broken them ; was notorious for her coquetry and inconstan- 
 cy, having never loved any one long at a time ^ was as vain, 
 and dressy, and. dashing as a peacock, and literally worship- 
 ped embellishment and ornament ; was exceedingly cruel 
 and ungrateful, and manifested few compunctions of con-, 
 science ; could be kept from pastry and sweetmeats only by 
 their being locked up; was fascinating in conversation, and 
 displayed a fair shareof intellect,. but a malicious disposition, 
 and a terrible temper. No amount of kindness or admoni-. 
 tion could soften her feelings, or produce a reformation in 
 her conduct. She took delight in hectoring and tormenting 
 even the infirm, sick, and helpless. 
 
 But in no place, perhaps, was a stronger impression made 
 in favour of phrenology, or more striking proofs of its truth 
 exhibited, than in the city of Washington, D. C. At the 
 close of the first publick lecture delivered in that city by O. 
 S. Fowler, in Nov., 1835, (which took place at the Unita- 
 rian Church,) Dr. Hunt came forward for examination. He 
 was a perfect stranger to the lecturer, arid was described as 
 possessed of extraordinary independence, (firm, and self-e.,) 
 joined with great energy and force of character, (firm, and 
 self-e., combined with combat, and destruct.) His very large 
 perceptive powers were also dwelt upon, and the fact that he 
 is often called upon at races to give the word a go," confirms 
 the correctness of this statement. His independence is illus- 
 trated in his refusing to act as a physician in the family o/ 
 24* 
 
282 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 President Jackson, unless he could have his own way, which 
 was in opposition to that of the President's. 
 
 Jones. — But a still more striking case was that of P. 
 Jones, who has been employed in the patent-office in Wash- 
 ington, and also as a professor of chymistry and natural phi- 
 losophy in one of the institutions in the District. He was 
 described as possessed of a high degree of intellect and moral 
 feeling, and as a natural scholar of the first order ; as having 
 at command an astonishing amount of information upon al- 
 most all subjects, and as possessing an intuitive talent and fond- 
 ness for pursuing the natural sciences. Event, is seldom found 
 as large as in his head ; and his enviable distinction as a schol- 
 ar, fully confirms the indications of phrenology. Nearly 
 the whole of page 211, after the tenth line, presents the com- 
 binations and characterrsticks of Mr. J., with this exception, 
 that his event.,, instead of being large, is very large. 
 
 The moral organs of Mr. J. are very large, and his moral 
 character and conduct not only unexceptionable, but seldom 
 equalled. The selfish propensities are below mediocrity,, 
 which also corresponds with his character. His imitat. is 
 very large, and his construct, large, which, combined with 
 his very large perceptive faculties, give him the uncommon 
 mechanical ingenuity that he possesses. 
 
 Sew all.: — In confirmation of what is here stated, the writer 
 will merely cite the testimony of Dr. Sewall, who, for 
 more than twelve years past, has distinguished himself by 
 lecturing against phrenology in the Medical College of 
 Washington. During the examination of both Dr. Hunt 
 and Professor Jones, Dr. S. was frequently heard to express 
 his assent to the correctness of the descriptions of character 
 given, as well as his surprise at it ; and after the examina- 
 tions had closed, he several times remarked, that his phreno- 
 logical skepticism was giving way ; that the descriptions of 
 character were strikingly correct, and, to a moral certainty,, 
 the result of phrenological science. 
 
 These two publick examinations, together with several 
 others which followed, produced no little sensation through- 
 out the city ; and as to their correctness, not a dissenting 
 voice was to be heard. But, on the part of Dr. Sewall and 
 some others, there was a resolution formed to put phrenology 
 to a still more rigorous test. The lecturer had announced: 
 that he would examine with his eyes covered ; and, accord- 
 ingly, at the next lecture, several distinguished characters^ 
 
BY FACTS. 283 
 
 among whom was Dr. S. himself, were examined while the 
 lecturer was blindfolded. In regard to the Doctor's own 
 case, after the examination, he frankly admitted, that it was 
 completely successful ; and that, although the description of 
 his character which was given, differed in several particulars 
 from the opinions entertained of him by his acquaintances, 
 yet, on these very points it was correct, and had thus correct- 
 ed publick opinion in regard to him. 
 
 A very intelligent lady, also, who had lived in the family 
 of Dr. S., and, of course, who was intimately acquainted with 
 his character, remarked, that, in the description of it, many 
 traits of which the publick could know nothing, were stated 
 with remarkable accuracy ; and as to the publick opinion 
 concerning his examination,, there was but one voice, viz., 
 that, as a whole, it could not have been surpassed in point 
 of accuracy even by his most intimate acquaintances. The 
 obstinately skeptical could account for the striking coinci- 
 dence between the Doctor's real character and the phrenolo- 
 gical description of it, only by pretending that the lecturer 
 must have known whom he was examining, notwithstanding 
 Dr. S. was one among some six or eight who were examin- 
 ed whilst the phrenologist wa3 blindfolded. 
 
 Several members of Dr. Se wall's family were examined at 
 his house, and according to his own testimony at the time, 
 and likewise that of the lady just alluded to, except in one 
 particular, not only was there no mistake made, but almost 
 every point stated by the narrator, was char act eristick. 
 
 To test practical phrenology still farther, by request, the 
 lecturer was again blindfolded, and Dr. S. reproduced Pro- 
 fessor Jones ; and so far from there being any discrepance 
 between the two examinations, both descriptions agreed per- 
 fectly throughout, nem. con. — even Dr. S. himself judging. 
 
 Afterwards at a meeting of the physicians of W. at the 
 house of Dr. Sewall, many of them were examined by the 
 writer, and many striking coincidences between their real 
 traits of character and their phrenological developments, were 
 pointed out. During these examinations, Dr. S. several times 
 remarked to the phrenologist, (and was said to have stated 
 the same to others,) that these and other proofs which he had 
 witnessed, were certainly strong in favour of the truth of the 
 science, and that, by the aid of phrenological principles alone, 
 the writer had frequently described character in his presence 
 with singular accuracy. So notorious, in fact, was the 
 
284 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 change effected in Dr. S.'s mind on the subject of phrenol- 
 ogy, that the Washington Mirror made the following allu- 
 sion to it : 
 
 " On the occasion of Mr. Fowler's first lecture, several 
 well-known heads were publickly examined^ and phrenology 
 gained many adherents from the ranks of its adversaries : 
 among others, one whose name, were we at liberty to use it, 
 would be seized on by the friends of the science, as affording 
 a practical instance of the power of experimental phrenology. 
 Indeed, in the case alluded to, as well as in the fifty others 
 which have fallen under our notice this week, the portraiture 
 of character has been so strikingly correct, that there is no 
 alternative remaining, but to believe in the fundamental 
 principles of phrenology, or to discard a mass of coincidence 
 far more surprising than any metaphysical conclusion," 
 
 The U. S. Telegraph likewise alluded to the same fact in 
 the following language : " A distinguished 1 professional gen- 
 tleman of this city, who has been, a professed disbeliever in, 
 and, we might add, opponent to, phrenology, after having 
 heard the lectures of Mr. Fowler, and seen many practical 
 examples of the truth of the science, candidly acknowledged 
 the almost total change of his opinions in regard to it — a 
 beautiful specimen of the power of truth, and of the love of 
 truth." 
 
 The writer has been thus prolix and particular in stating 
 these facts, in order to exhibit, in bold relief, the inconsisten- 
 cy of the course which Dr. Sewall has since been pleased to 
 pursue in relation to phrenology ; for, notwithstanding all of 
 his acknowledged convictions in favour of the truth of the 
 science — notwithstanding the enormous amount of demon- 
 strative evidence in its favour which was fairly presented 
 to his mind — evidence, one would think, amply sufficient to 
 convince the most skeptical, and evidence, the force of which 
 he found it impossible at the time to resist — yet, extraordinary 
 as it may appear, in a short time we again find this self-same 
 Dr. S. a zealous leader in the ranks of the opposers to phre- 
 nology — like "the dog that returns to his vomit, and the sow 
 that has been washed, to her wallowing again in the mire !" 
 But how are we to account for this strange and paradoxical 
 conduct in Dr. S. ? The writer (O. S. Fowler) happens to 
 be in possession of the very secret which, in this case, reveals 
 the whole mystery : and nothing but his regard to truth, and his 
 zeal for the cause of science, would induce him to make this dis- 
 
BY FACTS. 285 
 
 closure. Were he to follow the inclinations of his private feel- 
 ings, he would forbear — he would spare, not only Dr. S., but 
 also all others who, from motives of private pique, or personal 
 popularity, ungenerously stand forth to combat, and, if they 
 only had the power, to crush a noble science which is suc- 
 cessfully struggling into existence against the mammoth 
 strength of publick prejudice. The secret then is, as the 
 Doctor himself averred to the writer, (and to which avowal 
 he will at all times be ready to be qualified,) that the Doctor's 
 hostility to phrenology originated solely in his own personal 
 feelings towards a member of the phrenological society in 
 Washington, by which member he said he had been ill-treat- 
 ed ; and, therefore, he had resolved to bring the science into 
 disrepute by " ridiculing it." Dr. S.'s approbat. is very large. 
 It will not, therefore, be singular, if he be found in the ranks 
 of the opposition to phrenology just as long as their side is 
 considered popular. 
 
 Woodhouse. — Among others examined in publick in W., 
 was a Mr. Woodhouse, who stands unrivalled for his mechan- 
 ical talents. He was described as having uncommon compar., 
 caus., and construct. The closing remark made upon his 
 head, after he had gone to his seat, was, that sufficient emphasis 
 had not been given to his extraordinary constructive powers. 
 
 At a subsequent lecture, the same gentleman was re-exam- 
 ined while the lecturer was blindfolded. His construct, was 
 dwelt upon as the one predominant characteristick of his 
 mind, which, joined with his very large caus. and compar., 
 was described as giving him an intuitive knowledge of me- 
 chanical principles and great contrivance. One fact illus- 
 trative of his possessing this talent in a pre-eminent degree, 
 is, that when the colossal statue, which weighs several tons, 
 was to be placed upon the Washington monument in Balti- 
 more, after a great many of the first-rate mechanicks had ex- 
 hausted their skill, and still failed to raise it, he was sent for, 
 and, with the greatest ease, he immediately devised an origi- 
 nal method by which this enormous weight was speedily 
 elevated to its present fearful height. 
 
 A boy, three years of age, was examined, in whom am at. 
 was very large, and, according to the testimony of his pa- 
 rents, he manifested the corresponding passion in as striking 
 a degree as most adults. 
 
 Elliott. — Among others examined at W., was a Mr. El- 
 liott, who resides with his father on Capitol Hill, and in 
 
286 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 whose written character the narrator dwelt much upon his re- 
 markable talent and passion for drawing, designing, draught- 
 ing, using tools, &c. About a month after this description was 
 given, his plan and drawing for a new patent-office, &c, was 
 approved and adopted by Congress, His father, who is noted 
 as an opponent to phrenology, and who wrote several articles 
 against it, one of which appeared in the National Intelligen- 
 cer in Dec, 1835, admitted that the description given of his 
 son's character, was as strikingly correct, not only in this, but 
 also in the other particulars, as any which he himself could 
 give ; and added, that, from a mere boy, he had displayed an 
 uncommon propensity for tinkering and drawing. 
 
 The father alluded to, possessed not only a very large de- 
 velopment of event., but with it, one of the best memories of 
 facts known. From a personal knowledge of La Fayette, 
 he remarked, that he also possessed a most astonishing re- 
 collection of facts, and even of minute details ; and judging 
 from his busts and profiles, his indi vid. and event, must have 
 been developed in an extraordinary degree. 
 
 Wise. — But a still more striking illustration of the truth 
 of phrenology, occurred in the head of Henry A. Wise, 
 whose publick character is too well known to need even a 
 passing remark, Before the writer had ever seen that dis- 
 tinguished gentleman, he came into his office and requested 
 an examination. The first remark made of him, was, that 
 he possessed a towering ambition, (hope, approbat., and 
 self-e.,) accompanied with all the intellectual and propelling 
 powers requisite to sustain himself i& his aspirations after 
 greatness. His combat, and destrucl, are large, if not very 
 large, and his compar. projects enormously, which collective- 
 ly give him that unrivalled talent for withering sarcasms and 
 cutting comparisons which always tell so severely upon those 
 at whom they are aimed. His temperament is of the most 
 favourable kind, his head, large, all his perceptive faculties, 
 developed in a very unusual degree, his ideal, and Jang, are 
 large, and the whole correspond perfectly with his real char- 
 acter. Many a time have his speeches and conversation 
 recalled to the mind of the writer the impressions which his 
 • examination made upon him, while wholly unacquainted with 
 his name and standing. 
 
 Jackson. — But for proofs of its correctness, phrenology 
 has but to look to the first heads in the nation ; and it will inva- 
 riably be found, that the more conspicuous the character, the 
 
BY FACTS. 287 
 
 more striking will be the proof. President Jackson, for exam- 
 ple, possesses an extraordinary development of firm., self-e., 
 benev., combat., and adhes., with large ven. and hope, and 
 smaller ideal. Benev. and adhes. are among his strongest 
 organs; and if there is any one fault in his publick character, 
 more prominent than others, the writer ventures the opinion, 
 that it is mainly the product of these two faculties, viz., his 
 too great readiness to assist his friends. The President's 
 head is of the largest size. Its diameter just above the ears, 
 is seven inches and three-eighths: and its height very great, 
 so that it is, in reality, considerably larger than the given 
 diameter would indicate. On phrenological principles, a 
 brain of this size, with an active temperament, is absolutely 
 necessary to give that intellectual energy and force of char- 
 acter which have been so conspicuously displayed by the in- 
 dividual here referred to. 
 
 Van Buren. — Among other phrenological observations, 
 those made by the writer upon Martin Van Buren, are 
 worthy of notice ; but, on account of his political station, and 
 the diversity of opinions entertained of him by the different 
 political parties, in regard to some points of his character, the 
 writer forbears to draw inferences from the data here present- 
 ed, excepting on such points as he believes will be corrobo- 
 rated by all parties. His head is large, and those portions 
 which impart energy and force of character and feeling, are 
 developed in a high degree. Cautious, is his largest organ, 
 and his secret, is almost equally large. Acquis, and destruct. 
 are also large, while firm., self-e., approbat., combat., amat., 
 and hope, are very large ; but the combined action of secret, 
 and cautious, prevents their imprudent expression, and produ- 
 ces that noncommittal manifestation of the faculties for w r hich 
 this gentleman is so celebrated. His compar. and caus. are 
 large, and his benev., conscien., and perceptive faculties gen- 
 erally, only full. His caus. and cautious, give him that sa- 
 gacity for which he is so remarkable. 
 
 Mr. Brower, painter, No. 12, Roosevelt-st., N. Y., has a 
 cast taken from his head, which, among some others, w T as 
 submitted to L. N. Fowler for examination. Unconscious 
 of whose head it represented, he gave it an impartial exam- 
 ination, the result of which any one may know by calling 
 on Mr. B. 
 
 Adams. — The head of ex-president Adams presents a strik- 
 ing instance of the truth of phrenology. Love of approbation 
 
288 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 is one of his ruling organs. His compar. is also very large ; 
 and its discriminating and analytical influence is manifest in 
 almost every publick effort he makes. But his perceptive 
 faculties predominate over his reasoning ; hence, he is more 
 capable of collecting facts and statistical information general- 
 ly, than of deep and profound reasoning. His critical acu- 
 men is very great. His conscien. is large; and, consequent- 
 ly, whatever may be thought of his measures, no phrenologist 
 will impeach his motives. 
 
 Henry Clay furnishes an illustrious example of the agree- 
 ment between his phrenological developments and his known 
 traits of character — an agreement, in fact, which can be ac- 
 counted for on no other rational principle than that which 
 admits the truth of phrenology. The following is the result 
 of a careful phrenological observation of his head. 
 
 The first point of interest, is his uncommonly fine and fa- 
 vourable temperament, which is a compound of the nervous, 
 sanguine, and bilious, and which secures a most happy and 
 delicate blending of strength and activity, with high suscep- 
 tibility to stimuli ; and this temperament is aided by the or- 
 ganization of his whole corporeal system, which is unri- 
 valled. 
 
 The second thing to be noticed, is the sharpness of his 
 organs, which greatly increase their activity and excitability. 
 Add to this, the size of his head, which is unusually great, 
 it being seven inches and three-eighths in diameter, and very 
 high in proportion to its breadth ; and we have three favour- 
 able extremes acting in concert, which, under any circum- 
 stances, could hardly fail to bring him into notice, but which, 
 under favourable circumstances, would of themselves produce 
 a great genius. But when to these extraordinary manifesta- 
 tions, we add the important one of a most favourable devel- 
 opment of the several classes of organs, as well as of the indi- 
 viduals in each class, presenting great mental power so ad- 
 mirably balanced that none of it runs to waste, we have — 
 Henry Clay — to the life. 
 
 His benev. is very large, and his adhes. and philopro. are 
 developed in an extraordinary degree for a man. From this 
 combination flows that deep current of sympathy and pathos 
 which so strongly characterize his speeches, and by which 
 he seizes upon the feelings, affections, and passions of his 
 hearers, and sweeps the chords of the human heart with 
 the master hand of a Timotheus. From the same combina- 
 
BY FACTS. 289 
 
 tion, also, proceeded that overwhelming burst of anguish 
 which so strongly marked the father on the late occasion of 
 the death of his only child. His combat, is large, while his 
 destruct. is only full. Hence, his disposition to debate and 
 resist without showing great severity of character, and those 
 retorts courteous which display more manly courage than 
 harshness or cruelty. His self-e. and approbat. are both 
 large, but being nearly equal, and combined with very large 
 benev. and large ven., they produce that affability mingled 
 with dignity, which displays itself in all his intercourse with 
 his fellow-men, and enters largely into his manner of speak- 
 ing, constituting him naturally, what he is in fact, a per- 
 fect gentleman. The same combination makes him ambi- 
 tious. 
 
 The organs which are located near the mesial line of his 
 head, are nearly all very large, so that its height is con- 
 siderably greater than its breadth, and its length from Indi- 
 vid, to philopro. is very great. Hence, the moral and hu- 
 man faculties, which shine so conspicuously in his character, 
 are much more amply developed than the animal and selfish 
 propensities. His perceptive faculties are developed in an 
 extraordinary degree. These give him that ready command 
 of facts and statisticks — that wonderful ability to attend to 
 details and accomplish business, in which he excels most of 
 his contemporaries. It was by the aid of these faculties, 
 joined with his large concent., very large compar., and other 
 faculties, that he was enabled to become the author and cham- 
 pion defender of the " American System." The same combina- 
 tion gives him those extraordinary powers of analysis, illus- 
 tration, critical acumen, and ability to discriminate, and, aid- 
 ed by imitat. and ideal, his nice sense of propriety and ele- 
 gance of expression, together with his great ability to seize 
 upon the strong points of the argument — in short, those un- 
 rivalled powers of forensick eloquence which so strongly 
 characterize his mental efforts. His ideal, and lang. being 
 both large, but not very large, enable him to command a 
 style, at once chaste, graceful, and flowing, and alike free 
 from redundancy of ornament and verbosity of expression. 
 
 Webster. — But of all the great heads of the nation, 
 none is capable of imparting a deeper interest to the naturalist 
 or the philosopher, or a more forcible conviction to the mind 
 of the phrenologist, than that of Daniel Webster. A larger 
 mass of brain perhaps never was, and never will be, found 
 25 
 
290 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 in the upper and lateral portions of any man's forehead than 
 that contained in his. Both the height and the breadth of 
 his forehead are prodigiously great. And here, in all can- 
 dour and sober earnestness, let us ask the disbeliever in phren- 
 ological science, if he can behold such a noble, such a splen- 
 did forehead, and, in connexion with it, contemplate the giant 
 intellect of its possessor with indifference, or without being 
 internally convinced of the truth of, at least, the fundamental 
 principles of phrenology % Does the Almighty Architect 
 produce such magnificent specimens of workmanship for no 
 purpose ? Can it be, that the front heads of a Webster, a 
 Franklin, a Sully, a Jeannin, a Bacon, a Socrates, mean noth- 
 ing more than those of the most ordinary individuals ? — 
 Could the observing of all ages be permitted to stand forth 
 and reply to these interrogatories, in the language of fact 
 and demonstration, one and all of them would thunder out a 
 negative : and be it borne in mind, that this negative is a 
 full admission of the fundamental principles of phrenologi- 
 cal science ; or, in other words, the intelligent of all ages 
 and of all countries, as far as observation has enlightened 
 them upon the subject, have believed in, and taught, the doc- 
 trines of phrenology. 
 
 But, to return. It has been stated, that the one grand and 
 striking phrenological feature of Daniel Webster's head — that 
 which towers above every thing else, is his enormous devel- 
 opment of the reasoning organs, or, more especially, his 
 caus. And here phrenology puts the question right home, 
 most direct and pointedly, to its opponent — For what is 
 Daniel Webster most distinguished? No one will deny, 
 that it is for his gigantick reasoning faculties — for his deep, 
 logical, and original powers of thought, and comprehension 
 of first-principles, by which he is enabled to grasp the most 
 formidable subject, and pour forth such a torrent of mighty 
 arguments as to confound and overwhelm his most daring 
 adversaries. Go, then, and measure the caus. and compar. 
 of Webster, and account for the astonishing coincidence be- 
 tween their enormous size and the giant strength of his rati- 
 ocinative powers, on any other than phrenological principles I 
 — if you can : if you cannot, you must admit that phrenolo-l 
 gy is TRUE. 
 
 Many other developments of his head are striking, partic- 
 ularly his Jang, and ideal. : and hence the grandeur andl 
 
BY FACTS. 291 
 
 the beauty with which he often clothes his burning and 
 brilliant thoughts. 
 
 In Henry Clay, the reasoning organs are large, but the 
 perceptive and semi-perceptive are still larger : and, accord- 
 ingly, in all his great efforts, we see a greater display of 
 matter-of-fact, statistical, and business talent, than in Daniel 
 Webster : and all this is most strikingly coincident with the 
 difference of development in their respective heads ; for, in 
 Webster, the reflective faculties are larger than the percep- 
 tive and semi-perceptive. Let phrenological skepticks ac- 
 count for this perfect agreement between the developments, 
 and the respective talents, of these two greatest orators and 
 statesmen living, or give up their opposition. 
 
 Calhoun. — In John C. Calhoun are united a very large 
 head, an active temperament, and sharp organs. His fore- 
 head (though partly covered and obscured by his hair) is 
 unusually high, and in breadth, surpasses mediocrity. But 
 the greatest peculiarity of his phrenology is, that all the in- 
 tellectual faculties are very large ; and the most striking 
 point of difference between his reasoning organs and those 
 of Webster is, that, in the latter, caus. is greater than corn- 
 par. ; but, in the former, the reverse is true. Hence, it is a 
 fair inference to attribute to Calhoun the greater powers of 
 analysis and illustration ; to Webster, the greater depth and 
 profundity. 
 
 Poindexter. — The Honourable George R. Poindexter 
 has, not only a large head, but, except marvel, and conscien., 
 a general fulness of the organs. The region in which corn- 
 par., caus., mirth., ideal., lang., individ., and event., are loca- 
 ted, in strict accordance with the manifestation of his mental 
 power, is developed in an extraordinary degree : and not 
 much less so, the region appropriated to the feelings and the 
 passions. 
 
 Preston. — In the head of the Hon. W.C.Preston of S. C, 
 the organ of lang. is uncommonly developed, and so are in- 
 divid., form, size, event., local., and compar. ; and these are 
 accompanied with large ideal, and concent. Hence, his 
 great command of words, facts, and events, his powers of 
 analysis, his brilliant and well-sustained comparisons, his 
 continuity and compactness of style and argument, and, in 
 short, his finished, flowing eloquence. 
 
 Whitney. — The head of Reuben M. Whitney is also very 
 
292 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 large, and his temperament quite active, which give him great 
 mental power. The development of the whole basilar re- 
 gion, is enormous. His firm, and self-e. are seldom equal- 
 ed, which, taken in connexion with his prodigiously strong 
 propelling powers, give him very great energy and force of 
 character. He can and will lead. His combat., destruct., 
 aliment., and secret., acquis., amat, and hope, are all very 
 large ; his benev. is only full, conscien. small, and all the per- 
 ceptive faculties, as well as compar., are very large. Such a 
 development of the intellectual organs, is rare ; yet, combi- 
 ned as it is with a still stronger development of the selfish 
 faculties, cannot fail to produce a very selfish, as well as a very 
 talented, character. 
 
 Senator Benton's head is very large, and in it the ba- 
 silar region is extremely developed. 
 
 Cass. — Gov. Cass' head manifests a very large develop- 
 ment of both the intellectual and the moral faculties, and, 
 moreover, the intellectual faculties are uniformly developed, 
 giving him a well-balanced mind and a general talent. 
 
 Secretary Woodbury has also a large and well-balan- 
 ced head. The written description of his character and talents 
 which was given without the narrator's having the least sus- 
 picion of his name or station, was considered by his acquaint- 
 ances as very accurate. In' a daughter of his, the organ of 
 lang. was pointed out as developed in an extraordinary de- 
 gree, and the inference drawn, that she must be an M everlast- 
 ing talker." The father afterwards remarked, that the hit 
 was so striking as to have passed into a standing joke. 
 
 Senator Clayton of Del., has a very large organ of 
 lang. As the hon. gentleman was one day making some unfa- 
 vourable remarks upon the science of phrenology, the writer 
 requested of him permission to make one observation. 
 
 M With all my heart," was the courteous reply. 
 
 " From a mere boy, sir, you have been one in ten thou- 
 sand for your talent to commit to memory," said the writer. 
 
 " Upon my word, you are perfectly correct, for I could 
 always repeat page after page merely by reading it two ox 
 three times over. But how did you discover it? 
 
 11 By the bumps, sir," was the reply. 
 
 This so excited the curiosity of the gentleman, that he de- 
 sired the examiner to proceed with the description of his 
 character, every subsequent point of which he acknowledg- 
 ed to be very striking and accurate. 
 
BY FACTS. 293 
 
 Tyler. — Governour Tyler of Va., furnishes another 
 striking- proof of the truth of phrenology. His head is 
 large ; his temperament extremely active ; his intellectual 
 organs throughout, are developed in an unusual degree, 
 while his benev. is a predominant trait of character. Mirth, 
 is also very large. His friends considered the description 
 of his character given, as very correct. 
 
 White. — The Hon. Judge White's head is very high, and 
 well developed in the intellectual, as well as in the moral, re- 
 gion. The writer believes that his conscien. is large. 
 
 Pettigrew. — The Hon. Mr. Pettigrew of N. C.j was as- 
 tonished beyond measure at the extraordinary accuracy of his 
 description, and wondered how it was possible that all the 
 nicer shades of character, and all the secret windings of his 
 heart, could be thus distinctly and critically portrayed — that 
 points of character which he had always considered as di- 
 rectly at war with each other, could be pointed out and also 
 reconciled. For example ; he was pronounced to be very 
 timid when obliged to remain passive, and very courageous 
 and fearless when his courage was roused. He remarked 
 that when his servant was driving his carriage across a bad 
 bridge, or over a rough place in the road, he had the fear of 
 a woman ; and yet, when on his way to Washington, but for 
 the interference of his friends, he should have fought several 
 duels in defence of nullification. This was the result of verv 
 large cautious, with very large combat. 
 
 Johnson. — The Hon. R. M. Johnson, Vice President, has 
 a large head, and large benev. > adhes., and approbat, from 
 which flow his unbounded hospitality,, his friendship and 
 affability, as well as his disposition to show what he has done 
 by -relating his wonderful adventures. His caus., compar.,. 
 and lang., are large or very large ; and hence his abilities 
 as displayed in his various reports. His marvel, is extreme- 
 ly low, and his ven. small — confirmed by his Sunday Mail 
 report. His self-e. is only moderate, which, combined with 
 his large approbat., and very large domestick faculties, makes 
 him pre-eminently social and affable. His acknowledged 
 mental power is the result of a large brain and an active 
 temperament. 
 
 King. — The Hon. Mr. King, ex-governour of Me., who, 
 
 if the writer has been correctly informed, was a member of 
 
 the legislature of Mass. for forty years, and who, during that 
 
 period, prepared more publick documents, and furnished mora 
 
 25* 
 
294 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 statistical information, than any other man, frequently ex- 
 pressed his surprise, nay, his astonishment, at the revelations 
 of phrenology, while undergoing an examination by the wri- 
 ter : but when his unrivalled talents for collecting facts and 
 statisticks, and going into minute details, and for analyzing, 
 classifying, and arranging, (very large perceptive and semi- 
 perceptive faculties and compar.,) were emphatically dwelt 
 upon as the great and leading feature of his intellect, he 
 arose from his seat, and reiterated the oft-repeated interroga- 
 tory, " Do you not know who I am, sir, and the whole his- 
 tory of my life?" And it was not until after the most posi- 
 tive assurances to the contrary were made by the examiner, 
 that he could be induced to believe that the phrenological 
 disclosures of his character and talents, were the result of the 
 application of seientiflck principles, and not of previous 
 knowledge. He then confessed that, although he had pre- 
 viously disbelieved in phrenology, and scouted its pretensions 
 to reveal character in its details and minntise, yet the nice dis- 
 criminations and shades of character which it had so accu- 
 rately pointed out in his case, had produced a conviction in 
 its favour, and excited his admiration and astonishment, 
 
 Jones. — The examination of Walter Jones, Esq., one of 
 the most distinguished pleaders in the Middle States, produ- 
 ced an effect similar to that last stated. The written descrip- 
 tion of his character was so graphick and accurate, that both 
 he and his friends believed it must have been compiled from 
 an intimate and critical knowledge of his life. Lang., com-- 
 par., mirth., and destruct., are the leading developments in 
 this gentleman's head; and, in the written description allu- 
 ded to, his extraordinary powers of ridicule, his discrimina- 
 tion, point, and sarcasm, and his ability to make ludicrous 
 comparisons, and to apply odious and severe epithets to the 
 objects of his irony or displeasure, were dwelt upon with 
 uncommon emphasis. 
 
 Davis. — The Hon. Francis Granger prevailed upon Mr.. 
 M. L. Davis, "the Spy in Washington, 57 to submit to an exam- 
 ination, during which, both parties, astonished at the remark- 
 able hits, and the wonderfully accurate delineations of char- 
 acter and talents given, several times arrested the progress 
 of the phrenologist to inquire whether he did not know the 
 character of the gentleman examined ; and they could scarce- 
 ly be induced to believe his repeated and positive assevera- 
 tions of entire ignorance of the man,, except by his phrenolo 
 
BY FACTS. 295 
 
 gical developments. The written description of Mr. D.'s 
 character, produced a similar effect upon the minds of several 
 gentlemen who afterwards read it. — For the correctness of 
 the statement here made, the writer takes pleasure in refer- 
 ring his readers to Dr. Gibson of Washington, a gentle- 
 man who was for some time one of the editors of the Tele- 
 graph. 
 
 Gibson. — Dr. Gibson's head furnishes, at least, one de- 
 rrfbnstrative proof of the truth of phrenology. His head is 
 large, and his temperament, one of the most favourable. 
 Among his phrenological organs, caus., compar., benev., con- 
 scien., mirth., combat., and destruct., are the most promi- 
 nently developed. As a reasoner, he has but few equals ; 
 and his very large conscien., which takes the lead, not only 
 makes him a perfectly honest man, but, combined with his 
 other organs, enables him to reason most clearly and power- 
 fully upon all subjects which involve the abstract principles 
 of right and wrong. He likewise exhibits an almost Her- 
 culean power in hurling rebuke and censure at those who 
 violate moral principle, whilst his ridicule and sarcasm are 
 withering: and yet his very small marvel, and small ven. 
 make him indifferent to religious forms and creeds. 
 
 But the children of Dr. G. furnish phrenological science 
 with proofs of its accuracy more numerous than those drawn 
 from the character of the parent. Of his two sons, one pos- 
 sesses extraordinary imitat, construct., form., and all the fac- 
 ulties necessary for a first-rate portrait painter : and the 
 genius he displays in the pursuit of the fine arts, is almost 
 unequalled. But his imitat. overtops all his other organs : 
 and, in mimickry, and a talent for theatrical representations, 
 he is considered almost a prodigy. Previous to the examin- 
 ation of the lad, some of his friends who knew him well* 
 drew up a list of about twenty questions, with answers, em- 
 bracing nearly all of his peculiarities of character and talents, 
 which questions they propounded to the examiner, and, in 
 every instance except two, his answers agreed with theirs ; 
 and, in one of these discrepant points, they afterwards admit- 
 ted that the phrenologist was correct, whilst, in regard to the 
 other, there was some doubt. 
 
 The developments, as well as the character, of the other 
 son, though widely different, are scarcely less extraordinary. 
 His very large reflective faculties, taken in connexion with 
 his very active and nervous temperament, perfectly harmon- 
 
296 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 ize with his uncommon ability to comprehend first principles, 
 to reason, and criticise. 
 
 The little daughter of Dr. G. possesses a most astonishing 
 development of order, so great, indeed, as to exhibit almost a 
 deformity. In accordance with the development, her father 
 stated to the writer, that before she was one year old, her love 
 of arrangement and neatness, and her discomfiture at disar- 
 rangement, were so conspicuously and unequivocally mani- 
 fested as to astonish all who witnessed them. The develop- 
 ment of order, and, with it, the corresponding faculty, are 
 almost equally prominent in the grandmother of the child, 
 but, extraordinary as it may seem, not in the mother, it having 
 passed by one generation. 
 
 Greene. — Gen. Duff Greene furnishes another illustra- 
 tion of the truth of phrenology. Hope, benev., adhes., and 
 compar., are his leading organs : the first would impart to 
 him that enterprising and bold speculating spirit which has 
 characterized his whole life ; the next two are the cause of 
 his strong attachments and liberality, not to say, prodigality, 
 which have manifested themselves in his giving away thou- 
 sands to his friends ; and the last, aided by combat, and de- 
 struct., furnishes him with those severe and biting compari- 
 sons with which his style abounds. His mirth., caus., indi- 
 vid., and event., are also very large, his self-e. large, and 
 secret, small. The examination of his head was made by 
 the writer without any previous knowledge of the man. 
 
 In Washington the writer examined the head of a Mr. R., 
 in which he found no organ of conscien. He accordingly 
 said to him, "You have no conscientious scruples or com- 
 punctions:" to which he replied, "that is a fact: my con- 
 science never troubles me :" (see conscien. small and very 
 small, p. 133.) Another individual, examined in Phila., and 
 in whose head there was little or no development of consci- 
 en., remarked in writing, that " he had often done things for 
 which he felt sorry, because they had injured the feelings of 
 others, (benev.,) or because he considered them beneath him, 
 (self-e.,) or because his reason told him better; yet, his con- 
 science never condemned him for such acts." Another gen- 
 tleman in whom conscien. was described as very small, re- 
 plied, that "though he had done many wicked deeds, yet he 
 always went to sleep with a quiet conscience, and did not 
 know what the feeling of guilt was." Another (in New 
 York) in whom conscien. was described as deficient, remark- 
 
BY FACTS. 297 
 
 ed, that " he had never done wrong in his life :" — the very 
 phenomena attributed to conscien. small and very small, on 
 p. 133. The authors have witnessed thousands of similar 
 cases. 
 
 The following characteristical scene occurred at the office 
 of O. S. Fowler in Washington. A man was examined 
 (whose name we suppress) and described as having very low 
 conscien., marvel., and ven., but exceedingly strong passions, 
 especially that of combat. ; as highly talented, but nearly 
 destitute of all moral feeling except that of benev. ; as skep- 
 tical, haughty, and self-conceited, (seJf-e. very large without 
 the moral faculties,) and prone to infidelity, gambling, &c. 
 When the examination was closed, he arose, and, with a most 
 important air, replied, "Sir, your phrenology must now 
 come down. You have described me as an infidel, a gam- 
 bler, and every thing that is base ; but, sir, I wish you to 
 know, that I am a 'preacher of the Gospel of Jesus Christ /" 
 " Be that as it may," was the reply, " I have gone according 
 to the ' bumps ;' and if phrenology cannot support itself in 
 that way, let it fall." 
 
 He took his seat to hear the examination of others ; and 
 presently there entered the office a professed gambler, who 
 recognised in our boasted clergyman, an old crony and for- 
 mer associate black-leg. They soon began to chat about 
 11 old times," and recount, with much enthusiasm, their former 
 exploits at cock-fighting, horse-racing, gambling, dissipation, 
 debauchery, and the like. Our clerical hero at length ask- 
 ed the phrenologist, " what for a lawyer he would make ?" 
 " Excellent, if you only had a little more conscience," was the 
 reply. " I have for some time been studying law," said he, 
 " and think I shall prefer pleading to preaching." He was 
 afterwards admitted to the bar. 
 
 On relating the foregoing circumstance to a lady of the 
 Methodist persuasion, she said that "this man was a preacher 
 in their connexion, but very unpopular, because he never 
 seemed to feel what he said, (intellect without the moral sen- 
 timents,) and because he was an arrogant, overbearing sort 
 of a man, who wanted a great deal of attention," &c. By an- 
 other citizen of Washington, he was recognised as a former 
 resident there, who was distinguished as a wild, rakish, dis- 
 sipated, gambling youth. 
 
 A gentleman was examined by the writer at his office in 
 Washington, and described as possessing two classes of fac- 
 
298 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 ulties in an extraordinary degree, viz., those which create a 
 talent and a fondness for the study of divinity, and also those 
 which give a passion and an ability successfully to prosecute 
 the natural sciences, particularly geology. All his moral 
 organs were large or very large, and his perceptive facul- 
 ties, especially form and local., were very large. Surprised 
 and astonished at the disclosure and description given, he 
 arose from his seat, and asked if the writer knew him. When 
 fully assured that he did not, he admitted, that, since phrenol- 
 ogy had not only distinctly pointed out the great outlines 
 and leading features of his character and talents, but had, 
 likewise, delineated the nicer shades, and even minute fea- 
 tures, of his character, and that, too, with an accuracy which 
 his most intimate acquaintances could not have done, the sci- 
 ence must be true. — The gentleman was a clergyman, and, 
 as the writer afterwards learned, was then employed by go- 
 vernment as a geologist, in which capacity he had made 
 several tours and surveys, particularly in the West. 
 
 Brown. -But no evidence of the truth of phrenology, is more 
 conclusive than that furnished by the phrenological develop- 
 ments, taken in connexion with the character, of Mr. Wm. 
 H. Brown, known in many parts of the union as a full-length 
 'profile cutter. This gentleman entered the office of the wri- 
 ter in Washington, and inquired for a room to let, and when 
 asked for what purpose, replied, "as you are a phrenologist, 
 sir, perhaps you can tell." He was found to possess the 
 largest perceptive faculties, considered as a whole, that the 
 w r riter had ever seen. His form, size, and local., are abso- 
 lutely astonishing; and, accordingly, he never forgot the 
 looks of a face or of a place. As an instance ; when it was 
 remarked that he always retained in his mind a distinct im- 
 pression of the appearance of any place, and the location of 
 any object, he had ever seen, he immediately gave a minute 
 description of the houses, corners, pumps, &c. in Market and 
 Pearl streets, in the city of Albany, although he had passed 
 up Market street to Pearl only once, and back to the wharf 
 by another street. 
 
 By afterwards occupying the same office with Mr. B., the 
 writer had an opportunity frequently to observe the manifest- 
 ation of his extraordinary powers. His head is very large ; 
 and in it, besides the organs already mentioned, are devel- 
 oped very large construct., imitat, and compar. This or- 
 ganisation would give him unrivalled dexterity and skill in 
 
BY FACTS. 299 
 
 the use of tools, in drawing, &c. At the funeral of a senator, 
 he saw Martin Van Buren; and several days after, from 
 memory alone, he cut a full-length miniature likeness of him 
 from black paper, which, when pasted upon a white card, 
 represented the original to the very life ; so much so, indeed, 
 that every person who entered the office, and who had pre- 
 viously seen Mr. V. B., recognised it immediately: and hun- 
 dreds of copies of it were soon sold. When gentlemen call- 
 ed upon Mr. B. for the profiles of their friends, or servants 
 for those of their masters, they were invariably directed to 
 select them from a large pack, and they were never at a loss 
 in deciding upon the right pictures. With such facility and 
 despatch was the artist enabled to produce these likenesses, 
 that he could cut and finish from seventy-five to one hundred 
 in a day. 
 
 While in Boston, Mr. B. was taken to the Exchange, 
 where six individuals were pointed out to him in succession. 
 Several hours afterwards, he was requested to cut their pro- 
 files promiscuously, they not being present ; and to the as- 
 tonishment and admiration of all present, so successfully and 
 accurately did he perform the task, that all who knew the 
 originals, were enabled immediately to recognise the like- 
 ness of each as it was produced. During an absence of two 
 years from B., a gentleman whose profile he had cut, had 
 deceased, and no copy of his picture could be found. Anxious 
 to retain, if possible, so striking a token of remembrance of 
 him, the friends of the deceased applied to Mr. B. to cut a 
 new one from memory : and so perfectly did he reproduce 
 the likeness, that they were no less gratified than astonished 
 at the masterly power of the artist. 
 
 Astonishing, however, as these talents in Mr. B. may ap- 
 pear, they were, nevertheless, all distinctly pointed out by 
 the writer at his first interview with him : to which fact Mr. 
 B. himself, who was then a disbeliever in phrenology, as well 
 as several others who were present, will at any time testify. 
 He then described Mr. B., for example, as able, for almost 
 any length of time, to retain in his mind a distinct and per- 
 fectly accurate impression of the looks of persons, machines, 
 &c. which he had once seen, and, at pleasure, to transfer 
 their appearance to paper ; and declared that, in drawing, 
 profile cutting, &c, he had no equal. Dr. Spurzheim saw 
 Mr. B. in Boston, and, at one of his publick lectures, gave a 
 specifick and correct description of these same powers of his 
 
300 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 mind. Mr. B. states, that all phrenologists who understand 
 the science, concur in attributing to him the same qualities 
 and talents. 
 
 The editor of the U. S. Telegraph, made the following 
 remarks upon the talents and genius of this prodigy in art: 
 44 Such is the correctness of his ideas of form and size, and 
 such the accuracy of his touch, (weight,) that by casting his 
 eyes upon an individual for a few minutes, he can transfer to 
 paper, and cut out with scissors, the profile, and the whole 
 contour of the person, with such exactness, that no acquaint- 
 ance of the person can fail to distinguish it. The accuracy 
 of his likenesses, and the facility with which they are produ- 
 ced, are truly astonishing. We have seen profiles thus ta- 
 ken of General Jackson, Judge Marshall, and others, which 
 are so striking, that any one who has ever seen them, can 
 be at no loss to name the person designed to be repre- 
 sented." 
 
 44 But the connexion of Mr. Brown's extraordinary talent 
 with the science of phrenology, is its most interesting feature. 
 The phrenological developments of Mr. B. are such as indi- 
 cate the very faculties which he possesses, and that in an ex- 
 traordinary degree. We doubt whether there is a head in 
 the United States, or even in the civilized world, in which 
 there is such a development of the so-called phrenological 
 organs of form, size, imitation, and constructiveness." " To 
 such an extent does Mr. Brown possess this most extraordi- 
 nary power of recollecting forms and faces, and of delinea- 
 ting them, that, by looking two or three minutes at an indi- 
 vidual, or at several in succession, he can, hours afterwards, 
 transfer them to paper with his scissors, nearly as accurately 
 as though the persons were before him." — Scores of equally 
 flattering newspaper notices might easily be added. 
 
 Booth. — The coincidence between the phrenological de- 
 velopments and the character and talents of J. B. Booth, the 
 celebrated tragick actor, is singularly striking. His head 
 is large, and his temperament very active. His combat., 
 destruct., self-e., compar., caus., and ideal., are all very large, 
 and his imitat. larger than is often found. His lang. is large, 
 which enables him to commit to memory, and command 
 words, with great ease. It is by the combined influence of 
 these faculties that he is enabled so admirably to personate 
 the ambition, the haughtiness, the insolence, and the brutali- 
 ty and malice of Richard the Third ; but his secret, is mo- 
 
BY FACTS, 3G1 
 
 •derate; and this is the cause of his failure (according to the 
 testimony of some of the criticks) to do full justice to the 
 craft, cunning, and deep duplicity of his favourite hero. 
 The combination given likewise explains to us the reason 
 why Mr. B. is greater in raising the tempest of passion and 
 violence than in directing the storm. His very large ideal., 
 joined with very large reflective faculties, gives him that 
 sublimity of conception and grandeur of personation that 
 mark his acting ; while his very large mirth., combined with 
 his combat, and destruct., enable him to represent the se- 
 vere and sarcastick. All his domestick faculties are strong- 
 ly marked. 
 
 He produced his eldest son, and, though not only a skep- 
 tickin phrenology, but greatly prejudiced against it, acknowl- 
 edged the entire change wrought in his opinions by the ex- 
 amination, and added, that he doubted whether his own de- 
 scription of his son could have been more characteristick and 
 accurate. 
 
 Mr. Weymes, the owner of the American theatre at W., and 
 of the Walnut-st. theatre in Phila., who was examined while 
 the writer was wholly unacquainted with his occupation and 
 character, was described as possessing an extraordinary ta- 
 lent for committing to memory; (very large lang. ;) in con- 
 firmation of which, he stated that he had learned, verbatim, 
 fifteen hundred lines of blank verse (if the writer's memory 
 serves him) in six hours. 
 
 To detail all the marked and striking observations in proof 
 and illustration of phrenology, made by the writer even 
 while in Washington, would doubtless be more tedious than 
 interesting. He will therefore close this list of cases with 
 the single remark, that he found the heads of individuals 
 generally in that city, and especially of all who are distin- 
 guished in the national councils, to be considerably above 
 the common standard in size and in striking developments. 
 
 Among the many scores of striking examples which he 
 found in Alexandria, D. C, the writer will mention but one, 
 which he selects merely on account of its occurring at a pub- 
 lick examination, and in reference to a notorious character. 
 The name is forgotten, but there are hundreds in the city of 
 A. who can attest to the fact here stated. The first thing 
 mentioned, was a trait produced by very large combat., de- 
 struct., firm., and self-e., unrestrained by conscien. or secret., 
 namely, his violent and ungovernable temper. In this par- 
 26 
 
302 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 ticular, the man was represented as dangerous : especially 
 as an enemy, yet, as disposed to take vengeance above board. 
 In accordance with this, it was stated, that, in open day, he 
 had shot two individuals ; and that when his anger was rais- 
 ed, he was emphatically a chafed tiger. Not possessing 
 any acquis., and having very large amat., ideal., self-e., ali- 
 ment, and other organs indicative of prodigality, he was 
 described as a spendthrift : and accordingly he had squan- 
 dered two large fortunes mainly in selfish gratifications. 
 As in hundreds of other cases, the charges of u collusion," 
 and " a previous knowledge of his character," were resort- 
 ed to in order to explain away the astonishing coincidence 
 between his real character and this publick phrenological 
 description of it. 
 
 Orr. — At a public examination in Georgetown, D. C, 
 and when the writer was blindfolded, a Mr. Orr, who is r3- 
 porter in the U. S. Senate, and, withal, known to the literary 
 world as a gentleman of great learning and extraordinary 
 intellectual powers, was brought forward as a fit subject to 
 test phrenology. He was described as possessing extraordi- 
 nary perceptive and reflective powers, united with very large 
 concent., large combat., and unusual energy and decision of 
 character. But his wonderful calculating and astronomical 
 powers were dwelt upon as forming one of the strongest 
 traits of his character. In accordance with this description, 
 he is considered one of the best astronomers and mathe- 
 maticians of the age, and, moreover, as possessing a clear and 
 powerful intellect, and a mind well stored with a rich fund 
 of thought and learning, and all backed up with strong and 
 energetick feelings. The manner in which he literally uses 
 up his opponents, is ample demonstration of the presence of 
 very powerful combat., compar., caus., concent., &c. He 
 was also described as a very sarcastick and severe writer; 
 which was said to be characteristick of him. 
 
 The description of character agreed perfectly with one 
 previously given of the same gentleman by the writer, for 
 the correctness of which he refers to the good people of 
 Georgetown who heard it, and, also, for several other equally 
 striking proofs of the truth of practical phrenology. At the 
 close of a course of lectures delivered in that place, during 
 which a large number of well-known characters was publick- 
 ly examined, a resolution was introduced by Mr. Orr, and 
 carried, nem. con., the purport of which was, that the eviden- 
 
BY FACTS. 303 
 
 ces of the truth of practical phrenology presented in the lec- 
 tures, were highly satisfactory and conclusive. 
 
 Green. — During the summer of 1835, in addition to the 
 foregoing, many striking facts occurred, illustrative of the 
 proof of phrenology, whilst the writer, O. S. Fowler, was 
 located in Baltimore. One of the most singular, was the 
 examination, at his office, of Dr. John C. Green, of Union, 
 Loudon Co., Va., a gentleman of very unique and very strong 
 traits of character, who has, of late, become very celebrated 
 in his profession, particularly on account of his most extra- 
 ordinary and unequalled skill in curing chronick liver com- 
 plaints* The Doctor's head is large, and very uneven, (p. 
 54,) indicative of uncommon mental power, and great singu- 
 larity of character : his temperament is active. His com- 
 bat., destruct, self-e., conscien., firm., cautious., and compar., 
 are large, his benev., caus., and hope, very large, his ven. 
 and perceptive faculties only full, and marvel., secret., and 
 acquis., very small. Accordingly, he was described as a 
 bold, original thinker, who was capable of making new and 
 important discoveries ; as highminded, independent, and hon- 
 ourable to the fullest extent, but, at the same time, incredu- 
 lous, and imprudent and indiscreet in what he says ; as pos- 
 sessed of kind feelings and liberality in excess, and utterly 
 incapable of taking care of property ; and, in addition to this, 
 many minute points and shades of character were stated ; 
 and so graphick and strikingly correct was the description, 
 that the examiner was interrupted by the Doctor, who, aston- 
 ished beyond measure at the portraiture of character drawn, 
 demanded whether the phrenologist did not know him. Be- 
 ing assured to the contrary, with increased earnestness, he 
 reiterated the inquiry, " Do you not know me, sir ?" And 
 after being reassured that he did not, he asked if the exam- 
 iner would be qualified to that effect. Being most solemnly 
 assured that he would, and the statement of the phrenologist 
 
 • It was asserted by the Doctor, and attested by several of his Va. acquaintan- 
 ces of unquestionable veracity, that, since he had made the discovert/ of a suitab'e 
 remedy, he had cured all the patients thus afflicted who had followed his advice 
 and prescription ; and that the number then (in 1835) amounted to several hun- 
 dreds ; and, moreover, that many of them were cases of the most desperate and 
 hopeless kind. One of the patients who, after having been afflicted with the liver 
 £omplaint/or eight or ten years, has experienced a perfect cure by following out 
 the prescription of Dr. G., is S. Kirkham, co-author in the present work, who takes 
 great pleasure in thus making known the merits of this extraordinary man, -and in 
 recommending all who are afflicted with this terrible disease, if possible, to avail 
 themselves -of bis wonderful skUL 
 
304 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATE© 
 
 on this point, being corroborated by the Doctor's Va. friends 
 who had prevailed on him to submit to the examination, and 
 who were little less astonished than himself at the wonder- 
 ful accuracy of the description given, the Doctor yielded the 
 point, and at last acknowledged that the disclosure of his 
 character and talents must have been made by the applica- 
 tion of the principles of a science which he had hitherto rid- 
 iculed as foolish and absurd. In confirmation of this state- 
 ment, the following testimonial is presented : 
 
 " I hereby certify that Mr. O. S. Fowler, a phrenologist, 
 has this day, solely by the application of phrenological prin- 
 ciples, described my character and mental operations more 
 correctly than could have been done by my most intimate 
 friends. I might even add, that he has told me all, and that 
 my own astonishment and that of my friends at the minute- 
 ness and the accuracy of his description, are very great. 
 
 Baltimore, June 3, 1835. JOHN C. GREEN." 
 
 The writer saw a journeyman printer in the office of John 
 W. Woods, in Baltimore, who was partially deranged. His 
 ideal, was very large ; and he was almost constantly either 
 repeating passages from orations, &c, accompanied with 
 much gesticulation, or delivering extempore speeches. Still, 
 in the execution of his work, he showed no signs of mental 
 aberration. Farther particulars may be learned of Mr. W. 
 
 A lad about three years old, named Franklin Gibson, 
 whose parents reside about three miles from the city, was 
 examined and found to possess a most astonishing devel- 
 opment of tune, and also of imitat. and time. When 
 this development was pointed out, his brother stated, that 
 " he could turn a tune before he eould talk, or was a 
 year old ; learned to play upon the piano-forte without any 
 instruction ; a fortnight after hearing a tune sung but once, 
 could sing it from memory ; could play the air of a tune upon 
 the piano, and, at the same time, compose and sing a bass 
 without making a discord ; and had not only never been 
 known to make a discord himself, but evinced extreme 
 sansitiveness when he heard others make one." Gluery 1. 
 Is this extraordinary manifestation, the result of intuitive 
 talent, or of education ? 2. Is it caused by an extraor- 
 dinary activity and power of a particular faculty of the 
 mind, or is this phenomenon, which vastly excels all his 
 other mental manifestations, and also that of one child in a 
 
BY FACTS. 305 
 
 million, the product of that same mental power by which is 
 manifested all his other mental operations ? Let anti-phre- 
 nologists, and all who deny the plurality of the mental facul- 
 ties, answer. 
 
 The following is the testimony of the Rev. Benjamin Kurtz, 
 editor of the Lutheran Observer, in reference to the exami- 
 nation of his two sons, as given editorially in his own paper* 
 
 "Phrenology Tested. — We this morning witnessed a 
 practical exhibition of the principles of phrenology, which 
 was exceedingly interesting, and, in our view, furnished 
 very strong evidence in favour of its claims to publick con- 
 fidence. Mr. Fowler is at present engaged in delivering a 
 course of lectures on this subject at the corner of Baltimore 
 and Gay streets. His last lecture was attended among oth- 
 ers by the editor of this paper, who, it may not be amiss to 
 observe, has always been decidedly opposed to phrenology. 
 After the lecture, we were introduced to Mr. Fowler, and a 
 controversy immediately ensued, at the close of which we 
 took the liberty to remark, that we had two sons, one 1 5 and 
 the other 13 years of age; — that if Mr. F. thought proper to 
 examine their heads, and could give a correct description of 
 their intellectual and moral character, we would yield to all 
 moderate pretensions of phrenologists; but nothing short ol 
 facts, plain, positive facts, could convince us. Mr. F. as- 
 sented to this proposal, and was perfectly willing, so far as 
 he was concerned, that the science should stand or fall by 
 this test. Accordingly, this morning, accompanied by a 
 few respectable and literary gentlemen of this city, we con- 
 ducted our sons to Mr. F's room ; having previously pre- 
 pared a written description of the mental qualities, disposi* 
 tions, &c, of the lads, with a view to compare it with what 
 Mr. F. should remark concerning them. Mr. F. had never 
 before seen the boys, but immediately commenced examining 
 their heads and describing their characteristick traits minutely, 
 fully, and unequivocally. When his delineation was finished, 
 it was compared with that previously written for the occa- 
 sion, and, strange as it may appear, there was a most striking 
 and astonishing coincidence, with but one single item of dis- 
 crepance. Although we had heretofore not only been a 
 skeptick, but had often ridiculed the pretensions of phrenol- 
 ogy, we were staggered and astounded ; our surprise was 
 beyond measure, and we hesitate not to declare, that we are 
 now convinced that there is indeed a most momentous real* 
 26* 
 
306 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 ity in the matter ; and, contrary to our inclination, and in 
 opposition to our deep-rooted and cherished prepossessions, 
 we are constrained to admit that phrenology is indeed a sci- 
 ence, based upon sound and irrefragable principles, and well 
 worthy the attention of all, and especially of teachers, min- 
 isters, and others concerned in educating and meliorating 
 the condition of men. This, we believe, is also the opinion 
 of all the gentlemen who attended to witness the interesting 
 scene. After the lads had been pronounced upon, we our- 
 selves and our friend, Mr. , sat down and were examin- 
 ed; and it is conceded on all hands, that Mr. F. was not less 
 successful in our cases than in relation to the boys. The 
 whole company departed highly gratified, and immensely 
 astonished at the disclosures made by phrenology. Nothing 
 but facts, stubborn and irrefutable facts, could have produced 
 the conviction and amazement which evidently possessed the 
 minds of those present. 
 
 " Mr. F. manifestly understands his favourite science, and 
 is, withal, an agreeable and interesting lecturer. We -now 
 verily believe, that great injustice has been done to this de- 
 partment of useful study, and to those who, in spite of the 
 taunts and jests of opponents, are zealously pursuing it, 
 Phrenology is destined to rise and become extensively useful ; 
 and as truth is mighty, and will ultimately prevail, so this 
 branch of learning must eventually triumph over every ob- 
 stacle, and maintain a high rank in the circle of science, 
 
 44 We write this unsolicited by Mr. F., or any body else, 
 and regard all that we have stated as a very feeble testimony 
 to the claims of phrenology, as well as to the merits of Mr. 
 Fowler, the lecturer." 
 
 The following is a description of a publick test of the 
 truth of practical phrenology, which was written for the 
 Baltimore Chronicle, and can be attested to by a very large 
 audience of the citizens of Baltimore. 
 
 " For the Baltimore Chronicle. 
 
 " Mr. Barnes. — The science of phrenology, as promul- 
 gated in our city by Mr. Fowler, has met with not a little 
 opposition and ridicule. To satisfy the incredulous, therefore, 
 of its truth, as well as more firmly to establish the faith of 
 new converts, Mr. F. proposed publickly to meet his oppo- 
 nents, and to put the science to the most rigid and scrutiny 
 
BY FACTS. 307 
 
 izing test ; and, with that intent, appointed a meeting in the 
 Lecture-Room of the Baltimore Lyceum. 
 
 " His first test was, to examine before the audience, (which 
 was very large,) the phrenological developments of two twin 
 brothers, and to give their characters. The twins are chil- 
 dren aged 5 or 6, whose education and training have been 
 alike, but whose dispositions and talents widely differ — the 
 sons of Dr. Beare, a highly respectable professional gentle- 
 man of our city. It being known by the testimony of their 
 respectable parent, that Mr. F. had never seen either of the 
 boys, nor heard one word about their respective characters, 
 only that they differed, their presentation before the audience 
 produced not a little anxiety and excitement, enough, at least, 
 to evince the intense interest taken in the examination by the 
 respective partisans who had previously declared for, or 
 against, phrenology. With a boldness and an intrepidity 
 which nothing but the highest confidence in his abilities, di- 
 rected by true principles, could inspire, Mr. F. proceeded with 
 the examination, describing, as he went along, in strong, plain, 
 and unequivocal terms, not only their most prominent points 
 of character, such as their respective dispositions, including 
 their passions, tempers, propensities, and the like, and, also, 
 their respective talents and abilities, but he went even into 
 detail, and minutely described many of the nice shades of 
 difference in their habitudes and modes of thinking. 
 
 " As soon as Mr. F. closed his examination, the father of 
 the children read to the audience a minute descrintion of the 
 character of each of the boys, as he had previously written 
 it out ; and by comparing his description with that given by 
 Mr. F., it appeared that the two differed, on all the numerous 
 points of character described, only in one slight particular ', 
 viz. Mr. F. had attributed to one, more generosity than the 
 parent supposed him to possess.* The victory of Mr. F. was 
 complete, as was strongly evinced by the long and loud ap- 
 plauses of the audience — to the no small confusion and dis- 
 comfiture of the obstinately skeptical, and to the high grati- 
 fication of the non-committal or fence-men, many of whom 
 jumped down on the phrenological side. 
 
 " But this victory was but a prelude to those more tri- 
 
 * The mother, on learning my decision, remarked that I was right ; and said 
 that the lad had more benevolence than, the father gave him credit for. I had this 
 from the father himself. O. S. FOWLER., 
 
308 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 umphant ones that were to follow. Mr. F. proceeded to exam- 
 ine the heads of many who presented themselves for the 
 purpose, and to describe and hit off their characters with 
 astonishing accuracy. It was soon proposed, however, that 
 he should examine some present who had been previously 
 examined by him, and who had Mr, F's charts of their char- 
 acter in their pockets, in order to compare the former des- 
 criptions of character with those that should then be given. 
 
 " Mr. F. declined not this most scrutinizing test, and proceed- 
 ed with the examination of two gentlemen, numbering their 
 several organs in a scale from 1 to 20 ; and as each number 
 was pronounced, the corresponding one on the chart was 
 also pronounced by a gentleman appointed for the purpose ; 
 and the result was, that in thus rapidly naming off the rela- 
 tive size of some 50 or 60 organs, more than one-half agreed 
 exactly with those previously written down on the two charts ; 
 and among the whole, only one number differed materially.* 
 
 " It was then proposed that Mr. F. should cover his eyes, 
 and then examine ; and, although it deprived him of the im- 
 portant assistance (to which, too, he had always been accus- 
 tomed) of sight, in connexion with touch, Mr. F. faltered 
 not, but boldly proceeded to gratify the audience in any man- 
 ner, whether reasonable or unreasonable, that they might 
 choose ; and, to the utter astonishment of all, a number of 
 characters thus rapidly hit off, leaped out from the mint so 
 strongly and elegantly stamped, that all their acquaintances 
 would have known them at the first glance, even had they, 
 like the phrenologist, been blindfolded. It seemed more 
 like magick than any thing else. 
 
 " Towards the close of the examination, several very divert- 
 ing cases occurred. One gentleman was accused by Mr. F. 
 of possessing great energy of character and moral courage, 
 which qualities called into requisition, in no small degree, 
 his combativeness. The gentleman arose, and declared to 
 the audience, that Mr. F. had sketched his character very 
 accurately, except in this particular ; but, as for combative- 
 ness, he had it not : and to prove that he was right, he went 
 on with so energetick and combative a speech, as soon to con- 
 vince all present, that he, and not Mr. F., had mistaken his 
 
 *In a similar test at Mr. Fowler's office, the writer of this notice saw Mr. F. 
 mark a second chart for a gentleman, on which 34 of the 35 numbers agreed es* 
 OQtly with the first chart, and the other number differed but slightly,. 
 
BY FACTS. 309 
 
 own character. This ludicrous and happy circumstance, 
 elicited tremendous applause for the phrenologist. 
 
 Another gentleman examined, seemed to insinuate to the 
 audience, that he possessed not the mechanical ingenuity at- 
 tributed to him by Mr. F. By after confessions, however, it 
 appeared, that the tinkering propensity of the gentleman, 
 (though not a mechanick by 'profession,) has caused him to 
 amass a great variety of tools, and that he has been guilty of 
 indulging his mechanical ingenuity with considerable success, 
 in drawing — which comes under Mr. F.'s description of con- 
 structiveness. 
 
 " But the most satisfactory case of all, w 7 as yet to come. 
 Mr. F. had frequently desired some one to come forward 
 whose character was very prominent, or well-known to the 
 audience for some striking and peculiar qualities ; and was 
 now requested to blindfold himself again, with the expecta- 
 tion of being gratified in this particular. Accordingly, a 
 gentleman, (Captain Bossier,) was prevailed upon to submit to 
 examination, who is more distinguished for certain bold and 
 strong characteristicks, than any other in our city. The 
 phrenologist was completely successful. He gave the char- 
 acter in bold and graphick style, and with an accuracy that 
 could scarcely have been equalled by any one of his numer- 
 ous acquaintances present. The conviction of skill and 
 truth on the part of the phrenologist, went home so power- 
 fully to the minds of the audience, that their applauses sev- 
 eral times interrupted the examination. 
 
 "But there was, at least, one skeptick who yet remained in- 
 corrigible ; and this was a man, who, the writer is informed, 
 is notorious for his over-weening fondness for ' the root of 
 all evil.' This worshipper of Midas could not be persuaded 
 but that Mr. F. had previous knowledge of the head just 
 examined, and therefore desired his own to be brought in 
 contact with the magical touchstone. But no sooner did the 
 inspired fingers of Mr. F. play upon the golden bumps of 
 our money-loving hero, than his acquisitive character burst 
 forth before the audience in so strong relief, as utterly to 
 shock the incredulity of its owner, who soon begged for 
 4 quarters, 7 and was let off— to the great diversion of all 
 present. AUDITOR." 
 
 From Mr. Candler of Baltimore, a strong opponent to 
 phrenology, the writer had the following statement. While 
 the character of Wm. Gwynn Jones, who is now in the Peni* 
 
310 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 tentiary in B., for purloining money from the Post-office 
 in that city, but who was, at the time the observation was 
 made, a member of a Christian church, and co-editor of a 
 daily paper in the city, had the confidence of the publick, 
 and had been promoted to several important stations of trust, 
 a phrenologist said to him, " Mr. Jones, if I did not know 
 you to be an honest and an honourable man, I should think 
 you a rogue, for you have no organ of conscien., and love 
 money well enough to take what does not belong to youP — 
 Though this remark passed unnoticed at the time, yet, a few 
 weeks after, when he was found guilty of stealing, forgerVj 
 and lying, the remark of the phrenologist was recollected 
 and turned to the account of phrenology. 
 
 While the writer was on board a James-River steamboat 
 bound for Richmond, Va., something being said of phrenol- 
 ogy, Mr. Pegram of Richmond, desired him to examine the 
 head of a new acquaintance of his on board. The first re- 
 mark was, M he has no conscience, not a particle ;" the next, 
 " he is secret, mysterious, and artful, and has great practical 
 talent.' 7 To Mr. P. he represented himself as a wealthy plant- 
 er from the South ; pretended that his trunk and money had 
 been stolen from him, &c. Accordingly, on arriving at R., 
 Mr. P. ordered for him a suit of clothes, introduced him to 
 some of his friends, from whom he received presents, and 
 advanced him $1300, in cash, for which he received a 
 check of the gentleman on a Washington Bank; and, finally, 
 Mr. P. gave him $70, with which to pay for his clothes on 
 taking them from the tailor's. This money the rogue pock- 
 eted, and taking the clothes without paying for them, disap- 
 peared. The check was not cashed, of course ; and a sub- 
 sequent inquiry proved, that the southern planter was a con- 
 summate villain, a gambler, and a thief — without "any con- 
 science." At the time of the examination, Mr. P. was too 
 thick with his new friend, and too skeptical on the subject 
 of phrenology to regard these fore warnings. 
 
 In the town of P., Va., L. N. Fowler examined the head 
 of a young lady who had extraordinary approbat, self-e., 
 and firm., very large amat., adhes., combat., destruct., secret., 
 acquis., and cautious., large conscien., benev., and intellectual 
 faculties, and an active temperament. She was both vain and 
 proud in the extreme, and absolutely stubborn ; was secret, 
 sly, and deceptive in a high degree ; would steal, and when 
 asked why she stole, replied, " because I can't help it." 
 
BY FACTS. 311 
 
 Though by the influence of conscien. and intellect, she ac- 
 knowledged her fault, and strove against them, yet she would 
 still steal, would falsify, and then plead guilty. She had a 
 most violent temper, and with all her raging passions, display- 
 ed unusual intellect. 
 
 In Portsmouth, Va., the writer saw a lad about 14 years 
 old, in whom acquis, is immensely large, so much so as to 
 project beyond the other organs, secret, large, conscien. 
 small, the upper portion of the forehead . low, narrow, and 
 retiring, and cautious, extremely large. His entrance to this 
 pleasant village, was greeted by this hopeful youth in the 
 character of an importunate beggar, with the pretence that 
 his sick mother was in a starving condition, and wanted a 
 little money to get her some bread. He begged long and 
 most earnestly, setting up several pleas, all of which proved 
 to be utterly false ; and when a piece of money was finally 
 tendered, he seized it with the utmost avidity, clapped it to 
 his mouth in ecstasy, and immediately renewed his request 
 for more, accompanied with other pretences. A second and 
 a third piece of money were received with equal transports 
 of delight, and his suit for more, still renewed. In his hat 
 were to be seen old nails, bits of paper, and an abundance of 
 shells, &c, which his acquis, had hoarded up. Every day 
 at low tide he might be seen wading through the mud knee 
 deep, and at high tide, again at his begging in the manner 
 just described ; and when he could make money by it, he 
 showed himself quite an adept at lying. Of course, the 
 main interest of this case, turns upon the fact, that the traits 
 of character displayed by the lad, perfectly correspond 
 with his phrenological developments. 
 
 The writer's publick examinations in P., seemed very 
 much to astonish the citizens on account of their accuracy, 
 and to convince them of the truth of phrenology. After the 
 first lecture, one gentleman, in behalf of several, came to 
 ask if the examiner did not know Capt. Jarvis, the gentleman 
 examined, and when answered in the negative, replied, 
 " then, sir, I a.m perfectly satisfied of the truth of phrenology." 
 
 An elderly lady in P., was described as possessing, among 
 other things, extraordinary imitative power, which manifest- 
 ed itself not only in drawing, needlework, &c, but even in 
 mimickry. Her brother remarked, that he could not have 
 delineated her character with greater accuracy, except that 
 he had never seen the least signs of her talent for mimickry, 
 
312 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 Soon, however, it was proved, that, in early life, she was 
 unsurpassed among her acquaintances, for her talent at 
 "taking off" the peculiarities of individuals, and for relating 
 anecdotes and stories. 
 
 Baker. — The Hon. Judge Baker, who is distinguished 
 in that part of the country for his profound knowledge of 
 law, his ability to collect, analyze, and clearly present, facts 
 and arguments, for his discrimination and practical talent, 
 as well as for his highmindedness, weight of character, un- 
 bending integrity, and the nobler traits of human nature, 
 possesses a high head, large self-e., firm., ven., and conscien. ; 
 very large benev., compar., event, individ., and local., and 
 large caus., form, size, order, and lang. — the very organs 
 indicative of these characteristic's. 
 
 The following remarks were made by one of the editors 
 of a Norfolk paper, but with an especial reference to an ex- 
 amination of his son. 
 
 " In our presence, Mr. Fowler has examined the heads of 
 several individuals with the bent of whose dispositions we 
 were somewhat familiar, and we must confess our surprise 
 at the accuracy, as well as the facility, of his delineations 
 of their characters, with which it was impossible for him to 
 have made an acquaintance through any other medium than 
 his skill in phrenology. 5 ' 
 
 In _ — _ — _ L. N. Fowler examined the head of a female 
 who was considered deranged on the subject of religion, 
 and who was a religious melancholick and despondent. The 
 organs of cautious, and conscien. were developed in an 
 extraordinary degree, and so sensitive to the touch, that she 
 complained bitterly of the pain caused by the application 
 of the hand to either of these portions of the head. Ven. 
 \vas also very large, and hope and self-e. small. 
 
 At a lecture in Petersburgh, Va., the instructer of the school 
 taught in the lecture-room, proposed a pupil for examination, 
 who was described as possessing extraordinary construct., im- 
 itat., form, ideal., and colour, and, consequently, as unsurpass- 
 ed in his talent to draw, paint, and use tools with dexterity, and, 
 also, to mimick. So extraordinary were these developments, 
 that the teacher was appealed to for the correctness of the 
 description ; and he replied, that he had seen no manifestation 
 of such talents, but thought that phrenology was at fault 
 with respect to them ; but when the appeal was made to the 
 -schoolmates of the boy, there were a dozen voices in con- 
 
BY FACTS. SiS 
 
 firmation of what had been stated, each one telling what the 
 lad had made, or drawn, or painted, and all agreeing that 
 his mimickry of the peculiarities and oddities of others, con- 
 stituted one of their principal diversions. Among other 
 proofs, a painting of Minerva executed by him, was cited 
 as a remarkable specimen of juvenile talent. 
 
 Cherry.— Among the many exemplifications of phre- 
 nology, none are more worthy of notice than the head of 
 Dr. Cherry. It is very large, and in it, caus. and compar. 
 are prodigiously great ; the perceptive faculties only moder- 
 ate, concent., firm., self-e., hope, cautious., secret., benev.^, 
 ideal., and mirth., either large or very large, ven. small, 
 and marvel, very small. The writer saw, and the world 
 will doubtless one day see, specimens of a deep, philosophical, 
 and original genius in his writings, as prodigious, indeed, 
 as are his organs of caus. and compar. His large concent, 
 obliges him, whenever he becomes interested in any particu- 
 lar subject or thing, to dwell upon it until it is completed, 
 and frequently prevents him from attending to lessons of in- 
 terest and instruction, because he cannot draw off his mind 
 from subjects that have previously taken possession of his 
 thoughts. 
 
 The writer, in company with several distinguished citi- 
 zens of Williamsburgh, Va., visited the Lunatick Asylum 
 in that place, where the first subject presented, possessed ex- 
 traordinary amat., very large adhes., firm., concent., benev,, 
 and lang., and small acquis, and secret. Disappointed love 
 was the principal cause of his derangement ; and, in accord- 
 ance with his small secret, and very large benev. and lang., 
 he was constantly talking about his amours, his sweethearts, 
 &c. He was generally kind in a very high degree, but, 
 when his firm, w^s excited, he was obstinate and even 
 mulish. The gentleman's name is James Roon. 
 
 Of another, it was remarked, that he had extraordinary 
 firm., self-e., adhes., and benev., and was, therefore, by turns, 
 very stubborn or very obliging — that he had large individ. 
 and full event., with but small caus. ; and, consequently, 
 that he could do what he was told to do, but could not un- 
 derstand the application of means to ends. The keeper of 
 the asylum replied, " It is exactly so, throughout." 
 
 In the head of John Kinchelloe, self-e. projected prodi- 
 giously, so much so, that the writer's remarks upon him, 
 turned mainly upon this organ. He appeared exceedingly 
 27. 
 
SI 4 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 ostentatious ; told the company that he was a vastly greateT 
 man, as to talents, than any other in America ; was to be the 
 next president ; had the destiny of the world in his hands ; 
 and when one of the company remarked, that he was from 
 Richmond, he replied, that he had special business with the 
 Governour and Common Council of that city. 
 
 Six or eight other cases equally striking, were depicted 
 with such accuracy as to astonish and surprise the keeper 
 beyond measure, who, previous to this visit, had been not 
 only an entire skeptick in phrenology, but a prominent op- 
 poser to it 
 
 Arthur Tribble possessed very large combat., destruct, 
 and cautious., and was surly, savage, and so dangerous that 
 he was kept manacled. Another, in whom acquis, was very 
 large, had his hat full of old nails, shells, and such other 
 trumpery as he could pick up in the yard. Love of money 
 caused his insanity. 
 
 The keeper accounted for the correctness with which the 
 first subject was described, by supposing that those who 
 accompanied the examiner, had previously related to him 
 the history of the man, and, accordingly, after that, he se- 
 lected several himself of whom he knew the examiner 
 could have heard nothing, which, as he afterwards declared, 
 were described with as great correctness, as he could have 
 done after a daily observation of their conduct for from six 
 to twelve years. 
 
 Each of the professors, and several of the students, of 
 Williamsburgh College, are living witnesses of the truth of 
 phrenology, and furnish admirable illustrations of its prin- 
 ciples ; but having already dwelt quite too long upon these 
 41 facts," a decent respect for our readers, requires that we 
 should omit a particular enumeration of them. 
 
 Lay. — On a visit to Batavia, N. Y. in the autumn of 
 1835, the narrator, O. S. Fowler, was introduced by Mr. 
 Kirkham to G. W. Lay, Esq., member of Congress from 
 Genesee Co.; and being forcibly struck with the extraor- 
 dinary developement of many of his phrenological organs, 
 particularly those of the perceptive faculties, he proceeded, 
 with the permission of Mr. L, to give a description of his 
 leading traits of character and talents. He described him 
 as possessing an extraordinary memory of facts and circum- 
 stances, and even of their minute particulars and details, as 
 well as of persons, places, the relative position of objects, 
 
BY FACTS. 315 
 
 and of expressions; as having a passionate fondness for 
 learning, oratory, elegance, and for travelling and viewing 
 natural scenery; as possessing a superiour professional and 
 business tact, a very shrewd and critical turn of mind, a 
 happy talent for comparing, illustrating, and analyzing, a 
 keen, quick perception of the ludicrous, and a great deal of 
 tact, point, and sarcasm, accompanied with an ability to use 
 vp his opponent; as highminded and manly, pre-eminently 
 ambitious and enterprising, and always aspiring to some- 
 thing great and commanding; as spirited, energetick, and 
 prompt, a happy speaker, excellent in making a bargain, 
 highly honourable, but not over scrupulous and conscien- 
 tious. These remarks were deduced from the following 
 combinations. Mr. Lay's head is above the common size, 
 and his temperament, active. He has very large compar., 
 ideal, hope, individ., local., and event, and the residue of the 
 perceptive faculties are large, together with his combat., de- 
 struct., secret., acquis., self-e., approbat, firm., benev., mirth., 
 cans., amat., adhes., philopro., and cautious., and his con- 
 scien. is only moderate or full. He is, therefore, possessed 
 of uncommon natural talents, is very social and obliging, and 
 incapable of doing any thing degrading or unworthy the 
 character of a gentleman. 
 
 At a publick examination in the same place, the wri- 
 ter discovered, among other things, extreme combat., and 
 destruct., with small benev., in one of the subjects exam- 
 ined, and, accordingly, described him as exceedingly cruel t 
 disposed to delight in barbarity, and given to the outbreak- 
 ings of a most brutal temper. In confirmation of this state- 
 ment, J. Churchill, Esq., remarked to one of the authors, 
 (S. Kirk ham,) that he was skeptical upon the subject of 
 phrenology until he heard the character of this individual 
 described ; but that the character of the man (which he un- 
 derstood most perfectly, having been brought up with him) 
 was so extraordinary, particularly in reference to his revolt- 
 ing and horrid cruelty of disposition, and had been so accu- 
 rately hit off by the phrenologist (who must have been an 
 utter stranger to him) as to change his mind in regard to 
 the science. In illustration, Mr. C. further remarked, that 
 he had frequently known the said individual, w T hen a youth, ' 
 to catch squirrels and chop their feet off, and then let them 
 run, merely for the sport of it ! At other times, he would 
 make an incision in the skin of a squirrel, and, with a quill, 
 
316 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 inflate the shin of the little animal, and then let it run again! 
 At other times, again, he would pluck the feathers from 
 birds, amputate their limbs, and devise and execute various 
 other kinds of tortures upon animals of various descriptions* 
 and then appear to be in perfect raptures of diabolical de- 
 light whilst witnessing the writhings, contortions, and other 
 expressions of agony in his innocent victims. 
 
 This case suggests two points of inquiry not unworthy 
 the candid attention of disbelievers in phrenology. 1. It 
 presents us with two individuals, brought up under the same 
 roof, but possessing dispositions widely different ; the one, 
 though not inferiour in talents to the other, even from a 
 child, delights in cruelty and bloody deeds, and at the age of 
 thirty, becomes a drunken vagabond and a grovelling wretch ; 
 the other, revolts at cruelty and despises every base pursuit, 
 and at thirty, is a lawyer and a respectable member of so- 
 ciety. Now, whence springs this difference of character? 
 Is it the effect of education alone ? or has nature something 
 to do with it?' And, 2. let it spring from whatever source 
 it may,, wherein is phrenology responsible, for merely ascer- 
 taining the fact, and pointing out the difference, when guided 
 solely by the external signs upon the head? Phrenology 
 responsible for the traits of character it discovers in men ? 
 What absurdity ! nay, what stupidity 1 Does the phrenolo- 
 gist create the "bumps," or the disposition which cultivates 
 them, and which causes their increase? On such a principle 
 of reasoning, we might, and with equal propriety, arraign 
 phrenology for not discovering as much metaphysical talent 
 in the dog as in a philosopher, and for not finding as large 
 an organ of local, in the latter as in the former. 
 
 In the possession of the Lyceum in Fredericktown, Md., 
 is the cast of the scull of a murderer, who was hung some 
 three years since, in which combat, and destruct. are swelled 
 out in an extraordinary degree, and all the other selfish 
 propensities appear very large. He was not only guilty of 
 murder, but even when a boy, used to amuse himself by 
 cutting off the feet of pigs, and then applying to them the 
 lash, in order to see them attempt to run, and by other simi- 
 lar acts of cruelty and torture. 
 
 At a public lecture in Prattsburgh, N. Y., six individuals 
 were selected for examination by a rank opponent to phre- 
 nology ; but, inasmuch as the writer had once lived in the 
 place, he was requested to be blindfolded, lest he should judge 
 
BY FACTS. 317 
 
 from a previous knowledge of their characters. The first 
 subject presented, was a violent opposer of religion, infidel 
 in his belief, violent in his temper, stubborn, and withal a 
 great mechanical genius; and such he was described to'be 
 throughout. The next was described as highly conscien- 
 tious, talented, religious, eminently pacifick, &c. and, in the 
 main, directly opposite to the first. After their examination, 
 Deacon Linsley, who knew both perfectly well, and who, 
 till that time, had been a disbeliever in phrenology, observed, 
 that, since these two individuals, whose characters were di- 
 rectly opposite in almost every particular, had been examined 
 in succession, and the points of difference between them 
 correctly pointed out, and that, too, when the examiner was 
 blindfolded, and, consequently, unable to judge of character 
 except from the shape of the head, phrenology must be a 
 true index of character. What is still more, one of these 
 gentlemen had been examined the preceding evening, and 
 both descriptions precisely agreed. 
 
 Spaulding. — Among others selected for examination on 
 the same occasion, was the Rev. Henry W. Spaulding, Mis- 
 sionary to the Indians that have removed west of the Missis- 
 sippi. After his extreme firmness and high moral qualities, 
 particularly his very large benev., or disinterested and strong 
 desire to do good to his fellow-men, had been described, in 
 passing his hand along the arch of the eyebrow, the writer 
 ft It a deep depression where the organ of colour is located, 
 and, struck with surprise, he exclaimed, "this gentleman has 
 no organ of colour, and can hardly tell white from black." 
 After the lecture was over, Mr. S. observed, that, as had been, 
 stated, he was utterly unable to distinguish colours ; that, ex- 
 cept black and white, all colours and shades of colours looked 
 alike to him, and all appeared of a dingy, indistinct hue ; 
 that his wife would never trust him to purchase any article 
 of clothing whatever, because he seemed to be utterly desti- 
 tute of all power of distinguishing, and even of discerning, 
 them. This fact we deem an important one. The eye- 
 sight of this gentleman, is perfectly good ; he reads correctly, 
 uses words with facility, thinks and writes with unusual 
 power, seldom forgets faces, and is a superiour scholar ; yet 
 his power of distinguishing colours, is almost wholly want- 
 ing. We ask, then, whether the same mental power which 
 perceives colours, also perceives forms, and places, and the 
 force of arguments? If so. why should the first of these 
 
 27 
 
 * 
 
318 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 faculties be wholly wanting in the Rev. Mr. S., and the last of 
 them be unusually strong in him % Will anti-phrenological 
 metaphysicians have the kindness just to explain these simple 
 and common phenomena ? 
 
 Linsley.— Deacon Linsley is certainly one of the most 
 devoted and consistent Christians — the most fervent and de- 
 vout in his addresses to the throne of grace, the most meek, 
 and penitent, and forgiving of men. Accordingly, his head 
 is not only very high, but it is also very deep from the supe- 
 riour anterior to the superiour posterior portion, and greatly 
 arched by the extraordinary development of his benev. and 
 Yen. His intellectual faculties generally, are large : hence 
 his. uncommon share of good sense, mingled with his piety. 
 His philopro. and adhes. are very large ; and hence the suc- 
 cess with which, for many years, he has superintended Sab- 
 bath-schools and Bible-classes. 
 
 When the writer was a boy, he was wont to listen to the 
 marvellous stories of one of his fellow-townsmen, who al- 
 ways magnified every thing he related, especially if it per- 
 tained to himself, till it appeared to be something really great, 
 singular, and wonderful. Accordingly, on revisiting his 
 native town, he sought his old. story teller, and found that in 
 his head, the organs of marvel., hope, approbat, and lang,, 
 were- largely developed. 
 
 From a mere boy, one of his brothers was remarkable 
 for his propensity to throw stones, and,. more especially, for 
 his adroitness and skill at it, as he was able in this manner, 
 to kill birds, squirrels, &c. As he grew up, he was equally 
 famous for going aloft at country "raisings," &c. ; and, ac- 
 cordingly, was found to possess very large weight, whilst 
 the writer, whose education, in this respect, has been the 
 same, is nearly destitute both of the organ, and of the fa- 
 culty, of weight. The same is true of colour. 
 
 One of his fellow-townsmen, who had always been noted 
 for his disbelief in the doctrines of the Christian religion, 
 as well as for his strenuous opposition to it, was found to 
 possess very small marvel, and ven., and small conscien. 
 
 New York City. — But,, next to Washington, New 
 York furnishes facts and demonstrations as perfectly conclu- 
 sive in proof and illustration of phrenology a& any chymicaJ 
 qr anatomical demonstrations. 
 
 At the first publick lecture delivered in this city, in ths 
 autumn of 1836, two of the authors, O. S, and L. N Fow- 
 
BY FACTS. 319 
 
 ler were present, and the first person who submitted to an 
 examination, was examined by one of the lecturers in the 
 absence of the other, and then by the other ; and (it being 
 a striking case) the same description, not only in the main, 
 but, also, in the details, was given by both. 
 
 The next individual was described as possessing an ex- 
 cessive development of amat., with very large selfish pro- 
 pensities and sentiments, and a fair share of intellect As 
 much was said of his amat. as propriety would permit, and 
 i;he whole examination turned upon this organ, his combat., 
 and destruct., and small conscien. A few days after, the 
 Rev. Mr. Walter, pastor of the church from which this in- 
 dividual had been cut of£ stated to the writer, that, in conse- 
 quence of his amours with the wives of others, he had 
 broken up several families, and was then living with the wife 
 of another man (since divorced;) that the violence of his 
 temper was ungovernable; and that he appeared to have no 
 compunctions of conscience. He added, that several of his 
 church members who heard the examination, stated that it 
 was so characteristick as perfectly to astonish them. 
 
 Smith. — At their second lecture in N. Y., Mr. S. B. 
 Smith, late a Romish Priest, and now editor of the " Down- 
 fall of Babylon," was selected for examination. He was 
 found, to possess a large head, developed mainly in the coro* 
 nal region, with very large firm., self-e., benev., form, order, 
 caus. and compar., large hope, conscien., combat., adhes., 
 mirth, ideal., imitat., lang., calcu., size, local., and cautious., 
 only moderate destruct., time, and secret., and small mar- 
 vel. The inference was, that he possessed commanding 
 talents joined with great energy and efficiency of character ; 
 resistance, and moral courage in a pre-eminent degree, with- 
 out harshness or a desire to injure even his enemies; that 
 he must be a publick man and distinguished in his- sphere; 
 an original and profound thinker, and a logical reasoner ; a 
 distinguished scholar, and possessed of integrity ; very cau- 
 tious and judicious, and yet, enterprising ; a theologian and 
 moral reasoner of the first class, and possessed of extraor- 
 dinary form, or power of recollecting faces, detecting typo- 
 graphical errours, &c. ; a first-rate critick, and perfectly 
 systematick, nay, almost " old-maidish" about having things 
 in order. But his superiour talents as a moral and theolog- 
 ical reasoner, were dwelt upon as his great forte — his leading 
 characteristick. At the time of the examination, Mr. Si 
 
320 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 was utterly unknown to the writers, and as far as they have 
 since learned his history and character, the coincidence be- 
 tween them and the publick description given, is palpable 
 and striking- throughout, and some portions cf it so much so 
 as to be incapable of amendment or improvement. The 
 hardships which he has endured, the opposition and perse- 
 cution which he has met with, the heart of a christian hero, 
 and the high moral character, which he has displayed in 
 his ready renunciation of a religion which he felt to be 
 wrong, and that, w T hen, by so doing, he knew he should 
 draw down upon his devoted head the anathemas and the 
 vengeance of the whole Romish church, his incredulity in 
 not believing Romish dogmas, the clearness of his argu- 
 ments presented in the " Downfall," (due allowance being 
 made for that enthusiasm which is begotten by dwelling so 
 long upon a highly exciting subject,) the anecdote of Mr. H. 
 R. Piercy, (see note to p. 222.,) the " Synopsis" translated by 
 him — these things, one and all, show a perfect coincidence 
 between the description of his character, of which the pre- 
 ceding is a mere abstract, and his real character and talents 
 as evinced both in his publick and private life : — see relative 
 size o^ his organs in the Table. 
 
 Brown.— At a subsequent lecture, Mr. Goold Brown, 
 author of a Grammar, was examined, and described as pos- 
 sessing a high degree of critical acumen, and a happy talent 
 for comparing, analyzing, and illustrating, and especially as 
 a verbal critick and linguist ; as somewhat eccentrick in his 
 manners, rigidly exact and honest, and somewhat dogmat- 
 ical ; but, withal, as possessing rather an extravagant organ 
 of love of approbation and popularity, which would make 
 him rather boastful, and fond of telling what great things 
 he had done, &c. ; and, in confirmation of the correctness of 
 these statements, many anecdotes have since been related to 
 the writers, O. S. and L. N. Fowler. 
 
 At another lecture in N. Y., a well-dressed lad was 
 brought forward. The first remark made of him, was, that 
 he possessed an extraordinary organ of secret., such a de- 
 velopment, indeed, as the examiner had seldom, if ever, 
 seen ; that, consequently, he was cunning, artful, sly, deceit- 
 ful, equivocating, and evasive; that it was often next to im- 
 possible to extort the truth from him, and that nothing could 
 be known from what he said; that his acquis, was also very 
 large, and conscien. small, and, consequently, that he was a 
 
BY FACTS. 321 
 
 rogue, and would steal, as well as lie, and manifest un- 
 wonted dexterity, not only in stealing, but also in concealing 
 the plunder; that he had no compunctions of conscience, 
 and could not be made to feel guilty ; that he was not at all 
 benevolent, but the reverse ; that his reasoning powers were 
 very deficient, and yet, that he was quick to observe, and 
 had an extraordinary memory of facts, and very large lang. 
 or "gift of the gab;" small combat, and large cautious., and 
 was, therefore, a coward ; and that he possessed an extraor- 
 dinary fondness for children. 
 
 The following is a statement of his character, the principal 
 part of which was made at the time, before the audience, by 
 the individual who brought him forward, and the rest subse- 
 quently communicated to the authors by the same gentleman. 
 " This lad, who is about thirteen years old, was born in Cana- 
 da; when about five years old, was found to be so very fond 
 of children, that he was frequently employed by gentlemen 
 to amuse their children, and even infants, from which he was 
 taught by his mother, (as he says,) to steal the coins about 
 *heir necks, and such other things as he could lay his hands 
 upon ; that, on the occurrence of a fire, he stole money from 
 
 fTlP. JH)C.T<Pt nf n pprcnn nnrl hlnrhoA if- pv^f/^vn-l mo. ±kn* V» o ViqH 
 
 found it, yet, as it was a pocket-piece, it was easily identified; 
 that for a long time he had been in the habit of taking small 
 sums from a shoemaker in Green wich-st. N. Y., with whom 
 he is now living as an apprentice ; that when one theft after 
 another was detected and proved upon him, he would so- 
 lemnly declare, and call his God to witness, that each one 
 was the last ; that he would frequently protest, by all that 
 was good or great, that he told the truth, and soon after- 
 wards declare, that what he had before said, was wholly 
 false, but that what he now swore to, was certainly true ; 
 that he was very adroit in meeting charges against him, and 
 always ready with an excuse for his wickedness ; (small 
 conscien. ;) that, to prevent suspicion, he would often accuse 
 other boys of stealing apples from a poor woman who sold 
 them in the streets, and pretend to pity her, when he himself 
 stole them every day, and had laid up half a trunk full ; 
 that he would falsify even when nothing could be gained by it; 
 that he was an arrant coward, and would quail before the stem 
 look of his playmates, and always run if they threatened 
 him ; that his judgment was extremely limited, and yet he 
 showed great tact in learning to do some things ; that ho 
 
ZO-2 
 
 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 was admirable in pleading his own case, and was, withal x 
 superstitious Catholick ;" (his ven. and marvel., being large.) 
 For the truth of the foregoing particulars, we refer to Mr. 
 Rufus Dawes, co-editor of the N. Y. Mirror, and to the 
 crowded audience who witnessed the examination in Clin- 
 ton Hall, as well as to a cast of the head of this hopeful 
 youth, which they keep for sale at their office in the same 
 place : — see relative size of his organs in the Table. 
 
 Chan and Eng. — The Siamese Twins, Eng and Chan, 
 furnish another striking example of the truth of phrenological 
 science. It is well known that their traits of character, in- 
 cluding their feelings, passions, abilities, dispositions, modes 
 of thinking, of acting, and so forth, are so much alike as 
 frequently to start the pretence, and induce the belief, that 
 they possess but one mind, or, at least, that, in consequence 
 of the wonderful, physical connexion of their bodies, there 
 exists between them a similar union of mind, or such a one 
 as to cause both minds to think, feel, and act simultaneously 
 and alike. Although this is a mere pretence, yet the founda- 
 tion of it remained to be developed and explained by phre- 
 nology. In the autumn of 1836, at the Washington Hotel, 
 N V\ fkoir ViAnrjq were examined by the narrators, O. S. 
 Fowler and S. Kirkham, when, to their surprise and admi- 
 ration, they were found to be most wonderfully and strik- 
 ingly alike, not only in size and general outline, but even in the 
 minute development of nearly all the phrenological organs. 
 
 * The following note from the gentleman who prints the "Downfall" for Mr. S., 
 will confirm several points of character contained in the foregoing statement. 
 
 "Mr. Smith is so very particular and over-exact to have even every little thing 
 done with the utmost precision, as to give my workmen a great deal of extra labour, 
 and to provoke from them a nickname designating his 'old-maidish' peculiarities. 
 As & proof reader, although Mr. S. has but recently turned his attention to the busi- 
 ness, yet, by the force of what seems to be an innate talent, he excels many who 
 have had much more practice. He is one of the firmest men I have ever seen ; 
 and when he thinks he is right, nothing can turn him : (firm, and self-e.) His 
 cautiousness is almost equally as striking as his order and firmness. 
 
 "Before I heard Mr. Fowler's description of Mr. Smith's character, I had no 
 faith in phrenology, but this satisfied my mind of the correctness of the science ; 
 fori considered the description accurate and striking throughout, so much so that 
 it could not be bettered by any of the gentleman's most intimate acquaintances: 
 and this opinion I expressed to Mr. Le Roy Sunderland at the time, who was sitting 
 beside me. H. R. PIERCY." 
 
 Several other individuals made remarks similar to those of Mr. P. Among 
 them Mrs Smith and Mr. Carey, teacher in the deaf and dumb asylum of N. Y. 
 The approbation of the audience, and the testimony of all who knew Mr. S., was 
 general and unequivocal as to the examination being a perfect transcript of the 
 life and character of this distinguished gentleman. 
 
 We will take the liberty to refer those of our readers who wish to satisfy them- 
 selves, to " the Synopsis of the Moral Theology of the Church of Rome," pub- 
 lished by Mr. S., where the reasoning organs of Mr. S. are-displayed to adinira- 
 
BY FACTS. 323 
 
 Some small difference, indeed, in the development of some 
 few of the organs, does exist; but then it is so slight as to 
 be detected only by the most minute and accurate observa- 
 tion. Among all the heads ever examined by the authors, 
 such an agreement of size, shape, and temperament, or any 
 thing approaching to it, in any two, they never before wit- 
 nessed or heard of; and hence, the striking coincidence be- 
 tween the characters and dispositions of the two brothers, 
 no longer remains a mystery ; for, in addition to the general, 
 natural law, (which operates in this case,) that " like causes 
 produce like effects," from the necessity of the case, their 
 training, habits, and education, have been alike, more per- 
 fectly set than that of any other two individuals that ever 
 lived. But notwithstanding this, it has been stated, that a 
 slight difference in the development of some few of their 
 organs, was pointed out by the phrenologists, and the conse- 
 quent difference in their characters, specified. In relation to 
 this point, as well as to all the points of agreement, both the 
 young gentlemen, and the gentleman who accompanied them, 
 fully confirmed and corroborated the statements of the ex- 
 aminers. Again we appeal to our opponents to answer 
 the question, If phrenology is not a true science, how could 
 these nice distinctions and discriminations of difference in 
 character, have been thus accurately pointed out merely by* 
 an examination of the physical form of the head? And 
 again : If the disposition and talents of individuals, depend 
 solely on education or training, how could any difference 
 in these respects, exist between these twins? 
 
 At a publick lecture in Clinton Hall, a gentleman exam- 
 ined, was described as possessing, in an unusual degree, the 
 mathematical and reasoning organs, and, also, philopro., but 
 as subject to a depression of spirits, or " the blues." His char- 
 acter had been previously written out by his friends, and, 
 when read to the audience, it not only confirmed the cor- 
 rectness of the phrenological examination, but showed that, 
 on account of the predominance of those traits of character 
 pointed out by the phrenologist, the gentleman had been se- 
 lected as a proper test of the science. 
 
 A son of Dr. Barber, professor of Elocution, &c., was 
 also examined, and his traits of character minutely specified ; 
 and, after the examination, almost every point stated, was 
 confirmed and illustrated by anecdotes of the lad as related 
 by his father. 
 
3"2'4 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 Offen.— But of all thepublick tests of phrenology, per- 
 haps no other one ever made so extensive and decided an im- 
 pression in its favour, as the examination of Benjamin OfFen, 
 a distinguished infidel lecturer, which took place in Clinton 
 Hall on the evening of the 28th Jan., 1837. As this exam- 
 ination was made in the presence of, at least, one thousand 
 spectators, who are living witnesses of the truth of the fol- 
 lowing account of it, the authors trust that its accuracy 
 will not be doubted by the general reader. 
 
 In acceptance of a previous challenge in which the ex- 
 aminers had invited the publick to " test the science in any 
 and every way which their incredulity or ingenuity might 
 suggest, by choosing their own subjects for publick examina- 
 tion, or otherwise," an elderly gentleman of very ordinary 
 dress and general appearance, came forward : and in order 
 to give the audience the opportunity of the double test of 
 hearing a description of the character given by each of the 
 examiners in the absence of the other, L. "N. Fowler retired 
 from the room accompanied by a gentleman, whilst O. S. F. 
 proceeded with the examination. *i 
 
 About the first thing stated by the examiner, was, that the 
 gentleman's eonscien. was moderate, his ven. small, and 
 his marvel, almost wholly wanting ; and, consequently, that 
 he must be & total skeptick, particularly in regard to reli- 
 gion, especially revealed religion, and all the popular forms 
 and doctrines connected with it. He also stated that his 
 combat., destruct, self-e., firm., adhes., and knowing and 
 reasoning organs, particularly his compar., were very large, 
 and his cautious, and secret., small ; and hence, that he was 
 much inclined to debate, and ready, on all occasions, to de- 
 clare his disbelief, and advance and defend his opinions. 
 His event., lang., mirth., and imitat., were likewise described 
 as very large; and hence the inference was drawn, that, 
 although his general appearance did not seem to justify the 
 conclusion, yet he must be a publick speaker, and as such, 
 quite distinguished — that, in debate, he was considered a 
 great reasoner, and would display a great command of words, 
 facts, and arguments; that he employed much action, and 
 was unsurpassed in his powers of ridicule, particularly in 
 employing severe epithets and ludicrous and sarcastick com- 
 parisons. But among many other things, his benev. was 
 dwelt upon as one of his strongest traits of character, and 
 his acquis, was stated to be so small as to prevent his ever 
 
BY FACTS. 325 
 
 becoming rich. He was represented as kind-hearted, oblig- 
 ing, and generous to a fault, but, at the same time, (small 
 conscien.,) as not always actuated by moral principle, or the 
 right and the wrong in the case, and as having little or no 
 feeling of the guilt or sinfulness of any of his acts. For 
 some points of this character, see first paragraph under 
 conscien. moderate, p. 131, also 8 lines at the bottom of the 
 same page, 11 lines at the top of the next, the last 5 of 
 the same paragraph, the first paragraph on p. 135, and be- 
 nev. large, and very large, p. 155, — together with the rela- 
 tive size of his organs in the Table of Measurements. 
 
 After the first examination had closed, L. N. Fowler was 
 called in, and proceeded with an examination of the same 
 head; and so perfectly, on every point, did his description 
 of the character and talents of the man, agree with the 
 first description, that the old charge of collusion was again 
 brought up, although the fact was, that neither of the exam- 
 iners had any previous knowledge of the individual, nor in- 
 tercourse with each other during the examination ; and this 
 point was proved at the time, to the entire satisfaction of 
 every candid hearer. 
 
 After the close of the second examination, Mr. Vail (a lec- 
 turer in Tammany-Hall) arose, and remarked, that " the gen- 
 tleman just examined, was Mr. Offen, the celebrated lecturer 
 in Tammany Hall; that he had known him intimately for 
 eight or nine years ; and that, as far as he was enabled to 
 judge, he must pronounce the descriptions of character and 
 talents given by the phrenologists, as remarkably correct 
 throughout, excepting that he thought the elder brother had 
 not given Mr. O. quite credit enough for his conscientious- 
 ness, but that, with the modified and plainer description of 
 the same trait of character as given by the younger brother, 
 he was satisfied." Mr. V. then went minutely into his 
 character, taking it up, point after point, and illustrated most 
 strikingly, and confirmed, each as stated by the phrenolo- 
 gists. Among other things, he said that, "though a poor 
 man, Mr. O. was a very benevolent man ;" and in proof of 
 it, he begged leave to state the fact, that " Mr. O. lived out 
 of the city, and near a common, upon which unfeeling per- 
 sons were in the habit of turning old and worn-out horses to 
 starve, and that, out of pity, Mr. O. was in the habit of 'r Ic- 
 ing up these horses and feeding them at his own expense." 
 
 Finally, Mr. Offen arose and confirmed the correctness of 
 28 
 
326 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 the descriptions given by the examiners, and remarked, that, 
 " Although hitherto skeptical in regard to the truth of phre- 
 nology, yet the remarkable accuracy with which they had 
 delineated the various features of his character, had changed 
 his mind in regard to it, so far, at least, as to compel him to 
 believe that there was much truth in it." But touching 
 their description of his low conscien., he seemed not to be 
 fully satisfied. He therefore continued: "The phrenolo- 
 gists have stated that I have many friends. This, I believe, 
 is true. They have also said that I have many enemies. 
 This may be true; but I ought not to have them, for I never 
 wronged a man in my life" 
 
 O. S. Fowler then took occasion to remark, that " He con- 
 sidered this declaration of Mr. O. as proof demonstrative of 
 his possessing a low conscience, for, he was sure, that every 
 man who has a large one, will be ready to condemn himself, 
 and acknowledge that he has often done wrong to his fellow- 
 men." — See conscien. large, p. 126, andconscien. small and 
 very small, p. 132, 133. 
 
 In a subsequent conversation, Mr. O. stated to the writer, 
 that, from his earliest recollection, he. had known no standard 
 of moral rectitude and no code of moral principle or of vir- 
 tue, except that which tended to relieve human suffering, or 
 to augment human happiness; and, moreover, that he regard- 
 ed that, and that alone, as sinful, the effect of which was to 
 prevent the enjoyment, or to increase the sufferings, of his 
 fellow-men. Of abstract justice, right, or duty, he had no 
 conception ; yet he could never be an atheist. Whether there 
 was, or was not, a future state of existence, he did not know ; 
 Dut if such a thing does exist, he, and all others composing it, 
 should be happy. He said that he was perfectly astonished 
 at the description of his standard of moral principle. He 
 also added, that he was, for many years, a deacon of an evan- 
 gelical church. 
 
 Frances Wright. — However striking many of the pre- 
 ceding facts may be, the authors feel confident, that none of 
 them surpass in individual interest, or as proofs of the truth 
 of phrenology, the phrenological developments of the cele- 
 brated lady whose name heads this paragraph — now, Mad- 
 am Darusemont. As hers is one of the most remarkable 
 characters of the present day, and as her phrenological de- 
 velopments throughout, are found perfectly to agree with 
 her peculiarities of character and disposition, this may be 
 
BY FACTS. $2? 
 
 considered one of the best tests of the truth of phrenological 
 science that can be produced or desired. But there is one 
 circumstance which renders this case particularly gratifying 
 to the phrenologist ; and that is, the character and talents of 
 Madam Darusemont are so well known, that the greatest 
 skeptick in phrenology, has not " a loop left to hang a doubt 
 upon," concerning the perfect coincidence between her char- 
 acter and her phrenological developments, as presented in 
 the Table of Measurements. 
 
 On a visit to this lady in the present year, (1837,) the fol- 
 lowing observations were made with the greatest care, by 
 O. S. Fowler and S. Kirkham, and noted down at the time ; 
 so that their correctness may be fully relied upon. 
 
 The head of this distinguished individual is considerably 
 above the ordinary size, and her temperament such as to 
 combine the highest activity, with great strength and power. 
 But her head is developed in such a manner as to present a 
 character decisively masculine, combining great boldness and 
 energy, with unusual intellectual power. In other words, her 
 head is much larger and wider in the basiliar region, than it is 
 in the coronal ; and, again, the posterior portion of the coronal 
 region, is much larger than the frontal, notwithstanding her 
 forehead is large, and fully developed throughout; but the 
 lower and middle portions of it, are relatively much larger 
 than the upper and lateral portions. In phrenological lan- 
 guage, the perceptive and semi-perceptive faculties, together 
 with compar., are really very great, whilst caus., though 
 large, is relatively smaller. The authors do not recollect 
 ever to have seen, in a woman, so much intellect urged onward 
 by so prodigiously great propelling powers ; and hence her 
 acknowledged talents, combined with masculine energy, 
 which have gained for her a fame throughout the world. 
 
 As to her individual organs, amat. is large and adhes. 
 very large, whilst philopro. is only full ; and, accordingly, 
 the greatest objection to her theory against matrimony, is, 
 that it does not sufficiently provide for children* Concent. 
 is small; and hence the intensity of her mental operations, 
 and the rapidity with which her mind passes from one sub- 
 ject to another. Combat, is very large, and destruct. large ; 
 and hence, with her large mirth, and very large compar., 
 
 • At the time the authors visited Madam Darusemont, she had left her only child 
 tend a young one, too) behind her in France, and her husband had gone back for lu 
 
328 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 her point and severity, her withering sarcasms, and the spirit 
 and fire which are breathed into almost every sentence she 
 utters ; and hence, also, that disposition to resist, attack, combat, 
 debate, and defend, which forms one of the most prominent 
 points of her character. Acquis, is almost wholly wanting; 
 and hence the utter disregard of property as such, and the 
 loose and vague ideas upon the subject of personal ownership, 
 which constitute a part of her new code of morals. Hence, 
 too, the facility with which she joined Robert Owen in his 
 Community scheme, as tested on the banks of the Wabash. 
 In further illustration of this trait of character, it is said that 
 she has never appropriated to her own use, one cent of the 
 avails of her lectures or of her writings : see p. 95. 
 
 Her cautious, is moderate; and a want of prudence and 
 discretion, it will readily be seen, has, more or less, charac- 
 terized her publick career. Secret, is very small; and 
 hence the directness, and plainness, and ingenuousness with 
 which, on all occasions, she speaks out just what she thinks 
 and feels : so that, let the world say what they may of her, 
 they cannot call her a hypocrite. Approbat. is weak ; and 
 this manifests itself in her utter indifference, both in appear- 
 ance and in fact, to what is thought or said of her, in her dis- 
 regard to reproach, and to being considered singular ; and 
 this, united with her combat, and destruct., causes her to 
 glory in encountering opposition. Her large self-e. and 
 firm., united with her combat, and destruct., and her deficient 
 ven., give her that daring boldness, independence, self-confi- 
 dence, unbending perseverance, highmindedness* and even 
 arrogance of character, and determined resolution, and ac- 
 knowledged efficiency, which shine so conspicuously in her 
 publick career : see p. 120. 
 
 All the moral organs, with the exception of benev. and hope, 
 are so deficient, that the coronal portion of her head is narrow 
 and flattened. Benev. is largely developed ; and doubtless she 
 has at heart, the good of society and the advancement of hu- 
 man happiness ; and she certainly considers herself a phi- 
 lanthropist ; but ven. is deficient, and marvel, is so very small 
 that no traces of it can possibly be discovered— smaller, if 
 possible, than in any other head which the authors have ever 
 seen; hence her disbelief in any thing which she does not 
 see demonstrated to her senses. Even the existence of a Su- 
 preme Being she questions, " because," she says, u she can- 
 not see such a being, nor know any thing of him by any of 
 
BY FACTS. 329 
 
 her senses." Her conscien. is only moderate or small ; and 
 hence the looseness of her moral code, her imperfect reason- 
 ings upon moral subjects, and her want of moral acumen; 
 which are very evident to every conscientious reader of the 
 productions of her pen. Hope is full ; and, without it, no 
 one would undertake what she, unaided and alone, has at- 
 tempted to accomplish. Hence, also, with her self-e., her 
 unbounded confidence in her own abilities and strength. 
 She professes to have come to America this last time, for the 
 express purpose of enlightening our benighted minds in 
 morals and religion, and to instruct our ignorant statesmen 
 in a knowledge of the true principles of our republican gov- 
 ernment, and to show them what measures they must adopt 
 in order to save the ark of liberty from destruction ! 
 
 Her ideal., imitat., lang., individ., event., and compar., are 
 all large or very large ; and hence her acknowledged elo- 
 quence ; which is really of the highest order. Her individ., 
 event., and compar., are all very large, and nearly all her 
 other intellectual faculties are large; and hence her intel- 
 lectual greatness ; her acknowledged superiority as a scholar ; 
 her extensive information about matters and things in gene- 
 ral ; the copiousness, appropriateness, and elegance of her 
 historical and scientifick illustrations ; and her great talent 
 for collecting statistical information, &c. Caus.. is less than 
 compar. \ and, accordingly, she exhibits more of a practical, 
 literary, matter-of-fact talent, than of deep, logical argument — 
 more of clearness, perspicuity, and force of illustration, than 
 of close inductive reasoning — more of facts, analyzed and 
 systematized, than of profundity and depth of intellect. Her 
 reasonings upon first principles, in short, cannot be relied 
 upon : see Table. 
 
 Bennet. — Phineas Bennet, the distinguished inventer of 
 the new method of generating steam for the steam-engine, 
 furnishes a proof of the truth of phrenology so convincing, 
 and so clear an illustration of the practical application and 
 utility of the principles of the science, that, to omit to mention 
 his phrenological developments, would be doing injustice to 
 the science. His head' is of the largest size, being seven 
 inches and three-eights in diameter where the hat fits to it, 
 but, in consequence of the extraordinary development of the 
 perceptive faculties and of construct., it is much larger a 
 little lower down. 
 
 His development of firm., is most astonishingly great, of 
 28* 
 
330 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 self-e., very considerable, and of concent., greater, perhaps, than 
 the authors have ever seen elsewhere. On a close inspection, 
 his forehead appears really massive. Though generally 
 uniform, it is most developed in the region of the perceptive 
 faculties. His construct, is wonderfully great, so as very 
 much to widen and deepen that portion of the head in which 
 it is located. His form is really prodigious, calcu. very 
 large, size extraordinary, and compar. and caus. but little 
 inferiour, whilst hope is scarcely full: see p. 162. 
 
 His firm., self-e., and concent., are sufficient to give him 
 that astonishing perseverance and connectedness and determi- 
 nation of purpose which, in spite of poverty, the reproaches of 
 his friends, the jeers of his enemies, and the apparently insur- 
 mountable difficulties that, one after another, arose before him, 
 held him for fourteen successive years upon one single inven- 
 tion — an invention that will annually save the world many mil- 
 lions of dollars in the expense of fuel and labour, and render 
 him as immortal as his illustrious predecessor Robert Fulton. 
 His concent, inspired him with patience, and enabled him to 
 concentrate all his powers upon this one point ; his construct. 
 and perceptive faculties, with his caus. and compar., gave to 
 these lastnamed qualities an inventive and mechanical direc- 
 tion; his indifferent hope allowed him fully to mature and per- 
 fect his plan, instead of enticing him to some other pursuit or 
 invention, whilst his self-e. inspired him with the requisite selfc 
 confidence to push forward his designs without encouragement 
 from others; his deficient imitat. neither enabled or disposed 
 him to take any hint or pattern from any other machine, whilst 
 his inventive powers were thus left free to produce something 
 wholly original. Now, any materially different organiza- 
 tion, would have prevented so glorious a result. This organi- 
 zation, then, taken in connexion with his invention, is cer- 
 tainly wonderful to contemplate. Mr. B. was -brought to the 
 office of the writers by Col. Haskett, and furnished with a 
 chart by L. N. Fowler, before he had even heard of such a 
 man or his invention; but a friend of Col. Haskett's, on seeing 
 the chart given, w r as forcibly struck w r ith its accuracy, particu- 
 larly in reference to his concent., adding, that if Mr. B. ever 
 became interested in any subject, nothing could divert his 
 mind from it until he had finished the thing in hand. The 
 relative size of his organs as given at the time referred to, 
 may be seen in the Table of Measurements, p. 347. Con- 
 scien. is very large in his head ; and, with the first money 
 
BY FACTS. 331 
 
 received from the success of his machine, he immediately 
 proceeded to pay up all those debts he had unavoidably con- 
 tracted during his progress, and to amply compensate those 
 who had done him favours, before he thought about himself. 
 
 Mr. B. is also ascertained to be the inventer of the Amer- 
 ican Automaton Chess-player, by which the Messrs. H. are 
 said to have made a handsome fortune. 
 
 Mr. B. stated that after deep and long study upon his machine, 
 he generally experienced a severe pain in the region of the 
 forehead and of the temples, and in showing where it was lo- 
 cated, placed his hand upon construct., cans., and compar : 
 see "increase of the organs by exercise," pp. 365 to 370. 
 
 We again ask our opponents to account for this coincidence 
 between so remarkable a character and the corresponding 
 phrenological developments ; and, if they are not satisfied 
 with our observations, to make observations for themselves. 
 
 Wynans. — Akin to Mr. B. is Mr. Wynans of New York, 
 who has distinguished himself, both in this country and in Eng- 
 land, as a machinist. Four years since, he invented and ap- 
 plied to the Manchester and Liverpool Rail-Road, an improve- 
 ment called the out-side bearing, which was immediately 
 adopted, both in this country and in Europe. The amount of 
 power gained by it, is said to be very great. He is also the au- 
 thor of several other scarcely less important inventions, and is 
 now erecting a very large establishment in N. Y. for making 
 greatly improved locomotive engines, orders for which he has 
 received, not only from many of the principal rail-road com- 
 panies in this country, but several from Europe. His loco- 
 motives are much less expensive, and much more efficient^ 
 than those generally in use. He also invented those very 
 large eight-wheel cars which are coming into so general 
 use, and are both much less expensive, and much more con- 
 venient, than their predecessors. It may not be improper to 
 add, that, for several seasons, he has been employed, at one and 
 the same time, by four different rail-road companies, and is 
 paid fifteen hundred dollars annually by each, simply 'and solely 
 to give advice, without being obliged often to leave his other 
 business on this account, such is his reputation as a machinist. 
 
 This gentleman, with his lady, entered the office of the 
 writer in Clinton Hall, perfect strangers; and the first re- 
 mark made of him, was, "that his mechanical genius and 
 talent were, beyond all question, not only the ruling feature 
 of his character, but greater than in one man in ten thousand." 
 
332 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 This was inferred from his extraordinary development of 
 all the organs that constitute both an inventer and a machinist 
 of the first class — that is, from his extraordinary construct., 
 imitat, form, size, weight, order, calcu., local., compar., caus., 
 and ideal. Now, let the reader contemplate all these united 
 in one and the same individual, whose talents as an inventer 
 and machinist have just been stated, and let him recollect, 
 that all these organs were described as giving those very 
 powers just enumerated, and that, too, in a degree no less 
 striking than they are actually found to exist — described 
 both by the writer, O. S. Fowler, and afterwards by L. N. 
 Fowler, who did not hear the first description, but whose de- 
 scription, according to the testimony of Mr. W., and also of his 
 lady, did not differ from the first either in these, or in any 
 other, points of his character, and then say whether phrenol- 
 ogy is not deserving of belief. 
 
 Let it be observed, also, that in Mr. B., imitat. is deficient, 
 while in Mr. W., it is developed in a most astonishing de- 
 gree, farming a ridge almost as prominent upon his head as 
 the finger would form upon a plain surface. Accordingly, 
 the invention of Mr. BL is wholly original — being through- 
 out, entirely unlike any other \ whilst those of Mr. W. con- 
 sist mainly of improveme?its upon the inventions of others. 
 This will 4 serve to illustrate the influence of imitat. upon the 
 character, as well as upon construct. 
 
 Mr. W. has very large ideal., whilst Mr. B. has much 
 less ; and hence the former embellishes by his improvements, 
 whilst the latter confines his whole attention to the mechani- 
 cal power alone. 
 
 Stephens. — Robert L* Stephens possesses a large head 
 and an unusually active temperament, together with those 
 organs strongly developed which give ambition and energy 
 of character. He has, also, very large construct., caus., corn- 
 par., imitat., individ., form, size, local., ideal., and hope, and 
 large calcala. and order. Hence his extraordinary mechan- 
 ical ingenuity, as displayed in his improved methods of con- 
 structing steamboats, &c. His philopro. is very large ; and 
 hence his extreme fondness for pets, and especially for horses. 
 
 Powers. — Mr. Powers, a very celebrated artist in Wash- 
 ington, D. C, possesses extraordinary form, size, weight, 
 ideal., imitat., caus., compar., and construct, and has partic- 
 ularly distinguished himself for the correctness of his marble, 
 miniature busts of Judge Marshall, Calhoun, and other great 
 
BY FACTS. 333 
 
 men of the nation — in which busts he displays his for m, size, 
 and imitat, with surprising success. 
 
 Mr. P., the clever artist who produced that admirable piece 
 of workmanship known as Ellen Tree, possesses a prodi- 
 gious head in point of size, and, in it, very large ideal., imitat., 
 form, size, and all the other requisites of an artist of the first 
 class; and such he was pronounced to be by one of the au- 
 thors before he was known to him. 
 
 Ames. — A young man of plain, unassuming manners, 
 and, as the vulgar phrase is, somewhat "countrified" in his 
 appearance, entered the office of the writers some time in Jan. 
 of the present year, (1837,) and desired a phrenological ex- 
 amination. He was described by L. N. Fowler and S. Kirk- 
 ham, neither of whom had ever seen him, or heard of him, 
 before, as possessing, among other things, extraordinary 
 powers of memory and observation, together with prodi- 
 giously great calculation. S. Kirkham, in particular, dwelt 
 upon his organ of calcu. as of very uncommon size — as alto- 
 gether larger than any thing of the kind he had ever seen, ex- 
 cept in the boy Michael in the Blind Asylum of N. Y., 
 
 (whose extraordinary powers of calculation, very nearly, if 
 not quite, equal those of Zera Colburn, and will be hereafter 
 spoken of,) and remarked that, in shape and size, the organ 
 in this young man, exactly resembled that in the lad, as well 
 as in the portraits of Zera Colburn. 
 
 But not only was calculation developed in a most extraor- 
 dinary degree, but also nearly all of the perceptive faculties, 
 particularly form, size, weight, individ., local., and event., to- 
 gether with fair caus. and large compar. ; and, accordingly, 
 he was described as having the greatest imaginable curiosity 
 to see every thing in nature, and an ability to remember, 
 most accurately and perfectly, the shape, size, location, and 
 appearance of every thing he ever cast his eyes upon, as well 
 as every thing he had ever heard or read — as having uncom- 
 mon talents for geometry, trigonometry, surveying, engineer- 
 ing, &c. 
 
 After the examination, at the request of S. Kirkham, the 
 young man stated, that his name was Nathan Ames — that, 
 in regard to his memory, he did not know that he had ever 
 forgotten any thing — that he commenced the study of arith- 
 metick at the age of 17, and went through with vulgar arith- 
 metick in jive weeks — that the next winter he went to school 
 again seven weeks, during which time he went nearly through 
 
334 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 with geometry and algebra, leaving off at quadratick equa- 
 tions — and that, afterwards, and without an instructer, he 
 mastered surveying in the evenings of four weeks — that he 
 has since practised surveying; is 22 years of age; and 
 expects soon to enter the engineer department under Gov- 
 ernment. — The correctness of every part of the foregoing 
 statement, the writers are prepared, at any time, to prove. 
 They, therefore, simply ask disbelievers in phrenology, to 
 explain, first, — How this young man is able to learn 
 more in calculation, &c, in a given number of weeks, than 
 is ordinarily learned in twice the number of months, unless 
 it is by means of the extraordinary faculties ascribed to 
 him by phrenology? and, secondly — How the extraordinary 
 power of these particular faculties, could have been so accu- 
 rately pointed out by the examiners, on the supposition that 
 phrenology is untrue ? 
 
 Dr. Griffin.— Whilst one of the authors, (O. S. Fow- 
 ler,) was lecturing in Newark, N. J., Dr. Smith invited him 
 to his office, and there requested that his eyes might be blind- 
 folded whilst he was examining and describing a particular 
 individual. Accordingly, Dr. Griffin was seated in the chair, 
 and, in the presence of his wife and children, Dr. Smith, and 
 others, the following description was given of him. 
 
 Conscien., caus., and compar,, are all very large; accord- 
 ingly, the gentleman is naturally, not only very fond of the- 
 ology and moral metaphysicks, but is a deep and profound 
 moral reasoner, and, his combat, being also large, he must 
 be very fond of debating upon, and discussing, topicks of re- 
 ligious controversial character, or of polemical theology. 
 He possesses, also, great decision and force of character; 
 great integrity, and the highest regard for moral principle; 
 is very incredulous, and places his religion mainly in doing 
 right and in doing good, throwing creeds and ceremonies 
 into the back ground ; is conspicuous for his imitative talent, 
 and for the appropriateness of his gesticulation ; has a quick 
 and lively perception of the ridiculous, and is very sarcas- 
 tick; possesses talents of a high order, and combines the 
 elements of a great genius ; has an unusual share of ideal., 
 and, consequently, a lively imagination, which causes him 
 to express himself with glowing rapture and beauty. He 
 was likewise described as a critick, both logical and verbal, 
 of the very first order ; as being a clear, strong, and lucid 
 yeasoner — most devoted in his attachments,, exceedingly forxd 
 
BY FACTS. 335 
 
 of children, exceedingly apt in relating anecdotes, and in de- 
 scribing, — as more prone to thinking than observing, as ex- 
 ceedingly cautious, &c. These traits of character were 
 drawn from his very large compar., caus., ideal., imitat., be- 
 nev., conscien., approbat., lang., adhes., combat., and firm. ; 
 small marvel., only full ven. and individ., large mirth., de- 
 struct., and event. Dr. G. considered the description wrong 
 in relation to his imitative power, his mirth., combat., and de- 
 struct. ; from which, however, the writer appeals to the de- 
 cision of the publick. 
 
 It may be added, that Dr. G.'s head is unusually large, 
 his temperament highly excitable, all his organs sharp, his 
 forehead high, bold, and expansive, and compar. (a faculty 
 more conspicuous in his character than any other) projects 
 so as to stand out in bold relief: and this, with his ideal, and 
 lang., gives him that peculiar elegance and eloquence of style 
 and delivery which are ascribed to him. 
 
 Dr. Beecher. — This distinguished divine and theologian, 
 and clear-headed reasoner, possesses a head much above the 
 ordinary size, and happily balanced. His constitution is 
 firm and dense, and his physical organization indicative of 
 great power in proportion to its volume. In addition to this, 
 conscien., caus., and compar., are all very large ; and hence 
 his clearness and great power as a moral reasoner. Com- 
 bat, and destruct. are large ; and hence his greatness in the 
 field of polemical controversy, as also that nervousness of style 
 and force of expression by which his writings are character- 
 ized. His mirth, is large, which gives him that facetious 
 disposition and talent, and, with destruct. and combat., that 
 sharp vein of irony and sarcasm, which abounds in his dis- 
 courses, and which has so often called forth the censure of 
 his ministerial brethren. Ven. is below mediocrity, and 
 marvel, is small, whilst his firm, and self-e. are large ; and 
 hence it is that he pays little or no regard to the Westmin- 
 ster Catechism, the Church Discipline, and " the good old 
 way," merely because they have been handed down from 
 former generations ; but he begs leave to think, and to inter- 
 pret the Bible according to the dictates of his judgment and 
 his conscien. 
 
 Dr. Alexander. — In the head of this distinguished or- 
 nament of the church, the organs of ven., firm., and self-e., 
 are all very large ; and hence, unlike Dr. B., he adheres 
 
336 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 strictly and literally to the established church authorities, 
 and resists innovation, might and main : see p. 149, 
 
 In Dr, A. the intellectual organs generally, are largely 
 developed, whilst compar. is very large ; and hence his crit- 
 ical acumen, and his general intellectual powers. 
 
 Stockton. — Thomas Stockton, formerly chaplain to 
 Congress, who stands almost unrivalled for his pulpit elo- 
 quence, as well as for his moral worth, possesses a very 
 large development of nearly all of the perceptive and semi- 
 perceptive organs, and, also, of ideal., imitat., compar., be- 
 nev., ven., and conscien. From his very large lang., individ., 
 compar., and ideal., originate those truly splendid compari- 
 sons, personifications, and allegories, as well as that uncommon 
 propriety, perspicuity, and elegance of expression, for which 
 he is so justly celebrated : see p. 168, and middle of p. 227. 
 
 Ludlow. — The Rev. H. G. Ludlow, in company with a 
 friend of his, entered the office of the writer, and was de- 
 scribed as possessing very large ideal., imitat, adhes., mirth., 
 and benev. ; large lang., caus., hope, ven., conscien., appro- 
 bat., and philopro., and his character was deduced according- 
 ly. His friend, and also himself, considered the description 
 strikingly correct throughout, so much so as frequently to ex- 
 press a firm conviction that the examiner was well acquaint- 
 ed with him. V/hen the examination was concluded, L. N. 
 Fowler entered the office, and was requested to re-examine 
 the reverend gentleman, which he did with the same result. 
 He was described by both as highly intellectual, exceedingly 
 devout and religious, and yet, too facetious to maintain, at all 
 times, a due degree of clerical gravity, and also as possessing 
 a great deal of tender feeling, of imagination, and of love of 
 popularity. 
 
 Burchard. — This distinguished preacher and revivalist, 
 forms one of the best subjects for testing the truth of phreno- 
 logical science which our country furnishes. The size of 
 his head is large, but, when his temperament, which, for ac- 
 tivity and strength combined, the authors have never seen 
 surpassed, if they have seen it equalled, is taken into the ac- 
 count, his mental power and force must be set down as alto- 
 gether extraordinary. His physical organization is remark- 
 ably dense and firm, and, also, in the highest degree, excita- 
 ble. Add to this the sharpness of his, organs, and we have 
 combined a concatenation of circumstances which cannot but 
 produce an extraordinary intellectual character. 
 
BY FACTS. 337 
 
 As phrenologists, the writers have nothing to do with the 
 propriety or impropriety of this most zealous and most ec- 
 centrick gentleman's "measures" or "modes of procedure ;" 
 but they feel bound to say, that his 'phrenological develop- 
 ments plainly indicate a genius of rare talents and uncom- 
 mon mental power — a popular speaker, and publick debater, 
 who, for vigour of thought, and force and clearness of argu- 
 ment and illustration, for intensity, point, and pathos in his 
 appeals to the feelings and the heart, as well as for singularity 
 and sarcasm, in short, for soul-stirring and overwhelming 
 eloquence, has few equals. 
 
 His combat, and compar. are very large; and hence that 
 torrent of striking similes, allegories, and illustrations, which 
 he pours forth in his discourses ; and hence, too, the cause 
 of their being so frequently drawn from scenes of war and 
 stirring strife, in which the contending hosts of the Almighty 
 and of Satan are drawn up in battle array Add to these 
 his very large mirth, and imitat., and we have opened up the 
 phrenological fountain from which flow those wonderfully 
 striking and sometimes ludicrous comparisons and descrip- 
 tions which offend so many of his graver brethren, and which 
 he acts out in a manner still more comical. His conscien., 
 firm., and hope, are all very large, which, with his very large 
 combat., and only full cautious., give him that moral boldness, 
 that energy and enthusiasm, and almost reckless daring, which 
 so strongly characterize his expressions and modes of proce- 
 dure. His very large caus., combined with his still larger 
 conscien., gives him that clear perception of moral truths, 
 and that great ability to reason upon them; which will 
 readily be acknowledged by all of his hearers similarly or- 
 ganized. Add to these his large ven. and very large benev., 
 and we may fairly infer that his motives are good. His ap- 
 probat. is also very large, which throws a sprinkling of am- 
 bition into his composition ; and against this enemy of his 
 spiritual warfare, he acknowledged that he was obliged 
 strongly to contend. 
 
 His adhes. and philopro. are both uncommonly large; 
 and hence, go where he will, he is sure to draw around him 
 an interesting group of devoted friends from among the " little 
 ones" in community ; and hence, also, his unwearied efforts 
 to convert these to the faith of the Gospel. His concent, is 
 small ; and hence his intensity of mental conceptions, and 
 the great variety of thoughts and topicks which he often in* 
 29 
 
338 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 troduces into one discourse. Marvel, is small, which, com- 
 bined with his very large caus., induces him constantly to 
 resort to means by which to accomplish his ends, and to 
 adopt the " new-measure" doctrine of relying more upon 
 human agency and effort, than upon divine interposition, in 
 the conversion of men — the great bone of contention between 
 him and the "old-school" divines. In Mrs. B. marvel, is 
 large and ven. very large; in accordance with which, she 
 was described as differing from her husband in this respect, 
 and as relying more upon divine agency for the advance- 
 ment of religion in the world. On retiring from the room 
 of Mr. B., the writer fell in with the Rev. J. Leavitt, editor 
 of the N. Y. Evangelist, and, in reply to his inquiries re- 
 specting the developments of Mr. and Mrs. B., the writer 
 mentioned this difference in respect to their marvel. Mr. L. 
 then stated, that, in the morning of that day, he witnessed a 
 striking illustration of this difference in their character. The 
 circumstance was this: in conversing about some important 
 thing that was to be done, Mr. B.'s caus. was very active in 
 devising the ways and means by which to accomplish it ; to 
 which Mrs. B.'s marvel, replied, " Let God do his own work, 
 and in his own way." 
 
 To conclude, Mr. B.'s head is very uneven; and hence 
 his extravagances and eccentricities of character : see Table 
 of Developments, p. 346. 
 
 Finney. — The Rev. C. G. Finney has a very large head, 
 and a most favourable temperament ; that is, one in which 
 the bilious and nervous predominate, accompanied with a 
 good share of the sanguine. His head is, moreover, of 
 great height and length, measuring six inches from the 
 opening of the ear to firm., ven., benev.. and compar., and 
 eight and one-eighth inches from individ. to philopro. and 
 being seven and three- eighths inches in average diameter. 
 His forehead is both high and broad. 
 
 His firm, and self-e. are really prodigious, whilst his ap- 
 probat. and secret, are small ; hence that independence, 
 weight, and force of character, and that boldness, directness, 
 and even bluntness of speech, employed in addressing even 
 strangers upon the subject of religion, and which, in the 
 early part of his career, brought down upon him the charge 
 of arrogance and impudence. Hence, also, his unyielding 
 perseverance, which, as well as independence, has characteri- 
 zed his whole course in life. His cautious, is large ; and, 
 
BY FACTS. 339 
 
 without great prudence, no one could have obtained so com- 
 manding an influence in the church as this gentleman now 
 sways. His acquis, is very small ; and his disregard for 
 money is such, that he takes very little interest even in the 
 pecuniary affairs of his own family. Imitat. is very large, 
 and ideal, only full; and hence that incessant, and often 
 powerful, though not very graceful, action which accom- 
 panies his delivery. 
 
 His compar. is immense; hence that wonderful flow of 
 appropriate, clear, striking, and pointed comparisons and il- 
 lustrations which abound in all his discourses. His caus. is 
 also very large ; and if any one, even though prejudiced 
 against the man, can read his sermons, or hear him preach, 
 and not acknowledge that his discourses display a rich vein 
 of original and powerful thought, an uncommon depth, and 
 strength, and force of argument, and a wonderful copiousness 
 and clearness of illustration, the writers beg leave to place a 
 low estimate upon his judgment. In short, nearly all of his 
 intellectual faculties are uncommonly large; and hence the 
 extent of his information, and his extraordinary powers of 
 mind, by which he has distinguished himself, not only in 
 the pulpit, but also at the bar. His lang., in particular, is 
 very large; and his command of words, equally great. 
 This, together with his very large individ., event., compar., 
 and imitat., gives him his almost unrivalled talent for narra- 
 tion and description. His form is also very large ; and it is 
 a fact, that if he see a person but once, he never forgets him. 
 His combat, and destruct are only full, whilst his marvel, is 
 moderate: see Table of Developments, p. 346. 
 
 The writers again appeal to the candid, reflecting reader, 
 and ask him to look at the unusually hi^h and fully devel- 
 oped head, and, especially, forehead, of this great man — they 
 say, great, because they believe, that, without a great mind 
 and uncommon force of character, no one could force himself 
 into notice, and cut so bold and commanding a figure in the 
 world as he has done — and compare them, or his phrenologi- 
 cal developments as given in the Table, with the peculiar 
 kind, as well as amount, of talent which he has displayed 
 throughout his publick career, and then say whether this 
 gentleman does not furnish as strong a proof of the truth of 
 phrenology, as any one fact can furnish in favour of any one 
 science. 
 
 Dewey. — In order to satisfy his mind in regard to the 
 
340 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 merits of phrenology, the Rev. Orvil Dewey, author of " The 
 Old and New World," submitted his head for examination ; 
 and, without knowing him or his profession, he was de- 
 scribed by L. N. Fowler as having immense eaus., compar., 
 ideal., benev., and adhes., and a general development of both 
 the intellectual and moral feelings, together with strong pro- 
 pelling power, and a very large and a very active brain. It 
 was inferred, also, that his developments would be likely to 
 make him an orthodox clergyman. Mr. D. then stated, that 
 this was the only mistake that had been made in the descrip- 
 tion, but added, that he had been a thorough going orthodox, 
 and, as such, studied for the ministry, A more finely bal- 
 anced head, presenting extraordinary reasoning powers, and 
 those faculties which indicate classical taste, and purity both 
 of style and of motives, is very seldom found. 
 
 Rev'ds. Kirk, Beman, MafFet, Walter, and a host of others, 
 equally distinguished with those just described, who have 
 sought for truth by testing practical phrenology, are living 
 evidences of the correctness and applicability of its princi- 
 ples; but the authors lack space in which to describe them. 
 
 Webb. — James Watson Webb furnishes another specimen 
 of the truth of phrenology, which we fancy that our oppo- 
 nents will find it very difficult to gainsay. His head is very 
 large, its average diameter being seven inches and three- 
 eighths. Add to this, one of the very largest developments 
 of firm, and hope which the authors have ever seen, with large 
 combat., approbat., and intellectual faculties generally, and 
 we have the elements of that energy of character, and ambi- 
 tion and enterprise, for which he is known throughout Chris- 
 tendom. Benev., adhes., and amat., are developed in a most 
 extraordinary degree; and we are confident, that, if his ene- 
 mies can testify to the strength and endurance of his opposi- 
 tion and hatred, his friends can also bear witness to the still 
 greater strength and tenacity of his attachments and benevo- 
 lent feelings. But his conscien. and ven. are small, and 
 marvel, so very small as to appear entirely wanting. Hence, 
 his known skepticism, if not opposition to religion ; and he 
 is free to acknowledge that honour, (very large approbat.,) 
 rather than conscientious scruples, is his rule of action. His 
 forehead is high, deep, and broad, and, withal, the various 
 organs are well balanced. Whether his mental manifesta- 
 tions correspond with his phrenological developments, or not, 
 the publick are left to judge for themselves : see Table, p. 347, 
 
by facts; 341 
 
 Leggett. — Leggett, editor of the Plaindealer, who will, 
 of course, excuse our plain dealing with him, two years since 
 was brought by a friend, to the office of the writer, with the 
 request that his strongest trait of character might be pointed 
 out. "Stubbornness" was the immediate reply. After a 
 most hearty laugh on the part of his friend, and the interro- 
 gation of Mr. L., " do you not know me, sir?" his friend asked* 
 if there was nothing more. " Here is very large combat., u 
 was the answer. Now, if we add to these, his large self-e. 
 and conscien., we present a most perfect and striking coinci- 
 dence between his phrenological developments, and that high- 
 minded, independent, fearless, determined, and uncompromi- 
 sing course which this gentleman has thus far pursued. 
 His moral courage none will question. See p. 126. 
 
 All of his perceptive, and nearly all of his semi-perceptive, 
 faculties are very large; hence his prodigious talents for 
 collecting information ; and, if to these, we add his large 
 compar., we arrive at his extraordinary powers of analysis 
 and critical acumen. But his caus. is relatively smaller ;; 
 and hence his arguments are distinguished more by acute- 
 ness and point, than by profundity and depth. 
 
 Noah. — Who that has been delighted wiih the descrip- 
 tive, the humorous, the masterly effusions of the graphick pen 
 of Mordecai M. Noah, can look at his bold and commanding 
 forehead, and especially his very large mirth, and lang.,.and 
 not be forcibly impressed with the striking coincidence be- 
 tween them, and his- peculiarly gifted mentaL manifestations? 
 or who can look at his extremely large development of be- 
 nev. — a trait equally conspicuous in his character — and not 
 acknowledge that, at least, in this instance, phrenology tells 
 the truth? 
 
 Cobb.— Lyman Cobb, the distinguished American lexi- 
 cographer, possesses a rare head, and one that presents many 
 striking proofs of the truth of phrenological science ; but 
 our limits will allow us only to glance at a few of his lead- 
 ing developments. 
 
 In the first place, his head is large, and his temperament 
 highly favourable for activity and endurance. His domes- 
 tick and social organs, except amat., are all large or very 
 large, which, combined with his very large benev. and small 
 selfish faculties, impart to his affections and attachments a 
 purity, strength, and ardour, seldom equalled in the gentler 
 sex, His hope is so large as to make him quite sanguine 
 
342 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 in his expectations ; his firm, is very large ; which makes 
 him stable and decided when he has made up his mind, and 
 quite persevering in the accomplishment of his purposes * T 
 and his combat, and destruct. are sufficient to give him great 
 energy of character. But the most prodigious and interest- 
 ing development in his head, is his conscien. : although his 
 firm, is very large, yet this organ rises above it on each side. 
 In a phrenological view, therefore, we might reasonably 
 suppose, that, in making this head, the Almighty designed 
 to present to the world a perfect specimen of an honest man. 
 
 His self-e. is moderate, his approbat. large, and his cau- 
 tious, very large ; hence his excessive diffidence, modesty, 
 and amiability of character; and these, combined with his 
 excessive conscien., make him feel too unworthy, and cause 
 him to allow others to encroach upon his rights and privi 
 leges. His very large benev., joined with his moderate ac- 
 quis., makes him liberal to excess, especially towards his 
 friends. 
 
 His reasoning faculties are of a high order; his critical 
 acumen, unsurpassed. His form is very large; and this>„ 
 aided by his very large order and large size and local., ena- 
 bles him instantly to detect a typographical errour or an 
 inaccuracy in spelling by a mere glance of the eye — see 
 Table of Developments, p. 347. 
 
 Halleck. — Of all: the distinguished men examined by 
 the authors, they have found few, if any, whose phrenologi- 
 cal developments present more points of interest than those 
 of the nation's favourite poet, Fitz Green Halleck. His 
 feead is large, and very strongly and most favourably develop- 
 ed ; but, what is yet of more importance to him, is, his temper- 
 ament is still more favourable than his phrenological devel- 
 opments : and to this he doubtless owes no small share of 
 his undying fame. 
 
 His domestick and social organs are all large, and adhes. 
 very large, which, united with his very large firm, and 
 large conscien., render his attachments of the most ardent, 
 pure, sincere, and enduring kind. His very large combat, 
 combined with his large cautious., gives him great en- 
 ergy, united with circumspection and prudence: and if we 
 add to these his very large self-e., hope, ideal., and benev., 
 and his large mirth., we combine the elements of a lofty,, 
 glowing, and refined imagination, of sanguine expectations,, 
 of enthusiastick, and, at the same time, delicate, and mos& 
 
BY FACTS. 343 
 
 sympathetic!*: feelings, and of a nobleness and elevation of 
 soul united with independence of character, together with a 
 rich vein of pleasant humour, mingled with irony. 
 
 His intellectual faculties are nearly all large or very large, 
 which, united with his high self-e. and his large moral fac- 
 ulties and propelling powers, enable him to take very accu- 
 rate, very liberal, and very comprehensive views of subjects. 
 According to his phrenological developments, he is a close 
 observer, as well as deep thinker. His talents are quite va- 
 ried, being strong at many points. He is a natural scholar 
 of the first order, and, by habit, " a good and ripe one." His 
 critical acumen is very great, but not superiour to his taste. 
 His powers of description are of a high order, but not more 
 so than his social qualities. He is naturally a gentleman, 
 and is actuated by a noble ambition, unalloyed by selfish mo- 
 tives. Like most other poets, he has hardly acquis, enough 
 to enable him to get rich : — see Table, p. 348. 
 
 On the 24th of April, 1837, S. Kirkham and O. S. Fowler visited 
 the House of Refuge, the Asylum for the Blind, and the Asylum for 
 the Deaf and Dumb, in the city of N. Y., for the purpose of making 
 phrenological observations. In the firstnamed institution, the first 
 subject they examined, was a lad named Kelly, in whose head caus. 
 and compar. are developed in the most extraordinary manner they 
 have ever seen. Caus., in particular, forms two large p?'otuberances, 
 each being very nearly equal in size to that of half a goose egg. He 
 also has fair conscien. and perceptive faculties, without any thing else- 
 remarkable. Accordingly, he was described as possessing, for a lad,, 
 enormous judgment, and prodigious ability to learn, or to compre- 
 hend subjects and principles, together with a decent share of honesty 
 and kind feeling. This description was confirmed by Mr. Hart, the 
 courteous superintendent of the institution, who remarked, that when 
 the lad came there, he could read but very little, but that his capacity 
 for learning and grasping every subject presented to his mind, was so- 
 great, that, in five months, he had ascended from the lowest class to 
 the highest, and had become the best scholar in the institution. 
 
 The next subject examined, was a youth of about 16, who was de- 
 scribed as having very large secret., acquis., firm., and self-e.. large 
 combat, and destruct., small adhes., ven., approbat., and cautious.,, 
 and small reasoning organs, with tolerable perceptive faculties;, 
 and, consequently, as being a notorious liar and thief, a hardhearted,, 
 reckless, impudent, sullen, stubborn wretch, with no kindness or 
 goodness about him — as having, in short, the worst head the exami- 
 ners had ever seen, placed upon the shoulders of a youth, and one 
 that presented a perfect specimen of "the villanously low forehead" 
 described by the immortal bard. To the correctness of this severe- 
 description, Mr. H. also gave his full assent, and stated that the fellow 
 would steal every thing he could lay his hands upon, and that he could 
 discover no good trait or redeeming quality in him, on account of 
 which, he was obliged to keep him almost constantly confined in a cell. 
 
 After this, the narrators examined some fifteen or twenty boys ilk 
 
344 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 the teachers' room of the same institution, and without finding one 
 tolerable head among them. Most of them possess moderate or small 
 reasoning organs, benev., ven., conscien., approbat., and adhes., with 
 full or large perceptive faculties and firm., and large or very large 
 combat., destruct., acquis., and secret. — the whole exhibiting.a melan- 
 choly picture of the phrenological developments of a, set of young 
 rogues. 
 
 But to this disagreeable picture, the writers saw a most pleasing 
 contrast on visiting the Asylum for the Blind; The first striking 
 (and very striking it is, too) general fact in proof of phrenology , that 
 they here observed, was, that nearly all the girls and boys that have 
 been blind from infancy, present, for children and youth, enormously 
 large compar. and cans.,, and very small perceptive organs. This sin- 
 gular fact is perfectly explicable on phrenological principles, but on 
 no others. Not having been able to see, these youth have not been 
 able to exercise and cultivate the perceptive faculties ; whereas, on 
 this very account, they have had much more time, and have been nat- 
 urally led, to think, which would call into exercise, and consequent- 
 ly develop, in an extraordinary degree, the reasoning organs : and 
 their known, intelligence, and uncommon reasoning powers, perfectly 
 agree with their developments. In contrast with the youth in the 
 House of Refuge, they also generally present large moral organs, es- 
 pecially conscien., large cautious, and domestick feelings, but moderate 
 or small selfish organs. 
 
 In this institution the writers also saw the blind boy Michael Ma- 
 guire, so noted for his great calculating powers. His organ of calcu.. 
 is prodigiously developed, corresponding fully with his astonishing 
 computing powers, to test which, the narrators put to him several 
 questions, such as requiring him to give the product of 788 multi- 
 plied by 788, the quotient of 894349 divided by 28, &c, to each of 
 which sums, without slate or pencil, he gave a correct answer in less 
 than a minute. 
 
 But if these cases (and many others which they have not space for) 
 are wonderful proofs of the truth of phrenology, .still stronger evidences 
 of its correctness, if possible, were presented at the Asylum for the 
 Deaf and Dumb. Here, again, in the heads of one hundred and sixty 
 young misses and masters, caus. and compar. are generally develop- 
 ed in an uncommon degree ; but the most astonishing of their phren- 
 ological developments, is their imitat. Nearly all of them have the 
 organ lo.rge, and very many have it bumped up above the surrounding 
 organs, to one-half, and frequently three-fourths, the thickness of a man's 
 finger. In other words, they show a development of the organ three 
 ox four times as large as it appears in youth generally — an irrefutable 
 proof that the organs increase by exercise ; for these youth exercise the 
 faculty of imitat. to an enormous extent, and possess an ability to imi- 
 tate, mimick, represent, and act out, altogether astonishing to those 
 who witness its display, and utterly inconceivable and incredible to 
 such as have not witnessed its manifestation. Since, then, we have 
 no reason to suppose, that these children were born with anything 
 more than an ordinary endowment of imitat., we can explain the 
 stubborn fact here stated only by admitting that phrenology is true. The 
 same fact also teaches us the immense influence which habit, educa- 
 tion, or training, exerts upon the character and talents. 
 
TABLE OF DEVELOPMENTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 e 
 
 55 
 
 s 
 
 l 
 
 CD 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4) 
 
 ,c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 T3 
 c 
 o 
 
 £ 
 
 3 
 
 
 C3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 sA 
 
 £ 
 
 g 
 
 s 
 
 £ 
 
 S 
 
 "5 
 a 
 
 ■ 
 
 >» 
 
 
 £ 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 > 
 
 PS 
 
 i4 
 
 PS 
 
 u 
 P-. 
 
 E 
 
 2- 
 
 Size of the Head. 
 
 6t 
 
 5 
 
 5t 
 
 5f 
 
 5 
 
 5t 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Degree of Activity. 
 
 4* 
 
 6* 
 
 6f 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1. Amativeness. 
 
 5t 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5t 
 
 2. Philoprogenitiv's 
 
 6 
 
 6* 
 
 5* 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 3. Adhesiveness. 
 
 6 
 
 6* 
 
 6* 
 
 5* 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5* 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4. Inhabitiveness. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 5. Concentrativen's 
 
 4* 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2* 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 4* 
 
 5 
 
 6. Combativeness. 
 
 5 
 
 5f 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 5t 
 
 6 
 
 7. Destructiveness. 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 5f 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 8. Alimentiveness. 
 
 6 
 
 5* 
 
 4 
 
 5* 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 9. Acquisitiveness. 
 
 2* 
 
 2 
 
 2* 
 
 6 
 
 
 5t 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 10. Secretiveness. 
 
 3* 
 
 3 
 
 2* 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 5t 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2* 
 
 11. Cautiousness. 
 
 5* 
 
 5t 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 12. Approbativeness 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 13. Self-Esteem. 
 
 5 
 
 5t 
 
 5t 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 6t 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14. Firmness. 
 
 5* 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6f 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 15. Conscientiousn's 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 4- 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 16. Hope. 
 
 5* 
 
 5t 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 17. Marvelousness. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 18. Veneration. 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 2* 
 
 19. Benevolence. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 5f 
 
 6 
 
 20. Constructiven's. 
 
 
 2* 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 21. Ideality. 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5* 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 22. Imitation. 
 
 4* 
 
 5* 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6* 
 
 23. Mirthfulness. 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 24. Individuality. 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6t 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 25. Form. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 26. Size. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 27. Weight. 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 28. Colour. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 29, Order. 
 
 
 5f 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5* 
 
 
 30. Calculation. 
 
 
 5 
 
 5t 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 31. Locality. 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6t 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 32. Eventuality. 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 6t 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 33. Time. 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34. Tune. 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 35. Language. 
 
 4* 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6t 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 36. Causality. 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5t 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 37. Comparison. 
 
 6 
 
 ! 
 
 6 
 
 6t 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6t 
 
 6 
 
 • The authors are not fully confident in relation to the organs thus marked. 
 t Plus, or more, indicating that the organs are somewhat larger. - Minus, or less. 
 
346 
 
 TABLE OF THE DEVELOPMENTS 
 
 Size of Head. 
 Deg. Activity. 
 
 1. Amat. 
 
 2. Philopro. 
 
 3. Adhes. 
 
 4. Inhab. 
 
 5. Concent. 
 
 6. Combat. 
 
 7. Destruct. 
 
 8. Aliment. 
 
 9. Acquis. 
 
 10. Secret. 
 
 11. Cautious. 
 
 12. Approbat. 
 
 13. Self-e. 
 
 14. Firm. 
 
 15. Conscien. 
 
 16. Hope. 
 
 17. Marvel. 
 
 18. Ven. 
 
 19. Benev. 
 §0. Construct. 
 
 21. Ideal. 
 
 22. Imitat. 
 
 23. Mirth. 
 
 24. Individ. 
 
 25. Form. 
 
 26. Size. 
 
 27. Weight. 
 
 28. Colour. 
 
 29. Order. 
 3Q. Calcu. 
 
 31. Local. 
 
 32. Event. 
 
 33. Time. 
 
 34. Tune. 
 
 35. Lang. 
 3,6. Caus. 
 37. Compar. 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 H 
 
 > 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 d 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 e 
 
 <u 
 
 si 
 
 OS 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 P 
 
 c 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 P 
 
 H 
 
 £ 
 
 W 
 
 p 
 
 d 
 
 O 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 2* 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4t 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3* 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
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 6 
 5 
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 5 
 5 
 
OF DISTINGUISHED INDIVIDUALS. 
 
 347 
 
 Size of Head. 
 Deg. Activity. 
 
 1. Amat. 
 
 2. Philopro. 
 
 3. Adhes. 
 
 4. Inhabit. 
 
 5. Concent. 
 
 6. Combat. 
 
 7. Destruct. 
 
 8. Aliment. 
 
 9. Acquis. 
 
 10. Secret. 
 
 11. Cautious. 
 
 12. Approbat. 
 
 13. Self-e. 
 
 14. Firm. 
 
 15. Conscien. 
 
 16. Hope. 
 
 17. Marvel. 
 IS. Ven. 
 
 19. Benev. 
 
 20. Construct. 
 
 21. Ideal. 
 
 22. Imitat. 
 
 23. Mirth. 
 
 24. Individ. 
 
 25. Form. 
 
 26. Size. 
 
 27. Weight. 
 
 28. Colour. 
 
 29. Order. 
 
 30. Calcu. 
 
 31. Local. 
 
 32. Event. 
 
 33. Time. 
 
 34. Tune. 
 
 35. Lang. 
 
 36. Caus. 
 
 37. Compar. 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5t 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 5 
 3 
 5 
 4 
 6 
 
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 6t 
 
 4 
 
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 4 
 
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 5 
 
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 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5t 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 [For a description of characters nor given in the preceding pages, see Appendix.] 
 
 
348 
 
 TABLE OF THE DEVELOPMENTS. 
 
 Size of Head. 
 D eg. Activity. 
 
 1. Amat. 
 
 2. Philopro. 
 
 3. Adhes. 
 
 4. Inhab. 
 
 5. Concent. 
 
 6. Combat. 
 
 7. Destruct. 
 
 8. Aliment. 
 
 9. Acquis. 
 
 10. Secret. 
 
 11. Cautious. 
 
 12. Approbat. 
 
 13. Self-e. 
 
 14. Firm. 
 
 15. Conscien. 
 
 16. Hope. 
 
 17. Marvel. 
 
 18. Ven. 
 
 19. Benev. 
 
 20. Construct. 
 
 21. Ideal. 
 
 22. Imitat. 
 
 23. Mirth. 
 
 24. Individ. 
 
 25. Form. 
 
 26. Size. 
 
 27. Weight. 
 
 28. Colour. 
 
 29. Order. 
 
 30. Calcu. 
 
 31. Local. 
 
 32. Event. 
 
 33. Time. 
 
 34. Tune. 
 
 35. Lang. 
 
 36. Caus. 
 
 37. Compar. 
 
 5 
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 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
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 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
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 3 
 
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 3 
 
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 3 
 
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 6 
 
 3 
 
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 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. S49 
 
 OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 
 
 The following- discussion between 0. S. Fowler and Vin- 
 dex, originally appeared in the "Baltimore Chronicle," in 
 the summer of 1835. At the suggestion of the editor of the 
 *• U. S. Telegraph," and with the hope of more effectually 
 -removing the popular, though groundless, objections to this 
 useful and sublime science, it was afterwards published, with 
 -some slight alterations and additions, in a pamphlet form — in 
 which form 3000 copies have been sold: and, after some 
 hesitation and debate, the authors have concluded to intro- 
 duce it into the present work without materially altering its 
 original plan. Their apology for this step, is, that this 
 method secures the interest and spirit of presenting argu- 
 ments nearly in the form of dialogue, and thus of relieving the 
 reader from the dryness and tediousness of a more prosing 
 and didactick method. Literary merit and elegance of dic- 
 tion are less aimed at than perspicuity of style and force of 
 argument. 
 
 For the Chronicle. 
 
 Proposal for a Phrenological Discussion. 
 
 Mr. Barnes — As phrenology has many enthusiastick vo- 
 taries, and also violent opposers, and is sharing largely the 
 attention of all classes in the community, a properly con- 
 ducted discussion on this subject, may, perhaps, furnish some 
 very interesting matter for your paper. If, therefore, you 
 feel disposed to open your columns to such a discussion, the 
 pole-star of which shall be truth, rather than victory, 
 please to give the following an insertion. 
 
 There are those that see many, and very strong, reasons 
 for believing that phrenology is true, who yet stumble at 
 some seemingly insurmountable objections to it. There are 
 others, especially among professors of religion, who, fearing 
 that its tendency is to infidelity and fatalism, and being ap- 
 prehensive that its influence is immoral and irreligious, 
 have honest and deep-rooted prejudices against it. There are 
 others, again, who ridicule and scout the very idea of the 
 truth of such a science, as "the hallucination of a moon- 
 30 
 
350 DISAGREEMENT AMONG PHRENOLOGISTS. 
 
 struck imagination. 5 '* Now, if any one, or more than one, 
 of either, or of all, the abovenamed classes, or of any other 
 class of objectors or opposers to phrenology, will state their 
 objections to it, in as strong, yet concise, terms, as they please, 
 in the columns of the Chronicle, they will be answered 
 through the same medium by the subscriber. 
 
 O. S. FOWLER. 
 
 P. S. As for those fun4overs, who propagate their hu- 
 morous anecdotes at the expense of phrenology, merely from 
 their love of jokes— -why, do let them enjoy their frolick, as 
 we indulge other sportive, but harmless, insects. And let 
 those, also, who endeavour to put down phrenology by ridi- 
 cule instead of argument, proceed ; for they thus merely 
 betray the weakness of their cause, inasmuch as ridicule is 
 the last resort of a weak and vanquished opponent. 
 
 O. S. F. 
 
 REPLY OF VINDEX.f 
 
 M Mr. Editor— I am willing to accept Mr. Fowler's challenge to 
 anti-phrenologists, contained in yesterday's paper, provided I can 
 understand his opinions upon certain points. As each phrenologist 
 has a system of his own, I should like to understand what Mr. P.'s 
 system iSj and for that purpose I propound the following questions: 
 
 "Is there an organ for each faculty of the mind'? 
 
 u Are there as many nerves leading from the junction of the spinal 
 marrow and brain> to the surface of the brain, as there are phrenolo- 
 gical organs, or are there more 1 
 
 " Is not the scull subject to bony excrescences, which are liable to 
 be mistaken for phrenological organs % 
 
 " Can a phrenologist tell decisively whether a man is a liar, a 
 thief, or a murderer, without reference to physiognomy 1 
 
 " Is an organ increased in size by activity, and can that increase 
 be seen upon the cranium 1 
 
 " When these questions are answered, I shall have some founda- 
 tion to commence a series of arguments against this system. 
 
 VINDEX" 
 
 ANSWER TO VINDEX. 
 
 Sir. — In asserting that " each phrenologist has a system 
 of his own," you assume what is not correct; for, in regard 
 to the fundamental principles of the science, there is perfect 
 unanimity among phrenologists, except on some points that 
 are considered by all as not yet fully settled. It is not true that 
 
 • Dr. Annan, before the Medical Faculty of Maryland. 
 
 t Vindex is not a fictitious, but a real, opponent, or, rather, number of opponent*, 
 
 i 
 
OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 351 
 
 "each phrenologist has a system of his own," any more 
 than it is that every physician has a medical system of his 
 own, every divine, a theological system, every botanist, a 
 botanical system, and every naturalist, a zoological system 
 of his own ; although, it is true, that different phrenologists 
 have different methods of explaining the same thing, and 
 that some carry out certain points farther than others, be- 
 cause they have more extensively investigated them. In 
 the naming and numbering of some of the organs, and in 
 their analysis of some of the faculties, phrenologists do 
 somewhat differ ; but in the arrangement and application of 
 facts, and in their views of the fundamental principles of the 
 science, there is, at the present time, greater unanimity 
 among them than among the teachers of any other doctrines 
 or science within my knowledge. 
 
 Instead, then, of there having been a revolution in the 
 phrenological system, there has been only some little change 
 in its nomenclature. But what science has not undergone 
 even greater changes than this? 
 
 Yours, &c. O. S. FOWLER. 
 
 REPLY OF VINDEX, 
 
 "My assertion that each phrenologist has a system of his own, is 
 founded in fact. In Spurzheim's works on phrenology and physiog- 
 nomy, he distinctly admits, that there was a difference of opinion be- 
 tween Dr. Gall and himself on certain material points, which led to 
 their separation. In Combe's Phrenology, we find several pages ta- 
 ken up in opposition to Spurzheim, on the organ of Inhabitiveness, 
 and on other points, which Mr. F. can ascertain by perusing these 
 works. The only fundamental principle phrenologists agree upon 
 with great unanimity, is, that the brain is the seat of feeling and of 
 thought — a principle which few of their opponents will dispute. 
 
 VINDEX." 
 
 ANSWER TO VINDEX. 
 
 You assert, that " between Combe and Spurzheim there 
 are differences on other points than that of the organ of In- 
 habitiveness." Combe himself says, M To the best of my 
 knowledge, there is no material point of doctrine on which 
 Spurzheim and I differ, except on the organ of Inhabitive- 
 ness :" (Preface to Combe's System of Phrenology.) Now, 
 whether Mr. Combe or you are right, I leave to the decision 
 of those who peruse the works of Combe and Spurzheim. 
 The probability is, that Mr. Combe knows as much about 
 
352 DISAGREEMENT AMONG PHRENOLOGISTS 
 
 this matter, at least, as yourself, and that he would not know^ 
 ingly misrepresent it, especially when such a misrepresenta- 
 tion could so easily be detected. 
 
 You also say, that " the only fundamental principle upon 
 which phrenologists agree, is, that the brain is the seat of 
 thought and of feeling — a principle which few of their op- 
 ponents will dispute." Now, sir, I do not say that your asser* 
 tion is false, but simply ask, if all phrenologists do not agree 
 in maintaining, and that with " great unanimity," not only 
 that the brain is the organ of the mind, but also that the mind 
 is a plurality of faculties — that each faculty is exercised, not 
 by means of the whole brain, but by means of a particular por- 
 tion of it — that the vigorous exercise of any of these faculties, 
 causes a corresponding exercise of its partic ular organ, and that 
 this exercise of the organs causes their enlargement — that 
 the size of these organs is reciprocally as the power of their 
 faculties — that, consequently, the traits of character, and pe- 
 culiarities of talents, are always both indicated, and accompa- 
 nied by, certain protuberances of the brain, and, of course, of 
 the scull, so that the various qualities of intellect and feeling 
 can be discovered by the size and shape of the head ? And 
 are not these principles as fundamental- as the one you men- 
 tion ? If you answer this question in the affirmative, you 
 will contradict yourself; if in the negative, the concur- 
 ring testimony of all phrenologists, and also of all who- 
 are acquainted with the facts in the case, will contradict 
 you. 
 
 It is true, that,, as this science is advancing with unparal- 
 leled rapidity, some suppose that they have made improve- 
 ments, which the limited observation of others does not allow 
 them either to admit or to deny. This remark will explain 
 most of the points of difference between Gall and Spurzheim, 
 but does not show the existence of any opposition of views. 
 Gall originated the science, whilst Spurzheim improved and 
 systematized it. For example ; Dr. Gall observed that a 
 certain portion of the head was very large in inveterate thieves, 
 and, as was very natural, named it the organ of Theft. Dr. 
 Spurzheim discovered that. two organs were located in this 
 region, one of which gave a disposition to hoard up, and the 
 other, to secrete, and accordingly named them acquis, and 
 secret. In adroit thieves, both organs are found, and hence 
 the imperfect observation of Dr. Gall. This discrepance was 
 occasioned by a new discovery, and does not at all invali- 
 
OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 353 
 
 date the truth of phrenology. The same is true of every 
 material difference with which I am acquainted between the 
 two authors, except that about the analysis and naming of 
 the organs. Gall discovered the organs when in excess, and, 
 consequently, named them from the phenomena displayed in 
 their abuse ; and, as his chief attention w^as directed to the 
 discovery of the organs, and the observation of facts, of course 
 he paid but little attention to their analysis. Gail having 
 made his discoveries, and collected a great abundance of ma- 
 terials in support of them, and thus laid a deep and imperish- 
 able foundation for the most beautiful and stupendous of the 
 sciences, Spurzheim enters the field, makes a few valuable 
 discoveries, and, by his extraordinary powers of discrimina- 
 tion, analyzes the faculties, and erects a magnificent super- 
 structure, which is destined to be the admiration of all coming 
 ages, as the richest boon ever yet bequeathed by man to his 
 fellow-men. In doing this, it was necessary to change the 
 names of some of the organs. To this, Gall, as w T as natu- 
 ral, at first objected, but gradually yielded point after point, 
 till, at his death, there was much less disagreement between 
 these two great men than there had formerly been. 
 
 To my question, " Do I understand you to urge this as 
 an objection against phrenology?" you wisely make no reply; 
 for, had you answered in the negative, I should have re- 
 plied, then why adduce it? — if in the affirmative, I should 
 have replied, if your argument proves any thing, it proves 
 too much ; for it equally proves that the sciences of chymis- 
 try, of botany, of mineralogy, of mechanicks, of electricity, 
 of intellectual and moral philosophy, and even of mathe- 
 maticks and astronomy, are all untrue : for, to this day, the 
 ablest mathematicians contend about the question, whether or 
 not the circle can be completely squared, notwithstanding this 
 is one of the oldest, and one of the demonstrative, sciences. 
 But does this prove, that the sublime principles of astronomy 
 are untrue, or that two and two do not make four ? Just as 
 much as a disagreement among phrenologists disproves 
 phrenology. Between Franklin and Du Fay, there was a 
 fundamental difference about electricity — the former main- 
 taining that there were two electrick fluids; the latter, that 
 there was but one; but does this prove that such a thing as 
 an electrick fluid does not exist, or even that its supposed 
 laws are merely "the hallucination of a moon-struck imag- 
 ination?" 
 
 30* 
 
354 ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 Touching this point, I will here introduce an extract from 
 a letter to Dr. Maxwell Mc Do wall, of Baltimore, in reply- 
 to an article published in the May number of the Baltimore 
 Literary and Religious Magazine, not merely because I con- 
 sider it in point, but because I have strong reasons to believe, 
 that this same Dr. McDowall was one of the authors of Vindex. 
 
 11 You urge the disagreement among phrenologists as 
 your most weighty objection against its doctrines. Suppose, 
 then, that the objection were a hundred-fold stronger than it 
 really is, and you, sir, are the very last person who ought to 
 urge it against phrenology, since it bears with a thousand- 
 fold more force against the very science you teach and prac- 
 tise. Who does not know, not only that there are several 
 conflicting systems of medicaL science, but, also, thatsGarcely 
 any two individuals can agree, either as to the nature or the 
 remedy of many diseases % ' First cast the beam out of 
 your own eye, 1 and then you may attempt to 'cast the mote 
 out of your brother's eye.' Many of the differences among 
 physicians are fundamental, and heaven-wide ; and yet, is 
 there no truth at all in any part of the healing art? Bu% 
 upon the ground you take, there is none at all. If this ar- 
 gument is a sound one, by it the truth of every thing can 
 be disproved, and especially every thing pertaining to reli- 
 gion; for different men take different views of almost every 
 popular subject of belief." 
 
 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 In reply to your question, "Are there as many nerves 
 leading from the junction of the spinal marrow and the 
 brain, to the surface of the brain, as there are phrenological 
 organs, or are there more V I will simply observe, that, to 
 my knowledge, no such nerves have been discovered; yet,, 
 for all that, they may exist. But this is by no means a ma- 
 terial point, for we never rely upon the dissection of an or- 
 gan for the discovery, or even the proof of its functions. I 
 shall therefore discuss the anatomy of the brain no farther 
 than it is necessary for me to do in replying to the objections 
 that may be fairly brought against phrenology upon this 
 ground. Yours, &c. O. S. FOWLER. 
 
 " Mr. F. is more willing to give up the consideration of the anato-. 
 my of the brain, than I am. As our readers are practical men, they? 
 
OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 355 
 
 can easily Learn what lias been observed by practical anatomists. If 
 there is any theory in considering the subject, it is on the part of Mr. 
 P., who argues that the fact of none of the nerves of the different or- 
 gans having, to his knowledge, been discovered, is no proof that such 
 nerves do not exist. Now, when an affirmative is stated, it must be 
 proved by facts, otherwise it is only a theory. It is not incumbent on 
 us to prove that such nerves do not exist— that they have not been 
 discovered is sufficient proof of thai fact. We all know that the 
 nerves of the organs of seeing, hearing, smelling, &c, have been 
 discovered, and their course has been traced to various portions of 
 the brain. 
 
 " It is well known that nerves have been discovered of the organs 
 of seeing, hearing, smelling, &c. These are corporeal organs. Mr. 
 F: calls all the organs, as laid down by phrenology, corporeal organs. 
 Now, if that be true, why have not nerves been discovered leading 
 from each organ to, the base of the brain 1 Mr. F., in his second 
 number, says — ' No such nerves have, to my knowledge, yet been 
 discovered. 5 Why have they not been discovered'? Would not such 
 a discovery prove the fundamental principles- of phrenology better 
 than mere conjecture 1 Are the nerves so small as not to be discov- 
 ered by a microscope 1 They must be small indeed, for Lyonet has 
 detected not less than four thousand and sixty-one nerves in the mere 
 larve or caterpillar of a cossus, or insect approaching to a butterfly. 
 
 VINDEX." 
 
 You charge me with assuming the existence of the nerves 
 of the organs, from their non-discovery — with arguing on that 
 assumption, and with calling on. you to disprove it. Now, sir, 
 I neither assume nor deny their existence, nor do I predicate 
 any argument whatever upon it. I simply say, that the point 
 is not material, and assign the reason. Your argument is 
 this: no such nerves have been discovered; therefore, no 
 such nerves exist — consequently, phrenology is not true. 
 This syllogism lacks foundation. You must first prove, 
 that these, nerves are a sine qua non—an indispensable requi- 
 site to the truth of phrenology. You assume this : I deny 
 it. Until you prove this point, your whole argument has not 
 the weight of a feather ; for it is an essential one. After you 
 have proved it, (which you will find a very difficult task,) 
 you will be obliged to prove that the non-discovery of such 
 organs, establishes their non-existence ; which you certainly 
 cannot do. They may exist, and yet not be discoverable; 
 not from their smallness, but from the nature of their substance 
 and texture. The " nerves of the larve," which you mention, 
 are nerves of motion ; and, as the function of these nerves 
 differs jo widely from the function of the nerves of the organs, 
 (on supposition that such nerves exist,) it is prima facie evi- 
 dence, that their nature and texture as widely differ. Their 
 
356 ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 discovery, then, may be, and might be expected to be, alto- 
 gether impossible by human instrumentality, inasmuch as 
 their function is so subtle. 
 
 You plainly intimate, that I am afraid to discuss the anat- 
 omy of the brain — that phrenology is lame here — that I wish 
 to cover this lameness under the plea that our readers will 
 take little interest in the discussion of its theories. In this, 
 sir, you are greatly mistaken. Do I not state that I am ready 
 M to answer any objections which may be urged against phre- 
 nology on anatomical principles? 7 ' Why then charge me 
 with being " more willing to give up the anatomy of the 
 brain than yourself ? M No, sir, so far from being lame here, 
 phrenology is most at home in this field, and perfectly invulne- 
 rable ; and, so far from wishing to evade this point, I am even 
 anxious to take it up. State your anatomical objections, then y 
 and see if I leave them unanswered. It is not for me to 
 prove that anatomy does not contradict phrenology, but for 
 you to prove that it does. When you do this, you will da 
 what no man has yet done. But I mistake, or yours w r ill 
 be emphatically a Herculean task, if you undertake to point 
 out any discrepance between the anatomy of the brain and 
 phrenology. Almost every expert anatomist adopts that 
 mode of dissecting the brain which was discovered by the 
 discoverers of phrenology, and along with it. Medical 
 schools and medical authors are universally adopting the 
 phrenological anatomy of the brain ; and the best dissec- 
 tions of the brain, are those that proceed upon phrenological 
 principles. 
 
 I was recently informed by Dr. Monkur, an anatomical dis- 
 sector in the Washington Medical College of Maryland, that 
 phrenology had thrown more light on the anatomy of the 
 brain, than all other discoveries. Horner, a standard medi- 
 cal author, on the 76th page of his anatomy, says, " Theirs 
 (Drs. Gall and Spurzheim's) is a very improved and simpli- 
 fied method of studying the anatomy of the brain, and of the 
 nervous system." "It is an obvious matter of fact, and, for 
 the most part, as susceptible of demonstration as the contents 
 of the thorax." The ivhole world have long since been chal- 
 lenged to show the least contradiction between anatomy and 
 phrenology. The ablest anatomists of Christendom have tri- 
 ed it, and failed. If you try it, sir, you will also fail. The 
 fact is, that the science of anatomy is founded in nature — 
 phrenology is also founded in nature; and, therefore, each 
 
OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 357 
 
 "will support the other. This is evident from the fact, that 
 the only clear and rational anatomy of the brain, is that 
 which was discovered by 'phrenologists, by means of phrenol- 
 ogy, and along with it, thereby proving that they are both 
 the twin sisters of truth and nature. If, then, you attempt to 
 disprove phrenology by anatomy, you will only spit in the 
 wind, and, of course, in your own face. 
 
 True, you say, unfortunately for your argument, " It is 
 known that the nerves of the organs of seeing, hearing, smell- 
 ing, &c, have been discovered, and that their course has been 
 traced to various parts of the brain." It is also known that 
 these nerves have been traced exclusively (am I not right?) 
 to the base of the brain — the very part allotted by phrenol- 
 ogy to those functions which are common to men and ani- 
 mals. This part of the brain, as well as these nerves, is 
 common to men and animals. The base of the brain, or 
 that part to which these nerves have been traced, is the same 
 part in which phrenology has discovered the organs of the 
 animal functions in man, and comprehends the whole of the 
 animal brain. The organs of the sentiments peculiar to 
 man, together with the reasoning organs, are chiefly want- 
 ing in the animal brain, but occupy a large portion of the 
 human brain. To this portion of the human brain, none of 
 the nerves of the animal functions have been traced. This 
 fact, so far from disproving phrenology, is wholly inexplica- 
 ble on any other than phrenological principles, and goes far 
 to establish these principles. Unless phrenology is true, why 
 is it that the animal portion of the brain, in animals, accord- 
 ing to phrenology, is alone developed ? Unless phrenology 
 is true, why is it that the nerves of the animal functions ori- 
 ginate in the animal portion of the brain ? Unless phrenol- 
 ogy is true, why is it that, in the part of the human brain al- 
 lotted by phrenology to the moral and reasoning organs, 
 where such nerves are not only not necessary, but would be 
 out of place, no such nerves are to be found ? I put these 
 questions home to you, and ask how they can be satisfactori- 
 ly answered, only by admitting that between anatomy and 
 phrenology there exists a striking coincidence. The only 
 statement, then, which you have made respecting the anat- 
 tomy of the brain, bears strongly, if not conclusively, 
 against you, and as conclusively in favour of phrenology. 
 So it is with every anatomical argument which anti-phreno- 
 
358 EXCRESCENCES. 
 
 logical anatomists have yet adduced, or, I venture to say, 
 can adduce. 
 
 EXCRESCENCES. 
 
 In answer to your third question, " whether the scull is 
 not liable to bony excrescences which may be mistaken for 
 phrenological organs," I will simply remark, that, although 
 the scull does present such excrescences as the mastoid pro- 
 cesses, the occipital spine, and, perhaps, some others, yet, 
 since we know their location and their usual form, and since 
 they seldom cover the whole of any organ, an expert phrenol- 
 ogist is no more liable to mistake these for phrenological 
 organs, than an equally expert physician is to mistake a dis- 
 ordered stomach for an affection of the liver. A quack may 
 mistake in both cases, yet there is no necessity for mistaking 
 in either, 
 
 REPLY OF VINDEX. 
 
 11 The writer of this has seen bony excrescences in parts of the scull, 
 where ' cautious. ,' ' firm.,' ' hope,' and ' ideal./ are located. In some 
 cases there were cavities of three-quarters of an inch, and as broad 
 as any phrenological organ. Yet no phrenologist, however expert, 
 could have discovered that they were mere excrescences. 
 
 VINDEX." 
 
 In common with most other anti-phrenologists, you carp 
 a great deal about the " bony excrescences" just as though, 
 because the scull is liable to an occasional excrescence, there 
 could be no truth in the fundamental principles of phrenolo- 
 gy. Suppose the scull were wholly covered with these ex- 
 crescences, the phrenological organs might exist, and perform 
 their functions, just as well with, as without, them. If, then, 
 your argument were stronger by a hundred-fold than it is, it 
 would not at all invalidate the truth of the principles of 
 phrenology: and this is the point we are now discussing. 
 On the supposition that such excrescences were numerous, 
 they would, to be sure, throw in the way of correct phre- 
 nological observations, a difficulty proportionate to their 
 size and number : and this is the most your argument can 
 claim. 
 
 But, so far from these excrescences being numerous, ex- 
 cept the regular processes, which are well known, scarcely 
 
MEMORY. 359 
 
 one occurs on an average, upon a dozen heads, or in nearly 450 
 organs, (there being 38 organs on each side of the head.) 
 And even when an excrescence does occur, it is, at least, ten 
 chances to one, if it covers the whole of one organ, but generally 
 a part of several ; and a hundred more chances to one, if its 
 shape corresponds exactly with that of the organs covered, and 
 then still another hundred, if it is just as large. So that the 
 necessary chance of errour is as one to 45,000,000. And 
 suppose this difficulty to be a thousand times greater than 
 my estimate, the necessary chance for mistaking an excres- 
 cence for an organ, is as forty-five thousand to one. And 
 even then, it is hardly supposable that two excrescences 
 should occur on precisely opposite sides of the same head, so 
 that one side would correct the other. Why, then, should I 
 waste words on so diminutive an argument ? 
 
 The same general remarks will apply to the " cavities," 
 only we must allow for the fact, that these are still more easi- 
 ly detected. In my publick examinations in this city, I have 
 detected three cavities, occasioned by blows upon the head ; in 
 New York, at least, two ; in Albany and Troy, several ; one 
 in Brattleboro', Vt. ; and a number in other places : and in 
 all my examinations, I know of but one mistake occasioned 
 by cavities, and that was in this city ; but by a subsequent ex- 
 amination, the errour was at once corrected. 
 
 That these excrescences occasionally throw some difficul- 
 ty in the way, especially of the unpractised phrenologist, I 
 readily admit; but their shape is so irregular, and their 
 knotty appearance differs so widely from the regular swell 
 of the phrenological organs, that the phrenologist must be 
 comparatively a tyro in observation, whatever he may be in 
 theory, who mistakes the one for the other. The difficulty 
 seems to be far greater in theory than it really is in prac- 
 tice, especially to those who look at it through the magni- 
 fying glass of prejudice. — The frontal sinuses will be subse- 
 quently considered. 
 
 I will here take the liberty of introducing a couple of par- 
 agraphs from a publick discussion which took place in Wash- 
 ington, D. C, with Dr. Joseph M. Munding, of that city. 
 
 44 You affirm, sir, that 4 the bumps may be caused as well 
 by blows from without, as by the actual shape of the brain/ 
 and say that I 4 never make any difference between these 
 two kinds of protuberances.' This statement, sir, allow me 
 to say, is entirely erroneous, for I can, and do, at once detect 
 
?60 REPLY TO OBJECTIONS. 
 
 the difference. At the Baptist Church, the citizens of W* 
 heard me state unhesitatingly, that a certain head which was 
 examined, had sustained a severe injury from a blow ; and 
 also heard, by the gentleman examined, a confirmation of my 
 decision. 
 
 " Besides, sir, you perhaps need be reminded, that blows 
 upon the head generally produce cavities instead of bumps. 
 By what mechanical process a breaking in of the scull causes 
 a * bump, 1 I am really at a loss to divine. Blows generally 
 produce irregular cavities, whilst the phrenological organs 
 are regular sioells of a given shape, and alike in both hemi- 
 spheres of the brain ; and yet you say, that ' I ascribe to each 
 of them the same influence upon the mind/ This statement 
 of yours, in common with many others, betrays gross igno- 
 rance of the whole subject of debate. And yet you say, that 
 this point is so plain, and so clear against me, * that it re- 
 quires no farther argument.' n 
 
 MEMORY. 
 
 You ask, sir, " whether there is an organ for each facul- 
 ty of the mind." I answer, yes, so far as these faculties 
 have, as yet, been discovered. You then say, as " Mr. F. 
 admits, that there is an organ for each faculty of the mind,, 
 will he state where the faculty of memory is located, and 
 what name phrenologists have given to it V 1 
 
 Pray, sir, what am I to understand by the faculty of mem- 
 ory? I deny that the mental phenomena called memory, 
 are performed by a single faculty of the mind. There are 
 almost as many different kinds of memory as there are dif- 
 ferent minds, and these kinds of memory differ as much from 
 each other as the head does from the foot — as much as rea- 
 son does from feeling. What, then, do you mean by the term 
 memory? — Memory of what?— of faces, places, iJeas, sto- 
 ries, friends, enemies, size, words ? — memory of what ? 
 Just describe the kind of memory which is the subject of 
 your inquiry, and I will describe its location and its name. 
 
 Do you not see, sir, that yon have put your question too 
 soon ? You should have first demonstrated, that the phenom- 
 ena of memory are the product of a distinct mental faculty, 
 and then have demanded the phrenological name and loca* 
 tion of that faculty. 
 
 Memory is simply the irenunisoence of the operations 
 
MEMORY. 361 
 
 of the faculties. One faculty has to do with words, an- 
 other with ideas and principles, a third with facts, &c. ; 
 and each faculty recollects those things with which it 
 has to do. If, then, that faculty which has to do with prin- 
 1 cinles, (caus.,) is stronger in that one than that which has to 
 !do with incidents, (event.,) he will remember principles as 
 ■much better than he does facts, as his caus. is stronger than 
 his event. : and so of every other faculty. 
 
 I repeat — describe the kind of memory you mean, and I 
 will point out to you its local habitation and its name; or 
 bring me a child, and I will tell you wbat kinds of memory 
 it possesses, and where the different kinds are located. But 
 ask me, " where (in the head) the faculty of memory is loca- 
 ted," and I must answer you as the yankee answered the 
 question, where he was born : w why," said he, u at Barnstable 
 Bay, Cape Cod, and all along shore." Memory of something 
 is located, at least, all over the forehead. Understand me to 
 introduce the Yankee answer, not because I wish to ridicule 
 you, or your question ; for it is put to me daily, and is proper 
 enough — but because it is too indefinite to admit of a definite 
 reply. The same is true of every other faculty of every 
 other system of mental philosophy : and this very point 
 shows both the weakness and the obscurity of all other sys- 
 tems of mental philosophy, but the inimitable beauty, clear- 
 ness, and simplicity of phrenology. 
 
 Suppose, for example, I should go with you into the fam- 
 ily with which you are most familiar, and ask you, "Has 
 that child a good memory?" You answer, " yes— no child 
 has a better one." I say to the mother, " Can this child re- 
 member the countenances and dress of those that he saw at 
 church V " No, sir, but he can remember the whole of the 
 sermon." I ask you, if the second has a good memory. You 
 say, " no." I ask the mother, if she cannot recollect, with re- 
 markable accuracy, the faces and dress of those she saw at 
 meeting. u Yes," says the mother, " but she cannot recollect 
 a word of the sermon." Now, sir, you were both right, and 
 also wrong, in both your answers. A third child can re- 
 member only the substance of the sermon ; a fourth, neither 
 the substance of the sermon, nor the words of which it was 
 composed, nor the dress of those that were there, but can sing, 
 with perfect accuracy, all the tunes she heard there, and will 
 never forget them. But, if you ask me, whether this or 
 that child has a sfood memory, I will tell you in every in- 
 31 
 
362 REPLY TO OBJECTION?. 
 
 stance, and with unerring certainty, just what kind of memo- 
 ry the child possesses; and also describe every other striking 
 faculty of the child. If, instead of my assertion, you wish 
 ocular demonstration, choose your time, place, children, 
 witnesses, scribe, &c, with the understanding that the result 
 is to be published, and I will attend. Let the true character 
 of the children be previously written out, and their physiogno- 
 my covered. Invite Dr. Annan, and let us see whether phre- 
 nology is "the hallucination of a moon-struck imagination,'' 
 or whether it is a true science. Since I appeal to such a test, 
 my declaration must be admitted until it is disproved. 
 
 According to the system, that one faculty has to do with 
 thoughts, another with events, another with colours, and so 
 forth, it is an a priori inference, that that faculty which has 
 to do with thoughts, should remember thoughts ; that that 
 which has to do with events, should remember events, and so 
 on. But, touching this point, one fact is better than a thou- 
 sand syllogisms. Therefore, until you accept my challenge 
 of an appeal to a practical test, I shall drop the subject. 
 
 Again, you argue that, " If phrenology can come no 
 nearer a man's character than to say, he is either avaricious 
 or a thief, the system is of no value at all." In reply, I would 
 ask, what is an avaricious feeling but a desire for property, 
 and what is a thievish disposition but a desire for property? 
 The one is a desire which expresses itpelf in one manner, 
 and the other, the same desire, expressed in another manner; 
 but the two can hardly be considered as separate affections 
 of the mind. Now, phrenology can tell how strong a man's 
 love of "property is: and is this of no value? Phrenology 
 goes more deeply into the subject than to look at mere acts. 
 It goes into the secret recesses of the soul, and measures the 
 depth and strength of the very springs of human thought 
 and feeling. It discovers and analyzes the relative strength 
 and power of the faculties themselves — of the very fountains 
 of emotion and action. This is the peculiar prerogative — the 
 inimitable excellence and beauty of phrenology. 
 
 You object to the phenomena of the " phrenological or- 
 gans acting in companies," as if it were a defect in our sys- 
 tem. Who walks without using, at the same time, his feet, 
 legs, toes, eyes, lungs, and even hands — without calling into 
 action almost every organ and nerve belonging to the body? 
 Innumerable instances might be adduced of a like character. 
 Indeed, we perform scarcely an act of our lives without the 
 
OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 363 
 
 co-operation of several organs. Is it strange, then, that the 
 phrenological organs should " act in companies f" It would 
 be strange, passing strange, and contrary to the whole 
 analogy of nature, if these organs did not " act in com- 
 panies." 
 
 On the supposition that the seemingly opposite organs of 
 destruct. and benev. are equally large, you ask, which will 
 predominate ? I answer, the one which circumstances excite 
 the most for the time being. When there is nothing to ex- 
 cite the former, and much to excite the latter, kindness is the 
 result ; but, when injustice or personal abuse excites destruct., 
 severity, and sometimes rage, are the consequences. Thus 
 phrenology alone will explain the character of those who 
 are generally kind, obliging, sympathetick, &c, but who, 
 when thoroughly provoked, are terrible — are truly fiend- 
 like, and entirely beside themselves. It is thus that phre- 
 nology, and phrenology alone, analyzes, most perfectly and 
 beautifully, those characteristicks and mental phenomena 
 which can be explained in no other way — which no other 
 system of mental philosophy can reach. 
 
 You doubt whether I can " describe the same character 
 twice alike." Try me. I propose this evening to examine, 
 oublickly, a number of heads. I give you the privilege of 
 producing any person you please, whose head I have already 
 examined, and of allowing him to say before the audience, 
 whether the two descriptions of character agree.* 
 
 As will be seen by a reference to the facts stated in the 
 preceding pages, I have been tested, in this way, hundreds 
 of times, and I always give the same description of character, 
 me second time, that I do at first, and, in general, nearly the 
 same numbers. While reading your last, a gentleman 
 (whose name I can give) entered my office, whom I had 
 examined three weeks previous. I gave him a new chart; 
 and, on dividing the sum total of the numbers in the two 
 charts, by the total difference, this difference was only as 
 one to fifty. A gentleman of Baltimore lost his chart, and, 
 after giving him the second, he declared, in the presence of 
 a distinguished author of this city, that every number of the 
 
 * At the meeting mentioned, the writer was thoroughly tried, both with and with- 
 out his eyes covered ; and in the hundreds of organs that he pronounced upon, 
 f here was no material difference except in one instance. In every case but two, 
 the size of th« organs was described alike, was the same, or did not differ over 
 two-twentieths from that previously given. 
 
364 AGREEMENT IN EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 second chart agreed with every number of the first, with but 
 one slight exception. The difference between them was as 
 1 to 1.25. A Mr. S. Smith, merchant in Troy, staked the 
 price of an examination, that the difference between the first 
 and second examinations, would be as one to eight. It was 
 as 1 to 85. All the numbers, except five, were alike in both 
 charts. How much more accurately than this, is surveying 
 done by mathematical instruments ? 
 
 Now, allow me to try your " expertness." Take, if you 
 please, promiscuously from a stream, 35 pebbles, and give 
 me, by the senses of seeing and feeling, their relative size, 
 in a scale of numbers from 1 to 20. Do the same one hour 
 afterwards, or three months afterwards, (as was the case in 
 the instance you cite against me,) and if your numbers do 
 not differ ten times as much as mine did, I will acknowl- 
 edge — not that phrenology is not true, but, simply, (and this 
 is alt you can ask,) that I am not ten times as " expert" as 
 you are. Will you try it, or, without trying it, acknowledge 
 that your argument is weak, nay, puerile? 
 
 As the mere numbering of the relative size of the organs 
 is no necessary part of phrenology, I may give two descrip- 
 tions of character, both perfect, and precisely alike, and yet 
 ii/t put down precisely the same numbers in both cases. It 
 is much easier to describe the character than to transfer these 
 numbers accurately to the chart ; yet the chart is very useful 
 for the purpose of preserving, as nearly as maybe, the result 
 of the description given. 
 
 But the proper question at issue, is, not whether my skill 
 in judging of size is so marvellously great that I can, at one 
 time, mark off, in a scale of from 1 to 20, the relative size 
 of 38 organs, and at another time, or at four, six, or ten other 
 times, mark off the relative size of the same 38 organs with- 
 out any variation in any of the numbers, but whether, sole- 
 ly by the application of phrenological principles, I can, at 
 one time, accurately describe the character and talents of an 
 individual^ and at another time, or at four, six, or ten other 
 times, solely by the application of the same principles, de- 
 scribe the character of the same individual with equal accu- 
 racy, or without any material variation from the first de- 
 scription given: and in this latter form, I am prepared to 
 meet the question in the affirmative. But suppose that I 
 should sometimes vary in my descriptions of the same char- 
 acter, Would this wholly disprove vhre?wlos;y % or merelv 
 
OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 365 
 
 pfo\V> that, as a practical phrenologist, I am not infallible, 
 but sometimes more "expert" and accurate than at others? 
 
 INCREASE OF THE ORGANS BY EXERCISE. 
 
 Again you ask, " Is an organ increased in size oy con- 
 stant activity, and can that increase be observed by an exami- 
 nation of heads?" To both parts of this question I answer 
 in the affirmative ; and this increase can be measured by in- 
 struments, or seen on busts taken at different periods of life. 
 And this theory is in perfect accordance with the whole pro- 
 cess of nature, and with the fundamental principles of phys- 
 siology. 
 
 You ask, if I " mean that the mental organs are corpo- 
 real ?" The brain is certainly a corporeal organ. Corpo- 
 real means, belonging to the body. The brain belongs to 
 the body, and is therefore a corporal organ, and, of course, 
 governed by the same laws of increase and decrease that 
 govern other corporeal organs. It is also the mental organ, 
 or the organ of the mind. You say, " it is not true that the 
 violent action of the body, increases the action of the mind — 
 and that exercise does not increase, nor inactivity diminish, 
 the size of the veins and arteries." I say it is true, and ap- 
 peal both to the personal experience, and to the observation, 
 of every reader, whether, when his body is vigorous and ac- 
 tive, his mind is not proportionally so; and whether, when 
 his body is sluggish or drowsy, his mind also is not equally 
 so ; and whether the shaking of a drowsy child does not 
 quicken his mental, as well as corporeal, action ? Never 
 give a child any exercise, and see how fast his veins and ar- 
 teries will grow. You say, " the muscles of a blacksmith's 
 arm are first hardened, and then increased." I reply, that 
 the two processes of hardening and increasing, are simulta- 
 neous. You say, that "comparisons drawn from material 
 objects, do not apply to the immaterial mind." I answer, 
 that the brain, about which we are arguing, is just as much 
 material as is the blacksmith's arm, and is governed by the 
 same laws, one of which is, that its exercise causes its in- 
 crease. It is for you to prove either that the powerful action 
 of the mind does not produce a corresponding action of its 
 corporeal organ, the brain, or else that exercise, while it in- 
 creases the size of every other organ of the bodv 4 does not 
 31* 
 
366 ixcit£As& of riii: organs, 
 
 increase the size of the brain. All analogy is point blank 
 against you, and in my favour. 
 
 You say, i: that a mental organ is increased in size by constant ac- 
 tivity, and that this increase can be observed by examination, requires 
 to be proved. Assertion alone is not sufficient. There is not a sin- 
 gle case recorded by phrenologists, of a head's having undergone any 
 change so as to prove that one organ has increased or diminished in 
 size, compared with the other organs in the same head. It is now 
 forty years since Gall first unfolded his theory to the world ; and if 
 any change had taken place in the relative size of the organs, we 
 should have been informed of it long before this/' 
 
 It is a universal principle of nature, that every '* organ 
 is increased in size by constant activity," and the increase 
 of the brain can be determined just as well as that of any 
 other corporeal organ. If " assertion alone is not suffi- 
 cient,' 1 analogy and physical demonstration are # //-sufficient, 
 Your " assertion alone is not sufficient" against such evi* 
 dence. It has been observed by hatters, that literary men 
 generally require larger hats than labouring men, even 
 though their bodies are smaller, The reason of this differ- 
 ence is obvious. By exercising their intellects, and not pro* 
 portion ally their bodies, educated men, of necessity, exercise 
 their brains, and thus cause them to grow proportionally 
 faster than their bodies; while the opposite holds true with 
 regard to working men : and without a variation in nature's 
 laws, the fact could not be otherwise. 
 
 Your gratuitous assertion, that "phrenologists have never 
 recorded a case of a single organ's having increased or dimin- 
 ished in size when compared with the other organs in the 
 same head, although they have had the observation of forty 
 years," is contradicted by facts. While lecturing in Boston, 
 Dr. Spurzheim was accustomed to exhibit two casts of the 
 same head, the first of which was taken when the individual 
 was of mature age, but before he had devoted much attention 
 to a mechanical occupation : the other, twenty years after- 
 wards, at which time the same individual, by his mechanical 
 inventions and skill, had become noted throughout Europe 
 as one of the greatest machinists of the age. 
 
 Deville of London, has a multitude of casts, several of 
 which were taken from the same head at different periods of 
 life, and when the pursuits of these individuals required the 
 exercise of different classes of faculties, which show a com- 
 parative increase of the faculties exercised, and a decrease of 
 
INCREASE OF THE ORGANS B¥ EXERCISE. 367 
 
 the faculties not exercised. A gentleman in England had a 
 cast of his head taken annually for five successive years. 
 Meanwhile he stimulated some of the phrenological faculties, 
 and avoided exercising others. Every successive cast show- 
 ed an increase of those organs that were exercised, and a de- 
 crease of those that were restrained. The first and last 
 casts differed from each other so much, that they would 
 hardly have been recognised as casts of the same head. I 
 had this fact from a gentleman (an editor) who had examin- 
 ed the busts alluded to. Many more examples might be 
 quoted ; and yet you say, that " phrenologists have never re* 
 corded a case of the kind." If you have not read all the 
 phrenological works, why do you make this assertion? If 
 you have, why misrepresent them in this manner ? This 
 proves that you know comparatively nothing of the doctrines 
 you oppose. Ignorance of this subject is, however, common 
 to all anti-phrenologists. 
 
 Several instances, both of increase and decrease, hare 
 fallen under my own observation. While examining the 
 head of a gentleman in Philadelphia, I noticed that the or- 
 gans on one side of it, were larger than those on the other. 
 He then stated that, for two years, that side of the head on 
 which the organs were smaller, had not perspired, while the 
 other had perspired very freely. This proves that the organs 
 on that side which had not perspired, had not been active, 
 and that those of the other, had been. It follows, then, either 
 that the smaller organs had become so in consequence of 
 their inactivity, or else, that in consequence of their activity, 
 the larger ones had outgrown them. Either supposition 
 proves that a mental organ is increased by constant activity, 
 and decreased by inaction. Dr. Spurzheim examined the 
 head of a distinguished female, whose life had been chief- 
 ly occupied with books, and severe application to the ab- 
 stract sciences. Her phrenological organs of causal., corn- 
 par., mirth., ideal., lang., and event., were large, and her ob- 
 serving organs, small. In order to exercise a new class of 
 faculties, the organs of which are located about the eye, she 
 was advised to leave her abstract studies, and take up bota- 
 ny, mineralogy, phrenology, &c. This she accordingly did 
 with all her might, and in three months there was a percepti- 
 ble increase of the organs thus exercised. 
 
 I am also perfectly certain, that since I commenced the 
 practice of phrenology, several of my own organs which 
 
$68 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED 
 
 have thereby been called into constant activity, have very 
 perceptibly increased, while others that are now exercised 
 Comparatively less than before, are proportionally smaller. 
 For example; the organ of size, which, when I commenced 
 the practice of phrenology, I observed to be on a par with 
 the other perceptive organs, and which, since that time, has 
 been called into almost constant activity, now protrudes far 
 above all the others in the arch of the eye. 
 
 Upon the return of my brother, L. N. Fowler, from a 
 phrenological tour of eighteen months in the west and south, 
 during which time he was almost constantly employed in 
 examining heads, which, of course, required the equally con- 
 stant exercise of his organs of size, individ., form, local., 
 event., compar., and lang., I observed that these organs, es- 
 pecially size, compar., and lang., had very much increased. 
 
 In the heads of sailors who have long followed the seas, 
 the organs of form, weight, and local., are generally very 
 large. Size and order are also commonly found very large ; 
 but the organ of w r eight, in particular, is so uniformly de* 
 veloped to a very great extent, that, from this circumstance 
 alone, especially when taken in conjunction with form and 
 local., experienced seafaring men can generally be selected 
 from others. In men of this description, among the hundreds 
 I have examined, I have never seen one instance of a defi* 
 ciency of these organs. Now, their occupation Calls these 
 organs into almost constant exercise / and is it irrational to 
 suppose, that this exercise causes in them this much larger 
 development of these organs than is found in men in general, 
 who exercise them less % 
 
 The organ of amat. is very small in children ; but it in* 
 creases during the years of youth and manhood in proportion 
 to the increased strength of its corresponding passion ; and 
 diminishes again in old age. I have observed, also, that this 
 organ is much larger in married, than in unmarried, per- 
 sons. 
 
 In the spring of 1835, 1 visited the deaf and dumb asylum 
 of N. Y. city, and, to say that the organ of imitat., as devel- 
 oped in the heads of the pupils of this institution, was twice 
 as large as it is usually found, would by no means come up 
 to the truth. Such a development of this organ the author 
 had never seen before ; and, what is most extraordinary is, it 
 was very large in all the pupils. 
 
 To the question, " How is it possible for you to teach 
 
INCREASE OF THE ORGAN'S BY EXERCISE. 369 
 
 these unfortunate beings, who can neither hear nor talk, to 
 communicate their ideas and feelings with a readiness and 
 facility almost equal to those who can both talk and hear ?" 
 Mr. Gary, one of the instructors, replied, " We teach our 
 pupils to express themselves in those gestures and actions 
 which are the natural offspring of their feelings." I wit- 
 nessed one of their debating performances, in which the one 
 who was addressing the rest, was all life and animation, and 
 made use of the most natural and powerful gesticulation. 
 See them at their meals, or at their sports, and all their com- 
 munications consist of their ideas acted out. Mr. Cary 
 brought one forward, who was noted for his wonderful power 
 of imitating a man shooting fowls. Another specimen of 
 imitative power at all to be compared with this, or another 
 such an organ of imitat. as this youth possessed, I have never 
 seen. 
 
 That this organ and its corresponding faculty are not in 
 so high a degree innate, is evident from the fact, that they 
 are so much larger in these youth than in others. Hence, 
 this increase of the organ in proportion to the exercise of the 
 faculty, and this extraordinary power of tue faculty, which 
 corresponds with the increased size of the organ, bring us to 
 the obvious conclusion, that the reciprocal increase of the two, 
 stands in the relation of cause and effect. 
 
 Again ; in the institution for the blind in the city of New 
 York, the manifestation in the pupils, of much smaller or- 
 gans of the perceptive than of the reflective faculties, is so 
 plain as not to be mistaken by the most superficial observer. 
 Now, why is this? Evidently because, in consequence of 
 a destitution of sight, they cannot exercise their perceptive 
 faculties, and, therefore, these remain unincr eased ; and, on 
 the same account, the reflective receive the greater exercise, 
 and, consequently, become uncommonly large. 
 
 This point, then, I shall take the liberty to consider as 
 established, both by analogy, and by 'physical demonstration, 
 namely, that the exercise of particular mental faculties, 
 causes the exercise, and consequent enlargement, of corres' 
 ponding portions of the brain, and, of course, an increase of 
 the scull above them ; (see p. 22-24 ;) so that the strength 
 of particular mental faculties can be determined by the size 
 of their cerebral organs, and the size of these organs by the 
 form of the scull. This I conceive to be not only one of the 
 least explored, but one of the most important, departments of 
 
370 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 this invaluable science ; and, if this is correct, of what moment- 
 ous importance — of what immense utility, a knowledge of phre- 
 nology might be to parents and teachers. They might cul- 
 tivate or restrain — might stimulate or allay, such organs as 
 the case demanded, and thus make their children almost any- 
 thing they choose. Not, however, that the nature of child- 
 ren could thus be changed; but excesses could be prevented, 
 and the hand of the parent directed to the identical point of 
 excess or deficiency. Yes, sir, phrenology is destined to be 
 of greater practical utility to mankind than any — I had al- 
 most said, than every other science — greater than any finite 
 mind can imagine. And yet, you oppose it! But you are 
 pardonable; for, as has been shown, you do it ignorantly. 
 Yours, &c. O. S. FOWLER. 
 
 PHRENOLOGY NOT DEPENDENT UPON 
 PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 You ask, " By examining the cranium, can a phrenolo- 
 gist pronounce decisively w T hether a man is a liar, a thief, 
 or a murderer, without reference to physiognomy ? I an- 
 swer, just as well without physiognomy as with it. I will 
 also refer you to the certificates given by the keepers of most 
 of the prisons in Europe, w T hich affirm that Drs. Gall and 
 Spurzheim, in every attempt, classified the prisoners with 
 perfect accuracy, according to their crimes. I will also ac- 
 company you to any prison you please, and pronounce cor- 
 rectly upon the class of crimes committed by given individu- 
 al Is, or yield the argument. The subjoined notes are select- 
 ed, from many other similar cases, as in point.* 
 
 * From the Pittsburg Times. 
 
 " We attended at the Penitentiary during the afternoon of Friday, along with 
 aeveral gentlemen, to see Mr. L. N. Fowler examine the heads of the convicts. 
 This gentleman has been delivering lectures, &c, at the Hall of the Young Men's 
 Society, and the purpose of the visit was to test his phrenological skill. He passed 
 through the ordeal in a manner calculated to Demonstrate, not only the authenti- 
 city of the science, but also the fairness of his own claims to an acquaintance with 
 its principles. 
 
 " fn no instance did he seem to err, either in relation to the nature of the offence 
 ia question, or in the particular details of character which he generally stated mi- 
 nutely. The dispositions of some of the convicts were pronounced as equivocal : 
 thus — one was said to be liable to commit rape, or murder, or possibly theft. The 
 conviction had been fbr rape Another was stated to be prone to murder— or to 
 commit destruction in some way. The conviction had been for house burning. 
 The uncommon mechanical powers and high intellectual cast of another, were 
 
 well indicated. The case of , who robbed Mr. Cook, was well stated. The 
 
 thieves, who were numerous, were generally designated very explicitly. The boy 
 Ilazlet was represented as being not particularly prone to criminality, except that 
 
PHRENOLOGY INDEPENDENT OF PHYSIOGNOMY. 371 
 
 You say, " that Gall could easily determine that persons 
 were rogues when he saw them in prison." True; but he 
 could not thereby determine the class of their crimes — 
 whether they were sent there for stealing, for assault and bat- 
 tery, or for murder, &c. ; and this is what Dr. Gall did. 
 
 You also intimate, that phrenologists determine character 
 by the physiognomy. Surely, sir, you cannot be ignorant 
 of the fact, that, from the time I first came to Baltimore, to 
 this day, I have challenged disbelievers to cover the physi- 
 ognomy of the subject. I have, likewise, in this city, and 
 elsewhere, repeatedly examined subjects before large audi- 
 ences with my own eyes blindfolded ; and, according to the 
 testimony of the subjects themselves, and of all who knew 
 them, there was a perfect coincidence between my descrip 
 tions of the character, and the character itself. 
 
 Among many others, I re-examined, blindfolded, before 
 the Baltimore Lyceum, the head of the editor of the Chroni- 
 cle. The gentleman then stated to the audience, that the 
 description corresponded, on every point, with that previous- 
 ly given before an audience at my first lecture. The first 
 time I examined the gentleman, he was a perfect stranger to 
 me ; and the second time, I knew not whom I was describ- 
 ing. And yet, it is a matter of publick notoriety, a fact sub- 
 stantiated by the publick testimony of Mr. Barnes himself, 
 that the two descriptions agreed in every respect, both with 
 each other, and with his true character. 
 
 After the lecture, a gentleman produced a little boy. I 
 said he w T as a thief — was cunning, deceitful, lying, haughty, 
 stubborn, proud, ungovernable, &c. The gentleman said, 
 '•your description is perfectly accurate. Till now I have 
 
 he would be liable to be led by others to any sort of crime. This was the well- 
 known case of manslaughter, committed at Wilkinsburgh by a gang of boys, at the 
 instigation of certain notorious villains. 
 
 " In the evening we submitted to his inspection the scull of a very remarkable 
 character, a most devoted boxer and blackguard. He returned a written descrip- 
 tion singularly correct ; remarking, among other things, that 'he was continually 
 under the influence of a querulous, barbarous disposition,' &c. 'the slave of his 
 propensities ; loved quarreling as well as eating.' " 
 
 From the Frankfort Argus. 
 
 " Mr. Fowler, who is now in town, visited the Penitentiary on Monday la-.<t, and 
 examined the heads of some fifteen or twenty of the convicts, giving his opinion 
 upon their propensities, and naming the probable crimes which brought them 
 there. The correctness of his conclusions was generally corroborated by the ad- 
 mission of the subjects, as well as by the statements of the keepers themselves, 
 who were acquainted with the crimes with which they were convicted." 
 
 See, also, a description of my visit to the Moyamensing prison in Philadelphia, 
 contained in the U. S. Gazette of about the tenth of Sept., 1836. 
 
372 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 been a sceptick ; but this convinces me that your science is 
 true.'' Thus you perceive, that a rogue can be detected as 
 well in a church as in a prison. 
 
 While discussing the question before the Baltimore Ly- 
 ceum, " whether phrenology ought to be ranked among the 
 exact sciences," after bringing forward nearly the same ob- 
 jections that you adduce, and in nearly the same style, my 
 opponent wrote out the character of a Mr. Wolf, an attorney, 
 in the form of answers to questions. These questions he re- 
 quired me to answer before the audience, by an examination 
 of Mr. W.'s head: and the two descriptions agreed perfect- 
 ly, except that he said Mr. W. had no imitation ; but I 
 said he had it large. A gentleman who had been intimate 
 with Mr. W. for fifteen years, said he had it large. An ap- 
 peal was then made to Mr. W., who remarked, that, although 
 he was no mimick, yet he could draw, sketch, draught, take 
 profiles, imitate different handwritings, &c, with much more 
 than ordinary facility and accuracy. But I did not say he 
 could mimick, for he had but little secret., which, according 
 
 to phrenology, is almost indispensable in mimickry. The 
 
 cheering was tremendous, and the Lyceum decided, not only 
 that phrenology was one of the sciences, but that it was one 
 even of the exact sciences. 
 
 I might go on to detail thousands of cases in which I have 
 not only corrected the opinions of individuals in regard to 
 each other, but even concerning themselves. To a certain gen- 
 tleman in this city, for example, I gave small event, and large 
 ideal., and told him that he could write poetry. He said, that 
 though he loved poetry, he had no talent at all for writing 
 it. On this hint, however, he tried it; and his effort was 
 completely successful, his poem being well-filled with po- 
 etick fire. He remarked that this was his first effort, but a 
 friend of his youth reminded him, that, while young, he had 
 written several pieces, which were copied and admired 
 throughout his neighbourhood. His small event, had let the 
 incident slip from his memory. I have often announced 
 publickly, and here again repeat, that I even prefer that the 
 physiognomy of the subject for examination, should be cover- 
 ed; and am perfectly willing to examine even with my own 
 eyes blindfolded. In as much, then, as I challenge you to 
 remove all possibility of my ascertaining the character ex- 
 cept by the application of phrenological principles, even if I 
 
REPLY TO DR. MUNDING. 373 
 
 were guided by the physiognomy, the argument that I am* 
 could not be admitted. 
 
 The writer takes the liberty of introducing two or three 
 other paragraphs from his reply to the letter addressed to him 
 by Dr. Munding, 
 
 " You say, that the ' first point which particularly strikes 
 your attention, is,' that * I make myself a fortune-teller? 
 Now, sir, a fortune-teller has to do mainly with events, and 
 pretends to tell what has been, or predict what will be. But, 
 in describing character phrenologically, I have nothing to 
 do with the events of a man's life any farther than they are 
 dependent upon his character. It is, indeed, true, that I often 
 say to an individual, for example, in whom cautious, is small, 
 combat, large, and hope very large, 'you, sir, generally have 
 beeih, and generally will be, unfortunate, and frequently in 
 difficulty;' and to another, in whom cautious, and caus. are 
 large or very large, 'you, sir, generally have been, and 
 generally will be, successful in your undertakings. 7 In do- 
 ing this, however, I pronounce upon the fortune of the indi- 
 vidual only as it is the result of his character. 
 
 "But who does not, more or less, judge of the character 
 and talents of individuals by their physiognomy ? — (and in 
 <the practice of physiognomy, is generally included the fore- 
 head of an individual ; and, thus far, it is phrenology. ) In 
 pronouncing upon character physiognomically, then, the 
 same kind of process is involved as that employed in judging 
 phrenologically, with the difference only, that the physiog- 
 nomist judges by looking at the face, the phrenologist, by 
 looking at the whole head; therefore, if the latter is a for- 
 tune-teller, so is the former — so are all mankind, in short, 
 for all participate, more or less, in the practice of physiog- 
 nomy. 
 
 " You infer that if phrenology is true, some of the organs 
 might be destroyed, and the others go on to perform their 
 functions without interruption. You are right : the fact is 
 just as you infer it must be, on the supposition that phrenol- 
 ogy is true. 
 
 "Bat I must not leave unanswered your argument, that, if 
 phrenology is true, the organ of tune and the acoustick 
 nerve must be in contact. You assume that the ear is the 
 organ of musick. This, your first premise of the argument, 
 I deny : for if the ear were the organ of musick, the perfec- 
 tion of one's musical talent would be in proportion to his 
 32 
 
374 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 power of hearing. But, how often do we see those whose 
 faculty of hearing is perfectly good, but who cannot distin- 
 guish one tune, or even one note, from another ! I can hear 
 very well, but can learn a tune only by dint of persevering 
 effort, and then only mechanically, while a brother of mine, 
 who is partially deaf, can learn a tune much quicker, and 
 sing it much better, than I can. Your first premise, then, 
 being incorrect, the whole argument falls. This much is 
 evident, however, that the musical faculty does not depend 
 upon the power of hearing : and, since this power is an ex- 
 ercise of the mind, it must, consequently, require the exer- 
 cise of some cerebral organ. (See p. 181 and 217.) 
 
 ?t The various passions of love, anger, reflection, shame, 
 &c, exhibit themselves through the eye ; and yet, it cannot be 
 supposed that they are performed by the optick nerve. Doubt- 
 less there is some connexion between those parts of the brain 
 by means of which these various passions are performed and 
 the optick nerve, and also between the organ of tune and the 
 acoustick nerve, just as there is between the stomach and the 
 brain ; but still it does not follow, that this connexion should 
 be susceptible of anatomical demonstration, any more in 
 the case of tune, than in that of the others mentioned, and 
 in that of hundreds of similar cases, which might easily be 
 cited." 
 
 LETTERS TO DR. MAXWELL McDOWALL. 
 
 The following extracts are from a series of letters address- 
 ed to Maxwell McDowall, M. D., of Baltimore, by O. S. 
 Fowler. This same Dr. McDowall, as already stated, is, 
 doubtless, one of the authors of Vindex. The writer has 
 omitted one important objection urged by Vindex, namely, 
 that phrenology leads to fatalism, only because the objection 
 is much better stated by Dr. McDowall. 
 
 Sir: In the May number of the Baltimore Literary and 
 Religious Magazine, there appeared an article from your 
 pen, designed to disprove, and calculated to injure, the sci- 
 ence of phrenology. By evidence the most satisfactory — the 
 most demonstrative, I am fully convinced that phrenology is 
 based upon the broad and immutable principles of nature, 
 truth, and reason ; that it is a science by far the most sublime 
 and useful ever discovered, and that the principles of human 
 
LETTERS TO DR. M'DOWALL. 375 
 
 nature and mental philosophy which it develops, are calcu- 
 lated to elevate the character, and improve the physical, intel- 
 lectual, and moral condition of mankind, more than all the 
 other sciences put together — more, indeed, than can well be 
 imagined. As a man, then, as a philanthropist, and espe- 
 cially as a Christian, though unaccustomed to publick dis- 
 cussions, I cannot pass unnoticed any obstacle which is cal- 
 culated to arrest the progress of a science, which, from the 
 first, has been struggling even for its existence, and which* 
 though opposed at every step of its triumphant progress by 
 an unparalleled amount of opposition, of ridicule, and mis- 
 representation, from the pulpit, the press, and the lecture-room, 
 and, in short, from every conceivable source, is now gaining 
 strength enough to bear down before it all opposition. To 
 say the least, it is no more than fair that phrenology should 
 be heard in rep^, though it is to be regretted, that it does not 
 speak through a more able and experienced organ. It 
 is ; however, hoped that the comparative youth and inexperi- 
 ence of the author may be more than compensated by the 
 strength of his cause ; for, magna est Veritas. 
 
 You dwell much, sir, upon the question of Dr. Good to Dr. 
 Spurzheim, " Why does phrenology assign no organs to folly, 
 absurdity, wisdom, hypocrisy, gluttony, sensuality, mirth, 
 melancholy, &c. V* Really, sir, are you so grossly igno- 
 rant, even of the very elements of the science you attack, as 
 not to know that phrenology classes gluttony under the per- 
 verted exercise of aliment. ; hypocrisy, under that of secret. \ 
 sensuality, under that of amat, aliment., and some of the other 
 propensities ; melancholy, under that of cautious, in the ab- 
 sence of hope ; mirth, under the exercise of mirth. ; wisdom, 
 under that of caus. and compar. ; and folly and absurdity un- 
 der the absence of these organs ? And have you, in addition 
 to this ignorance, so little discrimination as not to perceive, 
 even intuitively, that folly and absurdity, in reality, amount 
 to the very same thing, and, instead of being positive opera- 
 tions of the mind, are mere negative qualities, or the defi- 
 ciency of reason ? Do you not know that the glutton is a 
 sensualist, that the libertine is a sensualist, and the drunkard, 
 a sensualist? Now, phrenology has more wisdom than to 
 assign different kinds of sensuality to the same organ. And 
 yet, this is the ground both of your objection and of that of 
 the great Dr. Good. By the way, when Dr. Good penned 
 the article alluded to, he was almost entirely ignorant, even 
 
376 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 of the outlines of phrenology. This is evident, not only 
 from almost every sentence of his chapter upon this subject, 
 but also from the passage you quote. He did not even know- 
 that hypocrisy was one of the manifestations of secret. — a 
 fact of which the veriest tyro m phrenology ought to be 
 ashamed to be ignorant. But you also commit the very 
 same errour. Nor is this the only instance in which you 
 betray an ignorance of phrenology altogether unpardonable 
 in one who attempts to convince the world that it is untrue. 
 
 In justice to phrenology, I must here reflect somewhat 
 severely upon anti-phrenologists generally, not exempting 
 even yourself from the censure. No one is qualified to de- 
 cide upon the truth or erroneousness of any subject what- 
 ever, until he has examined, in person, the evidence by 
 which it claims to be supported. Now, phrenology profess- 
 es to be demonstrated solely by facts. It affirms that a cer- 
 tain development of brain is always accompanied by a cer- 
 tain manifestation of intellect or feeling, and that these man- 
 ifestations are uniform throughout the whole animal kingdom. 
 Hence, then, no person is qualified to form any decision upon 
 the truth of phrenology, until he has examined the facts in 
 the case for himself; that is, until he has learned both the 
 location of the phrenological organs, and their analysis. 
 I have already exposed your ignorance of the analysis of the 
 organs. And you even misstate their number, and, of course, 
 can know very little of their location. Now, sir, I ask you, 
 I ask the world, whether it is right, whether it is philosophi- 
 cal, whether it is acting a manly part, for you not only to 
 condemn phrenology yourself, but also publickly to attempt 
 its refutation, whilst you are almost wholly ignorant both of 
 its principles, and of its details. But you are not alone. 
 Hundreds have written against it, and millions are now con- 
 demning it, who know just nothing at all about it — not even 
 enough to distinguish it from fortune-telling. The blind 
 have led the blind until they are all tumbled together into 
 the ditch. 
 
 By your quotation from Dr. Charles Bell, you would 
 fain make the world believe that Drs. Gall and Spurzheim 
 w r ere the greatest anatomical ignoramuses that ever lived. 
 But, sir, your efforts are too late in the day to fix this im- 
 pression upon any except those who are entirely unacquaint- 
 ed with the truth in this matter. The fact is, and is becom- 
 ing universally admitted, that these distinguished literary 
 
LETTERS TO DR. m'dOWALL. 377 
 
 geniuses have thrown more light upon the anatomy of the 
 brain, and of the nervous system, than was ever before shed 
 upon these subjects — that their anatomical discoveries, and 
 knowledge, and researches, at least, equal, if they do not far 
 surpass, those of any other two men who have ever lived. 
 Years before the far-famed discovery of Dr. C. Bell, relating 
 to the nervous system, Dr. Spurzheim suggested to the world 
 the very same idea which constituted that discovery, as 
 probable. Medical schools and medical authors are univer- 
 sally adopting the phrenological anatomy of the brain and 
 of the nervous system, and by far the best anatomical dis- 
 sections of the brain, are those which proceed upon phre- 
 nological principles. 
 
 So far from disproving phrenology, anatomy perfectly 
 harmonizes with it, and even lends it every possible support : 
 and this shows that both are the twin sisters of truth and 
 nature. Comparative anatomy, in particular, furnishes ar- 
 guments the most conclusive, the most unanswerable, in sup- 
 port of phrenology.. (See pp. 26 to 34.) 
 
 You are also at fault, sir, for attacking phrenology as it 
 v:as some twenty years ago, when you should have attacked 
 it as it is now. Every new science has its weak points. 
 How many absurdities clustered around chymistry fifty, or 
 even twenty, years ago, around astronomy before the days* 
 of Newton, around every science while yet in its infancy I 
 Phrenology has but just burst upon our world. It is yet in 
 its infancy — is yet wanting that perfect beauty and symme- 
 try, and that analysis which time alone can give it. Doubt- 
 less much more remains to be discovered than has yet been 
 discovered. Great allowance ought to be made to phrenol- 
 ogy even as it now is ; much more as it was twenty years, 
 or even ten years, ago. Yet, instead of making the allow- 
 ance which is really its due, you do not even give it all the 
 credit which belongs to it. But in this you are not alone. 
 
 You say, bottom of page 137, " carefully remove the scull 
 from any given number of human heads, and there will be 
 a uniformity of appearance on the surface of the several 
 brains." Of course, you mean, if you mean any thing, that 
 the " surfaces of any given number of brains, are uniform !" 
 This statement I deny in toto. The fact is, that wherever 
 there is a regular swell of the external table of the scull, 
 indicative of the development of a phrenological organ, there 
 is also a corresponding depression of the internal table, 
 
 a-2* 
 
378 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 which is filled up with brain, excepting, always, the region 
 of the sinuses, and the mastoid and other processes. 
 
 I will accompany you, or any other person, to any collec- 
 tion of sculls you please, and demonstrate my position, or 
 give up the argument. Scattering exceptions there may be ; 
 but, as a general thing, the external surface of the brain and 
 of the scull correspond nearly enough for all phrenologi- 
 cal purposes. 
 
 It is true, when the scull is removed, as the brain is too 
 soft to retain its original shape, the higher portions some- 
 what flatten down ; so that we must determine the natural 
 shape of the brain by that of the internal surface of the 
 scull. At the location of some of the organs, various brains 
 differ in size more than an inch. Yet, you say, that the 
 " surfaces of different brains are uniform." I ask, then, what 
 fills the cavities between these sculls and their brains ? If your 
 statement were correct, the scull of Washington must have 
 been more than an inch thicker, just above the eyes, than 
 that of Franklin, and an inch thinner in the upper and lat- 
 eral part of the forehead. Compare these two foreheads — 
 compare any two heads you please, and if there is any agree- 
 ment between the general shape of the head and that of the 
 brain, your argument, so far from disproving phrenology, is 
 unanswerable in its favour. 
 
 You assert, sir, that anatomists have divided the brain into 
 three sections, assigning to one section the seat of the intel- 
 lect ; to another, that of the animal senses; to a third, that 
 of the feelings generally. Pray, sir, how does this differ 
 from the phrenological divisions, except that the former con- 
 sists of three, the latter of thirty-five, sections? And what- 
 ever arguments you bring against the phrenological divis- 
 ions, I will bring, mutatis mutandis, against the anatomical 
 divisions. 
 
 INJURIES OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 You mention the case of a gentleman who, by the frac- 
 ture of his scull, sustained a severe injury of the brain, and 
 a considerable loss of it, and yet, you gravely assure us, that 
 not the slightest difference could be discovered in his mental 
 power — that " there was no change whatever in his capability 
 for acquiring knowledge." Now, there are several ways of 
 accounting for this fact. In the first place, this loss of brair* 
 
INJURIES OF THE BRAIN. 379 
 
 mio-ht have been made up. Other portions of the body, the 
 bones, flesh, &c, have the power, after parts of them have been 
 removed, of reproduction. A wound heals, a bone or nerve 
 reunites, &c. Why, then, should not the brain possess the 
 same power, and be able to supply portions which have been 
 removed? And since analogy is on my side of the argu- 
 ment, it belongs to you either to admit that it does, or else to 
 prove that it does not. In the second place, on the suppo- 
 sition that phrenology is w r holly false, will you have the 
 goodness to explain this phenomenon upon the principles of 
 your own doctrine of the unity of the brain and of the mental 
 power % According to your theory, an injury of any por- 
 tion of the brain, must affect it as a whole, and, an injuring 
 of the brain as a whole, must equally impair every operation 
 of the mind. And yet, by your own admission, all the 
 mental powers, in the case you cite, remained unimpaired. 
 But, by the application of the principles of phrenology, the 
 explanation of this phenomenon is perfectly easy and ra- 
 tional ; for, as the organs are double, like the eyes, ears, &c, 
 and, as the accident occurred partly upon one side of the 
 forehead, it is evident, that, while one or more organs upon 
 that side of the head, were labouring under the injury caus- 
 ed by the wound, the corresponding organs upon the other 
 side of the head, being uninjured, performed the functions 
 of both sets of organs, just as, when one eye is injured, see- 
 ing is performed by the other eye. This fact, then, so far 
 from militating against phrenology, proves it to be incom- 
 parably superiour to your favourite doctrine of the unity of 
 the brain. 
 
 You also adduce cases of hydrocephalick affection, in the 
 first of which, " the brain was discovered to be in a liquid 
 state ; in the second, the whole substance was watery, and so 
 soft that it would hardly bear the knife ; and in the third, be- 
 sides water in the ventricles and an effusion of blood upon 
 the tentorium, there seemed to be a total change of the con- 
 sistence and colour of the brain throughout, so that it would 
 neither bear handling nor cutting, the parts being uncom- 
 monly indistinct." And yet, mirabile dictu, the subjects 
 could think and feel just as well without brains, forsooth, as 
 with them. 
 
 These cases, if they prove any thing, prove that the brain 
 is not the organ of the mind; for "a loss of a part of the 
 
380 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 brain," and " a total change of its consistency, do not, in the 
 slightest degree, affect the operations of the mind!" 
 
 The inevitable conclusion, then, from your own argu- 
 ments and premises, is, that the mind acts wholly and entire- 
 ly independent of the brain — a conclusion directly at war 
 with a fundamental principle of every existing system of 
 intellectual, and natural, and medical philosophy, viz., that 
 the brain is the organ of the mind. But, in several different 
 places, you admit, distinctly, that the brain is the organ of 
 the mind; and then you go on to show that its loss and dis- 
 organization have no influence whatever upon the mind. 
 Admirable consistency ! And this drives you to take the one or 
 the other of the horns of the following dilemma — you must 
 admit either that your argument is fallacious, or else that the 
 mind acts independently of the brain ; either of which ad- 
 missions contradicts one of your own positions. 
 
 But how, I would ask, do these cases affect phrenology? 
 I maintain that they do not even touch it as such : for, if the 
 whole mind can operate by means of the whole brain, even 
 though it be hydrocephalick, then, surely, one faculty of the 
 mind can operate by means of one part of it, even though 
 it be hydrocephalick. Why do you not argue against phre- 
 nology as such — phrenology per se 1 
 
 FREE AGENCY AND FATALISM. 
 
 But your most prominent objection to phrenology is, that, 
 
 "When carried out to the full extent of its minuteness of detail, 
 it renders mankind completely passive in their moral character — 
 strikes at the root of the free agency and accountability of man, and 
 makes God the author of sin. But, to my mind, it is passing strange, 
 that a portion of mankind should be furnished by the Creator, with 
 organs for the cultivation of theft and murder — organs which, when 
 extensively developed, produce such an irresistible propensity in the 
 individual, to the commission of those degrading crimes, that he 
 cannot be restrained by all the other counteracting organs. The 
 admission of such a doctrine, is calculated to throw a reflection on 
 the holy and all-wise God, in thus rendering it physically impossi- 
 ble for some of the human family to avoid being murderers, and rob- 
 bers, and thieves. Dr. Spurzheim directly avows that the Creator 
 has sanctioned the perpetration of robbery and murder, by furnish- 
 ing organs and propensities for the commission of these crimes." 
 
 When stated in form, your objection amounts to this : The 
 leading doctrine of phrenology is, that moral actions an& : 
 
FATALISM. 381 
 
 moral conduct are the result of, or, at least, conform to, and 
 agree with, the physical form of the cranium. This con- 
 formity, then, must be in the relation of cause and effect— 
 necessary, and not accidental. Therefore, every moral agent 
 must be ruled by this relation, and has no power to deviate 
 from it, which amounts to a full denial of free agency ; and 
 when fully illustrated, the objection amounts to this: Since 
 God creates one individual with those organs very large 
 which, when thus developed, manifest themselves in steal- 
 ing, lying, quarreling, fighting, murder, licentiousness, or 
 vice of any kind, such individual is compelled, by these 
 physical organs which his Creator has given him, to commit 
 these crimes ; and, since he cannot help himself, nor resist 
 the instinctive operations of his organs any more than he 
 can avoid being hungry when deprived of food, or sleepy 
 when deprived of rest, or seeing objects when they are pre- 
 sented to his organs of vision, he is, therefore, not accounta- 
 ble or blameable, and, consequently, not punishable, for his 
 actions. On the other hand, since God creates another man 
 with a large development of the organs which indicate kind- 
 ness, nobleness, and high moral and intellectual qualities, no 
 thanks to him that he is kind, virtuous, just, praiseworthy, 
 intelligent, &c, for, he is obliged to be so by his physical 
 organization, over which he can exercise no control, or 
 govern by any act of personal volition. A blood-thirsty 
 Nero, or a Caligula, and a philanthropick Howard, are 
 each alike virtuous and alike vicious, because each acts in 
 perfect conformity to the physical development of his men- 
 tal organs ; and, as God created and designed him to act. 
 Another, by being created destitute of the organs of ven., 
 conscien., benev., &c, in consequence of this natural defect 
 in his organization, cannot worship his God, cannot resist 
 temptation, or exercise gratitude or penitence, cannot deal 
 justly or exercise the feeling of benevolence or of mercy ; and, 
 therefore, ought not to be blamed, much less punished, for not 
 doing what he is physically incapable of doing. What! 
 the infinitely just and benevolent Creator to give a man no 
 eyes, and then punish him for not seeing, or to give him an 
 appetite for food, and then punish him for being hungry ! 
 To admit the truth of phrenology, therefore, is to destroy all 
 free-agency, and all power of voluntary choice, and, with 
 them, all moral accountability, all virtue, all vice, and, con- 
 sequently, all liability to rewards or punishments, both in 
 
382 
 
 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 this life and in another state of existence ; for the Creator 
 determines the physical organization of man, and this deter- 
 mines their whole character, and, in conjunction with cir- 
 cumstances, causes them to feel and act in a given way. 
 Hence, the whole doctrine of human agency and accounta- 
 bility is annihilated, and the adorable Deity is made the ne- 
 cessary author of all sin, and yet this same Deity punishes 
 innocent and helpless man, both for doing what he obliges 
 him to do, and also for not doing what he has given him no 
 poiver to perform. 
 
 Inasmuch as this objection forms the great gun of the op- 
 position to phrenology — the terrifick scare-crow which has 
 frightened many, and particularly religious people, so that 
 they dare not even look at the arguments and facts in the 
 case, and inasmuch as it appears to be a very plausible ob- 
 jection, and one which, to my own mind, has never been sat- 
 isfactorily answered by other phrenologists, I shall endea- 
 vour to reply to it more at large than to any objections hith- 
 erto noticed. Permit me, then, to beg your careful attention 
 to the following distinct arguments. 
 
 First,— That certain vicious propensities do exist, 
 and are very strong, is an absolute matter of fact — a 
 fact which every where stares every observer of human na- 
 ture full in the face. One man is cruel and ferocious, and 
 another mild and tender-hearted ; one is talented, and another 
 foolish; one is timid, and another brave, &c. See middle of 
 p. 315 and 316; also, description of the lad in Lansing- 
 burgh, p. 261, contrasted with that of the benevolent girl v p. 
 262: see, likewise, description of the young lady, p. 280, 
 of Mr. Brown, p. 298, of Franklin Gibson, p. 304, of the 
 young lady, p. 310, of the lad, p. 311, of the lad described 
 upon p. 320 ; of Col. Knapp, Webster, Clay, &c. 
 
 A gentleman recently entered my office, and desired me 
 to tell him the whole truth. At the close of the examina- 
 tion, he remarked, that the description was perfect, only that 
 one marked, one predominant, trait of character had been 
 omitted. "And I can tell you what that is, sir," said I: 
 "you have a very strong propensity to steal. " "You are 
 right, sir," he replied ; M yet you and I are the only persons 
 that know it. Notwithstanding all my efforts to rid myself 
 of it, the propensity still exists, and is well nigh irresistible." 
 
 A lad was recently brought me, whom I described as a 
 
FATALISM. 383 
 
 lump of wickedness, yet talented. His uncle remarked, that 
 he had never seen his equal, either for depravity or talent. 
 
 In Virginia, the following statement was made to me by 
 a responsible gentleman, concerning a young lady who was 
 brought up in the same neighbourhood with himself. " This 
 young lady," he said, " who was descended from one of the 
 first families in the state, and was amply provided for, when 
 on a visit at the house of a relative in Petersburgh, Va., 
 stole a family gold medal from off the neck of a little child, 
 and pawned it. By advertising, the owner found it, and, to 
 his utter astonishment and mortification, learned that his 
 own niece had pawned the stolen property. Stung to the 
 quick to think that his family should be thus disgraced, he 
 turned her out of his house. On another occasion, she was 
 strongly suspected of having stolen a gold watch, and, a 
 search-warrant being procured, there were found in her pos- 
 session silver spoons, knives and forks, table-cloths, towels, 
 and various articles of clothing which were recognised as be- 
 longing to others, a very large assortment of jewelry, and 
 apparently every thing upon which she could well lay her 
 hands, together with the gold watch — all of which, it appear- 
 ed upon evidence, she had stolen! It also appeared that she 
 had several times used various arts to decoy individuals into 
 her power, for the mere purpose of robbing them. She was 
 accordingly cast out of respectable society, and, at last, w T as 
 found keeping an oyster establishment, in order that she might 
 the more successfully prey upon her customers. 
 
 " With deep emotion, her brothers begged her, for their 
 sakes, and for the honour of their family, as well as for her 
 own, not to disgrace herself and them. They told her, if 
 she wanted money, they would give her thousands, rather 
 than suffer the honour of their names to be thus tarnished. 
 Yet it was all of no avail. She is still living just as she has 
 always lived — an abandoned thief. ? l 
 
 An English provincial paper tells a story of a female, 
 moving in the upper circles of society at Ramsgate, and 
 possessed of considerable wealth, who was detected in the 
 market of that town pilfering turnips from a poor person's 
 stall. 
 
 Thousands of similar cases might easily be stated in ad- 
 dition, exclusive of what other phrenologists have already 
 recorded — all showing certain strong, if not predominant, 
 propensities or talents. Instances of extraordinary mechan- 
 
384 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 ical or poetical taste or talent, of strong and original powers 
 of thought, and of the various other marks of genius, such 
 as were possessed by a Benjamin West, a Michael Angelo, 
 a Webster, a Clay, a Bonaparte, a Shakspeare, &c, have 
 occurred in all ages and in all countries, and are equally ap- 
 plicable to the point in question. Need I, then, point to our 
 prisons, or to our criminal courts — need I cite the number- 
 less details of cold-blooded murders, of revengeful duels, 
 and of daring robberies, which blacken almost every news- 
 paper? — need I enumerate the ever-varying, ever-multiplying 
 crimes of mankind in confirmation or illustration of the po- 
 sition that vicious propensities do exist, and that they 
 are very strong ; for where is the individual who is not 
 himself an illustration of it? — that is, who does not himself 
 possess some vicious 'propensity, some ' easily-besetting 1 sin ? 
 
 Virtuous traits of character, also, which are equally ap- 
 plicable to the argument, are found likewise to exist, and 
 are not unfrequently joined with very vicious propensities. 
 As well might one attempt, in short, to deny that two and 
 two make four, or that he exists, as to deny the existence 
 both of virtuous and of vicious traits of character. 
 
 So far as the argument is concerned, then, what difference 
 does it make, whether certain vicious propensities are, or are 
 not, invariably accompanied by certain developments of the 
 brain, and certain virtuous feelings and talents, by other ce- 
 rebral developments? The objection, so far as it is appli- 
 cable at all, lies only against the propensities themselves, and 
 not against their physical organs, which, phrenologically 
 considered, are mere physical indications of them. 
 
 Now, sir, since it is a matter of fact and observation, that 
 certain vicious propensities and certain virtuous traits of char- 
 acter, as well as certain talents, do exist, and are also very 
 strong and frequently predominant, you are, in reality, 
 urging this objection, not against the existence of certain 
 phrenological organs connected with these manifestations of 
 intellect and feeling, but against the existence of these mental 
 manifestations themselves- — %o£against the existence of 
 these merely accompanying physical signs which phrenolo- 
 gy has discovered, but against the existence of the propen- 
 sities themselves— not against the phrenological expla- 
 nation of these facts, but against the existence of facts as 
 they are- — against the system of things as it is-~- or, in 
 
FATALISM. 385 
 
 S)ther words, against the government of " the all-wise and 
 holy God." 
 
 Inasmuch, then, as you urge your objection against the 
 existence of certain inclinations and talents of the mind, and 
 inasmuch as daily observation, if not personal experience, 
 compels you to admit the existence of these things, you are 
 obliged to admit the very thing to which you object : and 
 since you, equally with myself, admit the existence of that 
 to the existence of which you object, it belongs to you to an- 
 swer your own objection, rather than to me to answer it for 
 you ; for, so far as the argument is concerned, an objection 
 is fairly answered when shown to lie with equal weight 
 against what the objector himself admits. You cannot but 
 perceive that you are not urging this objection against phre- 
 nology as such, but against what is. You are therefore 
 chargeable with the very same heresy with which you accuse 
 phrenology, and, consequently, must either admit that your 
 inference as unfounded, or else, that it " reflects" no less 
 against the creation and government of the " all-wise and 
 holy God," than it does against phrenology. 
 
 How is phrenology at fault for merely pointing out the 
 indications of the existence of certain talents and propensi- 
 ties, when the Almighty himself has hung out these signs 
 for the guidance of man!? — for merely declaring, that that 
 exists which actually does exist ? If phrenology did not 
 show that one man possesses a remarkable mechanical tal- 
 ent, another, a murderous propensity, another, an honest or 
 a benevolent disposition, another, a high endowment of in- 
 tellect, &c, it would not correspond with the facts in the 
 £ase, and, therefore, could not be true. 
 
 If I am rightly informed, you, sir, area believer, not only 
 In the Bible, but also in the general features of the Calvin- 
 Istick creed. I£ therefore, your argument is valid, in com- 
 mon with all other believers in this, or a kindred, doctrine, 
 you are the very last who can consistently assail phrenolo- 
 gy upon the ground of your argument, but you ought to be 
 the first to hail it with "joy unspeakable," as a scientifick 
 confirmation of a doctrine which, as you maintain, is as in- 
 dispensable to salvation as breath is to our corporeal exist- 
 ence ; and yet, strange inconsistency ! you are the very first 
 to attack, and the most violent in opposing, that very science 
 which, according to your own interpretation of it, fully con- 
 firms that doctrine which lies nearest your heart. You, 
 33 
 
886 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 forsooth, will believe, and most zealously maintain and de- 
 fend, the doctrine of divine sovereignty and fore-ordination 
 as the foundation and the essence of that " faith without 
 which no man can be saved," and yet, reject phrenology, be- 
 cause (according to your interpretation) it teaches precisely 
 the same doctrine. Admirable consistency ! What freedom 
 from bigotry and prejudice ! Believe a doctrine which you 
 fancy that you find in the Bible, and regard it as the philos- 
 ophers' stone in religious matters, and yet, reject phrenology 
 as a most horrid and blasphemous thing, because it teaches 
 the very same doctrine ! This shows how sincerely you believe 
 in your Calvinistick creed, and how much common sense 
 you exercise in reference to that belief. You, and all others of 
 the Calvinistick creed, are bound, then, either to believe in 
 phrenology, or to give up the pole-star of your religious faith. 
 
 Secondly, — It is self-evident that divine agency either 
 does, or does not, influence and determine human actions — 
 that it either is, or is not, concerned in bringing about events. 
 If the Deity does not, in any way, influence the conduct of 
 men, surely, he has no hand in any thing that takes place 
 in the world, for all other terrestrial transactions bear no 
 comparison with this in importance. If, then, God has no 
 agency in the doings of men, surely he has no agency in 
 the operations of nature, and, therefore, does not rule. 
 But if God does rule — if divine agency is efficient in 
 forming human character, and in bringing about events, 
 then human agency cannot be efficient in bringing about the 
 same : or, in other words, just so far as divine agency forms 
 human character, determines human conduct, and causes 
 events, human agency does not do it, and man cannot be free 
 and accountable. It follows, then, that, as far as your objection 
 bears against phrenology, it also bears, and with equal force, 
 against the Deity's having any hand in any thing that con- 
 cerns the character and the conduct of men. Now, as re- 
 gards your objection, it makes not the least difference whe- 
 ther the Deity forms human character, and determines the 
 conduct of men, by means of direct, compulsory force, or 
 by phrenological organs, or by other circumstances frfor the 
 objection really lies against the Deity's having any hand at 
 all, either in forming the characters of men, in determining 
 their conduct, or in bringing about any event whatever. 
 
 What ! then, do you, Dr. McDowall, a professor of re- 
 ligion, really undertake to maintain that the God who rules 
 
FATALISM. 387 
 
 above, has no agency in determining the characters of men, 
 and in the management of human affairs ? and thus, by de- 
 nying that He gives any bias to the character of his crea- 
 tures, virtually deny that he rules 1 If you answer this 
 question in the affirmative, then be consistent, and drop your 
 objection at once ; if in the negative, you are justly charge- 
 able, either with the grossest inconsistency, or with downright 
 atheism. One of these two answers, however, you must 
 give ; and which, I leave with you to choose. But, if you 
 admit the doctrine of free agency, personal volition, and 
 moral accountability, (which your objection necessarily im- 
 plies,) and also that God is the sovereign ruler of the uni- 
 verse, (which you must do, or be an atheist,) have the good- 
 ness to answer your own objection ; for I urge it against 
 what you admit with just the same propriety, and upon pre- 
 cisely the same grounds, that you urge it against phrenol- 
 ogy: and an objection is always considered as answered 
 when shown to lie with equal weight against what the ob- 
 jector himself admits. 
 
 To what has been said, you may, indeed, reply ; "But, sir, 
 you do not answer the objection by throwing it back into my 
 teeth — you do not get yourself out of the snare by getting 
 me into it." True, sir, but I thereby shut your mouth. First 
 extricate yourself from the snare you have laid, and you 
 will there by release me from it. In other words, first answer 
 your own objection as it is applicable to matters of fact, and 
 to the government of the Deity, and you will thereby answer 
 it as applicable to phrenology : and, until you do thus answer 
 it, consistency requires you to drop it, since, by urging it at 
 all, you urge it, not against phrenology as such, but against 
 the worksandthe government of " the all-wise and holy God" 
 and may therefore settle your own difficulty with your maker. 
 
 Thus far, then, I have virtually admitted, but will now 
 endeavour to answer, the objection. 
 
 Thirdly, — It is a fundamental principle in phrenology, 
 that the size of the organs is increased by the exercise of the 
 corresponding faculties. See bottom of p. 21 and p. 22, and 
 the chapter on "the increase of the organs by exercise," pp. 
 365 to 370, The organs of acquis., destruct., &c, are only 
 the instruments of the corresponding propensities, and not 
 the propensities themselves, nor the causes of them; and their 
 development is, in a great degree, the effect, and not the 
 cause, of the exercise of the corresponding passions. Men 
 
388 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 are not murderers, liars, thieves, &c, because they have very 
 large destruct, secret., acquis.,. &c., but they have large de- 
 struct., secret., acquis., &c, because they are murderers, liars* 
 thieves, Spc. True, the power of the propensity, the activi- 
 ty being considered, is proportionate to the size of the organ, 
 but is not caused by it ; and, therefore, the whole responsibili- 
 ty falls back upon the necessary cause of these propensities. 
 Hence, very large organs of acquis., destruct., &c, instead of 
 compelling-, or even urging, their possessors to violence and 
 theft, are merely the instruments by means of which these 
 vicious passions are exercised ; and the size of these organs 
 shows only how much their guilty possessor has chosen to 
 exercise the corresponding propensities. The size of an 
 organ, then, not only does not cause and determine the 
 strength of the corresponding propensity, but is itself caused 
 and determined by the strength of the passion. 
 
 It is true, indeed, that when an organ is very large, the 
 corresponding faculty is spontaneously and proportionally 
 the more powerful, and sometimes well nigh uncontrollable J 
 bufc the guilty individual had n>o right thus to indulge the 
 passion, and thereby to enlarge the organ. In this, mainly, 
 consists his guilt. The strength of the depraved propensities, 
 is, in a great degree, proportionate to their indulgence or culti- 
 vation ; and, consequently,, the guilfofan individual is also pro* 
 portionat-e to the same indulgence : that is, the guilt is in pro- 
 portion to the strength and misapplication of the depraved pro- 
 pensities ; and these depend mainly on cultivation. Are the de- 
 sires of the libertine, the thief, the murderer, &c, the less crimi- 
 nal because they have been stimulated and indulged, and there- 
 by increased, until they have become too clamorous and too 
 powerful to be controlled? By no means; but the stronger 
 these depraved desires, the greateT their possessor's guilt. 
 So it is with the phrenological organs. They are seldom 
 inordinately large, unless the corresponding faculties have 
 been inordinately indulged ; and this indulgence is the 
 clearest, the strongest possible proof of the subject's guilt. It 
 follows, then, that very large destruct., acquis., secret., amat., 
 &c, so far from excusing the murderer, the thief, the hypo- 
 crite, the libertine, &c, are physical vouchers for his guilt. 
 Like the mark put upon Cain, they tell the story of his guilt. 
 
 The same principle, reversed, applies to small organs. 
 When a given organ, say that of conscien. or ven., is small, 
 this deficiency shows, not that the individual cannoi be just, 
 
FATALISM. 389 
 
 err worship hi&maker, but, simply, that he has not been, and: 
 done so. To every individual, more or less of every faculty- 
 and organ are originally given ; so that, by reasonably ex- 
 ercising what conscien. and ven. he has, he can obtain 
 more — by " cultivating his one talent," he can increase it to 
 five. But if he neglect to exercise what conscien. and ven. 
 he may possess — if he " bury his talent in the earth," 
 u evea what he has, will be taken from him;" and, for his 
 guilty misimprovement of the one talent, he will be justly 
 "cast out into outer darkness." 
 
 A most interesting fact, bearing directly upon this point,, 
 is, that in the heads of the hundreds, if not thousands, of 
 children which I have observed, the organ of conscien. is. 
 generally, not only very large, but, excepting cautious., one- 
 of the largest organs in the whole head, whilst, in the sev- 
 eral thousand heads of 'men which have fallen under my own.. 
 observation, conscien. has been found decidedly lower than the 
 average of the other organs in nearly one-fourth of the num- 
 ber, and is frequently frund to be almost wholly wanting. In 
 well-educated females, it is generally one of their largest 
 organs. In some villages and religioussocieties, this organ 
 is found, with scarcely an exception, very large, and in 
 others, again, where conscientious scruples are little attended, 
 to, it is found to be far less prominent, or even, quite deficient'. 
 The same holds true among those who pursue different call- 
 ings and professions ; and, among the latter, observation has, 
 convinced me, that, in general, those who have long prac-. 
 tised law, have no more conscien. than they need— very lit- 
 tle more, indeed, than those who have long gambled for office 
 at the fashionable game of party politicks, whilst combat, is 
 very large. — The chapter on the increase of the organs by 
 exercise, presents this- matter in its true light. See p. 365-370. 
 
 It is, nevertheless, true, that when one has ven. large, and 
 another has it small, the latter cannot worship God with 
 all the fervour and the heart-felt devotion of the former : nor 
 is this required of him ; for, " of him to whom much is giv- 
 en, much will be required." But more upon this point, pre- 
 sently. 
 
 If an individual wish to reduce the size of anv given 
 organ or organs, let him cease to exercise the corresponding 
 faculties, and it will be done. Let the sailor or the blacksmith 
 swing up, in a sling, his hand or his arm, which he has 
 made large and strong by exercise, and it will soon become 
 33* 
 

 39Q OBJECTIONS ANSWERED 
 
 smaller, and its strength will be diminished. So, if one 
 cease to exercise a given organ by ceasing to exercise its 
 corresponding faculty, that organ will become smaller, and, 
 in all probability, the pressure of the atmosphere upon the 
 scull, will diminish the protuberance. — See note to p. 24., 
 and also p. 23. For farther particulars concerning the in- 
 crease and decrease of the organs by exercise, see p. 365. 
 
 Hence it follows, that one is culpable, not for the excess or 
 deficiency of his phrenological organs, but for the excess or 
 the deficiency of the corresponding propensities, and, conse- 
 quently, for the over indulgence or the neglect of these facul- 
 ties. And since the organs grow by exercise, and are the 
 effects, rather than the causes, of the exercise of their corres- 
 ponding faculties and propensities* it is a logical induction to 
 infer, that an individual is no more guilty for having depra- 
 ved propensities which are well nigh ungovernable, and, 
 with them, the phrenological organs proportionally developed, 
 than he would be for having these same depraved propensities 
 without the corresponding organs. So Jar as phrenology, 
 per se, is concerned, he is left just as free to act without organs 
 as with them — as free to cultivate one organ, or class of or- 
 gans, as another ; and perfectly free to cultivate any organ to 
 any desirable extent. What greater freedom can the most 
 strenuous advocate of free moral agency and human account- 
 ability desire, than that which declares that every man, in a. 
 great measure, forms his own character, determines his own 
 conduct,. and is endowed with the power of giving, to a greater 
 or less extent, just such a shape to his head as he chooses ? 
 And thus, sir, if your main objection has not been fairly consi- 
 dered and fully answered, either my logical acumen or my 
 vanity greatly deceives me. 
 
 B.ut, perhaps, to all this you will object in language simi- 
 lar to the following: " Did not the Creator originally im- 
 part to one individual a large endowment of some faculties, 
 and a small endowment of others ; and, to another, the oppo- 
 site of this, so that the exercise of the respective facul- 
 ties in that proportion in which they were originally given, 
 ultimately causes one to possess a large devolopment of the 
 organ of benev.,, for example, and a small development of 
 destruct., and another,, the opposite organization? Did not 
 God originally impart to the pirate Gibbs> for instance, a 
 large amount of the faculties of destruct. and amat. ?• to How- 
 ard, of benev. ? to Webster, of caus* and comptr. ? so that 
 
FATALISM. 391 
 
 each became what he was in character, and had the corres- 
 pondent development of organs, in consequence of exercising 
 the faculties in that proportion in which they were original- 
 ly distributed ? The objection is thus thrown a little far- 
 ther back, but is not yet fully met." 
 
 How much more of the faculties of destruct. and amat. was 
 originally imparted to Gibbs, of benev. to Howard, of caus. 
 and compar. to Webster, &c. than is given to ordinary men, 
 it is not necessary for phrenology to decide, in as much as 
 it does not profess to explain the origin of the mental facul- 
 ties, but their manifestation only. 
 
 The existence among men of a very great diversity of 
 character — a diversity which embraces every observable 
 shade of character, and variety of talents and disposition — is 
 an absolute matter of fact. Now, this diversity must, of neces- 
 sity, be, at least, in part, inherent in our very nature, and caused 
 by the original impress of that divine hand which created us, 
 or else it must be wholly the product of circumstances. If 
 you admit, that, in the creation of man, God makes this dif- 
 ference, you urge your objection, in reality, against the works 
 of the Deity, rather than against phrenology. You must, 
 therefore, settle your difficulty with your Maker— as a phre- 
 nologist, /have nothing to do with it. But if, to avoid this 
 difficulty, you contend that this diversity of character and tal- 
 ents is the product of circumstances, in admitting that the Deitjr 
 rules, you must, of course, allow that these circumstances are,, 
 at least, partially under his control ; so that, turn it whichever 
 way you will, you must, at last, admit, that this difference 
 among men-this endless diversity of character-is the product, 
 at least, in part, of divine agency — that either in the original 
 formation of the faculties, or by the force of circumstances, — • 
 by means of phrenological organs, or in some other way,. 
 God gives more or less bias to the human character. Hence,, 
 to urge this objection against phrenology, or against God's 
 making this difference by means of, or, rather, in accordance 
 with, certain developments of the brain, is virtually to urge 
 it against his making it by any means whatsoever ; that is ? 
 against his making it at all ; which is nothing less than; 
 finding fault with the government of God. Carry up your 
 objection, then, boldly and impiously, to the throne of the 
 great Jehovah, and enter your complaint against his divine 
 will and government, and not drag it in against phrenology f 
 
392 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 which has no more to do with it than it has with God's 
 causing M one star to differ from another star in glory." 
 
 Now, if this diversity of character were wholly the pro- 
 duct of circumstances, upon the principle that " like causes 
 always produce like effects," it is plain, that similar circum- 
 stances would always produce similar characters, and oppo- 
 site circumstances, opposite characters. Yet the reverse of 
 this is very often true ; for, how often do similar circumstan- 
 ces produce directly opposite characters, and opposite cir- 
 cumstances, similar characters ! What circumstances made 
 Patrick Henry so splendid an orator ? Benjamin West so 
 distinguished a painter? Daniel Webster so profound a rea- 
 soner ? Washington Irving so finished and classical a wri- 
 ter ? or George Washington unrivalled as a general ? Why 
 do the same circumstances often have directly opposite effects 
 upon different individuals ? Evidently because their natures. 
 so widely differ. Hence, it follows, that this diversity of 
 human character, is caused, in part, at least, by divine agen- 
 cy, and that the seeds of it are,, in a measure, innate. So- 
 far then as the Deity has any hand at all in causing this di- 
 versity of character and talents which are found to exist 
 among men, whether it is effected directly by a compulsory,, 
 divine agency, through the force of circumstances, or by 
 means of phrenological organs* — for, as regards the argu- 
 ment, it matters not which— so far, I say, as the Deity causes; 
 this diversity of character, divine agency supersedes and li- 
 mits human agency. So far, but no farther — for this reason,, 
 and for no other— does your objection have any force at all. 
 In other words, just so far as God rules, and determines 
 human character, your objection has weight, but no far- 
 ther. By urging this objection against phrenology, then, 
 you, in fact, " charge God foolishly," and may settle your 
 dispute with the Supreme Ruler of the universe. But mark 
 this point distinctly, that your objection lies with as much 
 force against the Deity's making this difference by means of 
 any other circumstances, as it does against his making it by 
 means of the developments of the brain. The fact is, that 
 it lies against the Deity 1 s making any difference among 
 men — against his giving any bias, or any direction what- 
 ever, to human character — against his having any influence 
 at all among men— or, what is precisely the same thing, 
 against his ruling. 
 
 But suppose that the Creator should cast all minds in the- 
 
FATALISM. 393 
 
 same mould, and allow no difference to result from circum- 
 stances, but dispose all to think alike, see alike, feel alike, 
 talk alike, and act alike, and what a monotonous scene — 
 what a stagnant sea this theatre of human life would be ! 
 Surely, that must be a most unenviable world which pre- 
 sents no variety or diversity of pursuits, tastes, talents, and 
 character; but just such a world as the principles of your 
 objection carried out, would form. 
 
 That there should be an original difference among men, 
 is perfectly coincident with the whole system of nature. Do 
 we ever see any two faces, or even features, precisely alike? 
 Search throughout the immense herbage of the field, or the 
 foliage of the forest, scan the bowels of the earth and the 
 ''starry heavens," in short, pervade all nature, and can you 
 find two trees, two flowers, two leaves, two stones, or even 
 two grains of sand precisely alike ? Do not diversity and 
 variety characterize the whole of God's works? Why, then, 
 should man form an exception? His diversified features, 
 talents, inclinations, passions, feelings, gifts, and graces, 
 evince an original and a constitutional difference, as well as 
 similarity. As well might one, then, pretend to deny the 
 existence of the universe, as of this difference in the mental 
 characters and capacities of men ; and as well might he pre- 
 tend that every man is his own creator, as that this diversity 
 of mental qualities is wholly the product of education and 
 circumstances. 
 
 Now, since these diversified traits of character and quali- 
 ties of mind are not wholly caused by the personal volition 
 of the individual in whom they exist, they must be necessa- 
 ry, and can be neither self-induced, nor wholly avoided. If 
 you please to call this fatalism, be it so, and we must all be 
 either fatalists or atheists. Phrenology aside, how can you 
 yourself come to a different conclusion ? And will you 
 raise the hue and cry of fatalism against phrenology, be- 
 cause, forsooth, it teaches the sovereignty of God, and be- 
 cause it does not explain what has never yet been explained, 
 namely, how human and divine agency are consistent with 
 each other ? Even Revelation itself, while it states the fact, 
 does not pretend to explain it. When this objection is urged 
 against the Bible, you reply, that " secret things belong to 
 God," and still cling to the doctrine ; but when you find this 
 self-same doctrine in phrenology, you cry out, " fatalism I" 
 "infidelity!" 
 
394 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 Let us now look this whole question directly in the face, 
 and join issue with it. Let us suppose that a mother is pos- 
 sessed cf a very large organ of cautious., and but a small 
 organ of combat., whilst her husband has moderate cautious., 
 and large firm, and combat. : let both be suddenly awaked 
 by a cry of fire, and instantly, on awaking, find themselves 
 in the very jaws of the devouring element. The frightened 
 mother, seizes her infant, throws it out of a third-story win- 
 dow, and follows it herself, and thereby kills her helpless babe, 
 and loses her own life, whilst the cool and intrepid husband, 
 by suddenly summoning to his aid his reason and his courage, 
 speedily, but safely, descends with a remaining child in his 
 arms. Now, under these circumstances, the timid mother could 
 no more avoid being distracted by fear, than she could help 
 seeing the fire which was blazing fiercely before her, or ex- 
 periencing excruciating pain when coming in direct contact 
 with it. Her actions were the natural and the unavoidable 
 result of her excited cautious. She could, therefore, no 
 more avoid or prevent her fears, and her consequent rash 
 deeds, than she could avoid being hungry when deprived of 
 food, or thirsty when deprived of drink, since both classes of 
 feelings, when thus excited, are equally spontaneous. Her 
 natural timidity, in common with her existence, with her fac- 
 ulties of seeing, hearing, &c, might have been, in part, ori- 
 ginally derived from her parents, and, also, have been greatly 
 increased by their telling her frightful stories, and frequently 
 punishing her by shutting her up in a dark place, and then 
 causing her to apprehend something dreadful, &e. ; but be the 
 cause what it may, the feeling, in this case, is absolutely un- 
 avoidable. 
 
 Again, when benev. is constitutionally very large, and also 
 called into frequent exercise, a benevolent character is the 
 necessary result. In like manner, when combat, and de- 
 struct. are naturally very strong, and also frequently excited 
 by the passionate or the irritating treatment of the parent or 
 teacher, the necessary consequence will be, that these passions 
 may be suddenly excited by a supposed insult ; and before the 
 Individual reflects at all, he clenches his fist, and deals out ven-. 
 geance,ifnot death, upon the object of his wrath. But, although 
 the deed is involuntary, yet, is there no guilt ? Most certain-, 
 fy there is. In what, then, does it consist !■ Not so much in the 
 deed itself, as in the state of excited feeling in which it origin 
 nafed, A love of ardent spirits, for example, is frequently 
 
FATALISM. 395 
 
 so strong as to set reason, duty, self-respect, and all evil con- 
 sequences at defiance ; nay, as to be irresistible. Is, then, 
 the wretched subject of this depraved, but resistless, appetite, 
 guilty for indulging it, and for the crimes consequent upon 
 such indulgence? Unquestionably; and the more guilty 
 the stronger the passion, at least, so far as the passion is self- 
 induced. But, on the supposition that his parents, in part, 
 cultivated in him this depraved appetite, they are culpable 
 and responsible for just so much of the propensity, and of the 
 crimes resulting from it, as they caused. 
 
 But to illustrate this last point still farther, let us suppose 
 an individual, by recklessly sporting in the river above the 
 falls of Niagara, to be drawn unawares into the resistless cur- 
 rent, and, nolens volens, carried down the roaring rapids, and 
 dashed into the foaming abyss below: is he therefore guilty 
 for this deed ? Certainly he is. What ! guilty, when he could 
 no more resist the mighty current, or save himself from the 
 catastrophe, than he could chain down the raging billows of 
 the sea, or pluck up the Andes from their firm foundation ? 
 To be sure he is. But wherein lies his guilt ? Not in go- 
 ing down the stream, but in getting into it — not in beingf 
 overcome by the irresistible power of the element, but in ex- 
 posing himself to such a fate. Had his parents caused his 
 death by putting him into a frail bark whilst he was yet a 
 child, and by sending it adrift, they, of course, would have 
 been answerable for his fate : then, why is not, he guilty for 
 needlessly and rashly exposing himself to such a fate? 
 
 The inference from the foregoing premises, is this : in the 
 first place, that the timid mother is guilty in destroying herself 
 and her child, rather for her cultivated timidity of dispo- 
 sition, than for the act of throwing her child and herself out 
 of the window — that the benevolent man is commendable, 
 rather on account of his general benevolent feeling, than for 
 any particular acts of benevolence — that the revengeful man 
 is culpable mainly for the inordinate strength of his revenge- 
 ful propensity, which renders him so liable to commit acts 
 of violence and outrage — that the drunkard is responsible, 
 not for having aliment, but for exercising it in an inordinate 
 love of liquor, &c. ; — and, in the second place, that, as far as 
 these several states of mind, or, indeed, any state of mind 
 which manifests itself in depraved action, are either volunta- 
 ry, or self induced, or capable of being avoided by any act 
 of personal volition, so far the guilt falls upon the doer of the 
 
396 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 sinful deed ; but that, as far as they are brought upon him by 
 necessity, or by the agency of others, so far these agents are 
 responsible for these states of mind, and for the effects which 
 they produce. It is further evident, that, by creating us with 
 any given amount of the organ of cautious., God does not 
 thereby make us so timid as to deprive us of reason ; by 
 giving us aliment, in any given degree, he does not necessa- 
 rily oblige us to become gluttons or drunkards ; but that he 
 made man, in common with all his other works, perfect, and 
 exalted him far above all other creatures in this lower world, 
 and yet, he caused one man to differ from another, thereby 
 qualifying one man for one station or sphere of action, and 
 another for another sphere. Hence, so far from being re- 
 sponsible for the wicked actions of men, the Deity has done 
 all that infinite wisdom and infinite goodness, aided by infinite 
 power, could do, to guard them against committing sin, and 
 to make them holy, and thereby happy. As a phrenologist, 
 then, I distinctly admit, and maintain, these two propositions : 
 first, that the very same act of creative power which calls 
 man into existence, also gives to every individual a constitu- 
 tional, a sui gvneris, character, which innate, mental quali- 
 ties form the basis of all his feelings, capabilities, actions, 
 and mental operations, and that this creative act constitutes 
 the leading agency or influence which the Deity exerts over 
 the character of men; and, secondly, that there are causes 
 within the reach of human agency — causes within the reach 
 of parents, of teachers, of every human being as soon as he 
 is capable of exercising moral actions and moral feelings, 
 which, when applied to the natural characteristicks of man, 
 exert an important influence upon all the feelings, capabili- 
 ties, actions, and mental operations of every member of the 
 human family, and that the product of this influence consti- 
 tutes the human agency and accountability which our feel- 
 ings assure us exist. 
 
 Hence, then, according to phrenology, divine agency and 
 human agency both co-operate in bringing about every 
 transaction and every mental operation of every individual 
 of the human race — divine agency in creating the primary 
 faculties from which these actions originate, and in distribu- 
 ting them in certain degrees, and human agency in modify- 
 ing these innate faculties, and in directing them to different 
 objects, according as education, external circumstances, and 
 personal volition, may determine. 
 
FATALISM. 397 
 
 Now, I contend, that this is the only view of free agency 
 which does not, of necessity, involve in it palpable absurdi- 
 ty. Unless we adopt this, or a similar, view of the union 
 and co-operation of human and divine agency, we must 
 necessarily subscribe to one of these two doctrines, namely, 
 either that all the motives, feelings, and actions of men are 
 the offspring exclusively of human agency, or that they are 
 entirely controlled by divine agency* but the first of these 
 doctrines, as already shown, would be downright atheism, 
 and the last, rank fatalism. Touching your objection, then, 
 you must necessarily choose whether you will be an atheist, 
 a fatalist, or a phrenologist. 
 
 In the cultivation of the ground, and in all we have to do 
 with physical nature, we take precisely the same views of 
 this subject as are here taken, and our practice accords with 
 them. God has created the earth, the sun, and the atmos 
 phere, vapour, heat, &c, and in their application to the growth 
 of vegetation, &c, he varies them according to certain fixed 
 laws. So far, then, divine agency causes the growth of the 
 vegetable creation ; and yet, in regard to the products of a 
 given piece of ground, it is often left for human agency to 
 decide, at least, in part, what they shall be — whether it shall 
 bring forth wheat, or corn, or grass, or garden vegetables j 
 and, moreover, the degree of perfection to which their growth 
 shall be carried. 
 
 This view of free agency presented by phrenology, then, 
 is in perfect keeping with those common-sense notions of 
 tilling the earth which are founded upon the universal ex- 
 perience of mankind. Human agency greatly modifies the 
 action of those causes which quicken vegetation, by making 
 one field bring forth one kind of produce, and an adjoining 
 field, which is subject to the same divine agency, bring 
 forth substances of a very different kind. 
 
 How this subject of free agency has appeared to you, or 
 to others, I will not pretend to decide; but, for my single 
 self, I can truly say, that it was always obscured to my men- 
 tal vision by an impenetrably dark cloud of mist in which 
 it was shrouded by the theorizing of the metaphysicians 
 and the speculating of the theologians, until phrenology 
 kindly stepped in and dispersed this cloud by the influence 
 of its lucid rays : and if phrenology does not demonstrate 
 the precise point of union between these two agencies, it does, 
 at least, show that such a union is both rational and necessary. 
 34 
 
398 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 Fourthly, — But the following I conceive to be the 
 most conclusive, as it is the final, reply to your objection. 
 It is a fundamental doctrine in phrenology, that every fac- 
 ulty IS ORIGINALLY GOOD, and that THE LEGITIMATE EX- 
 ERCISE of every faculty, is virtuous. The plain 
 inference from these propositions, is, then, that all vice or 
 sin must proceed, either from the excessive exercise, or the 
 perversion, of good faculties. To illustrate this point, let 
 us take, for example, the crime of murder, which is, doubt- 
 less, the worst manifestation of depravity that human nature 
 presents. Now, when analyzed, the faculty of destruct., 
 from which this crime mainly proceeds, is found to be simply 
 a propensity to destroy and inflict pain. See p. 82. With- 
 out such a faculty, it is obvious, that man could not maintain 
 even his existence, much less promote his comfort and hap- 
 piness, in this world, for he could not subdue the earth and 
 cultivate it — he could not destroy those noxious plants, ven- 
 omous reptiles, and savage beasts which would successfully 
 contend for dominion with him, and, at once, conquer and 
 exterminate him. Without this faculty, he could not punish 
 the guilty, or make himself feared ; but would be so tame 
 and powerless as to be trampled upon with impunity, and be 
 constantly liable to suffering and death. When, therefore, 
 the faculty of destruct. is directed to the proper and legitimate 
 objects of its function — when it is exercised in the defence 
 of our natural rights — in the promotion of good order, and 
 the protection of good government — in the defence of the 
 weak and oppressed against the encroachments of the power- 
 ful, &c, its exercise is not only necessary, but praiseworthy 
 and virtuous, as much so, in fact, as that of benev. or con- 
 scien., or any other faculty; but when it oversteps these 
 bounds, and breaks forth in acts of violence, cruelty, rage, 
 malice, revenge, murder, &c, its exercise becomes perverted, 
 and is most odious and sinful* 
 
 * One of the strongest arguments of Dr. John Mason Good against phrenology, 
 is, that, "if these faculties are originally good, the more powerful they are the bet- 
 ter ; whereas, their very powerful actions, which, according to this doctrine, 
 ought to be regarded as their greatest natural perfection, are usually found to 
 manifest themselves in depraved and vicious feelings and conduct." The objec- 
 tion of the learned Doctor is not without foundation ; for phrenologists have given 
 him just cause to bring it forward, by having turned their attention mainly to ex- 
 treme developments of the organs and manifestations of the faculties, and by hav- 
 ing neglected to describe their medium developments. This errour they have 
 fallen into by not doing what many find fault with the authors for doing, viz., prac- 
 tising a general examination of heads. 
 
FATALISM. 399 
 
 But to show more clearly, that the proper exercise of de- 
 struct. is virtuous and commendable, let us suppose that you 
 hear of a starving family, situated in the midst of a deep and 
 gloomy forest, which forest is infested with gangs of robbers 
 and beasts of prey. Your benev. prompts you to relieve the 
 distresses of this family by carrying them food ; but you 
 know that, unless you go well armed, the undertaking will 
 be hazardous and liable to failure, nay, that your life will be 
 the forfeit. To prevent such a disaster, therefore, you arm 
 yourself, if you please, with a sword. Now, be your sword 
 ever so sharp, or the arm that wields it, ever so powerful, 
 and it does not follow, that you are necessarily obliged to 
 thrust it into every man you may chance to meet. No : 
 your duty is to let your sword rest in its scabbard, until 
 yourself or your food is attacked, and then the longer, the 
 stronger, and the sharper your sword, and the more vigor- 
 ous and powerful the arm that wields it in slaying those 
 savage beasts or barbarous men that would interrupt you in 
 the exercise of humanity and benevolence, the better. So 
 with your faculty of destruct .^ for be it ever so active or pow- 
 erful, you are not thereby obliged to vent the malignant man- 
 ifestation of it upon every innocent man you meet. No ; 
 but let it remain quiet, until the cause of justice, of huma- 
 nity, of benevolence, of virtue, demands its exercise, and 
 then the more energetick and powerful the faculty, the 
 better. 
 
 In fact, the peace and good order of society absolutely de- 
 mand that the violator of its just laws, should be punished ; 
 but punishment to the guilty cannot be awarded, except 
 through the instrumentality of destruct. Was there ever a 
 more virtuous and praiseworthy deed- — one more just in it- 
 self, beneficial in its results, or acceptable in the sight of 
 Heaven, than that of our patriotick and heroick ancestors in 
 drawing the sword of liberty, and letting it fall so heavily 
 upon our country's foes in the days of the Revolution ? Yet, 
 in this noble and glorious act, destruct shone most conspic- 
 uously, though directed, it is true, by conscien., firm., in- 
 hab., philopro., adhes., self-a, caus., &c. 
 
 It is chiefly by the proper exercise of destruct., aided by 
 amat, that the husband or the father protects his wife or his 
 daughter from brutal violence ; and yet, the perverted exer- 
 cise of these same passions, is mainly concerned in commit- 
 ting brutal violence upon woman. Nay, the vigorous exer* 
 
400 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 eise of destruct. is manifested even in the divine character 
 and government; and for man to be just or benevolent 
 without the aid of this faculty, joined with combat., is often 
 impossible. There is, in short, just as much virtue in pun- 
 ishing the guilty, as in relieving the distressed : or, in other 
 words, in. the legitimate exercise of destruct., as in that of be- 
 nev. ; and,, vice versa, as much iniquity in the improper ex- 
 ercise of benev., as in that of destruct. But it would be ui> 
 courteous to my readers to multiply examples to prove the 
 correctness of a principle which is as clear to the eye of 
 reason, as the existence of the sun is to the natural eye, name- 
 ly, that virtue and vice,, as connected with destruct., combat., 
 amat, or any other faculty of the mind, consist, not at all in 
 the nature of these faculties, nor in the degree of strength 
 with which they are manifested, but solely in the objects to 
 which they are directed* and In the character of their mani- 
 festation. 
 
 This same general principle is applicable, and with equal 
 force, to the operations of any and of all the other faculties. 
 We might take, for example, acquis., which gives a desire 
 to accumulate property. Without it, who would cultivate 
 the earth, promote manufactures and the fflfl$ engage in com- 
 merce, or even provide for the wants of the morrow? It is 
 by the exercise of this faculty mainly, that most of the com- 
 forts, as well as the luxuries,, of life are brought within our 
 reach; for, after all, it is more from instinct? than reason, 
 that mankind are taught to lay up property : and, without 
 the aid of wealth, how could we educate our children, sup- 
 ply the wants of the poor and needy, relieve the sufferings 
 ef the distressed, propagate religion, advance science and the 
 arts, and carry forward those ten thousand schemes for pro- 
 moting the happiness of our fellow-beings which are dictated 
 by philanthropick enterprise ? Yet, this same propensity, 
 which, in its proper manifestation, is productive of so benefi- 
 cial results, in its perverted exercise, leads to covetousness, 
 cheating, extortion, and even stealing. The manifestations 
 of combat., secret., aliment, amat., self-e., &c, are likewise 
 either good or bad, virtuous or vicious^ commendable or rep- 
 rehensible, not from the nature of these faculties, but ac- 
 cording to the time, place, character, objects, and direction of 
 their manifestations. 
 
 Thus we perceive, not only that every faculty of the mind 
 is originally good, and that one is as good and useful as- an 
 
FATAUStf. 401 
 
 other, but, also, that any faculty is capable of being turned 
 either to a good or a bad account, according as it is trained 
 and directed by the personal volition and external circum- 
 stances of the individual : and hence we infer the personal 
 responsibility of every man. Every faculty, whether small, 
 moderate, or large, in every state and stage of its develop- 
 ment, is liable to be perverted, in which case its manifesta- 
 tion becomes immoral, or it may be exercised in harmony 
 with the laws of nature and of moral justice, in which case 
 its manifestation will be virtuous. 
 
 The reasoning faculties, for instance, in all stages of their 
 development, are capable of being employed to prove and 
 propagate either truth or errour, either morality or immoral- 
 ity, either Christianity or infidelity — either in the ennobling 
 pursuits of science and philosophy, or in the grovelling pur- 
 suit of devising ways and means by which to gratify an in- 
 ordinate love of gain, or the sensual or baser appetites and 
 passions. Ven. may be equally exercised either in a bigot- 
 ed and blind adoration of a pagan idol, or in a pure and de- 
 vout worship of Jehovah. Benev. is capable of being exer- 
 cised either in relieving the distresses of those who are the 
 proper objects of charity, or in screening from justice those 
 who have violated moral law, and ought, therefore, to be pun- 
 ished. Conscien., even, may be so perverted as to sanction the 
 most revolting and horrid crimes, such as confining innocent 
 victims in dungeons, burning them at the stake, and torturing 
 prisoners taken in war. In proof of this, look at the inhuman 
 cruelties exercised by one religious sect upon another in times 
 of persecution. Look at the bloody butcheries and savage cru- 
 elties of the various Indian tribes, which are often practised 
 upon innocent women and children. But are we to suppose 
 that they who practise such barbarities, are destitute of con- 
 scien. ? Certainly not. We know that the former often be- 
 lieve that, in committing such atrocities, they are " doing 
 God service ;" and phrenologically we know, too, that the 
 latter possess a higher development of conscien. than civili- 
 zed, and even Christianized, men. As a proof of this, in his 
 perfectly savage state, we know that the Indian will rarely, 
 if ever, tell a falsehood. 
 
 Although the acts resulting from the proper manifestation 
 
 of the propensities, are not of so ennobling and elevated a 
 
 character as those arising from the legitimate exercise of the 
 
 intellectual and moral faculties, yet, they are altogether as 
 
 34* 
 
402 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED, 
 
 virtuous. Nay, more. A good endowment of the propen- 
 sities is indispensably requisite to a virtuous character ; for, 
 without such an endowment, and with ever so high a develop- 
 ment of the intellectual and moral faculties, one would he 
 too inefficient and too tame to fulfil all the duties of a benev- 
 olent, an intellectual, or a moral character : his moral light 
 would be "put under a bushel." The feeling called love, 
 fiows mainly from adhes. ; and adhes. is one of the propen- 
 sities : yet, who ever supposed, that what we so much ad- 
 mire, and still more strongly eulogize, as " the pure and ho- 
 ly love of woman," is a less virtuous feeling than her benev. 
 or her devotion ? And, on the other hand, would we not con- 
 sider the absence of this feeling in her, as great a defect as the 
 absence of conscien., of benev., or of good sense ? Hence, it 
 is evident, that, by giving us aliment., God does not compel 
 us to become gluttons and drunkards, but that he has merci- 
 fully bestowed upon us this faculty for the legitimate pur- 
 pose of enabling us to sustain our bodies by the use of food : 
 that, by giving us acquis, he does not compel us to rob and 
 steal ; by giving us destruct., he does not oblige us to mur- 
 der, and so on ; but, that all our faculties are primarily 
 good, and their legitimate exercise, virtuous. 
 
 If, then, these faculties are, in their nature, good, and their- 
 proper exercise, virtuous, it follows, that it is our duty to ex- 
 ercise them ; and, of course, that we render ourselves culpa- 
 ble by neglecting their proper exercise. If, for instance, we 
 neglect to perform an act of humanity, or of charity, when 
 w r e have the means to do it, and clearly see it to be our duty, 
 we are as much to blame as for committing a positive act of 
 injustice or violence upon a fellow-creature. 
 
 As it is essential to the argument, and, also, a cardinal 
 doctrine in phrenological theology, I may be pardoned for 
 repeating the proposition under consideration, namely, That 
 all the faculties of the mind are primarily good, and their 
 legitimate exercise, not only sinless, but even virtuous ; and, 
 therefore, that all sin and all guilt have their origin, not 
 in the nature of the faculties themselves, but in the charac- 
 ter of their manifestations, or in their immoral exercise. 
 According to this view of the subject, then, God nev- 
 er made a bad head, or, he never created a man who must 
 necessarily be a sinner. In fact, to deny this, would be 
 ;4 charging God foolishly," and denouncing his " greatest 
 
FATALISM, 403. 
 
 work" as imperfect ; and, moreover, making him out to be 
 "the author of sin." 
 
 " What ! then," I conceive you are ready to exclaim, " does 
 phrenology deny the doctrine of original sin, and of innate 
 depravity, as derived from our first parents, and, consequent- 
 ly, of the redemption of the human race by the death and 
 suffering of the Redeemer V 1 If, by "innate depravity, and 
 original sin," you mfiana constitutional depravity of the pri- 
 mary faculties of man's mind, as I understand phrenology, 
 it, in common with every principle of moral justice, of divine 
 perfection, and of common sense, does deny such a dogma. 
 In their nature, organization, and adaptation, the flowers of 
 the field, the plants of the valley, the beasts of the forest, the 
 fish of the sea, the fowls of the air, the sun in the firmament, 
 the stars in the sky, nay, all the works of God, proclaim that 
 the perfection of the Great Architect is stamped upon every 
 thing which he has made. And no less so does the corpo- 
 real part of man \ and, since the all-wise Creator has impart- 
 ed perfection to the organization and adaptation of our phys- 
 ical frame,, can. we, for a moment, suppose that he created 
 the immortal mind less perfect % Analogy teaches us, that, 
 m as much as animate nature excels, in the wisdom and per- 
 fection of its constitution and formation, inanimate matter — .. 
 in as much as man excels all the other works of God in his 
 lower creation, and in as much as mind excels matter, in just 
 the same degree are we to expect superiour perfection in the 
 constitutional formation of the human mind. To maintain, 
 fthat the nature of man's mind is depraved in its primary 
 faculties, and that all his sinfulness and guilt have their ori- 
 gin in this depravity, is to destroy, at once, his individual 
 responsibility, and charge upon God all the sin, and all the 
 consequent misery, that have taken, or will take, place either 
 in this world or in a future state of being: and this i% fatal- 
 ism in all its horrid deformity — a doctrine no less revolting 
 than blasphemous. 
 
 That human depravity, in some form, and in a greater or 
 less degree, is coextensive with the existence of the human 
 race, or, at least, as far back as the fall of Adam, is a fact 
 which I readily admit. If you ask, " What, then, are the 
 origin and procuring cause of this depravity — since you de- 
 ny that they are in the original constitution of the human 
 mind?" I answer, that, if phrenology cannot fully explain 
 die whole matter, it can, at least, point out one of the causes 
 
404 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 of this depravity ; and that one is found in the depraved phys- 
 iology of mankind, proceeding from a perverted education 
 and training of both their physical and their mental powers. 
 Most of the diseases, sickness, and pain we suffer, both men- 
 tal and corporeal, also proceed from the same cause, and not 
 from any imperfection in the organization and original 
 constitution of our bodies — not from any necessary or legiti- 
 mate action of our corporeal organs, but from our violating 
 the natural and wholesome laws of our physical nature. And 
 this perversion of the laws of our physical, intellectual, and 
 moral nature, has a direct influence upon our offspring, so 
 that the child often inherits from his parents, to a greater or 
 less extent, not only his physical, but his moral and intel- 
 lectual, character, just as he frequently inherits the health ox 
 the diseases of his parents and ancestors. Hence we per* 
 ceive, that God is no more the cause of our bodily infirmi- 
 ties, pain, sickness, and suffering, than he is of our mental 
 weaknesses and aberrations ; for, in the formation and con- 
 struction of our corporeal frame, a wisdom and perfection 
 are displayed which show that he has done all that could 
 have been done to prevent disease and suffering.* 
 
 To depraved human nature, the doctrine of constitutional 
 and original depravity, seems to be immensely gratifying, 
 since it answers as a sort of " scape goat," upon the head of 
 which to pile up all our sins. But I do not see any thing 
 in phrenology which teaches that, in our day, man is born 
 with a different or less perfect moral or physical nature than 
 that given to Adam when he came from the hand of his Ma- 
 ker, excepting always the degeneration and variation which 
 our species, or different portions of it, have undergone by the 
 perversion of the laws of our physical nature already allu- 
 ded to : and I do not see how it could have been otherwise 
 without destroying man's personal responsibility : and if we 
 take from him his personal responsibility, he is no longer 
 accountable for his conduct. But that man is personally res- 
 ponsible, and, therefore, accountable, " for the deeds done in 
 the body," phrenology clearly demonstrates. I have already 
 shown, that man becomes guilty by perverting his orignally 
 
 * The writer designs shortly to prepare for the press, a work upon the connex- 
 ion between man's physiology and his mental powers, and kindred subjects, em- 
 bracing, among other things, an inquiry into the causes of the great evils in socie- 
 ty as it is, and suggesting remedies for these evils as pointed out by phrenology, 
 The work will form a kind of sequel to the present volume. 
 
FATALISM. 405 
 
 good faculties — that he often prostitutes his reason, his moral 
 feeling, and all the noblest powers of his nature, to the base 
 and grovelling gratification of his depraved and sensual de- 
 sires and appetites, whereas, were he to act in perfect har- 
 mony with the laws of his nature — that is, his unclegenera- 
 ted nature, or such a corporeal and mental organization and 
 constitution as God originally gave to our first parents — he 
 would be virtuous and happy. 
 
 According to this view of the subject, then, so far from de- 
 stroying the free agency of man, and diminishing his res- 
 ponsibility and his guilt for indulging in sinful feelings and 
 wicked deeds, phrenology establishes the former, and great- 
 ly enhances the latter. It not only, does not make God the 
 author of sin, but it charges home upon the sinner himself 
 the whole weight of his guilt, with a power and with a force 
 that can scarcely be derived from any other source. 
 
 Hence, so far from leading to fatalism, phrenology fur- 
 nishes to the Christian, even, an argument against those 
 who urge against his religion this objection. Let us sup- 
 pose, for instance, the following discussion to take place 
 between a Christian and an infidel. The infidel brings for- 
 ward a most depraved character, say the pirate Gibbs, who 
 not only murdered thirty human beings with his own hand, 
 but also caused the death of four hundred more, and, more- 
 over, ravished, and then inhumanly butchered, many help- 
 less and imploring females that fell into his power; and, to 
 fill up the measure of his depravity, to the day of his execu- 
 tion, seemed to delight in recounting these revolting barbar- 
 ities ; and then says to the Christian, " According to your 
 doctrines, did not God create this abominably wicked wretch, 
 and that, too, with all his wicked propensities ?" " Yes," 
 must be the reply. " And, according to your Bible, does not 
 God eternally punish him for these very crimes which are 
 the legitimate offspring of his originally depraved nature?' 7 
 " He certainly does," says the Christian. " That is, accord- 
 ing to your creed," says the infidel, " God first creates men 
 with depraved natures, and then punishes them for being 
 what he made them ! Surely, the licentious Jupiter of the 
 heathen is far preferable to the unjust and tyrannical God 
 of the Christian. Away with a doctrine and a Deity so ab- 
 horrent to every principle of common sense and common 
 justice." 
 
 If the Christian appeal to the authority of Revelation to 
 
406 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 help him out of the difficulty, the infidel resists the appeal 
 by rejecting- the Bible as an absurd fable; and let the Chris- 
 tian exert his utmost ingenuity, and turn whichever way he 
 will, he still finds it impossible entirely to wrench this weapon 
 from the hand of his antagonist. But here phrenology steps 
 in, and completely shields Christianity from the blows of infi- 
 delity, by saying, " It is true that God gave to Gibbs very 
 large destruct, acquis., amat., &c. ; but so far as the Deity is 
 concerned, these faculties were created pure and sinless ; and, 
 had they been properly cultivated and directed, their mani- 
 festations would have been virtuous, and productive of good 
 to mankind. But by means of the power delegated to Gibbs, 
 instead of exerting these faculties in accordance with the be- 
 nevolent designs of his Maker, in the promotion of the wel- 
 fare and happiness of his fellow men, he basely prostituted 
 them to the worst of purposes. But he had no right thus 
 to prostitute and pervert these originally good faculties ; 
 and, for doing this, he alone is guilty, and, of course, pun- 
 ishable." 
 
 And now, sir, either my reasoning faculties, or my self- 
 complacency, greatly deceive me, if these four arguments, 
 either singly or conjointly, do not fairly meet, and fully an- 
 swer, your main objection to phrenology, namely — the first, 
 by throwing the objection back upon yourself to answer as 
 bearing against matters of fact as you admit them to exist — 
 the second, by showing, that, so far as the objection lies 
 against phrenology, it also lies against God's imparting any 
 mental qualities to man— the third, by proving that the ex- 
 ercise of the various faculties, causes the exercise, and con- 
 sequent enlargement, of their respective organs, and that the 
 deficiency of any of the organs is mainly owing to neglect 
 in the exercise of their respective faculties — and, the fourth, 
 by showing that the nature and constitution of all the facul- 
 ties, are originally good, and their legitimate manifestation, 
 virtuous, and, consequently, that vice and immorality origin- 
 ate in the perverted exercise of these good faculties. 
 
 Here, then, I dismiss this subject, and, at the same time, 
 take leave of several other points of your article ; for, if this 
 your great gun can be completely silenced, and even turn- 
 ed against fatalism, surely, all the small arm,s which can 
 be brought to bear upon phrenology, can be spiked without 
 difficulty. 
 
MATERIALISM. 407 
 
 MATERIALISM. 
 
 Another important objection to phrenology, and one very 
 closely related to that just answered, is, that this science es- 
 tablishes the doctrine of materialism. It is urged that, by 
 making mind so much dependant upon, and under the influ- 
 ence of, organized matter, and by showing that, from one 
 end of the animal kingdom to the other, (see pp. 7 to 10, and 
 26 to 34,) the mental and corporeal manifestations are recip- 
 rocal, phrenology proves a connexion between mind and 
 matter, so direct and intimate, that it can be explained only 
 by admitting, that mind is nothing more or less than a con- 
 dition, or property, or emanation of matter peculiarly organ- 
 ized and endowed with vitality ; and, consequently, that when 
 vitality ceases in such matter, the mind that inhabited it, also 
 ceases to exist, and, therefore, cannot be immortal. 
 
 That the sympathy and connexion between mind and mat- 
 ter, are very intimate, and that organized matter has a con- 
 trolling influence upon the manifestations of intellect and 
 feelings, no one who has investigated the subject, will pre- 
 sume to deny ; any more than he will that the laws which 
 govern this sympathy, are universal in their application to 
 animate beings. 
 
 It is a matter of fact, that we know nothing either of the 
 character or of the operations of mind in this world, only as 
 they are manifested by means of corporeal organs. The 
 mantled cheek, the lowering brow, the curled lip, the speak- 
 ing tongue, the sparkling eye, the look of joy, of love, of af- 
 fection, of sorrow, of suffering, of benignity, of intelligence, 
 of indignation, as expressed in the countenance, all bespeak the 
 inward workings of the mind, whose mandate they obey : and, 
 if we derange or disturb the corporeal organization through 
 which the mind manifests itself, we equally derange or disturb 
 the mind itself. Let the body be vigorous and active, and the 
 mind will be equally so ; whereas, if weakness, or lassitude, or 
 nervous affection prostrate the corporeal powers, the mental 
 powers will proportionally sink. If inflammation seize the 
 brain, the mind is excited to raging madness ; but when the 
 brain is again restored to healthy action, the healthy action of 
 the mind is also restored. In short, if the corporeal functions 
 are deranged in any way, the mental functions are equally 
 disturbed: see p. 18. Hunger and many kinds of disease 
 
408 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 create peevishness and irascibility ; a surfeit clogs the wheels 
 of thought and feeling ; dyspepsy produces melancholy and 
 gloomy forebodings ; a draught of ardent spirit stimulates 
 the feelings, and sometimes the intellect ; unrequited love 
 causes the mind to droop, and frequently the body to pine 
 away ; and a few grains of arsenick or opium are sufficient 
 to drive both reason and feeling from their throne. Facts of 
 this kind might be multiplied ad libitum ; but these are 
 doubtless sufficient to illustrate the sympathy and connexion 
 which exist between mind and matter. 
 
 Now, z/the doctrine of materialism follows from the fact 
 that organized matter has a controlling influence over mind, 
 it must be true, and we may as well refuse to believe what 
 we constantly see and feel, as to disbelieve this doctrine. The 
 whole question, then, seems to resolve itself into this — wheth- 
 er or not the connexion of mind and matter necessarily in- 
 volves the doctrine of materialism. 
 
 But, decide this question as we may, this much is certain, 
 that phrenology is no more liable to the charge of material- 
 ism, than is every system both of phy sicks and metaphysicks 
 extant. If phrenology is chargeable with materialism, the 
 science of anatomy, of medicine, of physiology, of natural 
 and moral philosophy, and, in short, of every thing which 
 treats of the human body or mind, is equally chargeable with 
 supporting the same doctrine ; for they, one and all, equally 
 with phrenology, admit, and even demonstrate, this same 
 great principle of the intimate connexion and relation be- 
 tween the physical organization and the manifestations of 
 thought and feeling. Nay, even the Bible itself is charge- 
 able with this heresy of materialism. But, if there is any 
 more materialism in the proposition, that one portion of the 
 brain is employed to perform one class of mental functions, 
 and another portion, another class, than there is in the propo- 
 sition, that the whole brain is brought into action by every 
 operation of the mind, then, indeed, is phrenology guilty, 
 but not otherwise. 
 
 All systems of physiology support the doctrine, that the 
 brain is the corporeal instrument by means of which the 
 mind performs its various functions; and this doctrine con- 
 stitutes the data, and the only data, upon which the charge 
 of materialism, as urged against phrenology, is founded. 
 Hence, so far as the objection has any force, it virtually lies 
 against the existence of any connexion between, not only the 
 
MATERIALISM. 409 
 
 brain and the operations of the mind, but between any por- 
 tions of matter whatever and the min^. But it has already 
 been shown, that we know nothing of the existence or ope- 
 rations of mind in this life, as a separate entity, or a thing 
 that exists or acts apart from organized or animate matter; 
 but of its existence and operation in connexion with organi- 
 zed and animate matter, we do know, just as well as know 
 that matter itself exists. 
 
 It is not, however, incumbent on me here to discuss the 
 question of materialism in the abstract, but merely as appli- 
 cable to phrenology. Since, therefore, I have clearly proved 
 that this doctrine is not applicable to phrenology as such — 
 that it has no more to do with the principles of this science 
 than it has with those of any and every other science which 
 treats of the physiology and mental economy of man, I con- 
 ceive that I have fairly met, and fully answered, this ob- 
 jection. 
 
 But this objection is not urged by infidelity against the 
 Christian religion so much as it is by professing Christians 
 against phrenology. They argue that " Materialism is false, 
 because it is contrary to divine Revelation ; but that phrenol- 
 ogy leads to materialism ; and, therefore, phrenology must 
 be untrue." But let those who are zealous for the truth of 
 the Christian religion, beware, lest, by proving materialism 
 upon phrenology, they thereby prove it upon themselves, 
 and thus fall into the snare which they had set for phrenolo- 
 gists. They infer that, if phrenology is true, it necessarily 
 implies the truth of the doctrine of materialism, and, conse- 
 quently, overthrows Christianity. Now, if, after all, phre- 
 nology should become (as it unquestionably will) fully es- 
 tablished, materialists and infidels will prove their doctrines 
 by the very arguments furnished by Christians themselves. 
 
 They will reason thus : " According to your own argu 
 ments, if phrenology is true, it establishes the truth of mate- 
 rialism, infidelity, fatalism, &c. : phrenology is demonstrably 
 true ; therefore the doctrines of materialism, infidelity, fatal- 
 ism, &c, are undeniable." And thus, even though their ar- 
 guments are sophistical, Christians will be " condemned out 
 of their own mouth," or else driven to the disagreeable alter- 
 native of admitting that their arguments are fallacious, and 
 the offspring of religious bigotry. 
 
 It is an old trick of agitators and bigots to raise the hue 
 and cry of infidelity, atheism, materialism, heresy, and so 
 35 
 
410 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 forth, against new doctrines in religion, and new discoveries 
 in philosophy and science. Not only were Anaxagoras, Soc- 
 rates, Galileo, Columbus, Locke, and a host of other worthies, 
 the effulgence of whose genius has lighted up the intellectual 
 and moral world, obliged to contend with the same kind of 
 opposition, but the great Reformers, and even our Saviour 
 and St. Paul, were assailed with the same sort of weapons. 
 But I am not so easily alarmed as to be driven from my pur- 
 pose by a little dust kicked up by those who are too bigoted 
 to look at a new science lest its doctrines corrupt their morals, 
 nor so easily persuaded as to }deld to an objection which I 
 find to be directly at war with, facts. I shall, therefore, de- 
 liberately walk forward in the train of facts which light up 
 my way, fearless of the goal to which they may conduct me. 
 In reference to the doctrine of materialism, I have only to 
 add, that phrenology itself furnishes evidence sufficient to 
 satisfy my mind, that it is utterly false. This evidence is 
 chiefly furnished by the faculties of ven. and hope. I believe 
 that the legitimate and leading function of the first, is to 
 teach us to worship a God, and that this proves the existence 
 of a Deity, and, consequently, of a being whose mind acts 
 independently of organized matter ; and I believe that the 
 leading office of the last, is to point out to us a hereafter by 
 leading us to hope for it and to expect it, and, consequently, 
 that it proves the existence of a future state of being. But 
 these points will be presented more at large in the chapter 
 upon the Theology of phrenology. 
 
 REGENERATION, OR A CHANGE OF HEART. 
 
 As the objection, that the principles of phrenology are op- 
 posed to what many believe to be the Scripture doctrine of 
 a change of heart, is tolerably well stated in the following 
 letter, published in the Morning Star, we allow Dr. Mallison, 
 as the representative of all who urge this objection against 
 phrenology, to state it in their behalf. 
 
 "New York, Oct. 18, 1836. 
 " To the Messrs. Fowlers. 
 
 * Sirs,— At your next lecture, T wish you to explain, according 
 to the principles of phrenology, how any material or radical change 
 in a man's moral character, disposition, or conduct, can take place. 
 For example : we frequently see the infidel and irreligious man, sud- 
 denly and radically change his sentiments and practices in life, and 
 become pious, reverential, and devotional. Now, according to the 
 
A CHANGE OF HEART. 41 1 
 
 principles of your system, it seems to follow, that, in reality, there 
 are no such changes, and that they are wholly imaginary or hypocrit- 
 ical, or else, that there must be a corresponding change of the phren- 
 ological organs, namely, a sudden diminution of one class of organs, 
 and an equally sudden enlargement of another class, whose functions 
 are directly opposite. 
 
 " That men do often experience these changes, is evident to every 
 one ; but that the bumps of the cranium, are subject to such sudden 
 growth and depression, is certainly most doubtful : and, if these or- 
 gans do not correspond with a man's changes in conduct and dispo- 
 sition, how can they have any reciprocal relation to his true char- 
 acter 1 D. J. MALLISON, M. D." 
 
 Admitting this doctrine of a change of character and con^ 
 duct called regeneration, as believed in and taught by ortho- 
 dox Christians, to be correct, and the first question to be con- 
 sidered in relation to its bearings upon the doctrines of phre- 
 nology, is, in what does this change consist ? From even a 
 superficial view of the subject, it is evident, that it does not 
 consist either in a substitution of one primary mental faculty 
 for an other opposite faculty, or in a change of the original 
 nature and character of the faculties, or of their proportion- 
 al strength; for, if the subject of this change possesses a strong 
 and original intellect before conversion, he has just as strong 
 and as original an intellect after conversion ; but, if he is 
 weak-minded before, he still remains so. Even his leading 
 peculiarities of mind, thought, and feeling, remain unaltered. 
 If, before conversion, he possesses a remarkably retentive 
 memory of incidents, of faces, of dates, of principles, and of 
 places, his memory of these things is equally tenacious after- 
 wards ; but, if his memory of any of these things is weak be- 
 fore, it is equally so afterwards. If, before, he is remarkable 
 for his mechanical, or any other, talents, he is uniformly 
 found to possess the very same talents, and in the same de- 
 gree, afterwards. If he is possessed of a superiour musical 
 talent before he meets with this change, he possesses the 
 very same talent, and in the same degree of excellence, after 
 this event. 
 
 In what, then, does this change consist? Simply and 
 solely in a change of the direction of these respective facul- 
 ties, or of the objects upon which they are exercised, and not 
 in a change of their nature and character, or of their rela- 
 tive power. For example; if the person converted, has a 
 great talent for musick, the effect of his conversion is to 
 change the direction of thi3 faculty : thus, before conversion, 
 it was chiefly exercised in singing songs, lively airs, &c. # 
 
412 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 whereas, it is now chiefly exercised upon pieces of sacred ma- 
 sick. If, before conversion, his reasoning powers are great, but 
 exercised principally upon political, philosophical, or scien- 
 tifick subjects, they are afterwards equally powerful, but di- 
 rected mainly to religious and theological subjects. Benev., 
 which was before manifested in relieving the physical suf- 
 fering, and promoting the temporal wants and earthly hap- 
 piness, of his fellow-men, is now directed to a different and 
 far more elevated object, namely, the salvation and eternal 
 happiness of his fellow-men. And so of every other feeling, 
 faculty, and talent, of the individual. 
 
 Now, in as much as the relative 'power of the faculties: 
 themselves, remains unchanged, though directed to different 
 objects, there is no call for an alteration in the proportionate 
 size of the organs, and, of course, no need of a sudden dimi- 
 nution of one class of organs, and an equally sudden enlarge- 
 ment of another class. But, if this change of heart did ne- 
 cessarily involve a change of the nature and the constitution 
 of the primary mental powers, the inevitable conclusion 
 would be, that these faculties were not well-made at the first, 
 and, therefore, require remodelling, or, rather, re-creating, 
 which would necessarily imply imperfection on the part of 
 the Creator j and, not only so, but this radical change in the 
 nature of the faculties themselves, would certainly destroy 
 the identity of the person converted, thus making him, not a 
 new, but another, being. 
 
 Again, if this conversion were to change the relative power 
 of the primary faculties, the same inferences hold good. 
 Whilst, then, the nature of the faculties themselves, remains 
 unchanged, and their proportionate strength the same as h 
 was before, the amount of it is, that divine grace simply 
 gives to the faculties as they originally or previously were, 
 a new direction. 
 
 An illustration will, perhaps, make the point clear. A 
 steamboat, which is made perfect and beautiful throughout, is 
 being propelled down a river, by the power of steam. The rud- 
 der is turned, and the same boat is now propelled up the river, 
 by the same power, and by means of the s/tme apparatus. B ut 
 the boat is not changed, or transformed ; for it is, by sup- 
 position, made perfect ; nor is the nature of the steam changed, 
 nor the character or proportionate strength of any one thing 
 about the boat. This is not neeessary. The boat is perfect, 
 Its direction, merely, is altered; and that by means of the 
 
A CHANGE OF HEART. 413 
 
 co-operation of the power of the boat and that of her com- 
 mander. So it is in the matter of conversion. The sinner 
 is sailing smoothly down the rapid current of sin and worldly- 
 pleasure, towards the opening gulf of endless perdition. Di- 
 vine agency arrests him, and changes, not the nature of the 
 thinking faculties themselves, but merely the direction of the 
 thoughts produced — not the nature of the propelling powers 
 themselves, but the drift and current of the feelings that flow 
 from those powers, by setting before them a different object 
 to stimulate and occupy those powers. 
 
 The analogy of the steamboat, does not, of course, hold 
 good throughout; for man is a moral agent, the steamboat, 
 a mere machine. It, however, holds good as far as I have 
 occasion to apply it. Men are depraved, not because they 
 have depraved faculties, but because they make a depraved 
 use of good faculties : see last proposition under the last ob- 
 jection, p. 403. 
 
 You allude to a " sudden" change. So far as the change 
 is sudden, it is not a change, either of faculties, or of their 
 relative strength. This change of the proportionate 
 strength of the faculties is always gradual. The man whose 
 besetting sin before conversion, was an inordinate craving 
 for money, has the same craving afterwards, with this differ- 
 ence merely, that, by the grace given him at conversion, it 
 is restrained from breaking out into overt acts of wickedness. 
 The same is true of the passionate man, of the ambitious 
 man, &c. Paul speaks of carrying on a " warfare against 
 the lusts of the flesh ;" and the Bible everywhere holds out 
 the idea that victory over our depraved propensities, must be 
 gradual, and can be obtained only by long-continued and la- 
 horious effort — by watching and praying, and severe self- 
 denial. Christian experience is compared to the " rising 
 light, which," from a feeble gleaming, " groweth brighter 
 and brighter till the perfect day" — " to a grain of mustard 
 seed, which," from the smallest of seeds, " becomes a great 
 tree;" plainly implying, that, as far as the relative strength 
 of the faculties is changed, so far the change is gradual. 
 
 I would ask any true Christian, if he is not obliged to 
 hold in with a strong rein, those propensities that predomi- 
 nated before his conversion; and, if a long time is not requi- 
 site effectually to subdue " those sins that most easily beset 
 him," so that their instinctive promptings are not plainly 
 felt. By the time, then, that he has subdued his propen* 
 35* 
 
414 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 sities, or altered the relative strength of his faculties the 
 organs will have time to adjust themselves accordingly : see 
 pp. 365, to 370. 
 
 If I mistake not, then, I have ctearly shown, that the doc- 
 trines and principles of phrenology, are not at all inconsist- 
 ent with the doctrine of regeneration ; and, also, that phre- 
 nology enables us to tell what hind, of Christians particular 
 individuals are. 
 
 PHRENOLOGICAL FLATTERY. 
 
 It is farther objected to phrenology, or, rather, to phreno- 
 logical deductions of character, that "The science as employ- 
 ed in practice, generally makes men better than they really 
 are ; and thus flatters their vanity and self-conceit, and, con- 
 sequently, tends to diminish their efforts for improvement." 
 
 By the application of phrenological principles, we are en- 
 abled to ascertain and describe only the natural talents, feel- 
 ings, dispositions, and capabilities of individuals, including, 
 also, the modifications of these feelings and talents as far as 
 cultivation has produced a change in their external signs or 
 organs | but a correct description drawn from such data, can- 
 not properly be called flattery. To make it flattery, the de- 
 scription should give to individuals a greater amount of talent, 
 of intellect, or of moral feeling, than they really possess ; but 
 this it does not do, except in the hands of unskilful or dis- 
 honest practitioners, for whose acts phrenology cannot be 
 justly held responsible. 
 
 It is freely admitted, however, that phrenology often as* 
 cribes to individuals a far greater amount of certain talents, 
 propensities, or feelings, than they think they possess, or than 
 they have manifested. But, in doing this, phrenology is not 
 at fault ; for the fact in the case not unfrequently happens to 
 be, that, from the force of circumstances, defects in education, 
 or from some other cause, these qualities of mind, which 
 really exist as described, have not been manifested in 
 such a manner as to display theix real strength and power, 
 but have remained neglected and unknown, and, consequent* 
 ly, unappreciated. The diamond, however, is the same, 
 " whether it sparkle in the diadem of royalty, or slumber on 
 the cross of the pilgrim." Who does not know, that the dis- 
 tinctions and honours obtained in human life, more frequently 
 depend upon adventitious and favourable circumstances, than 
 upon native genius and real worth? Let an individual wh<& 
 
PHRENOLOGICAL FLATTERY. 415 
 
 is possessed of only respectable talents, be thrown into cir- 
 cumstances which shall give these talents high cultivation 
 and polish, and he will often cut a far greater figure in the 
 world than another who possesses talents of the highest or- 
 der, but who is chained down in obscurity by the force of un- 
 favourable circumstances. Hence we might expect, that, if 
 phrenology reveals the true character, it will often be conr 
 demned for overrating, and, at other times, for underrating^ 
 the capabilities and talents of individuals. 
 
 But one prominent ground of the objection under consid* 
 eration, is, that men do not know themselves ; that is, they 
 frequently entertain very erroneous notions concerning their 
 own talents, disposition, and capabilities, especially w r ith re- 
 ference to some particular traits of character ; and, what 
 makes the point still worse for phrenology to settle in a sat- 
 isfactory manner to all the parties that may be concerned or 
 interested in an examination, is, not merely that the individ- 
 ual examined may have wrong notions of many of his own 
 mental qualities, but that his friends and neighbours even, 
 frequently entertain views on these same points, widely dif- 
 ferent from his own, and widely different from each other. 
 So that, there is nothing more common than for the decisions 
 of phrenology upon particular traits of character, to be oppo- 
 sed by the parties concerned, to be disputed upon among 
 themselves, and, finally, after investigation, to be conclusively 
 established in favour of phrenology : see pp. 79, 263. 
 
 The causes of this ignorance of human character which 
 so extensively prevails in the world, are numerous. I shall 
 allude to only two or three of them. The first is, that all 
 our systems of mental philosophy heretofore published, are 
 so obscure, contradictory, and defective, as to render it im- 
 possible for any one, not excepting even their very authors,, 
 to obtain from them clear views of their own mental facul- 
 ties — to learn from them what constitute the various facul- 
 ties of the human mind, their analysis, different functions, 
 and modes of operation. 
 
 Secondly, we live in a highly artificial state of society \ 
 particularly we who profess to be highly civilized. In so- 
 ciety as it is now constituted, the great strife seems to be, not 
 to improve, but to conceal and pervert, nature ; so that men 
 (and especially women) are little more what they seem to be,, 
 than artificial fruit is like real fruit. The theatre of humane 
 
416 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 life has become a masquerade, where each attempts to act his 
 part in disguise. 
 
 To illustrate this point, let us suppose that a very upright 
 and conscientious man engages in business, in the mercan- 
 tile line, if you please. He proceeds, for a while, to deal in 
 the most honest and honourable manner, but directly finds 
 that he is surrounded by those who employ " the tricks of 
 trade," and begins to think that, unless he fall in with their 
 usages, he will be ruined in his business. He then stops a 
 moment to reason with his conscience — and more especially 
 with his acquis. ; and he finds that it is an almost universal 
 practice to recommend a bad article as a good one, (particu- 
 larly among the retailers,) and to lie it on to the customer ; 
 also, to take advantage of the ignorance of the customer, by 
 selling him an article for fifty or a hundred per cent more 
 than it is really worth ; and to practise a thousand other dirty 
 tricks with impunity. His conscience loudly rings the alarm, 
 and tells him it is wicked, it is base, it is mean. But the 
 consideration of gain, the universality of the practice, and 
 what he considers the necessity of the case, at length get the 
 upper hands, and so far stifle the warnings of conscien., that 
 he gradually slides into this slimy and hell-ripening course. 
 Now, at such a stage of his career, phrenology would be apt 
 to attribute to him a higher degree of conscien. than he dis- 
 plays in his practice ; for, as yet, the organ has not had time 
 to diminish in proportion to the letting down of the man's 
 character.— This case may serve to illustrate ten thousand 
 others, not only with respect to the organ of conscien., but 
 also in regard to all the other organs. 
 
 On the other hand, the phrenologist may sometimes be 
 found fault with for describing an individual's character as 
 worse than it is, when, in reality, the only reason that he has 
 not displayed his vicious propensities in their full force, is, 
 they have been restrained merely by surrounding circum- 
 stances, or, perhaps, the witness who bears testimony in the 
 case, is not so intimately acquainted with the individual as to 
 know his real character. Hence, I have invariably found, 
 that, the judgment, &c, being equal, the more intimate the 
 acquaintance between the person examined and him who 
 bears testimony to the correctness of the examination, the 
 more perfectly will he agree with the phrenological descrip* 
 tion given. 
 
PHRENOLOGY NOT REDUCIBLE TO PRACTICE. 417 
 
 Again, it is often urged, that, " If an individual is deficient 
 in intellect and moral feeling, or if his organization is such 
 as to expose him to temptation of any sort, he should be kept 
 in ignorance of the fact." Now, if ignorance of the phreno- 
 logical development of amat, secret., combat., &c, would 
 prevent the manifestation of these propensities in excess, ig- 
 norance might be advisable ; or, if ignorance of a want of 
 intellect would compensate for its deficiency, phrenology 
 would do harm ; but, since a deficiency of intellect, and an 
 inordinate development of any of the propensities, will most 
 assuredly manifest themselves, the sooner the individual is 
 made acquainted with the fact, the better : see p. 262. 
 
 PHRENOLOGY NOT REDUCIBLE TO PRACTICE. 
 
 Another objection, which is, perhaps, more generally urg- 
 ed against phrenology than any other, is, that, " Although 
 the science may be true in its general principles, yet, in its 
 details, and in its application to practice, and to the develop- 
 ment of the nicer shades of character and talent, no reliance 
 can be placed upon it" 
 
 Tnis objection seems to have arisen out of the circum- 
 stance, that many obtain a partial knowledge of some of its 
 leading principles, and, from superficial observation, collect 
 evidence enough to convince them that these are true, when, 
 from a want of a more extensive and critical knowledge of 
 the subject, they are not able to go into its details, nor to 
 make observations that shall clearly prove its correctness in 
 detecting the nicer shades of character. But, to the reason- 
 ing mind, it must appear evident, that the same arguments 
 and facts which prove the correctness of its general princi- 
 ples, also prove the correctness of these principles when car- 
 ried out in detail. Hence, if the truth of its general princi- 
 ples be admitted, the applicability of these principles to prac- 
 tice in minute detail, follows as a matter of course. 
 
 This objection, again, is varied by some who profess to be- 
 lieve in what they are pleased to term its most important 
 and prominent organs, such as firm., benev., caus., &c, but 
 who disbelieve in the existence of many of the smaller or- 
 gans, thinking that so great a number of organs as is con- 
 tained in the phrenological nomenclature, would make the 
 system of the mental faculties too extensive and complex to. 
 be either convenient or true. They say, that the organ of 
 
418 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. 
 
 " colour," or of " weight," for example, is unnecessary ; and 
 that, if phrenologists admit into their scheme, these and many 
 other equally unimportant organs, they are bound to admit 
 many others not included in their list. 
 
 Now, if phrenologists had formed their system themselves, 
 by setting down and " mapping out the head into different 
 portions," and by locating one organ, or one group of or- 
 gans, here, and another there, they might have extended or 
 diminished the number of organs at pleasure ; and, of course, 
 every objector would have been at liberty to lay their system 
 upon his iron bed, and, like Procrustes, lop it off, or stretch 
 it out, just as his fancy or his judgment might dictate. But, 
 since phrenologists have had no hand in forming their sys- 
 tem, and, of course, in determining the number of the facul- 
 ties in the human mind, and of their corresponding organs 
 in the brain, or in locating them either, but have presented 
 the whole thing in just the same form in which they disco- 
 vered it, they do not hold themselves accountable, either for 
 the number, size, location, or importance of the respective 
 organs, but beg leave to refer objectors to the Great Creator 
 ind Contriver of the whole system. True, as discoverers, 
 they are answerable for the number of organs which they 
 have admitted into their system^ but here they hold, that 
 they have admitted no more than they have been compelled, 
 to admit on the ground of evidence furnished by an observa- 
 tion and facts : see pp. 24, 25, 42, and 250. But the proper 
 answer to this objection is given in the description and anal' 
 ysis of the various faculties of the mind, as given in the pre- 
 ceding pages of this work. 
 
 The fact is, this very minuteness with which phrenology 
 describes character and talent in all their details and shades 
 of difference, constitutes its grand and leading excellence — an 
 excellence which, at once, places this science pre-eminently 
 above any and all other systems of mental philosophy. 
 Thousands w T ho have submitted their heads to our examina- 
 tion, have had their admiration excited to the very utmost, 
 and been no less astonished than delighted, by this striking 
 peculiarity in phrenological power. After having submitted 
 his head to the manipulations of L. N. Fowler, Professor 
 Hovey, of Amherst College, expressed his surprise and as- 
 tonishment many times over, at the wonderful minuteness, 
 combined with perfect accuracy, with which all the nicer 
 points and shades of his character were described. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Phrenology defined and proved, 7 
 The Brain the Organ of the 
 
 Mind, ib. 
 
 Mind a Plurality of Faculties, 10 
 The Brain consists of as many 
 Organs as the Mind does of 
 
 Faculties, • 17 
 
 The Faculties differ in power, 20 
 Reciprocal proportion between 
 the strength of the Faculties 
 and size of the Organs, • • • • 21 
 The Scull shaped to the Brain, 22 
 Discovery of Phreno!og3 T , • • • • 24 
 Facts in proof of Phrenology, 26 
 
 Phrenology of Animals, 27 
 
 Indian Heads and Sculls, 29 
 
 African do. do., 31 
 
 Phrenological difference of the 
 
 Sexes, • 32 
 
 Phrenology Illustrated, 37 
 
 Temperaments, . . . . . 3S 
 
 Influence of Education, 40 
 
 Shape of the Organs, 41 
 
 Test of the Faculties, 42 
 
 Classification of do., 43 
 
 Affective Feelings, or Facul- 
 ties, • • 45, 56 
 
 Animal Propensities, ib. 
 
 Domestick do., 46,56 
 
 Selfish do., 46,73 
 
 Human, Moral, and Religious 
 
 Sentiments, 47, 102 
 
 Selfish do., 47, 103 
 
 Moral and Religious do., •• 48, 123 
 
 Semi-Intellectual do., 48, 159 
 
 Intellectual Faculties— Percep- 
 tive do., 49, 177 
 
 External Senses, ..... 49, 178 
 
 Observing and knowing Facul- 
 ties, 50, 183 
 
 Semi-Perceptive Faculties, 50, 209 
 Reflective or Reasoning Facul- 
 ties, 51, 229 
 
 Combinations of the Faculties, 51 
 i. Amativeness, 56 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 2. Philoprogenitivenes9, 61 
 
 3. Adhesiveness, 64 
 
 4. Inhabitiveness, 68 
 
 5. Concentrativeness, TO 
 
 t. Vitativeness, 73 
 
 6. Combatiyeness, 75 
 
 7. Destructiveness, 82 
 
 8. Alimentiveness, 86 
 
 9. Acquisitiveness, 88 
 
 10. Secretiveness, ••• 96 
 
 11. Cautiousness, 103 
 
 12. Approbativeness, 107 
 
 13. Self-Esteem, 113 
 
 14. Firmness, 119 
 
 15. Conscientiousness, 124 
 
 16. Hope, 136 
 
 17. Marvellousness, 141 
 
 18. Veneration, 147 
 
 19. Benevolence, 153 
 
 20. Constructiveness, 160 
 
 21. Ideality, 165 
 
 22. Imitation, 169 
 
 23. Mirthfulness, 172 
 
 Sensation or Feeling, 178 
 
 Sight, 179 
 
 Hearing, ISO 
 
 Taste, 182 
 
 Smell, ib. 
 
 24. Individuality, 183 
 
 25. Form, 186 
 
 26. Size, 190 
 
 27. Weigfet, 192 
 
 28. Colour, 195 
 
 29. Order, 198 
 
 30. Calculation, 202 
 
 31. Locality, 205 
 
 32. Eventuality, 209 
 
 33. Time, ^ 214 
 
 34. Tune, 217 
 
 35. Language, 222 
 
 36. Causality, 231 
 
 37. Comparison, 239 
 
 Unascertained Organs, « • 247 
 
 Grouping of the Organs, 250 
 
 Directions to Examiners, 253 
 
420 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Improved Bust, 254 
 
 Facts in proof of Phrenology, 256 
 Examinations in Amherst Col- 
 lege — H. W. Beecher, ib. 
 
 Dr. Humphrey— Examinations 
 
 inLansingburgh, N. Y., 257, 261 
 Examinations in Waterford — 
 
 Troy, 258 
 
 Prof. Eaton-Dr. White— Hud- 
 son, • -•■--» 259 
 
 Examinations in Catskill, 262 
 
 do. in Amsterdam, 263 
 
 do. in Schenectady, • • • • 265 
 
 do. in Albany, 266 
 
 do. in North Adams, 267 
 
 do. in New York, 268 
 
 do. in Philadelphia, 269 
 
 do. in Carlisle, Pa— Wal- 
 
 die, • 271 
 
 Chief Justice Gibson, 272 
 
 Wm. Roberts— Jas. Cornelius, 273 
 
 Rev. Geo. G. Cookman, 274 
 
 Hon. Judge Lewis, 275 
 
 Gen. Anthony, 276 
 
 Hon. Mr. McKean— Mr. Pack- 
 er, ; 277 
 
 Examinations in Bloomsburg, 
 
 Pa., 278 
 
 do. in Milton— Gen. Frick, 279 
 do. in Washington, D. C. — 
 
 Dr. Hunt, 281 
 
 Prof. Jones— Dr. Sewall, 282 
 
 Woodhouse— Elliott, 285 
 
 Wise — Ex-president Jackson, 286 
 
 Van Buren — Adams, 287 
 
 Clay— Webster, 288, 289 
 
 Calhoun — Poindexter — Pres- 
 ton— R. M. Whitney, 291 
 
 Benton — Cass — Woodbury — 
 
 Clayton, • 292 
 
 Gov. Tyler — Judge White — 
 Pettigrew— R. M. Johnson- 
 Gov, King,.- •-.. 293 
 
 Walter Jones— M. L. Davis, •• 294 
 
 Dr. Gibson, ►♦• 295 
 
 Gen. Duff' Greene, 296 
 
 Wm. H. Brown, 298 
 
 Booth— Wevmes, 300, 301 
 
 Orr— Dr. G'reen, • • v 303 
 
 Examinations in Baltimore, •• 304 
 
 Examinations in Richmond 
 
 and Portsmouth, Va.,- • 310, 311 
 
 Hon. Judge Baker, 312 
 
 Dr.Cherry— Williamsburg, Va., 313 
 Hon. Geo. W. Lay— Batavia, 
 
 N.Y 314 
 
 Prattsburg— Rev.H.W. Spaul- 
 
 ding, 316 
 
 Examinations in New York, • • 318 
 
 Rev. S. B. Smith, 319 
 
 Goold Brown, 320 
 
 Chan and I£ng, Siamese twins, 322 
 
 Benjamin Often, 324 
 
 Frances Wright, 326 
 
 Phineas Bennet, ' 329 
 
 Wynans, 331 
 
 Robt. L. Stephens— Powers, • . 332 
 
 Nathan Ames, 333 
 
 Dr. Griffin, 334 
 
 Dr. Beecher— Dr. Alexander, 335 
 Rev. T. Stockton — Ludlow— 
 
 Burchard, 336 
 
 Rev. C. G. Finney, 338 
 
 Rev. O. Dewey, • 339 
 
 Webb, 340 
 
 Legget— Noah, • 341 
 
 Cobb, 341 
 
 Halleck, 342 
 
 Inmates of the House of Ref- 
 
 fuge, 343 
 
 do. Asylum for the Blind, • • 344 
 do. Deaf and Dumb Asv- 
 
 lum, •• 344 
 
 Table of Developments, 345 
 
 Objections to Phrenology an- 
 swered, • 349 
 
 Anatomy of the Brain, 354 
 
 Excrescences upon the Scull, 358 
 
 Memory, 360 
 
 Increase of the Organs by Ex- 
 ercise, 365 
 
 Phrenology independent of 
 
 Physiognomy, 370 
 
 Answer to Dr. McDowall, •• • 374 
 
 Injuries of the Brain, 378 
 
 Free Agency and Fatalism, •• 380 
 
 Materialism, 407 
 
 Regeneration, 410 
 
 Phrenological Flattery, -••••• 414 
 
 Practice of Phrenology, 417 
 
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