LP 216 .C3 Copy 1 RECENT PROGRESS OF PUBLIC EDUCATION f N THE SOUTH; A PAPER READ BEFORE THE GEORGIA TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION AT SAVANNAH, May 5th, 1870. REPLETE WITH INTERESiTNG STATISTICS, AND GIVES A FULL EXHIBIT OF THE Alb RENDERED BY THE PEABODY FUND. / By lArAIlTIN Y. CALYIN AUGUSTA. GA. CHTfONK'LE A' SENTINEL STEAiM PIUNTING ESTAP^TSITMENT. 1 S 7 , SCHOOL BOOKS. Tlie undersigned hjxvc secently }>ub]ished a series of NEW PICTORIAL READERS AND SPELLERS, adapted to the tastes of both sexes, in tlie family as well as the school room. They have been j^repared by the Hex. Prof. J. L. Reynolds, D. D., of the South Carolina LTniversity. The series consists of six volumes. Reynolds' New Pictorial Speller, - - 15 cts Reynolds' New Pictorial Primary Reader, 25 Reynolds' New Pictorial Second Reader, 40 " Reynolds' New Pictorial Third Reader, 60 "' Reynolds' New Pictorial Fourth Reader, 80 " Reynolds' New Fifth Reader, - - 1.25*' School History of Sonth Carolina.— Told in n familiar style. By Professor James Wooi> Davidson, A. M. Price 90 cents. Prof Reynolds' Writing Books, in a series of five nmiibers — 20 cents each. A School Register, to last six months — 10 cents. A Table Book foi* young children — 50 cents per doz. The above i)ubli<3ations are being extensively used in this State, North Cai'olina and (Tcorgia. Teachers and Educators who wish to examine any of the above works, with a view to their introduction, will have a copy sent them on receipt of half the above price. DUFFIE & CHAPMAN, Columbia, 8. C. RECENT PROGRESS' OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH ^ A PAPER READ BEFORE THE GEORGIA TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION AT SAVANNAH, May 5TH, 1870. REPLETE WITH INTERESTING STATISTICS, AND GIVES A FULL EXHIBIT OF THE Alb RENDERED BY THE PEABODY FUND. By martin Y. CALYIN, augusta, ga. CHRONI(.^LE & SENTINEL Bl'EAM PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT. 1870. ^x^' \ ^ Kecent Progress of Public Educationiii Lao ^SoiiUi BV AfAllTlN V. CAT.VIX. AU<.;iS]\\. (;A It nuist bo ]>C('urraiiy p^i'iitiiyiiig to vhu Iricijids of Free F*ublie Iiirttriictioii, to note the progress everiwhere^-made in advancement of this great interest, in tlie;01d.Ji*s M^ell as:in the IsTew World, we liave abundant ovidencfc of the fact that, within the hist decade, a deep-seated .(hHerinination has taken hold npon tlie peo]>le — and in some instances upon tJM^ \n\y- makers — hitherto lethargic, to organize ami peri^pd,' schoul systems where none existed, ^im\ to remodel nrnl imrjrove thos<^ having the semblance of existence THE WORK IN" KUiJOn^:. Vigorous efforts are being made in Englmd for the establishment of a T^ational System of Schools npon the most liberal plan — the desire being to rid the penpie of sectarian organizations, and to secure the education oi' evory^fhdd in the Kingdom. Prominent men aj'c at: tiie head of the nK>v.c- ment. We judge from the discussions which have occurred on the subject that the projectors of tli'e. r^lbrm are in tlie right path. Great stress is laid ujuin the importance, of a. decided improvement in Primary and Normal Instruction. The compulsory system has recet>tly l)een adopted in Portugul. Russia, always prominent tor her support of higher education, is now bestowing merited attention' T'lpontJie wants of that larger class, whose greatest boon \s eJenieutary in- struction. All Austria is aroused to the necessity, of improv- ing the established system. In Italy elevating influences are at work; ]iot oidy the day^ but the evening schools ;are thronged. One year ago, Turkey stood last of all the Euro- pean States on the tvducational slate, in refere»r)ce to elenlen- tary instruction. A system of compulsory education has been proclaimed by the Sultan. The law provides that in cases where parents fail or refuse tocorn|>iy with it:, tlicy shall be remonstrated with three times, jin'd if they do not, heed remonstrance, then a tine of from live to one hundre this siilrjcet, wiKu uc ^ ^..iinici tijai adverse circumstances, I'oupjed with tlie waut of an e!ili<>hteije(l Public Scliool system, deprived tliehi of evoii the coinitiojiest cduciitioiuil adviiutages ? Tlieir dVvn disadvantages liavc, under the riiouhling hand of ' eiinoblinii^ inHaences, aroused them to tlie necessity of seeming their loved ones against like evils. The lessons tauglit by experience, we all know to be lasting, moving, and powerful. This elieve me, there is a great iinclercurrent, which awaits develo})ment at the hands of ]*roper men — men enthused upon the subject of educating the. peo}>le. Tills uiidercu'rrcnt is, as it were, just below the surface. Could there be less excitement over measures of for less importance, the day would be hastened when in the heart and upon the li[>a of exory patriot would live and act the immortal \vords of tlie immcu'tAl Dinter, applied to our own : *\l pj-omised God, that I would look upon every Prussian peaiiant chihl as a being who could com]^>lain of me before God, if I did not provide for him the l)est education, as a man :M\d a. Clinstiaij, which it ,was possible for me to provide." No apology will sufllce. ''The education required for the people is that wljich will give them the full command of every faculty: which will call into play their powers of oljseiv vation and retiection ; which will make thinking and reason- able beings of the more creatures of impulse and ])assion ; which in the physical sciences — especially those of chemistry and mechanics— will make them masters of the secrets of jSTaturc;" All this, and more, is demanded. Prejudice, with its narrow grasp, may cramp this l^eling in some, but like a great flood it will rise and sweep tiway such weakly barriers. Why, this interest constitutes the '^subject matter of conversation more frequently than ever 'before; more thought is bestowed upon it; and a deeper degree of earnestness is evinced. I know wdiereof I speak when 1 assert that the genuine progress made in these par- ticulars is perfectly wonderful when we consider the unparal- leled diflicultics under which we have labored and are laboring. There is a quietness in tliis educational reform; but, mark you, it comes all the more steadily, and its demands are being niinje knowh in a more audible voice. Pettifogging politicians have licretolbre kept this great interest under their heels, v.-hile others of the same class have made it a mere hobby to Fubserve other and not praisewortl)y encl^. Bat, unless I mistake tlie signs of the timoB, the days of such men^are^^ Ab intimated, this desire ot llic people lor free puhli^i^ insh'uction must he wroiii;ht iido an actuality— it riiuft not only exist, hut he niade to act. Just here there is' 'work ciiouoh for all. Men feel the importuiice of covering the land ^vith^l netv/ork of railroads; hut, tell me, do tliey ever ac^, until aroused, throuKhUie usual a-encics-l moan the press and the rostrum, public me^tiiiKS and voor/^/^^ ineetings i One oi' the chiefest reasons, I venture, why we have been so far behind other sections in rnhlic Education ib that the press and our orators have been so silent on the sulpect When other measures, which are claimed to be for the ])cneht ol he neople are sou-lit to be inaugurated, what course do the Llvocates the;.3of pursue? Why, they agitate !agi ate iu^itatc ! You read of it in your morning papers ; it is talked oVori the streets ; in the lecture room ; at your firesides ; it is on the lips of almost every person, until presently almost every on^ leels ati interest, acts an interest and very Boon that meiisurc is successfully inaugurated and works much good for ad the people— a measure which, perhaps, had been at lirst inveighed against and denounced as unnecessary. jionorable agencies, which have proved valuable and eifective in other In-eat and good enterprises, must not be dis- regarded by the friends of the cause which we advocate We need concert of action to make our oneness ot pur- pose available. ^ We must cultivate what Lord Macauley declared to be essential to success in any undertaking, "an active and an aggressive spirit." ^•" Our ditiiculties are great, but instead of appalling us, they should increase our zeal and enliven our energy, ■ It may be proper here to say, that the foregoing assertions as to Education in the South are not intended to convey the idea that Southerners were, or are wholly careless ot this important matter. The liberality of our people m sustammg private institutions of learning of rare value; and the large sums annually appropriated by the several States, in support of what have been unfortunately termed "Irce Schools, establish the fact that we are friends of Education in every sense of the term. The trouble has been, however, that,_ as ' a o-eneral rule, we lost sight of the importance of systemizmg oifr Public Schools. Bountiful approjDriations made in a commendable spirit, were too often absolutely thrown away by the workings of the crude, ill-adjusted machinery called the ^'School Law." A man who attempts to imitate literally some other worthy and very successful person, will fail. Une may note and seek to develop in himself the excellencies which distin- guish a friend, but such a one will tind that the charming traits he brings to the surface, will, in the very order of nature, be of his own mannci- though modelled over so care- fully. A Connecticut School Law, in detail, would fail in Massachusetts. We shall tind this the case in the South. To accomplish great results, the School enactments of the several States nmst be adapted to the peculiar circumstances of each. THE COLORED PEOPLE. No man can feel a deeper interest in the education of the colored people as a class than the native Southron. Intelli- gent and influential citizens throughout the South are out^ spoken on this subject. All our people desire that the School Law shall dispense its ennobling light over all in common, but they at the same time dcnijmd, for reasons not necessary hereto enumerate, that the while youth and the colored youth shall be instructed in separate schools. ESSENTIALS. Before referring to the States in their order, I propose to touch briefly upon what I esteem as essential in the school Bystems South. I pass from the State Superintendent, County Superintendent, and Local Board, the importance and abso- lute indispensability of each, of which are established beyond peradventure in the history of the Prussian Schools' and those of our sister States, North and West, to the agency which stands hand in hand with the Normal School — I mean the Teachers* Institute. Aside from a wide-awake superin- tendence, there is no agency, promotive of school interests, from which teachers can derive so much benefit. There should be conducted and supported ]o each State an Educational Journal, : THE STATES. MARYLAND. Til 1.S23, provision was made in Maryland "fur the ]'\ib]ic itU'^triK'tion of youMv in Primary Schools thron<::hout the Slate," and the ofH<'e of State Superintendent created. (Jne liuiKh'ed years prioi- to th(^ (hite just mentioned, similar acts were en- fo)'C'3d, and tlie idea of superintendence acted upon. The pi'oscnt provisions jire liberal and as the result, an admirable system of schools is in operation in the State. Both white and colored are provided for. In the city of Baltimore alone, there are some thirteen or more schools for the especial acconnnodation of colored children. The schools were at first Primary, but as the pupils showed signs of advancement. Grammar Schools have recently been opened for them. During 1867, there were in operation ninety-tliree schools for white children, employing four hundred and sixty-eight teacliers, and attended by nineteen thousand j)upils. There were seventeen Evening Schools, employing seventeen teachers, attended l»y nearly seven hundred pupils. In 1862, the city expended for school purposes $143,078; 1863, .Il;i61,8r.9; 1861, $202,138; 1865, $275,067; 1866, $312,- .)7S; 1867, $460,856. During 1869, there were in operation in the city 102 Day Schools for white pupils, conducted by 558 teachers, with 23,913 pupils. Expenditures for schools, $481,871, of v> hich $26,322 was for colored schools. In 1867, the State expended $477,177.93 for 1,279 public schools, attended by 71,060 pupils. The schools outside of Baltimore are seeking to emulate her noble example in elHciency, thoroughness, and liberality, so that the census of 1870 will materially and most favorably change the educational statistics of the State Ibr 1860, viz : 935 public schools ; 943 teachers ; 36,216 pupils ; $243,079 as a school fund, of which $125,160 was raised by taxation. Maryland realized $105,000 from the sale of her public land. The money goes to an Agricultural College already in existence. THE OLD DOMIIsriOK Three years after the formation of the first Constitution of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson appeared as the advocate of 10 Public Schools. Five years afterward, that is in 1T84, the bill tliavvu up l>y Mr. fJeiFersoii was |>riuted, and twelve years Iroru tliat dale it i)assed the General Assembly, with a prurist), leaving it to tlie County Courts to decide wlien the same slijuld take eflect, which action eirectuallj' killed it. The revised Constitution o( 1864- retained the provision uF 1851, ibr the sn][)[>ort of Free Priuiary Schools. The Con- stitiition under which the Slate is now^ acting, nuikes the hiauguj'iition of a system of i*ui)lic Schools obligatoi'y u[)on tlie ijcgislature. A State SupcrinteJident of l*ublic Instrui> tion has !>ut recently been elected by the Assembly, and has submitted a Common School phui, which in many t)articulars is to l)e Pi'ovisional until July, 1871. The object is obvious. A State Board of Education, Xormal Schools, and separate schools for the races, ai'C recommended. The present city systems are not to be disturbed. ]'etersburg, in this State, liad been expending for what were i>ractically pauper Schools, the sum of $5,000 annually -— r"educriting somewliat imperfectly, an average of less than 300 pupils." [n 1868^ under the advice of Dr. Sears, aiid tlie awakening of tlie citizens to the importance of improving their schools, a ref )nn was inaugurated, the city determining to rai^^e the sum oi^ §10,000 in' additioi] to $2,000 from the reabody Fund. An admirable system is the result and the peo|>le are becoming more and more wedded to the ijiterest. iiolh classes of [>opulation are ])rovided for in separate sclnKds. ivichmond," Manassas, Winchester, and other places, have ado[>ted a similar ]_>lan. : The statistics for 1800 — including West Virginia, not then a State — are as follows : 3,778 public schools; 3,89G teachers; 85,443 pupils. Annaal income for school purposes, $198,(338, oi which $72,338 was derived from taxatioJi. The Virginia teachers have an Educational Journal, Hupprorted by a Stock Company, if I mistake not. WEST VIRGINIA lias been constantly progressing in School matters since the a<]option of her lirst Constitution. The number of schools increases yearly, and there is no abatement in the interest manifested in the work by the t)eople. Normal Schools have been organized; Teachers' Institutes are an established fact; and new and substantial school houses are being erected on every hand. The Fourth Annual Report of the Superintend- ent, thatforl867, shows 1140 schools; 1246 teachers; 35,304 pupils. School fund, $200,093.99. Amount paid to teachers, $140,445.38; to county superintendents, $14,752.07: total expenses, $167,130.17. It During 1869, four liuudrerl and two additional school houses wurc erected. Total value of school property in the State, $958,092.55. Amount expended for buil(lin<»: purposes, $250,000. Total nundjer of educable youths, 59,028, of whom 8ti4 are colored. Number attending- the public schools during the, year, o5,6Si; teaclrei-s, 2,283; school districts, 2,308 ; schools, 2,198. Total expenditures in support of schools, $329,152.73. ,^, , For the sc'holastic year, September '(39-70, tdd in the sum of fll^nOO was received i'rom the Peabody Educatiim Fund lor twunly Towns, two County Institutes, and the EducaiionaJ Jouiiial. West Virginia received $85,000 for her 150,000 acres of ]>ul>lic lands. The Schools are se[»arate lor the races. XOKTII CAROLINA. The first Constitution of North Caroliua, 1770, contjiined jirt article requiring the establishment of schools ''for the con- venient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters, l)aid i>y the pul)lic, as may enalde them to instruct at low prices." The instrument adopted in 1808, directs tlie inaugu- ration of a Public School system, connects the State University i!ise[)arably with said system, and obliges the Legislature to provide ''that the beiieilts of the University, as far as practi- <;ab[e, I)e extended to the youth of the State, free of exi»ense for tuition." The adoption of the compulsory system is left to tlie option of the General Assembly. The new School law went into operation in January, 1870. There are 350,000 educible youths in the State, which has a fund of about $300,000. The sum of $122,040 was realized trom the sale of 270,000 acres of pubhc lands. The Agricultural College will constitute a Department in the University. A similar arrange- ment is made for a Normal School. Separate Schools and separate Departments in the University will be provided for the races. Not a little interest has been excited in the State on the subject before us. The indefatigable Agent of the Peabody Fund has contributed largely to this end. Public Schools have been organized in Wilmington, Newport, N"ew^berne, Salisbury, and other places, supported mainly by voluntary contributions, liberally assisted by the fund just referred to. The Baltimore Association of Friends have done a good work in the State. '-^ The statistics for 1800 were as follows : 2,294 schools; 2j928 teachers; 105,025 pupils. Annual school income' $268,719, of which $85,800 was niised by taxation. n SOtJTH CAROLINA. The Legislature iuioi>teort of Free Schools— rather in paying the tuition of iiidiojont pupils. In 1858, the sum of about $75,000 wart approj)riatcd for school purposC-t^. lion. C. G. Mcmminger, the able head of the Board of i^ublic Scliool Commissioners, of Charleston, was indefatiga- ble in his eliorts to secure a regular system for the whole State. During eleven years, ending September, 1869, 25.000 children had availed themselvesof the advantages of these admirable schools. The sum expended for teachers* salaries, etc., during said time amounted in round numbers to $350,- 000. Since the close of the war, one of the finest buildings, under the care of the Board— the Morris Street School — capable of accommodating 1,000 pupils, has been given to the use of colored children. The new school law h being put into operation the cut*- rent year; |;"iO,000 was appropriated for school purposes last y"'*^'« [^ li<*t^ been discovered in every State that the advan- ? ages of a l*ublic School system have but to be brought to the notice of the people, and clearly demonstrated for" them to become interested in it; and very soon they become its advocates. This is ti-ue of the people of the Palmetto State. There will be no mixed schools. $50,000 was appropriated for the present year, in addition to the capitation tax. Aroused and interested by the Rev. Dr. Sears, agent of the I*eabody Fund, the citizens of Greenville, Columbia, Abbeville, Beaufort, and smaller places, have organized Pub- lic Schools, supported, for the most part, by voluntary contri- butions. The Agricultural College, when organized, will be attached to the State University. The reports of the County Commissioners under the present law, as they appear in the General Superintendent's Report, show for 1869, 381 public schools; 528 teachers; 16,418 pupils ; of whom 8,255 are white, and 8,163 colored. N'u ruber of white educable youths in the State, 68,108 ; colored 100,711. The statistics for 1860 are as follows : 757 public schools; 811 teachers ; 20,716 pupils ; annual income for schools $204,- 593 ; of which $39,470 from taxation. GEOEGIA. In Georgia we have had any number of Constitutional provisions and Legislative enactments, but the means were never wisely adapted to the end. We all know the dec]! interest felt in this subject by the people. The fiat has gone forth — Georgia mufet have a system of schools worthy oi tlio State, cost what it may. I trust that when we do secure this much desired boon, wise and healthy in all its parts — we shall also have provision made for County and State Teachers' Institutes. I desire too, to see, as the counterpart of this last agency, a good Educa- tional Journal established. Some of our leading cities have demonstrated not only the practibility but the economy of such a scheme, and the influence of the schools of those cities is being felt all over the State. The Public Schools of Savannah were organized under a special act of the Legislature, March 21, 18GG. They com- prise a regular graded system, and are deservedly popular with the citizens. The total expenditures for all purposes during the years 1866-7, were $16,279; 1867-8, $20,0.04: 1868-9, $21,316.79. Cost of tuition per pupil a year, for 1869, $15.05. Columbus organized her Public Schools Octo-^ ber 14th, 1867. As in Savannah, progress was the watch- word in Columbus. In three years there were three separate school buildings, with twelve teachers. The schools are an honor to the city. The present school property is valued at $20,000. The people have ofttimes been in peril, and embar- rassed financially, but they stand manfully by their schools. The annual expenditures for school purposes in Columbus amounts to over $7,000 In both cities the schools arc under 'the direction of public spirited Boards of Education, ably" and powerfully assisted by working Superintendents and live teachers. Dr. Sears succeeded in interesting the citizens of La- Grange, Rome, and one or two other smaller towns, iu the subject of free public instruction, but I am not advised as to the progress made in either place. Atlanta, with character- istic energy and foresight, has addressed herself to the wqp'k of inaugurating Public Schools, and only awaits the necessary legislation to proceed at once to the erection of elegant school buildings. Her Board of Education, composed of twelve of her best and ablest citizens, is fully organized. Macon has two regular Free Public Schools, with two teachers and about ninety pupils each. One is supported in part by the City Council; it is exclusively for boys. The other derives its sup- port from the ^'Elam Alexander Fund," which is ample. Both 14 institutions are for the benetit of white children. Macori, too, is preparing: to strike honds with Havannali, Co]nnd>ns, and Atlanta. In Augusta, there are ten or more Free ru])lic Schools for white cliildren. With one exception, (a city institution) these schools are under the control of tlie County Board of Education, as organized under what is familiarly known as the "Poor School Law." A Superintendent — Ifon. Henry W. Ililliard — lias recently been appointed, and schools organ- ized for colored youth. ' The Board does all it can to promote tlie welfare of the schools, both in the city and county, under the law. The structure lacks symmetry. That there is uoi a want of appreciation, witness the large sums in wliich the people tax themselves for said purpose. Upwards of $22,000 will be expended by city and county during 1870, for the schools referred to. The annual expenditures have always been liberal, averaging for tour vcars (inclusive of the present) from $15,000 to $18,000. The ''obstacles to the formation of a beautiful and more beneficial system must be removed just as they w^ere in Savannah aiid Columbus. So long as teachers are made to depend on a j^er diem for each pupil in attendance and wait until the expiration of the year for their pay — as is the case in all t^^e schools in view, except the city institution, just so long will the schools fall short of that higher degree of elliciency and vitality discoverable in those operating under special laws, as in Savannah and Colundms. The statistics for 1800 are as follows : 1.752 public schools; 1,884 teachers; 56,087 pupils; $149,9(30 aiinuid school income, of which $53,271) is from taxation. FLOBTDA. The Constit#ions of 1839 and 1860 contained provisions for Public Schools, in applying the proceeds of sale of public lands to that purpose. The Constitution of 1868 makes a more positive requirement in this behalf. The necessary School laws have been pjissed. Tlie State l']ducational Fund is too small to accom})lish much just now. It is believed that a favorable change will soon occur, and that the rural dis- tricts, which have suffered so long from a lack of educational facilities, will be ministered to. Evidence of the general progress made in J'opular Educa- tion, as claimed in this paper, is afforded in Florida. We find that, despite the want of a State Fund, the people sliow a lively appreciation, of the value of free public instruction, b}^ liberally and cheerfully contributing sums of money, sufficient with the aid. given by the Pea1)ody Fund to carry on schools in Tallahassee, Iy, Madison and Marianna. j^rotfered aid from the Fund amounts to $0,650. The Keport of the State Superintendent for the hrst three months the schools were in operation, ending December 31, 1861), sliows over 250 schools organized, and a total registra- tration of about 7,500 pupils. .,• 'i i The statistics for 1860 are as follows : 1)( pul.)hc schools ; 98 teachers; 2,032 pupils; school fund, $20,01)0~or wind. |7T6 was raised by taxation. ALABAMA. The Constitution of 1819, in force in 1860, provided that schools and means of education should be forever encouraged in the State. The Constitution of 1865 retains the prcmsion, addin- another, making it the imperative duty of the Legis- lature to enact necessary and proper school laws. Ihe in- strument adopted in 1867 confers lull legislative pmyers on the Board of Education, composed of the State Superintendent and two members from each Congressional District, and makes it its duty to establish schools throughout the State, the same to be separate for white and colored. The Agricultural College is to be a part of the State University. . _ , p t> i v t The Eeport of the State Superintendent of I ublic In- struction for the scholastic year, ending September 30, lSb.» Bhowsthat there were ^pward of 400 schools, in suicces^.iul operation,- attended by about 160,000 pupiR $524,621.68 was appropriated for school purposes the year just mentioned. Ofthis amount $5,371.85 was expended for Kormal Schools, of which there are several in the State. , The schools of Mobile and Selma operate under special ' The economy, efficacy, and desirableness of Public Schools •were satisfactorily demonstrated to the citizens of Sehna, a town of 28,000 inhabitants, by Dr. Sears, during a visit in 1868. So thorouivhly convinced were the People that m response to a proposition on the part of Dr. Sears to give ^L.UUU in aid of Public Schools, if the citizens would raise double that amount, they proceeded immediately to subscribe the sum oi $5,000 instead, which was afterward increased to P0,7aj. 508 pupils were thus educated, with a saving of $27,39o to the ^' ^'Greensboro', Talladega, Opelika, Union Springs, and Girard have fallen into line— the last three modeling Uieir schools after those of Columbus, Ga. ^, ^ The statistics for 1860 are as follows: 1903pubhcsc)iools; 2,038 teachers ; 61,751 pupils. Educational fund, $48^,474— $63,845 raised by taxation. 16 MISSISSIPPI. The educational provision in the Constitution of 1817^ '32 and '55 was in substance the same as that in the Consti- tution of Ahxbama for 1819. The instrument of 18G8 is more explicit in requiring tlie establishment of a uniform system of Free Public Schools, by taxation or otherwise. Little, if any- thing, has been done toward carrying out this requirement up to tljG present time. Under the advice ajul encouragement offered by tlie Agent of the Peabody Fund, favoralde movements towards tl^e establishment of Public Scliools were made in Meridii^n, Canton, Brookhaven, Jackson, Granada. Hernando, Summit, llazlehurst. Crystal Springs, and Biloxi. Vicksburg was alrea-dy si)ending $12,000 per annum in support of one school of oOO ])upils. iratchez had tlie best system in the State. $0,150 appropriated by Peabody Fund in aid of schools at Natchez and five other towns. The Agricultural College not determined upo!i finally. The statistics for 1860 are as follows : lllG public schools; 1215 teachers; 30,970 pupils. Annual school income, $385,679, of which Jj.29,689 raised by taxation. LOUISIANA. The Constitution of Louisiana for 1812 was silent on the educational question. That of 1845 provided for the inaugu- ration of a school system, and the creation of tJie State super- intendency. The instruments of '52 and 'OS retained tliis provision. That of 1868 declares that "there shall be no separate schools or institutions of learning established exclu- sively for any race by the State." The effect of this provision is to give tiie schools up to one race — the colored. Such enactments are unwise, because productive of feelings at variance with the best interests of the two races. The white people of Louisiana must depend on their own exertions for schools, while they pay enormous taxes in support of a system which is of no value to them. They will loTig and constantly bear in mind the name, the virtues, and munificence of George Peabody, from the fund left by whom lljey derive so much assistance. The people of twenty towns propose to contribute, say $40,000, expecting aid from the Peabody Fund in the sum of $11,900 the current year. The New Orleans, Plaquemine, Clinton, Bastrop and Mt. Lebanon Normal Schools and Departments have received aid from the Peabody Fund in the sum of $3,500. The State Seminarj^ has recently been denominated the 17 State University, and will doubtless be made to embrace tb& Agricultural College. $350,000 wore expended by New Orleans last year under the city system, educating 25,000 pupils in 58 schools, of which 16 are set apart for the especial accommodation of colored children, taught by 59 teachers. It is fbared that these schools will be literally undone by the State assuming control of them. The statistics for 18G0 are as follows ; 713 public schools ; 856 teachers; 31,818 pupils; $469,210 as school fund; $223,593 of which was raised by taxation. TEXAS. In the Constitution of 1845 ample educational guaran- tees were contained. The office of State Superintendent of Schools was also created. The 7th section of Article X (Education), Av^as in these words : "The Legislature may provide for the levying of a tax for educational purposes; provided, the taxes leviedshall be dis- tributed from year to year, as the same may be collected ; and, provided, that all the sums arising from said tax, which may be collected from Africans, or persons of African descent, shall be exclusively appropriated for the maintenance of a system of Public Schools for Africans and their children : and it shall be the duty of the Legislature to encourage t^cUools among these people." The new Constitution requires the inauguration of a system of Public Schools. Prominent citizens are interested and working earnestly in that behalf. The statistics for 1860 areas follows : 1,218 public schools; 1,274 teachers ; 34,611 pupils ; $414,168 as school fund, of which $15,847 raised by taxation. KEXTUCKY. The people of tliis State have long enjoyed the benefits of common schools. A new school law has just been enacted, March 21, 1870. The present school fund a[)proximates the handsome sum of $1,350,000. The Board of Education, composed of the Attorney General, Secretary of State, and Superintendent of Public Instruction, is empowered to organ- ize and keep in existence a State Teachers' Association, "and may also cause to be held annually a model State Teachers' Institute. County Institutes are authorized to be held annu- ally in July, or August. Article X of the law, defining the common school, contains a section, w^hich is in these words : *' Any person to whom a white child may hereafter be 18 apprenticed, sLall send such child, if between the ages of six and fifteen years, to a common school, if any snch is located conveniently, not less than live months in each year; and for faihire to do so, he shall be snbject to a fine of^ fifty dollars for each animal omission." It is provided further that if such person send such child to any other than a common school for the required time, he shall be exempt from the provisions of the section. In 18GT, there were 170,405 pupils; 4,401 public schools. Tiie schools are exclusively for white children; no pro- vision as yet made for colored cbildron. This State realized $lGo,000 for her 330,000 acres of public lands. The Agricultural College, fully organized with liOO students, is attached to the State University. The statistics of 1800 are as follows: 4,507 public schools; 4,G4G teachers; 150,158 pupils; school fund $U)9,011; $167,- 218 from taxation. TE^NiNESSEE. The Constitution of 1835 contained an article in the interest of education. Very little good was accomplished nnder the old school law, which practically paupciized the whole system. The revised school law was enacted March, 1807, and Gen. Jno. Eaton, Jr., appointed State Sn[)orinten- deut. This gentleman, now United States Commissioner of Education, immediately and with great energy, addressed himself to tiie work of selecting County Superiu'endents, School Boards, and the organization of schools in everj^ county in the State — separately for white and coloi'ed child- ren. Great obstacles were encountered, but these v>'<'i'e grad- nally surmounted, so that at the expiration of two ^-ears, that is up to September, 1869, 3,405 schools for ^'.■!lite, and 498 schools for colored children, had been opened, directed by 3,286 white, and 328 colored teachers, and attended by 185,845 pupils, of whom 160,027 were white, and 25,818 colored. Total disbursements approved up to the same time for school purposes $573,795.74 ; educable youths in the State, 1869, 329,206 white, and 89,503 colored— a total of 418,709. The Peabody Fund has been made the instrumentality of building up graded schools in Knoxville, Cleveland, Chat- tanooga, Clarksville, Memphis, Kashville, and other points. Aid is derived from the fund, the present year, by fourteen prominent towns in the State, in the sum of $9,700. An additional donation of $200 was made in aid of the Journal of Education. The statistics for 1860 are as follows : 2,965 putlic schools; 3,064 teachers; 138,809 pupils; school fund $402,90 I, by taxa- tion $22,297. ARKANSAS. Educational provision was contained in the ConslitutionB of 1836 and 1865. The instrnment of 1868 continues the provision, more extended, and requires the establishment of a State University, with Normal and Agrieultnral depart- ments. Owing to the intense political excitement pervading the State, the. school work lias been greatly hindered. In this State there was a nearer approach to undisguised anarchy than in almost any other, yet the lapse of a comparatively short time shows the most remarkable progress in educational matters. Dr. Sears and the fund which he represents have done much to bring order out of chaos in this State. The excitement subsiding, schools have been successfully organized in almost every county. The people are aroused. Where one child never saw th*e inside of a school liouse, six are now attending school regularly. Fourteen towns receive aid the current year, from the Peabody Fund in the sum of »^9,8^^- The statistics for 1860 are as follows: 727 public schools; 757 teachers; 19,242 pupils; |>120,613, as a school fund; $1,100 raised by taxation. SUMMARY FOR 18G0. The summary for 1860, in the foregoing Slates, is as fol- lows : Fublic schools, 23,462; teachers, 24,410; pupils, 778,- 873; annual inc«>me for school purposes from all so/irces, $1,166,781), of this sum $890,409 was derived from taxation. COXCLUSIOK. In conclusion, permit me to remark upon this great work in our sunny clime, that it is co-equal Avith every other Christianizing, enriching enterprise. Shall we be less careful of it, then, than our duty demands ? Xay, verily. But Ave must exert ourselves untiringly in the interests of this cause, the success of which will greatly increase the happiness and usefulness of the people, "while at the same time it makes more valuable our material and mineral possessions. .While we thus work, we shall keep fresh in our minds grateful remembrance of the patriotism and liberality of one of the South's greatest benefactors, the lamented George Feabody, whose life, characterized as it was by system, energy, and developsnent, should inijdant Avitliin us the same 2:rand traits, 80 that our labors and expenditures in the cause of free public instruction shall be really an investment, the benefits of which all shall share. ,UV>^ i.V>k> V -._.v3 OF RICHmOMB COUNTY, Tills Iiislilulioii will hi\ rc-oponcd on the lolh of S('ploniV)er ii<^\l. Its orjrani- zation will consist of two dcpavlmcnls, viz: The 8cientitic and the (Classical and Eni>:15sh. In the Seientitic Department, uhieh will he in ehar tliorongh instruction of primary classes, competent assist- anc(^, will be employtid by the Piincipals of the Classical and Englisli DcparU ments. Every Fnday dnring the session Avill be devoted to a review of the lessons r. -cited (bn-ing the week. The scholastic year will terminate on the last Friday in June, nnd will be divided into two sessions of nearly five months each. The last week will be devoted to a general review and examination before the Trustees and the i)nbUc. Fees ]>er session of nearly five montlis, inclnding both the Scientific and 1 he Classical and English Departments will be : For advanced classes, studying T>nlin and Greek, ii?2r) ; for advanced classes, studying only higher English branches. ^20: and for ])rimary classes, i|!l2.50. Fuel if 1 per session. For further information see print-pd circulars of the Academy of Richmond County, or either of the teachers. A full assortment of the very best Cooking Stoves the country affoi'ds may be found at 0, 1, FyLURTflH'S STOVE STORE, Broad Street, :o: We keep constantly on band the following patterns : " The Philanthropist." " The Chief Cook." "The Civilian." . The Philanthropist may be had with four boiler holes, or with six holes and cast iron Water Tank, the doors lined with tin. The Grate revolves and throws the ashes into a drawer which can be emptied at pleasure. For particu- lars of each Stove write to the undersigned, or call at the store, No 186 Broad Street Augusta, Ga. We are also agent for the sale of Doty's Washing Machine and Wringer, sold at manufacturers' prices and freight from New York added, viz: $25. ID- 31.. rTJLIliEI?,T03Sr, Broad Street, Augusta, Ga., next to Telegraph Office. Choice Family Grroceries, WOOD WABE, BBOOMS AND OUSTEBS, JAMES a BAILIE & BEO, Broad Street, Augusta, Ga. P. S. OarpotS; Oil Cloths and Shades Up Stairs. .^^■- Ciil^'OB'^^ "W^'^"^M AV liOLESALE AND lU^^TAIL DEALEll IN FOREiON AND DOMESTIC DRY GOODS, ALWAYS ON HAND A. KI^E ASSORTM"ENT OF wmmm «©©iir (W THE LATEST STYLES, Woolen Goods, Blankets, Flannels, etc., GLOVES, HOSIERri', AND NOTIONS IN ENDLESS VARIETY, Jfi®" Xew Goods coiiHtautly am^•illg, Avliich will be olVcix^ffnrX', WITH ISAAC »^®If , t DEALER IN 3RY GOODS, CLOTHING, Boots and Shoes, Hats and Trunks. In our stock is to be found all varieties of goods in the Dry Goods tie. All goods are marked in plain figures, that everybody may see id know the price of each article. The "One Price System," by which r'er^^ purchaser has the same chance of buying cheap, is strictly ad- ered to, and we ask our old and new customers to inspect our stock i* Goods before buying elsewhere. No trouble is spared to show the rood.?. ISAAC SIMON, 176 Broad Street, opposite the Augusta Hole!. lOHI. B. POUMELLE, PROPRIETOR OF H'ill^ /, loATP _TIP^ WLMmjMAMm I> TUE EBAE OF THE CKNTEJLl. UOTBI., ELLIS STEEET, DEALER IN HORSES, MULES, 11 Fill if iii, SADDLE HORSES, CARRIAGES, BUGGIES, ETC, FOR HIRE. HORSES TAKEN ON IIYERY. The Only J}'.ve(% Liijtorter of IN THIS CITY. ^V/;'^;osale mid Retail Den^ei' iii CHINA, GRANITE AND COMMON WARE, ^ FRENCH AND A^IEKICAN GLASSWARE AND LOOKING GLASSES, PLATED ANT) BKITAIMIA WAKE. :^fe|^-ycjk ^iid Cliai-leston Bills DuriHcated.. I have on liand a sui)])Iy of the PROTI;CTOP. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE JARS, and 'for SiTiiplicity, Du]-al>ility and Economy, they cannot be snrpas^ed by any. TRY THEM. Sl^anufacturer and Bealer in TIN AND- SHEET IRON WARE, "Wafkington Stiseet, b8tv.-feen Sroail Khd Ellis Streeisi,*lJl%tftoii House BniTaiii! GUTTERING, ROOFING, REPAIRING, ETC, DONE PROMPTLY AND CHEAPLY. PP.OFKIETOE AND MANUFACTURER OF Cook's Cefebraied Vaporine Lamps. 0!L, LAMPS, AND LAMP FIXTURES FOR SALE. i^Eead what some of the prominent citizens of Atlanta say : ATLANTA, QA., Dkokmbkr 9tii, 1S69. Messrs. Akcrs. <& ^nrf^-cu'S— Gsntlkvf-n: We have been using your COOK'S VAPORINE BURNER, and have noticed it in the Ilotele, and in Street Lamp.-* on the Streets; and imhesi- tatintrly sav that it £;ivef; as good a hght as our Coal Gag, and its merits deserve to be acknowl- edged; therefore, we willingly recommend it as the SAFEST and CHEAPEST LIGHT now offered to the Dnblic. Yours, respectfully, ., ,,^,.^ « Coi. Wm. fi. Eulsey, Mayor of Atlanta; Capt. W. H. Brotherton, Mem. Council; YQi t e * Lykee, Amai-ican Hotel; Saseeen & Hilburn, UnitefA States Hotel; A. P^ Watson, Locai -B^itor- of theA'etc Era; Lioigford & McCrath, of the well known firm of Echols, Langford & Mc- Crath, Gas Fittere, Stovss and Tin Yi&iQ Dealers. CarpeiSj Oil Clcihs, Wmim Shades, GIIRTMK OQODS, COPJICES AID BANDS, \Vi\U Paper*! nnd Bovders, p^g._Groceries & Baskets on first floor. m^-rn^s'- /sins ^In .is. ^f) ^^^f) ^^'? oai.mmJ^, Commission Merchant QEMERAL ISSIJESNCE &GENT, ' Mcintosh Street, near G-eorgia R. R. Bank, PhcBnix Mut. Life Ins. Cg= of Hartford, Conn. Virginia Home Fire ins- Co., Richmond, Va. AND ^Justioe of tfee Peaoe, 175 ELLIS STEEET. NEAR POST OFFICE, AUGUSTA^ C-A. CiYil Termfii of Court Coiimieisce'* Second tind Fourth {Saturdays in each i^Ioath. CKIMINAL COUHTS-DAILY SESSIONS. J" LIBRARY OF CONGRESS THE OLDEST PAPER IN ESTABLISHED 1794 019 886 547 3 THE CHRONICLE & SENTINEL PTJELISHED. AT Daily, Tri-WTeekly and yiTeekly- :::r:;:::;tr;;U'r i;;;ls;V',.iuu.i a„a Gene,.. in..,-,„ation u,... ienus are $3 per annu,.., or 81 50 f,.v s,x .nontl,.. All suUseriptions are re-iuirea in aavanoe. vautao-es not excelled by any i>ai»ev m the S