HISTORY OF MARYLAND sd LrMAGRUDER PASSANO (A.H. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY) WRITTEN ESPECIALLY FOR USE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS EUJMTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED BALTIMORE WM. J. C. nULANV COMPANY ?3 LIBRARY of OONQRESS (wu CO[IIIM rttKMVOU stp 20 iyu5 Oouyrutni ciiiry 77/2-6 OOPV B. Copyright, 1ot. 26 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. vessel, the Cockatrice, and sent it out to capture any Mary- land ships it might meet. Lord Baltimore met this move by fittir.g out two vessels which presently captured the Cocka- trice, after a figlit in which several men were killed and wounded. This occurred on April 23, 1635, in the Poco- moke Ri\'er. On May 10 there was another fight and more bloodshed near the same place. The Dispute Settled in Lord Baltimore's Favor, 1638. The next chapter in the story is that disputes arose between Claiborne and the merchants to whom he sent the furs he got in trade. Claiborne had to go to London to settle mat- ters with them, and in his absence Leonard Calvert took possession of Kent Island, and Palmer's Island, at the head of the Chesapeake. He found there two leaders who kept the settlers from submitting, John Boteler, who was Clai- borne's brother-in-law, and Thomas Smith. The latter had gone northward to the settlement on Palmer's Island, where, he thought, he had passed the limits of Lord Baltimore's colony. There, it was said, he had persuaded the fierce Susquehannoughs to attack St. Mary's. Governor Calvert took both these men prisoners, and they were both tried for piracy and condennied. Boteler, showing a good disposi- tion, was pardoned, and was afterwards appointed com- mander of the militia of the island. He remained faithful to the government from that time on. It is not known what became of Smith. This happened in February, 1638, and two months later, in April, the whole dispute was finally settled in England in Lord Baltimore's favor by the Board of Commissioners for the Plantations. The "Plundering Time" of Ingle and Claiborne. Clai- borne, however, bided his time. Six years later he invaded Maryland and took Kent Island. At the same time, one Richard Ingle, a tobacco trader and agent of Parliament, SETTLEMENT AND EARLY HISTORY. 27 captured St. Mary's with an armed force. For a year or more Ingle and his followers sailed about the Chesapeake, seizing tobacco, corn, cattle and other goods. The Gov- ernor took refuge in Virginia until, in the end of the year 1646, with a force of Marylanders and Virginians he suc- ceeded in driving out both Claiborne and Ingle. During these disturbances the great seal and the official records of the colony were lost or stolen. The latter could not be re- placed, but the former Lord Baltimore replaced by a new seal much like the old one. At various times since other seals were adopted, but in 1876 Lord Baltimore's design was '"estored and is now the one in use. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. George Cai-vert. !. Give the dates of his birth and death. 2. Tell about his character and his rehgious belief. 3. About his rank and the ofifices he filled. 4. Was befriended by King James I 5. His first colony in America. 6. Why the settlement of Avalon was a failure. 7. His new charter. Did he receive it '' 8. Ti.e origin of the name of Maryland. II. CECI1.1U.S Calvert. I. Was born in what year? Died when ? 7.. How related to George Calvert ? 3. Why did he never visit his colony ? 4. His character. III. The Maryland Charter. 1. Maryland a " palatinate " ; explain what this means ?. What is meant by the " Lord Proprietor? " 3. Explain the relations of the King of England to the govern- ment of the colony. 4. The relations of Lord Baltimore to the government of the col- ony and to the King 28 HISTORY OF MARYLAND, III. The Maryland Charter (continue.^. 5. In what sense were the colonists Brilis- subjects ? 6. How were their rights safeguarded ? 7. Compare the governments of Virginia anu Massachusetts witli that of Maryland. IV. TiiK First Exi'kditiun. 1. When did it sail, and what were the names of ^e ships it sailed in ? 2. Was composed of how many and what kinds of persoi.-. •* 3. Where did they land in Maryland, and wlien ? 4. Tell about the oldest city and tirst capital of the colony? 5. How was the land for its site obtained ? 6. Why were the Indians friendly toward the set'lemant ? 7. Compare the settlement of Si. Mary's with that i>i Avalon. V. Enemies of the Colony. 1. \'irginia; give three reasons for her hostility. 2. The Kent Island station ; its history. 3. Who was William Claiborne, and what was his connection with Virginia.'' 4. Lord Baltimore's fairness to Claiborne. 5. Instructions to his brother, Leonard Calvert, on the question. 6. Was Kent Island a part of Maryland or of Virginia? 7. Tell about ralnier's Island and its tlaimants. 8. Fears of Indian outbreaks. 9. How was the dispute with Claiborne settled? 10. The "I'lundering Time," why so called? 1 1. Who was Richard Ingle ? MISCKI-I.ANEt^US QUESTIONS. Was it an easy voyagj from England to America at the time when the colonists first came to Maryland? How large were the vessels of the first expedition ? Why did not Lord lialtimore pay the Indians for their land in mon.ey ? What is a trading post ? What is meant by the records of the colony? hy could not they be replaced? What is the great seal of Maryland used for? C H A P 1^ E R II I EARLY HISTORY CONTINUED. Death of Leonard Calvert. Leonard Calvert died s -ion after, in June, 1647, naming Mistress Margaret Brent 1 is executrix. She was a woman of strong character. Wit.'i her sister Mary she liad brought nine colonists to Marjdand, had re- ceived a manor, and managed affairs as well as any man. She even asked to be allowed to vote in the Assembly. but this the Governor refused. Missionary Stations Broken Up. During the Claiborne and Ingle dis- turbances the missionary stations which had been established among the Indians were broken up, and the Jesuit priest, Andrew White, who had been one of the iirst party of settlers and was now grown old, was sent in irons to England, monument to i.koxard calvert, charged with treason. 29 SITE OF ST. MARY'S. so HISTORY OF MARYLAND. He was tried and found innocent, but never returned to Maryland. He died in 16560 The "Toleration Act" Passed, April 21, 1649. In the meantime the troubles between the King and Parliament had arisen in England, and these troubles affected all the colonies. In 1648 William Stone, a Protestant and a supporter of Parliament, was appointed Governor of Mary- land. At the same time changes were made in the Council which gave the Protestants a majority of its members. It was under this Governor and Council that the famous " Toler- ation Act" of Maryland was passed, in 1649, the year in which Charles I. was beheaded. This Act decreed, among other things, that it be " ordered and enacted . . . that noe person or persons whatsoever within this Pro- vince, . . . professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth bee any waies troubled, molested or discoun- tenanced for or in respect to his or her religion." Re- ligious freedom had been Lord Baltimore's policy from the beginning, and this " Act Concerning Religion," the liberal features of which were doubtless due to himself, simply em- bodied his policy in the law. The law was lived up to by all the Proprietors, and it was only at such times as their power was overthrown that men were persecuted for religion's sake. The Assembly Becomes Representative: The "Hundred." As we have said (page 20, footnote), the Assembly until 1638 was a primary assembly, that is, one in which all the free- men of the colony took part, either in person or by individu- ally giving someone authority to vote for them. Persons having such authority were called " proxies." After that date the Assembly was representative, that is, the freemen living in a certain district would elect some one of their number as a member of the Assembly to look after their EARLY HISTORY CONTINUED. 31 interests. These districts were called '• hundreds," and were political divisions smaller than counties. The name arose from the fact that in early times in England, whence the colonists brought their political ideas, the hundred was such a community as could furnish one hundred men for military service. In course of time the name passed out of use and the county, divided into election districts, became the political unit. Disputes as to the Initiative in Making Laws. The second RESTORATION OF THE FIRST STATE HOUSE IN MARYLAND, AT ST. MARY'S. From " C/:ro>:iclcs of Colonial Jif'irylaiid," by permission of the iiuthor, Jas. II'. Thotnas. Assembly, which met in 1638, and those immediately fol- lowing had already passed laws for governing the colony. There was some discussion with the Lord Proprietor as to whether he or the Assembly should have the right to make the laws. The charter said that the Proprietor could make laws which the Assembly might either accept or reject ; but the colonists \vere not satisfied with this arrangement. The Assembly of 1638 had rejected a body of laws sent out by the Proprietor in the caie of Secretary John Lewger, and had itself drawn up a small code, altered slightly from that of 32 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Lord Baltimore, wliich was sent to England for the Pro- prietor's assent. These laws were probably the work of Secretary Lewger, a man of much ability and deeply learned in English law. However, these laws did not go into effect either, probably because Lord Baltimore did not assent to them. Before long Lord Baltimore agreed that the Assembly might take the initiative, and that the laws they passed should take effect at once, on the Governor's approval, without waiting for the Proprietor's assent. This was done because the voyage to England and back took so long a time. How- ever, before the Acts of the Assembly finally became the law of the colony they had to be approved by Lord Balti- more ; and if he disapproved them, vetoed them, they did not become the law at all. Puritans Settle in Maryland, 1649. Good men make good laws and good men obey them ; but there are always some people who are ready to squabble and fight and take ad- vantage of their power. Thus the wise and just Toleration Act could not altogether prevent trouble in l\Liryland. The people of Virginia thought it very wrong that King Charles had been beheaded and would not let anyone remain in their colony who thought otherwise, so that a number of Puritans who had been living there were driven from their homes. In the year 1649 about three hundred of them came to Maryland, where they were kindly recei\'ed by Governor Stone. He permitted them, and about seven hundred more who came during the next few months, to settle on the Severn River at a place which they named Providence. They began to make trouble almost immediately. A memorial was sent to Parliament, complaining of the Jesuits in Maryland and that the Protestants were ill-treated. Vir- ginia had declared Gharlcs IL King on the death of his father; and when, in 1651, Parliament sent a fleet to over- (E O O 5 f EARLY HISTORY CONTINUED. 33 come the revolt in that colony, the enemies of Maryland, among them William Claiborne, whom we already know, and Richard Bennett, one of the Puritans who had fled froir. Virginia to Maryland, succeeded in having Maryland joined with Virginia as being in revolt. It was also urged that the two be made into a single colony. The Puritans at Provi- dence seemed to wish that their colony might be entirely independent of Lord Baltimore's government. Puritans Get Control of the Government, 1654. In the year 1654 they got control of the government, by excluding all Catholics fron. office and allowing none of them even to vote. They forced Governor Stone to resign, and named Captain William Fuller Governor in his stead. Forgetting that they had been welcomed by a Catholic when they fled from persecution in Virginia, they passed a law which said that every person might worship as he pleased, except Catholics, Episcopalians, and those who, " under the pro- fession of Christ, hold forth and practice licentiousness." This last expression could be made to mean anyone who did not worship in the Puritan way. The Battle of the Severn, 1655. Acting on Lord Balti- more's orders, Governor Stone, with a small force of one hundred and thirty men, advanced to tlie settlement at Providence, Avhere he arrived March 24, 1655. He was met by Fuller and a force of one hundred and seventy-five men. A fight followed between the two little armies, in Avhich Fuller won the victory with the help of two merchant vessels, one from London and one from New England. Governor Stone being promised quarter surrendered, but Fuller condemned him and nine others to death by court- martial. Four were executed, but Stone and the remainder were saved by the soldiers and women. The victors now look possession of the great seal and records of Maryland 34 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. and the property of those who opposed them. But in the meanwhile Parliament had been overthrown by Crom- well, and Cromwell took Lord Baltimore's part. When the Puritans learned this they gave up the struggle, and in March, 1658, the authority of Governor Josias Fendall, who was appointed by Lord Baltimore, was acknowledged by every one. The name of the Puritan settlement was changed to Anne Arundel County, and the city which later grew up there was called Annapolis. Fendall's Rebellion. Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and for nine months England was without king or ruler, until Charles IL came to the throne. Governor Fendall and the Puritans thought that as Lord Baltimore had been befriended by Cromwell he would not be favored by King Charles. Therefore they persuaded the lower house of Burgesses, elected by the people, to declare that they were independent of Lord Baltimore and to do away with the upper house, or Council, most of who.'e members were supporters of the Proprietor. Fendall surrendered his commission from Lord Baltimore and then received the governorship anew in the name of the Assembly, thus entirely throwing off the Pro- prietor's authority. Philip Calvert, who was the Secretary of the colony, objected to all this, but could do nothing, as the other party was stronger than his. Thus Fendall and his followers had their own way until King Charles declared that every one in Maryland should obey Lord Baltimore. Philip Calvert was appointed Governor and was ordered to hang Fendall, his chief helper William Fuller, and any others whom he saw fit to execute. However, the new Gov- ernor, meeting with no resistance, put no one to death, but contented himself with banishing some and confiscating their goods. lie afterwards decided to allow even thc^se to remain, and they were only fined and deprived of the right EARLY HISTORY CONTINUED. 35 to vote. Thus the rebellion ended, and in 1661 Lord Balti- more's son Charles was sent over as Governor, while Philip Calvert was made Chancellor. Charles took his family with him to the New World, and we find mention in his letters of a gift of two wildcat skins sent by " little Cis " (his son Cecilius) to his grandfather in England ; and of a cap, feather, sword and belt sent by the grandfather to little Cis. The Quakers Find a Refuge in Maryland. It was while Fendall was Governor that the Quakers, or, as they call themselves. Friends, first settled ii\ Maryland. They had been persecuted in Massachusetts and Virginia, and so came to a colony where they might worship in their own way. In Maryland they were not molested because of their religion ; but it was thought they ought to be willing to act as soldiers, to serve on juries, and do other duties of that kind where there were so few men to do all that was needed to make the settlement a success. Governor Fendall had called to- gether all the men of the colony between sixteen and sixty years of age, and had selected the fittest of them for soldiers. This militia had been formed into two regiments, the Gov- ernor commanding one and Colonel Nathaniel Utie the other. The Quakers not only refused to serve in the militia themselves, but tried to persuade others to refuse. They re- fused, too, the promise to be faithful to the government, saying "they were to be governed by God's law and not by man's law." Of course such conduct could not be permitted, and therefore a decree was issued, ordering all the " vaga- bonds and idlers," called Quakers, to leave the colony. If any ventured to return they were to be whipped out of the colony. However, the law was not enforced and was soon done away with. The Swedes and the Dutch. In the year 1638, a party of Swedes had founded a colony on the west bank of the Dela- 86 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. ware River, where Wilmington now stands. Seventeen years later the Dutch from Manhattan (New York) conquered the Swedish settlement and made two provinces of the land thereabout. Colonel Utie was sent to tell them that they had settled in Maryland and would have to live under the government of that colony. Word of this was taken to Peter Stuyvesant at Manhattan, who sent two men, Augustine Herman and Resolved Waldron to discuss the matter with the agents of Maryland. Waldron went back to Stuyvesant to tell him that no agreement could be come to, while Her- man went on to Virginia to try to get help from that prov- ince. While traveling through Maryland he was so pleased witli the country that he offered to make a map of the prov- ince if Lord Baltimore would give him a manor. Lord Baltimore agreed to this proposal and Herman received a grant of five thousand acres (afterwards increased to twenty thousand) on the Elk River. He named his place Bohemia Manor. The First Naturalized Citizen. In 1666 Herman and his family were naturalized ; that is, an Act was passed saying that they, though foreigners by birth, were made citizens of Maryland witli all a citizen's rights. He was the first for- eigner naturalized in Maryland, and probably the first in America. His map of the province, which was engraved in London in 1673, and is now in the Ihitis.h Museum, was a very good one for those days ; but en the northwest corner of it he marks the Alleghany Mountains near Cumber- land, and says: "These mighty high and great Mountaines ... is supposed to be the very middle Ridg ( f Northern America." So little was then known of the great continent lying to the west of the settlements. Original Boundaries of the Province. The Maryland that was given to Lord Baltimore was larger than the present EARLY HISTORY CONTINUED. 37 State. It included all of the State of Delaware, was bounded on the east by the Delaware Kiver, and on the north by a line drawn above the city of Philadelphia, But a part of the land extending south from Wilmington was given by King Charles II. to his brother, the Duke of York, in 1664, and in 16S1 Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn. Disagreement arose almost immediately between Penn and Lord Baltimore, as the former claimed the land fpr some distance south into Maryland. After endless disputes the sons of William Penn succeeded in persuading Lord Balti- more to give up to them a large slice of some four thousand square miles off the northern part of Maryland. This agree- ment was made in 1732, and in 1760 the boundary was fixed accordingly. Mason and Dixon's Line. The northern boundary of Maryland, Mason and Dixon's Lme, was marked a few years later. The Proprietors of the two colonies employed two English surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, to fix those parts of the boundary which the agreement of 1760 had left uncertain. Starting from the northeastern corner of INIaryland in 1763, ihey had carried the line westward for two hundred and forty-four miles from the Delaware River by 1767. Fear of the Indians prevented them from going farther. The boundary was marked by mile-stones having Lord Baltimore's coat-of-arms cut on one side and that of the Penns on the other. The remaining thirty-six miles of the boundary were surveyed by Colonel Alexander McClean, of Pennsylvania, and Joseph Neville, of Virginia, and the line permanently marked in 1784.* Penn himself had indeed tried hard to take from Lord Baltimore the land as far south as the head of Chesapeake Bay, but failed in this attempt. * A resurvey of Mason and Dixon's Line was begun in 1900 by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 38 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. He even proposed that Lord Baltimore should give him this big strip of land in the north and himself take enough from Virginia in the south to make up for it. KIVK-MII.E STONE, MASON' AND DIXON'S LINE. From the original in t/ie foisession of the Maryland Historical Society. Then too, in the west, Maryland was to be bounded by the Potomac. This river divides into two branches, and it was EARLY HISTORY CONTINUED. 39 a question whether the south or north branch were the true river. Virginia declared for the northern branch and Mary- land for the southern ; and although, later on, Maryland was proved to be in the right, Virginia refused to yield. In the year 1852 the Maryland Assembly yielded to Virginia all the lands in dispute, about half a million acres, upon certain con- ditions. These conditions Virginia did not fulfill, and the matter now awaits the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. The Toleration Act. 1. By whom passed, and when ? 2. Its provisions. 3. Ceciliiis Calvert probably its author. II. The Assembly. 1. Was a primary assembly at first. 2. \Vhat does this mean ? What is a proxy ? 3. What is a representative assembly ? 4. Each hundred, later, elected a Delegate to the Assembly. 5. Tell what you know about the " hundreds." III. The Initiative in Making Laws. 1. What did the Maryland charter say on this point .> 2. The colonists refuse to accept its provisions. 3. Were any laws passed ? E.xplain. 4. The Proprietor yielded in the dispute Why? IV. The riRiTANs. 1. Where did the Puritans in Maryland come from? Why did they come ? 2. Their settlement at Providence. 3. Their memorial to Parliament, its object. 4. Name two men actively hostile to Lord Baltimore's government V. Puritan Government of the Colony. 1. How did they get control ? 2. Who was their leader ? 40 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. V. Puritan Government of the Colony {continued). 3. Describe their law of religious toleration. 4. The battle of the Severn. 5. How did they treat the defeated party ? VI. Fendall's Rebellion. 1. Cromwell and Lord Baltimore. 2. Who was Josias Fendall ? 3. Compare the Burgesses and the Council. 4. How did Fendall overthrow the Proprietor's authority? 5. Charles II. and Lord Baltimore. 6. How did the rebellion end ? VII. The Quakers. 1. Why did they come to Maryland? 2. Their attitude towards the government and the laws. 3. How were they treated? VIII. The Swedes and the Dutch. 1. Tell what you know of their relations with Maryland. 2. Who was Augustine Herman? 3. What service did he render Lord Baltimore, and how was he paid ? IX. Boundaries of the Province. 1. What were the boundaries of the province granted to Lord 15altimore r 2. Tell about Lord Baltimore's disputes with the Penns. 3. Mason and Di.xon's Line. 4. Why was the boundary between Maryland and Virginia un- certain ? 5. Are the boundaries of Maryland now definitely fi.xed? MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. Who was Margaret Brent? Who was Father White ? Who were the Puritans ? What is a naturalized citizen ? Why was it necessary for the colonies to have laws? Were the Quakers right in refusing 10 perform the duties of citizens? Do they still refuse? CHAPTER IV. FROM THE OVERTHROW/ OF THE PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. Causes of Dispute between the Proprietor and the Settlers. It must not be thought that the Lord Proprietor and his settlers never had misunderstandings or discussions with each other. The colonists in Maryland, like Englishmen everywhere, were for the most part law-abiding men ; but at the same time they would not consent to be imposed upon, nor to have their liberties infringed. They did not as a rule fight about such questions, but talked them over and argued about them. Sometimes they were in the right, but too often they were led into squabbling and rebellion when they were really in the wrong. Many of the settlers were friendly towards the Proprietary government, but others thought it would be better if the colony were to become directly responsible to the King of England. Then, too, the dislike felt towards the Catholics was always strong. In Maryland only about one-twelfth of the population were Catholics, one-sixth belonged to the Church of England, while fully three-fourths were Protestants of other sects ; so that the Protestants far outnumbered the Catholics. Almost all the high offices were filled by kinsmen or friends of Lord Baltimore, while the people trusted to the lower house of Burgesses, or Delegates as they began to be called, whose members were elected from among themselves, to look after their interests. It sometimes happened, however, that the Proprietor took sides with the Burgesses against the Council. 41 42 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 43 Cecilius Calvert Died November 30, 1675. In 1670 the Governor neglected to summon a few of the Delegates who had been elected to the Assembly, probably because he thought they would oppose his will. When he was asked why he had done this, he could give no good explanation. In this way he obtained a house of Burgesses not too mucli opposed to his wishes ; and therefore, instead of dissolving, as was usual at the end of the year, he adjourned the As- sembly, and thus kept it ali\e until 1676. In the meantime Cecilius Calvert had died in 1675, and Charles, who thus became Lord Proprietor, went to England in the early part of the following year. He returned, however, and governed in person from January, 1679, to M;iy, 1684. According to a statement made by Ik-nedict Leonard Calvert to the anti- quarian Thomas Hearne in 17 19, his grandfather Charles, Lord Baltimore, was warned of the plot of Titus Oates against the Catholic Lords in England, and retired into Maryland by advice of King Charles himself. The Navigation Act. One chief cause of complaint, not only in Maryland and Virginia, but in all the colonies, was the Navigation Act. This Act decreed that no goods should be imported into or exported from the colonies except in ships built either in England or the colonies and manned by British seamen ; and that no sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, and other products of the colonies should be shipped any- where except to England or to one of her colonies. The Act was intended to injure Dutch shipping, but its real efTect was to injure the trade of the colonies. The Mary- land and Virginia planters had sold a large part of their tobacco crops to the Dutch, and now that they could do so no longer, the tobacco was left on tiieir hands, or else had to be sold to English merchants at a ruinously low price. At the same time, they had to pay more for the goods which 44 HISTORV^ OF MARYLAND. they imported from England than they used to pay to the Dutch merchants. In 1662 it was proposed that no tobacco should be planted in Maryland or Virginia during the next year, and in 1666 such an agreement actually was entered into by Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, but it failed because Lord Baltimore vetoed the Act. Bacon's Rebellion and its Influence on Maryland Affairs, 1676. The discontent at length grew so fierce that it led, in 1676, in Virginia, to a rebellion at whose head was a young man named Nathaniel Bacon. Maryland seemed about to follow her sister colony in revolt. Bacon had many sympathizers in Maryland, and two of them, named Davis and Pate, gathering together a force in Calvert County, refused to disband even when Governor Notley promised that their demands should be laid before the next Assembly. Matters were becoming alarming when the rebellion in Vir- ginia came to a sudden end with the death of Bacon. The revolt in Maryland collapsed at once. Davis and Pate were taken and hanged, and peace was restored. Trouble between the Proprietor and the King. A few years later another cause of trouble arose, this time be- tween the Proprietor and the King. In 1680 a certain George Talbot, an Irishman by birth and a kinsman of Lord Baltimore, received the grant of a large tract of land on the Susquehanna River. Four years later, when Lord Baltimore again went to England and left his minor son, Benedict Leonard, as Governor of the colony, Talbot was jHit at the head of a commission of Deputy Governors to at- tend to the business of the office. We have seen that by the charter no taxes could be laid in Maryland by either King or Parliament, but this did not apply to custom-house duties. In collecting these duties the officers of the King frequently came into collision with the Proprietor's govern- TO THE BEGINNINC OF THE REVOLUTION. 45 ment, and there was much misunderstanding between them. In the year 1684 a small ship of the King's navy was lying at St. Mary's, and on board of her, drinking with the cap- tain, was a certain Christopher Rotisby, one of the customs officers. Talbot went on board the ship, and in the quarrel w'hich soon followed stabbed Rousby to the heart. The captain of the vessel carried Talbot ofif to Virginia and handed him over to the Governor. There he was im- prisoned and would surely have been put to death had he not been rescued by his brave wife. She, with only two followers and jn mid-winter, sailed the whole length of Chesapeake Bay in a small boat and carried him off to his manor on the Susquehanna. He was pursued immediately, and so hot was the chase that at one time, it is said, he had to hide in a cave on the banks of the river. His only food was the wild fowl brought him by two of his trained hawks. Before long Talbot gave himself up. He was tried and found gi'ilty in 1685, but was saved from death by Lord Baltimore, who obtained his pardon from the King. This incident, and the charges which the King's officers were constantly making that they were hindered in collect- ing the customs duties and that the King was being defrau- ded cf his dues, led to ill-will towards the Proprietary government on the part of the crown. This was the state of affairs when in 1688 King James H., who was a Catholic, abdicated his throne and was succeeded by the Protestants William and Mary. Lord Baltimore at once sent off a messenger to Maryland telling the Council to proclaim William and Mary ; but his messenger died on the voyage, and before a second could arrive in the colony trouble hr.d come. All the other colonics were proclaiming the new rulers of England, but the Council cf Maryland still de- layed. Many of the colonists thought this delay was part 46 HISTORY OF MARYLAr*JD. of a plot by the Catholics in favor of the deposed Kinji, James. The Revolution of 1689. At length, in July, 1689^ a cer tain John Coode, a wicked and immoral man, at the head of seven hundred armed followers, drove the Council out oi St. Mary's, captured them, and sent word of what he had done to King William in the name of the Protestants of Maryland, asking the King to take charge of the govern- THE OLD HOUSE OF BURGESSES AT ANNAPOLIS, USED AS THE STATE TREASURY UNTIL DECEMBER, 1003. ment. Associated with Coode were Nehemiah Blackiston, collector of customs ; Kenelm Cheseldyn, speaker of the House, and Colonel Henry Jowles. These men falsely accused the " Papists " of entering into a plot with the Indians to murder all the Protestants in the colony. Maryland Becomes a Royal Colony, 1691. The King was willing enough to take possession of the colony, and accord- ingly, in August, 1 69 1, sent out Lionel Copley to be the first royal Governor. The Proprietor no longer had any part in the government of his colony. All the officers were appointed by the crown, and the laws passed by the As- TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 47 sembly were sent to the King for approval instead of to Lord Baltimore. However, all the rent of land was still paid to Lord Baltimore, and he still was the owner of lands not yet granted to settlers. Moreover, he still received the proceeds of a tax on exported tobacco which had been laid for him : this by order of the King, although the Assembly objected to paying it. The Catholics are Persecuted. The change of government brought about anything but good times for the Marylanders. Everybody, rich and poor alike, was at once taxed forty pounds of tobacco per poll (J.c, per head) to support the Church of England. No more Catholics were allowed to enter the colony, nor were those already there permitted to celebrate mass in public. Later on, the Catholics were not permitted to worship even in private, nor to have schools or send their children abroad to be educated. Eor doing these things they might be punished by life-long imprisonment. If a Catholic refused to swear away his religion, his estates might be taken from him and given to his nearest Protestant relation. The First Free School, 1696. It was at this time that the capital of the State was changed from St. Mary's to An- napolis. Here, in 1696, was founded King William School, the first free school in Maryland. In that year the Assembly passed an Act for the establishment of a school in each county of the colony, but for lack of money the school at Annapolis was the only one founded. The head of the trus- tees was Governor Francis Nicholson, who gave a lot of land in the town as a site for the school building, besides money for the building itself. The other trustees also contributed money. The building was completed by the year 1701. Clergymen Disqualified to Sit in the Assembly. The be- fore-mentioned Coode reappears in this year, 1696. He 48 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. was elected to the Assembly, but Governor Nicholson re- fused to let him take his seat because he was, or had been, a clergyman. Enraged at this, Coode again tried to over- throw the government ; but he was a man of such bad character that even those who were discontented would have nothing to do with him. He fled from the colony, but afterwards returned and was pardoned. No clerg}anan of any denomination can sit in the Maryland Assembly. The law forbidding this was taken from the like law of Parlia- ment. It was passed in the early years of the colony when the Jesuit missionaries, Vv'ho had received large tracts of land from the Indians, began to think themselves free of the common law and subject only to the law of their church. Lord Baltimore (Cecil ius) at once took the matter in hand, and from that time to the present day it has been the law that no lands can be given or sold to any religious body without the consent of the Legislature ; and, as we have said, no clergyman can be a member of the Assembly. In these two particulars Maryland stands alone of all the States of the Union. It was under the royal government, in 17 15. that the laws of the colony, which had become intricate and confused, were revised. A copy of these revised statutes was sent to each county of the province. The Proprietary Government Restored, 1715. Benedict Calvert, afterwards the fourth I>ord Baltimore, became a Protestant, and George I. made him Proprietor in 1715, thus restoring the colony to its former status. He was succeeded by his son Charles, who did much towards easing the condition of the Catholics. Charles died in 1751. and was succeeded by his son Frederick, the last Lord ]>altimore, who died in the year 1771 after an evil and wasted life. The last Gov- ernor appointed by Frederick, Sir Robert Eden, remained in TO TIIK HKC. INNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 49 office until June 24, 1776, so that from 17 15 until the colo- nies became independent, Maryland was again a palatinate. The colony, by the industry of its people, had continued to thrive under the royal Governors, despite the fact that Eng- land had done nothing to help and much to hinder it ; and in 1 7 15 the population numbered about fifty thousand.* The French and Indian War. While Frederick was the Proprietor the French and Indian War in America was waged, from 1754 to 1760. This was a war between France and England for the possession of Canada. The French were aided by the Algonquin Indians, and the English by the Five Nations. At first England left it to the colonies to do the lighting on her side, and each colony thought only of defending itself. Gradually, however, a spirit of union spread among them; and later this spirit, made stronger by the Stamp Act, led to the Revolution and the confederation of the thirteen States. This war helped, too, towards the independence of the colonies by giving their men experience in fighting battles and training them as soldiers. Indian Raids in Western Maryland. In 1756 the popu- lation of Maryland numbered 107,963 whites, and 46,225 * In that year the population of the twelve colonies was as follows : wiinrs. liLACKS. tiital. MassachuseUs 94,000 2,000 96,000 Virginia 72,000 23,000 95,000 Maryland 40,700 9,500 50,200 Connecticut 46,000 1-500 47,500 Pennsylvania and Delaware . . 43,300 2.500 45,800 New York 27,000 4,000 31,000 New Jersey 21,000 1,500 22,500 South Carolina 6,250 10,500 16,750 North Carolina 7.500 3.700 11,200 New Hampshire 9,500 150 9,650 Rhode Island 8,500 500 9,000 50 HISTORY OP' MARYLAND. negroes. There were 26,000 whites fit for soldiers; and there were, in fact, about 16,000 enrolled in the militia. One-third of these, however, had no arms at all, and none of them were equipped in a proper manner. Then, too, Mary- land had no forts that were worth an\'thing for defense, and the French with their Indian allies might march into the col- ony from their settlements in the West, capture the country and kill the people. This was terrible to think of, for the Indians were fierce and cruel, torturing their captives and killing men, women and children alike. Indeed, the Indians came into Western Maryland many times, burning the houses of the settlers in Frederick County, and either killing the in- habitants or carrying them off into captivity. Some of the terrified settlers abandoned their farms and fled to more thickly populated parts of the colony. After the defeat of General Braddock, who had been sent out from England to command the forces, some of the Indians came to within eighty miles of Baltimore. Women and children were put on board of boats in readiness to escape if the Indians should attack the town. Disputes about Supplies for the Defense of the Colony. When Braddock arrived he hoped to raise money and supplies in all the colonies, but the Maryland Assembly gave only ;^6,ooo (Virginia gave ;^i 00,000) and a few soldiers. They gave this grudgingly, after much delay and many dis- putes with the Governor, who did all in his jDower to help General Braddock. Braddock was defeated and killed, and if the French had followed up their victory they probably could have captured the whole of Maryland. Fortunately, the northern colonies had begun to attack the French, who were compelled to send most of their troops back to Canada ; so that Maryland was saved in spite of the meanness and obstinacy of the Assembly. rO THE REGINNTNC; OF THE REVOLUTION. 51 'J!^ a r y l a n d gC a z e t t e. t r^Mtj»i^imM tli^ fi^n^tk >a^J/w. r^^^:„^ ^^j n.»./T:, OnftawtHg thejrf>nt. t« f^'fj to tbcn. ' 7^ 6* TW Catm (/Otdm, «^ of tk pnMiwl Maab*> cf dw •ia|r. dial M NJtb : h Un^ Cavtvf \''Mflm;dbikMy C««4 Friend, whn m «S O^0i£ew«Ma^'«^M Wr CW^ 0(ni T(v«.k«*. Tlw > prnnn tud tlctcMl Oka i ■.~Y •'bo fo-^rt tKst fr*U lit i< a frwrrat CoeArraabon (SvBi SB< Paople ^ «iikfLr«ii laipi- oMo; (tet «*ry Tkfcig toMOt ta opbTpm aigkat rrmoc. Al i4inttrf ;!, tiu I>a.c of AitaAmg boBW i»r9fnied ii* rno:»Kly WA • <^«c>^ of War > In EjrcrOeurv bu JcBuanl cf tk«Btlfi^a af OhAMkaMi 'ktl>»/w»fn« El*n r «/ Auwu km wv takaa ifcat 9ttf, at tW Coati of v'*Maa _, '•fM^i.v^ikHbH EJ«5larali1islHabWuka»^a»hH(U ^^ h '^'' '<' "^^ ^^ *^ CWAnCaU wufm £«^M«lr witk . *^ ^Pk M r w fc if i wMl Licpu:v> of ikr Soaai i bw ital i>«i ba«« km \ utt t hu. M At Hmmn of iIm i^tmntr be te* *t[mBA- Tiai «bra [har Njciaa imapoKi, 4Mt k wo«U Scat W»f Htti C^ami|r^ tm ' apn ftre oarv vanwJ. It i»4>' i<»0'f Mni. TVCuDcLrttt Mld.tluia iia* All ■ 'Nd a '-.(—'* Jk/x3' il teafoni^ «o narcJt AwliMft isto tlu Nrckninrfi, ^ dM ■l»l((iMlStc»*Yft uAnirlB, m rW «»lu.xl A/v; l>m M Mi|Ki tea MM>. n» II lWcll('t«|,dWkn« )i«4laiM C a ni U t ta *ijt Ag Pcyctia of iWmw. ri M M ^ ^ - (lilf«r)Mtl Oidm ii. It a«uhaM^iwi«MlTRiaf«toqtMVh'' moM^Aialr IS Niaor. TiM-^y, Mow, Cfc •! •rur Ifcniftn. aad 1> Samson. •KK'M- . M>a n K<»4w(. n aiRk a dnaSTM Kttmt/} ^^ Hl^ Mk> U i<»il««« rfnHrU.hiiuBclUillriadBttrx*''™'*^-''^ • E^' THr, MARYLAND GAZETTE OF FRIDAY. MAY •-'4,1745. Front the original paper in t'"! possession of tite Maryland Historical Society. 52 HISTORY OF MAR /LAND. There was still clanger in the West from the Indians, and the Assembly at length voted ;^4o,ooo for defense ; but even in doing it they managed to put in something to the disad- vantage of Lord Baltimore. He, as the Proprietor of the colony, received from every one who owned land a small "Sr .», > ,*» r;-*^ 7^r" ''^i '^"^1' mmmKmm-^ OLD FORT FREnKRICK, IN WASHINGTON COUNTY. " quit-rent," as it was called, a small sum of money, and of course paid no rent to himself for lands which he still held as his own. When the Assembly voted the ;^4o,ooo they laid a tax on land to raise part of the money and wished Lord Baltimore to pay the tax on all of his land that had not been granted to some one else. The amount he would have had to pay Avas not very large, but Frederick Calvert* * Frederick Calvert was succeeded as Proprietor of Maryland by his natural son, Henry Harford. There were thus six Lords Proprietary of Maryland: 1632, Cecilius Calvert; 1675, Charles Calvert; 1715, Bene- dict Leonard Calvert; 1715, Charles Calvert; 1751, Frederick Calvert; 177 1, Henry Harford. The first Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, was not a Proprietor, and the last Proprietor, Hcmy Harford, was not a Lord Baltimore. TO THE BEGlNNINCi OF THE REVOLUTION. f)3 thought only of getting out of his colony all the nione) he could. We may feel sure that if George or Cecilius had been the Proprietor at that time, he would have given of his own free will much more than the Assembly had to force from Frederick. Surely the Proprietor ought to have been willing to share in the expense of defending his colony; but on the other hand, the Assembly was more in the wrong to run the risk of having innocent men, not to say women and children, killed and tortured, by refusing to pass a straight- forward Act to raise money for their defense. In the end Lord Baltimore, through Governor Sharpe, had to yield, and several matters concerning taxation that had made dissension between the Assembly and the Proprietor were decided in lavor of the former. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Relations in- ruDPRiKToR, Colonists anh Crown. A. Proprietor and Colonists. 1. Catliolic colonists, generally, favored tlie projirietary govern- ment. 2. Many of the Protestants desired a royal government. 3. How many of the settlers were Catholics? How many Protestants .' . 4. How were the higher offices filled? 5. Who represented the people ? C. The Governor neglects to summon Delegates; why was this wrong ? B. Colonists and Cro7VH. 1. What was the Navigation Act ? 2. What was it intended to accomplish, antl what ilid it actually do? 3. The reasons of its failure. 4. Bacon's rebellion and its influence on Maryland. C. J^ropric'tor and Cro^vn. I. Customs ta.xes were paid to the Crown, all other taxes to the Proprietor 64 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. I. Relations of PRorRiEXOR, Colonists and Crown (couiiuued) 2. Friction in collecting the customs duties. 3. Tell about George Talbot. II. The Revolution of 1689. 1. Did Lord Baltimore refuse to proclaim ^Yilllam and Mary? 2. There was no Jacobite plot in Maryland. 3. So many of these plots elsewhere that the suspicion was natural. 4. Who was John Coode? Name some of his associates. 5. Describe briefly the Revolution of 1689. III. Maryland a Royal Colony. 1691-1715. A. Changes made in the Gcrvernment. 1. The Proprietor no longer had any part in the government. 2. But still received all land rents and the tax on exported tobacco. 3. All other taxes paid to the Crown. 4. All officevs appointed by the Crown. 5. All laws submitted to the Crown for approval. B. Effect on the Condition 0/ the Colonists. 1. The poll tax to support the Church of England. 2. Immigration of Catholics forbidden. 3. Catholics already in the colony not allowed to worship in public or in private, nor to have schools or to educate their children abroad. 4. Severity of the penalties against Catholics. 5. Compare this with the condition of the Proteslanls under the Proprietary government. 6. The capital of the colony transferred to Annapolis. lY. The Proi-rietarv Government Restored. 1. The fourth Lord P.allimore becomes a Protestant. 2. The condition of the Cathohcs made easier. 3. Proprietary government continues until the American Revo- lution. 4. Name the six Lords Baltimore and the six Lords Proprietary. Y. The French and Indian War. 1. Served to unite the colonies and prepare them for independence. 2. Compare the poi)ulation in 1756 v.'ith that in 1634. TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 55 V. Thk French and Indian War (coittiiuiei'). 3. How many were eiirolletl in the niililia ? How many armed and equipped ? 4. Was the number of soldiers, in proportion to tiie jjopulation, greater or less than in our days ? Is there any reason for the change ? 5. The lack of defenses. 6. In what part of Maryland did Indian raids occur? 7. Why not in all parts of the colony alike ? 8. Whose was the fault that the colony was not properly defended ? MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. When disagreements arise in these days as to the government, how are they settled ? Is there a poll tax in Maiyland now ? Do you know of any State in which there is one ? Tell about the first free school in Maryland. Compare the population of Maryland in 1756 with that of 1900. Who were the Jacobites? What law is there concerning the eligibility of clergymen as Delegates to the General Assembly of Maryland? What led to its passage? Do you know of any forts in the State at present ? ^- CHAPTER V. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD. Absence of Indian Wars. We have seen that the first colonists bought the site of St. Mary's from the Indians, who ah'eacly had a village there. These Indians belonged to the Pascataway tribes and were always friendly to the whites. At the head of Chesapeake Bay lived a more war- like nation, the Susquehannoughs, and in the East the Nanticokes. With these, as well as with the peaceful Pas- cataways, there was very little serious trouble beyond the occasional murder of a poor settler living on the outskirts, or his wife and children. There were no long and bloody wars such as were fought in other colonies, and this was largely due to the fairness with which the Indians were always treated. One of the Governors and his high officers even took part in the election of an Indian " emperor," the successor of Uttapoingassinem ; and some twenty years before another emperor, his queen, and his little son had been baptized. Afterwards tliis emperor and empress were married according to the Christian rites. The Pascataways seem to have died out gradually, while the Susquehannoughs were so weakened by attacks of smallpox and wars with their fierce neighbors to the North, the Senecas and Cayu- gas, that they at last fled southward into Virginia. In their fiigiit they were pursued by their enemies, the Senecas, who, while on the warpath did some damage to the plantations of the whites. The blame for this was laid on the Susque- hannoughs, and in punishment their chiefs were massacred 6G THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 57 by the Virginia militia. The small remnant of the tribe re- turned to theii old home on the Susquehanna River, and submitted to their Iiidian enemies. They lived on for about a hundred years, until, in 1763, the few remaining were massacred by the whites in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Scattered Settlements. The peacefulness of the Indians had much to do with the way in which Maryland was set- LAVING OUT OK llAl/ilMoRK TOWN. tied. In New England, where the Indians might make an attack at almost any moment, the settlers naturally kept close together in towns and villages, where they could take refuge in a fort or block-house and defend themselves ; but in Maryland, where there was no need of this defense, they spread themselves out over the country, each family living on its own farm or plantation remote from the others. Even 68 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. St. Mary'.s, where the courts were held and public business attended to, never had more than sixty houses, and these vere scattered for five miles along the shore. Early Towns. For the first ninety years St. ISIary's and Annapolis were the only real towns. Then came Joppa, on the Gunpowder River, which flourished after a fashion for fifty years, only to die away as its trade passed into the hands of the town of Baltimore. Before the present Balti- more was founded, two other towns of that name had ap- peared, or rather had been made on paper and staked out, one* on the Bush River in Baltimore County in 16S3, and another in Dorchester County. In the year 1729, the Assembly passed a law giving the planters near the Patapsco permission to buy land on that river to make a port for their vessels. Baltimore Founded, 1730. The site of the town was first surveyed in 1730. Sixty acres of land Avere bought of Charles and Daniel Carroll for forty shillings an acre. The town at the end of twenty j'ears had only about twenty houses and one hundred inhabitants, but by the end of the Revolution it had grown to be a beautiful town. Market street, lined with houses brightly colored in blue, white and blue, or yellow, was the longest, gayest, and most beautiful street of any city in the country. Annapolis the Chief Town. I'or many years Annapolis was the chief town. It was small, but was beautifully laid out, and although originally a Puritan settlement, it became, in course of time, a centre of gayety. Balls were given, race meets were held, and the homes of the wealthy planters, such as the Carrolls, the Pacas, and others, were noted for their hospitality. In this town was published the first news- * There is still a boat landing on the Ku>h River called " Old Balti- more." Tills landing seems to float up and clown the river. THE COLONIAL rERlOD, 50 1^ ^ w ^ PS > O s 60 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. THE COLONIAL I'ERIOD. 01 paper in the colony, the GazfUc, hc^un in 1727; and here was estabUshed also the earliest theatre, whose first play- bill appeared in the Gazette of Jujy 2, 1752. The town was famous for its beautiful women, a fame whicli it has shared with the rest of the State. Chesapeake Bay the Great Highway. The friendliness of the Indians was not the only, nor perhaps the chief, reason STATE HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS. for the lack of towns in Maryland. Chesapeake Bay, \\\\\\ its rivers, creeks, and inlets, had probably more to do vith the slow growth of towns than any other cause. The planters and farmers in their canoes, or pungies, could travel about easily and quickly from place to place, and could thus talk business or pleasure at each other's homes instead of at the town. Almost every plantation lay along the water and 62 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. had its own " landing " or wharf. To tliese landings the tobacco and other things grown were taken, and there the vessels came from England or the other colonies to unload goods and take in cargo. Horses were plentiful, too ; every- body rode, and communication on land was easy by paths and bridle-tracks, but there were very few carriages and FIRST COURT HOUSE IN BALTIMORE. From tin old print in the possession of the Mary/and Historical Society. almost no roads. Rolling-roads were a feature of both Maryland and Virginia. They were narrow roads cut through the forest and leading to some river or the Bay shore. A hogshead of tobacco would be fitted with axle and shafts, the cart thus formed would be drawn down one of these roads, and the hogshead would be put aboard a ship bound to England or Holland. The lirst post route in the State was established in 1695. It ran from the Potomac, through Annapolis, to Philadelphia, and over it the mails were car- ried eight times a year. Most of the Colonists Farmers. Almost every colonist was THE COLONIAI, PKRIOD. (Mi a farmei. There were a few who had manors of 2,000 to 20,000 acres; others witli plantations of as much as 1,000 acres; and many more with homesteads of 50 to 100 acres each. Old Maryland Manors. You have all probably seen some old place in the country, which is called '-the Manor"; and these places are, for the most part, the remains of the old Maryland manors. When Lord Baltimore granted to any one a large estate of 2,000 acres or more, he made the estate a manor; that is, the estate became a sort of little state within the lar- ger State of Mary- /M\'^ land ; and its owner, together with the freeman on it, passed by-laws and held law courts to punish thieves, poachers, and other evil-doers. " In the life upon these man- ors there was a kind of patriarchal com- pleteness; each was a little world in itself. There was the great house with its generous dining-hall, its paneled wainscoat, and its family portraits ; there was tlie chapel, with the graves of the lord's family beneath its pavement and the graves of common folk out in the churchyard ; there were the smoke-houses, and the cabins of negro slaves ; and here and there one might come upon the dwellings of white freehold tenants, with ample land about them held on leases of one-and-twenty years. In estab- lishing these manors. Lord Baltimore had an eye to the TOBACCO HOGSHEAD, READY FOR ROLLING. Front viodel in the National A/usenin at U'ashi>i£rton. 64 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. military defense of his colony. It was enacted in 1641 that the grant of a manor should be the reward for every settler who should bring with him from England twenty able-bodied men, each armed with a musket, a sword and belt, a bandelier and flask, ten pounds of powder, and forty pounds of bullet and shot."* Any one of the first lot of -J'isi. ;j^iin^. ■JHE KIDCILV llOMESTKAI), HAMPTON, llAl.Tl MORK COUNTY. colonists who brought over five men, received two thousand acres of land for which he paid a rent of four hundred pounds of wheat per year; one who came between 1634 and 1635, and brought over ten men, received the same number of acres at a rent of six hundred pounds of wheat ; those who came later or brought fewer men, received proportionately smaller * Fiske, " Old Virginia and Her Neighbours," vol. ii, p. 147. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 65 lots of land. These manors continued for some time until the wealthy planters began to own large numbers of slaves, when they found they could make their estates pay better by working the whole of them with slaves than they could by renting separate farms to free white men. Thus, the manors gradually lost their meaning and are now left only in name. Universal Hospitality. Whether the farm were large or small, the life on it was much the same. The colonists visited and entertained each other ; and if a stranger came into the country, from England, let us say, he could hardly get away again, they were so glad to have him, to hear from him the news of what was happening in the Old World. Hospitality was so widespread that even an inn-keeper had to notify his guests if he intended to charge them for what he served ; otherwise he could not collect his bill. Here is the way a cer- tain Ebenezer Cook, a tobacco buyer, or as he calls himself a "sot-weed factor," describes his visit to Maryland in 1700 ; " So after hearty Entertainment Of Drink and Victuals without payment ; For Planters' Tables, you must know, Are free for all that come and go. ^Yhile Pon and Milk, with Mu^li well stoar'd. In Wooden Dishes grac'd the lioard ; With Ilomine and Syder-pap, (Which scarce a hungry dog would lap) Well stuff'd with Fat from Bacon fry'd, Or with Mollossus dulcify'd. Then out our Landlord pulls a Pouch As greasy as the Leather Couch On which he sat, and straight begun To load with Weed his Indian Gun. His Pipe smoak'd out, with aweful Grace. 66 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. The reverend Sire walks to a Chest ; From thence he lugs a Cag of Rum." Mr. Cook doesn't seem to have enjoyed his supper of corn-pone and hominy, but in the morning " I did to Planter's Booth repair, And there at Breakfast nobly Fare On rashier broil'd of infant Bear : I thought the Cub delicious Meat, Which ne'er did ought but Chesnuts eat." He had had very little rest the night before ; for, as he says, " Not yet from Plagues exempted quite, The Curst Muskitoes did me bite." He found the settlers more than a match for him in business dealings., and altogether had a great deal to com- plain of. The Houses and their Furniture. The houses were for the most part small and built of logs, but some belonging to the rich planters were built of brick. The log cabins were often fastened together with wooden pegs, as nails, like everything else made of iron, were costly. Sometimes a man, when he removed to a new neighborhood, would burn down his log house in order to gather up the iron nails from the ashes. Door hinges were made of leather. As the col- ony became more thickly settled and saw-mills more common, houses were made of boards; until finally noble residences, such as Doughoregan Manor, the home of the Carrolls, and Wye Hall, the home of the Pacas, were built. Their fiuniture, what little they had, was mostly imported. Some of the richer folk had a small supply of silver tankards, salt-cellars, candle-sticks, and spoons, but rarely forks until THE COLONIAL TKRIOI). 67 later. Forks were first brought to America in 1633. In that year Governor Winthrop, of Massachusetts, received one. Pewter was much more common than silver, and the poor people used wooden trenchers (Hat bowls) and wooden spoons. China was not common, and glass was rare. The first lights used were pine-knots of the pitch-pine ; later, candles were made of tallow, wax, and the " candle- ( \KI II. Character of the Settlements. 1. Unlike those in New England ; why? 2. Small towns and few. 3. Locate St. Mary's, Annapolis, Baltimore, Frederick, I lagers- town. 4. Tell about the founding of each. 5. Tell about the appearance of the towns and the life led in them. III. Communication. 1. Chesapeake Bay the great highway. 2. Is it still so ? As much so as formerly ? Why ? 3. What were " rolling roads ? " 4. The first post route. 5. Hospitality in the colony. 6. Tell how trade was begun with the settlers in the western part of the colony. IV. Classes of Setii.ers. A. Planters. I. Describe an old Maryland manor. B. Freemen. 1. Were farmers, as were also the planters. 2. Tliose who had a trade and those who had none. 3. The necessity for blacksmiths, carpenters, etc., in a new colony, C. Redemptioucrs. 1. Came from various classes in the Old World. 2. Were servants bound out for a term of years. How many years ? 3. In the end became freemen. 4. How were they provided for after they hail served their time ? 5. Was their lot a hard o-.e ? ^^'oukl it have been harder in the Old World? 6. Who was George Also]), and what was his ojiinion as to the lot of the redemptioners ? THE COLONIAL FKRIOD. 79 IV. Ci.ASSKS OK SK'rn.KRS {continued). D. Convicts. I. Not necessarily depraved or vicious persons. z. Jacobite plotters ; who were they .' 3. Severity of punishments in those days. 4. Convicts' terms of transportation sevL-i\ or fourteen years. E. N^egro Slaves. 1. IIow did their servitude compare with that of the vcdemptioners ? 2. IIow were they treated.'' Y . Rangers and Back7voodstueit. 1. Where and how did they live ? 2. IIow did they aid the growth of the colony? G. Class Pistiitctions. 1. How did the planters differ from tiadesnien and sm;dl farmers? 2. Would a planter h.ave been treated in the same way as a trades- man at an inn ? 3. How would they be treated now at a hotel ? 4. What led to the breaking down of class distinctions ? V. SdCiAL LiKK, Products, etc. 1. Describe the houses and their furniture. 2. What kind of fuel was used? What kinds of lights? 3. Compare the.se with the present use of coal, gas and electricity. .). Food: game and fish. 5. Indian corn, its importance and various forms. VI. ToUACCO. 1. The chief product. 2. Its use as money, and the evils of such use. 3. The effort of I>ord Baltimore to replace tobacco money by coin. Why did it fail ? 4. Supplanting of tobacco by wheat. 5. Do you know what is meant by rotation of crops? CHAPTER VI THE REVOLUTION UP TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE Causes of Union and of Discontent. As we have seen, the French and Indian War had partially united the colonies for purposes of defense, and had paved the way for that closer union which led at last to their independence. There were many causes which acted to make the colonies dissatisfied with England, and to bring them closer together. We have already mentioned the Navigation Act,* and in Maryland another of these causes was the poll tax that everyone, regardless of creed, had to pay for the support of the Church of England. Still another — in the other col- onies as w^ell as in Mary- land — was the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act. This was an Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765, requiring that stamped paper be used for certain specified purposes. For example, the tax on a license to sell wine was twenty shillings ; the tax on a deed was one shil- ling six pence ; that on a These taxes were of the same kind GEORGE WASHINGTON. Frotn a painting by Gilbert Stuart in the State House at Annapolis. newspaper one penny. * See ante, p. 43. 80 TO THE TIME (JF INDEl'ENDENCE. 81 as those laid by our own government in 1898 requiring a two-cent stamp on every bank cheque, a one-cent stamp on every telegram, and so on. But with this difference : we recognize the present stamp taxes to be laid on us by our own representatives for the expenses of our own government ; while the colonists in 1765 looked upon their stamp taxes as THE PEGGY STEWART HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS. laid by others than themselves for the benefit of the British government, and not for their own good. It was " taxation without representation." No Stamped Paper Allowed to be Sold. Zachariah Hood, a Marylander, brought a lot of the stamped paper from Eng- land and was appointed the officer to sell it in the colony. When he arrived, however, the people would not permit any of the paper to be sold, but shipped it back in another ves- sel. In Baltimore, Annapolis, and other towns, effigies of 82 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Hood were hauled in carts, a halter around the neck, were tarred and feathered, whipped and hanged. His house in Annapolis was torn down, and he had to make his escape to New York to put himself under the protection of General Gage. Even there he was compelled to resign his office and promise never again to tr}-- to sell the stamps. Sons of Liberty. All classes of the people joined in the opposition. Daniel Dulany, of Annapolis, who was then one of the foremost lawyers of America, published a book arguing that the Stamp Act was entirely illegal. Societies called Sons of Liberty were formed in the various colonies to oppose the Act, and in Maryland they compelled the courts to transact all business without stamped paper. The Maryland Gazette on Oct. lo was put into mourning, with a skull and cross-bones in the place where the stamp should have gone. The Assembly also acted, and appointed three delegates, Edward Tilghman, William Murdock and Thomas Ringgold, to the Congress held in New York, through which the colonies petitioned the King and Parliament to remove the stamp taxes. Non-Importation Societies Formed. So much opposition at length compelled Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act, but almost immediately it laid a new tax on tea and many other articles of import. All the colonies opposed these new taxes as strongly as they did the Stamp Act ; and Maryland joined the others in the agreement not to use any tea, or any other articles on which taxes were laid, until the tax was removed. Gentlemen even wore home-spun clothes instead of the silks and fine stuffs they had been accustomed to. This agree- ment Maryland kept until the war began, although the other colonies had by that time abandoned it. The Act of Parliament taxing tea was passed in 1767, and from that date on to 1774 the intense feeling of opposition TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 83 to all taxes without the consent of the people had grown \vith such rapid strides all over the colony, and particularly in the section of upper and middle Howard and Montgomery Counties, that it was " Liberty or Death," instead of " No taxation without representation," that was discussed in the Whig Club of that section. Major Charles Alexander Warfield, of Bushy Park, was the president of that club and the first man to propose a separation from the mother country. His father, when warned by Mr. Car- roll that such rash words might bring him trouble, re- plied : " My son know s what he is saying, and I agree with him." The Peggy Stewart and her Cargo of Tea, October 19, 1774. Nevertheless, some merchants in the colony attempted to evade the non-importation agreement. On October 15, 1774, the brig Peggy Stewart, with a cargo of tea for Williams & Co., entered the harbor of Annapolis, and the owner of the vessel, Mr, Anthony Stewart, a member of the non-importation society, paid the duty. This so incensed the people of Anne Arundel County that some of the more violent among them proposed to tar and feather Mr. Stewart, although he had already publicly apologized and confessed that he had done wrong. He and Joseph and James Wil- liams, the owners of the tea, signed a paper acknowledging that they had insulted the people of the colony by their con- duct and promising not only never to repeat the ofTense but also to burn all the seventeen packages of tea. This, how- ever, was not enough to satisfy the people. Major Warfield called the members of his club around him and, mounting their horses, they rode to Annapolis. They wore these words on their hats, "Liberty or Death," They rode in broad daylight with no disguises, through the country from the uplands of what are now Howard and Montgomery 84 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Counties, down through the lowlands of Anne Arundel into Annapolis, and to the front of the residence of Mr. Stewart. Captain Hobbs, who was one of the party, has handed down the account of Major Warfield's actions and words. " Draw- ing them in line before the house he called on Mr. Stewart to accept one of two propositions : ' Vou must either go with me and apply the torch to your own vessel or hang before your own door.' " His manner of expression, though courteous, carried the conviction that it would be safer to accept the former alternative. Accordingly, on October ig, four days after her arrival, the Pegg)^ Stewart was run aground on ^^'ind- mill Point where Stewart himself set fire to her, and she with her cargo was burned to the water's edge. M a j o r Warfield stood beside Mr. Stewart when he applied the torch. The Colonies Begin to Unite. Almost a year be- fore this in Boston, Philadelphia and Charleston, cargoes of tea had been either destroyed or returned to England. King George III. and his ministers were enraged at these doings of the colonies, and looking upon Boston as a " hot-bed of rebellion," determined to make an example of that city. They thought the other colonies would not come to the aid of Massachusetts, and that she would be afraid alone to offer CHARLES ALEXANDER WARFIELD. TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 85 4 \\€fW? B4 ml ;'•-; ..M^^ ^^^^^^^^^K ^^ ■^^ ■^ nURNING OF THE PEGGY STEWART. J'roiH a painting; by Frank B. Mayer, in the State House at Annafolis. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. resistance. Early in the year 1774, therefore, Parliament passed an Act annulling the charter of Massachusetts and closing the port of Boston. The port of Boston was closed on June i,and on June 22 a convention of delegates from every county of Maryland was held at Annapolis. The convention passed resolutions denouncing the action of Parliament and express- ing sympathy for Bos- ton. Subscriptions were taken up throughout the colony, and ship- loads of corn, rye-bread, and other supplies were sent to relieve the poor of Boston. The people every- where had begun to collect arms and ammu- nition ; not only to fight for themselves, but to help Boston, too, if it should need help. The Marylanders tho ug h t that enough talking had already been done and that the time had come for lighting. As Charles Carroll of Carrollton wrote : " And do you think that our pens are to settle this mighty question ? The people know their rights — knowledge is resistance — and our only um- pire is the ("lod iif battles ! " These men were disinterested patriots. Charles Carroll was perhaps the w-ealthiest man in the colonies, and if the Revolution had failed, his property CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON. From 11 fiaititiiig in the State House at A>iua/>o!is. TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. most likely would all have been confiscated. Committees of Correspondence had been organized in the different colo- nies to keep them in touch with one another and to form plans for better resisting the tyranny of England, and in June, 1774, the Mary- land committee h a d written to thr.t of Vir- ginia proposing that a general Congress be held in Philadelphia. The colonies agreed to this, and the Congress met on September 5, in Carpenter's Hall, in Philadelphia. The dele- gates sent by Maryland were Robert Golds- borough, William Paca, Samuel Chase, a n d Matthew Tilghman. Maryland's Conser- vatism. Our State, like the other colonies, had in the early part of this struggle no idea of becoming independent of Great Britain, and was striving and ready to fight only for what she consid- ered her rights under that government. Maryland was con- servative ; that is, she wanted to keep all she had that was good until she felt sure that what was to take its place was better. Moreover, the Proprietary government had been wise and good on the whole, and Robert Eden, who was then SAMUEL CHASK. J'rotit a /•tiinthig in the State House at A tina/>olis. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Governor, had the respect and affection of everyone. There was no British army invading her sliores and occupying her towns as in Massachusetts, North Carolina and Virginia, so that her desire for independence arose more from sympathy with tlie other colonies than from her own needs. Thus she was rather slow in join- ing the other colonies in declaring their inde- pendence. Maryland Concurs in Declaring the Independ- ence of the Colonies, June 28, 1776. At length, early in the year 1776, Samuel Chase left Con- gress and came to Mary- land, where, aided by Charles Carroll of Car- nllton, he showed the people that the time had come when they should free themselves from the rule of the mother country. A new convention was elected which, on June 28, 1776, gave its delegates in Congress power "to concur with the other United Colonies, or a majority of them, in declaring the said Colonies free and independent States." Maryland was the twelfth colony formally to concur in independence, and the Declaration of Independence was signed on the part of WILLIAM PACA. From a /utiiitiii^ in the State House at A iinapolis. TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 89 Maryland by Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton. This same State Con- vention, on July 6, before it had heard of the Declaration of Independence of Congress, proclaimed the independence of Maryland. First Constitutional Convention, August 14, 1776. When Maryland declared its independ- ence of Great Britain, the Proprietary govern- ment was by that very act destroyed. Mary- land the colony no longer existed, and Maryland the State had to proceed forthwith to organize a new govern- ment for itself. On the first of August, 1776, delegates were elected throughout the State to a convention for the purpose of drawing up a Constitution. The convention met at Annapolis on the fourteenth of Au- gust, and elected Matthew Tilghman president. The people of Prince George's County had permitted " every taxable freeman bearing arms " to vote at the election, but the law in Maryland allowed only those owning a certain amount of property * to vote. Differences of the same kind occurred THOMAS .STONE. From a Jiaiiiliiig in the State House at Annapolis. * A fit't'hold of fifty acres or a personal estate of forty pounds sterling. 90 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. ASSOCIATION OF KRKK.Ml N J-VoiH the Orij^inal Paf>er in the State Home at Annapolis- TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 91 in Kent and Frederick Counties. New elections were or- dered in those places, and the delegates then chosen took their seats in the convention. Constitution and Bill of Rights Adopted, November, 1776. Early in the following November the Constitution was adopted, after being thoroughly discussed by the convention and the people. By this Constitution the Legislature of the State, called the General Assembly of Marj'land, was divided into two chambers, the Senate and the House of Delegates. The chief executive of the State, the Governor, had no voice in the making of laws and had no veto power. In order to have the right to vote a man must have been a resident of the State for at least one year, must be twenty-one years of age, and must own a freehold of fifty acres in the county of his residence, or property within the State to the value of thirty pounds. By this law freemen were allowed to vote whether they were colored or white. In 1802 the prop- erty qualification was abolished, but the fran- chise was given to white persons only The required length of residence was changed in 18 10, and the law thus modified remains in force to the present day, ex- cept that the franchise is now exercised without regard THOMAS JOHNSON. From a f'aiuting in the State House at Annapolis, 92 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. to color.* The House of Delegates was composed of eighty members ; four from each of the nineteen coun- ties, and two each from Annapolis and Baltimore. The Senate consisted of fifteen members, nine of whom were to be residents of the Western Shore and six of the Eastern. To be eligible as a Delegate a person must own an estate of five hundred pounds ; as a Senator, must own property of more than one thousand pounds in value. The Delegates were elected directly by the people ; the Senators indirectly through an electoral college composed of two members from each county and one from each of the cities of Annapolis and Baltimore. The Governor was elected by the Legislature on joint ballot, and could not hold ofiice for more than three years in suc- cession. To be eligible for Governor a person must be not less than twenty-five years of age, and must own in the State property of over five thousand pounds in value, of which at least one thousand pounds must be a freehold estate. The Delegates and the Governor were elected for one year, t lie Senators for five years. The two houses of the Legis- lature together elected each year five men as a Council to the Governor ; the two houses also elected members cf Congress. t Provision was also made for courts of law and for the election or appointment of minor officers. Religious freedom was assured in the Declaration of Rights. First General Assembly of the State of Maryland, February 5, 1777. The first elections under the new- Constitution were held in November and December, 1776, and the first meet- ing of the General Assembly took place in the following February. Thomas Johnson was elected Governor, and was inaugurated at Annapolis on March 21 with great pomp. After the ceremony there was a banquet at which thir- * See p. 204, following. t See p. 148, following. TO THh TIME OF INUErKNDENCE. 93 teen patriotic toasts were drunk, one for each State, and in the evening a ball and illumination were given. Effect of Independence on Ecclesiastical Affairs. One curious result of the separation of the colonies from Great Britain was that the Episcopal Church in America was left without organization. It had formerly been a part of the Church of England and was supported by government, but after the colonies became independent, it was disestablished. There were no bishops of the church in America, and con- sequently candidates for the priesthood could not be or- dained. In 1784, Mason Weems, a young m a n from MarN'land who was a divinity student in Eng- land, applied to several English bishops for admis- sion to holy orders, but was refused. Finally the Arch- bishop of Canterbury told him that nothing could be done without an Act of Parliament, because all clergymen had to take the oath of Allegiance to the King of England. Such an Act of Parliament was passed before long. When the diocese of Maryland was organized, Thomas John Claggett was elected its first bishop. He was consecrated at New York, in 1792. In the same year in which Weems was seeking to be ordained, John Wesley sent Thomas Coke from England to be superintendent of the Methodist societies in America, 1 f -' ■ ^^L-^^^^^R J^Ki i^^^A THOMAS JOHN CLAeiGETT. From an ohl engrainiig. 94 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. and gave him authority to consecrate Francis Asbury to the same otifice. This ordination took place at a conference held at Baltimore in December, 1784. A few years later the American Conference altered the title of " superin- tendent " to " bishop," and the Methodist Church became independent of the Church of England, but without the approval of Wesley. In 1784 there were some twenty thousand Catholics in Maryland; in 1786 the Pope appointed John Car- roll, a cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, as his apostolic vicar. He was afterward made Bishop of Baltimore and Archbishop of the United States. The other churches have indepen- dent organizations and no bishops, so that such difh- culties did not arise in their case. Maryland's Attitude Towards Foreign Allies. Now that the Revolution was fairly begun, Mary- land took an active part in it, and kept up the fame of her old hospitality by giving banquets to nearly all the distinguished foreigners who came to help the colonies. She welcomed them in more serious ways, too, and Lafay- ette speaks very warmly of all that Maryland and Balti- more did for him. Count Pulaski raised a corps in Mary- land, for the most part in Baltimore, which fought valiantly FRANCIS ASllURY. From a fiithitiii.c tn the possession of the Methotiist Historical Society, Baltimore. TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 95 under him until he was killed at the siege of Savannah. It was this corps that carried the small banner of crimson silk made and embroidered for Pulaski by the Moravian Sisters at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Faded and worn the banner is now in the rooms of the Maryland Historical Society. Baron de Kalb commanded the Maryland Line until his death at the battle of Camden, and it is said that while dying he praised the bravery of the Maryland regiment and its officers. The statesmen of Maryland saw the impor- tance to their cause of foreign allies, and Samuel Chase was the first man to move in Congress that ambassadors be sent to France. He and Charles Carroll were two of the three commissioners sent by Con- gress to Canada to persuade her to join the colonics in their struggle. Washington Firmly Sup- ported by Maryland. Mary- land welcomed foreign allies, but she was also true to her leaders a:; home. It was Thomas Johnson, first Gov- ernor of the State of Mary- land, who as a delegate to the Continental Congress when it met for the second time in May, 1775, formally nominated George Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. Maryland stood by Washington throughout the war, in battle and in the plots that were formed against him ; she was faithful to him in success and in defeat, she furnished him with food and supplies, and no State sent more troops in proportion to its population to his army. JOHN CARROLL. 96 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Causes of Union and Discontknt ok thk Colonie:^. A. The Fre/nh and Indian War. B. The A'avigation Act. C. The Stamp Act. 1. What was the Stamp Act? 2. Explain the meaning of "taxation -without representation." 3. How did the Marylanders receive the stamped paper? 4. Was opposition to the Stamp Act confined to any class or classes of the people ? 5. Who were the Sons of Liberty ? 6. What die' Parliament do about the opposition to the Stamp Act? 7. Give some examples of stamp taxes in later times. For ex- ample, the revenue stamps issued during the Civil War, the war with Spain, and those on packages of cigars, tobacco, etc. 8. Why are some taxes jjaid willingly and others unwillingly? D. Other Taxes — on tea, glass, etc. 1. The revenue from these was to be used in paying the salaries of governors, judges and Crown attorneys, thus making them independent of the colonies. 2. What were the Nonimportation Societies? 3. Tell about the Peggy Stewart. 4. Compare this incident with the Boston Tea Party. II. Preparations for War. 1 . Maryland sends aid to Boston. 2. What was the attitude of Charles Carroll of Carrollton ? 3. Tell about the Committees of Correspondence. 4. The congress of the colonies at Philadelphia. 1;. Who were the Delegates sent from Maryland ? 6. Explain Maryland's conservatism on the question of indepen- dence. 7. When did Maryland concur in declaring the independence of the colonies ? 8. What Marylanders signed the Declaration of Independence? TO THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE. 97 III. Maryland Becomes a State. 1. Why was it necessary to hold a Constitutional Convention? 2. When and where did the first Constitutional Convention meet? 3. When was the first State Constitution adopted? 4. Provisions of the Constitution. (rt) The General Assembly to consist of two chambers. (/)) The chief executive the Governor; his powers. (c) Voters' qualifications. {a ill ting in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. lOG HISTORY OF MARY LAN u. the American forces the Second Maryland Brigade, com- manded by General Gist, and the Delaware Battalion were on the right vmder de Kalb, with the First Maryland Brigade, under General Smallwood, a short distance behind them. General Gates had foolishly sent off four hundred of the best Maryland regulars on a long march to the south. The Vir- ginians were on the left, with the North Carolina troops in their rear. Colonel Williams began the battle by advancing with about fifty men. The British also advanced, firing and shoutinfj, which so frijrhtened the Virginia militia that most of them threw down their guns and fled without firing a shot. Almost immediately the North Carolina militia followed the Virginians, only a small part of them standing long enough to fire two or three rounds. This left only the Marylanders, about eight hundred men, and the Delaware Battalion to oppose three times as many of the enemy. The wisest plan would have been to retreat, but de Kalb waited in vain at his post for orders from General Gates, Avho was no longer there to give orders : either he had fled, or, as some say, had been cnrried away in the rush of the panic- stricken soldiers. The Maryland Line stood firm, and, cheered on by their officers, de Kalb, Howard and Gist, even began to drive the enemy back, but at last the First Brigade had to give way. They were rallied by Colonel Gunby, Major Anderson, Major Jones and other officers. Again they had to give way, and again they rallied. The Second Brigade was still figliting bravely. At length the enemy charged, cavalry and infantry together, and the day was won for the British. Death of de Kalb. Six hundred Mar)landers were left on the field, and Baron de Kalb was taken prisoner after re- ceiving eleven wounds, from which he died on the third day following. MARYLAND IN THK REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 107 Howard and the Maryland Line in the Battle of the Cowpens, January 17, 1781. The British in a short time had posses- sion of Georgia and South CaroHna, and were invading North CaroHna and Virginia. General Nathaniel Greene, whom Congress appointed to succeed General Gates, found that he would have a hard task to oppose the enemy with the small remnant of an army left to him, an army in rags, with- out tents or wagons, and almost without arms, ammunition and supplies. General Greene divided his army into two parts and sent them in opposite directions to places where they could gel food. General Morgan com- manded one part, consisting of about six hundred men, and under him, among other officers, was John Eager Howard, of Maryland. Mor- gan was presently re-inforced by about four hundred of the Carolina troops. Corn- wallis also divided his men into two parts, with the pur- pose of getting Morgan's army between them. Morgan, learning of this plan from his scouts, took up his position at the Cowpens. He placed his inferior troops, Carolina and Georgia militia, in the front, and his best, including Colonel Howard's Marylanders, near a hill in the rear. The militia in the front lines stood and fired many volleys at close range, but at length re- treated behind the hill. The enemy then advanced upon Howard and his men, who soon brought them to a halt. WIM,TAl\r SMALLWOOD. From a fiaiutiiig in the possessioit of tht Alary land Historical Society. 108 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. The British commander, Colonel Tarleton, ordered his re- serve to come forward, and at the same time the Ameri- cans who had retreated rallied and returned to support Howard on his right. By a mistake in orders, Howard's men began to retreat towards the hill, but in such per- fect order that he did not stop them at once, but allowed them to fall back until they were once more in a good posi- tion. Then he ordered them to face about and fire at the enemy, who were rushing on in great disorder, thinking they had already won the vic- tory. When the Ameri- cans fired at such close range the enemy stopped short, and before they could recover, Colonel Howard charged upon them furiously. Some threw down their arms and fled, but most of them surrendered. At one time during the en- gagement Colonel How- ard held the swords of seven officers who had surrendered to him. The Battle of Guilford, March 15, 1781. That portion of the British army which Cornwallis commanded in person had not come up in time to take any part in the action at the Cowpens, but he started out at once in pursuit of Gen- eral Morgan. At this General Greene again brought to- gether the two parts of his army at Guilford ; but deeming JOHN EAGER HOWARD. JFroiii a pctititiug in t/ie />ossessioii of the Jifary/aiiti H istorical Society. MARYLAND IN TIII-; RKVOI.UTIONARV WAR. 109 VIRGINIA GEORGIA C.Kl.KNK AND COKXWALI.IS IX llIK CAROMXAS, JANUARY-APRIL, 1781. From Fiskc's " The American Revolution," by permission of Houghton, Miffliti <5r» Co, 110 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. his forces too weak to meet the enemy, he retreated into Virginia. Before long, receiving reinforcements, among them the second Maryland Regiment, he returned to Guilford to give battle. In the engagement that followed, the first line, composed of North Carolina militia, was driven back in disorder. The second line, made up of Virginia militia, stood firm until the enemy charged, when they were slowly driven back. This brought the British up to the third line, in which were the Virginia regulars and two Maryland regiments, com- manded by Colonel Gunby and Lieutenant-Colonel Ford, under Colonel Wil- liams. The First Mary- land Regiment fired and charged and drove the enemy back. The enemy rallied, however, and again advanced, whereupon the Second Maryland Regi- ment, which in the mean- while had been sent to the front, retreated. As the enemy came on, sure of victory. Colonel Gunby and his regi- ment met them bravely, but at the critical moment Colonel Gunby fell from his horse, which was shot under him. But Colonel Howard came to the rescue, and charging with the bayonet, as at the Cowpens, drove the enemy back in disorder. Williams at the Battle of Eutaw, September 8, 1781. Several other engagements between the two sides followed OTHO H. WILLIAMS. From a painting in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Ill this battle, with the result that in the end of summer the British retreated to Eutaw Springs, to which place General Greene followed. He succeeded in getting close to the enemy without their knowing it, and advanced to the attack in two lines, in the second of which were two hundred and fifty Marylanders, commanded by Colonel Williams, Colonel Howard and Major Hardman. For a time the first line, composed of militia, fought bravely, and then gave way, when the North Carolina regulars took their place. These, too, fell back after a stubborn fight, and the British ad- vanced so quickly that their ranks became disordered. Then it was that General Greene gave the command, " Let Williams advance and sweep the field with his bayonets 1 " Williams and his Marylanders advanced to within a very short distance of the enemy, then fired and charged. The British gave way all along the line. Again the Maryland troops fired and again they charged, and the British fled in all directions. The battle was won ; but after taking the enemy's camp the soldiers stopped to plunder, and everything was turned into confusion. Seeing this, the British returned and the Americans were forced to retire. However, the victory remained with them, for the British remained only during the night to destroy their stores and then retreated to Charleston. General Greene, in his report of this battle, says of Colonel Williams that his bravery in leading his soldiers to the charge exceeded any- thing he ever saw. By this campaign General Greene had recovered from the enemy the whole of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, except Wilmington, Charleston and Savannah, and decided now to rest his army and wait for reinforcements. The Shores of the Chesapeake Ravaged by the British. In the meanwhile the British had been plundering and burning 112 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. everything they could lay hands on in Virginia and Mary- land, along the Bay shore and rivers, and were anxious that the war should now be carried on in the Chesapeake, It was thought that if Maryland could be made to suffer severely, her zeal for the cause of independence would be lessened; that if her fields were laid waste and her towns burned, she could no longer fur- nish supplies and money with so liberal a hand ; and that if her people saw their own homes made desolate, their hearts would lose their courage. But we may ask the question : If her soldiers fought so bravely in the defense of others, what would they not have done for the protection of their own ? Patriotism of the Bal- timore Women. When the enemy's plans became known Maryland at once made preparations for defense, and Washington sent Gen- eral Lafayette to the State with an army. It is related that while in Baltimore a ball was given in his honor, at which someone, noticing his sadness, asked the General the cause of it. He replied that it was because his poor soldiers were suffering for want of clothes. The ladies there assured him that he should have clothes for his men, and the next morn- ^^^^H^^^ m ■ H^ i;^ ;1 % M ^^^ttkJ^^^ A mifi 1 li LAFAYETTE. MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 113 ing they were to be seen in the same ball-room busily cutting out and sewing clothing for Lafayette's army. Cornwallis Surrenders, October 19, 1781. Before the war could be carried into Maryland, Cornwallis had surrendered at Yorktown. This news was carried to Congress by Wash- ington's private secretary, Colonel Tench Tilghman. Bal- timore and. Annapolis were illuminated, healths were drunk. OLD L:i>NwkK.->.^ HALL, BALTIMORE. cannon were fired, and the news was spread through all the States. Peace and Independence, September 3, 1783. Sir Henry Clinton asked to be relieved of his command, and Sir Guy Carleton, who was appointed to take his place, arrived in New York in May, 1782. He at once informed Washington that he and Admiral Digby were empowered to make a treaty of peace. On hearing of this the Maryland Assembly passed 114 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. resolutions declaring that they wanted peace, but were wa- ling to accept it only on terms honorable to the colonies and to France, their ally, and that Maryland would do all in her power to continue the war until Great Britain should acknowledge the independence of the colonies. Such a peace was before long concluded, and the preliminary articles were signed in Paris on January 20, 1783. The war was over, and as a matter of course Maryland gave a banquet at Annapolis to celebrate the event. The Governor, the Council and a great many others were present. They drank thirteen patriotic toasts with thirteen cannon shots for each toast, and ended with an entertainment for the ladies. All the other large towns of the State celebrated just as joyfully. Five Hundred Survivors of the Maryland Line. Maryland had a right to rejoice. Throughout the struggle she had stood tirni, and had sent to the army soldiers that ranked first in bravery, discipline and trustworthiness. Not only brave men, but liberal supplies of every kind had Maryland given to the cause of independence, and the end of the war found her without money and with a large debt. But at least her cause was won, and she was now ready and able to go on in her new path with the same brave front, the same energy as of old. Five hundred men, all that remained of the Maryland Line, now returned to their native State, wounded, tattered, and without money, but strong in the thought of their dut)- well done, and rich in the gratitude of their countr}' and their State. The Navy in the Revolution. A word must be said about the naval affairs of the Kevolution, in which Maryland played an honorable part. The first regular cruisers that went to sea from Maryland under the new government of the thirteen colonies were the Hornet and the Wasp, the MARYLAND IX THE REVOI.UTIOXARV WAR. 115 former with William Stone as captain and Joshua Barney as second officer, the latter with Charles Alexander as captain. The one mounted ten guns, the other eight. British war- ships were watching the mouth of the Chesapeake, but the two little vessels managed to pass them without being seen, and joined the American fleet in the Delaware. This was in 1775. Two years later, when Commodore Hopkins had been dismissed from the service by Congress, Captain James Nicholson, of Chestertown, became the senior officer of the Navy and remained so to the end of the war. His brother Samuel was Paul Jones' lieutenant in the famous fight between the Bon Homme Richard and the Serapis, and was made a captain. A third brother, John, also was a captain in the Continental Navy. Maryland fitted out several other vessels, which did good service, and she kept quite a fleet of smaller boats in Chesapeake Bay. In 1776 Congress passed resolutions permitting privateers to be fitted out, and Maryland was foremost among the States in doing so. In six years about two hundred and fifty of these vessels sailed out of Chesapeake Bay. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. TiiK 15i:oi.NNiNr. of tuf. War. A. Cresaf's Riflemen. 1. Were tliey regular troops? 2. Describe their arms and dress. 3. Who was Michael Cresap ? B. j\rarylaud Troops. I. Why were the Maryland troops the favorites of Washington ? 1. How did Maryland compare with the other States in sending troops to the army ? In the number of troops sent ? 3. Tell about Gist and his Marylanders at the battle of Long Island. 116 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. I. The Beginning of the War {continued). 4. How many were in his band ? How many survived the action ? C. Tories. 1. Who were the Tories? 2. What Marylander of prominence was a Tory ? 3. Were there many of them in the State ? 4. Why did Sir William Howe think there were many ? 5. Describe how the British army and fleet advanced to Phila- delphia. 6. Where was Fort Mifflin ? 7. Describe its defense. 8. Why was Washington unsuccessful in his attack on the British after they evacuated Philadelphia ? 9. Tell how Colonel Ramsay saved the army from being routed. 10. Where was this battle fought ? II. The War in the South. A. To the Battle of Camden. 1. After the surrender of Charleston, what was Clinton's plan? 2. In what condition were the Americans to opjiose it ? 3. Describe the battle of Camden. 4. Name some commanders of the Maryland troops in this battle. 5. Tell of de Kalb's relations to the Maryland troops and of his death. 6. After the battle, did Clinton's plan promise to succeed ? 7. How did General Greene plan to oppose Cornwallis ? B. To the Surrender of Cornwallis. 1. Tell about the battle of the Cowpens. 2. Describe Howard's and Williams' mode of fighting at the Cow- pens, Guilford and Eutaw. 3. What was the general result of the campaign in the South ? III. The British in the Chesapeake. 1. Why did the enemy wish to bring the war into Maryland ? 2. Lafayette sent to command the army in Maryland. 3. How did the Maryland women help him ? IV. Peace. I. Describe how the country received the news of Cornwallis' surrender. MARYLAND IM THK REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 117 IV. Peace [continued). 2. How did the war affect the State's finances? 3. How many survivors of the Maryland line were there ? V. Tell about the Naval Affairs of the Revolution and Name Some Maryland Commanders who Won Dis- tinction. *:- '.. CHAPTER VIII. THE FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. The State Threatened with Bankruptcy. The end of the War of Independence found Maryland face to face with bankruptcy. The State had spent all its money in helping to carry on the war, and had issued large amounts of paper money. Congress, too, in the name of the thirteen States, had put out much paper, for her share of which Maryland was responsible. Now paper money is only ■,\ ftoi/iise to pay, and if people think the promise cannot or will not be kept, they of course take as little of the paper money as possible, and it becomes of very little value. In the United States at the present day the Government keeps in the Treasury a large amount of gold which anyone who wants it can get in exchange for " greenbacks." But during the Kcvolution and after, Maryland had no gold to give in exchange. The gold had all been spent in providing for the war, and if the war had ended in victory for the British, then the State's paper money would have been worth just nothing at all. If, on the other hand, the colonies should win in the struggle, then they might be able to redeem their promises to pay. But a government has no money except that which it gets in taxes from its citizens, and the citizens of Maryland who were not fighting in the army had to give all they could earn to supply the needs of those who were, and of their families. Thus the State had become quite poor, and there was much doubt as to whether Maryland — and Congress, too — would ever be nble to make good her promise to pay. Depreciated Paper Money. Sj it was that the paper money 118 ^ FIRST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 119 became worth less and less, until in 1781 a pair of boots was worth six hundred dollars, a handkerchief one hundred dollars, a skein of silk ten dollars, in paper money, and other things in proportion ; while these same articles, if one had gold to pay with, could be bought for about sixteen dollars, three dollars and thirty cents, respectively. This worthless Continental money gave rise to the expression, " not worth a continental," meaning absolutely of no value what- OLD CITY HALT,, HAI.TIMORE. From a />,iiiiiing. ever. In spite of all this there was still, as late as 1786, a oarty in the State in favor of issuing more paper money. More than once a bill was passed by the Delegates to issue more of it but each time the Senate rejected the bill. Maryland Refuses to Join the Confederation. In the year 1781 the Confederation of the American Colonies had been 120 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. formed, after much delay and argument. By 1779 all of the States except Maryland had agreed to the Articles of Confederation, The larger States, especially Virginia and New York, claimed vast tracts of land to the westward as having been granted to them by their charters. Now Marj'- land contended that it was only just that these western lands should be given up to the Confederated States as common prop- erty for the benefit of all, seeing that the smaller States had done as much towards independence as the larger ones, if not more. As these latter refused to give up their claims to the western lands, Maryland refused to join the Confederation. Ratifies the Articles, March i, 1781. At length she yielded, for fear that her refusal might do harm to the American cause, and signed the articles in 17S1. Her opposition, however, had opened the eyes of the other States, and within the next twenty years all the " western lands " had been ceded to the United States. In this wiy was created a national domain, and the possession of such a common property made it much easier for the States to form the idea of a Federal Union and to carry that idea into execution. The great credit of this is due to Maryland, but at the time her course was looked at in so different a light that it was even threatened that she should be divided up between the neighboring States and her name wiped from the map. Within her own borders, lands that had formerly belonged to the Proprietor, lying in the western part of the State, Maryland used in part by dividing them up into farms with which she rewarded her soldiers who had served in the war. Maryland Consents to Pay Federal Taxes. In order to pay off the large debts, including paper money issues, made to carry on the war. Congress now wanted to lay taxes in all the Slates. At that time the Federal Government had much less power than it now has, and could lay no taxes a. ^ o c^> <; « '—' 2 — ^ a Ul J" ■^ K r" ^ '. 133 River within gunshot of the Canadian shore, and the British fired on them. The Americans, however, got away with their prisoners and the cargoes of the vessels, but had to destroy one of these, the Detroit. The other, the Caledonia, was saved by the efforts of Captain Towson and after- ward made one of Perry's fleet. Many Privateers Sent Out. The attempted in- vasion of Canada was a failure, and the result of the war thus far was favorable to the British, except at sea, where the United States were quite the equal of the enemy. Maryland alone sent out, within four months after the war was declared, forty-two armed vessels. These w^ith other privateers, swarmed over all the ocean, capturing British vessels and even attacking the enemy's men-of-war. More privateers sailed from Baltimore than from any other city in the United States, and a larger number of officers in the Navy came from Maryland than from any other State ; forty-six out of a total of two hundred and forty. It will give some idea of the hurt done by American vessels to English commerce to know that Com- modore Barney, in one short cruise in his schooner Rossie, captured ships and cargo to the value of a million and a half dollars, and took two hundred and seventeen prisoners. NATHAX TOWSON. Frotn a fiainti>ig in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. 134 HISTORY OF MARYLAND, Five hundred British merchant ships were captured in seven months. Chesapeake Bay Blockaded, 1812. At the end of the year 18 1 2 Great Britain declared Chesapeake and Delaware Bays to be in a state of blockade ; and by the spring of 1 8 1 3 the blockade was extended to the whole Atlantic coast except Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The effect of the blockade was disastrous to Maryland commerce. In 18 1 2 the net revenue collected in the State, in customs, was $1,780,000 ; in 1813 this fell to $182,000; and in 1814 the expenditures exceeded the receipts. A British fleet, under Admiral Cockburn, sailed into Chesapeake Bay and harassed the shores, plundering and burning the towns, and capturing and destroying all the small vessels they could find. The fleet sailed up the Bay and lay off the City of Baltimore. No attack was made on the city, but a number of towns at the head of the Bay were pillaged and burned. The only defenders at these places were small bands of militia, as the Federal Government refused to send aid to the State. The militia did its best, and sometimes succeeded in driving off the attacking parties ; but they were usually too few to stand against the larger forces of British soldiers. When there were no more vessels, militia and stores of war material left in the upper waters of the Chesapeake, Cock- burn returned to the lower part of the Bay. In spite of all this, the feeling in support of the war gained in strength throughout the State. Battle of Caulk's Field. By the year 1814 the overthrow of Napoleon left England free to give more attention to the war with the United States. More ships and a land force were sent over. Several of these ships, commanded by Sir Peter Parker, sailed up the Chesapeake, burning and pillaging the farms on the shore. On the night of August 30, Sir THE WAR OF 1812. 135 Peter landed with two hundred and fifty men at a point about nine miles from Chestertown, and by a circuitous march tried to cut off the camp occupied by one hundred and seventy Maryland soldiers under Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Reed. The two little armies met on Caulk's Field, and after an hour's fight the British retreated just as the ammunition of the Americans became exhausted. In the engagement Sir Peter Parker was killed. Battle of Bladensburg, August 24, 1814. In the meantime the remainder of the fleet had landed the British army at Benedict, whence they began to march towards Washington, Nothing whatever had been done in the way of building de- fenses for the capital. The British soldiers, suffering severely from the heat, at first advanced very slowly. Pretending to march directly on Washington, they turned and went rapidly on to Bladensburg. They numbered about four thousand five hundred men, while the American army, under the com- mand of General William H. Winder, of Baltimore, numbered about seven thousand. The two armies met on August 24, the Americans in a strong position on a hill, and separated from the British by a stream over which was a single narrow bridge. This the enemy succeeded in crossing, and after some fighting drove the Americans from the field and captured half of their artillery. The only troops on the American side who fought with any bravery were a party of four hundred sailors under Joshua Barney, of Baltimore. These manned a battery of five guns and stood by their guns bravely, even when attacked on the flanks and in the rear, until Barney was wounded and taken prisoner. Then they fell back, abandoning their guns. Commodore Barney had been in command of the Chesapeake Bay fleet of gunboats, but had been compelled to destroy his vessels to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. It was thought 136 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. useless to try to defend Washington with the army scattered in all directions, and therefore General Winder marched towards Baltimore with the few troops he could collect. The British marched on to Washington. The Capitol, the President's house, the Treasury Building, the Navy Yard, the State and War Departments, were burned and destroyed. Public property to the value of more than two million dollars, besides private property, perished. Baltimore Threatened. The destruction of the Arsenal and naval storehouses at Washington had been one of the chief aims of the British. Having accomplished it, they now turned to the other, the destruction of Baltimore, which city they called a " nest of privateers." Warned by the threats of England, Baltimore had begun to make prepara- tions to defend itself against the expected attack. For this purpose five hundred thousand dollars had alread}^ been spent, and now everyone in tlie city, even the old men and boys, went to work with pick and shovel to throw up fortifi- cations. After a few days the enemy sailed up the Bay, and on September ii, seventy of their ships lay at anchor off North Point. Early next morning they landed their trcops, an army of five thousand men, commanded by General Robert Ross, while a number of small vessels under Admiral Ccck- burn formed in line to bombard the city. But the news of their coming had been sent up the Bay shore by beacon-fires and mounted messengers, so that the city was prepared. Commodore John Rodgers, with twelve hundred man-of-war's men, had charge of the batteries ; Colonel George Armi- stead, (if ^'irginia, conunandcd Fort McHenry ; while the forces of the city were in conunand of General Samuel Snuth, of ]>altimore. The Battle of North Point, September 12, 1814. General John Strieker, witli about three thousand raw militia, marched THE WAR OF 1812. 137 out some seven miles along the Philadelphia road to recon- noitre the enemy. When he learned, on the morning of Sep- tem.ber 12, that the enemy had landed, he sent back his baggage and formed his troops in line of battle. The British advance guard, having marched to within two miles of Gen- eral Strieker's pickets, were met by a small body of Ameri- cans who had been sent forward to surprise them, but who ' jr^ ,- -a k^ 1 J ft •1 4 wk 'Tr isi^^ ^jM^^h ' 'i f &^BB ^^^SS \ iTfl wv ^^^9kli!iiilHr rgU IbI - '■"<, -■^^^? H B BATTLE MONUMENT, BALTIMORE. soon returned. A larger detachment, under Major Richard K. Heath, was then sent forward. After firing several volleys this detachment was slowly falling back when a musket shot killed General Ross, who had ridden to the front to see how matters were going. Colonel Brooke, who was now in com- mand of the British, moved up cautiously until he came 138 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. within a very short distance of the American lines. His troops were met by volley after volley of musketry, returned so briskly that the two armies were soon hid from each other by the smoke. On the American left the Fifty-first Regiment now broke and fled, and was followed by a part of the Thirty-ninth. Colonel Brooke tried to take advantage of this by advancing rapidly, but was received by the American ar- tillery, whose guns had been loaded with '' grape and canister, shot, old locks and pieces of broken muskets." At the same time, all along the line volleys of muskets and rifles followed each other incessantly. The British, however, continued to advance. At length General Strieker ordered his small remaming force to retreat, which they did in good order and without being pursued by the enemy. It must be remem- bered that the Americans engaged in this action were raw militia, while the British troops were all regulars, many of whom had fought in the wars against Napoleon ; and that General Strieker had gone out only to skirmish, and not to attempt to defeat the whole British army. On the next day the enemy resumed their march on Baltimore, and in the evening came in sight of the Ameri- can army of about twelve thousand men strongly entrenched on a ridge of hills. Colonel Brooke was afraid to attack this strong position with his own army exposed. He there- fore decided to wait for darkness to give battle, hoping the English vessels would by that time be ready to help him. But no news came from the fleet until at midnight it was heard to begin the bombardment. After two or three hours' waiting. Colonel Brooke received word that the fleet could not come up as the channel was too shallow for any but the smallest vessels, and besides was blocked by sunken ships. He therefore ordered a retreat, and the attack on Baltimore was abandoned. THE WAR OF 1812. 139 Bombardment of Fort McHenry. The fleet turned back, and stopping at a distance of two miles from Fort McHenry, for twenty-four hours threw showers of bombs into the fort, which could make no reply with its guns at that long range. But their flag was kept flying, and it was the sight of this flag which inspired Francis Scott Key to write his patriotic BOMBARDMKNT OV FORT McHKNRY. Fro»t an old f>rini in the possession of the Miirylund H istorical iiociety, song, " The Star Spangled Banner." Key had gone to the British fleet on business connected with prisoners. He was kindly treated there, but was told he could not leave the fleet until after the attack on Baltimore. From the deck of the ship where he was detained he watched all night the bombardment of the fort, with no means of knowing whether 140 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. it had surrendered or not; but with the first glimpse of da^vn he saw that the Stars and Stripes were still flying. To the right of Fort McHenry redoubts had been built to prevent attacks in the rear on the fort and Baltimore City. At one of these, Fort Covington, a sharp engage- ment took place on September 13. Twelve hundred of the enemy, heavily armed with muskets and small cannon, and provided with scaling ladders, attempted to land in the darkness. Sailing- master John A. Webster, whose duty it was to pa- trol the shore that night, heard the noise of the approaching boats, and immediately gave the alarm. At the same time a rocket fired from the foremost boat showed plainly the enemy near the shore. The guns of the battery were all loaded, and in a few moments a firinir began which lasted incessantly for two hours. The attacking party had expected no resistance, and after the foremost boats had been disabled the remainder put back to the fleet. The American force numbered less than one hundred and fifty, of whom thirteen were wounded in the engagement. None were killed. Had the British succeeded in landing, they would have attacked Fort McHenry in the rear, and might have captured not only the fort but Baltimore as well. FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. THE WAR OF 1812. 141 ^ j(r^ O j^a.y ^^ ^drf ifZ^.('/■ '^ .A. ('ST ^»S^ ^ I'^.'U^ X^^ ^ 75t ^>^«. ^i^ /ST ^^A-- '*'~~^ c.'o..-- .a:;; — <■<. -.^t ^ /^^^ .;/4i^- ^^ v' ■ t^.ijzi:f tf^^irZlci ii'<^^^^ .^, ^^yn ^ 'X. «^- * * j *<,^^ "THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER." h'rom the original manuscript in possession of Mrs. Rebecca Lloyd Shippen. 142 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. There was joy througliout the whole country when it was known that the British had retreated from Baltimore, and in that city itself the joy was unbounded. Battle Monument was built a year later to commemorate the e\-ent; the twelfth of September was made a holiday; and year after year on that day the "old defenders" were publicly honored by the city, until the last of their number died in 1898. The war lasted only a short time longer, a treaty of peace being signed at Ghent on December 24, 1814. Curiously enough this treat}' said nothing in regard to the right of search on American vessels, which had been the chief cause of the war. But Great Britian tacitly gave up the right of search, and no trouble has ever arisen since on the question. Beginning of the State Debt, and of the City Debt in Baltimore. During the war Maryland had appropriated nearly half a million dollars to aid the Federal Govern- ment, while l^altimore alone had appropriated a million dollars for defense. President Madison recognized the justice of the claims of the State to rejiayment by the United States; but the people of other parts of the country cried out against it, and in the end Mar3dand received only a little over three hundred thousand dollars. Before the war the revenue from a fund of a million and a half dollars which the State possessed was enough to pay the ordinary expenses of the government, and in Baltimore the revenues sufficed for all current expenses; but so much money was paid out during the war that both the State and the city had to borrow, and this was the begin- ning of the present State and city debts. THE WAR OF 1812. 143 TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Ill-Ff.f.i.ing Towarh Kngland. 1. Latent ill-feeling surviving from the struggle for independence. 2. Caused by the capture of merchant ships. 3. Caused by impressment. What is meant by impressment? 4. Leads to the declaration of war, June 19, iSi2. II. C)lM-OSITU).V TO THE WAR. 1. Chiefly in the Northern cities. 2. What was Mai-yland's attitude? 3. Tell about the Federal Republican riots. 4. Opposition to the acts of the government does not imply a lack of patriotism. 5. In general, our government is best when there is a strong op- position. 6. In any case every citizen has a right to criticise the government; freedom of thought and speech. 7. Compare the attitude of the anti-imperialists now with that of the Federalists in 18 12. III. Progrkss ok the War. 1. What two Marylanders distinguished themselves in the invasion of Canada ? 2. Tell what they did. 3. Give some account of tlie injury done by privateers to British commerce. 4. Great Britain proclaimed the blockade of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays; what does that mean? 5. Describe the effect of the blockade on Maryland's commerce. 6. Napoleon's overthrow; how did it affect the war in America? IV. The War i.\ Maryland. 1. Pillage and burning on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. 2. Tell about the battle of Caulk's Field. 3. The Battle of Bladensburg. 4. Bravery of Barney and his sailors. 5. The destruction of Washington. 6. What caused England's ill-will toward Baltimore ? 144 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 7. Describe the battle of North Point, September 12, 1814. 8. Why was the attack on Baltimore abandoned? 9. Tell about the bombardment of Fort McIIenry. 10. Describe how Key wrote the " Star-Spangled Banner." 11. Tell about the attack on Fort Covington. 12. Treaty of peace signed December 24, 1814. 13. How was the question as to the right of .'-earch settled? Causes of the Beginning of the State Debt and of Bal- timore CiTV Debt, CHAPTER X. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND: POLITICAL HISTORY; IN- TERNAL IMPROVEMENTS; SOCIETY AND MANNERS. Federalists and Republicans. It will be remembered that there were twx) political parties in the United States during the War of 1812: one, the Federalist, was in general op- posed to the war ; the other, the Republican, was in favor of it. This latter is not the same as the present Republican parly, but is really the beginning of the party called Demo- cratic. The cjuestion of the war was not the only one on which the parties dilTered : the Federalists leaned to the side of England in the wars following the French Revolution, while the Republicans sympathized with France ; the Fed- eralists favored a strong central government in the United States, while tlie Republicans thought the separate States should be stronger and more independent. The Southern States were Republican, and the New England States, especially Massachusetts and Connecticut, were Federal- ist; though there were many of the latter party in the South, and some of the former in New England. , In Maryland, in the elections of 18 14, the Federalists made considerable gains; but in those of 18 15 the Re- publicans made such gains that the Federalists had a ma- jority of only one vote in the General Assembly. The latter party gradually lost power in all the States, chiefly because of its opposition to the war, until in 18 16 Monroe, the Re- publican candidate for President, received the electoral votes of all the States except Massachusetts, Connecticut and 145 146 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Delaware. In 1820 he received all the votes except one,* and the Federalist party fell to pieces completely. In this same year the Republicans gained complete control of the State Government of Maryland. Minority Rule in the State. It was in these years that much discussion arose in Maryland about the election of representatives to the Assembly. Annapolis and Baltimore each elected one elector of the Senate, the counties each elected two. Of the House of Delegates Baltimore City and county elected six members, but in proportion to their popu- lation and the taxes they paid they were entitled to twenty. f In addition to this the Governor was elected, not by the people directh', as is now the case, but by the Legislature ; nor were Senators elected directly, but by a college of elect- ors as is the case in electing the President of the United States. By this arrangement the portion of the State which had most population and paid most taxes had less voice in the government than the other part ; or, as we say, a minor- ity of the people was governing the majority. In 1818 an effort was made to alter the Constitution of the State in order to correct this evil, but the opposition in the counties was so strong that the bill could not be passed. Enfranchisement of the Jews, 1825. Another matter of discussion in these years was the enfranchisement of the Jews. They were allowed to worship according to their belief, but were not allowed to hold any office under the State Government until, in 1825, a bill was passed giving them the same rights that every one else had. Reforms in the State Government. The Federalist party was succeeded in time by the Whigs, and as we shall before * This vote was cast against him because it was thought that Wash- ington should be the only Tresident elected unanimously. t See ante, p. 91, and following. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 147 148 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. long have to speak of their successors, the present Republi- cans, let us call the old Republican party by the name it now bears, Democratic. In 1828 the Democratic party had elegted Jackson to the presidency, and during the end of his second term the old question of minority rule came up again in Maryland, In 1836 members of both political parties held a reform convention in Baltimore, and agreed to nomi- nate Delegates who would pledge themselves to carry out the needed reforms. But it was the year of a presidential election, and party feeling was so strong that men of differ- ent parties, although they held the same views on this question, would not unite for the election of Delegates. Nevertheless, public opinion was so strongly in favor of these reforms that the newly-elected Assembly passed a law, which, among other changes, gave the people the power to elect directly the Governor and Senators, one from each county and one from Baltimore City. The number of Dele- gates from each covmty was to be proportional to the popula- tion of that county, and the city of Baltimore was to send as many Delegates as the county having the largest population. The State Encourages the Building of Canals and Railroads. The importance of opening up the Western country to trade and settlement was early recognized, and during the first half of the nineteenth century many schemes for building roads and canals were started, some of which were carried through. Even as early as 1784 the Legislature of Mary- land, in conjunction with that of Virginia, had considered the project of opening up a trade route to the West by way of the Potomac River. The Potomac Company was organ- ized, but came to nothing, and finally surrendered its charter to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company in 1825. This latter company was to connect the Potomac River at Georgetown with the Ohio River, and the canal was actually AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 149 completed as far as Cumberland. The merchants of Balti- more feared that much of their Western trade would be turned aside to Georgetown, and therefore planned another canal to connect their city with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. However, before this project could take form, the idea of building railroads entered into men's minds. Railroads had been in use in England for some years, and in one or two places in America, when, on July 4, 1828, the corner stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was laid in Baltimore by Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The road ran from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, and the cars were drawn by horses. Two years later a locomotive, built by Peter Cooper, was run over the road, and made about fifteen miles an hour. The road grew, and in 1835, the State subscribed three million dollars to the stock of the company. This same Act subscribed five millions to other railroads and canal com- panies, a total of eight million dollars on which mterest had to be paid, and the principal of which would have to be paid in course of time. It was thought that the profits of the companies would be so large that che interest the State would receive on its stock would be not only enough to cover the interest on the bonds it issued, but enough to leave laige sums over, which might be used for the expenses of the government The interest on the debt of the State amounted to six hundred thousand dollars a year, and this had to be raised by taxation. As long as it was possible the Legis- lature avoided laying taxes, but in 1841 it could no longer be put off. In a number of counties the tax laws were not enforced, and the people generally tried to shirk payment. Suspension of Interest Payments, 1842. As a result of this, as early as January, 1842, the State could no longer pay the interest on its debts. The amount of interest 150 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Steadily increased until in 1844 it reached the sum of nearly a million and a half dollars. Interest Payments Resumed, 1848. Soon, however, the companies to whose stock the State had subscribed began to earn enough to pay interest on it, and the amount raised by taxes gradually grew larger, so that in 1848 the State began to pay interest again. OLDEST RAILROAD STATION IN AMKRICA, AT FRKDKKICK. Nothing is more important for a government than the prompt payment of its debts ; for if it does not pay promptly no one will be willing to lend it money again. The State of Maryland, like other governments, can get money in two ways : by taxing the people, or by issuing bonds. If it adopt the latter plan, interest must be paid on the bonds, and, besides, the money borrowed on them has to be paid back in time to those who advanced it. For instance, Maryland may want to borrow money, by issuing bonds, to build new school houses, but if she has already refused to pay the money she borrowed to build bridges, say, men throughout the country who have money will refuse to lend AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 151 FIRST LOCOMOTIVK, liAl.'IIMOR K X: OHIO RAILROAD. it to her. In which case, possibly, the school houses could not be built. Maryland should be grateful to two men. Governor Thomas G. Pratt and George Peabody, for the services they rendered the State when it was in such diffi- culties. It was largely owing to their efforts that interest payment was resumed and the credit of the State maintained. Governor Pratt kept constantly before the Legislature and the people the ne- cessity of laying taxes for the payment of the debt of the State and the interest thereon, and George Peabody used all his personal ability and influence in London to sell the bonds and maintain the credit of Mary- land among English financiers. He w'as entitled to compen- sation for his services, being one of three commissioners appointed by the State, but he refused all pay, saying that he was "sufficiently remunerated for his services by the restored credit of his State." Maryland has never repu- diated ; that is, refused to pay its debts, and the suspen- sion of interest payment lasted only a few years. The First Electric Telegraph Line in the United States. Fourteen years after the first use of a steam locomotive on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad was seen the completion of the first electric telegraph line in America. In 1843 Con- gress had appropriated thirty thousand dollars to be used by the inventor, S. F. B. Morse, in erecting an experimental line between Baltimore and Washington. The line was com- pleted by May, 1844, and proved to be successful. Shortly 152 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. afterwards the news of the nomination of Polk and Dallas by the National Democratic Convention held in Baltimore was telegraphed to Washington, and caused a great sensa- tion. At an earlier date than this, in 1816, was organized in Baltimore the first company in the United States for the manufacture of gas for street lighting and general use, and a little later, in 1859, the first passenger street cars were run in Baltimore. The War with Mexico. In the year 1845 war broke out be- tween Mexico and the United States because of the annexation of Texas by the lat- ter. The State of Texas was originally a part of Mexico, but rebelled to form an independent republic, which afterwards asked to be made a part of the United States. The United States army won a number of victories at Palo Alto, Monterey, Buena Vista, and other places. Another division of the army, after a series of victories, took possession of the City of Mexico. At Palo Alto the skilful handling of the artillery MEXICAN WAR MONUMENT BALTIMORE. AFTER THE WAR WITEI ENGLAND. 153 by Major Samuel Ringgold, of Maryland, probably won the battle. Major Ringgold died from wounds received in this engagement, and was succeeded in the command of the Light Artillery by Randolph Ridgely, another Marylander. Volunteers for the war offered themselves so eagerly in Baltimore that recruiting v/as discontinued. Of those who enlisted, a battalion of six companies was form.od, called the Battalion of Baltimore and Washington Volun- teers, and was placed under the command of Lieutenant- Colonel William H. Watson, of Baltimore. This battalion distinguished itself at the battle of Monterey, where Colonel Watson was killed, and throughout its term of service in the war. Many other Marylanders served with personal dis- tinction and not a few of them met their death in the war with Mexico, which ended February 2, 1S48. Society and Manners. Social life in the United States during the early part of the nineteenth century was in many ways very curious, and if we are to believe the accounts given by some of the visitors from Europe, our manners were as bad as they could possibly be. While the States were yet colonies of Great Britain there were, as we have seen, marked distinctions between the different classes of people ; distinctions very much like those in England. There were a number of Englishmen of rank and title in the colonies, and very many of the planters belonged to aristo- cratic and noble families of the mother country. Disappearance of Class Distinctions. But with independ- ence and the establishment of the Republic all titles of nobility were done away with, and the distinctions of class began rapidly to disappear. " Republican simplicity," as it was called, began to replace aristocratic state. Much of this so-called simplicity was assumed as a political means to *' catch the votes " and support of the mass of the people, u XJ 154 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 155 but more of it was truly felt by those who believed in the equality of all men and wanted to put their beliefs into practice. A new country is necessarily rougher and simpler in its life and habits than an old one, and vast regions of the United States were at that time little more than a wilderness. But even in the older States along the Atlantic the people had much the same faults as in the newer West. Improvement soon came, however, and we of the present can hardlj^ believe what we read of the manners of these earlier days. Some American Bad Habits. One thing which visitors to our country fovuul most oljjoctionable was the common habit of tobacco chewing and the spitting that resulted from it. One Englishwoman, Mrs. Trollope, says that the habit was indulged in even at evening parties. But other travellers tleny this, and it is probably untrue. At an evening party, Mrs. Trollope says, "The ladies look at each other's dresses till they know every pin by heart." And she gives the following list of the refresh- ments at the party: "Tea, coffee, hot cake and custard, hoe cake, johnny cake, waffle cake and dodger cake, pickled peaches, and preserved cucumbers, ham, turkey, hung beef, apple sauce, and pickled oysters than ever were prepare 1 in any other country of the known world."* Such diet made the Americans of those days dys]ioi)tic, and they talked too much of their ills. ]\Irs. Trollope did not like this, but indeed, if we judge from her fault finding and complaining, we must believe that she had caught our "national disease." She was so prejudiced that she woidd not praise even such actors as Edwin Forrest and the elder Booth. Maryland Better than Other Parts of the Country. Mrs. Trollope, after a great deal of fault-finding with the ■••■ Mrs. Trollope, in '• Domestic Maiint;rs of tlic Americans." 156 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. inns and people she met on her journey from New Orleans to Cincinnati, says, on reaching Maryland : " Luckily for us, the inn at Hagerstown was one of the most comfortable I ever entered. . . . Instead of being scolded, as we were in Cincin- nati, for asking for a private sitting-room, we here had two, without asking at all. The waiter summoned us to breakfast, dinner, and tea, which we found prepared with abundance, and even elegance. The master of the house met us at the door of the eating-room, and after asking if we wished for anything not on the table, retired." Continuing her journey through the State, she says : " As we advanced towards Balti- more, the look of cultivation increased, the fences wore an air of greater neatness, the houses began to look like the abodes of competence and comfort." She calls Baltimore a beautiful city, and speaks of her pleasant visit of a fortnight there. She went to mass in the Cathedral, where she was " perfectly astonished at the beauty and splendid appearance of the ladies who filled it. Excepting on a very brilliant Sunday at the Tuileries, I never saw so showy a display of morning costumes, and I think I never saw anywhere so many beautiful women at one glance." Both Mrs. TroUope, who visited Baltimore in 1830, and another Englishwoman* who visited the city ten years earlier, speak of the clean, broad streets, the fountains, and the neat red brick houses with their shining knockers and white marble trimmings. Still another visitor f ^vho came to Balti- more in 1S34, speaks with especial delight of the children she met there. And so, if American manners were bad in those days, we have at least some satisfaction in knowing that those who came here from Europe found Maryland * Frances Wriglit, " Views of Society and Manners in America." t Harriet Martineau, " Society in America." AFTER THE WAR ^VITH ENGLAND. 167 better than many other parts of the countrj'. But not in every respect. A Journey from Philadelphia to Baltimore. Another Eng- lish traveler *, in describing his journey from Philadelphia to Baltimore, says that he was there "brought in close contact with tobacco-chewing, to an extent that is positively disgust- ing." He adds, thus contradicting Mrs. Trollope, that it is only in public places that this spitting prevails, and that " it has not been permitted to invade the sanctuary of private society," and that he " never yet saw anyone, in the presence of ladies, violate with the practice the decorum of a drawing- room." In his journey, Mr. Mackay at length reached the Susque- hanna River, over which the passengers were ferried from one railroad to the other in a steamboat, and where he was struck with the beauty of the scenery. The train sped on and he arrived at Canton, which he describes as a suburb of Baltimore, and a " melancholy instance of misguided enter- prise " where "the streets are all nicely laid out, paved, and macadamized ; and where you have everything to make a fine town but the houses." As the train rolled into the sta- tion at Baltimore " it was like Pandemonium let loose," on account of the colored men touting for the hotels to which they belonged. " Barnum's, gen'lemen — Barnum's — now for Barnum's — only house in town — rest all sham — skin but no 'possum — yhaw, yhaw — Barnum's, Barnum's 1 " "'Cause Eagle eaten all de 'possum up, and left nuflfin but de skin — de Eagle's de house, gen'lemen — hurra for de Eagle I " It is no wonder that the poor English travelers thought this a strange country. * Alexander Mackay, " The Western World ; or. Travels in the United States in 1846-47." 158 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Mr. Mackay went to " Barnum's " and " found the hotel . . . one of the most admirably managed establishments of the kind on the continent." He speaks of the fine har- bor of the city, " crowded with shipping," of the Baltimore Clippers, and of the city's large foreign and Western trade. Baltimore Street was, he says, " one of the finest streets in the Union," and the Baltimore women were finer still. He had never seen " in so large a population ... so small a proportion of un- attractive faces," and '"this characteristic ex- tends more or less to the whole State of Mary- land." Mr. Mackay left Bal- timore for Washington on the "late night-train," and when about ten miles from Washington discov- ered for the first time what a " cow-ketcher " was. The train was brought to a stop by running into a cow on the track, and our inquiring English- man walked to the front of the engine where he made his discovery. Country Life. In Maryland dining the first half of the nineteenth century .social life in one respect resembled that of earlier days : it was not entirely a society of towns and cities as in the more northern States. While much of the EDGAR AF.I.AN POK. AFTER THE WAR WITH ENGLAND. 159 social life was centered in Baltimore and Annapolis, on the other hand quite as much of it was in the country between the families of those who owned large plantations, and was, \^ with greater freedom and more open hospitality, not unlike country life in England. Edgar Allan Poe. One Maryland name of eminence be- longs to this period. Edgar Allan Poe w^as born in Boston in 1809, and died at Baltimore in 1849. His father was a Baltimorean of an old and prominent family, and he himself was one of the most gifted writers America has produced. His life and character were somewhat erratic, but his tales, and even more his poetry, stamp him as a man of genius. In 1875 a monument was erected to him in Baltimore by the teachers and pupils of the p'lblic schools. One of the chief faults of Americans in those years, if we are to believe what foreign visitors wrote about them, was their boastfulness about their country, its resources, and its institutions. But its material resources were in fact almost greater than any boast; and when we consider that the - Americans were just beginning to see the success of what was, perhaps, the greatest experiment in government that the world had ever seen, it is not strange that their pride in this success led to frank and open talk about it. This peculi- arity is not so noticeable in the Marylander as in the New Englander or the Western man : he is more apt to boast of his State than of his country. Many duels were fought in America in these years, and a Mar)'lander of renown lost his life in one. Commodore Stephen Decatur was killed in 1820, near Bladensburg, by Commodore James Barron, in a duel which grew out of the affair between the Chesapeake and the Leopard. 160 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Political Parties. 1. Name the chief points of difference between the Federalist and the Repubhcan parties. 2. Does the latter mean the present Republican party? 3. How were the two parties distributed geographically ? 4. What became of the Federalist party? H. Reforms in the State Government. 1. What is meant by " minority rule"? 2. The growth of population and wealth made the old allotment of representatives unfair. 3. Baltimore City and county, and Annapolis entitled to more representatives. 4. The Governor and Senators not elected directly by the people. 5. Failure in 1S18 of efforts to correct the evils ; why? 6. Failure again in 1836 ; why? The effect of Presidential on State elections. 7. Compare the minority rule in Connecticut to-day on account of township representation. 8. Public opinion brings about the reforms. 9. The reforms were : {a) Direct election of the Governor and of Senators, one from each county and one from Baltimore City. {/j) The number of delegates from each county proportional to its population. {(■) The number of delegates from Baltimore City equal to the number from the county of largest population. 10. The enfranchisement of the Jews, 18^5. III. Pi'Hi.ic Improvements and the Indebtedness of the State. 1. Large amounts subscribed by the State to canals and railroads. 2. K.xplain that the State could get money for this purpose only by la.xation of the citizens or by borrowing. In fact, 3. The State borrowed the money and issued bonds. 4. These subscriptions were thought to be a good busines-s invest- ment, because it was thought the dividends received fiom the companies w'ould be large as compared with the interest the State would have to pay on its bonds. AFTER TIIK WAR WITH ENGLAND. 1(51 III. Public Lmprovkmknts and thk I.ndebtkd.nkss uk the Stat e (continued ) . 5. What was the amount of interest on these bonds, and how was it to be raised .' 6. Were the taxes paid willingly ? 7. Suspension of interest payments, 1842. 8. Resumption of interest payments, 184S. 9. Thomas (i. Pratt and George Peabody ; wliat valuable service did they render to the State ? 10, Tell what you know about the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. IV. First Railroad in Maryland. 1. Tell about the construction of the first railroad ii Maryland. 2. What was the motive power at first? When was steam first used ? 3. Tell about the first electric telegraph line in the United States. V. Manners and Customs. 1. What causes led to the disappearance of class distinctions? 2. A new country necessarily rougher and simpler in habits and manners than one long settled. 3. How does Mrs. Trollope describe American manners in 1S30? 4. What was the appearance of Baltimore City at that date? 5. Country life in Maryland. 6. What e.xcuse or reason had Americans for their boastfulness? 7. Duels ; the death of Decatur. (See the State Constitution, Art. Ill, Sec. 41.) 8. Tell what you know about Edgar Allan Poe. VI. The War wiiii Me.xico. 1. Caused by what ? 2. Name some battles won by the I'nittd States. 3. Name some Marylanders who won distinction in this war. CHAPTER XI. NEW POLITICAL PARTIES— THE SLAVERY QUESTION. New Political Parties — The Know-nothings. The period after the war with Mexico was marked by the rise of several new pohtical parties. Not that they came into being all at once; in fact, they had been gradually forming; but at about this time they became more or less prominent. Of these the Free-soil, or Anti-slavery party, was by far the most important, and we shall have more to say of it later. Another was the American, or as it is oftener called, the Know-nothing party. This was a secret political society which for a few years had considerable influence on politics in Baltimore as well as in other parts of the State, and in the whole country. The main object of this party was to exclude all foreign-born citizens, and more especially all Catho- lics, from any office under the National, State or city govern- ments. Its second aim was to change the naturalization laws so that the immigrant could not have the rights of citizenship until after a long residence of fifteen or twenty years in the country. Riots between the Know-nothings and the Irish Catholics occurred in many places, both during elections and at other times. Such riots occurred in Baltimore at the elections which were held in October and November, 1856. Muskets even were used, and a number of persons were killed. Thomas Swann, the Know-nothing candidate, was elected Mayor of Baltimore, and the presidential electors of this party received a majority of the votes cast. Thus the eight electoral votes of Maryland were cast for Millard Fill- 1G2 NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 163 more, the Know-nothing candidate for President. He re- ceived no others, however. Scenes of violence and fraud at the elections continued for several years, until at length, in i860, the Know-nothing party was defeated by the election of all the opposition candidates, headed by George William Brown for Mayor, in an election that was quiet and without disorder. Free-soilers and Abolitionists. A far more important party, and one whose doctrines had much more far-reaching eflfects, was the Anti-slavery, or Free-soil party ; of even more prominence and importance were the Abolitionists. These were not large parties like the Democratic and the Re- pubhcan, but they made up in energy what they lacked in numbers. They were opposed to the holding of slaves in general, and in particular they believed that slavery should not be permitted in the new parts of the country that were being made into States. For the most part the slaves were owned in the South ; although there were some in almost all the States, and at first a few even in New England. Their number was so much greater in the Southern States because in that portion of the country the soil was rich and fertile, and adapted to the raising of crops, such as rice, sugar, and cotton, to which slave labor is suited; while in New England the soil is more sterile. Then, too, in the South large plan- tations were owned by a single man ; while in the North each farm was so small that a man and his sons, with per- haps the help of a " hired man " or two, could do all the work upon it. Maryland Classed with the Southern States. In the divi- sion of the country Maryland is usually placed among the Southern States, with those south of Mason and Dixon's line, and on the whole her interests and sympathies were probably more with the South than with the North. / 4 164 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Her People Divided on the Question of Slavery. There were many slaves and slave-owners in the State, but on the other hand there was a large Puritan element in the popula- tion whose sympathies were more or less with the North. Moreover, there were many later settlers in the northern and western counties, many of them industrious and thrifty Ger- mans, holding smaller farms, and accustomed, man, woman, and child, to do their own work. These also were anti-slav- ery in feeling. Thus the State which lies on the border be- tween North and South was divided in feeling, sympathy and interests on the matters of difference between the two sections. Negro Slaves in Maryland. The first negroes were brought to Maryland shortly after the settlement of the colony. Their number was small until the early years of the eighteenth century, when the importation of them increased rapidly, so that by 17 12, when the white population numbered about thirty-eight thousand, there were more than eight thousand negroes. These slaves came for the most part from Africa, and at first were brought in British vessels. Later the trade was carried on largely by New England merchants. A ves- sel would bring molasses from Jamaica to one of the Northern towns; the molasses would there be made into rum, which in turn would go to Africa to buy slaves ; and the slaves thus bought would be carried to Jamaica or to the ports of the Southern States. As early as the year 1695 the Assembly laid a tax of ten shillings on every negro brought into the colony ; and this tax was afterwards increased until, in 17 1 6, it amounted to forty shillings a head. These taxes were laid for revenue rather than for the purpose of discour- aging the importation of slaves. In 1780, however, the tax was raised to five hundred pounds, which was so high as virtually to prohibit the trade. This was done because the NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 165 people had begun to think that there were already more than enough slaves in the State, and because the feeling that slavery was wrong was beginning to gain ground. The Importation of Slaves Forbidden, 1783. Three years later an Act was passed forbidding altogether the further introduction of slaves. When the convention to form a new Constitution for the United States met in 1787, Luther Martin, a delegate from Maryland, proposed, but without success, that it be made a part of the Constitution that no more slaves should be brought into the country. It was finally agreed as a com- promise that the importation of slaves should not be pro- hibited by the Federal Government until the year 1808, and that meanwhile each State should regulate slavery as it saw fit. Slaves in Maryland were as a rule treated with kindness, and their ill-treatment was punished. It was not forbidden by law to teach them to read and write, as it was in some other States, but not very many of them were so taught. Frederick Douglass when a boy was taught to read by his mistress, a Baltimore lady. As early as the year 1789 a society was formed in Maryland having for its object the abolition of slavery ; and such men as Charles Carroll of CarroUton and Roger Brooke Taney, among others of promi- nence, agreed in their opinions as to the evils of slavery and the desire for its abolition. The Friends or Quakers were active in their efforts to have slavery abolished. The South- ern Abolitionists thought that the slaves were not fit to be set free without preparation. The slaves had always de- pended upon their masters for support, were, for the most part, ignorant and helpless, and if they v/ere suddenly freed would be unable to provide for themselves. Moreover, their masters had paid large sums for them — in the year 166 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 1859 as much as two thousand dollars was asked for a slave — had bought them in good faith expecting to keep them, and would be made bankrupt or reduced to poverty if the slaves were suddenly set free without recom- pense to their owners. The Northern anti-slavery societies, on the other hand, wanted the slaves to be freed at once and in any way, without regard to the master's rights. Fugitive Slaves. It was the law that if a slave es- caped into a "free State " he could be captured and returned to his master, but it very often happened that the people there helped him to get away instead of returning him to his owner. This was especially the case with slaves owned in Maryland, who had only to cross the line into Pennsyl- vania to find numbers of persons ready to help them to get away. In 1851, Edward Gorsuch, of Baltimore County, his son, and several friends, all armed and having a war- rant got in Philadelphia, went to Lancaster County, Penn- sylvania, in search of two slaves who had escaped three years before. The searchers broke into the house where the fugitives were hidden, but did not succeed in taking them, as a mob of about a hundred men, armed with guns, axes, and clubs, had been called together by the sounding of a horn as a signal. After some parley shots were fired, and ROGER BROOKE TANEY. From an eitgrm'iitg in the />ossessioH of the JSIarylaiui Historical Society. NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 167 in the fight which followed, Gorsuch was killed and his son wounded. By order of the President search was made for the fugitive slaves, but they had escaped. Several persons were arrested and tried for taking part in the riot, but all were acquitted. Public opinion in the free States was so strong against the fugitive slave law that it could not be enforced, and such occurrences as this made very bitter feel- ing in the South. Free Negroes. Many efforts were made to reduce the number of free negroes in Maryland. Beginning with the year 1831, the State appropriated large sums to send them to the colony of Liberia. The movement met with little success, however, as the negroes did not wish to go. In the twenty years to 1851, only one thousand and eleven were colonized in Africa, and this at a cost of two hundred and ninety-eight thousand dollars. Many slaves had been man- umitted by their masters, so that the number of slaves in the State had greatly diminished, while the number of free negroes had greatly increased. In i860, there were almost as many free negroes as there were slaves.* This decrease in the number of slaves was partly due to the fact that many of them were sold into the more southern States. In 1810, when the number of slaves was greatest, there were about ten slaves to every twenty-four free persons ; while in 1S60 there were only ten slaves to about sixty-nine free persons. The Abolitionist Merged in the Republican Party. At first the Abolitionists did not form any political party, but in 1840 they organi/.ed as the Liberty party. From that time on their efforts were directed to uniting all the people of the North into a political party pledged to destroy slavery in all the States. Before long they were merged into the Repub- * See Appendix B, p. 302, following. 168 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. lican parly which took up their watchword of " no slavery." The election of Lincoln to the presidency by the Republican party in i860, caused great excitement, and some of the Southern States at once began to prepare for secession. In Maryland Lincoln had received only 2,294 votes out of a total of 92,441, and the electoral vote of the State was cast against him. Nevertheless, although Maryland sympathized with the South, she was strongly opposed to all violence, had always been for moderation in the dissensions between the two sections, and believed that the Union should be pre- served. Maryland Does not Secede. When, at the end of the year i860. South Carolina seceded, and was followed in the course of some months by ten other Southern States, Maryland, though asked to do so, would not join with them. Many persons in the State favored, many were opposed to, seces- sion. The Governor, Thomas IL Hicks, was a loyal ITnion man, and as he said in his message at this time, believed " that the only safety of Maryland lies in preserving a neutral position between our brethren of the North and of the South." The Legislature passed no ordinance of secession, and did not call a convention of the voters to decide the question, and thus the State remained in the Union. It is fortunate for Maryland that she did not secede. If she had, it is probable that, being a border State, much of the fight- ing during the war which followed secession would have been within her borders ; and she would have been desolated, impoverished and laid waste, as Virginia actually was. Immigration and Mechanical Inventions. While the slavery question was uppermost in men's minds during the decades before the war of secession, we must not get the idea that it constitutes the whole history of the period. F.ven in the most exciting times the ordinary affairs of life must go on ; NEW POLITICAL PARTIES. 169 men must labor, business must be conducted, and the routine of life's work and pleasure continue. T\vo~ of the most striking features of this period were the enormous growth in < population due to immigration, and the equally large increase in material welfare. It was a time of mechanical inventions : the harvesting machine, tlie breech-loading firearm, the sew- ing machine, the steam fire-engine, the Atlantic cable, all belong to this period ; and the growth of material welfare was largely due to inventions of this kind. But it was more especially due to the use of steam in manufactures and rail- roads. While this quiet progress is often overshadowed by more stirring events, it is of lasting importance and must not be forgotten. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. roi.iTicAi, Parties. 1. The American or Know-nothing party. (a) Was a secret society. (/') What were its two chief objects? (t) Riots caused by, in Baltimore. (J) Overthrow in i860, 2. Abolitionists. {a) Opposed to slavery in general. (/') Opposed to the extension of slavery into new States and Territories. (c) Not a political party at first. (i/) Organized as the Liberty jiarty in 1S40. (e) Merged into the Republican paily. II. The Slavery Que.stion. 1. Slaves owned for the most part in the South. 2. Why was this the case ? ((/) Nature of the soil. {/>) Nature of the crops, (c) Size of the plantations. 3. Maryland classed with the slave States. 4. The people divided on the question. 170 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. II. The Slavery Question {contiiutcd). 5. Slaves in Maryland almost from ihe first settlement. 6. 'The number small until early in the eighteenth century. 7. Describe how the slave trade was carried on. Molasses, rum and slaves. 8. Tax laid on imported slaves by the State. () Later as a preventive measure. ((■) Becomes prohibitory in 1780 (;ij^500 per head). 9. Importation of slaves into Maryland forbidden, 1783. 10. The Federal government prohibits their importation after 1808. 11. Slaves not ill-treated in Maryland. 12. A few were educated. 13. Prominent men opposed to slavery; Luther Martin, Charles Carroll, Roger B. Taney. 14. The Quakers in general opposed to slavery. 15. Southern Abolitionists ; how did ^.\\^i\x views differ from those of the Northern Abolitionists? 16. Fugitive slaves. (<^) What was the law concerning them ? (/') The feeling in the free States as to the law ? (r) As an illustration of the feeliiig, relate the case of Edward Gorsucli. 17. Free negroes. (.;) What was the object of the colony of Liberia? (b) Where is Liberia? (c) Why was the colony unsuccessful ? {d) The increase of the number of free negroes. (^) Compare the ratio of slaves to free persons in 1810 with that in i860. III. Secession.. 1. Maryland opposed to violent measures. 2. Does not join the seceding States. 3. The people divided on the question. 4. Why was it well that Maryland did not secede ? IV. Mechanical Inventions. 1. What mechanical inventions appeared during this j)eiiod ? 2. The growth of population from immigration. 3. Material prosperity. C H A P T 1\ R XII. POLITICS IN MARYLAND, I861 TO 1864. Riots of April 19 in Baltimore. The Ci\il War began with the firing on Fort Sumter, on April 12, 186 1. In Maryland, as in the rest of the country, there was great excitement, and in Baltimore the ill-feeling between the Northern and Southern factions ran especially high. A number of men raised a Confederate flag on Federal Hill and were about to fire a salute of a hundred guns, when they were driven away and their flag was torn down. More serious disturbances soon followed. On April 19 a force of about two thousand Federal troops, consisting of the Sixth Massachusetts Regi- ment and volunteers from Philadelphia, arrived in Baltimore on their way to Washington. They had to pass through the city from one railroad station to the other, their route being along Pratt Street. Nine carloads of the Massachusetts troops drawn by horses passed without hindrance ; but the tenth car, being accidentally stopped, was stoned by the mob which had gathered, and was driven back to President Street Station. The mob next proceeded to blockade the car tracks. It was then decided that the remaining troops should go on foot to Camden Station. As they moved along they were followed and hustled by the mob, now grown to about two thousand in number. Presently someone threw a paving stone which knocked down one of the Massachu- setts soldiers. He was set upon and beaten. The troops began to run, but the crowd followed, and stoned them until, unable to bear it longer, they halted and fired, killing and 171 172 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. wounding several persons. The police did what they could to protect the troops, but the rioting continued all along the march until at length the soldiers got away on their train to Washington. The Philadelphia volunteers were sent back to Philadelphia the same day. Federal Troops Stationed in the City, \\hile this resistance to the passage of Northern troops through Baltimore was made, not by the city nor by the State, but by an unorgan- ized mob, yet it showed clearly that the sympathies of many VIEW OF BATTERY, FORT McHENRY, IN 1900. of the Marylanders were with the South. To avoid further conflicts of this kind, for some weeks no more troops were marched through the city on their way from the North. However, on May 13, General B. F. Butler took possession of Fort Federal Ilill, and from that time until the end of the war there were always Federal troops stationed at Baltimore. General Butler issued a proclamation forbidding anyone to send supplies to the South, and forbidding that military organ- izations should assemble ; nor would he permit any secession POLITICS IN MARVLAXI), 18(il TO 18G4. 173 fi^gs or emblems to be shown. A number of other forts were built around the city at this time and later, and part of the earthworks of one of them, called " Number Five," can be seen just within the Madison Avenue entrance to Druid Hill Park. A strong body of troops was posted at the Relay House on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Fort McHenry was strongly garrisoned, and Annapolis was taken posses- sion of. The Federal Government, by building forts, stationing troops and holding the railroads in the State, placed Mary- land under a sort of military occupation, and to this the peo- ple objected. Commissioners were sent to Washington to consult with President Lincoln, who agreed with them that as Maryland had not left the Union she ought not to be sub- jected to such occupation. He said, however, that the dis- turbances in Baltimore and the strong secession feeling shown by large numbers of the people made it necessary for the Federal Government to take the steps it had taken in self-defence. Arbitrary Arrests. The military rule soon became stronger and more arbitrary. Members of the Legislature, editors of newspapers, judges and private citizens were arrested, charged with treason, and thrown into prison by order of the military authorities without any process of law and w ith- out any trial. Among others, John Merryman, a citizen of Baltimore County, was arrested on a charge of treason and imprisoned in Fort McHenry, where General Cadwallader was in command. Immediately Chief Justice Taney issued a writ of Iial'cas corpus. This was the legal way of asking why Merryman had been arrested. It meant that General Cadwallader must come before the court and show by what right he kept Merryman imprisoned when no charges had been made against him legally. 174 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Suspension of the Act of Habeas Corpus. General Cad- wallader not only refused to come before the court in answer to the summons, but also said that he was author- ized by President Lincoln to suspend the Act of Habeas Corpus in cases where persons were accused of treason. Chief Justice Taney, in an opinion on this case which he gave soon afterwards, showed that under the Constitution the President has no right to suspend the Act of Habeas Corpus ; only Congress can do so. This occurred in May, and in June General N. P. Banks, of Massachusetts, was appointed to the command of the Department of Annapolis, with headquarters at Baltimore. A few days after taking command he issued a proclama- tion in which he accused members of the police department of conspiring to resist the Federal Government and to aid the Confederates with arms and supplies. He said further that Colonel George P. Kane, the marshal of police, was believed to know of this conspiracy. Marshal Kane was arrested and taken to Fort McHenry, and Colonel John R. Kenly, of the First Regiment of Maryland volunteers, was appointed provost-marshal in charge of the police depart- ment The Legislature had protested against the arbitrary arrest of citizens of Maryland ; and now the Police Com- missioners, with the Mayor of Baltimore, protested against the arrest of Kane and the assumption of a part of the State Government by men appointed by Federal authority. The Commissioners, with the exception of ISIayor Brown, in their turn were arrested and sent to Fort McHenr}' on July I. They had no redress in the courts because the grand jury adjourned without bringing any charge against them, and though they demanded of Congress and the President the reasons for their arrest and imprisonment none were given. Foit weeks later they were carried to POLITICS IN MARVLANI), 18(31 TO 1864. 175 Fort Lafayette in New York harbor, and afterwards to I'ort Warren in Boston harbor. Fears that Maryland would Secede. The Federal autliori- ties were very much afraid that Maryland would secede. They dreaded this, not only because it would take another State from the Union and encourage the Confederacy, but also on account of the disheartening effect it would have on the people of the North. Annapolis being occupied by Federal troops, the Maryland Legislature had been meeting in Frederick. It had adjourned to meet again on Septem- ber 17, but before it met the Secretary of War had ordered the arrest of any or all of its members, in order to jjrevent LAZARETTO MCIHTHOUSE, P.ALTIMORE HARliOK. the passage of an Act of Secession. As a result of this order, ten members-elect of the Legislature, the Mayor of Baltimore, a member of Congress and two editors were arrested. These prisoners, with others arrested at the same time, were sent to Fort Lafayette and to Fort Warren. Federal Authorities Interfere in the State Elections In the election of November of the same year, 1861, for Gov- ernor, members of the Legislature and various other officers, the President and his advisers were determined that the Union party candidates should be elected. This was in order that no vote of secession should be passed, and that 176 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. no aid should be given to the South by the State. Soldiers were placed at the polls, and many arrests were made, and many who sympathized with the cause of the South were not allowed to vote. The Union candidates were elected, and Augustus W. Bradford Avas inaugurated Governor at Annapolis on January 8, 1862. To be sure, there is another side to the question. The votes which the Federal Government aimed to suppress were those of persons, as it was said, " in rebellion," or aiding " rebels " ; as " rebels " they lost their political rights. But if the State had a right to secede, these persons had a right to vote for secession, so that we are brought back to the question : Had the States a right to leave the Union ? No amount of argument could settle this question, and in the end it was settled by a terrible war. After all, it is very doubtful if secession would have carried the day in INIar)-- land even if the Federal Government had not interfered. The new Assembly, when it met in March, passed a set of resolutions in which it was declared that the State would support the Federal Government in a war carried on to bring back the seceding States into the Union with the same rights under the Constitution that they had always had. It was also declared that the war ought not to be fought for the purpose of doing away with slavery. Tims even the Union sympathizers in Maryland were not in favor of "abolition," and passed this resolution because Congress was discussing the question of abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia. When, in April, 1862, a law was passed setting free the slaves in the District, only one Maryland member in either branch of Congress voted in favor of the bill. Petty Restrictions. During the year 1S62 the people were still harassed by the military government of tlie State. POLITICS IN MARYLAND, 1801 TO I8G4. 177 Men, and even women, were arrested and imprisoned with- out trial. No one was allowed to have in his possession the likeness of any Confederate leader, and even the wear- ing of certain colors — red and white without the blue — subjected people to suspicion and annoyance. The churches w'ere compelled to display the American flag, no one was allowed to publish or sell any secession music, and orders were given to seize all pictures of Confederate generals and statesmen that should be found in the shops. The Federal Government certainly tried in every way to keep the seces- sion feeling from spreading in Maryland or showing itself openly. The feeling of .sympathy with the South was there, however, and showed itself, to a great extent, in the sending of money and supplies for the use of the Confederate sol- diers. Many a cartload of goods left IJaltimore in the dark- ness of night, ran the blockade of the Federal lines, and arrived at last on the southern side of the Potomac. It is true that the people of Maryland, many of them, brought trouble on themselves by aiding the Confederate cause in every way that they could. On the other hand, it must be remembered that Maryland was not a seceding State, that many of her people were Union sympathizers, and that many of them were neutral ; that is, taking neither side. Moreover, if anyone did wrong and was to be punished, it should have been by due process of law. Dangers from the Arbitrary Use of Power. The Presi- dent of the United States has certain powers given him by the Constitution which he can and should exercise. But when he does acts for which no power is given him, when he assumes arbitrary powers, either in peace or war, he ought to be closely watched and called to account by all the people, those who suffer by his acts and those who do not alike. For nothing is more dangerous to a republic 178 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. than that those put in power should exceed, even though it be in little, the authority given them. If they do it in little they are tempted to do it in much ; and a nation may be carried into evil war and foolish extravagance, into injustice at home and abroad, by those elected, that is, picked out by the people, for the purpose of watching and guarding the nation's welfare. In Congress, and in the newspapers throughout the country, protests w-ere made against these arbitrary arrests. Secretary Seward was held responsible for the policy, and justly so ; for Lincoln respected the Constitution and violated it only in the ex- tremest need. Early in the year 1862 he ordered the release of all political prisoners who would give their word not to aid the enemies of the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation. We have seen that Con- gress abolished slavery in the District of Columbia in 1862. In June of the same year slavery was abolished in the Ter- ritories : and on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned the seceding States that unless they should return to the Union he would declare the slaves in those States to be free. Finally, as no heed was given to this procla- mation, he i-isued on January i, 1863, his Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves throughout those States which had joined the Confederacy. This did not apply to slave States, such as Maryland, which remained in the Union. However, the anti-slavery feeling was rapidly gain- ing ground in Maryland, and in the elections of 1863 the extreme Union party made the setting free of the slaves in the State the issue of the campaign. They were completely successful, electing nearly all c f their candidates. The elec- tion was under military control, and officers of the Federal Army were at every ]:)oll. Election Frauds. In some places the tickets of the POLITICS IN MARYLAND, 1801 TO 1864. 179 party which favored emancipation were printed on paper of a different color from the others ; and Governor Brad- ford, in his message to the Legislature in January, 1864, 3ays : '^ In one district . . . the military officer took his stand at the polls before they were opened, declaring that none but 'the yellow ticket' should be voted, and excluded all others throughout the day." Constitutional Convention of 1864. Karly in the first session of the new Legislature a bill was passed authoriz- ing the holding of an election, in April, 1864, in which the people were to vote " aye " or " no " on the question of hold- ing a* convention to frame a new Constitution for the State. The election resulted in favor of the " ayes," many of those who would have opposed the convention not be- ing allowed to vote. Important Changes in the Constitution — Slavery Abol- ished. The Convention was accordingly held, and adopted a new Declaration of Rights and Constitution for the State, which differed from that of 1851 particularly in two respects : * First, it was declared that the Constitu- tion and laws of the United States were above those of the separate States, and must be obeyed by all citizens, even if they contradicted State Laws; and secondly, that slavery should no longer exist in the State. In the Con- stitution it was further declared that, in future, no one who had borne arms against the United States, or who had aided the Confederate cause in any way, should have the right to vote or hold office in the State until after he had entered the military service of the United States and been honorably discharged, or else had been restored to citizenship by Act of the General Assembly. Before any * See Appendix C, p. 306, following. 180 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. person could vote he might be made to take what was called an "ironclad " oath * that he had never aided those who were fighting against the United States, or even ex- pressed a desire that they should triumph. A Part of the Constitution Goes into Effect Before it is Voted on. After the Constitution had been framed it had to be voted on by the people before it became the law of the State. It contained one very remarkable provision, namely, that those who were going to vote on the question as to whether it should be adopted or not, could only do so under the regulations of this new Constitution, and by taking its prescribed oath. Thus, before it became a law, it was to regulate the votes of those who were to decide whether it was to become a law or not. Furthermore, it was provided that the votes of soldiers ser\'ing in the Federal Army outside of the State should be tnken on the question of adopting the New Constitution. Three of the most distinguished lawyers of Maryland, Reverdy Johnson, Thomas S. Alexander, and William Schley, declared that these two last-named provis- ions were contrary to the Constitution and contrary to law. Nevertheless the elections were held in the way prescribed, with the following result : * See Appendix C, p. 306, following. KKVKRin' JOHNSON. I'OI.ITTCS IN MARYLAND, 18(51 TO 1864. 181 For. Against. Vote in the Stale 27,541 29,536 Soldiers' vote 2,633 263 Total 30.174 29,799 The New Constitution Adopted. This gave a majority in favor of the new Constitution of only 375 votes, and if the " soldiers' vote " had not been counted, the Constitution would have been rejected by a majority of 1,995. ^'^^ number of slaves set free by this new law was between eighty and ninety thousand, and their value has been esti- mated at over thirty millions of dollars. Summary of the States Position. This is the story of Maryland during the Wwv of Secession, a story pleasant neither to tell nor to hear. On the questions at issue, the people of the State were divided. On the question of sla- very, a majority of the people probably sympathized with the South ; but, on the other hand, probably a majority of the people were opposed to secession. The number of slaves in the State was decreasing, and most of the people believed that slavery should be gradually done away with ; but, on the other hand, they were opposed to emancipation all at once and without payment to the slave-owners. Speak- ing generally, of the counties on the Western Shore, the northwesterly ones, beginning with Carroll County, were in sympathy with the North, while the northern, central and southern counties were in sympathy with the Confederacy. On the Eastern shore a majority of the people favored sla- very and the Confederacy. In the election held in Novem- ber, 1864, Lincoln, the Republican candidate for President, received, counting the absent soldiers' vote, 40,171 votes, while McClellan, the Democratic candidate, received 32,739. In Baltimore city the vote was: Lincoln, 14,984; McClellan, 182 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 2,953 If we bear in mind that many citizens were dis- qualified because they were known to be in sympathy with the South, and that many others were absent fighting in the Confederate Army, it will be seen that the State was very nearly exactly divided in opinion. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. The Baltimore Riois. 1. Caused by the passage of Federal troops. 2. Describe the riots. 3. Opposition was made by the mob and not by the government. 4. Tlie rioting occasioned the stationing of troops at Baltimore. II. Military Occupation of the St.\te. 1. Objected to by the citizens. 2. A measure of self-defense by the Federal government. 3. The military rule becomes oppressive. 4. Arbitrary arrests; relate the case of John Merryman. 5. What is a writ of habeas corpus? 6. The Act of Habeas Corpus suspended in certain cases; by whom .'' 7. Was this constitutional ? Why not ? 8. The police department of the State assumed by the Federal government. 9. Fears of Maryland's secession the cause. 10. Why was the secess.on of Maryland dreaded? 1 1. What measures were taken to prevent the possible secession? 12. Federal interference in the elections of 1861. (rt) Made in order to elect Union candidates. (b) To prevent a vote of secession. if) Southern sympathizers arrested and not allowed to vote. (d) The votes suppressed were those of " rebels," so-called. (e) How was the question as to the right of secession settled ? 13. The State government ready to sujiport a war for the Union, but not a war for abolition. 14. Petty annoyances of the military government. POLITICS IN MARYLAND, 1801 TO 1804. 183 III. The Aruitr.vry Use of Power. 1. 'I'lie punishment of wrong-doers should be by law and not arbitrary. 2. Secretary Seward responsible for the policy of the Federal government in Maryland, 3. The release of political prisoners ordered by Lincoln. IV. The Constitutional Convention ok 1S64. 1. The Act authorizing the convention passed by a Legislature that was fraudulently elected. 2. Emancipation of the slaves was the crucial question. 3. Provisions of the new Constitution. (<;) The Constitution and laws of the United States declared supreme. (/') Slavery abolished. (c) Political disqualification of those who had aided ihe Confederacy in any way. 4. A constitution becomes a law only after being ratified by a majority vote of the citizens. 5. What two provisions of the Constitution were jironounced un constitutional ? (• ■ 1 'X 1 • 192 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. he gave them two hours extra in which to collect the cloth- ing, the unfortunate inhabitants could gather together only a few hundred of each article, and with these General McCaus- land had to be satisfied. Frederick also was ransomed for the sum of two hundred thousand dollars. Bodies of Con- federate cavalry rode in all directions, burning bridges, cut- ting telegraph wires, capturing railroad trains, and carrying off horses. One small party, under Colonel Harry Gilmer, of Baltimore, came within five miles of Baltimore on Charles Street Avenue and burned the country house of Governor Bradford ; the house of Postmaster-General Montgomery Blair at Silver Spring also was burned. Many places near Baltimore were visited by them : Towson, Reisterstown, Mount Washington, the Relay and others, but received very little hurt. As a result of these raids Baltimore was cut off xrom the rest of the country except by water, and there was great uncertainty in the city as to what was happening, but in a few days the excitement was over. The End of the War. The war dragged on for a few more weary months until (icneral Lee surrendered what was left of his army to General Grant at Appomattox Court House, on April 9, 1865. To the very end, even when the soldiers from the States farther south were deserting from Lee's army by the hundred, the Maryland troops stood by him faithfully. The war was over, and had cost the country more than half a million lives on both sides. Slavery was abolished for the good, in the end, of the slaves themselves, their masters, and the whole countrj' ; and, moreover, the principle was established that the States could not secede, that they were parts of a great whole, a nation that could not be divided. It had also been shown that the American people were as patriotic as in the days of the Revolution ; shown on both sides, for the men, women THE CIVIL WAR. 11)3 and children of the South were as patriotic and suffered as much for their " States " as those of the North did for their " Union." But the cost was terrible. As President Lincoln said in his second inaugural address : " Neither party ex- pected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. . . . Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. . . . The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully." And, " with malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds ... to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." » TOPICAf, ANALYSIS. I. The (ivii. War. 1. Name some Maiylanders who served in the Union Army; in the Confederate Army. 2. Tell about the action at Front Royal between tlie two First Mary- land regiments. 3. What caused the delay in organizing the Maryland lirigade in the Union Army ? .}. When was it organized? Who commanded it? II. CONKKDERATE InVA.SIONS OK MARYLAND. 1. What led to the first invasion? 2. What was the condition of the invading army? 3. Into what part of the State did it penetrate? 4. How was it received by the people? Why? 5. The battle of Antietam. 6. The second invasion also in Western Maryland. 7. Tell about the State's preparation for defense. 8. The battle of Gettysburg ends the second invasion. 9. The third invasion by General Early. 194 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. II. Confederate Invasions of Maryland {continued). 10. This also in the western part of the State. 11. Tell about General McCausland and the ransom of Hagerstown and Frederick. 1 2. Give some account of the raids of the Confederate cavalry. 13. "What was the conduct of the Maryland troops under Lee? III. Results of the \Var. 1. Establishment of the Union. 2. Abolition of slavery. 3. The question as to the right of the States to secede decided negatively. \ CHAPTER XIV. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE I865. Lincoln Assassinated. Five days after the surrender of General Lee the whole country was shocked by the assassi- nation of the President. Whether we approve his acts or not, whether we agree with or differ from his political views, we cannot but feel respect and admiration for a man of such uprightness and nobility of character. It is with shame and regret that we acknowledge that Lincoln's murderer was a Marylander. John Wilkes Booth* was born in Harford County in 1839. His act was that of a man carried away by sectional passion and he alone must bear the blame for it. Factional Feeling in Maryland Continues. Although the war was end-,'d, ill-feeling between the two factions did not cease. In Baltimore the City Council passed a resolution asking General Lew Wallace, who was then Commander of this department, to close certain churches founded by Southern sympathizers who had withdrawn from the Metho- dist Church. At another time it passed resolutions against the presence in the State of Confederate soldiers who had returned to their homes. These latter were in an unfortu- nate position, for the Attorney-General had given it as his opinion that by the terms of Lee's surrender those soldiers who were from non-seceding States could not return to them, * For an account of the capture and death of Booth, see the Cen- tury Magazine of April, 1S96, in the article, " Four Lincoln Conspira- cies," by Victor L. Mason. 105 196 HISTORY OP' MARYLAND. but must remain south of the Potomac. General Wallace accordingly ordered that all Confederate officers, soldiers and citizens who returned to his department in Maryland, should be arrested and held until the government at Wash- ington should decide what to do with them. A number were arrested in accordance with this order and were sent into Northern States, where curiously enough the ill-feeling towards them was not so strong. Wilkes Booth, after the murder of Lincoln, had escaped through southern Mary- land and had been concealed, willingly or unwillingly, by several persons there. This is doubtless one reason why Prince George's, Charles and St. Mary's Counties were gar- risoned with over five thousand United States troops, and why orders were given that no person there should be " allowed to engage in any occupation, trade, or profession without taking an unconditional oath of allegiance." How- ever, the State remained under military control only for a short time, until January, 1866. The Registtation Act of 1865. We have seen that large numbers of the citizens of Maryland had been disfran- chised by the Constitution of 1864 on account of their sympathy with the South. In 1865 the Legislature passed an Act to regulate the registration of the voters of the State. Officers of registration were to be appointed by the Gov- ernor, three for each ward of the city of Baltimore, and three for each election district in the counties, to " register the names of all free white male persons " entitled to vote. Three officers were also appointed to register the names of all Maryland soldiers and sailors in the service of the United States, who were not too far away to be con- veniently reached. Any person who wished to be registered had not only to take the " oath of allegiance," but might be made to answer vuider oath any questions that might be put POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE 18(5.-.. 107 to him regarding his right to vote. Among these questions were fourteen as to whether the person had in any way helped or sympathized with the Confederate States, or had failed to express sympathy with the United States. In this way all those who did not belong to the party in power could be kept from voting, and large numbers were so treated. Minority Rule for a Second Time. In the city of Baltimore out of some forty thousand voters, only ten thousand were registered ; and in the entire State, out of ninety-five thou- sand voters, only thirty-five thousand were registered. Again in the history of the State a minority was governing the majority.* Political Status of the Negroes, and of Southern Sympathi- zers. In addition to this matter of the disfranchisement of many of the citizens, there was another which was receiving the attention of the people : namely, the political condition of the colored people since they had been set free. The newspapers took up these questions, the people discussed them, and in the summer of 1865, a mass-meeting was held in Howard County, at which Montgomery Blair and other prominent men spoke in strong terms against the Registration Act. In January, 1866, a meeting was held in Baltimore, at which it was resolved that delegates should be elected throughout the State to a convention to be held at Baltimore for the purpose of devising the best plan to remedy the evils. There was some opposition to the movement, Governor Swann, for instance, while he acknowledged that a minority was governing the State, said that, nevertheless, all the ** loyal citizens " were in that minority, and advised that no change be made in the law. The convention met at Balti- more on January 24, and the resolutions it passed, together * See ante, p. 1 46. 198 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. with a petition containing twenty thousand signatures, were laid before the General Assembly. The Assembly, in spite of this, declared that the registration law ought not to be in- terfered with, but on the contrary ought to be '• vigorously enforced." Public opinion, however, was strongly in favor of changing the election laws, and in consequence of this the newly appointed ofhcers of registration were much more liberal in applying the Registration Act than the former ones had been. None the less, in the election of October, 1866, for Mayor of Baltimore, only about eight thousand votes were cast, and that in a city of two hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants. At the election the Police Commissioners had appointed as judges and clerks of election, and special police, only persons belonging to their own political party. In other ways they had disobeyed the law of elections, so that thousands of citizens signed a petition asking Governor Swann to remove them from office. The Governor examined the evidence against them, found them guilty, and dismissed them. They refused to give up their office and had the newly appointed Commissioners arrested, but when the mat- ter came before the courts, it was decided in favor of the new Commissioners. This was one step in the direction of elec- tion reform. The next step was taken by the people in the November elections of the same year. The Reform Movement Successful, 1866. For although every efifort was made to elect the radical Union candidates, and although there was much fraud practiced and many citizens were not allowed to vote, nevertheless the Conser- vatives, those in favor of repealing the Registration Act, carried the State. They elected Oden Bowie Governor, and a two-thirds majority in both branches of the Legislature. Thus again the State threw olT the shackles of minority rule. POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE I8G0. 199 200 HISTORY OF MARYLAND, In the course of the follo^^^ng year the rights of citizen- ship were restored to those from whom these rights had been taken by the laws passed during the war period. By the provisions of the State Constitution adopted in 1867, a voter can be required to make oath only as to the place and time of his residence, and to his age. Public officials, before taking office, must swear to "support the Constitution of the United States" and to "bear true allegiance to the State of Maryland."* The contest in this last election had been between two BUILDING OF THE NAVAL ACADEMV, ANNAPOLIS. divisions of the Union or Republican party ; the Radicals, those who still wished to keep all Southern sympathizers from voting, being defeated by the more liberal Unionists, who called themselves " Conservatives." The Democrats as a party had no candidates in the field, but joined the liberal wing of the Unionists and called themselves " Democratic ♦See p. 322, following. The Constitution, Article I, sections i and 6. POLITICAL ULSTOKY OF MARYLAND SINCE 1865. 201 Conservatives." The struggle between the two divisions of the Unionists was very bitter, and the defeated Radicals tried to get help from the Federal government. The Washington authorities ordered investigations to be made in some of the election districts of the State, but nothing came of it. So bitter was the feeling at the time that it was even moved in the National House of Representatives that the Naval IN A CUMBERLAND COAT, MINE. Academy be removed from Annapolis to some place in a " loyal " State. The Present State Constitution Adopted, 1867. In May, 1867, a convention was held at Annapolis which drew up a new Constitution for the State, and in September of that year the people accepted the new Constitution by a vote of 47,152 in its favor, and 23,036 against it. This Constitu- tion, with some amendments, is still in force, and, as amended, consists of a Declaration of Rights, and the Con- 202 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. POLITICAL HISTORY OP^ MARYLAND SINCE I860. 203 stitution i^roper. The former declares the general rights of the people of the State in their government, and their indi- vidual rights to life, liberty, freedom of worship and of speech. The Constitution and laws of the United States are made the supreme law, but the State reserves to itself all powers not specifically delegated to the United States nor prohibited to the States. The latter part declares the form and details of the government. The executive power is vested in a Governor, elected by the people for four years. To be eligible to the office of Governor a person must be not less than thirty years of age. The Governor appoints a number of important officials, and also minor officials whose appoint- ment is not otherwise provided for. This is usually to be done " by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." The Governor is Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the State ; he convenes the Legislature in special session, and has the right of veto. The Governor appoints a Secretary of State, who keeps the official records and has the custody of the great seal. The Legislature, called the General Assembly of Mary- land, consists of two branches, the Senate and the House of Delegates. Each county elects one Senator, the city of Bal- timore four. The number of Delegates from each county is in proportion to its population, and the city of Baltimore elects four times as many as the most populous county. Senators and Delegates are elected by the people. The regular sessions of the Assembly are biennial ; that is, occur- ring once in two years. An Attorney-General, the legal adviser of the State, and a Comptroller of the Treasury, who superintends the fiscal or money affairs of the State, are elected by the people. There IS a State Treasurer, a State s Attorney in each county and in Baltimore City, a State Superintendent of Education, and other important officials. 204 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. The State is divided into eight judicial districts, called cir- cuits, with a chief and two associate judges for each, except in the case of Baltimore City (the Eighth Circuit), which has a special system of courts. The highest court in the State, the Court of Appeals, is composed of the Chief Judges of the first seven circuits and a judge, specially elected, from the city of Baltimore. One of these is named by the Gover- nor as Chief Judge. Political Elections in the State. In 1870 the colored men of Maryland voted for the first time.* The elections passed off quietly, with a very large vote, although the Federal Government supervised them ; that is, had its officers at all of the polls to see that the negroes were not driven away, or frightened into not voting. This election resulted in a vic- tory for the Democrats, as did all the following elections until the year 1895. In that, and the three years after, the political position of the State was reversed. In 1895 a Republican Governor was elected, in 1896 the State "went Republican " in the Presidential election, in 1897 a Repub- lican Comptroller was elected, and in 1898 four Republican and two Democratic Representatives to Congress. Thus the entire State Government was made up of Republicans, and that party had also a majority of members in the State Legislature. We have the remarkable spectacle, then, of a State which for twenty-five years always gave Democratic majorities, turning in the course of two or three years com- pletely to the other party. One cause of this is not far to seek. The adoption of a " free silver " platform by the Democratic party in 1896 undoubtedly caused a large num- ber of Democrats in Maryland, as in other States, to vote for Mr. McKinley. Moreover, in the city of Baltimore there * See ante, p. 91. There seem to have been a few cases of free negroes voting in the first years after Maryland became a State. POLITICAL HISTUKV OF MAK\ LAM) SINCE 1865. 205 is a large number of independent voters who do not belong either to the Democratic or to the Republican party. They vote sometimes with one, sometimes with the other, and sometimes for candidates of their own choosing, thinking in this way to act as a check on both political parties and to aid m the election of the best candidates possible. In the elections of 1899 the State returned to the Demo- cratic ranks. In that year Governor John Walter Smith was elected by the Democratic party. The Democrats had also TOWKR OV FORT SKVKRN. jV(»7(' itset/ ris the Naval A cadetny Gytnnasium, a majority in each house of the State Legislature (1900). Again, in 1903, a Democratic Governor, Edwin Warfield, was elected. Ballot Reforms. An important change in the election laws of the State was made in the year 1890, when the " Austra' lian ballot " system was adopted. In the old system the voting tickets of the different political parties were printed on separate slips of paper, and the agents of these parties would stand along the street near the polls offering their 206 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. tickets to everyone wno came to vote ; and we have seen that in one election, at least, tickets of a special color were used by one party. In the new system the govern- ment prints the names of all the candidates together on one large sheet, sometimes called a " blanket " or " folder," and all the tickets are in charge of an officer of election who gives one out to each voter. The voter on receiving his ticket goes to a little stall where no one can overlook him, and marks the names of those candidates for whom he wishes to vote. He then folds up his ticket again and it is put into the ballot-box folded, so that no one can see for whom he is voting. It is a much better system than the old, and prevents a great deal of fraud and dishonesty in the elections. Another important ballot law was passed by the Assembly in special session in 190 1. By its terms an educational test is applied ; that is, no one can vote who is unable to read. Formerly one who could not read might take someone with him into the voting booth to assist him ; now, such an " illit- erate " cannot vote at all. The names of all candidates are printed in alphabetical order, and no party emblems, pic- tures to show to which political party a candidate belongs, appear on the ballot. Other changes tending to honesty in the elections were made. In 1902, by a primary election law similar to the law of 1901, primary elections, that is, those held by the political parties to nominate or name their candidates, were put virtually upon the same footing as the general elections. These laws are in line with the election laws of the most progressive States of the Union. In the session of 1902 were passed also a compulsory school attend- ance law, and a law providing a pension fund for teachers in the public and normal schools. The former applies to Baltimore City and Allegany County only. Under it chil- POLITICAL HISTORY OF MARYLAND SINCE IHO"). 207 dren between eight and twelve years of age are compelled to attend school, and there are other provisions regulating child labor. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Political Factions. 1. Ill-feeling towards Southern sympathizers. (rf) Because of Lincoln's murder. (/>) Especially marked in what portion of the country? 2. What was the status of the discharged Confederate soldiers? 3. What was the Registration Act of 1S65 ? 4. What was the nature of the questions it empowered the regis- tration officer to ask ? 5. Explain how it led to minority rule in the State. 6. Public opinion forces the registration officers to interpret the law more liberally. 7. How was the election law disobeyed in 1866? 8. How were the evils corrected ? (a) By the dismissal of the guilty Police Commissioners. (^) By the vote of the people in the elections of November, 1866. (c) By an Act of the Legislature then elected. II. A New Stair Constitution. 1. Ratified in 1867. 2. Negroes vote for the first time in 1870. 3. The secret ballot introduced, 1890. 4. E.xplain the method of voting under the old system; under the new. 5. Describe the ballot law of 190T. 6. Describe the Primary Election Act of 1902. It is suggested that at this point the class read the Constitution of Maryland, and that the teacher explain the meaning of the several clauses. It is probably not desirable that a class of young children make a study of the whole Constitution, and the following selections are suggested as embodying the portions most important for such students. Declaration of Rights. All the Articles. Compare Article ^6 with the first Toleration Act (p. 30 of the History). 208 HISTORY OV MARYLAND. II. A Nkw State Constitution {continued). Constitution. Article I, Sections i, 2, 3, 6; Article II, Sections i, 5, 8, 9, 10, 17 (as amended), 19; Article III, Sections i, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, II ; Article IV, Section i ; Article XI, Sections i, 2. In every case the technical language of the Act should be translated colloquially by the teacher, amplified and explained, so that the pupil may gain a clear understanding of the meaning. T.tf ClLrtRT CO»T Of tRUS C H A P T K R XV INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. Many Institutions Founded in the Second Half of the Nine- teenth Century. The years following the Civil War were marked by the fouiidation of a number of institutions in Maryland. The corner-stone of tiie Peabody Institute in Baltimore was laid as early as April i6, 1859, but the building was not finally com- pleted until 1879. George Peabody, the founder, was born in Massachusetts, but lived for some time in Haiti- more. The Institute was endowed by him with the sum of Si. 400, 000, and con- tains, in addition to a very valuable library, an art mu- seum, a conservatory of mu- sic, and lecture halls where courses of free public lect- ures are given. Another foundation is the McDonogh Institute, which was es- t;\blished by John McDonogh, a Baltimorean by birth, who or. his death in 1850 left a large part of his fortune, about $750,000, to found a school in Maryland. Owing to law- suits over the property, however, the school was not opened 209 (;kokc;e pkaisouv. From a painting in the Peabody Institute. 210 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. until 1873. It is situated on an estate of eiglVt hundred acres within a few miles of Baltimore, and on this estate the boys learn practical and scientific farming in addition to the subjects usually taught in schools. The endowment has increased in value, until now it is worth more than a million dollars. Another school founded by the liberality of an THE PEABODY INSTITUTE, BALTIMORE. individual is the Tome Institute at Port Deposit, which was opened in 1894. This school was endowed by the Hon. Jacob Tome, originally, with $957,750, but the endowment has since increased to $3,000,000. It is intended to embrace all grades of schools, beginning with the kindergarten. A sanitarium where sick children, especially young babies, of INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 211 the poor can be taken out of the hot city in the summer and receive careful treatment and nursing, was founded by Thomas Wilson in 1882. He bequeathed half a million THE ENOCH PKATT FREE LIBRARY, BALTIMORE. dollars for the purpose, and the sanitarium was built on a farm of one hundred and seventy acres within a short dis- tance of Baltimore. On January 21, 1S82, Enoch Pratt, of Baltimore, ofifered that city the sum of $833,333.33, i" addi- 212 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. tion to buildings to cost $225,000 to found a free public library, on condition that the city appropriate a perpetual fund of $50,000 a year for the support of the library. The gift was promptly accepted, and the library, known as the Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore, was formally opened January 4, 1886. Enoch Pratt, like George Peabody, was born in Massachusetts, but removed to Baltimore while still a young man. On February 22, 1S76, the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity was formally opened in Baltimore. The founder, Johns Hopkins, was born in Anne Arundel County. As a merchant and banker in Baltimore he grew very wealthy, and with his wealth he determined to found a university and a hospital. On his death he left to the University his countiy place, " Clifton," of over three hundred acres, and a fund of three million dollars. To the Hospital he gave thir- teen acres of land in Baltimore City as a site, and in addition about two million dollars. Since the year 1893 the Johns Hopkins Hospital has formed a part of the Medical School of the University which was opened in that year. Miss Mary Garrett, of Baltimore, contributed liberally to the fund for founding the Medical School, on the condition that women should be admitted to its courses of study on the same terms as men. Dr. Daniel C. Gilman was selected by the trustees JOHNS HOPKINS. From a Painting in ike President's Office at the University. INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 21S as president of the liniversity, a position which he occupied until the year 190 1, when he resigned and was succeeded by Professor Ira Kenisen. To Dr, Oilman's efforts and ability were largely due the successful organization of the Univer- sity and its successful management. The fund left to the University by its founder consisted for the most part of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stock, and when, about the year 1890, the railroad ceased to pay dividends on its stock, the income of the University was cut off. Twice the citizens BIRD'S EVE VIEW OV JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVKRSITV. of Baltimore raised liberal sums to pay the expenses of the liniversity ; but this was only temporary relief, and at length, in 1898, the Legislature voted to give the University the sum of fifty thousand dollars a year for two years. Thus Maryland followed the example of so many of her sister States in giving aid to the great University within her bord- ers. In the year 1901 William Keyser, William Wyman, and other public-spirited citizens made a gift to the Univer- sity of a tract of land valued at one million dollars, on con- dition that the University raise another million for the erection and maintenance of buildings. Afterwards, when 214 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. it was thought that this condition could not be compUed with, it was removed. By 1902, however, the additional million dollars was raised. Older Institutions. A much older institution is St. John's College, at Annapolis, which was chartered in 17S5 and be- gan its work in 1789. The older King William's School was merged in it at the time of its foundation. Three years earlier, in 1782, near Chestertown, on the Eastern Shore, was founded Washington College, and these two colleges to- JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAT,, BALTIMORE. gether were to constitute the University of Maryland. This University existed in name until 1805, when the State dis- continued its regular grants to the two colleges. The old charter was never repealed, but the University simply died out. The two separate colleges still flourished, however, and have since received aid from the State. There is also at present the University of Marj-land, chartered by the State Legislature in 1807, and consisting of schools of law and medicine, in which many of the foremost lawyers and INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 216 physicians of the State have received their professional education. The Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, dating from 1825, owes its foundation to John H. B. Latrobe, who first suggested the idea of forming a mechanics' institute in Bakimore. The Institute was incorporated in WKSTKKX MARYLAND COI,T,KGF,, WKSTMIXSTKR. 1850, and work on the building was begun in 185 1. Be- sides its use for exhibitions and lectures, the building has been the scene of some notable events. Receptions were given there to Kossuth in 185 1, and to George Peabody in 1857 ; the body of Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, lay there in state : and the first embassy from Japan to this country was received there in i860. The hall has been several times used for national conventions of different political parties. 210 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. An important part of the work of the Maryland Institute is its art school, .in which are taught drawing, painting, model- ing, and sculpture. The number of pupils attending the school is nearly a thousand. This was one of the historic buildings of Baltimore destroyed in the great fire of 1904. The Maryland Historical Society, founded in the year 1844, has its headquarters in Baltimore, where it has collected a valuable library and many historic relics, manuscripts, and pictures of the greatest interest and importance in the his- tory of Maryland. Since 1884 it has been, by Act of the I^egislature, the custodian of the archives of the Province of Maryland, twenty-two volumes of which have been published under the editorship of Dr. William Hand Browne. The Society has published many other .valuable historical docu- ments from the income of a fund bequeathed for that pur- pose by George Peabody. Other Schools and Colleges in the State. Maryland has the honor of having founded the second agricultural college in America. In 1856 the Legislature passed an Act estab- lishing the Maryland Agricultural College, where practical farming is taught and agricultural experiments are made. The college is situated on a farm of over four hundred acres in Prince George's County. There are also in the State Mount Si, Mary's College, at Emmitsburg, founded in 1808; St. Charles' College, in Howard County, founded in 1830 by Charles Carroll of CarroUton ; Frederick College, at Frederick, chartered in 1830; New Windsor College, in Carroll County, established in 1843 ' Loyola College, at Baltimore, founded in 1852 ; Rock Hill College, near Elli- cott City, chartered in 1865 ; Western Maryland College, at Westminster, organized in 1867; The Woman's College of Baltimore, chartered in 1885 ; Morgan College, at Balti- more, first organized in 1866, and chartered in 1890; and INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 217 also a number of llieological seminaries and professional schools.* The Public School System — Its History. Throughout the State are many other schools of high standing; but espe- cially to be mentioned is the excellent system of public schools, ranging from the primary and grammar schools to the Baltimore City College and the State Normal Schools. The first permanent fund for the support of free schools in the State was appropriated in the year 1812, and four years later nine School Commissioners were appointed for each county to distribute this fund and supervise the schools. Lut the present public school system dates from 1825, in which year the " Primary School Bill " was passed. In the same year the Legislature passed _an Act giving the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore authority to establish public schools in that city, and in 182S a Board of Commissioners of Public Schools was appointed. On September 21, 1829, the first public school in Baltimore was opened in the basement of the Presbyterian Church, on luitaw between Saratoga and Mulberry Streets. It was in charge of William II. Cofiin, who was the first public school teacher in Baltimore. One week later two more schools were opened, one for bo}s and one for girls, on Bond Street, near Canton Avenue. For twenty years the boys' schools were taught only by men, but since then women also have been employed, and now the greater part of the public school teachers are women. Dur- ing the first year there were 269 pupils and three teachers. The number of each has increased until, in the year 1902- 1903, there were in the schools of the State 224,004 pupils and 5,036 teachers. In the city of Baltimore there were * See the " History of Education in Maryland," by Bernard C. Steiner. 218 HISTORY OP^ MARYLAND. 66,399 Pupils and 1,823 teachers. The school expenditures in the State amounted to $2,687,797, and in Bahimore to On October 20, 1839, the Male High School — a name changed to the Baltimore City College in 1866 — was opened. It has proved a school of high standing where boys are excellently trained to enter upon business or pro- • ' 4 -v^^ ^t ■ r i ' '*£^^^^^Ik9h^?'^*^ " 1 "^'"^Mn »^^^ m ^Wimu S^> p. II m^ ^_i__7~^^H ^■r ^ McDowell }iaij„ st. john'S college, annapolis. fessional life. In 1844 the Eastern and Western Female High Schools were established ; they were the first high schools for girls only belonging to any public school system. A State Normal School was founded by the Legislature in 1865, for the purpose of educating and training teachers, and a second, at Frostburg, was established in 1902. In 1884 a school of manual training, afterwards known as the Polytech- nic Institute, was added to the public school system of Balti- more. In 1867 schools for colored children were added to INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 219 the system, and these now have primary and grammar schools and a high school. The Public School System. — Its Organization. n.s organ- ized under the Public School Law, as amended to the year 1904, the public school system of the state is under the general supervision of the State Board of Education. This board is appointed by the Governor for a term of six years,* THE WOMAN'S COLLEGE, BALTIMORE. and at least two of its members must be from the political party which at the preceding election for Governor received next to the highest number of votes. Members of this Board serve without salary. The Governor and the State Superintendent of Public Education are ex-officio members of the Board. Principals of the State Normal Schools and of * Except ihe first Board, appointed under the law of 1904, two of whose members were appointed for two years, two for four years, and two for six years. 220 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. the normal departments of some other schools are cx-officio honorary members of this Board, but with no vote. Educa- tional matt'jrs in each county are under the control of a Board of County School Commissioners, appointed by the llALTIMORE CITY COLLEGK. Governor for six years* and consisting, in some counties of six members, in other counties of three. The same provision is made for minority representation on these Boards as on the State Board of Education. The counties are subdivided into school districts, each of which is supervised b}' a Board Except tliu first Board, ai)poiiUccl uiuler the law of 1904. INSTITUTIONS AND SCHOOLS. 221 of District School Trustees composed of three persons appointed by the County School Commissioners. The Boards of County School Commissioners have the general supervision and control of all schools in their respective counties; they build and repair schoolhouses, purchase text-books and appoint all assistant teachers. They elect a County Superintendent of Public Education, who serves as Secretary and Treasurer of the Board. They make an annual report to the State Board of Education. The Dis- trict School Trustees appoint a principal teacher, subject to confirmation by the Board of County School Commissioners, and must supervise and visit the schools in their district. The General Assembly provides the money to furnish free tuition and free text-books in all the public schools, and to aid in the formation of district and traveling libraries.* The public school system of Baltimore City is under the control of a body of nine Commissioners appointed by the Mayor, and is independent of the State system. In the city there is a Superintendent of Public Instruction, with two assistants. An Early Kindergarten. It is interesting to know that, before the days of kindergartens, a school of much the same kind was started in Baltimore by a certain Mr. Ibbertson. The following account of his school is given by Mrs. Trol- lope : " We visited the infant school, instituted in this city by Mr. Ibbertson, an amiable and intelligent Englishman. . . . The children, of whom we saw about a hundred, boys and girls, were between eighteen months and six years. The apartment was filled with all sorts of instructive and amus- ing objects ; a set of Dutch toys, arranged as a cabinet of natural history, was excellent ; a numerous collection of large * See antc^ p. 206, for two laws affecting the public schools, passed in 1902. 222 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. wooden bricks filled one corner of the room, the walls were hung with gay papers of different patterns, each representing some pretty group of figures ; large and excellent coloured engravings of birds and beasts were exhibited in succession as the theme of a little lesson ; and the sweet flute of Mr. Ibbertson gave tune and time to the prettiest little concert of chirping birds that I ever listened to."* Mrs. Trollope speaks in the same place of the neatness in dress of the boys and girls, and of their bright and well-bred manners; so dif- ferent, she says, from the manners of other American children. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Give an Account of Some of thi; PRiNcirAL Ixstitutions Founded in Maryland. II. Give an Account ok the ruBi.ic School System. 1. Its history. 2. Its present organization. III. Tell Something Ahoit Mr. Ibbertson's School. * " Domestic Manners of the Americans.' CHAPTER XVI. MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. Baltimore Loses Much of its Trade during the War. It is a fact which people do not fully realize that war costs money as well as human lives. The Civil War left the United States with a debt of about three thousand million dollars, but the WKHKM m ^ 1 ^^ M Lw i-^S8 m E J VI KW OK r.AI.TIMORK HARBOR. war had cost the country many times that amount. Through- out the South, towns, railroads and factories had been de- stroyed ; farms and plantations had been laid waste ; and all business and industries were dead. During the war the regu- lar trade of Baltimore had been much interfered with ; but, on the other hand, the Confederates having blocked the Po- tomac River, a very large amount of freight was carried to Washington over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. This helped to take the place of the trade which was lost. The 223 224 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Federal Government bought supplies in Baltimore, and sent vessels there, and to Annapolis, to be repaired and fitted out ; so that new trades began to replace the old ones. But the condition of business for ten years after the war was bad. Trade was depressed, merchants had trouble in borrowing money to carry on their business, and one great market for the country, the Southern States, was so devastated and im- poverished that the people who were left there had very little money to spend. They were glad if they could earn a bare living. All classes of the people suffered from the bad times ; OLD FORT CARROLL, ENTRANCE TO BALTIMORE HARBOR. but the suffering fell, as it always does, heaviest on the labor- ing classes. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Strike of 1877. Of course, when trade is dull the railroads must sufTer. They carry less freight and earn less money ; and if their income is much reduced, they are compelled to pay their employees lower wages. In July, 1877, the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road made a reduction of ten per cent, in the wages of all its employees, following in this the example of the other great railroads of the country. When they learned this the MARYLAND'S rUOGRESS. 225 brakemen and firemen ^of the freight trains refused to work, and before long the strike had spread to the other employees and to other roads. In Baltimore no freight trains either went or came. Rioting and Bloodshed. There was rioting all along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio, and Governor Carroll was at length compelled to order the Fifth Maryland Regiment IHi; NARROWS, AT CUMBERLAND. to Cumberland, where the riots and disorder were greatest. As the Fifth Regiment marched from its armory to Camden Station it was met by a mob, which, by the time that the comer of Lombard and Eutaw Streets was reached, was no longer content to howl and jeer, but attacked the soldiers with bricks and stones. At Camden and Eutaw Streets the crowd was so thick and resolute that the soldiers could not 226 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. go farther, until, with fixed bayonets, they charged through the mob into Camden Station. In the meantime three companies of the Sixth Regiment, which were also ordered out, were trying to make their way to Camden Station. The Sixth Regiment Armory was surrounded by a mob of two or three thousand men and boys, who attacked the POSTOFFICE, BALTIMORE. building with bricks and stones. When the three companies detailed for duty tried to come out, they were several times driven back. At length they fired on the mob, which then made way for them. All along the march to Camden Station the fighting continued between the mob and the soldiers. The disorder was so great that the Governor MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 227 ordered the Fifth Regiment to remain in Baltimore. By this time the crowd had increased to ten thousand persons. The rioters had destroyed several locomotives and cars, and at length set fire to Camden Station. Some of the fire engines which answered the alarm were driven back by the mob, others had their hose cut, but the police succeeded in driving the rioters back and the fire was put out. Governor THE COURT HOUSK, KAI.TIl\tORE. Carroll called on the Federal Government for troops, but before they could arrive, the mob had been broken up by the police. Nevertheless, the President sent some two thousand soldiers to Baltimore to act in case of further disturbance. The rioters made other attempts on Camden Station, but after about two hundred of the worst of them had been arrested, the remainder quieted down. The strike 228 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. lasted only about a week in Maryland, but during that time it had cost the State eighty-five thousand dollars. The worst excesses were committed, not by the striking rail- road employees, but by tramps, thieves and loafers who made the strike an excuse for their own disorder ; and the THE CITY HALL, BALTIMORE. people, for the mo.st part, were in sympathy with the true strikers. Since that time the trade, commerce and manufactures of Maryland have flourished,* although the State has suf- fered with the rest of the countrj' from those periods of * See Appendix B, p. 304, following. MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 229 business depression, tiiose '■ hard times " that come at intervals to the modern world. Baltimore Celebrates its Sesqui-Centennial, 1880. In the year 1880, in honor of its being tlie one hundred and fiftieth year since its foundation, Baltimore celebrated its sesqui-centennial. From the tenth to the fifteenth of Octo- ber the city was in holiday dress ; flags were flying, the houses and public buildings were decorated with bright colored bunting— gold and black, the Maryland colors, predominating — and the streets were thronged with a gay crowd of visitors, sightseers and masquers. Thousands of ENTRANCE TO DRUID HILL PARK, RALTIMORK. merchants with their families came to the city, and the people of Baltimore did all in their power to welcome their visitors and show them the advantages of Baltimore as a place in which to buy. On Sundav, October 10, there were religious celebrations in the churches ; on Monday there was a procession, ten miles long, made up largely of floats repre- senting tlie various trades and induL^tries of the city ; on 230 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Tuesday, a parade of the Masonic Order and school chil- dren ; on Wednesday, a military display ; on Thursday, another parade of national societies and benevolent associa- tions. Monday's procession was so long that it occupied five hours in passing a given point. At night there were brilliant displays of fireworks. In fact, we may say that, in a modern way, the old-time hospitality, the old-time pleasure- MOUNT VERNON PLACE AND WASHINGTON MONUMENT, BALTIMORE. loving and pleasure-giving spirit of the Marylanders shone forth. Maryland and her towns have kept pace with the rest of the country in all modern developments. In Baltimore, especially, electric and cable lines have replaced the old horse-cars ; large and handsome public buildings have been built ; parks and " squares " have been laid out and MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 231 made beautiful with flowers, shrubbery, fountains and statues. Disastrous Floods. Handsome new bridges have been built over Jones' falls, and an embankment has been built along the stream, so that there is no longer any danger from floods such as those which did so much damage to the city in early years. Periodically floods have fallen RAILROAD PIERS IN BALTIMORE HARBOR. upon Baltimore, causing loss of life and great loss of property. That of 1786 caused a loss of about half a million dollars, but the two most disastrous ones occurred in 1837 and 1868. In the former some twenty persons were drowned, and the destruction of property amounted to two million dollars. This was exceeded by the damage done in 1868, however, when property to the value of three millions was destroyed. Jones' Falls overflowed its 232 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. banks, washed away bridges, and even carried away houses in the tiood of waters. A street car full of pas- sengers was lifted from the tracks and swept down the street. In the region along the lower banks of the stream the water rose in the streets and houses to a height of ten feet. The high stone embankment which now borders the P^alls confines the water even in time of flood to the bed VIEW, T,OOKING EAST, IN BALTIMORE AFTER THE GREAT FIRK. of the stream, and thus saves many lives and millions of dollars' worth of property. There was another flood in Maryland in the early summer of 1889. The Potomac, Patapsco and Susquehanna Rivers all overflowed their banks. Baltimore was protected, but on the upper Poto- mac fifty lives were lost, several hundred families were left homeless, and more than two million dollars worth MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 238 of property was destroyed. The upper waters of the Chesapeake were covered with logs and debris brought down on the Susquehanna Hood, The Baltimore Fire of 1904. — But a greater calamity than any of these, in the amount of property destroyed, was the great conflagration which swept over the city of Baltimore GfclNtlKAL V11.U Of lllK RUINS OF BALTIMORE A Fl KK THE GREAT FIRE. in the year 1904. The fire started in the wholesale dry goods house of John E. Hurst & Co., German Street and Hopkins Place, on the morning of Sunday, February 7, and raged for thirty hours, destroying almost entirely the business section of the city and causing a loss of not far from a hun- dred million dollars, a loss unparalleled except by the great Chicago fire of 187 1. 234 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Before the alarm could reach the engine houses the whole Hurst building was in flames, and ten minutes later an explosion caused it to collapse and spread the fire to the adjacent buildings in all directions. A fierce wind blow- ing at the time spread the flames so rapidly that they got beyond the control of the fire department. After a stubborn fight the brave firemen had to confess that they were exhausted VI KW OF RUINS AT IHK COKNKR OF liALTIMORK AND CHARLES STRKETS AFTER THE FIRE. by the strain, and aid from other cities was asked and was cheerfully given. Engines and men came ivom Washington, Philadelphia, Wilmington, New York and other cities. Even then, with seventy engines, the flames could not be checked, but burnt their way fiercely to the water front and to Jones Falls. When it was found that the engines were powerless, dyna- mite was used, and many buildings were blown up in the hope MARYLAND'S PROGRESS. 285 that the flames could not leap across the vacant spaces left. Too often this hope proved illusory, and before the fire was checked twenty-two banks, eleven trust companies, the cham- ber of commerce, the stock exchange, and all but one of the newspaper offices had been wholly or partially destroyed. Railroad offices and business buildings of every kind, whole- sale and retail, and including many of the handsomest and newest, were burned. Nor were historic buildings spared ; among others the Maryland Institute and the Church of the Messiah perished. Fortunately the fire started on a Sunday, otherwise the loss of life in the crowded business portion of the city would doubt- less have been appalling. As it was, there were almost no lives lost. The Fourth and Fifth Maryland regiments and the Naval brigade patrolled the streets and mounted guard in the ruined district in order to protect the buried vaults, safes, and valuables from thieves, many of whom, it is said, flocked to Baltimore from other cities, only to be arrested by the vigilant police and sent away again. During the night of February 7 a company of regulars were sent into the city from Fort McHenry to aid the police de- partment in protecting life and property. They were with- drawn the next day. Later on the government at Washington sent a company of regulars to the city to assist the police department by guarding the government property in the city. At no time during the fire, nor afterwards, in the exciting days which followed, was the city under the control of any other body than the legally constituted police department. Governor Warfield issued a proclamation declaring a legal holiday from Februarys to February 15. This was neces- sary, as the banks and trust companies could not reach their 2:J(J iriSTfJKV OF MARYLAND. vaults, buried in the debris, for days, because of the intense heat. Many a merchant opened his buried safe at the end of a week, only to find the valuable contents within burned to ashes. State and City Debt. In the State are schools for the blind and for deaf mutes, and asylums for the helpless and the insane. Thus the poor and the helpless are provided for. All these things, of course, cost a great deal. To pay for them both State and City have had to borrow money; so that by the year 1904 the State had a debt of about seven million dollars, while that of Baltimore City was nearly forty millions.* The War with Spain. Thus the history of our State is, for the most part, a record of quiet progress. There have been some stirring events, some wrangling with the rest of the country, and some discord among ourselves. Of some of the acts of her sons the State cannot feel proud ; but the deeds of many, of most of tliem, must fill her with an honest and noble pride. Maryland has taken her stand iirnily as a part of the ITnion, ready at all times to give money and life for love of the country. In the war with Spain, de- clared in 1898, her young men were ready, and although not many of them were sent into the thick of the fight as they wished, yet they bore with sickness and with privation. When the Pacific Squadron, under Admiral George Dewey, destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, the cruiser Bal- timore led the line of battle in the second attack. Lieu- tenant-Commander John D. Ford, of Baltimore, was chief engineer of the Baltimore at the time. After the battle he became fleet engineer, and later Rear Admiral. The Marj-- * Funded debt of the State of Maryland on September 30, 1903, $7,101,926.13; net debt, #2,616,704.23. Funded debt of the City of Haltimore on January i, 1904,539,935,1^2.1)5; net debt, 58,935,182.95. MARVLANirS PROCRKSS. 237 land Naval Militia, in the auxiliary cruiser Dixie, was in active service in the West Indies and received the surrender of Port Ponce, Porto Rico. The engagement of the war of most interest from the point of view of Maryland, however, was the battle of Santiago. The Spanish fleet was blockaded in the harbor of Santi- ago by a fleet under the command of Admiral W, T. Samp- son, the officer second in command being Commodore Winfield Scott Schley, of Maryland. Admiral Sampson had left the blockading fleet for a conference and during his absence, a short distance away, the Spaniards were captured. Much bitter and unwarranted controversy arose concerning the question who had been in command at the battle and to whom the credit of the vic- tory was due. Finally, at Admiral Schley's request, a court of inquiry was held to investigate the matter and pro- nounce judgment. The court, composed of Admiral Dewey and Rear-Admirals Ramsay and Benham, with Captain Samuel C. Lemly as judge- advocate, condemned Admiral Schley, except on the charge of cowardice, with Admiral was taken to President Roosevelt as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy with a result unfavorable to Admiral Schley. In the eyes of the people Admiral Schley was, without doubt, the " hero of Santiago," and the whole matter can be safely left as a question of history to the judgment of posterity. WIXKIKI.D SCOTT SCMI.KV. Dewey dissenting. Appeal 238 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. A Final Word. In reviewing the history of our State, let us then remember ahvays the bravery, the steadfastness, the honor, the hospitaUty, and the cordial courtesy of our fore- fathers, and let us try to imitate them in these qualities. If we remember their faults, let it be only to guard ourselves against them. Let us remember that a good State is made by good citizens. Above all, let us be ever ready, in war and in peace, in sickness and in health, in poverty and in prosperity, and for very love of her, to do all that we can for the honor and well-being of our native State. TOPICAL ANALYSIS. I. Trade and Commerce. 1. What effect had the Civil War on the trade of Maiyland ? 2. What led to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad strike? 3. Note that strikes occurred on many other railroads and in other States at the time. II. Give an Account of Some ok the Floods thai- Have Visited THE State, and of Means Taken to Lessen the Evils Resulting from Them. III. Explain why it is that the State and (. itv of ISalti- MoRE Have Contracted Debts. IV. The Spanish "War. 1. The battle of Manila. 2. Tell what yon know of the engagement at Santiago. 3. Name some Marylanders who won distinction in tlie war. V. Let Each Student Tell what he Thinks is the Most In- teresting Event in Maryland History; the Most Imi'or- tant ; Why he is Proud of Being a Marylander; Why HE Loves his Native State. VI. Let the Teacher Toint out now the Events Happening from Day to Day are Making History to be Written about in the Future, and not Merely such Events as Wars and the Passing of Laws, but the Daily Life, the Habits and Customs of the People. EDWIN WARFIELD, GOVERNOR OF MARYLAND. HISTORIES OF THE COUNTIESo^MARYLAND FROM THE TEACHERS' MANUAL. BY M. BATES STEPHENS, STATK SUPERINTKNUKNT OK PUBLIC EDUCATION. COURT HOUSE AT LEONARDTOWN. ST. MARY'S. This "mother county" dates back to 1634, and has an area of 360 square miles. It was named in honor of the saint whom the devout colonists took as their patron. It forms the extremity of the southern Maryland peninsula, lying between the Potomac and Patuxent Rivers, its lower eastern side bordering on the Chesapeake. Historic Point Lookout is at the wide mouth of the Potomac. St. Mary's touches no other county except Charles, the Patuxent making in between it and Calvert. There are highlands along the waterfront and lowlands in the interior. Some of the soil is sandy, with a clay subsoil, and productive loam is found in parts of the county. Half the cultivated land is occupied by tenants. Forest areas abound in white and red oak, poplar, sycamore, pine and chestnut. Farms fronting 241 242 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. on the liay and rivers are generally large, and vestiges of the old manorial life are numerous. Tobacco-growing chiefly engages the attention of the farmers, and corn, wheat and potatoes are also grown ; much live stock of an excellent grade is raised. The construction of a railroad to Point Lookout, traversing the county, is often urged. St. Mary's only railroad, the Washington City and Potomac, runs from Brandywine, on the Pope's Creek Line, in Lower Prince George's, through eastern Charles and into St. Mary's as far as Mechanicsville, twelve miles from Leonardtown, the county seat, located about midway of the county. Steam- boats from Washington and Baltimore touch at Points on the Potomac, and the Weems Line vessels from Baltimore ply the Patuxent. Leonardtown, named after the first Governor Calvert, is one of the most interesting ancient colonial towns of Maryland. Its population is 463. The site of St. Mary's City is fourteen miles southeast of the county seat, on St. Mary's River. A seminary for girls is established there, and at the tomb of Leonard Calvert a monument has been erected. Charlotte Hall Academy, above Mechanicsville, was estab- lished by legislative enactment in 1774, and its aknnni in- clude many famous Marylanders. :.J COURT HOUSE AT CHESTERTOWN. KENT. Kent, with an area of 315 square miles, Avas named after the EngHsh shire from whence came many of its early settlers, who saw in its smiling landscape a replica of the fairest county of England. Kent claims the distinction of being the oldest county on the Eastern Shore. The first settlement within the present limits of Maryland was made on Kent Island in 1628 by Protestants from Virginia under the leadership of William Claiborne. Calvert claimed the island as part of his grant, and the contention was not ended until 1647, when Claiborne was dispossessed. The Mary- land Proprietary, having established his authority over the island, in 1650 organized Kent County, it then embracing the upper Eastern Shore. Kent is a peninsular, lying be- tween the Sassafras and Chester Rivers, its eastern border being the Delaware line and its western boundary the Chesa- 243 244 HISTORY OF MARVJ.ANl). peake Bay. With its standing timber, fertile soil, game, fish and many natural advantages, under the liberal policy of the Proprietary, Kent soon became a flourishing colony, with a population consisting of Protestants, Catholics and Quakers. And presently negro slaves were brought into the county. In 1864 about one-fourth of the population were colored people. The soil of Kent yields a great variety of crops, and agriculture is the leading occupation of the people ; although the fishery interests are extensive. A paper mill, basket factory, phosphate factory and other manufacturing plants are located at Chestertown, the county seat (popula- tion, 3,008). Canneries, mills, and other plants are numerous in the county, The people, though conservative, are pro- gressive. They have promoted railroad and steamboat com- munication with Baltimore and Philadelphia. During the ' ante-Revolutionary period Kent was active in opposition to the oppressive measures of Parliament. It is not commonly known that Chestertown, then a port of entry, had a " tea party " of her own, a small cargo on the Geddess brought into the Chester for the neighboring counties, being seized and thrown overboard by the indignant citizens. In the War of 18 1 2 the British under Sir Peter Parker landed a force in Kent for an important military operation. The enemy was met by a body of local militia under Col. Philip Reed (a Revolutionary officer and United States Senator 1806-13) and driven back to their ships with heavy loss, Parker being among the killed. Washington College (founded, 1782), which has a normal department, is at Chestertown. Rock Hall, Betterton, Millington, Edesville, Galena, Still Pond, Kennedyville, and other thriving towns are in Kent. CUl'Kl' IIOL'SF. AT ANNAPOLIS. ANNE ARUNDEL. Anne Arundel County was erected in 1650 and has an area of 400 square miles. It was named after the Lady Anne Arundel, whom Cecilius Calvert married. It fronts eastward on the Chesapeake, and within its territory five rivers are contained — the Severn, most beautiful sheet of water of its size in the United States ; Magothy, South, Rhode, and West. On the north and northeast is the Pa- tapsco, and Howard County lies northwest of Anne Arundel. The Patuxent separates it from Prince George's on the west, and Calvert is on the south. Annapolis, the State capital, is also the county seat. In 1694 it supplanted St. Mary's City as the seat of government in the colony, and grew to be the " Paris of America," the abode of wealth, elegance and 245 246 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. fashion, lu the Senate chamber of the historic old State House Washington resigned his commission as commander- in-chief, to the Continental Congress, at the close of the Revolution ; on State House Hill, where Revolutionary troops encamped, is a historic statue of Baron de Kalb, commander of the Maryland Line on the gory field of Cam- den. Near the State House is the Executive Mansion, and in the vicinity are numerous specimens of eighteenth century architecture. The city and county are rich in historical as- sociations. Eden, the last of the colonial governors, died in Annapolis, and his grave is on the Severn. Tombs of the early settlers, bearing still familiar names, and other traces of the past preserve county history. The Mixryland Gazette, first printed in 1745, is one of the Annapolis newspapers. The United States Naval Academy is a government reserva- tion adjoining the city. The population of Annapolis is 8,525. It was named after Queen Anne. Agriculture and horticulture are leading industries of the county, and its manufacturing interests are numerous, and some of them of great importance. South Baltimore, in the northern part of the county, is a manufacturing center, with car works and other large plants ; Brooklyn has various industries ; An- napolis, a port of entry, is a leading center of the oyster industry. Tobacco, wheat, corn, vegetables and fruits are grown, and woodland areas have heavy growths of oak, pine and other trees. The railroads are the Baltimore and Po- tomac ; Baltimore and Ohio ; Annapolis, Baltimore and Washington ; and Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line. St. John's College, the alma mater of many distinguished Marylanders, is at Annapolis. Anne Arundel institutions have been notable in the educational annals of Maryland. CUUKT HOUSK AT PklNCK KRKDERICKTOWN. CALVERT. Calvert County has 222 square miles of territory, and is the smallest in the State. It dates back to 1654 and pre- serves the family name of the Proprietar}^ The Patuxent curves around the southern and western sides of the county, and its eastern line is washed by the Chesapeake. The bayside is marked by highlands, and the " Cliffs of Calvert " attract much attention among students of geology and physi- ography. The soil is productive and divided between sandy and clay loams. Tobacco and cereals are the chief crops, and a considerable number of the people are interested in fisheries. The oyster grounds of Calvert are among the best in the State. Timber is plentiful, and iron ores and sihca arc found in extensive deposits. Drum Point, at the 247 248 HISTOKV OK MARYLAND. mouth of the Patuxent, has one of the finest harbors in the United States, and in time may become the location of a vast Federal or commercial maritime enterprise. Fruits and vegetables mature early on the sheltered lands, with south- ern exposure, along the waterways. The county seat is Prince Fredericktown, which is centrally located, and, like other Calvert towns, is small in population. Solomon's, in the southern part of the county, 26 miles from Prince Fred- ericktown, has a marine railway and shipyards, and Sollers', on St. Leonard's Creek, St. Leonard's, Chaneyville, Lower Marlboro, Drum Point, Huntingtown, Plum Point are among the villages of the county. In the colonial and early State history of Maryland Calvert was conspicuous. The first railroad to enter the county is the Chesapeake Beach, which was built from Hyattsville, near Washington, to the Bay a few years ago, and runs for a short distance through the upper part of Calvert. A large portion of the population is colored. Among noteworthy sons of the county were Gen- eral James Wilkinson and Rev. Mason Weems ('* Parson Weems "), the once popular biographer, who pointed a moral with his celebrated myth of little George Washington, his hatchet, and his father's cherry tree. COURT IIIJUSE AT LA PLATA. CHARLES. Charles County lies on the Potomac River, its southern and western boundary, with Prince George's on the north and St. Mary's on the east. Between the two counties a tongue of Charles extends to the Patuxent, and it was on this, at Benedict, that Ross' army disembarked for the march to Washington in 1814. The county was organized in 1658 and given the christian name of the second Lord Proprietary. Its area is 460 square miles, and its great reach of water front on the Potomac, in a huge bend of which it is situated, gives it important resources in riparian products — oysters, fish, water fowl. The Wicomico River, Nanjemoy, Port Tobacco and Mattawoman Creeks are tribu- taries of the Potomac in this county. Tobacco is the 249 250 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. principal crop, tiie average yield being fi\e hundred pounds to the acre, and corn and wheat are grown in considerable quantities. The Pope's Creek line of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad terminates at Pope's Creek, on the Potomac. In the middle section of the county the land is level, and in other parts its rolling surface is locally desig- nated as " valleys." Port Tobacco, from colonial times the county seat, was succeeded a decade ago by La Plata, on the railroad. The entire village population of the county is very small. The United States Naval Proving Grounds, a government reserv?.tion at Indian Head, in northwestern Charles, is where guns and projectiles for the Navy are tested. Marshall Hall, nearly opposite ]\Iount Vernon, is closely connected with the memory of Washington, and is now an excursion resort. General William Smallwood was from Charles, and for a century his grave on the ancestral estate, near the old brick dwelling in which he and General Washington held Masonic meetings, was marked only by a walnut tree. On July 4, 1898, the Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution unveiled a massive monu- ment on the spot. This county was also the home of Thomas Stone, a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; of Michael Jenifer Stone, a representative in the first Con- gress, who voted to place the seat of P'ederal Government on the Potomac ; of Governor John Hoskins Stone, dis- tinguished at Long Island, White Plains, Princeton, German- town ; of Robert Hanson Harrison, Washington's military secretary, and a long list of able and brilliant men. -r ■ ,x^ •■.-■ 'i 1 1 « 1 ;r;^*><- • . ._ v-*-V/.--- COURT HOUSE AT TOWSON. BALTIMORE. Baltimore stands at the head of Maryland counties in population, wealth and resources, and its area of 622 square miles is exceeded only by (larrett and Frederick. When the " Belt " was annexed to Baltimore City in 18S8 the county lost considerable territory, 36,000 inhabitants and the towns of Waverly, Oxford, Woodberry, Hampden, Calverton. The eastern neighbor of Baltimore County is Harford ; its western, Carroll ; and it is bounded on the south by the Bay, the city, and the Patapsco River, separating it from Anne Arundel and Howard. The Pennsylvania State line is the northern boundary. The topography of the county is diversified and attractive, elevated and rolling, watered by numerous picturesque streams and well timbered. The soil is strong and fertile, and a great variety of crops is grown. 251 262 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. In mineral resources Baltimore is particularly fortunate. From the early days of the colony its iron ores attracted capital, and from lime to time numerous iron manufacturing establishments have been in operation. Copper mines were formerly worked in the county, and from this industry grew the present large copper works at Canton, which now use copper from Montana, the mining of the county deposits being very expensive. The first discovery of chrome ore in America was made a few miles north of Baltimore City, and a flourishing industry in the manufacture of products from this ore, of wide applicability in the arts, was established. The building stones of the county have given it high rank in the industrial world. The famous Woodstock granite is found in the southwestern corner, and has been quarried since the thirties. It has been used in many of the chief buildings in Baltimore City and in the Congressional Library and Washington Postoffice. The most valuable of Marj- land's limestone deposits, it is said, are the highly crystalline marbles of Baltimore County. The Beaver Dam marbles have been used in the construction of the Washington Monuments in Baltimore and Washington, and Federal, State and municipal buildings throughout the East. Gneiss and gabbro rocks are also used in building. The county is noted for its mineral waters — Chattolanee, Roland, Strontia, Lystra, etc. There are valuable deposits of serpentine and porcelain clays. Along the Patapsco and the Bay are numerous pleasure resorts and fishing and gunning shores. The Baltimore and Ohio ; Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore * and the Baltimore and Potomac run through its southern portion ; the Northern Central extends northward through the county into Pennsylvania : the Western Mary- * The name of this raihoad lias been changed to Philadelphia, Baltimore and \Yashington. COL'NTN' IIISIOKIKS. 253 land runs northwesterly from Baltimore City, and there are several short lines and electric roads. The county seat is Towson, named after General Nathan Towson, seven miles from Baltimore, on the Maryland and Pennsylvania Rail- road. It is a terminus of a city electric car line, and is situated in tlie midst of a superbly developed agricultural country. It has a population of 2,500. Canton and High- landtown, small cities in themselves, largely given over to manufacturing, adjoin the eastern limits of Baltimore City. Cockeysville has a large stone quarry ; at Lutherville is a female seminary ; Emory Grove and Glyndon are noted camp grounds ; Catonsville and Mount Washington, with Roland Park and other towns, are known for their fine residences and picturesque locations. Hundreds of indus- trial establishments, large and small, are located in the county, and Steelton (Sparrow's Point) is the seat of the mammoth plant of the Maryland Steel Company. The county has many fine estates and country seats, and from its formation, in 1659, ^^^^ been the home of a great number of the foremost men of colony and State. The battle of North Point was fought on its soil. For years it had a Congress- man of its own. Baltimore was the name of the Irish estates of the Calverts. The private and sectarian educational institutions of the county are numerous, and some of them of widespread fame. COURT HOUSE AT EASTON. TALBOT. " Talbot County was formed in 1660-61. The order by which it was created has not been found, but the Assembly proceedings first show its existence in this year. The exist- ing records of the province have not discovered to us what were its exact limits anterior to the year 1706. In that year they were definitely settled by the existing Act of 1706, Chapter 3, which enacts that ' the bounds of Talbot County shall contain Sharp's Island, Choptank Island, and all the land on the north side of the Great Choptank River ; and extend itself up the said river to Tuckahoe Bridge ; and from thence with a straight line to the mill commonly called and known by the name of Swetnam's Mill, and thence down 254 COUNTY HISTORIES. 255 the south side of Wye River to its mouth, and thence clown the Bay to the place of beginning, including Poplar Island and BrufT's Island.'" — McMahon : History of Marylaud. The second public school in Maryland was established in Talbot under the Act of 1723. That this school was some- thing more than a mere elementary school is clear from the curriculum laid down in the Act, namely, " Grammar, Good Writing and Mathematics." There is sufficient evidence for believing that the Talbot Free School was better supplied with good teachers than the private subscription schools, which were often filled by indentured servants, Bampfylde Moore Carew, the " King of the Beggars," came to Talbot as an unwilling emigrant, and the captain of the ship that brought him over recommended him to a planter of Bayside as a "great scholar and an excellent schoolmaster." The school seems to have prospered for a long series of years and was " looked upon as the most frequented in the prov- ince." But after the year 1764 no record of it has been found. How long it flourished and when it ceased to exist is unknown. It is believed, upon tradition merely, that it continued in successful operation up to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Talbot people have long cherished their public schools as their most valued privilege and right. The county has an area of 285 square miles, and derives its name from Lord Talbot. It is cut up into peninsulas by the Chesapeake and its tributaries, and is famous for its landscapes and waterscapes. Agriculture, canning and oyster-catching are its industries. It has furnished Govern- ors, United States Senators, a Secretary of the Treasury and numerous State and national officials and men of mark. Maryland's first historian came from Talbot, and it was the home of Robert Morris' father and the birthplace of John Dickinson. The Delaware and Chesapeake, and Baltimore, 256 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Chesapeake and Atlantic are its transportation lines. Easton,* the county seat, was the former " capital " and seat of gov- ernment on the Eastern Shore, and the first newspaper on this side of the Bay was established there more than a cen- tury ago. Oxford and St. Michael's are also historic. * Population, 3,074. COURT HOUSE AT PRINCESS ANNE. SOMERSET. Somerset County was erected August 22. 1666, by an order of the Provincial Council, and embraced, " all that Tract of land within this our province of Maryland bounded on the South with a line drawn from Wattkin's point (being the North point of th't bay into wch the river Wighco formerly called Wighcocomoco aftenvards Pocomoke & now Wighcocomoco againe doth fall exclusively) to the Ocean on the East, Nantecoke river on the North & the Sound of Chesipiake bay on the West ; " which was erected in the name and as the act of the Lord Proprietary " into a county by the name of Sommersett county in honor to our Deare Sister the lady Mary Somersett." The commission- ers, Stephen Horsey, William Stevens, William Thome, 257 258 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. James Jones, John Winder, Henry Boston, George Johnson and John White were empowered " to enquire by the Oath of good & lawful! men of all manner of fellonies Whitch- crafts inchantmts Sorceryes Magick Arts Trespasses forestal- lings ingrossing & extorcons " and "all & singler other Mis- deeds and offences." The order appointed " Edmond Beach- champe Clark and Keeper of the Records," and the Council issued the same day a commission to Stephen Horsey to be " Sherriffe of Somersett." The first effort to settle the lonjr- standing boundary dispute with Virginia resulted in Scarbor- ough's line depriving Somerset of 23 square miles of territory. Like Dorset, Somerset has jurisdiction over several islands, one of which, Deal's Island, was celebrated early in the last century for its Methodist " Parson " Thomas, who, tradition says, foretold the death of Ross in the attack on Baltimore and preached to the British on his island. The southeastern corner of Somerset is separated from Accomac, in Virginia, by the Pocomoke River, and the division line continues through Pocomoke Sound. The Western Shore is washed by Tangier Sound and the Bay. The area of Somerset is 362 square miles, and it heads the list of oyster counties, half its population being engaged in that industry. The value of the annual oyster yield from Somerset waters is $2,000,000, and the packing houses along the southern and western shores utilize from one to one and a half million bushels yearly. In summer oystermen find employment in the crab- bing industry, and these shellfish are shipped in enormous quantities to city markets — 250,000 dozen going from Cris- field alone in a single season Terrapin are more plentiful in Somerset than in other counties, and " diamond-back farming " is successful. Agriculture is profitable in the in- terior, and truck farming is carried on along the lines of the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad. Crisfield, COUNTY HIS TORIES. 259 near the mouth of the Uttle Annainessex River, with a popu- lation of 3,165, is a port of entry for hundreds of vessels, and has extensive industrial and commercial interests. The county seat. Princess Anne, was founded in 1733. Other towns are Fairmount, Oriole, Mt. Vernon, Dame's Quarter, Kingston, Costen, Hopewell, Marion, Westover. COURT HOUSE AT CAMBRIDGE. DORCHESTER. Dorchester County is the hirgest on the Eastern shore, having an area of 610 square miles, and ranks fourth in point of size in the State. The Great Choptank River and CaroUne form its northern boundar}', and it has a few miles of eastern border on the Delaware line. The Nanti- coke flows along the southeastern border, and on the south and west arms of the Chesapeake and the Bay itself en- close the county. Dorchester was formed in 1669-70, and its name is traced to the Earl of Dorset or to Dorset- shire. Various islands are included in its territory, and the Little Choptank, the northwest fork of the Nanticoke, 260 COUNTY HISTORIES. 261 Honga, Fishing, Blackvvater, Transquaking, Chickacomico, are rivers and creeks of Dorchester. Fishing Bay, Tar Bay, Trippe Bay, Hooper's Straits and other bodies of water add to the geographical nomenclature of the county. There is a great extent of marsh land, frequented by myriads of wild ducks, and oysters, crabs and terrapin abound in the county waters. Sand, clay and marl make a diversified soil, and corn, wheat, potatoes, tomatoes and fruits are grown. Great quanlites of oysters, tomatoes and corn are used by the packing-houses. The annual income from the oyster catch is $i,oco,ooo or more, and Dorchester ranks next to Somerset in this industry. Cambridge is the home port of a vast fleet of dredging and tonging vessels, the seat of large packing establish- ments, of shipyards and other manufactures. The Cam- bridge and Seaford and the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railroads traverse northeastern Dorchester, and steam and sailing vessels reach all parts of the county lying on water. Cambridge, the county seat, with a popu- lation of 5,747, has a fine salt-water situation on the Great Choptank, 18 miles from its mouth. The river here, be- tween the Dorchester and Talbot shores, is several miles in width, and the town is built on level ground, extending to the water's edge. The streets are well shaded, ar.d brick and stone structures predominate in the busmess section. East New Market is in the midst of a thriving agricultural section, has a population of 1,267, and Secre- tary (on Secretary Seweil's Creek), Hurlock, Williams- burg, Salem, Taylor's Island, Bucktown, Linkwocd, Dailsville, are some Doi Chester villages. Vienna, on the Nanticoke, was long noted for its shipyards, and many swift and shapely ocean-going vessels were built there before s;:eani and iron supplanted wood, and when the 262 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. white oak forests of Dorset still afforded the best material known in former naval construction. Dorchester was harried by the British during the War of 1812. Governor John Henry, first United States Senator from the Eastern Shore, and William Vans Murray were from this county. ■ . ,. - ^% i Vs. N^ \ HHI^'^^ V'^M ^^fTf ^V^^^^^^^H Pi^- ^^ mm ]P ^sr^ tfti Wm \ rn| a' IM COURT HOUSK AT ELKTON CECIL. Cecil County, named in honor of the second Lord Baron of Baltimore, was erected in 1674, the tenth county in order of formation, and it is situated in the northeast corner of Maryland, on the borders of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and cut off from the remainder of the State by the Sassafras River on the South and the Chesapeake Bay and Susquehanna River on the West. It is one of the smaller counties in area — 350 square miles — much of which is, however, under water, as it is intersected by several rivers, notably the North East, the Elk and the Bohemia. The surface throughout is rolling, the north- 263 264 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. em portion being hilly ; this gives considerable water power, which is utilized by a number of large paper, iron, cotton, flour, phosphate, kaolin and fluor-spar mills. The third largest pulp and paper mill in the United States is located at Elkton, the county seat. In the eighteenth century the output of pig and bar iron at the Principio Company's furnaces was the largest in America. The soil generally is fertile, varying from a yellow clay in the south to a disintegrated rock in the north, producing fruits, grain and hay in abundance. So noted has its hay crop become that the highest grade on the Baltimore market is known as " Cecil County hay." Along the Sus- quehanna River are several large granite quarries, aff'ord- ing the best building material, a stone which, when pol- ished, as is done at Port Deposit, is excelled in beauty by no other. Kaolin is largely worked for use in the manu- facture of paper and in porcelain factories, and chrome has been extensively mined. Although possessing such excellent water facilities, marsh land is almost unknown. The banks of the Susquehanna River rise abruptly to a height of from 80 to nearly 600 feet. At Port Deposit the granite banks rise almost perpendicularly 200 to 300 feet. The fisheries, as might be expected, are of much importance. Elkton, the largest town, has 2,542 inhabitants, followed by Port Deposit, Perry ville, Rising Sun, North East, Chesapeake City and Cecilton. The scenery in places is picturesque in the extreme. That along the Sus- quehanna, near Conowingo, and on the Octoraro, near Porter's Bridge, attracts artists from a distance, and com- pares most favorably with the Wissahickon and other rugged streams so often delineated by the painter's brush. The county is about equi-distant from Philadel])hia and Balti- more, is intersected by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and COUNTY HISTORIES. 265 Baltimore,* the Philadelphia division of the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Baltimore Central Railroads ; also by the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Cecil County was one of the first to engage in school work. In 1723 the Colonial Legislature appointed a committee consisting of John Ward, John Dowell, Benjamin Pearce and others to open free schools, and they opened one. St. Stephen's Church, organized in 1692, opened a public school about 1734. The Friends' Meeting House at Calvert was organized by William Penn in 1702, and soon after opened a school. The Church of St. Francis Xavier was organized in 1704, and afterward opened a school. The county in 1859 organized a system of free public schools, thus antedating that of the State six years. Among the more prominent private schools are the West Nottingham Academy, opened about 1 74 1 by Rev. Samuel Finley, who afterward became the President of Princeton University, It is situated near Colora. The Tome Institute, most beautifully situated on the bluff at Port Deposit, presided over by Dr. A. W. Harris, with a corps of 63 teachers, and over 500 pupils, was en- dowed by the late Jacob Tome with several millions of dollars. * Now riiilatlelpliia, Ualtiiiioie and Wasliingtoii. COURT HOUSE AT UIM'KR MAKLI'.ORO. PRINCE GEORGE'S. Prince George's County, named in honor of Prince George of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne, was formed in 1695, having been originally a part of Charles. The seat of local government was first established at Mount Calvert, on the Patuxent River, but it was soon removed to Upper Marlboro (named for the Duke of Marlborough in 1706). The number of white children of school age is 6,175, and the number of colored children, 5,179. Prince George's is one of the most progressive and prosperous counties of the State. Its growth is promoted largely by its proximity to the national capital. The resources of the county are mainly agricultural. In the upper section, bordering ujion the District of Columbia, '2m COUNTY mSTORIKS. 207 trucking is followed to a large extent. In the niiddle and southern sections corn, wheat and tobacco are cultivated — the last named on an extensive scale, forming the staple prod- uct. The annual output of the county is larger than that of any other of the tobacco-growing counties. I'he principal towns are Upper Marlboro, Laurel, Hyattsville, Bladensburg, Forestville and Woodville. At Laurel there are cotton duck mills, and a cereal mill has recently been established at Hyattsvillj. Bladensburg has the distinction of having been the scene of one of the most significant battles of the War of 1812, and of many noted duels. The academy at Upper Marlboro, established in 1835, is managed by a board of seven trustees, and lias always had for its orincipal a capable teacher of the classics. Many persons who attained eminence in public and professional life were educated r.t this school. Even in colonial time. Prince George's County was conspicuous for being the home of cultured and educated people; and as early as 1745 l^ev. Dr. Eversfield, Rector of St. Paul's parish, established a private school near his resi- dence, which he continued until his death, in 17S0. He taught Greek and Latin and furnished pupils with board at $53 per annum. The Maryland Agricultural College is in this count}^ The area of Prince George's is 480 square miles, and its railroads are the Baltimore and Ohio, Baltimore and Potomac, Pope's Creek, and Chesapeake Beach lines. Back in the thirties the " Patuxent Manufacturing Company " was incorporated and established the present cotton mill at Laurel, the old name of the town being " Laurel Factoiy." The iron industry in Prince George's dates back over a century. The Snowdens, among the original settlers of the county, established furnaces at various points in southern Maryland. The Patuxent Furnace and Forge was long a notable industry. The only iron works now in oi^eration in 268 HISTORY OF MARYLAND, the county, or in rural Maryland, is the Muirkirk Furnace, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Muirkiik. It was erected in 1847 by Andrew and Elias EUicott and modeled after a furnace at Muirkirk, Scotland. The population of Laurel is 2,079, '^"'^ ^^ Hyattsville, 1,222. COURT HOUSF. AT CENTKKVILLE. QUEEN ANNE'S. Queen Anne's County wiis erected in 1706, and the bounds of the four counties above the Great Choptank were de- scribed and fixed by the Assembly of that year with definiteness. Queen Anne's takes in the territory between the Delaware line and the Bay (including Kent Island) south of the Chester and north of the Wye and Tuckahoe Rivers. Kent is its northern and Talbot and Caroline its southern neighbors. Agriculturally, the county is highly favored, the soil being very fertile and the surface rolling. The area of the county is 376 square miles. Kent Island is opposite Anne Arundel, and its wooded shores are visible from the State House at Annapolis. Although under cultivation for two and a half centuries, the island is the delight of agriculturists, its rich soil producing in profusion all the staple Maiyland crops. 269 270 HISTORY OF MARYLAND, Oysters, crabs, lish and water fowl are plentiful in Queen Anne's waters. Practically all the arable land of the county is under cultivation. The industrial establishments are chietiy flour mills and canneries. The Queen Anne's Rail- road runs from Love Point, on Kent Island, through the southern part of the county to Lewes, Delaware, and the Queen Anne's and Kent Railroad, of the Pennsjlvania system, terminates at Centreville, the county seat (population, 1,231), to which point a spur of the Queen Anne's has been extended. Steamboats bring the watersides of the county within a few hours' trip of Baltimore City. Queenstown, on the eastern waterfront, was the colonial county seat, and has an interesting history. A school here attained some reputation before the revolution. In provincial times Queen Anne's and Talbot were favorite places of summer residence for leading men of Maryland, who cultivated broad estates in these counties in the intervals between their official duties at Annapolis or participation in its social gayeties. Queen Anne's rivals St. Mary's as the favorite field of writers of historical romances. COURT HOUSE AT SNOW HILL. WORCESTER. Worcester County was formed in 1742 and originally in- cluded, with the shadowy county of Durham, all the Mary- land territory lying on the Delaware from the fortieth parallel to the ocean. The centre of settlement in that Worcester was "the Horekeele " — the present Lewes. Mason and Dixon's Line gave Worcester its now northern boundary. Chincoteague, Sinepuxcnt, Isle of Wight and Assateague Bays take up a considerable part of the county's area of 487 square miles. Its name recalls the loyalty of the Pro- prietaries to the royal house of Stuart. Snow Hill, the county seat, was one of the " townes and ports of trade " erected in 1686, It is at the head of navigation on the Poconioke River, and on the Delaware, Maryland and Vir- ginia Railroad, and its manufactures are locally important. At Pocomoke City millions of baskets and crates for the 271 272 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. fruit and vegetable trade are made annuall}', and the build- ing of oyster boats and other craft is an important industry. The population of the town is 2,124; that of Snow Hill, 1,596, and of Berlin, 1,246. Smaller towns are Ironshire, Girdletree, Whaleyville, Bishopville, Newark, Box Iron, Stockton, Klej Grange. Worcester is the only county in the State which borders on the Atlantic Ocean, and it has in Ocean City a thriving and prosperous seaside resort, which has been of great advantage to truckers on the main- land near there, and which has added materially tn the taxable basis. The principal industries are agriculture, manufacturing of lumber, and the oyster and other fisheries. The people are chiefly of English descent. The soil varies from a light sand to a heavy clay, the majority of it being a good loam, with some clay. The principal products are cereals, fruits, truck and timber. The lower part of the Sinepuxent Bay in Worcester is one of the most fertile oyster fields to be found. During the season there are shipped from the railroad station at Girdletree about 30,000 barrels, and from Hursley about the same number, beside those that are consumed locally or are shipped by vessels. At Ocean City a fish company has been formed and annually ships thousands of barrels of the finest fish to Northern markets. ■ •■■ iiiMf^-i^^ "^^ ti. COURT HOUSK AT FREDKKICK. FREDERICK. Frederick County was organized in 1748, named after the Prince of Wales, and has an area of 633 square miles, being the second largest Maryland county. Its topography is agreeably diversified by valley, plain, rolling land and moun- tain. Many of the early settlers were Germans. The county has always furnished its full quota of soldiers and sailors in war time, from colonial days to the war with Spain. The author of " The Star-Spangled Banner " was born here, and his remains rest in Mt. Olivet Cemetery, in the city of 273 274 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Frederick, beneath the monument erected by the Key Monument Association, and unveiled August 9, 1899. On November 23, 1765, the judges of the Frederick County Court repudiated the Stamp Act passed by the British Par- liament, and Repudiation Day was made a county holiday in 1894. Agriculture is the leading industry, the soil being fertile and producing large crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats and potatoes. The mountain districts still supply a good quality of oak, chestnut, walnut, hickory and other timber. The railroads are the Baltimore and Ohio, the Western Maryland, Pennsylvania, and an electric road runs from Frederick to Myersville. Iron ore and copper are found in different parts of the county, the most extensive deposits of the former being in the northern section, near Thurmont, where a large smelting plant is located — the Catoctin Fur- nace, hrst put in operation in 1774. Near Libertytown copper mines are worked on an extensive scale. Frederick City, sixty-one miles from Baltimore, has a population of 9,296, and is the county seat. A female seminary, Frederick College, and other important private educational institutions are located there, as is also the Maryland School for the Deaf. Manufactured products of the county include lumber, flour, fibre brushes, fertilizer, furniture, harness, hosiery, crockery-ware, lime, proprietary articles, etc. Frederick towns include Brunswick, Emmitsburg (near which is Mt. St. Mary's College), Thurmont, Walkersville, Middletown, Buckeystown, Adamstown. Point of Rocks, Creagerstown, Wolfsville, Urbana, Libertytown, New Market, Ijamsville, Sabillasville, Woodsboro, Knoxville, Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson, Graceham, Myersville, Harmony, Johnsville, Ladiesburg, Unionville, Lewistown, Attica Mills, Burkittsville. COURT m)LSK AT llEl. AIR. HARFORD. Harford County was formerly part of ]>altiniore County. After the removal of the county seat of the latter from Joppa (which is within the present limits of Harford) to Baltimore Town on the PataiDsco, a petition for the forma- ticn of a new county was granted by the Legislature of 1773. The Proprietary of the Province of Maryland at this time was Henry Harford, and from him the county took its name. The first county seat was Harford Town, or Bush, but as the settlements gradually extended farther and farther from the river and Bay section, the people desired a more con- venient location. As the result of an election in 1782, the county seat was removed to Bel Air, where it has remained. The physical features of the county being so varied, the in- dustries are of many kinds. From the tidewater region in the southeastern part there is a gradual elevation, the high- est point being 750 feet above the sea. In the spring much 275 276 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. fishing is done along the Susquehanna and upper part of the Chesapeake. Sportsmen come from, afar to take advantage of the duck-shooting here afforded. In the upper part of the county are found quarries of slate and limestone. Roll- ing fields of unsurpassed fertility give the tiller of the soil tirst place in the industries of the county. The pasture land in the valley of the streams makes dairying profitable, and the canned goods industry has been encouraged to such an extent by the packers and brokers that Harford ranks among the first of all the southern counties in this respect. The facilities for shipping are good, the Baltimore and Ohio and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore * Railroads traversing the entire southern part of the county, the JMary- land and Pennsylvania running through a great portion of the central part in a north-and-south direction, while just across the river, along the eastern border, is the Columbia and Port Deposit Road. The citizens of Harford have always taken an active part in both State and national his- tory. As the first county seat lay on the main highway between Virginia and the Northern colonies, the ideas of Washington and Jefferson and Patrick Henry were easily disseminated. More than a year before Jefferson's famous instrument was adopted, thirty-four of Harford's representa- tive sons, duly elected by the people of the county, signed a resolution in which they heartily approved of the " Resolves and Associations of the Continental Congress and the Re- solves of the Provincial Convention," and solemnly pledged themselves to each other and the country to perform the same at the risk of their lives and their fortunes. This is known as the famous Bush Declaration of March 22, 1775. In the Court House at Bel Air are portraits of many of the distinguished citizens of the county who have left their im- * Now Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington COUNTY HISTORIES. 277 press upon the State and nation. Among them are found William Paca, signer of the Declaration of Independence and twice Governor of the State ; Dr. John Archer, a member of the first Constitutional Convention of the State, and Edwin Booth, one of the greatest of the world's actors, Abingdon, aptly termed the " Mecca of the Methodists," is noted as being the seat of the first Methodist college (Cokesbury) founded for higher education. Havre de Grace, named by Lafayette because of the resemblance of its location to that of the French Havre, is the largest town in the county, its population being 3,423. It figured in the War of 18 12. Bel Air has a population of 961, and Aberdeen and other towns have from 100 to 800 inhabitants. COURT HOUSE AT DENTON. CAROLINE. Caroline is one of the smaller Maryland counties and is the most inland of those on the P>astern Shore. Wicomico alone excepted, it is the only one in that section not having an extensive bayside border. The Delaware line bounds it on the east, Dorset on the south, Great Choptank and Tuck- ahoe Rivers on the west, and Queen Anne's on the north. The area of the county is 320 square miles, and it was named in honor of Lady Eden, and its county seat was first called 278 COUNTY HISTORIES. 279 Eden-Town, after Governor Eden, It was erected in 1773. The soil is of sand and clay, adapted to a variety of crops, from wheat to berries. Eruit-growing is a prominent in- dustry, and canneries are operated in every section of the county. A local industry is charcoal-burning. The Queen Anne's Railroad has done much to develop the central sec- tion of the county and to quicken village growth. The Delaware and Chesapeake Railway runs through the north- western part, and the Cambridge and Seaford line through the extreme southeast. On the Choptank, steamboats ply daily to Denton. The population of Denton is 900. Ridgely (population, 713) and Greensborough are important fruit shipping stations, and the next largest towns. Federals- burg (population, 539), on the northwest fork of the Nanti- coke, has several local industries, and Preston, on the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway, which curves through southwestern Caroline ; Hillsborough, Burrsville, Choptank are progressive towns. Hillsborough Academy was noted among the classical public schools of the post- Revolutionary period. One of the first acts of the people of this county was the promulgation of the " Caroline Resolu- tions of 1774," pledging resistance to the arbitrary measures of Parliament. The county was distinguished in the Revo- lution. At Ridgely is an extensive basket and berry-cup manufactory. COURT HOUSE AT HAGERSTOWN. WASHINGTON. Washington County was established on the same day as Montgomery and was taken from Frederick, originally in- cluding Allegany and Garrett. It is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, on the east by South Mountain, which sep- arates it from Frederick ; on the south and southwest by the Potomac River, dividing it from Virginia, and on the west by Sideling Hill Creek, which separates it from Allegany. It is nearly triangular in shape. The county is abundantly watered by the Antietam, Beaver, Conococheague, Israel, and other creeks tributary to the Potomac. The principal products are wheat, corn, oats, hay, rye, potatoes, wool, live stock, butter and honey. The county seat is llager.stown, 280 COUiNTY IIISTOklKS. 281 with a population of 13,591, and an admirable location as a railroad centre. It lies on Antietam Creek, 86 miles from Baltimore, and a seminary of high order and other private institutions are among its educational facilities. The Balti- more and Ohio, Western Maryland, Norfolk and Western, and Cumberland Valley Railroads traverse the county, and all pass through Hagerstown. The manufacturing establish" ments of the city are numerous, and some of their products are bicycles, gloves, organs, building materials, agricultural implements, cigars, flour, carriages, etc. Williamsport has a population of 1,472, and is a commercial and industrial centre. Sharpsburg, Hancock, Clearspring, Boonsboro, Smithsburg, Leitersburg, Funkstown, Keedysville, and others, are thriving villages. The county ranks high among wheat- producing counties of the United States, and is noted for its mountain-side peach orchards. The population is remarkable for intelligence, industry and thrift. Its area is 525 square miles. Germans, English, Scotch, Swiss and French from the border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were among the original settlers. A number of families were established in the county as early as 1735, and from 1740 onward the numbers rapidly increased. Washington has been the mother of a long line of distinguished men in every walk of life, who have left their impress not only upon Maryland, but upon other States and the nation. The county may lay claim to no inconsiderable share in the construction of the first steamboat built in the United States (1785-86). General Washington and Governor Thomas Johnson were patrons of the experiment of James Rumsey, and parts of his steam- boat were made at the Antietam Iron Works on March 14, 1786. Sharpsburg and vicinity was the scene of the most terrible and bloody battle of the Civil War, and in the Antie- tam National Cemetery here lie buried 4,667 Union dead. 282 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. The Delaware and Catawba battle-ground, at the mouth of Antietam Creek, the limestone or subterranean curiosity from which Cavetown derives its name, and old Fort Frederick, near Clearspring — the last remaining visible vestige of the French and Indian War — and Maryland Heights, rendered conspicuous in 1861-65, together with Antietam battlefield, dotted with monuments and tablets, make the county forever memorable in song and story. COURT HOUSE AT ROCKVILLE. MONTGOMERY. On September 6, 1776, the county of Montgomery was formed out of the " Lower District of Frederick," and named in honor of that ilhistrious hero, General Richard Montgom- ery, killed at Quebec in the previous year. The county furnished a conspicuous part of the Maryland Line during the Revolution, also troops in every subsequent war in which the country has been engaged, Montgomery has given the State at least nine members of the national House of Repre- sentatives, one United States Senator, one Chief Judge of 283 284 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. the Maryland Court of Appeals, three Presidents of the State Senate, and has had one Cabinet officer. The late United States Senators Edwards, of Illinois, Davis, of Ken- tucky, and the brilliant commoner, Proctor Knott, of the same State, were natives of this county ; and the ancestors of the southern Laniars and of Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, were from Montgomery. The first school of any reputation in the county was a seminary for young men, established toward the close of the Revolution, and memo- rable as the alma mater of William Wirt. The Rockville Academy (1809) and Brookeville Academy (18 14) were next chartered and liberally endowed, and have been in operation ever since their foundation. Many private institutions of learning have since been established, and those now existing are at Rockville, Sandy Spring, Darnestown, Poolesville and Forest Glen. The Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad runs diagonally through the county, available to nearly every section, and several electric roads enter the southeastern part, reaching various towns. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal borders on southern Montgom- ery, from the District line to Monocacy. There are numerous circulating libraries, and the proximity of the county to the national capital offers the best facilities to students and information seekers. Braddock's army encamped for a night within the present limits of Rockville. In the early history of the county corn and tobacco were the staple products of the soil, until it became so exhausted that Montgomery lost by emigration to the new country beyond the Ohio large numbers of her population. In 1790 this was over 18,000, and fifty years later, 15,456. By the introduction of guano in 1845 by the Society of Friends, a wonderful advance was made in the growing of cereals and grass, and the value of land and farm products materially enhanced. In the last COUNTY HISTORIES. 2.S5 twenty-five years the fertility of the soil has been greatly in- creased by the use of lime and phosphates. The Great Falls of the Potomac is said to be the largest available water power, perhaps, in the world, and the county has many natural advantages. Gold has been found in Montgomery in small quantities, and there are extensive deposits of gran- ite. Rockville, the county seat, has a population of i,iio, Kensington of 477, Takoma of 756, Gaithersburg of 547. The area of the county is 508 square miles. '!UNeA' COURT HOUSE AT CUMBKRI.AND. ALLEGANY. Allegany County derives its name from an Indian word — AUigewi, a tribe name, or Oolik-hanna, meaning " fairest stream." Its area is 442 square miles, and it lies between Garrett and Washington, with the Potomac River separating it from West Virginia on the south. Its northern line is the Pennsylvania boundary. In this county is found the nar- 286 COUNTY HISTORIES. 287 rowest part of the State, and it is conspicuous by reason of the fact that coal mining and manufactures give occupation and support to the great majority of its people, whose number places Allegany next to Baltimore County in popu- lation. The coal fields cover 64,000 acres in what is known as the George's Creek (named after Washington) Coal Basin, west of Cumberland, between Dan's Mountain and Savage Mountain. The county is rich in other mineral deposits also — fire clay, cement, iron ore, Medina sand- stone, etc. The George's Creek Coal Basin is a part of that greatest of all coal deposits, the Allegheny field, which extends from Pennsylvania to Alabama. In Maryland the deposit is of a semibituminous variety, highly prized for its peculiar qualities and unrivaled steam-making power. The limestone and clay lands and the Potomac ''bottoms," in parts of Allegany, are exceeding fertile and produce potatoes, wheat, corn, buckwheat, oats and grass in large crops. Fruits, especially apples, flourish on the mountain sides. The county is very progressive and the standard of educa- tion, particularly among the miners, is high. Vast sums of capital are invested in Allegany industries, and some of these are among the most extensive of their kind in the United States. Tin-plate, leather, cement, lumber, ma- chinery, flour, glass, and many other products of the county are shipped far and near. Next to Baltimore, Cumber- land, with a population of 17,128, is the largest city in the State, and is constantly growing in material resources and size. It is the business centre of a territory which extends into Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It is 178 miles from Baltimore and 149 from Pittsburg, and is reached by the Baltimore and Ohio, West Virginia Central (of which it is the eastern terminus) and Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroads, the latter a part of the Pennsylvania system. 288 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal extends from Cumberland to Georgetown, 13. C. Fort Cumberland, where Braddock camped, was the starting point of the present city. Incident and legend, dealing with Indian, British, French and Civil Wars, cluster about Cumberland, and the topography and nomenclature of this region are suggestive. Frostburg, 17 miles westward of Cumberland, is a city of 5,274 popula- tion, on a plateavi at an elevation of 1,700 feet above sea level. The second State Normal School is at Frostburg. Lonaconing, a mining town of 2,181 population, is in south- western Allegany ; Westernport, Midland, Barton, Mount Savage, Ocean, Flintstone, Orleans, Pekin are other towns. COURT HOUSE AT WESTMINSTER. CARROLL. Carroll County was forined in 1836 from the counties of Baltimore and Frederick, between which it lies, with Howard on the south and Pennsylvania on the north. The county has an area of 437 square miles and was named in memory of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who died in 1832, the last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The surface is diversified, being level, undulating or broken, watered by fine streams issuing from innumerable springs which make up the tributaries of the Potomac, the Monocacy and the Patapsco. These streams furnish motive power for cotton and woolen factories, and many flourishing mills. The soils being limestone, slate and iron, are fertile and easily improved. These lands 289 290 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. respond bountifully to the efforts of the agriculturist, whose products are corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, hay and potatoes. In many sections grazing is fine, and dairy farm- ing is profitable. Limestone is quarried in large quantities for lime-making; and granite, marble and brownstone fur- nish excellent building material. Iron, copper, soapstone and flint are found in quantities sufficient to be worked with profit. Ample facilities for speedy and satisfactory transac- tion of business are furnished by fourteen banks, in which the deposits amount to between two and three million dollars. Westminster, with a population of 3,199 is the county seat. Other towns ranging in population from 1,200 to 500 are Union Bridge, Taneytown, Manchester, Hampstead, Sykesville, New Windsor and Mt. Airy. Carroll was the first county in the United States to establish rural free delivery of mail. In 1899 the system went into opera- tion, and at present four wagons and forty-six carriers dis- tribute mail in all parts of the county. The Western Maryland, Baltimore and Ohio and Frederick Division of the Pennsylvania are the Carroll railroads. The Western Maryland College and the Westminster Theological Semi- nary of the Methodist Protestant Church are at Westminster, and New Windsor College, at New Windsor. COURT HOUSE AT TLUICOTT CllV. HOWARD. Howard County, organized in 185 1, bears the name of John Eager Howard, one of the most ilhistrious soldiers of the Revolution, and afterward Governor of Maryland and United Slates Senator. It is triangular in shape, lying be- tween Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, Montgomery, Prince George's and Anne Arundel Counties, in the heart of the 291 292 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Western Shore. The Patapsco forms its northern border, and two small branches of the Patuxent extend into Howard from the Anne Arundel line. Another branch of the same river separates it from Montgomery. The main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the section of which from Balti- more to EUicott's Mills was the first passenger railroad built in this country, runs along Howard's northern border, and the Washington Branch of the same road along its southern. The corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio was laid July 4, 1828, by Charles Carroll, then upwards of ninety years old, and he said of this act that he considered it second only to his signing the Declaration, if " even it be second to that." The area of the county is 250 square miles, and its topog- raphy is hilly and broken, with heavy forests and fertile hillsides and valleys, the arable land being especially adapted to wheat, corn, and hay. As early as 1800 the iron ore de- posits of Howard led to the building of the Avalon Iron Works, and Howard ore is now the only Maryland product of the kind being smelted. In granite, marble, and building stones Howard is especially rich. Guilford and Woodstock granites are known throughout the United States. Ellicott City, the county seat, on the Patapsco River, fifteen miles from Baltimore, is joined to the latter by an electric road. EUicott's Mills, as it was known from 1774 until the latter years of the past century, is noted in Maryland histor)'. The manufacture of flour was begun here by the Ellicotts in that year, and this industry is an important one in this section of the State. The town has a population of 1,331. Rock Hill College, a widely known educational institution, is located here. Woodstock and St. Charles Colleges and the Ilchester Redemptorist institution in Howard have made the county known wherever the Roman Catholic faith is preached. At Alberton and Savage are large cotton mills operated by COUNTY HISTORIES. 293 water power. Howard has been the birthplace or the home of many Marylanders noted in poUtical life, on the bench and in the arts and sciences, and on her territory was first heard in Maryland the demand for separation from tlie mother country. COURT HOUSE AT SALISHURY. WICOMICO. Wicomico County lies southeast of Dorset, the division line between the two being the Nanticoke Kiver. Delaware on the north, Worcester on the east, and Worcester and Somerset on the south form the land l)oundaries of Wicomico, and the Nanticoke River extends along its western side, emptying into Tangier Sound. The area of the county is 365 square miles, and its name is taken from the river which flows through its central section into Monie Bay. Salisbury, the county seat (1732), is one of the most thriving commer- cial towns on the Eastern Shore, and has a population of 4,277. It is incorporated as a city, and has numerous man- 21M COUNTY HISTORIES. 295 ufactures, mostly associated with the extensive lumber inter- ests of the county. Salisbury is noted for the beauty of its situation and its substantial business buildings and modern homes. Delmar, partly in Wicomico and partly in Delaware, is a goodly sized town, and Tyaskin, Nanticoke, Powellsville, Quantico, Pittsville, Parsonburg, Wango, Fruitland and other villages are the centres of thriving communities. Agri- culture is the occupation of many of the people, and fruit- growing is largely and successfully engaged in, as is also trucking. The melon crop is an important one. With its fine transportation facilities, Wicomico, like Somerset, al- though, perhaps, in a greater degree, is in competition with the truck farmers of Virginia in the Northern markets. Light, sandy soils, overlying stiff clays, are found in Wico- mico, and there are areas of gum swamp land and of loams, the " black loam " along the edge of Delaware being very fertile. Mardela Springs, a village of several hundred in- habitants, is well-known in history as the local location of " Barren Creek Springs," the fame of whose medicinal waters covers over a century. In the early days of the State, these mineral springs were a favorite resort of persons from the middle Atlantic coast territory. Francis Makemie established a Presbyterian church in Wicomico (then Somerset) County before the formation, in 1706, of the American Presbytery in Philadelphia, and is called the founder of the Presbyterian Church in America. The Baltimore, Chesapeake and At- lantic Railway, and in New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad, run through Wicomico. COURT HOUSE AT OAKLAND. GARRETT. Garrett, the youngest of the counties of Maryland, was carved out of territory belonging to Allegany County, in 1872, Its first election for county officers was held Janu- ary 7, 1873. John W. Garrett, then president of the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad, for whom the county was named, was instrumental in its establishment. In area Garrett is the largest county in the State — 660 square miles. It is largely mountainous, lying in the great plateau of the Alle- ghanies, and contains much uncleared land. It has rich deposits of iron ore, hre clay, and other minerals, especially coal ; but the chief industries are farming, stock raising, and lumbering, Oakland, its county seat, is 2,800 feet above sea level, and is noted as a summer resort. Mountain Lake Park, widely known for its Chautauqua and camp-meeting, 2!»U COUNTY IIISTORIKS. 2!>7 and Deer Park are also in Ciarrett. The people of the county are purely American, there being few residents of foreign birth, and only a half-hundred negroes. The rivers and streams of the county abound in game fish — bass and trout — and deer, pheasants, \\\\d turkeys, etc., make it the same sportsmen's paradise it was in the days of Meshach Browning, hunter and author. Occasionally, in the moun- tain fastnesses, a bear is seen. Its deer shooting has long attracted hunters from all over the country, and the glades and uplands are yearly alive with pheasants and wild turkeys. Wheat, potatoes, corn, buckwheat, and hay, are leading Garrett crops. The maple forests of the county yield annu- ally about a quarter of a million pounds of maple sugar. Wild honey is abundant. The Baltimore and Ohio, West Virginia Central, and Oakland and State Line are Garrett railroads. The lumber industry in Garrett has long been its chief manufacturing interest. The first saw mill — fore- runner of the many that have leveled the primeval forests of the county — was owned by Philip Hare, and placed in operation near Grantsville about 1790. Valuable and pro- ductive farms have been made of the fertile limestone lands. Oakland* is 246 miles from Baltimore and 600 from Chicago. Selbysport, Swanton, Accident, Grantsville, Friendship, Keyser, Mineral Springs, Krug, Thayersville, Finzel, are among the Garrett towns, and it is notable in physical geog- raphy as the only Maryland county having rivers flowing westward as well as eastward. The Youghiogheny rises in Garrett and is a tributary of the Ohio. * Population, 1,170. APPENDIX A. A LIST OF THE GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND. PKOPKIETAKV COVIZKXOUS. • 1633. Leonard Calvert. 1647. Thomas Greene. 1649. William Stone. 1652. Commissioners of Parliament; Richard Bennett and otiiers. 1654. Commissioners; William Fuller and others. 1656. Josias Fendall. 1660. Philip Calvert. 1 66 1. Charles Calvert. 1676. Cecilius Calvert, a minor; Jesse Wharton and Thomas Notley, Deput}^ Governors in succession. 1676. Thomas Notley. 1679. Charles, Lord Baltimore. 1684. Benedict Leonard Calvert, a minor; the Council carried on the government. 1688. William Joseph, President of the Council, Acting Gov- ernor. 16S9. Convention of Protestant Associations. ROYAL (iOVERXORS. 1692. Lionel Copley. 1693. Sir Edmund Andros. 1694. Sir Thomas Lawrence, President of the Council. 1694. Francis Nicholson. 1699. Nathaniel Blackiston. 1702. Thomas Tench, President of the Council. 1704. John Seymour. 1709. Edward Lloyd, President of the Council. 1714. John Hart. 299 300 APPKNUIX. PROPRIETARY GOVERNORS. 1715. John Hart. 1720. Thomas Brooke, President of the Council. 1720. Charles Calvert. 1727. Benedict Leonard Calvert. 1 73 1. Samuel Ogle. 1732. Charles, Lord Baltimore. 1733. Samuel Ogle. 1742. Thomas Bladen. 1747. Samuel Ogle. 1752. Benjamin Tasker, President of the Council 1753. Horatio Sharpe- 1769 to 1776. Robert Eden. THE REVOLUTION. 1774 to 1777. Convention and Council of Safety. ST.VTE (;()VERNORS. 1777. Thomas Johnson. 1779. Thomas Sim Lee. 1782. William Paca. 17S5. William Smalhvood. 1788. John Eager Howard. 1791. George Plater. 1792. James Brice. 1792. Thomas Sim Lee. 1794. John Hoskins Stone 1797. John Henry. 1798. Benjamin Ogle. 1801. John Francis Mercer. 1803. Robert Bowie. 1806. Robert Wright. 1809. James Butcher. 1809. Edward Lloyd. 181 1. Robert Bowie. 1812. Levin Winder. 1S16. Charles Ridgely of Hampton. 1819. Charles Goldsborough. 1 81 9. Samuel Sprigg. AT TEND IX. 301 1822. Samuel Stevens, Jr. 1826. Jo.seph Kent. 1829. Daniel Martin. 1S30. Thoma.s King Carroll. 1 831. Daniel Martin. 1 83 1. George Howard. '833. James Thomas. 1836. Thomas Ward Veazey. 1839. William Grason. 1842. Francis Tiiomas. 1845. Thomas G. Pratt. 1848. Philip Francis Thomas. 185 1. Enoch Louis Lowe. 1854. Thomas Watkins Ligon. 1858. Thomas Holliday Hicks. 1862. Augustus Williamson Bradford 1865. Thomas Swann. 1868. Oden Bowie. 1872. William Pinkney Whyte. 1874. James Black Groome. 1876. John Lee Carroll. r88o. William T. Hamilton. 1884. Robert Milligan McLane. 1885. Henry Lloyd. 1888. Elihu Emory Jackson. 1892. Frank Brown. 1896. Lloyd Lowndes. 1900. John Walter Smith. 1904. Edwin Warfield. 302 APPENDIX. B. STATISTICS OF POPULATION, ETC. POPULATION OF MAKVLAND. Year. Whites. Negro Slaves. Fre e i:lacks. Total. '634 about 200 1638 700 1660 12,000 1665 16,000 1671 20.000 1701 30,000 1712 37,743 " 8,330 46,073 1715 40,700 9,500 50.2CO 1748 94,000 36,000 130,000 1756 107,963 46,225 154,188 1775 about 200.C0O 1782 170,688 S3/362 • 254.050 1790 208,649 103,036 8,043 3'9,728 1800 216,326 105.635 191587 341,548 1810 235.117 1 1 1,502 33,927 380,546 1820 260,222 107.398 39,730 407,350 1830 29 r, 108 102,994 52.938 447,040 1840 318,204 89. 737 < 52.078 470,019 1850 418,590 90.36S 74,077 583,035 i860 SIS';!'"! 87,189 ^3,942 687,049 1870 605.497 . . . I 75.391 780,894 1880 724,693 . . . 2 0,230 934,943 1890 826,493 2 •5,657 1,042,390 1900 952,424 • • • 2_ 35,064 1,188,044 I'OPUI.ATION OF BALTIMORE. Year. Population. 13.503 26,514 46,555 62,738 Year. Population. Year. Population. 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 i860 80,620 102,313 169,054 212,418 1870 18S0 1890 1900 267,354 332,3 '3 434-439 508,957 APPENDIX. 303 CENSUS OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES AND THEIR ALLOTMENT TO THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES UNDER STATE CENSUS, 1901. Baltimore City .... Allegany County . , . Anne Arundel County Baltimore County . . . Calvert County .... Caroline County .... Carroll County .... Cecil County Cliarles County .... Dorciiester County . . . Frederick County . . . Garrett County .... Harford County . . . . Howard County .... Kent County Montgomery County . . Prince George's County . Queen Anne's County . . Somerset County . . . St. Mary's County . . . Talbot County .... Washington County . . Wicomico County . . . Worcester County . . . Delegates. 304 APPENDIX. T0\(7NS OF MARYLAND HAVING AT LEAST 2,500 INHABITANTS. Baltimore City 508,957 Cumberland 17,128 Hagerstown ...,.., i3j59i Frederick 9,296 Annapolis 8,525 Cambridge 5,747 Fro.slburg 5,274 Salisbury 4,277 Havre de Grace 3423 Westminster 3,i99 Crisfield 3,165 Easton 3,074 Chestertown 3,008 Elkton 2,542 THE VALUE OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE STATE FOR THE YEAR 1 899. Products of manufactories $242,552,990 Farm Products 29,046,607 Products of manufactories, l)y towns: Baltimore City 161,249,240 Cumberland 3,526,422 Hagerstown 2,465,507 Frederick 1,727,094 Havre de Grace 1,372,420 Commerce: Customs receipts from imports, 1902 4,699,116 Value of exports, 1902 74,097,708 APPENDIX. ;505 THE ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF THE COUNTIES OF MARYLAND, mJH THE DATE OF THEIR FORMATION. DATE OF COINTV. ORICIX OK NAME, FORMATION. vSt. Mary's — In iionor of the Virgin Mary. 1637 Kent — After the County of Kent in Enghmd. 1642 Anne Arundel — After Lady Anne Arundel, wife of Cccilius, second Lord Baltimore. 1650 Calvert — The family name of the Proprietors. 1654 Charles — After Charles, Lord Baltimore. 1658 Baltimore — From the Proprietor's Irish barony; the Celtic name meaning "large town." 1659 Talbot — After Lord Talbot, uncle of Lady Baltimore. 1661 .Somerset — After Lady Mary .Somerset, sister of Lord Bal- timore. .J^^^ Dorchester — In honor of the Karl of Dorset. Cecil — In honor of Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore. Prince George's — After Princ^ George of Denmark. Queen Anne's — In honor of Queen Anne of England. Worcester — After the Earl of Worcester. Frederick — In honor of Frederick, Prince of Wales. Caroline — After Lady Caroline Calvert, sister to Frederick, Lord Baltimore. Harford — After Henry Harford, the last Proprietor. Washington — In honor of George Washington. Montgomery — After General Montgomery. Allegany — After an Indian tribe, the Alligewi. Carroll — After Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Howard — After John P^ager Howard. Wicomico — After the river of that name. Garrett — After John W. Garrett. 668 674 695 706 742 74« 773 773 77C' 77^' 7S9 836 851 867 S72 306 APPENDIX. C. ARTICLES FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF 1864. Article V. — The Constitution of the United States and the laws made in pursuance thereof, being the Supreme law of the land, every citizen of this State owes paramount allegiance to the Constitution and Government of the United States, and is not bound by any law or ordinance of this State in contravention or subversion thereof. Article XXIV. — That liereafter, in this State, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted ; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves are hereby declared free. THE "IRON-CLAD" OATH. I do swear (or affirm) that I am a citizen of the United State.s, that 1 have never given any aid, countenance or support to those in armed hostility to the United States; that I have never ex- pressed a desire for the triumph of said enemies over the arms of the United States, and that 1 will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States, and support the Constitution and laws thereof as the supreme law of the land, any law or ordinance of any State to the contrary notwithstanding ; that I will in all respects demean myself as a loyal citizen of the United States, and I make this oath (or affirmation) without any reservation or evasion, and believe it to be binding on me. APPENDIX. 307 D. A TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL DATES IN THE HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 1579. George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, born. 1606. Cecilius Calvert born. 1632. April 15. George Calvert died. 1632. June 20. Cecilius Calvert receives the charter of Maryland. 1633. November 22. The Ark and the Dove sail from England. 1634. March 25. The first settlers arrive in Marj'land. 1635. The first General Assembly. 1635. Seizure of Claiborne's ships. 1638. Kent I.sland awarded to Lord Baltimore. 1644. Claiborne and Ingle's rebellion. 1648. Claiborne and Ingle driven from the colony. 1649. April 21. The Toleration Act passed. 1649. Puritans settle in Maryland. 1649. Providence or Annapolis founded. 1654. Puritans get control of the government. 1655. The battle of the Severn. 1658. End of the Puritan revolt. 1675. November 30. Cecilius Calvert died. 1689. The Proprietary government overthrown. 1691. Maryland becomes a royal colony. 1695. First post route established. 1696. King William School founded. 1 7 15. The Proprietary government restored. 1727. First newspaper published. 1730. Baltimore founded. 1745. Frederick founded. 1760. Northern boundary agreed upon. 1763-67. Mason and Dixon's line surveyed. 1769. Hagerstown founded. 1771. Death of Frederick, the last Lord Baltimore 1774. October 19. The Peggy Stewart burned. 1776. June 24. The end of the Colonial Government. 177C. June 28. Maryland concurs in declaring independence. 1776. August 14. First Constitutional Convention. 1776. The Constitution adopted. 308 ATPENDIX. 1777. February 5. First General Assembly of the State of Maryland. 1781. March i. Maryland ratifies the Articles of Confederation. 1782. Washington College founded. 1783. The importation of slaves forbidden. 17S4. The remainder of the northern boundary surveyed. 1785. St. John's College chartered. 1788. April 28. Maryland ratifies the Constitution of the United States. 1795. Earliest labor strike in Maryland. 1796. Baltimore incorporated. 1802. The property qualification for the franchi.se abolished. 1S07. The University of Maryland chartered. 180S. Rise of home manufactures in Maryland. 1812. Chesapeake Bay declared blockaded. 1814. August 24. The battle of Bladensburg. 1814. August 30. The battle of Caulk's Field. 1814. September 12. The battle of North Point. 1825. Enfranchisement of the Jews. 1825. Beginning of the Public School system. 1S28. July 4. The corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road laid in Baltimore. 1829. September 21. The first Public School in Baltimore opened. 1830. First steam locomotive used on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 1835. The State invests in the stock of corporations. 1839. October 20. The Baltimore City College opened. 1842. Suspension of interest payments. 1844. The Baltimore Female High Schools established. 1844. The Maryland Historical Society founded. 1848. Resumption of interest payments. 1856. The Maryland Agricultural College founded. 1861. April 19. Baltimore mob attacks Federal troops. 1862. First invasion of Maryland by the Confederates. 1862. September 17. The battle of Antietam. 1863. Second invasion of Maryland. 1864. Third invasion of Maryland. 1864. Slavery abolished. 1865. The State Normal School founded. APPENDIX. 309 1867. The rights of citizenship restored to Southern sympa- thizers. 1867, The present State Constitution adopted. 1870. Colored men vote for the first time. 1876. February 22. The Johns Hopkins University opened. 1S77. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad strike. 1890. Adoption of the secret ballot system. 1904. Great fire in Baltimore. 810 APPENDIX. E. A LIST OF BOOKS FOR CONSULTATION. Chapter I. The Discovery of America. By John Fiske. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Christopher Columbus and how he Received and Imparted the Spirit of Discovery. By Justin Winsor. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Narrative and Critical History of America. Edited by Justin Winsor. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Vol. i, pp. xix-xxxvii. Chapter II. Maryland, the History of a Palatinate. By Wm. Hand Browne. American Commonwealths Series. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. By John Fiske. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert. By Wm. Hand Browne. Makers of America Series. Dodd, Mead & Co. Maryland as a Proprietary Province. By Newton D. Mereness. The Macmillan Company. The Lords Baltimore and the Maryland Palatinate. By Clayton Colman Hall. John Murphy Co. Chronicles of Colonial Maryland. By J. Walter Thomas. Cush- ing & Co. Captain Richard Ingle. By Edward Ingle. Maryland Historical Society Fund Publication, No. 19. Chapter III. Browne's Maryland. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. Browne's George and Cecilius Calvert. Mereness' Maryland. '^ Hall's The Lords Baltimore. The Foundation of .Maryland and the Origin of the Act Concern- ing Religion. By Bradley T. John.son. Maryland Historical Society Fund Publication, No. 18. APPENDIX. 311 Chapter IV. Browne's Maryland. Mereness' Maryland. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. Hall's The Lords Baltimore. Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 16S9. I5y Francis E. Sparks. Johns Hopkins University .Studies in Historical and Political Science. Vol. XIV. Chapter V. Browne's Maryland. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. Mereness' Maryland. Men, Women and Manners in Colonial Times. By Sidney G. Fisher. J. B. Lippincott Company. Home Life in Colonial Days. By Alice M. Karle The Macmil- lan Company. Child Life in Colonial Days. By Alice M. Earle. The Macmillan Company. More Colonial Homesteads and their Stories. By Marion Har- land. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Some Colonial Mansions. Edited by Tliomas A. Glenn. Second series. H. T. Coates & Co. Historic Towns of the Southern States. Edited by Lyman P. Powell. G. P. Putnam's Sons. The Germans in Colonial Times. By Lucy F. Bittenger. J. B. Lippincott Company. Chapter VI. The American Revolution. By John Fiske. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Browne's Maryland. Mereness' Maryland. Life of Charles Carroll of CarrolUon. By Kate M. Rowland. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Chapter VII. Fiske's American Revolution. Maryland and North Carolina in the Campaign of 17S0-1781. By E. G. Daves. Maryland Historical Society Fund Publication, No. 33. 312 APPENDIX. Chapter VIII. The Critical Period of American History. By John Fiske. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Maryland's Influence Upon Land Cessions to the United States. By Herbert B. Adams. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. 'Pliird .series, No. i. Chapter X. Domestic Manners of the Americans. By Mrs. Trollope. The Western World ; or, Travels in the United States in 1.S46- 1847. By Alexander Mackay. • Chapter XI. The Negro in Maryland. By Jeffrey R. Brackett. Johns }]oy- kins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Division and Reunion, By Woodrow Wilson. l-Lpochs of Ameri can History Series. Longmans, Green ^^ Co. Chapter XI I. Wilson's Division and Reunion, The Maryland Constitution of 1S64. By William S. Myers. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical .ind Political Science. Chapter XIV. Institutions and Civil Government of Maryland. By ]5ernard C. Steiner. (linn i^v: Co. Chai'TER XV. History of Education in Maryland. 15y Bernard C, Steiner, United States Bureau of Education, Chapter XVL Maryland As It Is. Published by the Board of Public Works. Maryland : Its Resources, Industries and Institutions. ICdited by Members of the Johns Hopkins University and others. Pub- lished by the State. APPENDIX. ."K; In addition to the foregonig the following works may be con- sulted to advantage : History of iMaryhmd. By J. Thomas Scharf. J. B. Pict. This work covers the history of Maryland from its foundation to the year 1880. A History of tlie People of the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War. By John B. Macmaster. I). Applcton &Co. Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America. \'()1. \'. pp. 259-284, treats of Maryland and Virginia. Chronicles of Baltimore. By J. Thomas Scharf. Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, D. Appleton & Co. The Sun Almanac. Publishei by the Baltimore Sun. Fiction. Rob of the Bowl. By John V. Kennedy. O. P. Putnam's Sons. Time of tiie Second Lord Baltimore. Richard Carvel. By 'Winston Churchill. The Macmillan Com- pany. Time of the Revolution. Mistress Brent. By Lucy M. Thruston. Little, Brown & Co. Time, 1638. The Tower of Wye. By William H. Babcock. 11. T. Coates ."t Co. Time of Claiborne, Sir Christopher: A Romance of a Maryland Manor in 1644. By Maud W. Goodwin. Little, Brown & Co. A Maryland Manor. By Frederick Emory. F. A. Stokes ^^ Co. Time about that of the Civil War. Kent Fort Manor. By William H. Babcock. II. T. Coates ..K: Co. Time, 1S62. Jack and His Island. By Lucy M. Thruston. Little, Brown vS: Co. Time of the War of 1S12. CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND, ADOPTED BY THE CONVENTION, WHICH ASSEMBLED AT THE CITY OF ANNAPOLIS, ON THE EIGHTH DAY OF MAY, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN, AND ADJOURNED ON THE SEVENTEENTH DAY OF AUGUST. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. IP'e, the People of the State of Maryland , grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious liberty, and taking into our serious consideration the best tneans of establishing a good Constitution in this State for the sure founda- tion and more permanent security thereof, declare: ARTICLE 1. That all government of right originates from the people, is founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the good of the whole; and they have, at all times, the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish their form of government, in such manner as they may deem expedient. ART. 2. The Constitution of the United States and the laws made, or which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the 1,'nited States, are, and shall be the supreme law of the State; and the Judges of this State, and all the people of this State, are, and shall be bound thereby; anything in the Con- stitution or law of this State to the contrary notwithstanding. ART. 3. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- tution thereof, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people thereof. ART. 4. That the people of this State have the sole and exclusive right of regulating th*; internal government and police thereof, as a free, sover- eign and independent State. ART. 6. That the inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to the common law of England, and the trial by jury, according to the course of that law, and to the benefit of such of the English statutes as e-xisted on the fourth day of July, 1776; and which, by experience, have been found applicable to their local and other circumstances, and have been introduced, used and practiced by the courts of law or equity; and also of all Acts of Assembly in force on the first day of June, 1867; except such as may have since 317 318 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS expired, or may be inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution; subject, nevertheless, to the revision of, and amendment or repeal by, the Legislature of this State. And the inhabitants of Maryland are also en- titled to all property derived to them from, or under the Charter granted by His Majesty Charles I. to Cecilius Calvert, Baron of Baltimore. ART. 6. That all persons invested with the legislative or executive powers of government are the trustees of the public; and, as such, ac- countable for their conduct; Wherefore, whenever the ends of government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought, to reform the old, or establish a new government; the doctrine of non-resist- ance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish and de- structive of the good and happiness of mankind. ART. 7. That the right of the people to participate in the Legislature is the best security of liberty and the foundation of all free government; for this purpose, elections ought to be free and frequent; and every * male citizen, having the qualifications prescribed by the Constitution, ought to have the right of suffrage. ART. 8. That the legislative, executive and judicial powers of govern- ment ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other; and no person exercising the functions of one of said departments shall assume or discharge the duties of any other. ART. 9. That no power of suspending laws or the execution of laws, unless by, or derived from the Legislature, ought to be exercised, or allowed. ART. 10. That freedom of speech and debate, or proceedings in the Legislature, ought not to be impeached in any court of judicature. ART. 11. That Annapolis be the place of meeting of the Legislature; and the Legislature ought not to be convened, or held at any other place but from evident necessity. ART. 12. That for redress of grievances, and for amending, strengthen- ing and preserving the laws, the Legislature ought to be frequently con- vened. ART. 13. That every man hath a right to petition the Legislature for the redress of grievances in a peaceable and orderly manner. ART. 14. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen or fees ought to be rated or levied, under any pretence, without the consent of the Legislature. ART. 15. That the levying of taxes by the poll is grievous and oppres- sive, and ought to be prohibited; that paupers ought not to be assessed for the support of the Government; but every person in the State, or per- son holding property therein, ought to contribute his proportion of public taxes for the support of the Government, according to his actual worth in real or personal property; yet, fines, duties or taxes may properly and justly be imposed, or laid, with a political view for the good government and benefit of the community. •The word "white," omitted under the 15th Amendment to the Con- stitution of the United States. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS :510 ART. 16. That sanguinary laws ouRht to be avoided as far as it is con- sistent with the safety of the State; and no law to inflict cruel and unusual pains and penalties ought to be made in any case, or at any time, here- after. ART. 17. That retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are oppressive, unjust and incompatible with liberty; wherefore, no ex post facto law ought to be made; nor any retrospective oath or restriction be imposed, or required. ART. 18. That no law to attaint particular persons of treason or felony, ought to be made in any case, or at any time, hereafter. ART. 19. That every man, for any injury done to him in his person or property, ought to have remedy by the course of the law of the land, and ought to have justice and right, freely without sale, fully without any denial, and speedily without delay, according to the law of the land. ART. 20. That the trial of facts, where they arise, is one of the greatest securities of the lives, liberties and estate of the people. ART. 21. That in all criminal prosecutions, every man hath a right to be informed of the accusation against him; to have a copy of the indict- ment, or charge, in due time (if required) to prepare for his defence; to be allowed counsel; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have process for his witnesses; to examine the witnesses for and against him on oath; and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury, without whose unani- mous consent he ought not to be found guilty. ART. 22. That no man ought to be compelled to give evidence against himself in a criminal case. ART. 23. That no man ought to be taken or imprisoned or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or, in any manner, destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land. ART. 24. That slavery shall not be re-established in this State; but having been abolished, under the policy and authority of the United States, compensation, in consideration thereof, is due from the United States. ART. 25. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted, by the courts of law. ART. 26. That all warrants, without oath or affirmation, to search sus- pected places, or to seize any person or property, are grievous and oppres- sive; and all general warrants to search suspected places, or to apprehend suspected persons, without naming or describing the place, or the person in special, are illegal, and ought not to be granted. ART. 27. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood or for- feiture of estate. ART. 28. That a well regulated militia is the proper and natural de- fence of a free government. ART. 29. That standing armies are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be rai':rd, or kept up, without the consent of the Legislature. :320 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS ART. 30. That in all cases, and at all times, the military ought to be under strict subordination to, and control oi, the civil power. ART. 31. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except in the manner prescribed by law. ART. 32. That no person except regular soldiers, marines, and mariners in the service of this State, or militia, when in actual service, ought, in any case, to be subject to, or punishable by martial law. ART. 33. That the independency and uprightness of judges are essential to the impartial administration of justice, and a great security to the rights and liberties of the people; Wherefore, the judges shall not be removed, except in the manner, and for the causes, provided in this Constitution. No judge shall hold any other office, civil or military, or political trust, or employment of any kind, whatsoever, under the Constitution or laws of this State, or of the United States, or any of them; or receive fees, or perquisites of any kind, for the discharge of his official duties. ART. 34. That a long continuance in the executive departments ot power or trust is dangerous to liberty; a rotation therefore, in those depart- ments is one of the best securities of permanent freedom. ART. 35. That no person shall hold, at the same time, more than one office of profit, created by the Constitution or laws of this State; nor shall any person in public trust receive any present from any foreign prince or State, or from the United States, or any of them, without the approba- tion of this State. ART. 36. That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in such manner as he thinks most acceptable to him, all persons are equally en- titled to protection in their religious liberty; wherefore, no person ought, by any law to be molested in his person or estate, on account of his religious persuasion, or profession, or for his religious practice, unless, under the color of religion, he shall disturb the good order, peace or safety of the State, or shall infringe the laws of morality, or injure others in their natural, civil or religious rights; nor ought any person to be compelled to frequent, or maintain, or contribute, unless on contract, to maintain, any place of worship, or any ministry; nor shall any person, otherwise com- petent, be deemed incompetent as a witness, or juror, on account of his religious belief; provided, he believes in the existence of God, and that under his dispensation such person will be held morally accountable for his acts, and be rewarded or punished therefor either in this world or the world to come. ART. 37. That no religious test ought ever to be required as a quali- fication for any office of profit or trust in this State, other than a declara- tion of belief in the existence of God; nor shall the Legislature prescribe any other oath of office than the oath prescribed by this Constitution. ART. 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land, to any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or to any religious sect, order or denomination, or to, or for the support, use or benefit of, or in trust for, any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any DECLARATION OF RIGHTS -m religious sect, order or denomination; and every gift or sale of goods, or chattels, to go in succession, or to take place after the death of the seller cr donor, to or for such support, use or benefit; and also every devise of goods or chattels to or for the support, use, or benefit of any minister, public teacher or preacher of the gospel, as such, or any religious sect, order, or denomination, without the piior, or subsequent sanction of the Legislature, shall be void; except always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity of land, not exceeding five acres, for a church, meeting house, or other house of worship, or parsonage, or for a burying ground, wluth shall be improved, enjoyed, or used only for such purpose; or such sale, gift, lease, or devise shall be void. ART. 39. That the manner of administering an oath or affirmation to any person, ought to be such as those of the religious persuasion, profes- sion, or denomination, of which he is a member, generally esteem the most effectual confirmation by the attestation of the Divine Being. ART. 40. That the liberty of the press ought to be inviolably preserved; that every citizen of the State ought to be allowed to speak, write and pub- lish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege. ART. 41. That monopolies are odious, contrary to the spirit of a free government and the principles o( commerce, and ought not to be suffered. Al\'r. 42. That no title of nobility or hereditary honors ought to be granted in this State. ART. 43. That the Legislature ought to encourage the diffusion of knowledge and virtue, the extension of a judicious system of general education, the promotion of literature, the arts, sciences, agriculture, com- merce and manufactures, and the general melioration of the condition of the people. ART. 44. That the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, and of this State, apply, as well in time of war, as in time of peace; and any departure therefrom, or violation thereof, under the plea of necessity, or any other plea, is subversive of good government, and fends to anarchy and despotism. ART. 45. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people. ?.22 CONSTITUTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. ELECTIVE FRANCHISE. SECTION 1. All elections shall be by ballot; and every male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, or upwards, who has been a resident of the State for one year, and of the legislative district of Baltimore City, or of the county, in which he may offer to vote, for six months next preceding the election, shall be entitled to vote, in the ward or election district, in which he resides, at all elections hereafter to be held in this State; and in case any county, or city, shall be so divided as to form portions of different electoral districts, for the election of Representatives in Congress, Senators, Delegates, or other officers, then, to entitle a person to vote for such officer, he must have been a resident of that part of the county, or city, which shall form a part of the electoral district, in which he offers to vote, for six months next preceding the election; but a person, who shall have acquired a residence in such county, or city, entitling him to vote at any such election, shall be entitled to vote in the election district from which he removed, until he shall have acquired a residence in the part of the county, or city, to which he has removed. SEC. 2. No person above the age of twenty-one years, convicted of lar- ceny, or other infamous crime, unless pardoned by the Governor, shall ever thereafter be entitled to vote at any election in this State; and no person under guardianship, as a lunatic, or, as a person non compos meitlis, shall be entitled to vote. SEC. 3. If any person shall give, or offer to give, directly or indirectly, any bribe, present, or reward, or any promise, or any security for the pay- ment, or the delivery of money, or any other thing, to induce any voter to refrain from casting his vote, or to prevent him, in any way, from voting, or to procure a vote for any candidate, or person proposed, or voted for, as Elector of President and Vice-President of the United States, or Repre- sentative in Congress, or for any office of profit or trust, created by the Constitution or laws of this State, or by the ordinances, or authority of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, the person giving, or offering to give, and the person receiving the same, and any person, who gives, or causes to be given, an illegal vote, knowing it to be such, at any election to be hereafter heid in this State, shall, on conviction in a court of law, in addition to the penalties now, or hereafter to be, imposed by law, be for- STATE OF MARYLAND 323 CTcr disqualified to hold any office of profit or trust, or to vote at any elec- tion thereafter. SEC. 4. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass laws to punish, with fine and imprisonment, any person, who shall remove into any election district, or precinct of any ward of the city of Baltimore, not for the purpose of acquiring a bona fide residence therein, but for the purpose of voting at an approaching election, or, who shall vote in any election dis- trict, or ward, in which he does not reside (except in the case provided for in this article), or shall, at the same election, vote in more than one election district, or precinct, or shall vote, or ofTer to vote, in any name not his own, or in place of any other person of the same name, or shall vote in any county, in which he does not reside. SEC. 5. The General Assembly shall provide by law for a uniform regis- tration of the names of all the voters in this State, who possess the qualifi- cations prescribed in this Article, which registration shall be conclusive evidence to the judges of election of the right of every person, thus regis- tered, to vote at any election thereafter held in this State; but no person shall vote at any election. Federal or State, hereafter to be held in this State, or at any municipal election in the city of Baltimore, unless his name appears in the list of registered voters; and until the Gen- eral Assembly shall hereafter pass an Act for the registration of the names of voters, the law in force on the first day of June, in the year 1867, in reference thereto, shall be continued in force, except so far as it may be inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution; and the registry of voters, made in pursuance thereof, may be corrected, as provided in said law; but the names of all persons shall be added to the list of qualified voters by the officers of registration, who have the qualifications prescribed in the first section of this Article, and who are not disqualified under the provisions of the second and third sections thereof. SEC. 6. Every person elected, or appointed, to any office of profit or trust, under this Constitution, or under the laws made pursuant thereto, shall, before he enters upon the duties of such office, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: I, , do swear (or affirm, as the case may be), that I will support the Constitution of the United States; and that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the State of Maryland, and support the Constitution and Laws thereof; and that I will, to the best of my skill and judgment, diligently and faithfully, without partiality or preju- dice, execute the office of , according to the Constitution and laws of this State, (and, if a Governor, Senator, Member of the House of Delegates, or Judge,) that I will not directly or indirectly, receive the profits or any part of the profits, of any other office during the term of my acting SEC. 7. Every person, hereafter elected, or appointed, to office, in this State, who shall refuse, or neglect, to take the oath, or affirmation of office, provided for in the sixth section of this Article, shall be considered as hav- ing refused to accept the said office; and a new election, or appointment, shall be made, as in case of refusal to accept, or resignation of an office; 324 CONSTITUTION OF THE and any person violating said oath, shall, on conviction thereof, in a court of law, in addition to the penalties now, or hereafter, to be imposed by law, be thereafter incapable of holding any office of profit or trust in this State. ARTICLE n. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. SECTION 1. The Executive power of the State shall be vested in a Governor, whose term of office shall commence on the second Wednesday of January next ensuing his election, and continue for four years, and until his successor shall have qualified; but the Governor chosen at the first election under this Constitution shall not enter upon the discharge of the duties of the office until the expiration of the term for which the present incumbent was elected; unless the said office shall become vacant by death, resignation, removal from the State, or other disqualification of the said incumbent. SEC. 2. An election for Governor, under this Constitution, shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the year 1867, and on the same day and month in every fourth year thereafter, at the places of voting for Delegates to the General Assembly; and every person qualified to vote for Delegates, shall be qualified and entitled to vote for Governor; the election to be held in the same manner as the election of Delegates, and the returns thereof, imder seal, to be addressed to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, and enclosed and transmitted to the Secretary of State, and delivered to said Speaker at the commencement of the session of the General Assembly, next ensuing said election. SEC. 3. The Speaker of the House of Delegates shall then open the said returns, in the presence of both houses; and the person having the highest number of votes, and being constitutionally eligible, shall be the Governor, and shall qualify, in the manner herein prescribed, on the second Wednes- day of January next ensuing his election, or as soon thereafter as may be practicable. SEC. 4. If two or more persons shall have the highest and an equal num- ber of votes for Governor, one of them shall be chosen Governor by the Senate and House of Delegates; and all questions in relation to the eligi- bility of Governor, and to the returns of said election, and to the number and legality of votes therein given, shall be determined by the House of Delegates; and if the person, or persons, having the highest number of votes be ineligible, the Governor shall be chosen by the Senate and House of Delegates. Every election of Governor by the General Assembly shall be determined by a joint majority of the Senate and House of Delegates; and the vote shall be taken vifa voce. But if two or more persons shall have Uic highest and an equal number of votes, then, a second vote shall be STATE OF MARYLAND 325 taken, which shall be confined to the persons having an equal number; and it the vote should again be equal, then the election of Governor shall be determined by lot between those, who shall have the highest and an equal number on the first vote. SEC. 5. A person to be eligible to the office of Governor, must have attained the age of thirty years, and must have been for ten years a citizen of the State of Maryland, and for five years next preceding his elec- tion, a resident of the State, and, at the time of his election, a qualified voter therein. SEC. 6. In case of the death, or resignation of the Governor, or of his removal from the State, or other disqualification, the General Assembly, if in session, or if not. at their next session, shall elect some other qualified per- son to be Governor for the residue of the term for which the said Governor had been elected. SEC. 7. In case of any vacancy in the office of Governor, during the recess of the Legislature, the President of the Senate shall discharge the duties of said office, until a Governor is elected, as herein provided for; and in case of the death or resignation of the said President, or of his removal from the State, or of his refusal to serve, then the duties of said office shall, in like manner, and for the same interval, devolve upon the Speaker of the House of Delegates. And the Legislature may provide by law for the im- peachment of the Governor; and in case of his conviction, or his inability, may declare what person shall perform the Executive duties; and for any vacancy in said office not herein provided for, provision may be made by law; and if such vacancy should occur without such provision being made, the Legislature shall be convened by the Secretary of State for the pur- pose of filling said vacancy. SEC. 8. The Governor shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the State; and may call out the militia to repel invasions, suppress insurrections, and enforce the execution of the laws; but shall not take the command in person, without the consent of the Legislature. SEC. 9. lie shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. SEC. 10. He shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint all civil and military officers of the State, whose appoint- ment, or election, is not otherwise herein provided for; unless a difTcrent mode of appointment be prescribed by the law creating the office. SEC. 11. In case of any vacancy, during the recess of the Senate, in any office which the Governor has power to fill, he shall appoint some suitable person to said office, whose commission shall continue in force until the end of the next session of the Legislature, or until some other person is appointed to the same office, whichever shall first occur; and the nomina- tion of the person thus appointed, during the recess, or, of some other per- son in his place, shall be made to the Senate within thirty days after the next meeting of the Legislature. SEC. 12. No person, after being rejected by the Senate, shall be again nominated for the same of&ce at the same session, unless at the request o'. 326 CONSTITUTION OF THE the Senate; or, be appointed to the same office during the recess of the Legislature. SEC. 13. All civil officers appointed by the Governor and Senate, shall be nominated to the Senate within fifty days from the commencement of each regular session of the Legislature; and their term of office, except in cases otherwise provided for in this Constitution, shall commence on the first Monday of May next ensuing their appointment, and continue for two years (unless removed from office) and until their successors, respectively, qualify according to law; but the term of office of the Inspectors of Tobacco shall commence on the first Monday of March next ensuing their appoint- ment. SEC. 14. If a vacancy shall occur, during the session of the Senate, in any office which the Governor and Senate have the power to fill, the Gov- ernor shall nominate to the Senate before its final adjournment, a proper person to fill said, vacancy, unless such vacancy occurs within ten days before said final adjournment. SEC. 15. The Governor may suspend, or arrest any military officer of the State for disobedience of orders, or other military offence; and may remove him in pursuance of the sentence of a court martial; and may remove for incompetency, or misconduct, all civil officers who received appointment from the Executive for a term of years. SEC. 16. The Governor shall convene the Legislature, or the Senate alone, on extraordinary occasions; and whenever from the presence of an enemy, or from any other cause, the seat of government shall become an unsafe place for the meeting of the Legislature, he may direct their sessions to be held at some other convenient place. SEC. 17. To guard against hasty or partial legislation, and encroachments of the Legislative Department upon the co-ordinate Executive and Judicial Departments, every bill which shall have passed the House of Delegates and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Gov- ernor of the State; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the objections at large on its Journal, and proceed to reconsider the bill; if, after such re-consideration, three-fifths of the members elected to that House shall pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be re-considered, and if passed by three-fifths of the members elected to that House, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each House, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within six days (Sundays ex- cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he signed it; unless the General Assembly shall, by ad- journment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. SEC. 18. It shall be the duty of the Governor, semi-annually (and oftener, if he deem it expedient) to examine under oath the Treasurer and Comp- STATE OF MARYLAND 327 troller of the State on all matters pertaining to their respective offices; and inspect and review their bank and other account books. SEC. 19. He shall, from time to time, inform the Legislature of the con- dition of the State and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may judge necessary and expedient. SEC. 20. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment, and in cases in which he is prohibited by other Articles of this Constitution; and to remit fines and forfeitures for offences against the State; but shall not remit the principal, or interest of any debt due the State, except, in cases of fines or forfeitures; and before granting a votle prosequi, or pardon, he shall give notice in one or more newspapers, of the application made for it, and of the day on, or after which, his decision will be given; and in every case, in which he exercises this power, he shall report to either branch of the Legislature, whenever required, the petitions, recommendations, and reasons, which influenced his decision. SEC. 21. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government, and re- ceive for his services an annual salary of $4,500. SEC. 22. A Secretary of State shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall continue in office, unless sooner removed by the Governor, till the end of the official term of the Governor from whom he received his appointment, and receive an annual salary of $2,000, and shall reside at the seat of Government; and the office of Private Secretary shall thenceforth cease. SEC. 23. The Secretary of State shall carefully keep and preserve a record of all official acts and proceedings, which may at all times be in- spected by a committee of either branch of the Legislature; and he shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law, or as may properly belong to his office, together with all clerical duty belonging to the Execu- tive Department. ARTICLE EL LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. SECTION 1. The Legislature shall consist of two distinct branches; a Senate, and a House of Delegates, and shall be styled the General As- sembly of Maryland. SEC. 2. Each county in the State, and each of the three legislative dis- tricts of Baltimore City, as they are now, or may hereafter be defined, shall be entitled to one Senator, who shall be elected by the qualified voters of the counties, and of the legislative districts of Baltimore City, respectively, and shall serve for four years from the date of his election, subject to the classification of Senators, hereafter provided for. SEC. 3. Until the taking and publishing of the next national census, or until the enumeration of the population of this State, under the authority thereof, the several counties, and the city of Baltimore, shall have repre- :]28 CONSTITUTION OF THE sentation in the House of Delegates as follows: Allegany County, five Dele- gates; Anne Arundel County, three Delegates; Baltimore County, six Dele- gates; each of the three legislative districts of the city of Baltimore, six Delegates; Calvert County, two Delegates; Caroline County, two Delegates; Carroll County, four Delegates; Cecil County, four Delegates; Charles County, two Delegates; Dorchester County, three Delegates; Frederick County, six Delegates; Harford County, four Delegates; Howard County, two Delegates; Kent County, two Delegates; Montgomery County, three Delegates; Prince George's County, three Delegates; Queen Anne's County, two Delegates; Saint Mary's County, two Delegates; Somerset County, three Delegates; Talbot County, two Delegates; Washington County, five Dele- gates; and Worcester County, three Delegates. SEC. 4. As soon as may be after the taking and publishing of the next national census, or after the enumeration of the population of this State, under the authority thereof, there shall be an apportionment of represen- tation in the House of Delegates to be made on the following basis, to wit: Each of the several counties of the State, having a population of 18,000 souls, or less, shall be entitled to two Delegates, and every county having a population of over 18,000, and less than 28,000 souls, shall be entitled to three Delegates; and every county, having a population of 28,000, and less than 40,000 souls, shall be entitled to four Delegates; and every county, hav- ing a population of 40,000, and less than 55,000 souls, shall be entitled to five Delegates; and every county, having a population of 55,000 souls, and up- wards, shall be entitled to six Delegates, and no more; and each of the three legislative districts of the city of Baltimore shall be entitled to the number of Delegates to which the largest county shall, or may be entitled, under the aforegoing apportionment. And the General Assembly shall have power to provide by law, from time to time, for altering and changing the boundaries of the three existing legislative districts of the city of Baltimore, so as to make them, as near as may be, of equal population; but said districts shall always consist of contiguous territory. SEC. 5. Immediately after the taking and publishing of the next national census, or after any State enumeration of population, as aforesaid, it shall be the duty of the Governor, then being, to arrange the representa- Jion in said House of Delegates, in accordance with the apportionment herein provided for; and to declare, by proclamation, the number of Dele- gates, to which each county, and the city of Baltimore may be entitled under such apportionment; and after every national census taken thereafter, or after any State enumeration of population, thereafter made, it shall be the duty of the Governor, for the time being, to make similar adjustment of representation, and to declare the same by proclamation, as aforesaid. SEC. 6. The members of the House of Delegates shall be elected by the qualified voters of the counties, and the legislative districts of Baltimore City, respectively, to serve for two years, from the day of their election. SEC. 7. The first election for Senators and Delegates shall take place on the Tuesday next, after the first Monday in the month of November, 186/; STATE OF MARYLAND 329 and the election for Delegates, and as nearly as practicable, for one-half of the Senators, shall be held on the same day, in every second year thereafter. SEC. 8. Immediately after the Senate shall have convened, after the first election, under this Constitution, the Senators shall be divided by lot, into two classes, as nearly equal in number as may be — Senators of the first class shall go out of office at the expiration of two years, and Senators shall be elected on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, 1860, for the term of four years, to supply their places; so that, after the first election, one-half of the Senators may be chosen every seconi.1 year. In case the number of Senators be hereafter increased, such classifi- cation of the additional Senators shall be made as to preserve, as nearly as may be, an equal number in each class. SEC. 9. No person shall be eligible as a Senator or Delegate, who at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the State of Maryland, and who has not resided therein, for at least three years, next preceding the day of his election, and the last year thereof, in the county, or in the legislative district of Caltimore City, which he may be chosen to represent, if such county, or legislative district of said city, shall have been so long estab- lished; and if not, then in the county, or city, from which, in whole, or in part, the same may have been formed; nor shall any person be eligible as a Senator, unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-five years, nor as a Delegate, unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, at the time of his election. SEC. 10. No member of Congress, or person holding any civil, or mili- tary office under the United States, shall be eligible as a Senator, or Dele- gate; and if any person shall after his election as. Senator, or Delegate, be elected to Congress, or be appointed to any office, civil or military, under the Government of the United States, his acceptance thereof, shall vacate his seat. SEC. 11. No minister or preacher of the Gospel, or of any religious creed, or denomination, and no person holding any civil office of profit or trust, under this State, except Justices of the Peace, shall be eligible as Senator, or Delegate. SEC. 12. No collector, receiver, or holder of public money shall be eligible as Senator or Delegate, or to any office of profit, or trust, under this State, until he shall have accounted for, and paid into the Treasury all sums on the books thereof charged to, and due by him. SEC. 1.3. In case of death, disqualification, resignation, refusal to act, expulsion, or removal from the county, or city, for which he shall have been elected, of any person, who shall have been chosen as a Delegate, or Sen- ator, or in case of a tie between two or more such qualified persons, a war- rant of election shall be issued by the Speaker of the House of Delegates, or President of the Senate, as the case may be, for the election of another person in his place, of which election, not less than ten days' notice shall be given, exclusive of the day of the publication of the notice, and of the day of election; and. if during the recess of the Legislature, and more than ten days before its termination, such death shall occur, or such resignation, 330 CONSTITUTION OF THE refusal to act, or disqualification be communicated, in writing to the Gov- ernor by the person, so resigning, refusing, or disqualified, it shall be the duty of the Governor to issue a warrant of election to supply the vacancy thus created, in the same manner, the said Speaker, or President might have done, during the session of the General Assembly; provided, however, that unless a meeting of the General Assembly may intervene, the election, thus ordered to fill such vacancy, shall be held on the day of the ensuing elec- tion for Delegates and Senators. SEC. 14. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Wednesday of January, 1868, and on the same day in every second year thereafter, and at no other time, unless convened by proclamation of the Governor. SEC. 15. The General Assembly may continue its session so long as, in its judgment, the public interest may require, for a period not longer than ninety days; and each member thereof, shall receive a compensation of $5 per diem, for every day he shall attend the session, but not for such days as he may be absent, unless absent on account of sickness, or by leave of the House of which he is a member; and he shall also receive such mileage as may be allowed by law, not exceeding twenty cents per mile; and the presiding officer of each House shall receive an additional compensation of $3 per day. When the General Assembly shall be con- vened by proclamation of the Governor, the session shall not continue longer than thirty days; and in such case, the compensation shall be the same as herein prescribed. SEC. 16. No book, or other printed matter, not appertaining to the busi- ness of the session, shall be purchased, or subscribed for, for the use of the members of the General Assembly, or be distributed among them, at the public expense. SEC. 17. No Senator or Delegate, after qualifying as such, notwithstand- ing he may thereafter resign, shall during the whole period of time, for which he was elected, be eligible to any office, which shall have been cre- ated, or the salary, or profits of which shall have been increased, during such term. SEC. 18. No Senator, or Delegate, shall be liable in any civil action, or criminal prosecution, whatever, for words spoken in debate. SEC. 19. Each House shall be judge of the qualifications and elections of its members, as prescribed by the Constitution and laws of the State; shall appoint its own officers, determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish a member for disorderly or disrespectful behavior, and with the consent of two-thirds of its whole number of members elected, expel a member; but no member shall be expelled a second time for the same ofTencc. SEC. 20. A majority of the whole number of members elected to each House shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each House may prescribe. SEC. 21. The doors of each House, and of the Committee of the Whole, shall be open, except when the business is such as ought to be kept secret. STATE OF MARYLAND ;J.31 SEC. 22. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause the same to be published. The yeas and nays of members on any question, shall at the call of any five of them in the House of Delegates, or one in the Senate, be entered on the Jeurnal. SEC. 23. Each House may punish by imprisonment, during the session of the General Assembly, any person, not a member, for disrespectful, or disorderly behavior in its presence, or for obstructing any of its proceedings, or any of its officers in the execution of their duties; provided such impri- sonment shall not, at any one time, exceed ten days. SEC. 24. The House of Delegates may inquire, on the oath of witnesses, into all complaints, grievances and offences, as the Grand Inquest of the State, and may commit any person, for any crime, to the public jail, there to remain, until discharged by due course of law. They may examine and pass all accounts of the State, relating eitlier to the collection or expendi- ture of the revenue, and appoint auditors to state and adjust the same. They may call for all public, or official papers and records, and send for persons, whom they may judge necessary, in the course of their inquiries, concerning aflfairs relating to the public interest, and may direct all office bonds which shall be made payable to the State, to be used for any breach thereof; and with the view to the more certain prevention or correction of the abuses in the expenditures of the money of the State, the General As- sembly shall create, at every session thereof, a joint Standing Committee of the Senate and House of Delegates, who shall have power to send for persons, and examine them on oath, and call for public or official papers and records, and whose duty it shall be to examine and report upon all con- tracts made for printing stationery, and purchases for the public offices, and the library, and all expenditures therein, and upon all matters of alleged abuse in expenditures, to which their attention may be called by resolution of either House of the General Assembly. SEC. 25. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, at any one time, nor adjourn to any other place, than that in which the House shall be sitting, without the concurrent vote of two-thirds of the membprs present. SEC. 26. The House of Delegates shall have the sole power of impeach- ment in all cases; but a majority of all the members elected must concur in the impeachment. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate, and when sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath, or affirmation, to do justice according to the law and the evidence; but no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Senators elected. SEC. 27. Any bill may originate in either House of the General As- sembly, and be altered, amended, or rejected by the other; but no bill shall originate in either House during the last ten days of the session, unless two- thirds of the members elected thereto shall so determine by yeas and nays; not shall any bill become a law, until it be read on three different days of the session in each House, unless two-thirds of the members elected to the House, where such bill is pending, shall so determine by yeas and nays; 382 CONSTITUTION OF THE and no bill shall be read a third time until it shall have been actually en grossed for a third reading. SEC. 28. No bill shall become a law unless it be passed in each House by a majority of the whole number of membeis elected, and on its final passage, the yeas and nays be recorded; nor shall any resolution, requiring the action of both houses, be passed except in the same manner. SEC. 29. The style of all laws of this State shall be, "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland:" and all laws shall be passed by orig- inal bill; and every law enacted by the General Assembly shall embrace but one subject, and that, shall be described in its title; and no law, nor section of law, shall be revived or amended by reference to its title, or sec- tion only; nor shall any law be construed by reason of its title, to grant powers, or confer rights which are not expressly contained in the body of the Act; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, in amending any article or section of the Code of Laws of this State, to enact the same, as the said article, or section would read when amended. And whenever the General Assembly shall enact any public general law, not amendatory of any section, or article in the said Code, it shall be the duty of the General As- sembly to enact the same, in articles and sections, in the same manner as the Code is arranged, and to provide for the publication of all additions and alterations, which may be made to the said Code. SEC. 30. Every bill, when passed by the General Assembly, and sealed with the Great Seal, shall be presented to the Governor, who, if he approves it, shall sign the same in the presence of the presiding officers and chief clerks of the Senate and House of Delegates. Every law shall be recorded in the office of the Court of Appeals, and in due time, be printed, published and certified under the Great Seal, to the several courts, in the same manner as has been heretofore usual in this State. SEC. 31. No law passed by the General Assembly shall ta'. Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Orphans' Courts, such courts for the city of Baltimore as are hereinafter provided for, and Justices of the Peace; all said courts shall be courts of record, and each shall have a seal to be used in the authentication of all process issuing therefrom. The process and official character of Justices of the Peace shall be authenticated as hath heretofore been practiced in this State, or may hereafter be prescribed by law. SEC. 2. The Judges of all the said courts shall be citizens of the State ot Maryland, and qualified voters under this Constitution, and shall have resided therein not less than five years, and not less than six months next preceding their election, or appointment, in the judicial circuit, as the case may be, for which they may be, respectively, elected or appointed. They shsll be not less than thirty years of age at the time of their election, or STATE OF MARYLAND ;«7 appointment, and sliall be selected from those who have been admitted to practise law in this State, and who are most distinguished for integrity, wisdom and sound legal knowledge. SEC. 3. The Judges of the said several courts shall be elected in the counties by the qualified voters in their respective judici^ circuits, as hereinafter provided, at the general election to be held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November next, and in the city of Baltimore, on the fourth Wednesday of October next. Each of the said Judges shall hold his ofTice for the term of fifteen years from the time of his election, and until his suc- cessor is elected and qualified, or until he shall have attained the age of seventy years, whichever may first happen, and be re-eUgible thereto until he shall have attained the age of seventy years, and not after; but in case of any Judge, who shall attain the age of seventy years whilst in office, such Judge may be continued in oiTice by the General Assembly for such further time as they may think fit, not to exceed the term for which he was elected, by a resolution to be passed at the session next preceding his attaining said age. In case of the inability of any of said Judges to discharge his duties with efficiency, by reason of continued sickness, or of physical or mental infirmity, it shall be in the power of the General Assembly, two-thirds of the members of each House concurring, with the approval of the Governor, to retire said Judge from office. SEC. 4. Any Judge shall be removed from office by the Governor, on conviction in a court of law, of incompetency, of wilful neglect of duty, misbehavior in oiSce, or any other crime, or on impeachment, according to this Constitution, or the laws of the State; or on the address of the General Assembly, two-thirds of each House concurring in such address, and the accused having been notified of the charges against him, and having had opportunity of making his defence. SEC. 5. After the election for Judges, as hereinbefore provided, there shall be held in this State, in every fifteenth year thereafter, on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of such year, an election for Judges as herein provided; and in case of death, resignation, removal or disqualifica- tion by reason of age or otherwise of any Judge, the Governor shall appoint a person duly qualified to fill said office, who shall hold the same until the next general election for members of the General Assembly, when a suc- cessor shall be elected, whose term of office shall be the same as hereinbe- fore provided; and upon the expiration of the term of fifteen years for which any Judge may be elected to fill a vacancy, an election for his suc- cessor shall take place at the next general election for members of the General Assembly to occur upon or after the expiration of his said term; and the Governor shall appoint a person duly qualified to hold said office from the expiration of such term of fifteen years until the election and qualification of his successor. SEC. 6. All Judges shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the peace throughout the State; and no fees, or perquisites, commission, or reward of any kind, shall be allowed to any Judge in this State, besides his annual salary, for the discharge of any judicial duty. :«8 CONSTITUTION OF THE SEC. 7. No Juilge shall sit in any case wherein he may be interested, or where either of the parties may be connected with him, by affinity or con- sanguinity, within such degrees as now are, or may hereafter be prescribed by law, or where he shall have been of counsel in the case. SEC. 8. The parties tqjany cause may submit the same to the court for determination, without the aid of a jury; and in all suits or actions at law, issues from tlie Orphans' Court or from any court sitting in equity, and in all cases of presentments or indictments for oflences which are or may be punishable by death pending in any of the courts of law of this State having jurisdiction thereof, upon suggestion in writing under oath of either of the parties to said proceedings, that such party cannot have a fair and impar- tial trial in the court in which the same may be pending, the said court shall order and direct the record of proceedings in such suit or action, issue, presentment or indictment, to be transmitted to some other court having jurisdiction in such case, for trial; but in all other cases of presentment or indictment pending in any of the courts of law in this State having juris- diction thereof, in addition to the suggestion in writing of either of the parties to such presentment or indictment that such party cannot have a fair and impartial trial in the court in which the same may be pending, it shall be necessary for the party making such suggestion to make it satis- factorily appear to the court that such suggestion is true, or that there is reasonable ground for the same; and thereupon the said court shall order and direct the record of proceedings in such presentment or indictment to be transmitted to some other court having jurisdiction in such cases, for trial; and such right of removal shall exist upon suggestion in cases when all the Judges of said court may be disqualified, under the provisions ff this Constitution, to sit in any case; and said Court to which the record pro- ceedings in such suit or action, issue, presentment or indictment, lay be so transmitted, shall hear and determine the same in like manner, as if such suit or action, issue, presentment or indictment had been originally insti- tuted therein; and the General Assembly shall make such modification of existing law as may be necessary to regulate and give force to this pro- vision. SEC. 9. The Judge or Judges of any court may appoint such officers for their respective courts as may be found necessary; and such officers of the courts in the city of Baltimore shall be appointed by the Judges of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City. It shall be the duty of the General As- sembly to prescribe by law a fixed compensation for all such officers; and said Judge or Judges shall, from time to time, investigate the expenses, costs and charges of their respective ccurts, with a view to a change or reduction thereof, and report the result of such investigation to the General Assembly for its action. SEC. 30. The clerks of the several courts, created or continued by this Constitution, shall have charge and custody of the records and other papers, shall perform all the duties and be allowed the fees which appertain to their several ofTices, as the same now are, or may hereafter be regulated by law. And the office and business of !-altimore; nor shall the credit of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore be given or loaned to, or in aid of any individual, association, or corporation; nor shall the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore have the power to involve the city of Baltimore in the construction of works of STATE OF MARYLAND 365 internal improvement, nor in granting any aid thereto, which shall in- volve the faith and credit of the city, nor make any appropriation there- for, unless such debt or credit be authorized by an Act of the General Assembly of Maryland, and by an ordinance of the Mayor and City Council of Ualtimore, submitted to the legal voters of the city of Baltimore at such time and place as may be fixed by said ordinance, and approved by a majority of the votes cast at such time and place; but the Mayor and City Council may, temporarily, borrow any amount of money to meet any de- ficiency in tht city treasury, or to provide for any emergency arising from the necessity of maintaining the police, or preserving the safety and sani- tary condition of the city, and may make due and proper arrangements and agreements for the removal and extension, in whole or in part, of any and all debts and obligations, created according to law before the adoption of this Constitution. SEC. 8. All laws and ordinances, now in force, applicable to the city oi' Baltimore, not inconsistent with this article, shall be, and they are hereby continued until changed in due course of law. SEC. 9. The General Assembly may make such changes in this article, except in Section 7 thereof, as it may deem best; and this article shall not be so construed, or taken as to make the political corporation of Bal- timore independent of, or free from the control which the General Assembly of Maryland has over all such corporations in this State. ARTICLE XIL PUBLIC WORKS. SECTION 1. The Governor, Comptroller of the Treasury, and the Treasurer, shall constitute the Board of Public Works in this State. They shall keep a journal of their proceedings, and shall hold regular sessions in the city of Annapolis, on the first Wednesday in January, April, July and October, in each year, and oftener, if necessary; at which sessions they shall hear and determine such matters as affect the public works of the State, and as the General Assembly may confer upon them the power to decide. SEC. 2. They shall exercise a diligent and faithful supervision of all public works in which the Stale may be interested as stockholder or cred- itor, and shall represent and vote the stock of the State of Maryland in all meetings of the stockholders of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal; and shall appoint the directors in every railroad and canal company in which the State has the legal power to appoint directors, which said directors shall represent the State in all meetings of the stockholders of the respective companies for which they are appointed or elected. And the president and directors of the said Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company shall so regu- late the tolls of said company, from time to time, as to produce the largest amount of revenue, and to avoid the injurious effects to said company of 356 CONSTITUTION OF THE rival competition by other internal improvement companies. They shall require the directors of all said public works to guard the public interest and prevent the establishment of tolls which shall discriminate against the interest of the citizens or products of this State, and from time to time, and as often as there shall be any change in the rates of toll on any of the said works, to furnish the said Board of Public Works a schedule of such modified rates of toll, and so adjust them as to promote the agricultural interests of the State; they shall report to the General Assembly at each regular session and recommend such legislation as they may deem neces- sary and requisite to promote or protect the interests of the State in the said public works; they shall perform such other duties as may be hereafter prescribed by law; and a majority of them shall be competent to act. The Governor, Comptroller and Treasurer shall receive no additional salary for services rendered by them as members of the Board of Public Works. The provisions of the Act of the General Assembly of Maryland of the year 1867, Chapter 359, are hereby declared null and void. SEC. 3. The Board of Public Works is hereby authorized to exchange the State's interest as stockholder and creditor in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company for an equal amount of the bonds or registered debt now owing by the State, to the extent only of all the preferred stock of the State on which the State is entitled to only six per cent, interest, pro- vided such exchange shall not be made at less than par, nor less than the market value of said stock; and the said board is authorized, subject to such regulations and conditions as the General Assembly may from time to time prescribe, to sell the State's interests in the other works of internal improvement, whether as a stockholder or a creditor, and also the State's interest in any banking corporation, receiving in payment the bonds and registered debt now owing by the State, equal in amount to the price ob- tained for the State's said interest; provided, that the interest of the State in the Washington Branch of the Balimore and Ohio Railroad be reserved and excepted from sale; and provided further, that no sale or contract of sale of the State's interest in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the Chesa- peake and Delaware Canal, and the Susquehanna and Tide-water Canal Companies shall go into effect until the same shall be ratified by the ensu- ing General Assembly. ARTICLE Xni. NEW COUNTIES. SECTION 1. The General Assembly may provide by law, for organizing new counties, locating and removing county seats, and changing county lines; but no new county shall be organized without tlie consent of the majority of the legal voters residing within the limits proposed to be formed into said new county; and whenever a new county shall be proposed to be formed out of portions of two or more counties, the consent of a majority STATE OF MARYLAND 3r,7 of the legal voters of such part of each of said counties, respectively, shall be required; nor shall the lines of any county be changed without the con- sent of a majority of the legal voters, residing within the district, which, under said proposed change, would form a part of a county different from that to which it belonged prior to said change; and no new county shall contain less than four hundred square miles, nor less than ten thousand white inhabitants; nor shall any change be made in the limits of any county, whereby the population of said county would be reduced to less than ten thousand white inhabitants, or its territory reduced to less than four hundred square miles. SEC. 2. At the election to be held for the adoption, or rejection of this Constitution, in each election district, in those parts of Worcester and Somerset counties, comprised within the following limits, viz: Beginning at the point, where Mason and Di.\on's line crosses the channel of Pocomoke River, thence following said line to the channel of the Nanticoke River, thence with the channel of said river to Tangier Sound, or the intersection of Nanticoke and Wicomico Rivers, thence up the channel of the Wicomico River to the mouth of Wicomico Creek, thence with the channel of said creek and Passerdyke Creek to Dashield's, or Disharoon's Mills, thence with the mill-pond of said mills and branch following the middle prong of said branch, to Meadow Bridge, on the road, dividing the counties of Somerset and Worcester, near the southwest corner of the farm of Wil- liam P. Morris, thence due east to the Pocomoke River, thence with the channel of said river to the beginning, the judges of election, in each of said districts, shall receive the ballots of each elector, voting at said elec- tion, who has resided for si.x months, preceding said election within said limits, for or against a new county; and the return judges of said election districts shall certify the result of such voting, in the manner, now pre- scribed by law, to the Governor, who shall by proclamation make known the same; and if a majority of the legal votes, cast within that part of Worcester County, contained within said lines, and also a majority of the legal votes cast within that part of Somerset County, contained within said lines, shall be in favor of a new county, then said parts of Worcester and Somerset Counties shall become and constitute a new county, to be called Wicomico County; and Salisbury shall be the county seat. And the inhabitants thereof shall thenceforth have and enjoy all such rights and privileges as are held and enjoyed by the inhabitants of the other counties of this State. SEC. 3. When said new county shall have been so created, the inhabit- ants thereof shall cease to have any claim to, or interest in the county buildings, and other public property of every description, belonging to said counties of Somerset and Worcester, respectively, and shall be liable for their proportionate shares of the then existing debts and obligations of the said counties, according to the last assessment in said counties, to be ascertained and apportioned by the Circuit Court for Somerset County, as to the debts and obligations of said county, and by the Circuit Court (or Worcester County, on the debts and obligations of Worcester County. 358 CONSTITUTION OF THE on the petition of the County Commissioners of the said counties, respec- tively; and the property in each part of the said counties, included in said new county, shall be bound only for the share of the debts and obligations of the county from which it shall be separated; and the inhabitants of said new county shall also pay the county taxes, levied upon them at the time of the creation of such new county, as if such new county had not been created; and on the application of twelve citizens of the proposed county of Wicomico, the Surveyor of Worcester County shall run and locate the line from Meadow Bridge to the Pocomoke River, previous to the adoption, or rejection of this Constitution, and at the expense of said petitioners. SEC. 4. At the first general election, held under this Constitution, the qualified voters of said new county shall be entitled to elect a Senator, and two Delegates to the General Assembly, and all such county, or other officers as this Constitution may authorize, or require to be elected by other counties of the State; a notice of such election shall be given by the Sheriffs of Worcester and Somerset Counties in the manner now pre- scribed by law; and in case said new county shall be established, as afore- said, then the counties of Somerset and Worcester shall be entitled to elect but two Delegates each to the General Assembly. SEC. 5. The county of Wicomico, if formed according to the provisions of this Constitution, shall be embraced in the First Judicial Circuit; and the times for holding the courts therein shall be fixed and determined by the General Assembly. SEC. 6. The General Assembly shall pass all such laws as may be neces- sary more fully to carry into effect the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XIV. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. SECTION 1. The General Assembly may propose amendments to this Constitution; provided, that each amendment shall be embraced in a sepa- rate bill, embodying the article or section, as the same will stand when amended and passed by three-fifths of all the members elected to each of the two houses, by yeas and nays, to be entered on the journals with the proposed amendment. The bill, or bills, proposing amendment, or amend- ments, shall be published by order of the Governor, in at least two news- papers in each county, where so many may be published, and where not more than one may be published, then in that newspaper, and in three newspapers published in the city of Baltimore, one of which shall be in the German language, once a week, for at least three months preceding the next ensuing general election, at which the said proposed amendment, or amendments, shall be submitted, in a form to be prescribed by the General Assembly, to tlie qualified voters of the State for adoption or rejection. The votes cast for and against said proposed amendment, or STATE OF MARYLAND 359 amendmepts, severally, shall be returned to the Governor, in the manner prescribed in other cases, and if it shall appear to the Governor that a ma- jority of the votes cast at said election on said amendment, or amendments, severally, were cast in favor thereof, the Governor shall, by his proclama- tion, declare the said amendment, or amendments, having received said majority of votes, to have been adopted by the people of Maryland as part of the Constitution thereof, and thenceforth said amendment, or amend- ments, shall be part of the said Constitution. When two or more amend- ments shall be submitted, in manner aforesaid, to the voters of this State at the same election, they shall be so submitted as that each amendment shall be voted on separately. SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by law for taking, at the general election to be held in the year 18S7, and every twenty years thereafter, the sense of the people in regard to calling a con- vention for altering this Constitution, and if a majority of voters at such election or elections shall vote for a convention, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall provide by law for the assembling of such convention, and for the election of delegates thereto. Each county, and legislative district of the city of Baltimore, shall have in such convention a number of delegates equal to its representation in both houses at the time at which the convention is called. But any Constitution, or change, or amendment, of the existing Constitution, which may be adopted by such convention, shall be submitted to the voters of this State, and shall have no effect unless the same shall have been adopted by a majority of the voters voting thereon. ARTICLE XV. MISCELLANEOUS. SECTION 1. Every person holding any office created by, or existing under the Constitution, or laws of the State (except Justices of the Peace, Constables and Coroners), or holding any appointment under any court of this State, whose pay or compensation is derived from fees, or moneys coming into his hands for the discharge of his official duties, or, in any way, growing out of, or connected with his office, shall keep a book in which shall be entered every sum or sums of money received by him, or on his account, as a payment or compensation for his performance of official duties, a copy of which entries in said book, verified by the oath of the officer, by whom it is directed to be kept, shall he returned yearly to the Comptroller of the State for his inspection, and that of the General As- sembly of the State, to which the Comptroller shall, at each regular session thereof, make a report showing what officers have complied with this sec- tion; and each of the said officers, when the amount received by him for the year shall exceed the sum which he is by law entitled to retain, as his salary, or compensation for the discharge of his duties, and for the 360 CONSTITUTION OF THE expenses of his office, shall yearly pay over to the Treasurer of the. State the amount of such excess, subject to such disposition thereof as the General Assembly may direct; if any of such officers shall fail to comply with the requisitions of this section for the period of thirty days after the expiration of each and every year of his office, such officer shall be deemed to have vacated his office, and the Governor shall declare the same vacant, and the vacancy therein shall be filled as in case of vacancy for any other cause, and such officer shall be subject to suit by the State for the amount that ought to be paid into the treasury; and no person holding any office created by, or existing under this Constitution, or laws of the State, or holding any appointment under any court in this State, shall receive more than $3,000 a year as a compensation for the discharge oi' his official duties, except in cases specially provided in this Constitution. SEC. 2. The several courts existing in this State at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall, until superseded under its provisions, continue with like powers and jurisdiction, and in the exercise thereof, both at law and in equity, in all respects, as if this Constitution had not been adopted; and when said courts shall be so superseded, all causes then depending in said courts, shall pass into the jurisdiction of the several courts, by which they may be respectively superseded. SEC. 3. The Governor, and all officers, civil and military, now holding office under this State, whether by election or appointment, shall con- tinue to hold, exercise and discharge the duties of their offices (unless inconsistent with, or otherwise provided in this Constitution) until they shall be superseded, under its provisions, and until their successors shall be duly qualified. SEC. 4. If at any election directed by this Constitution, any two or more candidates shall have the highest and an equal number of votes, a new election shall be ordered by the Governor, except in cases specially pro- vided for by this Constitution. SEC. 5. In the trial of all criminal cases, the jury shall be the judges of law, as well as of fact. SEC. G. The right of trial by jury of all issues of fact in civil proceedings in the several courts of law in this State, where the amount in controversy exceeds the sum of ?5, shall be inviolably preserved. SEC. 7. All general elections in this State shall be held on the Tues- day next after the first Monday in the month of November, in the year in which they shall occur; and the first election of all officers, who, under this Constitution, are required to be elected by the people, shall, except in cases herein specially provided for, be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the year 1SG7. SEC. 8. The Sheriffs of the several counties of this State, and of the city of Baltimore, shall give notice of the several elections authorized by this Constitution, in the manner prescribed by existing laws for elections to be held in this State, until said laws shall be changed. SEC. 9. The term of office of all .Tudgcs and other officers, for whose election provision is made by this Corstitution, shall, except in cases other- STATE OF MARYLAND 361 wise expressly provided herein, commence from the time of their election; and all such other officers shall qualify as soon after their election as prac- ticable, and shall enter upon the duties of their respective offices imme- diately upon their qualification; and the term of office of the State Librarian and of the Commissioner of the Land Office shall commence from the time of their appointment. SEC. 10. Any officer elected or appointed in pursuance of the provisions of this Constitution, may qualify, either according to the existing pro- visions of law, in relation to officers under the present Constitution, or before the Governor of the State, or before any clerk of any court of record ill any part of the State; but in case an officer shall qualify out of the county in which he resides, an official copy of his oath shall be filed and recorded in the clerk's office of the Circuit Court for the county in which he may reside, or in the clerk's office of the Superior Court of the city of Baltimore, if he shall reside therein. Vote on the Constitution. For the purpose of ascertaining the sense of the people of this State in regard to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution, the Governor shall issue his proclamation within five days after the adjournment of this con- vention, directed to the Sheriffs of the city of Baltimore and of the several counties of this State, commanding them to give notice, in the manner now prescribed by law in reference to the election of members of the House of Delegates, that an election for the adoption or rejection of this Constitution will be held in the city of Baltimore and in the several counties of this State, on Wednesday, the eighteenth day of September, in the year 1867, at the usual places of holding elections for members of the House of Delegates in said city and counties. At the said election the vote shall be by ballot, and upon each ballot there shall be written ar printed the words, "For the Constitution," or "Against the Constitution,"' as the voter may elect; and the provisions of the laws of this Slate, re- lating to the holding of general elections for members of the House of Delegates, shall, in all respects, apply to and regulate the holding of the said election. It shall be the duty of the judges of election in said city and in the several counties of the State to receive, accurately count and duly return the number of ballots so cast for or against the adoption of this Constitution, as well as any blank ballots, which may be cast, to the several clerks of the circuit courts of this State, and to the clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, in the manner now prescribed by law, in reference to the election of members of the House of Delegates, and duplicates thereof directly to the Governor; and the several clerks afore- said shall return to the Governor, within ten days after said election, the number of ballots cast for or against the Constitution, and the number of blank ballots; and the Governor, upon receiving the returns from the judges of election or the clerks as aforesaid, and ascertaining the aggregate vote throughout the State, shall, by his proclamation, make known the 362 CONSTITUTION OF THE same: and if a majority of the votes cast shall be for the adoption of this Constitution, it shall go into effect on Saturday, the fifth day of October, 1867. Don» in convention, the seventeenth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and of the Inde- pendence of the United States the ninety-second. RICHARD B. CARMICHAEL, President of the Convention. Attest: Milton Y. Kidd, Secretary. AMENDMENTS. At the January session of the General Assembly in 1890, the following amendments were proposed, and, having received a majority of the votes cast on the amendments at the general election in 1891, were proclaimed by the Governor to be a part of the Constitution. SECTION 17, ARTICLE II.— "To guard against hasty or partial legisla- tion, and encroachments of the Legislative Department upon the co-ordinate Executive and Judicial Departments, every bill which shall have passed the House of Delegates and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be pre- sented to the Governor of the State; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it origi- .nated, which House shall enter the objections at large on its Journal and proceed to reconsider the bill; if, after such reconsideration, three-fifths of the members elected to that House shall pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be recon- sidered, and if passed by three-fifths of the members elected to that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within six days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he signed it; unless the General Assembly shall, by adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law; the Governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bills making appropriations of money embracing distinct items, and the part or parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items of appro- priations disapproved shall be void, unless re-passed according to the rules or limitations prescribed for the passage of other bills over the executiye veto." STATE OF MARYLAND 8C3 SECTION 48, ARTICLE III.— "Corporations may be formed under gen- eral laws; but shall not be created by special Act, except for municipal purposes, and except in cases where no general laws exist providing for the creation of corporations of the same general character as the corporation proposed to be created; and any Act of incorporation passed in violation of this section shall be void; all charters granted or adopted in pursuance of this section, and all charters heretofore granted and created, subject to repeal or modification, may be altered from time to time, or be repealed; provided nothing herein contained shall be construed to extend to banks, or the incorporation thereof; the General Assembly shall not alter or amend the charter of any corporation existing at the time of the adoption of this Article, or pass any other general or special law for the benefit of such corporation, except upon the condition that such corporation shall surren- der all claim to exemption from taxation or from the repeal or modification of its charter, £:nd that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions of this Constitution; and any corporation char- tered by this State which shall accept, use, enjoy or in any wise avail itself of any rights, privileges or advantages that may hereafter be granted or conferred by any general or special Act, shall be conclusively presumed to have thereby surrendered any exemption to which it may be entitled under its charter, and shall be thereafter subject to taxation as if no such exemp- tion had been granted by its charter." SECTION 1, ARTICLE VII.— "County Commissioners shall be elected on general ticket of each county by the qualified voters of the sev- eral counties of the State on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, commencing in the year 1891; their number in each county, their compensation, powers and duties, shall be such as are now or may be hereafter prescribed by law; they shall be elected at such times, in such numbers, and for such periods not exceeding six years as may be prescribed by law. SECTION 3, ARTICLE XII.— "The board of public works is hereby authorized, subject to such regulations and conditions as the General As- sembly may from time to time presciibe, to sell the State's interest in all works of intern'il improvement, whether as a stockholder or creditor, and also the State's interest in any banking corporation, receiving in payment the bonds and registered debt now owing by the State, equal in amount to the price obtained for the State's said interest." SECTION 51, ARTICLE III.— "The personal property of residents of this State shall be subject to taxation in the county or city where the resi- dent So«54 : see Haltimore. I'irsl Maryland legiiiicnt, 184, 185. Kleete, Henry, 25. Floods, 231. Ford, John I)., 236. Fort Mifflin, 102. Fox-hunting, 69. France, ally of the colonies, 95, 1 14. possessions of, in America, 12. Frauds in elections : see Klections. Frederick, founded, 76. ransomed by Confederates, 190. Freemen, 72. Free neftroes : see Negroes. Free school, first in the colony, 47. Free schools : see Public Schools. Free-soil party, ifaj. French and Indian War, 49. Friends : see (Quakers. Frietchie, Barbara, 188. Fugilive slaves : see Slaves. Fuller, William, 33, 34. B'urniture, colonial, 66. Game, abundance of, 69. Garrett, Mary, 212. Gates, General, 105. Gazette, Maryland, 61, 82. George I . , 48. George 111., 84. Germans in Maryland, 76, 164. Gettysburg, battle of, 190. Gilman, Daniel C, 212. Gilmor, Harry, 192. Gist, Mordecai, 98, 106. Goldsborough, Robert, 87. Gorsuch, Fdward, case of, 166. Government. Slate: see State Government. (5reene, Nathaniel, 107. Guilford, battle of, loS. Gunby, Colonel, 106, no. Habeas Corpus Act, suspended, 174. Hagar, Jonathan, 77. Hagerstown, founded, 77. mentioned by Mrs. Trollope, 156. ransomed by Confederates, 190. Hanson, Alexander C., 132. Hardman, Major, in. Hawley, Jerome, 20. Hearne, Thomas. 15,43. Heathe, Richard K., 137. Henry, John, 122. Herman, .Augustine, 36. Hicks, Thomas H., 168. Home manufacturers, rise of, 128. Hood, Zachariah, 81. Hopkins, Johns, 212. Hornet, the cruiser, 114. Hospitality, 65. Household furniture : see Furniture. Houses, how built, 66. Howard, John Kager, 106, 107, 108, no, in. Howe, Sir William, 100. Hundreds, the, 30. Ibbertson's school) 221. Immigration, 168. Independence, not desired at first, 87. Maryland ct>ncurs in, 88. Declaration of, 88. Indians, friendliness of, 21, 56. raids of, 49. tribes of, 56. Inpie, Ricliard, invasion of , 26. Initiative in legislation, 31. Instructions, letter of, to Leonard Calvert, 23. Interest payments suspended, 149. resumed, 150. Invasions of Maryland by Confederate army, 187, 190. Inventions, mechanical, 168. Iron-clad oath, 179. Jackson, Stonewall, 185, 188. James I ., 15. James II., 45. Jamestown, 13, 17. Jenifer, Daniel, of St. Thomas, 122. Jesuits, 48. Jews, enfranchisement of, 146. Johns Hopkins Hospital, 212. Johns Hopkins University, 212. Johnson, Hradley T., 185, 186. Johnson, Mrs. Bradley T., 185. Johnson, Reverdy, 180. Johnson, Thomas, 92, 95. Joppa, 58. Jowles, Henry, 46. de Kalb, 95, 104, 105, 106. Kane, George 1'., 174. Kenly, John R., 174, 1S4, 186, 187. Kent Island, Claiborne's settlement on, 23. claimed by Virginia, 25. captured by Leonard Calvert, 26. Key, Francis Scott, 139. Keyscr, William, 213. Kindergarten, first, in Maryland, 221. King William School, 47, 214. Know-nothing party, 162. Lafayette, 94, nz. Lafayette, Fort, 175. Lairobe, John H. B., 215. Laws of the colony, first passed, 21. disputes as to, 31. revised, 48. Lee, Charles, 102, 103. Lee, Henry, 132. Lee, Robert K., 187, 189, 190, 192. Letter of instructions : see Instructions. Lewger, John, 31, 32. Liberia, colony of, 167. Liberty party, 167. Lights used by early settlers, 67. Lincoln, .Abraham, 16X, 173, 177. inaugural address of, 193. assassinated, 195. I.ingan, James NI., 132. Long Island, battle of, 98. 368 INDEX McCausland, John, tgo. McDonogh Institute, 2og. McDonogh, John, 209. McHenry, James, 122. McHenry, Fort, 173, 174. bombarded, 139. Manners, in colonial times, 57, 58, 61, 63, 6s, 66, 75, 77. in early nineteenth century, 153-158. Manors, old Maryland, 63. Maps, of America, 12. Map, Herman's, of Maryland, 36. Martin, Luther, 122, 165. Maryland, charter of, received by Lord I'al- timore, 19. named, 17. a palatinate, 19. compared with other English colonies, 13. purpose of its founding, 14, iS. boundaries of, 36, 37, 38. becomes a royal colony, 46. conservatism of, 87. concurs in independence, 8S. troops furnished by, in Revolution, 98, 100. refuses to join the Confederation, 119. joins the Confederation, 120. advances funds for Federal Capital, 124. opposed to secession, 168, 176. not opposed to slavery, 176. troops in Civil War, 184, 186. Maryland Agricultural College, 216. Maryland lirigade in Civil War, 186. in Mexican War, 153. Maryland 1 )ay, 2i. Maryland Historical Society, 216. Maryland Institute, 215, 235. Maryland Line, in Revolution, 103. survivors of, 1 14. Mason and Dixon's Line, 37. Massachusetts, charter of, annulled, 86. troops attacked in Baltimore, 171. opposes the embargo, 128. Mercer, Jolm Francis, 122. Merry man, John, case of, 173. Messiah, Church of, destroyed, 235. Methodist Church : see Church. Mexico, war with, 152. Mifflin, Fort, defense of, 102. Military occupation of the State, 172, 175, 195, 196. Mmority rule, 146, 197. Missionary stations broken up, 29. Money, paper : see Paper Money. Monmouth, battle of, 102. Moravian sisters, banner of, 95. Murdock, William, 82. Mynne, Anne, 15. Nanticoke Indians, 56. Naturalization, first, in Maryland, 36. Naval Ac.idemy, proposed removal of, 201. Navigation Act, 43. Negroes, free, 167. political status of, 197. vote for first time, 204. schools for, 218. Negro slaves, 74, 164, 165, 166. Nicliolson, Francis, 47. Nicholson, James, 115. Nicholson, John, 115. Nicholson, Samuel, 115. Non-importation societies, 82. Normal School, State, 218. North Point, battle of, 136. Northmen : see Vikings. Gates, Titus, Lord Baltimore warned of his plot, 43. Oath, ircm-clad, 179. ftion. Occupation, military : see Military Occupa- Old Defenders : see Defenders. Oysters, 70. Paca, William, 87, 89. Palatinate, Maryland a : see Maryland. Palmer's Island, 26. Paper money, 1 18. Papists : see Catholics. Parker, Sir Peter, 134. Pascataway Indians, 56. Peabody, George, 151, 209, 216. Peabody Institute, 209. Peggy Stewart, burning of the, 83. Penn, William, 37. Philadelphia, Congress meets at, 87. taken by British, 102. evacuated, 103. Pinkney, William, 127. Pirates, Barbary, suppressed, 125. Planters, 72. Plundering time, 26. Poe, Edgar Allan, 159. Political parties, 145 : see Democratic, etc. new, 162. Population of the twelve colonies, 49. Poitugal, possessions of, in America, 12. Post route, first, established, 62. Potomac Company, 14S. I'otomac river : see Boundaries of Province. Pratt, Isnoch, 211. Pratt, Thomas O., 151. Privateers, 1 15, 133. Products, agricultural, 70. Proprietary government overtlirown, 4^1. restored, 48. Proprietor, Lord, 19. disputes of, with colonists, 41. with the King, 44. is deposed, 46. list of, 52. Protestants, hatred of, for Catholics, iS, 23, r 32, 33.. 47- number in colony, 41. Providence, settlement of : see Annapolis. Proxies, 30. Public school system, 217-221. Pulaski, 94. Puritans, driven from Virginia, 32. take refuge in Maryland, 32. get control of government, 33. intolerance of, 33. number of in colony, 41. INDEX 369 Quakers, settle in Maryland, i$. refuse allegiance, 35. opposed to slavery, 165. Railroad, first, in Maryland, uq. Kamsay, Nathaniel, 103. Rangers, 76. Kedemptioners, 72. Reed, j'hilii), 135. Reforms in the State government, 146, 198. Registration Act of 1865, 190. repealed, 200. Remsen, Ira, 2'3. Republican party, 145, 167, 200, 204. Ridgely, Randolph, 153. Ringgold, Samuel, 152. Ringgold, 'fhonias, 82. Riots in Baltimore : see Baltimore. Roads, building of, 148. rolling, 62. Rodgers, John, 136. Rousby, Christopher, 45. St. John's College, 214. St. Mary's, settlement of, 21. growtli of, 58. capital removed from, 47. Sampson, \V'. T., 237. Santiago, battle of, 237. Schley, John 'I'homas, 76. .Schley, William, 180. Schley, Winfield Scott. 76, 237. Schools in the .State, list of, 21(1. Schools, public : see Public Schools. Seal, great, of Maryland, 27. ['4-- Searcli, right of, on American vessels, 127, Secession, Maryland opposed to, 168. in Maryland, feared by Federal govern- ment, 175. the question of, 175, 176. .Secret ballot introduced, 205. Sectional feeling, 195. Sesqui-centennial : see Baltimore. Settlements, scattered, reasons for, 57. Settlers : see Colonists. Severn, the battle of tlie, 33. Seward, Secretary, 177. Slaves, negro, in Maryland, 74, 164. importation of, forbidden, 165. fugitive, i()6. number set free in Maryland, 180. Slavery, Maryland divided on question of, 163, 1O4. abolished in District of Columbia, 176. in the Territoiies, 178. in Maryland, 179. Sniallwood, Willi.im, gS, 106. Smith, John Walter, 205. Smith, Samuel, 102, 136. Smith, Thomas, 26. Soil, 72. Sons of Liberty, 82. Southern States, Maryland classed with, 163. South Mountain, battle of, 189. Spain, possessions of in America, 12. war with, 236. Sports in colony, 69, Stamp .Act, 49, 83. repealed, 82. Stamps not allowed to be sold, 81. Star .Spangled Banner, writing of, 139. State invests in securities, 149. military occupation of : see Military ( )ccu- pation. Constitution : see Constitution. State (jovernment organized, 8g, 91. reform in, 146. States, jealousy among the, 121. Stewart, Anthony, 83, 84. Stirling, Lord, 98. Stone, Thomas, 8q. Stone, William, 30. 33. Stone, Captain William, 115. Strieker, John, 136. Strike, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 2.24. Strikes, labor, 129. .Stuyvesant, I^eter, 36. Susquehannough Indians, 26, 56. Swann, 'I'homas, 1O2, 197. Swedes, settlement of, 33. Talbot, George, 44, 45. Taney, Roger Brooke, 165, 173, 174. Taxes, not to be laid by I'arliament, 20, 44. on tea, etc.. 82. Telegraph, electric, first in America, 151. Theatre, first, in colony, 61. Thomas Wilson Sanitarium, 210. Tilghman, Kdward,82. Tilghman, Matthew, 87. Tilghman, Tench, 1 13. Tobacco, grown by all settlers, 70. used as money, 7r. trade interfered with, 43, 44. Toleration, religious, u, iS, 30. Toleration Act passed, 30. Tome Institute, 210. Tome, Jacob, 210. Tories, 100. Towns, early, 58. Towson, Nathan, 132. Trade, growth of, 124. of Baltimore, 124, 223. Tripoli, war with, 125. Troops, Federal : sec Baltimore. Maryland, in Revolution : see Maryland in Civil War : see Maryland. Union of Colonies, causes of, So. Union I'arty, Radical, 200. Conservative, 2ro. ■University of ^Iaryland, 214. Utie, Nathaniel, 35, 36. ■Vikings, II. Virginia hostile to Maryland, 21. cl.iims Kent Island, 25. disputes with, about boundary, 39. Wagner, Jacob, 131. Warren, 1 ort, 175. War with England, opposition to, 131. 870 INDEX Warficld, Charles Alexander, 83, 84. W'arfield, Edwin, 205. Washington, (ieorge.qs, 103, 122. Wasliiiigton City founded, 124. taken by the British, 136. Washington College, 214. Wasp, the cruiser, 114. Watson, William H., 153. Webster, John A., 140. Weems, Mason, case of, gj. Western lands, question of, 120. Western country, development of, 14S. Whigs, 146. White, Andrew, 2g. William and Mary, delay in proclaiming, 45. Williams, Otho H., 104, 105, 106, no, 111. Wilson, Thomas, 211. Winder, William H., 135. Women of Maryland, beauty of, 61, 156, 158. patriotism of, 1 12. Wye Hall, 66. Wyman, William, 213. O" .s'^% -^ '^■ .