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 JONATHAN PITNEY, M. D. 
 
 FIFTY YEARS OF PROGRESS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 COAST OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 PREPARED AT THE REQUEST OF 
 
 The New Jersey Historical Society, 
 
 AXD Eead at their Meeting in the City oe Newark: 
 
 May 20, 1886, 
 
 BY 
 
 EEY. ALLEN H. BROWN. 
 
 NEWARK, N, J. : 
 
 DAILY ABVEBTISEE PRINTING HOUSE. 
 
 1886. 
 
i 
 
JONATHAN PITNEY, M. D. 
 
 FIFTY YEARS OF PROGRESS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 COAST OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 prepared at the request of 
 
 The New Jersey Historical Society, 
 
 And Bead at their Meeting in the City of Newark 
 
 May 20, 1886, 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. ALLEN H. BROWN. 
 
 NEWARK, N. J. : 
 
 DAILY ADVERTISER PRINTING HOUSE. 
 
 1886. 
 

 
JONATHAN PITNEY, M. D. 
 
 It has been suggested to erect in Atlantic City a statue, or 
 a monument to the memory of Jonathan Pitney. Atlantic 
 City itself is his monument. 
 
 In a orief biographical sketch in 1848 he wrote to his son 
 thus: ''About one hundred and fifty years ago, as near as I 
 can ascertain, my great-grandfather and his brother came to 
 this country from England, to enjoy civil and religious lib- 
 erty, of which they were deprived at home. My grandfather 
 was born in Morris county. At the commencement of the 
 Eevolutionary War he was an ardent Whig. He, and a 
 preacher by the name of Kennedy, traversed the county to 
 encourage the people to resistance and the young men to en- 
 list in the cause of the country. By this means he became 
 obnoxious to the Tories, who twice plundered his house of all 
 they could carry off, and finally, in controversy with a Tory, 
 he received a blow from which he died. My maternal grand- 
 father was a soldier in the Revolutionary War at Haddonfield 
 and Red Bank, and served during the War. His brothers were 
 all soldiers; one died early at Ticonderoga. My father was too 
 young to be engaged in the service of the country in the Rev- 
 olutionary War. I was born and educated in Morris County. 
 In 1830 I removed to this county and have resided here 
 
 since." 
 
 Jonathan, the son of Shubal and Jane Pitney, was born in 
 Mendham, Morris County, New Jersey, October 29, 1797. 
 He received a part of his early education at Fairchild's 
 Academy. * 
 
 *Ezra Fairchild, at Mendham, many years ago, had a famous classical school 
 and educated many young men for Princeton. He afterwards removed Ms school 
 to Plainfleld and finally to Flushing, L. I., where he died. He was a brother of the 
 late Dr. Elias R. Fairchild, of the American and Foreign Christian Union, who died 
 at Morristown. Both were sons of Ebenezer Fairchild,who was for fifty-seven years 
 an Elder of the Presbyterian Church of Mendham, and nearly one hundred years 
 old when he died. 
 
4 JONATHAN PITNEY, M. D. 
 
 After enjoying such advantages for education as his own 
 county afforded, Mr. Pitney turned his attention to the pro- 
 fession of medicine. He prosecuted his medical studies in 
 New York, attending lectures in the medical school of Co- 
 lumbia College, where the late Dr. Valentine Mott was Pro- 
 fessor. He also studied in the office of Dr. Woodruff. After 
 his graduation he spent two years in the hospital on Staten 
 Island and then practiced a short time in and around his na- 
 tive place. In 1820, on a bright May morning, he rode into 
 Absecon on horse-back, and for the space of almost fifty years 
 tliereafter he was probably the most influential physician of 
 the county. 
 
 In 1831 (April 21st) he married Miss Caroline Fowler, an 
 amiable lady, eminent in all domestic virtues and much 
 younger than her husband. Tall in person, with a promi- 
 nent aquiline nose, with long flowing locks brushed back- 
 ward from a high forehead and enveloped in his long cloak, 
 Dr. Pitney was a man to arrest attention and inquiry. It 
 was his ambition to make his influence felt for the benefit of 
 the community in which he lived. A man of decided con- 
 victions, he was ever ready to assign reasons for his intelli- 
 gent views. With indomitable will he seldom failed to ac- 
 complish his plans. 
 
 AS A PHYSICIAN. 
 
 In old Gloucester County, before Atlantic County was 
 formed, he entered upon a practice extensive and arduous. 
 Not only was he called from one Egg Harbour Eiver to the 
 other, but oftentimes were his services required in the regions 
 beyond. The Doctor, occupying for so many years such an 
 extensive domain, regarded with rather a jealous eye any 
 encroachments upon his territory. This, of course, made 
 him rather exclusive towards other physicians who might 
 trespass thereon. His hatred of quackery, or of any sem- 
 blance thereof, was intense. Doctor Pitney's method of diag- 
 nosis was chiefly by inspection. Having studied medicine 
 prior to the days of auscultation and percussion he placed but 
 little reliance upon them; but every feature or expression 
 that appealed to the eye had its significance with him, and he 
 rarely gave it a wrong interpretation. 
 
FIFTY years' progress IN SOUTH JERSEY. 
 
 CIVIL LIFE. 
 
 lu civil life lie was honored by his fellow-citizens with im- 
 portant positions. In 1837, living more than fifty miles from 
 the comity seat, he had much to do with the division of 
 Gloucester County and the erection of its eastern half into 
 the county of Atlantic. 
 
 At the first meeting of the Board of Chosen Freeholders of 
 the new county, held at May's Landing May 10, 1837, Jona- 
 than Pitney, one of the two representatives from Galloway 
 Township, was elected the first Director of the Board and 
 was sent to Trenton to receive the surplus revenue which was 
 apportioned to this county by the State. For many years he 
 was the Postmaster at Absecon. 
 
 In 1844 he was the delegate of Atlantic County to the con- 
 vention which sat in Trenton from the 14th day of May to 
 the 29th day of June to frame the Constitution of the State 
 of New Jersey. In that convention Burlington County had 
 five delegates, Essex County had seven; but Hudson, Cape 
 May and Atlantic Counties were entitled each to only one 
 delegate. Jonathan Pitney wa§ the honored delegate from 
 Atlantic County and served on the committee on the " Ex- 
 ecutive Department," having as his associates on the same 
 committee, Joseph C. Hornblower, Eobert S. Kennedy, 
 George H. Brown, A. Parsons, Martin Ryerson, and E. P. 
 Thompson. (See Journal of the Proceedings, 1844, p. 43).* 
 
 In 1848 Dr. Pitney was nominated by the Democratic 
 party, of which he was a life-long advocate, as Eepresentative 
 to Congress from the First Congressional District. He failed 
 of election, however, and among the causes of this failure 
 was i:he reluctance of the people of his county to part with 
 his services. Many voted against him simply because they 
 would rather have him at home as a physician than at Wash- 
 ington as a legislator. 
 
 *In a family Bible he made tliis record: " Jonathan Pitney's. Bought with money 
 received for pay as a member of the Conveution that formed the new Constitution 
 of New Jersey. July 3rd, 1844." 
 
JONATHAN PITNEY, M. D. 
 
 WRECKS AND LIGHT-HOUSE. 
 
 From November 27, 1844, to December 8, 1865, Dr. Pit- 
 ney, as Notary Public, received the protests of captains, 
 whose vessels had been wrecked. Among his official papers 
 are now found the data of about seventy-eight vessels wrecked 
 during the above-mentioned period. All these protests or 
 affidavits mention the names of the vessel and the captain or 
 master; tlie port of departure and the destination; the date of 
 the wreck and the extent of the damage or the probability of 
 total loss. More extended affidavits by the crew give a full 
 and interesting account of the disaster to nine vessels, viz. : 
 
 1. The .Schooner Baltimore, Captain Samuel Jarvis, of 
 Newark, N. J., "capsized May 12th, 1840, on her voyage 
 from Newark to Pliiladelphia, and has since drifted ashore 
 on Absecon Beach, wliere she now lies." 
 
 2. The Schooner William Young, Captain William Somors 
 wrecked on Peck's Beach February 1st, 184G. 
 
 3. Schooner Yazoo, of Baltimore, Md., Caj)tain Wm. 11. 
 Harrison, March 25th, 1847, struck on the north bar of Ab- 
 secon Inlet. All hands lashed to the rail to prevent being 
 washed overboard. 
 
 4. Schooner Margaret and Elizabeth, of New York, 
 wrecked on the bar of Absecon Inlet January 7th, 1847. 
 
 5. Brig Potapsco, of Boston, Mass., wrecked and stranded 
 September 28th, 1847, on the south bar of Absecon Inlet. 
 Got off on the 30th and brought into tlie inlet. 
 
 6. Brig L'Orient, of Newburyport, Mass., driven ashore 
 and stranded October 7th, 1847. 
 
 7. Schooner Village Belle, December 22d, 1853. 
 
 8. Barque S. J. Eoberts, of Providence, R. I., from Mar- 
 seilles, France, cast ashore Februarv 22d, 1854, on the south 
 bar. 
 
 9. Schooner Mari:i, of London, cast ashore March 8tli, 
 1855. 
 
 Tlie manuscripts give extended accounts of the loss of the 
 above-named vessels, attested by the crews. 
 
 One of the most heart-rending disasters uj)on our coast oc- 
 
FIFTY years' progress IN SOUTH JERSEY. 7 
 
 ciirred on April 16fch, 1854, when the ship Powhattan, on a voy- 
 age from Havre to New York, with two hundred and fifty of 
 the better class of German emigrants, was driven ashore in a 
 northeast storm. One narrative says that, including the 
 crew, three hundred and eleven lives were lost, and it is not 
 known that one escaped. Scores of dead bodies came ashore 
 upon Brigantine, Long Beach and Absecon Beach. The 
 knowledge thus gained of so great danger and loss of life, as 
 well as of property, prompted the philanthropic Doctor and 
 otliors to urge upon Congress the erection of a light-house. 
 
 Between 1834 and 1840 the proposal had been agitated, and 
 encountered much prejudice.* After a great expenditure of 
 trouble and money, a Congressional appropriation of 15,000 
 was at last voted upon the proviso that a satisfactory report 
 should first be made by a competent official of the Navy De- 
 partment. Commodore La Vallette was commissioned to 
 make the aforesaid report. He visited the beach; examined 
 the coast and requested a letter from Dr. Pitney on the sub- 
 ject. In this letter Dr. Pitney explained his own original 
 notion of prismatic lights. Notwithstanding the exertions of 
 the Doctor, the Commodore made an unfavorable report, and 
 the light house project slept for several years. 
 
 The Doctor was not disheartened by his first failure. In 
 1853, after the railroad had been surveyed, he started the 
 ligiit-liouse question again. With his own hands he circu- 
 lated petitions for signatures, and wrote to Congressmen and 
 jiul^lished articles in the newspapers advocating the project. 
 The disaster of the Powhattan, only a few months later, must 
 have stimulated every friend of humanity. The result of 
 these labors was the granting of an appropriation of $35,000 
 for a light-house and an additional one of $5,000 for a buoy. 
 Thus, Atlantic has to-day one of the best light-houses in tlie 
 country, which, with later improvements, cost upwards of 
 $50,000 in the aggregate. The buoy, however, lias disap- 
 peared. The light is classed as first order; fixed white light, 
 one hundred and sixty-seven feet high. The tower was first 
 illuminated in January, 1857, nearly three years after the loss 
 of the Powhattan. 
 
 * See History of Atlantic City, pages 61 and 62. 
 
8 JONATHAN PITNEY, M. D. 
 
 Since the erection of Absecon light, comparatively few- 
 wrecks have occurred, and with the additional life-saving ser- 
 vice few lives have been lost. 
 
 CAMDEN AND ATLANTIC RAILKOAD AND ATLANTIC CITY. 
 
 The last public service of Dr. Pitney, as the prime origi- 
 nator of a railroad across the salt meadows to the sea, together 
 witli all its actual and far-reaching possible results, seems to 
 sur])ass in importance all that went before. It was his ambi- 
 tion not to live in vain; his puri:)ose, to benefit his fellow-citi- 
 zens. It is not here claimed that the construction of the 
 Camden and Atlantic railroad, and consequently the erection 
 of Atlantic City, were duo to him alone; Init more to him 
 than to any other one person. The credit of all great works 
 must be distributed. In obtaining the charter, and after- 
 wards also, Dr. Pitney was efficiently aided by his neighbor, 
 Gen. Enoch Doughty, an extensive land-owner of Atlantic 
 county. They soon enlisted Joseph Porter, Andrew K. Hay, 
 Tliomas Richards, William Coffin, W. Dwight Bell, Stephen 
 Colwell and others, who owned glass factories, iron furnaces 
 or large tracts of land, through which the new railroad would 
 pass. 
 
 '' In the words of another,* *' There seems to be little doubt 
 that Dr. Pitney was the real founder of Atlantic City — the 
 spirit that first appreciated its wonderful curative powers, 
 and placed effectively before capitalists its attractions as a 
 watering place — dryness of atmosphere, bathing facilities, 
 gunning, lishing and sailing privileges, with its ju'cximity to 
 Philadelphia. It had long been known to a few, who had 
 struggled through bush and sand, with slow-going teams, as 
 a great health lift; but to the multitude it was known, if 
 known ;it all, as a lonely region, so inaccessible and remote 
 from the line of the march of empire, as to be seemingly se- 
 cure from the intrusion of iiopulation and totally lieyond the 
 reach of man's transforming energy. But Dr. Pitney was 
 often called to the island in the discharge of his i)rofessional 
 
 * History of Atlantic City, p. 45, by A. L. EhkHsIi, 1S84. 
 
FIFTY years' progress IN SOUTH JERSEY. 9 
 
 duties, and never missed an o])2Jortunity of strolling along the 
 beach to breathe the exhilarating air that then swept in from 
 the sea. He marked the continuous chain of sand hills, that 
 then ran along the beach just above high tide line, which was 
 then about one hundred feet south of what is now Pacific 
 avenue, and recognized what a charming place it would be 
 for summer homes. A desire sprang up in his breast to 
 make the delectable spot accessible to the great business cen- 
 tres of the Union, and more particularly to Philadelphia. 
 Imbued with a firm faith in its immense value as a seaside 
 resort, he saw that railway communication only was necessary 
 to cause the waste place to blossom as the rose. His faith 
 was strong and his enthusiasm correspondingly great. * * 
 The Doctor first made known his determination to organize 
 a railroad company to General Doughty of Absecon, who 
 zealously seconded his effort." 
 
 Their first attempts to obtain a charter met some opposition 
 and delay. Later, the Doctor went to Trenton himself, and 
 after a contest, the necessary legislation was procured on the 
 19th of March, 1852. 
 
 Some of the chiefs of railroads of that day, who afterwards 
 strenuously opposed the Air Line railroad, withdrew their 
 opposition to the charter of this Atlantic road, because they 
 did not believe that it would ever be constructed. Who, 
 said tliey, who ever heard of a railroad with only one end ? 
 After unexpected difficulties and delays, the road was opened 
 for passenger traffic on July 4, 1854. The results of the con- 
 struction of that pioneer road are not to be measured, nor 
 limited by its own immediate success; nor even by the build- 
 ing up of a new city, with two other competing parallel rail- 
 roads, running from Philadelphia to the new city by the sea. 
 
 By shortening the time and increasing the facilities of 
 transi)ortation; by stimulating the construction of other rail- 
 roads; by opening to settlement large tracts of land, which 
 had been practically inaccessible; by the increase of popula- 
 tion; by the enhanced value of property; by all these results, 
 the system of railroad enteriirise which was thus inaugurated 
 and proveu to be possible along the coast, has revolutionized 
 that portion of New Jersey. 
 
10 JONATHAN PITNEY, M. D. 
 
 RAILROAD PROGRESS. 
 
 The sea-coast from Sandy Hook to Cape May was well 
 known to our brave watermen, who there had their homes 
 and there built vessels for the coasting trade. But to reach 
 these homes overland, from the chief cities, by the slow-going 
 stage-wagon, consumed a day and a good part of the night. 
 Now, every important point is accessible in from two to four 
 hours, and express trains with parlor cars run from the Dela- 
 ware river to Atlantic City in ninety minutes or less. 
 
 Thirty-three years ago, the only railroad running in the 
 southern half of New Jersey was the New York line from 
 Camden, via Bordentown to South Amboy. Its branch of 
 eleven and a half miles, from Jamesburg to Freehold, was 
 opened July 18, 1853, only one year before the Camden and 
 Atlantic. Now, more than five hundred miles of road have 
 been constructed, covering the land with a network of rails, 
 to Penns Grove, Salem, Bridgeton, Bay Side, Port Norris, 
 Cape May, and all along the coast. 
 
 It was not difficult to construct a road over the fertile lands 
 of Monmouth; nor through the sandy pines; but it was a 
 problem how to construct a road which could withstand the 
 storm tides and the ocean's waves rolling over many miles of 
 salt meadows and submerging the tracks. " Most of the old 
 settlers of that section opposed the scheme, and doubted the 
 practicability of the project. Quite a number said that it 
 would be absolutely impossible to get a train of cars across 
 the meadows." 
 
 The difficult problem having been solved successfully by 
 the Camden and Atlantic company, the example has been fol- 
 lowed under similar conditions to Holly Beach and Anglesea, 
 Sea Isle and Ocean City, Long Port, Beach Haven and Bar- 
 negat City, Seaside Park, Berkley Arms and Mantoloking; 
 while without the crossing of meadows. Bay Head, Point 
 Pleasant, Brielle, Sea Girt, Manasquan, Villa Park, Spring- 
 Lake, Como, Ocean Beach, Key East, Ocean Grove, Asbury 
 Park, Deal Beach, Elberon, Holly Wood, West End, Long 
 Branch, Monmouth Beach, Sea Bright, Highhinds and Atlan- 
 tic Highlands, are more easily accessible by many trains from 
 the north, as well as from the south. 
 
FIFTY years' progress IN SOUTH JERSEY. 11 
 
 LANDS OPENED TO SETTLERS. 
 
 Lands, which were held in large tracts by the owners of 
 iron furnaces and, ghiss factories, were doubly closed to the 
 settler and, for agricultural purposes, were despised. Having 
 now become accessible and better known, they are more high- 
 ly appreciated for productiveness as well as for healthfulness. 
 In producing heavy grain they may not compete with western 
 farms at the present low rates of transportation; but for the 
 cultivation of fruit and everything which grows upon a vine, 
 and as market gardens for neighboring cities, many of these 
 lands, under judicious, intelligent and industrioiis cultivation 
 are well adapted. If any are skeptical, let them visit and sue 
 for themselves Hammonton, Egg Harbor City and Vineland; 
 each with their thousands of inhabitants who have lately 
 turned the wilderness into a garden. Gradually, the remain- 
 ing large estates must be brought into the market for iiidus- 
 trious settlers; the valuable water-powers, now idle, will be 
 utilized for manufacturing purposes, as in other places,* and 
 and by all causes combined the population must increase in 
 the future more rapidly than in the past. 
 
 INCREASE OF POPULATION. 
 
 The effect of railroads upon population is i)atent. The 
 prosperous settlements last mentioned, with their thousands 
 of people, are upon lands which only a few years ago were 
 covered with timber, where the hunter })ursued tlie fox and 
 the rabbit, or the deer and the bear. Taking tlie four coun- 
 ties, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic and Cape May, which lie 
 along the sea, and omitting for the present the eastern town- 
 ships of Burlington County, which extends from the Dela- 
 ware Eiver to the ocean, the population of those four coun- 
 ties in 1850, before they had any railroad, was 55,739, and 
 in 1885, 111,010; an increase of 100 per cent, in 35 years. 
 At the same rate of increase, their population doubling in 35 
 
 * e. g., MilMlle and May's Landing. 
 
 I 
 
12 JONATHAN PITNEY, M. D. 
 
 yeurs will be 233,020. But wliou we take into account the 
 recent more rapidly accelerating rate of increase, and then 
 add the eastern townships of Burlington County, it is not 
 impossible and it does not seem unreasonable to anticipate, 
 without counting summer visitors, that the permanent popu- 
 lation of the shore counties, which was in 1850 about 60,000, 
 may increase by the year 1900 to a quarter of a million. 
 
 POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 
 
 1850 18G0 1880 1885 
 
 Moninouth 30.313 39,340 55,538 62,324 
 
 Ocean ..-10,032 11,176 14,455 15,586 
 
 Atlantic 8,961 11,786 18,704 22,356 
 
 Cape May - - - - - 6,433 7, 130 9,765 10,744 
 
 55,739 09.438 98,462 111,010 
 Burlington 43,203 49,730 55.402 57,558 
 
 POPULATION OF THE STATE. 
 
 1790 1820 1850 1860 1880 1885 
 
 184,139 277,420 489,555 672,035 1,131,116 1,278,033 
 
 ENHANCED VALUE OF PKOPERTY. 
 
 As to the enhanced value of lands, especially of sea-side 
 sands, wliicli were once regarded as " Littleworth," we are 
 not left wliolly to conjecture. It is published that Dr. Pit- 
 nev purchased for the C^amden and Atlantic llailroad or the 
 Land Company, two hundred acres, now embracing the cen- 
 (rc of Atlantic City, for seventeen dollars an acre. Many a 
 building lot in that city now commands double the price 
 which was ))aid for those two hundred acres. The assessed 
 valuation of property, and usually below the actual value, 
 was for Atlantic City in 1885, $2,602,312.50. 
 
 Asbury Park affords another illustration of enhanced value. 
 In 1869 it was assessed at $15,000, and in 1885 at nearly two 
 millions. Ocean Grove also might report similar progress, 
 while beyond, at Elberon, Holly Wood, Long Branch, Mon- 
 mouth Beach and Sea Bright, numerous palatial residences 
 are of the most costly style. 
 
FIFTY years' PKOGRESS IN SOUTH JERSEY. 13 
 
 Standing sometimes at the mouth of a mighty river as it 
 empties into the sea, we do not forget that many confluent 
 streams have combined to make the flood of waters, and yet 
 it is interesting to trace the main stream to its source and to 
 find the little spring or fountain from which it started. So, 
 too, as we contemplate the marvelous results of the combina- 
 tion of railroads in South Jersey, pouring their traffic to the 
 ocean, we cannot forget that the Camden and Atlantic was 
 the pioneer, the first to cross the State to the ocean, 
 and that Dr. Jonathan Pitney was one chief originator 
 of that enterprise and that he came from the hills of Morris 
 County. 
 
 IN CONCLUSION. 
 
 To him a fellow- practitioner bears this testimony: "Dr. 
 Pitney was a prominent man in all the interests of the 
 county. His plans for its agricultural and material develop- 
 ment were wide and far-seeing. He took a warm interest in 
 education and had l)een for many years trustee of his school 
 district. The cause of religion found in him ever a prompt 
 and liberal supporter. As a man, he was benevolent and 
 kind, hospitable and social. He was possessed of an indom- 
 itable will and energy, and acuteness of intellect and orig- 
 inality, and depth of thought. His knowledge was wide and 
 extensive in various branches of science; although medicine 
 was his favorite study, which never lost attraction while life 
 lasted. In all the recent advances in the theory or practice 
 of medicine he was well versed. For two years, declining 
 health confined him to his house, and after the gradual de- 
 cline of consumption he died on Saturday morning, August 
 7th, 1869, in his seventy-second year, leaving a widow and 
 two sons."* 
 
 Before bidding farewell to the subject some may ask, what 
 were Dr. Pitney's religious views? Possibly to the asperities 
 and slandersf which too often disgrace political strifes, we are 
 indebted for the little autobiography which was quoted at the 
 beginning. That manuscript of October 3, 1848, thus ad- 
 
 *See Somer's Medical History of Atlantic Connty, pp- 9 and 10. 
 tSome political enemy had charged that he was an infidel. 
 
14 JONATHAN PITNEY, M. D. 
 
 dressed his son, then in his eleventh year: " Dear Son — 
 To correct some errors concerning myself perhaps it may 
 be best to write you a small sketch of our family history. 
 (And after giving the above account of his ancestors, adds): 
 I was brought up in the doctrines and discipline of the Pres- 
 byterian church, and still think them right. Upwards of 
 twenty years ago I joined the Gloucester County Bible So- 
 ciety. Last winter, I became a member of the Atlantic 
 County Bible Society, and on the nomination of Mr. Louden- 
 slager, the Methodist preacher of the circuit, was elected 
 President of the Atlantic County Bible Society, which ofhce 
 I still hold. As to my political opinions, I adopt the Balti- 
 more Convention Platform." To us, now, his religious opin- 
 ions are more important than his political. From the time 
 that a Presbyterian missionary, exploring tlie county, found 
 him in 1847, bis house was ever open to the traveling minis- 
 ters of that cliurch. For several years he paid the rent of a 
 hall for religious worship, and was a constant attendant, and 
 later was a trustee of the church. Once lie remarked, ''There 
 is a good deal of the Quaker in me. I have often enjoyed 
 Friends' meeting as mu( h as any other." Probably he meant 
 that, to his apprcliension, religion was a question between a 
 man's own soul and his Creator, and that the inner experience 
 was more important than tlie outward expression. While we 
 regret that he was not a professing member of any visible 
 church, yet in connection with a marked change in his later 
 life, there is consolation in the recollection that his dying 
 testimony, the last utterance of his lips, was in these words: 
 "Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death 
 I will fear no evil; for thou art with me; thy rod and thy 
 staff they comfort me." 
 
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