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 en of Mark in America 
 
 Ideals of American Life told in Biographies 
 of Eminent Living Americans 
 
 MERRILL E. GATES, LL.D., L. H . D. 
 
 Editor-in-Chief 
 
 Volume I 
 
 With an opening chapter on 
 
 AMERICAN IDEALS 
 
 By Edward Everett Hale, S.T.D., LL.D. 
 
 MEN OF MARK PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 1905 
 
PUBLISHERS' PREFACE 
 
 Good biography is entertaining literature. The personal element 
 in it insures for it interest and influence. Standard collections of 
 brief biographies are indispensable as books of reference and are most 
 stimulating reading for young people in the public library and in the 
 
 home. 
 
 The opening of new fields of activity with the broadening of our 
 national life has increased the number of men whose names are 
 brought prominently before the American public. New collections 
 P^bf biography are needed at comparatively brief intervals. 
 
 "Men of Mark in America" is a series of volumes, national in its 
 scope, and marked by certain new features which the publishers 
 believe give to it exceptional value. In collecting the material for 
 these biographies the publishers have secured an autobiographical 
 element which gives vital and personal interest to the work. Expect- 
 ing to make these volumes a source of inspiration and encouragement 
 to readers who love and believe in our American ideals, and especially 
 to the young, we have requested the subject of each biography to 
 describe briefly his surroundings in childhood and youth; to mention 
 any difficulties which he was obliged to overcome; to indicate the 
 influences which awakened his ambition and strengthened his power 
 of achievement; to tell his readers by what methods of study and work 
 he has been enabled to reach his present position of usefulness and 
 honor. But no man has been asked or allowed to write his own 
 biography. We have also asked for brief suggestions to young 
 readers regarding principles to be adopted and plans to be followed 
 by the young if they would make their lives effective. Our editorial 
 writers by incorporating these facts, counsels and suggestions into 
 
ii publishers' preface 
 
 the biographies, have given, we believe, exceptional value and interest 
 to the work. In some cases where no material was furnished by the 
 subject of the sketch, the biography is necessarily less full. 
 
 The first and the second (the "Washington") volumes contain 
 for the most part names of men whose life-work has been national in 
 its import and connects itself naturally with our National Capital, 
 or who are actual residents of Washington. Succeeding volumes will 
 contain biographies of eminent men from all parts of the United 
 States. 
 
 The selection of names has been carefully made, and in every case 
 has been approved by the Advisory Board whose names appear on a 
 following page. The members of this Board were chosen by the 
 publishers in advance. The appearance of biographies of the 
 Advisory Board in these volumes is due not to their own vote 
 and approval, but to the insistent wish of the publishers. 
 
 " Men of Mark in America" is for the most part made up of biog- 
 raphies of men who are now in active life, to whom the country is 
 indebted for its progress in the last half century. We particularly 
 note the work of the younger men who have become prominent in 
 the development of the nation into a "world-power" within the last 
 decade. 
 
 The introductory essay by that most deservedly popular literary 
 exponent of "true Americanism," Edward Everett Hale, author of 
 "The Man Without a Country," illustrates the hope and the purpose 
 of the publishers in bringing out this series of volumes. For the 
 second volume, Hamilton W. Mabie, the distinguished essayist and 
 editor, has prepared an introductory essay upon "American Ideals 
 in Literature." 
 
 The selection and approval of names for this list of biographies 
 has been made with reference to the achievements and the character 
 of the men whose biographies have been written. 
 
 Men of Mark Publishing Company, 
 
 December 15, 1905. Washington, D. C 
 

 
 MEN OF MARK IN AMERICA 
 
 6 
 
 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, 
 Merrill E. Gates, LL.D., L.H.D. 
 
 ADVISORY BOARD 
 
 Edwin A. Alderman, LL.D. 
 President Tulane University. 
 
 ♦Gen. Henry V. Botnton 
 Chairman of Chicamauga and Chattanooga 
 National Military Park Commission. 
 
 Hon. David J. Brewer, LL.D. 
 
 Associate Justice United States 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 Merrill E. Gates, LL.D., L.H.D. 
 Ex-President Amherst College. 
 
 Hon. Ellis H. Roberts, LL.D. 
 Treasurer of the United States. 
 
 Josiah Strong, D.D. 
 
 President Institute Social Service; 
 
 Author of "Our Country." 
 
 Hon. Henry Litchfield West 
 Commissioner District of Columbia. 
 
 Gen. John M. Wilson, LL.D. 
 Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., Retired. 
 
 Carroll D. Wright, Ph.D., LL.D. 
 
 Formerly Commissioner of Labor, 
 President of Clark College. 
 
 Gen. Marcus J. Wright 
 
 War Department 
 
 President Southern History Association. 
 
 ♦General Boynton died while Volumes I and II were in course of preparation. 
 
 Volumes I and II contain biographies of men who are most prominently identi- 
 fied with the great political, educational and public interests which center at the 
 National Capital, and of its leading residents. In the following volumes eminent 
 men in all parts of the country will be represented. 
 
 In order that this representation may be complete the Advisory Board has been 
 enlarged. In addition to those already named the following eminent men have con- 
 sented to serve in the same capacity for the succeeding volumes: 
 
 Francis E. Clark, D.D. 
 
 Founder and President United Society 
 of Christian Endeavor. 
 
 Franklin H. Head, LL.D. 
 
 of Chicago. 
 
 David Starr Jordan, LL.D. 
 
 President Leland Stanford Jr. 
 
 University. 
 
 Charles D. McIver, LL.D., Litt.D. 
 
 President of North Carolina Normal and 
 Industrial College. 
 
 Hon. William J. Northen, LL.D. 
 Ex-Governor of Georgia. 
 
 William H. Payne, LL.D. 
 of the University of Michigan. 
 
 Hon. Oscar S. Straus, LL.D., L.H.D. 
 
 Ex-United States Minister to Turkey. 
 
 Charles F. Thwing, D.D., LL.D. 
 
 President Western Reserve University. 
 
 Gen. Joseph Wheeler, LL.D. 
 of Alabama. 
 
 ill 
 
AMERICAN IDEALS 
 
 After the first settlements of the American colonies it was 
 natural that the fathers should look to Europe, and especially to 
 England, for their examples and inspirations. The illustrations in 
 physical matters are curious, sometimes amusing. When the com- 
 fortably rich gentlemen of Boston wanted to plant trees on their 
 Common which they had reserved to feed their cows upon and for a 
 training field, they sent for English elms to England and planted 
 them. Since that day Michaux has pronounced the American elm 
 to be the monarch of the vegetable world, as it is. But as Mr. 
 Everett says, "Our fathers were Englishmen," and it never occurred 
 to them that they could make a perfect avenue, like the nave of a 
 cathedral, of the trees which they could bring from Muddy Brook, 
 within two miles of their Common. 
 
 Here was the same notion which had tempted poor Winthrop 
 to ask that men with halberds might go before him when he went to 
 the General Court. In that case the people showed that they were 
 already breathing American air, by refusing to vote him the halberds. 
 It is in just the same way that for the older public buildings of the 
 United States, marbles were imported from Europe; and it was only 
 in the last half of the nineteenth century that we found we had for 
 most purposes better marbles at home. 
 
 In precisely the same spirit every other novelty here had to 
 begin with European patrons. And that is a distinct step forward 
 and upward which is observed when we begin to do things in our own 
 way. A good instance is the advertisement of a Connecticut pin 
 maker who used to put up his pins with the inscription that described 
 him as "pin maker to the universe" where his English rival called 
 himself " pin maker to the Prince Regent." 
 
 v 
 
Yl AMERICAN IDEALS 
 
 In government the distinction between the feudal system 
 asserts itself in some curious detail as well as in the largest adminis- 
 tration. For instance, to a very recent period the English govern- 
 ment forbade the people of certain districts in Ireland to have fire- 
 arms in their houses without a license from headquarters. 
 
 On the other hand, in the democratic government of most of the 
 English colonies, every citizen was required by law from the first to 
 have a gun, flints and bullets, or in the earlier days, match for 
 matchlocks. In the old theory of government the ruling class sup- 
 posed that it could forbid the teaching of reading and writing to such 
 and such persons. In a democratic government, on the other hand, 
 education in all elementary branches is compulsory. 
 
 I shall not travel far from my subject if I remind the reader that 
 it was well-nigh a hundred years after the first emigration from 
 Europe before the new Americans found out how essentially different 
 is the American climate from that of England or from that of western 
 Europe. The first adventures after Columbus's discovery were in 
 regions nearly tropical. And when Virginia was settled, even when 
 the Pilgrims arrived in New England, the settlers had the impression 
 that they had come into a region much warmer than they had left 
 behind. Its summers were warmer. They took the natural impres- 
 sion that the climate of the world virtually follows the lines of the 
 tropics and the parallels of latitude. What we now know of climate 
 and of meteorology has been the slow discovery of two hundred 
 years. 
 
 The ignorance in America of the climate in which men and 
 women were living appears in various ways. Years of habits and 
 customs of the new people had to modify themselves in changes from 
 those of England. Food changed, dress changed, and even language 
 changed. New words were added to the English language as the new 
 requisitions suggested. They were borrowed from the Spanish, the 
 French, or Indian languages, as might happen. There are many 
 instances in the diaries and letters of the first generation in New 
 
AMERICAN IDEALS VH 
 
 England which show the surprise of the writers that they found them- 
 selves drinking the water of the brooks while their brothers in Eng- 
 land were drinking beer. Ultimately the use of beer as a familiar 
 beverage died out in New England and its use there now comes not 
 from English habits, but from those of Germany. 
 
 It is to be observed again that the Thirteen Colonies which made 
 the United States of America were practically republics from the very 
 beginning. There were certain English formalities in legislation or 
 in the appointment of officers. But these were independent repub- 
 lics before the Declaration of Independence. Indeed, that Declara- 
 tion declares what was already existing, and virtually speaks of the 
 existing condition of affairs as resting upon rights which they had 
 always asserted. 
 
 In 1675 the New England colonists were at war with King Philip 
 and the Indians, actually for their existence. The real question was 
 whether the Indians should sweep them into the sea or not. The 
 forces were about equal. After it was over some of their friends in 
 England asked them why they did not appeal to England for assist- 
 ance. The reply showed very distinctly that they regarded them- 
 selves as an independent state. The colony of Massachusetts would 
 not have applied to England for powder or bullets, far less for troops, 
 any more than it would have applied to France or to Spain. It was 
 with the greatest reluctance, indeed, that they received a governor 
 from England at the end of that century. They took care to show 
 him that he was their servant, and not their master. When Lord 
 Bellomont was attending on a sermon preached before the General 
 Court of Massachusetts, he said to Lady Bellomont, "You must 
 remember, my dear, that these gentlemen give us our bread." This 
 was seventy-five years before the Revolution; and that was, indeed, 
 the position of the royal governor — that he must consider first his 
 dependence upon the people and make his dependence upon the king 
 fall in with it if he could. 
 
 Such are a few of the conditions, perhaps the most important, 
 
Vlll AMERICAN IDEALS 
 
 which made in two hundred years an absolute distinction between 
 Americans and Europeans, between American habits and European 
 habits, between American government and European government, 
 between the commercial customs and methods of one continent and 
 those of the other. 
 
 Under the feudal system which obtained in Europe, the king, 
 or emperor, or other sovereign, had certain relations with the nobility 
 which were definitely understood. They constituted the basis of 
 legislation, of ceremony, and of domestic life. Similar conditions 
 existed in the intercourse between these noblemen and the next class, 
 which in England was the class of land holders who held under their 
 noblemen and as superior to vassals, not to say serfs. The distinction 
 between four and five and six classes was as much established at law 
 as is the distinction between the captain of a ship and a seaman 
 before the mast. It was no mere matter of title — duke, marquis, 
 baron, baronet, sir, Mr.,goodman — the people in one of those classes 
 had certain rights, so-called, which the people in "lower classes" did 
 not have. 
 
 All this fell off and went to the winds as soon as the duties and 
 necessities of the new settlement called upon all the settlers. If they 
 were attacked by Indians in a frontier village, everybody had to join 
 in the defense. Everybody must have a gun; he must have so much 
 powder and so many yards of match and everybody must turn out 
 at a moment's notice. This condition still exists virtually. Each 
 State may and does call upon every man now to serve in the militia 
 and when occasionally the national government chooses, it calls upon 
 every man between the ages of eighteen and forty-five to go into 
 service under a conscription. The reader of these lines does not 
 perhaps know it, but if he shall be in the street when a house is on 
 fire, the officer in charge of extinguishing the fire may order the reader 
 to take a leading hose into an attic or to carry up the ladder to the 
 roof tree — to do any duty connected with it, and the reader will have 
 to obey. 
 
AMERICAN IDEALS IX 
 
 The writers bred in feudal countries furnish about half of our 
 daily literature. Such men and women do not know the real basis 
 of half our institutions. But more than half of those institutions 
 are based upon these necessities of early times. The people who 
 settled Virginia or Massachusetts or New Hampshire, from the very 
 nature of the case, had to work together. If they built a meeting 
 house, all of them had to join in framing it, in raising the frame, in 
 shingling it, and in making the highway which led to it. All of them 
 joined in. When there came a herd or school of whales, all the neigh- 
 bors had to turn out for their store of oil, and did. So it came of 
 course, one does not say it happened — it came of course — that when 
 the people who had built that meeting house had to name the minis- 
 ter who should conduct its services, they all of them voted in that 
 matter; and though it were not of course, it did fall out that when 
 fifty or sixty of them built a ship and went to sea to hunt whales 
 "in both oceans," all of the people who assisted in this enterprise 
 were considered, whether in its profits or in its failures — each man 
 had his "lay" — the captain more, the cook least, but they acted 
 together. What followed was that the boy who served as scullion 
 when he was ten years old, might be the captain in a ship when he 
 was thirty. Scullion or captain, he was part of the concern, a differ- 
 ential, the mathematicians would say, but a differential from which 
 you could calculate an infinite orbit. 
 
 Many other things followed which were utterly un-European. 
 There had to be a lighthouse built, perhaps at the opening of Boston 
 Harbor, perhaps on the highlands of Staten Island, perhaps at the 
 mouth of Chesapeake Bay, or at the top finger nail of the arm of 
 Cape Cod. In England, in Denmark, or on the Rhine, such a light- 
 house would have been built by the feudal lord who owned the head- 
 land. He would have exacted toll from everybody who passed and 
 what was worse, he would have collected it. In America, on the 
 other hand, from the very beginning, the People built the lighthouse, 
 provided the lamps, took care of the lighthouse from hour to hour. 
 
X AMERICAN IDEALS 
 
 The poorest lad of eighteen who paid his tax into the town treasury- 
 had his share in maintaining the commerce of the state and of the 
 nation, and to this day it is so. In Europe, almost to our day, the 
 profits of the Post Office were paid to whatever favorite of power 
 had received the Post Office Patent, Heaven knows when, which 
 permitted him to carry the mails and collect the postage — Thurn 
 and Taxes, for instance. A similar monopoly of salt was one of the 
 plums which Charles Second or James Second could drop into the 
 mouth of a sweetheart or other flatterer. In America, on the other 
 hand, from the beginning, the people had understood that the bene- 
 fits of the mail accrue to the People and that the People must pay the 
 charges of the mail though this charge be more or less, whether the 
 receipts for the mail are greater than the charges or no. 
 
 This all means universal suffrage. It would be hard to find who 
 first introduced universal suffrage into the written constitutions of 
 America. But it does not appear in direct statement very early. It 
 may be doubted if a tenth part of the members of the Continental 
 Congress, for instance, had looked squarely in the face the question 
 whether the ballot should be given to every man who paid a tax, as 
 it is given now. 
 
 But the theory of universal suffrage was in the air. You could 
 not make every man serve in your train bands and die by a bullet 
 from King Philip, and then say that if he escaped he should not share 
 in the government which ordered him hither and thither. In the 
 New England States, in the Revolution, there was no universal suf- 
 frage, but every man in the valley of the Connecticut River had to 
 carry his gun in the levy which went out against Burgoyne, unless he 
 were more than fifty-five years old. When these men came home 
 you could not long tell them that they had no right to the ballot. 
 And from those early days down the disposition has appeared every- 
 where to give the ballot to everyone who could carry arms. 
 
 The monarchical writers and, indeed, the theorists of whatever 
 kind, are very bitter about this. Such people as Mr. Matthew Arnold 
 
AMERICAN IDEALS XI 
 
 and Mr. Thomas Carlyle ridicule it. The old Dutch Governor in 
 Irving's Knickerbocker said he would not give his watch to be 
 mended by a shoemaker; and asked why he should give the much 
 more intricate machinery of the state into the same hands. In an 
 insidious way, the Middle Age writers, who may be numbered by the 
 thousands to-day, talk about the government of the best being better 
 than the government of the people. But universal suffrage among 
 the People who trust to it does not pretend to a knowledge of the last 
 sweet patents in the science of administration. 
 
 What universal suffrage proposes is, first, Peace among the 
 people; and this it secures. At the end of an election, be it in the 
 City of New York, or be it anywhere among the forty-five States, the 
 defeated party knows that it is defeated by a majority of the strength 
 of the country. There is therefore no temptation to rebellion, there 
 is no rising of the minority in arms. On the other hand, the beaten 
 party may begin as soon as the votes are counted, on its canvass for 
 the next year, and it probably does. When in the autumn of 1903 
 the existing government of the City of New York was badly defeated 
 by the party which is called Tammany, its leaders all began to con- 
 sider what they should do and what they should say two years after- 
 ward. This is what happens, and happens always, if you give the 
 election into the hands of all the men who can bear arms. If any 
 party is outnumbered it knows it is. 
 
 Second, If you intrust to universal suffrage the ultimate direc- 
 tion in an ultimate appeal, as all civilized America has done, you 
 intrust yourself, of course, to the impression at the moment of the 
 average man. You have no right to expect the best men in a nation 
 to be at the head of its administration. The chances are undoubtedly 
 that for the high offices of this administration, you will get men who 
 are largely known and well esteemed. It is impossible to elect to 
 high office men absolutely profligate — a bandit, or a thief, or a 
 drunkard. It is to be observed that among very illiterate people the 
 moral sentiment has the sway which is promised to it in the religious 
 
Xll AMERICAN IDEALS 
 
 Scripture of all nations. The drunkards and villains in the highest 
 gallery in a cheap theater, men who are going to live tomorrow by 
 thieving, in profligacy, will all the same applaud the sentiments of 
 virtue which they hear upon the stage. Strangely enough they want 
 other people to be good though they do not care to be good them- 
 selves. The angel who presides over such tests of the most obnoxious 
 people does his very best to secure the triumphs of universal 
 suffrage. 
 
 The celebrated epigram of President Lincoln, that you can fool 
 all the people part of the time and a part of the people all the time, 
 but you cannot fool all the people all the time, is one of the axioms 
 of government upon which rests the successes of universal suffrage. 
 
 Lincoln said in his first Message, "There are many single regi- 
 ments (in the army) whose members, one and another possess full 
 practical knowledge of all the arts, sciences, professions, and what- 
 ever else, whether useful or elegant, is known in the world; and there 
 is scarcely one from which there could not be selected a President, a 
 Cabinet, a Congress, and perhaps a Court, competent to administer 
 the government itself. Nor do I say this is not true also in the army 
 of our late friends, now adversaries in this contest." 
 
 The statement was received by the Middle Ages and the men 
 who represent them as absurd — as a piece of American bluster. It 
 was absolutely true and those of us who lived through 1861 know that 
 it was true. Take the matter of money. A New York regiment on 
 the Potomac had not been paid for two or three months. A private 
 called on the colonel, touched his hat and offered his personal check 
 that the men might be paid, saying that he could well wait till 
 the convenience of the Government should refund the money to him. 
 Such stories are not often told today, simply because there were so 
 many of them to tell. 
 
 In the classification of men today, the dainty Feudal critics are 
 in the habit of speaking of the masses, as they call them, as if they 
 were people who know nothing and follow like a Roman rabble on 
 
AMERICAN IDEALS Xlll 
 
 the heels of any Csesar. The truth is that in all those states which 
 
 are advancing the civilization of the world, the proportion of 
 
 drudges to workmen is as four to ninety-six. We use "workman" 
 
 in the proper sense, in which a workman is one who uses spirit to 
 
 control matter, and a laborer is one who has nothing but his muscle 
 
 and his weight to use in his daily duty. Ninety-six per cent of the 
 
 American people who are doing the work of the world are people 
 
 who are working with their hearts and souls and brains. The little 
 
 handful who are left is but the merest fraction of that community 
 
 which provides the intelligence, the wisdom, the foresight needed in 
 
 an election. 
 
 ******** 
 
 The Americanism of the new century has to recognize the special 
 features which have made America America. 
 
 First, Freedom. That a man may do what he chooses without 
 the permission of anybody so long as he violates no similar right of 
 another. 
 
 If I choose to make a carriage today, tomorrow and the next 
 day, I may make the carriage. In England which is still a feudal 
 country, I cannot make it unless I belong to the Honorable Company 
 of Wheelwrights. If in America I choose to change my home to- 
 night and go to live in Cattaraugus or Opelousas or Seattle, I may do 
 so. I may stay in one of those places till I die if I do not violate law. 
 If, on the other hand, I went to the City of Gottingen to reside, I 
 should receive a visit from the police officer within the first twenty- 
 four hours. I should have to give bonds of some sort to justify him 
 in giving me permission to stay there ; and the authorities of the town 
 could turn me out at any moment when they chose without giving 
 me any trial. If I choose to lecture, whether to prove the ignorance 
 of Isaac Newton or to justify the religious faith of the Zulus, while I 
 am in America, I can do so. In all feudal countries I must take my 
 chances of being "permitted" by the authorities. Such instances 
 may be carried on indefinitely. True, I may not beat a bass drum 
 
XIV AMERICAN IDEALS 
 
 on the sidewalk in front of my house on Sunday, nor on the steps of 
 a church, but this is because I thus interfere with other people. Any 
 violation of such freedom is not American. When you see that the 
 boys in an industrial school are not permitted by the Bricklayers' 
 Trades Union to build a certain wall, you know that that prohibition 
 does not come from people who have been educated as Americans. 
 
 Second, This means universal education. The feudal nations 
 instruct people in the Three R's, reading, writing and arithmetic. 
 The American states educate all the people, boys and girls, in the 
 thought and language of the time. That is, they offer to do so, and 
 if a boy or girl will accept the offer he or she is educated. If he is 
 "diligent in his business, he will stand before kings," and the chances 
 are good that he will know more of what they ought to be talking 
 about than the kings do. 
 
 Third, True Americanism means a very close walk with God, 
 nearer and nearer. This was what the American People began very 
 early when they gave entire freedom of religion to every citizen. 
 
 Fourth, True Americanism means of necessity a certain univer- 
 sality, sometimes called Catholicity, as a man assumes duties or 
 privileges. The planter George Washington or the blacksmith 
 Nathanael Greene takes the command of armies. Abraham Lincoln 
 becomes the President, the portrait painter Robert Fulton sends the 
 Clermont up the North River. 
 
 Fifth, Because there is no favored class no one has greater rights 
 because no one has less. The American School of manners, therefore, 
 is a more perfect school of manners than can exist under feudal 
 systems. Indeed, if one may take a fine definition from one of the 
 older writers, a gentleman is one who on necessity abates something 
 from his rights. In a true republic a gentleman is not afraid to do 
 so. Some things follow which the feudal writers do not think of. 
 
 Sixth, The history of the country from Jamestown down, 
 means mutual life or common life. As the Bible says, "The carpen- 
 ter encourageth the goldsmith, and he that smootheth with the ham- 
 
AMERICAN IDEALS XV 
 
 mer him that smiteth the anvil." As D'Artagnan and the motto 
 of the Swiss Republic say, all Americans say, " Each for all and all 
 for each." As far back as the older Earls of Southampton their 
 crest was "Ung par tout, tout par ung." But alas! a statement so 
 democratic has died out in the country of its birth. Every obtrusive 
 color distinctly fades out in presence of the union of states, the union 
 of the people, and the communion of religions. There is no aris- 
 tocracy of wealth, of education, or birth. All the same, the leaders 
 lead; all the same, every man and every woman is encouraged by the 
 " mutual faith of you and me." 
 
 It is hardly necessary to add to these general considerations 
 references to the individual men who in what are now nearly three 
 centuries have illustrated what may be called the American Ideal. 
 To say that George Washington at the age of twenty-one could "give 
 points," as modern slang would say, as to American warfare to mar- 
 tinets twice his age trained in Europe — this is sufficient illustration 
 of the worth of American biography. Even in the letters of the Win- 
 throps of the first two generations, in the letters and other publica- 
 tions of Roger Williams, Jonathan Edwards, Ezra Stiles, before the 
 Revolution, the reader sees how much wider was the view of life 
 which they took than was possible to Englishmen who knew no more 
 of life than their own island could show them. So soon as the 
 Revolutionary literature opens upon us we find that the papers on 
 statesmanship or government written by such men as John Dickin- 
 son, Patrick Henry, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Adams, John 
 Adams, Robert Morris, Thomas Jefferson, and a little later, Gouver- 
 neur Morris, Timothy Pickering, Alexander Hamilton, James Madi- 
 son and Tom Paine show characteristics not to be found till their 
 time in American literature. It is said that when the word inde- 
 pendence was first uttered in an American town meeting, the children 
 who were present did not know the meaning of the word. Its earliest 
 use in the English language was the limited use which the "Inde- 
 pendents" gave to it who were pleading for freedom of individual 
 
XVI AMERICAN IDEALS 
 
 churches from any supposed superior direction. But so soon as the 
 Revolutionary literature took form, it is clear enough that the writers 
 had got well beyond any European frontier. This is to be noticed 
 even in the writings of Paine, who enlarged his horizon when he 
 changed the heaven which was over his head. 
 
 We are to study the lives of those who belong to a new era in 
 history. From their time to this time, the same thing is to be said. 
 A certain breadth of view in matters of politics, of sociology, or of 
 religion, characterizes the writings of the leading American authors 
 which cannot be expected of writers trained in dissimilar schools. 
 William Henry Furness, whose published work ranges between 1835 
 and 1895, says squarely that he has never known any man who was 
 brought up under monarchical and hierarchical institutions who 
 knew what Jesus Christ meant when he spoke of the kingdom of 
 heaven. 
 
 In that epigram is revealed the necessity of our studying the 
 lives of our authors as well as their work. There can be no true 
 criticism of a great American which is not founded upon the knowl- 
 edge of his work in daily life, whether it be in the diary of the fron- 
 tiersman or in the elegant studies of the university. 
 
 Edward E. Hale. 
 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT 
 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT, twenty-sixth president of the 
 United States, is a prominent instance of the best results 
 of mind and character evolved by the Christian civilization 
 and culture, the free institutions and progressive development of 
 the Western world. His parentage placed him at his entrance into 
 life on high vantage ground. Intelligent, lofty of purpose and 
 benevolent, his father and mother made the home of his childhood 
 and youth such an environment as gave to his excellent and growing 
 capacities ideals of fidelity, honor and effectiveness in life. Early 
 and surely were the essentials of right living fixed in his character, 
 and in maturer years it needed but the occasion fitted for their 
 display to bring them into forceful activity. The circumstances 
 amid which, in the providence of God, he has been called to act have 
 had world-wide relations. They have called for that determined will- 
 power which effects changes for good, by putting into execution, in 
 prompt and vigorous action, the plan which after due deliberation 
 seems the next and inevitable step in progress. He is active and 
 ardent in temperament, direct but self-controlled in conduct. He 
 counsels with those who are competent to advise, but he does not 
 shrink from taking the full responsibility for action in which the 
 final decision rests with himself. 
 
 The acceleration of events in the twentieth century has made 
 the arena in which the executive head of the United States acts at 
 the present time, a center to which is drawn the attention of all 
 civilized nations, subjecting his methods and his acts to the scrutiny 
 of constant and searching criticism, favorable and adverse. Events 
 march quickly, and a keen, forward-reaching intelligence is required 
 to keep pace with the new possibilities of the world in which knowl- 
 edge is increased, communication is almost instantaneous, and the 
 nations stand watching each other's movements, ready to seize the 
 least advantage in territory, in commerce, or in arms. It is just as 
 necessary for a leader, if he is to guide the nation wisely, that he 
 see clearly and sympathetically reckon upon another great world- 
 
4 THEODORE ROOSEVELT 
 
 He was married September 23, 1880, to Alice Lee, daughter of 
 George Cabot and Caroline Haskell Lee, of Boston, Massachusetts. 
 She died in 1883, leaving one daughter, Miss Alice Lee Roosevelt. 
 He studied law in the New York law school, became in 1882 a 
 Republican member of the Assembly, the lower house of the New 
 York state legislature, and he was reelected for the years 1883 and 
 1884. He was chairman of the committee known as the Roosevelt 
 Investigating Committee. His efforts to better the condition of the 
 poorer classes of New York city began in the Assembly, when he 
 took up the cause of the tenement-house cigar makers, and in visiting 
 their miserable dwellings he received deep and lasting impressions 
 of the need of betterment in the conditions which surround tenement 
 workers. He became an ardent supporter of civil service reform 
 at this time and introduced bills which bettered the government 
 of New York city, in particular one of importance which transferred 
 to the mayor that power of confirming appointments which had been 
 in the hands of the aldermen. 
 
 In 1884 he was sent as a delegate to the Republican state con- 
 vention; in June of the same year he was delegate-at-large from 
 New York, and chairman of the New York delegation to the Repub- 
 lican national convention at Chicago. Leaving for a time political 
 life with its heat and stress he bought the ranches " Elk Horn " and 
 "Chimney Butte," in northwestern Dakota, and there lived in a 
 log house in the almost unbroken wilderness, devoting himself to 
 hunting and to free life in the open for two years, 1884-86. His 
 health and strength were finally and fully confirmed by this open 
 air activity which he thoroughly enjoyed. The years spent in this 
 western ranch life have proved invaluable to the whole country, 
 because they gave to Theodore Roosevelt such an intimate knowledge 
 as few eastern bred men ever acquire of the life of our great West, 
 of the need of irrigation for the arid plains of the West, and of the 
 enterprising spirit and whole-hearted manliness of the typical western 
 man. This has not merely made him popular with westerners, but 
 has been of the greatest use to him in influencing and passing finally 
 upon legislation for the development of the vast resources of the 
 West — which is by far the greater part of that National Territory 
 over which he presides. This warm appreciation of western spirit 
 and life is vividly shown in his most important historical work, 
 "The Winning of the West," 
 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT 5 
 
 From this congenial ranch life he was recalled, in 1887, by the 
 news that he was to be nominated for mayor of New York. In this 
 contest be was defeated by Abram S. Hewitt. In May, 1889, 
 President Harrison appointed him one of the three National Civil 
 Service Reform Commissioners, to reside in Washington, District of 
 Columbia, and he served as president of the commission, strongly 
 advocating and vigorously administering and defending the reforms. 
 He continued to hold this position under President Cleveland until 
 May, 1895, when he resigned it to accept the position of police 
 commissioner of New York city. In accepting his resignation Presi- 
 dent Cleveland thus wrote him: "You are certainly to be congratu- 
 lated upon the extent and permanency of civil service reform 
 methods which you have so substantially aided in bringing about. 
 The struggle for its firm establishment and recognition is past. Its 
 faithful application and reasonable expansion remain subjects of deep 
 interest to all who really desire the best attainable public service." 
 
 He at once entered on his new duties as Police Commissioner 
 of New York city, under the administration of Mayor Strong, and 
 was president of the bi-partisan Police Board, 1895-97. His work 
 in enforcing laws already on the statute book, but which had pur- 
 posely been ignored by the combination of politicians and saloon- 
 keepers, is a record of the fearless unearthing of a state of things in 
 that city most corrupt and most corrupting. His reply to those 
 who urged him to use greater discretion was, "there was nothing 
 about discretion in my oath of office," and he quoted to them Lincoln's 
 words: "Let reverence of law be taught in schools and colleges, be 
 written in primers and spelling books, be published from pulpits, 
 and proclaimed in legislative houses, and enforced in courts of justice; 
 in short, let it become the political religion of the nation." 
 
 His term of office was filled with efforts, in every direction in 
 which he had any power, for the purification of politics. His reform 
 of the police force, the war, which as a member of the Board of Health, 
 he waged upon the proprietors of slum-tenements, his wise confer- 
 ences with laboring men, all indicated his great desire to benefit the 
 city, while they showed his courage, good judgment, efficiency and 
 goodness of heart. 
 
 His appointment by President McKinley as assistant secretary 
 of the navy, in April, 1897, put him in a position in which he was 
 able to do a great work for the country in preparing the navy for 
 
6 THEODORE ROOSEVELT 
 
 that war with Spain, which he felt was imminent. He planned and 
 insisted upon that expansive target practice with the great guns of 
 our navy, which made our battleships instruments of precision in 
 the hands of the best gunners the world has known. He has credit 
 for selecting Admiral Dewey for that service in the East for which 
 he of all men in the world was best fitted. 
 
 But as soon as the war with Spain was declared Theodore 
 Roosevelt made it evident that what he had said and written about 
 patriotic service of the country in time of need, he meant. Resigning 
 an official position where he had great opportunity for usefulness, 
 he proceeded to recruit the First U. S. V. Cavalry, the "Rough 
 Riders," made up of many of his acquaintances in the West, including 
 cowboys and miners, with personal friends of his own from wealthy 
 families in New York and Boston — all men accustomed to athletics, 
 riding, shooting and hunting. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel, 
 May 6, 1898, and was promoted colonel after the battle of Las 
 Guasimas, San Juan, when Colonel Leonard Wood was commissioned 
 brigadier-general and appointed Governor of Santiago. The capture 
 of the blockhouse on the hilltop in the battle of Santiago was made 
 by a heroic charge of the Rough Riders. "When they came to the 
 open, smooth hillside, there was no protection," says a war corre- 
 spondent. " Bullets were raining down on them, and shot and shells 
 from the batteries were sweeping everything. There was a moment's 
 hesitation and then came the order, ' Forward ! Charge ! ' Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Roosevelt led, waving his sword. Out into the open the 
 men went, and up the hill. Death to every man seemed certain. 
 Up, up they went in the face of death, men dropping from the ranks 
 at every step. The Rough Riders acted like veterans. It was an 
 inspiring and an awful scene. Roosevelt's horse was shot from under 
 him while he was shouting to his men to advance, and he charged up 
 the hill on foot himself. They went on firing as fast as their guns 
 would work. The Spaniards were dazed by such daring and turned 
 and fled. The blockhouse was captured, but in the rush more than 
 half the Rough Riders were killed or wounded." 
 
 When the war closed Colonel Roosevelt was elected Governor 
 of New York over the Democratic, Prohibitionist, Social, Labor and 
 Citizens' Ticket candidates, by a plurality of 17,786 votes in a total 
 of 1,343,968. It is interesting to compare with this his plurality in 
 this State of 175,552 votes in a total of 1,617,770 for President, in 
 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT 7 
 
 the election of November, 1904. As Governor of the State of New 
 York from 1899-1900, he reformed the canal boards, introduced an 
 improved system of civil service, using "the merit system" for 
 county offices, called an extra session of the legislature to secure the 
 passage of a bill which he had especially recommended taxing as 
 real estate the value of the franchises of railroads and other cor- 
 porations, in spite of the protest of corporations and Republican 
 leaders. It has been said, "He found the state administration 
 thoroughly political, he left it business-like and efficient." 
 
 He was nominated vice-president at the Republican national 
 convention at Philadelphia, June, 1900, which nominated William 
 McKinley for president, and he was elected vice-president, November 
 6, 1900. On the death by assassination of President McKinley, 
 September 14, 1901, Theodore Roosevelt was sworn into office as the 
 twenty-sixth President of the United States. At this time he was 
 not yet forty-three years old. He was the youngest man who has 
 ever filled the office of president. He announced at once that it 
 was his intention to carry out the policy inaugurated by President 
 McKinley, and he reappointed the entire cabinet of his predecessor. 
 In all the positions which he has filled his work has been that of 
 improvement of methods, exposure and punishment of corruption, 
 and rendering effective all branches of the public service with which 
 he has had to do. In the three years of the unexpired term of his 
 predecessor, the following important matters have received the atten- 
 tion of the President: The coal strike of 1902 threatened the well- 
 being of a large part of the population. His prompt personal action 
 in this matter averted much suffering and gave all parties a feeling 
 of security in his sense of justice and his desire for "fair play." He 
 maintained the Monroe Doctrine in questions arising concerning the 
 Venezuelan boundaries, but declined to act as arbitrator in the 
 matter, referring both sides to the international tribunal of the 
 Hague. The granting of self-government to Cuba; the Northern 
 Securities suit; the Alaskan Boundary; the establishment of the 
 U. S. Department of Commerce and Labor; a National policy of 
 irrigation; the reorganization of the army — all these important 
 matters have been settled. His action at the time of the Kishineff 
 atrocities has had an important effect upon the status of the Jews in 
 Russia; and his proposal to the World-Powers that another Confer- 
 ence be called, at the Hague, to consider Peace and International 
 Arbitration, gives promise of most beneficent results. 
 
8 THEODORE ROOSEVELT 
 
 His election as president on Novembers, 1904, showed the esteem 
 in which he is held personally by the people, and was the strongest 
 possible popular endorsement of his policy. No other president in 
 our history has received so overwhelming a popular majority. The 
 American people expressed themselves and their convictions unequiv- 
 ocally. As has been said, the "victory was due to the personality 
 of the president." He has had a picturesque career, and his person- 
 ality is an exceedingly attractive one to the people. 
 
 As soon as his election was assured, he gave out the following: 
 " Under no circumstances will I be a candidate for, or accept, another 
 nomination." This declaration of his respect for the custom which 
 limits the presidency to two terms, is to be taken as final, coming 
 from a man of his decided character. His reelection was regarded 
 not alone by our own people as a matter for congratulation. Many 
 European rulers and statesmen expressed their gratification and sent 
 their congratulations. In England, particularly, it is looked at 
 "as a pledge that America will play her part in the solution of all 
 international questions upon the side making for justice and the 
 development and progress of the human race, and as affording a 
 guarantee that Great Britain's present relations with America will 
 not only be maintained, but probably will be strengthened," says 
 one of the greatest English journals. 
 
 President Roosevelt is a member of the Columbia Historical 
 Society, the National Geographic Society, the Union League and the 
 Century club of New York city; a trustee of the Newsboys' Lodging 
 House, which his father founded; he organized and was the first 
 President of the Boone and Crockett club, for the hunting of big 
 game and the preservation of forests; he instituted and was the first 
 Commander of the Naval and Military Order of the Spanish-American 
 War; and of the Spanish War Veterans. He is an honorary member 
 of the Union League club of Chicago and of the Alpine club of 
 London. He has received the honorary degree of LL.D. from 
 Columbia, 1899, from Yale, October, 1901, and from Harvard, 
 1902, the University of Chicago, 1903, the University of Cali- 
 fornia, 1903, and the University of Pennsylvania, 1905. He 
 was elected a member of the Harvard University Board of Over- 
 seers, 1895. His literary and academic work has been steadily 
 carried on in the midst of his active official life. His books are: 
 "The History of the Naval War of 1812," (1882); "Hunting Trips 
 
THEODORE ROOSEVELT 9 
 
 of a Ranchman/' (1885); "The Life of Thomas H. Benton," (1886); 
 "Life of Gouverneur Morris," (1887); "Ranch Life and the Hunting 
 Trail," (1888) ; "Essays on Practical Politics," (1888) ; "The Winning 
 of the West," "The Founding of the Alleghany Communities," 
 (1889); "History of New York City," (1890); "The Wilderness 
 Hunter," (1893); "American Big Game Hunting," (1893), and 
 "Hunting in Many Lands," (1895); "Tales from American History, 
 fourteen tales by Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge," 
 (1895); "The Trail and Camp-Fire," (1896); "The Rough Riders," 
 (1899); "Oliver Cromwell," (1900); "The Strenuous Life," (1900); 
 and parts of "The Deer Family," (1902). 
 
 President Roosevelt is a member of the Dutch Reformed church. 
 He says for " Men of Mark " : " The books which have helped me 
 most are: The Bible, Scott, Cooper, Macaulay, Gibbon, Parkman, 
 and innumerable others; Milton, Shakespeare and Dante, of course." 
 His amusement and recreation he has found in "hunting life, in the 
 woods and on the plains, horsemanship, rifle-shooting, walking, 
 climbing, rowing and swimming." For young people, readers of 
 "Men of Mark" he writes these sentences: "Always have a high 
 ideal, but always remember to work, not just talk or criticize, and, 
 moreover, to ivork with the purpose of achieving something possible, 
 something practical. Don't set an ideal which you have to violate in 
 practice, for then you will become a hypocrite. Don't say, for 
 instance, that 'money is worthless '; it is worth a great deal; up to 
 a certain point it is essential; but there are other things which are 
 also essential, and after a certain amount of money has been obtained 
 there is a great number of things which are far more important." 
 
 Of all the influences for good which have come into his life, 
 President Roosevelt says: "I owe the most to my wife." Edith 
 Kermit Carow, to whom he was married December 2, 1886, is a 
 daughter of Charles and Gertrude (Tyler) Carow, of Norwich, Con- 
 necticut. She is of English and Huguenot descent. They have 
 five children, Theodore, Kermit, Ethel, Archibald and Quentin. 
 
GROVER CLEVELAND 
 
 CLEVELAND, GROVER. Among the presidents of the 
 United States Grover Cleveland holds a singular and 
 interesting position. First, from the extraordinary rapidity 
 with which he rose from the rank of an inconspicuous lawyer to the 
 exalted position of an American president; second, from the fact 
 that he is the only president elected by the Democratic party during 
 nearly half a century; third, from his having the entirely unique 
 experience of returning to the presidential office after the lapse of 
 four years; fourth, from his being the only man who has been three 
 times nominated for the presidency. That his striking progress 
 was the legitimate outcome of unusual traits of character this brief 
 story of his life will go far to show. 
 
 Descended from the sturdy Puritan stock of Massachusetts, to 
 which colony his ancestors emigrated from Sussex county, England, 
 in 1635, Grover Cleveland was born in Caldwell, Essex county, 
 New Jersey, March 18, 1837, the son of Richard Falley Cleveland, a 
 Presbyterian clergyman of that place. His mother, Anne Neal, was 
 the daughter of a Baltimore merchant, of Irish birth, and their son 
 was named after Stephen Grover, a Presbyterian minister of Caldwell. 
 When he was four years of age the family moved to Fayetteville, 
 New York, and later on to Clinton, in that state, his education being 
 obtained in common schools supplemented by scant academic 
 advantages. That he was a diligent and capable scholar appears 
 from the fact that he entered the academy at an unusually early 
 age, and while there he made it his ambition to be at the head of his 
 class. His actual school life ended at fourteen, when he entered 
 the store of one of his father's parishioners in Fayetteville, expecting 
 to enter college two later years. The death of his father in 1853 
 prevented this, and in October of that year he became a teacher in 
 the New York Institution for the Blind. Eager to make his way 
 in the world more rapidly he left this institution in 1854 and set out 
 for the West, his purpose being to settle at Cleveland, Ohio (perhaps 
 attracted by the community in name), to undertake any respectable 
 

 COPYRIGHT 1903. F. OUTEKUNST 
 
G ROVER CLEVELAND 
 
 C, GROVER. Among the presidents of the 
 es Grover Cleveland holds a singular and 
 g position. First, from the extraordinary rapidity 
 from the rank of an inconspicuous lawyer to the 
 of an American president; second, from the fact 
 tly president elected by the Democratic party during 
 • If a century; third, from his having tl >nique 
 
 f returning to the presidential offk< - ! of 
 
 urth, from his being the only m? iiree 
 
 nated for the president >rogress 
 
 imate outcome of unusual this brief 
 
 life will go far to sh 
 
 ! from th< y Puritan stock • , to 
 
 which CO; 1 from ad, 
 
 in 1635, • i 'dwell. Ee ounty, 
 
 New Jersey, 1837 m of Richard Falley Cleveland, a 
 
 Presbyterian clergyman of that ; His mother, Anne Neal, was 
 
 the daughter of a Baltimore merchant, of Irish birth, and their son 
 was named after Stephen Grover, a Presbyterian minister of Caldwell. 
 When he was four years of age the family moved to Fayetteville, 
 New York, and later on to education being 
 
 r ained in common piemen ted by scant academic 
 
 That he wa and capa ; olar a- 
 
 from I i demy rly 
 
 ag> uere he m his anh e at the hi his 
 
 class. His a 100I life ended at fourteen, when he entered 
 
 the store of one of his father's parishioners in Fayetteville, expecting 
 to enter college two later years. Thi of his father in 1853 
 
 prevented this, and in October of that year he became a teacher in 
 the New York Institution for the Blind. Eager to mak* way 
 
 world more rapidly he left this institution in 1854 a; out 
 
 i , his purpose being to settle at Cleveland, 01 baps 
 
 at 1 I by the community in i to undertake an tble 
 
■ 
 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1903, F. GUTEKUNST 
 

GROVER CLEVELAND 11 
 
 work that should promise him a living, though he clung to the hope 
 of ultimately making the law his profession. As it happened, his 
 journey ended at Buffalo, New York. Near this city dwelt an uncle, 
 Lewis F. Allen, who was then engaged in compiling an "American 
 Herd Book," in which task he asked his nephew to help him. After 
 completing this work he succeeded in securing through the assistance 
 of his uncle a place with the law firm of Rogers, Bowen and Rogers, 
 of Buffalo. He worked for a number of months without any com- 
 pensation save the opportunity to study for the legal profession. 
 There is a story told of some especial interest and significance in 
 illustrating his earnestness in the study of the law. It is to the 
 effect that in his first day's reading he became so absorbed in a law 
 book and his presence in the office was so little regarded that when 
 the dinner hour arrived he looked up from his book to find the office 
 empty and that he was locked in. As a boy he evidently possessed 
 the capacity for steady work and the resolute purpose which marked 
 his later life and so often insured success. With these were a prac- 
 tical wisdom and a sturdy devotion to what he considered his duty 
 which were his chief characteristics in his remarkable career. 
 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1859, but remained with Rogers, 
 Bowen and Rogers as their managing clerk until 1862, when advance- 
 ment came, through his appointment as assistant district attorney 
 of Erie county. He entered upon the duties of this position on the 
 first of January, 1863. The Civil war was then in progress and the 
 ranks of the army were being filled by conscription. His father had 
 died ten years before, two of his brothers were in the military service, 
 and the duty of supporting his mother and sisters fell upon him; and 
 that they might not he left in destitution when he was drafted for 
 military service, he borrowed the money necessary to hire a substi- 
 tute, thus incurring a debt which it took him several years to pay. 
 
 In 1865 he was candidate for the office of district attorney, 
 but was defeated. He now formed a legal partnership with Isaac V. 
 Vanderpool, this firm being followed in 1869 by that of Lanning, 
 Cleveland and Folsom. Diligence, intelligence and practical knowl- 
 edge of the law had by this time won him a successful practice, while 
 he had gained a prominence in the councils of his party, the Demo- 
 cratic, which brought him in 1870 the nomination for sheriff of Erie 
 county. His election followed, and during his three years in this 
 office he made a favorable impression upon all with whom he had 
 
12 GROVER CLEVELAND 
 
 dealings, and added largely to his standing and popularity in the 
 community. On his return to practice in 1874 he entered the firm 
 Bass, Cleveland and Bissell, subsequently Cleveland and Bissell, 
 and continued in practice until 1881, which year brought him to the 
 great turning point in his career. It would then have seemed beyond 
 the bounds of possibility that this plain Buffalo lawyer, whose name 
 was scarcely known beyond the borders of Erie county, should 
 within three years become President of the United States. 
 
 Cleveland's Democracy seemed to exclude him from office in a 
 Republican city such as Buffalo, but there was just then a popular 
 demand for a change in the municipal administration which had been 
 deeply invaded by corrupt practices. He was overpersuaded by 
 his party to accept the nomination for mayor, and was elected by 
 the largest majority Buffalo had ever given a candidate, although the 
 Republican state ticket was successful in the city that year. Now 
 was the opportunity to put into effect that sturdy devotion to public 
 duty which has been a living principle in his character. He had 
 declared that if elected he would endeavor to conduct the business 
 of the city as a good business man managed his private affairs, and 
 this he earnestly sought to do, going fearlessly to work to check 
 corruption and prevent illegal use of the public funds. In the first 
 few months of his term of office he saved Buffalo $1,000,000, and 
 by his impartial attention to the best interest of the city he won for 
 himself the honorable title of the "The Veto Mayor." 
 
 Grover Cleveland has never been blindly subservient to party 
 machinery, but has rather been predisposed against political manipu- 
 lation. His nomination for governor in 1882 was brought about by 
 a group of young men, many of whom were lieutenants of Samuel J. 
 Tilden, impressed with his belief that Democratic national success 
 could be obtained only by advocacy of the policy of rigid economy 
 in public expenditures and low taxation. Mayor Cleveland's brief 
 record made him the most conspicuous practical exponent in the 
 state at the time of that policy. Although his antagonist, Judge 
 Charles J. Folger, then secretary of the treasury, was among the 
 state's most highly respected citizens, Cleveland's plurality for 
 governor reached the then unprecedented total of 192,854. To this 
 result, as to his election as mayor in the past and to his later election 
 as president, direct Republican support and dissensions among 
 Republicans contributed. On the day of his election as governor 
 
GROVER CLEVELAND 13 
 
 he wrote to his brother that his policy would be " to make the matter 
 a business engagement between the people of the State and myself, 
 in which the obligation on my side is to perform the duties assigned 
 me with an eye single to the interests of my employers." Disinclined 
 to the pomp of an inauguration, he walked, with a friend, from the 
 governor's house to the Capitol, on January 1, 1883, to take the oath 
 of office. Grover Cleveland's love of work, his dislike for display, 
 and his determination to perform scrupulously each duty as it pre- 
 sented itself, regardless of possible consequences to his political 
 future, throughout his career have appealed to the good sense rather 
 than to the imagination of the country. The independence of the 
 executive, and its equality of responsibility with the legislative 
 branch, have found in him their firmest defender of recent years. 
 
 In one of his earliest acts as governor, disapproving a bill to 
 reorganize the fire department of Buffalo in the interests of Democratic 
 partisanship, he said : " I believe in an open and sturdy partisan- 
 ship which secures the legitimate advantages of party supremacy, 
 but parties were made for the people, and I am unwilling, knowingly, 
 to give my assent to measures purely partisan, which will sacrifice 
 or endanger their interests." Governor Cleveland's course was a 
 consistent development of the policies he had carried out as mayor. 
 His acts frequently aroused partisan resentment, but they appealed 
 to the popular appreciation of fair play and independence. 
 
 The national political situation in 1884 was not dissimilar to the 
 situation in New York state in 1882. The nomination of James G. 
 Blaine divided the Republican party on issues partly personal and 
 partly political. Samuel J. Tilden declined to be a candidate for the 
 Democratic nomination and the Tilden forces in his own and other 
 states supported Cleveland as the exponent of Tilden policies. 
 These forces, his great majority as governor, and his courage in two 
 responsible executive positions, brought the Democratic leadership 
 to him. The ensuing campaign was exceptionally bitter, and the 
 result very close, turning on New York state, which gave Cleveland 
 barely one thousand plurality over Blaine. 
 
 With the inauguration of President Cleveland on March 4, 1885, 
 the Democratic party, after a lapse of twenty-four years, resumed 
 control of the federal administration. In both branches of congress 
 the party had long been represented by men of commanding ability 
 and wide experience in national affairs. Relatively the new presi- 
 
14 GROVER CLEVELAND 
 
 dent was untried and he had but a limited acquaintance with the 
 national leaders of the party. Its rank and file not unnaturally 
 expected that after their long exclusion from power the entire per- 
 sonnel of administration would be changed, or, as bluntly put, there 
 would be a "clean sweep." The Pendleton Civil Service Reform 
 Law was barely two years old. That it is now the fixed policy of the 
 country is due in large measure to the firmness of Grover Cleveland 
 during 1885. As governor he had recommended and was first to 
 enforce the Civil Service Reform Law of New York state. The 
 passage of that law had been helped by Theodore Roosevelt, then 
 an assemblyman. In his inaugural address, President Cleveland 
 declared "Civil service reform should be in good faith enforced." 
 The pledge was followed by performance through his two adminis- 
 trations, and although this embittered some of the leaders and many 
 of the followers of his party, it thoroughly uprooted the "spoils 
 system." Again he was aided in this work by Theodore Roosevelt, 
 then a United States civil service commissioner. The brunt of the 
 struggle for this foundation of good government was borne by Grover 
 Cleveland. 
 
 The keynote of his annual message of 1887 was " the simple and 
 plain duty which we owe to the people, is, to reduce taxation to the 
 necessary expenses of an economical operation of the Government." 
 The message was devoted exclusively to tariff reduction. Mr. 
 Cleveland was not a profound student of economic questions. The 
 abstract issue between free trade and protection did not then espe- 
 cially interest him. He saw in excessive revenues, produced by a 
 relatively high tariff, a temptation to extravagance, and as an admin- 
 istrator he recommended the obvious remedy. The tariff message of 
 1887 had two immediate effects. It raised economic questions again 
 after nearly two generations to the first place in American politics, 
 and it imperiled the reelection of President Cleveland, a risk con- 
 sciously faced. Cleveland was defeated in 1888 by 65 electoral 
 votes, although he had 100,000 plurality on the popular vote. New 
 York state again decided the result. 
 
 Upon the inauguration of President Harrison, Mr. Cleveland 
 removed to New York city and quietly resumed the practice of the 
 law. On July 2, 1886, he had married Miss Frances Folsom, the 
 daughter of his former law partner, a young lady whose personal 
 beauty, affable manner and graces of mind and character added 
 
GROVER CLEVELAND 
 
 15 
 
 much to the popularity of his administration. The ceremony was 
 the first wedding of a president in the White House, and his daughter, 
 Esther, born in 1893 during his second term, was the first child of a 
 president to be born in the president's official home. The home life 
 of Mr. Cleveland and his wife and children at the White House and 
 in New York, at Buzzard's Bay and later at Princeton, has been happy, 
 unostentatious, and sheltered from publicity as far as he could effect 
 that desired end. "Those who are selected for a limited time to 
 manage public affairs " he said in his first inaugural address " may 
 do much by their example to encourage, consistently with the dignity 
 of their official functions, that plain way of life which among their 
 fellow citizens aids integrity and promotes thrift and prosperity." 
 
 His amusements have been duck shooting and fishing, which 
 for years he has enjoyed with the genial actor, Joseph Jefferson; and 
 he plays billiards for exercise. 
 
 The tariff message of 1887 gave the Democratic party its issue 
 and its candidate in 1892, when Cleveland, in spite of minor dissatis- 
 fied factions, on the first ballot, was a third time nominated for 
 president. He was elected by a majority of 110 electoral votes, 
 his plurality of nearly 500,000 on the popular vote carrying with it 
 Democratic majorities in both branches of congress and complete 
 Democratic control of federal affairs for the only two years since 1861. 
 
 In August, 1893, President Cleveland called congress in special 
 session, stating that while tariff reform had lost nothing of its imme- 
 diate and permanent importance, the financial conditions of the 
 country should at once and before all other subjects be considered. 
 The repeal of the Act of 1890, which had been a somewhat timid 
 concession to the free silver theory, and the establishment of the 
 gold standard, were recommended. The Democratic representation 
 in congress, especially from the West and South, was pronounced 
 for free silver, and the essential reestablishment of the gold standard 
 was effected only after a long and bitter struggle. It was the 
 great substantial achievement of President Cleveland's second 
 administration, as civil service reform had been of the first. 
 
 The tariff bill, passed by the Democratic Congress, was so far 
 from meeting the views of President Cleveland that he declined to 
 approve it, allowing it to become a law without his signature. With- 
 out doubt, the most exceptional act of his two administrations, in its 
 moral courage, was his message of December, 1893, concerning 
 
16 GROVER CLEVELAND 
 
 Hawaii. "By an act of war," he said, "committed with the par- 
 ticipation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and 
 without authority of congress, the government of a feeble but friendly 
 and confiding people has been overthrown. A substantial wrong 
 has thus been done which a due regard for national character, as 
 well as the rights of the injured people, requires we should endeavor 
 to repair." The position thus taken rendered invincible two years 
 later during the dispute with Great Britain touching the Venezuelan 
 territory, the strongest declaration of the Monroe Doctrine ever 
 made. " It will, in my opinion, be the duty of the United States to 
 resist by every means in its power, as a willful aggression upon its 
 rights and interests, the appropriation by Great Britain of any lands 
 or the exercise of governmental jurisdiction over any territory which, 
 after investigation, we have determined of right belongs to Venezuela." 
 At the end of his second term on March 4, 1897, Grover Cleveland 
 purchased a home in Princeton, New Jersey, where he lives in 
 dignified retirement. 
 
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CHARLES WARREN FAIRBANKS 
 
 FAIRBANKS, CHARLES WARREN, Vice-President of the 
 United States, is a man whose life and work show the great 
 possibilities for honor and usefulness which are open to the 
 American youth who is intelligent, industrious, persevering, and 
 honorably ambitious. He was born in a log house on a farm near 
 Union ville Center, Ohio, May 11, 1852. His parents were Loriston 
 Monroe and Mary Adelaide (Smith) Fairbanks. His father was a 
 farmer, esteemed for his industry, patriotism and purity of purpose, 
 who in early manhood emigrated from New England to Union county, 
 Ohio, which was then but sparsely settled. His mother was a woman 
 of fine mind and character who exerted a strong influence for good 
 upon the intellectual and moral life of her family. His earliest 
 known ancestor in America was Jonathan Fayerbancke, one of the 
 Puritan settlers in the Massachusetts colony, who with his sons built 
 a house at Dedham in 1636 with timber brought from England. 
 This house still remains, one of the ancient landmarks of that region, 
 and in it the descendants of the builders held a largely attended 
 reunion in August, 1904. 
 
 When Charles W. Fairbanks was old enough to work he had the 
 tasks that were common to the boys on a farm in a region that was 
 scarcely redeemed from the wilderness. His health was good and 
 the conditions for its maintenance were favorable. He was faithful 
 in his work on the farm, but inclined to be studious. The school 
 terms were short, but such opportunities as they afforded were care- 
 fully improved, and during the long vacations studies were carried 
 on at night after the work in the field for the day had been done. 
 He was anxious to obtain a liberal education, and before he was 
 ready for college he had determined to become a lawyer. 
 
 In 1867 he entered the Ohio Wesleyan university at Delaware, 
 Ohio, which was only a few miles from his home. Circumstances 
 were such that economy was necessary, and during his college course 
 a considerable part of his food was taken to him from the farm. 
 When time could be spared from his studies he worked as a carpenter, 
 
18 CHARLES WARREN FAIRBANKS 
 
 and it was with money earned in this way that the first law books for 
 the future senator were procured. During his last year at college 
 he was one of the editors of the "Western Collegian" published at 
 the institution. With a good record he was graduated from the 
 classical course in 1872. 
 
 At Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, he studied law, earning part of 
 the money to pay his way by acting as agent for the Associated 
 Press, of which one of his uncles, William Henry Smith, was the 
 founder, and at that time the manager. He remained in Pittsburg 
 for nearly a year, then he worked for a short time as a reporter, 
 and studied for one term at a law school in Cleveland, Ohio. At the 
 close of this term, in 1874, he was admitted to the bar by the Supreme 
 Court of Ohio, and the same year he removed to Indianapolis, Indiana, 
 and entered upon the practice of his profession. 
 
 From small beginnings his professional income rapidly increased, 
 until his law practice became one of the most important in the 
 middle West. Friends advised him to enter the political field, but, 
 though he was deeply interested in public affairs, his preference was 
 strong for the practice of law. He was a frequent speaker at large 
 meetings in important political campaigns, and thus he became well 
 known to the people of his state before he was a candidate for any 
 office. In the Republican national convention of 1888 he earnestly 
 advocated the selection of Judge Walter Q. Gresham as candidate 
 for President of the United States, but in the ensuing campaign he 
 worked with an equal degree of zeal to secure the election of Gen- 
 eral Benjamin Harrison who had received the nomination. In 1892, 
 and again in 1898, he served as chairman of the Indiana Republican 
 state convention. In 1893 he received the Republican caucus 
 nomination for United States senator, but was defeated by the 
 Honorable David Turpie, the Democratic candidate, the Democrats 
 having a majority on joint ballot. 
 
 Mr. Fairbanks was a delegate-at-large to the Republican national 
 convention at St. Louis in 1896, and was temporary chairman. On 
 January twentieth of the following year he was elected United States 
 senator by a large majority, receiving the unanimous vote of the 
 Republicans in the joint assembly. He was appointed by President 
 McKinley a member of the United States and British Joint High 
 Commission for the consideration of the proposed abrogation of the 
 treaty of 1817, which prohibited the maintenance of war vessels 
 
CHARLES WARREN FAIRBANKS 19 
 
 exceeding a certain specified tonnage on the Great Lakes, and of 
 matters relating to the lake fisheries, to reciprocity with Canada, and 
 to the Alaska boundary. He was chairman of the American Com- 
 missioners, and at the meetings of the joint commission at Quebec in 
 1898, and at Washington, District of Columbia, in 1899, he ren- 
 dered important service. 
 
 In the presidential campaign of 1896 Mr. Fairbanks was leader 
 of the Republican forces in Indiana and labored earnestly to secure 
 the nomination and election of Major William McKinley, with whom 
 he had long been on terms of intimate friendship. In congress he 
 has exerted a strong influence upon legislation relating to the cur- 
 rency and the tariff, has served with great efficiency as chairman of 
 the senate committee on Immigration, and later as chairman of the 
 committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. Until it was evident 
 that peaceful efforts would fail to secure an improvement in the 
 intolerable conditions prevailing in Cuba, Mr. Fairbanks was a strong 
 supporter of President McKinley in his effort to avoid an armed 
 conflict with Spain; but when war seemed to be the only honorable 
 course to pursue he advocated, with the president, its immediate 
 declaration and its vigorous prosecution. He was offered a cabinet 
 position by President McKinley, but believing that he could render 
 the country better service in the senate, he declined the honor. 
 On January 20, 1903, he was reelected to the senate by an increased 
 majority. His present term would have expired March 3, 1909, had 
 he not been elected vice-president. He was a delegate-at-large 
 from Indiana to the Republican national convention at Chicago 
 in June, 1904, and was there nominated by acclamation for vice- 
 president of the United States. 
 
 He was married to Miss Cornelia Cole, October 6, 1874. Of their 
 five children all are now living. He has received the degree of LL.D. 
 from Baker university, Kansas, and from Ohio Wesleyan university. 
 In politics he has always been a Republican. He is an effective 
 speaker and his services are in great request in every presidential 
 campaign. Within the past ten years he has addressed important 
 political meetings in nearly every northern state. He has also 
 delivered many addresses at college commencements and other 
 anniversaries. Since his election to the senate he has not practised 
 law. His religious connection is with the Methodist Episcopal 
 church. For many years he has been a trustee of the Ohio Wesleyan 
 university. 
 
JOHN HAY 
 
 HAY, JOHN, author, soldier, diplomat, statesman, was born 
 October 8, 1838, at Salem, Indiana. His parents were 
 Dr. Charles and Helen (Leonard) Hay. They were plain, 
 substantial American people, who took a leading place in the com- 
 munity where they lived. Helen Hay was a daughter of the Reverend 
 David A. Leonard, of Rhode Island. She was a woman of refine- 
 ment and education, gentle but firm in disposition, and a fit com- 
 panion for her worthy husband. 
 
 The ancestry of the family is traced back to John Hay, who 
 came from Germany in 1750 and settled in Virginia. His ancestors 
 had gone from Scotland to Germany several generations before. 
 Adam, son of the Virginia John, was a soldier of the Revolution, 
 an officer in the Continental army, and a friend of Washington. 
 When independence was achieved, he joined the tide which has 
 flowed steadily westward, and emigrating beyond the Alleghanies, 
 settled in the "blue grass region." When it became evident that 
 Kentucky was to be a slave state, John, a son of the Revolutionary 
 Adam, entertaining principles that were irreconcilable with "the 
 peculiar institution," removed to Illinois, a territory largely settled 
 by pioneers of faith similar to his own. 
 
 On his mother's side John Hay's American ancestry is traced 
 from Thomas Rogers, who came over in the Mayflower in 1620. 
 It will be seen, therefore, that in this stock blend two strong strains: 
 Scotch, and Puritan English. 
 
 The present John Hay, third of that name in America, was a 
 hardy and adventurous youth, who grew up with a fondness for 
 "reading and play." His early life was passed in a village on the 
 upper Mississippi (Warsaw Illinois), where he attended the public 
 schools the greater part of the year and occupied the remainder of 
 his time with such amusements and tasks as fall to the lot of the 
 average village youth. 
 
 He studied at Brown university, Providence, Rhode Island, 
 from which institution he was graduated with high honors in 1858. 
 
 
JOHN HAY 21 
 
 As later academic distinctions he has received the degree of LL.D. 
 from Brown, Western Reserve, Dartmouth, Princeton, Yale and 
 Harvard. 
 
 After his graduation he entered the law office of Hay and 
 Cullom, at Springfield, Illinois. The senior member of the firm was 
 his uncle, and through him he became acquainted with Abraham 
 Lincoln, with whom he formed an intimate friendship which con- 
 tinued until it was broken by death. He also made friends of many 
 of the other distinguished men of the state. He gave diligent 
 attention to his law studies, in which he made good progress, and 
 was admitted to the bar early in 1861. He learned much regarding 
 politics, too, and laid the foundations for his later success in the 
 management of political affairs. Both as a writer for the press and 
 as a speaker at public meetings he was prominent in the presidential 
 campaign of 1860, and he made his influence felt to such an extent 
 that, when the president-elect set out on his memorable inaugural 
 trip to Washington, he invited the young lawyer to become his private 
 secretary. This brought him into close relationship with many of 
 the distinguished men of those stirring times, and gave him an 
 acquaintance that proved of incalculable benefit in after life. 
 
 In addition to his duties as private secretary to the president, 
 Mr. Hay served for some time in the field as major and assistant 
 adjutant-general. He acted mainly as a medium of communica- 
 tion between Mr. Lincoln and the general commanding the armies. 
 For his faithful performance of the duties of these positions he was 
 promoted to the rank of colonel by brevet. 
 
 The relations between the president and his secretary were so 
 close and cordial as almost to resemble those of father and son, and, 
 quite naturally, after the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, Colonel Hay 
 no longer cared to continue his connection with the office of the 
 chief executive. He therefore accepted an appointment as secretary 
 of legation at Paris, where he remained from 1865 to 1867, having 
 for a portion of the time full charge of the legation. In 1867-68 he was 
 charge d'affaires at Vienna, and from 1869 to 1870, secretary of 
 legation at Madrid. Returning home near the close of the latter 
 year, he became an editorial writer on the New York Tribune, and 
 continued in that position until 1875. This embraced one of the 
 most exciting periods of our after-war history, including Horace 
 Greeley's candidacy for the presidency and his melancholy death. 
 
22 JOHN HAY 
 
 The great editor entertained a high appreciation of the talents of 
 his younger associate, and referred to him as the most brilliant 
 writer who had ever been connected with the Tribune staff. 
 
 During a portion of President Hayes' administration, from 
 November 1, 1879, to May 3, 1881, Mr. Hay was first assistant 
 secretary of state under Mr. Evarts, and during the last-named 
 year he also acted as president of the International Sanitary Congress, 
 which held its sessions in Washington. For about seven months in 
 this year he served as editor-in-chief of the New York Tribune. 
 
 In 1897 President McKinley, at the beginning of his first term, 
 expressed a preference for Colonel Hay as secretary of state, but 
 for various political reasons which seemed to be of importance to his 
 party and to the country at large, he decided to offer this position 
 to Senator Sherman, by whom it was accepted. Mr. Hay was there- 
 upon appointed ambassador to Great Britain, a position for which 
 his talents and his varied accomplishments peculiarly fitted him. 
 He won recognition at once, and is generally regarded as one of the 
 world's famous diplomats and statesmen. During the eighteen 
 months of his residence at the Court of St. James he succeeded in 
 establishing and maintaining the most friendly relations between 
 England and the United States. There is no doubt that to his 
 skillful and far-seeing diplomacy the neutrality of the English 
 during our war with Spain was principally due. He won great 
 personal as well as social and official popularity during his stay in 
 England, and it is doubtful if any American minister has made a 
 more favorable or lasting impression on the British mind. 
 
 Mr. Hay assumed the duties of secretary of state on Sep- 
 tember 30, 1898, succeeding Honorable William R. Day. This was 
 the stormy period of our troubles with Spain over the settlement 
 of the Cuban question, and our relations with several of the leading 
 nations of the world were such as to demand the wisest statesmanship. 
 One of Secretary Hay's first prominent acts was the securing of a 
 modus vivendi with England, providing for a temporary boundary 
 line through disputed territory in Alaska without the surrender of a 
 single contention on the part of the United States. The wisdom 
 and justice of this measure were subsequently recognized in the 
 findings of the Canadian Boundary Commission, which assembled 
 in London in 1904, its decision being practically a confirmation of our 
 claims as set forth by Mr. Hay. This was a victory of unusual 
 
JOHN HAY 23 
 
 significance for the American secretary and is by no means one of 
 the least of his titles to fame. 
 
 A treaty relating to an interoceanic canal was drafted by Secre- 
 tary Hay and forwarded to the senate February 5, 1900. This was 
 known as the Hay-Pauncefote treaty and specified the relations 
 which England and the United States should hold regarding the 
 projected canal. The tenor of this treaty was quite generally mis- 
 understood at the time and led to attacks on Mr. Hay for what was 
 termed his excessive friendship for England. But the history and 
 purpose of the proposed treaty were grievously misinterpreted. 
 Instead of being an unfair concession to Great Britain it was a dis- 
 tinct surrender on her part of undue advantage conceded to her by 
 the impracticable Clayton- Bui wer treaty of 1850, which for half a 
 century had steadily blocked the way to the building of a canal. 
 The measure, with some amendments, was ratified by the senate on 
 December 20, 1900, by the decisive vote of fifty-five to eighteen. 
 It failed to become operative, however, through the neglect of the 
 British Government to respond within the time specified. 
 
 Not discouraged by this bit of ill fortune Mr. Hay at once began 
 negotiations with Lord Pauncefote for a new treaty on the same 
 lines, which was signed November 18, 1901, and ratified by the 
 senate on the sixteenth of December of the same year by an 
 almost unanimous vote. 
 
 A treaty was then made by Mr. Hay with the Colombian Lega- 
 tion in Washington which the Bogota Government refused to ratify. 
 The consequence of this action was a revolution in Panama by which 
 that state gained its independence. The final treaty, by virtue of 
 which the United States acquired the right to build a canal across 
 the Isthmus, was negotiated by Mr. Hay with the Minister of Panama, 
 Mr. Bunau-Varilla, signed on November 18,1903, and ratified by the 
 senate February 23,1904. 
 
 Meanwhile the "open-door" policy with China had been 
 announced by Secretary Hay in a letter to the powers maintaining 
 spheres of influence in that country, bearing date September 6, 
 1899, and inviting expressions as to their intentions and views con- 
 cerning the desirability of measures to secure equal facilities for all 
 nations in foreign trade throughout the empire. This formal 
 announcement of a common policy, which could not be legitimately 
 denied by the powers, since it demanded nothing but simple justice 
 
24 JOHN HAY 
 
 for all, brought the United States into immediate prominence in the 
 council of nations and proclaimed a new order of diplomacy. The 
 successful termination of the negotiations was formally announced 
 by President McKinley on the twentieth of March, 1900, thus placing 
 another wreath of fame on the brow of the secretary who had been 
 the means of introducing so large a measure of justice and common 
 sense into the world's diplomacy. 
 
 It soon became evident, however, that the Government of China 
 would be unable to carry out its agreement with the powers, and the 
 memorable " Boxer War " resulted. For a brief period the United 
 States was forced into concurrent action with the other powers in a 
 common effort to protect the lives and rights of all foreigners within 
 the limits of the Empire, but the idea of making war on China was 
 not entertained for a moment by our Government. On the third of 
 July, 1900, Mr. Hay addressed a note to the powers, declaring that 
 the United States did not propose to make war against the Chinese 
 nation, but was determined to rescue our legation from the perils 
 by which it was menaced at Peking, to secure the safety of American 
 life and property, and to prevent the spread or recurrence of the 
 disorders. As a result of this declaration and a strict adherence to 
 the policy which it outlined, the imperial Government disavowed all 
 responsibility for the outrages of the Boxer uprising and solicited 
 the good offices of President McKinley in restoring peace. The final 
 result is a part of the history of our country and need not be repeated 
 here; but the course of the secretary in planning and executing the 
 policy of our Government has elicited the warmest praise from all 
 sources. 
 
 During the war between England and the Boer Republics of 
 South Africa, the United States, by proclamation of the President, 
 assumed a strictly neutral position. The policy of the Government 
 in this episode was severely criticized by many of our people, irre- 
 spective of party affiliations, for the sympathies of the nation were 
 practically unanimous in behalf of the struggling republics; but the 
 wisdom and patriotism of the secretary in maintaining a neutral 
 policy have been amply vindicated by events. 
 
 The Samoan question, which had caused a great deal of friction, 
 was brought to a satisfactory settlement by Mr. Hay in 1899. Under 
 the agreement then made, Great Britain withdrew from the islands, 
 leaving Germany and the United States in possession. Without 
 
JOHN HAY 25 
 
 the loss of any of our commercial rights and privileges in the islands 
 we secured the finest harbor in the South Seas. 
 
 During the same period Mr. Hay was actively engaged in efforts 
 to induce the various powers to adopt the commercial policy of 
 reciprocity. His influence upon the Universal Peace Congress at 
 the Hague in 1899, through the delegates from this country, was so 
 pronounced as to secure in its permanent records an emphatic 
 statement of the Monroe Doctrine as it is held in the United States. 
 
 Among other creditable achievements of Mr. Hay was the settle- 
 ment, in 1901, of the troubles with Turkey which had grown out of the 
 Armenian riots. He secured a payment by the Turkish Government 
 of $95,000 for injuries received and losses sustained by the American 
 missionaries and citizens, together with the restoration of the devas- 
 tated mission and the enlargement of Robert college at Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 At the outbreak of war between Russia and Japan, in the early 
 part of 1904, the American secretary again manifested his genius 
 for high diplomacy by securing an agreement from the powers to 
 confine the area of hostilities to the territory of the belligerents, 
 thus preventing what threatened to be a general European war, 
 which might have involved the United States. 
 
 Mr. Hay was married February 4, 1874, to Clara L., daughter 
 of Amasa and Julia A. (Gleason) Stone. They have had two sons 
 and two daughters. The elder son, Adelbert Stone, born in 1876, 
 was graduated from Yale in 1898. He became secretary of legation 
 under his father in London, and continued to act as his father's 
 secretary for some time after their return to America. Subse- 
 quently he made a trip around the world in an official capacity, and 
 afterward participated in the Philippine campaign, displaying great 
 courage in several hotly-contested engagements. In December, 1899, 
 he became United States Consul at Pretoria, South Africa, which 
 position he held until the spring of 1901, and in which, although the 
 youngest of the resident consuls, he manifested so high an order of 
 diplomatic talent as to make him practically their leader and to 
 justify the confident expectation of a distinguished career. When 
 he returned to this country he became the private secretary of 
 President McKinley. In June, 1901, while attending a reunion of 
 his class at Yale he lost his life as the result of an accidental fall. 
 Helen, the elder of the two daughters, has manifested poetic talent, 
 
26 JOHN HAY 
 
 her published works being "Verses" (1898); "The Little Boy Book" 
 (1899), and the "Rose of Dawn," a poem of the South Seas (1901). 
 
 Aside from his fame as a diplomat, Mr. Hay is well known as an 
 author. His first published work was "Castilian Days," studies of 
 Spanish life and character (1871); this was followed the same year 
 by " Pike County Ballads and Other Pieces"; and in 1875 he published 
 a translation of Emilio Castelar's treatise on "The Republican 
 Movement in Europe." His greatest literary work was a "Life of 
 Abraham Lincoln," written in collaboration with John G. Nicolay. 
 It appeared first as a serial in the "Century Magazine" (1887-89), 
 and was afterward republished in book form, in ten volumes, imme- 
 diately taking its place as one of the masterpieces of biography. 
 In 1890 Mr. Hay published a volume of poems. He has been credited 
 with the authorship of a remarkably strong novel entitled "The 
 Bread Winners," dealing with the problem of labor, capital and 
 strikes. Some of the " Ballads " which appeared in his second pub- 
 lished work were written during his college days and attained great 
 popularity. The best known among the collection are " Jim Bludso " 
 and "Little Breeches," which, owing to their pathos and their local 
 color, must long retain their place in the affections of the American 
 people. 
 
 As may be inferred from the mark that he has made in our 
 national history, Mr. Hay is a man of strong and earnest convictions. 
 He is also deeply religious, exemplifying his faith by his daily life, 
 though he never makes a display of his sentiments or attempts to 
 impose upon others his own standard of faith and code of morals. 
 He is a member of the American Institute of Arts and Letters, is a 
 Republican in politics, and he finds his chief recreation in walking 
 and riding and in shooting wild fowl. In referring to his own life 
 he declares that he has succeeded beyond his hopes and enjoyed 
 more happiness than he deserved, for which he " thanks Providence 
 and his family." 
 
 On account of impaired health Secretary Hay went abroad in 
 the spring of 1905. On July 1, of the same year, he died at his 
 summer residence, Lake Sunapee, New Hampshire. The expres- 
 sions of appreciation for the man, his work and his character, 
 which came from statesmen, rulers and diplomats of all lands were 
 most noteworthy, and are hardly to be paralleled. 
 
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LESLIE MORTIER SHAW 
 
 SHAW, LESLIE MORTIER. The entire range of American 
 biography contains few more inspiring examples of the 
 development of sturdy, self-reliant American manhood than 
 the history of Leslie M. Shaw, twice governor of the state of 
 Iowa and now secretary of the treasury of the United States. 
 
 He was born at Morristown, Vermont, November 2, 184S. His 
 parents were Boardman Oscar Shaw and Louisa (Spalding) Shaw. 
 Among his father's ancestors, Ebenezer Shaw was a pioneer and 
 early selectman of Morristown. His mother, Louisa Spalding, a 
 woman of strong character and enduringly beneficent influence, was 
 the daughter of Jason Spalding, an educator of note in Vermont and 
 eastern New York in the early part of the last century. 
 
 Leslie M. Shaw spent his minority in his native state, most of 
 the time in the town of Stowe, on a farm where he performed his 
 full part of the burden of rugged farm work. His early education 
 was such as the common schools of the county afforded, supple- 
 mented by a term or two at an academy at Morrisville. By working 
 as a farm hand and by teaching school he secured income enough to 
 meet the expenses of his tuition at the academy and to have some- 
 thing left over. With this equipment in health, education and 
 habits of industry, the young man started for the West on attaining 
 his majority in 1S69. He had long entertained the desire to own a 
 farm in the Northwest, and he directed his steps toward the state of 
 Iowa. Drawn to Mt. Vernon in that state by the fact that an aunt 
 had made her home at that place, and finding Mt. Vernon the seat 
 of Cornell college, an institution of excellent repute in Iowa, he 
 determined to obtain a collegiate education. As before, he supported 
 himself by his own exertions, working at anything that offered — 
 teaching, selling fruit trees, and toiling at farm work — until he had 
 completed the full four years' course, graduating in 1S74. He at 
 once entered the Iowa law school, and was graduated from that 
 institution in 1S76. He then settled at the town of Denison and 
 there began the practice of his profession, devoting his time and 
 
28 LESLIE MORTIER SHAW 
 
 energies exclusively to the law, and permitting nothing to interfere 
 with the work to be done, until he had built up a practice among the 
 most extensive and important in Western Iowa. 
 
 His public spirit served to multiply his interests. He was the 
 largest contributor toward the establishment of an academy and 
 normal school at Denison, and he held the position of President of 
 the Board of Trustees from the outset. At about the same time 
 Mr. Shaw went into the banking business. He was impelled to take 
 this step through noting the difficulty experienced by the Iowa 
 farmers in obtaining loans for the legitimate extension of their 
 operations, although the security afforded was of the very best to 
 be found in the country. He became the president of banks at 
 Denison and Manila, Iowa, and the success of these institutions 
 eloquently attested the soundness of his theories with reference to 
 financial matters. 
 
 Ever since he became a voter, Leslie M. Shaw has been identified 
 with the Republican party, and with each recurring campaign he 
 rendered aid in so far as opportunity offered. It was not, however, 
 until the campaign of 1896 that his work began to attract attention 
 outside of his own county. That memorable year found the state 
 of Iowa one of the scenes of fiercest conflict between the advocates 
 of free silver and of the gold standard, respectively, and Mr. Shaw's 
 opportunity came when he was asked to reply to an address delivered 
 by William J. Bryan. His grasp of the whole financial subject, his 
 resistless arguments, and his convincing manner of presenting them 
 caused him to be in great demand for public addresses all over the 
 state. 
 
 When in 1897 Governor Drake declined a renomination because 
 of ill health, Mr. Shaw was given the Republican nomination for 
 governor of the state. He made a most remarkable canvass, based 
 almost solely on his championship of the gold standard, and he was 
 elected by a plurality of 29,975 votes. His first election as governor 
 was in 1897, and he was reelected in 1899. 
 
 In 1898 Governor Shaw was selected by the Sound Money Com- 
 mission to preside at the International Monetary Convention at 
 Indianapolis, and his address on that occasion attracted wide atten- 
 tion. In 1900 upon the death of United States Senator John H. Gear, 
 Governor Shaw unhesitatingly appointed Representative Dolliver 
 to the position thus made vacant, although the governor's friends 
 
LESLIE MORTIER SHAW 29 
 
 were anxious that he himself should occupy a seat in the upper house 
 of congress, and it would be strange had he not in consequence 
 fostered an ambition which was, of course, made unattainable by 
 his unselfish adherence to the strictest interpretation of duty. 
 Governor Shaw's hold upon the people of Iowa may well be appre- 
 ciated from the fact that his reelection as governor in 1899 was by 
 nearly twice the plurality and by four times the majority which he 
 had enjoyed when first chosen, being the largest majority ever 
 received, up to that time, by any candidate for governor. He 
 peremptorily declined renomination for a third term, and was plan- 
 ning to return to his law practice and his business interests when, 
 on December 25, 1901, without solicitation or suggestion from him- 
 self or his friends, he was tendered by President Roosevelt the posi- 
 tion of secretary of the treasury, succeeding Lyman J. Gage, resigned; 
 and he assumed the duties of that office on February 1, 1902. 
 
 Secretary Shaw's administration of the affairs of the treasury 
 department has been masterly in many respects, and several of his 
 official acts have been of historic significance, as, for instance, the 
 manner of the payment of the sum of $40,000,000 in consummation 
 of the transfer to the United States Government of the property of 
 the Panama Canal Company. 
 
 Mr. Shaw has long been an adherent of the Methodist Episcopal 
 denomination, and was a prominent lay delegate to the general con- 
 ferences of the church in 1888, 1892, 1896 and 1900. He often 
 addresses audiences in the interest of Christian truth, of the church, 
 and of the Y. M. C. A. 
 
 Mr. Shaw has given no attention to athletics or to any modern 
 system of physical culture, and he is not and never has been devoted 
 to any sport or amusement as a mode of relaxation. He has received 
 the honorary degree of LL.D. from three institutions. 
 
 Mr. Shaw was married in the year 1877 to Miss Alice Crawshaw, 
 daughter of James Crawshaw, an early settler of Clinton county, 
 Iowa, who came from England while Iowa was yet a territory. 
 They have three children, two daughters and a son, Enid, Earl and 
 Erma, and the home life of the family is ideal. 
 
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 
 
 TAFT, WILLIAM HOWARD, LL.D., United States secretary 
 of war, is a man of character and achievement, and a worthy 
 example for imitation by the young. In youth, and 
 especially during his college days, he laid broad and deep the founda- 
 tion upon which he has built with remarkable success. The keynote 
 of his life may be stated in one word, fidelity. Wherever he has been, 
 whatever the position he has held, he has always placed principle 
 before preference, and devotion to duty before either pleasure or 
 gain. However exalted the stations he has filled it is unquestionably 
 true that his influence has been due in much larger measure to his 
 personal character than to his official position. 
 
 He was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, September 15, 1857. His 
 parents were Alphonso and Louise M. (Torrey) Taft. His father 
 was a lawyer whose high attainments and character had secured him 
 a large and profitable practice. He was a man of strong purpose, 
 and in a remarkable degree had the power of concentrating his 
 energies upon the work in hand. Liberality and kindness of dispo- 
 sition were among his marked characteristics, and he took a broad 
 view of men and events. For six years he was judge of the Superior 
 Court in Cincinnati. Although he found his chief pleasure in the 
 development of his own intellectual life and the practice of his pro- 
 fession, yet he held it to be the duty of every American to set aside 
 personal preferences and, when needed, to give his services to his 
 country in public life. He was secretary of war 1875-76, attorney- 
 general 1876-77, and United States minister to Austria 1883-85, and 
 to Russia 1885-87. 
 
 Mr. Taft's earliest known ancestor in this country on his father's 
 side was Robert Taft, who landed at Weymouth, Massachusetts, in 
 1679, and settled at Mendon. One of his descendants, Edward 
 Rawson Taft, was secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 
 The ancestors of the mother of Mr. Taft came over at a still earlier 
 date than those of his father. William Torrey, a representative of 
 her family, held the office of clerk of the General Court of Massachu- 
 setts — the state legislature. 
 
-■ 
 
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 31 
 
 William Howard Taft was graduated from the Woodward high 
 school at Cincinnati in 1874 and from Yale college in 1878. Although 
 strong and fearless he was not prominent in athletic sports and games 
 during his college career, but when he took part in them he proved a 
 formidable antagonist. His college work was done with systematic 
 faithfulness. He won the second place in a class of one hundred 
 and twenty members, and was class orator at graduation. 
 
 After completing his studies at Yale he entered the Cincinnati 
 law school, from which he was graduated with high honors in 1880. 
 Admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Ohio in the same year 
 he became connected with the law firm of Taft and Lloyd, of which 
 his father was the senior partner, and also reported court proceedings, 
 first for the Cincinnati "Times," and afterwards for the Cincinnati 
 "Commercial." As a law reporter his work was noticeably good. One 
 of the leading editors in the West, impressed by the character of 
 Mr. Taft's work in reporting, recommended journalism as a profession; 
 but fortunately for the country as well as for himself his inclinations 
 held him to the practice of law. In January, 1881, he became 
 assistant prosecuting attorney, but he resigned in March of the 
 following year to take the office of collector of internal revenue for the 
 first Ohio district, to which he had been appointed by President 
 Arthur. A year later he resigned and resumed the practice of law. 
 From January, 1885, he was assistant county solicitor for Hamilton 
 county until March, 1887, when he was appointed, by Governor 
 Foraker, Judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati. At the expira- 
 tion of the term, in April, 1888, he was elected to this office for five 
 years, but in February, 1890, he resigned to become, by appointment 
 of President Harrison, solicitor-general of the United States. While 
 holding this position he represented the Government before the 
 Supreme Court of the United States in several most important cases, 
 including the Bering Sea controversy, and he was uniformly suc- 
 cessful. In March, 1892, he resigned in order to accept the position 
 of United States Circuit Judge for the sixth judicial circuit. 
 While acceptance of the position last named was under consideration 
 a prominent legal friend advised that it be declined. This advice 
 was based on the ground that the remarkable success of Mr. Taft, 
 especially with the cases which he had argued before the United States 
 Supreme court, would enable him to earn in private practice probably 
 six times the six thousand dollars per year which he would receive 
 
32 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 
 
 as judge. To this Mr. Taft replied, "There are bigger things in this 
 world than money." The reply reveals the standard of the man who 
 made it. In 1896 Mr. Taft became dean of the law department of 
 the University of Cincinnati, but in March, 1900, he resigned this 
 position, and his office as Judge of the Circuit Court, to accept the 
 appointment of President of the United States Philippine Commission 
 urged upon him by President McKinley. As a judge Mr. Taft had 
 proved remarkably efficient in the transaction of business. His 
 impartial consideration of all cases which came before him, his candid 
 consideration of claims which were made against powerful money 
 interests, his kindly treatment of young lawyers who, with little 
 experience to aid them, appeared in his court, gave him the respect 
 and confidence of the bar and of the public. His personal preferences 
 were strongly for continuing in his office as judge, and his professional 
 ambition pointed in the same direction. But affairs in the Philip- 
 pines were in a serious condition, and believing that he could serve 
 his country better there than at home, he sailed for the islands, and 
 with characteristic earnestness and energy entered upon the extremely 
 difficult task of planning and founding a form of government which 
 should be adapted to the needs of the islanders. 
 
 On July 4, 1901, he became the first Civil Governor of the 
 Philippines. In the following November ill health compelled him 
 temporarily to turn over the duties of his office to Vice-Governor 
 Wright. In December, 1901, by command of the secretary of war, 
 he came to Washington to testify before committees of the senate 
 and the house committee on Insular Affairs regarding conditions in 
 the Philippines. At the close of this hearing, in which Governor 
 Taft gave testimony almost daily for six weeks, he was ordered to 
 Rome, Italy, by President Roosevelt and Secretary Root, to consult 
 with Pope Leo XIII. concerning the purchase by the United States of 
 certain agricultural lands in the Philippines which were occupied by 
 religious orders. On May 17, 1902, he sailed for Rome. After 
 prolonged conferences with the committee of cardinals named for 
 the purpose a satisfactory basis of agreement was reached, and on 
 July 10 Governor Taft sailed from Naples to the Philippines. He 
 reached his destination on August 22, and at once resumed the duties 
 of his office. 
 
 In September, 1902, President Roosevelt cabled Governor Taft 
 asking him to accept a position on the Supreme Court bench, to 
 
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 33 
 
 succeed Justice Shiras. Governor Taft declined because of the 
 peculiar condition of affairs in the Philippines. President Roosevelt 
 acquiesced at that time, but in January, 1903, he cabled again, 
 insisting that he could not again permit a declination. But a great 
 meeting was held by the leading Filipinos to protest against Gov- 
 ernor Taft's resigning the governorship, and he declined a second 
 time an appointment to the highest position in his profession of the 
 law. 
 
 His administration of affairs in the Philippines continued until 
 December 23, 1903, when he sailed for the United States, and on 
 February 1, 1904, he succeeded Mr. Root as secretary of war. On 
 April 30, of the same year, he was the official representative of Presi- 
 dent Roosevelt at the elaborate ceremonies of the opening of the 
 Louisiana Purchase exposition at St. Louis. 
 
 During four years of his close connection with affairs in the 
 Philippines, Governor Taft secured remarkable results. He soon 
 gained the confidence of the natives, and later he accomplished the 
 extremely difficult task of convincing them that our home Govern- 
 ment really and earnestly desired their welfare. In the estab- 
 lishment of a suitable form of government he planned wisely, and 
 throughout his official course he administered affairs judiciously. 
 He gave to the people his very best efforts. The vast improvement 
 in their condition, the safety of life and property, the establishment 
 of courts and schools, the building of roads, the improved sanitary 
 conditions and financial affairs of the island, are most convincing 
 evidence of his skill and efficiency. Here as elsewhere he put char- 
 acter into his work. He was faithful to the trust reposed in him. 
 
 While very hopeful as to the future of the Philippines, Secretary 
 Taft holds that it is now too early for our Government to make 
 definite promises regarding their independence. He holds that the 
 natives should be taught that "liberty is a God-given boon to those 
 who seek it and deserve it, and that only experience and effort can 
 prepare a people to enjoy it." But he has no doubt that our Gov- 
 ernment will treat the natives of the islands with the highest degree 
 of fairness and consideration. In a recent address he said : " I have 
 an abiding confidence in the power of the American people to reach 
 a right conclusion and put it into effect against the selfish purposes 
 of special interests. It takes time, but the people always win in the 
 end." 
 
34 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 
 
 Although already a man of large achievement, not wanting in 
 personal dignity, Secretary Taft is a truly modest man, and is more 
 easily approached by "the common people" than are most men in 
 high official station. He dislikes needless ceremony, and is averse 
 to military display in his honor. 
 
 In childhood and youth he had the best of health. He was 
 unusually large and strong, weighing one hundred and eighty-five 
 pounds when he was but sixteen years old. Most of his boyhood 
 was passed in the city of his birth, but for several years he spent the 
 summer, once in two years, at the home of his maternal grandfather 
 in Millbury, Massachusetts. His tastes and interests were those of 
 the average American boy. He had no special difficulties to encounter 
 in acquiring an education. His father regarded an education and 
 the spirit of unselfish public service as far more desirable than the 
 acquisition of wealth, and instead of attempting to amass a fortune 
 for his children he sent his five sons to Yale college, at which insti- 
 tution he himself had been graduated. His first strong inclination 
 to strive for distinction Secretary Taft traces to a desire to please 
 his parents. The influence which has been most potent in his efforts 
 to win success he names as that of the home. Home standards have 
 been the controlling power in his life. He says: "Home first. My 
 father created a quasi-public opinion of the family that was con- 
 trolling with all its members." What was the "public opinion" 
 created in the family by such a father, the life of the son and of the 
 father himself well exemplify. " Every son of America owes a duty 
 to his country." Close after home influence in its effect upon his 
 life Mr. Taft puts the stimulus of his college course. "Then the 
 spirit of Yale, which was strong because my father and my four 
 brothers and I were all graduates." In his reading he has found 
 historical works, particularly those relating to America and England, 
 of the greatest practical value. 
 
 Mr. Taft was married June 19, 1886, to Helen Herron. They 
 have had three children, all of whom are now living. He received 
 the degree of LL.D. from Yale college in 1893, and from the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania in 1902. He is a member of the Queen City 
 club, of Cincinnati, of the Cosmos and the University clubs of Wash- 
 ington, and of the University club of Manila. He has not given 
 special attention to athletics or to systematic physical culture. His 
 principal relaxations are found in golf, walking, and horseback 
 
WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT 35 
 
 riding. Since his entrance upon public life he has always been con- 
 nected with the Republican party. His religious affiliations are with 
 the Unitarian denomination. 
 
 For the purpose of aiding young people who may read this 
 biography, Secretary Taft expresses regret that he has neglected the 
 study of modern languages, and emphasizes the fact that in the 
 enlargement of our national life, the extension of our territorial area, 
 and the increasing closeness of our relations with other peoples, a 
 knowledge of French, German and Spanish is becoming absolutely 
 essential to a liberal education and to the highest usefulness. He 
 utters a clear warning against undue absorption in mere money 
 making as the object of effort. He holds that the pursuit of riches 
 for their own sake is not to be commended, and that the father who 
 accumulates millions thereby does much to endanger the welfare 
 of his children. His views regarding patriotism are equally decided. 
 In his opinion every man is in duty bound to serve his country to the 
 best of his ability and in the direction in which he can do most for 
 the public good. The man who refuses to accept the responsibilities 
 and neglects to perform the duties of citizenship has no right to 
 criticize the motives or actions of the men who are conducting public 
 affairs. 
 
WILLIAM HENRY MOODY 
 
 MOODY, WILLIAM HENRY, secretary of the navy in the 
 cabinet of President Roosevelt from May 1, 1902, and 
 attorney-general from July 1, 1904, and representative 
 from the sixth district of Massachusetts in the fifty-fourth, fifty- 
 fifth, fifty-sixth and fifty-seventh Congresses, was born in Newbury, 
 Essex county, Massachusetts, December 23, 1853. He is the son 
 of Henry Lord and Melissa Augusta (Emerson) Moody. 
 
 William Moody, his first ancestor in America, a native of York- 
 shire, England, immigrated to the American colonies in 1634 and 
 settled in Newbury, Massachusetts Bay colony. Henry Lord Moody 
 was a well-to-do farmer who cultivated farms near Newburyport, 
 Salem and Danvers, and William Henry Moody received all the 
 advantages afforded by the excellent public school system of his 
 native commonwealth, attending the primary and grammar schools 
 of Newbury, Salem and Danvers, and spent his vacations at home, 
 where he became accustomed to farm work which ministered to the 
 development and benefit of his physical condition. He was fond of 
 outdoor sports, but gave much of his leisure time to reading. His 
 parents made provision for him to obtain a classical education and 
 to that end, while residing in Danvers, they entered him at Phillips 
 academy, the celebrated preparatory school at Andover, Massa- 
 chusetts, and he was graduated in 1872. He then matriculated at 
 Harvard university and was graduated A.B. 1876. After spending 
 some months at the Harvard law school he left before graduating 
 to enter the law office of R. H. Dana in Boston and he was admitted 
 to the Essex bar in 1878. He at once began the practice of his pro- 
 fession at Haverhill, Massachusetts, extending his practice to the 
 higher courts of Massachusetts, and he became known as an eloquent, 
 able and painstaking lawyer. He was city solicitor for Haverhill, 
 1880-90, and district attorney for the Eastern district of Massa- 
 chusetts, 1890-95. As district attorney he carried through the 
 prosecution of boodling alderman of the city of Haverhill success- 
 fully and also assisted Attorney-General Knowlton in the celebrated 
 
■ 
 
 
 
 
WILLIAM HENRY MOODY 37 
 
 case of the Commonwealth against Lizzie Borden, indicted for the crime 
 of murder. At a special election held in 1895 to fill the vacancy caused 
 by the death of General William Cogswell, who represented the 
 sixth Massachusetts district in the fifty-fourth Congress, Mr. Moody 
 was elected his successor over Harvey N. Shepard, Democrat, the 
 vote standing 14,970 for Moody, 5,796 for Shepard and 8 votes scat- 
 tering. He took his seat in the fifty-fourth Congress December 2, 
 1895, completed General Cogswell's term and was reelected to the 
 fifty-fifth, fifty-sixth and fifty-seventh Congresses, serving 1895-1902. 
 He was a member of the committee on Appropriations. He also 
 served on the committee on Insular Affairs, on Expenditures in the 
 Department of Justice and on the Joint Commission on Transporta- 
 tion of the Mails, etc. His prominence in the House and his thorough 
 knowledge of parliamentary rules led to favorable mention of him as 
 a possible candidate for the speakership to succeed Thomas B. Reed. 
 On the resignation of Secretary Long in March, 1902, President 
 Roosevelt made Mr. Moody secretary of the United States navy, 
 and he resigned his seat as a representative in congress and took his 
 place in the cabinet May 1, 1902. While a representative Mr. Moody 
 visited Cuba in 1901 in order to study the condition of the people who 
 had been so recently relieved from the yoke of Spain and to determine 
 if possible how soon they would be capable of carrying on a republican 
 government for themselves without the aid of the United States 
 army. As secretary of the navy, he had charge of the disburse- 
 ment of the largest sum of money ever appropriated by congress 
 during one administration to strengthen the United States naval 
 force, and the vessels built under his administration are a monument 
 to his efficiency and carefulness. He also instituted reforms in the 
 department, notably that of sending shore officers to sea, and pro- 
 viding for the needed recruits for the enlarged navy by enlisting men 
 from the Western states and training them for the sea service instead 
 of depending entirely on men from the seaports. In this way he se- 
 cured Americans to man the United States vessels instead of filling 
 vacancies with the seamen of various nationalities who could be found 
 in the maritime ports looking for work, as had been the practice of 
 former administrations. He also recommended to congress the 
 elevation of the standard of incentive to recruits by making the 
 duties of the service and chances for promotion and a possible com- 
 mission as attractive as are those offered by the army. Mr. Moody 
 
38 WILLIAM HENRY MOODY 
 
 finds his diversion from the cares of office in the fellowship furnished 
 by affiliation with the Masonic, Odd Fellows, Knight of Pythias and 
 Elks fraternities; in the Pentucket and Wachusot clubs of Haver- 
 hill; the Metropolitan club of Washington, District of Columbia, 
 the University club of Boston, Massachusetts, and in outdoor 
 exercise, walking and horseback riding. Secretary Moody affords 
 a striking example of the possibilities open to the ambitious American 
 youth belonging to the well-to-do New England family of the present 
 generation, but seldom accepted by them as desirable or practicable. 
 Born amid surroundings that made his career in its possibilities 
 similar to those of most other boys of his class, he advanced to the 
 head of his chosen profession as a lawyer and as a statesman. 
 He had as a boy found open to him schools, the best afforded in 
 America, and they were at the very door of his home. 
 
 The primary, grammar and high public schools; the prepara- 
 tory academy, the New England college, the Harvard law school, 
 each in turn took him into its experienced care; and a well equipped 
 lawyer left the office of one of the most celebrated advocates and 
 counsellors in Massachusetts and took his place at the noted Essex 
 bar. His desire to serve his country rather than to become a rich 
 lawyer prevailed, and promotion came to him in his political life as 
 rapidly and as regularly as it had in his school days. City solicitor 
 for two years, district attorney for five years, representative in 
 congress for seven years, he was then advanced to the secretary- 
 ship which made him a member of the official family of the president 
 of the United States. His highest honor came to him before he had 
 been fifteen years in public life. His advancement was due to his 
 sterling integrity, high character and industrious application. 
 
GEORGE BRUCE CORTELYOU 
 
 GEORGE BRUCE CORTELYOU, graduate Massachusetts 
 state normal school, at Westfield, Massachusetts, 1882; 
 student and instructor in stenography, New York city, 
 1883-85; principal of college preparatory schools, 1885-89; private 
 secretary to United States post office inspector in charge at New 
 York, 1889, and to the surveyor of the Port of New York, 1891; 
 private secretary to the fourth assistant postmaster-general, Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia, 1893-95; acting chief clerk and acting 
 fourth assistant postmaster-general, 1895; stenographer and exec- 
 utive clerk to President Cleveland, 1895-96; assistant secretary to 
 President McKinley, 1898-1900; secretary to the president, 1900-03; 
 secretary of commerce and labor in the cabinet of President 
 Roosevelt from February 16, 1903, to July 1, 1904; in June, 1904, 
 was elected chairman of the Republican national committee, 
 managing the campaign which resulted in the election of President 
 Roosevelt by the largest popular majority ever given to a presidential 
 candidate; and entering the new cabinet of President Roosevelt in 
 March, 1905, as postmaster-general, on assuming the duties of that 
 office announced his retirement from the chairmanship of the 
 Republican national committee. 
 
 He was born in New York city, July 26, 1862. His father, 
 Peter Crolius Cortelyou, Jr., was associated with his grandfather, 
 Peter Crolius Cortelyou, Sr., in the type founding business in part- 
 nership with George Bruce in New York city, the leading type 
 house in the world for nearly half a century. His ancestors were 
 among the distinguished leaders of Colonial and Revolutionary 
 history in the State of New York. 
 
 George Bruce Cortelyou had the advantages of an excellent 
 home training in the best environment, and he embraced every 
 opportunity to broaden his education. After passing through the 
 public schools he was graduated at the Hempstead (Long Island) 
 institute in 1879 and at the State normal school, Westfield, 
 Massachusetts, 1882. He was prepared for college with the intention 
 
40 GEORGE BRUCE CORTELYOU 
 
 of entering Harvard, but instead he entered the New England Con- 
 servatory of Music in Boston. He also studied with Dr. Louis Maas 
 former conductor of the Philharmonic Society of Boston. He 
 tutored in literature classes of teachers from the Cambridge (Massa- 
 chusetts) high school. He continued the study of music in New 
 York city and at the same time took a course in stenography at 
 Walworth's institute in 1883, completing the course in four and 
 one-half months and becoming an assistant in the school. He then 
 reported the clinical course in the New York Hospital. 
 
 In 1884 he passed the examination for stenographer and private 
 
 secretary to the appraiser of the port of New York and remained 
 
 there until a change of administration, resigning in 18S5 to become 
 
 a general law and verbatim reporter in association with James E. 
 
 Munson, the author of the Munson System of Stenography. He 
 
 became the principal of a college preparatory school in New York in 
 
 1885 and continued in that position for four years; and in 1889 
 
 he became private secretary to the post-office inspector in charge at 
 
 New York city. He was appointed confidential stenographer to the 
 
 surveyor of the port of New York in March, 1891, and in July of 
 
 that year he accepted the position of private secretary to Estes G. 
 
 Rathbone, the fourth assistant postmaster-general. Upon the 
 
 accession of Grover Cleveland to the presidency in 1893, Robert A. 
 
 Maxwell became fourth assistant postmaster-general, and that 
 
 official requested Mr. Cortelyou to withdraw his resignation and to 
 
 remain as private secretary. He also performed the duties of 
 
 acting chief clerk of the office and for a time was acting fourth 
 
 assistant postmaster-general. His efficiency came to the attention 
 
 of President Cleveland, and in November, 1895, he was transferred 
 
 to the executive mansion as stenographer to the president, and three 
 
 months later he was made executive clerk to the president. When 
 
 congress provided President McKinley with an additional assistant 
 
 secretary in 1898, Mr. Cortelyou was promoted to that office, and 
 
 on April 13, 1900, when Mr. Porter resigned from the secretaryship, 
 
 Mr. Cortelyou was made secretary to the president, an office which 
 
 had grown to something of the dignity of a cabinet position, the 
 
 former title of private secretary in no way indicating the duties or 
 
 responsibilities of the office. 
 
 His duties as executive clerk included the supervision of the 
 clerical force and of the vast amount of correspondence received at 
 
GEORGE BRUCE CORTELYOU 41 
 
 the White House; the preparation of the addresses, messages and 
 other of the state papers for transmission, and later their preparation 
 for the public printer and the press. He also had charge of the cor- 
 respondence and management of the receptions of the president's 
 wife; and received many of the callers at the executive mansion, 
 making appointments to meet the president. During the first 
 year of President McKinley's administration 400,000 communica- 
 tions were received at the executive mansion and acted upon through 
 the direction of executive clerk Cortelyou, and at the close of the 
 year there was no record of the loss of a single document, and every 
 document filed was indorsed with shorthand notes, which preserved 
 a complete history of each case. 
 
 On the occasion of the assassination of President McKinley, 
 Secretary Cortelyou was with him and at once assumed general 
 direction of the arrangements attending the illness, death and 
 burial of the president. He had not only the duty to the dead to 
 perform, but a much more delicate one in looking after the invalid 
 wife and widow, and helping her to bear the great sorrow in which 
 she had been so suddenly plunged. His management of all these 
 matters was a marvel to all who knew of the extent of his respon- 
 sibility; and it is safe to say that perhaps no man will ever be called 
 upon to assume responsibilities of greater magnitude in one week 
 of terrible anxiety. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt on taking the oath as president of the United 
 States insisted upon Mr. Cortelyou remaining in the position he had 
 so w r orthily filled and he reappointed him secretary to the president, 
 September 16, 1901. When congress provided a Department of 
 Commerce and Labor and made its chief a cabinet officer, the presi- 
 dent on February 16, 1903, placed Secretary Cortelyou at the head 
 of the new department. On the same day the appointment was 
 confirmed by the senate. Secretary Cortelyou while in Washington 
 pursued a course in law at the Georgetown university and was 
 graduated LL.B. in 1895, and the following year on completing a 
 post-graduate course in law at the Columbian university law school 
 he received the degrees of LL.M. and LL.D. He was married 
 September 15, 1888, to Lily Morris Hinds, the youngest daughter 
 of Dr. Ephriam and Catharine (Shephard) Hinds. Dr. Hinds was 
 principal of the Hempstead institute. The record made by Secre- 
 tary Cortelyou up to his forty-second year is one that carries its 
 
42 GEORGE BRUCE CORTELYOU 
 
 own lesson and may be read by all the youth of America with profit. 
 He did his work well, and he has been rewarded by frequent and 
 marked promotions. His has been a busy life, full of usefulness; 
 generous recognition has come to him, unsought but not unearned. 
 
 

 
PAUL MORTON 
 
 PAUL MORTON, secretary of the United States navy, brought 
 to that position the efficiency and resourcefulness which are 
 often developed in so high a degree in the great educational 
 training-school of the railway systems of our country. His early 
 interest as a boy, he says, centered " in transportation," and after a 
 short period of schooling, in his sixteenth year he went directly into 
 the land office of the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, at 
 Burlington, Iowa, at a salary of sixteen dollars a month. He is a 
 conspicuous example of the continuous mental growth which steady 
 application to the problems of transportation, both in the passenger 
 and freight departments, and to all the related business of the great 
 highways of commerce and travel, develops in a man endowed with 
 good natural capacity. The dispatch and accuracy, the foresight 
 and the unremitting attention, which railroad work demands in all 
 its branches is a constant stimulus to the brain and the will. The 
 harmonious management of the work as a whole, calls for an insight 
 on the part of leading minds which is akin to genius. Our railroads 
 have developed many men of fine powers. Like a highly graded 
 school or college they train men for advanced work by the thorough 
 mastery of the work in hand, and they constantly make way for those 
 who are capable of going higher, giving enterprising men broader 
 scope in their official work as they prove themselves capable of larger 
 tasks. 
 
 Mr. Morton's career has been one of steady advancement. 
 
 He has always taken advanced views in regard to the relation 
 and the duties of the railroads to the public. He has advocated 
 reasonable rates and has been opposed to preferential rates. And 
 he urged in railroad conferences and elsewhere that, first of all, the 
 freight rates of the country should be adjusted on a basis which all 
 competent railroad men could maintain — without discrimination 
 between individuals. He is a believer in cooperation, and holds 
 that the laws of trade are inexorable, and like the laws of nature will 
 in time prevail over attempted regulations which are contrary to the 
 
44 PAUL MORTON 
 
 inherent necessities of trade and commerce. He does not disapprove 
 of combinations that are properly organized, and managed with 
 justice; and he believes in publicity as to all corporations in whose 
 securities the people are asked to invest. He is a western man with 
 broad views of the country's needs. He has had an exceptionally 
 wide experience in dealing with affairs on a large scale. The kind 
 of business life he has led has obliged him to travel more than fifty 
 thousand miles a year, on an average, during the last ten years, and 
 his contact with men and affairs has given him a comprehensive 
 knowledge of the methods of carrying on business, and of the laws 
 which govern commercial relations. 
 
 He was born in Detroit, May 22, 1857. His father, J. Sterling 
 Morton, and his mother, Caroline French Joy, were married in 
 Michigan in the fall of 1854, and at once went to Nebraska City to 
 reside, where they established the present Morton homestead, 
 "Arbor Lodge." J. Sterling Morton took a prominent part in the 
 development and upbuilding of the country west of the Missouri 
 River. His authorship of the legislation establishing the anniver- 
 sary of "Arbor Day," and his successful administration of the duties 
 of secretary of agriculture under President Cleveland, have made 
 him well known to the public. 
 
 Paul Morton is one of four brothers, Joy, Paul, Mark and Carl. 
 The death of his youngest brother, Carl, in January, 1901, was a 
 severe blow to their father, who survived him little more than a year. 
 
 In May, 1873, Mr. Morton, who had been in its land office for 
 a year, was transferred to the General Freight Office of the Bur- 
 lington and Missouri River Railroad, at Plattsmouth, Nebraska, 
 receiving a salary of twenty-five dollars per month. He remained 
 in this office about two years, when he removed to Chicago and 
 became a clerk in the General Freight Office of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton and Quincy Railroad. He remained in the service of the latter 
 corporation seventeen years, and when he resigned from it he had 
 been successively chief clerk, assistant general freight agent, 
 general passenger agent, and general freight agent. He left the 
 C, B. & Q., in 1890, to become vice-president of the Colorado Fuel 
 and Iron Company, and connected himself with other coal properties 
 in the West, remaining in the coal business six years. 
 
 Mr. Morton became vice-president of the Atchison, Topeka and 
 Santa Fe Railroad System, January 1, 1896, and was in charge of the 
 
PAUL MORTON 45 
 
 commercial interests of the road and of its entire traffic, until called 
 to take the position of secretary of the navy. His long-standing 
 connection with the transportation business and with many other 
 lines of commercial enterprise has given him a very wide personal 
 acquaintance throughout the United States. He has never been 
 active in politics, but had usually voted the national Democratic 
 ticket until 1896, when the attitude of that party on the silver 
 question led him to vote for President McKinley; and he has been 
 in sympathy with the Republican party since that date. In per- 
 sonal and business relations he is frank and outspoken. 
 
 He has always been much interested in the reclamation of the 
 arid lands of the United States, and has actively and intelligently 
 studied the question of irrigation. He deems the law wise under 
 which the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain 
 states and territories are set aside and used in the construction of 
 irrigation works, and he believes that it is a wise policy for the United 
 States Government to appropriate money for building reservoirs to 
 conserve the flood-waters which now go to waste, and cause so much 
 damage along our great western rivers. He maintains that an 
 intelligent administration of our already existing irrigation laws 
 will reclaim millions of dollars' worth of land which is now practically 
 worthless, and avert the disasters which have been occurring annually 
 in the south along the Mississippi, and on other western rivers. 
 
 Mr. Morton's early home life in the growing state of Nebraska, 
 the character of his parents, who steadily supported all action which 
 was noble, enterprising and good — his own industry and application, 
 together with the natural powers of a well-endowed mind, and the 
 discipline which comes from filling responsible positions, have com- 
 bined to make him the forceful and intelligent man needed for the 
 important places he has recently filled. 
 
 Secretary Morton was married May 13, 1880, to Miss Charlotte 
 Goodridge, of Chicago. They have had two daughters and one son, 
 the latter dying in infancy. The oldest daughter married in 1901, 
 Mr. William C. Potter. 
 
 On July 1, 1905, Mr. Morton's resignation from the cabinet took 
 effect. He then became the acting head of the Equitable Life 
 Assurance Society, of New York, to reorganize that important cor- 
 poration, and on the twenty-sixth of the same month, at a regular 
 meeting of the board of directors, he was elected its president. 
 
ETHAN ALLEN HITCHCOCK 
 
 HITCHCOCK, ETHAN ALLEN, secretary of the interior in 
 President Roosevelt's cabinet as he was in that of Presi- 
 dent McKinley, was born at Mobile, Alabama, Septem- 
 ber 19, 1835, the son of Henry and Anne (Erwin) Hitchcock. He 
 comes from a family of historical distinction, his grandmother, 
 Lucy Allen Hitchcock, having been a daughter of the famous Green 
 Mountain Patriot, Ethan Allen. His brother, Colonel Henry Hitch- 
 cock, was active on the Union side in the Civil war, and was 
 in Sherman's army in his famous "march through Georgia." 
 After spending his early boyhood in New Orleans and Nashville, 
 he was sent to a military academy in New Haven, to continue his 
 education, and in 1855- he joined his parents, then residing in 
 St. Louis. He remained in that city until 1860, engaged in business 
 pursuits. 
 
 The fact that he had relatives in China, in 1860 led the young 
 man to that country as a promising field for business enterprise; and 
 during the following twelve years he was connected with the commis- 
 sion house of Olyphant & Co., the last six years as a member of the 
 firm. After his return home in 1874 he spent two years in European 
 travel, and subsequently engaged in business enterprises at St. Louis, 
 becoming actively interested in several mining, manufacturing and 
 railroad concerns as promoter and president. His activity in this 
 direction continued from 1874 to 1897. 
 
 Frequently drawn to Washington by his business interests, 
 especially on matters connected with tariff changes, he began an 
 acquaintance with President McKinley, which developed into a 
 warm friendship, the president gaining such confidence in his busi- 
 ness ability and his wide knowledge of affairs, that in August, 1897, 
 he appointed Mr. Hitchcock to the responsible post of United States 
 minister to Russia. On February 11, 1898, he was advanced to the 
 dignity of American ambassador, the first to hold this high diplo- 
 matic title at the Russian capital. It was the president's desire to 
 develop American commerce with Russia, and Mr. Hitchcock's 
 
^_ 
 
ETHAN ALLEN HITCHCOCK 47 
 
 business ability adapted him admirably to securing this end, the 
 effect being a very notable increase in American exports to Russia, 
 for which he was given the credit both at home and abroad. During 
 the Spanish- American war he was active in keeping the Russian 
 court and the representatives of other governments at St. Peters- 
 burg acquainted with the issues and facts involved, his service in 
 this direction being very useful in preventing misunderstandings. 
 In December, 1898, President McKinley offered him by cable mes- 
 sage the position of secretary of the interior in his cabinet, to take 
 the place of Cornelius N. Bliss, resigned. The position was accepted, 
 and is still held under President Roosevelt, the intricate interests 
 controlled by that department being capably administered. In 1902 
 the University of Missouri conferred upon him the honorary degree 
 of LL.D. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie 
 Institution at Washington, and a member of the New Hampshire 
 Society of the Cincinnati. 
 
JAMES WILSON 
 
 JAMES WILSON, of Traer, Iowa, is (June, 1905) secretary of the 
 United States department of agriculture with his official resi- 
 dence at Washington, District of Columbia, Stoneleigh Court. 
 He has held this position since March 5, 1897, when he was sworn in 
 under appointment by President McKinley. His administration 
 has exceeded by over four years that of any predecessor in the office. 
 His work has won steady commendation from leading farmers and 
 students of agriculture throughout the country, and congress has 
 shown its appreciation by constantly increasing its appropriations 
 which have encouraged a large and well ordered extension of the 
 department activities. The appropriation for agriculture in the 
 fiscal year ending June 30, 1905, is $5,944,540, against $2,448,532 
 for that ended June 30, 1897, while the number of employees on 
 March 6, 1905, was 5134 against 2444 on July 1, 1897. 
 
 Secretary Wilson was born in Ayrshire, West coast of Scotland, 
 on August 16, 1835. In 1851, he came to the United States with his 
 parents who settled on a farm near Norwich, Connecticut. In 1855 
 he removed to Iowa, where he located on a farm near Traer, Tama 
 county. Here he completed his education in the public schools and 
 at Iowa college. In 1861 he began farming on his own account, and 
 by diligent attention to his chosen calling, made his way by his 
 marked success as a farmer to a larger usefulness. He was elected a 
 member of the Iowa legislature in 1868 and continued to represent 
 the same constituency through the three succeeding assemblies. 
 In the last he was speaker of the House. His services met such 
 approval that he was chosen in 1872 to represent his district in the 
 United States house of representatives, and took his seat with the 
 forty-third Congress in December, 1873. He was reelected in 1874 
 and served through the forty-fourth Congress. From 1870-74 he 
 was regent of Iowa university. After leaving congress in 1876 he 
 served as a member of the State Railway Commission. In 1883 he 
 was again elected a member of the National house of representatives. 
 From 1891 to 1897 he was director of the Iowa experiment station, 
 

 (\/y>\L4 
 
 W(J^Ur, 
 
 ^X 
 
JAMES WILSON 49 
 
 and professor of agriculture in the Iowa agricultural college at 
 Ames. The work at Ames rounded out by administration and study 
 an experience admirably calculated to fit him for the work of extend- 
 ing and developing, with the cooperation of congress and the advice 
 and approval of the president, the work of the department of 
 agriculture. 
 
 During its eight years under the control of Secretary Wilson, 
 the department of agriculture has made most important advances 
 which bear directly on the prosperity of the country commercially 
 as well as agriculturally. This department requires a breadth of 
 comprehension as wide as the varied climate, and soils and condi- 
 tions of the continent and the islands over which its administration 
 extends. It is constantly engaged in scientific investigation along 
 old lines and new in all parts of the world; and it is called upon to 
 cope with formidable evils, to advance new systems of propagation, 
 and to use hitherto unused possibilities for increasing harvests. 
 Secretary Wilson has so directed the large body of competent workers 
 in his charge as to meet these demands very completely. Never 
 before has the department of agriculture been so progressive, so 
 beneficial to the whole country, and so evidently productive of money 
 returns to the people by increasing products and preventing waste 
 as at the present time. 
 
 In the last four years all bureaus and allied branches have been 
 unified and brought into harmonious working order, and investiga- 
 tions to secure new crops and animals and to discover better methods 
 have been widened and deepened. Small services with compara- 
 tively limited fields have expanded into important bureaus whose 
 operations cover the whole country very effectively. Secretary 
 Wilson has labored constantly to bring the department into close 
 touch with the people, especially with practical farmers, and he has 
 succeeded. The advances made under his administration have been 
 epoch-making. 
 
 Very notable changes have been made within the department. 
 The naturally allied services of plant disease and plant breeding 
 investigations, botanical investigations, grass and forage plant 
 investigations, pomological investigations, horticultural investiga- 
 tions, and seed testing and distribution, have been brought into a well 
 proportioned unity as the Bureau of Plant Industry, with a very 
 capable administrator in control of all its widespread branches. 
 
50 JAMES WILSON 
 
 The Bureau of Forestry has been thoroughly reorganized and put 
 into communication with owners of woodlands, large and small; 
 and has been able directly to advise them how most economically to 
 manage their property, usually with a view to the preservation of 
 the land under forest conditions, a need generally acknowledged 
 by public men but hitherto unmet. The scientific character of the 
 work has been indorsed by the president and by congress by placing 
 in its charge the great Federal forest reserves, comprising nearly one 
 hundred thousand square miles of territory. The Bureau of Chemis- 
 try has been organized and put in charge of food investigation and 
 inspection, and has attracted to it the chemical inquiries of the other 
 administrative branches, such as sugar testing for the treasury 
 department and ink testing for the post office department. The 
 Bureau of Soils has been established to take up the examination 
 in detail of the lands of the United States and its possessions, and 
 report upon their character and crop-producing fitnesses. The 
 investigations of tobacco soils and the experimental tobacco growing 
 in Connecticut by this bureau have for several years held public 
 attention. The Bureau of Entomology has been organized and has 
 kept watch over the introduction of harmful insects as well as the 
 introduction of beneficial insects. Its fight against the cotton-boll 
 weevil and its aid to bee-keepers are best known. The Bureau of 
 Biological Survey has been organized and the inspection of wild 
 animal importations, with preservation of game, has been given a 
 prominent place in the work as has the determining the life- and 
 crop-zones of the country, and reporting upon the economic value 
 of birds and other wild animals. The Bureau of Statistics has been 
 organized and its work systematized and brought into closer relations 
 with the people, especially by a series of post office cards announcing 
 simultaneously throughout the United States the condition of the 
 crops. This announcement is made at the same moment that the 
 information reaches the commercial centers. 
 
 The service of the Weather Bureau and of the Bureau of Animal 
 Industry, two great organizations which were in existence when 
 Secretary Wilson came into office, has been further developed, 
 especially along scientific lines. An unmistakable test of the effi- 
 ciency of one of these was made in the quick suppression of an out- 
 break of foot-and-mouth disease in New England, in 1903-04, at a 
 cost of half the amount granted b)^ congress for the purpose, while 
 
JAMES WILSON 51 
 
 the weather bureau annually reports savings of millions of dollars 
 by its storm, flood and frost warnings. Farmers and business men 
 and transportation lines in the flooded districts of the great water- 
 ways are every spring brought to realize the great value of this 
 service, while shipowners and seafaring men generally have it to 
 thank with the passing of every storm of which it warned them. 
 
 The work of the Office of Experiment Stations has been greatly 
 extended so that it now includes the direct management of the 
 stations in Alaska, Hawaii and Porto Rico, along with the super- 
 vision of the state and territorial stations. It also has its nutrition 
 and irrigation services and its cooperation with farmers' institute 
 work, the two latter having been added in the past eight years. 
 The Office of Road Inquiry has come to make its chief work the 
 practical building of roads and the examination and testing of road 
 materials so as to give important aid to the work being done by the 
 states. The library has grown from 60,000 volumes to 86,000. It 
 has to its credit several valuable bibliographies, and is cooperating 
 effectively with libraries, especially those which reach agricultural 
 communities both in this country and abroad. 
 
 With the great development of the other branches of depart- 
 ment work there has been a natural growth in the publication division. 
 There have been many more manuscripts to edit and prepare for the 
 printer, much increase of the details of making and illustrating books, 
 and a growth in distribution of publications from six and a half 
 million to more than twelve million copies. So extensive and varied 
 have the publications become that a system of indexing is necessary 
 in order to find and supply the information called for by the people. 
 The work of the job printing office under this division has trebled 
 in the past eight years. 
 
 Secretary Wilson in his first report announced it as the depart- 
 ment policy " to encourage the introduction of what will enable our 
 people to diversify their crops, and keep at home money that is now 
 sent abroad to buy what the United States should produce." To 
 this policy he has consistently adhered. His attention was first 
 turned to the great importations of sugar from regions no better 
 adapted to sugar production than are parts of the United States. 
 He at once imported large quantities of sugar-beet seed, and set the 
 chemist with the aid of a special agent to determine what sections 
 will grow beets of high sugar content. As a result of this work, the 
 
52 JAMES WILSON 
 
 beet-sugar production has increased from 37,536 tons by four states 
 in 1897 to 209,722 tons in twelve states in 1904. A large manu- 
 facturing industry has thus been developed. 
 
 In a like manner durum (or "macaroni") wheats have been 
 brought into the Northwest, yielding ten million bushels a year; 
 chicory growing in the North, new cottons in the South, and date and 
 fig growing in the Southwest. New fruits, both pomaceous and 
 citrous, have been introduced or developed by plant breeding. 
 Existing animal industries have been encouraged and existing breeds 
 replaced or improved. 
 
 Work along all these lines is going forward with increasing suc- 
 cess, and there is a prospect that the department will accomplish as 
 much in the four years upon which Secretary Wilson is just entering 
 as it has in the eight already passed. 
 
 During his entire public life Secretary Wilson has controlled 
 and directed the management of his own farm of 1200 acres near 
 Traer, and in every public office which he has held he has been 
 selected as a representative farmer. While in congress he was 
 always a member of the committee on Agriculture, and he was very 
 early identified with legislation to make the department of agricul- 
 ture a leading executive branch of the Government. In the forty- 
 third House he introduced and secured the passage of a bill for that 
 purpose. Later he worked in earnest cooperation with the late 
 W. H. Hatch of Missouri for the legislation for the suppression of 
 contagious diseases of animals under which the Bureau of Animal 
 Industry was established and pleuro-pneumonia of cattle was 
 eradicated from the United States. 
 
VICTOR HOWARD METCALF 
 
 METCALF, VICTOR HOWARD, secretary of commerce and 
 labor, is the second cabinet officer to hold that portfolio, 
 entering upon his duties on July 1, 1904. The first sec- 
 retary was Honorable George B. Cortelyou, under whose direction 
 the initial steps of the department's organization were taken. The 
 creation of the Department of Commerce and Labor is a just recog- 
 nition of the importance and magnitude of the nation's commercial 
 and industrial growth and expansion. Under the organic act its 
 province and duty are to foster, promote, and develop the foreign 
 and domestic commerce, mining, manufacturing, shipping, and 
 fishery industries, labor interests, and transportation facilities of 
 the United States. 
 
 In addition to the above definition of its scope, the department 
 was given many of the functions which up to that time had been 
 discharged by other departments; functions which often did not 
 pertain to those departments in their original organization. This 
 was notably true of the treasury department, to whose control had 
 been assigned many affairs unrelated to the work of the treasury, 
 merely because there was no specific department to which these 
 duties could more properly be assigned. From the treasury depart- 
 ment to the Department of Commerce and Labor have been trans- 
 ferred the Lighthouse Service, the Inspection of Immigrants, the 
 Seal Fisheries of Alaska, the Steamboat Inspection Service, the 
 Bureau of Navigation, the Bureau of Standards, the Coast and 
 Geodetic Survey, and the Bureau of Statistics; from the Depart- 
 ment of the Interior, the Bureau of the Census. The Department 
 of Labor and the Fish Commission were independent branches of 
 the Government, which have been brought into this new department, 
 and the Bureau of Foreign Commerce, of the Department of State, 
 was consolidated with the Bureau of Statistics. 
 
 In addition to these already existing functions, and in order 
 that the great manufacturing and industrial interests of the country 
 might be directly cared for, congress created the Bureau of Manu- 
 
54 VICTOR HOWARD METCALF 
 
 factures, stating that it should be the province and duty of that 
 bureau, under the direction of the secretary of the department, " to 
 foster, promote, and develop the various manufacturing industries 
 of the United States, and markets for the same at home and abroad, 
 domestic and foreign." There was also authorized by congress the 
 establishment of the Bureau of Corporations, "to investigate into 
 the organization, conduct, and management of any corporation or 
 joint stock company engaged in interstate commerce; and to gather 
 such information and data as will enable the president to make 
 recommendations to congress for the regulation of commerce, the 
 information obtained to be reported to the president, who may make 
 such portions of it public as he thinks proper." 
 
 Already in this department in its first year over ten million 
 dollars have been expended, and it has had in its employ nine thou- 
 sand two hundred and ten persons continuously in service, and many 
 hundreds temporarily in service. Since labor and commerce are at 
 the basis of all our national prosperity, it is time to systematize and 
 more fully to supervise in the interest of the public the wide- 
 spread network of supply and demand. 
 
 For the head of such a vast and intricate work, when Secretary 
 Cortelyou resigned in June, 1904, the president found a man emi- 
 nently fitted by natural aptitudes, wide experience and legal knowl- 
 edge. He is the third man from the Pacific coast to hold office in 
 the cabinet; and Secretary Metcalf comes to his responsible and 
 exalted national position in his prime and in the full vigor of life. 
 
 He was born in Utica, New York, October 10, 1853, the son of 
 William and Sarah P. Metcalf. His preparatory studies were carried 
 on at the "Utica free academy and at the Russell military school at 
 New Haven, Connecticut. He entered the academic department of 
 Yale with the class of 1876, remaining with the class until his junior 
 year, when he entered the law department of Yale college, and was 
 graduated in the year 1876 from that department. He was admitted 
 to the Connecticut bar in the same year. In 1877 he was also 
 admitted to the New York State bar, and he engaged in the practice 
 of law for two years at Utica, New York. In 1879 he removed to 
 California; and from 1881 to 1904 he was a member of the law firm 
 of Metcalf and Metcalf, of Oakland. 
 
 He was elected to the fifty-sixth, fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth 
 Congresses. He was an efficient member of the Ways and Means 
 
VICTOR HOWARD METCALF 55 
 
 Committee, rendering most excellent service. He resigned as a 
 member of the fifty-eighth Congress, July 1, 1904, to accept the 
 position of secretary of commerce and labor in the cabinet of Presi- 
 dent Roosevelt. 
 
 His home is in Oakland, California. He married April 11, 1882, 
 E. Corinne Nicholson, daughter of John Henry and Emily Virginia 
 Nicholson. They have two sons, one of whom is engaged in business 
 in California, while the other is a student at Annapolis. 
 
CHARLES JOSEPH BONAPARTE 
 
 CHARLES JOSEPH BONAPARTE, who assumed the port- 
 folio of secretary of the navy in the cabinet of President 
 Roosevelt, July 1, 1905, was born at Baltimore, Maryland, 
 June 9, 1851. His father was Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, son of 
 Jerome, the brother of Napoleon I. of France, and Elizabeth (Patter- 
 son) Bonaparte. His mother was Miss Susan May Williams of 
 Baltimore, who married Jerome Napoleon, at Baltimore in 1829. 
 
 Charles Joseph Bonaparte, the younger of the two sons of his 
 parents, was graduated from Harvard college in 1871, and from the 
 Harvard law school in 1874. Returning to Baltimore, he began at 
 once the practice of law in his native city, where he has continued to 
 reside. His chosen profession, and a deep and constant interest in 
 civil service reform and in practical efforts to further good govern- 
 ment and to secure needed political reforms in his own state and 
 city and in the country-at-large, have occupied him for the thirty 
 years since he began the practice of law. 
 
 He was for many years chairman of the Council of the National 
 Civil Service Reform League, resigning that position July 22, 1905; 
 he was appointed a member of the United States Board of Indian 
 Commissioners in 1902, resigning in 1904 in order to act as one of the 
 presidential electors for the state of Maryland, on the Roosevelt ticket. 
 He is a member of the executive committee of the Civic Federation. 
 He was named by Secretary Hitchcock, with the approval of Presi- 
 dent Roosevelt, in 1904, special inspector to investigate affairs in 
 the Indian Territory. He received, in 1903, the Laetare medal 
 given by the University of Notre Dame. 
 
 Mr. Bonaparte married Miss Ellen Channing Day, of Newport, 
 Rhode Island, September 1, 1875. 
 
 Always a member of the Republican party, Mr. Bonaparte has 
 maintained his personal independence in party matters; and his 
 leading influence in the party affairs of his city and of his state is 
 due to his acknowledged character, and to his fearless independence. 
 

ELIHU ROOT 
 
 ROOT, ELIHU, lawyer and cabinet officer, was chosen by- 
 President McKinley for secretary of war at an epoch in 
 our nation's history when that position demanded the most 
 assiduous application to military and political affairs. He brought 
 to his position acute discernment, well-balanced judgment, power 
 of resource, administrative ability and determined will. He found 
 the department in a somewhat chaotic state through the following 
 of old usages. Under his control it was reduced to order. He has 
 been a judicious and broad-minded counsellor in the cabinet, a 
 support to right measures, a foe to favoritism and incompetency. 
 In the army, in particular, his energy and persistence have made 
 themselves felt, in changing conditions which were deplored, but 
 were considered to be unalterable. It has been truly said that he 
 has " modernized military business methods and has made the service 
 an effective force." Administrative leadership and discipline are 
 the key to his admirable work in the secretaryship, perhaps the most 
 notable since that of Stanton. 
 
 He was born in Clinton, New York, February 15, 1845. He is 
 the son of Oren and Nancy (Buttrick) Root. He attended the 
 common schools and entered Hamilton college, in which institution 
 his father was professor of mathematics. His home and surround- 
 ings in boyhood and youth were such as to stimulate his mind and 
 to awaken and elevate his ambitions. Rev. Dr. Anson J. Upson, 
 for many years the chancellor of the University of the State of New 
 York, was a member of the Root family during Elihu's boyhood, 
 from 1851 to 1860; and the late Dr. C. H. F. Peters, the astronomer, 
 mathematician and botanist, was also an inmate of his father's 
 family for many years. His training for life was all acquired in 
 small institutions and this brought him into close contact with his 
 teachers, men of superior minds. While in college he did not care 
 to share in the pranks and escapades of student life; but he 
 was not by any means wanting in college spirit. His writings in 
 college were thoughtful, logical and impressive. His own will 
 
58 ELIHU ROOT 
 
 entered into his assimilation of knowledge — and although not 
 naturally an orator, his persistent and conscientious efforts have 
 made him one. When he was nineteen years old he took the Clark 
 prize for his oration on "The Jew of Dickens, Scott, and Shake- 
 speare." 
 
 He was graduated from Hamilton college in 1864; and he taught 
 with his brother, Oren, in the academy at Rome, New York, for one 
 year, and was graduated from the law department of the University 
 of New York in 1867. He was at once admitted to the bar, and 
 entered into partnership, first with John H. Strahan and afterward 
 with Judge Willard Bartlett. His assets, on going to New York, 
 were not much more than his diploma and his Phi Beta Kappa pin; 
 and to his credit be it said he lived most economically. His study 
 was often prolonged far into the night. 
 
 His law practice grew rapidly and he was retained by many 
 corporations as counsel. President Arthur appointed him United 
 States attorney of the Southern district of New York, which position 
 he held from 1883-85. He was a member of the Republican county 
 committee, and its chairman from 1886-87. In 1894 he was delegate- 
 at-large to the state constitutional convention of New York, and was 
 chairman of the Judiciary Committee of that body. 
 
 William M. Tweed employed him as counsel when on trial for 
 the "Tweed Ring" frauds; but it has been said that Mr. Root felt 
 constrained to accept this position as he was urged to this course 
 by one who had in former years acted a most friendly part to Mr. Root 
 before he had attained prominence, and when friends were rare. 
 
 Judge Hilton availed himself of Mr. Root's services in the 
 Stewart will case; and he has been attorney for the sugar trust and 
 in other important litigations. 
 
 August 1, 1899, President McKinley appointed him secretary 
 of war, as successor to Russell A. Alger, and he was continued in 
 the office by President Roosevelt, and was reappointed March 5, 
 1901. His public career as secretary of war has made him known 
 round the world. President McKinley 's choice was vindicated as 
 soon as Mr. Root began to apply his well-trained legal mind to our 
 national problems. The war department immediately felt the 
 pressure as well as the inspiration of his presence. Intellect 
 is said to be impersonal; and this characteristic is not without great 
 weight in questions concerning the most efficient men and methods. 
 
ELIHU ROOT 59 
 
 Personal considerations of friendship and favor may be allowed to 
 enter into the private judgment of a business man, if he is willing to 
 bear the consequence of choosing poor instruments of service. But 
 in national affairs the only question to be asked is : " What is best 
 for the nation, for the people at large?" This question Mr. Root has 
 seemed to consider carefully and to answer fearlessly; and if men 
 were set aside, it was not from personal animosity or from prejudice; 
 it was the result of the deliberate judgment that better results would 
 follow. Events seem to have proved his wisdom in most of these 
 cases. 
 
 Brigadier-General Carter says: "Mr. Root entered the War 
 Department without special knowledge of military affairs. Perhaps 
 it was best for the country that this condition existed, for it induced 
 him to apply his great mind to the study, not only of the details, but 
 of all the higher questions of military administration. He realized 
 that it was necessary to make a study of the entire system, since in 
 this way only could he qualify himself to differentiate the good from 
 the evil. Early in his career he was obliged to bring into service in 
 the distant Philippines, a body of 35,000 volunteers. He accom- 
 plished this in the most efficient manner." 
 
 Secretary Root was fully assured in his own mind that the United 
 States could not do otherwise than continue to be responsible for the 
 well-being of the Philippine Islands, which had in so unexpected a 
 manner come into our possession. The organization of so many 
 volunteer regiments for such unprecedented expeditions across the 
 seas required not only prompt action, but picked men, with well- 
 trained and expert commanders. Secretary Root himself supervised 
 the selection of officers capable of organizing the army and leading 
 it in battle. The peaceful- conclusion of the Boxer troubles in China, 
 too, was largely brought about by his discretion and foresight. 
 Porto Rico and Cuba both had need of military as well as of political 
 management in the settlement of a government suited to the condi- 
 tions of the people, after the war, and here again was shown the 
 "practised mind and guiding hand of the secretary of war." 
 
 The organization of the army (one might almost say the regenera- 
 tion of our army), was the vital problem which came before the 
 department as soon as thought could be given to the question. 
 Mr. Root soon perceived that certain changes were absolutely 
 needed if our army was to be efficient in the new conditions of our 
 
60 ELIHU ROOT 
 
 national life. He saw clearly that some of the arrangements of the 
 service were simply traditional, and had no good reason for being. 
 He made changes. The most important of these changes was the 
 establishment of a general staff corps representative of the whole 
 army — who were to have power to recommend plans and bills to 
 congress. This measure was strenuously opposed, but was finally 
 passed by congress. The method of appointment of officers was 
 also scrutinized and reforms were made. A system of reports was 
 made the basis of promotion, with the result of greater efficiency 
 than by the old way which left room for favoritism, and by regarding 
 only seniority in service often placed incompetent men in very 
 important positions. Our country's present efficient army is the 
 result of his care in investigation, his removal of limitations, and his 
 foresight and broadmindedness in devising measures for making 
 the army an effective machine. Secretary Root's own words in an 
 address at a dinner given him by the general staff are these: 
 "Effective and harmonious organization is the moving power of the 
 world today. Days of trial for our country are sure to come, but I 
 believe the American people will look back to the inauguration of 
 the general staff and a spirit of brotherhood in arms permeating all 
 branches of the American army, as the beginning of a new day, and 
 the origin of an efficiency never before known in the defenders of 
 our government and of our nation." By the General Staff bill the 
 army is furnished with what Secretary Root describes as the 
 "directing brain which every army must have." He organized a 
 corps of artillery for our coast defenses. In his administration of the 
 Philippines, his sanitary measures; his vigorous action in stamping 
 out disease; the establishment of a system of schools in our island 
 possessions; the setting in operation of machinery for law-making 
 in our colonial possessions; and the wise settlement of local ques- 
 tions of right of election — were all planned for and favored by the 
 secretary of war. He sought to make of our army in the Philip- 
 pines a power to maintain peace, to enforce peace if need be by 
 war. To renovate and reconstruct civil and political conditions, 
 leaving them better than they were, was the aim he set before the 
 American army of occupation. Mr. Root's concentration on the 
 work in hand is one chief source of his strength. He gives all his 
 mind to whatever question he is considering. He is not only a 
 liberally educated but is also a self-disciplined man. He does not 
 
ELIHI7 ROOT 61 
 
 show temper, nor does he express great disappointment if his plans 
 do not immediately carry. In him, caution, memory, vigilance, 
 insight, seem mingled in just proportion. His affection for President 
 McKinley was strong, though not frequently expressed. If he does 
 not especially draw the affections of others to himself, admiration 
 of his intellect is a tribute which none can fail to pay him who 
 have watched his methods and their results. He is a tireless 
 worker, remaining at his desk ten to twelve, and sometimes fifteen 
 hours a day. The American people owe him a debt of gratitude for 
 helpfully adjusting to legal principles our new colonial policy. 
 
 In February, 1905, having resigned from the cabinet, Mr. Root 
 resumed the practice of law in New York. 
 
 President Roosevelt most clearly recognized Mr. Root's value, 
 and wrote him, as Mr. Root retired from the secretaryship, January 1, 
 1904: "Your duties have included more than merely the adminis- 
 tration of the department and the reorganization of the army on an 
 effective basis. You have also been at the head of the department 
 which dealt with the vast and delicate problems involved in our 
 possession of the Philippine Islands. And your success in dealing 
 with this part of your work has been as signal as your success in 
 dealing with the purely military problems. It is hard, indeed, for 
 me to accept your resignation; and I do it not only with keen 
 personal regret, but with a lively understanding of the gap your 
 withdrawal will make in public life." 
 
 In 1902, Mr. Root was made a member of the executive com- 
 mittee of the Carnegie Institute, Washington, District of Columbia. 
 The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Hamilton 
 college, 1894, and by Yale in 1900. He was married January 8, 
 1878, to Clara, daughter of Salem Wales, of New York city. 
 
 After the death of Secretary John Hay, Mr. Root returned to 
 the cabinet of President Roosevelt. Official announcement was 
 made of his appointment as secretary of state, and of his accept- 
 ance of that position on July 7, 1905. 
 
MELVILLE WESTON FULLER 
 
 MELVILLE WESTON FULLER, lawyer, jurist, the eighth 
 chief justice of the United States, was born in Augusta, 
 Maine, February 11, 1833. His distinguished career runs 
 emphatically counter to the extreme theory that a man's ancestry 
 counts for little, and that the eminence of honor and fame belong only 
 to those who begin the ascent with bare feet. Not only was he denied 
 in his youth the proverbial country environment often set down as a 
 sine qua non of distinction, but his forefathers for several generations 
 had occupied places of distinct prominence in legal and judicial life. 
 His maternal grandfather, Honorable Nathan Weston, was chief 
 justice of the state of Maine; his paternal grandfather, Honorable 
 Henry Weld Fuller, a classmate and intimate friend of Daniel 
 Webster, was for many years, and at the time of his death, a judge 
 of probate in Kennebec county, Maine; and his father, Frederick 
 Augustus Fuller, studied at the Harvard law school, and was a 
 lawyer of ability and zeal. His six uncles were all lawyers. 
 
 Melville Fuller entered Bowdoin college at the age of sixteen, 
 and was graduated in 1853. Descended from a long line of lawyers, 
 his decision was soon made in favor of the law. He began the study 
 of this profession in college and in the office of his uncle, George 
 Melville Weston, of Bangor, Maine, supplementing his office study 
 with a course of lectures at Harvard law school. Two years after 
 his graduation from Bowdoin, he was admitted to the bar, and began 
 practice at Augusta, entering into partnership with his uncle, Ben- 
 jamin A. G. Fuller in association with whom he also edited "The 
 Age." This paper was one of the leading Democratic organs of the 
 state, and, to a certain extent, a rival of the "Kennebec Journal," 
 at that time managed by James G. Blaine. As a hard and conscien- 
 tious worker Mr. Fuller, even at this time, commanded the attention 
 and the confidence of his community in an unusual degree, and he 
 became member and president of the common council, and city 
 attorney. 
 

 £• "7^ 
 
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MELVILLE WESTON FULLER 63 
 
 But flattering as all these recognitions were, because they were 
 far from adventitious, yet they did not satisfy the ambition of the 
 young lawyer. He longed for enlarged opportunities. He there- 
 fore resigned membership in the council, and before the close of 
 1856 removed to Chicago to begin his career practically anew. 
 
 When Mr. Fuller reached Chicago he was unknown. Whatever 
 reputation he had achieved in his brief professional life, on the 
 banks of the Kennebec, availed him nothing, save in the conscious- 
 ness that he had developed power, to which, now, must be added the 
 all important element of courage. He was quick to decide, and the 
 conviction struck him that he must identify himself with a new order 
 of life and with new conditions. This he proceeded to do — to make 
 the interests of the new community his interests — to enter into its 
 life as fully and completely as one in his position might properly be 
 allowed to do. To a manner that was engaging, he added a brilliancy 
 of attainments and a readiness and eagerness for the work of his 
 profession that soon brought him clients and an established reputa- 
 tion. Within the first two years of his western career he argued a 
 case before the Supreme Court of Illinois, and extension of his prac- 
 tice to the United States District and Supreme courts came rapidly. 
 It was not long until he stood well at the head of the Chicago bar. 
 
 The cases which stand out most distinctly in Mr. Fuller's career 
 as a lawyer are probably those which grew out of the prorogation of 
 the legislature of Illinois in 1863, and the famous Cheney heresy 
 trial. The latter case charged canonical disobedience against Bishop 
 Charles E. Cheney, and the attempt was made by the ecclesiastical 
 council to interdict him from acting as rector, and to prevent his 
 farther use of the parsonage and church, as such. Dr. Cheney was 
 defended by Mr. Fuller, and in point of thoroughness, display of 
 ecclesiastical knowledge, familiarity with the WTitings of the Church 
 fathers, and legal acumen, this defense has rarely been equaled. 
 The case, finally, w T as taken up to the Supreme Court of Illinois, 
 where it was re-presented by Mr. Fuller in a masterful and eloquent 
 argument, and received the confirmation of that tribunal. 
 
 Another case, celebrated in legal annals, was the "Lake-front 
 Case," involving vast interests of large importance to the city of 
 Chicago. This case was tried before Mr. Justice Harlan and Judge 
 Blodgett of the United States Circuit court, and its conduct by Mr. 
 Fuller attracted widespread attention. 
 
64 MELVILLE WESTON FULLER 
 
 While Mr. Fuller's chief claim to distinction is as a lawyer and 
 jurist, he still performed many services of a public and political 
 character. In 1862, he was a member of the State Constitutional 
 Convention of Illinois, and in 1863 was elected to membership in the 
 lower house of the legislature of that State. A lifelong Democrat, 
 he frequently represented his party in National Conventions, being 
 a delegate in 1864, 1872, 1876, and 1880. He placed Thomas A. 
 Hendricks in nomination for the vice-presidency in the convention 
 of 1876, in a notable speech, but subsequent to 1880 refrained from 
 further active participation in party councils. He was named by 
 President Cleveland for the office of chief justice of the United States, 
 to succeed Morrison R. Waite, on April 30, 1888. His commission 
 was signed July 30 of the same year, and he took his seat, as the 
 eighth chief justice of the Supreme Court, being at the time, with one 
 exception, the youngest member of that body. 
 
 Although Mr. Fuller's practice was quite general in its nature, 
 yet in his later years he confined it very largely to the Federal Courts. 
 It has been said of him that " a marked characteristic of his methods 
 as a practitioner at the bar was thoroughness, to which end he always 
 made a careful preparation of his cases before they came up for trial. 
 In addressing court or jury he spoke with clearness and earnestness, 
 and some of his arguments in important cases contain a wealth of 
 research and scholarly reasoning. A desire for justice dominated him 
 in the conduct of his cases, rather than a desire to win. As a fluent, 
 earnest, convincing advocate he had few equals." 
 
 These characteristics as a lawyer, with the judicial refinements, 
 are equally marked in him as chief justice of our highest court. The 
 mental quality which predominates is judgment poise. All previous 
 prejudice, the mood of the moment, possible penalty or retribution, 
 are dismissed or rendered colorless in the presence of a plea for justice 
 at his hands. He possesses, too, keen analytical power, and after 
 the test, of the law, or of logic or of facts, or of precedents has been 
 applied, he reaches decisions from which those personal elements, 
 which are often fraught with error, have been largely eliminated. 
 This impersonal judgment, is the judgment of the impartial jurist. 
 In the matter of the presentation of an opinion, as well, the chief 
 justice has an eloquence of diction particularly persuasive. A lawyer 
 of wide experience, a citizen of the highest type, a jurist of undoubted 
 ability, Chief Justice Fuller has proved a worthy successor of the 
 
MELVILLE WESTON FULLER 65 
 
 notable men who in the past have been elevated to our highest 
 judicial position. 
 
 Chief Justice Fuller is a man of fine literary instincts. He is 
 not only learned in the literature of the law, but he has an intimate 
 acquaintance with history and literature in its broader aspects and 
 bearings. He has at command several continental languages, and 
 has made companions of the ancient classics. This varied scholar- 
 ship is constantly reflected in the occasional addresses given to the 
 public, and in the recognition accorded him by the several colleges 
 and universities that have bestowed upon him their highest degree. 
 Northwestern university and Bowdoin college gave him the degree 
 of Doctor of Laws in 1888, Harvard university in 1891, Yale and 
 Dartmouth in 1901. 
 
 Chief Justice Fuller was married in 1866 to Miss Mary E. Cool- 
 baugh. They have a family of eight daughters and one son. 
 

 JOHN MARSHALL HARLAN 
 
 JOHN MARSHALL HARLAN, associate justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, was born in a country district of 
 Boyle county, Kentucky, June 1, 1833. II.' entered Centre 
 college, Kentucky, and graduated in 1850. Following the bent of 
 the illustrious jurist for whom he was named, he early manifested a 
 taste for the law, and took a course in the law department of Transyl- 
 vania university, graduating in 1853. He commenced practice 1 at 
 the capital of his state, where his parents then lived, continuing 
 there until 1S5S. In 185(3 he was married to Malvina 1'.. daughter 
 of John Shanklin, of Evansville, Indiana. In 1858 he was elected 
 county judge. As Whig candidate for congress (in 1859), in the 
 Ashland district, he failed of election by only sixty-seven votes. 
 
 In ISliO, he was elector on the Bell and Everett ticket, and when 
 the war broke out, in 1801, then a resident of Louisville, he left his 
 office and by dint of zeal and energy soon raised a regiment for the 
 Union army (the loth Kentucky Infantry regiment), became its 
 colonel and served with gallantry until the death of his father in the 
 spring of 1803, when, although his name was before the senate for 
 confirmation as a brigadier-general, he was constrained to resign, 
 that he might meet the demands of the bereaved family. 
 
 In his letter of resignation dated March 2, 1803, addressed to 
 Brigadier-General Garfield, chief of staff, the justice said: 
 
 "The recent sudden death of my father has devolved upon me 
 duties of a private nature which I cannot with propriety neglect, and 
 which the exigencies of the public service do not require that I shall 
 neglect. Those duties relate to his unsettled business, which 
 demands my immediate personal attention. 
 
 "I deeply regret that I am compelled at this time to return to 
 civil life. It was my fixed purpose to remain in the Federal army 
 until it had effectually suppressed the existing armed rebellion and 
 restored the authority of the National Government over every part 
 of the nation. No ordinary consideration would have induced me 
 to depart from this purpose. Even the private interests to which 
 


JOHN MARSHALL HARLAN 67 
 
 I have alluded would be regarded as nothing in my estimation if I 
 felt that my continuance in or retirement from the service would to 
 any material extent affect the great struggle through which the 
 country is now passing. 
 
 "If, therefore, I am permitted to retire from the army, I beg 
 the commanding general to feel assured that it is from no want of 
 confidence either in the justice or the ultimate triumph of the Union 
 cause. That cause will always have the warmest sympathies of my 
 heart, for there are no conditions upon which I will consent to a dis- 
 solution of the Union. Nor are there any conditions consistent with 
 a republican form of government which I am not prepared to make 
 in order to maintain and perpetuate that Union." 
 
 In the same year he was elected attorney-general of Kentucky 
 by the Union party, continuing for the term of four years, and then 
 returning to active practice in Louisville. In 1871 he was Republican 
 nominee for governor, but was defeated. In 1872 the Republican 
 state convention named him for the vice-presidency. In 1875 he 
 was named for governor and was again defeated. In 1876 he was 
 chairman of the Kentucky delegation to the Republican national 
 convention. The following year he was appointed to inquire into, 
 and as far as possible to remove, existing obstacles to regular pro- 
 cedure under the constitution and laws of the state, to the end of a 
 recognition of a single legislature and the proper authority of the 
 Federal Government. 
 
 It was in this year (1877), that he declined a foreign mission. 
 He accepted the position of associate justice of the United States 
 Supreme court, to which he was appointed on November 29,1877. 
 His course in this position has been marked by the same vigor which 
 always characterized him, and by an ability and impartiality highly 
 appreciated by his associates and by members of the legal profession 
 generally. During his incumbency of the associate justiceship he 
 has also been connected with the law department of Columbian 
 university (now George Washington university), giving lectures on 
 constitutional law and public and private international law, and 
 since 1891 serving as professor of the Constitutional Jurisprudence 
 of the United States, and of the Law of Torts— a capacity in which, 
 by reason of his known command of the subjects, together with a 
 commanding presence and an agreeable and impressive manner, he 
 has always been exceedingly popular. 
 
DAVID JOSIAH BREWER 
 
 BREWER, DAVID JOSIAH, son of an American missionary 
 in Asia Minor, student at Middletown, Connecticut, 
 graduate of Yale, class of 1850, and of Albany law school, 
 1858; lawyer in Leavenworth, Kansas, United States commissioner, 
 judge of the Probate and Criminal courts, of the District court, 
 county attorney, justice of the Supreme court of the state, judge 
 of the United States Circuit court for the eighth district, 1859-89, 
 and justice of the United States Supreme court from December 18, 
 1889; president of the Board of Commissioners to investigate the 
 boundary line dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana, 1896; 
 arbitrator on part of Venezuela in settlement of the dispute, 1899; 
 was born in Smyrna, Turkey, Asia Minor, June 20, 1837. His father, 
 the Reverend Josiah Brewer (1796-1S72) was graduated from Yale 
 college in 1821, was a missionary for the American Board of com- 
 missioners for Foreign Missions in Smyrna, Turkey, 1826-28; pioneer 
 missionary sent by the New Haven Ladies' Greek Association to 
 establish schools for girls and women and to set up a printing press 
 in Smyrna, Asia Minor, where he issued the first newspaper printed 
 in the Greek language devoted to the propagation of the Christian 
 religion in Asia Minor, 1830-38. He returned home in 1838 and was 
 chaplain of the State Penitentiary, Wethersfield, Connecticut, 
 1839-41; lecturer, preacher and editor in the anti-slavery cause, 
 1841-44, Hartford, Connecticut; school teacher in New Haven, 
 Connecticut, 1844-50, and in Middletown, Connecticut, 1850-57, 
 and pastor of a Congregational church at Housatonic, Massachu- 
 setts, 1857-66. His mother, Emilia A. (Field) Brewer, was a daugh- 
 ter of the Reverend David Dudley and Submit (Dickinson) Field, 
 and granddaughter of Captain Timothy Field and of Captain Noah 
 Dickinson, both officers in the American Revolution. She with her 
 younger brother, Stephen Johnson Field, then thirteen years of age, 
 accompanied her husband to Smyrna, Turkey, as a missionary in 
 1830, and there her son David Josiah Brewer was born and from 
 there he was brought to the United States in the autumn of 1838. 
 
filllllll 
 
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DAVID JOSIAH BREWER 69 
 
 He was educated in the schools of Wethersfield, Hartford, New 
 Haven and Middletown; was graduated from Daniel H. Chase's 
 school in Middletown in 1851, was a student in Wesleyan university, 
 Middletown, 1851-54, and was graduated from Yale college, A.B., 
 1856 (A.M., 1859), in the same class with Henry Billings Brown, his 
 associate on the United States Supreme court bench. He then 
 studied law in the office of his uncle, David Dudley Field, in New 
 York city, 1856-57, and was graduated at the Albany (New York) 
 law school in 1858. He began the practice of law in Leavenworth, 
 Kansas, in 1859. He there gained a high rank in his profession and 
 was made United States Commissioner of the Circuit court for the 
 district of Kansas by Judge Archibald Williams, in 1861; he was 
 judge of the Probate and Criminal courts of the County of Leaven- 
 worth, 1863-64; judge of the first judicial district of Kansas, 1865-69; 
 district attorney for Leavenworth county, 1869-70, and judge of 
 the Supreme Court of Kansas, 1870-84. He was appointed by 
 President Arthur judge of the United States Circuit court for the 
 eighth district in 1884, serving 1884-89, and by President Harrison 
 associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to fill 
 the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Justice Stanley Matthews. 
 He was commissioned December 18, 1889, and took his seat on 
 the Supreme bench, January 6, 1890. 
 
 While on the Supreme bench of the state of Kansas, he handed 
 down the decision that made women in that state eligible to the 
 office of county superintendent of public schools; another sustaining 
 the right of married women to money possessed by them at the time 
 of marriage and to all money earned by them after marriage. He 
 also gave a dissenting opinion on the question of the power of a 
 municipality to issue bonds to assist in building a railroad. As 
 United States circuit judge he entered the decree sustaining the 
 Maxwell land-grant, the largest private grant sustained in the 
 United States. He took high rank as a jurist upon the United States 
 Supreme bench and was also noted for his scholarly public addresses 
 delivered on various occasions. While a resident of Leavenworth he 
 was a member of the Library Association, of the City Board of Educa- 
 tion, superintendent of the Public Schools of Leavenworth and presi- 
 dent of the State Teachers' Association. In 1892 he became lecturer 
 on corporation law in the Columbian university law school, Washing- 
 ton, District of Columbia, and subsequently lecturer on Equity 
 
70 DAVID JOSIAH BREWER 
 
 Jurisprudence and International Law. On January 1, 1896, he was 
 appointed by President Cleveland a member of the Board of Com- 
 missioners to investigate the true divisional line between Venezuela 
 and British Guiana, and on the organization of the board Mr. Justice 
 Brewer was elected chairman. In November, 1896, before the 
 commission reported, Great Britain yielded to the demands of the 
 United States Government for arbitration, and in February, 18 ( .)7, 
 an agreement was reached and a treaty of arbitration was duly 
 signed and Chief Justice Fuller and Associate Justice Brewer were 
 appointed arbitrators on the part of Venezuela: Lord Chief Justice 
 Russell and Sir Henry Henn Collins, acting on the part of Great 
 Britain, and Professor Martens of Russia representing a neutral 
 nation. The boundary commission sat in Paris from June 15, to 
 October 3, 1S99, when the agreement of the arbitrators was signed 
 and the award (not entirely satisfactory to either nation) was 
 accepted, and was generally considered a victory for Venezuela as 
 the greater part of the territory claimed was awarded to the South 
 American Republic. 
 
 He was editor-in-chief of "The World's Best Orations," a col- 
 lection in ten volumes of the leading orations; and also of "The 
 World's Best Essays," a like collection in ten volumes of the leading 
 essays of all time. He was the orator at the Bicentennial Celebra- 
 tion of Yale university. 
 
 Justice Brewer received the honorary degree of LL.D. from 
 Iowa college (Grinnell), in 1SS4; from Washburn college, Topeka, 
 Kansas, in 1888; from Yale university in 1891; from the Univer- 
 sity of Wisconsin in 1900; from Wesleyan university, Connecticut, 
 1901, and from the University of Vermont, 1904. He was married 
 October 3, 1861, to Louisa R. Landon, of Burlington, Vermont. 
 Mrs. Brewer died April 3, 1898, leaving three daughters. Justice 
 Brewer was married a second time June 5, 1901, to Emma Minor 
 Mott, of Chateaugay, New York. 
 
 Justice Brewer has written and spoken at many important 
 centers with a loyalty to Christian principles and a reverent and 
 well-reasoned respect and love for the Bible which have won for him 
 friends and admirers hardly less numerous than those who honor 
 his attainments as a lawyer and a jurist. 
 
JlbUSL- 
 
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 tov&iA 
 
HENRY BILLINGS BROWN 
 
 BROWN, HENRY BILLINGS, LL.D., associate justice of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States, is a brilliant illustration 
 of the wonderful opportunities for advancement and the vast 
 possibilities for achievement which are open to the young men of our 
 land. In the record of his life we see how by means of close appli- 
 cation and earnest and well directed effort, reinforced by a strong 
 moral character, the village youth may make his way to a place in the 
 most important judicial tribunal in the world. 
 
 He was born at South Lee, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, 
 March 2, 1836. He was the son of Billings and Mary A. (Tyler) 
 Brown. He was married July 13, 1864, to Caroline Pitts, who died 
 July 11, 1901. They had no children. He was married June 25, 
 1904, to Josephine E. Tyler, widow of Lieutenant F. H. Tyler, United 
 States navy. 
 
 The father of Mr. Brown was a manufacturer. He was self- 
 educated, a man of high intelligence, fond of reading and efficient 
 in business. He was a member of the Connecticut legislature and 
 was held in high esteem by his fellow citizens. His wife was a woman 
 of clear and vigorous intellect and earnest piety. Mr. Brown traces 
 his ancestry back to Edward Brown of Ipswich, Massachusetts. 
 
 The subject of this biography passed his childhood and youth 
 in small villages. His health was good and he had no regular tasks 
 which involved manual labor. Besides a great desire to read he had 
 a strong liking for mechanical pursuits. In preparing for college 
 there were no special difficulties to overcome. He attended the 
 academies at Stockbridge and Monson (Massachusetts), and was 
 graduated from Yale college in 1856, after which he studied in the 
 law schools of Yale and Harvard until 1859. 
 
 The active work of life was commenced as a clerk in a lawyer's 
 office at Detroit, Michigan, in 1859, and soon developed into regular 
 practice in the courts. In 1863-64 Mr. Brown was assistant United 
 States attorney in Detroit. In 1868 he was appointed judge of the 
 Wayne County Circuit court, to fill a vacancy, serving but five months. 
 
72 HENRY BILLINGS BROWN 
 
 From 1875 to 1890 he was judge of the District Court of the United 
 States for the eastern district of Michigan, and in the year last 
 named he was appointed associate justice of the Supreme Court of 
 the United States. 
 
 Justice Brown received the degree of LL.D. from Michigan and 
 Yale universities. He is a member of the Cosmos and Chevy Chase 
 clubs of Washington, and of the University club of New York. He 
 has not adopted any system of physical culture or given special atten- 
 tion to athletics. His principal relaxation has been found in travel- 
 ing. His reading has been wide and varied but he does not attempt 
 to specify the books which have had the strongest influence upon his 
 life and character. He has mver been closely identified with any 
 political party. As an author he is known as the compiler of "Brown's 
 Admiralty Reports," and as the writer of several articles upon legal 
 topics. 
 
 His own preference governed in the choice of a profession. The 
 influences of home and school, of private study, and of the com- 
 panions of his early and later life have all been strong, but it is impos- 
 sible for him to state which of them has been the most powerful in 
 its effect upon his work and his success. 
 
 The views of Justice Brown regarding the influence of inheri- 
 tance and early surroundings, and the means upon which the young 
 should depend for success in life, can best be stated in his own words, 
 which we quote as follows: 
 
 " I am a strong believer in heredity. I believe there are certain 
 children who are bound to make their way in the world. Their 
 success is usually dependent upon circumstances of birth, moral 
 training, education, and is sometimes independent of all these cir- 
 cumstances except inherited ability and ambition. Others are born 
 who under no possible circumstances can achieve anything like suc- 
 cess, and who in spite of the most favorable surroundings are doomed 
 to failure. I regard inherited wealth, or the expectation of it, as one 
 of the most serious obstacles to success, though there are a few 
 brilliant examples of those who have managed to surmount it. With 
 fair inherited talents, industry and ambition, success in one's chosen 
 field is most probable and almost certain, provided bad habits are 
 eschewed." 
 
 
EDWARD DOUGLASS WHITE 
 
 DESCENDED from one of the leading families of Louisiana in 
 its old Spanish days, Edward Douglass White was born on 
 his father's estate in La Fourche parish, November 3, 1845. 
 His grandfather had immigrated to Louisiana before its cession to the 
 United States and had been the first parish judge of the Attakapas 
 district; while his father, whose name he inherits, served as the 
 seventh governor of Louisiana. His mother was Catherine S. (Ring- 
 gold) White. Of Catholic parentage, he was sent to the Catholic 
 educational institutions of Mount St. Mary's college, Emmittsburg, 
 Maryland, and Georgetown college, Washington, District of 
 Columbia. He was in the latter institution at the outbreak of 
 the Civil war, and was at once called home and sent to the Jesuit 
 college at New Orleans to complete his education. Ardently 
 patriotic in the cause of the South, the youth joined the Confederate 
 ranks as a private, his period of active military service being followed 
 by a term of legal study in the office of Honorable Edward Ber- 
 mudez, afterward chief justice of Louisiana. 
 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1868 and practised with success 
 in New Orleans, while his activity in political life as a member of the 
 dominant party of the state was shown by his election to the state 
 senate, in which he served from 1874 to 1878. He had meanwhile 
 gained a reputation for skill and ability in his chosen profession such 
 that in 1878 Governor Nichols raised him to the bench as associate 
 justice of the Supreme Court of Louisiana. This position he held 
 until the adoption of the new constitution of the state, which pro- 
 vided for a new court, to be organized in 1891. Meanwhile, in 1890, 
 Justice White had been elected to the United States senate by an 
 almost unanimous vote of the Legislature. His term of senatorial 
 service, however, was not completed, the recognition of his profound 
 knowledge of, and high ability in, the law leading to his appointment 
 in February, 1894, to the exalted judicial position of associate 
 justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1898 he 
 declined the request of President McKinley to become a member of 
 
74 
 
 EDWARD DOUGLASS WHITE 
 
 the Peace Commission for the settlement of the question, arising 
 Irom the Spanish war, preferring to devote himself to the .mportant 
 
 duties of his judicial position. 
 
RUFUS WILLIAM PECKHAM 
 
 RUFUS WILLIAM PECKHAM, justice of the United States 
 Supreme court, was born at Albany, New York, November 
 8, 1838, the son of Honorable Rufus Wheeler Peckham, of 
 high distinction in his day as a lawyer and jurist. After serving as 
 justice in the Supreme Court of New York, the latter was (at the 
 time of his death in the shipwreck of the Ville de Havre, Novem- 
 ber 22, 1873), a justice of the New York Court of Appeals, the highest 
 court of that state. His example had much to do with the notable 
 career of his sons, one of whom, Wheeler .Hazard Peckham, became 
 prominent at the New York bar, and was associated with Charles 
 O'Conor in the prosecution of the members of the "Tweed Ring." 
 The more distinguished son, Rufus William, was educated at the 
 Albany boys' academy, and later in a Philadelphia school, and 
 followed the family tradition by engaging in the study of law, enter- 
 ing in 1857 the office of his father, then practising law in partner- 
 ship with Lyman Tremaine, attorney-general of the state of New 
 York. He was admitted to the bar in 1859. In 1860 he entered 
 into partnership with Mr. Tremaine, succeeding his father who in 
 that year was elevated to the Supreme bench. The influence and 
 example of his distinguished father had a strong effect on the young 
 lawyer, who had prepared himself carefully for his profession and 
 rose rapidly into prominence. 
 
 In 1868 he was elected district attorney for Albany county, 
 in which position he showed especial ability and executive energy 
 in the notable trial of a party of express car robbers. He was sub- 
 sequently one of the counsel for the Albany and Susquehanna Rail- 
 road Company, in its contest with the Erie, then under the control 
 of Jay Gould and James Fisk; and he also represented the attorney- 
 general with success in several important cases. 
 
 A Democrat in political opinion, Justice Peckham was a member 
 of the National committee at St. Louis, in 1876, where he actively 
 supported Tilden for the presidency. He was a supporter of Han- 
 cock in 1880. Elected corporation counsel for Albany in 1881, his 
 

JOSEPH McKENNA 
 
 JOSEPH McKENNA, lawyer, cabinet officer, jurist, and associate 
 justice of the United States Supreme court, is a native of Penn- 
 sylvania, though his chief distinctions have been won as a 
 citizen of California. Of mixed Irish and English ancestry he was 
 born in Philadelphia, August 10, 1843, a son of John and Mary 
 McKenna. He was educated in the local schools, and at St. Joseph's 
 college, Philadelphia, until he reached his eleventh year, when his 
 parents removed to California, and located at Benicia, Solano county. 
 Here his education was continued in the public schools and at Benicia 
 collegiate institute, from which latter he was graduated in law, 
 mainly under the instructorship of Professor Abbott, in 1865, and 
 was at once admitted to the bar. 
 
 Early in his professional career Mr. McKenna was twice elected 
 district attorney of Solano county, being inducted into office in 
 March, 1866. Upon being elected he moved to Fairfield, the county 
 seat, and subsequently to Suisun, in the same county, where he 
 continued his practice, and was elected to the lower house of the 
 California legislature, serving throughout the sessions of 1875 and 
 1876. While a member of this body he delivered a speech that 
 attracted much attention on the proposal to create a State Board of 
 Railroad Commissioners. This effort gave him more than local 
 prominence, and in the next year he received the Republican nomina- 
 tion for congress, from the third congressional district, but was 
 defeated. His nomination in 1878 met with another defeat, and it 
 was not until his third attempt, in 1884, that his congressional 
 aspirations were successful. He served with eminent success in the 
 forty-ninth, fiftieth, fifty-first and fifty-second Congresses, and 
 was the only member during that period, west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, to receive a place on the committee of Ways and Means. Here 
 began his association with the late President McKinley, then chair- 
 man of that important committee, and the mutual friendship thus 
 begun continued unabated until the untimely death of President 
 McKinley. 
 
7^ JOSEPH MCKENNA 
 
 In 1893 Mr. McKenna was appointed by President Harrison 
 United States circuit judge, for the ninth Pacific Coast circuit, to 
 succeed Lorenzo Sawyer. This necessitated his resignation from 
 congress. He continued in this judicial capacity for four years, when 
 he entered President McKinley's cabinet March, 1897, as attorney- 
 general of the United States, succeeding Honorable .liaison Harmon 
 of Ohio. A vacancy occurred in the United States Supreme court 
 within the following year, by the retirement of Mr. Justice Stephen J. 
 Field of California, and January 21, 1S9S, President McKinley 
 designated Mr. McKenna as associate justice of that tribunal. He 
 was unanimously confirmed by the senate, and took his seat January 
 26th, following. Since that time his services and his career have 
 become a part of the annals of that court. 
 
 The opinions pronounced by Justice McKenna, as an appellate 
 judge, are to be found in the Federal reports beginning about volume 
 forty-nine. Upon examination they show succinctness of style, breadth 
 of argument and precision of comment thai will prompt any layman 
 who reads them, to pronounce them both good common sense and 
 good common law. Many cases arose within his circuit requiring 
 tact as well as skill in construing, applying and expounding inter- 
 national law especially cases respecting the treatment of the Chinese 
 immigrants and their status here. He met these issues in a truly 
 judicial spirit, evincing at the same time a mastery in the interpreta- 
 tion of international conventions, and a delicacy in dealing with legal 
 complications, that have since been emphasized in larger degree. 
 
 Although his career as attorney-general was short, it was never- 
 theless characterized by ability and a sagacious insight into the 
 manifold duties of the office. Perhaps his most distinctive work in 
 this position was an opinion rendered on section twenty-two of the 
 Dingley Tariff act, and his part in the settlement of the Union 
 Pacific Railroad controversy. 
 
 When appointed to the bench of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States, he was a man of ripe attainments and of unusually 
 varied legal and judicial experience. His judicial opinions amply 
 sustain the wisdom of his appointment. They exhibit breadth of 
 judgment, freedom from prejudice, legal learning, and a judicious 
 application of the principles of public ethics. 
 
 Justice McKenna was married in San Francisco, June 10, 1869, 
 to Amanda, daughter of F. G. Borneman. They have one son and 
 three daughters. 
 
£o~ffd~€.-^-^ 
 
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES 
 
 HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, son of the distinguished 
 poet and essayist of the same name, associate and chief 
 justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts for twenty 
 years, and associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States from December 4, 1902, was born in Boston, Suffolk county, 
 Massachusetts, March 8, 1841. His first paternal ancestor in the 
 direct line in America, John Holmes, settled at Woodstock, Connecti- 
 cut, in 1686, and another ancestor, Evert Jansen Wendell, came from 
 Emden, East Friesland, Holland, and settled in Albany, New York, 
 about 1640. His great grandfather, Dr. David Holmes, served as 
 captain in the Colonial army in the French and Indian war, and was 
 a soldier in the war of the American Revolution. His maternal 
 great grandfather, Jonathan Jackson (1743-1810), was a delegate to 
 the Provincial Congress, 1775, to the Continental Congress, 1782; and 
 was state treasurer, United States marshal, and a distinguished citizen 
 of Massachusetts. His grandfather, the Reverend Abiel Holmes 
 (1763-1837), Yale, A.B., 1783, A.M., 1786; A.M., Harvard, 1792; 
 D.D., Edinburg, 1805; LL.D., Allegheny, 1822, was pastor of the 
 First church, Cambridge, Massachusetts, for forty years. His grand- 
 father, Charles Jackson (1775-1855), son of Honorable Jonathan 
 and Hannah (Tracy) Jackson, and grandson of Edward and Dorothy 
 (Quincy) Jackson and of Captain Patrick Tracy, was graduated at 
 Harvard at the head of the class of 1793, became a lawyer, was judge 
 of the Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 
 1813-24, member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1820, 
 overseer of Harvard, 1816-25, and a fellow, 1825-34. His father, 
 was Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-94), the distinguished poet 
 and essayist, and his mother, Amelia Lee (Jackson) Holmes, was the 
 daughter of Judge Charles Jackson, a distinguished jurist and educa- 
 tor of Massachusetts. 
 
 He studied first in T. R. Sullivan's and was prepared for college 
 in E. D. Dixwell's private Latin school, Boston; he was graduated 
 at Harvard with the class of 1861, being selected as class poet. At 
 
80 OLIVER WENDELL HOLM] B 
 
 the time of the commencement he was .-riving as a volunteer soldier 
 in the 4th Battalion of infantry at Fort Independence, Boston 
 Harbor, and he obtained leave of absence to take part in the com- 
 mencement exercises. He was appointed first lieutenant in the 
 20th .Massachusetts Volunteers, Colonel William H. Lee, and in tin- 
 disastrous battle of Ball's Bluff, Virginia, October 21, 1861, where 
 Colonel Lee was captured, Lieutenant Bolmea was shot in the breast. 
 His brigade was the third. General X. J. T. Dana, in Sedgwick's divi- 
 sion, Sumner's second corps, Army of the Potomac on the Peninsula, 
 and took part in the Seven Hays' Battle before Richmond and in the 
 battle of Antietam, September 17. 1862, where he was wounded in 
 the neck. He also took part in the battles of Fredericksburg and 
 Chancellorsville, and at Marye's Heights, May 3, 1862, he was wounded 
 in the foot. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 20th Massa- 
 chusetts Infantry, but the regimenl having been greatly reduced 
 in the battle of Fredericksburg, he was not mustered in. He 
 was appointed on the staff of General Horatio CI. Wrighl command- 
 ing the first division, sixth army corps, afi aide-de-camp with the 
 rank of captain, and served on staff duty from January 29, to July 17, 
 18G4, when he was mustered out and returned home. At once he 
 took up the study of law, at the request of his father, and was gradu- 
 ated at Harvard law school, LL.B., 1^06. He was admitted to the 
 Suffolk bar in 1867, and practised in Boston, a member of the law 
 firm of Shat tuck. Holmes and Munroe, 1873-M'. While in pra 
 he served as instructor in Constitutional Law at Harvard, 1870-71, 
 and edited the "American Law Review," 1870-73, to which, and to 
 other legal periodicals, he contributed a number of articles before 
 and after this time. He delivered a course of lectures on "The 
 Common Law" before the Lowell institute in 1880, and was pro- 
 fessor of law at Harvard law school, 1882-83. In 1882 he was 
 elected associate justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massa- 
 chusetts, serving as an associate justice, 1882-99, and as chief 
 justice of the court (succeeding Chief Justice Walbridge A. Field, 
 deceased), from August, 1S99, to December 4, 1902, when he was 
 appointed by President Roosevelt associate justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States as successor to Associate Justice George 
 Shiras, Jr., resigned. He was elected a member of the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, the membership of which exclusive society is 
 limited to one hundred, and he also became a member of the American 
 
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES 81 
 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences of Boston. He received the honorary- 
 degree of LL.D. from Yale university in 1886, and from Harvard 
 in 1895. As a youth he collected rare engravings to the extent of 
 his limited means. He was married June 17, 1872, to Fanny Bow- 
 ditch, daughter of Epes S. Dixwell of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
 his early instructor in Latin. He edited the twelfth edition of "Kent's 
 Commentaries" (1873) and is the author of "The Common Law" 
 (Lowell Institute Lectures, 1881), and of a volume of speeches. 
 
WILLIAM RUFUS DAY 
 
 WILLIAM RUFUS DAY, jurist, diplomat, statesman, has 
 made for himself a very interesting record. Sou of Judge 
 Luther Day, grandson of Judge Rufus Paine Spalding, who 
 was also one of Ohio's representatives in the thirty-eighth, thirty- 
 ninth and fortieth Congresses, and great-grandson of Judge Zepha- 
 oiah Swift, Chief Justice of Connecticut, and author of "Swift's 
 
 Dige8t," he may be said to have come of B judicial line, and to have 
 received by direct inheritance the qualities which have marked his 
 career. 
 
 His mother was Emily (Spalding) Pay, and he was horn at 
 Ravenna, Ohio, April 17, 1849. After preparatory studies at home, 
 he took a collegiate course in the University <>f Michigan, and was 
 
 graduated B.S. in 1870. He then read law in the office of Judge 
 
 Robinson, of Ravenna, attended lectures in the law department of 
 the university, meanwhile acting as librarian of that department, 
 
 was admitted to the l>ar in 1872, and immediately established him- 
 self for the practice i^i his profession at Canton, Ohio, in association 
 with William A. and Austin Lynch, a firm which later included also 
 David B. Day. In 1 S 7 •"> he was married to Mary Klizabeth, daughter 
 of Louis Schaefer, of Canton, Ohio, and is the father of four sons, 
 William, Luther, Rufus, and Stephen. In 1886 he became judge 
 of the Court of Common Pleas for the ninth judicial district, and 
 in L889 was appointed by President Harrison and confirmed by the 
 senate as United States Judge for Northern Ohio, but was constrained 
 by the condition of his health to decline the appointment. 
 
 Being fond of the law, he was reluctant to leave it even tem- 
 porarily; but in February, 1S97, he accepted the call of President 
 McKinley to look into the mixed state of affairs in Cuba, and was 
 on his way through Washington, when, because of the non-confir- 
 mation of Bellamy Storer as assistant secretary of state, he was 
 appointed to that position, which proved to be one of unexpected 
 and very great responsibility on account of the failing health of John 
 Sherman, then head of the department. The coming on of the 
 
^l^l^l/ 
 
WILLIAM RUFUS DAY 83 
 
 difficulties with Spain, in 1898, opened to him what was not only 
 an entirely new field, but one for which he soon proved himself 
 exceptionally well fitted. Almost his first act of importance was in 
 dealing with De Puy de Lome, then Spanish Minister to the United 
 States, who on account of differences with President McKinley con- 
 cerning Cuba, and something of a cherished resentment, had been led 
 to express himself to another in terms less than respectful; where- 
 upon, instead of dealing with him in a formal way, by correspondence, 
 Assistant Secretary Day took the minister's offensive note in his 
 hand, went to the Spanish office of Legation and, showing it to the 
 minister, requested him to say whether he was its author. The 
 minister made affirmative answer, and soon after resigned his place 
 and returned to Spain. 
 
 This and other proofs of Judge Day's mettle were so far pleasing 
 to the President that, upon the resignation of Secretary Sherman 
 soon after (on April 28, 1898) Judge Day was appointed to succeed 
 him. War against Spain had been already declared, and the period 
 of its continuance was a trying one for the new secretary, because 
 of the delicacy of our relations with some of the other powers. 
 But on July 26, 1898, Spain sued for peace, and on August 12, 
 at 4.23 P. M., he was privileged to sign with Monsieur Cambon, 
 Spanish Ambassador, the protocol which formed the basis of the 
 treaty of peace. 
 
 The protocol having provided for a commission to meet 
 representatives of the Spanish government in Paris, on September 16, 
 
 1898, he resigned the office of secretary of state to accept a place 
 thereon, together with Senators Davis, Frye, and Gray, and Whitelaw 
 Reid. He became president of the commission, whose negotiations 
 finally resulted in the treaty executed in December. In February, 
 
 1899, he was appointed circuit judge for the sicth judicial district, 
 and in 1903 was appointed to the place he now holds as one of the 
 associate justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 His native endowments, independence, clearness and vigor of 
 mind, fluency and effectiveness as a public speaker, with a suffi- 
 ciency of personal ambition to be and to do, together with sincerity, 
 earnestness, resoluteness, and loyalty to duty, inspire confidence; 
 and these qualities, coupled with a modest reserve, courtesy and 
 kindliness, insure to him the hearty good- will of all who come to know 
 him, and inspire confidence in his legal opinions and decisions. 
 
ROBERT ADAMS, JR. 
 
 ROBERT ADAMS, Jr., representative in congress from the 
 second Pennsylvania district, was born in Philadelphia, 
 Pennsylvania, February 26, 1849; son of Robert and Matilda 
 Maybin (Hart) Adams. After graduation from the University of 
 Pennsylvania, in 1869, he studied law and was admitted to the bar, 
 but had hardly commenced practice when he was induced to enter 
 the United States Geological Survey and took part in its explorations 
 of the Yellowstone Park (1871-75). 
 
 Practice of the law soon led to a participation in politics — to his 
 election to the state senate in 1883, with service therein until 1887, 
 and graduation from the Wharton School of Economy and Finance 
 of the University of Pennsylvania meanwhile (1884). On April 1, 
 1899, he was appointed United States Minister to Brazil, but resigned 
 June 1, 1890, to enter a career in congress as Republican repre- 
 sentative of the second Pennsylvania district in the house of repre- 
 sentatives; beginning with the fifty-third Congress and continuing 
 without interruption until the present time (second session of the 
 fifty-eighth). 
 
 Always vigorous in action he has served on important committees 
 and on occasion with marked efficiency, as when, in his capacity of 
 acting chairman of the committee on Foreign Relations, during the 
 fifty-fifth Congress, he reported the Cuban resolutions, conducted 
 them through the House and had charge of them in conference with 
 the committee of the Senate, and afterward, within an hour, intro- 
 duced, reported, and passed through the House the declaration 
 of war with Spain. 
 
 Patriotic in spirit as well as scientific in taste, he has always had 
 part in the work of numerous organizations, state and national, 
 including the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania 
 Society of the War of 1812, the Society of Colonial Wars, and the 
 Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of the Revolution. He has also 
 been a member of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, serving as 
 judge-advocate and major, with staff duty, and acting as aide-de- 
 
ROBERT ADAMS, JR. 85 
 
 camp to the state executive during the term of Governor James 
 Addams Beaver. 
 
 At present he is doing active service as ranking member of the 
 congressional house committee on Immigration and Naturalization. 
 
SAMUEL SHUGERT ADAMS 
 
 ADAMS, SAMUEL SHUGERT, M.D., lecturer on diseases 
 of children, Georgetown university, 1879-84; professor 
 of the theory and practice of medicine, 1884-92, National 
 university; professor of clinical diseases of children, 1892-95, at 
 Columbian university; professor of diseases of children, 1895-98, 
 Georgetown university; professor of theory and practice of medicine 
 and diseases of children, Georgetown, since 1898, and still filling the 
 chair; at present head of the medical department of the Georgetown 
 university hospital; formerly chief of staff at Sibley Hospital, 
 District of Columbia; attending and consulting physician in six or 
 seven other hospitals; was born July 12, 1853, at Washington, 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 His father, George Roszel Adams, a clerk and afterward a 
 farmer, was at one time superintendent of public schools in Alex- 
 andria county, Virginia. His son speaks of him as a man of " honesty, 
 sobriety, cheerfulness and firmness." To his mother he attributes a 
 strong and ennobling influence over his character. His physical con- 
 dition in early life was fine, and athletics and riding were favorite 
 pursuits. Part of his youth was spent in the country and in a small 
 town. His education was obtained in the public schools of Washing- 
 ton and in private schools in Virginia. He was graduated from 
 West Virginia university, receiving the degree of A.B. in 1875 and 
 that of A.M. in 1878. He took a course of professional study at 
 Georgetown, medical department, and was graduated from that 
 institution in 1879. He began the active work of life as a physician 
 in Washington, District of Columbia. His career furnishes an 
 example of growth in usefulness and brilliant achievement, and he 
 stands among the leading physicians of Washington. 
 
 Dr. Adams has hardly a peer in that city in his scientific treat- 
 ment of children's diseases, in which department he has been a 
 specialist from the beginning of his professional career. His reading 
 has been of a scientific character. "College athletics, horseback 
 riding, and three months' rest each year on a New Hampshire farm, 
 
SAMUEL SHUGERT ADAMS 87 
 
 thirteen miles from a railroad, have been his means of exercise and 
 relaxation." 
 
 He was educated for the law, and "against the wishes of my 
 parents," he says, "I studied medicine. Why, I cannot tell." But 
 it is quite evident that his peculiar talents fitted him in an eminent 
 degree for the profession of his choice. His first strong impulse 
 "was an early desire to succeed in life." Among the sources of his 
 success he numbers " the pride instilled in me at home, the difficulties 
 encountered in college, and the failure in life of many of my early 
 companions — these all contributed to make me seek a position among 
 the leaders in my profession." 
 
 He is affiliated with the Episcopal church; and his personal 
 word in regard to his life-course is : " God has been good to me. 
 I aimed high and strove to attain success by a willingness to work 
 and to wait for the reward." He names as elements by which 
 young people should seek to attain success, "honesty of purpose, 
 integrity and jealous guarding of one's own reputation by having 
 regard for the opinions of his fellow-men." 
 
 He has been president of the American Pediatric Society; of 
 the Medical Association of Washington; of the Medical Society, 
 District of Columbia; of the Washington Obstetrical and Gyneco- 
 logical Society. He was chairman of the committee of Arrangements 
 First Pan-American Medical Congress, 1893. He has made addresses 
 upon the topics particularly within his sphere; and his published 
 contributions to prominent medical journals and magazines are of 
 strictly scientific accuracy, of a highly technical character, and 
 numerous. He has also collaborated in the preparation of a text- 
 book of the diseases of children. 
 
 Dr. Adams' own words throw light on his career and give the 
 key to his personal character and his success: "I did not marry 
 until I could support a wife. We never bought anything for house 
 or personal adornment until the money was earned to pay for it. 
 My wife's good judgment has been very valuable to me in attaining 
 success. Her intellectual qualities have been helpful in shaping 
 mine. Our domestic happiness has been continuous. The parents 
 being physically sound, our children are without the slightest physical 
 blemish, and are mentally above the average for their ages. We have 
 instilled into them from their infancy the value of truth; of correct 
 modes of living; of independence of thought; of due regard for their 
 
SS SAMUEL SHUGERT ADAMS 
 
 companions, whether high or low in the social scale, or whether 
 bright or dull in school work; of the importance of correct speech; 
 the avoidance of slang and profanity; and above all that success in 
 life can only be attained by individual effort. Possessed of a sound 
 body, a good collegiate and medical education and a determination 
 to be a leader of men, I began my professional life believing that I 
 could in time tread where my teachers had walked. In less than 
 twenty- five years my colleagues had given me all the honor they had 
 to confer locally, and one national organization had made me its 
 president. I have taught continually in medical schools since 1879, 
 and love such work more to-day than in my youth. 1 have received 
 very little money for such work but have derived much happiness 
 from teaching young men. To sum up: My boyhood was happy, 
 my college life enjoyable, my medical course interesting, my hospital 
 life instructive, my teaching career pleasant, and my success satis- 
 factory. My motto is: 'Think well before you act. Stand up for 
 your convictions.' " 
 
 Dr. Adams married Lida Winslow Hollister, April 30, 1890. 
 They have had four children, all of whom are living in 1904; Dorothy, 
 Frank Dennette, Mildred, and Lida. 
 
 
MILTON EVERETT AILES 
 
 MILTON EVERETT AILES, financier, banker, was born in 
 Shelby county, Ohio, on August 19, 1867. He was gradu- 
 ated from the high school at Sidney, Ohio, and when 
 barely twenty years old entered the Government service at Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia, in an obscure position in the internal 
 revenue bureau. He subsequently passed through the grades of 
 the civil service, in the treasury department, having filled each 
 office with credit. Shortly after his first appointment in that depart- 
 ment he began the study of law at the National university law 
 school, where he was graduated, afterward receiving the master's 
 degree in law, and was admitted to the Washington bar in 1890. 
 Within a few months he was invited to become law clerk of the 
 miscellaneous division of the department. After winning high esteem 
 in that capacity he was called to a desk in the customs bureau, where 
 he served several years. His next advancement occurred in the 
 early part of President McKinley's first term when he was appointed 
 private secretary to Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Wike. His 
 executive ability soon won the attention of Honorable Lyman J. Gage, 
 then head of the treasury department, and when Mr. Vanderlip was 
 made assistant secretary, Mr. Ailes was named to be his successor 
 as private secretary to the secretary of the treasury. Financiers and 
 others having dealings with Secretary Gage and the department 
 found Mr. Ailes an intelligent, responsible intermediary, and his 
 valuable work in this position insured him prompt promotion. 
 When the office of assistant secretary of the treasury was made 
 vacant by the resignation of Mr. Vanderlip on February 26, 1901, 
 Mr. Ailes was at once designated his successor, being one of the 
 youngest men who ever held such a position under the Government. 
 The confidence placed in him by his superiors had been earned by 
 fourteen years of diligent work, close application and untiring energy. 
 In 1903 he resigned from his post in the treasury department and 
 left the departmental service to become vice-president of the Riggs 
 National Bank of Washington, and has since devoted his energies 
 
90 MILTON EVERETT AXLES 
 
 and experience in fiscal affairs to this well known financial 
 institution. 
 
 He is a thorough student of finance, both theoretical and 
 practical, and has contributed articles to various newspapers and 
 magazines. While connected with the Government service he repre- 
 sented the department on several important commissions, both in 
 the United Stat< 1 abroad. He is a member of the National 
 
 Geographic Society, and assistant secretary and treasurer of the 
 Washington Economic Society. 
 
 On November 25, 1891, Mr. Ailes was married to Miss Mary EL 
 Gowans, of Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
NELSON WILMARTH ALDRICH 
 
 NELSON WILMARTH ALDRICH, for nearly a quarter of a 
 century United States senator from Rhode Island, was 
 born at Foster, in that state, November 6, 1841, the son 
 of Anan E. and Abby (Burgess) Aldrich; receiving his education 
 at Killingly, Connecticut, and in Providence seminary, East Green- 
 wich, Rhode Island. His business life began as bookkeeper for 
 Waldron & Wightman, a business house of Providence, to which he 
 was admitted as a partner in 1865. Early in his career his public 
 spirit led him to take a practical interest in municipal affairs and in 
 Republican political issues, and he quickly raised himself to promi- 
 nence in the party councils. Elected to the city council in 1869 he 
 remained a member for six years, during two of which he was presi- 
 dent of the council. His career as councilman came to an end in 
 1875 on his election to the General Assembly of Rhode Island. 
 His administrative abilities gave him a leading position in the state 
 legislature, and he was speaker of the house in 1876. Two years 
 later he was elected to the national house of representatives; and 
 he was reelected in 18S0. 
 
 Mr. Aldrich, as will be seen, had made very rapid progress in 
 public life, through his practical business abilities, his political skill 
 and his good judgment, which had given him the leadership of his 
 party in Rhode Island, while he had won the high esteem of the 
 people of that state. The final step in his career of political advance- 
 ment came in 1881, when he was elected to the United States senate 
 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Ambrose E. Burnside. 
 He was reelected in 1886, in 1892 and in 1898. During his entire 
 service a member, and for years chairman, of the committee on 
 Finance, Senator Aldrich's familiarity with intricate questions of 
 finance, and with matters concerning the tariff, has given him great 
 influence in the senate on these subjects. While he speaks but 
 seldom, and then in a plain, practical manner, he is always listened 
 to attentively when any financial question arises. The reciprocity 
 features of the McKinley tariff bill were largely due to his suggestions, 
 
92 NELSON W1LMAKTH ALDR]< 11 
 
 and in hia later career he has been prominent in the discussion of 
 financial topics. In 1.S9S he was made chairman of the committee 
 mi Rules, and was the Republican leader in the senate during the 
 fifty-fifth < '<>: 
 
 Senator Aldrich was married to Abby P. Greene, of Providence, 
 October 9, 1SG6. They have a family of four children. In business 
 life he has been prosperous. He has been president of the First 
 National Bank of Providence Bince 1877, and of the Providence 
 Hoard of Trade since 1878. He is connected with other banking 
 institutions, and is a trustee of the Providence, Hartford and Pishkill 
 Railroad Company. 
 
DK ALVA STANWOOD ALEXANDER 
 
 DE ALVA STANWOOD ALEXANDER, lawyer, legislator, 
 member of the United S of representatr 
 
 is a native of Blaine, but in his professional and public 
 career he has been more closely identified with the State of New 
 York. Born in Richmond, Maine, on July 17, 1846, of Scotch- 
 Irish ancestry, he early removed with his mother to Ohio, and at 
 the age of fifteen entered the 128th Ohio volunteer infantry as a 
 private-, and served three years, until the clo.se of the war. Return- 
 ing to his native state he took up his books and decided to prepare 
 for college at Edward little institute, Auburn, Maine. He was 
 graduated from Bowdoin in 1870. Removing to Indiana he taught 
 in the public schools, gradually turning his attention to newspaper 
 work. His first connection was with the Ft. Wayne " Gazette," 
 at that time one of the leading Republican paper- of Northern 
 Indiana, in which he secured a proprietary interest, and at the 
 same time became one of its editors. He later became a staff 
 correspondent of the Cincinnati "Gazette," with a residence at 
 Indianapolis; and while thus engaged was elected secretary of the 
 Republican state committee, in which capacity he served for six 
 years. This contact with state politics led to his appointment 
 clerk of the United 31 oate committee on Privileges and 
 
 Elections, through the influence of Senator Oliver P. Morton of 
 Indiana, and he accompanied Senator Morton to Oregon in the 
 winter of 187G to investigate the senatorial election in that state. 
 
 Mr. Alexander now determined to study law. He entered the 
 office of Senator McDonald, at Indianapolis, and was admitted to 
 the bar in January, 1877. He began practice in partnership with 
 Stanton J. Peelle, of Indianapolis, now judge of the United .States 
 Court of Claims, and continued actively engaged in his profession 
 until 1881, when, upon the recommendation of Benjamin Harr, 
 then United States senator from Indiana, he was appointed by 
 President Garfield fifth auditor of the treasury department and 
 thereupon took up his residence in Washington. While he was in 
 
94 DE ALVA STAN WOOD ALI.XANDEB 
 
 departmental service a number of important reforms were instituted 
 by him, particularly in connection with the system of accounts of 
 United States ministers and consuls; and he continued in office 
 under Secretaries Windom, Folger, McCulloch, and Manning , During 
 this period he was made Grand Army of the Republic Commander of 
 the Department of the Potomac. 
 
 In 1885 Mr. Alexander relinquished his position in Washington, 
 and removed to Buffalo. New York, where he formed a law-partner- 
 ship with Honorable James A. Roberts, formerly comptroller of the 
 state of \ew York, a college classmate. Four years afterward, in 
 June. 1899, President Harrison appointed him United States district 
 attorney for the northern district of New York, the duties of which 
 office he discharged with success and ability during the four years of 
 his incumbency. The affairs of the two national hanks, which 
 became insolvent during his tenure, as well as a large defalcation in 
 
 the Albany City National Bank, gave ample opportunity for the 
 exercise of his legal skill and careful judgment. And Beven criminal 
 convictions followed his efforts, out of eight indictments in connec- 
 tion with these irregularities. 
 
 In L897 he was nominated for congress in the thirty-third New 
 York dist riit, and elected a member of the fifty-fifth Congress. 
 His service in that body as a member of the house has been attested 
 by his reelection to live successive congresses, lie is a member of 
 tin' Judiciary Committee and of the committee on Rivers and 
 Harbor-. 
 
 Throughout his wide experience Mr. Alexander has shown a 
 marked ability for public affairs. He has devoted his energies 
 largely to politics, and though an intense partisan, at no time has he 
 permitted himself to degenerate into that class of politicians who 
 place party above public duty and the demands of good citizenship. 
 
 He was married September 14, 1871, to Alice, daughter of James 
 Colby, of Defiance, Ohio, who died February 23, 1890. On March 
 28, 1893, he wedded Mrs. Anna Lucille (Gerlach) Bliss, daughter of 
 David Gerlach, of Buffalo, New York. 
 


 
RUSSELL ALEXANDER ALGER 
 
 RUSSELL ALEXANDER ALGER, United States senator 
 from Michigan, is a capitalist and a manufacturer. 
 His early life was that of a pioneer, his father entering 
 upon and clearing a small farm, and living in a log cabin, in Medina 
 county, Ohio, where young Alger was born. His parents died when 
 he was eleven years old and he was thrown upon his own resources 
 to support himself and a younger brother and sister as best he could. 
 He worked for seven years on a farm as a common laborer, commenc- 
 ing at three dollars a month, and ending at fifteen dollars a month, 
 attending school winters, during the last two of which he taught. 
 
 In May, 1857, he entered the law office of Wolcott & Upson at 
 Akron, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in 1859, and was in the 
 firm of Otis, Cofhnbury & Wyman at Cleveland, Ohio, for one year. 
 Abandoning the practice of law, and borrowing a small sum of money 
 from a friend, he migrated to Michigan and entered upon the lumber 
 business. The depression in business of 1860 swept away his capital 
 and left him in debt, which he subsequently paid. 
 
 September 2, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the 2d Michi- 
 gan cavalry, but was elected captain when the regiment was orga- 
 nized. He took part in sixty-six battles and skirmishes during the 
 war. At Boonesville, Mississippi, with ninety men he attacked in 
 the rear three thousand of the enemy under General Chalmers, and 
 routed them. For this action he was promoted major. "This 
 charge," he says, "was the best thing I ever did in the service." 
 He was wounded and taken prisoner, but escaped the same day. 
 
 In October, 1862, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 
 6th Michigan cavalry, and early in 1863 was made colonel of the 
 5th Michigan cavalry. With his command, he was the first of 
 the Federal troops to march into Gettysburg two days before the 
 battle. His regiment formed part of General Custer's command, 
 known as the Michigan cavalry brigade, Army of the Potomac. 
 General Custer's official report makes special mention of Colonel 
 Alger's bravery. He was severely wounded at Boonesboro, Mary- 
 
96 RUSSELL ALEXANDER ALGER 
 
 land, July 8, 1863, but in three months returned to the front and 
 served through the years 1863 and 1864, accompanying General 
 Sheridan through the Shenandoah Valley. At Trevillian Station, 
 Virginia, June 11, 1863, with three hundred men he charged the 
 Confederates and captured eight hundred men ; but as he had broken 
 through the Confederate lines, he was soon surrounded and lost all 
 but forty-five of his men. General Sheridan in his history of 
 this campaign praises this action of General Alger very highly. 
 
 At the close of the war, Alger was brevetted brigadier-general 
 "for gallant and meritorious services," and major-general for his 
 action at Trevillian Station. 
 
 After the war, in 1866, he made his home in Detroit, Michigan, 
 becoming in the course of time president of two lumber companies, 
 which owned large tracts of land from which were cut over 140,000,000 
 feet of timber annually. He became also director of several banks 
 and manufactories. He is a man of wealth. During his long and 
 varied business life he has had but one lawsuit, and he was never sued. 
 He has never been a speculator. He says, " I believe the thing to do 
 is to carry on business in such a way as to employ laboring men in 
 large numbers, helping to develop the state, and building up its 
 industries, and so being of some use, not only to myself but to the 
 community. I have never believed that stock speculations or pur- 
 chasing or selling 'futures' on any of the necessaries of life was a 
 legitimate business. I have always tried to make my word my bond, 
 and any intimation I might make, my word. I claim that it is the 
 highest compliment that can be paid to any man to say that he has 
 the confidence and esteem of the people among whom he lives; and 
 I have even more pride in the kindly regard shown me by the people 
 of Detroit and Michigan than in any other success in life." 
 
 In 1884 General Alger was a delegate to the Republican national 
 convention, and was nominated and elected in the same year the 
 twentieth governor of Michigan. He was inaugurated into the 
 office in 1885, and for two years filled the position with fidelity, 
 declining a renomination. His name was prominent for nomination 
 for the presidency, in the Republican convention of 1888, and he 
 received one hundred and forty-three votes on the fifth ballot. In the 
 next election he was a Republican elector-at-large. He is a member 
 of the Grand Army of the Republic, and he served as commander-in- 
 chief of the order, 1889-90. He is also a member of the Loyal Legion. 
 
RUSSELL ALEXANDER ALGER 97 
 
 March 4, 1897, President McKinley made him secretary of war. 
 He held the position for over two years, through the period of the 
 war with Spain. 
 
 He was appointed United States senator September 27, 1902, 
 to fill the vacancy made by the death of Senator McMillan; and in 
 1903 he was elected senator from Michigan for the term expiring 
 1907. 
 
 In 1861 he married Annette Henry, of Grand Rapids, Michigan. 
 They have had nine children, five of whom are living. Senator 
 Alger is considerate and kindly in all the relations of life. His 
 charities extend in many directions, but boys, and especially newsboys 
 are the particular object of his interest. It was the newsboys of 
 Detroit who started the call: "What's the matter with Alger 
 He's all right!" which was first heard at the Chicago convention of 
 1888. It went as a catchword all over the country, for all parties, 
 and among all classes; but it was first applied to General Alger at 
 Detroit. 
 
WILLIAM BOYD ALLISON 
 
 WILLIAM BOYD ALLISON, lawyer, statesman, senior 
 United States senator from Iowa, was born on a farm 
 near Ashland, Ohio, March 2, 1829. He removed to 
 Iowa in 1857, making his home in the city of Dubuque, where he 
 has maintained a legal residence until the present time. He is 
 descended from Scot eh- Irish ancestors who first settled in Pennsyl- 
 vania, but his father removed to Ohio about 1823, where he purchased 
 a tract of unimproved land, in what was then Wayne county, 
 improved it for habitation and built upon it the log house in which 
 the future senator was born. 
 
 In this frontier house he suffered the privations, shared the 
 labors, and bore the burdens incident to provincial life. In the 
 winter he pursued the usual studies at a common school in the forest, 
 two miles away, and there received the rudiments of an education, 
 as well as some wholesome lessons in discipline. Through the 
 common toil of the family the farm became more prosperous, and 
 was enlarged. His father was dad to yield to the boy's wishes for a 
 better education, and sent him for two years to the academy at 
 Wooster, Ohio, his vacations being occupied with work on the farm. 
 After this he spent a year at Allegheny college, at Meadville, Pennsyl- 
 vania, and another year at Western Reserve college, at Hudson, 
 Ohio. By persevering effort and by husbanding economically his 
 personal earnings he was enabled to read law. This he did in the 
 office of Hemphill &, Turner of Wooster, while spending a part of 
 his time in the service of the county auditor to defray his expenses. 
 In two years he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office at 
 Ashland, the county seat of a newly created adjoining county, and 
 at the same time he began to take part in the political movements of 
 the day, in support of Scott and Fremont, and of liberty against 
 slavery. 
 
 But fortune did not sufficiently favor the 3 r oung lawyer in 
 a community where too many experienced men competed with the 
 younger ones, and the frontier blood in his veins impelled him 
 
"WILLIAM BOYD ALLISON 99 
 
 "farther West." He had heard of the virgin prairies and growing 
 villages of Iowa, not long before won from the Indian tribes, and 
 following an older brother, he cast his fortune with a new people 
 in an adopted state. 
 
 During his residence at Ashland, Mr. Allison made the acquain- 
 tance of Honorable Samuel J. Kirkwood, who was a practitioner at the 
 bar there, but lived at Mansfield. Mr. Kirkw T ood went to Iowa three 
 years before Mr. Allison and had come into immediate favor with the 
 people of that state; so much so, indeed, that he was honored with 
 the governorship in 1859, and occupied that office at the outbreak 
 of the Civil war. When hostilities actually began the governor 
 summoned Allison to his staff, with the rank of colonel, to aid in the 
 organization and equipment of the Iowa soldiery for the field. 
 Four regiments were raised under his leadership, and had their 
 rendezvous at a camp established at Dubuque. This work he 
 performed with zeal and energy until he was prostrated by an illness 
 which followed exposure in camp. 
 
 In 1862 the old third district of Iowa elected Mr. Allison to the 
 lower house of congress by a very large majority. His services as a 
 national legislator began on March 4, 1863, at a critical and momen- 
 tous period of our history. Since that time he has seen pass in 
 review all the important measures of reconstruction — both political 
 and economic — and has had a voice in most of our important legis- 
 lation. He was three times reelected to the house of representa- 
 tives, serving in that body until 1871, when he declined a renomina- 
 tion. At the beginning of his second term in the house, he was 
 placed on the committee on Ways and Means, which then had charge 
 of all financial subjects relating to taxation, tariff, loans, currency, 
 and the money standard, and all questions of related nature. 
 
 Not a full year had elapsed after his retirement from congress 
 when he was elected to a seat in the United States senate, as the 
 successor of Senator Harlan. The continuity of his service in the 
 senate has been unbroken, and his sixth term wall expire March 4, 
 1909. Already he has served longer than any other senator in the 
 history of our country, and so eminently satisfactory and honorable 
 has been the character of his service that it seems probable that the 
 people of his state will give him a life-tenure. 
 
 It has been his fortune to serve on the most important com- 
 mittees of the senate, and this has brought him into close contact 
 
100 WILLIAM BOYD ALLISON 
 
 with all the machinery and all the varied operations of the Govern- 
 ment, and with the great industries and the b . activities of 
 the people. In his knowledge of thi 96 American occupations and 
 interests in their relation to national legislation he lurpassed; 
 and this knowledge has guided some of the most important legisla- 
 tion of the last quarter of a century. 
 
 In 1874 he was chairman of the o noil which devised the 
 
 present form of government for the District of Columbia. In 1S77 
 he served the cause of sound finance by his advocacy of what is 
 known as the Bland-Allison bill, which fixed the coinage ratio of 
 gold and silver until 1S90. In coi □ with this legislation he 
 
 recommended an international com" with a view to establish- 
 
 ing among the commercial nations of the world the use of silver upon 
 a ratio of equivalence to gold to 1 d upon, with the free mintage 
 
 of both metals in all these countries at such ratio. This recommen- 
 dation, incorporated in the legislation of 1S7S, was generally 
 accepted by both the great national parties. His name is also 
 prominently associated with the Currency act of 1900, which pro- 
 vides for a | sufficient to make certain the con- 
 vertibility, directly or indirectly, into gold at the will of the holder of 
 all forms of money in circulation. 
 
 His part in shaping the tariff laws, since 1877, has been quite 
 as conspicuous and far-reaching as his connection with financial 
 legislation. He was a member of the subcommittee reporting the 
 McKinley bill of 1890, was active in the amendment of the Wilson 
 bill in 1S94, and was on the subcommittee that prepared the amend- 
 ments to the Dingley tariff bill of 1897. In all important measures, 
 in fact, touching the financial and commercial policy of the country, 
 Senator Allison has been a positive and a potent factor. He believes 
 in the steady and consistent protection of our national industries 
 and our labor interests against foreign capitalists and foreign paupers. 
 He believes in high wages rather than low, because high wages 
 educate more, consume more and buy more, and make better citizens. 
 He would protect the labor of European immigrants as against 
 Chinese labor, because the former can be assimilated and naturalized 
 into citizenship, which the latter cannot — but is always alien. In all 
 questions of this kind, as in all other questions touching public 
 policy, his Americanism rings out clear and true. 
 
 Senator Allison was strongly urged by President Garfield to 
 
WILLIAM BOYD ALLISON 101 
 
 accept the position of secretary of the treasury during his adminis- 
 tration. The same tender was made by President Harrison in 1SS9, 
 and it is well known that he could have taken the position of secretary 
 of state under President McKinley's first administration, but he 
 declined all these tempting offers of administrative positions, pre- 
 ferring to represent the state of Iowa in the United States senate, 
 that position being more congenial to his tastes and more in line with 
 his life-work and his studies. He was frequently mentioned as an 
 available candidate for president, and was three times strongly sup- 
 ported for that office by his own state in national conventions. 
 It should be said in justice to him that he never had a consuming 
 ambition for the place, and no disappointment in that respect has 
 embittered his feelings or disturbed his devotion to duty or to party. 
 
 Always an active though temperate partisan, Senator Allison 
 has been able to command the interest, respect and esteem of his 
 political opponents by his fairness, and his deference to the opinions 
 of those who differ from him. His methods and his manners are so 
 unpretentious and conciliator}- that they invite support instead of 
 provoking antagonism. In debate, or in any form of public speech, 
 he does not seek to be known as an orator: but as a clear, instructive, 
 and direct speaker, free from flights of fancy and florid rhetoric. 
 The confidence of the senate in his statements is very notable, and 
 his explanations are always trustworthy, because utterly devoid of 
 indirection or subtle concealments. He is often called conservative. 
 because he does not hesitate to give full consideration and invesl ga- 
 tion to every subject brought before him. In this sense he is con- 
 servative, and this very conservatism is the element in his make-up 
 that gives authority and confidence to his words. 
 
 He was married in 1S54. to Miss Anna Carter, daughter of Daniel 
 Carter, of Ashland. Ohio. She died in Dubuque in I860. His second 
 marriage was with the adopted daughter of Senator Grimes. Miss 
 Man- Xealley. of Burlington, Iowa, in 1S73. - te died in August, 
 1883. 
 
RICHARD HENRY ALVEY 
 
 ALVEY, RICHARD HENRY, jurist, was born in St. Mary's 
 county, Maryland, March 26, 1S26, son of George N. and 
 Harriet (Weeklin) Alvey, and descendant of John Alvey, 
 a Revolutionary patriot who bravely fought in the Maryland line. 
 He studied in the schools of St. Mary's, making good use of his oppor- 
 tunities and being accounted a good scholar; so that when but 
 eighteen years of age he was appointed clerk of Charles county 
 court, continuing to serve from 1S44 to 1850. 
 
 Meanwhile, he had studied law, and been admitted to practice 
 at the Hagerstown bar. He had also come to an active part in 
 politics, both local and national; was presidential elector on the 
 Pierce and King ticket in 1852, and member of the Maryland con- 
 stitutional convention in 1807. 
 
 The law continued to be his profession, however, and in 
 course of time he was honored with important judicial appointments. 
 He was elected member of the Court of Appeals of the State of Mary- 
 land in November, 1867, and reelected in 1882. He became by 
 appointment the chief justice of that court, which position he held 
 from 1SS3 to 1893, when he was promoted by appointment to be 
 chief justice of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, 
 holding the same until his resignation on account of failing health, 
 near the close of 1904, and always meeting the demands of his 
 important office with an ability and impartiality that commanded 
 universal respect and confidence. 
 
 In January, 1S96, he was also called by President Cleveland to act 
 as a member of the Venezuelan Boundary Commission. In 1902 the 
 degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Princeton university; 
 and in 1904 St. John's university, Maryland, gave him the same 
 honorary degree. 
 
 During the period of his service as chief justice of the district 
 Court of Appeals he likewise discharged the duties of Chancellor of 
 the institution in Washington chartered as " The National Univer- 
 sity," though consisting for the time being of law, medical, and 
 
/ t -' 
 
RICHARD HENRY ALVEY JQ3 
 
 dental schools only, and he gave lectures therein upon some branches 
 of the law. 
 
 He was married in 1856 to Mary Wharton, who died in 1860, 
 and afterward to Julia Hays, daughter of Joseph C. Hays, of Wash- 
 ington county, Maryland. 
 
HENRY ELIJAH ALVORD 
 
 ALVORD, II i:\UV ELIJAH, LL.D., chief of the dairy 
 Division of the United States department of agriculture, 
 was born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, March 11, 1844. 
 
 His parents were Daniel Wells and Caroline .Matilda (Clapp) Alvonl. 
 His father was a lawyer of fine legal attainments with a special t: 
 for historical studies. He was a man of high character and strong 
 political convictions, a member of the Free Soil party and an advo- 
 cate of free trade. He was a member of the legislature of Massa- 
 chusetts and of the state constitutional convention; was district 
 attorney for several years, and was collector of United States internal 
 revenue from 1SG2 until 1S68. His earliest known ancestor in 
 America was Alexander Alvonl. who died in Northampton, 1683. 
 
 Benry Elijah Alvonl studied in the public schools of Greenfield, 
 Massachusetts, and took the scientific military course at the Norwich 
 (Vermont) university, from which institution he was graduated 
 in 1863. He began the active work of life as a volunteer soldier in 
 the Civil war, June, 1862, in a company of students called "the 
 College Cavaliers," and by regular promotions he reached the rank 
 of major in the volunteer Bervice and, later, that of captain in the 
 regular army. From 1865 until 1866 he was superintendent of 
 Freedmen's affairs and Freedmen's schools in Virginia and South 
 Carolina. He served in Kansas and the Indian Territory during the 
 Indian troubles, 1S66-69. He was professor of military science and 
 tactics in the Massachusetts agricultural college, 1869-71. Soon 
 afterward he resigned from the army and engaged in stock and 
 dairy farming in Fairfax county, Virginia. He was special United 
 States Indian commissioner, 1872-73; teacher in the scientific 
 department of Williston seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts, 
 1873-81; general manager of the Houghton experimental farm, 
 Mountainville, New r York, 1S81-85, and edited its publications; 
 professor of agriculture at the Massachusetts agricultural college, 
 1885-87; president of the Maryland agricultural college and director 
 of the Maryland agricultural experiment station, 1887-92; had 
 
 
HENRY ELIJAH ALVORD 105 
 
 charge of the collective exhibit of agricultural colleges and experi- 
 ment stations at the Columbian exposition, Chicago, 1893; was 
 president of the Agricultural and Mechanical college of Oklahoma, 
 1894; professor of agriculture in New Hampshire college, 1895; 
 and in the same year he organized the dairy division of the United 
 States department of agriculture, of which he was appointed chief — 
 a position which he retained until his death. 
 
 In boyhood most of his time was spent in a small town, but he 
 made frequent excursions to the country and occasionally "camped 
 out." His health was good. With the exception of English, he 
 was fond of study, especially in the line of natural history. He had 
 to perform light but regular tasks about the house and garden and 
 in caring for domestic animals. For this service he received a 
 moderate payment. He was required to keep an accurate account 
 of all receipts and expenditures, and the habit thus formed of keeping 
 cash accounts was continued for more than fifty years, and proved 
 of great advantage in his later life. He was obliged to borrow 
 money with which to meet the entire cost of his college course; but 
 it was all repaid, with compound interest, before he was twenty- two 
 years of age. 
 
 Mr. Alvord was married to Martha Scott Swink, September 6, 
 1866. He received the degree of LL.D. from Norwich university. 
 He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science; a member of the American Statistical Association; of the 
 American Free Trade League; of the Anti-imperialistic League; 
 of the National Geographic Society; of the Military Order of the 
 Loyal Legion of the United States; and of the Cosmos club of Wash- 
 ington. He was vice-president (for the United States) of the Inter- 
 national Agricultural Congress at Paris, 1900; a member of the 
 International Agricultural Commission, 1889-1905; and of the 
 International Federation, 1903-05. He was honorary member of 
 the Royal Agricultural Society of England and of the British Dairy 
 Farmers' Association; Officer de l'Ordre du Merite Agricole de la 
 France; was a member of the jury of award in the Dairy department 
 of the Columbian exposition, 1893; at the Atlanta exposition, 
 1896; and at the Exposition Universale, Paris, 1900. Among the 
 public services which he has rendered are the introduction of the 
 associated system of butter making and the establishment of cream- 
 eries, in New England, 1878-87, the promotion of the legislation to 
 
100 HENRY ELIJAH A.LVORD 
 
 secure increased endowment of institutions for agricultural research 
 and instruction, and the direction of elaborate agricultural investi- 
 gations along scientific lines in New York, Massachusetts, i 
 Maryland, lssi-9'J. He is author of the American sections of 
 "Dairy Fanning," and of "Instrumental Drawing for Public 
 Schools' 7 ; has contributed a large Dumber of articles to periodicals, 
 and addressed many public meetings and conventions. He had in 
 preparation (1904) "A History of Agriculture from the Earliest 
 Times." 
 
 In politics he was an independent I democrat. He believed in hard 
 money, an income tax, and free trade In religious convictions he 
 was an Episcopalian of the low church type. Among the books which 
 he had found the most helpful, he names history, current magazines 
 (excluding fiction), agricultural literature, and works pertaining to 
 the sciences which are closely related to agriculture. 
 
 His choice of B profession was determined by the Civil war, which 
 changed all his plans and prevented him from carrying out his 
 
 intention of becoming a civil engineer and architect. He traced 
 his first Impulse to strive for the prizes of life, to a "desire to share 
 in the great struggle for human freedom in America" together with 
 a natural interest in military affairs. The relative Btrength of cer- 
 tain influences powerful in his life, he estimates as follows: "First, 
 contact with men in active life; second, Bchool; third, home; fourth, 
 early companionship; fifth, private study." In a review of his life 
 and work he says, a- a guide and a caution to young readers, that 
 he has been " too anxious to get on, rather than to make a record in a 
 place; and hence too willing to change place and position for but 
 slight advancement. The stone rolled too much for twenty-five 
 years or more." And his word of advice to these readers is, "Stick! 
 Having got into a place or line of work, where you feel that you can 
 do reasonably well, be patient and contented to stay there, and make 
 a record of time and accomplishment, even at a loss of more rapid 
 advancement by change. Avoid frequent changes of environment 
 and kind of work. Always live within your income, year by year." 
 
 In 1904 Mr. Alvord was an official representative of the United 
 States Government at the Worlds Fair in St. Louis and died in that 
 city on the first day of October, 1904. 
 

V^ /<£^ 
 
THOMAS HENRY ANDERSON 
 
 ANDERSON, THOMAS HENRY, associate justice of the 
 Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, has made his 
 mark as a jurist, diplomat, and business man. He was born 
 in Belmont county, Ohio, June 6, 1848. Descended from honor- 
 able ancestors, he is the son of John and Amelia Dallas Anderson. 
 He was educated at the public and select schools of his county and at 
 Mount Union college, Ohio. After leaving college he taught a short 
 time in the schools of Belmont and Guernsey counties, and held the 
 principalship of the Cambridge high school until the fall of 1870, 
 when he resigned to finish his law studies. On entering the profes- 
 sion he promptly made a place for himself and was soon engaged 
 in a lucrative practice in the state and federal courts. In April, 
 1893, he removed to Washington, District of Columbia, where his 
 ability as a lawyer and his high character as a man won for him 
 esteem and distinction. President McKinley appointed him United 
 States attorney for the District of Columbia, October 4, 1899. 
 On May 1, 1901, in recognition of his excellent record as district 
 attorney, President McKinley appointed him a member of the 
 Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, a life position, and he 
 has proved himself an able and upright judge. 
 
 He served on the military staff of Governor Foster of Ohio for 
 four years. He was at one time chairman of the Republican execu- 
 tive committees of his county and congressional district, a member 
 of the Republican state executive committee, and a member of 
 the city council and school board of Cambridge, Ohio. 
 
 In 1889, Judge Anderson was appointed by President Harrison 
 as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United 
 States to Bolivia, which position he filled with ability. He wrote 
 " The Hand-Book of Bolivia," which gives interesting and authentic 
 information concerning the state of that republic. He is an effective 
 public speaker, and until appointed to the bench had been well 
 known as a political speaker for twenty-five years. His knowledge 
 of the free-silver countries of South America, and his power to per- 
 
108 THOMAS HENRY ANDERSON 
 
 suade audiences brought him into demand as a speaker in the presi- 
 dential campaigns of 1896 and 1900. He is a member of the American 
 Bar Association; the Washington Historical Society; the National 
 Geographic Society; the Ohio Society of New York; Sons of the 
 American Revolution; a trustee of the American university and of 
 Howard university, and a trustee of the Metropolitan Memorial 
 Methodist Episcopal church, of Washington, District of Columbia, 
 the church which President McKinley attended. The McKinley 
 memorial tablet in this church was the gift of Justice Anderson. 
 
 In 1879 he was married to Miss Laura B. Augustine, of Penn- 
 sylvania. They have one child, a daughter. 
 
JOSEPH HUBLEY ASHTON 
 
 JOSEPH HUBLEY ASHTON, lawyer, and in 1868-69 acting 
 attorney-general of the United States, was born in Philadelphia, 
 March 11, 1836. His parents were Daniel R. and Elizabeth 
 Ashton, and on the paternal side he is descended from English ances- 
 try. After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, at Phila- 
 delphia, in 1854, he began the study of law under William B. Reed 
 and St. George Tucker Campbell, of that city, completing, in the 
 meantime, the law course of the University of Pennsylvania, and 
 was admitted to the Philadelphia bar October 9, 1855. He became 
 a practising attorney from this date, and has been prominently 
 identified with that profession for nearly half a century, in municipal, 
 state, federal and international tribunals. 
 
 In 1860, shortly after his admission to the bar, he became asso- 
 ciate editor of " Legal Intelligence," a semi-professional publication. 
 From 1861 to 1864 he was assistant United States district attorney for 
 the eastern district of Pennsylvania. He was an assistant attorney- 
 general of the United States from 1864 to 1867, and in 1868-69, 
 during which period he was twice designated as acting attorney- 
 general, vice Honorable James Speed, July, 1865, and Honorable 
 William M. Evarts, July, 1868. 
 
 In the latter year he appeared as the agent and counsel of the 
 United States before the international commission created to 
 adjudicate the claims growing out of the war with Mexico. From 
 this time on, he engaged almost exclusively in practice before federal 
 and international courts, appearing as counsel in a number of cele- 
 brated cases, chief among these the following: In 1862, as attorney 
 in behalf of Vice-Admiral Porter and the Mortar Flotilla in the 
 prize cases arising from captures made by Admiral Farragut's fleet 
 at New Orleans; in 1873, and following, counsel for the United States, 
 in the legal issues involved in the franchise and subsidies granted the 
 Union Pacific Railroad Company; in 1885, he appeared before the 
 Venezuelan Claims Commission, as counsel for the United States; 
 and from 1890 to 1897, he represented many Chinese claimants, in 
 
110 JOSEPH HUBLEY ASHTON 
 
 cases under the Chinese exclusion laws, before the Supreme Court of 
 the United States. 
 
 Incidental to his law practice and official duties, Mr. Ashton 
 was connected with the law faculty of Georgetown university, 
 Washington, District of Columbia, from 1870 to 1874, as professor 
 of pleading, practice and evidence; and in 1878 he became one of 
 the founders of the American Bar Association. In 1880, at the 
 meeting of the International Sanitary Conference, held in Washing- 
 ton, he was present as a special law delegate. In later years he 
 edited volumes nine to twelve, inclusive, of "Opinions of the 
 Attorney-Generals of the United States." 
 
 Mr. Ashton has taken high rank among American lawyers as a 
 man of varied legal knowledge, large experience, and brilliant and 
 solid attainments. His personal and intimate acquaintance with 
 the public men and measures of the last half century, has been very 
 extensive, while his constant touch with matters vitally concerning 
 the organic legislation of the United States and its interpretation, 
 has made him one of our valuable commentators. 
 
 He received the degree of M.A. from the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, 1858, and that of LL.D. from Georgetown university, in 1872. 
 
 On October 11, 1864, Mr. Ashton married Hannah R. Wake- 
 man, at New York. 
 
OSCAR PHELPS AUSTIN 
 
 AUSTIN, OSCAR PHELPS, farmer's son, statistician, reporter, 
 newspaper correspondent, editor and author, was born in 
 Kendall county, Illinois. His father, Benjamin Austin, was 
 a farmer who removed from Illinois to Nebraska, where he 
 continued in agricultural life and was elected to the state legisla- 
 ture. He was a man of industry, integrity and Christian character. 
 He married Emeline M. Phelps, daughter of Dudley and Ladema 
 Phelps, of New York. Oscar Phelps Austin was brought up on 
 his father's farm and by hard work as a boy and youth attained 
 excellent health and a strong constitution, enabling him to con- 
 tinue equally hard work, first as a soldier in the Union army 
 during the closing year of the Civil war, and then in his chosen 
 field as a literary worker. He was given the few advantages for 
 school attendance open to boys of his circumstances, but never 
 attended the higher academies or a college. Early in life he became 
 a member of the Methodist church. He left the farm in 1871 and 
 went to Chicago as a newspaper reporter, removing to Cincinnati in 
 1873 and continuing as a reporter until 1881, when he went to Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia, as correspondent for Metropolitan 
 dailies. He also became an editor, a writer for magazines and the 
 author of numerous statistical books. He was appointed on May 9, 
 1897, chief of the Bureau of Statistics in the treasury department, 
 and was transferred in 1903 to the Department of Commerce and 
 Labor. He was also appointed an instructor in Interstate and 
 Foreign Commerce in Columbian (now George Washington) univer- 
 sity. He was employed by the Republican national committees of 
 1892 and 1896 to edit campaign documents; was elected a member 
 of the Academy of Political and Social Science; of the American 
 Association for the Advancement of Science; of the International 
 Colonial Institute; of the International Union for Comparative 
 Jurisprudence and Political Economy; of the Washington Economic 
 Society; and secretary of the National Geographic Society and 
 associate editor of the magazine. 
 
112 OSCAR PHELPS AUSTIN 
 
 His work as a statistician was directed toward disseminating 
 such information as his study and research enabled him to put in 
 concrete form for the benefit of others. In his profession he found 
 his most useful reading to be historical and commercial encyclo- 
 pedias and books of reference. His choice of occupation was first 
 approved by his parents and was in full accord with his own prefer- 
 ence. A Christian home, private study, contact with men in national 
 life and ambition to do something of practical and lasting value, 
 influenced his course, his only regret being that in early life he was 
 deprived (through no fault of himself or his parents) of a liberal 
 school and college training. To American youth he recommends 
 hard work and hard study, limited only by the necessity of acquiring 
 and keeping good health. He was married to Anna M. Richardson, 
 daughter of John and M. M. Richardson, of Nebraska, and 
 their only child, Florence May, was living in 1904. He is the 
 author of "Uncle Sam's Secrets" (1897); "Uncle Sam's Soldiers" 
 (1898); "Steps in our Territorial Expansion" (1904), etc., etc. (a 
 series of historical and statistical monographs for youth); "Colonial 
 Systems of the World" (1899); "Colonial Administration" (1901); 
 "Commercial China" (1903); " CommercialJapan " (1903); "Com- 
 mercial India" (1904); "Commercial Africa" (1900); "Commercial 
 South and Central America" (1899); "Commercial Alaska" (1901); 
 "Submarine Telegraphs of the World" (1900); "Great Canals of 
 the World" (1899); "Historical Map of the United States" (1903); 
 and "Studies on the World's Commerce," a series of monographs 
 published by the United States Government. 
 
^ ih& 
 
JOSEPH WEEKS BABCOCK 
 
 BABCOCK, JOSEPH WEEKS, member of the United States 
 house of representatives, has made a record which should 
 be at once stimulating and encouraging to every young man 
 who desires to secure a position of honor and to do a work of marked 
 usefulness. Without the advantages of a liberal education or of 
 political or family influence, he has made his way from the farm and 
 the lumber yard to a place in the lower house of congress; and reach- 
 ing this position when he was but forty-three, within a year he 
 became chairman of one of the most important political committees 
 in the country. 
 
 He was born at Swanton, Vermont, March 6, 1850. His parents 
 were Ebenezer Wright and Mahala (Weeks) Babcock. His father 
 was a farmer and manufacturer, a man of excellent judgment, and 
 great force of character, earnest, persevering and industrious, who 
 removed from Vermont to Butler county, Iowa, in 1855, and six 
 years later to Cedar Falls, in the same state, where he built up an 
 extensive lumber business. He continued in active management of 
 his affairs until he was ninety years of age, when, on account of an 
 accident, he was obliged to retire from business. On the paternal 
 side the family ancestry is traced back to the Pilgrims. A distin- 
 guished ancestor on the maternal side was Joseph Weeks, from 1836 
 to 1840 a member of congress from New Hampshire. 
 
 Joseph Weeks Babcock attended the public schools and entered 
 Cornell college, preparatory department, at Mount Vernon, Iowa; 
 but as his preference was for business rather than professional life 
 he did not complete the course of study. He was employed by his 
 father and later by various firms in the lumber business, and in 1878 
 he purchased an interest in a lumber company by which he had been 
 employed several years before. In 1881 the business (which was 
 enlarged by the purchase of an extensive interest at Necedah, 
 Wisconsin), was incorporated. Mr. Babcock became its secretary, 
 which office he held for seventeen years. During this time he was also 
 the active manager of affairs, and under his administration the 
 
114 JOSEPH WEEKS BABCOCK 
 
 business rapidly increased and became very profitable. His relations 
 with the several hundred men who were constantly employed were 
 always pleasant and no strike occurred during his entire business 
 career. 
 
 Soon after his removal to Necedah Mr. Babcock became promi- 
 nent in local affairs, and in 1888 he was elected a member of the 
 Wisconsin Assembly. Two years later, when many of his associates 
 were defeated, he was reelected. In 1892 he was elected a member 
 of congress and took his seat in the house August 7, 189.3. He has 
 been reelected six times. His present term will expire March 4, 1907. 
 In addition to his minor duties in congress he has served as chairman 
 of the committee on the District of Columbia for eight years, and 
 has been a member of the committee on Ways and .Means since 
 the fifty-sixth Congress. As chairman of the Republican national 
 congressional committee he conducted the campaign of 1894 with 
 such vigor and skill as to restore his party to power in congress. 
 His brilliant success in this campaign led to his reelection as chair- 
 man of this committee in 1896, 1898, 1900, 1902 and 1904. In 1S98 
 he wished to resign the chairmanship to become a candidate for the 
 office of United .States senator. But, at the urgent request of 
 President McKinley, who said to him, "I think, Mr. Babcock, that 
 the country requires, and perhaps has a right to require, you to sink 
 your personal wishes and plans and take the chairmanship again at 
 this critical time, and carry us through if possible; you can do it if it 
 can be done," he retained his position and carried one of the most 
 difficult political campaigns of the generation to a successful issue. 
 
 During his childhood and youth he had lived in the country. 
 His health was good and he had no tasks to perform which inter- 
 fered with his attendance at school or with his progress in his studies. 
 He has been twice married. His political connections have always 
 been with the Republican party. Of the books which he has read 
 he names those of Emerson as the most helpful in preparing him for 
 his work in life. He is a lover of nature and finds his principal relaxa- 
 tion in fishing trips in the North in summer, and in Florida in winter. 
 In these excursions he is always accompanied by Mrs. Babcock who is 
 also fond of outdoor life. 
 
 He has a high regard for his ancestry, uses the Babcock coat of 
 arms for his book-plate, and keeps on his desk an inkwell that was 
 used by his maternal grandfather. His mother died during his 
 
JOSEPH WEEKS BABCOCK 115 
 
 early youth, but her influence was permanent and beneficent. From 
 his father he inherited a remarkable capacity for hard work, with 
 yarious qualities which have been important factors in his success, 
 and also received substantial aid and encouragement in the opening 
 of his business career. As he did not have a full collegiate course of 
 study, and has made his way by earnest and persistent effort guided 
 by excellent judgment, he is often referred to as a "self-made man"; 
 but he believes that his claim to this designation applies to himself 
 no more than it does to any other man who makes the most of his 
 opportunities and fully develops his powers. He has found contact 
 with men in active life of great assistance; and as a lesson drawn from 
 his own experience and from observation he says to young men 
 that "honesty and application are absolutely essential to success." 
 
AUGUSTUS OCTAVIUS BACON 
 
 BACON, AUGUSTUS OCTAVIUS, lawyer, legislator, United 
 States senator, is the son of Reverend Augustus O. Bacon, a 
 Baptist minister and a native of Georgia. His ancestors 
 were of a colony of Puritans who settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts, 
 in 1G30 — upon this stock was engrafted a Virginia branch, of Cavalier 
 ancestry. Pie was born in Bryan county, that state, October 20, 
 1839. On the maternal side, he is a grandson of Samuel Jones and 
 a grandnephew of Judge William Law, of Savannah, Georgia, one 
 of the most distinguished jurists of his time in the South. His 
 parents were residents of Liberty county, and here and in Troup 
 county he spent his boyhood in a typical Georgian environment, 
 save for the fact of his early bereavement through the untimely 
 death of both parents, his father having died at the early age of 
 twenty-three, before the birth of the son, and his mother at twenty 
 years of age, before he was a year old. Under the fostering oversight 
 of his paternal grand mot her he received careful training and a good 
 elementary education, and at the age of sixteen he entered the 
 University of Georgia, at Athens. He was graduated from the 
 collegiate department of that institution in 1859, and immediately 
 thereafter entered the law school and received a degree therefrom 
 in the following year. 
 
 He selected Atlanta as the place in which to begin his professional 
 career; but scarcely six months elapsed before he joined the Con- 
 federate forces as an adjutant of the 9th Georgia regiment, with 
 which he served during the campaigns of 1861 and 1862. Subse- 
 quently he was commissioned as captain in the provisional army of 
 the Confederate States and assigned to general staff duty, being 
 mustered out of service at the close of hostilities with the rank of 
 captain. Returning to the law, he began practice at Macon in 1866, 
 from which date he has been actively identified with the bar of 
 Georgia. His success in his profession was immediate, and he 
 quickly assumed a ranking place as a trial lawyer in both the state 
 and federal courts. He possessed oratorical talents of a high order, 
 
AUGUSTUS OCTAVIUS BACON H7 
 
 as well as legal learning; and these soon led him into the political 
 arena of his state, gave him growing influence, and marked him as 
 one of the coming men. 
 
 In 1868, Mr. Bacon was nominated by the Democratic state 
 convention for presidential elector from the then fourth congressional 
 district. Two years from that time he was elected to the Georgia 
 house of representatives, and was returned to that body, at each 
 successive election, for fourteen years. During this period he was 
 speaker pro tempore for two years, and speaker for eight years, an 
 unusual parliamentary experience. He served in this position of 
 honor with distinction and dignity, and displayed an executive 
 ability, a fair-mindedness, and a knowledge of legislative procedure, 
 that gave him immediate prestige when he entered the United States 
 senate. Several times he was brought forward as a candidate for 
 the governorship of his state, and in the Democratic state conven- 
 tion of 1883 he lacked but one vote for a nomination, when the nomi- 
 nation was equivalent to an election. This was one of the famous 
 convention contests of Georgia, in which there was a three days' 
 deadlock before a nomination was made. 
 
 Mr. Bacon was frequently a member of the Democratic state 
 conventions, was president of the convention of 1880, and was 
 delegate from the state at large to the national Democratic conven- 
 tion at Chicago in 1884. Although his party was not without sharp 
 rivalries, he was always considered a stalwart, aggressive leader; 
 and, in 1894, after an exciting and somewhat remarkable campaign 
 before the people, he was elected by the Georgia legislature to a seat 
 in the United States senate. His reelection in 1900 is evidence 
 that his conduct in that body was fully indorsed by his constituents. 
 In the senate, Mr. Bacon has steadily grown in influence. 
 He is a member of both the Judiciary and the Foreign Relations 
 committees. He is easily entitled to rank among the leaders of the 
 minority, and as a graceful, fluent speaker, and ready debater, he is 
 hardly excelled by any one of its members. His speeches are char- 
 acterized by an unusual richness of diction, and by good literary 
 form, and they always evince candor and breadth. One of his most 
 notable efforts was in opposition to the acquisition of the Philippines. 
 During the contest over this question he made several extended 
 speeches. He was the author of the Bacon resolution "declaring 
 the purpose of the United States not permanently to retain the 
 
118 AUGUSTUS OCTAVIUS BACON 
 
 islands but to give the people thereof their liberty." The vote on 
 this resolution was a tie in the senate and it was defeated by the 
 casting vote of the vice-president — the only occasion in many years 
 upon which a vice-president has voted. Mr. Bacon has made in 
 the senate a number of speeches on constitutional questions which 
 have attracted attention. Among them are those on the power of 
 the president to recognize the independence of a revolting province 
 of a foreign nation; the power of congress by joint resolution and 
 without a treaty to acquire foreign territory; the authority of the 
 senate to require upon its order the production of any and all papers 
 in any one of the departments; the constitutionality of the bill to 
 protect the president of the United States; and the constitutionality 
 of a bill to charter an international bank. 
 
 Soon after he began the practice of law he published a " Digest 
 of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Georgia" which is well known 
 in legal literature. He is, and has been for many years, a trustee 
 of the University of Georgia. 
 
 Senator Bacon was married in 1SG4 to Miss Virginia Lamar, 
 of Macon, Georgia. 
 
JOSEPH WALDEN BAILEY 
 
 BAILEY, JOSEPH WALDEN, United States senator from 
 Texas, is a native of Mississippi, born in Copiah county of 
 that state October 6, 1863. Beginning his college education 
 at Mississippi college, Clinton, Mississippi, he was graduated in the 
 law from Cumberland university, Lebanon, Tennessee, and was 
 admitted to practice at the bar of Mississippi in 1883. At the same 
 time he took an active interest in political affairs, made himself felt 
 by his youthful ability as a public speaker, and had the notable 
 distinction of serving as a presidential elector in 1884, when only 
 twenty-one years of age. In the following year he removed to Texas 
 and engaged in the practice of law at Gainesville, in which city his 
 office is still situated. 
 
 An ardent member of the Democratic party and a ready and 
 incisive orator, he quickly made his way to prominence in the political 
 councils of his new state, and in the presidential contest of 1888 was 
 a second time chosen elector, this time as elector-at-large. Two 
 years later, in 1890, he became a candidate for congress in his 
 district and easily won the election, his victory being repeated for 
 five successive terms. The keen and telling oratory of the new 
 member soon made him a power in his party in congress, his leader- 
 ship among the Democratic members becoming so marked that in the 
 fifty-fifth Congress the party caucus made him its nominee for speaker 
 and he was chosen as the minority member of the committee on 
 Rules. In 1901 the brilliant and aggressive young Texan took his 
 seat in the United States senate, of which body he is today the 
 youngest, though not by any means the least considered, member. 
 
GEORGE WILLIAM BAIRD 
 
 BAIRD, GEORGE WILLIAM, whose life-record is that of an 
 unassuming man of fine executive ability, a loyal patriot 
 and a distinguished soldier, was born in Milford, Connecticut, 
 December 30,1839. His father, Jonah Newton Baird, was a fanner. 
 For many years an invalid, he died while his son was still very young. 
 Thus early deprived of a father's influence, it was to his mother, 
 whose maiden name was Minerva Gunn, that he owed the determina- 
 tion to make the most of himself and to make a way when no wax- 
 appeared. His ancestry in America dates back to 1G39, including in 
 his father's line Captain John Beard, a soldier in the defense of Con- 
 necticut against the Indians. On his father's side he is descended 
 from Thomas Hooker, the founder of Connecticut colony. A strong 
 constitution enabled him to begin work on the farm when nine years 
 old. He thus early formed habits of industry. Unoccupied time 
 was unknown, and the accomplishment of work he had undertaken 
 he accounted sufficient pleasure, although reading and study were 
 never neglected. Difficulties beset his determined efforts to secure 
 an education. But he was graduated from the Hopkins grammar 
 school in 1859, entering Yale college at once. He enlisted as a 
 private in 1862; but he received his diploma in 1X03 with his class. 
 After the war, he studied civil engineering at the Sheffield scientific 
 school, 1865-66. 
 
 His military career has been remarkable. As the result of a 
 competitive examination, he was promoted from the rank of private 
 immediately to that of colonel in the volunteer army. It is asserted 
 that General Casey, chairman of the examining board, said that 
 Private Baird had passed the finest examination of any man who 
 had ever appeared before the board. On inquiring into his ante- 
 cedents, the board discovered that he had the most meager income 
 during his college course, but they did not learn from him the fact 
 that he stood near the head of the class. After his appointment 
 as colonel he participated in several battles in South Carolina, 
 Georgia and Florida. 
 
GEORGE WILLIAM BAIRD 121 
 
 On May 11, 1866, he was appointed second lieutenant in the 
 regular army. As first lieutenant he served with General Miles in the 
 5th Infantry, on the plains, where he was severely wounded. In 1871 
 he became the adjutant of General Miles and adjutant-general of his 
 field commands, in which capacity he served eight years. Twice he 
 was recommended for brevet for gallant service in action; and he 
 received the medal of honor "for most distinguished gallantry in 
 action against hostile Nez Perces Indians at Bear Paw Mountain, 
 Montana, September 30, 1877, where he was twice severely wounded." 
 He was promoted major and paymaster, U. S. A., in 1879; lieu- 
 tenant-colonel and deputy paymaster-general in 1899, and brigadier- 
 general, U. S. A., in 1903, and was on duty as chief disbursing officer 
 of the paymaster-general's office (1899-1903) until his retirement. 
 He wrote the article "General Miles's Indian Campaigns"in the "Cen- 
 tury," July, 1901 ; was selected poet for the Society of the Army of the 
 Potomac at its annual meeting, 1894. General Baird is a member of 
 the Loyal Legion, U. S. A.; of the Society of Colonial wars; of the 
 Order of the Indian wars, U. S. A., and of several other military 
 organizations. He is identified with the Congregational church. 
 
 His work in life was assigned him by the Civil war, and while it 
 has not been closely associated with books and reading, he has always 
 found pleasure and recreation in history and poetry. General Baird 
 speaks with modesty of his own achievements, refusing to admit 
 that he has been the winner of any prizes in life. He places the 
 determining influences of his life in the following order : Home, school, 
 private study, contact with men in active life, and early companion- 
 ship. He advises a young man " to try to select a line of activities 
 as near as possible to his line of taste and ability; and especially to 
 coordinate his studies and efforts with his main purpose in life." 
 And he adds: "Doubtless well-known principles are best: 1. The 
 best character — and that must include love of God and of country. 
 2. The occupation best adapted to ability, taste and training. 3. Hard 
 work. 4. An open and intelligent mind to welcome and estimate 
 new ideas. 5. The vision to see that God is in the world to establish 
 righteousness; and the courage to 'lend a hand.'" His life shows 
 what natural ability combined with principle and application can 
 accomplish, if one seizes decisive opportunity when it presents itself. 
 
 He married Julia C. Rogers, of Cheshire, in July, 1866. Their 
 three children were living in 1904. 
 
THOMAS ROBERT BARD 
 
 BARD, THOMAS ROBERT, banker, legislator, man of affairs, 
 United States senator from California, is a son of Robert 
 M. and Elizabeth S. (Little) Bard, and was born in Cham- 
 bersburg, Pennsylvania, December 8, 1841. His ancestors were 
 Scotch-Irish and among the earliest settlers of that part of the 
 Cumberland valley in which Chambersburg is situated. In early 
 youth he had the usual advantages of a common school education, 
 and later he completed the course of study at the Chambersburg 
 academy. 
 
 In selecting a career, his ambitions inclined him toward the law, 
 but after some time devoted to its study, he abandoned it (tempo- 
 rarily, as he thought), and accepted a position as agent of the Cum- 
 berland Valley Railroad at Hagerstown, Maryland. He retained 
 this connection for several years, but found the opportunities for 
 advancement too restricted, and he began seriously casting about 
 for a new field in which to test his strength. At this period the 
 Pacific coast, with its boundless resources, was attracting general 
 attention in the East, and, with wise foresight, Mr. Bard selected 
 this as the theater of his future activities. His plan to become 
 a lawyer gave way little by little as his instinct for business 
 developed and, in 1864, he proceeded to Ventura county, California, 
 where he immediately set about laying the foundations of a career 
 that has since resulted in large material successes and in public 
 honors. 
 
 The region in which Mr. Bard established himself was one par- 
 ticularly adapted to his enterprise and energy, and in the succeeding 
 score of years he developed wide and diversified business interests. 
 He identified himself with almost every plan of his adopted county's 
 growth and well-being, and ere long his influence and activities had 
 pushed far beyond county limits, and he became identified with the 
 state at large. 
 
 He made his home at Hueneme, on the coast, where good trans- 
 portation facilities were possible; and there he engaged in wharfing, 
 
 
THOMAS ROBERT BARD 123 
 
 banking, petroleum mining, sheep-raising, dealing in real estate, 
 and other kindred pursuits. His close application to business gave 
 him little opportunity to take a conspicuous part in politics; and 
 though importunities were frequent, he held aloof from public life. 
 Frequently, however, he counselled with party leaders on impor- 
 tant issues; and his sagacity and clearness of judgment led the people 
 of his state to turn to him for actual leadership at a later time. 
 
 In 1S92, when President Cleveland swept many of the stalwart 
 Republican states California among them, Mr. Bard was the only 
 successful elector on the Republican ticket of his state. This indorse- 
 ment of personal strength and popularity was not forgotten; and 
 when, on February 7, 1900, an extra session of the California legis- 
 lature was convened to fill the vacancy caused by the expiration of 
 the term of Stephen M. White, in the senate of the United States, 
 Mr. Bard received the unanimous vote of the Republican majority 
 for that office. He took the oath of United States senator, March 5, 
 1900, and his term of office expired March 3, 1905, when he was 
 succeeded by Frank P. Flint. 
 
 He served on the following senate committees: Fisheries, Indian 
 Affairs, Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands, Public Lands, 
 Territories, and Woman Suffrage. His long and successful business 
 training made him a valuable and intelligent committee worker in 
 the senate; and when he had occasion to address that body on 
 pending questions emanating from one of his committees, no one 
 commanded more respectful attention. His speech on the Statehood 
 bill, in January, 1905, was one of the ablest efforts of that notable 
 debate. His attractive personality, strength of character, direct 
 and businesslike methods, coupled with an unusual capacity for 
 public affairs, all have combined to make him a fine example of the 
 man-of-affairs in public life. 
 
 Senator Bard, on April 17, 1876, married Mary B. Gerberding, 
 of San Francisco, California. 
 
ALBERT SMITH BARKER 
 
 BARKER, ALBERT SMITH, naval officer, and rear admiral 
 in the United States navy, was born in Hanson, Massachu- 
 setts, March 31, 1843. His parents were Josiah and Eliza 
 Barker, and on the paternal side he is a descendant of Robert Barker, 
 one of the settlers of Plymouth in the decade between 1630 and 1640. 
 
 At the age of sixteen young Barker received appointment from 
 his state, to the United States naval academy at Annapolis, and was 
 ordered into active service in May, 1861, being immediately assigned 
 to duty on the steam frigate Mississippi, of the West Gulf blockad- 
 ing squadron. He remained aboard this vessel until its destruction 
 in 1863, while attempting to pass Port Hudson. In the meantime 
 he had taken part in the bombardment and passage of Forts Jackson 
 and St. Philip, and Chalmette, and in the capture of New Orleans, 
 and had been promoted to ensign. After the Mississippi was 
 destroyed he joined the steam-sloop Monongahela, took part in 
 the siege of Port Hudson, in the engagement near Donaldsonville, 
 and guerilla fighting generally until the river was opened. 
 
 He was commissioned as lieutenant, February 22, 1864, and 
 after a series of assignments, was transferred to the flagship Pow- 
 hatan, of the Pacific squadron, and witnessed the bombardment of 
 the batteries at Callao by the Spanish fleet under Admiral Nunez. 
 His commission as lieutenant-commander was dated July 25, 1866; 
 and he saw service respectively on the South Atlantic station, 
 the European station, and at the Torpedo station, between that 
 time and the year 1874. While at the latter station, he fired shells 
 filled with dynamite from twenty-four pound howitzers, using the 
 ordinary powder cartridge, being as far as is known the first to fire 
 dynamite in shells on the American continent. 
 
 On December 3, 1882, he was ordered to command the Enter- 
 prise, and while on this vessel he ran a fine of deep sea soundings 
 around the world, the casts being taken at intervals of about one 
 hundred miles. The fine between New Zealand and Magellan Straits 
 was made on latitude 47° to 52° South. During this voyage he 
 
ALBERT SMITH BARKER 1 _'.-, 
 
 reached the Straits of Sundra six days after the great eruption of 
 Krakatoa, when the accompanying tidal wave swept into the sea 
 the large town of Anger and all other settlements in the vicinity; 
 and he rendered such assistance as he could to the Dutch authorities. 
 Proceeding to China, in 1885, he was present at Pagoda Anchorage, 
 Min River, when the French fleet, under Vice-Admiral Courbet, sunk 
 the Chinese men-of-war, destroyed the arsenal, and demolished the 
 forts on each side of the river. 
 
 He was promoted captain, May 5, 1892, and in the same year 
 was placed in command of the protected cruiser Philadelphia, the 
 flagship of the North Atlantic squadron. In 1896-97 he com- 
 manded the battleship Oregon. At the beginning of the Spanish- 
 American war, in 1898, he was made a member of the board of 
 strategy, but was soon ordered to active service in command of the 
 protected cruiser Newark, and in the same year to the famous 
 battleship Oregon, and to the command of the special service 
 squadron to the Pacific. After touching at the principal ports of 
 South America he reached Manila in March, 1899, and relieved 
 Admiral Dewey, in May of that year as commander-in-chief, tem- 
 porarily, until the arrival of Admiral Watson. October 10, 1899 he 
 was promoted rear-admiral, and took charge of the navy yard at 
 Norfolk; in 1900 he was transferred to the command of the New 
 York navy yard. In April, 1903, he was commander-in-chief of the 
 North Atlantic fleet which command he held until retired for age 
 on March 31, 1905. 
 
 Admiral Barker was married in 1894 to Ellen Blackmar Maxwell, 
 widow of Reverend Allen J. Maxwell, who died in Lucknow, India, 
 in 1890. 
 
JOB BARNARD 
 
 BARNARD, JOB. Justice Barnard, a prominent member of 
 the legal fraternity, spent his boyhood in work on his father's 
 farm in Jackson township, Porter county, Indiana, where he 
 was born on the eighth of June, 1844, the son of William and Sally 
 (Williams) Barnard. His father was a member of the Society of 
 Friends, a man kind and just in character; and his mother exerted 
 a strong influence alike on the boy's intellectual and moral develop- 
 ment. Among his ancestry were two men who served as chief magis- 
 trates of Nantucket, namely, Thomas Macy and Tristram Coffin; 
 while others were legislators in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. 
 Mr. Barnard early developed a fondness for reading and a decided 
 inclination toward the observation of nature and the study of 
 science. He made the fields and the woods his favorite haunts as a 
 boy, while he was obtaining an education (not without difficulty) 
 in the country schools and at Valparaiso college. He subsequently 
 took a professional course in the law at Michigan university, 
 and was graduated LL.B. in 1867. On May 1, 1867, he formed 
 a partnership with Elisha C. Field, Esquire, at Crown Point, Indiana, 
 where the firm of Field and Barnard built up a good practice, and 
 during the time of his residence there, he filled several local offices. 
 He had seen three years' service in the Civil war, as a private in 
 Company K of the 73d Indiana infantry, from which he was mustered 
 out as first sergeant, July 1, 1865. 
 
 Mr. Barnard's knowledge, judgment and ability in the law, soon 
 won him more than a local reputation. From 1873 to 1876 he served 
 as assistant clerk of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, 
 which position he resigned on July 1, 1876, and entered again into 
 the active practice of his profession in said district, as a member of 
 the firm of Edwards and Barnard, in which he continued until October 
 1, 1899, when President McKinley appointed him as associate justice 
 in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, a position which he 
 still ably fills. Justice Barnard has been all his life a lover of nature, 
 
JOB BARNARD 127 
 
 finding his chief recreation in country walks and in the study of birds 
 and wild flowers. 
 
 His intellectual interests have been professional, chiefly in the 
 field of the law. He is a member of the New church (Swedenborgian) 
 and is president of the Washington Society of that church, and 
 vice-president of its general convention in the United States. 
 He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and of the Cosmos 
 club and University club of Washington, District of Columbia. 
 He married Florence A. Putnam, daughter of Judge Worthy Putnam 
 and Nancy (Sinclair) Putnam, at Berrien Springs, Michigan, on 
 September 25, 1867; and they had four sons, three of whom are 
 living (1905), and in business in Washington city. 
 
 Among the cases of general interest in which Justice Barnard 
 has filed opinions during his service on the bench are those of Manning 
 v. C. & P. Tel. Co., in which he held the act of Congress of June 30, 
 1898, regulating telephone rates in the District of Columbia, uncon- 
 stitutional; and the case of Faul v. French, construing the will of 
 Sophia Rhodes, who with her son perished at sea on the Steamer 
 Elbe, January 30, 1895. These cases went to the Supreme Court 
 of the United States and are reported in 186 U. S. 238, and 187 
 U. S. 401. 
 
WILLIAM BREMAGE BATE 
 
 WILLIAM BREMAGE BATE, soldier, lawyer, governor 
 and United States senator, was born near Castalian 
 Springs, Sumner county, Tennessee, October 7, 1820. 
 In his early youth he exhibited an adventurous spirit, and left school 
 to accept a clerkship on a steamboat plying between Nashville and 
 New Orleans. When war was declared against Mexico, in 1S45, 
 he promptly enlisted as private in a regiment recruited from 
 Tennessee and Louisiana, and served throughout that conflict, 
 attaining the rank of lieutenant. Upon returning to Tennessee, he 
 became the editor and owner of a newspaper called the "Tenth 
 Legion," published at Gallatin; and in 1S49 he was elected to the 
 legislature of that state. He then began the study of law in the 
 Lebanon law school, from which he was graduated in 1852, and he 
 settled down to practise law in Gallatin. His intellectual gifts and 
 professional ability were not long in gaining recognition, and in 1854 
 he was elected attorney-general for the Nashville district for six 
 years. While serving in the latter capacity, he so impressed himself 
 upon the public mind that he received the unsolicited nomination for 
 congress. This he declined, but he permitted his name to be put 
 upon the Breckcnridge-Lane electoral ticket in 1860. 
 
 In May, 1861, the state of Tennessee was forced to the issue of 
 deciding for or against the policy of secession. The official negotia- 
 tions resulted promptly in her union with the other Southern states 
 for the purpose of "resisting the armed invasion of the North," and 
 Mr. Bate entered the Confederate service as a private. His promo- 
 tion to captain soon followed; and later he was made colonel of 
 the 2d Tennessee regiment under the command of General Polk, 
 and assigned to duty at Columbus, Kentucky. The first great battle 
 in which he participated was that of Shiloh, where he cooperated in 
 the work of Cleburne's brigade. Valiantly leading his regiment in 
 the second charge under a withering cross-fire he fell, severely 
 wounded, his leg struck by a minie ball, and he was compelled to 
 retire from active service for a number of months. His gallantry in 
 
WILLIAM BREMAGE BATE 129 
 
 this battle gained for him promotion to brigadier-general on Octo- 
 ber 3, 1862. While still under physical disability, he was assigned 
 to garrison duty at Huntsville, Alabama, with temporary command 
 of the district of Tennessee. Returning to the field in February, 
 1863, he commanded a brigade in Polk's army, distinguished himself 
 at Hoover's Gap, and later at Chicamauga, where he had two horses 
 shot under him, in the second day's charge. General Bragg reported 
 him " among those distinguished for coolness, gallantry and success- 
 ful conduct throughout the engagements, and in the rear guard in 
 retreat." 
 
 He held a division command after the battle of Chicamauga, 
 and received his commission as major-general, February 23, 1864. 
 In the Georgia campaign he commanded a division of Hardee's 
 corps, and in the ill-fated campaign under General Hood he brought 
 his men back to their native state to the final encounter at Nash- 
 ville, where his command was almost annihilated. His military 
 service was closed in the spring of 1865, with the capitulation of the 
 army of the Tennessee. During this internecine struggle he had 
 been thrice severely wounded, and had demonstrated in a way that 
 could not be gainsaid the ability of the American private volunteer 
 to rise to important command and to win renown there as well as in 
 the ranks. 
 
 At the close of the war, General Bate resumed his legal practice 
 at Nashville, and was not long in gaining a lucrative practice, a 
 deserved fame in his profession, and a prominent place in political 
 councils. His own words were as true of himself as of the Confederate 
 soldier in general, of whom he has said, " He returned home from the 
 fields of disaster, vanquished but not destroyed; sorrowful, but not 
 without hope; ... the irrepressible pride and indomitable 
 pluck of Southern manhood were still with him." 
 
 In 1868, he was a delegate to the Democratic national conven- 
 tion; he served on the state executive committee of his party for 
 twelve years; and he was presidential elector-at-large on the Tilden 
 and Hendricks ticket in 1876. Six years later he was elected governor 
 of Tennessee, and served two consecutive terms with great accepta- 
 bility. Having been twice defeated as candidate for a seat in the 
 United States senate by a narrow margin— once by Andrew Johnson 
 as his opponent— he succeeded to membership in that body in Janu- 
 ary, 1887, vice Washington C. Whitthorne. He was reelected in 
 
130 WILLIAM BREMAGE BATE 
 
 1893, in 1899, and again in 1905, and has proved to be one of the 
 ablest representatives of his party in the national legislature. 
 
 At the dedication of the Chicamauga and Chattanooga National 
 Park, Senator Bate was selected by the secretary of war to speak 
 for the Confederates. His address on this occasion was one of great 
 strength and calmness, the keynote of which was patriotic devotion. 
 He pointed out that the "record of the heroic past, though written 
 in the blood of civil war, was essentially American in all the glorious 
 attributes of American citizenship." In the senate he has been 
 fearless and conscientious in his devotion to high civic ideals, and 
 certain of his speeches are repositories of learning and examples of 
 forensic strength. His published addresses and speeches deal with 
 the tariff, annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, the financial question, 
 Porto Rico and the Philippines, the independence of Cuba, and the 
 war revenue bill, beside several memorial addresses. 
 
 Senator Bate died at Washington, District of Columbia, March 9, 
 1905. 
 
JOHN COALTER BATES 
 
 BATES, JOHN COALTER, major-general in the army of the 
 United States, is a striking example of the "self-made" 
 soldier. Born in Missouri, St. Charles county, August 26, 
 1842, he was appointed first lieutenant in the 11th United States 
 infantry on May 14, 1861, while still a student in Washington 
 University, St. Louis. His soldierly qualities were not long in com- 
 mending him to his superior officers, and May 1, 1863, he was pro- 
 moted captain, and assigned to the staff of General Meade just prior 
 to the battle of Gettysburg, retaining this position until the sur- 
 render of the Confederate forces at Appomattox. His record for 
 "gallant and meritorious services in the field" brought him the 
 brevet rank of major, August 1, 1864, and that of lieutenant-colonel, 
 April 9, 1865. He took part in the fighting at Gettysburg, through- 
 out that memorable struggle, and at Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, 
 Chapel House, Hatcher's Run, Virginia, and in the operations against 
 Richmond which resulted in its capitulation. "He commanded a 
 company at Yorktown, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, second Bull Run, 
 Antietam, and Fredericksburg, and was aide-de-camp to General 
 Hooker at Chancellorsville. He participated in most of the engage- 
 ments of the Army of the Potomac from 1862 to 1865." 
 
 After the close of the war Colonel Bates was first given service 
 at a recruiting station, and subsequent to 1868 was stationed on 
 the plains of Dakota, Montana, Texas, New Mexico and other parts 
 of the country to police various Indian tribes. His Indian service 
 extended over a period of thirty years, during which he acquired a 
 very minute knowledge of the methods of Indian warfare and of 
 aboriginal traits. He was president of the board on Revision of 
 Tactics for the United States army, at Washington, District of 
 Columbia, 1888, and at Leavenworth, Kansas, 1889-90, receiving 
 promotion to colonel of the United States infantry in 1892. He was 
 president of the board that prepared firing regulations for the army, 
 and is regarded as an authority on the tactical and small arms firing 
 
132 JOHN COALTER BATES 
 
 regulations of the army, and was a member of the board which 
 adopted the Krag-Jorgensen rifle. 
 
 On the outbreak of the Spanish-American war he was made 
 brigadier-general of volunteers, in that capacity went with General 
 Shafter's army to Santiago, and during the Santiago campaign was 
 promoted major-general. At the battles of El Ganey and San Juan 
 Hill, July 1 and 2, 1898, he was in command of a separate brigade, and 
 in the following year, from January 1 to May 1, was military governor 
 of the department of Cienfuegos, Cuba. In July of that year he was 
 commissioned to open negotiations with the Sultan of the Sulu 
 Archipelago, in the Philippine Islands, with a view to effecting a 
 treaty with that doughty chieftain, which he accomplished with true 
 diplomatic skill and commendable expedition. In 1900, he did 
 excellent work in the Philippines, and his operations in Southern 
 Luzon and Northern Mindanao resulted in substantial successes for 
 the American forces. He received much credit for his efforts in 
 bringing about the surrender of Trias, the only lieutenant-general 
 of the insurgent army. He was made brigadier- general in the 
 United States army in 1901, and major-general in 1902 and will 
 retire in August 1906. He is unmarried. 
 
 
LOUIS AGRICOLA BAUER 
 
 BAUER, LOUIS AGRICOLA, "L. A. Bauer/' was born in 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, January 26, 1865. His father, Ludwig 
 Bauer, a native of Germany, was a merchant in Cincinnati 
 and after coming to America married Wilhelmina Buhler, also a 
 native of Germany. He died when his son was quite young. His 
 mother being in full accord with the boy in his desire to obtain a 
 university education assisted him as best she could. He was fond 
 of handling tools when a boy, and developed skill as an amateur 
 carpenter. While receiving his collegiate education he was engaged 
 in tutoring, and as assistant in the Public Library of Cincinnati. 
 He was graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1888 with the 
 degree of C.E. with " highest distinction"; and in 1894 he also received 
 the degree of M.S. from the University of Cincinnati. In 1892 he 
 went to the University of Berlin, where he took a course of three 
 years in mathematical physics, astronomy, meteorology and ter- 
 restrial magnetism, receiving the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D., "magna 
 cum laude," his dissertation being upon the " Secular Motion of a 
 Free Magnetic Needle," announcing for the first time an important 
 law concerning the secular variation of the earth's magnetism. 
 
 He was a civil engineer in Cincinnati, 1886-87; astronomical 
 and magnetic computer in the office of the Coast and Geodetic 
 Survey, Washington, District of Columbia, 1887-92; docent in mathe- 
 matical physics, University of Chicago, 1895-96; instructor in 
 geophysics, University of Chicago, 1896-97; assistant professor of 
 mathematics and mathematical physics, University of Cincinnati, 
 1897-99; lecturer on terrestrial magnetism, Johns Hopkins univer- 
 sity since 1899; and chief of the division of terrestrial magnetism, 
 Maryland Geological Survey, 1896-99; astronomer and magnetician 
 of the Western Boundary Survey of Maryland, in 1897. In 1897 he 
 received a grant from the American Association for the Advancement 
 of Science, for conducting special investigations in terrestrial mag- 
 netism. The result of his magnetic survey of Maryland was decisive 
 in leading the superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, 
 
134 LOUIS AGRICOLA BAUER 
 
 Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, to create in 1899 a special division known as 
 the "Division of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Coast and Geodetic 
 Survey," of which Doctor Bauer was appointed chief and " Inspector 
 of Magnetic Work." In 1904 the Carnegie Institute of Washington 
 established a "Department of International Research in Terrestrial 
 Magnetism," and appointed Dr. Bauer director. He is thus in 
 charge of the magnetic survey of the United States and of the desig- 
 nated international work; and has unexcelled opportunities for con- 
 ducting researches of great importance. 
 
 His membership in clubs and fraternities includes: Sigma Chi; 
 Cosmos; American Association for the Advancement of Science 
 (fellow); Astronomical and AstrophysicaJ Society of America; 
 American Physical Society; Philosophical Society of Washington, 
 District of Columbia; National Geographic Society; Washington 
 Academy of Science; Sociedad Cientifica Antonia Alzate, Mexico 
 (honorary), and Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft. He is 
 affiliated with the Unitarian church and the Unitarian club of 
 Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
 His most profitable reading lias been found in books allied to 
 his profession; and his diversion in walking, traveling, music and 
 the theater. lb' would advise every young American to "put his 
 whole heart and soul into his chosen work until success is achieved"; 
 and success he would not necessarily limit to mere financial gain. 
 He was married April 15, 1891, to Adelia Frances, daughter of 
 Mayrick Haskell and Lucy Salisbury Doolittle of Washington. 
 He is editor-in-chief of the International Journal of "Terrestrial 
 Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity," which he founded in 1896. 
 In conjunction with other leading specialists he has contributed to 
 reports of the Maryland Geological Survey and the United States 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey, and to various scientific journals, 
 articles on terrestrial magnetism. In recognition of his work he was 
 made a member of the permanent International Committee on Ter- 
 restrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, and a member of 
 the Committee on Terrestrial Magnetism of the International Asso- 
 ciation of Academies. 
 
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 
 
 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, physicist, inventor, was 
 born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3, 1847. His father 
 was the distinguished Scotch educator, Alexander Melville 
 Bell, especially noted for the invention of a new method for removing 
 impediments in speech, called " Bell's Visible Speech." His mother 
 was the daughter of Samuel Symonds, a surgeon in the British 
 navy. He was chiefly educated at the Edinburgh high school and 
 the University of Edinburgh, but when he was twenty years of age 
 he went to London and continued his education for a time at London 
 university. 
 
 In 1872, with his father, he went to Canada, and at the age of 
 twenty-five took up his residence in the United States, becoming 
 professor of vocal physiology in Boston university. Following the 
 art of his father he carried to a high degree of perfection in this 
 country the method of enabling the deaf and dumb to enunciate 
 intelligently words and sounds which they themselves had never 
 heard. In connection with this work he made many experiments in 
 acoustics, and particularly touching the transmission of sound by 
 electricity; but, down to 1875, nothing of practical value was achieved. 
 Within that year he experimented much with multiple telegraphy, 
 and began to transmit vibrations between two armatures. In 
 November he made the discovery that the vibrations created in a 
 reed by the voice could be transmitted so as to reproduce sounds and 
 words; and with an old cigar box, two hundred feet of wire, and a 
 couple of toy magnets, the first Bell telephone was ushered into 
 existence. This apparatus was improved in form, patented February 
 14, 1876, and exhibited at the Centennial exposition, at Philadelphia, 
 in the same year, and even at that time was declared by Sir William 
 Thompson to be " perhaps the greatest marvel hitherto achieved by 
 the electric telegraph." 
 
 In 1877 Mr. Bell brought the telephone to a condition of actual 
 practical value. The public was at first slow to appreciate its great 
 importance. Its commercial value was soon demonstrated, how- 
 
136 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 
 
 ever, and its manufacture and distribution placed its inventor, then 
 in humble, almost indigent, circumstances, in possession of a vast 
 fortune and of world-wide fame. 
 
 Elisha Gray, of Boston, filed a " caveat " stating that he was at 
 work upon a telephone only two hours after Bell's application was 
 filed. Daniel Drawbaugh, of Pennsylvania, also claimed to have 
 made and used a practical telephone in 1S67-6S, and out of these 
 claims much litigation arose involving the expenditure of vast sums 
 of money on the part of the Bell controversialists in the protection 
 of his rights. Every court decided in Bell's favor. All telephonic 
 operations since Bell's invention have been based upon the instru- 
 ment which he patented. 
 
 He subsequently invented the photophone, which is very similar 
 to the telephone in principle, in which a vibratory beam of light takes 
 the place of a wire as a medium to convey speech. Although con- 
 siderable attention has been attracted to this invention its practical 
 use has not yet been established. He first brought it to the attention 
 of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in 
 Boston, August, 1880. He has also made many experiments, of a 
 similar nature, with water for a conducting medium; and, in associa- 
 tion with C. Sumner 'Fainter and Dr. Chichester Bell, he invented and 
 has greatly improved the graphophone. 
 
 In rec.nt year- Mr. Bell, aided by an independent fortune, has 
 devoted himself to costly and laborious experiments for the relief 
 of deaf and dumb persons. His wife was one of his deaf and dumb 
 pupils, and it is said that it is largely due to his intense desire to 
 soften her misfortune that lie has turned aside from pure mechanical 
 invention to those more personal and directly humane. He has con- 
 tributed to the. National Academy of Science an important monograph 
 on the threatened " Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race." 
 
 Another invention of Dr. Bell's which has called for much 
 commendation is the telephone probe for the painless detection of 
 bullets in the human body. A practical, though unsuccessful, 
 application of it was made in the case of the late President Garfield. 
 Heidelberg university, at the celebration of its three hundred and 
 first anniversary, gave him the honorary degree of M.D. in 
 recognition of this contribution to surgical science. Experiments 
 with tetrahedral kites and tests of theories of flying machines have 
 received much of his attention in late years. 
 
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 137 
 
 Mr. Bell's scientific career has brought him many honors. 
 In 1880 he was awarded the Volta prize of $10,000 by the French 
 government, which he devoted to founding the Volta Laboratory, 
 in Washington, as a bureau of research and information on all matters 
 relative to the deaf and dumb. In 1882 France also decorated him 
 with the ribbon of her Legion of Honor. He is president of the 
 National Geographic Society; regent of the Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion; a trustee of the George Washington university; member of the 
 National Academy of Science, and other scientific organizations. 
 Harvard university conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., Illinois 
 college the same degree in 1896, and Amherst college in 1901. 
 Wurtzburg university gave him the degree of Ph.D., and he was a 
 medalist of the London Society of Fine Arts in 1902. 
 
 Personally Dr. Bell is a benevolent, reserved, contemplative 
 man, thoroughly engrossed in his scientific work. In appearance 
 he is rather of an Italian than an English or Scotch type, his hair 
 now whitened but formerly jet black. His manner is earnest and 
 convincing. He is an enthusiast in his work, and, in his private 
 laboratories, at Washington and at Badeck, Nova Scotia, at which 
 latter place he has a large and luxurious summer home, he frequently 
 works all night in pursuit of some missing link in his inventive 
 mechanism, or in following out some illuminating line of thought. 
 By way of recreation he gives considerable attention to sheep hus- 
 bandry, and has conducted a number of experiments in hybridiza- 
 tion and cross-breeding with a view to making the offspring more 
 prolific. A genius, a scientific dreamer, yet an indefatigable worker, 
 he has made his way to affluence and distinction. 
 
 He married in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1877, Mabel Gardiner 
 Hubbard, daughter of the late Judge Gardiner Green Hubbard of 
 Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
CHARLES JAMES BELL 
 
 BELL, CHARLES JAMES, banker, and general manager 
 of the National Telephone Company in England from 1880- 
 82, became president of the American Security and Trust 
 Company of Washington, District of Columbia, in 1893, and still 
 holds this position in 1905. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, April 12, 
 1858. His father, David Charles Bell, was a brother of Alexander 
 Melville Bell (father of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the 
 telephone) an educator in Edinburgh, Scotland, who lectured upon 
 speech and vocal physiology in London, and was author of a "Cure 
 for Stammering." David Charles Bell followed the family profession 
 of teaching, being a professor of literature in Dublin university. 
 The grandsons of Alexander Bell have no doubt inherited from him 
 their love of investigation, and to this owe something of their skill in 
 utilizing electricity by means of the telephone and in other inventions, 
 as well as the attention they have given to voice culture and the dis- 
 covery of means to help the deaf. The early studies and lectures of 
 Alexander Bell laid the foundation upon which rest the later scien- 
 tific discoveries and developments of the photophone, the telephone 
 and many kindred inventions. 
 
 Charles James Bell's mother was Ellen Adine Bell. His educa- 
 tion was begun in Dublin, where he studied in Brown's school and 
 Wesleyan college. His family removing to Canada, he became a clerk 
 in the Imperial Bank of Canada in 1877. Removing to Washington, 
 District of Columbia, he has entered strongly into the business and 
 civil life of the city. His influence is felt in many of the most impor- 
 tant financial undertakings of the city, and in its philanthropic work. 
 He is a member of the Board of Governors of the Chevy Chase club; 
 of the National Committee for the Promotion of the University of 
 the United States; of the national committee to Change Date of 
 Presidential Inauguration, and of the National Geographic Society. 
 He is also a member of the Metropolitan and Cosmos clubs of Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia. In politics he is a Republican. His 
 religious affiliations are with the Episcopal church. He is fond of 
 
CHARLES JAMES BELL 139 
 
 golf as a form of amusement and exercise. He estimates the effects 
 of his early home, and of his contact with men in active life, as the 
 two leading causes of his success in his chosen career. 
 
 Mr. Bell married Miss Grace B. Hubbard, daughter of the late 
 Honorable G. G. Hubbard, of Washington, and sister of Mrs. Alex- 
 ander Graham Bell, April 23, 1887. They have had five children, 
 four of whom are living in 1905. His address is 1405 G street, 
 Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
JAMES MONTGOMERY BELL 
 
 BELL, JAMES MONTGOMERY, brigadier-general United 
 States army, was born in Williamsburg, Pennsylvania, 
 October 1, 1837. His parents were William and Elizabeth 
 (Good) Bell. His father was a farmer and contractor, a good citizen 
 and a man of strong religious faith. 
 
 James Montgomery Bell was graduated from the Wittenberg 
 college, Springfield, Ohio, in lSiii*. and immediately entered the 
 volunteer service of the United States army as second lieutenant 
 of an Ohio regiment. He served through the Civil war, and was 
 brevet till for gallantry at the battles of the Wilderness and at Reams 
 Station, Virginia. 
 
 From the close of the war until 1896 a large part of his time was 
 passed in protecting various states ami territories on the frontier 
 from hostile Indians and in furnishing protection to construction 
 parties of the trans-continental railroad. For meritorious service 
 of this description he was brevet ted lieutenant-colonel in 1877. 
 He served in Cuba during the war with Spain, and was seriously 
 wounded. He was on duty in the Philippine Islands for about 
 eighteen months, 1899-1901, during which period he held various 
 important military positions. He served as brigadier-general of 
 volunteers from February, 1900, to June, 1901. 
 
 In September, 1901, he reached the rank of brigadier-general 
 of the United States army, and on the first of October of that year 
 he was placed upon the retired list. 
 
 He was married on March 12, 1873, to Emilie Mary Hones, 
 lie is a thirtieth degree Mason, and a member of the Military Order 
 of the Loyal Legion of the United States, a member of the Society 
 of the Army of Santiago de Cuba, companion of the Military Order 
 of Foreign Wars of the United States, and a member of the Army 
 and Navy club of New York, and of the Metropolitan club of Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia. In politics his sympathies have always 
 been with the Republican party. His religious connection is with the 
 
JAMES MONTGOMERY BELL 141 
 
 Lutheran denomination. His principal relaxation he finds in tennis, 
 golf, and horseback riding. 
 
 In youth his health was good and most of his time was passed in 
 the country, on his father's farm. He was deeply interested in read- 
 ing of the campaigns of great military leaders, and was profoundly 
 impressed by the appearance of the Pennsylvania militia at their 
 annual musters. In the choice of a profession he was allowed to 
 follow his own inclination. Among the influences which have tended 
 to form his character and help him in his work, he names his mother, 
 and his early home life, as paramount. Next came the school and 
 the teacher, of whom he says: "The sturdy character of the Irish 
 schoolmaster of the old log schoolhouse, with his bundle of rods in the 
 corner of the room, gave me the idea of discipline as necessary to 
 success in any calling of life." As a kindly and helpful suggestion 
 he would say to each of his young readers, " Be true to yourself and 
 honest with your fellow men. Therein lies all the gospel." 
 
ANDREW ELLICOTT KENNEDY 
 
 BENHAM 
 
 BENHAM, ANDREW ELLICOTT KENNEDY, rear-admiral 
 United States navy, retired, served his country in the 
 navy for fifty-seven years, entering the navy when he was 
 fifteen years old, and retiring by operation of law, April 10, 1894. 
 
 He was born on Staten Island, New York, April 10, 1832. 
 His father, Timothy G. Benham, was an officer in the United Sates 
 navy. His life as a boy was spent in the country; and he attended 
 the public schools of Richmond county, New York, until he was 
 appointed from New York and warranted midshipman in the United 
 States navy, November 24, 1847. He served in the East Indian 
 squadron on board the Plymouth and the Dolphin, from 1847-51, 
 and while attached to the last-named vessel in 1849, he assisted in 
 the capture of a piratical Chinese junk, and was slightly wounded. 
 He was attached to the Saranac, of the home squadron, 1851-52. 
 In 1853 he attended the United States naval academy, in Annapolis, 
 Maryland. He was graduated from this institution in 1853, and 
 was promoted past-midshipman, June 10, 1853; was commissioned 
 lieutenant, September 16, 1855, serving on the St. Mary's, in the 
 Pacific squadron, until 1857. He was detailed to the Coast Survey 
 and Paraguay expedition, 1858-59, and in 1860 was assigned to the 
 Crusader, of the home squadron. At the battle of Port Royal, 
 November, 1861, he was executive officer of the Bienville, and par- 
 ticipated in that engagement, July 16, 1862, and in others. He 
 was promoted lieutenant-commander, commanding the gunboat 
 Penobscot, Western gulf blockading squadron. For a time on duty 
 at the Brooklyn navy yard, he was attached to the Susquehanna in 
 1867. Promoted commander, June 9, 1866, after service as light 
 house inspector, he commanded the Canonicus and later the Saugus. 
 He was promoted captain, March 12, 1875, and was assigned to the 
 Asiatic station commanding the Richmond. Later he did duty at 
 the navy yard in Portsmouth, and subsequently he had command of 
 the light house district of New York. In 1885 he was promoted 
 
ANDREW ELLICOTT KENNEDY BENHAM 143 
 
 commodore, and had command of the Mare Island navy yard, 
 California. Being promoted rear-admiral in 1890, he was put in 
 command of the South Atlantic station, and was sent to Spain to 
 represent the navy in the Columbian Celebration in Spain and 
 Italy, in 1892. On the conclusion of these celebrations he brought 
 over two of the Columbus caravels from Spain to Havana. He 
 then joined the fleet under Admiral Gherardi, at Hampton Roads, 
 and participated in the naval display near New York, April, 1893, 
 where he commanded one of the divisions. At the conclusion of this 
 display, he was assigned to the North Atlantic station, in 1894; and 
 was later ordered to Rio, to take command of the naval force there 
 during the revolution then in progress. He succeeded so well in 
 protecting American interests that his course received high official 
 approval. He forced the commander of the insurgent squadron to 
 raise the blockade of the city, and to discontinue firing upon Ameri- 
 can merchant vessels. 
 
 From Rio, Admiral Benham was ordered to Bluefields, Nicaragua 
 but having reached the statutory age limit, he was retired April 10, 
 1894. He was appointed prize commissioner for the state of Georgia, 
 however, in 1898, during the Spanish-American war. He has also 
 since that year served on court martial duty and on various boards. 
 
 Admiral Benham was married to Emma H. Seaman, February, 
 1863. They have had three children, one of whom is living in 1905. 
 He died at his summer home at Lake Mahopac, New York, August 
 11, 1905. 
 
SAMUEL GREENE WHEELER 
 BENJAMIN 
 
 BENJAMIN, SAMUEL GREENE WHEELER. That "a 
 rolling stone gathers no moss" is a time-honored maxim 
 of proverbial philosophy. But the exceptions to the 
 implied law are too brilliantly suggestive to leave it a deterrent force 
 when one is strongly called to a work that demands a change in place 
 or in occupation. The career of the man of varied pursuits and wide 
 wanderings who forms the subject of this sketch, is a case in point. 
 Of American parentage, he was born in the town of Argos, Greece, 
 on the thirteenth of February, 1837, his father, Nathan Benjamin, an 
 accomplished scholar, being then a missionary in that land, and for 
 four years acting United States consul at Athens. Mr. Benjamin's 
 marked literary ability may have been an inheritance from his 
 mother, Mary Gladding Wheeler, who was author of the "Missionary 
 Sisters" and of poems of some excellence, and who exerted a very 
 beneficial influence upon his forming character and tastes. The 
 family descended in America from John Benjamin of Cambridge, 
 Massachusetts, 1632, and included on both sides several men of 
 distinction in the Colonial and Revolutionary wars. During seven- 
 teen years of his boyhood and youth Mr. Benjamin traveled much on 
 the lands and waters of Greece, and lived also in Trebizond, Smyrna, 
 and Constantinople, in which cities his father was stationed for some 
 years, in various duties. His ninth year was passed in America. 
 The boy, frail in infancy, grew robust in this wandering life. He 
 gained useful experience of men and manners. He studied art, in 
 black and white, and in aquarelle, with a very sympathetic and gifted 
 Italian artist. His education in other directions was gained partly 
 in the English college at Smyrna, and on his return to America after 
 his father's death he entered Williams college, where he was gradu- 
 ated A.B. in 1859. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin's mother had instilled in him in early youth a love 
 of literature, and several Atlantic voyages had given him a warm 
 predilection for the sea, while the beautiful scenery of Greece tended 
 
SAMUEL GREENE WHEELER BENJAMIN 145 
 
 to develop his native taste for art. All these influences have had 
 their effect on his later life, since they early gave him delight in 
 works of poetry and in books descriptive of sea life. When only 
 seventeen he sent to the "London News" illustrations of naval 
 scenes in the Crimean war; and while a freshman in college he began 
 to contribute poems, descriptive articles, etc., to various periodicals. 
 His experience has been varied, and his later life one of diver- 
 sified occupation. After graduation he made the pursuit of litera- 
 ture and art his life interest, publishing a slender volume of poems 
 which was well received by the critics, and continuing to contribute 
 poetry to the New York "Independent" and other periodicals. 
 During three years, 1861-63, he served as assistant librarian in 
 the New York State library. At the same time he read law and 
 did his share for the Union cause in the Civil war by paying the cost 
 of raising two companies of cavalry. Leaving the library in 1863, 
 failing health led to long journeys in Asia Minor and Europe and to 
 an extended yachting voyage, after which he settled down to his 
 first chosen employment, opening a studio in Boston and becoming 
 a painter of marine scenes. In this occupation he continued engaged 
 for years with considerable success, exhibiting at the National 
 Academy of Design at the Centennial in 1876, and elsewhere and 
 at the same time doing much work as a book and magazine 
 illustrator. 
 
 The financial panic of 1873 brought about a change in Mr. Ben- 
 jamin's career, depreciating property, causing a serious depression 
 in the art world, and inducing him for a time to take up literature 
 as his chief occupation. He contributed articles on art, travel and 
 history, and descriptions of notable scenes, to various periodicals; 
 and in the exercise of this vocation he became for many years a 
 wanderer, especially at sea, his early love of ships and life on the 
 water developing into a passion, and leading to various interesting 
 adventures. During this interval he was for a time art-editor of 
 the "Mail and Express," New York, and American editor of the 
 "Magazine of Art." Important illustrated contributions were made 
 by him also to the "Century" magazine and "Harpers," "London 
 Art Journal," etc. Meanwhile Mr. Benjamin had twice married. 
 His first wife, Clara Stowell (married October 20, 1863) died in 1880. 
 On the sixteenth of November, 1882, he married Fanny Nichols 
 Weed, the author of "The Sunny Side of Shadow" and other works. 
 
146 SAMUEL GREENE WHEELER BENJAMIN 
 
 Politically he had been a Democrat until the outbreak of the Civil 
 war, since which time he has been an adherent of the Republican 
 party. As such he was in February, 1SS3, appointed United States 
 Minister to Persia, being the first American to hold the post of 
 minister in that oriental realm. He did excellent work in the pro- 
 tection of the rights of American citizens in Persia, and was usefully 
 active in other directions. Resigning on the accession of President 
 Cleveland, Mr. Benjamin returned to his labors in art and literature, 
 changing his place of residence several times, and finally making 
 Washington his home. His books number twenty in all, including 
 poems, works of fiction and of travel, critical and descriptive books 
 on art, a work on "Troy," one on "Persia and the Persians," etc. 
 Three of these works were republished in London, and one, trans- 
 lated into two East Indian dialects, was published in Bombay. In 
 addition, his contributions to periodicals have been very numerous 
 and were frequently illustrated by his own hand. 
 
 As may be seen, Mr. Benjamin's career has been a varied one, 
 in literature, art and diplomacy. His one experience in politics 
 was in 1892, when he was made president of the Republican club of 
 Richmond county. New York. He is a member of the Kappa 
 Alpha and Phi Beta Kappa college fraternities, the Boston Art 
 club, the Sons of the Revolution, etc., and has been vice-president 
 of the Society of American Authors. Though always a good pedes- 
 trian and fond of horseback exercise and of athletics, the sea has been 
 his favorite field of enjoyment, his special gratification being in 
 yachting and long sea-voyages. He has found life a complex 
 problem, circumstance together with the resolution formed in early 
 life to be a free lance and to preserve entire independence of action 
 in the expression of his energies, having more than once influenced 
 him to vary his pursuits; and he has been led to the expressed con- 
 clusion that the sum of life is effort, and that well directed effort, 
 with a high aim, even when seemingly a failure, contributes to what 
 we may hold to be the ultimate success, the formation of an elevated 
 character. 
 
EMILE BERLINER 
 
 BERLINER, EMILE, inventor, was born in Hanover, Ger- 
 many, May 20, 1851. His parents were Samuel and Sally 
 (Fridman) Berliner. His father was a merchant, but was 
 fond of reading and study, and was especially well versed in the 
 Talmud. 
 
 Emile Berliner attended the public schools until his tenth year, 
 when he entered the Samson school, Wolfenbuttel, where he remained 
 four years. He began the active work of life as clerk in a dry goods 
 store. His spare time was given to reading, portrait painting, and 
 the development of a talent for music, which he had inherited from 
 his mother. At the age of nineteen he came to America. About 
 five years later he turned his attention to the study of physical 
 science, and began a series of experiments which resulted in the 
 discovery of principles and the invention of instruments by the appli- 
 cation and use of which the then existing telephone service was 
 vastly improved. In 1879, he became chief instrument inspector 
 for the Bell Telephone Company, at Boston, Massachusetts, which 
 position he held for three years. The gramophone, a "talking 
 machine" which he invented in 1887, by means of which sound is 
 recorded and can be repeated an indefinite number of times, was con- 
 structed on a different principle from any hitherto used. This was 
 the first machine to make use of a groove of even depth and varying 
 direction, which not only vibrates, but also propels the stylus across 
 the record. It attracted wide attention, and still remains a standard 
 instrument of its class. Among his inventions are a loose contact 
 telephone transmitter, induction coil in telephony, the multiphone, 
 and several which are of minor importance. He is the author of 
 "Conclusions," 1902; he has also published a number of scientific 
 papers and pamphlets; and he occasionally lectures on scientific 
 subjects. He is secretary of a society " for the prevention of sick- 
 ness"; and by his earnest and persistent efforts to secure a pure 
 milk supply, he has done much to reduce the mortality among 
 children in the District of Columbia. 
 
148 EMILE BERLINER 
 
 Mr. Berliner removed to Washington in 1880. He was married 
 to Cora Adler, October 26, 1881. They have had seven children, 
 six of whom are living in 1904. He is a member of the Franklin 
 Institute of Philadelphia. In politics he is a Republican. He finds 
 current literature the most helpful reading, and formerly found his 
 principal relaxation and rest in music. 
 
 The early years of his life were passed in a city. His health 
 was good. He had no special difficulties to meet in acquiring an 
 education. In his boyhood he was greatly interested in music and 
 theatricals, and in reading of the struggles and triumphs of great 
 inventors. His personal preference determined the choice of his 
 work. The influence of his mother upon his intellectual develop- 
 ment was very strong. In reply to a request for a statement of 
 lessons to be drawn from his life, he says that he would now be much 
 richer if he had trusted certain people less; and, as a helpful sug- 
 gestion to the young, he adds that absolute honesty towards one's 
 self and others, with "unlimited patience," are essential to success. 
 
ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE 
 
 BEVERIDGE, ALBERT J., LL.D.; United States senator, 
 is a "Man of Mark" the record of whose life must be a 
 source of encouragement and inspiration to any honest, 
 intelligent, and resolute American youth who earnestly desires and 
 really deserves to secure a high position of honor and usefulness. 
 The story covers a period that is brief when gauged by years, but 
 great if measured by achievement. It tells of one who at the age 
 of sixteen was working in a logging camp, and at the age of thirty- 
 eight had become an influential member of the upper house of 
 congress. And this brilliant success was won in spite of poverty and 
 without the aid of powerful political friends. 
 
 Mr. Beveridge was born at Highland, Ohio, October 6, 1862, 
 the son of a farmer who never held public office, and on account 
 of financial reverses was unable to provide for the education of his 
 son. As a youth he was healthy and strong; and he was determined 
 to make his way in the world. From earliest boyhood until he was 
 fourteen years old he worked on a farm. At fourteen he obtained 
 work with a railroad contractor; and the money thus earned he 
 used to pay his board while he attended a high school. By study- 
 ing nights and mornings as well as during school hours he completed 
 the course before the term closed. He then found work in a logging 
 camp. Although he was only a boy, his energy and skill soon won 
 for him the position of foreman. He gave close attention to the 
 business of his employers, but at the close of the day's work, while 
 his companions were engaged in card playing and story telling, he 
 diligently studied history and works on political economy. With the 
 exception of a short term at school during the winter, he continued 
 to work in logging camps for two years, at the end of which period 
 he was prepared to enter college, but was without the means to pay 
 the expenses of a college course. A friend who had confidence in 
 his ability and integrity loaned him fifty dollars and advised him to 
 begin a college course at once. He entered DePauw university; 
 
150 ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE 
 
 and supported himself by managing a boarding house for students 
 in term time, and by canvassing for books and doing other kinds of 
 work during vacation. With the help of prizes for his attainments 
 in scholarship, he succeeded in paying his own way through college; 
 and he was graduated with high honors. But hard work in self- 
 support and close application to study had made heavy drafts upon 
 his naturally strong constitution, and he was compelled to defer 
 his cherished plan of entering upon the study of law. For two years 
 he did the work of a cowboy on the plains, with marked improve- 
 ment in his health. He then established himself at Indianapolis as a 
 student in the law office of McDonald and Butler. His means were 
 limited. He studied incessantly, and made himself so useful to his 
 employers that a year after he entered their office, he became their 
 chief clerk. In 1887 he was admitted to the bar; and in the follow- 
 ing year he entered upon the practice of law in Indianapolis. 
 
 It is a remarkable fact that until he entered the senate of the 
 United States Mr. Beveridge never held a public office. But 
 although young, be had become widely known as an able and suc- 
 cessful lawyer, as a man who was thoroughly informed regarding 
 political affairs, and as a brilliant public speaker. In his school 
 days he had been greatly interested in politics; and while he was at 
 the university his fame as an orator was firmly established. His 
 first political speech in a presidential campaign was made in favor 
 of Mr. Blaine, in 1884, to a little company that had gathered in a 
 blacksmith shop. His next effort in this direction was at a country 
 meeting in a barn. The republican managers soon heard of his 
 remarkable influence over an audience, called him to Indianapolis, 
 and appointed him the principal speaker at some of the largest and 
 most important political meetings in the state. In subsequent cam- 
 paigns his services have been in great demand and he has made 
 speeches in many states, from Connecticut to California. 
 
 Although widely recognized as a lawyer of ability, an orator 
 and a manager in political affairs, he was not brought forward as a 
 candidate for office until the term of the Honorable David S. Turpie, 
 the democratic senator from Indiana, was about to expire. His 
 friends then united in a movement in his behalf, and secured for him 
 the nomination for this high position, and in January, 1899, when he 
 was but little more than thirty-six years of age, he was elected to 
 the senate of the United States. 
 
ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE 151 
 
 Soon after his election to the senate, he went to the Philippine 
 Islands to make a personal investigation of the existing conditions 
 there and to obtain more accurate and complete information than 
 could otherwise be secured. He was appointed a member of the 
 senate committee upon Philippine Affairs, in which position he has 
 rendered to our home government and to the people of the islands 
 valuable service. His first speech in the senate was delivered in 
 January, 1900, and although it did not meet the views of the con- 
 servative members of his own party in congress, and was strongly 
 opposed by the Democrats, subsequent events proved that in the 
 main his opinions were correct; and the passage of the "Cuban and 
 Philippine Resolutions" by both houses of congress, February 27, 
 1901, sustained the position which he had taken. The demand for 
 this speech soon exhausted the supply; and more than a year after 
 its delivery a new edition of 50,000 copies was printed to meet the 
 continued demand. 
 
 In the senate Mr. Beveridge is a hard worker. He is chairman 
 of the committee on Territories, and a member of various other com- 
 mittees, including that on Post Offices and Post Roads. He does not 
 speak often; but when he takes the floor he commands the close 
 attention of the senate. He thinks quickly, speaks rapidly, is strong 
 in argument, and skilful in debate. His voice is good, his manner 
 is attractive, his method of presenting his case is convincing. He has 
 many friends among his political opponents as well as in his own 
 party. His counsel is often sought by men who have long been the 
 recognized leaders on the Republican side of congress; and he is 
 credited with having great influence at the White House. At home 
 his office is so constantly visited by friends that he has but little 
 time for the practice of his profession. 
 
 Mr. Beveridge has received the degree of LL.D. from DePauw 
 university, from which institution he was graduated in 1884. He 
 was married in 1887 to Katharine M. Langsdale, who greatly encour- 
 aged and wisely counselled him in his work. She died in 1900. 
 As an author he has won wide recognition by numerous articles in 
 the "Saturday Evening Post" and by an opportune book entitled 
 "The Russian Advance," published in December, 1903, which 
 records his experience in Russia during a trip to that country in 
 1900. In politics he has always been a Republican. His religious 
 affiliations are with the Methodist denomination. Although he has 
 
152 ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE 
 
 risen rapidly to fame, Mr. Beveridge speaks modestly of his own 
 career. He attributes his success to hard, persistent, and pains- 
 taking work, fidelity to duty, and a resolute determination to succeed. 
 And these are the means which he advises others to employ in their 
 efforts to be useful to their fellowmen. 
 
 
JOHN BIDDLE 
 
 BIDDLE, JOHN. Born at Detroit, Michigan, February 2, 
 1859, Colonel John Biddle is the son of William Shepard 
 Biddle, a lawyer of that city, and Susan Dayton (Ogden) 
 Biddle. His ancestry in America is traced from William Biddle, 
 1682, and in his ancestral line were several distinguished naval and 
 army officers, including Captain Nicholas Biddle, a naval officer of 
 the Revolution, Commodore James Biddle, of the War of 1812, and 
 on his mother's side General Aaron Odgen and General Elias Dayton, 
 of the Revolutionary war. 
 
 His first thirteen years of life were spent in the country. He 
 then went to Europe and pursued courses of study in the public 
 schools of Geneva, Switzerland, and Heidelberg, Germany. At the 
 proper age he went to the University of Michigan, leaving it at the 
 end of the freshman year, to enter the United States military academy 
 at West Point, where he was graduated in 1881, and appointed second 
 lieutenant of engineers. Since that date Colonel Biddle has remained 
 in the army as a member of the Engineer Corps. He was promoted 
 first lieutenant in 1883 and captain in 1892, and from 1891 to 1898 
 was in charge of the river and harbor work at Nashville, Tennessee. 
 When the war with Spain broke out, he was made lieutenant-colonel 
 and chief engineer in the volunteer service, and as chief engineer, 
 sixth army corps, took part in the Porto Rico expedition and the 
 engagement at Coamo. After the war he was stationed in Matanzas, 
 Cuba, in 1898-99; and from 1899 to 1901 he served in the Philip- 
 pines, as chief engineer of the Islands. He was promoted major in 
 the regular army in 1901, and since November 1 of that year 
 he has been one of the three commissioners of the District of 
 Columbia. 
 
 Colonel Biddle has remained unmarried. He is a member of 
 the Delta Kappa Epsilon college fraternity, the Metropolitan, 
 Chevy Chase and Columbia Golf clubs of Washington, and of several 
 clubs in other cities. His religious affiliations are with the Protestant 
 Episcopal church. He belongs to the American Society of Civil 
 
154 JOHN BIDDLE 
 
 Engineers and to a number of other engineering and military organi- 
 zations. Aside from social duties he finds his principal recreation 
 in horseback riding. While contact with men in active life in his 
 own opinion has exerted the most important moulding influence 
 upon Colonel Biddle's character, he has avoided politics, confining 
 his activity to his military and official duties. He seems to have 
 been led into his profession by chance rather than by any intentional 
 influence from his parents, or any especial predilection of his own; 
 though it may be believed that the distinguished part played by his 
 ancestors in military and naval affairs influenced him, consciously 
 or unconsciously, in the choice of a career. 
 
EDWARD FRANKLIN BINGHAM 
 
 EDWARD FRANKLIN BINGHAM, lawyer, jurist, ex-chief 
 justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, 
 was born at West Concord, Vermont, August 13, 1828. 
 His father was Judge Warner Bingham, a direct descendant of 
 Thomas Bingham, an Englishman, who emigrated to this country 
 and settled at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1663. He had four brothers, 
 two of whom also gained distinction in the law — Honorable Harry 
 Bingham, a lawyer of the New Hampshire bar, and Judge George A. 
 Bingham, of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. His education 
 was obtained in the public and select schools of Vermont, and for a 
 short time at Marietta college, Marietta, Ohio, in which state he had 
 made his home in 1846. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme 
 Court of Ohio, in May, 1850. 
 
 He began practice at McArthur, the county seat of Vinton 
 county, Ohio. He had neither acquaintanceship or prestige; but he 
 was not long in finding friends and supporters. Within a year a 
 vacancy occurred in the prosecuting attorney's office, and he was 
 appointed by the court; and his fortunes were further favored by 
 his election to the office of district attorney in 1851. He was 
 reelected, and he served in this capacity for five years. In 1855 he 
 was elected to the state legislature, in which he served two terms, 
 declining reelection in order to devote himself more completely 
 to the law. 
 
 He was a delegate from the eleventh congressional district, 
 Ohio, to the Democratic national convention, held first at Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina, and by adjournment at Baltimore. In 1861 
 he removed to Columbus, Ohio, and continued to reside there until 
 his appointment to the judiciary of the District of Columbia, in 1887. 
 
 At Columbus he took an active interest in municipal and state 
 affairs. In 1868 he became chairman of the Ohio State Democratic 
 Executive Committee. For four years he filled the office of city 
 solicitor; he was a member of the board of education for two terms; 
 and later, in 1873, was elected to the position of judge of the Court 
 
156 EDWARD FRANKLIN BINGHAM 
 
 of Common Pleas for the fifth judicial district, and was continued in 
 that position for three consecutive terms without opposition. His 
 party, in the state convention of 1881, nominated him for the supreme 
 bench of Ohio, but the entire state ticket was defeated. In 1886, 
 when President Cleveland was in office, he received an almost unani- 
 mous recommendation from the bench, bar and citizens of Ohio, 
 for appointment to the sixth United States judicial circuit, but the 
 scales turned in favor of Howell E. Jackson, at that time United 
 States senator from Tennessee. In the following year, however, 
 President Cleveland named him chief justice of the Supreme Court 
 of the District of Columbia, and he continued to discharge the duties 
 of that office until 1903, when he voluntarily retired. 
 
 While a member of the Ohio bar, Judge Bingham took high 
 rank as an earnest, forcible and industrious lawyer. A successful 
 jury lawyer, he was at his best in the argument of legal propositions, 
 and as a safe and thoroughly judicious counselor. Naturally of a 
 judicial temperament, throughout his long career on the bench he 
 has been regarded as a man of more than usual legal acumen, of 
 quiet power, and humane instincts. Few of his decisions have 
 suffered reversal at the hands of superior courts; and then very 
 ranly, if ever, on the ground of a fundamental error of judgment. 
 
 Judge Bingham has been twice married. On November 21, 
 1850, to Susannah F. Gunning, of Fayette county, Ohio, who died 
 August 2, 1886, leaving two sons and two daughters. He subse- 
 quently married, on August 8, 1888, Mrs. Melinda C. Patton, daughter 
 of United States senator Allen T. Caperton, of West Virginia. 
 
HENRY HARRISON BINGHAM 
 
 HENRY HARRISON BINGHAM, soldier, and ranking 
 member of the United States house of representatives, 
 in point of continuous service, was born in Philadelphia, 
 Pennsylvania^ December 4, 1841. At sixteen years of age he entered 
 Jefferson college, at Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, and was graduated 
 in 1862, receiving the degree of A.B., and later the degree of A.M. 
 He then began the study of law, but soon relinquished it to join the 
 Union army, as a lieutenant of the 140th Pennsylvania volunteer 
 infantry. His period of military service extended to July, 1866, 
 during which time he was thrice wounded; at the battle of Gettys- 
 burg, July, 1863; at Spottsylvania, Virginia, in 1864; and at Farm- 
 ville, Virginia, in 1865. He was mustered out of service with the 
 brevet rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, having previously 
 been brevetted for distinguished gallantry as major, lieutenant- 
 colonel and colonel. As a further recognition of his valorous conduct 
 on the field of battle he received from congress a medal of honor. 
 
 After the war, General Bingham returned to Philadelphia, and 
 received appointment, in March, 1867, as postmaster of that city. 
 Before his second term expired, he was elected to the clerkship of the 
 courts of oyer and terminer and quarter sessions of the peace, at 
 Philadelphia, and he resigned the postmastership in December, 1872, 
 to accept this appointment. In 1875, he was reelected clerk of 
 courts, and continued in office until his election as a representative 
 to the forty-sixth Congress of the United States, in 1878. He has 
 enjoyed the very unusual distinction of being returned to each suc- 
 cessive congress since that time; and in 1904 he was chosen to a seat 
 in the fifty-ninth Congress, this making in all a period of nearly 
 thirty years of service in the house. 
 
 Outside of congress, General Bingham has been a familiar 
 figure in the national councils of the Republican party. In 1872 
 he was delegate-at-large to the Republican national convention at 
 Philadelphia; delegate from the first congressional district to the 
 Republican national convention at Cincinnati, in 1876; at Chicago, 
 
158 HENRY HARRISON BINGHAM 
 
 in 1884 and 1888; at Minneapolis, in 1892; St. Louis in 1896; Phila- 
 delphia in 1900, and at Chicago in 1904. 
 
 The best speeches of General Bingham in the house have been 
 in support of sound money legislation and in connection with postal 
 legislation. He has been for a number of years a member of the 
 Appropriations committee, and he has confined his activities to the 
 work of a few important committees. On June 6, 1896, he delivered 
 the oration at the unveiling of the equestrian statue of General 
 Winfield Scott Hancock, on the battlefield of Gettysburg. Washing- 
 ton and Jefferson, his alma mater, June 1902, conferred upon him the 
 degree of LL.D. 
 
 
(feetc 
 
CHARLES BIRD 
 
 CHARLES BIRD, son of a wealthy Delaware land holder, 
 educated with a view to practising medicine; soldier from 
 second lieutenant to colonel in the United States volunteer 
 army in the Civil war, taking part in some sixteen battles, receiving 
 two severe wounds, and remaining on active duty for over a year 
 with an open wound entirely through the body, and commanding 
 a brigade before he was twenty-six years old; promoted from second 
 lieutenant to brigadier-general in the regular service; from lieu- 
 tenant-colonel to brigadier-general of volunteers in the Spanish- 
 American and Philippine wars; was born at Wilmington, Newcastle 
 county, Delaware, June 17, 1838. 
 
 His ancestors were of Welsh descent, and sailing from Wales 
 in 1701 landed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and in 1702 settled in 
 Delaware on land known as Welsh tract, granted to William Davies 
 and two others by William Penn. His father was James Thomas 
 Bird, a leading agriculturist in Delaware residing in Wilmington. 
 His landed estate included a part of the original Welsh tract which 
 came to him through alliance by marriage with the Davies family 
 and has been owned by six generations of the Bird family and which 
 is now the property of General Bird. His mother, Elizabeth Clark, 
 died when he was an infant. He attended Newark academy, Dela- 
 ware, and schools at Mount Holly and Lawrenceville, New Jersey, 
 and was about to enter the medical department of the University 
 of Pennsylvania when the Civil war broke out. He served in the 
 1st and 2d Delaware volunteers as lieutenant and captain; in the 
 9th Delaware volunteers as lieutenant-colonel; in the 1st United 
 States Veteran regiment, Hancock's Corps, as lieutenant-colonel 
 and colonel, 1861-65. He was bre vetted lieutenant and captain 
 "for gallant and meritorious service" at Fredericksburg; major, for 
 Spottsylvania; lieutenant-colonel, for Petersburg. In the regular 
 army he served in the 14th and 23d United States infantry as second 
 and first lieutenant in the quartermaster's department; and from 
 lieutenant-colonel in the quartermaster's department to brigadier- 
 
160 CHARLES BIRD 
 
 general United States army, 1866-1902. In 1895 he was trans- 
 ferred to the quartermaster-general's office, Washington, District 
 of Columbia, in charge of regular supplies and transportation. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Spanish war, he was put in charge 
 of the division of rail and water transportation, which included the 
 movement of all troops, animals, supplies, and munitions of war, 
 both by rail and by water. This necessitated the purchase and 
 fitting up of seagoing transports. Both for equipment and comfort 
 of the troops these transports were the admiration of the best armies 
 of the world. The marked success attending this, the greatest feat 
 of military transportation with which the quartermaster's depart- 
 ment has ever had to deal, was largely due to the executive ability 
 of General Bird. 
 
 He was retired by operation of the law, as brigadier-general 
 United States army, June 17, 1902. He is a companion of the 
 Military Order of the Legion of the United States and a member 
 of the Society of the Second Army Corps. General Bird was 
 married October 15, I > Mary Clark, daughter of Peter and 
 
 Mary Adams Bowman, of Wilmington, Delaware, and they had 
 two children. He has always been a Republican in politics; has 
 served as an elder in the Presbyterian church for eighteen years; as 
 president and a director in the Young Men's Christian Association, 
 and as trustee of Howard university, and since he retired from 
 active service he has devoted his time to religious, philanthropic and 
 charitable work. He presents in his life an example of absolute 
 faithfulness and high executive ability in the performance of his 
 duty to his country, of Christian character and effort in his care of 
 the moral and spiritual life of his fellow soldiers in the army, and 
 of universal brotherhood in his devotion to the betterment of 
 mankind since his relief from official duty and responsibility. 
 
 His message to young men is that " there can be no true success 
 in life independent of that which is obtained by developing noble 
 Christian character." 
 
WILLIAM MURRAY BLACK 
 
 WILLIAM MURRAY BLACK, son of a celebrated temper- 
 ance advocate; military engineer in the United States 
 army; author of valuable essays on engineering and 
 allied subjects; was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, December 8, 
 1855. His father, James Black (1823-94), son of John Black of 
 Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, one of the pioneer constructors of large 
 public works in this country, was a well-known lawyer of Lancaster, 
 especially noted for his energy and devotion to duty; a member of 
 the Washingtonian Temperance Society in 1840, a projector of the 
 National Temperance Publication Union, in 1859, financial agent of 
 the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, and organizer of the Ocean 
 Grove Association of New Jersey in 1869; of the National Prohibition 
 party in 1869, and pioneer presidential candidate of that party in 
 1872, receiving 5,608 popular votes for president of the United 
 States. During the Civil war he was a friend of Governor A. G. 
 Curtin, of Pennsylvania, and of Thaddeus Stevens. He served as 
 private in the Pennsylvania militia, declining a commission as liable 
 to weaken his efforts to induce others to enlist. He went to the 
 front in the Antietam and Gettysburg campaigns. He was the author 
 of "Black". Cider Tract" (1864); "Is there a Necessity for a Prohi- 
 bition Party" (1876); "A History of the Prohibition Party" (1885); 
 and numerous other pamphlets on the temperance movement. 
 
 His mother, Eliza Murray Black, was a direct descendant from 
 John Murray who came from Scotland to the Swabana valley, 
 Province of Pennsylvania, in 1732, and whose descendants bore their 
 part in the war of the Revolution, as officers of various grades, and 
 in the early state and national governments. 
 
 As a boy William Murray Black was particularly interested in 
 games of soldiers. When not at school, his father taught him to 
 experience and appreciate the essential dignity of all forms of neces- 
 sary labor. He graduated at the high school, Lancaster, Pennsyl- 
 vania, in 1870; while there he received the benefit of the precepts and 
 example of that veteran educator, Doctor J. P. McCaskey, who to his 
 
162 WILLIAM MURRAY BLACK 
 
 boys seemed a second Arnold of Rugby. He was matriculated at 
 Franklin and Marshall college, and in his junior year (1873) was 
 appointed a cadet to the United States military academy, where he 
 was graduated at the head of the class of 1877, and was assigned to 
 the corps of engineers with the rank of second lieutenant. He was also 
 graduated at the Engineer School of Application, United States army, 
 Willett's Point, New York, class of 1880. He passed through the 
 various grades as officer in the corps of Engineers, U. S. A., to that 
 of major. He was commissioner of the District of Columbia, 1897-98; 
 lieutenant-colonel and chief engineer, U. S. V., 1898-99, in which 
 capacity he commanded the first troops landed in the face of the 
 enemy at Guanica, Porto Rico, at the beginning of that campaign; 
 chief engineer Department of Havana and Department of Cuba, 
 1899-1901, and was largely responsible for the thorough sanitary 
 condition in which the cities of that island were placed. He was com- 
 mander of the United States Engineer School of Application, Washing- 
 ton Barracks, District of Columbia, 1901-03, and on duty in the 
 Isthmus of Panama, 1903-04, under the Isthmian Canal Commission. 
 He was elected a member of the Military Order of Foreign Wars of 
 the United States and of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 
 His religious affiliation is with the Protestant Episcopal church. 
 He was married September 1, 1877, to Daisy Peyton, daughter of 
 Captain George Horatio Derby, U. S. A. ("John Phoenix"), and 
 Mary A. Coons Derby, of St. Louis, Missouri. She died April, 1889, 
 and he was married a second time September, 1891, to Gertrude Totten, 
 daughter of Commodore William M. Gamble, U. S. N., and Eliza 
 Canfield Gamble, of Morristown, New Jersey. Four children were 
 born to him, of whom three were living in 1904. His choice of a 
 profession was the result of his own personal preference, largely 
 determined by the scenes and surroundings of his youthful days 
 during the progress of the Civil war, 1861-65. The associations 
 of his home and school stood first in influencing his future life; 
 and private study and contact with men in public life strengthened 
 his early training. His message to young men is : " Be true. Do your 
 duty. Be interested in your fellow men." 
 

 
JOSEPH CLAY STYLES BLACKBURN 
 
 BLACKBURN, JOSEPH CLAY STYLES, farmer's son, 
 graduate of Centre college, Danville, Kentucky, lawyer in 
 Chicago, Confederate soldier, member of the Kentucky 
 legislature four years, representative in congress, 1875-85, United 
 States senator, 1885-97, and from March 4, 1901; was born on his 
 father's plantation in Woodford county, Kentucky, October 1, 1838. 
 His maternal ancestors came from Ireland. His father, Edward M. 
 Blackburn, was an extensive farmer and stock raiser in Woodford 
 county and his mother, Lavinia St. Clair (Bell) Blackburn was the 
 daughter of Captain John Bell of Kentucky, who commanded General 
 Washington's escort during the Revolution. His grandfather, 
 George Blackburn, came from Prince William county, Virginia, to 
 Kentucky, about 1780. He was brought up on his father's farm and 
 became strong and healthy through horseback riding, hunting and 
 the games played at B. B. Sayre's school, Frankfort, Kentucky, 
 where he was prepared for college. He was graduated at Centre 
 college, Danville, Kentucky, A.B., 1857, A.M., 1860. He studied 
 law in Lexington, Kentucky, with George B. Kincaid, was admitted 
 to the bar and practised in Chicago, Illinois, 1858-60. He was mar- 
 ried February 16, 1858, to Theresa, daughter of Doctor C. C. Graham 
 and Theresa (Sutton) Graham of Harrodsburg, Kentucky. He 
 returned to his father's home in 1860, and early in 1861 joined the 
 Confederate army and in his four years of service attained the rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel. During the first half of the war he was on the 
 staff of General Wm. Preston and participated in all the engagements 
 fought by his division, including Chicamauga. After that time, 
 and until May, 1865, he commanded a squadron of cavalry under 
 Generals Dick Taylor and Bedford Forest. He practised law in Ver- 
 sailles, Kentucky, 1865-71; was a member of the Kentucky legisla- 
 ture, 1871-75; representative from the seventh district of Kentucky 
 in the forty-fourth and forty-eighth Congresses, 1875-85; and he 
 served on the committees on Appropriations, on Public Expendi- 
 tures, on Rules, on Ways and Means with McKinley (in which he 
 
164 JOSEPH CLAY STYLES BLACKBURN 
 
 occupied the second place with S. J. Randall, J. Warren Keifer, and 
 Thomas B. Reed on the committee). He was elected in 1885 
 United States senator from Kentucky. In the senate he had a 
 place on the committees on the District of Columbia, Naval Affairs, 
 Railroads, Rules (chairman fifty- third and fifty- fourth Congresses), 
 Select Committee on Indian Traders, Census, Civil Service, Terri- 
 tories, Appropriations and Select Committee on Woman Suffrage. 
 His second term expired March 3, 1897, and he was succeeded by 
 William J. Deboe, Republican. In 1896 and in 1900 he was a 
 member of the Democratic national conventions and actively sup- 
 ported the candidacy of William J. Bryan in 1900. Ex-Senator 
 Blackburn was elected United States senator to succeed William 
 Lindsay, Democrat, and took his seat March 4, 1901, for the term 
 expiring March 3, 1907. He is a member of the senate committee 
 on Privileges, Elections, and on Memorial Exercises for the late 
 President McKinley; on the Judiciary, on Military Affairs, and on 
 Naval Affairs, as well as a member of the "Steering Committee." 
 Senator Blackburn affiliated with the Masonic order of Knights 
 Templar; was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 
 the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and of the Phi Delta 
 Theta society. He was also a member of the Clover club of Phila- 
 delphia and of the Confederate Veterans' association. After the 
 death of his first wife Senator Blackburn was married a second time, 
 December 11, 1901, to Mrs. Mary E., widow of H. H. Blackburn, of 
 Washington, District of Columbia, and daughter of Wm. McHenry of 
 Washington, District of Columbia. He was always a Democrat. 
 His most helpful reading he found to be Buckle's "History of 
 Civilization in England" and standard historical and philosophical 
 works. His ambition as a young politician was to succeed Henry- 
 Clay in congress from his home district. His advice to a young 
 man is to select carefully a profession or vocation for which he 
 believes himself best fitted, and to concentrate every energy upon 
 it and adhere to it. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. 
 from Centre college, Kentucky. 
 
V2^-<^ ^L~ e. ^ & &r->~y 
 
TASKER HOWARD BLISS 
 
 BLISS, TASKER HOWARD, soldier in the United States 
 army from second lieutenant, artillery, to brigadier-general; 
 professor of military science; military attache United States 
 legation, Spain; reciprocity commissioner to Cuba; president Army 
 war college; assistant chief of staff United States army; was born 
 in Lewisburg, Union county, Pennsylvania, December 30, 1853. 
 His father, the Reverend George Ripley Bliss, was professor of ancient 
 languages and biblical exegesis at Bucknell university and at Crozer 
 theological seminary. The clear and scholarly judgment of his 
 father and the strong intellectual and moral character of his mother, 
 Mary Ann (Raymond) Bliss, produced an early and lasting impression 
 on the mental and moral development of their twelve children. 
 His first American ancestor on his father's side was Thomas Bliss, 
 who came from England in 1635 and died at Hartford, Connecticut, 
 in 1640; and on his maternal side, Governor Bradford, the first 
 governor of Massachusetts Bay colony. 
 
 Tasker Howard Bliss attended Lewisburg academy, was matricu- 
 lated at the University of Lewisburg, June, 1869, receiving the first 
 prize for general proficiency and for special proficiency in Latin and 
 Greek. At the end of his sophomore year at the university he was 
 appointed a cadet at the United States military academy, September 
 1, 1871, where he was graduated number eight in a class of forty- 
 five members (out of an original total of sixty-six) in June, 1875. 
 He was commissioned second lieutenant in the 1st regiment, artillery, 
 June 16, 1875, and joined his regiment at Oglethorpe Barracks, 
 Savannah, Georgia. In 1876 he was detailed as assistant professor 
 of modern languages at West Point academy. He was commissioned 
 first lieutenant, July 1, 1880, and served with the regiment in New 
 England and on the Pacific coast, 1880-82; he entered the United 
 States artillery school at Fort Monroe, Virginia, in 1882, was gradu- 
 ated number one in the class of 1884, and was at once detailed as 
 assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy at West 
 Point; but at the request of the commandant of the artillery school 
 
166 TASKER HOWARD BLISS 
 
 this detail was revoked and he was appointed adjutant of the 
 artillery school. While on duty at Fort Monroe he was detailed 
 as a member of the joint board to investigate and report upon 
 the possibility and expediency of constructing an interior coast 
 line of waterway for the defense of the Atlantic and Gulf seaboard, 
 in compliance with Act of Congress, April 5, 1884. In 1885 he was 
 appointed professor of military science at the Naval war college, 
 Newport, Rhode Island ; and in the same year was ordered to Europe 
 to report on the military and naval schools of England, France and 
 Germany. He continued to deliver lectures on military science at 
 the Naval war college until May, 1888, when he was detailed assistant 
 professor of natural and experimental philosophy at West Point, 
 but at the request of General John M. Schofield this order was revoked 
 and he was detailed aide-de-camp on staff duty at army head- 
 quarters, and made inspector of rifle practice for the army. He was 
 made commissary of subsistence with rank of captain in 1892. 
 In 1895 he was detailed on fortification and ordnance service at the 
 office of the secretary of war. 
 
 In June, 1897, he was appointed military attache" to the United 
 States legation at Madrid, Spain; and he left Spain with United 
 States Minister Woodford, April 21, 1898, at the outbreak of war. 
 He was made commissary of subsistence with rank of major, April 30, 
 1898, and chief commissary of subsistence sixth army corps with 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel, May 9, 1898; and on July 5, 1898, he left 
 Chickamauga, Georgia, with the first division first army corps under 
 orders for Santiago, Cuba. The division was sent to Porto Rico 
 and fought at Coamo, capturing the Spanish forces; and Colonel Bliss 
 carried the flag of truce to the Spanish commander at Aibonito, 
 demanding surrender of the Spanish troops at that place. Imme- 
 diately thereafter, on receipt of word that the protocol was signed, 
 further operations were suspended. 
 
 He assisted in organizing civil government in the district of 
 Ponce, and in October, 1898, he was again sent to Cuba as one of a 
 board of officers to select sites for occupation by the American army. 
 He was appointed chief of the customs service on the island and 
 collector of customs at Havana in December, 1898, where he com- 
 pletely reorganized the Cuban customs service and handled over 
 $100,000,000.00. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 
 April 26, 1901, and was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general 
 
TASKER HOWARD BLISS 167 
 
 United States army, July 21, 1902. In November, 1902, he was 
 appointed special commissioner to negotiate a reciprocity treaty 
 with Cuba; and the treaty was signed at Havana, December 11, 
 1902. He was appointed a member of the Army war college board, 
 July 1, 1902, and president of the college, August 15, 1903. On 
 November 16, 1903, he was appointed assistant chief of staff, United 
 States army. General Bliss was elected a member of the Metropoli- 
 tan, the Army and Navy and the Chevy Chase clubs of Washington, 
 District of Columbia. He was affiliated with the Baptist denomina- 
 tion in religious belief and worship. He translated from the Russian 
 "Interior Ballistics/' and on "The Resistance of Guns to Tangential 
 Rupture" — works which were published by the war department. 
 He was married May 24, 1882, to Eleanor E., daughter of the Reverend 
 George W. Anderson of Rosemont, Pennsylvania, and they have two 
 children, both living in 1905 — Eleanor Frances Bliss and Edward 
 Goring Bliss. 
 
WILLIAM CLINE BORDEN 
 
 WILLIAM CLINE BORDEN, surgeon, United States army, 
 is a son of Daniel J. and Mary Cline Borden, of Water- 
 town, New York, where he was born May 19, 1858. He 
 was educated in the public schools of Watertown, at Adams collegiate 
 institute (at Adams, New York) and later at the Columbian univer- 
 sity, Washington, District of Columbia. He was graduated from 
 the medical department of the latter institution in 1883, and in the 
 same year he received an appointment as assistant surgeon in the 
 United States army, with the rank of first lieutenant. In 1888 he 
 was advanced to the grade of captain; and in 1898, at the outbreak 
 of the Spanish-American war, he was promoted major and given 
 duty as brigade surgeon of United States volunteers, in command 
 of the army general hospital at Key West, Florida. At the close of 
 hostilities, he succeeded, as commandant, to the army general hospital 
 at Washington, District of Columbia, receiving in 1901 the rank of 
 major and surgeon, United States army; and he has since retained 
 that assignment. 
 
 In addition to his military duties Major Borden has been promi- 
 nently identified with medical education in the District of Columbia, 
 and with surgical science in general. He is connected with the 
 Army medical school, as professor of military surgery; with the 
 Washington post-graduate school, as professor of surgery; and with 
 the medical department of Georgetown university, as professor of 
 surgical pathology and military surgery. In 1898, he published a 
 careful and illuminating report on the " Use of the Roentgen Ray by 
 the Medical Department of the United States Army in the War with 
 Spain." He has contributed a number of research articles and 
 studies to various medical journals, chief of which are the following: 
 In 1893, to the "Boston Medical and Surgical Journal," "Vital 
 Statistics of an Apache Community"; in 1894, to the "New York 
 Medical Journal," "The Fat Cell: Its Origin, Development and 
 Histological Position"; in 1900, to the " Medical Record," "Opera- 
 tive Treatment of Varicose Veins"; and in the same year to the 
 
WILLIAM CLINE BORDEN 169 
 
 "New York Medical Journal," an article on "Gunshot Wounds." 
 The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States awarded 
 him its prize in 1900 for his essay on " Military Surgery." 
 
 He is a member of the Medical Society of the District of Colum- 
 bia; member of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United 
 States; honorary member of the Medical and Surgical Society of 
 the District of Columbia; member of the New York Society Sons of 
 the American Revolution; and fellow of the Royal Microscopical 
 Society, of London, England. 
 
 On October 23, 1883, Major Borden married Jennie E. Adams, 
 of Chaumont, New York. 
 
DAVID LEGGE BRAINARD 
 
 BRAINARD, DAVID LEGGE, Arctic explorer and United 
 States army officer, was born in Norway, New York, Decem- 
 ber 21, 1856. He studied at the State normal school, 
 entered the United States army in 1876, served on the frontier under 
 General Miles in the campaigns of 1877-78, and was twice wounded 
 in an engagement with the Sioux Indians. He was a member of the 
 Howgate expedition to the Arctic regions in 1880, and in 1881-84 took 
 part in the Lady Franklin Bay Arctic expedition of which Lieutenant 
 (now General) Greely was commander. With Lieutenant Lockwood 
 he explored Grinnell Land and the northwest coast of Greenland, 
 and on May 13, 1882, made a world's record for the highest point 
 north reached by man, 83° 24' 30". He was one of the seven sur- 
 vivors rescued, June 22, 1884, by the Greely relief expedition in 
 charge of Lieutenant-Commander (now Rear-Admiral) Winfield 
 Scott Schley. 
 
 On reaching the United States he was appointed sergeant of the 
 signal service and afterward, "for distinguished and meritorious 
 services" in the Greely Arctic expedition he was commissioned 
 second lieutenant of the United States cavalry. In the winter of 
 1897-98, he served on the government expedition for the relief of 
 starving miners at Dawson City, Alaska; and in May, 1898, he was 
 appointed chief commissary of the United States military forces in 
 the Philippines. By successive promotions he had reached the rank 
 of colonel, chief commissary department United States volunteers; 
 and on February 12, 1900, he was given the rank of major of the 
 Subsistence Department of the United States army. He is a Fellow 
 of the American Geographical Society. For special services in the 
 line of Arctic exploration he received the Back Grant of the Royal 
 Geographical Society for 1885. 
 

 .2/2 
 
 '/ti^£^Kiy. 
 
JOSEPH CABELL BRECKINRIDGE 
 
 BRECKINRIDGE, JOSEPH CABELL, major-general United 
 States army, has filled every grade in the service up to his 
 present rank, and has served for forty-one years. In the 
 Santiago campaign, July 2, 1898, his horse was shot from under him; 
 he was in command of 45,000 men at Camp George H. Thomas, at 
 Chicamauga Park, Georgia, August, 1898; and he was inspector- 
 general for fifteen years. He is president-general of the Society 
 of the Sons of the Revolution. Descended from the best Virginia 
 and Kentucky stock, he numbers among his ancestors, William 
 Campbell, called the hero of King's Mountain, who married the 
 sister of Patrick Henry; Colonel William Preston, a distinguished 
 Revolutionary soldier, who died from the effect of wounds received 
 in that war; and Joseph Cabell, who served in the French and 
 Indian wars. John Breckinridge, the reputed father of the Kentucky 
 Resolutions, United States senator from Kentucky, and member of 
 President Jefferson's cabinet, was his grandfather. His father, 
 Reverend Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, moderator of the General 
 Assembly, and United States senator from Kentucky, was a man of 
 most marked intellectual characteristics, both in politics, before 
 entering the ministry, and in theology afterward. His influence in 
 holding back his state from secession, is well known. He was a 
 leading mind in the Presbyterian church. While an opponent of 
 slavery he wished to use only peaceful means in its removal. 
 
 His mother, Anne Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, died while 
 Joseph C. Breckinridge was still in his early childhood. He was 
 born in Baltimore, Maryland, January 14, 1842. Not strong in his 
 early life, his boyhood was passed in the country, at Breadalbane, 
 and Cabell's Dale, country seats of his father and grandfather, in 
 Kentucky, where he enjoyed the usual amusements and occupa- 
 tions of a boy with such surroundings. He studied in part at Centre 
 college, Danville, Kentucky, and was graduated from the University 
 of Virginia in 1860, and was already engaged in studying law, 
 when the Civil war began. He entered the volunteer army as aide 
 
FRANK MILTON BRISTOL 
 
 FRANK MILTON BRISTOL, clergyman of the Methodist 
 Episcopal church and author, was born in Jeddo, Orleans 
 county, New York, January 4, 1851. He is the son of 
 Leverett Augustus Bristol, a merchant and editor, who is said to 
 have been characterized by honor and gentleness. His mother's 
 maiden name was Angeline Butterfield. She exercised a strong 
 intellectual influence over her son. Benjamin Butterfield of the 
 Massachusetts Bay colony, 1638, is the earliest known ancestor in 
 America. Asa boy, young Bristol was exceptionally strong; brought 
 up in a city the sports and recreations of childhood and boyhood gave 
 him occupation and enjoyment quite sufficient to take up his energy, 
 until he was twelve years old, when he went to school in the winter 
 and worked on a farm in summer and also served as a clerk in several 
 stores. After sixteen his thoughts centered on obtaining an educa- 
 tion, and he studied in the public schools of Kankakee, Rockford 
 and Galena, Illinois, and fitted for college in the preparatory depart- 
 ment of Northwestern university in 1871. He earned the money 
 for his own support at college after the freshman year. On gradua- 
 tion he pursued his theological studies at Garrett Biblical institute, 
 but did not take a full course. He has received the degrees of A.M. 
 and D.D. from his alma mater. 
 
 In 1877 he began the active work of his life as a minister of the 
 Gospel in the Methodist Episcopal church, and was the pastor of 
 leading churches of that denomination in Chicago, including Trinity, 
 Grace, Wabash Avenue, and the First church in Evanston, Illinois, 
 from which place he was called April 7, 1898, to the Metropolitan 
 Methodist church of Washington, District of Columbia. In this 
 church he was the pastor of the late lamented and universally beloved 
 President McKinley, who was a regular and faithful attendant at its 
 worship, through all the years of his life in Washington. 
 
 Dr. Bristol has been elected five times to the general conference 
 of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 
FRANK MILTON BRISTOL 177 
 
 While his first care has been, as preacher and pastor, to minister 
 to the spiritual needs of the churches to which he has been assigned, 
 he has always taken a warm interest in the civic life and the social 
 betterment of the communities where he has resided. In addition 
 to the numerous public addresses which are expected from a popular 
 pastor and an interesting preacher, in support of all good causes in 
 the town or city where he may be living, Doctor Bristol has been 
 in demand as a lecturer on literary, ethical and religious themes in all 
 parts of the country. He has acquired a reputa -ion much more 
 than local, as a platform speaker and a lyceum lecturer. He is the 
 author of "Providential Epochs"; "Shakespeare and America"; 
 "The Ministry of Art"; "The Religious Instinct of Man." He is a 
 member of the Masonic order of the Knights Templar; of the Odd 
 Fellows; of the Phi Kappa Sigma and Phi Beta Kappa college fra- 
 ternities. He is a member of the Republican party. " The reading 
 to which in addition to Bible study," he says, "I have given special 
 attention, is history, biography, art, Shakespeare and bibliography." 
 Walking, swimming and golfing are his favorite forms of amuse- 
 ment and recreation. In college he excelled in sprinting, wrestling 
 and boxing. In regard to his chosen vocation he says, "When I 
 entered upon the religious life, I chose the ministry as a call from 
 God, and left pharmacy in which I was then engaged." The first 
 strong impulse to strive after the best and most helpful things in life 
 came to him from religious sources. He accounts his home as the 
 first and strongest influence in his life; church second; and third, 
 college. He says, "I have more than realized my hopes so far as 
 success and honor are concerned. My youthful hopes were not 
 extravagant." To young people of America, he writes for the readers 
 of Men of Mark in America: "Righteousness, temperance, good 
 health, cheerfulness, all the education one can secure, all the hard 
 work one can do, all the good books one can read, and a good wife, 
 should be enough to win success for any man." 
 
 He was married May 9, 1878, to Miss Nellie Frisbie. They have 
 had four children, three of whom are living in 1904. His address is 
 330 C Street, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
EDWIN CHICK BURLEIGH 
 
 EDWIN CHICK BURLEIGH, surveyor, public administrator, 
 governor of Maine, editor, member of congress, is a native 
 of Linnens, Aroostook county, Maine, where he was born 
 November 27, 1843. His father, Parker P. Burleigh, and his grand- 
 father, Moses Burleigh, were both conspicuous citizens of Maine. 
 The latter was a lieutenant-colonel in the War of 1812, held a seat in 
 the Massachusetts legislature, before the separation, and was a 
 member of the convention which framed the constitution of the new 
 state of Maine. He took up his residence at Linnens in 1830, and 
 here the old Burleigh homestead is located. 
 
 Edwin Burleigh was educated in the local schools and at Houlton 
 academy, after which he taught school for a time and then began 
 work as a land surveyor. Thus occupied for a number of years, 
 he gained an intimate knowledge of the public lands of the state. 
 This led to his being made a clerk in the land office at Augusta 
 and finally to his appointment as land agent in 1876. From this date 
 down to 1885, he held important clerical positions in the Maine 
 house of representatives, and in the office of the state treasurer, 
 and so well did he acquit himself that he succeeded to the latter office 
 in 1885, and was reelected to it in 1887. At the end of the first year 
 of his second term, he received the nomination for governor of the 
 state, and resigned the treasurcrship. His election as governor took 
 place in 18SS, and in 1890 he was reelected by an increased plurality. 
 After his retirement from the gubernatorial office in 1892, he acquired 
 a controlling interest in the "Kennebec Journal," to whose manage- 
 ment he largely devoted himself until his election to the lower house 
 of congress in 1899. He has served continuously in congress since 
 that date. He is a member of the committees on the Census, and 
 on Public Buildings and Grounds. 
 
 Mr. Burleigh's public career has been one of unusual range, 
 efficiency, and results. While treasurer of his state a reduction of 
 more than $400,000 was made in the public debt of the common- 
 wealth, and the rate of taxation reached its lowest limit. His four 
 

 EDWIN CHICK BURLEIGH 179 
 
 years' service as chief executive of the state, was marked by high 
 administrative ability, by economy, and by prompt and faithful 
 performance of duty. His career in the house of representatives, 
 at Washington, has been characterized by like ability, good sense 
 and industry. Physically rugged, of great energy and force of 
 character, an indomitable worker, a well-balanced judgment, 
 Ex-Governor Burleigh has achieved both fortune and honor, and 
 serves as an excellent example of the successful man in public life. 
 
JULIUS C. BURROWS 
 
 JULIUS C. BURROWS, statesman, lawyer, orator and parlia- 
 mentarian, has represented the state of Michigan in the 
 senate of the United States since January, 1895, and prior 
 to that date sat for eight terms in the lower house of congress. 
 He is preeminently a product of American democracy and his career 
 has been marked by all the vicissitudes of a courageous, ambitious 
 youth struggling for mastery in American life. 
 
 Mr. Burrows is a native of Pennsylvania, though the state of 
 Michigan, into whose citizenship he was adopted while a mere youth, 
 has been the theater of his larger activities and promotions. He was 
 the youngest of a family of eight children, seven of whom were boys, 
 and was born on January 9, 1837, at Northeast, Erie county, Penn- 
 sylvania, of New England ancestry. His parents removed to 
 Ashtabula county, Ohio, when he was still very young, and there 
 he received the rudiments of his education in the district schools. 
 He began the struggle of life as a teacher at the age of sixteen, and 
 later attended the Kingsville academy, cooking his own food, and 
 accepting any kind of work that the institution had to offer in 
 exchange for his tuition. It was at this period that he reached the 
 determination to study law, and this he decided to do in the intervals 
 of teaching and academic study. At nineteen years of age he was 
 made principal of Madison seminary, Lake county, Ohio, and during 
 these months of study and teaching he kept his law books under the 
 light of the evening lamp, and often studied them until late in the 
 night. His singleness of purpose and studious habits knew no abate- 
 ment, and in the course of time, while principal of the Union school at 
 Jefferson, Ohio, he was registered as a student in the law office of 
 Cadwell & Simonds, who continued his preceptors until his admission 
 to the bar in 1858. In 1860, he removed to Michigan, where he took 
 charge of Richland seminary, in Kalamazoo county, and a year later 
 was admitted to the practice of law before the Supreme court of 
 that state. At that time the present city of Kalamazoo was in its 
 infancy, but it soon became the home of the struggling young 
 
■'llSl 
 
 ■■:■■■ 
 
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 ■ 
 
 
 <- I 4/^ 7j 
 
JULIUS C. BURROWS 181 
 
 attorney, and his life and achievements were to be thereafter closely- 
 identified with it. 
 
 When the Civil war was precipitated, Mr. Burrows' immediate 
 plans for the practice of law were broken up, and he threw himself 
 into the contest for national union and supremacy. Reared in the 
 atmosphere of the Western Reserve, which was strongly antislavery 
 in sentiment, he instinctively spoke for the union cause, and his 
 powers as an orator and organizer, even at that time, were at 
 once recognized. He raised a company for the service and was 
 chosen its captain. This company was part of the 17th Michigan 
 infantry, known as the "stonewall regiment," that has now passed 
 into military history high on the roll of honor and fame. Captain 
 Burrows served with this regiment until the fall of 1863, when he 
 was summoned from the field by the illness of his wife, who died 
 in August, 1864. He participated in the battles of South Mountain, 
 Antietam, Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, Jackson and Knoxville, and 
 subsequent to his discharge fiom active service, employed every 
 effort to aid in the prosecution of the war toward a successful 
 conclusion. 
 
 Mr. Burrows acquired a bent for politics early in life. Before 
 he had reached his majority, his sympathies turned toward the young 
 Republican party, and he gave practical expression to them by taking 
 the stump for Fremont. The first campaign, however, which 
 involved his own personal fortunes, was that of 1864, when he was 
 elected circuit court commissioner, for Kalamazoo county. The 
 interest in public affairs evinced at this time has steadily grown, and 
 no political contest in his state, which could rightfully claim his 
 attention, has since taken place without his intelligent participation. 
 In 1866 he was elected prosecuting attorney, and was reelected in 
 1868, while in the year following President Grant tendered him the 
 position of supervisor of internal revenue for Michigan and Wis- 
 consin. This latter appointment he declined. He was further 
 honored, in 1872, by an election to the lower house of the forty- 
 third Congress. In 1874, he was defeated for reelection, but was 
 returned to the forty-sixth, forty-seventh, forty-ninth, fiftieth, fifty- 
 first, fifty-second, fifty-third and fifty-fourth Congresses. 
 
 The first formal speech delivered by Mr. Burrows in the house 
 of representatives was on December 17, 1873, in favor of the repeal 
 of the Silver act. This effort brought him at once into national 
 
182 JULIUS C. BURROWS 
 
 prominence. Subsequently he made many notable speeches in 
 congress which entitle him to high rank among its debaters and 
 orators. From the beginning of his congressional career he has been 
 a pronounced protectionist, and his defense of the McKinley tariff 
 bill in the fifty-first Congress stamped him as a forceful advocate of 
 that policy. He was more than once pressed for speaker of the 
 house, and was twice elected speaker pro tempore of that body. 
 
 The elevation of Mr. Burrows to the United States senate 
 occurred in January, 1895, when he was designated to succeed 
 Honorable Francis B. Stockbridge, who died in office. He was elected 
 to the full term by a unanimous vote of the Republican members of 
 the legislature in January, 1899, and more remarkable still by the 
 unanimous vote of the entire legislature in January, 1905, for the 
 term beginning March 4, 1905. It is doubtful whether the condi- 
 tions under which he was last elected have ever been paralleled in 
 the history of American politics. 
 
 Senator Burrows has been signally honored in the committee 
 appointments of the senate and has brought to the discharge of 
 their onerous duties both unusual zeal and ability. He has taken 
 an active and conspicuous part in the senate debates and investiga- 
 tions, and is recognized as one of the leaders on the Republican side. 
 A man of positive convictions, thoroughly loyal to his fireside, genial 
 and urbane in manner, morally courageous, devoid of malice or 
 acrimony, Senator Burrows is an inspiring example of the American 
 statesman. 
 
 As an orator, as a lawyer and as a statesman, Senator Burrows 
 has exhibited a high order of attainment — combining a persuasive 
 and eloquent manner, with well-defined convictions, a constructive 
 mind, and mental strength, in such a way as to make his reputa- 
 tion secure. 
 
 Senator Burrows has been twice married, first, in 1856, to Miss 
 Jennie S. Hubbard, of Ashtabula county, Ohio, who died in 1863, 
 survived by a daughter. Two years later he wedded Miss Frances 
 S. Peck, of Kalamazoo. 
 
THEODORE ELIJAH BURTON 
 
 THEODORE ELIJAH BURTON, lawyer, legislator, member 
 of the United States house of representatives, was born 
 in Jefferson, Ashtabula county, Ohio, December 20, 1851, 
 a son of Reverend William and Elizabeth Grant Burton. His early 
 education was obtained in the public schools and by a period of study 
 at Grand River institute, Austinsburg, Ohio, after which he removed 
 to Iowa and spent some time on a farm. He resumed his studies in 
 Iowa college in 1868, and in 1870 returned to Ohio to enter Oberlin 
 college, from which he was graduated two years later. He was 
 appointed tutor in Oberlin college, and during his spare time he 
 studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. He was offered 
 a professorship at Oberlin, but declined it, and at once entered 
 actively upon the practice of his profession, at Cleveland, Ohio, 
 where he has successfully practised ever since. 
 
 In 1888, Mr. Burton was elected to the fifty-first Congress, as a 
 Republican, from the twenty-first Ohio district, then a part of 
 Cuyahoga county. He failed of a reelection in 1890, and was not a 
 candidate in 1892. In 1894, he again presented himself as a candi- 
 date and was elected to the fifty-fourth Congress; and he has been 
 reelected to each succeeding congress since that time, including the 
 fifty-ninth, which ends March 4, 1907. 
 
 In his legislative capacity, he has been a useful member, both 
 in committee work and on the floor of Congress. He has given 
 especial attention to the financial and economic aspects of national 
 legislation, and his speeches on these and kindred subjects have not 
 only commanded the confidence of the house of representatives, 
 but have had positive results to the country at large. 
 
 In 1902, he published a book upon " Financial Crises and Periods 
 of Commercial Depression." Among his most notable contribu- 
 tions to the current discussions of congress are: Speeches on the 
 Civil Service System in 1898; on the Financial Bill in 1900; and on 
 the bill to establish the Nicarauguan Canal in the same year; also in 
 opposition to the enlargement of the Navy, and on the Growth of 
 
184 THEODORE ELIJAH BURTON 
 
 National Expenditures, in 1904. He has been chairman of the 
 Committee on Rivers and Harbors since 1898, and has done much 
 to advance transportation and to encourage traffic upon the water- 
 ways of the country. 
 
 He received the degree of A.M. from Oberlin college in 1875, 
 and that of LL.D. in 1900. 
 
 .Mr. Burton was president of the Grant Family Association of 
 the United States from 1901-03; and is a member of the Union, and 
 the Rowfant clubs of Cleveland, Ohio; and of the Metropolitan 
 club of Washington, District of Columbia. He is unmarried. 
 
JOHN GEORGE BUTLER 
 
 JOHN GEORGE BUTLER, clergyman, is descended from old 
 revolutionary stock, and was born in Cumberland, Maryland, 
 January 28, 1826. His grandfather, Reverend John George 
 Butler, whose name he inherited, was for many years a well-known 
 pioneer minister of the Evangelical Lutheran church, in various sec- 
 tions of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, and had been a soldier 
 in the American war for independence. His father, Jonathan 
 Butler, carried on merchandizing, held strong antislavery views, 
 was in the forefront in Christian work and was noted for his 
 generous catholic spirit. 
 
 A very important part of Mr. Butler's education was gained 
 behind his father's counter, in managing country stores, several of 
 which his father owned. He spent a number of years intermittently 
 at Cumberland academy; and, in 1846, he was admitted to Pennsyl- 
 vania college, at Gettysburg, where he took a partial course in prepa- 
 ration for the ministry, supplementing with a full theological course 
 in the Lutheran seminary at Gettysburg. In 1849, he received a 
 call to St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran church, Washington, District 
 of Columbia, and held that pastorate for nearly twenty-four years. 
 St. Paul's was then a struggling mission, the only English Lutheran 
 church in the city, and able to give its pastor but $400 salary. 
 
 St. Paul's pulpit was perhaps the first in Washington to declare 
 itself unequivocably for the Union. The result of the firm stand by 
 the pastor was that a few of the strongly Southern members with- 
 drew, but many others came, and the church was filled to over- 
 flowing. Out of this condition grew the thought of Lutheran enlarge- 
 ment. A lot was secured, a chapel erected, and Sunday-school and 
 preaching services begun. Finally in 1873 with about fifty members 
 from St. Paul's, a congregation was organized with Mr. Butler as 
 pastor. The church edifice proper was dedicated in 1874. 
 
 The name given the new organization was "Memorial," a 
 " Memorial of God's goodness in delivering the nation from bondage 
 and war, and of the restoration of peace." 
 
186 JOHN GEORGE BUTLER 
 
 In course of time the Memorial itself planted three missions, 
 one for the German Americans, "Zion's Church"; one for colored 
 Americans, "Church of Our Redeemer;" and the last in 1891, the 
 "Keller Memorial," in the northeastern part of the city, whose 
 pastor is Doctor Butler's second son, Reverend Charles H. Butler. 
 
 In 1889 the Lutheran Eye, Ear and Throat Infirmary was estab- 
 lished in the Memorial Chapel, for the free treatment of the worthy 
 poor, with Doctor Butler's elder son, Doctor W. K. Butler, as surgeon 
 in charge. Thousands have received treatment here. 
 
 In 1884 the colossal bronze "Martin Luther," duplicate of the 
 one in the famous group at Worms, was erected by the Luther 
 Statue Association, in celebration of the 400th anniversary of the 
 great reformer. 
 
 It must be said in justice, that many people of Southern sympa- 
 thies were Mr. Butler's fastest friends. 
 
 During this transition period, he accepted the chaplaincy of the 
 5th Pennsylvania regiment, one of the first to come to the defense 
 of the capital, in 1861. He was appointed by President Lincoln hos- 
 pital chaplain, and served in the Union Hotel and Seminary hospitals, 
 Georgetown, and in Cliffburn and Lincoln hospitals, of Washington, 
 until the close of the war. In 1867, he was made chaplain of the 
 house of representatives, and was continued in that capacity 
 throughout the forty-first, forty-second and forty-third Congresses. 
 In 1886 and for several years thereafter he was chaplain of the United 
 States senate; while from the inception of Howard university, he 
 occupied the chair of homiletics and church history for twenty years. 
 For twenty years he was the Washington correspondent of the 
 "Lutheran Observer," the chief English paper of the General Synod; 
 and for ten years past he has been editor of the " Lutheran Evangelist." 
 
 Doctor Butler's career has been characterized by great industry 
 and an untiring devotion to all those humane objects which have 
 enlisted his sympathies. As a pulpit orator, in his pastoral relations, 
 and in the associated work of his church and denomination, he has 
 gained equal distinction. He has received the honorary degrees of 
 M.A. and D.D., from Pennsylvania college, of which institution he is 
 now a trustee. 
 
 The length of his pastorate in Washington (over fifty-five years), 
 his deep and broad sympathy with the poor, his generous cooperation 
 with all sound efforts for moral reform and social betterment, and 
 
JOHN GEORGE BUTLER 187 
 
 his sound "sanctified common sense" — have endeared him to the 
 whole people of the capital city, and have made him in the best sense 
 of the word a moral and religious leader in Washington life. 
 
JAMES MORTON CALLAHAN 
 
 CALLAHAN, JAMES MORTON, farmer's son, teacher, 
 superintendent of schools, graduate of Southern Indiana 
 normal school and University of Indiana, newspaper corre- 
 spondent, graduate student Chicago and Johns Hopkins universities, 
 professor in Hamilton college, New York, lecturer in history at Johns 
 Hopkins university, professor of history and political science, West 
 Virginia university; was born in Bedford, Indiana, November 4, 
 1864. His father, Martin I. Callahan (1838-1904) was a teacher 
 and a farmer, a man of strong domestic tastes, noted for his cheerful 
 manner and his modesty. His mother was Sophia Oregon Tannehill 
 and she largely influenced the moral and social life of her son. He 
 was educated at home by his father, and at the public and high 
 schools, working in the summer months on the farm, and in a stone 
 quarry when fifteen years of age. He was graduated from the 
 Southern Indiana normal school in 1886, and after some years spent 
 in teaching and as a newspaper correspondent, he was graduated at 
 the University of Indiana, A.B., 1894, A.M., 1895; became a graduate 
 student of the University of Chicago in 1894, and of Johns Hopkins 
 university, 1894-97 (history, jurisprudence, politics and economics); 
 assistant and fellow as Johns Hopkins, 1895-97, receiving the degree 
 of Ph.D., 1897. He has also studied and traveled in Europe. He 
 was acting professor of American history and Constitutional law at 
 Hamilton college, New York, 1897-98, and lecturer on American 
 Diplomatic history (and historical archives) to graduate classes at 
 Johns Hopkins, while engaged in research work at Washington, 
 District of Columbia, 1898-1902. In 1899-1900 he substituted for 
 Professor H. B. Adams (absent in the West Indies for his health) giving 
 a special course of lectures on American history for graduate students. 
 As director of the bureau of historical research, Washington, District 
 of Columbia, he conducted on Saturdays a class of graduate students 
 in consulting original sources of history. He was acting professor 
 of American history and political science and associate professor of 
 European history at the West Virginia university, 1902-03, and 
 
JAMES MORTON CALLAHAN 189 
 
 professor of history and political history there from 1903. He has 
 passed through all the offices of the Knights of Pythias, and is a 
 member of the Phi Beta Kappa. He is affiliated with the Methodist 
 Episcopal church. His most profitable reading he has found in 
 history, biography and sociology. He had in preparation in 1905 
 a series of volumes on American diplomatic history and international 
 policy, based upon his research work along these lines. The American 
 Historical Association, of which he is a member, has published several 
 of his papers. His published works issued by the Johns Hopkins 
 Press include: "Neutrality of the American Lakes, and Anglo- 
 American Relations" (1898); "Cuba and International Relations" 
 (1899); American Relations in the Pacific and the Far East" (1901); 
 " Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy " (1901) ; " History 
 of the American Expansion Policy" (1903). The strongest impulse 
 to strive for high honors in his branch of historical research (which 
 work was primarily suggested to him by his father) came from the 
 inspiration he received from Doctor Herbert B. Adams, whom he first 
 met at Chautauqua, New York, in the summer of 1894, and who for 
 several years thereafter encouraged his researches in the manuscript 
 archives of the Department of State at Washington, and elsewhere. 
 Contact with men in active life exerted the greatest influence upon 
 his own success, and he always felt that his partial failures were sure 
 to be followed by greater success although not always in the same 
 direction. He has found that "opportunities are far greater than 
 possibilities." His advice to young men is to make proper prepara- 
 tion for their work while young; he assures them that the attain- 
 ment of true success is the sure result of energy, earnestness, honesty, 
 promptness, regularity, persistence, cheerfulness and hopefulness. 
 
FRANK L. CAMPBELL 
 
 FRANK L. CAMPBELL, lawyer, assistant attorney-general 
 of the United States for the department of the interior, 
 was born August 26, 1843, in Hancock county, West Vir- 
 ginia. He is a son of George W. Campbell, who married Miss Eliza 
 Jane Hindman. He attended the common schools of his native 
 county, and Paris academy, at Paris, Pennsylvania, and Washing- 
 ton and Jefferson college, at Washington, Pennsylvania. To support 
 himself while at college, he engaged in teaching; and for a time he was 
 superintendent of public schools in Ohio. At the end of his junior 
 year, in 1863, he left his studies at college and entered the Union 
 army as a private in the fifty-eighth regiment, Pennsylvania volunteer 
 infantry, for emergency service, and took an active part in opposing 
 the raids of General Morgan in Ohio, and in Morgan's final capture 
 in August, 1863. He entered the service of the United States Govern- 
 ment, at Washington, District of Columbia, in the early seventies 
 and, while so connected, he pursued a course of study in the law 
 department of Columbian university, from which he was graduated 
 with the degree of LL.B., and was subsequently admitted to the bar 
 of the District of Columbia. For six years, he was a legal examiner 
 and reviewer in the pension bureau, and was then transferred to the 
 office of the secretary of the interior. His fidelity and efficiency 
 secured his promotion from one grade to another under the various 
 and changing heads of departments until, on April 16, 1903, he 
 reached the position of assistant attorney-general for the depart- 
 ment of the interior. He had previously been assistant attorney 
 for that department, and, from 1900 to 1903, second assistant secre- 
 tary of the interior. 
 
 Mr. Campbell is a member of the bar of the United States 
 Supreme court, and is an authority on federal law and procedure. 
 For some years he has occupied the chair of federal administrative 
 law in the National university law school of Washington, District 
 of Columbia. Washington and Jefferson college conferred upon him 
 the honorary degree of A.M., and on October 15, 1902, that of LL.D. 
 

 /l^o^L^vtiy y-h^x^i^x^y 
 
 L17U 
 
FRANK L. CAMPBELL 191 
 
 He is a Republican in politics, and a member of a number of 
 learned and professional societies. He is actively connected with 
 the Congregational church. 
 
 Mr. Campbell married Miss Mary J. Pollock, daughter of Thomas 
 S. and Mary Pollock, at Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, in 1867. 
 They have two children. 
 
JOSEPH GURNEY CANNON 
 
 CANNON, JOSEPH GURNEY, speaker of the United States 
 house of representatives, has risen from the ranks to one 
 of the highest positions in the gift of the American people. 
 His advancement has been principally due to his industry, energy 
 and integrity. In youth he laid the foundations of an excellent 
 character and in early manhood he reached an honorable position 
 at the bar and had the respect and confidence of the people among 
 whom he lived. At the age of thirty-six he became one of the repre- 
 sentatives of his state in congress and in this capacity he has served 
 almost continuously until the present time. Alert and progressive, 
 he has always favored wise legislation. He has been a very impor- 
 tant factor in the congressional policy of the party to which he 
 belongs. Though he has always been opposed to extravagant legis- 
 lation, and has become noted for his quickness to perceive and his 
 skill to balk projects which involve the use of the public money for 
 unworthy purposes, he has taken a broad view of affairs and has 
 always been ready to vote for expenditures which it seemed to him 
 the public good required. 
 
 Mr. Cannon was born at New Garden, near Greensboro, Guilford 
 county, North Carolina, May 7, 1836. He was the son of Horace 
 F. and Gulielma (Hollings worth) Cannon. While he was a boy, the 
 family moved to Indiana. 
 
 His father was a physician, a man of learning and culture. 
 Though he never held any prominent public office, he was a public- 
 spirited citizen, interested in matters pertaining to education, and a 
 recognized leader in the general affairs of the community in which 
 he lived, owning and managing a small farm as well as practising 
 medicine. His wife was a woman of more than ordinary intellectual 
 ability and of deep religious feeling. The early ancestors of Mr. 
 Cannon had settled in Massachusetts. They belonged to the Society 
 of Friends, and suffered so much from religious intolerance that they 
 removed to Nantucket, and from there to the Southern states. 
 Mrs. Cannon, the mother of Speaker Cannon, was born in North 
 
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JOSEPH GURNEY CANNON 193 
 
 Carolina. She, also, was a Friend, and traced her ancestry back to 
 the contemporaries of George Fox, the founder of that denomination. 
 
 The subject of this sketch passed his early life in the country 
 or in a small village. He endured the hardships which are incident 
 to pioneer life, but he had a strong constitution and good health. 
 In summer he performed the various kinds of work which were 
 required of country boys on a farm; and in winter he attended the 
 common school. In acquiring an education he met the difficulties 
 with which country boys were obliged to contend in what was " the 
 West" sixty years ago; and they were serious difficulties compared 
 with those encountered by the youth of the present day. He had a 
 strong taste for reading, which he gratified by " reading everything 
 that he could get at." 
 
 His father died in 1851. Thrown upon his own resources for 
 support, he worked for five years in a country store. For these five 
 years of service, he received one thousand dollars; and half of it he 
 saved. He was not able to go to college, but he fitted himself for 
 entrance to the Cincinnati law school, from which institution he was 
 graduated in 1858. In 1859 he opened a law office at Tuscola, 
 Douglas county, Illinois. For a time clients were few and fees were 
 small. The outlook was discouraging. But a friend, who saw in 
 Mr. Cannon much more than an ordinary young lawyer, gave him 
 encouragement and financial assistance. Business increased and 
 Mr. Cannon became well known in the county circuit courts, in 
 which he continued to practice until 1873, when at the close of four- 
 teen years of hard work at the bar, during one-half of which period 
 he had served as state's attorney for the twenty-seventh judicial 
 district of Illinois, he became a member of the lower house of con- 
 gress. With the exception of the fifty-second Congress, of election 
 to which he failed because of the general "landslide" to the Demo- 
 cratic party which marked the close of the campaign, he has served 
 continuously as a member of that body. His present term expires 
 March 4, 1907. 
 
 In congress, Mr. Cannon has done very much to strengthen his 
 party and has rendered invaluable service to the country at large. 
 In his first term he was a member of the committee on Post Offices 
 and Post Roads, and was chairman of a subcommittee on Revision of 
 the Postal Laws. A large part of the work of this subcommittee was 
 performed by Mr. Cannon; and the work was done so well that it has not 
 
194 JOSEPH GURNEY CANNON 
 
 been materially changed. One of the great improvements introduced 
 into the new code was the prepayment of postage, at pound rates, 
 by the publishers of newspapers and magazines, in place of the collec- 
 tion of postage from each individual subscriber. The first speech 
 made in congress by Mr. Cannon related to postal affairs and was a 
 pronounced success. From that time Mr. Cannon has been known 
 as an interesting speaker and a keen debater. In the fifty-first, 
 fifty-fourth, fifty-fifth, fifty-sixth, and fifty-seventh Congresses he 
 was chairman of the committee on Appropriations, and his skill and 
 fidelity in the performance of the exceedingly difficult duties of this 
 responsible position were recognized and appreciated by the members 
 of all political parties. His popularity was so great that for some 
 time before the fifty-eighth Congress assembled, it was evident that 
 Mr. Cannon would be its speaker. His election to this office which 
 gives "almost autocratic power," and which in its influence upon 
 legislation is second in importance only to that of the president of the 
 United States, followed in due course; and he has performed its 
 duties with great acceptability to the American people. In the 
 expressed opinion of many members, Speaker Cannon "has done much 
 to restore to the house the power and influence which it possessed 
 before the senate began to infringe upon the rights and privileges 
 of the house." 
 
 Of late he has been quite prominent in a movement to 
 secure an extensive and much needed enlargement of the Capitol 
 building. 
 
 Mr. Cannon was married January 4, 1862, to Mary P. Reed. 
 They have had three children, of whom two are now living. Mr. 
 Cannon received the degree of LL.D. from the Illinois state univer- 
 sity. He is a member of the Union League club of Chicago. He is a 
 Royal Arch Mason, and a member of the Knights Templar. He has 
 never given much attention to any of the popular forms of physical 
 culture, but has " found his principal recreation in reading the current 
 newspapers and magazines and in rereading the books which were 
 interesting to him in early life." The books which he found of 
 special assistance in fitting him for his work, and in carrying it on, 
 are the Bible, Josephus, Rollin's Ancient History, the English 
 histories of Hume and Macaulay, Bancroft's United States History, 
 the Life of Franklin, the works of Shakespeare, Scott, Dickens, and 
 Thackeray; and in his law reading, Blackstone's Commentaries. 
 
JOSEPH GURNEY CANNON 195 
 
 Mr. Cannon is essentially a man of the people. His unfailing 
 kindness has endeared him to his acquaintances; and though his 
 unconventional ways have often made him the object of humorous 
 caricature, and have caused him to be known in congress and through- 
 out the country as " Uncle Joe/' he is a man whom his associates, 
 without regard to party preferences, and the people at large, sincerely 
 respect, and in whom they have the utmost confidence. Speaker 
 Cannon opposed the strong and widely spread movement to make him 
 the candidate for vice-president of the United States in 1904, and 
 with especial firmness at the Republican national convention at 
 Chicago, of which he was permanent chairman. He opposed this 
 suggestion because he believed that on account of his long service in 
 the house of representatives, and his intimate familiarity with its 
 requirements he could be more useful to the country as a member of 
 that body than in any other position. 
 
 In the choice of a profession, Mr. Cannon was largely governed 
 by circumstances. He had no special knowledge of the exacting 
 requirements of the law, but its practice became very attractive to 
 him, and for this reason, as well as for the financial rewards which 
 it offered, he followed it for many years. The change from the law 
 to political service was largely accidental. Mr. Cannon was fully 
 qualified for the duties and responsibilities of official life; and when 
 the time to enter it came, he saw the great possibilities of the wider 
 field. It is worthy of note that in speaking of the means which have 
 been efficient in securing his advancement, Mr. Cannon says that he 
 "took advantage of opportunities as they presented themselves." 
 That he has made an excellent use of these opportunities is evident. 
 And he has the satisfaction of believing that if life were to be lived 
 over again under the same conditions, he could not, in the main, 
 choose a better course than the one he has followed. The influence 
 of home was very strong in the formation of his character and in the 
 development of his intellectual powers. The memory of his parents 
 he holds in the highest regard. Indeed, he says that "to his mother 
 first, and to his father next," he owes most of the success which he 
 has attained. 
 
 From his experience and observation, Mr. Cannon would say to 
 the young people of America that to a great extent their future will 
 be according to their own choice. He holds that one may be useful 
 and influential, whatever calling or profession is chosen; but that 
 
196 JOSEPH GURNEY CANNON 
 
 the measure of usefulness and influence will depend upon individual 
 effort and personal merit. And he firmly believes that "it is better 
 for a man to be a good laborer than a poor employer; better to become 
 a good farmer or mechanic than to take low rank in one of the learned 
 professions." 
 
EUGENE ASA CARR 
 
 CARR, EUGENE ASA, brigadier and brevet major-general 
 United States army, honorably retired in 1893. He 
 repeatedly won promotion, gaining honors among the 
 soldiers of the Civil war, and the Indian fighters who protected the 
 frontier while civilization was pushing into the Great West. He was 
 four times reported killed, and had the very unusual pleasure of 
 reading a large number of laudatory obituary notices of himself 
 which appeared in the leading papers of the country. 
 
 He was born in Concord, Erie county, New York, March 20, 
 1830. His parents were Clark Murwin and Delia Ann (Torrey) 
 Carr. His grandfather, Clark Carr, was a Baptist minister and a 
 farmer. His father was a man of ability, character and influence, 
 and rendered public service in county, state, and federal offices. 
 The family came from Normandy to Scotland and England with 
 King James. 
 
 The early life of General Carr was passed in western New York. 
 Though fond of study, his tastes and amusements were those of the 
 average boy. After attending district and private schools and 
 academies, and teaching for part of a winter before he was sixteen, 
 he entered, in 1846, the United States military academy at West 
 Point, from which he was graduated in 1850, ranking nineteenth 
 in a class of forty-four members. 
 
 Soon after his graduation he was stationed at the cavalry 
 school of practice, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, with the rank of brevet 
 second lieutenant of mounted riflemen. From 1851 he was on 
 frontier duty serving in Missouri, in Kansas, on the plains toward 
 the Rocky Mountains, and in Texas, where he was wounded, and, 
 for gallantry, was promoted in the first cavalry, newly raised in 1855. 
 In the troubles in Kansas in 1856-57 he rendered efficient assistance 
 as aide to Governor Robert J. Walker, and, until the opening of the 
 Civil war, he was on the frontier and was engaged in the suppression 
 of Indian outbreaks. In 1861 he was appointed colonel of the 3d 
 Illinois cavalry volunteers, having been a captain of regular cavalry 
 
198 EUGENE ASA CARR 
 
 at the battle of Wilson Creek, Missouri. For gallant conduct in the 
 battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas (in which he commanded a division, 
 was wounded three times and saved the day) he was promoted 
 brigadier-general of volunteers, and received the congressional 
 medal of honor. 
 
 During the Vicksburg campaign he led a division and took active 
 part in the operations against that stronghold. He commanded 
 for a while the left wing of the sixteenth army corps with head- 
 quarters at Corinth, Mississippi; then the cavalry of the department 
 of Arkansas, the district of Little Rock, the cavalry of the Camden 
 expedition, and a division at the siege of Spanish Fort, near Mobile. 
 
 He has a brevet for nearly every grade in the regular army, 
 from second lieutenant to major-general. 
 
 After the war, as major of the fifth United States cavalry, he 
 commanded the post of Raleigh, North Carolina, and afterward was 
 judge advocate and inspector-general of the Department of Wash- 
 ington, where he was employed in many confidential positions. 
 By his good judgment and decisive action he saved the city of Balti- 
 more from a bloody race riot; and during the Stanton and Johnson 
 imbroglio he had custody of the war department and its archives. 
 
 In 1868 he returned to active service on the frontier. During the 
 next year he was in command in half a dozen fights in Kansas, 
 Nebraska and Colorado, and was uniformly successful. His destruc- 
 tion of the " Dog Soldier Band " at Summit Springs, Colorado, where, 
 without the loss of a man, he utterly routed a large force of Indians, 
 seized their animals and equipments, and rescued a white woman 
 whom they were holding captive, was rated by eminent military 
 authorities as " one of the most brilliant successes known in Indian 
 warfare." In 1876 he took part in the Big Horn and Yellowstone 
 expeditions as lieutenant-colonel of the 5th cavalry; and in 1877 he 
 rendered efficient aid in quelling the railroad strike riots in Chicago. 
 
 His promotion to colonel of the sixth cavalry followed in 1879. 
 From Fort Apache, Arizona, in August, 1881, with two companies 
 of cavalry, he proceeded to arrest a " medicine man " who was inciting 
 the braves to destroy the whites. The Indian scouts turned traitors, 
 and they and the other Indians killed a captain and seven soldiers. 
 Although he repulsed the Indians, brought his command back safely, 
 and afterward successfully defended the post, it was announced that 
 General Carr, with all of his officers and men, his wife and all the 
 
EUGENE ASA CARR 199 
 
 other occupants of the Fort, had been killed. The report of the 
 tragedy caused great excitement and led to a general demand for a 
 larger number of troops in the Indian country and sterner treatment 
 of the hostile tribes. 
 
 General Carr has a scrapbook containing a large number of 
 articles from papers in all parts of the country giving elaborate 
 accounts of the affair, with most interesting and highly compli- 
 mentary obituary notices of himself, of his wife, and of his son, 
 Clark M. Carr. The latter was with the troops in the fight, and 
 exhibited a degree of coolness not to be expected in one so young. 
 Less than a year afterward, while a student in a New Hampshire 
 academy, he won additional honor by saving the life of a man whose 
 boat was overturned and who would have drowned had not young 
 Carr promptly come to his assistance. 
 
 General Carr was married to Mary P. Magwire, of St. Louis, 
 Missouri, October 12, 1865. He is a member of the Masonic Order; 
 of the Army and Navy clubs; of the Loyal Legion of the United 
 States; of the Grand Army of the Republic; of the Society of Foreign 
 Wars, and of the Kansas Historical Society; and he has been com- 
 mander of the Missouri commandery of the Loyal Legion. He has 
 never taken an active part in politics. His favorite recreations are 
 travel, reading and study. The wishes of his parents influenced his 
 choice of a profession. 
 
 In reply to an inquiry regarding the most efficient aids in pre- 
 paring for and carrying on the work of his life, General Carr states 
 that he owes much to heredity and environment. He inherited a 
 strong constitution and a clear mind, together with an enterprising 
 disposition which he credits to his Norman, Scotch, Welsh, 
 English and American ancestors. He was carefully trained by his 
 father, who gave him a good preparatory education, and impressed 
 upon him the importance of forming good habits and of always 
 striving to do right. Then, too, in early life he was highly favored 
 by association with some of the noblest officers in the army. He also 
 feels that in many cases, especially in early life, he was remarkably 
 fortunate. In one instance he gained by a single promotion a posi- 
 tion which in the ordinary course of advancement it would have 
 required eight years to reach. Still, it is only just to say that this 
 promotion was fully earned by brilliant service. Among other 
 powerful means which have directly contributed to his success, he 
 
200 EUGENE ASA CARR 
 
 names: Attention to duty; confidence in his own judgment and 
 fortune; and "study and reflection, by which I was prepared for 
 any emergency." To young officers in the army he would say, be 
 upright, be courteous and honorable to men and women, and never 
 desert a friend. Read history, keep well-informed regarding current 
 events, and study your profession with care. Also " be brave 
 and fortunate," as was the charge to the knights of old. And to 
 all who are ambitious "to rise in the world" his words of advice 
 and encouragement are: " Do not try to do that; but cling to honor, 
 be industrious and devoted to duty, stick to your friends, be for- 
 giving to your enemies, cultivate good habits, and leave the result 
 to Providence." 
 
JAMES CARROLL 
 
 CARROLL, JAMES, M.D., army surgeon, is an instance of a 
 man who has risked his own life, and voluntarily put him- 
 self under the power of a virulent disease for the sake of 
 science and for the relief of suffering humanity. He is to be honored 
 as a benefactor of his race, and his name will be associated with those 
 who have made important discoveries that tend to promote and 
 protect human life. 
 
 He was born in Woolwich, Kent county, England, June 5, 1854, 
 the son of James and Harriet Chiverton Carroll. His father, a 
 mechanic and marine engineer, had a "splendid physique;" and his 
 mother's influence over her son was morally strong. As a boy, his 
 health was fair, and his tastes were in the direction of study. After 
 he was fifteen, coming to Canada, he was a blacksmith's helper, and 
 railroad laborer. He chopped cordwood, split rails, and did other 
 such tasks to the improvement of his health and general physique. 
 No especial difficulties stood in the way of his attaining an educa- 
 tion; but preferring out-of-door life and hard labor, in 1870, he 
 declined clerical employment and apprenticeship to a civil engineer. 
 He had, however, attended the Albion House academy, Albion 
 Road, Woolwich, England, preparatory to entering the English 
 navy as an engineer student, but he did not graduate. He speaks 
 of himself as having lived a " vegetative life " for some years. He 
 pursued later a course of study in the University of New York and 
 at the University of Maryland, graduating from the latter institu- 
 tion in 1891. He took a post-graduate course in pathology at Johns 
 Hopkins university, Baltimore, Maryland, in 1901-02, and a course 
 in bacteriology in the same institution, in 1902-03. He has filled 
 the position of laborer, soldier, physician, and of professor of bac- 
 teriology, and clinical microscopy in the Army medical school (since 
 1902); demonstrator of bacteriology and pathology in the medical 
 department of Columbian university 1896-1901; associate professor, 
 1902; professor, 1904; assistant curator of the Army medical 
 
 
202 JAMES CARROLL 
 
 museum, 1902; curator, 1903; and has been a member of the Yellow 
 Fever Board, since 1900. 
 
 The principal public service which Dr. Carroll has rendered to 
 the science of medicine, is his voluntary submission to the bite of 
 an infected mosquito by which he became the first case of known 
 "experimental yellow fever" on record. His life was despaired 
 of for three days. The mosquito which conveyed the poison had 
 previously been caused to bite three well-marked cases of yellow 
 fever. This experiment on Dr. Carroll was undergone by him in 
 order to justify experimentation on other people. It took place 
 while he was associated with the late Major Walter Reed, surgeon 
 of the United States army, in study of Sanarelli's supposed yellow 
 fever bacillus, from 1897-1902. Dr. Carroll demonstrated in 1903 
 that the Myococcidium stegomyice (so-called), found in yellow fever 
 mosquitos and supposed to be the parasite of that disease, was, in 
 reality, a yeast cell. The scientific investigations in which he took 
 part and in which Dr. Jesse W. Lazear lost his life have led to the 
 demonstration of the fact that natural yellow fever is contracted 
 only through the bite of a special mosquito; that the disease is trans- 
 missible by blood injection, and that the parasite of the disease is, 
 in all probability, ultra-microscopic. 
 
 Dr. Carroll has been the vice-president of the American Society 
 of Bacteriologists; he is an honorary member of the American 
 Society of Tropical Medicine, since 1903; member of the Interna- 
 tional Congress of Arts and Sciences, St. Louis, 1904. He has been 
 in the army continuously since January 9, 1874; he was for more than 
 twenty-four years "an enlisted man," serving four and one-half years 
 as contract surgeon, and since October, 1902, as first lieutenant and 
 assistant surgeon. 
 
 Several of his technical papers on yellow fever have been 
 published in current medical periodicals. 
 
 He is a member of the Episcopal church; his favorite reading 
 has been the lives of eminent men. He is a Royal Arch Mason. 
 He is not identified with any political party. He says that he has 
 "had no relaxation for twelve years, but was formerly fond of 
 shooting, swimming, walking, and riding." At one time he used 
 dumbbells constantly for five years by way of physical exercise. 
 His love of adventure prompted him to become a soldier, and he 
 chose the profession of medicine because he desired to know some- 
 
JAMES CARROLL 203 
 
 thing of himself and because it offered unlimited fields for work. 
 He names as the first strong impulse toward ambition to excel in 
 life, "the final realization that a purely vegetative life is fruitless; 
 and second, confidence in the belief that earnest and persistent effort 
 must bring a reward." The influences which have shaped his life 
 he ranks in the following order: "First, the moral influence of my 
 mother; second, school; third, contact with men in active life; 
 and fourth, private study." He emphasizes to young Americans 
 the " cultivation of ideals of truth, honor, and integrity, with perse- 
 verance and a proper regard for the rights of their fellows." He was 
 married to Jennie M. George Lucas, May 5, 1888. They have six 
 children living in 1905. 
 
WILLIAM HARDING CARTER 
 
 CARTER, WILLIAM HARDING, U. S. A., has been on staff 
 duty since 1897, and as assistant adjutant-general has 
 performed an immense amount of hard work. He is a 
 man of superior intelligence and excellent judgment, and his services 
 were invaluable during the Spanish-American war, when under 
 sudden and severe test the war department showed such resource- 
 fulness and energy. Equipment has been his especial study, and 
 through his determination and ability he has become an authority 
 on everything connected with cavalry. His book, " Horses, Saddles 
 and Bridles," is read in foreign armies, and is used as a text-book in 
 our cavalry schools. The organization of a general staff, so needful 
 for the greatest efficiency of our army, is largely due to General 
 Carter's insight and labor. In his last annual report as secretary 
 of war, Elihu Root said: "Special credit is due to Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral Carter for the exceptional ability and untiring industry which he 
 has contributed to the work of devising, bringing about and putting 
 into operation the general staff law. He brought thorough and 
 patient historical research and wide experience, both in the line and 
 in the staff, to the aid of long-continued, anxious and concentrated 
 thought upon the problem of improving military administration, and 
 if the new system shall prove to be an improvement, the gain to the 
 country will have been largely due to him." He was selected by the 
 president as one of the three general officers in the first organization 
 of the general staff corps, and was sent abroad to study modern 
 military systems. His long cavalry service fitted him for this duty. 
 He was then assigned to command the Department of the Visayas 
 in the Philippine Islands, which position he holds in 1904. 
 
 He was born near Nashville, Tennessee, November 19, 1851. 
 His knowledge of horses began at an early age, for his father, Samuel 
 Jefferson Carter, was a breeder of blood-horses. His father's intense 
 loyalty to the Union, too, at a time and place when it meant sacrifice 
 of family, friends, and often even life itself, no doubt left a strong 
 impress on his boyish mind. His father was a member of the state 
 
WILLIAM HARDING CARTER 205 
 
 legislature. His mother, Anne Catharine Vaulx Carter, traced her 
 descent from Pocahontas and had in her veins strains of Huguenot 
 blood. Her character was full of "strength and goodness." On the 
 paternal side, John Carter of Virginia was the earliest known ancestor 
 in America. The war and the constant presence of large armies 
 practically broke up the schools of Nashville; but young Carter 
 attended as he could private and public schools. When twelve 
 years old he entered the service of the Federal army as a mounted 
 messenger. At the close of the war he studied at the Kentucky 
 military institute, and in 1869 was appointed a cadet-at-large at 
 the West Point military academy, and was graduated in 1873. 
 
 He was assigned to an infantry regiment, guarding engineers 
 who were exploring a route for the Northern Pacific Railway. Later 
 he participated in an expedition against the Sioux Indians in the 
 years 1873 and 1874. After a severe winter's campaign, he accom- 
 panied his regiment to Arizona, where he was transferred to the 
 6th cavalry, serving for sixteen years in the Department of Arizona. 
 His regiment was for years pitted against hostile Apaches in a most 
 difficult country, and he was commended several times for his ser- 
 vices against these Indians. The Army Register contains these 
 words opposite his name to show why the much-coveted medal of 
 honor was conferred upon him: "For distinguished bravery in 
 action against hostile Apache Indians, in receiving, with the volun- 
 tary assistance of two soldiers, the wounded from under a heavy fire 
 of hostile Indians at Cibicu Creek, Arizona, August 30, 1881; while 
 serving as first lieutenant and regimental quartermaster and acting- 
 adjutant, 6th cavalry." 
 
 During the campaigning of 1890-91, his command was ordered 
 to Dakota to allay the fanatical outbreak brought on by the " Ghost 
 Dancers." In command of his troop, F, 6th cavalry, he took part 
 in the last Indian fight on the great plains, January 1, 1891. For 
 his action at that time, he was recommended by his commanding 
 officer for appointment as brevet major. 
 
 After two years' duty near Rosebud Reservation he was ordered 
 to the Fort Leavenworth infantry and cavalry school. Here he was 
 for several years instructor in the department of Cavalry and Hip- 
 pology, and here he prepared the book used for the instruction of 
 officers in the army entitled, " Horses, Saddles and Bridles." He was 
 promoted to the grade of major in 1897, and was selected by Secretary 
 
f 
 
 206 WILLIAM HARDING CARTER 
 
 Lamont for duty in the adjutant-general's department. He was 
 ordered to duty in the war department, and a large share of the 
 work incident to army organization, during and after the war with 
 Spain, fell to his care, particularly in the matter of shaping army 
 legislation. He was one of the original members of the War College 
 board, and during the absence of the adjutant-general he was 
 ordered as a brigadier-general of the line to act as adjutant-general, 
 the only instance of the kind on record. He was appointed brigadier- 
 general by President Roosevelt, being the first officer out of nearly 
 four thousand who entered the service after the Civil war, to pass 
 through all the grades from second lieutenant to general officer. 
 
 His reading is largely biographical, and he chooses the lives of 
 those "who have won their way to the simple but constant life, of 
 those who have done things." Shooting, fishing and horseback 
 riding are his favorite relaxations. From boyhood he wanted to be 
 a cavalry officer. He was assigned to that employment and worked 
 hard to fit himself for it. Home, study, contact with able men, he 
 accounts as strong influences in his life. He started out determined 
 to fit himself for whatever work opportunity brought him, and his 
 advice to young people is to cultivate "a simple, sincere life, working 
 hard to do things. Be upright, square in all things. Methodical, 
 consistent effort wins." He is the author of several books and 
 of many magazine articles. 
 
 He married Miss Ida Dawley, October 27, 1880. They have 
 two sons. His address is the War Department, Washington, District 
 of Columbia. 
 
EDWARD PEARCE CASEY 
 
 CASEY, EDWARD PEARCE, architect and civil engineer, 
 was born in Portland, Maine, June 18, 1864. He is a son 
 of Brigadier-General Thomas Lincoln Casey and Emma 
 Weir Casey. His father, General Casey, was distinguished in his 
 engineering career from the time he was graduated at the head of 
 his class at West Point, until he was designated (October 2, 1888) 
 to erect the new building for the Library of Congress. Edward 
 Pearce Casey was architect for the completion of the Congressional 
 Library building from 1892 until 1897, in which year the library 
 was finished. Thomas Casey, their earliest known ancestor in this 
 country, sailed from Plymouth, England, in 1658. Silas Casey, 
 major-general in the United States army, was his grandfather, 
 and Admiral Silas Casey of the United States navy was his uncle. 
 Robert W. Weir professor of painting at West Point military 
 academy and John Ferguson, mayor of New York city are among 
 his direct ancestors. 
 
 His early life was passed in a city. He attended the Emerson 
 institute in Washington, District of Columbia. He was graduated 
 from the civil engineering department of the School of Mines of 
 Columbia college, New York city, in 1886; and from the architec- 
 tural department of the same institution in 1888. For three years 
 he studied at L'Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, France. In the com- 
 petition for plans for the New York City Hall, in 1893, among one 
 hundred and thirty-four competitors he was one of six equal prize- 
 winners. Associating himself with Professor Burr of Columbia 
 college, they competed for a design for the Memorial Bridge across 
 the Potomac River at Washington, District of Columbia, and won 
 the first prize, in 1900. Since 1900 he has won competitions for the 
 monument to General U. S. Grant in Washington, District of Colum- 
 bia; and for the Memorial Continental Hall, for the Daughters of the 
 American Revolution, in the same city. 
 
 Mr. Casey was a member of the Seventh Regiment, N. Y. S. M., 
 from 1885-94. He belongs to the Sons of the Revolution, to the 
 
208 EDWARD PEARCE CASEY 
 
 Psi Upsilon college fraternity; to the New York Chapter of the 
 American Institute of Architects; to the Century and University 
 clubs; to the Architectural League, and to the National Sculpture 
 Society. He was vice-president of the Beaux Arts Society of Archi- 
 tects from 1898-1900. He is affiliated with the Protestant Episcopal 
 church. He is unmarried. 
 
 
 
/9^i^-/ /f*^- 
 
ADNA ROMANZA CHAFFEE 
 
 CHAFFEE, ADNA ROMANZA, son of a farmer in Ohio; 
 enlisted in the United States cavalry at the outbreak of 
 the Civil war has been promoted from private through 
 the various grades to the highest rank attainable, serving first 
 in the Civil war, 1861-65; in the Southwest in quelling disturbances 
 with the Indians ; in the war with Spain in Cuba as brigadier-general 
 of volunteers, 1898, and as major-general, 1899-1900; in China sup- 
 pressing the outbreak of the Boxers, 1900; as major-general United 
 States army and military governor of the Philippine Islands, 1901-02; 
 in command of the Department of the East, 1902-04, and as lieu- 
 tenant-general, United States army, and chief of staff of the United 
 States army from January 9, 1904, his date of retirement under 
 operation of law being April 14, 1906. He was born in Orwell, Ash- 
 tabula county, Ohio, April 14, 1842. His father, Truman Billings 
 Chaffee, was a farmer working a small farm and filling up his time 
 when debarred by the weather from farm work, by working at the 
 carpenter's trade in which he had served an apprenticeship when a 
 young man. He had married early in life Grace, daughter of Ira and 
 Sarah May Hyde and they brought up a large family of children. 
 It was to the precepts and encouragement of his mother that he owes 
 his strong moral character. His boyhood was passed upon the farm 
 where he assisted his father in the tasks usual to farmers' sons. He 
 had few educational advantages, attending the district school during 
 the winter months. He married while young, after attaining the 
 rank of captain in the army. 
 
 On July 22, 1861, when nineteen years old, he enlisted at Warren, 
 Ohio, as a private in the U. S. army and was assigned to Company K, 
 6th U. S. cavalry, and served as private sergeant and first sergeant 
 of his company, and on May 12, 1863, he received his commission as 
 second lieutenant, which was dated March 13, 1863. He received 
 promotion to first lieutenant in the 6th cavalry, February 22, 1865; 
 captain, October 12, 1867; major, 9th cavalry, July 7, 1888; lieu- 
 tenant-colonel, 3d cavalry, June 1, 1897, and colonel, 8th cavalry, 
 
210 ADNA ROMANZA CHAFFEE 
 
 May 8, 1899. His gallantry at Gettysburg won him a brevet com- 
 mission as first lieutenant, July 3, 1863, while serving in Merritt's 
 reserve brigade, Buford's division, Pleasanton's cavalry corps, and 
 that of captain for intrepidity in the engagement at Dinwiddie Court 
 House, March 31, 1865, while serving in Gibbs's 3d brigade, Devens' 
 1st division, Merritt's corps, Army of the Shenandoah, under 
 Sheridan. For gallantry in an engagement with the Comanche 
 Indians on Painted Tree Creek, Texas, he received the brevet of 
 major, March 7, 1868. Major Chaffee was married secondly March 
 31, 1875, to Anne Frances, daughter of George and Catharine West- 
 lake Cole Rockwell of Junction City, Kansas. His service after the 
 close of the Civil war was principally in Texas and Arizona against 
 the Indians, for which he received a brevet of lieutenant-colonel 
 February 27, 1890. On the outbreak of the war with Spain he was 
 appointed brigadier-general United States volunteers, May 4, 1898, 
 and took part in the mobilization of the United States volunteer 
 army to serve against the Spanish army in Cuba. His first active 
 service was in the Santiago campaign, where he commanded the 
 3d brigade, 2d division, 5th corps from June to August, 1898, and at 
 El Caney he directed the movements of his brigade with so much 
 ability that he gained promotion to major-general of volunteers 
 July 8, 1898. When peace was assured through the destruction of 
 the Spanish fleet off Santiago, July 3, 1898, followed by an active 
 campaign against the Spanish armies operating in Cuba and Porto 
 Rico, a military government was established by the United States, 
 July 18, 1898, followed by a protocol signed August 12, 1899. This 
 resulted in the appointment of peace commissioners to meet in Paris, 
 October 1, 1898. During November and December, 1898, he com- 
 manded the first division, fourth army corps in Alabama and after 
 the commissioners signed the treaty of peace in December, 1898, 
 General Chaffee was made chief of staff of the division of Cuba, 
 serving from December, 1898, to May, 1900. The Spanish troops 
 having evacuated Cuba, February 6, 1899, General Chaffee was 
 honorably discharged as major-general of volunteers, April 13, 1899, 
 and he was appointed brigadier-general, U. S. A., the same date, 
 and continued in command at Havana until May 24, 1900, when he 
 was ordered to China to direct the movements of the American troops 
 allied with those of the other nations whose legations were besieged 
 by the Boxers, or anti-foreign Chinese, who threatened the respec- 
 
ADNA ROMANZA CHAFFEE 211 
 
 tive legations of the Christian nations and all missionaries with 
 extermination. He assumed command of the American forces in 
 China, and on July 29, 1900, led them in the march to, and capture 
 of Peking, the besieged Chinese capital, on August 14, and secured 
 the safety of United States Minister Conger and his domestic and 
 official family, and of the American missionaries who had taken 
 refuge in the quarters of the legation and had been held there from 
 June 28, to August 14, 1900. He was promoted major-general, 
 U. S. V., June 20, 1900, and on the restoration of order in China, 
 General Chaffee was promoted to the rank of major-general, U. S. A., 
 February 5, 1901, was placed in command of the division of the 
 United States army in the Philippine Islands and was appointed 
 military governor of the Philippines to take effect July 4, 1901. 
 He was relieved from service in the Philippines, September 30, 1902, 
 and assigned to the command of the Department of the East, with 
 headquarters in New York. On the retirement of Lieutenant- 
 General S. B. M. Young, January 9, 1904, General Chaffee was pro- 
 moted to the rank of lieutenant-general and chief-of-staff of the 
 United States army. He was made a companion of the Military 
 Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and a member of 
 several other patriotic societies and of the Army and Navy and 
 Metropolitan clubs of Washington, District of Columbia. He also 
 served for one year as commander-in-chief of the Commandery of 
 the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the State of Kansas. 
 General Chaffee is an example of the possibilities open to American 
 youth and shows that there is no position in life which may not 
 be attained if the purpose is prompted by the best motives and if 
 there is the determination to succeed. In spite of the disadvantages 
 that handicapped him during his early boyhood and youth, he found 
 in the regular army his high school, academy and college, where he 
 was instructed in the profession of arms and advanced from the 
 position of private through the work of forty-three years' constant 
 service, to be the ranking officer in the United States army. In 
 speaking to young men General Chaffee says : " The books that have 
 influenced me most have been those devoted to history and biog- 
 raphy, together with professional and current literature. I have 
 always taken pleasure in the work that I have had to do and was 
 never indifferent about anything. The greatest influence on my 
 course of life has been contact with men of high character; and my 
 
212 ADNA ROMANZA CHAFFEE 
 
 success in the military profession I attribute to cultivating a high 
 sense of honor, to indomitable industry and to the exercise of the 
 highest degree of morality." 
 
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 AfryJL (tfSL 
 
 (AS">£^U^-^Y 
 
WILLIAM EATON CHANDLER 
 
 CHANDLER, WILLIAM EATON, was born in Concord, 
 New Hampshire, December 28, 1835; son of Nathan S. 
 and Mary Ann (Tucker) Chandler. His first ancestors 
 in America were William and Annis Chandler. His father was a 
 man of great intelligence and firmness of character and was a Whig 
 in politics. His mother was a woman of equally positive traits and 
 contributed much to the formation of the character which has given 
 success to her son. He was one of three brothers whose parents, 
 being obliged to work hard to support the family, desired to bring 
 up their children to an easier life and required few tasks from them 
 while growing; and he thus lost the physical development that attends 
 manual labor on a farm or in a shop. When fifteen he found employ- 
 ment in the office of the register of deeds in copying and in mercan- 
 tile houses in posting books and doing other writing to earn the money 
 he needed to meet his expenses. He attended the public and high 
 schools at Concord and was sent to the academies at Thetford, 
 Vermont and Pembroke, New Hampshire, where he pursued a 
 classical course. He was a law student in the office of George & 
 Webster in 1852 and was graduated at Harvard law school, LL.B., 
 1854, and acted as librarian, 1854 to 1855. He was admitted 
 to the bar in 1855 before coming of age and began practice in his 
 native city with Francis B. Peabody. Becoming identified with the 
 Republican party formed from the Free Soil and Whig parties, 
 he served as city solicitor for two years, 1857-58; was appointed 
 reporter of the decisions of the New Hampshire Supreme court in 
 June, 1859, by Governor Goodwin, serving 1859-64, and published 
 seven volumes of reports. He was elected a Republican representa- 
 tive in the New Hampshire legislature, 1862, 1863 and 1864, and 
 served as speaker of the house, 1863 and 1864. In the latter part of 
 1864 he was selected by the United States navy department as special 
 counsel to prosecute the Philadelphia navy yard frauds, and his skill 
 and success led President Lincoln to appoint him first solicitor and 
 
214 WILLIAM EATON CHANDLER 
 
 judge advocate-general of the navy department, March 9, 1865. 
 On June 17, 1865, he was made assistant secretary of the United 
 States treasury and held the position to November 30, 1867, when he 
 resigned to resume the practice of law, establishing an office in 
 Washington, District of Columbia, in connection with his office in 
 Concord, New Hampshire. He was a delegate-at-large from New 
 Hampshire to the Republican national convention of 1868, was 
 chosen secretary of the national committee and as such took a 
 prominent part both in the campaign of 1868 with William Claflin as 
 chairman and in that of 1872 with Edwin D. Morgan as chairman. 
 After 1872 he declined to serve longer as secretary, but took an active 
 part as a member of the executive committee until 1884. He was 
 elected a member of the state constitutional convention of 1876; 
 was counsel for the Hayes electors of Florida before the canvassing 
 board, and when the contest was transferred to Washington he 
 assisted in preparing the case as presented to the Electoral Commis- 
 sion. When the state governments of South Carolina and Louisiana 
 were surrendered to the Democratic claimants by the Hayes adminis- 
 tration, Mr. Chandler criticized the action in letters published in the 
 winter of 1877-78. In 1880 he headed the Blaine delegates from 
 New Hampshire to the Republican national convention and served 
 as a member of the committee on Credentials. When his favorite 
 candidate was withdrawn he supported the nomination of General 
 Garfield and during the campaign was a member of the National 
 and of the Executive Committees. On March 23, 1881, he was 
 nominated by President Garfield solicitor-general of the Depart- 
 ment of Justice, but Attorney-general MacVeagh, and Senator 
 Cameron opposed the confirmation, as did the entire Democratic 
 side of the senate, on account of the radical stand occupied by him 
 on the Southern question, and he was rejected by five majority, 
 May 20, 1881. He was a representative in the state legislature, 
 1881, and on April 7, 1882, he was nominated as secretary of the 
 navy by President Arthur and on April 12 the nomination was 
 confirmed by the senate by a vote of twenty-eight to sixteen and he 
 took possession of the office April 17, 1882. He introduced many 
 reforms in the department and was the first secretary to build 
 modern cruisers, four of which, constructed under his direction, 
 were the pioneer crafts in the new United States navy. He 
 organized the Greely Relief expedition in 1884. His conduct of 
 
WILLIAM EATON CHANDLER 215 
 
 naval affairs closed with the administration of President Arthur, 
 March 4, 1885. 
 
 He was elected to the United States senate by the legislature 
 of New Hampshire, June 14, 1887, to succeed Person C. Cheney 
 who had been appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the death 
 of Senator Austin F. Pike, October 8, 1886, until the next session of 
 the legislature. Senator Pike's term expired March 4, 1889, and 
 Senator Chandler was reelected for a full term June, 1889, and again 
 June, 1895, his last term expiring March 3, 1901. His senatorial 
 career extending over fourteen years was one of untiring activity on 
 the floor of the senate and in the committees. He was a member of 
 the committee on Immigration in six congresses and chairman in 
 two; a member of the committee on Privileges and Elections in five 
 congresses and chairman in two; a member of the committee on 
 Interstate Commerce in five congresses; of the committee on Naval 
 Affairs in five congresses; of the committee on Indian Depredations 
 in four congresses; of the committee on Epidemic Diseases; National 
 Banks (select) and Post Offices and Post Roads in two congresses 
 and of the committees on Indian Traders (chairman), Railroads, 
 Census, Improvements of the Mississippi, Additional Accomoda- 
 tions for the Library of Congress, and Relations with Cuba in one 
 congress. In 1901 President McKinley appointed him president 
 of the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission. 
 
 He was married June 29, 1859, to Ann Caroline, daughter of 
 Governor Joseph Albree and Ann (Whipple) Gilmore; and a second 
 time, December 23, 1874, to Lucy Lambert, daughter of Honorable 
 John Parker and Lucy Hill (Lambert) Hale. He received the honorary 
 degrees of A.M. in 1866 and LL.D., 1900, from Dartmouth college. 
 In his choice of profession he was influenced by an edict from his 
 father to the effect that he had " better go and be a lawyer, " and he 
 went. As to the matter of success and failure in his life he says: 
 "I have succeeded beyond any expectation. The only lesson I 
 would like to teach is that it is seldom that anyone succeeds in any- 
 thing immediately, exactly when, and as he planned, and to the 
 fullest extent. There is almost always a partial success and a partial 
 defeat; a final success after failure. The lesson is perseverance— not 
 to give up, but to try again and in all ways. Persistency is of the 
 utmost importance." 
 
HARRY M. CLABAUGH 
 
 HARRY M. CLABAUGH, lawyer, chief justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the District of Columbia, was born in Cumberland, 
 Maryland, July 16, 1856. His parents were George W. 
 and Ellen Clabaugh. When their son was about six years of age, 
 they removed to Baltimore, Maryland, where they resided until 1873, 
 during which period he received a preparatory education at Loyola 
 college. His family left Baltimore, and removed to their country 
 home, "Antrim," Carroll county, Maryland, and shortly thereafter 
 he entered Pennsylvania college, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 
 graduating in 1877. He read law in the office of Bernard Carter, 
 one of Maryland's leading lawyers, and also pursued a course of 
 study in the law school of the University of Maryland, from which 
 he received the degree of LL.B., in 1878. 
 
 He at once began practice, and rose rapidly in influence and 
 esteem, among the lawyers of his state. His characteristic force 
 and legal ability led to his retention in a number of celebrated cases, 
 and won the attention of the Republican party leaders of Mary- 
 land, resulting in his election as chairman of the Republican state 
 committee for four years. In 1895 he was elected attorney-general 
 of Maryland, when Honorable Lloyd Lowndes was chosen governor 
 in the face of strong Democratic opposition. He served in that posi- 
 tion until March, 1899, when he was appointed, by President 
 McKinley, to an associate judgeship on the bench of the Supreme 
 Court of the District of Columbia, vacated by Judge Lewis E. 
 McComas, upon the election of the latter to the United States senate. 
 After four years as associate justice, and on the retirement of Chief 
 Justice Bingham, May 1, 1903, Judge Clabaugh was promptly pro- 
 moted, by President Roosevelt, to the chief justiceship of the same 
 court. 
 
 In both judicial positions Judge Clabaugh has won much praise 
 as a fair-minded judge and interpreter of the law. He has been a 
 thorough student of the common law in its history and its principles — 
 and this has largely contributed to his success on the bench of 
 
HARRY M. CLABAUGH 217 
 
 the district court. Personally, he is a man of marked individuality, 
 of fine social qualities, and of democratic, though dignified, manner. 
 Judge Clabaugh married Katharine Swope, daughter of Honora- 
 ble John A. Swope, and they have two daughters. 
 
CHAMP CLARK 
 
 CLARK, CHAMP, son of a dentist, worked on a farm as a day 
 laborer, taught school, was a clerk in a store, a college 
 graduate in arts and law, president of a college, editor of a 
 newspaper, lawyer, city attorney, prosecuting attorney, presidential 
 elector, representative in the state legislature, delegate to and vice- 
 president of the Trans-Mississippi congress at Denver in 1891 and 
 Democratic representative in the fifty-third, fifty-fifth and succeeding 
 congresses, an author and an editor. He was born near Lawrenceburg, 
 Anderson county, Kentucky, March 7, 1850. His father, John Hamp- 
 ton Clark, son of Adrial and Elizabeth (Archer) Clark, was a dentist, a 
 man of marked intellectual power but of limited education, acquired 
 by reading history, newspapers and the Bible. He was noted for 
 his honesty, integrity, patriotism, right living and a determination 
 that his children should be educated. His mother, Aletha Jane 
 (Beauchamp) Clark, a kinswoman of Chief Justice George Robertson 
 (1790-1874) of Kentucky, died when her son was three years old. 
 His first known ancestor in America was John Clark, his great-great 
 grandfather. The poverty of his father made it necessary that he 
 should help to earn the money to pay his tuition at school; and while 
 attending the public schools, he worked on a farm, "from the time 
 he was able to pick up chips or pull weeds " ; and he continued to do 
 farm work for wages until he began to teach school. He was con- 
 stantly urged by his father to study and to be thorough in all he 
 undertook, and the precepts thus instilled were of more value than 
 money to help pay for schooling. The money earned by work on 
 the farm and such as he gained by teaching school and as clerk in a 
 store with such aid as his father could render paid his way through 
 college. He attended the Kentucky university and was graduated 
 with the highest honors at Bethany college, West Virginia, A.B., 1873, 
 when twenty-three years old. He received his master's degree at 
 Bethany, on examination in French and German, in 1874. He was 
 president of Marshall college, Huntington, West Virginia, 1873-74; 
 
CHAMP CLARK 219 
 
 studied law at Cincinnati law school, 1874-75; removed to Pike 
 county, Missouri, in 1875; practised law, and conducted a news- 
 paper at Louisiana, Missouri, where he was elected city attorney, 
 serving 1877-80, and then removed to Bowling Green, Missouri. 
 Marrying in 1886, he established his home here and continued 
 the practice of law. He was presidential elector on the Hancock 
 and English ticket in 1880; assistant prosecuting attorney for 
 Pike county, 1878-82; city attorney, 1881; prosecuting attorney, 
 1885-89; representative in the Missouri legislature 1889 and 1890; 
 and representative from the ninth district of Missouri in the fifty- 
 third Congress, 1893-95, serving on the committees on Claims and 
 Pensions. He was defeated for the fifty-fourth Congress in the 
 Republican "landslide" of 1894 by 132 plurality, the defeated 
 Populist candidate polling 595 votes. In 1896 he was elected by 
 2495 plurality, and in 1898 by 3014 plurality; and he served in the 
 fifty-fifth and fifty-sixth Congresses, 1897-1901, on the committees 
 on Foreign Affairs and Patents. In 1900 he was elected to the fifty- 
 seventh Congress by a majority of 2743 votes and in 1902 to the 
 fifty-eighth Congress by a majority of 3820 votes; and he served on 
 the committees on Foreign Affairs, Patents, and Memorial Exercises of 
 the late President McKinley, in the fifty-seventh and on the committee 
 on Ways and Means in the fifty-eight Congress. In the Republican 
 landslide of 1904, he was elected to the fifty-ninth Congress by 
 1567 majority. He was permanent chairman of the Democratic 
 national convention at St. Louis, July 6-9, 1904, and was chairman 
 of the committee which notified Judge Alton B. Parker of his nomi- 
 nation to the presidency. He was appointed by Governor Francis 
 a delegate to the Trans-Mississippi congress at Denver, Colorado, 
 in May, 1891; and he served in the convention as vice-president 
 for Missouri. He held all the offices in his Masonic lodge except 
 secretary and treasurer and was orator of the Grand Masonic Lodge 
 of Missouri. He is also a thirty-second degree Mason, and is a 
 member of the Modern Woodmen of America. He inherited his 
 democracy from his father, who, while not advising him to be a 
 lawyer or a politician, was himself an intense Democrat and a very 
 active one, although he never held office. He was a politician 
 because he believed it to be every man's duty to be one, and his son 
 fully agrees with him. His father fired his ambition by praising 
 his favorite lawyers and public men, and was constantly relating 
 
 
220 CHAMP CLARK 
 
 anecdotes of his legal and political heroes, with great relish and 
 intense feeling. 
 
 Mr. Clark traces his own success to the influence of his father, 
 and of his wife. He names as the cardinal principles for young 
 men: Courage, honesty, integrity, industry and patriotism. His 
 religious affiliation is with the Disciples of Christ also known as 
 "Campbells - He has found a diversity of reading necessary to 
 fit him for his life work, and has always read whatever at the time 
 happened to strike his fancy or was necessary for preparation to 
 discuss some particular subject. He finds his recreation in changing 
 from one sort of work to another, and "has never had time to rest." 
 He feels that farm work (of which he did a full share) is the original 
 and best system of physical culture ever devised by the wit or neces- 
 sity of man. 
 
 He was associate editor, with Thomas B. Reed as editor-in-chief, 
 of "Modern Eloquence" (10 volumes, 1901) and in 1904 was engaged 
 in writing a " Life of Col. Thomas Hart Benton," and (in collabora- 
 tion with Walter Williams) "The Story of Missouri." He has also 
 contributed to newspapers and magazines. 
 
 He was married December 14, 1881, to Genevieve, daughter of 
 Joel D. and Man- (McAfee) Bennett of Callaway county. Missouri. 
 Of the four children born of this marriage two are now living. 
 
 Mr. Clark in a retrospect of his life sums it up as "nearly half 
 a century of unremitting toil with no prospect of reaching a point 
 this side the grave when I can rest." " There is so much to do in this 
 world and such a brief space of years in which to do it. It really 
 looks a pity that just about the time a man is best fitted to live, he 
 usually dies. That this is a wise dispensation we cannot doubt, but 
 I cannot understand it." . . . "I have never been ashamed to 
 perform any honest labor and am not now." . . . "I am as 
 proud of my farm work as I am of my congressional service. I did 
 my best for my employer on the farm, I do my best to make a faithful 
 representative. A duty is a duty, whether performed on a rocky 
 hill farm in an obscure portion of Kentucky or performed in the most 
 splendid theater in the world, the house of representatives of the 
 Congress of the United States." . . . "It will be a sad day for 
 the republic when any honest labor is considered a disgrace. So 
 believing, I have never during my whole life, in whatever station, 
 lost an opportunity to do all in my power to ameliorate the condition 
 
CHAMP CLARK 221 
 
 of the laboring people of America, a class in which is included every 
 farmer in the land." . . . " Teach your boys not to strive to be 
 president, but teach them that the main thing is to do one's duty in 
 every station — whatever may betide." 
 
FRANK WIGGLESWORTH CLARKE 
 
 CLARKE, FRANK WIGGLESWORTH, chemist, was born 
 in Boston, Massachusetts, March 19, 1847. His parents 
 were Henry Ware and Abby Mason (Fisher) Clarke. His 
 father was a merchant. Among his ancestors who have been espe- 
 cially distinguished was Michael Wigglesworth, a Puritan poet and 
 divine, who came to this country in 1638. 
 
 Frank Wigglesworth Clarke attended the public schools of 
 Boston, and in 1867 was graduated from the Lawrence scientific 
 school of Harvard university. He commenced the active work of 
 life as an instructor at Cornell university in 1869. He afterward was 
 professor in Howard university, and in the University of Cincinnati. 
 Since 1883 he has been chief chemist for the United States Geological 
 Survey. He has made important researches in chemistry and 
 mineralogy and has published several books, more than one hundred 
 papers and memoirs on scientific subjects, and numerous articles 
 in magazines on the higher education. Among his books are 
 "Weights, Measures and Money of All Nations," "Elements of 
 Chemistry," and the series of "Constants of Nature" published by 
 the Smithsonian Institution. He is a member of the American 
 Association for the Advancement of Science; of the Washington 
 Academy of Sciences; a past-president of the American Chemical 
 Society; and an honorary member of the Manchester (England), 
 Literary and Philosophical Society, and the (London) Chemical 
 Society; a corresponding member of the British Association and 
 of the Edinburgh Geological Society. He is also a member of 
 the Cosmos club, of Washington. He received the degree 
 of D.Sc. from Columbian university in 1899, and from Victoria 
 (England), in 1903; he was made Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur 
 in 1900, and was Wilde lecturer and medalist of Manchester (England) 
 Literary and Philosophical Society, 1903. He is chairman of the 
 international committee on Atomic Weights, and was a member of 
 the jury of awards at the Paris exposition, 1900. 
 
FRANK WIGGLESWORTH CLARKE 223 
 
 Mr. Clarke was married to Mary P. Olmsted, September 9, 1874. 
 They have had three children, all of whom are (1905) living. His 
 mother died when he was an infant. In childhood and in youth his 
 time was divided between city and country, his health was fair, 
 and he had no serious difficulties in obtaining an education. His 
 first strong impulse to make a career for himself he traces to the col- 
 lection of minerals in his boyhood and the reading about chemical 
 experiments in "The Boy's Own Book"; and he regards "private 
 study" as the most important of the various influences which have 
 helped him to succeed. His own preference determined the choice 
 of his profession. He is fond of good literature, both prose and 
 poetry. Aside from reading, he finds his principal relaxation in 
 attending the theater. In politics he is independent. His religious 
 sympathies are with the Unitarian denomination. While he has 
 accomplished much, he says that his "ideals have always been beyond 
 his attainment." In scientific research his specialties have been the 
 study of atomic weights, and investigations upon the chemical con- 
 stitution of the silicates. 
 
WILLIAM BOURKE COCKRAN 
 
 WILLIAM BOURKE COCKRAN, orator, lawyer and legis- 
 lator, is a native of Sligo county, Ireland, born February 
 28, 1854. His education was acquired in his native 
 country and in France up to the age of seventeen, at which time, in 
 1871, he came to the United States to share its opportunities and 
 adopt its citizenship. He began his career here as a teacher, first in 
 a private academy, and later as principal of a public school in West- 
 chester county, in the vicinity of New York city. Simultaneously 
 he took up the study of law, diligently improved his spare time in 
 furthering his legal knowledge, presented himself for examination 
 and was admitted to practice at the bar. He rose rapidly in his pro- 
 fession, and soon won for himself a position of honor among the 
 leaders of the New York bar, as well as a high place as a forensic 
 orator. Among the celebrated trials with which he has been identi- 
 fied may be cited that of Jacob Sharp, " Boodle Alderman," and that 
 of the murderer, Kemmler, the first to be executed in the electric 
 chair in the state of New York, whose case after conviction was 
 appealed to the court of last resort by Mr. Cockran on the ground that 
 the new law violated the constitutional provision forbidding the 
 infliction of cruel and unusual punishments. 
 
 Mr. Cockran's interest in New York city politics became mani- 
 fest early in his career. He was affiliated with the Democratic 
 party, and with Tammany Hall, in whose councils he was not only a 
 prominent member but a leader. His power as a speaker made him 
 a force in public meetings and at party conventions. His promi- 
 nence in state and national politics, however, dates from 1881; 
 and in 1890 he was elected to congress as a Tammany Democrat 
 from a New York city district. In the Democratic national con- 
 vention of 1884, he delivered a notable speech opposing the nomina- 
 tion of Mr. Cleveland for the presidency. This speech, besides 
 giving him national fame, fixed the public gaze upon his appearance 
 in congress. Although his congressional career was a successful 
 one, he did not find the work of federal legislation altogether to his 
 
WILLIAM BOURKE COCKRAN 225 
 
 liking, and after serving for six years he declined a reelection in 
 order to devote his attention to his own private interests. His best 
 remembered speeches in the house of representatives are those in 
 favor of the repeal of the purchasing clause of the Sherman silver 
 act of 1890; in support of the Wilson tariff bill, opposing the 
 income tax amendment to that measure; against Mr. Carlisle's 
 Currency Bill; "Against Executive Usurpation," April 9, 1904; 
 "On the Issue," April 23, 1904; and his "Reply to Mr. Dalzell," 
 April 26, 1904; together with speeches on the impeachment of Judge 
 Swayne, 1905. 
 
 In 1894, Mr. Cockran practically withdrew from Tammany Hall, 
 and for some time thereafter continued an independent Democrat. 
 With many other Democrats, he publicly repudiated the free silver 
 platform of Mr. Bryan, in the presidential campaign of 1896, and 
 gave his support to the Republican candidate for president, Mr. 
 McKinley. In that campaign, he was a frequent and a most effec- 
 tive speaker, and to his persuasive and convincing eloquence must 
 be attributed no small part of the unprecedented majority which 
 Mr. McKinley received in the state of New York. In 1900, he 
 returned to the regular Democratic fold, and supported the Demo- 
 cratic candidate for president on the ground " that the result could 
 not in any way affect the coinage of the country, owing to the com- 
 plexion of the senate, while the defeat of the Republican party 
 would of itself have sufficed to expel imperialism from our political 
 system." After an interim of ten years, at a special election held 
 February 23, 1904, he was again elected to congress to succeed 
 George B. McClellan, who resigned to become mayor of New York. 
 His experience in former congresses, his readiness and force in the 
 exigencies of debate, his legal knowledge and foresight, coupled with 
 a strong individuality and fearless honesty of purpose, will undoubt- 
 edly place him in the foremost rank of the opposition in the fifty- 
 ninth Congress. 
 
 In 1885, Mr. Cockran was married to Miss Rhoda E. Mack, who 
 died in New York on February 20, 1895. 
 
FRANCIS MARION COCKRELL 
 
 COCKRELL, FRANCIS MARION, son of a farmer and stock 
 raiser; grandson of a Baptist minister; college graduate; 
 professor of languages; attorney and counsellor at law; 
 officer in the Confederate States army from captain to brigadier- 
 general; United States senator from March 4, 1875; is one of America's 
 best known senators. He was born on a farm in Johnson county, 
 Missouri, October 1, 1834. His father, Joseph Cockrell, was a 
 farmer and stock raiser, the first sheriff of Johnson county, a man 
 of robust physique and sound judgment, and a successful man of 
 business. He married Nancy Ellis, a devoted Christian woman 
 whose influence was particularly strong on the life of her son, as her 
 husband died when Francis was three years old. His paternal 
 grandfather, Simon Cockrell, was a Baptist preacher of more than 
 local reputation, who lived to the advanced age of ninety-seven 
 years. 
 
 He worked on his father's farm when not attending sessions of 
 the district school, which at that period were extremely short. 
 This varied farm work developed strength of body, an active mind, 
 good habits and a character that has served him well in later 
 life. He was prepared for college at the best neighborhood schools, 
 and was graduated from Chapel Hill college in his native county, in 
 1853, after pursuing the regular course for two and one-half years. 
 He was professor of languages at Chapel Hill, 1853-54, and mean- 
 time took up the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 
 October, 1855, and practised at Warrensburg in his native county, 
 1855-75, except during the interim of the Civil war, 1861-65, when 
 he served in the Confederate army, first as captain, being elected to 
 that position three times between June, 1861, and May, 1862. 
 In May, 1862, he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the second Missouri 
 infantry, C. S. A., and soon after received promotion to colonel of 
 the regiment. He commanded his brigade as colonel from April to 
 August, 1863, and he was then promoted to the rank of brigadier- 
 general, C. S. A., and commanded the 1st Missouri brigade, familiarly 
 
FRANCIS MARION COCKRELL 227 
 
 known as "Cockrell's brigade," until the close of the war east of the 
 Mississippi river. His brigade was renowned throughout the South- 
 west for its ability to hold its place in the line of battle, and it won 
 for its commander an enviable reputation as a gallant soldier and a 
 discriminating officer. He was in French's division, Polk 's or A. P. 
 Stewart's corps, Army of the Mississippi, opposing the advance of 
 Sherman in Georgia, and when Hood was turned back to invade 
 Tennessee, Cockrell's brigade accompanied Hood's army. General 
 Cockrell was severely wounded at the battle of Franklin while lead- 
 ing a desperate charge. He would not relinquish his place until he 
 had received his third wound. He next reported to General Maury 
 at Mobile, Alabama, where he held the left of the defenses at Fort 
 Blakely until April 9, 1865, when, the Spanish fort having fallen, 
 the Confederate works were captured by a general assault of General 
 Canby with 16,000 men. At the close of the war he returned to his 
 law practice in Johnson county, Missouri. He was elected to the 
 United States senate as a Democrat in 1875, to succeed Carl Schurz, 
 Independent Republican, whose term expired March 3, 1875; and he 
 was reelected in 1881, 1887, 1893 and 1899, his last term expiring 
 March 4, 1905. In the senate he served six years on the committee 
 on Claims; from 1881 on the committee on Appropriations and as 
 chairman for four years; and continuously from 1875 on the com- 
 mittee on Military Affairs. He was a member of the committee on 
 Engrossed Bills for sixteen years, and chairman for twelve years; 
 member of the committee on Pacific Islands and Porto Rico for six 
 years; member of the Library Committee four years; Executive 
 Department twelve years; Civil Service and Retrenchment four 
 years; chairman of the committee on Woman Suffrage six years; 
 member of the committee on Public Lands four years; Mississippi 
 River, six years, with a shorter service on several other committees. 
 
 He was always a Democrat, supporting the regular nominee of 
 the party, and the platform adopted in convention, but not promi- 
 nent in state or national politics. He never held any public civil 
 office before being elected a senator in congress. He was a candi- 
 date for governor before the Missouri Democratic state convention 
 of 1874, but he was defeated by Charles H. Hardin. The Missouri 
 delegates to the Democratic convention of 1904 presented his name 
 as an available presidential candidate. He secured the amend- 
 ment to the bill providing for government aid to the proposed 
 
228 FRANCIS MARION COCKRELL 
 
 World's Fair in St. Louis in 1903, by which $5,000,000 was appro- 
 priated for the purpose and the item placed on the Civil Service bill. 
 His recommendation of any measure proposed in the senate gave the 
 measure immediate weight, as he had won a name for himself as 
 never advocating any questionable act. or one for which he would 
 not personally vouch. As "the father of the Senate," he was 
 beloved by his party, and was regarded as the true exponent of his 
 constituents' will and temper. He was married July 21, 1S53, to 
 Arthusa D. Stapp, and three children were born of the marriage, of 
 whom one was living in 1905. Mrs. Cockrell died in December, 1S59, 
 and he was married a second time. April 5. lStiO. to Anna K. Mann 
 of Kentucky, who died in 1S72. He was married a third time, July 
 24. 1873, to Anna, daughter of Judge Ephraim B. and Elizabeth 
 Ewing of Missouri and seven children were born of this marriage, all 
 living in 1905. Senator Cockrell earlv in life became a member 
 and an elder of the Cumberland Presbyterian church. His choice of 
 a profession was determined by personal preference, and his aim in 
 life was " to strive to do his whole duty in whatever position placed." 
 His ambition from boyhood was to secure an education and to qualify 
 himself for an honorable and successful career in life; and at the 
 age of seventy he said he had no unsatisfied ambitions and that he 
 had tried to lead an exemplary life. To young Americans he 
 says: "Strive to secure a liberal education; choose an honorable 
 profession or avocation; diligently devote your talent to attaining 
 success and usefulness in life, remembering always that honesty is 
 the best policy; and adhere to the wisdom, justice and expediency 
 of always doing right." 
 
 
CHARLES CLEAVES COLE 
 
 CHARLES CLEAVES COLE, soldier, lawyer, jurist, is a 
 native of Maine, where he was born, in Oxford county, 
 May 22, 1841, a son of David Hammonds Cole and Ruth 
 Eastman Cole. His education in the common schools of the county 
 was supplemented by several years' study at Fryeburg academy, 
 and at Maine Wesleyan seminary, Kents Hill, Maine. 
 
 He began life as a teacher in the country schools of his native 
 state and was inclined to the law at an early period, but the outbreak 
 and the exciting public interests of the Civil war led to a temporary 
 abandonment of his plan to enter that profession. 
 
 Instead, he entered the Union army, August 4, 1862, as a private, 
 and served in companies I and E, 17th Maine infantry, till the close 
 of the war. His regiment was alternately a part of the second and 
 third army corps of the Army of the Potomac, and during his entire 
 period of service he was not absent from duty a single day. He 
 participated in forty-three general engagements and many skir- 
 mishes—from the battle of Fredericksburg, on December 13, 1862, 
 to Appomattox, on April 9, 1865. Among these were included 
 Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and the Wilderness. He came out of 
 the army, at the close of the war, with the rank of captain. 
 
 When he returned home, he definitely chose the law, and after 
 the matter of ways and means had been provided for he entered the 
 law department of Harvard university and received the degree of 
 LL.B. in 1867. In the same year, he was admitted to the bar at 
 Portland, Maine, but immediately thereafter he took up his residence 
 at West Union, West Virginia, where he began practice. From 1871 
 to 1872 he filled the office of prosecuting attorney of Doddridge 
 county; then removing to Parkersburg, in the same state, he con- 
 tinued his practice there until 1879. During this period he was 
 elected city solicitor, and was continued in that position for four 
 years. From 1879 to 1893 he practised in Washington, District of 
 Columbia, with his brother, Wyman L. Cole, as partner, under the 
 firm name of Cole & Cole. He was appointed by President Harrison 
 
230 CHARLES CLEAVES COLE 
 
 to the office of United States attorney for the District of Columbia, 
 serving from March 3, 1891, until February 11, 1893, when, at the 
 hands of the same executive, he was made associate justice of the 
 Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. He sat as a member of 
 that court from this time until April 22, 1901, when he resigned to 
 engage again in the active practice of his profession. 
 
 Judge Cole was a lawyer of recognized ability. He had a varied 
 experience both in the District and in the Federal courts, and had 
 appeared as leading counsel in many important trials. 
 
 He was married January 11, 1887, to Miss Elizabeth H. Settle, 
 of Virginia. He died March 16, 1905. 
 
THOMAS JAMES CONATY 
 
 CONATY, THOMAS JAMES, Roman Catholic Bishop, was 
 born in Kilnaleck, County Co van, Ireland, August 1, 1847. 
 His father, Patrick Conaty, was a mechanic noted for his 
 kindness, generosity and affectionate regard for his wife and children, 
 for whom he found a home in America in 1850 in Taunton, Massa- 
 chusetts. His grandfather, Patrick Conaty, had brought his family, 
 including his wife and their only child Patrick, to Taunton, Massa- 
 chusetts, in 1831; and the three returned to Ireland, in 1839; where 
 Patrick's son, Thomas James Conaty was born. His mother, Alice 
 (Lynch) Conaty, was a woman of deep-seated piety and strong 
 religious character, traits which influenced both the moral and 
 spiritual life of her children. He experienced hindrances to acquir- 
 ing his early education. As was common among New England 
 boys, he helped his family by such labor as he could find in hours out- 
 side of school work. He completed the course of grammar school 
 studies in the Taunton public schools. When he determined to 
 study for the priesthood he was sent by his father to Montreal 
 college, 1863-67, and to the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, 
 Massachusetts, 1867-69, graduating with high standing in the class 
 of 1869. He then took his theological course at Grand seminary, 
 Montreal, Province of Quebec, in charge of the Sulpician Order. 
 Ordained to the priesthood December 21, 1872, by Bishop Bourget, 
 he was assistant pastor, St. John's church, Worcester, Massachusetts, 
 from January 1, 1873, to January 10, 1880; rector of Sacred Heart 
 church, Worcester, from January 10, 1880, to January 11, 1897; 
 rector of the Catholic University of America, Washington, District 
 of Columbia, as successor to the Right Reverend John J. Keane, from 
 January 11, 1897, to March 27, 1903. The university is a graduate 
 institution for both clerical and lay students, the chancellor being 
 Cardinal Gibbons. The establishment of the university was due to 
 the action of the Third Plenary council at Baltimore in 1884, and it 
 was incorporated in 1885, and canonically approved by Pope Leo 
 XIIL, in 1887. Doctor Conaty was named by Pope Leo XIII. as a 
 
'. - Sfonsig 16, 1901, he 
 
 - Bis 3 s, and was coi - :ed 
 
 3, Baltir. N oer 
 
 24, 1901. March 27, 1 - the Pope to the 
 
 ... with reside] 
 Los Angek - 
 
 Whik ir.< s a member 
 
 . boarc 1874-88 - Library for twelve 
 
 - presi lenl 
 LSS8-S - - . < nmTn , - I Amer: 
 
 ..- - r : - perance and 
 
 .rational reform movements. He organ:; sided over 
 
 the Annual C ges and S - urpose 
 
 Lie church. He 
 me - f s >cial and 
 
 economic probh . member . :al Absti- 
 
 nence Union, nria clu": Sunset rsity club. 
 
 - si Ai _ - He has 
 
 been identified with no political par ahrays exercised the 
 
 privik - franchise. E . ■ - been a voluminous reader 
 
 - -fecial taste re and - - " helpful read- 
 
 ing has been Catholic theology rilosop. FSt.1 
 
 - Elves of 1 3 In his college 
 
 und recreation : baseball, and athletics generally, 
 
 and later in life in walking. H: -hood because he 
 
 was led to bt nat God called him. and he made - aim to do 
 
 aQ the good he could, in ■ ide to God for Go-: - gifts to him. 
 He attributes the rela - rth of the influence- led to his 
 
 own success, fir- home and to deep-seated family affection; 
 
 r. i : : '..- J .:." :~r. r. a dt =ire : -"..:.: "■-: '.'. : r ._::--:- :.r. . :■. : : 
 honor to alma n - third to 1 - of clergymen he kr 
 
 whose strong individuality made him aim to be al r.onorably 
 
 - - - jightforward, hating and trimming, hence his mov 
 
 - To battle for the tru: He said in 1904: u I have had remark- 
 abJesucc^- _ : " - rd in any impor- 
 tant matter. The An attempt strive for rugged 
 r. r. ----- ..:. . :'.. - : .: -- r :.: . - -- : '....r.. :er .:;■".-. :r.~r. i-r.;r 
 and t-jndiwss- Sound ideals in our American life will be strengthen 
 ill :r_r - - - .--_.:.. - ..: ._".. . yi.-y ;: ;;:.:. .'. . - :':.:.' 
 
THOMAS JAMES V 
 
 due 4; devotion to his church; earnest religious 
 
 : hatred : >ng wherever found; no compromise with evil; 
 
 rward honorable purpose lived up to in public L 
 received the honorary degree of D.D. from Georgetown university 
 in 1 nd from Laval unr in 1896, and that of J >m 
 
 Laval un ithor of a work for parochial 
 
 '., ~ ~- 
 For four "he edited and published a magazine 
 
 - 
 
 = desire to forward 
 
 • r 
 
GEORGE ALBERT CONVERSE 
 
 CONVERSE, GEORGE ALBERT, naval officer, is a native 
 of one of the smaller states, who for more than forty years 
 as an officer of the navy has served his country with fidelity 
 and honor, and has also laid it under obligations by the exercise of 
 his inventive genius. 
 
 He was born at Norwich, Windsor county, Vermont, May 13, 
 1844. His parents were Shubael Converse 2d and Luvia Elizabeth 
 (Morrill) Converse. He was married December 4, 1871, to Laura 
 Shelby Blood. 
 
 Shubael Converse was a physician, a man of great kindness of 
 heart, helpful to all with whom he came in contact. He was a public 
 spirited citizen and served as representative and later as senator in 
 the Vermont legislature. The family in this country traces its 
 descent from Edward Converse. One of its members, Major James 
 Converse, built (1640) the first house erected in Woburn, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 George Albert Converse passed most of his early life in a village. 
 He was not as strong as are most boys of his age. His principal recre- 
 ation consisted in printing and publishing a small newspaper. There 
 were no unusual difficulties to be overcome by him in obtaining an 
 education. He studied in the public schools of the village, at Nor- 
 wich university, and later at the United States naval academy 
 (which was then at Newport, Rhode Island), from which he was 
 graduated in 1865, having stood at the head of his class for three 
 successive years. He began naval service as midshipman in the 
 United States navy in 1865. He served on the U. S. S. Canandaigua, 
 European station, until 1869. He has risen by successive steps to 
 the rank of rear admiral. From 1892 to 1896 he was in charge of 
 the torpedo station. During the Spanish war he commanded, 
 1890-91 the Montgomery and in 1901-03 the battleship Illinois. 
 In 1903 he became the chief of the Bureau of Equipment, and March 
 15, 1904, chief of the Bureau of Ordnance. In 1877 he invented an 
 
GEORGE ALBERT CONVERSE 235 
 
 improved form of galvanic battery, and in 1897 made marked improve- 
 ments in the method of manufacturing smokeless powder. 
 
 Admiral Converse received the degree of B.S. from the Norwich 
 (Vermont) university in 1863. He is a member of the Army and 
 Navy club at Washington, District of Columbia. He has never been 
 specially interested in athletics or in any of the popular methods of 
 physical culture. His life has been given to the service of his country; 
 but he has never connected himself with any political party. 
 
 His life work was chosen at the beginning of the Civil war, and 
 his choice was governed by a desire to serve his country and to please 
 his father, who encouraged him to enter the naval academy. He 
 owes much to his mother, whose influence upon his intellectual and 
 moral nature was strong and lasting. In estimating their relative 
 importance, the influences which have had a determining effect upon 
 his life and work are placed by him in the following order: Home, 
 school, and private study during his earlier years, and the companion- 
 ship of his brother officers since his naval service commenced. 
 Experience and observation have convinced him that the best advice 
 he can give the young who desire to succeed in life is that they 
 rigidly adhere to the truth, invariably obey the golden rule, and 
 remember and obey the old maxim, "whatever is worth doing at 
 all is worth doing well." 
 
HENRY ALLEN COOPER 
 
 HENRY ALLEN COOPER, lawyer, representative in the 
 lower house of the United States congress, is a native of 
 Walworth county, Wisconsin, where he was born, in the 
 village of Spring Prairie, September 8, 1850. He is the only son of a 
 physician, Doctor Joel H. Cooper, a native of Vermont, and a gradu- 
 ate of Wesleyan university, Middletown, Connecticut, who soon after 
 graduation removed to Wisconsin, and there began the practice 
 of medicine. After attending the district schools young Cooper 
 prepared for college at the Burlington, Wisconsin, high school, and 
 entered Northwestern university, at Evanston, Illinois, from which 
 he was graduated in 1873. Two years later, he received his bachelor's 
 degree in law, from the Union college of law, Chicago, was admitted 
 to the bar, and at once entered upon the active practice of his pro- 
 fession in that city. He remained here six years, when he took up 
 his residence in Burlington, Wisconsin, and formed a law partnership 
 with Honorable Charles A. Brownson, a former judge of the county 
 courts. He rose steadily in favor and prestige at the bar, and, in 
 1880 was elected district attorney of Racine county. He was twice 
 reelected to that office without opposition, being nominated by the 
 Republicans and indorsed by the Democrats. In the meantime he 
 had removed to Racine, the county seat. In 1884, he was chosen 
 delegate to the Republican national convention at Chicago, which nomi- 
 nated Honorable James G. Blaine for president. At the expiration 
 of his term as district attorney, 1886, he was elected to the Wis- 
 consin state senate, and served one term, during which he drafted the 
 bill which became the law known as the "Cooper Law," establishing 
 the Australian ballot system in Wisconsin. In 1893, the Republicans 
 of the first congressional district of Wisconsin nominated and elected 
 him to the fifty-third Congress, to which body he was reelected as a 
 member of the fifty-fourth, fifty-fifth, fifty-sixth, fifty-seventh, 
 fifty-eighth and fifty-ninth Congresses. 
 
 During the fifty-sixth, fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth Congresses 
 Mr. Cooper was chairman of the important committee on Insular 
 
HENRY ALLEN COOPER 239 
 
 Affairs. His work on that committee has received the generous 
 approval of the house and of his party, for the faithful and intelli- 
 gent manner in which its exacting duties were discharged. He 
 maintains a law office at Racine, where he is a member of the 
 legal firm of Cooper, Simmons, Nelson & Walker. His ablest 
 speeches in congress have been delivered in connection with the bills 
 to refund the debts of the Pacific railroad, and on our attitude and 
 our duties toward the Philippines. 
 
FRANCIS AUGUSTUS COOK 
 
 FRANCIS AUGUSTUS COOK, United States naval officer, 
 is a great grandson of Ellis Cook, who came from England 
 and settled at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1640. His parents 
 were General Benjamin E. and Elizabeth Christine (Griffin) Cook. 
 He was born at Northampton, Massachusetts, May 10, 1843, was 
 appointed to the United States naval academy, at Annapolis, Mary- 
 land, September 20, 1860, and was graduated therefrom in June, 
 1863, during the temporary location of the academy at Newport, 
 Rhode Island, on account of the Civil war. Shortly after graduation, 
 he was promoted ensign and assigned to duty on the steam sloop 
 Seminole of the West Gulf blockading squadron, and served under 
 Admiral Farragut until the close of the Civil war. 
 
 From 1865 to 1867, he was attached to the steamer Vanderbilt, 
 of the North Pacific squadron; 1867-68, served with North 
 Atlantic squadron; 1869, at naval academy; 1872, on board the 
 receiving ship, Independence; 1872-74, on board the flagship, Rich- 
 mond, South Pacific station; as lighthouse inspector, 1883-86; was 
 assigned to command of the Brooklyn, December 1, 1896, retaining 
 command until April, 1899, when he became a member of the 
 examining and retiring boards of the United States navy, at Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia. 
 
 Captain Cook was in command of the Brooklyn during the 
 Spanish-American war. His vessel was selected as flagship of the 
 northern division of the North Atlantic squadron, known as the 
 flying squadron, under command of Commodore Schley, and Cap- 
 tain Cook took a conspicuous part in the destruction of Admiral 
 Cervera's fleet at Santiago, receiving the surrender of Captain Moreu, 
 of the Cristobal Colon. For distinguished service in this engagement, 
 Captain Cook was advanced five numbers in the scale of promotion. 
 
 He was commissioned lieutenant, February 21, 1867; lieutenant- 
 commander, March 12, 1868; commander, October, 1881; captain, 
 February 28, 1896; and after forty years of active service, he was 
 retired September 5, 1903, with the rank of rear-admiral. 
 
FRANCIS AUGUSTUS COOK 237 
 
 He is a member of the military order of the Loyal Legion 
 of the United States, and for some time he held the office of vice- 
 commander of the Washington branch, being subsequently made 
 grand commander. In the summer of 1896, he represented the 
 American navy at the jubilee of Queen Victoria. 
 
 On September 3, 1868, Rear-Admiral Cook married Miss Carrie 
 Earle, of San Francisco, California. They have two sons, both in 
 the navy. 
 
HENRY CLARKE CORBIN 
 
 CORBIN, HENRY CLARKE, was born in Monroe town- 
 ship, Clermont county, Ohio, September 15, 1842. His 
 father, Shadrach Corbin, was a farmer, noted for his industry 
 and sterling integrity. His mother, Mary Anne (Clarke) Corbin, 
 was a descendant of the Clarkes of Virginia who removed to Ken- 
 tucky (branches of the family to Ohio), and was a woman of 
 remarkable intellectual and moral strength. His great grandfather 
 came from England to the colony of Virginia and his grandfather 
 served as an officer in the American army during the Revolution 
 and at its close took up land in Southern Ohio, on a government 
 warrant given as compensation for his services in the army. Henry 
 C. Corbin was brought up on his father's farm and helped in farm 
 work suitable for his age, devoting his evenings and other leisure 
 time to study, having an earnest desire to acquire a liberal education. 
 He attended the neighboring school five months of each year and 
 for two years walked four miles to and from Parker's academy to 
 have the benefit of its superior instruction. He taught a common 
 school in 1859 at Olive Branch in his native county, and while so em- 
 ployed studied law under the direction of the Honorable P. B. Swing 
 of Batavia, Ohio. He entered the United States volunteer army, 
 July 28, 1862, as second lieutenant in the 83d Ohio volunteer infantry. 
 He served with the 79th Ohio in the campaigns in Kentucky and 
 Tennessee, 1862-63. He was appointed major of the 14th U. S. 
 colored infantry, stationed at Gallatin, Tennessee, on November 14, 
 1863, and assisted in the organization of the colored troops at Gallatin. 
 As colonel he was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service 
 March 26, 1866. He applied for service in the regular army and was 
 appointed second lieutenant in the 17th U. S. infantry, May 11, 1866, 
 and captain 38th Infantry, July 28, 1866. He was brevetted major 
 U. S. A. March 2, 1867, for gallantry and meritorious service in action 
 at Decatur, Alabama, October 28, 1864, and lieutenant-colonel, 
 U. S. A., the same date, for gallantry at the battle of Nashville, Decem- 
 ber 15 and 16, 1864. He was transferred to the 24th U. S. infantry 
 
HENRY CLARKE CORBIN 241 
 
 November 11, 1869. After the close of the Civil war he was in 
 Texas, 1867-77. He was secretary of the Sitting Bull Commission, 
 August, 1877. He was assigned to duty at the Executive Mansion, 
 Washington, District of Columbia, as a member of the official staff 
 of President Hayes, serving 1877-81; and was appointed assistant 
 adjutant-general with the rank of major, June 16, 1880; and 
 stationed in the Department of the South, 1883-84; Department of 
 Missouri, 1884 to 1891. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel and 
 assistant adjutant-general, June 7, 1SS9, and was in the Department 
 of Arizona, 1891-92, where he conducted an expedition against the 
 Moqui Indians, and he served in the adjutant-general's office, Wash- 
 ington, from 1892 to 1895; in the Department -of the East, 1895-97. 
 He was appointed brigadier-general and adjutant-general of the 
 army, February 25, 1898. He served as secretary of the joint con- 
 gressional committee chosen to represent the United States at the 
 Yorktown Centennial. He was to attend President Garfield on his 
 contemplated visit to New England in 1881, was present when the 
 president was shot in the railroad depot at Washington, accompanied 
 him to the sea shore at Elberon, New Jersey, and was present at his 
 death. 
 
 In the war with Spain, 1898, he severely criticized the conduct 
 of the war department, and for the time this appeared to have put 
 an end to his official life; but in reorganizing the army in 1900 congress 
 by a special act promoted him to the rank of major-general and adju- 
 tant-general of the United States army, " this grade to expire with the 
 termination of office of the present incumbent." He served until 
 October 20, 1903, when he was assigned to the command of the 
 Department of the East, and later to the Atlantic Division. In 1899 
 President Roosevelt sent him with Generals Young and Wood to 
 witness the German maneuvers where for two weeks they were the 
 personal guests of the Emperor, and were treated with great con- 
 sideration, as they were subsequently by the King of England and 
 his court. During the visit of Prince Henry of Germany to the 
 United States in 1900, General Corbin was one of the President's 
 delegates and accompanied the Prince on his tour of the states. 
 During the Spanish war he had the confidence of President 
 McKinley and was his constant adviser, under call night and day; 
 and after the president's death the members of his cabinet, anxious 
 to have some official record of the extent and nature of this service, 
 
242 HENRY CLARKE CORBIN 
 
 each wrote a personal letter to General Corbin certifying to the 
 esteem with which he was held in the official family of the president, 
 and Secretary Root, at a dinner given to the General Staff of the 
 Army at the Country club of Washington, August 15, 1903, addressing 
 General Young and the members of the army staff, among other 
 complimentary remarks said : " When I reflect on the disinterested 
 and unselfish course of Major General Corbin the adjutant-general 
 of the army who practically occupied the position of chief of staff of 
 the President throughout the war with Spain, who wielded a greater 
 power in the control of the American army than any soldier of his 
 day, and who put the whole force and weight of his great influence 
 and his intimate knowledge of the army and of the legislative branch 
 of our government at the service of this new movement which was 
 to put over him a chief to exercise the power that he had exercised 
 while he cheerfully and with self devotion takes the position of assist- 
 ant to the chief of staff where he had been practically chief," etc. 
 
 He was married September 6, 1865, to Frances, daughter of 
 Abraham E. and Caroline Goodwin Strickle of Wilmington, Ohio. 
 She died October 1, 1894, and he was married a second time Novem- 
 ber 6, 1902, to Edythe Agnes Patton. He was a companion of the 
 first-class of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United 
 States; comrade of the Grand Army of the Republic; member of 
 the Society of the Sons of the Revolution and of the Army and 
 Navy, and Chevy Chase and Country clubs of Washington, District 
 of Columbia, and of the Union League, University and Manhattan 
 clubs of New York city. He voted with the Republican party; 
 and from his boyhood was associated with the Methodist church. 
 He gives as the aim of his ambition in life, "to be thought fair and 
 square in his dealings with his fellows," and feels that he has demon- 
 strated in his own experience that in America all things are possible 
 to all men. His advice to young men is to have persistent determi- 
 nation to do well whatever they may be called upon to do. His 
 youthful record in the army is: Lieutenant of volunteers at nineteen, 
 major at twenty-one, colonel at twenty-three and captain in the 
 regular army in his twenty-fourth year. His time of service in the 
 army from second lieutenant to major general was thirty-eight years. 
 
CHARLES STANHOPE COTTON 
 
 CHARLES STANHOPE COTTON, rear admiral in the United 
 States navy, was born at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, February 
 15, 1843, a son of Lester Holt and Mary Ann (White) Cotton. 
 He is descended from Reverend John Cotton, a Puritan preacher, 
 and native of Boston, England, who settled in Massachusetts in 1633. 
 His preparatory education was obtained in the schools of Milwaukee 
 and Detroit, and on September 23, 1858, he was appointed from the 
 first district of Wisconsin, acting midshipman, at the United States 
 naval academy, Annapolis, Maryland. 
 
 His active duty in the navy began in 1861, when he was detailed 
 for service on board the frigate St. Lawrence, at the beginning of the 
 Civil war, during which assignment he took part in the capture of 
 the Confederate privateer Petrel. From November 19, 1861, to 
 February 24, 1863, he served on board the flagship Minnesota (of the 
 North Atlantic blockading squadron) which participated in the action 
 between the Merrimac and Monitor, in Hampton Roads, March 8 
 and 9, 1862. He was then successively transferred to the Iroquois, 
 Hartford, Kineo, and Oneida, serving on the last during the battle 
 of Mobile Bay and until the reduction of Fort Morgan, August 5 to 
 23, 1864. From 1865 to 1869, he cruised on board the Shenandoah, 
 to the East Indies and China, returning in the latter year to duty at 
 the naval academy. 
 
 For three years, during 1871-74, he was the executive officer of 
 the Ticonderoga, at the Brazil station; during 1880-83 he commanded 
 the Monocacy at the Asiatic station and conveyed to Seoul the 
 American minister, the first diplomatic representative of an occi- 
 dental power accredited to and received by Corea. During 1894-97 
 he commanded the flagship of the Pacific station, Philadelphia. In 
 the various interims he was inspector of ordnance at Norfolk, Virginia; 
 light-house inspector of the fifteenth district; under-torpedo-instruc- 
 tor at Newport; was for several years on duty at the New York navy 
 yard; and served in connection with a number of minor assignments. 
 
244 CHARLES STANHOPE COTTON 
 
 During the Spanish- American war Rear-Admiral (then Captain) 
 Cotton, commanded the United States auxiliary cruiser Harvard, which 
 was employed as scout, in connection with the United States auxiliary 
 cruiser St. Louis, east of the Windward Islands, to watch for and report 
 the approach of Admiral Cervera's Spanish squadron. The Harvard 
 preceded the arrival of that squadron at the Island of Martinique, 
 West Indies, on May 11, 1898, by a few hours, and the cablegram 
 from her commander, reporting to the navy department the presence 
 of Admiral Cervera's fleet off Fort de France, was the earliest official 
 information touching those facts. On June 26, of the same year, the 
 Harvard successfully transported the 9th Massachusetts and two 
 battalions of the 34th Michigan regiments from Newport News to 
 Siboney, Cuba, to reinforce General Shafter after his attack on 
 Santiago. When the destruction of Cervera's squadron, off Santiago, 
 on July 3, 1898, was accomplished, the Harvard rescued nearly seven 
 hundred officers and men from the burning Spanish cruisers, Infanta 
 Maria Teresa, and the Almirante Oquendo (nearly all of whom had 
 sought refuge on shore), who with about three hundred more Spanish 
 prisoners, chiefly from the Vizcaya, were taken to Portsmouth, New 
 Hampshire, and to the naval academy, Annapolis, Maryland. 
 
 Rear- Admiral Cotton's promotions have been as follows : Novem- 
 ber 11, 1862, promoted to ensign; February 22, 1864, promoted 
 lieutenant; July 25, 1866, lieutenant-commander; April 25, 1877, 
 commander; May 28, 1892, captain; March 27, 1900, rear-admiral. 
 After the Spanish-American war he was assigned to the navy yard, 
 Mare Island, California, in 1898, and was made commandant of the 
 navy yard and station, Norfolk, Virginia, July 16, 1900. In April, 
 1903, he succeeded to the command of the European squadron, and 
 during the rendezvous in European waters was accorded royal recep- 
 tions by the President of France, the Emperor of Germany, the King 
 of England, and other distinguished sovereigns, besides being the 
 recipient of many other notable greetings. 
 
 Rear-Admiral Cotton voluntarily retired from active duty in 
 February, 1904, after more than forty-five years of service in the 
 navy. 
 
WILBUR FISKE CRAFTS 
 
 CRAFTS, WILBUR FISKE, Ph.D., pastor, editor, author, 
 lecturer, reformer, and "reform lobbyist," was born in 
 Fryeburg, Maine, January 12, 1850. His father, Reverend 
 Frederick Alonzo Crafts, was a Methodist minister. His son char- 
 acterizes him as "strong not only in religious ardor, but in ethical 
 devotion, to the antislavery and prohibition crusades especially." 
 His son was not strong, but he habitually worked when not in 
 school, " thinking an hour a day, and half of Saturday, sufficient for 
 play." "We cut our wood in the forest, sawed and split wood for 
 our neighbors, drove cows and worked as book agents," he says of 
 himself and his brothers. He paid his own expenses at college and 
 seminary, except for a small loan, which he afterward repaid. He is 
 "glad that he had to work hard for his education," and thinks it 
 " dangerous to make education too easy by undue help." 
 
 He was prepared for college at Brockton, Massachusetts, and 
 was graduated from Wesleyan university, Middletown, Connecticut, 
 in 1869, and from the Boston university school of theology, in 1871. 
 He received the degree of Ph.D. from Marietta college, Ohio. He 
 began preaching occasionally when seventeen, and when nineteen 
 preached regularly. He held pastorates in Nahant, Haverhill, 
 Dover, New Bedford and Chicago, from 1870-79. In 1880 he traveled 
 in the East, and from 1880-83 he was pastor of the Congregational 
 Christian Endeavor church, Brooklyn, New York. He had charge 
 of the First Union Presbyterian church, New York, for five years. 
 In 1889 he founded the American Sabbath Union and became its 
 field secretary. In 1892 he became editor of the " Christian States- 
 man " at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and lectured on reforms. In 1895 
 he established in Washington, District of Columbia, "The Interna- 
 tional Reform Bureau," which in 1904 purchased permanent head- 
 quarters near the Capitol, and has for its main object the promotion 
 of measures of reform which come before congress. Much has been 
 accomplished, for prohibition and temperance, and in 1905 Doctor 
 
246 WILBUR FISKE CRAFTS 
 
 Crafts is deeply interested in the effort to check the opium traffic 
 which curses China. 
 
 Doctor Crafts is the author of thirty-three books. Among 
 them are: "Through the Eye to the Heart," "The Sabbath for 
 Man," 1884; "Successful Men of Today"; "Practical Christian 
 Sociology," 1885. He has written for many religious journals, 
 especially on subjects connected with Sunday-school work. In 1905 
 he is preparing three books, " That Boy and Girl of Yours " ; " Real 
 Twentieth Century Folks," and "Ecce Rex Vester, or the Kingship 
 of Christ in Nature, Scripture, History and Reforms." 
 
 Though a member of some fraternal societies, he is inclined " to 
 think secret orders inadvisable where free speech prevails." He 
 votes " With the Republican party when possible, and at other times 
 with the prohibitionists." He is not fettered by denominational 
 barriers but works gladly with all who are interested in reform 
 measures. The Bible, biography and the English poets are his 
 favorite reading. From early boyhood he expected to preach and 
 to be an editor. A suggestion received before he was twelve, "to 
 live so as to make the world better for having lived in it," became 
 " a thought of power for him." His father, his teachers and a " school 
 parliament" of only six boys, were "quickeners of his thinking 
 powers." "Most of my day dreams have been fulfilled in outline 
 though not in fullness," he says; and adds that "courageous 
 adherence to an unpopular but important cause is the best gym- 
 nasium for developing strong character." As a reformer he shows 
 a list of 409 distinct reforms, local, national and international for 
 which he has worked, 125 of which have become acts of government 
 in five continents. 
 
 He was married to Miss Sarah Jane Timanus, May, 1874. 
 

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BARTLETT JEFFERSON CROMWELL 
 
 CROMWELL, BARTLETT JEFFERSON, rear-admiral United 
 States navy, has served his country for a long period with 
 the singleness of purpose, the clearness of perception and 
 the efficiency of action which have made so many of our naval officers 
 examples not merely for the young men who enter this branch of the 
 government service, but for all Americans who aspire to lives of 
 integrity and of honorable and patriotic public service. 
 
 He was born near Springplace, Walker county, Georgia, Feb- 
 ruary 9, 1840. His parents were Andrew F. and Sarah (Ragon) 
 Cromwell. His father was a physician, a man of education, accom- 
 plishments, and high character, who ranked well in his profession. 
 The first representatives of the family in this country were early 
 settlers in the neighborhood of Abingdon, Virginia. 
 
 In his youth he lived in the country. After he was ten years 
 of age he had various tasks to perform, but they did not seriously 
 interfere with his efforts to obtain an education. His health was 
 good and he was fond of all of the common country sports and 
 amusements. The foundations of his education were laid in the 
 public schools, which he attended expecting an appointment to the 
 United States military academy at West Point; but when the 
 papers reached him they contained an assignment to the naval 
 academy at Annapolis, which institution he entered in September, 
 1857, and from which he was graduated June 1, 1861, in the exciting 
 times of the opening of the Civil war. He left the academy May 9, 
 1861, upon its occupation by General Butler with the 8th Massachu- 
 setts regiment, and was one of ten midshipmen ordered to Washing- 
 ton, who, by invitation of Colonel Vosburg, marched with the staff 
 of the 71st New York regiment. 
 
 He was ordered to Philadelphia, where, as senior midshipman, 
 he had charge of a sailing sloop of war and the drilling and instruc- 
 tion of about three hundred recruits. After serving on a steam 
 sloop in the West Indies during the search for the Confederate 
 
248 BARTLETT JEFFERSON CROMWELL 
 
 steamer Sumter, through the period of the blockade and at the time 
 of the escape of the Sumter, he was transferred, in January, 1862, 
 to the steamer Quaker City, and was attached to that vessel at the 
 time of the capture of the brig Lilly. He pointed and fired the gun 
 which disabled the steamer Adella and secured its capture. For his 
 judgment and skill in floating the Quaker City from a reef in the 
 North Edisto river, he was highly complimented by the captain. 
 He was commissioned lieutenant in 1862 and was executive officer 
 of the gunboat Conemaugh, of the South Atlantic blockading squad- 
 ron, 1862-63. In February, 1863, with a small force he captured 
 several men who were removing engines from a blockade runner that 
 had been wrecked at the mouth of the North Santee river. On his 
 return an error of the pilot caused the boat to be swamped in the 
 breakers. By improvised appliances Lieutenant Cromwell floated 
 the boat and returned with his prisoners to his own ship. After the 
 capture of the Confederate ram, Atlanta, he was placed in command 
 and, though the vessel leaked badly, he succeeded in getting it to 
 port at Philadelphia, for which service he was especially commended. 
 Later he took part in the capture of the blockade runners Jupiter 
 and Ruby, and pointed and fired one of the two guns which forced 
 the surrender of the last-named vessel. He was attached to the 
 Brazilian squadron, 1865-66, as executive officer of the Shawmut; 
 was at the United States naval academy as instructor, 1867-69, 
 meanwhile making three summer cruises. In October, 1874, he 
 was commissioned commander. After two years of service as inspec- 
 tor of ordnance at the Philadelphia navy yard, he was in command of 
 the Rio Bravo, in an expedition on the Rio Grande river to prevent 
 cattle raiding. At this time he performed the arduous service of 
 making a chart of the river for a distance of about two hundred 
 miles. From 1878 to 1881 he was in special service in command of 
 the Ticonderoga. The vessel touched at all the principal ports on 
 the west coast of Africa; at Pitcairn Island; sailed up the Persian 
 gulf and Euphrates river, where an American man-of-war had never 
 been; visited China, Japan, and numerous other countries; went in 
 and out of port over fifty times, sailed over fifty thousand miles 
 without accident or any loss of life except from natural causes, and 
 when he reached New York had circumnavigated the globe. For 
 service on this trip he was complimented by the secretary of the 
 navy, who said that its results had been "eminently satisfactory to 
 
BARTLETT JEFFERSON CROMWELL 249 
 
 the department," and "reflected the very highest credit upon all the 
 officers and crew." 
 
 As commander of the flagship Omaha, in 1890-91, he visited 
 various Asiatic ports. On his return he was captain of the League 
 Island navy yard and later was captain of the navy yard at Nor- 
 folk. In December, 1894, he was placed in command of the Atlanta 
 and visited various ports in Central America, guarded United States 
 interests at Colon and other points, which were seriously threatened 
 in the insurrection of 1895, and landed an armed force to protect 
 Boca del Toro when it was attacked by the Mexican raider Catarino 
 Garcia who was killed at that time. In December, 1898, he pro- 
 ceeded to Cuba to assume control of the naval station at Havana, 
 with orders from the president giving him control of all matters 
 pertaining to the jurisdiction of the harbor of that city. At noon, 
 January 1, 1899, he relieved Admiral Sampson and took possession 
 of the Admiralty palace and of all the naval buildings as property 
 of the United States navy. By regular promotion he had reached 
 the rank of commodore in 1898, and on March 3, 1899, he was com- 
 missioned rear-admiral. He remained in command at Havana 
 through the yellow fever season and greatly improved the sanitary 
 arrangements of every locality of which he had control. The leading 
 newspaper of the city complimented him for " his unfailing courtesy 
 and affability and his comprehensive grasp of the difficult and 
 delicate problems presented him for solution." On the completion 
 of the work to which he had been assigned, he requested detachment, 
 which was granted in November, 1899. In 1901 he was in command 
 of the South Atlantic squadron and later of the European station; 
 and from the President of Brazil on the Fourth of July, and from the 
 King and Queen of Greece who dined with him on the flagship at 
 Athens, he received marked honor as a tribute to our navy. At the 
 age of sixty-two he was retired by operation of law, February 9, 1902. 
 
 Rear-Admiral Cromwell was married to Lizzie S. Huber, Decem- 
 ber 31, 1866. They have had three children all of whom are now 
 living. He is a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. 
 As all his active life has been passed in the government service, he 
 has never identified himself with any political party. 
 
 His mother died when he was quite young. The influence of his 
 father upon his intellectual and moral character was very strong. 
 Upon this point he says : " My father permitted me to move about 
 
250 BARTLETT JEFFERSON CROMWELL 
 
 in almost unrestricted limits when I was quite young, to visit among 
 friends and relatives and to go and return when I pleased. My early 
 associates were frequently the wild, wayward, reckless, unrestrained 
 and almost uncontrollable young men, not uncommon in the South 
 in those days. But as I grew older, I learned from experience, what 
 I had been taught earlier, that such young men were not held in 
 high esteem by those whose opinions I highly prized. Although 
 their ways were attractive, entertaining, and amusing to me, I saw 
 that their course led only to misfortune and failure; and, as time 
 ran on, their amusements and pastimes became distasteful to me, 
 and I sought others more elevating. However far away from my 
 father I always bore in mind the tenor of his precepts and advice, 
 and he cited with approval only the acts of honest, able, upright 
 men, having the principles of high-toned gentlemen." 
 
 As a further explanation of the means which have helped him to 
 win success, and as a suggestive lesson to his young readers who 
 desire to become useful and honored, he says: "I do not attribute 
 the gaining of the controlling ideas which have influenced me in the 
 course of my life, to the reading of books, but rather to information 
 obtained in my youth by keeping silent, and listening, and treasuring 
 up what I heard and considered wise when my father was in conver- 
 sation with men whose opinions I respected, or when I heard the 
 leading men of the time in conversation. Taught from childhood 
 to be polite and respectful to the aged, and to ladies, and to be 
 obedient to those under whose care I was placed, I felt no additional 
 restriction when I placed myself under military rule; and as I had 
 no wish to violate any regulation, the thought of ever willfully doing 
 so never entered my mind." After his early youth was passed he 
 found contact with men a powerful aid in preparing for his work, 
 and his admiration for eminent officers of the navy and army, espe- 
 cially for Flusser, strengthened his early determination to live upon 
 the highest plane. 
 

 
JOHN FRANKLIN CROWELL 
 
 CROWELL, JOHN FRANKLIN, Ph.D., Litt.D., teacher, 
 economist and author, was born at York, Pennsylvania, 
 November 1, 1857 His parents were Daniel and Sarah 
 Ann (Jacobs) Crowell, respectively of English and German descent. 
 Among their ancestors were pioneer settlers in southern Pennsyl- 
 vania, several of whom served in the War of the Revolution. His 
 father, a miller and farmer, was a man of high character and strong, 
 yet tolerant, religious convictions. 
 
 Most of his preparation for college was made by study at home. 
 To the encouragement which his mother gave to his early literary 
 ambition, and his father to his efforts to " think clear and straight," 
 he ascribes much of such success as he has achieved. When he was 
 five years old his parents removed to a farm, "to keep their boys 
 from growing up in idleness"; and Professor Crowell places a high 
 value upon this farm-life in his boyhood. " The free farm-life, with 
 a few good books, was my best training school," he says. Books 
 which he names as among the most helpful to him, are "Peter 
 Parley's" histories, "Pilgrim's Progress," American biographical 
 works; and later in life, Emerson, Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, Words- 
 worth, Ruskin, Goethe, the "Iliad," Thucydides, "Science and 
 Health," and the Bible. 
 
 After preparing for college at home, he taught school for a time; 
 and from his savings at farm-work and in teaching, with the help of 
 loans from his parents, be was enabled to secure a collegiate educa- 
 tion. After a year of study at Dartmouth college and a year spent 
 in teaching, he entered the Sophomore class at Yale and was gradu- 
 ated in 1883. Another year of teaching as principal of Schuylkill 
 seminary, at Reading, Pennsylvania, was followed by two years of 
 post-graduate study at Yale. From 1887 to 1894 he was president 
 of Trinity college, North Carolina, where he endeavored to bring the 
 higher educational institutions of the state into closer relations with 
 leading problems of Southern progress. In 1889 the University of 
 North Carolina gave him the degree of Litt.D. Returning to the 
 
252 JOHN FRANKLIN CROWELL 
 
 North, he resumed the study of social and economic science, 
 studying for a year at Columbia university, New York, and receiving 
 the degree of Ph.D. Occupied in social research into conditions in 
 the metropolis, he had charge of the educational inquiry of the Tene- 
 ment House Commission of 1894. From 1894 to 1896 he was in 
 charge of the department of Economics and Sociology at Smith 
 college, for women, Massachusetts. Returning to New York he sent 
 to the press " Logical Process of Social Development," and " Synthetic 
 Study of the Theoretical Foundations of Educational Policy from the 
 Standpoint of Sociology." 
 
 The growing importance of our national relations with the tropics 
 in 1898 led Dr. Crowell to a period of research in Europe, chiefly at 
 the University of Berlin and at the London School of Economics. 
 The authorities at Washington had their attention drawn to his 
 manner of analyzing commercial conditions and policies. His book 
 on the Distribution of Farm Products (Industrial Commission, 1900), 
 has been spoken of by European economists and statisticians as 
 breaking ground in the study of commercial organizations in the 
 United States in their domestic and foreign trade relations. 
 
 As expert on Commerce for the United States Government 
 (1899-1904), Dr. Crowell made reports on the iron and steel trade, 
 the shipping industry, the warehousing industry, and trunk line 
 traffic and differential freights to the sea-board — seeking to combine 
 a scientific method with practical insight into actual conditions of 
 trade and transportation. 
 
 At Washington he has been lecturer on Commercial Geography 
 and International Trade in Columbian (now George Washington) 
 university. He is the educational director of the Intercontinental 
 Correspondence university at Washington; and is secretary of the 
 Social and Economic Science section of the American Association for 
 the Advancement of Science, to which position he was elected in 
 1902 for a term of five years. 
 
 He regards his home training as having had the strongest 
 influence upon his subsequent life; and he names Yale college as 
 "among the paramount factors in shaping his intellectual develop- 
 ment." "The spirit of nationality, and the subordination of per- 
 sonality to the general welfare," are ideas which he feels that he 
 owes to Yale. He says that in preparation for his work he perhaps 
 "made the mistake of trying to cover too much ground, and has 
 
JOHN FRANKLIN CROWELL 253 
 
 found it necessary to fight against the tendency to do too many 
 things at once"; and that to some extent he "has lost prestige by 
 not doing a few essential things eminently well." The guiding 
 principle of his career, he suggests in his advice to those who are 
 beginning life, has been: "Consider yourself and your ideal insepa- 
 rable. Learn to be severe to yourself in sacrificing what does not 
 contribute to that end. Be open-minded, pure-hearted, and cherish 
 peace." He is a member of the Cosmos and University clubs, 
 Washington. In politics he is an independent Republican. In 
 religious views he is a Christian Scientist. 
 
WILLIAM CROZIER 
 
 CROZIER, WILLIAM, son of a lawyer in Ohio and Kansas, 
 cadet at the United States military academy, artillery 
 officer in the Indian country, instructor at West Point, 
 ordnance officer in Washington, joint inventor of the United States dis- 
 appearing gun-carriage, inventor of a wire- wrapped rifle, inspector of 
 seacoast fortifications, 1898, member of the Peace Conference at the 
 Hague, 1899, staff officer in the Philippine campaign, 1899-1900, 
 chief ordnance officer Peking Relief expedition, 1900, chief of ordnance 
 United States army from November 22, 1901, was born in Carrollton, 
 Ohio, February 19, 1855. His father, Robert Crozier, born 1824, 
 was a lawyer noted for intellectual ability, uprightness and decision 
 of character, who removed with his family to Leavenworth, Kansas, 
 in 1857, where he established the " Leavenworth Times," practised 
 law, served on the territorial council, 1857-58, was United States 
 district attorney, 1861-63, chief justice of the State Supreme court, 
 1863-66, United States senator by appointment of Governor Osborn 
 as successor to Alexander Caldwell from November, 1873, to 
 January, 1874, judge of the first district of Kansas, 1876. He died 
 at Leavenworth, October 2, 1895. 
 
 His mother was Margaret, daughter of Isaac and Hester Atkin- 
 son, who died when he was quite young. His earliest known 
 ancestor in America, Wilton Atkinson, was an officer in the Revolu- 
 tionary war. He received a good school training at Saunders 
 institute, Philadelphia, and at the high school, Ann Arbor, Michigan; 
 was graduated at the United States military academy, 1876, and 
 was assigned to the 4th United States artillery. He served under 
 Generals Crook and Howard in Indian warfare against the Sioux and 
 Bannocks; was instructor in mathematics at West Point, 1879-84; 
 was transferred to the ordnance department on competitive exami- 
 nation in 1881, in accordance with the law. He was occupied with 
 experimental work in connection with wire gun manufacture at 
 Watertown arsenal, Massachusetts, 1884-87; on duty in the office 
 of the chief of ordnance, Washington, District of Columbia, 1887-88. 
 
WILLIAM CROZIER 255 
 
 During this time the passage of the Fortification act of 1888 brought 
 before the department the subject of rehabilitating the coast defenses, 
 the purchase of gun forgings and experimenting with gun steel, 
 breech-loading mortars, steel breech-loading rifles and disappearing 
 gun carriages, and Lieutenant Crozier was sent to Europe to make a 
 study of these subjects and to purchase the best models for the pur- 
 pose of manufacturing in the United States with the advantage of 
 the knowledge and experience which had been gained in Europe, 
 where more progress had been made in these directions. On his 
 return in 1889 he was given charge under the chief of ordnance of 
 the gun-carriage work of the department. He designed many of 
 the carriages used in the siege and sea-coast service, patented on 
 February 25, 1896, his disappearing gun carriage (of which he was 
 joint inventor with Colonel A. R. Buffington) which came into univer- 
 sal use in the United States. Lieutenant Crozier also invented a wire- 
 wrapped rifle, April 9, 1901, a 10-inch gun of which type was built 
 and tested by the government. After trial two boards of officers 
 reported unqualifiedly in its favor. It is the only wire-gun ever 
 recommended for adoption by expert boards in the United States. 
 
 Lieutenant Crozier was promoted to the rank of captain United 
 States army, 1890; and in 1892, he was detailed as a member of the 
 ordnance board with station in New York city and work in connec- 
 tion with the proving ground at Sandy Hook, New York harbor. 
 In 1896 he was again assigned to duty in the office of the chief of 
 ordnance at Washington, District of Columbia. He was made 
 inspector-general with the rank of major, United States volunteers, 
 and served from May 17 to November 30, 1898, in inspecting the 
 sea-coast fortifications of the Atlantic and gulf coasts with instruc- 
 tions from the secretary of war to take all measures in his judgment 
 necessary to insure the efficiency of the armament and the instruc- 
 tion of the garrisons. This order was in anticipation of an attack 
 from the Spanish fleet, reported to have the undefended sea coast of 
 the United States as the object of attack. In 1899 he was appointed 
 by the president a member of the United States Commission to the 
 International Peace Conference at The Hague, and he served as a 
 member of that body during its continuance. He served on the 
 staffs of Generals Bates and Schwann in the provinces of Cavite, 
 Batangas, Laguna and Tayabas, Philippine Islands, in the campaign 
 of January, 1900, and in July, 1900, he was assigned as chief ordnance 
 
WILLIAM ELEROY CURTIS 
 
 CURTIS, WILLIAM ELEROY, occupies a unique position 
 in journalism. On the third of December, 1893, he entered 
 into a contract for life with Victor F. Lawson, proprietor 
 of the Chicago "Daily News" and the Chicago "Record," to write a 
 letter of twenty-five hundred or three thousand words every day of 
 the year, for which he is paid the largest salary ever received for 
 purely literary work. His headquarters are in Washington, but he 
 is at liberty to go wherever he pleases at the expense of the Record- 
 Herald, write upon any topic he desires, express any opinions he 
 has on any subject, regardless of the policy of that paper. Since his 
 contract took effect, Mr. Curtis has written 365 letters a year from 
 all parts of the earth. This extraordinary contract and the not less 
 extraordinary ability with which it has been fulfilled, is at least in 
 part explained by these words of his own: "When I began work, I 
 determined to be the best reporter in town; and have had that pur- 
 pose ever since." 
 
 He was born in Akron, Ohio, November 5, 1850. His father, 
 Eleroy Curtis, was a Presbyterian clergyman, marked by devotion 
 to duty and love for his fellowmen. His mother, Harriet Coe Curtis, 
 he says, probably influenced him more through her cheerful disposi- 
 tion than in any other way. William Curtis, of Appledore, Kent 
 county, England, who joined the Massachusetts colony in 1632, with 
 his brother-in-law, John Eliot, the Indian missionary and translator 
 of the Bible into the Indian language, was Mr. Curtis' earliest ances- 
 tor in America. 
 
 He had a vigorous physique in childhood and youth, and his 
 especial taste was for books and music. His early years were passed 
 in Sherburne, Chenango county, New York. " There I learned the 
 printer's trade of Simeon B. Marsh, a famous writer of hymns, and 
 assisted him to run a little country printing-office and publish a 
 little weekly paper called ' The Home News ' at Sherburne. He paid 
 my wages in the form of music lessons," Mr. Curtis says of this early 
 experience. After a course in the Rural high school, Clinton, New 
 
■ 
 
 
 
 
 /^Wv^*£U, i<io<r, 
 
WILLIAM ELEROY CURTIS 261 
 
 York, he entered Western Reserve college, Hudson, Ohio, and was 
 graduated in 1871. He has received the degrees of A.M. and Litt.D., 
 from his alma mater. During his college course he worked as a 
 reporter on the "Leader," Cleveland, Ohio. He applied for work as a 
 printer at that office while a freshman, when in need of money; and 
 was given reporting to do instead. His natural determination to 
 win, gave him success, and he has remained in active newspaper work 
 since he was seventeen. 
 
 In May, 1872, he joined the staff of "The Inter-Ocean," and was 
 on the force of that paper sixteen years— being editor-in-chief from 
 1880-1884, inclusive. In 1887 he joined the staff of the Chicago 
 " News," and has since continued with that paper, which, in the 
 meantime, has changed its name, first to the Chicago " Record," 
 and later, by consolidation, to the Chicago " Herald." He has spent 
 most of these years as a correspondent in Washington, and in travel- 
 ing about the world. He was envoy extraordinary and minister 
 plenipotentiary to the republics of Central and South America 
 (1884-85); special envoy to the court of Spain, in 1891, bearing an 
 invitation from the congress of the United States to the King and 
 Queen Regent to attend the World's Columbian exposition; special 
 envoy to the Vatican, bearing a request from the congress of the 
 United States to his Holiness the Pope of Rome that the archives of 
 the church be examined for evidence of pre-Columbian discoveries 
 of America, in 1892; executive officer International American Con- 
 ference, 1889; founder and director of the Bureau of American 
 Republics, 1890-93; Commissioner of the United States to the 
 Columbian exposition at Madrid, 1892; chief of the Historical and 
 Latin American Departments, World's Columbian exposition, 1893; 
 special commissioner to Pope Pius X. from the Louisiana Purchase 
 exposition, 1903. 
 
 Mr. Curtis was the author of the law under which the nations of 
 Central and South America were invited to meet in what is familiarly 
 known as the "Pan-American Conference," Washington, 1889, and 
 had immediate charge, under the direction of Secretary Blaine, of all 
 the affairs of that body. He conducted the delegates on an excur- 
 sion of nine thousand miles in a special train, during which they 
 visited the principal cities of the United States. He was the actual 
 author of the reciprocity policy of the Harrison administration, and 
 assisted in the negotiation of treaties of reciprocity with nine Ameri- 
 
262 WILLIAM ELEROY CURTIS 
 
 can countries. He has been recognized as perhaps the most active 
 apostle of the reciprocity policy of trade, and has written several 
 volumes and has made innumerable public addresses upon that 
 subject. 
 
 He organized the commission which directed a survey for an 
 intercontinental railway through the American hemisphere to con- 
 nect the railway systems of the several countries between the United 
 States and the Argentine Republic. 
 
 No newspaper man in the country has ever published so many 
 columns as Mr. Curtis, and, as one of his critics has said, they 
 have seldom contained a dull line. His published writings would 
 fill a set of volumes as large as the Century Dictionary. He is well 
 known as a writer in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America as 
 well as in the United States. Few men have had so extensive an 
 acquaintance with notable characters of the different nations; few 
 have enjoyed so many novel experiences, or have witnessed so many 
 important events. He has been honored with the friendship and 
 confidence of rulers, statesmen, generals, diplomatists, and other 
 famous men of the Old World and of the Americas. He is a frequent 
 contributor to magazines, a popular speaker on the lecture platform 
 and an interesting figure in social life wherever he goes. In addition 
 to the works already mentioned, he is the author of two novels, a 
 series of handbooks to Venezuela and other South American republics, 
 a diplomatic history of the United States; "The Life of Zachariah 
 Chandler"; "The True Thomas Jefferson"; "The True Abraham 
 Lincoln", "Reciprocity and Retaliation" (which was published by 
 the House of Representatives); "The Turk and his Lost Provinces"; 
 "The Capitals of Spanish America"; The Yankees of the East"; 
 "The Land Nihilist"; "Between the Andes and the Ocean"; 
 " Denmark, Norway and Sweden " ; " Today in Syria and Palestine " ; 
 "Modern India"; "Egypt, Burma, and the British East Indies," 
 and other volumes of travel. 
 
 He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and the Alpha Delta Phi 
 college fraternities; the Gridiron club, of which he has been presi- 
 dent, and the Cosmos club, Washington, District of Columbia; 
 the Press club, Chicago, of which he has been twice president; 
 The Union League club of New York; the American Association 
 for the Advancement of Science, the Society of Americanists; the 
 American Historical Association, and of many other learned societies, 
 

 WILLIAM ELEROY CURTIS 263 
 
 and is vice-president of the Society of American Authors. He is a 
 Republican. The principles which he thinks succeed best are 
 " Honesty, industry, fidelity." 
 
 He married Cora Kepler, December 24, 1874. They have had 
 three children, two of whom are living in 1905. His address is 
 1801 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
WILLIAM HEALEY DALL 
 
 DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY, son of a missionary clergyman, 
 pupil of Professor Louis Agassiz and of Jeffries Wyman; 
 explorer, hydrographic and topographic surveyor, geologist 
 and biologist, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, August 21, 1845. 
 His father, the Reverend Charles Henry Appleton Dall, was a minis- 
 ter-at-large in St. Louis, Missouri, 1841-57, where he established the 
 first free school west of the Mississippi, and was a missionary clergy- 
 man to British India for thirty years (1857-86) with headquarters 
 at Calcutta. He was a helpful, enthusiastic, modest and unselfish 
 man of poetic temperament and sweet tempered philosophy. His 
 mother, Caroline Wells (Healey) Dall was a daughter of Mark and 
 Caroline (Foster) Healey. She was a radical reformer from 1840, a 
 woman of extraordinary intellectual grasp, will power and energy, 
 was one of the three persons who formed the American Social Science 
 association in 1865, framed its original constitution, and was for 
 many years vice-president of its board of directors. She was the 
 first woman in America to receive the honorary degree of LL.D., 
 which was conferred on her by Alfred university in 1877. Through 
 his mother he was descended from Miles Standish of the Mayflower 
 and from William Hele, Cambridge, 1626; Simon Bradstreet, Salem, 
 1630; and the New Hampshire Bell, Harlakenden, Symonds, Foster, 
 Wells and Weare families. Through his father he traces his first 
 American ancestor, William Dall of Forfar, Scotland, who settled in 
 Baltimore, Maryland, in 1740. His grandmother, Henrietta (Austin) 
 Dall, was a niece of Stephen F. Austin the pioneer, son of Moses 
 Austin, and "father of Texas." Through his paternal grand- 
 mother he was also allied to the Phelps and Beekman families of New 
 York, the Brooks, Deacon and Parker families of Boston and the 
 Livingstons of Albany. 
 
 As a boy he was fond of natural history, horticulture and fishing. 
 He was a pupil at Allen's classical school, West Newton, Massa- 
 chusetts, at the Boston grammar and English high schools, at the 
 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard university, under Louis 
 
WILLIAM HEALEY DALL 265 
 
 Agassiz, and studied anatomy and medicine under Jeffries Wyman 
 and Doctor Daniel Brainerd. He left school when seventeen, his 
 limited means being a bar to a college training which he freely con- 
 fessed he did not greatly covet; and he began active life as an office 
 boy in a store on India Wharf, Boston. He also served as a volunteer 
 in the Medford company called out during the draft riots in 1863. 
 He then removed to Chicago, where he was clerk in the land office of 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, and subsequently assistant to John W. 
 Foster, the geologist in the Marquette iron district. In 1865 he 
 joined the scientific corps of the International Telegraph expedition 
 in Alaska, and from 1866 he was the lieutenant in command of it. 
 
 He was in command of the United States coast hydrographic 
 survey vessels, Humbolt and Yukon, manned by the United States 
 navy, 1871-80, and assistant in the United States coast survey, 
 1871-85. This party explored the whole of the Yukon river, and Mr. 
 Dall prepared the first published map of that river. He was made 
 honorary curator of the United States National Museum, and in 1885 
 geologist and paleontologist of the United States Geological Survey. 
 In 1889 he prepared a report on the Alaska boundary question for 
 the state department, the conclusions of which were accepted in the 
 award of the international commission of 1903. He served as honor- 
 ary professor of invertebrate paleontology at the Wagner Free 
 Institute of Science, Philadelphia, 1893-1904. He was made a 
 member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1897, and became a 
 member of numerous domestic and foreign scientific societies. He 
 served in the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
 as vice-president of the section of biology, 1882, and of the section 
 of anthropology, 1885; as president of the Philosophical Society of 
 Washington, District of Columbia, and of the Biographical Society 
 of Washington. District of Columbia. His most important public 
 service was performed in his exploration of the geography and 
 natural history of Alaska and of the tertiary geology of the South- 
 eastern United States. He was gold medalist, Wagner Free Institute 
 of Science, for paleontological work; received the degree of A.M. from 
 Wesleyan university (Connecticut) in 1888, and that of D.Sc. from 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1904. He is the author of " Alaska 
 and its Resources" (1870); "Tribes of the Extreme Northwest" 
 (1877); "Meteorology and Bibliography of Alaska" (1879); "List of 
 Marine Mollusca of the Southeastern United States" (1885); and of 
 

 266 
 
 WILLIAM HEALEY DALL 
 
 various other monographs upon mollusks; "Tertiary Fauna of 
 Florida," (6 vols., 1900-04); "Neocene of North America" (1892); 
 " Coal and Lignite of Alaska " (1896). He also edited the Marquis de 
 Nadaillac's " Prehistoric America " (1885). 
 
 He was married March 3, 1880, to Annette, daughter of Charles 
 Carroll and Marion (Clarke) Whitney of New York and in 1904 three 
 of their four children were living. He says he took up the study of 
 science in spite of the opposition of all of his sensible relatives, and 
 made a resolve at the beginning of his life-work never to turn aside 
 from opportunities for doing scientific work on account of pecuniary 
 reasons, and he persisted in that line of action, but believes that 
 through this persistence he never lost, in the long run. 
 
 In religious faith he accepts the teachings of the Unitarian 
 denomination. He says to young men: "Do the work next you, 
 and do it with all your might; nothing is too trifling to do well, and 
 no knowledge attainable is useless." 
 
JOHN DALZELL 
 
 ALZELL, JOHN. For many years a member of the United 
 States house of representatives, John Dalzell has played 
 a prominent part in the recent legislative history of this 
 country as an able and earnest Republican congressman of much 
 ability and influence. He was born in New York city, April 22, 
 1845, the son of Samuel and Mary McDonnell Dalzell, who had come 
 to that city from Ireland. Two years later they removed to Pitts- 
 burg, where the father engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was of 
 very moderate means. John Dalzell had the advantage in his youth 
 of a home life under an honorable and industrious father and mother 
 whose influence upon his character was deep and stimulating, both in 
 intellectual and moral training. He early displayed an inclination to 
 study, which his father took care to foster, sending him to the public 
 schools, thence to the Western university of Pennsylvania, and finally 
 to Yale college, where he was graduated in 1865. 
 
 Choosing the law for his profession, Mr. Dalzell entered the office 
 of John H. Hampton of Pittsburg as a student and in 1867 was 
 admitted to practice at the Allegheny county bar. On June 26, of 
 the same year he was married to Mary Louise Duff. The young 
 lawyer at once engaged in practice, associating himself with his pre- 
 ceptor under the firm title of Hampton and Dalzell, and from the 
 start displaying ability in his profession. This partnership con- 
 tinued for twenty years, and was followed in 1887 by that of Dalzell, 
 Scott and Gordon. In his legal business Mr. Dalzell has been very 
 successful. For many years prior to his election to congress he had 
 been an attorney for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and its 
 Western leased lines, and had handled the legal business of many 
 large corporations of Pittsburg and its vicinity. He is in religious 
 faith a Presbyterian, and in his political affiliation a Republican, in 
 which party his excellent oratorical powers and active work have long 
 given him a standing. His congressional career began with his 
 election to the house from the Pittsburg district in 1887, his ability 
 as a legislator giving such satisfaction to his constituents that they 
 
268 JOHN DALZELL 
 
 have reelected him to every congress since that date. In the house 
 he has served on such important committees as those of Ways and 
 Means, Elections, Pacific Railroads, and Rules, and has done con- 
 spicuous service in all the fields of legislative work. He has been 
 prominently identified with the Dingley bill and has won recognition 
 as an authority on certain phases of international law. In 1898 he 
 visited Cuba and Porto Rico, to study their conditions in view of 
 necessary legislation. 
 
 Mr. Dalzell's life found its strongest molding influence in home 
 training, and in a diligent course of reading, which in later years, in 
 response to his avocations, has been largely confined to law and 
 economics. He is a member of numerous organizations, includ- 
 ing the American Academy of Social and Political Science, the Scroll 
 and Key Society of Yale, the Duquesne, University, Americus and 
 Young Men's Tariff clubs of Pittsburg, the Pennsylvania club and the 
 Chevy Chase club of Washington. 
 
NAPOLEON JACKSON TECUMSEH 
 
 DANA 
 
 DANA, NAPOLEON JACKSON TECUMSEH. Major-General 
 Dana is a member of a good old New England family, and 
 is of the eighth generation in descent from Richard Dana, 
 who settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1640. Two of his 
 uncles, James F. and Samuel L. Dana, were somewhat distinguished 
 as chemists; and his father, Nathaniel G. Dana, was a captain in the 
 United States army. His maternal great grandfather, Woodbury 
 Langdon, a member of the Continental congress, was a judge in the 
 New Hampshire Superior court. Born in Fort Sullivan, Eastport, 
 Maine, April 15, 1822, Mr. Dana spent his first ten years of life in 
 various military garrisons. Captain Dana died in 1832, and his 
 widow, Mary Ann L. H. Dana, returned to her native town of Ports- 
 mouth, New Hampshire, where her son spent six years in the local 
 academy, while his moral and spiritual character was carefully 
 fostered under his mother's loving influences. Moved by a natural 
 desire to adopt his father's profession, and aided by the powerful 
 influence of ex-President Jackson, he entered the military academy 
 at West Point in 1838, graduating in 1842 and beginning his military 
 career as second lieutenant in the 7th infantry. His regiment was 
 on garrison duty in the several forts along the Gulf coast until the 
 beginning of the Mexican war, when it marched to the Rio Grande, 
 and took part in the campaigns from the siege of Fort Brown until 
 the capitulation of the Mexicans at Monterey. The 7th then joined 
 the army of General Scott, and Lieutenant Dana was present at the 
 several engagements from Vera Cruz to Cerro Gordo, where he re- 
 ceived so severe a wound that he narrowly escaped being buried with 
 the dead, rescued by a comrade from a burying party about to inter 
 him. His "gallant and meritorious conduct" here was afterward 
 rewarded with a brevet commission. Recovering from his wound 
 he served for several years as captain, in the country of the Sioux 
 and Chippewa Indians; and he resigned his commission in 1856. 
 
270 NAPOLEON JACKSON TECUMSEH DANA 
 
 For the following six years Captain Dana was engaged in the 
 banking business at Saint Paul, Minnesota. He had married Sue 
 Lewis Martin Sandford, June 11, 1844, and they have had three 
 children, (none of whom are now living). On the outbreak of the 
 Civil war in 1861, he hastened to tender his services to the governor 
 of Minnesota, and was at once commissioned colonel of the 1st regi- 
 ment of Minnesota infantry, with which he served under McClellan 
 in Virginia and in the Army of the Potomac until the battle of Antie- 
 tam, where he was wounded. He had been promoted brigadier- 
 general in February, 1862; and in the following November he was 
 made major-general. In the later years of the war General Dana 
 served as commander of the 16th corps and of the Department of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 The war ended, he engaged in mining business in the West, and 
 was agent of the American Russian Commercial Company in Alaska 
 and Washington, 1866-71; afterward, until 1888, he was concerned 
 in the management of several railroads in the middle West. Since 
 1888 he has lived a retired life, though in 1898, at the age of seventy- 
 four, he offered his services to the Government to take part in the 
 Spanish war. 
 
 General Dana is a member of the Military Order of the Loyal 
 Legion. His religious affiliation is with the Protestant Episcopal 
 church. Politically he is a Democrat, though he was a Republican 
 during the stress of the Civil war. Although his own career has been 
 a somewhat varied one, his advice to the young is that those who 
 would succeed in life can best do so by "sticking to any calling that 
 offers reasonable promise of success." 
 
JOHN WARWICK DANIEL 
 
 DANIEL, JOHN WARWICK, senior United States senator 
 from Virginia, and a native of that state, was born at 
 Lynchburg on the fifth of September, 1842. He comes 
 from a family distinguished in judicial and legislative circles, his 
 grandfather, Judge William Daniel, having been a member of the 
 General Court of Virginia, and his father, William Daniel, Jr., having 
 been a judge of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and an orator 
 of distinction. His mother, Sarah A. (Warwick) Daniel, was also of 
 good Virginia descent. 
 
 At the opening of the Civil war Mr. Daniel, then in his nine- 
 teenth year, was still at his studies in Doctor Gessner Harrison's 
 university school in Albemarle county, Virginia. He had previously 
 passed through the Sophomore class of Lynchburg college (classical 
 and military) and had been color sergeant of its corps of cadets. 
 Inspired by devotion to the cause of his state, he immediately 
 dropped his books to enlist as a private in the Confederate ranks. 
 Soon after we find him serving as a second lieutenant and drill master 
 of Company C, 27th Virginia infantry in the Stonewall brigade at the 
 first battle of Bull Run and wounded twice in that engag ment. 
 In the following year, now as adjutant of the 11th Virginia infi ntry, 
 he was again wounded, this time in the fight at Boonsboro, on the 
 march to Antietam. On his recovery he was promoted major and 
 appointed adjutant of General Early's division, and in this capacity 
 he received his final and disabling wound in the sanguinary Battle of 
 the Wilderness, May 6, 1864. With his leg shattered, he fell from his 
 horse between the firing lines, where he would soon have bled to 
 death had not a soldier assisted him, bandaging his leg with his sash. 
 This most serious wound ended his military career and left him 
 crippled for life. 
 
 After the war he chose the law as his profession, and while 
 recovering from his wound, he took up a course of legal study at the 
 University of Virginia, and in due time was admitted to the bar and 
 entered upon practice at Lynchburg, in association with his father, 
 
272 JOHN WARWICK DANIEL 
 
 who had now retired from the bench. In adopting this profession 
 the young soldier was following the traditions of the family, his 
 choice of the law being doubtless instigated by his father's judicial 
 career. He did not confine himself, however, to legal practice. An 
 able orator and an earnest Democrat, aspirations for a political career 
 early awoke in him, he became active in party movements, and his 
 admission to the bar was quickly followed by his election to the 
 Virginia house, of which he continued a member from 1867 to 1871. 
 During this term of legislative service he married Julia E. Murrell, 
 of Lynchburg, who has borne him two sons and three daughters. 
 
 In 1874 he returned to the Virginia legislature, as a member of 
 the senate, and was reelected, having served in that body for two 
 terms — covering six years. During this period he served as an elector- 
 at-large on the Tilden ticket in the presidential campaign of 1876. 
 In 1881, he received the party nomination for governor of Virginia, 
 and resigned his seat in the senate, but was defeated by W. E. 
 Cameron, the "readjuster" candidate. The defeated aspirant took 
 up again the practice of the law, continuing at Lynchburg for the 
 following five years. But his political activity did not cease; his 
 eloquent voice was often heard on the issues of the day; and in 1885 
 he became a member of the national house of representatives, and 
 in the following year he was elected to the United States senate, as 
 successor to General Mahone. He has been for eighteen years (1905) 
 a member of this distinguished body. 
 
 During his career as a national legislator, Senator Daniel has 
 shown great activity in the interests of his constituents and in support 
 of the principles of his party. While in the house, he urged the 
 abolition of the internal revenue system, advocated the free coinage 
 of silver, and, as member of the committee on Foreign Affairs sup- 
 ported the retaliatory measures proposed as an offset to Canadian 
 invasion of the right of harbor for United States fishermen. In the 
 senate he continued to demand free silver coinage; he opposed the 
 force bill, demanded tariff reform, and was urgent for all leading 
 measures of his party. He was the author of the resolution indorsing 
 the intervention of President Cleveland in defending the mail routes 
 against the Chicago rioters, and ranks among the conservative 
 members of the senate. His popularity among his constituents was 
 such that in 1892 he was reelected without a party nomination and 
 by every vote in both branches of the legislature. He was a third 
 
JOHN WARWICK DANIEL 273 
 
 time elected in 1898. As a delegate-at-large to the Democratic 
 national convention, he seconded the nomination of Hancock for the 
 presidency in 1880, and of Thurman for vice-president in 1888. In 
 1896 he served as temporary chairman of the convention. Again a 
 delegate to the Democratic national convention at Kansas City, he 
 was a member of its Platform Committee, and urged the recognition 
 of the gold standard as accomplished; and at the St. Louis Demo- 
 cratic national convention of 1904 he supported Parker and his gold 
 telegram, insisting that the issue had been determined by the people. 
 
 Senator Daniel's fine powers as an orator have long been recog- 
 nized, and he has been honored by being chosen as the orator at the 
 unveiling of the Robert E. Lee statue at Lexington, Virginia, in 1883; 
 at the dedication of the Washington monument, by invitation of 
 congress in 1885; at the memorial exercises on the death of Jefferson 
 Davis, by invitation of the legislature of Virginia, in 1890; at the 
 celebration of the Northwest Ordinance at Marietta, in 1888, and of 
 the finishing of the Capitol at Washington in 1900. At the request 
 of the city government of Worcester, Massachusetts, he recently 
 delivered an address on the character and services of Senator Hoar. 
 He is the advocate of peace and good will, and he delivered an address 
 in Brooklyn, New York, upon the invitation of Grant Post and the 
 Union League, on "The Return of the Flags" to the South. The 
 honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the Washington 
 and Lee university in 1883, and by the University of Michigan in 
 1887. He is the author of two law books of importance: "Attach- 
 ments Under the Code of Virginia," and " Negotiable Instruments." 
 The latter has passed through five editions and has been largely 
 quoted in English and American courts. 
 
 He diligently keeps up his law practice, and often appears in 
 important cases in the Superior and Appellate courts. 
 
CHARLES HIAL DARLING 
 
 DARLING, CHARLES HIAL, assistant secretary of the navy 
 under President Roosevelt. Mr. Darling is a native of 
 Woodstock, Windsor county, Vermont, where he was born 
 May 9, 1859, the son of Jason L. Darling and Ellen L. (Paul) Darling. 
 His earliest ancestor in America was Dennis Darling, who settled in 
 Braintree, Massachusetts, before 1662. Jason L. Darling, a town 
 official of Woodstock, was variously engaged as teacher and farmer, 
 and his son's earliest occupation was as a boy worker on the farm. 
 He was given good opportunities to acquire an education, however, 
 preparing for college at Woodstock academy and Montpelier semi- 
 nary, and entering Tufts college in 1880. He was graduated A.B. in 
 1884, and in later life he received from his alma mater the honorary 
 degree of LL.D. (1903). Mr. Darling's choice of a profession was the 
 law; and after the requisite course of study he was admitted (in 1886) 
 to the bar of Maine and of Vermont. Opening an office in Benning- 
 ton, Vermont, he engaged successfully in the practice of the law, his 
 ability in his profession soon leading to his election as municipal 
 judge, a position which he filled with credit for fifteen years. He 
 was president of the Vermont Bar Association, 1899-1900. A 
 Republican in political faith, he was made president of the village of 
 Bennington in 1896, was elected to the General Assembly of Vermont 
 in 1896 and in 1898, and in 1901 he was selected by President Roose- 
 velt for the position of assistant secretary of the navy, an important 
 administrative post which had been filled by Roosevelt himself, four 
 years before. He entered upon his duties December 17, 1901, and 
 still holds this position. Mr. Darling married Agnes Christmas 
 Norton on December 6, 1889, and has a family of three children. He 
 is a Freemason and served for three years as Master of St. Anthony 
 lodge, Vermont. In 1904 he was made president of the Grand Chap- 
 ter of the Zeta Psi fraternity. 
 
JEROME DAUGHERTY 
 
 DAUGHERTY, JEROME, educator, president of Georgetown 
 university, Washington, District of Columbia, is a native of 
 Maryland, and was born in Baltimore, March 25, 1849. 
 His father was James M. Daugherty, a printer of that city, and his 
 mother was Rose A. Wivel, a descendant of Valentine Wivel, or 
 Weivel, the earliest progenitor of the family in America. His mother 
 exerted a strong influence over his boyhood life, both educationally 
 and morally, and though left to his own choice in the matter of a 
 vocation, this home influence was a large factor in the final deter- 
 mination. 
 
 He was brought up and passed his early life entirely in a city 
 atmosphere. He attended St. Vincent's parish school, Baltimore, 
 from 1858 to 1863, and then entered the preparatory department of 
 Loyola college, in the same city, where he spent two additional years. 
 Having early decided to enter the priesthood of the Catholic church, 
 he joined the ranks of the Society of Jesus of that church, spending 
 the years 1865 to 1869 at Frederick, Maryland, and pursuing a course 
 of professional study, in Woodstock college, Woodstock, Maryland. 
 Ordained to the priesthood of the church, his career has been that of 
 a teacher — chiefly of the ancient languages and mathematics. In 
 1872 he was appointed on the faculty of Georgetown college. Sub- 
 sequently he was professor of Latin and Greek in Boston college, 
 Boston, Massachusetts, and in St. Francis Xavier college, New York. 
 During his professional experience Father Daugherty evinced unusual 
 administrative and executive ability, in addition to his qualifications 
 as a linguistic scholar; and from July, 1901, to 1905, he was president 
 of Georgetown university. This institution has been, therefore, 
 closely associated with his earliest experiences as a teacher and his 
 most mature services as an educator. Denied robustness of health, 
 he has nevertheless exhibited marked zeal and praiseworthy per- 
 sistence in behalf of religious and secular education. He is of firm 
 and positive, though gentle nature, a sympathetic instructor and 
 guide of young men, a man of civic pride and moral enthusiasm, and 
 must be ranked among the notable educators of his church. 
 
ARTHUR POWELL DAVIS 
 
 DAVIS, ARTHUR POWELL, civil engineer, was born in 
 Decatur, Illinois, February 9, 1861. His parents were John 
 and Martha P. Davis. His father was a farmer and editor, 
 was prominent in the antislavery movement, and from 1891 to 1895 
 was a member of congress. 
 
 Arthur Powell Davis was graduated from the Kansas state 
 normal school, and after working for some years took a course in 
 engineering in the Columbian university, from which institution he 
 was graduated in 1888. He commenced the active work of his pro- 
 fession in 1882, as assistant topographer of the United States Geologi- 
 cal Survey; he was promoted topographer, 1884, hydrographer, 1894, 
 and engineer in 1902. He has served as chief hydrographer to both 
 of the Isthmian canal commissions, and at this writing is assistant 
 chief engineer of the government work of reclaiming arid lands. 
 
 In his childhood and youth he had good health, spending most of 
 his time in the country. He had plenty of hard work, and overcame 
 many difficulties in acquiring an education. He was married to 
 Elizabeth P. Brown, June 20, 1888. They have had five children, 
 four of whom are living in 1904. Mr. Davis is a member of the Alpha 
 Tau Omega Fraternity, and of the Cosmos club of Washington. The 
 limited time which he has for relaxation is given to reading, mainly 
 in the line of engineering. He is the author of " Water Storage on 
 Gila River," "Water Storage on Salt River," "Hydrography of 
 Nicaragua," "Hydrography of the American Isthmus" and "Eleva- 
 tion and Stadia Tables," "Comparison of Nicaragua and Panama 
 Routes," and of many scientific articles in papers and magazines. 
 He favors free trade, and advocates the principle of a "single 
 tax " on land values. His choice of a profession was determined in 
 part by personal preference and in part by circumstances. In youth 
 he was fond of history, but in later years he has found technical 
 engineering works the most helpful reading. To the influence of his 
 mother he traces his first strong impulse to strive for success. He 
 would advise young men in all lines of business or in professional life 
 to guard against a "lack of system and thoroughness." 
 
GEORGE WHITEFIELD DAVIS 
 
 DAVIS, GEORGE WHITEFIELD, soldier in the United States 
 volunteer army in the Civil war, 1861-65, receiving pro- 
 motion from sergeant to major, U. S. V.; in the United 
 States regular army, 1865-1905; receiving promotion from captain 
 to major-general, U. S. A.; and in the United States volunteer army 
 in the Spanish-American war, 1898-1900 with the rank of brigadier- 
 general and major-general, U. S. V.; was born in Thompson, Wind- 
 ham county, Connecticut, July 26, 1839. His father, Deacon George 
 Davis was a farmer, an antislavery man noted for industry and per- 
 sistence; and his mother, Elizabeth Grow, was the daughter of the 
 Reverend James and Elizabeth Edmunds Grow and a woman of 
 much intellectual force. His first paternal ancestor in America, 
 Robert Davis, came to Providence Plantations about 1670; and his 
 maternal ancestor, John Grow, to Ipswich, Massachusetts Bay colony, 
 1664. 
 
 George W. Davis assisted his father in the farm work, attended 
 the district school winters, and studied at home nights. When 
 eighteen years old he began to teach a district school, following that 
 vocation for three winters and continuing to work in the summer for 
 his father. He attended the Nichols academy, Dudley, Massa- 
 chusetts, two fall terms, and the Connecticut normal school, New 
 Britain, one term; but he was not graduated. In 1860 he was a tutor 
 in a family in southern Georgia. When the Civil war broke out, he 
 left Savannah in September, 1861, and after a long and difficult 
 journey through Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky, then the scene 
 of active military operations, he reached home. While in Atlanta 
 he was arrested as a Northern spy and he secured his release through 
 the good offices of a fellow traveler, General John E. Ward, United 
 States Minister to China, who was himself making his way to Canada 
 to join his family in Italy. Mr. Ward was a law partner of the mayor 
 of Savannah with a pass from the Mayor and he vouched for his fellow 
 traveler. Young Davis enlisted in the 11th Connecticut volunteer 
 infantry, was made quartermaster's sergeant, and accompanied his 
 
278 GEORGE WHITEFIELD DAVIS 
 
 regiment to North Carolina in Burnside's expedition. He took part 
 in the Battle of New Berne, March 14, 1862, and was promoted first 
 lieutenant of his company, and was at South Mountain and Antie- 
 tam. Lieutenant Davis remained with the Army of the Potomac to 
 the close of the war holding important staff positions, witnessing the 
 surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House. He served as chief 
 quartermaster of a division and accompanied the twenty-fifth army 
 corps, General Weitzel, to Texas, when war was threatened on the 
 Mexican border. He was honorably discharged from the volunteer 
 service, 1866; was commissioned captain, 14th United States infantry, 
 early in 1867 and was ordered to Arizona, subsequently serving in 
 Dakota, Nebraska, Utah and Texas, acting principally as engineer 
 in the erection of military posts and army buildings. In 1876 he 
 was appointed chief assistant to General Casey and helped to plan 
 and execute the completion of the long unfinished Washington monu- 
 ment without taking down the portion built years before on an inse- 
 cure foundation. He was assigned to the staff of Lieutenant-General 
 Philip H. Sheridan as aide and soon after was made instructor of 
 engineering at the United States military school at Fort Leavenworth, 
 Kansas. In 1890 by special act of congress he was granted indefinite 
 leave of absence with permission to accept the general management 
 of the Nicaraguan Canal Company, of which corporation he became 
 vice-president. When financial difficulties caused the company to 
 abandon its work in 1893, Major Davis was ordered to special duty 
 in the war department at Washington. In 1895 he was appointed 
 president of the board of publication of the " Rebellion Records " and 
 in 1896 was the war department official in charge of the reception 
 given by the government to Li Hung Chang on the occasion of his 
 visit to the United States. He was promoted major, United States 
 army, in 1897, and lieutenant-colonel in 1898. 
 
 At the beginning of the war with Spain he mustered into service 
 the volunteer troops at New York and was appointed brigadier- 
 general of volunteers and placed in command of Division A in the 
 Second army corps which he organized at Camp Alger. In Novem- 
 ber, 189S, he was sent to Cuba as acting military governor of the 
 province of Piner del Rio, and in January, 1899, he was made depart- 
 ment commander. In May, 1899, he was assigned by President 
 McKinley to the command of the Department of Porto Rico, becom- 
 ing the military governor of the island. He received promotion to 
 
GEORGE WHITEFIELD DAVIS 279 
 
 colonel of the 23d U. S. infantry, October 19, 1899. He transferred 
 his civil functions to the government May 1, 1900, and upon the 
 discontinuance of the Department of Porto Rico the body politic 
 became operative as The People of Porto Rico. He was transferred 
 to the war department and thence to the Philippine Islands as 
 inspector-general of the army, January, 1901. He was appointed 
 brigadier-general U. S. A., in February, 1901, and commanded the 
 city of Manila and the troops serving therein. He drafted a law for 
 the civil government of the city at the request of the Philippine 
 Commission, and the measure with some changes was adopted and 
 went into effect August, 1901. He was then sent to the Moro country 
 to suppress the insurgents, and by April, 1902, had broken the rebel- 
 lion and established a military government. In July, 1902, he was 
 appointed major-general, U. S. A. ; and in August he assumed com- 
 mand of the military district of Luzon. On October 1, 1902, he was 
 placed in command of the Division of the Philippines. He estab- 
 lished order on the islands and assisted the civil government. Early 
 in 1903 he suppressed an outbreak near Lake Lanao by capturing all 
 the Moro forts; and he constructed good roads between remote posts 
 and Manila. 
 
 General Davis was retired July 26, 1903, by operation of law. 
 On March 3, 1904, he was appointed a member of the Isthmian Canal 
 Commission. He was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal 
 Legion and of the Metropolitan club of Washington, District of 
 Columbia. He was married April 30, 1870, to Carmen Atocha. His 
 army life has kept him entirely out of politics and he has never voted 
 at any political elections. His most profitable reading has been 
 history, engineering and political economy, and he took up building 
 and engineering "from a desire to do things." The influences that 
 shaped his course in life began in his home by the precepts and exam- 
 ple of his parents and received strength by his association with men 
 of affairs and by his own determination not to be an idler. His 
 advice to young men is, "Do as you would be done by and never 
 cease doing"; "persistent plodding industry has done more for me 
 than all else." His published works consist of "Reports" on the 
 economical and industrial conditions of the islands over which he 
 was governor from 1898 to 1903, nine in number, published by the 
 war department. 
 
HENRY EDGAR DAVIS 
 
 DAVIS, HENRY EDGAR, lawyer, was born in Washington, 
 District of Columbia, March 15, 1855. His parents were 
 Henry S. Davis, of Charles county, Maryland, and Mary E. 
 (Gait) Davis, a native of Alexandria, Virginia. He prepared for 
 college at the Everett and Emerson institutes, of Washington, and 
 entered Princeton college, New Jersey, in 1872, graduating with the 
 degree of A.B. in 1876. He studied at the Harvard law school, in 
 1876-77, and subsequently entered the law department of Columbian 
 university, Washington, District of Columbia, from which he was 
 graduated LL.B., in 1878, receiving the degree of LL.M., in 1879. 
 While in Princeton he distinguished himself, both in his studies and 
 in oratory, and was one of the honor men of his class. In 1879 he 
 was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of 
 Columbia, to the Court of Appeals of Maryland, to the Supreme Court 
 of Appeals of Virginia, and to the United States Court of Claims. 
 He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States in October, 1882. 
 
 Mr. Davis made rapid strides in his profession, and is regarded as 
 one of the leading lawyers at the national capital. From July 1, 
 1885, to November 1, 1889, he was assistant attorney for the District 
 of Columbia, and from 1897 to 1899 he was United States attorney. 
 He held the chair of Common Law Practice and History of Law at 
 Columbian university from 1888 to 1897, and is at present professor 
 of Evidence, Pleading and Mercantile Law, and lectures on the history 
 of the law in the National university law school, of Washington. 
 
 Mr. Davis is a Democrat in politics, but has held himself aloof 
 from all official allurements which would interfere with his profes- 
 sional career. He was a delegate to the Democratic national con- 
 vention, in 1892. He is a member of the Metropolitan, University, 
 Columbia, and other clubs of Washington. He received the honor- 
 ary degree of LL.D. from the National university, of Washington, 
 District of Columbia, in 1898. 
 
HENRY EDGAR DAVIS 281 
 
 Mr. Davis married, January 17, 1882, Miss Harriet W. Riddle, 
 daughter of Honorable A. G. Riddle, former representative in con- 
 gress, from Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
JOHN CHANDLER BANCROFT DAVIS 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN CHANDLER BANCROFT, LL.D., diplomat, 
 was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, December 29, 1822. 
 His parents were John and Eliza (Bancroft) Davis. His 
 father was a leading lawyer, who served for four terms as governor of 
 Massachusetts, was a member of the United States house of repre- 
 sentatives six terms, and of the United States senate three terms; 
 and his mother was a sister of the eminent historian, George Bancroft. 
 He studied in the public schools of his native city, was graduated 
 from Harvard college in 1840, studied law, and in 1844 commenced 
 the active practice of his profession in which he continued until 1849, 
 when he went to London to become secretary of the United States 
 legation, to which position he was appointed by President Taylor; 
 and he held this position until 1852 when he resigned and returned 
 to this country. He practised law in New York for several years; 
 but impaired health caused him to spend two years in Southern 
 Europe. Upon his return he located at Newburgh, New York. In 
 1869 he was elected a member of the state legislature, but before the 
 expiration of his term he resigned in order to accept an appointment 
 by President Grant as assistant secretary of state. While holding 
 this office he was arbitrator in the controversy regarding the territory 
 in Africa which was claimed adversely by the governments of Great 
 Britain and of Portugal; and he served as the American secretary of 
 the Joint High Commission in its consideration of matters in dispute 
 between this country and Great Britain growing out of the Alabama 
 claims. He resigned his position as assistant secretary of state in 
 order to prepare and manage the case of the United States before the 
 tribunal at Geneva by which the award for the "Alabama Claims" 
 was made. Returning to this country he was again appointed assist- 
 ant secretary of state. Seven months later he was appointed 
 minister to Germany, which position he held from 1874 to 1877. He 
 was a judge of the United States Court of Claims, 1878-82, and in the 
 year last named resigned, at the personal solicitation of President 
 Arthur, to become assistant secretary of state, in which capacity he 
 
JOHN CHANDLER BANCROFT DAVIS 283 
 
 served for six months, when he was again appointed judge of the court 
 of claims. In November, 1883, he became reporter of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, which position he has held continuously 
 since that time. For several years he was the American cor- 
 respondent of the London "Times"; and he has written various 
 articles for foreign reviews. Besides many volumes of Supreme 
 Court Reports he has written " The Case of the United States Before 
 the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva"; "Treaties of the United 
 States, With Notes," and " Mr. Fish and the Alabama Claims." 
 
 He was married to Frederica Gore King, a granddaughter of one 
 of the framers of the Constitution of the United States, November 
 19, 1857. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1887, by 
 Columbia college. 
 
LEWIS JOHNSON DAVIS 
 
 AVIS, LEWIS JOHNSON, banker, financier, was born in 
 Washington, District of Columbia, July 21, 1834. He is a 
 son of George Madison and Georgeanna Davis, the former 
 of whom was for more than a quarter of a century connected with the 
 bank of the Metropolis, of Washington. Up to the age of fourteen 
 he attended public schools, and the private school of Arnold and 
 Girault. In December, 1848, he entered business life, beginning in 
 the employ of R. W. Lathorm & Co., with whom he continued until 
 September, 1850. His health was not robust at this period, and he 
 repaired to Belair, Maryland, where he took up some studies under 
 Doctor Edwin Arnold. Subsequently he returned to Washington 
 and accepted a position in the Washington City Savings Bank, with 
 which his grandfather, Lewis Johnson, was then prominently identi- 
 fied. 
 
 In 1858, after the dissolution of the savings bank, the private 
 banking firm of Lewis Johnson & Company was founded and Mr. 
 Davis became one of the partners. From this time onward he has 
 been closely and honorably identified with the financial life of 
 Washington city, and on the death of Lewis Johnson, in 1872, he 
 became the senior member of the firm, which relation he sustained 
 until he retired from business in May, 1904. Since 1883 he has been 
 a member of the Washington Stock Exchange, and, in 1896, was its 
 president. In 1871, under the act of the legislative assembly of that 
 time, he was made a member, and later president of the sinking fund 
 commission of the District of Columbia, and in that capacity he 
 disbursed many millions of dollars for municipal improvements and 
 other governmental purposes. He was the prime mover in the 
 legislation of 1878 by which congress assumed one-half of the ex- 
 penses of the District. 
 
 During the period of the Civil war Mr. Davis exhibited strong 
 Union sympathies, and has since been Republican, "in sympathy, 
 although without a vote." He is characterized by a commendable 
 public spirit, a charitable disposition, and an unselfish devotion to 
 
LEWIS JOHNSON DAVIS 285 
 
 worthy reforms. He was one of the founders of the Children's 
 hospital, and, at one time, was vice-president of the Garfield hospital 
 — two of Washington's most noted philanthropies. He is a senior 
 warden of the Church of the Epiphany, of Washington. He also 
 holds membership in the following organizations: Chevy Chase club; 
 Metropolitan club; the Archaeological Society; American Historical 
 Society; as a Director of the Columbia Institute for the Deaf and 
 Dumb; Columbian Historical Society; Sons of the Revolution; and 
 the St. Nicholas Society, of New York. 
 
 On October 12, 1854, Mr. Davis married Miss Margaret Jane 
 Keller, daughter of Charles M. and Mary Knowles Keller, of New York 
 city. 
 
HENRY LEWIS REGINALD DE KOVEN 
 
 DE KOVEN, HENRY LEWIS REGINALD, son of a Protes- 
 tant Episcopal clergyman and educator; graduate of Oxford, 
 England, a student of music in Stuttgart and Frankfort, 
 Germany, in Vienna, Austria, and Florence, Italy, and composer of 
 popular operas and musical plays and of songs and miscellaneous 
 work for the piano and orchestra; was born in Middletown, Connecti- 
 cut, April 3, 186 1. His father, the Reverend Doctor Henry de Koven, 
 was a clergyman and professor of homiletics at Berkeley divinity 
 school, Middletown, Connecticut, a man of culture and refinement. 
 His mother, Charlotte Rutgers (Le Roy) de Koven, was descended 
 from Knickerbocker families prominent in the early history of New 
 York. His grandfather, Henry Lewis de Koven, married Margaret 
 Lebor, and his great grandfather, John de Koven of Connecticut, was 
 descended from Captain de Koven of the British army who came to 
 New England and married the granddaughter of Governor John 
 Winthrop, royal governor of Massachusetts. He is also a descendant 
 of the royal governors, Dudley and Saltonstall, and of Thomas Otis. 
 
 He was educated by his father, and was prepared for college at 
 twelve years of age. He was graduated, A.B., at Oxford university, 
 England, in 1881; and he studied at Stuttgart in 1882. He was 
 assistant teller in the National Bank of America, Chicago, Illinois 
 1882; and was in business in that city until 1889. 
 
 His musical education was obtained by study of music under 
 William Speidel at Stuttgart; of harmony and counterpoint with 
 Doctor Huff at Frankfort; vocal music under Signor Vanna Cinni at 
 Florence, Italy, and orchestration under Richard Genee of Vienna. 
 He became musical critic on the "Evening Post" in 1889, on the 
 "New York World" and "Harper's Weekly" in 1891 and on the 
 "New York Journal," 1898. He became a musical composer against 
 the washes of his parents, but led by an ambition arising from strong 
 natural aptitude. Pri/ate study with the guiding influence of his 
 home were the greatest factors in securing success in his profession. 
 He found the best helps in his life-work to be the essays of Edgar 
 Allan Poe, the literary works of Wagner and Berlioz, and the musical 
 
HENRY LEWIS REGINALD DE KOVEN 287 
 
 treatises of Gevaert. He found the necessity of making a living 
 inimical to the best artistic results; but "one must always attempt 
 the best in one," and this he has always tried to do. He says to 
 young Americans for their encouragement in striving for success, that 
 accomplishment comes from following out high ideals, in a truly 
 national spirit. 
 
 He received the degree of Mus. Doc. from Racine college in 1888; 
 founded the "Rambler" and "America," weekly papers in Chicago; 
 founded the Washington Symphony orchestra; was elected a member 
 of the National Institute of Arts and Letters; was president of the 
 Manuscript society, New York city, 1898-99; produced twenty-two 
 operas and musical plays and two hundred and seventy-five songs 
 and miscellaneous work for piano and orchestra. He was made a 
 member of the Chicago club, Chicago, Illinois; Tavern club, Boston, 
 Massachusetts; Union, Knickerbocker, Lambs, Strollers, Greenroom 
 clubs, New York city; Metropolitan, Country, Chevy Chase and 
 Iroquois clubs, Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
 He was baptized and confirmed in the Protestant Episcopal 
 church. He was married May 1, 1884, to Anna, daughter of Senator 
 Charles B. Farwell of Chicago, Illinois, and they have one child. 
 His operas have helped to elevate and dignify the stage both in 
 America and Europe, and his songs have enlivened and brought 
 happiness to thousands of American homes, while their words have 
 been translated and sung in many European homes to his inspiring 
 music. His first opera, "Cupid, Hymen &'Co.," was written in 1881, 
 but was not produced; "The Begum," brought out in Philadelphia in 
 1887, was a marked success; "Don Quixote" was staged by the 
 Bostonians in 1889; "Robin Hood" (1890) attained the highest 
 degree of popularity both in America and in England. These were 
 followed by "The Fencing Master"; "Rob Roy"; "The Knicker- 
 bockers"; "The Tzigane"; "The Mandarin"; "The Highwayman"; 
 " The Three Dragoons " ; " Papa's Wife " ; " Foxy Quiller." His songs 
 include: "King Witloff's Drinking Song"; "Marjory Daw"; "My 
 Love Will Come Today"; "0 Promise Me"; "A Winter Lullaby"; 
 "Indian Love Song." He published, in 1896, a collection of twenty 
 of "Eugene Field's Lyrics Set to Music by American Composers," 
 and furnished the music for nine in the collection. His wife is the 
 author of "Translation of an Iceland Fisherman" (1889); "A Saw- 
 Dust Doll" (1894); and "By the Waters of Babylon" (1901). 
 
CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW 
 
 DEPEW, CHAUNCEY MITCHELL, United States senator, 
 railway president, capitalist and popular orator, is one of 
 the best known citizens of the United States. His excellent 
 business judgment, his power of application, his adaptability, his 
 geniality and goodness of heart, which make him quick to see " the 
 other man's point of view," and his poise of character, have given him 
 a place peculiarly his own in the heart of the American people. Ele- 
 ments of strength mingled in his ancestry. On his mother's side 
 he is of the best New England stock. Roger Sherman, one of the 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence, was a granduncle of his 
 mother, Mrs. Martha Mitchell Depew, daughter of Chauncey R. 
 Mitchell. The family of his father was of French extraction and was 
 among those Huguenots who fled to America on the revocation of the 
 Edict of Nantes, 1685. The Depews settled first in New Rochelle, 
 Westchester county, New York, to which they gave its name. Later, 
 they removed to Peekskill on the Hudson. Here they acquired 
 property, and here was built the homestead, now over two hundred 
 years old, in which Chauncey Depew was born, April 23, 1834. By 
 his efforts in after years, he secured as his own this early home, which 
 is set in a landscape of remarkable beauty. 
 
 His home-life was of a kind not rare in America, in which lofty 
 ideals are worked out in daily practice and in which the children of 
 the family acquire habits of industry and economy, firm principles, 
 and self-respect. The social and religious atmosphere of his early life 
 fostered his natural characteristics and have been a force in enabling 
 him to make his way in the world. As a boy, he is said by those who 
 knew him to have been exceptionally sedate, courteous and fond of 
 books, yet fond of sports, too, athletic and vigorous. In 1856 he 
 was graduated from Yale college with distinguished honors, and 
 entered at once on the study of law with Honorable William Nelson, 
 in his native place. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, already 
 giving promise of a fine legal mind. 
 
CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW 289 
 
 His political interest in the affairs of our country began at about 
 the time of the formation of the Republican party. He was a dele- 
 gate to the Republican state convention in 1858. During the famous 
 " Lincoln Campaign " he took the stump. His speeches, not only in 
 the Hudson river districts but throughout the state of New York, 
 were received with enthusiasm and he began to win his reputation 
 as a speaker. His efforts were of great value to the party. His 
 inherited love of liberty, and hatred of oppression in every form, gives 
 him courage to champion the cause which his judgment tells him is 
 just. He was nominated in 1860 to the state legislature and was 
 elected. When reelected two years later, he was made chairman of 
 the Ways and Means Committee, a testimony to his discernment and 
 executive ability. The next state convention made him the Repub- 
 lican candidate for secretary of state. His physical strength stood 
 him in good stead during this exhausting campaign, in which he spoke 
 every day for nearly two months, coming out of the ordeal unin- 
 jured. He was elected by thirty thousand majority. 
 
 After the death of President Lincoln in 1865, he was appointed 
 by President Johnson, collector of the Port of New York. But this 
 appointment for political reasons was withdrawn. An appointment 
 as Minister to Japan was then given him, and there were strong rea- 
 sons in favor of his accepting the position; but after weighing the 
 matter he returned the commission. 
 
 This refusal to enter the diplomatic service was a turning point 
 in his life. He reasoned thus : " If I go to Japan, my career must be a 
 political one. I have a fair practice and a good acquaintance. 
 Commodore Vanderbilt has offered me the attorneyship of the New 
 York and Harlem R. R. If the corporation grows, I grow with it. 
 If I want then to go to the senate or to get a foreign mission, when I 
 am old, I can get it. So I made my decision, and I have never re- 
 gretted it." He accepted Mr. Vanderbilt's offer. In this attorney- 
 ship his talents were fully employed and were strengthened by the 
 administrative work which fell to his share. The elder Vanderbilt 
 was the first to detect in the young man that shrewdness and finesse 
 which was needed in the growing railway interests. "You had 
 better come with us; there is no money in politics," said Mr. Vander- 
 bilt. Mr. Depew rose with rapidity in this new career as a result of 
 his probity and keen sagacity. His acumen, his diplomatic general- 
 ship and his power to coordinate details have not been so frequently 
 
290 CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW 
 
 recognized as have his geniality, fluency, and affability. But they 
 are no less remarkable. Accepting this position in 1866, he held it 
 until the consolidation of the New York Central and the New York 
 and Harlem took place in 1869, when he was appointed attorney for 
 the new corporation. New questions arose. Every mile of track 
 was examined. Bridges, depots, engines — the whole system was 
 renewed and increased. Endless details, in the work of consolidating 
 many little railroads into one great system called for thorough legal 
 knowledge, constant activity, and sound judgment on the part of 
 Mr. Depew. To meet all adverse counsel he had to be conversant 
 with a multitude of affairs which involved practical acquaintance 
 with technical railway management as well as with the theory and 
 the practice of law. 
 
 In 1876 he had become general counsel for the Lake Shore and 
 Michigan Southern, Michigan Central, Chicago and Northwestern, 
 St. Paul and Omaha, West Shore, Nickel Plate and New York Central 
 and Hudson River roads, and was a director in each. In this com- 
 bination, containing so many diverse interests, such strong compe- 
 tition, and composed of so many positive and sometimes arbitrary 
 men, Mr. Depew's capacity to see the just balance of equity in these 
 complicated interests became preeminent, and his cordial good will 
 and power to get things done without friction came into remarkable 
 play. His administrative powers matured in their constant exercise. 
 
 In 1872 he was nominated for lieutenant-governor on the ticket 
 headed by Greely, but was defeated. In 1874 he was made a regent 
 of the University of New York and his fidelity and ability were con- 
 spicuous in the discharge of these educational duties. Holding that 
 every citizen should give freely such civic service as he is qualified to 
 render, Mr. Depew accepted arduous civic positions when they were 
 urged upon him. He was appointed a member of the commission in 
 charge of the new State Capitol at Albany, and served also on a com- 
 mission of quarantine; he was president of the New York Court of 
 Claims, and commissioner of Immigration and of Taxes and Assess- 
 ments in New York city. 
 
 After the death of Commodore Vanderbilt, Mr. Depew continued 
 to hold his position under Mr. William H. Vanderbilt who took his 
 father's place as president. When Mr. Rutter, who followed Mr. 
 W. H. Vanderbilt in the presidency, died, Mr. Depew was elected at 
 once president of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. 
 
CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW 291 
 
 In 1881, he was a candidate before the Republican caucus of the 
 state legislature for United States senator, to succeed Thomas C. 
 Piatt. But he withdrew his name on account of the exigencies of the 
 situation which followed the assassination of President Garfield. In 
 1898, he resigned the railroad presidency to become chairman of the 
 Board of Directors of the whole Vanderbilt System. 
 
 In the Republican national convention of 1888 he was a promi- 
 nent candidate for nomination for the presidency of the United States. 
 He was offered the position of secretary of state by President Harri- 
 son, but he declined. In 1899 he filled the unexpired term of Edward 
 Murphy, Jr., in the United States senate, for two months; and in 1899 
 he was elected United States senator. 
 
 He was a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce; a 
 director of the Union Trust Company; the Western Union Telegraph 
 Company; the Equitable Life; of St. Luke's hospital; and of many 
 clubs and societies. 
 
 From his youth Mr. Depew has exhibited remarkable powers of 
 a social nature. He has the gift of meeting people with perfect ease 
 and making them pleased with themselves and with him. This is 
 the result of his genuine kindness of heart and his good will to all. 
 His original capacities have been developed and confirmed by 
 numberless lines of work which have demanded severe thought 
 and study. For the employes on all railroad lines he has shown 
 great fairness of spirit. Boycotts and strikes are unknown on his 
 roads. 
 
 To the American people he is best known for his versatile 
 talents as an orator and after-dinner speaker. Seemingly with- 
 out effort, and apparently unconscious of the effect he produces, 
 the humor, felicity and wisdom of his speeches make them 
 remarkable. By his innate sense of humor, not simply by funny 
 stories, his audiences are carried with him. His speeches do 
 not deeply affect the heart, nor could we expect dramatic pathos 
 from one whose outlook on life is always optimistic and cheerful; 
 but he "speaks right on, expressing plain common sense, exposing 
 shams, making pretence ridiculous. He is terse and clear." It has 
 also been said that "no one can love him for the enemies he has 
 made, for he has made none." Of his methods he says himself: " My 
 first preparation is to read one of Macaulay's essays. It matters 
 little which one. It rehabilitates me and clothes my soul in a more 
 
292 CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW 
 
 intellectual and critical garb." Leaving his office at 4 P. M., he has 
 an hour and a half before dinner in which to prepare; and he says, " I 
 have dictated over a hundred speeches to reporters, under street 
 lamps and while guests were assembling in the lecture hall." 
 
 He was married November 9, 1871, to Elsie, daughter of William 
 A. P. Hegeman. She died May 7, 1896. They had one son, who is 
 living in 1904. In 1887 Yale conferred on him the degree of LL.D.; 
 and he was elected a Fellow, June 26, 1888. His most notable 
 addresses were on the unveiling of the statue of Alexander 
 Hamilton; at the Centennial of the Formation of the New 
 York State Constitution; on the life and character of Garfield; at 
 the unveiling of Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty; and on the thirty- 
 second anniversary of the Y. M. C. A. at the Washington Centennial 
 Celebration, 1889. Pope Leo XIII. sent Mr. Depew a medal bearing 
 the likeness of the Pope and the papal coat of arms. 
 
 Mr. Depew's personality, his position, the work he has done in 
 the world, his peculiarly genial temperament, his well-rounded 
 equipment for his life-work — entitle him to be called a Man of Mark. 
 
 In December, 1901, he married Miss May Palmer, and since his 
 election as United States senator in 1899 his residence has been in the 
 old Corcoran mansion, Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
 ; 
 
GEORGE DEWEY 
 
 DEWEY, GEORGE, son of a physician, student at Norwich 
 military school, graduate of the United States naval acad- 
 emy, serving in the United States navy from acting midship- 
 man 1854 to admiral 1899, distinguished himself at New Orleans and 
 Port Hudson, Louisiana, 1862 and 1863, and at Manila Bay, May 1, 
 1898, where he fought the naval battle which gave the United 
 States the Philippines. Born in Montpelier, Vermont, December 26, 
 1837, his father, Julius Yeamans Dewey, University of Vermont 
 M.D., 1824, was a practising physician and president of the National 
 Life Insurance Company of Montpelier, Vermont, 1851-71. His 
 mother was Mary (Perrin) Dewey. His first ancestor in America, 
 Thomas Dewey, emigrated from Sandwich, Kent, England, about 
 1630, became a freeman of Dorchester, Massachusetts Bay colony in 
 1364 and died in Windsor, Connecticut, April 27, 1648. His son, 
 Josiah, was a sergeant in the Colonial army. George Dewey was a 
 pupil in the public school in Montpelier, entered Norwich university, 
 Norwich, Vermont, but left in September, 1854, before graduating, 
 having been appointed from Vermont to the United States naval 
 academy, Annapolis, Maryland, where he was graduated fifth in the 
 class of 1858. He was assigned to the United States steam frigate 
 Wabash and served in the Mediterranean squadron as midshipman. 
 He returned to the United States in 1859, was advanced to passed 
 midshipman January 19, 1861, and to master February 23, 1861. 
 He was on leave of absence in 1861, when the Civil war broke out and 
 he left Montpelier for Washington on learning of the bombardment 
 of Fort Sumter, reported for duty to the secretary of the navy and 
 was promoted to lieutenant U. S. N., April 19, 1861. He was assigned 
 to the new heavy side-wheel steam frigate Mississippi, commanded 
 by Captain Thomas O. Selfridge, in the West Gulf blockading squad- 
 ron. In the Farragut-Porter expedition up the Mississippi river 
 and past Forts Jackson and St. Philip, April, 1862, the Mississippi, 
 took an important part in an attempt to run down the Confederate 
 ram Manassas after that troublesome little vessel had rammed both 
 
294 GEORGE DEWEY 
 
 the Brooklyn and the Mississippi, and drove the Manassas ashore 
 where she was deserted by her crew, set on fire by the guns of the 
 Mississippi, and blown up. When Farragut's fleet attempted to run 
 the Confederate batteries at Port Hudson, March 14, 1863, the Miss- 
 issippi, retarded by the Richmond which had become disabled, was 
 forced by the tide upon the flats and directly under the guns of a 
 Confederate battery not 100 yards distant. Lieutenant Dewey 
 spiked the guns of the Mississippi after ordering the crew and junior 
 officers to escape to the opposite shore by swimming, and with 
 Captain Smith he escaped in a small boat, leaving the Mississippi 
 in flames. ' He was transferred to the gunboat flotilla operating 
 against the Confederate batteries below Donaldsonville, Louisiana, 
 and attached to the Brooklyn; in November, 1863, he was transferred 
 to the Agawam. He was an officer on the steam frigate Colorado, 
 Commodore H. K. Thatcher, in both attacks on Fort Fisher, Decem- 
 ber 25, 1864, and January 15, 1865. On March 3, 1865, he was com- 
 missioned lieutenant commander and was at once sent to the Kear- 
 sarge, as executive officer. He served as executive officer on the Can- 
 andaigua and Colorado of the European squadron, 1867, was on duty 
 at the United States naval academy, 1867-70; and was assigned to 
 the command of the Narragansett in 1870, and of the Supply in 
 1871. He was commissioned commander, April 13, 1872, had charge 
 of the Pacific survey, while again commanding the Narragansett, 
 1872-75; was inspector of lighthouses, 1875-77; member and secre- 
 tary of the lighthouse board, 1877-82; commanded the Juniata of 
 the Asiatic squadron, 1882-84. September 27, 1884, he was pro- 
 moted to the rank of captain and assigned to the command of the 
 Dolphin of the "White Squadron," 1884-85; the Pensacola, flagship 
 of the European squadron, 1885-88; served as chief of the Bureau of 
 Equipment and Recruiting in Washington, District of Columbia, 
 1889-93, and was on the Lighthouse Board, and Examining and Retir- 
 ing Boards, 1893-95. In November, 1895, he was president of the 
 Board of Inspection and Survey, and served as such until November, 
 1897, being commissioned commodore February 28, 1896. On Novem- 
 ber 30, 1897, he was assigned to the command of the Asiatic squadron. 
 The prospect of war with Spain was the chief topic of speculation 
 at this time, and when he took command of the Asiatic squadron on 
 January 3, 1898, the importance of the appointment by the secretary 
 of the navy began to be appreciated and Commodore Dewey's fitness 
 
GEORGE DEWEY 295 
 
 for the position was discussed. The declaration of war in April, 
 1898, followed by the proclamation of neutrality by Great Britain, 
 made it necessary for the United States fleet to leave Hongkong. 
 Meantime he had received orders from the navy department, at 
 Washington, to capture and destroy the Spanish Pacific squadron 
 then in the harbor at Manila, Philippine Islands. He sailed out of 
 the harbor of Hongkong April 25, 1898, his broad pennant flying 
 from the masthead of the Olympia, followed by the Baltimore, 
 Boston, Raleigh, Concord, Petrel, revenue cutter McCulloch, collier 
 Nanshan and supply ship Zafiro. His squadron of nine vessels, 
 manned by 1,694 officers and men, reached the entrance to the 
 harbor of Manila April 30, 1898, 11.30 p. m., and crept silently up 
 the channel with apparent disregard of any obstructing torpedoes or 
 other unseen dangers, and had apparently been unobserved until the 
 greater part of the fleet had passed in safety within the bay, when a 
 shot from a Spanish shore battery announced to the Spanish fleet 
 the presence of an enemy. When it became light enough to discover 
 objects on shore, the United States squadron stood off the city of 
 Manila and at 5.15 a. m., May 1, 1898, five batteries defending the 
 city (two at Cavite and three at Manila) opened fire, followed by 
 broadsides from the Spanish fleet at anchor, composed of the Reina 
 Cristina, Castilla, Don Antonio de Ulloa, Don Juan de Austria, Isla de 
 Cuba, Isla de Luzon, General Lezo, Marques del Duero, El Correo, 
 Velasco, Isla de Mindanao, the transports Rapido and Hercules and 
 two torpedo boats, under command of Admiral Montojo. At 5.41 
 a. m., Dewey's fleet, in a line parallel to the anchored Spanish fleet, 
 steamed past it, firing as it passed. The line then counter-steamed, 
 and as each vessel came within range of an opponent they exchanged 
 broadsides. The Spanish admiral made an effort to weigh anchor 
 and steam his flagship the Reina Cristina, out of the line so as to ram 
 the Olympia. Commodore Dewey, witnessing the maneuver, directed 
 a full weight of metal from the guns of the Olympia against the Span- 
 ish flagship which forced the Spanish admiral to retire behind the 
 shelter of Cavite Point where the Reina Cristina burned and finally 
 sank, her crew escaping in her boats to shore. At 7.35 a. m., Commo- 
 dore Dewey carried his fleet out of range of the enemy's guns for 
 redistribution of ammunition, and ordered the crews to breakfast. 
 At 11.16 a. m., on attempting to renew the engagement, the Commo- 
 dore found the Spanish ships deserted and in flames, and by 12.30 
 
JONATHAN PRENTISS DOLLIVER 
 
 DOLLIVER, JONATHAN PRENTISS, son of a Methodist 
 minister in western Virginia; graduate of West Virginia 
 university, school teacher, lawyer in Fort Dodge, Iowa, 
 1878-89; representative from Iowa in the fifty-first-fifty-sixth Con- 
 gresses, 1889-1900; United States senator from Iowa since August, 
 1900; was born on a farm near Kingwood, Preston county, Virginia, 
 February 6, 1858. His father, the Reverend James J. Dolliver, son 
 of Captain Henry Dolliver of Salem, Massachusetts, was a Methodist 
 preacher. His mother, Eliza J. (Brown) Dolliver, was the daughter 
 of Robert and Anna Hawthorne Brown of Kingwood, Virginia. He 
 was brought up on his grandfather's farm. He entered the prepara- 
 tory department of West Virginia university at Morgantown. His 
 father had removed to a home near Morgantown, and the boy walked 
 the two and one-half miles to and from the college each day. He was 
 admitted to the class of 1875, graduating with honors, A.B., 1875; 
 A.M., 1878; and devoted himself to teaching school in De Kalb 
 county, Illinois, and to the study of law. He was admitted to the 
 bar at Fort Dodge, Iowa, in March, 1878, and practised in that city 
 1878-88. 
 
 In 1888 he was elected a Republican representative to the fifty- 
 first Congress from the tenth district of Iowa by a plurality of 5,368 
 votes, and was placed on the committees on Naval Affairs and War 
 Claims. He was reelected to the fifty-second Congress in 1890 by a 
 plurality of 1,311 votes, was continued on the same committees, and 
 was also placed on the committee on the Columbian exposition. He 
 was reelected in 1892 to the fifty-third Congress by a plurality of 
 4,974 votes, and was a member of the committee on Naval Affairs 
 and of Expenditures in the State Department. He was reelected in 
 1894 to the fifty-fourth Congress by a majority of 14,357, and to the 
 fifty-fifth Congress in 1896 by a plurality of 10,968, and to the fifty- 
 sixth Congress in 1898 by a plurality of 7,303, and he was a member 
 of the committee on Ways and Means, and chairman of the committee 
 on Expenditures in the Department of Justice. He resigned his seat 
 
JONATHAN PRENTISS DOLLIVER 301 
 
 in the house of representatives in August, 1900, upon being ap- 
 pointed United States senator to fill the vacancy caused by the death 
 of Senator John Henry Gear who died July 14, 1900, and he took his 
 seat in the United States senate December 3, 1900; and on January 
 21, 1902, he was elected his own successor by a majority of 94 out of 
 146 votes, his term to expire March 3, 1907. In the senate he was 
 made chairman of the committee on Pacific Railroads, and a member 
 of the committees on Agriculture and Forestry, Education and Labor, 
 Improvements of the Mississippi River, Interstate Commerce, Post 
 Office and Post Roads, and the select committee on Standards, 
 Weights and Measures. He has been from childhood affiliated with 
 the Methodist Episcopal church. He has found his chief recreation 
 in fishing. He married, November 20, 1895, Louise Pearsons; and 
 they have two children. He has received the honorary degree of 
 LL.D. from Cornell college, Iowa, and from Bethany college, Kansas. 
 
CHARLES DICK 
 
 DICK, CHARLES, United States senator from Ohio and major- 
 general of the Ohio national guard, was born in Akron, Ohio, 
 November 3, 1858. After receiving a common school edu- 
 cation, he began to earn his own livelihood as a clerk in a small store. 
 Later he found employment in a bank as bookkeeper, and was pro- 
 moted to be teller of the same institution. After leaving this bank 
 he became a grain commission merchant, and while engaged in this 
 business he was for several years interested in a newspaper and print- 
 ing establishment at Akron and Cuyahoga Falls. While actively 
 engaged in business, he found time to study law; and in 1894 he was 
 admitted to the bar in Ohio. 
 
 For a long time Senator Dick has been associated with political 
 affairs and with the national guard of his state. His first political 
 office was that of auditor for Summit county, in which position he 
 served for two terms. For several years he was a member of the 
 Republican county committee of Summit county, and was three times 
 its chairman. Although his immediate associates had long recog- 
 nized him as a party organizer of real ability, it was not until 1892 
 that he came into political prominence, as an associate of William 
 McKinley, at whose suggestion he was made chairman of the state 
 executive committee, a position which he held from 1892 to 1894 and 
 from 1899 to 1905. In every political campaign in Ohio since 1892, 
 Senator Dick has been an active worker for the Republican party. 
 In 1896 he was secretary at the Chicago headquarters of the Repub- 
 lican national committee, and from 1897 to 1900 he served as secre- 
 tary of the national committee. He was appointed to this important 
 position at the request of President McKinley, who recognized his 
 abilities as a political maneger. He was closely associated with 
 Chairman Hanna in the preliminary canvass for McKinley's nomina- 
 tion and in the campaign which followed. 
 
 In 1898 he was elected in the nineteenth Ohio district as a mem- 
 ber of the fifty-fifth Congress of the United States; and he was subse- 
 quently reelected to the fifty-sixth, fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth 
 
CHARLES DICK 299 
 
 Congresses. Upon the death of Senator Hanna, Congressman Dick 
 received the unanimous vote of the Republican members of the Ohio 
 legislature as his successor in the United States senate, for both the 
 long and short terms. His election took place March 2, 1904, and 
 his term expires March 3, 1911. He is chairman of the senate com- 
 mittee on Indian Depredations, and is a member of the committee on 
 Naval Affairs, and on Territories. 
 
 While in the house of representatives he was chairman of the 
 committee on Militia. He is author of the famous militia bill, popu- 
 larly known as the "Dick" bill. This act, which became a law in 
 January, 1903, is designed to increase the general efficiency of the 
 national guard of the country, by making it correspond as nearly as 
 possible to the standards set by the regular army, by giving it en- 
 couragement and financial support from the national government, 
 and by placing it in time of war directly under the control of the 
 president of the United States. Senator Dick has always been an 
 enthusiastic and progressive national guardsman. For many years 
 he was major and lieutenant-colonel of the 8th regiment Ohio national 
 guard ; afterward he was elected brigadier-general, and he now has the 
 rank of major-general, commanding the Ohio national guard. Dur- 
 ing the Spanish-American war he was in active service, as a lieutenant- 
 colonel of Ohio volunteers, in the Santiago campaign. 
 
 As the author of the militia bill of 1903 General Dick has enthusi- 
 astic admirers among militiamen throughout the entire country, 
 irrespective of party affiliations; and he has served as president of the 
 Inter-State National Guard Association since its organization in 1900. 
 As the former associate of President McKinley and of Senator Hanna, 
 he is looked upon not only as a leading member of the Republican 
 party in Ohio, but as a strong factor in national politics. 
 
WILLIAM FRANKLIN DRAPER 
 
 DRAPER, WILLIAM FRANKLIN, soldier, manufacturer, 
 legislator, and diplomat; private, lieutenant, captain, 
 major, colonel and brigadier-general in the Civil war; 
 representative from Massachusetts in the fifty-third and fifty-fourth 
 Congresses; manufacturer of cotton machinery; and United States 
 Ambassador to Italy; was born in Lowell, Middlesex county, Massa- 
 chusetts, April 9, 1842, son of George and Hannah (Thwing) Draper, 
 and a descendant of James Draper, the Puritan, who came from 
 England to New England in 1647, and continued the business as a 
 fuller of cloth which he had learned from his father, Thomas Draper, 
 who was a noted fuller in England about 1630. A Revolutionary 
 ancestor was Major Abijah Draper of Dedham, Massachusetts, who 
 fought in the American army under Washington. The inventive 
 genius of the family was first manifested in Ira Draper. 
 
 George Draper was a manufacturer, a man of inventive genius, 
 and of great strength of character, uncompromising on principles in 
 which he believed, a total abstainer, a Garrison abolitionist, an earnest 
 believer in protection and the founder of the Home Market club of 
 Boston. 
 
 William Franklin Draper's early education was directed to 
 preparing him for a college course at Harvard, but his father wished 
 him to become acquainted with the processes of manufacturing 
 and so part of his time was spent in machine shops and cotton 
 mills, and three years before the Civil war were given to the practical 
 study of the manufacture and operation of cotton machinery. 
 He was about to enter Harvard college when the war broke out and 
 on the ninth of August, 1861, he enlisted as private in a local volun- 
 teer company which his father had raised. It became Company B of 
 the 25th Massachusetts regiment and he was chosen second lieutenant, 
 when but little more than nineteen years old. The regiment was 
 attached to General Burnside's expedition to North Carolina and he 
 was made signal officer on Burnside's staff and as such took part 
 in the battles of Roanoke Island, New Berne and Fort Macon. Upon 
 
WILLIAM FRANKLIN DRAPER 303 
 
 receiving promotion to first lieutenant, immediately after the battle 
 and capture of Fort Macon, he returned to his regiment, and in August, 
 
 1862, was commissioned captain in the 36th Massachusetts volunteers. 
 When Burnside was ordered to join the Army of the Potomac 
 he served under him in the Antietam campaign including the battle 
 of Sharpsburg, September 16-17, and the battle of Fredericksburg, 
 December 11-15, 1862. He was with Burnside in Kentucky in 
 pursuit of General John Morgan and other guerilla troops operating 
 on the borders of Ohio. In June, 1863, he joined Grant's army in 
 front of Vicksburg, taking part in the siege and the capture of that 
 place, July 4, 1863. His regiment then joined in the march to Jack- 
 son, Mississippi, and for his services in this campaign he was appointed 
 major of the 36th Massachusetts regiment of volunteers. In August, 
 
 1863, he took part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville, and in the 
 battles of Blue Springs, Tennessee, October 10, 1863, Campbell's 
 Station, November 16, 1843, and Strawberry Plains. Colonel Goodell 
 having been wounded at the battle of Blue Springs, Major Draper 
 took command of the regiment after the tenth of October. In the 
 spring of 1864 Burnside's corps was sent to Annapolis, Maryland, and 
 joined to the Army of the Potomac. On May 6, 1864, during the 
 battle of the Wilderness, while leading his regiment in an assault on 
 a Confederate rifle pit he was shot through the body and left on the 
 field, his regiment being driven back. He was taken prisoner by the 
 Confederates, but recaptured the same day and sent to a hospital 
 in Washington. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel 
 for his bravery in this battle. He joined his regiment during the 
 siege of Petersburg, although not fully recovered from his wounds, 
 and he was given the command of a brigade during the engagement 
 on the Weldon Railroad, August 18-21, 1864, and a month later 
 commanded the brigade at Poplar Grove church. At the battle of 
 Pegrani Farm, September 30, 1864, he was wounded in the shoulder 
 and so disabled that he was soon invalided home. On the twelfth of 
 October, 1864, he was honorably discharged from the volunteer army 
 with the brevet rank of colonel and brigadier-general for "gallant 
 service during the war." 
 
 After more than three years spent in the service of his country 
 and still suffering from wounds received in that service, General 
 Draper became a partner in his father's firm of George Draper and 
 Sons, manufacturers of cotton machinery, of Hopedale, Massachu- 
 
304 WILLIAM FRANKLIN DRAPER 
 
 setts. All the members of the firm were descendants of James Draper 
 who founded a textile business in Massachusetts in 1650. General 
 Draper actively engaged in the business of the firm and after the 
 death of his father in 1887 he took the place of senior member of the 
 firm of George Draper and Sons, which was subsequently incorporated 
 as The Draper Company of which he was elected president. He 
 became connected with other manufacturing concerns, was elected 
 president of the Milford and Woonsocket Railroad, became a director 
 in various banks and in numerous other manufacturing and financial 
 institutions. He inherited the mechanical and inventive talent of 
 his ancestors and patented more than fifty different inventions for 
 use in machinery for manufacturing cotton goods, including improve- 
 ments in spindles and the famous Northrop loom. Many of his 
 inventions have been introduced in Europe and other parts of the 
 world. He served as colonel on the staff of Governor Long from 1880 
 to 1883, was a delegate to the Republican national convention of 
 1876 which nominated Rutherford B. Hayes for president and was an 
 elector-at-large from Massachusetts in 1888 on the Harrison and 
 Morton ticket. He received a large vote in the Republican state 
 convention of 1888 for the nomination for governor, and in 1889 he 
 declined the nomination for the same office, although his election 
 was practically assured. He was a representative from the eleventh 
 district of Massachusetts in the fifty-third and fifty-fourth Congresses, 
 1893-97, and served on the committees on Foreign Affairs, and 
 Patents, holding the second place on the former and the chairmanship 
 of the latter in the fifty-fourth Congress. In 1897 he was appointed 
 United States ambassador to Italy by President McKinley, which 
 position he resigned in 1900. 
 
 General Draper served, 1891-92, as president of the Home 
 Market club, the strongest and most influential protective organiza- 
 tion in New England, and second nationally to the American Pro- 
 tective Tariff League. He was elected a member and an officer of the 
 Arkwright club and the American Protective Tariff League; a com- 
 panion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United 
 States and commander of Massachusetts division, 1901-02; a comrade 
 in the Grand Army of the Republic and a member of the Sons of the 
 Revolution; the General Society of Colonial Wars; the Algonquin and 
 Union clubs of Boston, the Metropolitan and Army and Navy clubs 
 of Washington, District of Columbia, and of other social and patriotic 
 
WILLIAM FRANKLIN DRAPER 305 
 
 and political associations. In congress he urged moderate action in 
 reference to the Chinese Exclusion bill and his speech on the question 
 of the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands was adopted as a part of 
 the senate report and was reprinted repeatedly and largely circulated. 
 During his second term he took a conservative position in regard to 
 the three great questions that came before the committee on Foreign 
 Affairs, the Venezuelan, the censure of Ambassador Bayard, and the 
 position of the Government toward the inhabitants of Cuba. He 
 was the only Republican on the committee to oppose the resolution 
 censuring Ambassador Bayard; and his speech in the house in which 
 he gave his reasons for opposing his party on the question was widely 
 copied and distributed by the conservatives of both parties. On the 
 Cuban question he counselled moderation and conformity with inter- 
 national law, rather than appeals to sympathy. In the deliberations 
 of the committee on Patents and before the house he carried through 
 the revision of the patent laws which became a law on the last day of 
 the session and received the signature of President Cleveland on the 
 morning of March 4, 1897. He was also successful in passing the bill 
 affecting dramatic copyright and bills regarding injunctions and the 
 price of copies of patents. He was the permanent chairman of the 
 Republican state convention of October, 1896, and his speech before 
 the convention was used as a campaign document by the Republican 
 national committee. In September, 1862, he was married to Lydia 
 W. Joy, adopted daughter of the Honorable David Joy of Nantucket, 
 Massachusetts. There were five children; and two sons, William F. 
 Jr., and George Otis, became members of the firm of George Draper 
 and Sons. Mrs. Draper died in 1884, and on May 22, 1890, General 
 Draper married Susan, daughter of Major-General William Preston 
 of Kentucky, United States Minister to Spain under President 
 Buchanan, and a major-general in the Confederate army. His 
 church affiliation was with the Unitarian denomination. General 
 Draper received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Washington and 
 Lee university; and the King of Italy decorated him with the Grand 
 Cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice et Leagare. 
 
JOHN EATON 
 
 EATON, JOHN, teacher and supervisor of schools in Cleve- 
 land and Toledo, Ohio; chaplain and sanitary inspector 
 in the United States volunteer army; superintendent of 
 Freed men in the Mississippi valley; assistant commissioner of the 
 Freedmen's bureau; United States Commissioner of Education, 
 1870-86; president of Marietta college, 1886-91; was born in Sutton, 
 Merrimack county, New Hampshire, December 5, 1829. His father, 
 John Eaton, was a tanner and also carried on a rugged New Hamp- 
 shire farm and was noted for his strength and energy of both mind 
 and body. His mother, Janet Collins (Andrews) Eaton, influenced 
 both his intellectual and moral life and directed in a large measure 
 his youthful career. His first ancestor in America, John Eaton, 
 settled in Salisbury, Massachusetts Bay colony, in 1640; and a 
 Revolutionary ancestor was Nathaniel Eaton who commanded his 
 company at the Battle of Bunker Hill in the absence of the captain. 
 His boyhood life of hard work on the farm taught him habits 
 of industry which have continued through his active life. He 
 attended a summer school when three years old, but after his fifth 
 year his school attendance was limited to two months each winter; 
 and the books he read during his boyhood were obtained at a social 
 library eight miles from his home and he walked the distance repeat- 
 edly, urged by his mother who was anxious that he should thus 
 develop his mind and acquire a taste for reading. It was the early 
 inculcated sense of duty to others that awakened an impulse further 
 to cultivate his mind. His home, and next his companions at 
 school, influenced his early life, while his association with Grant and 
 Lincoln and surroundings incident to the Civil war were most active 
 and vigorous in shaping his work in life. He was prepared for college 
 at Thetford, Vermont, his teacher being Dr. Hiram Orcott. He was 
 graduated at Dartmouth, A.B., 1854, A.M., 1857. He was principal of 
 a grammar school, Cleveland, Ohio, 1854-56; chairman of committee 
 of Teachers' Association for Investigating Jails and Reform Schools 
 there, which resulted in the Ohio reform school; superintendent of 
 schools, Toledo, Ohio, 1856-59; commissioner of schools, Shelby 
 
JOHN EATON 307 
 
 county, Ohio, 1858-59; studied privately for the ministry, was 
 ordained by the Orange association, 1859, and attended Andover 
 theological seminary, 1860-61. 
 
 He was made chaplain of the 27th Ohio volunteers in August, 
 1861; and during his service was twice taken prisoner; he served as 
 brigade sanitary inspector; and in November, 1862, was appointed 
 by General Grant superintendent of the Negroes seeking a refuge 
 within his lines. He continued this supervision over freedmen and 
 white refugees by order of the secretary of war, his field extending 
 from Cairo to Natchez and west to Fort Smith. He was appointed 
 colonel of the 63d United States colored infantry, October, 1863. 
 He retained this position of supervisor over freedmen until appointed 
 assistant commissioner of the Freedman's bureau with jurisdiction 
 over the District of Columbia and Alexandria, Virginia, in 1865. 
 He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, 
 and was mustered out of the volunteer service, December, 1866. 
 He returned to Tennessee where he edited and published the " Mem- 
 phis Post," daily, tri-weekly and weekly, 1866-67, and in its columns 
 supported the Republican administration. He was a member of the 
 Republican state convention and of the state committee; state com- 
 missioner of immigration and state superintendent of schools for 
 Tennessee, 1867-69. 
 
 He was appointed by President Grant in 1870 commissioner of 
 the United States Bureau of Education and held the position, 1870-86. 
 In connection with this office he represented the Interior Department 
 at the Centennial exposition of 1876, where he organized the Inter- 
 national Conference on Education. He also had charge of the 
 Educational exhibit at New Orleans in 1885, and at the Paris and 
 the Vienna expositions, and was president of the National Congress 
 on Education at these expositions. He attended the International 
 Congress on Sanitation at London, England, as representative of the 
 American Bureau of Education. When General Eaton became com- 
 missioner of the Bureau of Education the appropriation was only 
 large enough to support two clerks; when he resigned in 1886, the regu- 
 lar working office force was thirty-eight besides special experts engaged 
 in investigating the sanitary conditions of schools and obtaining 
 statistical data as to health, ventilation, mental conditions of pupils, 
 and other pertinent subjects connected with the school system. 
 The library had grown to 18,000 bound volumes besides pamphlets 
 
30S JOHN EATON 
 
 of great value bearing upon the growth of colleges and other educa- 
 tional institutions which were indexed and made available for refer- 
 ence. He resigned in 1886 to accept the presidency of Marietta 
 college, and he was at the head of that institution, 1886-91. He was 
 president of the American Society of Religious Education, president 
 of the Presbytery of Athens, Ohio, one term, and president of the 
 State Synod of Ohio one term; and in 1896 became president of 
 Sheldon Jackson college, Salt Lake City, Utah. He resigned this 
 presidency in 1898, and was appointed Inspector of Education for 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 He was originally a Congregationalist, but became a Presby- 
 terian from choice. He was married September 29, 1864, to Alice 
 Eugenia, daughter.of James and Adeline (Quincy) Shirley, of Vicks- 
 burg, Mississippi, and three of their four children were living in 1904. 
 He was a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of 
 the United States, and an honorary member of various sanitary, 
 historical, scientific and educational associations; vice-president of 
 the American Association for the Advancement of Science; president 
 of the American Social Science Association by two elections; honorary 
 member of the French Ministry of Public Instruction, and a member 
 of the Japanese Society of Savants for the promotion of Education. 
 He was a trustee of Fiske university, of Howard university, of 
 Marietta college, and of the Theological seminary at Cincinnati. 
 He declined decorations offered by European governments, but 
 accepted knighthood conferred by Emperor Don Pedro in 1875. 
 He received the honorary degree of Ph.D. from Rutgers college, 
 New Jersey, in 1872, and of LL.D. from Dartmouth in 1876. He is 
 the author of reports, circulars and bulletins of the United States 
 Bureau of Education (1870-86); "History of Thetford Academy" 
 (1895); "Mormons of Today" (pamphlet, 1897) and "Reminiscences 
 of Grant, Lincoln and the Negro" (1905). In a retrospect of his 
 life General Eaton expresses himself as having generally fallen short 
 of his purposes; and he would save young men from the mistake of 
 striving to do something sensational in any field of activity, and 
 would inculcate habits of plain living and high thinking. 
 
 His life-record is filled with honorable achievement, and well 
 illustrates the possibilities of public service, which are open to any 
 American boy of high purpose, persevering energy and unflinching 
 Christian principle. 
 
JOHN JOY EDSON 
 
 EDSON, JOHN JOY, financier, president of the Washington 
 Loan and Trust Company , was born in Jefferson, Ohio, May 17, 
 1846. He received his early education in the public schools, 
 and at the outbreak of the Civil war, when but fifteen years of age, 
 he enlisted in the 61st regiment New York volunteers, and served in 
 the Army of the Potomac under General George B. McClellan and 
 General Ambrose E. Burnside. He participated in the Virginia and 
 Maryland campaigns, including the Peninsular campaign and the 
 battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg. In 1863, he was discharged 
 at Armory Square hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, and 
 soon thereafter, through Senator Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio, he 
 was appointed to a clerkship in the United States Treasury Depart- 
 ment. He remained in the departmental service for twelve years, 
 1863-75, ten of which were spent in the office of the comptroller of 
 the currency. In the meantime, he completed a course of study in 
 the law school of Columbian university, receiving the degree of LL.B. 
 in 1869. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the 
 District of Columbia in the same year. 
 
 Upon his resignation from the comptroller's office, Mr. Edson 
 formed a partnership with his brother, J. R. Edson, and, from 1875 
 to 1881, was engaged in patent practice and in a general law business. 
 During the succeeding six years he organized and managed several 
 building and loan associations, besides giving special attention to the 
 Equitable Cooperative Building Association, with which he had been 
 connected since 1879 and of which he became president in 1893. He 
 was one of the incorporators of the Washington Loan and Trust Com- 
 pany, was its first vice-president, and in 1894 was elected president. 
 He was also one of the incorporators of the Columbia National Bank. 
 Among other positions of prominence in financial circles held by Mr. 
 Edson, are the following: Director of the National Metropolitan Bank; 
 director of the Potomac Insurance Company; treasurer of the Wash- 
 ington Sanitary Improvement Company; treasurer of the George 
 Washington University; member of the Board of Charities; and for a 
 
310 JOHN JOY EDSON 
 
 number of years treasurer of the Homeopathic hospital. He has been 
 a member of the Washington Board of Trade for many years, and twice 
 has been its president. 
 
 Mr. Edson has served in many other civic capacities. He was 
 chairman of the Washington citizens' executive committee during 
 the encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic in that city in 
 1892. He served on the executive committee, and was chairman of 
 the auditing committee, at the inauguration of President Harrison, 
 in 1889, and at the inauguration of President Cleveland four years 
 later. He was treasurer of the executive committee at the first 
 inauguration of President McKinley, and chairman during his second 
 inauguration in 1901. In 1893 President Harrison tendered him the 
 position of commissioner of the District of Columbia, and, in 1901, he 
 was again offered the position by President McKinley. He is a 
 member of the Columbian Historical Society, of the Cosmos club and 
 of the National Geographic Society, all of Washington. He is a 
 man of great energy and vigor of character, marked executive ability 
 and public spirit, and belongs in the front rank of those persistent, 
 far-sighted business men who have grown up with the expanding 
 interests of the nation's capital and have helped to shape the life and 
 the ideals of Washington. 
 
CLARENCE RANSOM EDWARDS 
 
 EDWARDS, CLARENCE RANSOM, officer in the United 
 States army from cadet to colonel; adjutant-general and 
 chief of staff 4th army corps during the Spanish war; adju- 
 tant-general on staff of General Lawton in the Philippines, and 
 chief of the Division and Bureau of Insular Affairs, was born in 
 Cleveland, Ohio, January 1, 1860. His father, William Edwards, 
 was a prominent merchant of Cleveland; and his mother, Lucia 
 (Ransom) Edwards, was the daughter of Colonel Harry B. and Eunice 
 (Tiffany) Ransom. Nine of his direct ancestors occupied "home 
 lots" in Springfield, Massachusetts Bay colony, about 1640, includ- 
 ing Alexander Edwards (who came from Wales and married the 
 widow Searle), John Lombard of England, Henry Bart of England, 
 Samuel Chapin, Samuel Wright, Joseph Parsons, Margaret Bliss 
 and Richard Sikes. 
 
 Clarence Ransom Edwards was graduated at the United States 
 Military academy in 1883, and was commissioned second lieutenant 
 in the United States army. He was assigned to the 23d infantry and 
 served in the East and in the West on post duty. He was professor 
 of military science and tactics at St. John's college, Fordham, New 
 York, 1890-93; was promoted to first lieutenant, 1st infantry, Feb- 
 ruary 25, 1891; was transferred to the 23d infantry, July 20, 1891. 
 He was in the military information bureau, adjutant-general's 
 office, 1893-95; and in garrison in Texas and New Orleans, Louisiana, 
 resigning as quartermaster of the regiment, May 13, 1898, to accept 
 appointment as major and assistant adjutant-general United States 
 volunteers, May 12, 1898. He served in organizing the army for 
 service in Cuba, and was adjutant-general of the 4th army corps up 
 to October 1, 1899. He was appointed captain in the 10th United 
 States infantry, July 30, 1898; and was assigned to his regiment 
 January 1, 1899. 
 
 While en route to report as adjutant-general of the Department 
 of Havana, Cuba, he was assigned to the staff of Major-General 
 Lawton as adjutant-general, January 6, 1899, and accompanied 
 
312 CLARENCE RANSOM EDWARDS 
 
 his chief to the Philippine Islands, arriving March 10, 1899. He was 
 assigned as adjutant-general 1st division, 8th army corps, March 19, 
 1899, and his volunteer commission was vacated, October 1, 1899, 
 when he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, 47th United States 
 volunteer infantry, and was mustered out June 2, 1901. He never 
 served with his volunteer regiment, however, remaining on the 
 staff of General Lawton up to the time of Lawton's death and accom- 
 panying his body to Washington, District of Columbia. He was on 
 duty in the office of the secretary of war as chief of the Division of 
 Customs and Insular Affairs from February 12, 1900, and served 
 continuously as acting assistant adjutant-general to July 1, 1902, 
 when he was made colonel, United States army, and chief of the 
 Bureau of Insular Affairs, which was created by the act of congress 
 of the same date. 
 
 He participated in all the battles in the war with the Filipinos 
 in which General Lawton engaged, and he was recommended by his 
 chief for brevet of major, United States army, for the battle of Santa 
 Cruz, April 10, 1899; for the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, United 
 States army, for expedition to the Province of Bulucan, Nueva 
 Eoija and Paufauga, Luzon, April 22-May 30, 1899; for brevet of 
 colonel, United States army, for battle of Moring, June 6, 1899; for 
 brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers for battle of Gapote River, 
 June 13, 1899 : " For distinguished gallantry in the face of the enemy." 
 
 Colonel- Edwards was married June 9, 1899, to Bessie Rochester, 
 daughter of A. Augustus and Julia (Granger) Porter of Niagara Falls, 
 New York. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from St. John's 
 college, Fordham, New York. He says: "Doing one's duty for 
 duty's sake will give commensurate satisfaction and ultimate reward." 
 
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN 
 
 EGAN, MAURICE FRANCIS, LL.D., professor of the English 
 language and literature in the Catholic university, Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia; journalist, author, poet and 
 critic, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 24, 1852. His 
 father, Maurice Egan, began his education in the college of the 
 Christian Brothers at Thurles. After his arrival from Ireland, he 
 became an expert in the construction of iron work, and directed 
 much of the construction of the early United States iron clads. He 
 was known for his "generosity and love of literature." His mother, 
 Margaret MacMullen Egan, born in Philadelphia, in 1819, and still 
 living in 1905, exercised an ennobling influence over her son, and he 
 recognizes gratefully the moral and spiritual benefit he derived from 
 this source. He is a grandson of Brian Gerald Maurice Egan, and a 
 descendant of the Chevalier MacEgan de Florent, who served in the 
 Irish Brigade, under Louis XV. His most distinguished ancestor 
 was Francis MacEagan of the Irish Brigade in France and India; 
 one of his ancestors was with Count Rochambeau in the United 
 States. 
 
 His health in his childhood was somewhat delicate. His 
 taste was for books and the drama; and for walking and riding as 
 recreation. Poor health was a drawback to his education, delaying 
 his courses of study; but after a preparatory course at St. Philip's 
 academy and with tutors he was graduated at La Salle college, 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1873, and took his A.M. in 1875. 
 He pursued post-graduate work under the direction of Mr. Henry 
 Peterson of Philadelphia. He studied law with John I. Rogers, 
 Esq., of Philadelphia, and subsequently entered George town College, 
 District of Columbia. He became a contributor to "Appleton's 
 Journal" and the "Saturday Evening Post"; and deciding to be a 
 journalist, successively edited, in New York city, the "Catholic 
 Review," and the "Freeman's Journal." 
 
 Dr. Egan has found his vocation in teaching, in literature, and 
 in journalism. He was called to the chair of English literature at 
 
314 MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN 
 
 the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, in 1889; and in 1895 he 
 accepted a position at the Catholic university, Washington, District 
 of Columbia, as professor of the English language and literature, 
 which chair he still fills in 1905. He was also the dean of the Faculty 
 of Philosophy in the same university from 1900-02. As editor of the 
 "Freeman's Journal," Doctor Egan did good public service in exposing 
 municipal corruption and in showing the evil side of socialism. He 
 received the degree of LL.D. from Georgetown university, Washing- 
 ton, District of Columbia; and the same degree from Ottawa univer- 
 sity, in 1892, because of special work in letters. He is a member of 
 the Author's club, and of the Shakespeare Society of New York 
 city, and of the Cosmos club of Washington, District of Columbia. 
 He is a Catholic in faith and practice. The Philosophy of Poetry 
 is a favorite theme with him, in his reading and lecturing. He has 
 read with especial profit " a basis of English and French History, the 
 essays of Newman, Emerson, and Montaigne; St. Francis de Sales, 
 Shakespeare and the Bible," and he reads for pleasure biographies and 
 memoirs of the eighteenth century. He has found walking a delight- 
 ful physical relaxation, with tennis and cricket in earlier life. His 
 first strong impulse came from the desire "to be himself" and "to 
 succeed in letters." Home and friends were the strongest influences 
 with him until he was twenty-one. His own private study after 
 that time has done much for his progress, and he has found it the 
 most essential thing in his vocation. If any characteristic has stood 
 in his way, he says, it has been "pride which will not stoop, and 
 extreme impatience." His suggestions to young Americans are 
 "to strive for simplicity; sincerity, or silence; fidelity to family ties 
 and to the responsibility of friendship; in a word the negation of too 
 much individualism." He sums the philosophy of life in the motto 
 of his family, which was also the motto of the Irish Brigade in France : 
 "Semper et ubique fidelis." 
 
 Dr. Egan's published works are numerous. Perhaps the most 
 important are " Songs and Sonnets," " Studies in Literature " and one 
 of his novels, "John Longworth." His recent essays, "The Passion 
 for Distinction" and "In Honor of St. Julian," and his series of 
 " Sexton Maginnis " stories in the "Century Magazine" have attracted 
 much attention. 
 
 He was married September 20, 1880, to Miss Katharine Mullin. 
 They have three children living in 1905. 
 
STEPHEN BENTON ELKINS 
 
 STEPHEN BENTON ELKINS, United States senator and 
 ex-secretary of war, was born in Perry county, Ohio, Sep- 
 tember 26, 1841. He came from ancestry of distinction in 
 the Old Dominion, his grandfather being a Virginian of wealth and a 
 large slave-holder. Like many of the thinking men of his time, he 
 was in sympathy with Jefferson's views on emancipation, and removed 
 to Ohio, where he bought a large tract of land in the southern section 
 of the state. He owned about three thousand acres of land in Hock- 
 ing Valley, in the best part of the coal area; but this now very valuable 
 tract was disposed of by Senator Elkins' father, Colonel Philip D. 
 Elkins, for a very small sum. 
 
 Colonel Elkins removed to Missouri during the childhood of his 
 son, who was educated in the schools of that state and in the Univer- 
 sity of Missouri, where he was graduated in 1860. The years that 
 followed were years of active life. On the outbreak of the Civil war 
 he entered the Federal army as captain, and served for the ensuing 
 two years, leaving the army in 1863; and having pursued a course 
 of legal study, he was admitted to the bar of Missouri. He did not 
 engage in practice, however, but in 1863 joined a cattle-driving party, 
 crossing the plains to New Mexico. Finding in this territory an 
 excellent opportunity for the practice of law, he settled at Albuquer- 
 que, studied the Spanish dialect there spoken, and was soon in suc- 
 cessful practice in the courts. He made his ability so quickly felt, 
 indeed, that in 1866 he was elected to the legislature, soon after was 
 made attorney-general, and in 1868 was appointed by the president 
 United States district attorney for New Mexico. As such he set 
 himself actively at work in the execution of the constitutional 
 amendment prohibiting slavery or involuntary servitude in the 
 states or territories. Under it, by his exertions, ten thousand peons, 
 the serfs of the Spanish dominion, were set free in New Mexico. 
 
 By his activity in this and other directions he made himself very 
 prominent in the territory, and his high popularity was shown by 
 his election to congress in 1873 during his absence on a trip to Europe. 
 
316 STEPHEN BENTON ELKINS 
 
 Though in congress in the somewhat hampered position of a terri- 
 torial representative, his abilities soon won him consideration, and 
 he attracted especial attention by his earnest and vigorous effort for 
 the admission of New Mexico as a state of the Union. His eloquent 
 and forcible speech on this topic, though it failed of the desired 
 effect, gave him high rank as a legislative debater; and during his 
 first term he was made a member of the Republican national com- 
 mittee, on which he served during three presidential campaigns. 
 A warm friend of James G. Blaine, he was largely instrumental in 
 procuring the nomination of the latter for the presidency, and also 
 aided materially in the nomination of Benjamin Harrison. Long 
 before this latter event, he had become a power in the councils of 
 the Republican party, and was looked upon as one of the most skillful, 
 sagacious and forcible political leaders of the country. 
 
 Mr. Elkins's energies were by no means confined to the field of 
 political action. His rare executive ability soon made him promi- 
 nent in the world of business. For years he was president of the 
 First National Bank of Santa Fe, while he became one of the largest 
 land holders in New Mexico, and an extensive owner of mines in 
 Colorado and Arizona. 
 
 In 1875 he married as his second wife Hattie Davis, daughter of 
 Senator Henry G. Davis, of West Virginia, the Democratic nominee 
 for vice-president in 1904. This marriage turned his attention to 
 business enterprises in West Virginia, to the mineral resources of 
 which district, especially to its coal, he devoted himself in connection 
 with Senator Davis. In the furtherance of these enterprises he sold 
 much of his Western holdings. In addition to mining, he became 
 interested in railroad affairs, and he has been vice-president of the 
 West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway Company since its 
 organization. He is also vice-president of the Piedmont and Cum- 
 berland Railway Company. The town of Elkins, in Randolph 
 county, was founded by him, and here he has built a palatial country 
 seat, Halliehurst, in a picturesque mountain situation, affording a 
 superb view. His town residence is in New York. 
 
 While thus engaged in business, Mr. Elkins kept in close touch 
 with the political situation. An earnest, active and aggressive 
 Republican, and an orator whose addresses showed originality, 
 breadth and keen insight into political, industrial and economical 
 questions, his prominence steadily increased, and on December 17, 
 
STEPHEN BENTON ELKINS 317 
 
 1891, President Harrison made him one of his administrative advisers, 
 as secretary of war, succeeding Redfield Proctor. In 1894 he was 
 elected to the United States senate for the term ending March 3, 
 1901, as a successor to Johnson N. Camden. On the conclusion of 
 his period of service he was reelected for a second term. In February, 
 1896, he offered himself as a candidate for the presidency, and was 
 supported by the delegates from several states, but in the convention 
 he gave his support to Mr. McKinley. Senator Elkins has served as 
 chairman of the senate committee on the Geological Survey, and 
 has been a member of the several committees on Civil Service, 
 Retrenchment, Commerce, Interstate Commerce, Military Affairs, 
 Railroads, and Territories. He has recently made himself active 
 against the system of rebates in railroad freight charges. 
 
SAMUEL FRANKLIN EMMONS 
 
 EMMONS, SAMUEL FRANKLIN, geologist and author, 
 born in Boston, Massachusetts, March 29, 1841. Received 
 early education at Latin school of E. S. Dixwell; studied at 
 Harvard, A.B., 1861; A.M., 1864; Ecole Imperial des Mines, Paris, 
 1862-64; the Bergakademie, Freiberg, Saxony, 1864-65, inclusive. 
 He is fourth in a family of seven children. His father, Nathaniel 
 Henry Emmons, was an East India merchant, standing high in the 
 business community of Boston. His mother was Elizabeth Wales, 
 daughter of Thomas and Anne (Beale) Wales. His first paternal 
 ancestor in America was Thomas Emmons, who settled in Newport 
 1638 and in Boston 1648. His great grandfather was a first cousin 
 of Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 In May, 1867, he volunteered as assistant geologist on the 
 United States exploration of the fortieth parallel, receiving a per- 
 manent appointment the following year, and with the exception of 
 two years spent ranching in Wyoming, has been in the government 
 geological service ever since. 
 
 He became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 
 1892, of which he is now treasurer; the Geological Society of America, 
 of which he was president in 1903; the American Philosophical 
 Society (honorary); the American Society of Arts and Sciences; 
 the Colorado Scientific Society, of which he was a founder and the 
 first president; the American Institute of Mining Engineers, of 
 which he was twice vice-president; the Geological Society of London, 
 of which he has been a fellow since 1874; the Swiss Academy of 
 Natural Sciences (honorary); general secretary of the Fifth Inter- 
 national Congress of Geologists. He is also a member of the Century 
 and University clubs of New York, and of the Cosmos and Metro- 
 politan clubs of Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
 He was married first to Weltha A. Steeves, a second time to 
 Sophie Dallas Markoe, and a third time to Suzanne E. Ogden-Jones. 
 His scientific writings are principally in the field of economic geology 
 and have appeared in the publications of the United States Govern- 
 ment, as well as in leading scientific journals. Among them may be 
 
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SAMUEL FRANKLIN EMMONS 319 
 
 mentioned: "Volcanoes of the U. S. Pacific Coast"; "Descriptive 
 Geology of the Fortieth Parallel Region"; "Geology of Leadville, 
 Colorado"; "Structural Relations of Ore Deposits"; "Orographic 
 Movements in the Rocky Mountains"; "Geological Distribution of 
 the Useful Metals in the United States"; "Geology of Butte, Mon- 
 tana"; "Geology of Lower California"; "Secondary Enrichment 
 of Ore Deposits"; "Theories of Ore Deposition Historically Con- 
 sidered." 
 
 His geological investigations have greatly contributed to the 
 development of the mineral resources of America, especially his dis- 
 coveries concerning the laws which govern the formation of ore 
 deposits. 
 
 He found in nature more than in books, knowledge fitting him 
 for his professional life. His chief recreations include mountaineer- 
 ing, riding, hunting, fencing, rowing, wheeling and golf. 
 
 His advice to the youth of America is to "do thoroughly and 
 faithfully the work which comes into their hands, having faith that 
 good work will bring its own reward, even if not in public recognition." 
 
MORDECAI THOMAS ENDICOTT 
 
 MORDECAI THOMAS ENDICOTT, civil engineer, rear- 
 admiral in the United States navy, and chief of the Bureau 
 of Yards and Docks of the Department of the Navy, was 
 born at Mays Landing, New Jersey, November 24, 1844. He is the 
 son of Thomas Doughty and Ann (Pennington) Endicott. 
 
 After receiving his preparatory school training in a parochial 
 school of the Presbyterian church, he entered the Renselaer Poly- 
 technic Institute of New York, where he was graduated in the class 
 of 1868, receiving the degree of civil engineer. Immediately after 
 graduation he found employment as a civil engineer. His first pro- 
 fessional work was in the mines of Pennsylvania. After several 
 years' experience in practical railroad and bridge work, he was 
 appointed, in 1874, civil engineer in the United States navy. For 
 the past thirty years he has served as constructing engineer in various 
 navy yards throughout the country, consulting engineer in the Navy 
 Department at Washington, and in 1899 as chief of its Bureau of 
 Yards and Docks, which has control of the construction of our navy 
 yards and naval stations, their improvement and maintenance. 
 His administration, beginning with the Spanish war, has seen our 
 naval stations increase from 23 to 33 in number, and our naval dry 
 docks from 10 to 21. Two of the docks added are the largest and 
 finest steel floating dry docks in the world. With his accession to 
 the charge of his bureau congress had authorized the construction 
 of four dry docks of the largest class, to be built of timber. He 
 began a campaign of education in opposition to this construction as 
 perishable and unsafe, advocating his view in the navy department, 
 before scientific societies and with congress; and he had the satis- 
 faction of securing congressional action authorizing the building of 
 these four in stone and concrete. Experience with the wooden dry 
 docks previously constructed has justified his views upon this impor- 
 tant subject, and the government is now committed to the safer 
 and permanent construction. 
 
MORDECAI THOMAS ENDICOTT 321 
 
 In recognition of his professional ability he was appointed, in 
 1895, by President Cleveland, a member of the Nicaraguan Canal 
 Commission; in which position he contributed materially to informa- 
 tion bearing upon the solution of the problem as to which of the trans- 
 isthmian routes should be selected by the United States government. 
 Two years later he was appointed a member of the United States 
 Armor Factory Board, which reported, after exhaustive study, upon 
 the subject of the manufacture of armor for our ships of war, and the 
 establishment of a government factory for that purpose. 
 
 He was advanced to the rank of commodore in 1898; and in the 
 same year was made rear-admiral. 
 
 In 1905 President Roosevelt appointed him a member of the 
 Isthmian Canal Commission, having charge of the construction of the 
 Panama canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. His 
 duties in connection with this great work are additional to those of 
 the chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks in the navy department, 
 which latter position he retains. 
 
 On May 29, 1872, Admiral Endicott was married to Elizabeth 
 Adams, of Dresden, Ohio. His home in Washington is at 1330 R 
 street, Northwest. He attends the Protestant Episcopal church. 
 He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, of the 
 Army and Navy club of Washington, of the Cosmos club of Washing- 
 ton, of the Engineers club of New York, and a life member of the 
 New Jersey Historical Society. 
 
HENRY CLAY EVANS 
 
 EVANS, HENRY CLAY, soldier in the Civil war, mayor of 
 Chattanooga, representative in congress, assistant post- 
 master-general, United States commissioner of pensions, 
 and United States consul-general at London, England; was born in 
 McCallistersville, Juniata county, Pennsylvania, June 18, 1843. 
 His father, Jesse Batterman Evans, was a mechanic and farmer 
 celebrated for his energy and industry, who served as colonel in the 
 Pennsylvania militia, went across the plains to California in 1849 and 
 again in 1859, and died in Montana in 1869. His mother, Anne 
 (Single) Evans was his earliest instructor, and her influence was 
 strong on his intellectual and his moral life. 
 
 His father removed to Cottage Inn, Wisconsin territory, where 
 he was a farmer; and Henry Clay worked on the farm until he was 
 fifteen years of age. To use his own words : " It was work all the 
 time, early and late — good for a boy." He attended the district 
 school and Plattsville academy, 1849-58; was copyist in Grant county 
 clerks' office, 1858-59; student in Lancaster, 1859-60; clerk in a store 
 and banking house in Lancaster, 1860-66; student in Bryant and 
 Stratton's commercial college, Chicago, 1863; enlisted men in the 
 41st Wisconsin infantry, 1864; clerk in quartermaster's department 
 at Chattanooga, Tennessee and Fort Boone, Texas, 1864-70; general 
 bookkeeper for Alabama and Chattanooga railroads, 1873; superin- 
 tendent of blast furnaces, 1874-75, at Rockland, Tennessee; secretary, 
 treasurer and general manager Roane Iron Company, Chattanooga, 
 1875-84; cashier First National Bank, Chattanooga, school com- 
 missioner, alderman two terms, mayor three terms; representative 
 from the third district of Tennessee in the fifty-first Congress, 1889-91 ; 
 first assistant postmaster-general at Washington, District of Colum- 
 bia, at the close of President Harrison's term, 1893; Republican can- 
 didate for Governor of Tennessee in 1894, and contested the election 
 of Governor Peter Turney, who also claimed the office, the state 
 legislature giving the election to Governor Turney. 
 
HENRY CLAY EVANS 323 
 
 He was a delegate-at-large to the Republican national conven- 
 tions of 1892 and 1896, and was a candidate before the convention of 
 1896 for the vice-presidential nomination, but was defeated by a 
 small plurality, standing second when the first vote was recorded. In 
 March, 1879, President McKinley appointed him United States Com- 
 missioner of Pensions and he served until May 13, 1902, when he was 
 appointed by President Roosevelt United States consul-general for 
 the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was sworn in the 
 same day. He affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, serving as 
 master of the lodge, high priest, Royal Arch, and commander Knights 
 Templar. He was a comrade of the Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 On February 18, 1869, he was married to Adelaide P. Durand. 
 Of their four children, three were living in 1905. He was brought 
 up in the Presbyterian faith. His work during his active business 
 career was determined by circumstances and not from choice; and 
 the measure of success he has attained he feels was due to his energy 
 and to his ambition to better his condition and the condition of those 
 dependent upon him. He gives credit to his mother for the first 
 incentives toward success which he felt as a boy. The impulse 
 received from her was helped by his association with good men and 
 women. He finds by experience and observation that "good 
 character, the approval of one's own conscience, work, study, the 
 avoidance of bad and unclean associates, keeping thoroughly em- 
 ployed in vigorous and healthful work during boyhood and early 
 manhood," help in the attainment of success in life. 
 
ROBLEY DUNGLISON EVANS 
 
 EVANS, ROBLEY DUNGLISON, rear-admiral in the United 
 States navy, has passed through all grades in our naval 
 service from midshipman to his present rank, and is held 
 in high honor for his soldierly qualities and his dauntless personal 
 bravery. His daring and brilliant action, especially during his com- 
 mand of the Yorktown, at Valparaiso, Chile, in 1891, has given him the 
 familiar name, "Fighting Bob." As commander of the battleship 
 Iowa, he took responsible and active part in the destruction of Cer- 
 vera's fleet, July 3, 1898. He has been president of the Board of 
 Inspection and Survey, and in 1902 was made commander-in-chief 
 of the Asiatic station. 
 
 He was born in Floyd Court House, Virginia, August 18, 1846. 
 He is the son of Samuel Taylor Evans, a physician, and a member of 
 the state legislature in 1855, and Sally Anne Evans. As a boy, he 
 was strong and hearty, fond of guns, dogs, horses and sail-boats; 
 and his life in the country gave him ample opportunities to gratify 
 these tastes. On the death of his father, he worked most laboriously 
 on the farm and became virtually the head of the family. He studied 
 in the country schools near his home, in Virginia, in the public schools 
 in Washington, District of Columbia, and at Gonzaga college in the 
 same city. He was graduated from the naval academy, Annapolis, 
 in May, 1863, but was ordered into service before graduation, becom- 
 ing acting midshipman as early as 1860, since which time he has 
 served continuously in the United States navy, passing through the 
 successive ranks of ensign, 1863; master, 1866; lieutenant, 1866; 
 lieutenant-commander, 1868; commander, 1878, and captain, 1893. 
 
 His active service began on board the frigate Powhatan. At 
 the time of the assault upon Fort Fisher, he was in the North Atlantic 
 squadron, and in the land attack on January 15, 1865, he received 
 four severe rifle-wounds. In consequence of these wounds he was 
 retired from active service. At his own request, when his recovery 
 was assured, he was restored to the active list and was ordered to 
 China in 1866, under Vice-Admiral Rowan, in his flagship, the 
 
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ROBLEY DUNGLISON EVANS 325 
 
 Delaware. Returning to the United States he was attached to the 
 ordnance department until 1870. 
 
 He was then ordered to Annapolis remaining till 1872, when he 
 was sent, as navigator of the Shenandoah, to the Mediterranean. 
 He sailed this vessel back to Key West on the expected outbreak of 
 trouble in 1874 between the United States and Spain. Once more 
 ordered to the Mediterranean on board the Congress, as executive 
 officer he was in those waters till called back to America to be present 
 at the opening of the Centennial exposition in 1876. In September 
 of that year he was on duty as a signal officer in the navy department 
 in Washington, District of Columbia. Two months after, as a 
 reward for the excellent condition of the Congress, he was transferred 
 to the command of the training ship Saratoga, retaining that position 
 till 1880. For a year he was equipment officer at the Washington 
 navy yard and then became a member of the first Advisory Board. 
 It was his suggestion that steel should be adopted as the material for 
 the building of all our war vessels thereafter, and he offered to the 
 board a resolution to that effect. This resolution was adopted 
 and to this innovation on older and less effective construction is 
 traced the greater efficiency and power of the United States navy at 
 present. His next duty lay in the inspection of the fifth Lighthouse 
 district, 1882-84. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad was indebted 
 to him in 1884 for acting as inspector of the bridge building material 
 of its road, and after this he was again attached to the Fifth Light- 
 house district as inspector, 1885-87. When the construction of the 
 new United States navy was to begin, Secretary Whitney, selected 
 Commander Evans to be the chief inspector of steel, to make out 
 specifications, to organize and to operate all the methods which a 
 government should employ to judge of the material to be used in the 
 construction of these new vessels. His appointment as the secretary 
 of the Lighthouse Board followed, and the especial service of super- 
 intending the building of the United States battleship Maine. 
 Asking for and obtaining a leave of absence, he went to Appleton, 
 Wisconsin, to erect a sulphite fiber mill for the Manufacturing Invest- 
 ment Company of New York. He was ordered to the Ossipee, subse- 
 quently to the Yorktown, in command of the Bering Sea fleet. On 
 July 19, 1894, he was ordered to service on the cruiser New York, and 
 while the battleship Indiana was in process of construction, he 
 received orders November 20, 1895, to take command of her and 
 
326 ROBLEY DUNGLISON EVANS 
 
 complete the work. Again he served on the Lighthouse Board from 
 January, 1897, to March 25, 1898. Placed in command of the battle- 
 ship Iowa in the United States navy, he did most efficient service in 
 the blockade of the forts of Cuba and in the destruction of Admiral 
 Cervera's fleet in Cuban waters, July 3, 1898. Since that time he has 
 been president of the Board of Inspection and Survey, and in October, 
 1902, was appointed commander-in-chief of the Asiatic station. 
 
 Admiral Evans is a member of the New York Yacht club; of the 
 Larchmont Yacht club; of the Society of Naval Architects and 
 Marine Engineers; of the Army and Navy club, Washington, District 
 of Columbia; University club, New York; of the Loyal Legion of the 
 United States; of the Metropolitan club, Washington, District of 
 Columbia, and of the Pittsburg club of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 
 His greatest enjoyment physically comes from "open-air work, 
 handling a fleet, shooting, and fishing for sport." He has given 
 especial attention to boat and yacht racing. His own personal 
 wishes and preference led him to enter the navy. His vigor, love of 
 action, power of attention and of concentrated labor, and his knowl- 
 edge not only of exact military science but of chemistry, engineering 
 and manufacturing, have contributed to his usefulness, and have 
 supplemented his natural fitness for the career of his choice. He 
 says his early impulse toward the naval branch of the United States 
 service, came from "reading the life of that early gallant seaman 
 and naval officer, Paul Jones." 
 
 He places first among the strong and governing influences of his 
 early life, " home, and hard work; second, contact with men of action." 
 " I have failed in some things because the days were too short, and 
 the nights too long," he says. In a most emphatic manner he com- 
 mends to young Americans this thought: "Learn to do something 
 with your hands! Regard work as the most honorable thing in the 
 world; and always stand by your father and mother, no matter what 
 their calling may be." He is the author of " The Sailor's Log," 1901. 
 
 When Prince Henry of Prussia, brother of Emperor William of 
 Germany came to America on an extended visit in 1902, Admiral 
 Evans, whose acquaintance with Prince Henry, as well as their 
 common knowledge of, and interest in naval affairs and personages, 
 particularly fitted him for this duty, was appointed by President 
 Roosevelt as the special escort of honor to the Prince during his stay 
 in the United States. He accompanied the Prince and his suite in 
 
ROBLEY DUNGLISON EVANS 327 
 
 their tour through the larger cities of the East, and as far west as 
 Cincinnati, Milwaukee and St. Louis. His bonhommie and affable 
 sociability helped to make the trip an agreeable one to the visiting 
 strangers, and to draw closer the bonds of amity and friendship 
 between Germany and the United States, two peoples whose common 
 origin and common faith in civilization and Christianity should 
 always promote their close alliance. 
 
 He was married in 1870 to Charlotte Taylor, daughter of Franck 
 Taylor, of Washington, District of Columbia, a granddaughter of 
 General Daniel Morgan, and a sister of Henry Clay Taylor, who as 
 captain, commanded the battleship Indiana in the battle of Santiago, 
 July 3, 1898, and of Captain Daniel Morgan Taylor of the ordnance 
 department, U. S. A. Of Admiral Evans' three children, the son, 
 Franck, is in the naval service; and during the Spanish war, the two 
 daughters, Mrs. Marsh and Miss Virginia Evans, became volunteer 
 hospital nurses for our soldiers. 
 
NORMAN VON HELDREICH 
 FARQUHAR 
 
 FARQUHAR, NORMAN VON HELDREICH. Admiral Far- 
 quhar, of the United States navy, is a native of Pottsville, 
 Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where he was born on the 
 eleventh of April, 1840. His father, George W. Farquhar, a lawyer 
 of that community, was a man esteemed by his fellow citizens, while 
 his mother, Amelie (von Schrader) Farquhar, who came from German 
 ancestry of distinction, was of a character that exerted a strongly 
 beneficial influence on her son's moral and intellectual life. Young 
 Farquhar received such education as the public and private schools 
 of Pottsville could afford. A strong youthful inclination controlled 
 the course of his later education and of his career. This was an ardent 
 boyish thirst for a sea life, which was gratified by his admission to the 
 United States naval academy at Annapolis and a subsequent career 
 in the navy. 
 
 Graduating in 1859, he was made a midshipman on the squadron 
 sent to the coast of Africa for the suppression of the slave trade. 
 This service continued till 1861; and in its later period he acted as 
 master on the Mystic and on the Sumter. His experiences of this 
 service closed with a voyage home, while a boy not yet twenty-one, 
 in command of the captured slaver Triton, with a crew of ten sailors 
 and no other officer. The voyage was made successfully; and on 
 reaching home he found the country at war and was at once com- 
 missioned lieutenant and assigned to the Atlantic blockading squad- 
 ron. He saw his full share of service in the Civil war, as lieutenant on 
 the Mystic and the Mahoska in 1862-63; on the Rhode Island in the 
 West India squadron, 1863-64; and on the Santiago de Cuba in the 
 North Atlantic squadron, 1864-65; his service including participation 
 in both naval attacks on Fort Fisher. Shortly after the close of the 
 war he was commissioned lieutenant commander, and was promoted 
 to the full rank of commander on December 12, 1872. 
 
 During his early period of service, on April 26, 1862, Lieutenant 
 Farquhar married Miss Addie Whelan Pope. Of their four children 
 three now survive. 
 
NORMAN VON HELDREICH FARQUHAR 329 
 
 His position in the navy precluded his identifying himself with 
 any political party. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal 
 church. His strongest impelling motive in entering on his life-work 
 was the ambition to succeed in his naval career, and this controlled 
 his reading, which was mainly confined to professional works and 
 history. 
 
 The most momentous event in Admiral Farquhar's life came on 
 March 16, 1889, when he was at Apia, Samoa, in command of the 
 Trenton during the terrific tropical hurricane which swept over the 
 Samoan Islands on that day. The Trenton was wrecked in common 
 with the remainder of the squadron, but by his excellent handling of 
 the ship in that critical situation he saved the lives of his 450 officers 
 and men. For his noble efforts in this contingency he was awarded 
 the gold medal of the Humane Society of Massachusetts. In Octo- 
 ber, 1889, he was made a member of the Naval Lighthouse Board; 
 on March 6, 1890, he was appointed Chief of Bureau of Yards and 
 Docks; and he was commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard at 
 Newark in 1896. Later he became commandant of the Norfolk Navy 
 Yard. He was raised to the rank of commodore in 1897, and pro- 
 moted to his present rank of rear-admiral on March 3, 1899. In 
 October of that year he was placed in command of the North Atlantic 
 squadron, succeeding Rear-Admiral Sampson. He was chairman 
 of the Lighthouse Board in 1901-02, and was placed on the 
 retired list April 11, 1902, having reached the age limit of naval 
 service. Admiral Farquhar is a member of the Metropolitan club of 
 Washington and of the New York Yacht club, and is an honorary 
 member of the United States Naval Institute. His advancement in 
 his profession has doubtless been largely due to "needfulness and 
 perseverance," combined with "strict honor and close attention to 
 duty"; and this is the lesson he would have his career convey to 
 young men. 
 
ASA SEVERANCE FISKE 
 
 FISKE, ASA SEVERANCE, preacher and pastor, philosophical 
 writer, army chaplain, and superintendent of Relief for 
 Refugees during the Civil war, was born at Strongsville, 
 Ohio, March 2, 1833. His father, David Fiske, manufacturer and 
 farmer, was characterized by "gentleness, generosity, equanimity 
 and universal good-will." From his mother, Laura Severance Fiske, 
 richly endowed intellectually, as her son believes, came an influence to 
 which he attributes much that was best in his life. His earliest 
 known ancestor was knighted by Henry VII. Asa was robust as a 
 youth, always a booklover and interested in public affairs. His early 
 life was spent in western Massachusetts, and knew the usual hard 
 tasks of a New England farmer's son. In his youth he exhibited 
 much mechanical ingenuity. He overcame serious difficulties in 
 getting the means for a liberal education. He supported himself in 
 part by teaching while preparing for college and during his course at 
 Amherst, where he was graduated in 1855. He took theological 
 courses at Andover and Yale, but leaving the latter seminary for a 
 position as tutor at Amherst, he was not graduated in theology. 
 He has received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton college. His 
 first pastorate was at St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1859-61, when he 
 entered the army as chaplain, and was afterward appointed "Super- 
 intendent of Freedmen, Refugees and Abandoned Lands." He was 
 detailed by General Grant for special missions to the North and in 
 Washington, to secure relief for refugees within army lines. He held 
 public meetings in the principal cities of the North, the result of 
 which was that half a million dollars was raised for such relief. 
 After the war his pastorates were at Rockville, Connecticut; St. 
 Peter's Presbyterian church, at Rochester, New York, from 1870-75; 
 nine years in San Francisco, California; at the First Presbyterian 
 church in Ithaca, New York, from 1884-96; and at the Gun ton 
 Temple Presbyterian church in Washington 1896-1905. He is the 
 author of "Reason and Faith" and "Ruth, an Idyll of the Olden 
 Time"; and many of his sermons and addresses have been published. 
 
ASA SEVERANCE FISKE 331 
 
 In 1905 he was contemplating the early publication of "Luther and 
 the Sixteenth Century Reformation/' and "The Heroic Period of the 
 Maccabees." He belongs to the Alpha Delta Phi college fraternity, 
 the Masonic Order, the Loyal Legion, the G. A. R., and several other 
 societies, literary and geographic. 
 
 He has always endorsed the platform and policy of the Repub- 
 lican party. He is an omnivorus reader, with a taste for literature 
 of every kind, history, theology, scienoe, philosophy, poetry, fiction, 
 economics, sociology, politics — everything which interests an edu- 
 cated American citizen. He has always practised some form of 
 athletics, but of late years tennis and baseball have given way to 
 golf and bicycling. He says, " my personal preference was for the 
 legal profession, but after giving myself to Christ in my senior year 
 in college, it seemed my duty rather to preach the Gospel. To this 
 course the wishes of my mother and sisters and an elder brother 
 doubtless tended strongly." It was his mother's ambition for her 
 children, and her determination, that they should have every advan- 
 tage possible, which inspired Doctor Fiske in his boyhood and has led 
 to his useful life of ministry. The home with its " blessed companion- 
 ship" stands first in his thought, in the shaping environment of his 
 life; next, schools, "mainly as they reveal comparative abilities"; 
 then contact with other men in active life as developing, comparing 
 and testing men's powers. He says to young men: "If you believe 
 in God, then serve Him. If you know the difference between right 
 and wrong, then do the right. Be careful about making a pledge, 
 but when you have made it, keep it. Do at once with all your might 
 what you see ought to be done. Earn always more than your wages. 
 Do more than mere duty." 
 
 The strong personality of Doctor Fiske, his penetrating and 
 philosophical mind, his warm heart, broad sympathy and genial 
 sense of humor, have been loyally enlisted in all good causes, yet he 
 has never swerved from single-hearted devotion to his calling as a 
 pastor and a preacher of the Gospel. 
 
 He was married to Elizabeth Worthington Hand in October, 
 1860. They have had three children, two of whom were living in 
 1905. 
 
JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER 
 
 FORAKER, JOSEPH BENSON, Ohio farmer's son and attend- 
 ant at winter district school until fifteen; governor of Ohio, 
 1886-90; United States senator from March 4, 1897; was 
 born on a farm near Rainsboro, Highland county, Ohio, July 5, 1846. 
 His father, Henry S. Foraker, was a farmer of slender means and with 
 a family of eleven children to provide for, and the son's education was 
 limited to attendance at the district school during the winter months. 
 He did his share of the work on the farm until he was fifteen years 
 old. His mother, Margaret R., was the daughter of David Reece, 
 and was well fitted to direct the home training of her large family of 
 children. His first ancestor in America came from Devonshire, 
 England, about 1740, and after several changes of locality finally 
 established a home near Smyrna, Delaware. His grandfather, John 
 Foraker, removed to Ohio in 1820. After leaving his father's farm 
 in 1861, Joseph B. was employed in the office of his uncle, James Reece, 
 who at the time was auditor of Highland county, until July 14, 1862, 
 when at the age of sixteen he enlisted in the 89th Ohio regiment of 
 infantry. He received promotion in the army to sergeant of his 
 company August 26, 1862, to first lieutenant, March 14, 1864, and 
 was brevetted captain March 19, 1865, " for effective service during 
 the campaigns in Georgia and North Carolina " under Sherman, and 
 directly under General Henry Wager Slocum on whose staff he served 
 as aide-de-camp. His regiment, Colonel Caleb H. Carleton com- 
 manding, was in the 1st brigade, 1st division, Granger's reserve 
 corps, Army of the Cumberland, under Rosecrans at Chicamauga, 
 and his colonel was captured by the Confederates. In the Chatta- 
 nooga campaign the regiment was commanded by Captain John H. 
 Jolly, in the 1st brigade, 3d division, 14th corps, Army of the Cum- 
 berland, under Thomas, and in the same brigade, division and corps, 
 under Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and in the Campaign of the 
 Carolinas. Lieutenant Foraker had attracted the attention of 
 General Slocum who commanded the left wing, Army of Georgia, and 
 during the march through the Carolinas he was detached from his 
 
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JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER 333 
 
 regiment to serve as aide-de-camp on the staff of General Slocum; 
 and his services in this capacity won for him his brevet as captain, 
 March 19, 1865. General Slocum in an article entitled "Sherman's 
 March from Savannah to Bentonville," in Vol. IV "Battles and 
 Leaders of the Civil War," says of the conduct of his aide-de-camp 
 on the morning of March 19, 1865, when warned by a deserter of the 
 determination of General Johnston to attack the left wing "and 
 smash it": "I regretted that I had sent the message to General 
 Sherman assuring him that I needed no help, and saw the necessity 
 of giving him information at once as to the situation. This informa- 
 tion was carried to General Sherman by a young man not then twenty 
 years of age, but who was full of energy and activity and was always 
 reliable. He was then the youngest member of my staff. He is 
 now, 1888, governor of Ohio, Joseph B. Foraker. His work on this 
 day secured him promotion to the rank of captain. Some years after 
 the close of the war Foraker wrote to me calling my attention to some 
 errors in a published account of this battle of Bentonville and saying 
 ..." What General Slocum quotes from the letter occupies nearly 
 the whole of page 693, in small type, and in it Captain Foraker de- 
 scribes his part on the morning following the battle of Bentonville, 
 the manner in which his message was received and the prompt action 
 of the general officers in affording the relief to Slocum that made one 
 of the last great battles of the Civil war a victory for the Federal 
 army, and forced upon the Confederates the surrender of Johnston's 
 army at Durham Station, North Carolina, forty days afterward. 
 An incident displaying equal valor and determination would occupy 
 pages of history if performed by a general officer, and no biographer 
 of Senator Foraker would do justice to his subject did he not record 
 the incident and give the historian of the future proof of the possi- 
 bility of a lieutenant at nineteen doing a famous deed of valor by 
 faithfully carrying out an order given by a superior officer. The 
 war closed, and the general and his aide rode at the head of the left 
 wing of Sherman's army down Pennsylvania avenue to be reviewed 
 by the president and secretary of war, and to be welcomed home by 
 a grateful nation, and Captain Foraker received his honorable dis- 
 charge and returned to his home. That General Sherman highly 
 appreciated and gratefully remembered the service above noted is 
 shown by the fact that in the course of an address at a reunion of the 
 Army of the Tennessee, he turned to Governor Foraker and said: 
 
334 JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER 
 
 "Well I remember you, my young friend, a boy, as you came 
 through the pine woods that day on your horse covered with lather 
 and came up like soldier knight and reported to me the message from 
 your General Slocum. A knight errant with steel cuirass, his lance 
 in hand, was a beautiful thing, and you are his legitimate successor. 
 I wish you all honor, all glory, all fame. I wish you may rise to the 
 highest position this American people can give you." 
 
 On his return from the army, Mr. Foraker at once determined to 
 fit himself for the practice of the law. He entered Wesleyan univer- 
 sity, Delaware, Ohio, and at the end of two years entered the newly- 
 established Cornell university at Ithaca, New York, and was graduated 
 in its first class, 1869. He prosecuted his legal studies at the same 
 time and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati the same year 
 (October 14, 1869), and opened a law office in that city. His career 
 as a lawyer was eminently successful; and his thorough knowledge 
 of the law secured for him the position of judge of the Superior Court 
 of Cincinnati. He served on the bench of that court, 1879-82, 
 resigning May 1, 1882, on account of ill health. He was nominated 
 by tht Republican party for governor of Ohio in 1883, but was de- 
 feated at the polls. He was renominated and elected in 1885, and 
 reelected in 1887, but was again defeated in 1889. He was the Repub- 
 lican candidate for United States senator in 1890, but was defeated 
 by Calvin S. Brice, Democrat. In 1896 he was again the candidate 
 of his party for United States senator as successor to Senator Brice, 
 and was elected. He took his seat March 4, 1897, and was reelected 
 January 15, 1902, to succeed himself, his second term to expire 
 March 3, 1909. In state and national politics he has held prominent 
 and responsible positions. He was chairman of the Republican state 
 conventions of Ohio, 1886, 1890, 1896, 1900, 1901 and 1903; delegate- 
 at-large from Ohio to the Republican national conventions of 1884, 
 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900 and 1904; was chairman of the Ohio delegation 
 in the conventions of 1884 and 1888, and presented the name of John 
 Sherman for the presidential nomination to each convention; in the 
 conventions of 1892 and 1896 he served as chairman of the committee 
 on Resolutions and in the conventions of 1896 and 1900 he presented 
 the name of William McKinley for nomination and renomination to 
 the presidency. In the United States senate, Senator Foraker was 
 chairman of the committee to examine the several branches of the 
 Civil Service, and a member of the committees on Foreign Relations, 
 
JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER 335 
 
 to Establish the University of the United States, on Pacific Railroads 
 and Transportation to the Seaboard, in the fifty-fifth Congress; in 
 the fifty-sixth Congress he was chairman of the committee on Pacific 
 Islands and Porto Rico, and continued on the committees on which 
 he served in the fifty-fifth Congress. In the fifty-seventh and fifty- 
 eighth Congresses he was chairman of the committee on Pacific Islands 
 and Porto Rico, and a member of the committees on Foreign Rela- 
 tions, Civil Service, Interstate Commerce, Military Affairs, District 
 of Columbia, and Privileges and Elections. His important services 
 in the senate cannot be noted in detail, but special mention should be 
 made of his prominence in matters relating to what are now our 
 insular possessions. During the critical period preceding our war 
 with Spain, when the atrocities of General Weyler in Cuba, and the 
 fearful sufferings which the people had so long endured at the hands 
 of the Spanish Government, thoroughly aroused the American people, 
 he came to the front as a leader. Though he supported the general 
 policy of President McKinley, he believed that we should go farther 
 than the president had recommended in his message to congress and 
 should at once recognize the independence of the people of the island. 
 He claimed that it was our duty not only to intervene, but to make 
 our intervention not neutral in character but hostile to Spain. He 
 held that there could be no permanent reform and no enduring peace 
 in Cuba until the Spanish government was expelled. In accordance 
 with this view he introduced in the senate resolutions of intervention 
 which, with some modifications, were adopted by the committee on 
 Foreign Relations and presented to congress. In the debate which 
 followed, Senator Foraker made a powerful speech on "The Cuban 
 Question," which had a marked effect on public sentiment and did 
 much to bring about prompt and decisive action by the government. 
 
 When peace was declared, Senator Foraker was as prompt, ener- 
 getic, and influential in his efforts to obtain a stable government for our 
 new possessions, and to safeguard the rights of their inhabitants, as 
 he had been in securing their deliverance from Spanish misrule. He 
 was the author of the bill for the establishment of civil government 
 for the island of Porto Rico, and to provide revenue for its mainte- 
 nance, which became a law, since sustained by a decision of the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States. 
 
 Senator Foraker was married October 4, 1870, to Julia, daughter 
 of the Honorable H. S. Bundy, of Jackson county, Ohio. 
 
GEORGE EDMUND FOSS 
 
 FOSS, GEORGE EDMUND, lawyer and member of congress 
 from the tenth congressional district of Illinois, was born 
 in Berkshire, Franklin county, Vermont, July 2, 1863. He 
 is the son of George E. and Marcia (Noble) Foss. When three years 
 old he moved with his parents to St. Albans, Vermont; here he 
 attended the St. Albans academy and afterward the Franklin 
 county grammar school. He was graduated from the grammar 
 school with high honors in 1880, and the following year he entered 
 Harvard college. He was graduated from college in the class of 
 1885, receiving the degree of A. B. Thereafter he attended the 
 Columbia law school and the School of Political Science in New 
 York city; after moving to Chicago he entered the Union college of 
 law, where he received the degree of LL.B. in 1889. While in this 
 school he won the first honor of his class, for " oratorical ability." 
 
 In 1889 he was admitted to the bar in Chicago and began the 
 practice of law. While building up a successful legal practice, he 
 has taken an active interest in the political affairs of his community; 
 although he never held public office, until in 1894 he was elected to 
 congress from the seventh Illinois district. He has served in the 
 fifty-fourth, fifty-fifth, fifty-sixth, fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth 
 Congresses, and has been reelected to the fifty-ninth. He is regarded 
 as the enemy of machine politicians and "bosses," who have con- 
 tinually tried to defeat his reelection; but his friends declare that he 
 is "invincible at the polls." In the national house of representa- 
 tives he has been chairman of the important committee on Naval 
 Affairs for six years; and as such he has earned distinction in encourag- 
 ing the growth of the American navy. 
 
 Congressman Foss was one of the original McKinley men, and 
 was active in promoting the nomination and the election of the late 
 president. He assisted in the organization of the Lincoln club of 
 Chicago, and he is also a member of the Hamilton, the Marquette 
 and the Union League clubs. His home is at No. 47 Gordon Terrace, 
 Chicago, Illinois. 
 
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JOHN WATSON FOSTER 
 
 FOSTER, JOHN WATSON, son of an English farmer; edu- 
 cated at Indiana university and at Harvard law school; 
 volunteer soldier in the Civil war from major to brigadier- 
 general; editor; postmaster; United States minister to Mexico, 
 Russia and Spain; secretary of state of the United States; special 
 plenipotentiary to Great Britain, Germany, Santo Domingo, Japan, 
 and China, and member of the Anglo-American Joint High Commis- 
 sion; was born in Pike county, Indiana, March 2, 1836. His father 
 Matthew Watson Foster, was a native of Gilesfield, England, who 
 came to the United States about the beginning of the nineteenth 
 century, was a farmer, county judge, city councilman, and a citizen 
 of eminent patriotism and public spirit. His mother, Eleanor 
 (Johnson) Foster, was a native of Pike county, Indiana, descended 
 from a Virginia family. She died when her son John Watson Foster 
 was a child. The first ten years of his life were spent on a farm. 
 He was graduated at Indiana university, A.B., 1855, A.M., 1858. 
 He attended Harvard law school one year, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1857. He practised in Evansville, Indiana, 1857-61. 
 
 On the outbreak of the Civil war he was appointed major of the 
 25th Indiana volunteers, Colonel James C. Veatch. The regiment 
 was assigned to the 4th brigade, 2d division of the Union army under 
 General U. S. Grant. He took part in the battle that resulted in the 
 capture of Fort Donelson, February 16, 1862, and received promotion 
 to lieutenant-colonel. He also commanded the regiment at Shiloh 
 after Lieutenant-Colonel W. H. Morgan was wounded, Colonel Veatch 
 commanding the brigade. In this battle he greatly distinguished 
 himself; by rallying his regiment amid the confusion and disorder that 
 existed, and by seizing the colors as they fell from the hands of a 
 wounded color-bearer and planting them against a fallen tree, thus 
 holding the regiment under control and avoiding such a stampede, as 
 prevailed about them; and on the renewal of the engagement on Mon- 
 day, April 7, his men were ready and anxious to follow up the advan- 
 tage thus gained. In this engagement his brigade lost 130 killed and 
 492 wounded; and for his gallant conduct he was promoted to the 
 
338 JOHN WATSON FOSTER 
 
 rank of colonel. He subsequently commanded the 65th Indiana regi- 
 ment and was transferred to the command of the 136th Indiana. He 
 commanded a cavalry brigade in the 23d corps of Burnside's army in its 
 expedition to occupy East Tennessee in 1863. Colonel Foster at the 
 head of his brigade led the advance and was the first to enter Knoxville. 
 After the siege of that place which followed, General Burnside said : " If 
 I had believed Foster, as I was inclined to do, there would have been 
 no siege of Knoxville." During the same month he commanded the 
 Federal force sent to capture Blountsville, which place he found 
 occupied by the cavalry regiment of Colonel James E. Carter, the 1st 
 Tennessee cavalry; and after a stubborn fight he ordered the town 
 shelled unless evacuated, and thus compelled the withdrawal of the 
 Confederate force and occupied the place with his brigade. He was 
 brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for his services in East 
 Tennessee, and at the close of hostilities he returned to Evansville, 
 Indiana, where he practised law and conducted the "Evansville 
 Journal" as editor and proprietor, 1865-69. He was appointed 
 postmaster of Evansville in March, 1869, by President Grant and at 
 the close of Grant's first term, through the recommendation of Sena- 
 tor Oliver P. Morton of Indiana, he was appointed United States 
 minister to Mexico, serving in that capacity, 1873-80. While in 
 Mexico he studied Spanish law and literature and held the friendship 
 of the leading men of the Republic. In 1880 he was transferred to 
 St. Petersburg as United States minister, by appointment of Presi- 
 dent Hayes; and his appointment to that important mission had been 
 confirmed by the senate before he received news of his advancement. 
 When President Garfield succeeded to the presidency, March 4, 1881, 
 he reaffirmed the appointment, and Minister Foster kept up his 
 studies of the language, the people, the law and the customs of the 
 Russians until November, 1881, when for personal reasons, he resigned 
 the position and his resignation was accepted by President Arthur. 
 On his return to the United States he located in Washington, 
 District of Columbia, as an international lawyer. This was largely 
 at the urgent solicitation of the representatives in Washington of 
 various foreign countries desirous of obtaining the benefit of his 
 superior knowledge of international law in adjusting disputes that 
 constantly came to them in their official position. He found this 
 practice very remunerative; and it was with reluctance that he 
 accepted from President Arthur, in 1883, the position of United 
 
JOHN WATSON FOSTER 339 
 
 States minister to Spain. He took advantage of this period, 1883-85, 
 to study still more thoroughly Spanish law, and to master the Spanish 
 language — attainments which served him in his future professional 
 duties as plenipotentiary in negotiating treaties and adjusting 
 difficulties between various governments. While in Spain he nego- 
 tiated a commercial treaty with that government by which he sought 
 better opportunities for citizens of the United States in trade with 
 Cuba and Porto Rico; but the United States senate failed to confirm 
 the treaty, and President Cleveland who had succeeded President 
 Arthur, at once withdrew the document for reconsideration. Minis- 
 ter Foster had resigned in March, 1885, but President Cleveland at 
 once renewed his commission with full power to continue the nego- 
 tiations for a treaty of reciprocity, hoping that the Spanish govern- 
 ment would modify some of the terms to which the United States 
 senate had objected; but in this mission he was unsuccessful for the 
 time, although in 1891 he concluded an acceptable treaty. 
 
 On his return to the United States in 1885, Mr. Foster resumed 
 the practice of international law at the national capital. His prestige 
 at once gave him clients from all the countries he had visited as 
 minister or commissioner and from other countries which had learned 
 of his fame as a diplomat. He served as counselor for the Republic 
 of Mexico, for the Empire of China; Spain, Chile, and other countries 
 made him their law adviser on various occasions. His income from 
 the practice of international law is understood to be very large. In 
 1890 he was appointed by President Harrison a special United States 
 plenipotentiary to negotiate reciprocity treaties with Brazil, France, 
 Germany, Austria, Spain, the British West Indies, and Santo Do- 
 mingo, beside other of the South American republics. He made 
 favorable treaties with all the governments with which he negotiated, 
 except Venezuela and Colombia. 
 
 In June, 1892, on the resignation of James G. Blaine as secretary 
 of state in the cabinet of President Harrison, the president appointed 
 Mr. Foster to the vacancy, and he was sworn in June 29, 1892, and 
 held the portfolio of state until the close of Harrison's administration, 
 March 4, 1893. 
 
 He was attorney for the United States in preparing and con- 
 ducting the case of the Bering Sea seal fisheries controversy with 
 Great Britain, and he submitted the case of the United States to the 
 tribunal created by the treaty of arbitration signed February 29, 
 
340 JOHN WATSON FOSTER 
 
 1892, which met at Paris, France, March 23, 1893. This arbitration 
 resulted in a decision made on August 15, 1893, establishing protective 
 regulations binding upon both nations, but for the most part un- 
 favorable to the claims of the United States. 
 
 On the adjournment of the Paris tribunal in company with his 
 wife and three friends from Evansville, Indiana, he made a tour of 
 Europe, Africa and Asia, the trip extending over the greater portion 
 of the year 1894. Mr. Foster was received with courtesies and honors 
 seldom extended to a private citizen as a mere traveler. His party 
 was entertained by the Kedive of Egypt and by the Gaikwar of 
 Baroda, a protected Mahratta prince, that potentate setting apart a 
 palace for their occupancy during their stay in that fortified city, 
 although his caste prevented him from personally associating with 
 them at meals. He was also entertained by the Nizam of Haidera- 
 bad and by the Maharajah of Jaipur. The government of China 
 furnished a suite fit for an ambassador; and the railway on the 
 Great Wall of China was opened and a special train carried the party 
 to inspect that "Wonder of the World," and Mr. Foster carried 
 away a brick from the wall as a souvenir of the occasion. The 
 visitors dined with Li Hung Chang, who was afterward one of the 
 commissioners to meet Mr. Foster in negotiating terms of peace with 
 Japan. When the party visited Japan, a National Guard of Honor 
 attended him everywhere, and the Mikado caused his own band to 
 serenade him at his hotel, an honor seldom extended to any visitor 
 to Tokio. In November, 1894, the party returned home; but Mr. 
 Foster was again in Japan from December, 1894, to July, 1895, where 
 he assisted Li Hung Chang, viceroy of the Empire of China, in the 
 negotiations for peace with Japan, which resulted in the Treaty of 
 Shimonoseki. When Li Hung Chang visited the United States in 
 1896, Mr. Foster entertained the viceroy at his home in Washington. 
 
 In 1897 President McKinley appointed him a special ambassador 
 to Great Britian and Russia, and brought about a tripartite agree- 
 ment for the protection of seals in the Bering Sea; the three nations 
 whose interests were identical being Russia, Japan and the United 
 States. The occasion of this treaty was the alleged failure of the 
 government of Great Britian to cooperate in preventing poaching in 
 these waters, and before proceeding to St. Petersburg, Ambassador 
 Foster conferred with the authorities in London and made known the 
 purpose of the United States in asking for the tripartite commission. 
 
JOHN WATSON FOSTER 341 
 
 He was also a member of the Anglo-American Joint High Commission 
 of 1898, to adjust the differences between the United States and 
 Canada. The commission had reached no conclusion upon its 
 indefinite adjournment in February, 1899, occasioned by the death 
 of Lord Herschel and Mr. Dingley, members of the commission. 
 He was also appointed by President Roosevelt agent of the United 
 States before the Alaskan Boundary Tribunal in 1903, which settled 
 the disputed question of the boundary in favor of the United States. 
 He has held commissions from every president from Lincoln to 
 Roosevelt, except Johnson. 
 
 Mr. Foster was married September 1, 1859, to Mary Parke 
 McFerson, daughter of Alexander and Eliza J. McFerson of Ohio, 
 and their two children (daughters) married and settled in Watertown, 
 New York. He was brought up in the Presbyterian faith and through 
 all his adult life has been connected with that church as a member and 
 for forty years as a ruling elder. 
 
 He found his recreation during his residence in Washington in 
 fishing and in playing golf. He received the honorary degree of 
 LL.D. from Princeton university and from Wabash college in 1895, 
 and from Yale university in 1896. He was Storrs lecturer on 
 municipal law at Yale. He contributed to the August "Century" 
 (1896), a sketch of Li Hung Chang for whom he entertained a pro- 
 found respect and whom he ranked as one of the greatest men of his 
 age. He has also written magazine articles on President Diaz of 
 Mexico, Marquis Ito of Japan and on various diplomatic subjects. 
 He is the author of a biography of " Matthew Watson Foster " (1896) ; 
 "A Century of American Diplomacy; being a brief review of the 
 Foreign Relations of the United States 1776-1876" (1900); "Ameri- 
 can Diplomacy in the Orient" (1903) and "Arbitration and the 
 Hague Court" (1904). 
 
 Mr. Foster's work in the field of diplomacy stands unequaled in 
 the annals of American history. John Quincy Adams' official diplo- 
 matic service possibly extended over a greater number of years, but 
 did not approach in variety that performed by Mr. Foster, although 
 some of the identical questions, notably the Bering Sea controversy, 
 came before both diplomats. Mr. Foster in his latter years made 
 diplomacy a profession; but his diplomatic position in the United 
 States government service came to him unsought, and in most in- 
 stances without his knowledge until announced to the world. 
 
WILLIAM DUDLEY FOULKE 
 
 FOULKE, WILLIAM DUDLEY, civil service reformer and 
 author, has reached an honorable position in his chosen 
 profession of the law and in the field of letters. In public 
 life he has been an earnest and a highly efficient worker for what he 
 regarded as greatly needed reforms along various and widely different 
 lines. 
 
 Mr. Foulke was born in New York city, November 20, 1848. 
 He was a son of Thomas and Hannah S. Foulke. He was married 
 on October 8, 1872, to Mary Taylor Reeves. They have had six 
 children, four of whom are now living. 
 
 The father of Mr. Foulke held no civil office but was a minister 
 of the Society of Friends and a successful educator. He was a genial 
 companion, an excellent public speaker, and a man of unusual 
 executive ability. He, too, was a son of an influential minister of 
 the denomination to which he belonged. The earliest known mem- 
 ber of the family in America was Edward Foulke, who came from 
 England in 1698. 
 
 With the exception of a vacation each summer the childhood 
 and youth of Mr. Foulke were passed in New York city. His recrea- 
 tions were such as are common to children who live in large towns 
 and he had no tasks to perform which required physical exertion. 
 Ill health greatly increased the difficulties of acquiring an education, 
 as it often interfered with his attendance at school. His preparatory 
 course was taken in the public schools and at a Friends' seminary. 
 He was graduated from Columbia college, New York city, in 1869, 
 and then took a course in the law school of that institution, gradu- 
 ating in 1871. 
 
 Mr. Foulke commenced the active work of life as a practising 
 lawyer, in New York city, the year of his graduation. From 1876 
 to 1891 at Richmond, Indiana, he was attorney for the Chicago, 
 St. Louis and Pittsburg Railroad Company (Pennsylvania Railroad 
 system), for the First National Bank, and various other corporations, 
 
WILLIAM DUDLEY FOULKE 343 
 
 and was engaged in general law practice. He entered political life 
 in 1S80 when he was elected to the Indiana State senate, in which 
 body he served for four years. From October, 1901, to June, 1903, 
 he was a member of the United States Civil Service Commission. 
 While holding these positions he conducted several important 
 investigations. 
 
 He is a popular speaker and since 1876 has taken an active part 
 in every presidential campaign. He has been president of the Indiana 
 Civil Service Reform Association, of the American Women's Suffrage 
 Association, and of the American Proportional Representation 
 League. In politics Mr. Foulke is a Republican but he did not see 
 his way clear to support Mr. Blaine for the presidency and in 1892 
 he voted for Mr. Cleveland. His religious connection is with the 
 Society of Friends of which he is a "birthright member." 
 
 Mr. Foulke received the degree of A.M. from Columbia college. 
 He is a member of the National Civil Service Reform League; of the 
 Cosmos club of Washington, District of Columbia; Jekyl Island club, 
 Georgia; the Columbia club, and the University club of Indianapolis. 
 His principal relaxations and diversions have been horseback riding, 
 swimming, mountain climbing and canoeing. He has not adopted 
 any special system of physical culture and has never attempted to 
 become an athlete. In childhood and youth he was deeply interested 
 in mechanical pursuits but the attractions of professional life proved 
 stronger and led him to the bar and to the public service. As he was 
 free from the necessity of performing manual labor he had consider- 
 able leisure. A large part of his spare time was given to history, 
 poetry, and general literature, a taste for which he inherited from 
 both his parents, his mother as well as his father being a person of 
 excellent literary attainments. The books which Mr. Foulke thinks 
 have been most useful to him in later life are the classics (ancient and 
 modern) , and the writings of Herbert Spencer. 
 
 In the choice of a profession Mr. Foulke was fortunate in being 
 allowed to follow his own inclination. His success has been won by 
 a thorough discipline of his mental powers and earnest and persistent 
 effort. He was led to strive for the prizes of life by the aspirations 
 which are common to intelligent and thoughtful young men. The 
 influences of home were strong, and were favorable to the develop- 
 ment of both intellect and character, but his early companionship 
 with children and youth of his age was somewhat limited. 
 
344 WILLIAM DUDLEY FOULKE 
 
 Mr. Foulke has contributed to various magazines, is the author 
 of "Slav or Saxon," 1887, second edition, 1889, and third edition 
 (revised), in 1904; "Life of Oliver P. Morton," 1898; "Maya, a 
 Romance of Yucatan," 1900; "Protean Papers," 1903; and at the 
 present time he is engaged in writing a history of the early develop- 
 ment of the Venetian Republic. 
 
 In reviewing his life Mr. Foulke finds no great failure. He has 
 worked hard for success and it has come to him in good time and in 
 liberal measure. As an encouragement and an incentive to the 
 young people to strive for the higher and nobler things of life he holds 
 up "President Roosevelt as a model worthy of study and imitation." 
 
CHARLES NEWELL FOWLER 
 
 FOWLER, CHARLES NEWELL, banker and Republican 
 member of congress from the fifth congressional district of 
 New Jersey, was born November 2, 1852, on his father's 
 farm at Lena, Illinois, where his early years were passed in the work 
 and the amusements and studies of a typical American country boy. 
 After taking a course at Beloit college, Wisconsin, he entered Yale 
 in 1872; and four years later he was graduated in the class of which 
 President Hadley, of Yale, was valedictorian. He took an active 
 part in college athletics and was a member of the Yale crew. 
 
 After graduation he moved to Chicago, where he taught school 
 while he attended the Chicago law school. In 1878 he was graduated 
 from this school, standing second in his class; and the same year he 
 went to Beloit, Kansas, to practise his profession. He remained there 
 for five years, during which time he had established a profitable 
 legal business. In 1883 he moved East and settled in Union county, 
 New Jersey, first in Cranford, and later at Elizabeth, his present home. 
 Within a short time he became an active factor in local politics, and 
 for many years he served as chairman of the Republican city com- 
 mittee of Elizabeth. From his college days he has been a close 
 student of political economy and of the laws of finance. 
 
 In 1894 he was elected a member of the fifty-fourth Congress of 
 the United States, and up to 1905 he has been reelected to each 
 successive congress. When he entered congress, Speaker Reed 
 recognized his knowledge of the science of finance by assigning him 
 to the important committee on Banking and Currency, the member- 
 ship of which in that period of financial stress and panic was a matter 
 of national concern. The following year Mr. Fowler introduced a 
 general financial and currency bill by which he hoped to strengthen 
 the financial system of the country. Some of the provisions of this 
 bill were later enacted into law. In 1901 Speaker Henderson ap- 
 pointed him chairman of the committee on Banking and Currency, a 
 position which he still retains. In 1902 he drafted the Fowler bill, 
 which has been discussed by the press of the entire country. At his 
 
346 CHARLES NEWELL FOWLER 
 
 own expense he has circulated over a million copies of this bill. The 
 currency problem of this country has still to be solved, and it is the 
 subject of a wide divergence of opinion among members of each 
 political party; but it is generally admitted that Mr. Fowler's various 
 bills have awakened and deepened interest in the matter, and have 
 put the discussion of the problem upon an intelligent basis. 
 
 Since his first election to congress Mr. Fowler has taken an active 
 part in national politics, especially in the presidential campaigns. 
 In 1896 he opened the campaign in Wisconsin and Indiana; in 1900 
 he opened the campaign in Maine; and in 1904 he was one of the most 
 active in bringing about the Republican victory of that year. His 
 friends declare him to be an ideal campaign orator, " simple, sincere, 
 courageous, and always thoroughly informed on the subjects of 
 which he speaks." 
 
 
 
WILLIAMS C. FOX 
 
 FOX, WILLIAMS C, was chief clerk of the Bureau of American 
 Republics from March 4, 1898 to April 5, 1905, since which 
 date he has been its director. He was born in St. Louis, 
 May 5, 1855. His father, Elias Williams Fox, a merchant and 
 newspaper proprietor, was a member of the Missouri Legislature; 
 surveyor of customs in the port of St. Louis; president of the 
 St. Louis Board of Trade and president of the first national 
 commercial convention held in the United States, in Boston, 1868, 
 as well as chairman of the Republican state central committee of 
 Missouri, in 1868, the last time the state cast its electoral vote for 
 the Republican ticket until it went for Roosevelt and Fairbanks in 
 1904. The influence of his mother, Eusebia Johnson Fox, was 
 marked on her son's mental and moral character and early develop- 
 ment. He is descended from the Pratt family, of Buffalo, New York, 
 and his grandfather, Augustus Carlton Fox, commanded Indian 
 scouts in the War of 1812. 
 
 He was educated at Washington university, St. Louis, taking 
 courses in the academic department, and afterward attending the 
 Pennsylvania Military college, at Chester, Pennsylvania. He began 
 the active work of life as clerk in a store. His first public office 
 was that of consul at Brunswick, Germany, from 1876-88. While 
 he held this position, the notable controversy arose between the 
 United States and Germany with regard to the importation into the 
 latter country of American meat products. The result of this con- 
 troversy was the withdrawal from Berlin of the Honorable A. A. 
 Sargent, the minister of the United States. The reports made by 
 Mr. Sargent caused great indignation in Germany; but the facts 
 alleged by him were .never disproved. These facts were collected 
 and furnished by Mr. Fox. It was chiefly for that reason that when 
 the Democratic administration came into power, in 1885, President 
 Cleveland continued Mr. Fox in office. An article written by Mr. 
 Fox at the request of the editor of "The Forum," under the title, 
 "Our Relations with Germany," gave the American people their first 
 
348 WILLIAMS C. FOX 
 
 real understanding of the situation, which at one time threatened 
 seriously our friendly relations with Germany. 
 
 He was United States vice consul-general at Teheran, Persia, 
 1891-92. He was in charge of the American legation in that city, 
 and during the cholera epidemic of 1892, he was of very great service 
 in humane and charitable assistance to those in distress. He organ- 
 ized and financed the American Missionary Hospital and Dispensary. 
 For this timely and much-needed work he received the thanks of the 
 Shah of Persia and of the American Board of Commissioners of 
 Foreign Missions. He established and carried on for some time the 
 "Diplomatic and Consular Review," the only journal ever published 
 in the United States strictly in the interest of diplomatic and consular 
 affairs. 
 
 He was a representative of the International Union of the Ameri- 
 can Republics at the International American Conference in Mexico, 
 1901-02; and being at the time acting director of the International 
 Bureau of the American Republics he was given a seat in the Con- 
 ference and was made Secretary of the Special Committee on Reor- 
 ganization of the Bureau which perfected the plan under which this 
 important International Institution is now being carried on. Mr. 
 Fox also served as Special Disbursing Agent of the Department of 
 State at the Conference. 
 
 He was a member of the Government Board of Management of 
 the Pan-American exposition, 1901; of the Louisiana Purchase 
 exposition, 1904; and of the Lewis and Clark Centennial exposition, 
 1905. 
 
 He has contributed frequently to magazines, both in Europe 
 and America. 
 
 Mr. Fox is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Cosmos 
 club, of Washington, District of Columbia. He is a Republican in 
 politics. His reading has been on historical and political subjects, 
 and he is especially fond of German literature. 
 
 He married Louise Ludewig, of Brunswick, Germany, May 1, 
 1880. They have three children living in 1904. His address is 
 The Portner, Washington, District of Columbia. 
 


 tJ^/lciuL, L^crt-t^l 
 
WILLIAM PIERCE FRYE 
 
 FRYE, WILLIAM PIERCE, United States senator from Maine 
 from March 18, 1881, president pro tempore of the senate 
 1899-1901 and acting vice-president of the United States 
 by reason of the death of Vice-President Hobart, and again on 
 the accession of Vice-President Roosevelt to the presidency on 
 the death of President McKinley, 1901; was born in Lewiston, 
 Maine, September 2, 1831, son of Colonel John March and 
 Alice M. (Davis) Frye; grandson of Joseph and Mary (Robinson) 
 Frye, and greatgrandson of Major-General Joseph and Mehitable 
 (Poor) Frye. His father was an early settler of Lewiston, a manu- 
 facturer of woolens, a leading citizen who served as a municipal 
 officer and as a state senator, and was noted for his enterprise and 
 integrity. His first direct American ancestor was John Frye, of 
 Saxon Viood, one of the early settlers of Newbury, Massachusetts 
 Bay criony, who came from the county of Hampshire, England, with 
 Ann, his wife. They subsequently removed to Andover. Major- 
 General Joseph Frye was a colonel in the Colonial army and while 
 serving in New York under Sir William Johnson was taken prisoner 
 by the French and Indian forces under Montcalm, and made his 
 escape by killing his Indian guard after the capture of Fort William 
 Henry, Lake George, New York, in 1757, and thus escaped the general 
 massacre of the Colonial prisoners. He also served in the American 
 army during the Revolution, and as major-general in the state militia. 
 For his services in the Colonial army he was awarded a grant of land 
 which became part of the township of Fryeburg, Maine. William 
 Pierce Frye prepared for college at Lewiston; was graduated from 
 Bowdoin college A.B. 1850; studied law under William Pitt Fessen- 
 den in Portland, Maine; was admitted to the bar in 1853 and prac- 
 tised at Rockland and afterward at Lewiston, Maine. He was a 
 representative in the state legislature 1861, 1862 and 1867 and there 
 first met James G. Blaine who was speaker of the house, became his 
 ardent follower and was his most trusted coadjutor in his whole 
 political career. He was a presidential elector on the Lincoln and 
 
350 WILLIAM PIERCE FRYE 
 
 Johnson ticket in 1864; mayor of Lewiston 1866-67; attorney-general 
 of the state of Maine 1867-69; was elected a member of the Republi- 
 can national executive committee 1872; reelected in 1876 and again 
 in 1880, and was a delegate to the Republican national conventions 
 of 1872, 1876 and 1880. In the Republican national convention of 
 1876, where he supported the candidacy of James G. Blaine for 
 president, he made the motion by which the nomination of Ruther- 
 ford B. Hayes for president was made unanimous. He again sup- 
 ported the candidacy of Blaine in 1880 and succeeded him in 1881 as 
 chairman of the Republican state committee of Maine. He was a 
 representative from the second district of Maine in the forty-second- 
 forty-sixth Congresses inclusive (1871-81) and was elected to the 
 forty-seventh Congress but resigned before the meeting of that 
 congress, to take his seat in the United States senate, having been 
 elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Blaine, 
 appointed secretary of state of the United States in the cabinet of 
 President Garfield; and he was succeeded in the house by Nelson 
 Dingley, Jr., subsequently author of the Dingley tariff bill. Mr. 
 Frye took his seat in the United States senate March 18, 1881, com- 
 pleting the term of Senator Blaine, which expired March 3, 1883. 
 He was reelected in 1883 for a full senatorial term, was again reelected 
 in 1889, in 1895, and in 1901. When he took his seat in congress as 
 a representative Mr. Blaine was speaker and Mr. Frye was made 
 chairman of the Library committee, and a member of the Judiciary, 
 and Ways and Means committees, and he was soon recognized as one 
 of the foremost debaters in the house and when he spoke he com- 
 manded the attention of both sides of the chamber. In the discus- 
 sion of the right of the United States to recover from Great Britain 
 compensation for damage inflicted on United States vessels owing to 
 their destruction by Confederate cruisers built, fitted out and pro- 
 visioned in English ports, he took a prominent part. He main- 
 tained through five congresses the right of the United States to such 
 compensation as might be secured by arbitration. He introduced a 
 bill to this effect, which resulted in the Joint High commission in 
 Washington in 1871 and the final tribunal in Geneva December 15, 
 1871. After rejecting all indirect damages this tribunal awarded to 
 the United States for direct damage for not using due diligence in 
 preventing the construction, equipment and provisioning of such 
 ships as the Alabama the gross sum of $15,500,000. In the senate in 
 
WILLIAM PIERCE FRYE 351 
 
 addition to his service as president pro tempore, Mr. Frye's committee 
 work included: the chairmanship of the Committee on Rules, in three 
 congresses; on Commerce in five congresses; on the President's 
 Message Transmitting the Report of the Pacific Railroad Commission 
 (select) in two congresses; on Pacific Railroads (select) in one con- 
 gress; to Investigate Conditions of the Potomac River Front (select) 
 in two congresses and membership of the committee on Privileges 
 and Elections in five congresses; on Claims in one congress; on the 
 Improvement of the Mississippi River and its Tributaries in one con- 
 gress; on Commerce in nine congresses; on Expenditures of Public 
 Money in one congress; on Foreign Relations in eight congresses; 
 on the Potomac River Front (select) in six congresses; on Revolu- 
 tionary Claims in two congresses; on Fisheries in two congresses, and 
 to Establish the University of the United States in two congresses. 
 He was elected president pro tempore of the senate February 7, 1896, 
 and reelected March 7, 1901. He introduced a bill in the United 
 States senate providing for a Congress of American Nations, and one 
 providing for the Maritime Congress both of which were passed. He 
 was a member of the commission which met in Paris in 1898 to nego- 
 tiate a treaty of peace with Spain. He became acting vice-president 
 of the United States on the death of Vice-President Hobart by reason 
 of his office as president ex officio of the senate, in which office he 
 served until the inauguration of President McKinley for a second 
 term when Theodore Roosevelt became by virtue of his office as 
 vice-president, president of the senate. Again on the death of 
 President McKinley September 14, 1901, and the accession of Vice- 
 President Roosevelt to the presidency, Senator Frye, for a second 
 time, became acting vice-president of the United States. He was a 
 trustee of Bowdoin college from 1880 and received the honorary 
 degree of LL.D. from Bates college in 1881, and from Bowdoin college 
 in 1889. He is a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity, and of the 
 order of Free and Accepted Masons. He is a member of the Congre- 
 gational church; was married February 27, 1853, to Caroline Frances 
 Spear, and they had three children, two reaching maturity. 
 
 Senator Frye is one of a class of patriotic men who take up 
 political duties and legislative cares as a matter of conscience and 
 not as a means for acquiring a livelihood. His long and brilliant 
 career as a legislator and director of legislation was a patriotic service 
 possible only to one willing to sacrifice the accumulation of wealth, 
 
352 
 
 WILLIAM PIERCE FRYE 
 
 easily in reach of men of his attainment in the profession of law; 
 but readiness for public service at personal cost seems to have been 
 a paramount trait inherited from his ancestors of Colonial and 
 Revolutionary times. He had himself experienced no early struggles 
 against poverty either to gain a living or to acquire an education. 
 He selected the profession of law through personal preference and 
 received his instruction from one of the ablest lawyers in the state of 
 Maine, learning law and at the same time studying statesmanship 
 in the life of his teacher. In making legislation a profession he 
 brought to his aid an established reputation for courteous fairness 
 and a firm and well developed character that made him in the halls 
 of congress a typical representative, senator and presiding officer. 
 Like many other sons of the Pine Tree state, he has found his relaxa- 
 tion from study and the cares of official life in casting the fly on the 
 numerous trout brooks that have made Maine noted, and in hunting 
 both small and large game in its well stocked forests. 
 
CHARLES WESLEY GALLAGHER 
 
 GALLAGHER, CHARLES WESLEY, pastor, preacher, edu- 
 cator, author, college president, presiding elder and presi- 
 dent of the Lucy Webb Hayes National Training School for 
 Missionaries and Deaconesses of the Methodist Episcopal church 
 since 1901, was born in Boston, February 3, 1846. His father, 
 Samuel Chartres Gallagher, was a sailor and captain in early life, 
 later a merchant. He was prominent in work of the Methodist 
 church and was a Sunday-school superintendent for many years; 
 in his son's words "a man of strong moral conviction, great kindli- 
 ness, and unusual intellectual and physical activity." His mother, 
 Rooxby Moody Foster Gallagher, was a woman whose moral and 
 spiritu'l life strongly affected her son for good. Hugh Gallagher, 
 who ' ame to Sackville, New Brunswick, about 1775 was his father's 
 earliest known ancestor in America. His mother's ancestors settled 
 at Andover, Massachusetts, in 1640. 
 
 The parents of young Gallagher lived at Salem, New Hampshire, 
 until he was fourteen years old. Removing to Chelsea, Massachusetts, 
 with them, as a boy he had regular tasks, farm work and work in the 
 store. "This gave me," he says, "habits of industry, practical 
 ideas, and a sense of duty." He was strong and vigorous, fond of 
 study and of music. The money which supported him while in 
 college he himself earned by teaching singing schools and day schools, 
 and conducting church choirs. He prepared for college at Chelsea, 
 and was graduated from Wesleyan university, Middletown, Connecti- 
 cut, in 1870. He has received the honorary degree of D.D. Entering 
 the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, he took his first 
 pastorate at Guilford, Connecticut; being a member of the New York 
 East Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was the 
 pastor of several churches in Connecticut and in New York until 
 1879, and in Massachusetts until 1887. For two years he officiated 
 as presiding elder. He then accepted the presidency of Lawrence 
 university, Appleton, Wisconsin, holding the position from 1889-93, 
 and resigning it to become president of the Maine Wesleyan seminary 
 
354 CHARLES WESLEY GALLAGHER 
 
 and college, Kent's Hill, Maine. In 1897 he was called to Lasell 
 seminary, Auburndale, Massachusetts. In 1901 he took the presi- 
 dency of the National Training School for Missionaries and Deacon- 
 esses of the Methodist church. During the year 1864 he was a 
 member of the Massachusetts volunteers for three months. He is 
 the author of " God Revealed, or Nature's Best Word," 1899, adopted 
 in the reading course of the Epworth League, Methodist Episcopal 
 church. He represented his conference in the General Conference 
 of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1888 and 1892. 
 
 Dr. Gallagher is a member of the Alpha Delta Phi and the Phi 
 Beta Kappa college fraternities, and of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic, and the Sons of the American Revolution. He is identified 
 with the Republican party. His reading and study have been 
 linguistic, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, philosophical, Biblical and 
 theological writings, and more lately sociological works. He has 
 not devoted himself especially to athletics, his work furnishing neces- 
 sary exercise, and music giving him his favorite relaxation. His 
 choice of the ministry was the result of conviction, as well a? oi 
 preference. To home he attributes the most effective influence 
 in his life. To young Americans, he says, "I have observed and 
 found that integrity, fidelity to conviction, and a reverent attitude 
 toward God contribute to sound ideals in every department of life." 
 
 Dr. Gallagher is a speaker who impresses his audience. His 
 judgment, tact and executive force have fitted him for the responsible 
 positions which he has held in the past, and for the important work of 
 which he is now the head. A comparatively new branch of benevo- 
 lent and sociological study and practical service, it demands the 
 devotion of students and thinkers, and of men and women who are 
 consecrated to the highest forms of Christian helpfulness to the world. 
 The Lucy Webb Hayes National Training School for Missionaries 
 and Deaconesses is an important institution of its kind, situated at 
 Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
 Dr. Gallagher married Emily Eliza Hubbard, September 13, 
 1876. She died in 1890. He married a second time, August 21 
 1893, Evangeline Coscarden. 
 
EDWARD MINER GALLAUDET 
 
 GALLAUDET, EDWARD MINER. As an educator of a class 
 of persons for whom the reception of ideas presents almost 
 insuperable difficulties, Edward Miner Gallaudet, president 
 of Gaulladet college, the only college for deaf-mutes in the world, 
 has shown remarkable gifts and powers. He was born in Hartford, 
 Connecticut, February 5, 1837. His father, Thomas Hopkins 
 Gallaudet, a clergyman and educator, was the first principal and 
 founder of the American School for the Deaf in that city, and was 
 especially remarkable for his ability as a teacher of youth and for 
 the power to influence men. His mother, Sophia Fowler Gallaudet, 
 had a noble and elevating influence over her son. Pierre Elisee 
 Gallaudet, a physician and one of the founders of New Rochelle, 
 New York, and Noah Fowler, his mother's grandfather, a colonel in 
 the Continental army, as well as the Reverend Thomas Hooker, one 
 of the founders of Hartford and Connecticut, were among the more 
 distinguished of his ancestry. While still a boy he showed much 
 mechanical aptitude, constructing an electrical machine, and enjoy- 
 ing the use of tools. He was fond of keeping birds, fowls and rabbits. 
 His health was vigorous; and he entered into the pursuits of his time 
 of life with heartiness and pleasure. His home was in Hartford, 
 with occasional visits to the country. By the death of his father 
 when he was fourteen, he was left quite dependent on himself. He 
 took a clerkship in a bank, which he held for three years, saving some 
 money. He then entered Trinity college, Hartford, and was grad- 
 uated as Bachelor of Science in 1856. His preparation for college 
 had been made under his father's teaching and that of an older sister, 
 up to the age of eleven years, when he had entered the Hartford high 
 school, from which he was graduated in 1851. He received the 
 degree of LL.D. from Trinity college in 1869, and from Yale in 1895. 
 From 1855 to 1857, he was engaged in teaching in the American 
 School for the Deaf at Hartford. He organized in 1857, the " Colum- 
 bia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb," at Washington, District of 
 Columbia, and under his direction Gallaudet college for the Deaf 
 
356 EDWAKD MINER GALLAUDET 
 
 was organized in 1864 as a department of this institution and he has 
 been president of the institution since that year. He also occupies 
 the chair of moral and political science in the college. He is Presi- 
 dent of the Convention of American Institutions for the Deaf. In 
 1886, at the invitation of the British Government, he appeared as 
 expert before a British Royal Commission, in the interest of deaf- 
 mute education. He had already been sent as commissioner to the 
 Vienna exposition in 1873. 
 
 As an author he published in 1878 a popular manual of Inter- 
 national Law, now in its fifth edition; and in 1887, he wrote and 
 published the life of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, his father. 
 
 President Gallaudet is a member of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity; 
 the Sons of the American Revolution; the Social Science Association; 
 the Historical Society; the Huguenot Society of Amer„a; The 
 Washington Academy of Sciences; the Cosmos club; the Chevy Chase 
 club; the University club; the Geographical Society; the Philosophical 
 and Literary Societies of Washington; and he has served as president 
 of the Literary Society, the Cosmos club and the Sons of the American 
 Revolution. He is a trustee of Howard university and also of George 
 Washington university. He is a Republican, and casts his vote at 
 his summer home in Connecticut. He united with the Congregational 
 church in his youth, and on his removal to Washington, in 1857, 
 he became a member of the Presbyterian church. His reading has 
 been varied, embracing history, biography, fiction and political 
 science. 
 
 He finds exercise and recreation in bicycling and horseback 
 riding, with swimming and rowing in summer. When about 
 sixteen, he went through an especial course in gymnastics with very 
 great benefit, and took up rowing at about the same time. His 
 personal preference, he says, " was at first decided for a business life, 
 but my experience in the bank made me conscious of its narrowing 
 effect, and I determined, against the advice of many friends, to quit 
 banking and go to college, and to follow intellectual pursuits." 
 
 His first strong impulse to strive for the highest things of the 
 mind and spirit grew out of an intimacy begun in his fifteenth year, 
 with Henry Clay Trumbull, afterward his brother-in-law, the dis- 
 tinguished Orientalist, Editor of the "Sunday School Times," who was 
 six years his senior and "was highly intellectual even in his early 
 manhood." "Home, school, early companionship, private study 
 
EDWARD MINER GALLAUDET 357 
 
 and contact with men in active life— all these influences have had," 
 he says, "their effect on my course in life, and my early ambitions 
 as to what I should accomplish in my life-work, namely, to found and 
 establish a college for the higher education of deaf-mutes, have been 
 most fully and completely realized. I do not have to confess to any 
 failures." President Gallaudet's preparation for his life-work began 
 at a very early and impressionable age, and his thoughts were from 
 the first directed to the help of the deaf, through his father's life- 
 work and the fact that his mother was a deaf-mute. He has demon- 
 strated the possibility of extraordinary culture for those whose 
 sense-limitations are extreme and who might seem by the limitation 
 of their hearing to be restricted from the highest ranges of mental 
 development. His life-work has not only required great ingenuity 
 of thought and method and great powers of adaptation and insight, 
 but it has also been of a uniquely benevolent and humane character. 
 The keynote of his advice to young Americans, is, "first, personal 
 purity, an absolute regard for truth and honor, an unselfish dis- 
 position, coupled with energy and persistence." 
 
 President Gallaudet married in July, 1858, Jane Melissa Fessen- 
 den, who died in November, 1866. December 22, 1868, he married 
 Susan Denison. She died November 4, 1903. He has had eight 
 children, and in 1905 three sons and three daughters are living. 
 His address is Kendall Green, Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
JACOB H. GALLINGER 
 
 GALLINGER, JACOB H., M.D., senior United States senator 
 from New Hampshire, was born on a farm in Cornwall in 
 the province of Ontario, Canada. He is one of twelve 
 children of Jacob and Catharine (Cook) Gallinger. His ancestors 
 were Dutch, and emigrated from Holland before Jie Revolutionary 
 war, settling first in New York and later in Canada. His mother was 
 an American. 
 
 After receiving a common school and academic education, he 
 learned the printer's trade, at which he worked for several years. 
 Subsequently he studied medicine at the Medical Institute at Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, where he was graduated at the head of his class in 
 1858, receiving the degree of M.D. After two years spent in travel 
 and study, he moved to Concord, New Hampshire (his present 
 residence), to follow the profession of medicine and surgery. He 
 gradually established a large and lucrative practice which extended 
 beyond the limits of his own state. He has been an active member 
 of numerous prominent medical societies, and has made some con- 
 tributions to medical literature. In 1879 he was appointed surgeon- 
 general of New Hampshire with the rank of brigadier-general. In 
 1885 Dartmouth college conferred upon him the honorary degree 
 of A.M. 
 
 While giving close attention to his profession, Doctor Gallinger 
 found ample time to take an active part in local, state and national 
 politics. He has always been a member of the Republican party. 
 In 1872 he was elected to the state legislature of New Hampshire, and 
 after serving one term he was reelected. In 1876 he was a member of 
 the state constitutional convention, where he distinguished himself by 
 advocating several important amendments to the state constitution, 
 which were submitted to and ratified by the people. Two years 
 later he was elected to the state senate, where he served in 1878, 
 1879 and 1880; during the last two terms as presiding officer. He 
 was chairman of the Republican state committee from 1882 to 1890, 
 
JACOB H. GALLINGER XV.t 
 
 when he resigned the position. He was again elected chairman in 
 1898, in 1900 and in 1902. 
 
 In 1884 Doctor Gallinger was elected a member of the forty- 
 ninth Congress of the United States; and in order to devote his entire 
 time to his new political duties he discontinued his medical practice. 
 After serving his first term he was reelected to the fiftieth Congress, 
 but declined renomination to the fifty-first. He was chairman of the 
 delegation from his state to the Republican national convention of 
 1888, where he made a speech seconding the nomination of Benjamin 
 Harrison as the party's candidate for president of the United States. 
 Two years later he was elected United States senator to succeed 
 Henry W. Blair, and he took his seat March 4, 1891. He was re- 
 elected in 1897, by a unanimous vote of the Republican members 
 of the legislature and by the votes of the five Democratic members. 
 In 1903 he was again reelected by the unanimous votes of the Repub- 
 licans with the votes of three Democrats. Senator Gallinger has the 
 distinction of being the only man in the history of his state who has 
 been elected United States senator for three full terms. 
 
 In the National legislature he has served on the committees 
 on the District of Columbia, Appropriations, Commerce, Manufac- 
 tures, Naval Affairs, and Ventilation, and Acoustics. As chairman 
 of the senate committee on the District of Columbia he is a most 
 active factor in the local government of the national capital, which 
 is under the direct supervision of congress. His present term of 
 service will expire March 3, 1909. 
 
 In 1900 Senator Gallinger was chairman of the New Hampshire 
 delegation to the Republican national convention, held in Phila- 
 delphia; which convention renominated President McKinley. He is 
 a member of the Republican national committee. In a review of 
 his public career he has been described as "a political manager of 
 great ability and shrewdness; a ready and graceful writer; and a 
 speaker of much power and influence." 
 
 In 1860 he was married to Mary Anna Bailey of Salisbury, New 
 Hampshire. His home is in Concord, New Hampshire. 
 
WASHINGTON GARDNER 
 
 GARDNER, WASHINGTON. Born on a farm in Morrow 
 county, Ohio, February 16, 1845, and reared amid rural 
 scenes, Washington Gardner in his later life placed a part 
 of some prominence in the religious life and in the Repuolican politics 
 of the West, serving Michigan as secretary of state, and as a 
 member of the house of representatives. 
 
 The son of John L. and Sarah (Goodin) Gardner, he was 
 trained as a boy in farm duties by his father, his mother dying 
 when he was three years old. A hearty and patriotic youth, he 
 enlisted at sixteen in the Civil war, joining the 65th Ohio infantry as 
 a private and serving three years. During this period he took part 
 in many battles as a soldier in Sherman's army, and was severely 
 wounded at Resaca, Georgia, May 14, 1864. After the war, eager for 
 a college education, he paid his own way with the money he had 
 earned as a soldier and that gained by later labors, preparing for a 
 higher education at Berea, and he studied later at Hillsdale college, 
 Michigan, and at Ohio Wesleyan university, where he was graduated 
 in 1870. Having chosen the law as his profession, he entered the 
 Albany law school, and after graduation in 1876 he began the prac- 
 tice of law at Grand Rapids, Michigan. His theological studies and 
 his personal inclination, however, soon led him into the ministry of 
 the Methodist Episcopal church, in which he remained engaged from 
 1877 to 1889. In the latter year he became a professor in Albion 
 college, Michigan. In 1888 he served as state commander of the 
 Michigan Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 Mr. Gardner's official career began in 1894 by his unsolicited 
 appointment as secretary of state for the state of Michigan, to fill out 
 an unexpired term. Subsequently he was twice nominated by 
 acclamation as a Republican, and was elected to the same office. 
 In 1898 he was elected to congress from the Third Michigan District. 
 Since then he has been active in the national house, giving full 
 satisfaction to his constituents as a legislator, a fact which seems 
 indicated by his renomination and election for a fourth term in 1904 
 by a majority of nearly fifteen thousand. 
 
JAMES RUDOLPH GARFIELD 
 
 GARFIELD, JAMES RUDOLPH, lawyer, United States com- 
 missioner of corporations for the Department of Commerce 
 and Labor, son of James Abram Garfield, twentieth presi- 
 dent of the United States, and of Lucretia (Rudolph) Garfield, was 
 born in Hiram, Ohio, October 17, 1865. He is one of seven children. 
 On his father's side he is a descendant of Edward Gairfield, who 
 emigrated from Chester, England, and settled in Watertown, Massa- 
 chusetts, in 1636. On his mother's side he is of German descent. 
 Several members of the Garfield family took an active part in the 
 Revolutionary war, fighting on the side of the patriots. Later the 
 family moved to New York, and still later, in 1817, to Ohio from 
 which state President Garfield was elected to congress. 
 
 Commissioner Garfield received his preparatory education at St. 
 Paul's school, Concord. Much of his early life was passed in Wash- 
 ington, District of Columbia, while his father was in congress and in 
 the White House. He entered Williams college, just before his 
 father's death and was graduated in the class of 1885. Later he 
 studied law at the Columbia law school in New York city; and in 1888 
 he was admitted to the bar, in Ohio. He then moved to Cleveland, 
 where, with his brother, Harry Augustus Garfield, he began the 
 practice of law. 
 
 In 1890 he married Helen Newell of Chicago, daughter of John 
 Newell, then president of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 
 Railroad. He was successful in his profession and soon became 
 recognized as one of the strong lawyers of Ohio. He has always 
 taken an interest in public affairs, although he cannot be called a 
 politician in the narrower sense of the word. Like his father, he has 
 ever been a staunch believer in the broader doctrines of the Repub- 
 lican party. He served two terms as a member of the Ohio state 
 senate, 1895-99. He first came into national prominence as an 
 enthusiastic member of the United States Civil Service Commission. 
 
 When, in February, 1903, the new Department of Commerce 
 and Labor was created, and charged with the work of promoting the 
 
362 JAMES RUDOLPH GARFIELD 
 
 commerce of the United States, as well as its mining, manufacturing, 
 shipping, fishery, transportation and labor interests, Mr. Garfield 
 was appointed by President Roosevelt as commissioner of corpora- 
 tions, to take charge of the newly-created bureau of corporations. 
 
 This bureau is authorized, under the direction ^ the secretary 
 of Commerce and Labor, to investigate the organization and manage- 
 ment of any corporation engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, 
 except railroads or other common carriers which are subject to the 
 Interstate Commerce act; to collect such information and data as 
 will enable the president to make recommendations to congress for 
 legislation for the regulation of interstate and foreign commerce; to 
 report this information to the president from time to time as he may 
 direct; and also to publish any part of this information which the 
 president believes should be given to the public. It is furthermore 
 the duty of this bureau to gather, compile and publish useful informa- 
 tion concerning corporations engaged in interstate or foreign com- 
 merce, including corporations doing an insurance business. 
 
 The extensive powers given this bureau to deal with the greatest 
 problem which confronts the American people of the present time, 
 made the personality of its chief a matter of national concern. To 
 carry out a half-hearted or merely formal investigation of the large 
 corporations would defeat the object for which the bureau was 
 created; to deal recklessly with the greatest aggregations of American 
 capital would bring about a panic and national disaster. President 
 Roosevelt wanted, for this position, a man of sound legal training, 
 of broad judgment, of courageous convictions and of progressive 
 conservatism. It is generally conceded that Commissioner Garfield 
 meets all these requirements; and that the work which is going on 
 under his direction has already won for him the interest and the 
 confidence of the greater portion of the American public. 
 
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JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS 
 
 GIBBONS, JAMES CARDINAL, a native of Baltimore, Mary- 
 land, baptized in the Roman Catholic cathedral in that city 
 when an infant, received a portion of his education in private 
 classical schools in Ireland where he was confirmed. He resided in New 
 Orleans, Louisiana, 1853-55; was graduated at St. Charles college, 
 Maryland, 1857; was ordained priest June 30, 1861; was private 
 secretary to the archbishop of Baltimore and chancellor of the arch- 
 diocese 1865-68; vicar-apostolic of North Carolina, 1868-72; bishop 
 of Richmond, Virginia, 1872-77; coadjutor to Archbishop Bayley of 
 Baltimore, 1877; archbishop of Baltimore, 1877; presided over the 
 third Plenary Council at Baltimore, 1884; cardinal from June 30, 
 1886. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 23, 1834, his parents 
 presented him for baptism at the Cathedral of Baltimore and soon 
 after carried him to their old home in Ireland where he received the 
 first elements of his early education and was confirmed by Arch- 
 bishop McHale. He returned to his native country in 1853 and 
 resided in New Orleans for two years. He decided while there to 
 devote his life to the service of the church, and to that end he jour- 
 neyed to Baltimore, and was admitted to St. Charles college, .Mary- 
 land. He was graduated with high honors in 1857 and took up his 
 theological studies at the Seminary of St. Sulpice, St. Mary's univer- 
 sity, Baltimore, Maryland. He was ordained priest by Archbishop 
 Kenrick, June 30, 1861; and was sent to St. Patrick's church, Balti- 
 more, as an assistant to the Reverend James Dolan. He was next 
 given charge of the small congregation who were instructed in St. 
 Bridget's church, Canton, Maryland, and in 1865 he was made 
 private secretary to Archbishop Spalding, who made him chancellor 
 of the archdiocese. He was made assistant chancellor over the second 
 Plenary Council at Baltimore in 1866, and Pope Pius IX. when he 
 erected the state of North Carolina into a new Vicariate Apostolic, 
 March 3, 1868, nominated Chancellor Gibbons titular bishop of 
 Adramyttum and the first vicar apostolic of North Carolina. He 
 was consecrated at the cathedral in Baltimore by Archbishop Spald- 
 
364 JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS 
 
 ing, August 16, 1868. Bishop Gibbons took charge of his vicariate 
 November 1, 1868. The entire state with an area of 52,250 square 
 miles had at the time three Roman Catholic churches ministered 
 to by two priests; and the total Roman Catholic population scattered 
 from the mountains in the West to the seaboard in the East was less 
 than one thousand. Bishop Gibbons first opened a school which he 
 personally conducted. He built six churches and instructed and 
 ordained a number of priests. In order to prepare for a more thor- 
 ough education of the people and especially to supply the growing 
 want for teachers and priests, he induced the Benedictine order to 
 establish a community in the vicariate; and the movement resulted 
 in the erection of Mary Help Abbey at Belmont, Gaston county. He 
 also built a school-house for whites and one for negroes at Wilming- 
 ton; and placed the schools in charge of the Sisters of Mercy. The 
 Sisters subsequently erected the Sacred Heart Convent at Belmont. 
 Bishop Gibbons made the personal acquaintance of every adult 
 Roman Catholic in the state, meeting them at their homes in all parts 
 of the state and exercising a pastoral care over every household, 
 neglecting none. Four years of this unceasing labor began to bear 
 fruit, and on July 30, 1872, he was translated to the diocese of Rich- 
 mond, Virginia, as successor to the Right Reverend John McGill who 
 had died January 14, 1872. He was installed as bishop of Richmond 
 by Archbishop Bayley, October 20, 1872. In Richmond he erected 
 five churches, St. Peter's academy, which he placed in charge of the 
 Xaverian Brothers, and St. Sophia's Home for Old People, which 
 was cared for by the Little Sisters of the Poor. He also erected 
 parochial schools in Petersburg and Portsmouth, Virginia; and St. 
 Joseph Female Orphan Asylum in Richmond becoming overcrowded, 
 he enlarged the building. In recognition of this work Archbishop 
 Bayley feeling the approaching end of his labors on earth 
 to be near at hand, asked Leo IX. to make Bishop Gibbons his 
 coadjutor with right of succession; and on May 20, 1877, he was 
 nominated and on July 29, 1877, he was made titular bishop of 
 Jinopolis, with right of succession to the primatial See of Baltimore. 
 By virtue of this nomination and the death of Archbishop Bayley, 
 October 3, 1877, Bishop Gibbons became Archbishop of Baltimore 
 at the age of forty-three years. He was in this way elevated from 
 the bishopric of Richmond to the highest ecclesiastical dignity in the 
 Roman Catholic church in the United States. 
 
JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS 36fi 
 
 He visited Rome in 1883 at the head of the delegation of Ameri- 
 can prelates sent to represent the affairs of the church in the United 
 States at the Vatican, and to outline the work to come before the 
 third Plenary Council to meet at Baltimore in 1884. Pope Leo 
 XIII. showed Archbishop Gibbons many favors; and among them 
 appointed him to preside over the third Plenary Council. 
 
 When the third Plenary Council met, in 1884, the progress and 
 development of the Roman Catholic church in the United States 
 made necessary the enactment of new decrees, which as presiding 
 officer he helped forward, and these acts and decrees were approved 
 by the ecclesiastical authorities. In acknowledgment of the 
 approval of the action and course of Archbishop Gibbons, Leo XIII. 
 created him cardinal, June 7, 1886, and he selected the twenty-fifth 
 anniversary of his ordination as priest, June 30, 1886, as the date on 
 which he would be invested with the insignia of the rank of cardinal. 
 The occasion was one of impressive religious solemnity and an 
 embassy from Leo XIII. brought the following message: "Present to 
 Cardinal Gibbons our affectionate paternal benediction. We 
 remember him with the most cordial esteem and believe we could not 
 confer the hat upon a more worthy prelate." The Pope was repre- 
 sented in the person of Archbishop Kenrick of St. Louis who bestowed 
 the insignia of his office upon the newly-made cardinal; and he 
 received the apostolic benediction at the hands of the Pope at the 
 Vatican in Rome the next year and he was admitted to membership 
 in the College of Cardinals, being the twenty-fifth in succession. 
 While in Rome he interpreted to the Pope the democratic spirit of 
 American catholicity in respect to the labor organizations in the 
 United States and the actual relations existing between the employers 
 and the employed. He was installed as pastor of his titular church, 
 May 25, 1887, and was assigned to the Church of Santa Maria in 
 Trastevere, a church of great antiquity on the Tiber. He laid the 
 corner stone of the Catholic University of America in Washington, 
 District of Columbia, May 24, 1888; dedicated the Divinity Building 
 November 13, 1889, and was the chancellor of the institution from its 
 foundation. He was given an assistant in the person of Bishop 
 Curtis formerly of Wilmington, Delaware, in 1896, at his own request 
 and by reason of advancing age. In 1903 he went to Rome to take 
 part in the election of a successor to Leo XIII., deceased. His 
 simple and unostentatious kindliness which endeared him to the 
 
366 JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS 
 
 people of North Carolina, Virginia and the Archdiocese of Baltimore, 
 did not depart, when high ecclesiastical honors came to him; he was 
 the same friend and counsellor of the poor and the rich alike; and all 
 who knew him, within and without the communion of the church of 
 which he was the primate in America, continued to respect and love 
 him as a faithful friend and a wise adviser. His influence broadened 
 the American branch of the Roman Catholic church and made known 
 to the hierarchy of the old world the meaning of American freedom. 
 He is the author of "Faith of our Fathers" (1876); "Our Christian 
 Heritage" (1889); " The Ambassador of Christ " (1896). 
 
GROVE KARL GILBERT 
 
 GILBERT, GROVE KARL, has been a geologist in the service 
 of the United States since 1871, being connected with the 
 Wheeler survey from 1871 to 1874, with the Powell survey 
 from 1874 to 1879, and with the present United States Geological 
 Survey from its organization in 1879. 
 
 He was born in Rochester, New York, May 6, 1843. He was the 
 son of Grove Sheldon Gilbert, a portrait painter of very high merit 
 who was made an honorary member of the National Academy of 
 Design in 1848. "A man of retiring disposition in many ways, he 
 underestimated his professional ability; he was intensely consci- 
 entious, often to his own detriment." He was one of the original 
 abolitionists of western New York. 
 
 Young Gilbert was fond of study and especially of mathematics. 
 "As a part of home economy" he says, "I assisted in repairs and 
 minor constructions, and I thus acquired manual dexterity and 
 facility in mechanical adaptations which were serviceable in various 
 ways in later life." His primary and secondary educational training 
 was chiefly in the public, but partly in the private schools of Roches- 
 ter, and later with tutors. He was graduated from the University 
 of Rochester in 1862. He at once took a position as teacher at 
 Jackson, Michigan; but the work was uncongenial, and he found 
 employment under the direction of Professor Henry A. Ward, of 
 Rochester, in an establishment devoted to the preparation and 
 installation of casts of fossils, for museums. He was in this position 
 for five years; his work was manual, classificatory, executive and 
 literary. He was introduced by it to scientific study in zoology, 
 anatomy, geology and mineralogy. He selected geology as his 
 profession, in 1869, when he was twenty-six years old, and joined 
 the Ohio Geological Survey as a volunteer assistant in geology. Two 
 years later he entered the Government service. In 1898 Rochester 
 university conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D.; and the 
 same degree was given him by the University of Wisconsin, in 1904. 
 
368 GROVE KARL GILBERT 
 
 Dr. Gilbert is a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. He 
 was president of the American Society of Naturalists, 1885-86; 
 president of the Philosophical Society of Washington; of the Ameri- 
 can Association for the Advancement of Science, and its vice-presi- 
 dent in 1887; a member of the National Academy of Science, 1883; 
 of the Washington Academy of Science; the American Geological 
 Society, and president of the society in 1892; and of the Cosmos club 
 of Washington, District of Columbia, and its president in 1894. 
 In 1866 and 1868 he voted the Republican ticket, but has not since 
 been identified with a party. Outside of geologic literature he has 
 found " Darwin's writings especially helpful, as contagious examples 
 of the spirit and method of research." In boyhood he was fond of 
 rowing and of the game of chess; in middle-life of various games of 
 cards, and more lately of billiards. He says, "at graduation my 
 preference was for mathematical work; but circumstances turned me 
 toward physical sciences, and among them I made selection of 
 geology." His own private study and contact with men in active 
 life seem to him the most important factors in his success. 
 
 His range of subjects in writing is large, though all bear on 
 physical science. His subjects are: Dynamic geology, physical 
 geography, an investigation of the conditions of irrigation in Utah 
 and Arizona, geologic correlation, surveying as it is related to geology, 
 climatology, and the geology of the moon. His books are: " Geology 
 of the Henry Mountains," 1877, Powell Survey; "Lake Bonneville," 
 1890, United States Geological Survey; "Introduction to Physical 
 Geography," joint author with A. P. Brigham, 1902; "Teachers' 
 Guide, and Laboratory Exercises," to accompany the same (jointly 
 with A. P. Brigham) 1903. Other writings, constituting parts of 
 volumes, aggregate twice as much more. They pertain chiefly to 
 dynamic geology and physical geography, and have been published 
 mainly in government reports and scientific journals. Certain of 
 these papers treat of land sculpture by streams; wind erosion; 
 laccoliths; glaciers of Alaska; origin of the features of the moon's 
 surface; the source of hypotheses; earth movements in the Great 
 Lakes region, etc. 
 
 Professor Gilbert says, "my life has not been one of ambition, 
 with a definite grand end in view. I have rather followed the line 
 of least resistance, with love for research as one of the conditions. 
 Finding now that I have many incomplete undertakings, so many 
 
GROVE KARL GILBERT 369 
 
 that only a few can possibly be carried to fruition, I am compelled 
 to regret that my attention has been so divided. On the other hand, 
 I do not deplore a certain amount of division. An investigator may 
 advantageously follow more than one line of inquiry, if only to avoid 
 the cramping effect of isolation. The methods of different researches 
 interact with profit to all." 
 
 He was married November 10, 1874, to Fannie Loretta Porter, 
 of Cambridge, Massachusetts. They had three children, two of 
 whom are living in 1905. Mrs. Gilbert died March 17, 1899. His 
 address is care of Geological Survey, Washington, District of Colum- 
 bia. 
 
THEODORE NICHOLAS GILL 
 
 GILL, THEODORE NICHOLAS, naturalist and professor of 
 Zoology at George Washington university, was born in New- 
 York city, March 21, 1837. He is the son of James Darrell 
 Gill and Elizabeth (Vosburgh) Gill, and a descendant of Nicholas 
 Gill, who emigrated from Devon, England, in 1722 and settled at 
 Newfoundland, where he was appointed admiralty judge; and of 
 Captain Michael Gill who settled in Newfoundland in 1709. 
 
 Professor Gill was educated in private schools and under special 
 tutors. From early childhood he has been deeply interested in 
 natural history. In 1860 he moved to Washington, District of Colum- 
 bia, where he was appointed adjunct professor of physics and natural 
 history at Columbia university. He retained this position for one 
 year. In 1863 he became assistant librarian to the Smithsonian 
 Institution; two years later he was appointed librarian. From 1866 
 to 1875 he was assistant librarian of congress. He was twice 
 appointed lecturer on natural history at Columbian university, from 
 1864 to 1866, and again from 1873 to 1884. In 1884 he was appointed 
 to his present position as professor of Zoology at Columbian (now 
 George Washington) university. 
 
 In 1873 he was elected a member of the National Academy of 
 Sciences; and he is a member of over fifty other American and foreign 
 scientific societies. In 1897 he was president of the American 
 Association for the Advancement of Science. George Washington 
 university has conferred upon him these degrees: A.M., in 1865; 
 M.D., in 1866; Ph.D., in 1870; and LL.D., in 1895. 
 
 Dr. Gill has made many contributions to scientific literature. 
 He is the author of: "Synopsis of Fresh Water Fishes"; "Arrange- 
 ment of the Families of Mollusks"; "Arrangement of the Families 
 of Mammals " ; " Arrangement of the Families of Fishes " ; " Catalogue 
 of the Fishes of East Coast of North America"; "Principles of Geog- 
 raphy"; "Scientific and Popular Views of Nature Contrasted"; 
 "Account of Progress of Zoology." He wrote most of the articles 
 on fishes and a considerable number of those on mammals, in the 
 
THEODORE NICHOLAS GILL ^71 
 
 "Standard (or Riverside) Natural History." He has contributed 
 many addresses and reviews to the "Nation," "Science" and other 
 magazines; and also many articles to the proceedings of various 
 scientific associations. He was associate editor of Johnson's New 
 Universal cyclopedia; of the Century dictionary; and of the Standard 
 dictionary. From 1879 to 1886 he prepared the reports on zoology 
 for the Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 He is a member of the Archaeological society, of the Biological 
 society and of the Entomological society, of Washington, District of 
 Columbia. He is also a member of the Cosmos club of Washington. 
 
GEORGE LEWIS GILLESPIE 
 
 GILLESPIE, GEORGE LEWIS, soldier, engineer, brigadier- 
 general and chief of engineers of the United States army, 
 is a native of Tennessee, born at Kingston, Roane county, 
 on October 7, 1841. His parents were George Lewis and Margaret 
 Alice Gillespie. On July 1, 1858, he was appointed to the military 
 academy, at West Point, from which he was graduated June 17, 
 1862, and appointed to the army, with the rank of second lieutenant 
 of engineers. His service began with active duties in the field during 
 the war and his participation in that struggle lasted until its close. 
 From 1862 to 1864, he was assistant engineer with the Army of the 
 Potomac, and from 1864 until Lee's surrender at Appomattox, he 
 was chief engineer of the Army of the Shenandoah. 
 
 This period of service included the operations and engineering 
 work necessitated by the Maryland campaign, Antietam, the Rappa- 
 hannock campaign, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the Pennsyl- 
 vania campaign, the Rapidan campaign, Richmond campaign, Cold 
 Harbor and the defensive works about and at the siege of Petersburg. 
 On October 30, 1864, he was made assistant engineer on the staff of 
 General P. H. Sheridan, and chief engineer in the following year. 
 As such he participated in the engagement at Waynesborough, in the 
 action at Ashland, the battle of Dinwiddie's Court House, battle of 
 Five Forks, action of Appomattox station, and the capitulation at 
 Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. On the latter date, he was 
 brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallant and meritorious services in 
 the campaign from Winchester to Appomattox, and received the 
 Medal of Congress for bravery. 
 
 From Appomattox, Colonel Gillespie accompanied General 
 Sheridan to New Orleans as chief engineer of the military division 
 of the Southwest and took part in the reconstruction of the Gulf 
 States, and in the restoration of the Republic of Mexico. He re- 
 turned North in 1867, under orders, and was engaged in the construc- 
 tion of fortifications and in various harbor improvements at Ports- 
 mouth, New Hampshire, and at Boston, Massachusetts, until August 
 
GEORGE LEWIS GILLESPIE 373 
 
 1, 1869. For the next succeeding four years he was superintending 
 engineer of the tenth lighthouse district, when he was again assigned 
 
 to General Sheridan's staff for the purpose of making a scries of sur- 
 veys, embracing the battlefields of Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar 
 Creek, Dinwiddie's Court House, and other historic sites, in connec- 
 tion with Sheridan's campaigns in the Shenandoah region. 
 
 From May 9, 1877, to July 12, 1878, Colonel Gillespie was on 
 leave of absence, in Europe. Upon his return, he superintended the 
 surveys and improvements of rivers and harbors in Oregon, and the 
 defenses at the mouth of the Columbia river, as well as the thirteenth 
 lighthouse district. He was stationed in New York city, from 
 1881-86, in charge of the river and harbor improvements and interior 
 defenses of New York harbor; and from 1886 to 1888, he was in 
 temporary charge of the improvements of New York harbor, the Hud- 
 son and Harlem rivers; Raritan Bay, New Jersey; East River, Hell 
 Gate, and other riparian projects, at the same time supervising the 
 East River bridge. During the succeeding years he had charge of the 
 defenses at Fort Hamilton, New York, and Sandy Hook, New Jersey, 
 and was a member of the board of engineers of the United States 
 army. In 1892 he completed the plan for the fortification of the 
 lower bay, New York, and in 1894 emplanted the gun-lift battery 
 at Sandy Hook, the first designed in this country for modern arma- 
 ment. In 1895 he was made president of the Mississippi river com- 
 mission, and was chiefly responsible for the selection of Galveston, 
 Texas, and San Pedro, California, as deep-water harbors. 
 
 During the Spanish-American war, in 1898, he was appointed 
 brigadier-general of volunteers and assigned to command the depart- 
 ment of the East, with headquarters at Governor's Island, New York. 
 In 1900, he visited Porto Rico, as a member of the board of officers 
 to determine what lands were necessary for military and naval 
 purposes of the United States. He received the appointment of 
 chief of engineers of the United States army, with the rank of briga- 
 dier-general, on May 3, 1901. He is president of the Board of Ord- 
 nance and Fortifications, and a member of the Army War College 
 Board of Washington, District of Columbia. 
 
FREDERICK HUNTINGTON GILLETT 
 
 GILLETT, FREDERICK HUNTINGTON, graduate of Am- 
 herst college and of Harvard law school, lawyer in Spring- 
 field, Massachusetts, assistant attorney-general of Massa- 
 chusetts, representative in the General Court of Massachusetts, 
 representative in the United States congress from the second district 
 of Massachusetts from 1893, was born in Westfield, Hampden 
 county, Massachusetts, October 16, 1851. His father, Edward 
 Bates Gillett (1818-99) was a graduate of Amherst, class of 1839, 
 was admitted to the bar in 1841, and practised law in Westfield 
 during the remainder of his life. He was state senator, 1852, district 
 attorney, 1856-71, and prominent in Republican state politics. He 
 died in Westfield, February 3, 1899. His grandfather, Daniel 
 Gillett, was a merchant in South Hadley Falls. His mother was 
 Lucy Douglass, daughter of James and Lucy (Douglass) Fowler of 
 Westfield, a woman of superior mental and moral character impress- 
 ing her characteristics on her son. He attended the public and high 
 school of his native place, studied a year in Dresden, Saxony, was 
 graduated from Amherst in 1874, and from Harvard law school in 
 1877. He was admitted to the Springfield bar in 1877. He served 
 as assistant attorney-general of Massachusetts, 1879-82; as a repre- 
 sentative in the General Court of Massachusetts, 1890-91; and in 
 1892 he was elected a Republican representative from the second 
 district of Massachusetts to the fifty-third Congress by a plurality 
 of 2,413 votes. He served on the committee on Military Affairs, on 
 the committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and on the com- 
 mittee on Enrolled Bills. He was reelected in 1894 to the fifty- 
 fourth Congress by a plurality of 5,437 votes; in 1896 to the fifty-fifth 
 Congress by a plurality of 12,015 votes; in 1898 to the fifty-sixth 
 Congress by a plurality of 5,277 votes and in this congress he was 
 chairman of the committee on Reform in the Civil Service and was a 
 member of the committee on Foreign Affairs. He was returned to 
 the fifty-seventh Congress in 1900 by a plurality of 6,938 votes and 
 continued as chairman of the committee on Reform in the Civil Ser- 
 
FREDERICK HUNTINGTON CJILLETT .'{75 
 
 vice and was a member of the committee on Appropriations. In 
 1902 he was reelected to the fifty-eighth Congress, his plurality being 
 7,069 votes, and in 1904 to the fifty-ninth Congress by a majority of 
 about 9,000. 
 
 His constantly increasing majorities indicate the satisfaction 
 with his congressional record felt by an exceptionally intelligent New 
 England constituency. His growing influence in the House leads 
 many to look with especial interest to his effective advocacy of sound, 
 conservative measures for the social and political betterment of 
 American life. 
 
DANIEL COIT GILMAN 
 
 i 
 
 GILMAN, DANIEL COIT, educator and first president of 
 Johns Hopkins university, has been the leader in organizing 
 and developing true university work in the United States. 
 His devotion to the cause of higher education, his steady adherence 
 to the ideal rather than the material tendency in our American system 
 of education, and his constant desire to make the scholarship of our 
 country, especially in all departments of higher research, more pro- 
 ductive of intellectual force as well as of scientific knowledge and 
 material progress, make him one of the leading figures in our con- 
 stantly improving university system. It has been justly said of him 
 and of his work: " He believes in individuality, and holds that institu- 
 tions were made for men and not men for institutions. He knows 
 no selfishness nor has he taken part in the tendency to absorb other 
 foundations into a great educational trust; but his faith and services 
 are for the university invisible, not made with hands, which consists 
 in the productive, scientific work of gifted minds, wherever they are, 
 sympathetic by nature and made still more so by the coordination 
 of studies, as one of the most characteristic features of our age." 
 
 He was born in Norwich, Connecticut, July 6, 1831. He is a son 
 of William Charles Oilman; and his earliest ancestor in America was 
 Councillor John Oilman, one of the first settlers of Exeter, New 
 Hampshire, who came to this country from Norfolk, England, in 
 1638. Through his mother, Eliza Coit, he is descended from some 
 of the leading families of eastern Connecticut. 
 
 His preparatory studies were pursued in New York city, and he 
 was graduated from Yale college in 1852. He was engaged in post- 
 graduate work in New Haven and Cambridge; for two years he 
 studied in Berlin, attending lectures by Carl Ritter and Adolf Tren- 
 delenburg, after being attached for a short time to the American 
 Legation in St. Petersburg. In 1855 while still in Europe he acted 
 as one of the commissioners to the Exposition Universelle in Paris. 
 He traveled extensively in Europe and gave attention to the social, 
 political and educational condition of the countries he visited and 
 particularly to their physical structure. 
 
DANIEL COIT OILMAN 377 
 
 On his return to America, he was appointed librarian of Yale 
 college and was professor of physical and political geography at the 
 Sheffield Scientific school from 1856 to 1872, and did much to develop 
 that institution in its early and formative years. During his resi- 
 dence in New Haven he was made a trustee of the Winchester astro- 
 nomical observatory and a visitor of the Yale school of fine arts. He 
 was superintendent of the New Haven city schools for a time, and 
 was also secretary of the state board of education. 
 
 In 1861 he married Mary Ketcham, of New York. She died in 
 1869. In 1877 Doctor Gilman married a second time, Miss Elizabeth 
 Dwight, daughter of John M. Woolsey of Cleveland and New Haven, 
 and niece of President Woolsey of Yale. 
 
 From 1872 to 1875, he was president of the University of Cali- 
 fornia. To the development of this institution he gave great thought 
 and care. Its subsequent growth has been largely due to the plans 
 he formed for it, and to the force and energy with which he set in 
 motion new impulses and ideas in education. Doctor Gilman's 
 attention has always been given more particularly to the interior 
 influences and work of the institutions with which he has been con- 
 nected, than to outside work and financing operations. 
 
 On December 30, 1874, he was elected president of the newly- 
 founded Johns Hopkins university. May 1, 1875, he entered on his 
 new duties. When Mr. Hopkins died, in 1873, he bequeathed 
 $7,000,000 (up to that time the largest single gift ever made to educa- 
 tion), to be divided equally between a hospital and the university. 
 After extended inquiries, in their effort to find a man of such breadth 
 of view and force of character as to make successful the first attempt 
 in America to establish an institution to do distinctively post- 
 graduate university work, Doctor Gilman was the choice of the trus- 
 tees for president. A year was spent by him in formulating plans 
 and in visiting men and institutions in Europe. The principles on 
 which the university was founded were that it was to be free from 
 partisan or ecclesiastical influence; its work was to be as special and 
 as advanced as the state of the country would permit; its fame was 
 to rest upon the character of the teachers and scholars and not upon 
 numbers and buildings; it was to begin with a portion of the philo- 
 sophical as distinct from a professional faculty; to emphasize reseanh 
 and to give special attention to literature and the sciences, particu- 
 larly to those which bear on medicine. It has been said that " Balti- 
 
378 DANIEL COIT OILMAN 
 
 more was made the brightest educational spot in our country" by 
 the development of the university under Doctor Gilman's guidance. 
 Questions of scholarship broadened into those of statesmanship. A 
 new era opened in educational matters; and to President Gilman must 
 be awarded praise for awakening and stimulating most powerfully 
 the love of the higher learning and of research in our American life. 
 His interest in the men who surrounded him was intense. Their work 
 was watched and encouraged by him; and many of them attribute 
 to his sympathetic suggestions of a career, and to his encourage- 
 ment in it, much of the success of their later life. For years he 
 made "the university the paradise and seminarium of young 
 specialists." 
 
 Doctor Gilman's optimism and idealism have been two most 
 prominent factors in his success. He sustained the courage of all in 
 the difficulties which attended the beginning of such a work, and 
 through the depressing years when non-paying investments of funds 
 for a time seriously crippled his plans, he kept alive enthusiasm 
 alike among instructors and students. It is in the brain of such 
 leaders that great educational impulses and inspirations arise; and 
 it is by the will of such men that they are put into practical form for 
 the guidance of succeeding generations. Pure learning, progressive 
 knowledge, practical results, are the standards set before young men 
 in this institution, which has received its impress and power from the 
 mind and services of its first president. Thoroughness and expansion 
 have marked the courses of study in Johns Hopkins university; and 
 no doubt individual supervision of work, and the remarkable oppor- 
 tunities for research so freely offered to young and ambitious aspir- 
 ants, individually, are among the reasons why so many of its graduates 
 are appreciative of the work of the university which gave them a suc- 
 cessful launch in their life-career. Doctor Gilman's twenty-fifth anni- 
 versary in the presidency brought out abounding evidence of the 
 gratitude, appreciation and reverence of the men who had studied 
 under his guidance. To him the whole educational system of the 
 United States is indebted, not only for keeping this leading university 
 free from narrow ideas of competition and rivalry with other institu- 
 tions, but also for a magnificent fight against the materializing ten- 
 dencies which are too prevalent in American life. His work has done 
 much to demonstrate that "often the most ideal course is also the 
 most practical." 
 
DANIEL COIT OILMAN ;;7!) 
 
 Doctor Gilman was a director of the Johns Hopkins hospital; a 
 trustee of the Peabody Institute; the Pratt library, and the Mercan- 
 tile library of Baltimore. He was appointed a trustee of the Peabody 
 Fund for the promotion of education in the South; he is president of 
 the Slater Fund trustees for the education of the Freedmen; president 
 of the American Oriental society; a vice-president of the Archaeological 
 Institute of America. He was also named "officer of public instruc- 
 tion " in France. He was made a member of the Venezuelan Boun- 
 dary Commission, in 1896-97, of the Commission to draft a new- 
 charter for Baltimore, and he has been president of the National 
 Civil Service Association since 1901. The degree of LL.D. was con- 
 ferred on him by Harvard, 1876; Columbia, 1887; St. John's, Balti- 
 more, 1887; Yale, 1889; University of North Carolina, 1889; and 
 Princeton, 1896. 
 
 Many of his addresses on education and history are collected 
 in a volume, "University Problems in the United States," 1898. 
 He also wrote "The Life of James Monroe," 1898. He edited the 
 miscellaneous writings of Francis Lieber, 1881; and of Doctor Joseph 
 P. Thompson, 1884. His addresses as president of the American 
 Social Science Association; on the opening of Sibley college, Cornell; 
 at the opening of Adelbert college on "The Benefit Society Derives 
 from Universities " ; and at Harvard on similar themes, are masterly 
 efforts of a mind temperamentally and by experience fitted to deal 
 with them. 
 
 In 1902 he resigned the presidency of the Johns Hopkins univer- 
 sity. In the same year he was selected as the head of the Carnegie 
 Institute, an endowment of $10,000,000, the gift of Andrew Carnegie 
 for the promotion of scientific research in its highest forms. Presi- 
 dent Gilman filled this position for two years, defining the scope, 
 establishing the methods and settling the foundations of the work 
 of the Institute. But at the beginning of the second year he informed 
 the trustees that having passed the age of seventy, he had fully 
 determined to resign the presidency at the expiration of his second 
 year. This he did, in December, 1904, the trustees accepting his 
 resignation with professions of deep regret and high esteem. 
 
 Doctor Gilman proposes to give these next years to the carrying 
 out of long-cherished plans for literary work. 
 
 His address is 614 Park Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland. 
 

 JOHN CURTIS GILMORE 
 
 GILMORE, JOHN CURTIS, soldier, general of the United 
 States army, retired, is an example of the efficient soldier 
 graduated from the field of battle into the regular army of 
 the United States. He was born in the Dominion of Canada, April 18, 
 1837, just across the border from northern New York; and, when he was 
 but six months old, his parents removed to Louisville, St. Lawrence 
 county, New York. He attended the village school, and, after com- 
 pleting its course of study he entered, and in due time was graduated 
 from the Albany law school, at Albany, New York. Circumstances 
 soon diverted him from the law, however, and in 1862, he entered 
 the Union army and went to the front as captain of the 16th New York 
 volunteer infantry, and served until the close of the war. He was 
 promoted major of the same regiment, on September 29, of the same 
 year; became lieutenant-colonel of the 193d New York infantry, 
 March 28, 1865; brevet colonel of volunteers, November 14, 1865; 
 and was mustered out of the volunteer service January 18, 1866. 
 His civil war record was one of gallantry and honor, and was officially 
 recognized by brevets and promotions for meritorious service at 
 Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Salem Heights, Virginia. For 
 "distinguished conduct" in the latter named battle, the Congress of 
 the United States awarded him a medal of honor. 
 
 On May 11, 1866, General Gilmore was appointed to the United 
 States army as second lieutenant of the 12th U. S. infantry, and has 
 since that time been continually attached to the regular army down 
 to his retirement, on April 18, 1901. His chief assignments during 
 this period of thirty-five years are as follows : Transferred to the 30th 
 U. S. infantry, September 21, 1866; promoted captain of the 38th 
 U. S. infantry, January 22, 1867; transferred to the 24th U. S. 
 infantry, November 11, 1869; assigned to service on the staff 
 of the adjutant general of the United States army, with rank of 
 major, August 14, 1890; promoted lieutenant-colonel, November 15, 
 1896, and colonel April 28, 1900, while attached to staff; during the 
 Spanish-American war he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 
 
JOHN CURTIS GILMORE .;s| 
 
 May 27, 1898; and during the summer of that year he was chief of 
 staff and adjutant to Lieutenant-General Nelson A. Miles, at the 
 headquarters of the army in Cuba and Porto Rico. He was also a 
 member of the board of army drill regulations, and as such was 
 co-author of the regulations governing infantry, cavalry and lif;lit 
 artillery drill, and president of the board for the manual of guard 
 duty. 
 
CHARLES CARROLL GLOVER 
 
 GLOVER, CHARLES CARROLL, financier, president of the 
 Riggs National Bank, of Washington, District of Columbia, 
 was born on a farm, in Macon county, North Carolina, 
 November 24, 1846. His parents were Charles and Caroline (Piercy) 
 Glover, and his grandfather, whose name he bears, was, during his 
 active life, a prominent citizen of Washington, and one of the large 
 land owners of that city and its immediate vicinity. Young Glover 
 came to Washington when about eight years of age, and the major 
 part of his education was obtained at Rittenhouse academy, con- 
 ducted by Professor 0. C. Wright. When sixteen years of age, he 
 began his career, as a clerk in a book-store; and, after three years in 
 this kind of work, he entered the banking house of Riggs & Company, 
 of Washington, in a clerical position. He showed unusual adapta- 
 bility and capacity for both routine and constructive work, and after 
 various promotions, he became, in 1873, a partner of this well-known 
 banking firm. On July 1. 1896, the house passed from a private 
 institution into a national bank, and since that date Mr. Glover has 
 been its president. He brought to the administration of the Riggs 
 National bank a strong individuality, rare tact, a large acquaintance 
 with prominent public men, and a thorough knowledge of practical 
 finance; and this personal equipment has made him a man of large 
 successes, both in the field of private enterprise and in his larger 
 sphere as a public-spirited citizen of the national capital. 
 
 Mr. Glover has been one of Washington's strongest partisans in 
 the matter of civic development. He has probably been more closely 
 identified with the development of its system of parks than has any 
 other man. The inauguration of the plan for Rock Creek park, 
 including the zoological gardens, and the securing of its adoption 
 by the Congress of the United States, is due to him. So, too, the 
 reclamation of the Potomac flats, and the consequent creation of 
 Potomac park, comprising about four hundred acres, which has added 
 both health and beauty to Washington. The Washington "Post" 
 editorially paid the following tribute to Mr. Glover in this connection : 
 
 "The President has signed the bill devoting what are known as 
 
CHARLES CARROLL GLOVER 383 
 
 the Potomac flats to the purposes of a public park. It is the con- 
 summation of a work of years, prosecuted faithfully under every 
 discouragement and setback, by one public-spirited and courageous 
 man, Mr. Charles C. Glover, who has already laid the city under greal 
 obligations by labor and achievement in other important directions. 
 It is to Mr. Glover that we owe the realization of Rock Creek park, 
 also lasting gratitude for his potent help in the matter of the new 
 Corcoran art gallery. It is to him that we are now indebted for t his 
 last and crowning achievement at present under discourse, against 
 every unjust opposition; he has labored patiently and bravely for 
 years, alone, sustained only by his personal influence and force; he 
 has confronted and prevailed over the apathy and prejudice of Con- 
 gress. Mr. Glover secured the passage of the bill, and it is him we 
 have to thank for the assured park. It should be called 'Glover 
 Park' by every rule of justice and propriety, but whatever name 
 they give it, we shall all know that we are indebted for it to the 
 unselfish and public-spirited efforts of our distinguished fellow- 
 citizen, Charles Carroll Glover." 
 
 The location of the sites for the new Protestant Episcopal cathe- 
 dral, overlooking the city of Washington, north of Georgetown, and 
 of the American university, a little further out, are also to be credited 
 to Mr. Glover, who is a trustee of both institutions. Among other 
 places of honor held by him, may be mentioned the following: Vice- 
 president of the Capital Traction Company; formerly vice-president 
 of the National Safe Deposit and Trust Company; member and ex- 
 president Washington Stock Exchange; vice-president and treasurer 
 of the Corcoran Gallery of Art; member of the Washington National 
 Monument Society; member of the commission to receive funds for 
 Martinique sufferers; and member of the Federal Commission on 
 changing the date of inauguration of the President of the United 
 States. He is also connected with numerous clubs, and fraternal 
 organizations. The president, through Chairman Cortelyou, in 1905, 
 offered Mr. Glover the chairmanship of the Inaugural Committee, 
 but owing to business engagements he was compelled to decline. 
 
 On January 10, 1878, Mr. Glover married Miss Annie Cunning- 
 ham Poor, daughter of the late Rear-Admiral Poor, of the United 
 States navy. They have two children, Elizabeth Lindsay, wife of 
 Jonkheer R. de Marees van Swinderen, Minister of the Netherlands 
 to the United States, and Charles Carroll, Jr. 
 

 SAMUEL GOMPERS 
 
 GOMPERS, SAMUEL, son of a cigarmaker in London, Eng- 
 land, came to the United States in 1863, where he was one 
 of the first registered members of the Cigar Makers' Inter- 
 national Union, organized in 1864, and its first vice-president subse- 
 quently. He has been president of the New York State Federation 
 of Labor and of the American Federation of Labor for twenty-one 
 years; and is the father of the eight-hour law for government work, 
 the ten-hour law for employees of street railroads, and of Labor Day 
 as the workingman's legal holiday. He was born in London, Eng- 
 land, January 27, 1850. His father, Saul Gompers, was a cigar- 
 maker, an industrious workman, a kind father, and a man of remark- 
 able memory. His mother, Sarah (Root) Gompers, was a woman of 
 excellent antecedents, her parents being highly educated; and through 
 her influence on his intellectual and moral life he was led to study, 
 and to seek to benefit his fellow men. His grandfather, Samuel 
 Gompers, was a man of philosophical turn of mind, of extraordinary 
 courage and fearlessness, and well informed through knowledge 
 acquired by wide travel in Europe. 
 
 As a boy, Samuel was anxious to learn and he often neglected 
 or forgot to eat, in his eagerness to master the lessons he had set 
 himself as a task. He attended school from his sixth to his tenth 
 year, then was apprenticed to a shoemaker, but disliking the business 
 he learned the trade of his father, and while working as a cigarmaker 
 attended evening school for four years. Being the eldest child of a 
 family of eight, he began to aid his father in their support as soon as 
 he could earn wages. He continued to work at his trade until he was 
 thirty-seven years old, and during all this time he was a student, an 
 organizer, the spokesman and advocate of the rights to which in his 
 view the working people were entitled. He came to the United 
 States when thirteen years old, settled in New York city, and the 
 next year (1864) helped to organize the Cigar Makers' International 
 Union, of which he was among the first registered members, and he 
 served the union as secretary and president for six years, and it grew 
 
^Wz-7<? 
 
 £. 
 

 
SAMUEL GOMPERS ;;s.-, 
 
 • I 
 
 to be a very successful organization. He also edited its local paper, 
 "The Picket," during that time. He was president of the Ww York 
 State Federation of Labor, and he was the founder of the American 
 Federation of Labor in 1881, serving as its president for five yeara 
 
 without salary or other compensation, after which he w;is its president 
 on salary, being elected each successive year, the only interlude being 
 1894 when John McBride, representing the coal miners, defeated him 
 in the election. He was nominated by both the Democratic and 
 Republican party in his district for state senator; the Republican 
 party offered him the nomination as representative in congress; 
 Governor Hill tendered him a place on the State Board of Arbitration, 
 and President McKinley on the Industrial Commission, all of which 
 honors he declined. He was closely associated with the effort to 
 obtain a treaty between the United States and Great Britain, for 
 international arbitration of all disputes. He was a delegate to the 
 National conference held at Saratoga in 1898 to discuss and devise a 
 policy which should be pursued by the United States in view of the 
 new conditions brought about by the war with Spain, and he 
 addressed the conference and was a member of the committee that 
 presented to President McKinley a memorial containing the views 
 of the congress. He also took part in a number of congresses and 
 conventions having for their object the promotion of social service. 
 He was vice-president of the National Civic Federation formed to 
 establish better relations between workmen and their employers. 
 His membership in associations, clubs and fraternities includes the 
 American Federation of Labor; Cigar Makers' International Union of 
 America; Free and Accepted Masons; Independent Order of Odd 
 Fellows; Benevolent and Protective Elks; and the Home club. He 
 was president of the American Federation of Labor from the year of 
 its foundation, 1881, with the exception of two years; and he still 
 held the office in 1905; first vice-president of the Cigar Makers' 
 International Union of America for ten years, and author of the bene- 
 ficial and protective features of the financial system of that organiza- 
 tion as well as of the initiative and referendum in the legislation and 
 in the nomination and election of officers of that organization. Be 
 served as noble grand master of his Odd Fellow lodge, 1873, and as 
 deputy grand master of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of his 
 district in 1876. 
 
 In order to be of more service to his fellow workmen in the cause 
 
386 SAMUEL GOMPERS 
 
 of uplifting labor, he refused to be actively connected with any 
 political party; but agreeing with the Republican party on the subject 
 of reconstruction he voted that ticket from the time he could vote to 
 1876, when he voted for Peter Cooper for president in protest against 
 the policy of both the Republican and Democratic parties, realizing 
 that the labor movement was a more effective factor in uplifting the 
 condition of the people and binding the North and South in closer 
 bonds of union. He was affiliated with the society for Ethical Cul- 
 ture of New York city, established in 1867 by Felix Adler. His life- 
 work has been to aid the working man by increasing wages, reducing 
 hours of labor, bringing about better conditions of employment for 
 the wage-earners in all occupations, and aiding in improving the 
 standard of living of the wage-earners. The leavening influence of 
 these efforts he believes have tended to improve the condition of all 
 the people. 
 
 He is the author of: "The Eight-Hour Workday"; "No Com- 
 pulsory Arbitration"; "What Does Labor Want?"; and "Organized 
 Labor: Its Struggles, Its Enemies and Fool Friends." He edited 
 " The American Federationist " from 1894, and contributed to news- 
 papers and magazines. His works are all issued in cheap pamphlet 
 form so as to place them in the hands of those most interested in the 
 subjects treated — tracts rather than books. He was planning, 
 however, in 1904 to write a book on the history of the labor move- 
 ment and the philosophy upon which it is based. His first helpful 
 reading was the tracts and pamphlets issued by the antislavery 
 society— then he read Charles Dickens, Thackeray, Burns, Shelly, 
 Hood and Shakespeare with profit, followed by history and books on 
 economics. His choice of a profession was the result of the circum- 
 stances by which he was surrounded and the condition of labor by 
 which he was confronted as a working boy and as a working man. 
 He resolved to devote his life to doing away with some of the con- 
 ditions of poverty and misery which surrounded those with whom 
 he associated, and had hindered him in his youth. 
 
 To young Americans he would recommend that they should " hold 
 truth as their principle of living, should live the truth and act upon 
 the truth, be fair and just, ascertain what is right and stand for it 
 regardless of consequences to self — in short should help serve others. 
 The greatest gratification is the knowledge of being of some service 
 to our fellows." 
 
SAMUEL GOMPERS 387 
 
 Even those who disagree with Mr. Gompers in his fundamental 
 principles of reform and do not approve the methods of the organiza- 
 tions he represents, must admit that the earnest efforts of this per- 
 sistent agitator have resulted in much that is of great and general 
 benefit to workers everywhere. 
 
JAMES HOWARD GORE 
 
 GORE, JAMES HOWARD, born on a farm in Frederick 
 county, Virginia, on the eighteenth of September, 1856, 
 is the son of Mahlon and Sidney S. (Cather) Gore. His 
 father, a merchant and a county surveyor, died when he was four 
 years of age, leaving him to the care of his devoted mother, who 
 exercised upon him the strongest influence for good. A healthy boy, 
 he passed his youthful life under the invigorating influences of the 
 country, his early predilection for science shown in an earnest perusal 
 of scientific books, his most declared boyish interest. During his 
 college life, he shared with his two brothers in work on the farm, 
 being kept at home every third year — a health-giving working vaca- 
 tion. Educated in Hamilton academy, Richmond college and Colum- 
 bian university, he was graduated from the latter in 1877, remaining 
 there as tutor. In later years he pursued post-graduate courses of 
 mathematical study; at Berlin in 1894, Leyden in 1895, and Brussels 
 in 1897. To his graduating degree of B.S., Columbian added in 1888 
 the honorary degree of Ph.D. 
 
 Appointed adjunct professor of mathematics in Columbian 
 university in 1880, he has been full professor in that branch since 
 1884. He was professor of mathematics and geodesy at the Corcoran 
 scientific school, 1884-87; and since that date he has been professor 
 of geodesy in that institution. 
 
 Professor Gore has also served as astronomer in the United 
 States Geological Survey and as acting assistant in the United States 
 Coast Survey, and has been officially connected with various inter- 
 national expositions. He served as commissioner-general at the 
 expositions of Antwerp in 1894, Amsterdam in 1895, Brussels in 1897, 
 St. Louis in 1904, and at Liege in 1905; and he was juror-in- 
 chief at the Paris exposition of 1900. In recognition of his efficiency 
 in these positions he has been honored with decorations by Belgium, 
 France, Holland, Sweden, Bulgaria, and Siam, and is a Commander 
 of the Order of Leopold, an officer of the Legion of Honor, the Order 
 of the Crown, the Order of Wasa, and the French Academy, and a 
 
! 
 
 JAMES HOWARD GORE 389 
 
 Knight of the White Elephant and of the Order of Orange and 
 Nassau. 
 
 Professor Gore married Lilian van Sparrendahl, July 20, 1889, 
 and has one child. He is a member of the Baptist church. He is 
 also a member of the Anthropological society and of the Cosmos club 
 of Washington; past-president of the Philosophical society of Wash- 
 ington, and secretary of the Metrological society. In his career and 
 character the influence of his loving and careful mother, and his early 
 taste for scientific studies, were among the strongest influences 
 in awakening an ambition to make his mark in life. As a 
 boy he found recreation in useful reading. As a man he has been an 
 incessant worker, taking no vacations, and seeking enjoyment only in 
 change of labor. His leisure hours have been largely employed in 
 literary composition, in the line of his college work. He is the author 
 of "Elements of Geodesy," 1884; "History of Geodesy," 1886; 
 "Bibliography of Geodesy," 1889; "Elements of Geometry," 1898; 
 and "Elements of Geography"; "Holland as seen by an American," 
 1898; "Dutch Art as seen by a Layman," 1902; "The Legionnaires 
 of France," 1903; "The Political Parties of Germany," 1903. He 
 has also edited various German texts, and a German "Science 
 Reader," and has contributed many articles to American and Euro- 
 pean magazines. 
 
GEORGE CONGDON GORHAM 
 
 GORHAM, GEORGE CONGDON, is the son of George and 
 Martha P. Gorham, of Greenport, New York. George C. 
 Gorham was born in that town July 5, 1832, receiving his 
 education at New London, Connecticut. At the age of seventeen, 
 inspired by the discovery of gold in California, he made his way 
 among the pioneers to that region, reaching there December 19, 1849, 
 in the height of the gold fever. In the following year he accepted a 
 position as clerk to Stephen J. Field then Alcalde of Marysville 
 (afterward justice of the United States Supreme court). In 1856 he 
 was elected city clerk of Marysville. While thus engaged Mr. Gorham 
 developed ability as a newspaper writer which finally led him into 
 journalism, and he became assistant editor of the Sacramento "Daily 
 Standard" in 1859, editor of the San Francisco "Daily Nation" 
 in 1860, and editor of the "Marysville Democrat" in 1861, and 
 assistant editor of the Sacramento "Daily Union" in 1861-62. 
 Hitherto he had been a Democrat; but with the outbreak of the Civil 
 war he became strongly Unionist and Republican in sentiment, and 
 in 1862 took an active part in organizing the Union party, made up 
 of Republicans and Union Democrats. From that time he was for 
 many years strongly interested in Republican politics and played a 
 part of some importance in national affairs. In 1863 Justice Field 
 appointed him clerk of the United States Circuit court at San Fran- 
 cisco, a position which he held until 1867, when he received the 
 Republican nomination for governor of California. Mr. Gorham's 
 prominence in the party annals was recognized the next year by his 
 appointment as secretary of the United States senate, in which 
 important office he remained for eleven years, until 1879. He repre- 
 sented California on the Republican national committee from 1868 
 to 1880. In 1880 he became the editor of the "Daily National 
 Republican," of Washington, District of Columbia. His connection 
 with this paper ended in 1884, since which date he has taken no 
 active part in political life. He withheld his support from the 
 Republican nominee for the presidency in 1884 because of what he 
 
GEORGE CONGDON GORHAM 301 
 
 deemed that gentleman's unfaithfulness to his party in contributing 
 largely to the defeat of the bill of 1875 for the enforcement, of the 
 amendments to the constitution. He did not sever his connection 
 with the Republican party, however, until 1896, when he gave hia 
 support to Mr. Bryan because of his firm convictions in favor of 
 bimetallism. Since that time he has been politically an independent , 
 opposing what he regards as the imperialistic policy of the Republican 
 party. Beside his activity for many years in editorial work, Mr. 
 Gorham wrote a life of Edwin M. Stanton which was published 
 (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) in 1899. He also wrote an account of the 
 attempted assassination of Justice Stephen J. Field, which was 
 printed by Justice Field for private circulation. 
 
ARTHUR PUE GORMAN 
 
 GORMAN, ARTHUR PUE, legislator, political leader, and 
 United States senator, has been a life-long resident of the 
 state of Maryland. His career, in many respects is unique, 
 due to the possession of remarkable qualities, as well as to exceptional 
 circumstances. 
 
 Of mixed Irish and Scotch lineage, Senator Gorman was born 
 in Howard county, Maryland, March 11, 1839. His father was a man 
 of active temperament, a stone contractor by occupation; and about 
 1845 he took up his residence at Laurel, Maryland, where he continued 
 the business of supplying building materials for various structural 
 operations in the city of Washington. While in Richmond, Virginia, 
 in 1860, the elder Gorman was arbitrarily seized and thrown into 
 prison for his utterance against secession; and this imprisonment cost 
 him his life. From his father, the Senator is said to have inherited 
 suavity of manner together with rigid inflexibility; while gentleness 
 and kindliness are a heritage from his mother, whom he is said 
 greatly to resemble. When he was nominated a second time for 
 senator, he paid her the beautiful tribute of saying, "All that I am 
 and all that I hope to be is due to my mother, and to the people of 
 Maryland." 
 
 Whatever formal education he obtained was in the public schools 
 of the county in which he was born; but his school days were cut short 
 by his appointment as a page in the United States house of repre- 
 sentatives. He was soon transferred to the senate, at the instance 
 of Stephen A. Douglas. Into that great school, which in those days 
 was a representative body of intellectual, forensic and political 
 giants, he was literally thrown, and proved a most apt pupil. Web- 
 ster, the expounder of the constitution; Clay, the pacificator; Calhoun, 
 the champion of state's rights, and many others of almost equal 
 renown, were his preceptors in the principles of statesmanship. In 
 such an environment, he absorbed that knowledge of the senate's 
 traditions and drank in that knowledge of the constitution so ably 
 analyzed and debated in the senate of those days, which have placed 
 
ARTHUR PUE GORMAN 
 
 in the front rank of the expositors and defenders of the constitution 
 him who was then a page. So well did he acquit himself in the service of 
 the senate, and so well commend himself to Senator Douglas, that he 
 was appointed successively page, messenger, assistant-postmaster 
 and postmaster of the senate, and private secretary of Senator Doug- 
 las, in whose family he lived on terms of great intimacy. I lis 
 patriotic impulses were disclosed, during the rebellion, from the fact 
 that he was first lieutenant in a volunteer company of government 
 employees, organized to repel the famous raid of General Early on 
 the national capital. 
 
 During the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, Mr. Gorman 
 was removed from his position of postmaster of the senate on account 
 of premature, possibly partisan utterances in defense of the president. 
 He was soon taken up by Montgomery Blair and Reverdy Johnson, 
 of Maryland, and received an appointment to the collectorship of 
 internal revenue for the fifth Maryland district, which he held until 
 the incoming of the Grant administration in 1869. 
 
 In November of that year, he was elected a member of the house 
 of delegates of the Maryland legislature, and in the same year became 
 a director of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. His reelec- 
 tion to the legislature followed in 1871, where he rapidly advanced to 
 leadership, and was chosen speaker. The next year found him 
 president of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company; and by virtue 
 of his administrative gifts, his knowledge of men and issues, and his 
 other qualifications for leadership, he passed by easy gradations, 
 first to the senate of his own state, and then to the United Stairs 
 senate, in 1880, as the successor of William Pinkney Whyte. His 
 service in the state senate covered three terms, during which time 
 he made a strong and indelible impress upon current legislation. 
 His first period of membership in the senate of the United States 
 closed in 1899, but after an interim of four years he was again elected 
 in 1902, to succeed George L. Wellington. 
 
 When Mr. Gorman first entered the United States senate, his 
 reputation extended scarcely outside the boundaries of his own state, 
 but it was not long before he began to attract the attention of his 
 fellow senators. Following out the policy adopted early in his 
 career, he first devoted himself to making personal friends, whether 
 powerful or not; nor were they by any means confined to one party. 
 This process went on until ere long he could claim all for his friends, 
 

 
 'tfT-Z*-£-& /> 
 
ASHLEY MULGRAVE GOULD 
 
 GOULD, ASHLEY MULGRAVE, associate justice Supreme 
 Court of the District of Columbia, was born at Lower Hor- 
 ton, Nova Scotia, October 8, 1859. He is the son of Charles 
 Edward Gould, a carpenter, subsequently engaged in manufacturing, 
 and at present the secretary and treasurer of the Northampton 
 Electric Lighting Company, a man of perseverance and honesty, to 
 whom local municipal offices in Northampton, Massachusetts, have 
 frequently been entrusted. His mother's maiden name was Mary 
 Jane Fuller. He engaged freely in athletics in early life although he 
 was not strong. Reading fiction, and baseball were his favorite 
 amusements as a boy. His studies were pursued at the Northampton 
 high school until 1877, and he was graduated from Amherst college, 
 Massachusetts, in 1881. He took a professional course at George- 
 town university law school, graduating in 1884, and was admitted 
 to the bar of the District of Columbia in April, 1884. 
 
 He began the active work of life as a clerk in the post office 
 department, Washington, District of Columbia, in 1881. His pro- 
 fessional life has been that of a lawyer, United States attorney for the 
 District and justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. 
 He was a member of the house of delegates of Maryland, 1897-98, 
 and was Republican caucus nominee for speaker. He is a member 
 of the Masonic Order and of the Army and Navy clubs and the Bar 
 Association of Washington, District of Columbia, and of Maryland. 
 He is identified with the Republican party. He is affiliated with the 
 Methodist church. In 1901 he was appointed United States attorney 
 for the District of Columbia. He is professor of the Law of Contra cts, 
 Domestic Relations and Criminal Law in the law department of the 
 Georgetown university. On December 8, 1902, he was appointed 
 associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. 
 
 He was married to Margaret Gray, November 22, 1888. They 
 have had seven children of whom five are living in 1905. 
 

 ADOLPHUS WASHINGTON GREELY 
 
 GREELY, ADOLPHUS WASHINGTON, Arctic explorer, 
 brigadier-general and chief signal officer U. S. army, author 
 and scientist, was born in Newburyport, Essex county, 
 Massachusetts, March 27, 1844. He traces his ancestry from John 
 Howland, one of the passengers in the Mayflower, 1620; from Elder 
 Henry Cobb, said to have been a passenger in the second voyage of 
 the Mayflower, who settled in Scituate, Plymouth colony, in 1623, 
 and married Patience Hurst; from John Balch, who settled on Cape 
 Ann, Massachusetts Bay colony, 1623; and from Andrew Greely, his 
 first paternal ancestor in America, who settled in Salisbury, Massa- 
 chusetts Bay colon}'-, in 1639. Adolphus Washington Greely was the 
 son of John Balch and Frances Dunn (Cobb) Greely, and grandson of 
 Joseph and Betsy (Balch) Greely and of Samuel and Eleanor (Neal) 
 Cobb. His father was a shoe dealer, captain in the state militia, a 
 man of independence of thought, patriotic, a lover of truth and 
 knowledge. His grandfather Cobb, a man of strong religious con- 
 victions, was a farmer; and while a boy Adolphus assisted him for 
 some time in farm work. He was educated in the public schools of 
 his native town, graduating at the Brown high school in 1860. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Civil war he enlisted, July 3, 1861, as a 
 private in Co. B, 19th Massachusetts volunteer infantry, although but 
 seventeen years old. Serving in thirteen engagements, he was 
 wounded at White Oak Swamp, at Antietam, and in the forlorn hope 
 at the crossing of the Rappahannock, Fredericksburg, December 11, 
 1862, when he was promoted first sergeant for gallantry. Commis- 
 sioned by Governor Andrew as lieutenant in Shaw's 54th Massa- 
 chusetts (colored) regiment, he was unable to accept, owing to orders 
 from the war department, which promoted him in a national organ- 
 ization as lieutenant, 81st U. S. infantry (colored). He was dis- 
 charged from the volunteer service as a captain and brevet-major, 
 to accept a lieutenancy in the 36th U. S. infantry. He had extended 
 frontier and Indian service in Kansas, Nebraska, Utah, and Wyoming, 
 from 1867 to 1871. Transferred in 1869 to the 5th U. S. cavalry, he 
 
ADOLPHUS WASHINGTON QREELT 397 
 
 became captain in 1886. Detailed for duty in the Signal Corps, 
 between 1871 and 1880, he became expert as a forecaster of the 
 weather, established the danger (flood) lines of the Mi ippi, 
 Missouri, Ohio, and other rivers; he also constructed and operated 
 two extensive systems of military telegraph lines, one of 1200 miles, 
 covering the Indian and Mexican frontiers of Texas; the other 800 
 miles through Indian country, in Dakota and Montana. 
 
 In 1881 he organized and led the United States Arctic expedition 
 to Lady Franklin Bay, for scientific observations, the most northern 
 of the thirteen circumpolar stations established by eleven nations in 
 accordance with the recommendation of the Hamburg Geographical 
 Congress of 1879, under the plan of Lieutenant Weyprecht, Austrian 
 navy. Lieutenant Greely, with twenty-five men, sailing from St. 
 John, Newfoundland, in the Proteus, landed on the shore of Discovery 
 Harbor, Grinnell Land, 81° 44' N., August 12, 1881, with supplies for 
 three years and a portable house. The ship returning, the party 
 began its scientific and geographical labors, which lasted uninter- 
 ruptedly two years. In sledge journeys entailing 3,000 miles of polar 
 travel, explorations were made that covered three and one-half 
 degrees of latitude and forty-five degrees of longitude, one-eighth of 
 the way around the earth above the 80th parallel. Grinnell Land 
 was crossed to the western polar ocean, the interior surveyed and its 
 extraordinary physical geography determined, partly ice-capped, 
 partly glacial lakes surrounded by vigorous vegetation. Lieutenant 
 James Booth Lockwood, Sergeant David Legge Brainard and Eskimo 
 Jens passed the northern end of Greenland, and, discovering a new 
 land, traversed one hundred miles of its coasts. May 13, 1882, they 
 reached latitude 83° 24' N., longitude 40° 46' W., the highest latitude 
 ever attained up to that time. 
 
 The supply ships failed to reach Lieutenant Greely either in 1882 
 or 1883, and in the latter year the steamer Proteus, passing Cape 
 Sabine, without establishing the promised depot of supplies, was 
 crushed by ice. Her crew, taking all available food, ret reated in the 
 U. S. S. Yantic, leaving a record promising prompt relief. In obedi- 
 ence to his original orders, Greely started south August 9, 1883, and 
 after a boat journey of 400 miles under difficult conditions of ice and 
 weather reached Cape Sabine, September 29. He had brought to the 
 appointed rendezvous his records complete, with every man in health, 
 and had one month's provisions. Finding the record of the ship- 
 
398 ADOLPHUS WASHINGTON GREELY 
 
 wreck, with practically no food, and being unable to cross ice- 
 crowded Smith Sound, he built a hut of stones, canvas, boats and ice, 
 in which to winter. He scoured the glacial land and ice-covered sea 
 for game, moss, shrimps, and seaweed, whatever could sustain life, 
 and also began scientific observations which were regularly taken. 
 Scant food and privations caused the first death five months later, 
 and by midsummer only seven were living. On June 23 these were 
 rescued, at the verge of death, by a squadron consisting of the Thetis, 
 Bear and Alert, the last given to the United States by Great Britain 
 for the search. This squadron, under Commander Winfield S. Schley, 
 U. S. N., left New York in April, 1884, and was assisted in its ice 
 navigation by the Scotch whalers, to whom congress promised 
 $25,000 should any effect the rescue. On his return Lieutenant 
 Greely received for his scientific work the highest honors from the 
 British Association for the Advancement of Science, and from other 
 scientific societies, notably the Founder's Medal from the Royal 
 Geographical Society, London, and the Roquette Medal from the 
 Soci6te de Geographic, Paris. 
 
 General W. B. Hazen being disabled in 1886, by a fatal illness, 
 Captain Greely, his senior assistant, succeeded to his duties and 
 became acting chief signal officer of the army, to which place he was 
 promoted, with the rank of brigadier-general, on March 3, 1887. 
 He was the first enlisted soldier from the volunteer army in the Civil 
 war to reach that grade in the regular army. General Greely thor- 
 oughly reorganized the Weather Bureau, commenced the publication 
 of the Bibliography of Meteorology, collated in tabular form the 
 accumulated local and international data, introduced scientific 
 methods of flood predictions, and initiated the Weather Crop Service. 
 A telegraphic cipher invented by him saved $30,000 annually, and 
 other methods led to a yearly saving of $100,000. Although the law 
 permitted his retention at the head of the Weather Bureau, when it 
 was transferred to the Department of Agriculture, he remained with 
 the Signal Corps, and developed its military features, especially the 
 application of electricity to military uses, outlining its scientific 
 aspects before the Engineering Congress at the World's Fair in Chi- 
 cago. The work of the Signal Corps under his direction during the 
 Spanish-American war was an epoch in the evolution of field teleg- 
 raphy, telephony and electric communications for war purposes. 
 He brought the south coast of Cuba within five minutes of the White 
 
ADOLPHUS WASHINGTON GREELY .; i .)'t 
 
 House, and the antiquated Spanish systems were replaced by the 
 modern American telegraphs. In Cuba alone a telegraphic network 
 of 3,000 miles was built, operated, and transferred without friction 
 to the Cuban Government after nearly $150,000 of line receipts 
 during military occupation had been deposited in the Cuban treasury. 
 Through Colonel Allen of his corps, he officially reported to the presi- 
 dent on the very day of its arrival the presence of Cervera's fleet at 
 Santiago, thus rendering possible the ensuing campaign which ended 
 the Spanish-American war. The International Telegraph Conference 
 having made no provision for cables in war, General Greely success- 
 fully formulated and acceptably enforced regulations for the opera- 
 tion, destruction and censorship of submarine cables. Of his work 
 the War Commission officially reported : " The Chief Signal officer, and 
 the officers and men under his command were equal to every emer- 
 gency, and the work was so quickly and successfully done that there 
 has not been a complaint filed from any source. Officers have with- 
 out exception complimented in the highest terms the efficiency and 
 courage of the corps." 
 
 In the Philippines, under his direction, there were installed 
 10,450 miles of cables and land lines, connecting fourteen of the 
 largest islands and enabling effective administration from Manila for 
 the first time in the history of the archipelago. In China the Ameri- 
 can Signal Corps, first of the seven allied armies, carried its telegraph 
 line into Peking. In Alaska a system of nearly 4,000 miles of cables, 
 land lines and wireless plants has been completed connecting this 
 territory with the United States by an all-American route. 
 
 The General Court of Massachusetts extended to • Lieutenant 
 Greely the thanks of the Commonwealth, " for his courage as a soldier, 
 his enterprise as an explorer and intrepidity as a commander in solv- 
 ing geographical problems involving the progress of mankind in 
 science and civilization." 
 
 General Greely gives much time to patriotic, educational and 
 scientific affairs for the public good. Largely by his efforts the 
 Washington City free library, the first in the national capital, was 
 established in 1895, and maintained until 1897, when it was merged 
 into the new Washington public library after having circulated nearly 
 400,000 volumes. He is a member of the Institut Colonial Inter- 
 national, the American Historical Association, and the Cosmos club. 
 He was honorary vice-president of the Sixth International Geographi- 
 
400 ADOLPHUS WASHINGTON GREELY 
 
 cal Congress at London in 1896, and of the seventh at Berlin in 1899. 
 He was a delegate of the United States to the French Society for the 
 Advancement of Science in Toulouse, 1887; to the Polar Congress in 
 Munich, 1891; to the International Telegraph Conference in London, 
 1903; and to the Wireless Telegraph Conference in Berlin, 1903. He 
 is the author of: " Chronological List of Auroras " (1881) ; " Isothermal 
 Lines of the United States" (1881); "Three Years of Arctic Service" 
 (2 vols., 1885); "Proceedings of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition " 
 (2 vols., 1888); "Rainfall of the Western States and Territories" 
 (1888); "Climate of Washington and Oregon" (1889); "American 
 Weather" (1890); "Climate of Nebraska" (1890); "Climatology of 
 Arid Regions " (1891) ; " Climate of Texas " (1891) ; " Diurnal Fluctua- 
 tion of Barometric Pressure" (1891); "American Explorers" (1894); 
 "Handbook of Arctic Discovery" (1896); "Public Documents of 
 First Fourteen Congresses" (1902). 
 
 A careful and accurate account of the rescue of Lieutenant 
 Grecly was published in book form by Captain W. S. Schley in 1885. 
 General Greely was married, June 20, 1878, to Henrietta Cruger 
 Hudson, daughter of Thomas L. and Maria Antoinette (Gale) Nes- 
 mith, of Staten Island, New York, and of their seven children, six 
 were living in 1905. General Greely is a member of All Souls'church, 
 Washington. From childhood he has sympathized with the Repub- 
 lican party, but he has taken no active part in politics. To boys and 
 young men he offers this advice: "Tell the truth; keep moral corn- 
 pan}'; work steadily, not trusting to spasmodic efforts; and always do 
 your best in every piece of work entrusted to you." His biography 
 has been written by Sarah K. Bolton. 
 
 The prizes of fame and achievement in the service of the govern- 
 ment are not won solely by the officers who command armies or 
 navies in time of war. The life of General Greely well illustrates the 
 great possibilities which lie before a public servant who applies him- 
 self with intelligence and interest to the duty which is assigned him, 
 seeing in its faithful and efficient performance opportunities for such 
 service to science, commerce and civilization as can not fail to win 
 deserved renown for the systematic and courageous worker. 
 
BERNARD RICHARDSON GREEN 
 
 GREEN, BERNARD RICHARDSON, civil engineer, is a man 
 whose name is indissolubly linked with the construction of 
 some of the finest of the public buildings of our government 
 at Washington. As long as the State, War and Navy building, the 
 Monument, and the Library of Congress stand, his scientific knowl- 
 edge, his constructive skill and the thoroughness with which he 
 carried out the designs, some of which he helped to form or to modify, 
 will have enduring witness. He says, " the young man who attends 
 strictly and thoughtfully to his own business and endeavors to im- 
 prove it for his employer's sake, makes himself indispensable. He 
 who also reads books of history, biography and technical works on 
 his own business or profession, and who cultivates good morals and 
 gentlemanly conduct, laying up little by little his gains in knowledge, 
 ability and money, will profit greatly in the long run by the law of 
 geometrical progression. Think more at first of becoming able and 
 valuable than of gaining money." 
 
 Mr. Green was born at Maiden, Massachusetts, December 28, 
 1843. His father, Ezra Green, a mariner and farmer, is remembered 
 as a man of "sturdy integrity, sound common sense, broad and 
 charitable views and practical intelligence," and is the descendant 
 of a line of New England ancestors extending back to the settlement 
 of Boston before 1634, who for two hundred and fifteen years have 
 owned and lived on the same estate in Maiden, Massachusetts. He 
 was an active boy, with a taste for drawing, science and mechanics, 
 manifested early in the successful construction of wind and water 
 mills, kites, and toy ships. From fifteen to eighteen he worked on 
 the farm in summer, attending a private academy in the winter. 
 He took a course of professional study at Lawrence scientific school, 
 Harvard, and received the degree of Bachelor of Science, 1863. 
 
 From 1863 until 1870, as draftsman and assistant engineer on 
 sea-coast fortifications, and in light house construction and river and 
 harbor improvements, he was intimately connected with several dis- 
 tinguished officers of the United States corps of engineers, under 
 
402 BERNARD RICHARDSON GREEN 
 
 whom he served ; and he was engaged in a series of notable fog-signal 
 experiments, on the transmission of sound through the air along the 
 sea coast. 
 
 In 1877 he came to Washington, and as assistant engineer to 
 General (then Colonel) T. L. Casey, U. S. A., took charge of the con- 
 struction of the building for the State, War and Navy departments. 
 In place of administration ill-defined and expensive, through lack 
 of plans and systematic management, the efficient oversight of Mr. 
 Green resulted in the construction of the north wing of that building 
 for one and one-half million dollars less than its counterpart, the 
 south wing, had cost; and the cost of the entire building was reduced 
 by some two and a quarter millions below the total which it would 
 have cost if continued under the earlier plan and management. 
 
 As assistant to Colonel Casey, Mr. Green was engaged on the 
 Washington aqueduct, especially in extending it as to subsurface 
 conduit. Mr. Green devised the main scheme for strengthening the 
 old foundation of the Washington monument by under-pinning it 
 with concrete; he solved the peculiar problem of the marble pyra- 
 midion, the pointed crown on the thin (18 inch) edge of the marble 
 shaft, inventing a special scheme of construction, and himself 
 working up the detail drawings; he also devised and installed the 
 plummet apparatus by which the slightest movement of the center 
 of gravity of the structure may be observed to the one-thousandth 
 of an inch. 
 
 He supervised the erection of the Army Medical Museum and 
 Library, and the remodeling and construction of several of the large 
 buildings of the United States Soldiers' Home. In the spring of 1888 
 he took charge of the construction of the building for the Congres- 
 sional Library, laying the first half of the foundation in the summer 
 of 1888. When the direction of this work was, by the Act of October 
 2, 1888, transferred to General Casey, chief of engineers of the army, 
 Mr. Green was made superintendent and engineer in local charge of 
 the entire work, including the architectural designing and construc- 
 tion throughout. This business he conducted at the office on the site 
 of the building. On the death of General Casey, March 25, 1896, 
 Mr. Green was given full charge, as director, manager and disbursing 
 officer. He completed the building on time, and materially within 
 the estimated cost, March 1, 1897. He was by law retained in charge 
 until July 1st of that year, when he was appointed by the President 
 
BERNARD RICHARDSON GREEN |li:; 
 
 superintendent of the building and grounds and disbursing officer of 
 all, including the library itself. The devising and procuring of the 
 new and extensive furniture equipment required for the library, was 
 his work. The light steel, iron and marble book-stacks of shelving, 
 essentially the standard the world over, Mr. Green invented 
 and erected. The unique book transmission machinery be) ween 1 In- 
 shelving and the reading-room, and from the library by tunnel to 
 the Capitol, he introduced. 
 
 In the spring of 1903 by act of Congress he was by name placed 
 in charge of the design and construction of the new monumental 
 building for the National Museum, now in progress of erection at a 
 limit of cost of $3,500,000. His close relation with architects and 
 his sympathy with the architectural profession have led to his under- 
 standing and appreciating as do but few engineers, the labors and 
 the point of view of the architect. 
 
 Mr. Green is a member and past director of the American Society 
 of Civil Engineers, treasurer and member of the management of the 
 Philosophical Society of Washington and the Washington Academy 
 of Sciences, member and past president of the Cosmos club, trustee 
 of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, for many terms chairman of the 
 trustees of All Souls' church, member and officer of several other 
 societies, and an active patron of music and art. He has found 
 mathematics, natural science, history and descriptions of engineering 
 works his most helpful reading. The great works of civil engineering 
 first awakened his enthusiasm for his profession. A leader in the 
 peaceful conquest of construction, his work shows the wisdom of his 
 choice. 
 
 His mother was Elmina Minerva Richardson, of Vermont, and 
 
 he is the eldest of nine children. 
 
 He was married in Maiden, Massachusetts, to Julia Eliza Lincoln, 
 in 1868, and they have four children. 
 
SAMUEL HARRISON GREENE 
 
 GREENE, SAMUEL HARRISON, D.D., LL.D., preacher and 
 pastor, is distinguished as an organizer. During the 
 twenty-five years of his pastorate at Calvary Baptist 
 church, Washington, District of Columbia, the church has grown 
 from a membership of 400 to nearly 1,700 members. The size and 
 efficiency of the Sunday-school connected with the church is notice- 
 able, enrolling as it does a membership of nearly 2,300, and calling 
 into its service men whose administrative abilities are widely recog- 
 nized. Dr. Greene's power to draw and to hold men, both young and 
 old, is shown by the large proportion of men in Bible classes and by 
 the number of men of character and of trained ability who are 
 permanently enlisted in the manifold activities of the church. In 
 his public services and in all his church work Doctor Greene is un- 
 trammeled by tradition. He says, "I early found that I must work 
 on my own lines." And in his pastorate he has completely expressed 
 himself. A man of great executive ability, he is also a preacher of 
 marked sweetness and spirituality. He is a many-sided man, and 
 his services are recognized by the Baptist denomination at large. 
 
 He was born in Enosburg, Vermont, in 1845. His father, 
 Columbus Greene, was a clergyman who held the office of town 
 representative in the state legislature, was an intelligent, industrious, 
 patriotic and religious man. His mother, Martha Dow Webber, 
 he says, had a strong influence upon his moral and spiritual life. 
 Captain John Parker of Lexington, Massachusetts, and Theodore 
 Parker, of Boston, were among his kindred. Though not very 
 strong as a child, he was studious, and he shared in the social and 
 religious life of the village, and was for a time clerk in a country 
 store. From 1866 to 1867 he was superintendent of public schools 
 in Montgomery, Vermont. He "earned his own way" through 
 college, and supported himself during his theological course. He 
 pursued his preparatory studies at Colgate academy, was graduated 
 from Colgate university in 1873; and from Hamilton theological 
 seminary in 1875. Doctor Greene has received the degree of D.D. 
 
SAMUEL HARRISON GREENE 405 
 
 from Rochester, Colgate and Norwich universities, and that of LL.D. 
 from Columbian, Howard and Norwich universities. He was 
 ordained pastor of the Baptist church in Cazenovia, New York, in 
 June, 1875, and his pastorate there, closing in 1879, was full of useful- 
 ness, and the church soon came to be considered one of the n 
 important in central New York. In 1879 he accepted a call to Cal- 
 vary Baptist church, Washington, District of Columbia, when- ! 
 still pastor in 1905. He was elected trustee of Columbian university, 
 Washington, District of Columbia, in 1889 — an office which he still 
 holds. He was acting president of the same institution in the y< 
 1894-95 and again from 1900-02. 
 
 Doctor Greene has published "The Twentieth Century Sunday 
 School." He is a member of the Delta Upsilon college fraternity; 
 National Geographic Society; American Institute of Archaeology, 
 of which he is a vice-president; and of the Sons of the Revolution. 
 History, biography, art and science have helped to equip him for his 
 life-work. Tennis, boating and golf attract him, but his duties leave 
 him little time for amusement or exercise. His summer vacations 
 are spent on his farm in northern Vermont. He says he was led to 
 his life-work through " absolute conviction of divine call to the Chris- 
 tian ministry — not my own wish." The source of his strong desire 
 to attain the best in life was, in his own words, "strong love for my 
 kind; desire to be helpful," and because he was "naturally religious" 
 and had "an instinct for leadership." He esteems home, school, 
 companionship, contact with men in active life, in the order named, 
 as the most potent influences of his life. He says of his successes, 
 "However humble they may be, they have been more than my 
 expectation." For young men, he emphasizes the need of "clean 
 character, broad education, observation, untiring industry, honest 
 faith in God and man and 'gumption.' " 
 
 Doctor Greene was married in 1866 to Miss Lucia A. Buzzell 
 and they had one son living in 1905. 
 
JOHN WILLIAM GRIGGS 
 
 GRIGGS, JOHN WILLIAM, lawyer, representative in the New 
 Jersey state legislature 1876-77; state senator, 1883-89; 
 president of the state senate, 1886; governor of New Jersey, 
 1896-98; attorney-general of the United States in the cabinets of 
 President McKinley, 1898-1901 and a member of the Permanent 
 International Court of Arbitration at the Hague from 1900; was born 
 in Newton, Sussex county, New Jersey, July 10, 1849. His father, 
 Daniel Griggs, was a farmer; a ruling elder of the Old School Presby- 
 terian church of Newton, New Jersey, for thirty-five years, and while 
 a resident of Flemington, New Jersey, the superintendent of the first 
 Sunday-school established in the state. His mother was Emeline, 
 daughter of Samuel Johnson of Sussex county, New Jersey. His 
 grandfather was Samuel Griggs of Flemington, New Jersey. His 
 first ancestor in America was Thomas Griggs, a native of Sussex, 
 England, who immigrated to Massachusetts Bay colony in 1639 and 
 settled in Boston. John William Griggs was brought up on his 
 father's farm and inured by outdoor life and hard work on the farm 
 grew to be a strong lad. He attended the Newton collegiate institute, 
 and Lafayette college, Easton, Pennsylvania, where he was graduated 
 A.B. 1868. He determined to fit himself for the profession of law, 
 but on leaving college served for a time in the business office of the 
 Central Railroad of New Jersey, in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. He 
 was admitted to the bar at Paterson, New Jersey, in November, 
 1871, and began the practice of law in that city. He took a promi- 
 nent part in local politics as a Republican and was elected to the 
 state assembly, serving 1876 and 1877. In 1882 and again in 1885 
 he was elected a state senator from the Passaic senatorial district 
 serving 1883-89, and as president of the senate in 1886. He was 
 governor of New Jersey, 1896-98, elected in November, 1895, 
 the first Republican candidate for governor elected since Marcus J. 
 Ward, in 1865. On the resignation of Joseph McKenna as attor- 
 ney-general of the United States in the cabinet of President 
 McKinley to take his seat as associate justice of the United States 
 
JOHN WILLIAM GRIGGS 407 
 
 supreme court, December 16, 1897, in pine.' of Associate Justice 
 Field, retired, Governor Griggs was appointed aa McKenn 
 cessor in President McKinley's cabinet. The nomination was i 
 firmed by the United States senate January 25, L898, and he resigned 
 as governor of New Jersey, January 31, 1N«)X, and took the oath of 
 office of attorney-general of the United States the same day. Be 
 served in the cabinets of President McKinley up to April *.i, 1901, 
 when he resigned the portfolio and was succeeded by Philander Ch 
 Knox. He resumed the practice of law in PatersoD and New York 
 city. Upon the organization of the Permanent [nternational Court 
 of Arbitration provided for by the International Arbitration Treaty 
 and adopted by the Universal Peace Conference of IS!)!) -At torney- 
 General Griggs was appointed with Chief Justice Fuller, Judge 
 George Gray of the United States circuit court, and ex-President 
 Harrison, a member of the Permanent Hague Court on the pari of 
 the United States. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from 
 Princeton university in 1898, from Rutgers college and from Yale 
 university in 1899. While in college he was elected a member of the 
 Theta Delta Chi fraternity. He has also served as vice-president of 
 the Union League club of New York city. 
 
 He was married October 7, 1874, to Caroline W. Brandt, daugh- 
 ter of William and Susan (Leavitt) Brandt. She died January 21, 
 1891, and he was married again, April 15, 1893, to Laura Eliza- 
 beth, daughter of Warwick and Rosalie (Farmer) Price of Cleveland, 
 Ohio. Five of the six children born to him by his first wife were 
 living in 1905. 
 
 He has found his out-of-door recreation in fishing, shooting and 
 playing golf, of which game he is very fond. The reading which he 
 has found most profitable to himself, and which he recommends to 
 young Americans, includes the Bible, Shakespeare, Blackstone's 
 Commentaries, American political and biographical history, and all 
 branches of classical English literature. He presents to young men 
 the example of a New Jersey farmer's son of Puritan ancesl ry , stimu- 
 lated by the commendable ambition of his parents to make his mark 
 in the line of his chosen profession. To this end they gave him 
 every advantage to acquire a liberal education. He was drawn into 
 political life by the exercise of the very attributes that had made him 
 a successful lawyer, and when twenty-six years old he was elected by 
 his party to the state assembly where he served two terms. He was 
 
408 JOHN WILLIAM GRIGGS 
 
 however, evidently wedded to his profession rather than to the excite- 
 ments of the political field, and at the end of his term he resumed the 
 practice of law, continuing his work before the courts of the state for 
 five years when he was again drawn into state politics by the impor- 
 tunities of his party who believed that he possessed the qualities 
 which serve to make a successful candidate and an able legislator. 
 He was elected to the state senate, serving for six years, and one year 
 as presiding officer. His course in the senate marked him as the 
 logical candidate of the party for governor, and the Republican state 
 convention of 1895 placed his name at the head of the state ticket and 
 triumphantly elected him to the highest office in the gift of the people 
 of the state, the first Republican governor elected in thirty 
 years. He had served acceptably for two years with every prospect 
 of being continued in office for successive terms, when the nation 
 demanded his service, and the president by selecting him to fill the 
 vacancy in the cabinet caused by the promotion of Attorney-General 
 McKenna to the bench of the United States supreme court, deprived 
 the state of New Jersey of its efficient chief magistrate to make 
 Governor Griggs the head of the Department of Justice of the United 
 States. He served as attorney-general for three years and two 
 months, resigning to take up again the practice of the law. 
 
CHARLES HENRY GROSVENOR 
 
 GROSVENOR, CHARLES HENRY, LL.D., is one of many 
 prominent Americans whose lives have demonstrated t 
 in this country a decidedly unfavorable environment in 
 childhood and youth is not an insurmountable barrier to success in 
 later life. Although his boyhood was spent on a farm, and the ed i 
 tional advantages of his earlier years were extremely limited, by his 
 industry and energy, and by his readiness to take advantage of 
 opportunities which were open to him, he has reached a position of 
 high honor and commanding influence. From a log school house he 
 has made his way to the national house of representatives. 
 
 He was born at Pomfret, Windham county, Connecticut. Sep- 
 tember 20, 1833. His parents were Peter and Ann (Chase) Gros- 
 venor. He was married December 1, 1858, to Samantha Stewart, 
 who died in April, 1866. On May 21, 1867, he married Louise H. 
 Currier. 
 
 His father, Peter Grosvenor, was a fine specimen of the sturdy 
 common-sense New Englander. By occupation he was a farmer. 
 While he did not seek public honors, his honesty and efficiency 
 were clearly recognized by his fellow citizens who made him an oflieer 
 in township affairs. Among those of his line who have been 
 especially distinguished was Thomas Grosvenor, of Pomfret, Connec- 
 ticut, an excellent lawyer, an honored judge, who served as colonel 
 in the War of the Revolution. 
 
 Charles Henry Grosvenor spent most of his early life in the coun- 
 try and knew the hard work and the long hours which sixty years 
 ago marked the lot of farmer boys in the sparsely settled western 
 country to which his father had removed. His educational advan- 
 tages were very limited — a few terms at an inferior school which was 
 held in a primitive log school house. But he learned all that he 
 could and wherever he could. He has always been eager to obtain 
 knowledge from every available source. Although he may be 
 called "self educated," the work that he has accomplished proves 
 that he fitted himself thoroughly for public and professional life. 
 
408 JOHN WILLIAM GRIGGS 
 
 however, evidently wedded to his profession rather than to the excite- 
 ments of the political field, and at the end of his term he resumed the 
 practice of law, continuing his work before the courts of the state for 
 five years when he was again drawn into state politics by the impor- 
 tunities of his party who believed that he possessed the qualities 
 which serve to make a successful candidate and an able legislator. 
 He was elected to the state senate, serving for six years, and one year 
 as presiding officer. His course in the senate marked him as the 
 logical candidate of the party for governor, and the Republican state 
 convention of 1895 placed his name at the head of the state ticket and 
 triumphantly elected him to the highest office in the gift of the people 
 of the state, the first Republican governor elected in thirty 
 years. He had served acceptably for two years with every prospect 
 of being continued in office for successive terms, when the nation 
 demanded his service, and the president by selecting him to fill the 
 vacancy in the cabinet caused by the promotion of Attorney-General 
 McKenna to the bench of the United States supreme court, deprived 
 the state of New Jersey of its efficient chief magistrate to make 
 Governor Griggs the head of the Department of Justice of the United 
 States. He served as attorney-general for three years and two 
 months, resigning to take up again the practice of the law. 
 
CHARLES HENRY GROSVKNOR 
 
 GROSVENOR, CHARLES HENRY, LL.D., is one of many 
 prominent Americans whose lives have demonstrated t 
 in this country a decidedly unfavorable environment in 
 childhood and youth is not an insurmountable barrier to success in 
 later life. Although his boyhood was spent on a farm, and the educa- 
 tional advantages of his earlier years were extremely limited, by his 
 industry and energy, and by his readiness to take advantage of 
 opportunities which were open to him, he has reached a position of 
 high honor and commanding influence. From a log school house la- 
 has made his way to the national house of representatives. 
 
 He was born at Pomfret, Windham county, Connecticut. Sep- 
 tember 20, 1833. His parents were Peter and Ann (Chase) G] 
 venor. He was married December 1, 1858, to Samantha Stewart, 
 who died in April, 1866. On May 21, 1867, he married Louise H. 
 Currier. 
 
 His father, Peter Grosvenor, was a fine specimen of the sturdy 
 common-sense New Englander. By occupation he was a farmer. 
 While he did not seek public honors, his honesty and efficiency 
 were clearly recognized by his fellow citizens who made him an officer 
 in township affairs. Among those of his line who have been 
 especially distinguished was Thomas Grosvenor, of Pomfret, Connec- 
 ticut, an excellent lawyer, an honored judge, who served as colonel 
 in the War of the Revolution. 
 
 Charles Henry Grosvenor spent most of his early life in the coun- 
 try and knew the hard work and the long hours which sixty years 
 ago marked the lot of farmer boys in the sparsely settled western 
 country to which his father had removed. His educational advan- 
 tages were very limited — a few terms at an inferior school which was 
 held in a primitive log school house. But he learned all that he 
 could and wherever he could. He has always been eager to obtain 
 knowledge from every available source. Although he may be 
 called "self educated," the work that he has accomplished proves 
 that he fitted himself thoroughly for public and professional life. 
 
412 GALUSHA AARON GROW 
 
 an account of his sale he was liberally rewarded for his services. It 
 was the first considerable sum of money he had ever received from 
 his own earning. This money enabled him to visit the national 
 capital and the grave of Washington. While his brother was finish- 
 ing his business at Baltimore, Galusha walked from Alexandria to 
 Mount Vernon, returning the same day; and the next day he made 
 the tour of Washington, visiting all the principal points of interest. 
 On reaching home, he assisted his brother Frederic in the country 
 store established by his mother. 
 
 In the spring of 1836, in accordance with the wishes of his mother, 
 he entered Franklin academy at Hartford, Susquehanna county, 
 Pennsylvania, and in September, 1840, he entered Amherst college, 
 Massachusetts. He was graduated A.B., 1844, receiving high honors, 
 with a reputation as an able debater and extemporaneous speaker. 
 He read law in the office of Streeter and Little, at Montrose, 1845-47, 
 and was admitted to the bar, April 17, 1847. He was a partner of 
 David Wilmot, at Towanda, 1848-49. Mr. Grow declined the 
 unanimous nomination of the Democratic party of Susquehanna 
 county for representation in the state legislature in August, 1850. 
 He engaged in farming, surveying and lumbering, in order to regain 
 his failing health, living the exposed life of the tan bark peeler, field 
 surveyor and farmer. In 1850-51 he cleared and sowed with wheat 
 and rye 100 acres of land which he had purchased and on which he 
 had peeled the hemlock bark the year before. In October, 1850, 
 he was elected, as a Free Soil Democrat, representative from the 
 twelfth congressional district of Pennsylvania to the thirty-second 
 Congress, as successor to his law partner who had represented the 
 district, 1845-51. Mr. Grow at the time was almost unknown 
 beyond the county of his residence. He made a short canvass, 
 having been nominated only ten days before election, by reason of the 
 withdrawal of the two candidates previously nominated. He was 
 elected by 1,200 majority. When he took his seat in the thirty- 
 second Congress, December, 1851, he was the youngest member of 
 that congress. On March 30, 1852, he made his maiden speech in 
 the Old Hall of the house of representatives, on " Man's Right to the 
 Soil," and he thereafter kept before congress for the next ten years 
 the policy of the government granting its public lands in limited 
 quantity to actual settlers, until he succeeded in his purpose by the 
 passage of the Free Homestead law. 
 
GALUSIIA AARON GROW \\:\ 
 
 He was reelected to the thirty-third Congress in 1852 by a 
 majority of 7,577 votes, and to the thirty-fourth Congre - by the 
 unanimous vote of the district, owing to his persistent opposition to 
 the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. He passed the Bummer of 
 1855 in travel in Europe. He was reelected to the thirty-fifth, 
 thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh Congresses by the newly-formed 
 Republican party, which he was largely instrumental in organizing. 
 On July 4, 1861, he was elected speaker of the house of representa- 
 tives, and at the close of the thirty-seventh Congress, March :;, 1863, 
 he received a unanimous vote of thanks from the House, the first 
 unanimous vote received by any speaker for many years. He 
 defeated in 1862, owing to the redistricting of the state, Susquehanna 
 and Luzerne counties forming the district, instead of Susquehanna, 
 Bradford and Tioga, as formerly. The change made the district 
 Democratic. He was chairman of the committee on Territories in 
 the thirty-fourth and thirty-fifth Congresses. He made five set 
 speeches, and introduced four bills at four different sessions of con- 
 gress to secure the Free Homestead law. Three bills were defe 
 in the senate before the final passage of the law. Under this law, up 
 to 1903 more than 89,687,700 acres of the public domain had been 
 transferred by the United States to 668,625 actual settlers who had 
 taken up homesteads. As speaker of the house he signed the Free 
 Homestead bill and it became a law by the signature of President 
 Lincoln, May, 1862, to take effect January 1, 1863. Representative 
 Grow had incurred politically the ill-will of the slave-holders in 
 congress by his opposition to the extension of slavery and to the 
 attempt to admit Kansas as a slave state. Both his courage and his 
 respect for law were demonstrated in his reply declining a challenge 
 sent him by Lawrence O'Brien Branch, representative from North 
 Carolina, for words spoken in debate on the bill that had passed the 
 senate for increasing the rate of postage. He closed his reply to the 
 challenge as follows: "Regarding dueling as at variance with the 
 precepts of the Christian religion and the sentiments of a Christ i. o 
 people, and it being prohibited and declared a crime by the laws 
 enacted by the body of which we are members, I can not recognize 
 it — even in cases of unwarranted provocation — as a justifiable mode 
 of settling difficulties among men; but my personal rights and the 
 freedom of debate guaranteed by the constitution, I shall defend 
 whenever and wherever they are assailed." At the organization of 
 
414 GALUSHA AARON GROW 
 
 the thirty-fifth Congress, December, 1857, Mr. Grow was made the 
 candidate of the Republican party for speaker; but as the party was 
 in a hopeless minority, James Lawrence Orr of South Carolina was 
 elected. 
 
 On the outbreak of the Civil war, Mr. Grow joined General 
 Cassius M. Clay's brigade in Washington for the protection of the 
 national capital, and he served until the brigade was disbanded. 
 When drafted in 1863 he secured a substitute, although the board of 
 examination had declared him physically exempt from military 
 service. He was one of the victims of the National Hotel poisoning 
 in 1857, and on retiring from congress, March 4, 1863, was in feeble 
 health from this cause and from the nervous strain incident to his 
 twelve years' service in congress during the exciting and eventful 
 years preceding the Civil war. He engaged in lumbering at Newton, 
 Luzerne county, 1864-65; was in business in the oil regions of Venango 
 county, 1866-67, and traveled on the Pacific Coast during the summer 
 of 1871, going as far north as Victoria in British Columbia. Mr. 
 Grow served as a delegate from Pennsylvania to the Republican 
 national conventions of 1864, 1884 and 1892, and as chairman of the 
 Republican state central committee of Pennsylvania, 1868. He 
 removed to Houston, Texas, in 1871, having been elected president 
 of the Houston and Great Northern Railroad Company of Texas; 
 and during his four years' residence in that state he superintended the 
 building of five hundred miles of railroad. On his return to Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1875 he was active in the campaign for John Frederic 
 Hartranft for governor, and in 1876 he entered the presidential 
 canvass for Hayes and Wheeler. He was a prominent candidate for 
 the Republican nomination for governor in 1878, being the choice of 
 the delegates from a majority of the Republican counties of the state. 
 Upon the nomination of Henry Martyn Hoyt he refused to accept the 
 second place on the state ticket, but opened the canvass for Governor 
 Hoyt on August 10, 1878, at Oil City, where his subject was " Money 
 and Its Uses," in which he announced the keynote of the campaign 
 to be the financial question, and on this issue the election of Governor 
 Hoyt was secured. In the presidential campaign of 1880 he spoke 
 from August to November, in Maine, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New 
 York, for Garfield and Arthur; and the same year President Hayes 
 offered him the appointment of United States Minister to Russia, 
 as successor to E. W. Stroughton, which he declined. At a special 
 
GALUSHA AARON GROW I |.", 
 
 election held February 20, 1894, to fill the vacancy in the fifty-third 
 
 Congress caused by the death of William Lilly, one of the tw< 
 sentatives-at-large from Pennsylvania, Mr. Grow was chosen b 
 plurality of 188,294 votes, and in November following, he 
 elected representative-at-large from the state t«. the fifty-fourth 
 Congress by a plurality of 240,402, and in November, 1896, 
 reelected to the fifty-fifth Congress by a plurality of l".i7.1 16 being 
 the largest plurality ever given in any state of the Union to a candi- 
 date for any office). In November, 1898, he was reelected to the 
 fifty-sixth Congress, and in November, 1900, was reelected to the 
 fifty-seventh Congress. He served on the committee on Educt tion, 
 and was chairman of that committee in the fifty-sixth and fifty- 
 seventh Congresses. His last term in congress expired March \, 
 1903, when he retired from public life at the advam ■■ of eighty 
 
 years, having held no other public office than that of member of 
 congress, except the local office of school director. Previous to his 
 retirement he made a speech on the "Relation between Labor and 
 Capital." His other notable speeches before congress include: 
 "Man's Right to the Soil," March 30, 1852; "Free Homes for 1 
 Men," February 29, 1800; "Free Coinage of Silver," February 13, 
 1896; "War Widows' Pensions," February 9, 1897; "Rightful Owner- 
 ship of the Soil," February 19, 1897; "Free Homes for Pioneer 
 Settlers," March 10, 1898; "The Government's Plighted Faith in the 
 Payment of Its Debts," May 26, 1898; and "Annexation of the 
 Hawaiian Islands," June 14, 1898; and "The Legislative Power of 
 Congress Over the Territories," December 10, 1901. 
 
 Upon his retirement from congress, in 1903, upward of ."..hod 
 of the citizens of Susquehanna county, in his old congressional dis- 
 trict, assembled at Montrose, and a procession escorted the " - 
 Glen wood " through the streets, where the assembled thousands wel- 
 comed him home after his long service in public life. Letters were 
 read from the president and members of the cabinet and from promi- 
 nent members of congress, and speeches were made by the in\ 
 guests present, and the venerable statesman responded to the " W el- 
 come Home," in a notable address, in which he recited the pro 
 of the world in effecting the amelioration of human kind since he first 
 took his place as a legislator in the United States cong: arly 
 
 fifty-two years before, and pictured his hopes for still greater achieve- 
 ments to be effected in the near future. 
 
416 GALUSHA AARON GROW 
 
 Mr. Grow affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 
 and the Masonic fraternities, and was a member of the Psi Upsilon 
 society. He received the honorary degree of LL.D., from Amherst, 
 in 1884. He never married. He attributes his success in life to 
 following the advice of his mother and complying with her wish that 
 he go to college and that he make the law his profession in life. He 
 urges upon young Americans that they give faithful and constant 
 attention to whatever they undertake, and that they cultivate habits 
 of industry and sobriety. His greatest achievement as a legislator 
 he considers to be the securing of the passage of the Free Homestead 
 law. He recognized no inconsistency in his public career, and in 
 his speech before the house of representatives, February 19, 1897, 
 he said : " If I had my life to live over again I would not change my 
 action on the great political questions upon which I have been called 
 to act, whether as representative or private citizen." His faith in 
 the perpetuity of the Republic of the United States was voiced in the 
 same speech in these words : " I closed my course of historical reading 
 in the schools with the firm conviction that no nation ever yet died 
 or ever will, no matter what the extent of its territory or how vast its 
 population, if governed by just laws, and if its people are imbued 
 with a spirit of humanity as broad as the race." 
 
LIST OF FULL PAGE PORTRAITS 
 
 VOLUME I 
 
 FACING 
 PAGE 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt 1 
 
 Grover Cleveland 10 
 
 Charles W. Fairbanks 17 
 
 John Hay 20 
 
 Leslie M. Shaw 27 
 
 William H. Taft 30 
 
 William H. Moody 36 
 
 George B. Cortelyou 39 
 
 Paul Morton 43 
 
 Ethan A. Hitchcock 46 
 
 James Wilson 48 
 
 Victor H. Metcalf 53 
 
 Charles J. Bonaparte 56 
 
 Melville W. Fuller 62 
 
 John M. Harlan 66 
 
 David J. Brewer 68 
 
 Henry B. Brown 71 
 
 Rufus W. Peckham 75 
 
 Joseph McKenna 77 
 
 Oliver W. Holmes 79 
 
 William R. Day 82 
 
 Russell A. Alger 95 
 
 Richard H. Alvey 102 
 
 Thomas H. Anderson 107 
 
 FAC : 
 
 PA' 
 
 Joseph W. Babcock 1 1 :; 
 
 Charles Bird 159 
 
 Joseph C. S. Blackburn 1»>:< 
 
 Tasker H. Bliss I6fi 
 
 David L. Brainard 1 7_' 
 
 Frank M. Bristol 176 
 
 Julius C. Burrows 180 
 
 Frank L. Campbell 190 
 
 Joseph G. Cannon 192 
 
 AdnaR. Chaffee - 
 
 William E. Chandler 2 
 
 Bartlett J. Cromwell 
 
 John F. Crowell - 
 
 William E. Curtis - 
 
 John W. Daniel 271 
 
 William F. Draper 
 
 Samuel F. Emmons 318 
 
 Robley D. Evans 
 
 Joseph B. Foraker 
 
 John W.Foster 
 
 William P. Frye 349 
 
 James Card. Gibbons 
 
 Samuel Gompers :;s • 
 
 Ashley M. Gould 395 
 

INDEX OF BIOGRAPHIC 
 
 VOLUME 1 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt 
 
 Grover Cleveland 10 
 
 Charles W. Fairbanks 17 
 
 Cabinet Officers 
 
 John Hay 
 
 Leslie M. Shaw 
 
 William H. Taft 
 
 William H. Moody 
 
 George B. Cortelyou 
 
 Paul Morton 
 
 Ethan A. Hitchcock 
 
 James Wilson 
 
 Victor H. Metcalf 
 
 Charles J. Bonaparte 
 
 Elihu Root 
 
 Supreme Court of the United States 
 
 Melville W. Fuller 
 
 John M. Harlan 
 
 David J. Brewer 
 
 Henry B. Brown 
 
 Edward D. White 
 
 Rufus W. Peckham 
 
 Joseph McKenna 
 
 Oliver W. Holmes 
 
 William R. Day 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST 1 
 
 Adams, Robert, Jr 
 
 Adams, Samuel S 
 
 Ailes, Milton E ,,, 
 
 Aldrich, Nelson W 
 
 iThe first two volumes of this work contain names of men whose work has <-en-.-r e .i 
 the Nldonal Cal The following eight volumes of the series will oonta* buwh., 
 eminent men in all parts of the United States. 
 
420 INDEX OF BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 Alexander, De Alva S 93 
 
 Alger, Russell A 95 
 
 Allison, William B 98 
 
 Alvey, Richard H 102 
 
 Alvord, Henry E 104 
 
 Anderson, Thomas H 107 
 
 Ashton, Joseph H 109 
 
 Austin, Oscar P Ill 
 
 Babcock, Joseph W 113 
 
 Bacon, Augustus 116 
 
 Bailey, Joseph W 119 
 
 Baird, George W 120 
 
 Bard, Thomas R 122 
 
 Barker, Albert S 124 
 
 Barnard, Job 126 
 
 Bate, William B 128 
 
 Bates, John C 131 
 
 Bauer, Louis A 133 
 
 Bell, Alexander G 135 
 
 Bell, Charles J 138 
 
 Bell, James M 140 
 
 Benham, Andrew E. K *142 
 
 Benjamin, Samuel G. W 144 
 
 Berliner, Emile 147 
 
 Beveridge, Albert J 149 
 
 Biddle, John 153 
 
 Bingham, Edward F 155 
 
 Bingham, Henry H 157 
 
 Bird, Charles 159 
 
 Black, William M 161 
 
 Blackburn, Joseph C. S 163 
 
 Bliss, Tasker H 165 
 
 Borden, William C 168 
 
 Boutell, Henry S 170 
 
 Brainard, David L 172 
 
 Breckinridge, Joseph C 173 
 
 Bristol, Frank M 176 
 
 Burleigh, Edwin C 178 
 
 Burrows, Julius C 180 
 
 Burton, Theodore E 183 
 
 Butler, John G 185 
 
 Callahan, James M 188 
 
 Campbell, Frank L 190 
 
 Cannon, Joseph G 192 
 
 Carr, Eugene A 197 
 
 Carroll, James 201 
 
 
INDEX OF BIOGB M'lili s \'\ 
 
 Carter, William H 
 
 Casey, Edward P 
 
 Chaffee, Adna R 
 
 Chandler, William E 
 
 Clabaugh, Harry M j I , , 
 
 Clark, Champ L - 1 s 
 
 Clarke, Frank W 
 
 Cockran, William Bourke 
 
 Cockrell, Francis M 
 
 Cole, Charles C 
 
 Conaty, Thomas J 
 
 Converse, George A 
 
 Cook, Francis A 
 
 Cooper, Henry A 
 
 Corbin, Henry C 240 
 
 Cotton, Charles S 
 
 Crafts, Wilbur F 245 
 
 Cromwell, Bartlett J 247 
 
 Crowell, John F 25 I 
 
 Crozier, William 254 
 
 Cullom, Shelby M 
 
 Curtis, William E 
 
 Dall, William H 
 
 Dalzell, John 
 
 Dana, Napoleon J. T 
 
 Daniel, John W 
 
 Darling, Charles H 
 
 Daugherty, Jerome 
 
 Davis, Arthur P 
 
 Davis, George W 
 
 Davis, Henry E 
 
 Davis, John C. B 
 
 Davis, Lewis J 
 
 DeKoven, H. L. Reginald 
 
 Depew, Chauncey M 
 
 Dewey, George 
 
 Dick, Charles 
 
 Dolliver, Jonathan P 
 
 Draper, William F 
 
 „ / ' T , 
 
 Eaton, John 
 
 Edson, John J 
 
 Edwards, Clarence R 
 
 Egan, Maurice F 
 
 Elkins, Stephen B 
 
 Emmons, Samuel F 
 
 Endicott, Mordecai T 
 
422 INDEX OF BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 Evans, Henry C 322 
 
 Evans, Robley D 324 
 
 Farquhar, Norman von H 328 
 
 Fiske, Asa S 330 
 
 Foraker, Joseph B 332 
 
 Foss, George E 336 
 
 Foster, John W 337 
 
 Foulke, William D 342 
 
 Fowler, Charles N 345 
 
 Fox, Williams C 347 
 
 Frye, William P 349 
 
 Gallagher, Charles W 353 
 
 Gallaudet, Edward M 355 
 
 Gallinger, Jacob H 358 
 
 Gardner, Washington 360 
 
 Garfield, James R 361 
 
 Gibbons, James Card 363 
 
 Gilbert, Grove K 367 
 
 Gill, Theodore N 370 
 
 Gillespie, George L 372 
 
 Gillett, Frederick H 374 
 
 Gilman, Daniel C 376 
 
 Gilmore, John C 380 
 
 Glover, Charles C 382 
 
 Gompers, Samuel 384 
 
 Gore, James H 388 
 
 Gorham, George C 390 
 
 Gorman, Arthur P 392 
 
 Gould, Ashley M 395 
 
 Greely, Adolphus W 396 
 
 Green, Bernard R 401 
 
 Greene, Samuel H 404 
 
 Griggs, John W 406 
 
 Grosvenor, Charles H 409 
 
 Grow, Galusha A 411 
 
MAr: 3f 1906 
 
 
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