r . if- --^ u , or* ,0 c. ° " " ■» "^C ^ '^ cT »V A. o '^^l\ °^ .^^ ."y\ -^few- /\'--. V .v»- <{». r^^ .0-0 o - o ^ 'O or O > ^^-v v^ v-^^ "^9- •.V ,*lp. * >"'"*■, /^'•^ Of this Limited Letterpress Edition Jive hundred copies have been printed. Type dis- tributed after printing. TRAVELS IN THE YEARS 1791 AND 1792 IN PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK tjb^^ AND VERMONT JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN AGENT OF THE HOLLAND LAND COMPANY WITH A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH AND NOTES '^<\\'\'^ c .%\ G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON XLbc Iknicherbockcr press 1897 K-^. Copyright, 1897 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS /\V n, Ube Vtntclserboclser press, t^ew Kork PREFACE. TO those students of the history of the de- velopment of our country who find no detail, however slight, which bears upon it, to be unimportant, no apology is offered for the publication of the following records. They are here rendered into English from the French in which they were originally writ- ten on the small pages of two well worn pocket memorandum books, with ink or pencil, as time or place seem to have served. The compact, neat hand is characteristic of the painstaking accuracy with which the author describes all he saw a hundred years ago. What additional value the book may have is due, as will be seen, not only to the books consulted, but chiefly to the aid so kindly given by the late David E. Wager, of Rome, Paul Fenimore Cooper, of Albany, and Charles Dudley Miller, of Gen- eva. The editor also desires to make especial IV PREFACE acknowledgements to Dr. M. M. Bagg, of Utica ; Mr. S. L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge ; Rev. H. E. Hayden, of Wilkesbarre ; Mr. W. A. Wilcox, of Scranton ; Mr. James Seymour, Jr., and Gen. J. S. Clark, of Auburn ; Mr. Charles Stebbins, of Cazenovia ; Mr. L. M. Taylor, of Utica, for the map of the Forest Journey; to the Messrs. Kelby, of the New York Historical Society, and last, not least, to Mr. L. Carroll Root for deduction of title and accompanying map of the Holland Land Com- pany's purchase. The initials of many of these names will be recognized affixed to notes ; other notes, by '' L.L.," " S.S.F.," and '^ J.L.," refer to the authority of the late Ledyard Lincklaen, Samuel S. Forman, one of the pioneers of 1793, and John Lincklaen. Helen Lincklaen Fairchild. ■' Lorenzo," Cazenovia, N. Y., June, 1897. CONTENTS. PAGE List of Principal Authorities Consulted . ix John Lincklaen i Pennsylvania and New York Journal, August AND September, 1791 ..... 27 Vermont Journal, September, 1791 ... 77 A Journey with ' Mr. Boon through the Forest, April, 1792 95 Exploration of the Cazenovia Tract, Octo- ber, 1792 ........ 107 Appendices : A. — Theophilus Cazenove .... 131 B. — Paul Busti 133 C. — Memorial of Paul Bust: to the Legis- lature OF New York, March i, 1820 134 D. — Holland Land Company Purchase . 141 E. — Francis Adrian and John Jacob van der Kemp 147 F. — Judge William Cooper . . . -151 G. — Oneida Castle 152 Index ......... 157 V ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS. PAGE Gerrit Boon , . .St. Memin, Philadelphia 6 Paul Busti . . .St. Memin, Philadelphia 6 Theophilus Cazenove . St. Memin, Philadelphia 6 John Jacob van der Kemp, Brown, Philadelphia . 6 John Lincklaen . . Meance, New York . i8 Map, Forest Journey, April, 1792 L. M. T. . . . 98 Facsimile Page of Journal 112 Map, Cazenovia Tract. L. C. R. . . . 142 Map, State of New York, 1795 Samuel Lewis . Pocket LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Armorial de la Noblesse de France. Par MM. d'Auriac et ACQUIER. Paris, 185S. Benton, Nathaniel S. History of Herkimer County. Albany 1856. 497 pp., 8°. Blackman, Emily C. History of Susquehanna County, Pa. Philadelphia, 1873. 640 pp., 8°. Broglie, Due DE. Memoires de Tallyrand. Paris, 1S91. 5 vols Broome County, N. K, History of ; with illustrations and biograph ical sketches. By H. P. Smith. . . . Syracuse, N. Y. 1885. 630 pp., 4to. Cayuga County, N. Y., Gazetteer and Business Directory for 1867-8. By Hamilton Child. Syracuse, 1868. 296 pp., 8°. Chenango and Madison Counties, JV. V., History of , tvith illustra- tions and biographical sketches. By James H. Smith. Syracuse, 1880. 760 pp., 4to. Chipman, Daniel. A Memoir of Thomas Chittenden, the First Governor of Vermont, with a History of the Constitution during his Administration. Middlebury, 1849. 222 pp., i2mo. Clark, Joshua H. V. Onondaga ; or Reminiscences of Earlier and Later Times. Syracuse, 1849. 2 vols., 402, 392 pp., 8'. Fulton County, N. V., History of. ... By Washington Frothingham. Syracuse, 1892. 645 + 177 pp., imperial 8° Hammond, Mrs. L. M. History of A/adi soft County, State of N'eix York. Syracuse, 1872. 774 pp., 8°. Hollister, H, History of the Lackawan^ia Valley. 2nd edition New York, 1869. 442 pp., 8°. Howell, Reading. A Map of the State of Pennsylvania. 1792. Hough, Franklin B. Gazetteer of the State of Netv York, em- bracing a compreheftsive account of the History and Statistics of the State. . . . Albany, 1872. 745 pp,, large 8°. ix X AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. HuiDEKOPER, Alfred. History of Pomona Hall, the homestead of H. J. Huidekoper. Meadville, Pa., 1S89. 52 pp., 8°. Jones, Pomroy. Annals and Recollections of Oneida County, Rome, 1851. 893 pp., 8°. Kapp, Friedrick. The Life of Frederick William von Steuben, Major General in the Revolutionary Army. With an introduc- tion by George Bancroft. 2nd ed. New York, 1859. i2mo. KULP, George B. Families of the Wyoming Valley. Biographical, Genealogical, and Historical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of Luzerne County, Pa. 3 vols. Wilkes-Barre, 1885, i88g, 1890. 1423 pp., 8°. LiAN'COURT, The Duke de la Rochefoucault. Travels through the United States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada in the years ijg^, I7g6, and lygj ; with an authentic account of Lower Canada. London, 1799. 2 vols., 4to. Munsell : History of Luzerne, Lackawanna and Wyomijig Counties, Pa., with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of their prominent men and pioneers. New York : W. W. Munsell & Co., 1880. 540pp.,4to. Peck, George. Wyoming ; its history, stirring incidents, and romantic adventures, with ilhistrations. New York, 1858. 432 pp., i2mo. Pennsylvania Archives, 2nd series, Vol. VI. Papers Relating to French Occupation. Harrisburg, 1S77. 846 pp., 8°. Roberts, Millard F. Historical Gazetteer of Steuben County, New York. Syracuse, 1891. 590 + 354 pp., imperial S\ Seymour, John F. Centetmial Address delivered at Trenton, N. Y., jfuly 4th, iSj6. With letters front Francis Adrian van der Kemp, written in i'jg2, and other documents relating to the first settlement of Trenton and Central Nejv York. Utica, N. Y., 1877. 149 PP-. S°. Sullivan's Expedition. yournals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six Nations of In- dians in lyjg, with records of Centennial Celebrations. Auburn , N. Y., 1887. 579 pp., large 8°. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. XI Tioga County, N. ¥., Historical Gazetteer of, 1783-1888. By W. B. Gay. Syracuse. 493 + 245 pp., imperial 8°. Tracy, William. N'otices of Men and Events comtected roith the Early History of Oneida County. T'lVO lectures delivered before the Young Alens Association of the City of Utica. Utica, N. Y., 1838. 45 pp., 8°. Pamphlet. Turner, O. History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps &= Gor- ham^s Purchase and AT orris' Reserve ; embracing the Counties of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Yates, Steuben, most of Wayne, attd Allegany, and farts of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyoming. . . . Rochester, 1851. 624 pp., 8°. Turner, O. Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase of Western New York. . . . Buffalo, 1850. 670 pp. 8°. Wagenaar, Jan. Amsterdam. Amsterdam, 1760-1802. 20 vols., 8°. Wayne, Pike, and Monroe Counties, Pa., History of . By Alfred M.\tthews. Philadelphia, 18S6. 1283 pp. JOHN LINCKLAEN. THERE is to-day in the city of Amster- dam a short thoroughfare called Roeter's Straat, which, with the neighboring " Roeter's Sloot," seems, at least to the eyes of a stranger, all that exists to mark the spot once named "Roeter's Eylandt."^ A hundred years ago this must have been a delightful dwelling-place. ' This they bound on two sides, while the Muyder Gracht and the Achter Gracht complete the enclosure, according to old maps — and new. On the North and West of this small territory the arrange- ment of houses and lines of canals was the same a century ago as now. On the North East flourished the trees of the Plantaadje — a large park-like space intersected by straight paths, in which people took the air on foot and on horseback, and which, though now to some degree built up, remains in its greater part still a pleasure ground, set with the close thickets, the still pools, the lawns and streams of the Zoological Gardens. On its South ran the Lyndbaan- graft, between which and the moat, the strip of land, or " Wall,' now encumbered by railway tracks and cavalry barracks, seems then to have been comparatively free, save for the windmill planted in each of its bastions. See Wagenaar, vol. I. ; Views in Holland ; Baedeker's Belgium and Holland, 1894. 2 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. It la}' so near the line of the city fortifications that over them — beyond the watery girdle of the Singel — people could perhaps look across and watch the sail-boats threading their way along the hidden canals in the green outlying polders, and see the brown windmills laboring in the North Sea breezes, while yet they lived within the bounds and protection of the good city. Or they might pass at pleasure out into that tempting open country through the Muy- derpoort, now last of the ancient gates of Am- sterdam, always watching close at hand, as at this day. To a house that more than a century since stood among other private residences in this quarter, came back, in the year 1782, a lad of fourteen, summoned home from his studies in Switzerland by the news of his father's death. " In his own house on Roeter's Eylandt died, March 14, 1782, Anthony Quiryn Lincklaen." He left a widow whose maiden name was Gertrude Hoeven, an only daughter named Anne, and an only son named John. The latter, the younger of the two children. JOHN UNCKLAEN. 3 was born in the city of Amsterdam, December 24, 1 768, and on the same day was christened " ins Huys " by the Reverend Dr. Hageman, as is found by the records^ of the "old Lu- theran Church " on the Spui — Jan Lincklaen with his first wife Adriana Novisadi, the boy's uncle and aunt, being the witnesses whose names appear on the book. The lad was brought up, according to his own testimony in later years, carefully and religiously by his parents. When he was eleven, they sent him to Switzerland under a private tutor for his education — possibly to the Academy of Geneva, which at that time received so many of the foreign youth. But in less than three years the plans of his father were, as we have seen, cut short by death. The lad returned to his widowed mother ; and in August of the year following she too was laid to rest, as her husband had been, within the walls of the same "old Lutheran Church " of which they were both members, the burial- ' Now kept partly at the church and partly at the old weigh-house — " St. Anthonieswaag " — at which latter place is the book of 1768. 4 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. place of the family for two preceding gen- erations. It was probably to this time of desolation that he was referring when later in life he said : "In my youth I stood in need of assistance. I then had a friend who was both able and willincf to assist me ; he did so — and to him I owe everything." Be this as it may, his course seems to have been at once determined upon, and at the age of thirteen years and six months he entered the Dutch Navy. His commissions show that in December, 1785, he was made " Lieutenant ter Zee" — in February, 1 786, detailed under " Capitan " Joan Ortt, and in August, 1789, under Admiral van Braam. When on April 23, 1790, he obtained leave for a two years' absence from his ship " Gel- derland " commanded by Admiral van Braam, with permission to journey to England and to North America, he had already during his life as a sailor visited the most important places in Europe and Asia, and spent some time at Smyrna and Ceylon. Accordingly, in or before June of that year he JOHN LINCKLAEN. 5 went to England, and sailed during that month from Falmouth^ for the United States. He was neither unsponsored nor alone, for this journey was undertaken " under the pa- tronage of Mr. Stadnitski of Amsterdam, the principal Director of the Holland Land Com- pany's affairs in America," and with "a particular friend of his own, Gerrit Boon, of Rotterdam, the Company sending the young men to America in order to see the new coun- tries, with letters of introduction and credit to their General Agent in the United States."' To this chief, Mr. Theophilus Cazenove, living in Philadelphia, the travellers without doubt reported themselves as speedily as pos- sible upon their arrival. It is stated that Mr. Boon returned in a few years to Holland^; ' Old New York papers advertise ships sailing between New York and Amsterdam as " touching at Falmouth" — which from i6S8 till well into this century was the chief station of the British Post Office Packet service. See also A. H. Norway's History of this service, 1895. Macmil- lan, London. « S. S. F. ^ For an account of Mr. Boon, first Agent of the Trenton Purchase of the Holland Land Co., see Seymour, p. g, et seq. He was living in Holland as late as 1822. 6 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. but not so Mr. Lincklaen, who had entered upon the work of his Hfe, and the toils and responsibiHties of a pioneer in what was then the frontier of the great West, now the Cen- tral and Western parts of the State of New York. He seems never to have wished to leave the United States, although the first twenty- two years of his life, before crossing the At- lantic, were passed in surroundings strangely unlike those in which he was soon thrown af- ter reaching the new country of *his adoption. The old Continental social system, as it was before the French Revolution had changed the manners, dress, and thought of the old order, and the rigid and aristocratic training of a foreign navy would seem to make it hard for a young man fresh from their influence to meet the conditions of life in the new re- public ; — yet, like many another foreigner, he had the power to adapt himself to them with success. The pleasant life that he left behind him is reflected — as in a street-mirror — in some gay friendly letters written to him by a relative, Gerrit Boon Theophilus Cazenove Paul Busti John Jacob van der Ke^np JOHN LINCKLAEN. 7 a young Dutch lady, dated from Amsterdam and from her sister's country house. They deal with the " walks in the wood," the " Tuesday evening supper parties," the books they are reading in French and English — above all, their friends. Others, from a young fellow-ofificer and messmate, not only refer to their future in the epistolary style of the time — "the modest happiness that we have made our ambition " — " a simple cottage " — " a frugal table " — " a sleep of innocence " — but are full of allusions in a much less literary manner to their past ; — their voyage to the Mediterra- nean, their ship's sojourn by " that Magic Lantern of Smyrna " — the families of their acquaintance there — their shipmate Verhuel,^ then "such a partisan of the House of Orange," who later, as the wheel of Fortune turned, became Minister of the Dutch Marine under the French authority. ^ " Verhuel [also written Ver Huell] was a Senior officer of mine with whom I served on board of the same ship during a voyage in the Mediterranean for upwards of two years ; we were very intimate together ; he was a young man of good natural abilities, but of little education, and was at that time not so much as acquainted with the French language." — y. L. 8 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. Two years and a half elapsed between Lincklaen's arrival in America and the begin- ning of his agency for the Holland Land Com- pany in its Cazenovia establishment (May, 1 793) and were chiefly passed by him in travelling. He was naturalized January 18, 1793, within four months of the earliest pos- sible time in which he could fulfil the required conditions then demanding a residence within the United States for two years, and in the State of New York for one — these points and his good personal character being vouched for by Herman Le Roy. Probably before this he had taken his political stand upon the doc- trines of the Federalists, with whom, so far as is known, he always acted later. The earliest records of his work date from 1 791 and 1792 — when he made several jour- neys into New York through Pennsylvania to examine lands — and one journey in 1791 into Vermont. There was one "in 1793 through the four-million-acre tract ^ in this State and ' Contracted for in December, 1792, by the Holland Land Com- pany. — Turner, Holland Purchase. JOHN LINCKLAEN. 9 Pennsylvania," ^ and in 1801 another through New England which had special reference to canals ; but of these no notes exist. Most picturesque and interesting of all might have been a diary of the journey to Geneseo, and the fortnight of camp life there, which Robert Morris seems to have expected him to share, judging by the following passage from the instructions to his son Thomas Mor- ris and Charles Williamson concerning the great treaty with the Seneca Indians respect- ing lands in Western New York in September, 1797: " Mr. Wm. Bayard will attend the treaty on behalf of the Holland Land Company, to whom I have sold a great part of these lands — and perhaps Mr. Linck- laen & Mr. Gerrit Boon may also be there. I would wish you to communicate freely and confidentially with those gentlemen, or with such of them as do attend, and particularly as to what part of the Tract shall be taken into the purchase (in case the whole is not bought) after the Tract N°- i is secured." ^ • S. S. F. ■ Instructions from Robert Morris to Thomas Morris and Charles Williamson, dated Phil. Aug. i, 1797. See MSS. O'Jiei/fy's Western Mementos, xv. , 53., A'. Y. Historical Society. 10 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. While Turner states that Mr. Lincklaen was present, I find no record of it in the origi- nal MSS. report of the proceedings^; though this may be accounted for by the fact that he was to be there " under the rose."^ This Council, held at Geneseo — where " Red Jacket took the laboring oar for his people," where Cornplanter and other distin- guished chiefs were also speakers, and where, when all seemed hopeless, the younger Mor- ris' appeal to the chief women carried the day — had for its result the "Treaty of the Big Tree," or " Morris' Treaty," which enabled Robert Morris to grive title to the lands re- ferred to by him as already contracted for in 1792, by the agents of the Holland Land Company.^ The Company purchased no land in Ver- mont, where the journey seems to have been ' In the New York Historical Society's collections. '^ Turner's Holland Purchase, p. 403. ^ The original articles of agreement between Morris and Herman Le Roy and John Lincklaen for 1,500,000 acres of lands of the Iro- quois, dated 24 December, 1792, are in the possession of the New York Historical Society. MSS. O'Reilly's Western Mementos, xv., 9, N. Y. Historical Society. JOHN LINCKLAEN. II made — partly at least — to gain information at first hand upon the maple sugar industry, which had assumed great importance and prominence at that time in the eyes of Will- iamson and other foreigners. It is stated by the late Mr. Alfred Huide- koper, in the life of his father, Henry J. Huide- koper,^ that Mr. Boon was a sugar refiner by occupation, " sent out by some Dutch gentlemen (essentially those who later composed the Holland Land Com- pany) to try if the making of sugar from the cane by slave labour could not be superseded by its manu- facture from the hard maple by free labour. A maple grove of some 23,000 acres was bought, but the enterprise proved practically visionary and abor- tive though based on the best of philanthropic intentions." Mr. Boon, though the hero of many tales and jokes at his expense on this subject, had the same opportunities for observation with his fellow traveller, and doubtless reached the same conclusion — that this industry would be of only minor importance. • Agent of the Holland Land Company's Pennsylvania purchase. 12 JO URN A LS OF JOHN LINCKLA EN. In their first journey, the maple tree re- ceives the first attention, and every detail of its culture and the making of the sugar is stated — but in the later diaries, timber and soil take their proper and leading places. From the notes so carefully taken during these journeys, were probably made reports to the General Agent favorable to that purchase of land which so shortly followed. This was a tract of about 1 20,000 acres, comprising the Road Township and the Gore — a strip of land about thirty-two miles long and four and a half miles wide, lying between the Military Lands and the Twenty Townships, or Gover- nor's Purchase, its North line crossing the South end of Cazenovia Lake,' — and Number One of the Twenty Townships, later named after Lord Nelson.^ Mr. Lincklaen was appointed agent with an interest in the purchase to settle these lands, and arrived by the outlet at the foot of the Lake which he had first found Thursday, Oc- ' The Indian name was Haugena, or Owahgena, signifying Lake of the Yellow Perch. These fish abounded in its waters. "^ See explanatory note and map, Appendix D. JOHN LINCKLAEN. 1 3 tober II, 1792, on May 8, 1793, with the fol- lowing party : — ^ From New Jersey : Samuel S. Forman, Michael Day, John Wilson, James Smith. From Fort Schuyler : James Greene, David Fay, Stephen F. Blackstone, Philemon Tuttle, Asa C. Towns, Gideon or Daniel Freeborn. The new village that first summer received its name, which was given in honor of the general agent, Mr. Cazenove. Affairs went so rapidly forward that by July 11, 1793, a house was nearly ready, and in "the store" some of the goods' were displayed that were by de- grees brought up from storage with John Post^ at old Fort Schuyler, now Utica. The mill- wright is expected, the dam is building, the "Taylor" already there, the carpenters " ceil- ' The narrative by Mr. Forman of their journey and of the early days of the settlement is given in Mrs. Hammond's History of Aladi- son County. ^ These were procured, not for profit, but in order to give every facility to the emigrants and promote the settlement of the lands, the Company having appropriated $20,000 for this purpose. Under this fatherly Dutch patronage no one was ever reduced to going away from home for the necessaries of life or for agricultural implements. Moreover, land was cheap and credit long. — S. S. F. ^John Post, an old German from Schenectady, was then the only merchant in what is now called Utica. Kapp's Life of Steuben. 14 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEh^ ing a room with season'd and good boards," the "causeway on the new road" is making — and some of the bridges are mending. ' And a system of accounts is to be estab- lished, "which will serve," Mr. Lincklaen writes, " as a model for those settlements which will undoubtedly be made in the Gene- see and in the State of Pennsylvania in a few years." The next important date is of Nov. 7, 1795, when Mr. Lincklaen writes that he is about "making a bargain with Peter Smith for a large quantity of his lease lands, amongst the rest that adjoining the city of Cazenovia" (the North line of which then ran East and West, South of the old Parade Ground, now the Green), and on Nov. 9, that the bargain is just concluded — for the lot just mentioned, " Lot 46 next Walthers, Lot N° 26 at the head of the Lake, one next to Mr. Burton, and some scat- tered ones throughout his tract amounting on the whole to 2684 acres, for which I give him Ten Thousand Dollars cash down. A large sum of ' s. s. F. JOHN LINCKLAEN. 1 5 money indeed ! but no matter — I am now master, and we '11 try to make something handsome of Cazenovia." Having gained control of the shores of the Owahgena Lake, and also her "petition to be set off in a Battalion separate from any other Militia," Cazenovia next petitioned (Decem- ber 28, 1794) to be set off in a town. This granted, the first Town Meeting was held at Mr. Lincklaen's house on April 9, 1795 — which, we find, prevented his attending at Whitestown on the 7th a "meeting for an Agricultural Society." "After the meeting of the Supervisors of the County [then Chenango] at the German Flatts the last Tuesday in May, and after the Court-term at Whitestown is over," he also writes that he had " some idea of building a Canoe on the Caneseraga, and going down the creek to its mouth on the Oneida Lake to explore the navigation." A year or two later eight head of Dutch cattle with grooms to attend them were sent from Holland to Cazenovia by the Com- 1 6 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. pany at an enormous expense — probably the second importation of Holsteins into the United States/ Varied duties devolved upon a Land Agent. As Mr. Huidekoper well says, " Though they seem to an inexperienced person to be very simple and wholly mechanical, viz. to estab- lish the boundaries of the land sold, fill up the blanks in the printed form of a contract, and collect liquid- ated debts, — yet the business requires nerve, judg- ment, accuracy, some legal knowledge, and a keen insight into human nature ; and a landholder should have the patience of Job to await the slow accumu- lation that crowns the labor of pioneer life." Encouraged, however, for the time, Mr. Lincklaen in the course of a few years determ- ined to give up his agency for the Company and to purchase a large quantity of the lands. The enterprise, though very promising, event- ually became unfavorably affected by the pro- jection of the Erie Canal, and the subsequent diversion of immigration. Though still com- paratively a young man, he soon was attacked ' See Holstein Cattle, by Dudley Miller, Oswego, 1885. JOHN LINCKLAEN. 1 7 by ill health, which was not made easier to bear by this turn in affairs and the accom- panying grave anxieties. He proposed to give up the lands to the Company, but Mr. Busti^ who had then succeeded Mr. Cazenove as its General Agent, urged him to persevere, re- minding him of the entire dependence he might place in his brother-in-law Jonathan Denise Ledyard, whom, at the death of his father in 1803 when he was ten years old, he had adopted and whom he had educated as his son. Accordingly Mr. Ledyard, leaving a newly- begun law practice, entered the land-office, and by 181 8 had become his brother's chief reliance. Not alone had the lands about Caze- novia now become unprofitable, but the con- dition of the Western purchase was such that the General Agent set forth a petition for relief to the Legislature of the State, which will be found inserted later,^ for the full and clear statement it gives of the origin and pur- poses of the Company. And I may be par- ' See Appendix C. 1 8 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. doned for saying that its reference to Batavia as the first land-ofifice can only be understood as applying to the four-million-acre tract, for Mr. Lincklaen's letter' plainly shows that the little " Cazenovia establishment," but a tenth part in size, was really the pioneer among the many beautiful settlements both in New York and Pennsylvania, of the Holland Land Company. There is little to relate of general interest in the life of Mr. Lincklaen. His contempo- raries said that he "knew the world well," was "judicious, observing, and well informed" — " by no means a difficult guest " — " very be- nevolent, though a strict business man " — " social and agreeable." Not only could he give practical advice, as many of his letters show, but he asked for and gratefully received it. He read much, of the best books and maga- zines of the day, and his mastery of the Eng- lish language was said by President Nott to be beyond that of any other foreigner of his ac- quaintance. He was a Mason, like his father before him — having been admitted to the order ' Page 14. John Lincklaen JOHN LINCKLAEN. 1 9 at Smyrna in 1788. The kindness of his heart is well shown in the following letter : " Whatever you undertake, you may always rely fully on all the assistance in my power, for be assured nothing is more grateful to my feelings than to be useful to others. When I was young I stood in want of assistance likewise. I then had a friend who was both able and willing to assist me ; he did so, and to him I owe everything. It is in gratitude to that great & good man (now gone to happier regions) that I think it my constant duty to do unto others as I was done to myself. Look, therefore, always to me as a friend, and believe me, Sincerel}^, " Yours." On the 22nd of February, 1797, he was married in Cazenovia to Helen, ^ second child of General Benjamin Ledyard^ of Aurora, ' Born 15 Nov. 1777. Besides her brother he adopted one of her younger sisters ; also later, in 18 15, her niece — both of whom mar- ried but left no descendants. ^ I. John Ledyard, of Bristol, England, born 1701, married De- borah Youngs, of Southold, L. I. II. Youngs Ledyard (2d son) married Mary Avery of Groton, Conn. III. Benjamin Ledyard (3rd son) married Catherine Forman, of Middletown Point, Monmouth Co., N. J. General Benjamin Ledyard left Middletown Point, New Jersey, with his wife and eight children in October, 1794, taking with him 20 JOURNALS OF JOHN LI A' CK LA EN. N. Y., at the house of her uncle and aunt, Col and Mrs. Jonathan Forman, by the Rev. Francis Adrian van der Kemp. They Hved in their family of slaves, also ten in number — father, mother, and eight children. He writes his brother, on his arrival at Aurora, Cayuga Co., that they had reached Albany after nine day's passage by sloop from New York — the same day Mrs. Ledyard and "all my white family except Master Sam and myself embarked in a very convenient coachee for Fort Schuyler, a very pleasant and polite settlement near the head of the Mohawk and nearly one-half the way on from Albany to Aurora, and passed all the worst of the water way, which by the by was remarkably bad — at this time it was never known to be worse — on account of the lowness of the waters occasioned by the remarkably dry season in that part of the country. They were there attended to in the most friendly and polite manner by several Gen- teel Familys at Fort Schuyler [Utica] and Whites Town, 3 miles distance, until I arrived by water nine days after them. Mr. [James S.] Kip's particular friendly attention, with Mr. [Peter] Smith's, at Fort Schuyler, I wish our Friends to help remember and acknow- ledge. They arrived at this place in less than two days from Schen- ectady with pleasant weather and good roads — from thence we all took water and met with a great proportion of unseasonable weather as to cold, and one severe snow storm ; we had also more than our share of Rain, but fortunately for us the Boat that I had particularly prepared for the family, so well covered, kept all dry, warm and com- fortable, on and in their feather beds by day and frequently by night, for we seldom could find so good quarters on shore, and indeed no- thing but elbow room made it better anywhere. The Blacks, tho' less guarded, did well, and kept cheerful and happy. [These two boats were " Durham boats," or " Bateaux."] The family generally are much pleased with this place, even at this Autumnal season. We are very comfortably housed, warm and roomy enough for our own family, and can put a very particular friend behind a spare curtain." This house, a long log construction — and a very pleasant one — was immediately on the shore. The family on their arrival were lifted from the boats to the beach directly in front of their new dwelling. JOHN LINCKLAEN. 21 the Company's house, where is now " Willow- Bank," already occupied by Mr. Lincklaen as dwelling and Land Office, until this burned down in 1806. In 1807 or 1808, he completed his own house " Lorenzo" while still his busi- ness prospects were flattering. In 1807, he with his wife united with the Presbyterian Church in Cazenovia, of which the Rev. Joshua Leonard was pastor.^ Before that time, though never an atheist, "the claims of Christianity were for many years to him inadmissible. While, later, Edwards, Bellamy, Watts, Newton and Scott were to be his favorite authors, till then the writings of modern Infidels, especially those of the French school, were generally purchased and attentively read by him, and had they been less disrespectful to truth in point of historical fact, he would have embraced them as conclusive against that religion, which, if not his scorn, was at least his dread. Not satisfied with his belief, he became at length resolved to give Christianity a 'Dr. Leonard "was installed Thursday, June 6th, 1799, ^s Preacher to this Congregation," [Gen. Forman's MS. diary] and he has said of himself that he was " the first pastor who settled in this wide range of country — when, from Cazenovia to the Pacific Ocean there was not one Congregational or Presbyterian pastor, not one in this State to the North or South of me, not one to the East nearer than Mr. Steele of Paris, in Oneida County." 22 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. candid hearing. Guided by his friend Judge van der Kemp, he accepted the Scriptures as the word of God, and first adopting the same phase of Uni- tarian faith as his friend, he went on and through purely intellectual and logical methods became a sincere believer in the Deity of our Lord, and was a devoted member of the Church throughout his life." The welfare of the village and land tract had always been Mr. Lincklaen's engrossing interest. It was said of him that in discharg- ing the duties connected with his agency, dur- ing a period of nearly thirty years, he had established a character for integrity and accu- racy, kindness to the poor, and liberality to the unfortunate. It was hard that the closing years of his upright life should have been shadowed by ill fortune, all the heavier for his kindly heart to bear because connected with the waning prosperity of the settlers. Through- out this trial, as through that of his slowly and steadily failing bodily strength, he was, how- ever, strengthened and supported. " He endured," writes a friend, " the sufferings with which it had pleased God during the two last years of life to visit him, with exemplary patience. JOHN LINCKLAEN. 23 Aware of his situation, he awaited the crisis with a resignation which does honor to Christianity, and seems to have pushed the thoughts and affections of his soul from the shores of this world, even before the moorings were loosed by the hand of death." To his old friend, Francis Adrian van der Kemp, he speaks in his last letter of " the peace of mind mercifully granted " to him, " such as passed all understanding." He died on February 9, 1822, and is buried in the cemetery at Cazenovia, where in April, 1847, his wife was laid beside him. [ GENEALOGY. ^ ^ Jan van Lincklaen married Maria van der Kerpen ; ' ( Mved at Cologne. I 1566, born their son Wynand ; J J J 1602, 29 January, married at Leyden Janneke, born 1581, daughter of Jaques Seghers, of Antwerp, and Elisabeth van den Burgh, of Ghent. 1602, 30 December, born at Leyden their son Johannis ; in. -j married at Aalsmeer, Helgonda van Westerhoff, horn van Lingen. 1635, born their son Wynand ; married Magdalena Huysman. 1672, 19 October, born their son Johannis ; 1693, 26 March, married Clementina, daughter of Jean Meerman and Margaretha Eggerix. 1697, 31 December, born their son Jan ; 1725, 29 July, married Anna Rentinck. [1731, born their son Jan.'] IV. VI, ^ Married, ist, Adriana Novisadi, of Utrecht ; 2nd, Elizabeth Brockhuysen, and by second had two daughters : Anna, married, ist, G. Umbgrove, of Arnheim ; 2nd, Paul Ph. du Cloux. of Utrecht. Adriana Sophia ; Married Gysbert Westenberg, of Goor, Overyssel, and had issue: Jan Lincklaen Westenberg. 25 26 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. VII, VIII / m£ 1732, born their son Anthony Quiryn ; married Gertrude Iloeven, of Amsterdam, [1766, born their daughter Anne.'] / 1768, born their son John ; married at Cazenovia, Feb- \ ruary 22, 1797, Helen Ledyard ; [died at Cazenovia ( February 9, 1822, leaving no children.] J. L. ' Anne, daughter of Anthony Quiryn Linckiaen and Gertrude Hoever, his wife, born 1766, married ist, June 12, 1788, Benjamin Tack of Amsterdam. Of their eight children, two only survived : Anna Gertruyd, b. 24 July 1793 ; Benjamin, married, 1817, Lieut. Arriens, of the Dutch Navy. In 1835 Colonel Arriens came to this country with the young Prince Henry of the Netherlands, who accompanied him for a short visit at ' Lorenzo." Benjamin Tack died 26 June, 1799. His widow married and, 1S02, Gerrit Wolters of Amsterdam, and had issue: A son, Lambertus Wolters. Born June 17, 1803 ; arrived from Holland at " Lorenzo," August 3, 1815, where he died unmarried, May 29, 1840. A daughter, Johanna Catherine. ARMS. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATIONS IN PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1791. 27 ITINERARY. To Bethlehem Miles. 51 To Allentown & Back again . . 12 to Nazareth .... . 9h To Shoops, 5 miles out of the way, & 9, is • I4i to the Leheigh . 18 to Wyoming .... . 16 from Wyoming to the mines . 3 to the Iron Works , II to Thornbottom . , 17 to Nickl"^ Sugar works & back again . 18 mistaken road . 7 from Thornbottom to the Tunkhannock 13 to Adlem's camp . 7 to the brear [sic] road . 6 to Shafer's .... 19 to Swingle's settlm' & back . 6 to S. Stanton 20 to Stockport 19 to Harmony .... 24 to Dulittle .... 10 to Chenango .... 14 to Mr Mercereau . 6 to Owegy .... 14 to Tioga Point 20 to W"" Wynkoop . 6 29 30 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. Miles. to N:t" pt 12 to McCormick 12 to the Y^ Post [Painted Post] 6 to Coll Lindley 14 back to McCormick 20 to Chatarines t" [Catherinestown] 20 to the head of the Lake 4 the friends' settlem' 26 to Geneva .... 16 to Philpss [Canandaigua ?] . 16 to Geneva .... 16 to Cayuga .... 14 to M<=Danforth 35 to Oneida Castle & mistake . 30 to the Mill & back 2 to S. Lyard [Laird] 16 to Whitestown 8 to Meyer .... 10 to Dick (Edick) & missed roads . 21 to Cooperstown 25 with Cooper .... 26 to Schenectady 62 to Albany .... 23 795 JOURNAL. WE left Philad'' Wednesday afternoon the 3rd of August at 5 o'clock, taking the GermanTown road ; — this village is 6 miles from the city & is about 5 miles in ex- tent, peopled chiefly by Germans. Otherwise it is not remarkable save on account of the battle which took place there the [4th] Ocf 1777, between the Eng- lish & the Americans, the former commanded by Lord Cornwallis, the others by Gen' Wash- ington. The former remained in possession of the field & the Americans retired to the environs of White Marsch, where we slept this night, at 13 miles from Philad"" at Dishler's Tavern. We left at 5 o'clock in the morning, & breakfasted at the Spring House Tavern 18 miles from Philad'' at the inn of Jo- Thursday seph Robert in Back County. [Bucks ^th. County.~\ The lands poor & light, there is cul- 31 32 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. tivated chiefly [wheat?], oats, Indian corn, & an acre of ground yields from 20 to 25 Bush- els, — We arrived at Bethlehem at 8 o'clock in the evening, very tired & half dead with dust. The water-works pump water from a spring to a reservoir 135 feet high, whence it is dis- Fridaysth tributed by different pipes to the cis- August. terns of the houses. Bethlehem has 600 inhabitants, all of the sect which call themselves the United Breth- ern. The house of the Single Sisters contains 100. They who have the means pay 9 livres annually for their board to the Society, & the profit of their work is their own. Those who have not the wherewithal to pay their board are supported by the Society, & work in com- mon. Their principal work is spinning cotton, they also execute a great deal of work in em- broidery, muslin, etc. Each woman provides her bed — fifty sleep in one room, & three of the old women are obligfed to watch them through the night in turn. The house of the Single Brethern is ar- PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, I'jgi. 33 ranged on the same footing — they have a table in common, & work during the day in different shops, & number between 60 & 70. The widows have also their own house where they live together. There is likewise a Boarding School belonging to the society, where there are 76 girls — they learn to read & write Enoflish & German — there are children from all the States of the Union. Their capital consists of land — 4800 acres — they pay their expenses by the revenues of the water works, a tannery, and the inn. The United Brethern may marry, but it is said that they are not permitted to choose for them- selves ; so soon as a young man wishes to marry, he speaks of it to one of the Elders, who chooses for him among the Sisters the woman whom he believes will suit him, three meetings are then permitted, & the woman has the right to refuse twice, but should she refuse a third, she shall never marry. Mr. Boon & I were at the Camp} [sic] of Mad* Allen at 6 miles from Bethlehem. ' Country house (?), carjipagne. 34 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. We sent away our servant & took another, Jacob Bachmann, of Allen Town. We each bought a good woolen blanket to serve for a Saturday ^ed in the woods. With this blanket the 6th Q^gj, ^^ saddle, pistols and a port- manteau behind, with a halter for each horse, we left Bethlehem at 9 o'clock in the morning ; we reached Nazareth — (^\ miles away — at 1 1 o'clock, we bought there a bell for each horse, a good axe, allumettes, etc. There is at Nazareth an institution of the United Brethern as at Bethlehem, and a boys' school, but not so large, nor is the situation so agreeable. We left after dinner & arrived at Wind Gap, Mr. Heller's,^ at the foot of the Blue Mountains, we crossed them, lost our way, & buried ourselves in the woods, after making five miles detour in the moon- light, we arrived at the house of a German, Philip Shoep's,^ who gave us some eggs & good fish, & an excellent bed in the loft. ' Heller's Tavern. See Sullivan s Expedition, p. 224 (Major Nor- ris' Journal). Now Hellerville, town of Hamilton, Monroe County, Pa. See also Map No. 103, A, of Simeon DeWitt Collection, N. V. Hist. Soc. 'See Munsell, p. 6r. See also "Sliupe's" on Howell's map of PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, Ijgi. 35 We left at 9 o'clock, & after some miles en- tered the Great Szvamp,^ an immense marsh extending around for miles, there Sunday we saw the first M apple Tree; we 7 Aug. stopped for a moment to admire this, the ob- ject of our search. Mr. Boon, at that instant, seemed to descry beneath its bark the treas- ures of Peru, while I, for my part, would have wished to carve on it the name of my sweet- heart, — and Colonel Prop [sic] ^ saw nothing but the simple Mapple Tree, if any idea sug- gested itself to him on the subject, it would have been whether this tree could serve him in fight- ing the Indians and transporting his artillery. We arrived 18 miles from the place where we had slept, at the Lehigh River, where a young couple had just established themselves in the woods, & had bought 300 acres at i Pennsylvania (1792), on a creek off main road, between second Po- kono Mt. and Wind Gap. ' On the line of Luzerne and Wayne Counties. See p. 247 of Sullivan's Expedition. The road through the swamp was made by Sullivan. ^ " Col. Prop." Impossible to identify. Perhaps Colonel Thomas Proctor of Pennsylvania, Colonel of Artillery and on Sullivan's Ex- pedition. For notice of him see Stillivan''s Expedition, p. 342, note. 36 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. Livre the acre, they intend to build mills on tht. falls, which are 20 feet perpendicular. There is a certain young man from Boston named Prescott associated with the man of the place, John Downing, in the 300 acres, there is an iron mine besides several others in the en- virons, they propose to explore it, the more as work is going on to open the navigation of the Lehigh which joins the Delaware at Easton & which will be open in 3 years. We arrived at Wy- oming at 8 o'clock at night after having traversed the woods without finding houses or people. We went to see the village of Wyoming, where are 40 houses, all of wood, and about Monday ^^^ inhabitants. The Land in the ^^^ Valley along the river is very rich for raising wheat, grain, oats, indian corn, etc ; better can be had at 4 or 5 Livres the acre. The mountains that border the valley are full of coal, which costs only the seeking, & which is used in the iron works. Col- Hollenbeck & CoP Pickering' are the principal proprie- ' See Peck's IVyoming, p. lOO. The famous Timothy Pickering settled in Wyoming in 1787. PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, Ijgi. 37 tors. The first is tlie principal merchant, he brings & sends merchandise from Philad^ by the Lancaster Road as far as Middle T" on the Susquehannah, 120 miles below Wyoming, thence it is transported in bateaux of 5 Tons (each Ton weighing 2000 Livres) to Wyo- ming ; there are some falls, but they are passed without difificulty ; from Wyoming the river can be ascended to its source without in- terruption, which will make this place a spot of considerable importance for the trade with the Genesee Lands, etc. It has not yet been attempted to open navi- gation from Middletown to the Chesapeak, but according to the last report made to the Governor, ofood cfround has been found for making an easy & level road for 12 miles from Wyoming to the Lehigh River 3 miles below Bear Creek. This river will be navigable in three years, thus with only 12 miles' land car- riage all merchandise can be transported along the Lehigh to Easton, & thence along the Delaware to Philadelphia. This communica- tion will be of great importance to Wyoming 38 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. the more as there are a number of falls in the Susquehannah, & that the navigation on this river will not be opened for a long time yet. N. B. There is a Thomas Wright' of Bucks County who has undertaken with his brother- in-law Thomas Dyer, to open the navigation of the Lehigh River ; they own on its banks below Bear Creek 6000 acres of land, with good timber, & a water power, & they pro- pose to sell the half at 153 the acre; their contract says that they shall make the river navigable for boats 10 feet wide, 40 feet long, drawing one foot of water, the whole for the sum of 1000 £. In the afternoon we went to see the mines of coal i^ miles from the town, they are very rich and mixed with iron and slate. We were detained all the morning by rain ; we released a man from prison who was there Tuesday ^^'* ^ debt of 253. At 3 o'clock, at the 9th ^.j^^ moment of our departure, arrived the Surveyors employed to lay out the road ' See Kulp's Families of Wyoming, p. 1249. PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, lygi. 39 to be made from Wyoming to the Leheigh, they gave most favourable reports, so a speedy success may be expected. We left in the afternoon for Mr. Davidson's, 8 miles off, & thence 3 miles further to Mr. Seerlle's house, he and his father-in-law Mr. Smith ^ have built a forge on the Lachouwana since this spring, there are two fires, & one hammer & four workmen — they work 200 Livres weight of iron a day for each fire. The iron mine is one mile away & from their ac- count very rich. Mr. Seerlle had the polite- ness to give us lodging in his house or rather log cabin, & on our blanket on the floor, wrapped in my cloak, my portmanteau under my head, I slept after the fatigue as well as I have on the best bed of feathers. N. B. We bought at Wyoming a horse for 25 £ to carry our provisions, and oats for our ' Dr. Wm. H. Smith, of New York City, surgeon on Sullivan's Expedition, " bought right to dig iron ore and stone coal in Pittston, 1 791 — and was much ridiculed, the use of coal as a heating agent being not then understood. He with James Sutton built the forge just below the falls on the Lackawanna stream about two miles above its mouth — the second iron works in Westmoreland " and lived there. Now "Old Forge," Luzerne County. See Hollister's Zar/^fl7c'rt;?«« Valley, p. 52. 40 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. horses. The provisions consisted of a large ham, bread, salt, & a piece of cheese — our good Jacob having a tin bottle over his shoul- ders filled with a strong liquor called whiski. We left Mr. Sutton at 9 in the morning having awaited a man who was to be our Wednesday &^i<^^» t)ut who did not come at all, the loth scarcely were we away from the es- tablishment when on dismounting from our horses to wait for our servant, my horse ran away. Mr. Boon ran after & caught him & we pursued our road. About 6 miles from the place where we had slept, we halted in the woods by the side of a brook, put our horses to graze, & ate a morsel ourselves. At i o'clock we left there, passed through good woods & by several large Mapplc Trees. We arrived in the evening at Thornbottom ' near ' I am indebted to Wm. A. Wilcox, Esq., of Scianton — through the courtesy of the Rev. Horace Edwin Hayden, of Wilkes-Barre — for the following : — " Thornbottom was the first name given to the locality by the set- tlers at Nicholson. Among the early land records I have found these names : — Black Walnut Bottom, Hickory Bottom, Hemlock Bottom, and the name Hopbottom still exists six miles up the creek from Nicholson. The term indicates valley land. I well remember that the flats along the Tunkhannock creek, where the Martin's creek PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, Ijgi. 4 1 the Tunkhannoc, there were there two brothers named Stevens ^ who have formed a settlement on the lands of Messrs. Samuel Wallis & Hol- lingsworth which he has promised them to sell at loi 3 the acre. The land is very good, but the Tunkhannoc can only be ascended with canoes. We started at 7 in the morning, following always Nickleson's road. After making 9 or 10 miles over trunks of trees which twice Thursday caused my horse to fall with me, we ^'^^ "*^ saw on the top of a hill to the left of the road a cabin in the midst of the woods — surrounded with briars & thorns and scarcely approachable. It was the spot where Mr. Nickleson - had joins it, had when I was a boy a large number of thorn trees which bore very palatable fruit. They also extended some ways up Mar- tin's Creek. My first home there was along Martin's Creek, and in our garden there was a very large thorn tree. I have never known exactly to what locality the name applied, but always understood the locality to be the Tunkhannock Valley about where Martin's Creek comes in and where the present village of Nicholson is situated. " The petition presented to the Court about 1794, on which the township of Nicholson was erected, was dated at Thornbottom. The signers lived some of them in what is now known as Hartford, some in Benton and some about the present village of Nicholson." ' Eliphalet and Ebenezer Stephens settled on the Tunkhannock in 1760 — first saw mill 1793. This is Wyoming Co., and Nicholson Township. - John Nicholson, Comptroller of Pennsylvania, and owner of ex- 42 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. had his suofar boiled, there were still two chal- drons to be seen, & some other scattered utensils. If we were deceived in our expecta- tions by seeing only a simple hut falling to ruins, where we had looked to find extensive works, buildings, & workmen, at least we had the satisfaction to find here a quantity of fine mapple trees 15 to 20 inches in diameter, in some of which we still saw the holes where they were tapped, & the pipes with the reser- voirs where the sap had run. We set out to go to see the Hobbottom ^ where there are three families established by Mr. Nickl", but after going 4 miles through the woods, we saw we were out of our way by the direction of the compass, besides, a torrent of rain & abominable roads obliged us to retrace our steps, we went back to the hut, gave the horses some oats, built a fire to dry ourselves, ate a piece of ham & bread, drinking the water from a stream, our provision of rum tensive lands throughout the State. His log grist mill — " Nichol- son's " on the map — was about sixty rods below Whipple's present sawmills — abandoned in a few years. See Blackman, p. Ii2. ' Hopbottom Creek, named from wild hops. See Blackman, p. III. PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, I-JQI. 43 being out, & in the afternoon returned to our good friends at Thornbottom who had pre- pared us an excellent dinner, & some tea. It is there that we met John Jhones,' living a mile away, who has the direction of Mr. NickKs lands. The latter has furnished him with the kettles & other utensils for making sugar, for which he must pay in a number of years. He gave us all information, & seemed an active & intelligent man. He has made hardly any sugar this year — his kettles having come too late, — but he proposes to tap 2000 trees next spring, having 12 workmen among whom there are some young lads. As there is no communication he offers to make a road of 12 or 14 miles which shall lead from the Mill at the Hobbottom to the Susquehanna be- tween the Misshoppa & the Tunkhannock Creek for 10 3 pr. acre. Mr. Nickleson has 12,000 acres, 3,000 of which bear Mapple Trees, where he reckons there are 30 pr. acre. A tree 15 to 20 inches in diameter gives 25 ' Superintendent. A well educated Welshman. Blackman, p. 114- 44 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. gallons of sap, & 5 gallons gives a pound of suo-ar. He proposes to establish a distillery. There are 3 families at Hobbottom. It is possible to boil five times a day, thus each time [illegible] hours. The kettles hold half a gallon. He will establish himself with his family at the Sugar Camp next autumn. We left at 9 in the morning, with a pro- vision of bread, ham, & whiski, & accompa- Friday ^^^^ ^3' ^^^ ^°^^ Ebenezer Stephens, the i2th ^Q oruide us throu8:h the woods, we passed some settlements along the Tunkhan- nock newly formed by persons coming from Gosshen in the state of N. V^ ; the land there is very rich, 3 miles from Tunkhannock there is a Henry Ellisson who settled there last spring, from 150 trees he made 200 lbs. sugar which he has sold in the neighborhood for i 3 the pound. The land where he has settled belongs to Messrs. Wallis & Hollingsworth of Phil^^a^ there is a tract of 300 acres that they call the PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, Ijgi. 4$ fork between the East and North Branch of the Tunkhannock. There we gave the horses some oats, & crossed the woods guided by the compass, at 5 in the afternoon we arrived at the East Branch of the Tunkhannock where we halted to spend the night, turned our horses out to graze, & built a fire at the foot of a superb Mapple tree ; we caught some trout, which we boiled, & after having satisfied our appetite we spread our blankets on some leaves about the fire, & tired by the journey I slept without awakening until the next morning. Left our camp at 7 o'clock, & about 1 1 reached a camp made in the midst of the woods by a surveyor John Adlem,^ Saturday who was surveying the lands in the ^^e 13th neighborhood, at the Headwaters of the Tunkhannock. N. B. Since our departure from Thornbottom in crossing the woods to reach the North road, we passed a tract of land extremely rich, & ' John Adlum, official Surveyor State of Pennsylvania. See Penn. Archives, 2d Series, Vol. 6, p. 765 — for letters on Indian affairs from Adlum to Governor Mifflin. 46 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. covered with fine Mapple trees — we measured one of which the circumference was 14 feet — which makes about 4^ feet of diameter, Mr. Adlem not being in the camp, we could have no information concerning the land, nor its owner, nor the communications one could make, so we departed thence to strike across the woods to the North road where we arrived at 5 o'clock in the evening ; having found good pasture for our horses beside a brook, & being unable to get to any house without going by night over breakneck roads, we called a halt, & made ourselves a camp and a fire with as much agility as if we were people accustomed to this exercise. We left our camp at 7 o'clock, passed through a very rich country, full of Mapple Sunday Trees, & arrived at a log house where the 14th ^ certain A. Stanton' of Connecticut had just settled, from there we went 9 miles further to Shaffer's who has 300 acres of which he cultivates . 'Col. Asa Stanton, of New London, Conn., first settled in the present borough of Waymart, Wayne Co. His log cabin was near the present house of his grandson F. H.Stanton. See Matthews, p. 542. PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, I'jgi. 47 We were at 3 miles from Shaffer's on the left of the North Road where there is a settlement Monday formed 4 years ago by an Ulrich the 15th SwingeP on CoP Hooper's lands ; he made last spring 200 lbs. of sugar, & has several acres under cultivation. We returned thence to Shaffer's ^ where we rested our horses. Shaffer has a large family, he settled there 6 years ago, & cultivates enough land for his family, but the lack of communication prevents all the inhabitants of this country getting anything to market. We left Shaffer's at 7 o'clock, passed over the same road we came by, we stopped a mo- Tuesday iTient at 9 miles distance at A. Stan- the i6th ton's, to provide ourselves with some rum, & started at 12 o'clock, following the North Road 1 1 miles further, where we stopped with the cousin of the first Samuel ' Hans Ulrich Zwingle, from Orange Co., New York, first settled in the western part of S. Canaan township about 1783. Present homestead site owned by his great-great-grandson, Eugene Zwingle. See Matthews, p. 563. ^John Shaffer, from Orange Co., N. Y., came to Wayne Co. in 1783, and settled on Middle Creek below the old North and South road. See Matthews, p. 559. 48 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. Stanton who came to settle this spring, & has bought of CoP Hooper^ 700 acres at i D'"" the acre for himself, & the people who are to come from Connecticut to settle. We left our friend Stanton before 7 o'clock — we followed the North Road for nearly 6 Wednesday "^^^^^' ^^^^ crossed the woods by a the 17th path to the road which leads to Stockport, where we arrived at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, at Mr. Samuel Preston's, who has the superintendence of the lands of Mr. Drinker. Stockport is situated on the Dela- ware 3 miles below where the Popaxtunk flows into the Delaware, at the bottom of a very ex- tensive valley, the whole containing 10,000 acres which belongs to Messrs. Drinker & Preston. Samuel Preston, quaker, & manager of Mr. Drinker's land, received us very politely in his log house, & gave us bacon & good chocolate. He began the Stockport settlement two years aofo — he has now two saw mills & another grist mill, he values each at 160^. He grinds ' Col. Robert Lattice Hooper, of New Jersey. PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, Ijgi. 49 flour for about 50 families of which the most distant is 15 Miles off. He employs from 20 to 30 Workmen both for his Mills & for cut- ting roads of communication, he pays them from 3 5 to a Dollar a day besides their board, he gets sometimes men for 503 a month & board. He sends his boards by the Delaware to Philad^, & bateaux of two tons, which are usually 7 days on the way, the expense of which he reckons at 20^. He has found favorable ground to make a road of communication into the State of New York. This route, striking the North River near Ezopus is 48 miles. The State of New York has undertaken to cut the -|ds, and he has already finished the 16 miles which he under- took. He has also taken upon himself to improve & shorten the road leading from Stock- port to Harmony. The work of the Mills has prevented his giving much attention to the culti- vation of land, he has only 1 5 acres in condition to be cultivated next spring. He could not give us much information on the subject of the 50 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. M apple Tree, the depth of the snow having pre- vented his going to Stockport at the time of the sugar making, however, there was made during his absence nearly 200 lbs, & a quantity of Molasses, he showed us his camp where there were three kettles each holding 20 gallons. I was unable to see that in this neighbor- hood there were trees sufificient to support an extended settlement. We also learned from him there were two kinds of Mapple Trees — the one yielding sap,^ of which the leaf is a soft green ; the other, yielding no sap, has a leaf of a deeper green, with the under side of a pale blue. He further told us that Mr. Drinker had on the heights of the Great Band [Bend] of the Susquehannah about 70,000 acres, of which he had sold some at from 10 to 15 3 an acre. Mr. Preston seems an intelligent & active man, who appears to have given all his time & pains to furthering the growth of his settle- ment at Stockport, he lives in nothing but ' Said to be called by the Indians Ozeketa. — Liancourt, i, p. 125, Note. PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, I'jgi. $1 a miserable log house, But I saw the founda- tions of a good house that he expects to build. We parted from our Host Preston at 9 o'clock, having had our horses shod by his blacksmith ; a mile from his mill we Thursday saw on the road in going up the ^^^ ^^^'^ mountain a Rattlesnake 4^^ feet long, which we killed with stones. We followed the road cut by Mr. Preston to go to Harmony, always passing through the woods, and some M apple Trees ; we stopped after some miles to let the horses browse, & then kept on our road, the night began to fall without our having been able to find as yet any house, we deter- mined on account of the darkness to camp in the woods. Scarcely had we made a fire & un- saddled our horses, when we were agreeably suprised by the sight of a young man who came from a neighboring house, which was but a few steps away. It was the Harmony settlement belonging to Mr. Drinker, & managed for him by a Quaker Joseph Hillborn. Mr. Drinker owns there 52 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. above 2000 acres, his agent has been there for a year, & has only cultivated as yet 20 or 25 Acres, and made last spring 1 20 lbs of Sugar. This settlement on the Susquehannah does not seem to be so advanced as that of Stockport on the Delaware ; Joseph Hillborn told me of having sent to Philadelphia some peltries that he had bouo-ht at times of the Indians huntino^ in the neighborhood. We left about 9 o'clock in the morning, & at a mile from Harmony we crossed the Friday East & West Line which separates the 19th ^i^g State of Pennsylv. from that of N. YK We skirted the Susquehannah, pass- ing through cultivated fields & meadows, & from time to time finding log houses. We forded the river & arrived at 10 miles from Harmony at John Dulittle's,^ where we found oats for our horses & bacon for ourselves. N. B. The country from Harmony to Du- * From Connecticut. The first settler (17S8) on the West side of the Susquehannah river near the mouth of Doolittle Creek, in the present town of Windsor — on the Southern border of Broome County. See.//?VA Broome Co. PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK, IJQI. 53 little & above is called the Okwago^ Settle- ment. There are 60 families composed of 300 souls who have come to settle there mainly from New England within 4 years. The ground is rich & they raise much wheat, &c. They have begun to cut a road from Dulittle's on the Susquehannah to Cookhow ~ on the Mohock, a branch of the Delaware, it will be 14 miles long, & will serve to transport their commodities to the Philad"" market. Fourteen miles further on, we reached Union Town ^ on the left Bank of the Chenango ; we forded this river & arrived by night at Union Town at W"" Witney's.' The Chenango is ' Oquaga, a beautiful valley with old apple orchards, long occupied by Indians. In 1753 Rev. Gideon Hawley was sent here from Mas- sachusetts, by President Edwards of Stockbridge, as missionary. This town was in the present Cascade Valley near which Doolittle made the first settlement. — Hist. Broome Co., p. 268. ^ Cookhouse, now Deposit, on Delaware River at mouth of Oquago Creek. Said to have been called by the Indians Cokeose — "Owls' Nest " — corrupted by English to Cookhouse — a name still used by the older inhabitants. See Hough's Gazetteer, p. 257. ^ Union, formed Feb. 16, 1791 — fifteen years before Broome County was organized ; with Chenango, one of the two oldest towns in Broome County. — Hist. Broome Co., p. 422. ••Joshua and W'illiam Whitney settled on the West side of the Chenango River about two miles above its junction with the Susque- hannah (where Binghamton now stands) at what was later called 54 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. navigable for canoes from its source to where it flows into the Susquehannah. Its banks have been all inhabited since the last war, when the Indians fled further into the country. Started in the morning always following the Susquehannah, & travelling through a culti- Saturday vated country, from time to time the 20th meetingf with \o, Burlington 13 — Col' Keys. to tl bel The whole 128 miles. •0 79 8o JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. Route from Burlington Bay to Hartford in Con- necticut. Jerico lo miles L' McCartney. Montpellier 30 — Col' Davids Williamstown 12 miles Judge Paine. N.B. No public house. Lt Durkee. Cap' Morse. The Ferry. Holden. Gen' Enos. West. Man's Mr. Butterfield. Wed« Taylor. Mr. Gunn. Mr. Walner. Mr. Steens. Mr. Hitchcock. Mr. Fred"^ Bull. Mr. Richards. Tyler. Mr. Smith. Mr. Benjamin. " Penfield. " Read. " Webs. Wid'^ Heberlin. Mr. Hyard. Royalton 21 — Sharon 10 — Hartford 10 — Dartmouth Coll^^ 4 — Hartland 9 Windsor 9 — Charleton 18 — Waalpoole 18 Westmorle 6 HinsdiU 17 miles. Montaign 20 — Hatley 15 — West Springfield 20 — SofTfield 10 — Hartford 18 — Middletown 15 — Northford in Brand- ford 16 New Haven 10 Stratford 15 Fairfield 9 Nortwork 12 Stamford 10 Ray 12 Kingsbridge 16 New York 15 381 128 795 T. otal 1304 miles. w JOURNAL. /% / E left Albany in the afternoon & slept at New City or Lansingburgh at Piatt's Inn, lo miles from Albany, we went Sunday the alon^ the North River all the way, ^5^\°fSep- fc" •' ' tember passing through a rich well-tilled [1791] country inhabited by Hollanders who still pre- serve their ancient neatness in their houses & their garments, although their language has already become much changed. N.B. All the lands on both sides of the river belong to Mr. Van Rensselaer, alias Pa- troon, for 25 square miles. From Lansingburgh to Bennington is 30 miles, there are settlements all along Monday the way, lands mediocre, many hills 2^^^- and stony ground. At Bennington very comfortable at Duis. This place is quite a country town. The State of Vermont is divided into town- 81 82 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. ships of 6 miles square, divided among 56 pro- prietors, so that each has something more than 400 acres — which is called a Grant. The Leg- islature never gives more than one to an indi- vidual, to prevent undue influence, & to encour- age population. Lands in Bennington township sell at from 15 to 25 D''' pr. acre. 20 bushels of wheat an acre is considered a good yield. From Bennington to Shaftesbury 7 miles, all inhabited, from there to Arlington at Merwin's Tuesday 7 "^iles — a good public house ; from 27th. there to Manchester 8 miles at Allis', good tavern, the land good but mountainous & stony, a good harvest is 20 to 25 bushels of wheat an acre. We made the acquaintance of a Mr. Meinders who has a store & a Mr. Smith — these gentlemen told us that lands were sell- inof in this neiofhbourhood as higrh as 20 Dolls, the acre. Passed through the township of Dorset 5 Wednesday mil^s, Harwich 7 miles, Danby 6 miles, 28th. where we dined sufificiently well at a Mr. Antony's — this man has sold his farm of VERMONT JOURNAL, Ijgi. 83 60 acres at 19^ Dlr. the acre, thence to Wall- ingford 7 miles to Mrs. Hull's, a good widow's where we were comfortable & found two orood beds. Passed through Clarendon to Rutland, we stopped on the way at the house of a Thomas Rice, whom we met in the Genesee Thursday country, where he had bought 400 ^9th. acres at i Dlr. pr. acre with the intention of settling there. We found there a good farm, land good & well tilled & a new house not even finished. It is astonishing to see a man 50 years old who has spent the best part of his life in clearing his land & enhancing its value, leaving it all just as he begins to enjoy the fruits of his labor, in order to bury himself anew in the for- est, & expose himself to all the difficulties of forming a new settlement ! But it is usually the case with Americans, beginning quite poor they buy a few acres in a new country for al- most nothing ; when after 8 or 10 years of rug- ged toil they have augmented the worth of their lands, they find themselves with a numer- ous family, & their little territory, however 84 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. valuable it may be, does not suffice to support them. Then they sell at a very high price, & so gain a sufficient sum to buy in the Genesee, where the lands are cheaper, three times the quantity, enough to maintain & establish around them a dozen children. Rutland is quite new, but agreeably situated. we made two good acquaintances, the Sheriff Mr. Sawyer, & Mr. Walker, the former gave me the enumeration of the State of Vermont, which reaches 85,708 souls. Rutland County 15,579. Bennington 12,708. We left there for Pitsford 10 miles. Left for Middlebury 18 miles, where a Mr. Atley with some others from Canada is build- Friday '"^^Z ^ grain distillery. This estab- 30th. lishment will cost them 5,000 Dl" be- fore it is going. As this country is far from any market they expect to get grain cheap ; Hence to Middlebury Falls is 4 miles, there are two roads to Vergennes, we were so un- lucky through the stupidity of other people as to take the worst. We found ourselves on the VERMONT JOURNAL, Ijgi. 85 bank of Ctter Creek without a Pontoon for crossing. After being detained two liours, we found at last a boat in which we got over, our horses havinsf to swim. Nii^ht comino: on, we had to pass the night in a poor log house, happily we found kind people there who gave us of their best. We breakfasted at Vergennes, a new settle- ment, & pursued a road scarcely practicable to Riches in Charlotte Township where Saturday we resolved to stop, Mr. Boon's horse ^ ^ct. having fallen with him in a hole where he cut himself. By the laws of Vermont it is not permitted to travel on this day, but we risked being arrested, & started for Burlington Sunday Bay, where happily we arrived in the ^nd. afternoon at Col. Keys. He is obliged to keep tav^ern by the situation of the place, is truly amiable, has been well educated & has many attainments. We are very comfortable at his house, & very glad to spend some days here to refresh ourselves & recover from the fatiofues 86 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. & the bad roads we have just come through. Burlington is very pleasantly situated on Lake Champlain which there makes a little bay. All the other settlements are new, but people begin to live at their ease. The soil is very rich, particularly for growing wheat & maize, they harvest of the former so much as 40 bushels, but more generally from 20 to 30 bushels the acre, of maize up to 70 bushels. Their greatest traffic is with Canada, they sometimes supply this province with grain, & principally with cattle, & receive in return European products but the English do not permit the importation of anything manufac- tured. When a canal shall have been cut between Skeensborough & the North River, which will be only 6 miles long, & which they have offered to make for 40,000 Livres, all the exports of Vermont will come to New York, but the opinion is that Canada, in order not to lose this branch of commerce, will cut on her side a canal from St. Johns to Chamblee, which will be 12 miles lonof, but which is easier to VERMONT JOURNAL, Ijgi. 8/ build than the other, since use can be made of Little River which flows into the Sorrel River below the rapids ; thus Vermont will find her- self between two markets & will derive a great advantage from the activity of her neighbours. The English still retain on Lake Champlain two posts in the territory of the United States. One commanded by a Capt" at Pointe du fer in the State of New York, the other on the Island of North Hero in Vermont, where a Serg' is stationed with 12 men. There is be- sides a brig of 16 guns on the Lake. By the last census the State of Vermont contains 85,708 souls, it is divided into 7 counties, & each county into a number of Townships of 6 miles square. There are no great land holders as in the Southern States. The legislature has always believed it was its policy to grant only a small number of acres to any one person, for the greater preservation of equality, & preventing too great individual influence. This seems to me one reason that the lands have risen to a price so high that they are sold from 10 to 20 DP' an acre, and it 88 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. would not even be possible to buy a large quantity at that rate. The largest land- owner in the State is a Gen' Allen in Chit- tenden County Colchester Township who has about 120,000 acres. Gov' Chittenden 30,000 acres. There is in the whole State a considerable number of Mapple Trees, but the people do not seem to me to be persuaded of the advan- tage they might gain from this tree ; in the Southern parts where the settlements are older, & the land almost all cleared, the people have cut down almost all the trees, keeping only a small quantity necessary for their own consumption, In the North, where there is more forest, the quantity is more consider- able, but no more prized than towards the South. However as these parts are too distant from all markets, people could never raise more grain than they need for their own use, & will consequently be restricted to grazing & cattle, which may lead them to make sugar, since in cutting all trees except the Maple, the pasture is excellent, & much hay can be VERMONT JOURNAL, lygi. 89 made, but experience has shown that the ground is so Hght here, that when the Maples stand alone the least wind uproots them, an incon- venience for which a remedy should be sought. They also say that in these mountains the depth of the snow prevents their gathering sap at the proper time, that towards the South however one man makes 250 lbs. Finally the chief reason for not making sugar is that they have no home market, & that the price of transportation by land is too dear, for the same reason the kettles & other utensils are so hard to get, but to me it does not appear im- probable that in forming an establishment in the middle of that part of the State where is the most Maple, that should furnish the inhabitants with the necessary utensils, & that should buy their sugar for ready money, they might be induced to cultivate the trees & gather enough sugar & at a sufficiently reasonable price as to leave a mediocre profit, especially if navigation is opened from Skeensborough to the North River which would greatly lessen transportation charges. 90 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. N, B. There are in the State of Vermont, especially to Northward, considerable mines of iron ; several forges have already been built at Tinmouth, Wallingford & Fairhaven. We waited at Burlington to rest the horses, & ourselves as well from our fatigues. The The 3rd, weather moreover was bad & the 4th, & 5th. blacksmith had no charcoal for shoe- ing our horses. We left Burlington at 11 o'clock for J erico on the Onion River 10 miles. In the afternoon Thursday ^^ crossed the river, & went to pay ^^^- a visit to the Governor of the State, Thomas Chittenden living in the Township of Williston. He received us without cere- mony, in the country fashion. He is a man of about 60 years, destitute of all education, but possessing good sense, & a sound judgment, which at once put him at the head of affairs when the States of New York and New Hampshire disputed between themselves the territory of Vermont. It is chiefly to him that the State owes her present Government. He \ VERMONT JOURNAL, I^gi. 9 1 related to us at much length the history of the revolution & how much he had contributed to it, was not ashamed to say that when he placed himself at the head of those who wished a separation from the State of New York, he scarcely knew how to write. Born in the State of Connecticut, he still retains the inquisitive character of his compatriots, & overwhelms one with questions to which one can scarcely reply. He is one of the largest & best farmers of the State, & is believed to own 40,000 acres beside a considerable number of horned cattle. His house & way of living have nothing to distinguish them from those of any private individual but he offers heartily a glass of Grog, potatoes, & bacon to anyone who wishes to come and see him.^ We left for Col- Davids in Orange County, township of Montpelier, following the Onion River. This river which runs from Friday, East South East to W.N.W. will 7th. never be of much consequence for transporta- tion, being interrupted by rapids from time to ' See Chipman, Life of Governor Chittenden. 92 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. time. The Road is much better, compared with that along Lake Champlain, but while crossinof the chain of the Green Mountains one must continually ascend and descend. We left Col! Davids for Judge Paine's in Williamstown 12 miles, road extremely bad, & Saturday constantly ascending — on arriving at ^^^- his house, we found ourselves quite on top of the mountains. He had the kind- ness to ask us to stay in his log house, which, though made of trees piled one on another, has every convenience that can be had in such a dwelling, a thing one rarely finds in these regions, the Americans often contenting them- selves with living in the kitchen with their people. His wife is pretty, amiable, & well bred, and made the time pass very agreeably. NOTES. Dartmouth Coll.. Pres- Wheelock — Woodward — 150 students — remaining 4 years for 100 to 150^^ everything included. Gen'l Enos a frank unceremonious man, had only water to offer us, had travelled everywhere in the U. S. — Conversation about maple trees — sells from 5-8 pence the livre. VERMONT JOURNAL, IJ^I. 93 Windsor. Legislature. Printer. Dr. Green sends much potash to N. Y. 400 tons this summer. Waalpoole falls. Mr. Butterfield, acquaintance with Mr. Powldon. Small towns very neat along the Connecticut River, roads mediocre but land well tilled. Superb orchards, a worm eats the fruit. Springfield (West) Mr. Stebens. A JOURNEY WITH MR. BOON THROUGH THE FOREST. April, 1792. 95 Notes of a yourney through the Forest, Under- taken April 2 2, 1792, with Mr. Boon from Otego Creek} [With Map.] WE left on the morning of Sunday the 22 April, followed Lake Schuyler,' thence by Coenraadstown ' to the Mohowk River to Capt. Meyers^ a little above the German flatts.^ ' The Otego Creek rises a few miles South of Schuyler's Lake, in the western part of the town of Hartwick. Otsego Co., and enters the Susquehanna about midway between the villages of Oneonta and Otego. Its Indian name was " Adiga," (see Sir Guy Johnson's pen and ink map, 1771). All that country was less absolutely wild than is generally imagined. In 1792 there was probably more or less settle- ment on the Otego. — Paid Fenimore Cooper, Formed from Unadilla in 1796 — now Oneonta. Settlers were in this vicinity before the Revolution. — Hough's Gazetiee7-, p. 537. For interesting contemporary accounts of this region, of Judge Starring and Col. Colbreath, see Seymour. "^ In the town of Richfield. ^ At what is now called Orendorff's Corners, in East part of the town of Columbia, Herkimer Co. — P. F. C. Conrad Orendorff, an early settler. — Hough's Gazetteer, p. 336. •* "Conrad's" and "Mayers" were well known places in their day.— Z>. E. W. '" German Flats, on South bank of the Mohawk, a fine intervale along the river. Formed as a district of Tryon Co., March, 1772. John Mayers, who kept the first inn, was among the early settlers. — Hough's Gazetteer, p. 337. 7 97 98 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. At Whitestown \ thence to Fort Stanix % to the house of the Sheriff of the County of Herke- mer, Col'- Colbrath,'^ to whom I had a 23rd, letter from Baron Steuben, we crossed the Mohowk two miles above Fort Stanix & arrived in Fonda's Patent N°- 61 at Thomas Wright's Surveyor.^ There are in Fonda's Patent 40,000 acres which are divided among 6 proprietors ; the principal ones are Gov'- Clinton, Floyd, Taylor, Fonda, etc. They have already disposed of 15,000 acres, several lots are leased 02it forever, on the following- terms : 1 Now Whitesboro. Settled in 1784 by Hugh White, of Con- necticut. The great central point of the whole region up to 1793-4. '^ Fort Stanwix. Erected in 1758 at "the great carrying place," now Rome. ^ He was Captain in Sullivan's Expedition of 1779. Later first Sheriff of Herkimer Co. — and also of Oneida County, on its for- mation in 1798. His house was on the road leading from what is now the business portion of Rome to Stanwix P.O., about two miles from Rome and one from Stanwix, at the point where the Inland Canal was locked into the Mohawk. — D.E. W. ■* In 1789 Ebenezer and Thomas Wright, brothers, settled on lots 60 and 61 Fonda's Patent, about three miles northerly of Rome, just East of the Mohawk, and about due North of Col. Colbrath. Eben- ezer was father of the celebrated engineer and surveyor Benj. Wright, connected with the construction of the Erie Canal. Thomas was father of Moses Wright (another surveyor). That locality has ever since been known as " Wright Settlement." — D. E. IV. Bourse throuh the forest, undcrtahen BY %ioHN L,INCHLAEN AND ^£RRIT SiOON, FROM QtBQO CR£EK, SpRIL 1192 [by LM TAYLOR Esq. of UTICA.N.Y.] ^.Srn FOREST JOURNEY, I7g2. 99 Nothing to be paid the first 5 years, then an annual toll of 18 bushels of wheat for each 100 acres to be delivered in Albany. The Lands are generally of the best quality, not very hilly, & with fine timber. Beech, maple, Elm, bass- wood, birch, but scarcely any pine, there is no mill on the Patent — the nearest is at Fort Stanix. We left with the surveyor Wright, for the S. West corner of the 2000 acres that 24th. Mr. Boon has bought of Mr. Cooper,^ we crossed these lands from the S. W. to N.E. — ' " The Mappa Tract" lies Westerly of West Branch P.O., and the West branch of the Mohawk River runs through its North-East part. That is the tract where the party went April 24, after leaving Thomas Wright's. The northerly line of the Mappa tract is the Ava town line ; the party went to its South-west corner. In book 7, of Deeds, P- 36, (1799) the sale of the above lands to the Holland Land Com- pany was recorded. In 1822 Clift French, a surveyor, subdivided the tract into sixteen lots. In subsequent deeds it is variously called the " Mappa tract," the " Boon tract," and the "Cooper tract," as all these men were connected with it, and hence "land bought by Boon of Cooper." — D.E. IV. Col. Adam G. Mappa — a Dutch exile, who in the struggle with the house of Orange had commanded a body of Patriot troops but who after the revolution of 1786 expatriated himself and settled in America. He fixed his residence in New Jersey for about six years, but removed to Trenton, N. Y., with his family in 1794. Sometime afterwards he was chosen successor to Mr. Boon as Agent of that pur- chase of the Holland Company. 100 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. they are of the best quality, very level, fine timber, beech, some maple, Butternut, bass- wood, Elm, birch, some hemlock. We camped beside quite a large creek that we thought to be a branch of the Mohowk.^ We found that the Creek where we had passed the night flowed into another creek run- nine from West to East ; finding noth- 25th. ing marked on the map we did not know where we were, so we resolved to go down the creek to reconnoitre, we soon perceived that they were different branches of the Mohowk ; After a trying march of 12 miles along the creek which was sometimes hemmed in with steep rocks on both sides,^ we arrived in Matchin's patent, where the land becomes more level & better ; A part of this Patent has been ' This route would bring the party near or to the West branch of the Mohawk, just West of West Branch P.O., before reaching which the river runs from West to East with small streams putting in near that point.— Z>.i5'. W. * This describes the West Branch of the Mohawk, with high rock on each side : just East of West Branch P.O. the " East Branch," of the Mohawk comes in, then the river is joined at " Hillside " by "Lansing's Kill." The party goes down the stream until Mat- chin's Patent is reached. There were seven or eight of his patents ; but the words " sold to a Mr. Deane " identify this. — DM. W FOREST JOURNEY, I'jg2. lOI sold to a Mr. Deane, and he has just re-sold 450 acres for / 250. Followed the North line of Fonda's Patent from N° 9^ to the East line, which is nothing but a succession of steep hills, brush- 26th wood, Hemlock, all very bad ; as soon as one reaches Holland's patent,' one finds a level rich ground, adorned with the most mag- nificent forest, we followed the road leading to Baron Steuben's patent,' and arrived there at the 1 A little North of Westernville.— Z). E. W. '^ About 20,000 acres, lying within the township of Trenton, granted by the Crown to Henry Lord Holland, and sold by him. Divided into lots by Surveyor Wright. — Jones' Oneida County, p. 465. ^ In 1786 the State of New York granted to Baron Steuben in recognition of his services, one quarter of a township, equal to 16,000 acres, out of the territory recently purchased from the Oneida In- dians. It was erected into a separate township and was named for him. — Kapp, p. 578. After 1790 Steuben regularly spent some summer months on his farm, and the winters in New York. While on his last military service he chose the site for the old blockhouse at Salt Point (Syra- cuse) whither he went by Oneida Lake, and there met several hundred Indians — some friendly and some not — in council in the summer of 1794- He died Nov. 28, 179S, and is buried on the summit of Starr's Hill, which stands like a watch tower in the township of Steuben, com- manding wide views of the surrounding country. ' ' Passing through Remsen we drove up the hill, and went through a field until we came to quite a bit of woodland surrounded by an old time rail fence, not far from which is the Baron's monument." — JM. S. F. 102 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. house of one of his farmers [Superintendent] Sam'- Seizer/ The Baron's patent is of 16,000 acres, but 6,000 are already part sold part leased out. he asks i Dir pr. acre, money down, & 10 Shill^f at 5 years credit, already 15 families are established there. The Baron has 60 acres cleared of the best quality, which are tilled by three men that he hires by the year, on the mountain is an excellent situation for building, which commands a superb view, he has a saw- mill built on the Steuben Creek, but it is now in bad order, besides in summer there is scarcely enough water, otherwise the patent is generally good ground, but there is very little pine. Went through Holland's patent South of Steuben's, this Patent is superb, the land is extremely rich and everywhere inter- sected v/ith little brooks, & springs of soft water ; the land is level, there being only two hills, which are of no consequence. On account of not knowing who the proprietor is, this patent is not yet settled, however ' Kapp, p. 591. The first settler in Steuben. He lived a little South East of Steuben Corners. — D. E. IV. FORE ST JO URNE V, I/'p2. 1 03 some ten families have risked taking pos- session of the land near Nine Miles Creek. They say that there are 20,000 acres, & that Charles Fox now has the disposal of it. The Patent of Service ^ to the East is said to surpass even Holland's ; A little part that we have seen is not to be excelled by anything so far as land is concerned, but the greatest draw- back to this patent, as to all the others in these environs, is the lack of pine. Service' Patent is said to belong to an Irishman named Don- del now in New York. We gave up our surveyors, & took a road^ which led us to the Mohowk River some Miles above Fort Schuyler,' all this country begins to be inhabited, everywhere one hears the axe, everyone is busy felling trees ! We slept at Judge Starling's. ^ ' Trenton.— Z*. E. IV. * As early as 1757 there was a good road on the North side of the Mohawk, through the town of Schuyler. (See Benton's History of Herkimer County'). The party doubtless took that road. — D. E. W. ^ Now Utica. ■* Judge Staring lived near Staring's Creek where grist and saw mills once stood, and which flows into the Mohawk South of West 104 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. We descended the Mohowk, forded the great Canada Creek, the current very rapid, saw Fort Herkemer, Fort Plain, &; arrived in the eveninaf at Roseboom's Ferry.^ We left for Johnstown 4 miles from the Mohowk. This town had for its founder Sir William Johnston who so particu- 30. larly distinguished himself in the revolution by his attachment to the Court. The surrounding lands are mediocre, but 4 miles from the town, towards the North East, they become barren as far as Romain Mills,^ 1 1 miles off. we arrived that night Schuyler P. O. He was born at the German Flats. He was the first judge of Herkimer County. He was probably identical with Henry Staring, delegate from Montgomery County to the State Convention of 1788. — Eenton, pp. 184-193. He was famous during the Revolution for his intrepidity and strong mind and character. He fought at Oriskany, and was later Colonel of Tryon County Militia. — Tracy iVotices, Oneida County. See also Seymour, p. 67. ^ Roseboom's Ferry across the Mohawk, about one mile East of the present Palatine Bridge Station, identical with the one often spoken of as Van Alstyne's Ferry, connected the road from Stone Arabia with the one leading to the mills on Canajoharie Creek, thence on to Cherry Valley. — S. L. F. - Now Shawville ; settled 1773, by Sir William Johnson. The mill property was confiscated during the war, and sold to a son of the FOREST JOURNEY, iyg2. 105 at the house of a hunter, William Jackson ^ in the Mayfield patent. He took us the next day the i of May throuorh the ^ ■> ^ May I. woods to see a tract of 10,000 acres of land situated near the Secondago River.' They do not know to whom these lands belong, though the soil is good, there is a quantity of Hemlock, some Beech & Maple, but though they are good lands, they do not approach those of Holland nor Service's. They are well watered, the Cranburry Creek runs through, & it is said a mill might be built there. — There are several settlements along the Secondago, which is, strictly speaking, only the Western branch of the North River. The navigation is made impracticable by the rapids. Very good land is found, & from Rev. Dr. Romeyn, who rebuilt and put it in operation, when it became known as Romeyn's Mills. It is in the center of the town of Mayfield, on Mayfield Creek, one-half mile South of Mayfield. A bridge was here before 1744. — History of Fulton County, p. 226. ' " Jackson's Summit " is towards the northern end of the town of Mayfield, and was in the Mayfield Patent, though the bounds of the Patent were entirely different from those of the present town of that name. — S. L. F. The William Jackson here spoken of was an early settler in Mayfield, Fulton Co.— Z). E. W. '^ See Map of Fulton County. I06 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. 30 to 40 3 per acre Is asked for Lots along the River.^ Returned to Jackson's — thence by Johnston 2nd to Judge Veeder's.'^ Roseboom, Springfield, Cooperstown, & arrived at home in the evening, having made this day 50 miles. Navigation of the Mohawk River, A boat loading two tons can come up from Schenectady to Fort Stanix. At the little Falls, however, a few miles below the great Canada Creek, there is a portage of i mile, where they are obliged to unload the boat, & carry goods & boats by waggons. 3 hands are required for a full loaded boat at 3i^ each hand is £ g Portage at the little Falls i 10 ' There were two main trails, one from Johnstown through Rice- ville to Dennie Hollow, Cranberry Creek and so to the Upper Sacondago ; the other from Johnstown to Sir William's Summer House Point. — History Fulton County, p. 225. ^ Simeon Veeder was County Judge of Montgomery County in 1802, and lived in the town of Mohawk. I know of no judge of that name in 1792. — S. L. F. EXPLORATION OF THE CAZENOVIA TRACT, OCTOBER, 1792. 107 JOURNAL. T LEFT Mr. Hovey's^ after breakfast, hav- ing with me a guide who assisted in surveying the land which I am to see. Friday 5th I followed the Cayuga road for three October, miles, and thence directed my course West,^ following the South line of the Twenty Town- ships. ^ I found the land good along the line, with some hills to cross but not bad ones, and arable to the tops : the timber was Beech, maple, basswood, white ash, Chestnut, Elm, and very little hemlock except along the brooks, of which I have crossed many. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon I arrived at the South West corner of Township N? 13^ ' Gen. Benjamin Hovey came to what is now Oxford, in the autumn of 1790, built a log house on the present site of S. H. Farn- ham's store, and named the place for his native town in Massa- chusetts. See History of Chenango and Madisojt Counties. ■ For the subsequent route, see map at page 142. ^Or, "Governor's Purchase" See Hammond, Afadison County, p. 164. ■• McDonough. — L.L, 109 no JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. which is the S.E. corner of the 15,000 acres of Watkins and Sacket/ thence I directed my course N. W., and after travelling a mile arrived at the bank of a brook where I encamped. We set off at eight o'clock, travelling N. W. and at ten o'clock crossed the Cayuga road ; Saturday ^^ ^^^ o'clock we arrived at the S. W. the 6th. corner of the 50,000 acres, During all the morning the land was generally good, some small Hemlock swamps, the rest beech, Maple, basswood, and white ash, with no streams. From the S. W. corner of the 50,000 acres our course was N. E., the land excellent and generally level, We encamped on the West side of Township N° 1 2} We travelled N. W. At 10 o'clock we crossed the Hoksilic^ Creek, which runs S. W. At noon we came to another Sunday 7th creek of considerable size ; half a mile further on we reached the corner of N°' 6 & 7, West line. All the morning the land was of 'German. — L.L. ^ Pharsalia. — L.L. ^Otselic. CAZENOVIA TRACT, 17^2. Ill the best quality, — Maple, basswood, Cherry, Ash, Elm, & Beech. Crossing the creek we found a mountain to be climbed, but the land is capable of cultivation from the base to the summit, and along the creek are some fine flats. In the afternoon our course was N.E., the land hilly but of the best quality and with the best kinds of timber. We camped by a stream. After having made half a mile, we arrived at the East line of the Gore ; thence we went N. W., the land always the same. Monday 8th We came to the corner of Nos. ii & 1 2. The land throughout of the best, but hilly. At 1 1 o'clock we arrived at the N. E. corner of the 50,000 acre tract ; during the morning the land was of the best, with much Tuesday Butternut timber ; from the Corner 9^'' our course was W. N. W. We arrived at even- ing on the Military [Lands] Line. Our course was N.E. \ E. through the best kind of lands ; At i o'clock we came to 112 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. the Caneserogo Creek ; along the creek are black ash, & red elm, some bever dams, fine Wednes- meadow ground ; beside the creek is day, loth ^ swamp where there are Cyder [cedar], Pine, Balsam fir & Hemlock, we encamped beside the Creek. Our course was West through good land, near the line is a Creek which seems to issue Thursday ^^^"^ ^^e Road Township, and runs "^^ into N° lo of the Military [Lands] ; there is a mill seat near the line. We came to the Military [Lands] Line at noon, thence travelled N.N.E. ; arrived at the Lake where we encamped : situation superb, fine land. From the lake we travelled N. \ E. to the Genesee Road, through lands both good and Friday ^^*^' timber chiefly Oak and Poplar, i2th \Ye came to the Caneseroga Creek, there are 5 German families settled on the Creek, they are poor. On the other side of the creek is the Indian settlement.^ We ar- ' Caneseraga, an ancient Tiiscarora Village site, is i^ miles North- East of Chittenango Village, where the Caneseraga Creek crosses the Seneca Turnpike. — Smith, Chenango and Madison Counties. Page of yournal Arrival at Owahgena Lake, Oct. nth, I'jg2 n <* / ' V-' • ^^^ ^-^ ' CAZENOVIA TRACT, iyg2. II3 rived at the house of John Denny ^ ; no bread, nor meat. Detained by the rain. Saturday, ^ 13th Left by a path which brought us back to the Httle Lake, crossing- good lands. Sunday Encamped at night at the North Hne ^4*'' of N° i.^ Rain & fog all day— the sombre Monday weather prevented our directing our ^5*^ course. Followed the Line which crosses N° i from North to South, land bad, in general swampy, the rest Hemlock, beech, Tuesday birch, & some maple, plenty of ^^^'^ Creeks, this Line I imagine runs through the dividing waters of the Caneseroga Creek & Chenango Rivers — at four o'clock we came to the S. W. Corner. We traversed N° 5 ^ from the North West to the South East, lands good ; at noon we ' An Indian who kept there the first tavern, and built the first frame house in 1800. — Hammond, Madison County, p. 662. ''Nelson. 'Lebanon. — Z.Z. 114 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. reached the Chenango River ; we went down the River, passing by the North East Corner Wednes- ^^ ^° ^'^ arrived in the North West day, 17th Corner of N? 9^ at the house of one Guttry^ who has been settled there for 4 months. Left Guttry's by a road which leads to Thursday ^^ Unadilla, arrived at evening at '^^^^ Edminston. We traversed a part of N? 18^ and 17,^ Friday ^^^ arrived in the evening at Mr. De ^9^*^ Villars.^ Saturday R^gted. 20th Sunday \^^i\. De Villars', and arrived at 21^*^ Birch's '' on Charlotte River. ' Smyrna, L.L. '^ Sherburne. — L.L. ^ William Guthrie, from Litchfield, Conn., kept in 1793 on the place of this settlement the first tavern in the town, about two miles from the village of Bainbridge, on the farm now owned by Philo Kirby. — Hist, of Mad. and Chen, Cos. •* Brcokfield.— /..Z.. * Pittsfield, Columbus. — L.L. ' Louis de Villars erected the first mill in Morris on Aldrich Creek. First settlement, 1773. — L.L. ' By Van der Werken's Mills. He erected the first mill in Oneonta. — L.L. CAZENOVIA TRACT, I'jg2. 115 Passed through Harpersfield, and Monday arrived at Esquire More's/ Left M ore's and came to the widow Horsebrock's.^ Arrived at Ezopus. Arrived at Fishkill. Left with a chaloupe for New York. 22d Tuesday 23d Wednes- day 24th Friday 26th Saturday 27. ^ John More, Roxbury, near Mooresville, settled 1790. — L.L. ^ H asbrouck ? Perhaps the present village of Hasbrouck in Falls- burgh, Sullivan Co., said to have been settled by Germans before the Revolution. See Hough's Gazetteer, p. 646. ii6 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. TRAVELLING EXPENSES. 1792. Sept. 24. For a tent £ 2, 13, — — For Hay & Oats . — 16 . 9 26 For Hay — , — , 6 27 Passage from NrY'' to Ezopus 3. 12 — — Feed half way Ezopus . — , I , — — Sur Cingel . — , 6 — — Ferry .... — , I — 29 [Illegible] — , 8 — — Ezopus, lodging at De Waal — , 8 — — Woodstock — food . 2 9 30 Shendeken — lodging — ! 6 9 — Breakfast .... — , 3 — — Van Loo .... — > 3 6 Oct. I. Sq^ Moore — lodging — , 4 6 — Breakfast at Patchin's — , 3 — — Glass & Blacksmith — , I I — Blacksmith — , 3 - — 2^ Mr. Johnston — lodging . — . 7 8 — Barret, breakfast — , 2 6 — Brumhall, oats & milk — , I 6 — Turnel. Hay & Rum — 1 I 2 3 Mr. Wattles's lodging etc. —> 7 2 — Mr. breakfast . — , 2 10 — Mercereau's Mills. 5olbs. mea — , 10 — 5 Mr. Hovey for 20 lb. beef 5** lb — , 8 4 — 10 lb. bacon i § lb. — , 10 — — 2 lb. sugar — , 2, — £ 12, 7, CAZENOVIA THACT, iyg2. 117 Oct. 5. \ lb. tea . — Board & lodging — Baking bread . — for washing 14 Caneseraga settlement for small pig — for a turkey — Feed for horses, lodging, & Rum & potatoes . 18 N° 9 Mr. Guttry for provisions — Unadilla, corn. 19 Edminston, board & lodging 20 Hovey's man 16 days service at 4/6 a day is 21 At Sleeper's for hay — Van der Werken's mills — At De Villars — washing 22 At Birch's lodging . — Johnston Rum — Harpersfield Dr. Mack — To Joel Mack for the hire of a horse for 2 1 days — For shoeing a horse — Patchin's, board & oats 23 Mr. Moore Lodging — At Ganze's Hay & milk — At the foot of the mountain. Hay £- I, 2, 6 17, 2 4, — 3, 6 12, 8, — 15, — 12, — > 6 19. — 12, — 0, 8 2, 6 3- — 2, 1, I 18, 6 2, — 3, 6 8, - — . 9 - 6 £ i3> 14. 10 ii8 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. Oct. 24 Horseblock, Lodging 26 Ezopus. DeWall, board & lodging — Ferry .... — Hay & Rum . — Poughkeepsie, food — Fishkill .... — Landing, Lodging . — Ferry .... 29 Passage from Fishkill to N York .... For man & horses . Man's wages ... £ 13. 14, 10 — , 9. 8 -I, 7. 3. I, 6, 4, 7, I, — . — , 7 . — , 6 — — 4, — £ 29, 2, 7 12, 7, — Travelling expenses to the Gore £ 41, 9, 7 Travelling expenses back to Phila 4> 16, — CAZENOVIA TRACT, 17^2. II9 NOTES. [Of Route from Esopus to Hovey's, Sept 29 to Oct. 3.] /. Mr. van der Kemp, by taking more care to culti- vate & clean his grain than his neighbors, has sold it for a shilling the bushel more than his neighbours. He has sold it for "j /^ the bushel, weighing 64 pounds, on the spot. 2. The country from Ezopus to Little Shendeken is mountainous and stony, the land dry and unfruitful, and produces nothing but Oak and Chestnut, so it is hardly peopled except where in the intervales there are some tolerable pastures. Shendeken is in the Blue Mountains.' 3- From Shendeken one passes the mountains, the road is bad & the country not capable of ever being cultivated ; even after crossing them the lands are only middling, and little inhabited till one reaches the Schohary Creek ° which empties into the Mo- howk. On this creek are fine flatts which have been inhabited for 40 years ; Consequently one sees beautiful meadows and well stocked orchards. Leav- ing Schohary one comes again to a new country, mountainous & stony, & scarcely inhabited. ' N. W. corner town of Ulster County. — Gazetteer. 2 Near Frattsville. L.L. 120 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. 4' Before arriving at Harpersfield, one crosses the Delaware,' 3 miles below its source — it is there only a little brook which one can step over. Harpersfield " is a mountainous country, stony in some places, but free from rocks, the hills are arable to their tops ; the land is good, beech, maple, bass- wood, etc. The weather is remarkably cold. The i^' October when I was there it was cold enough to freeze, and fifteen days before there had been snow. They say, however, that the climate is favourable to wheat, — which yields there even 30 bushels the acre ; — but that it will not admit of raising Maize. In its place they raise another kind of grain called Millet, which is said to be excellent for fattening pigs. Captain Kortright,^ proprietor of a township, leases his lands at £4/7 per 100 acres, the rent com- mencing the 5'.^ year. Before the rent begins, the farmers have the option of purchasing at 10 shillings an acre. ' Near Stamford. L.L. '^ Named from Colonel John Harper. In the North-East corner of Delaware County. ^ Laurence Kortright, patentee. Town next to Harpersfield. L.L. See Hough's Gazetteer of New York. CAZENOVIA TRACT, 17^2. 121 7- There is not a month in the year when there is not frost at Harpersfield, especially in the valleys on the top of the mountains it is warmer. 8. The inhabitants who live on the Susquehanna near the Unadilla, & on the road that leads from Kattskill to the Houliout' have just established among them a post which goes once a week from Mr. Wattles'" on the Susquehanna to Kattskill, & which returns to bring them letters & papers. The Road from Kattskill to the Susqueh^- was cut by order and at the cost of the State of New York, the distance is 90 miles, it is cut 20 feet wide. 10. Mr. Mercereau's mills, — He can grind in 24 hours 100 bushels of wheat. — Esopus stones will last 30 or 40 years, they must be dressed 4 times a year. — Mr. Mercereau told me that in general the expenses ' Oleout, a stream East of and tributary to the Susquehanna. See Map. ^ At Wattles' Ferry on the Oleout an inn was opened in 1785 by Nathaniel Wattles. Shuman Wattles, afterwards Judge, came with two brothers in 1785 to the present town of Franklin, Delaware County. See Hough's Gazetteer, pp. 253-7. 122 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. of the dam are as much as half the expenses of the mill. — He can saw in a day (i2 hours) 1500 feet of boards, which sell at 5 Dl?. or;^2 the 1000 feet. //. Mr. Hovey pays £l/io for clearing an acre, and the men who do the work have the ashes, — for which he gives 6 pence per bushel. Mr. Hovey has 2000 acres to sell in the Township No. II. He could let us have 8000 acres there. The contracts which he has made with Messrs. Watkins & Flint to survey their lands, are that they pay him 20 shillings per mile, then he is responsible for all expenses and sends the owners the survey, a Map and fieldbook. But as our lands are more in the neighborhood he will undertake to make the con- tract for less than 20 shill. The surveyor whom he employs is named Lock, who earns from 10 to 16 shill. per day. 14. To cut the road from Hovey's to Cayuga Lake, they pay 10 £ per acre ; the contractors then must cut it 2 rods wide, & make the necessary bridges. A wood road where a cart can pass costs £ 2 per mile. CAZENOVIA TRACT, I7Q2. 1 23 The surveyors employed by Mr. Hovey are Nath : Lock of Westchester County & Walter Sabin who lives on the Susqueh : near J: Mercereau ; each sur- veyor has with him 5 hands, 2Chainmen 2 markmen & I to carry the provisions. — The surveyor when running the outlines is allowed 2 Dlrs. a day, when Lotting out 12 shill. a day. W. Sadin runs com- monly 5 or 6 miles a day. N. Lock 8-10 miles a day. Lock's hands have 10 Dlrs. a month. Sabin's hands have only 8 Dlrs. a month. Each hand is allowed a day 2 pounds of Beef or 1-1/2 pound of pork, 2 pounds of bread, & as much Chocolate or Tea as they can drink, as much Rum as they will carry, each party takes generally a Cask contain- ing 5 Gallons, we'll reckon that each man is allowed a Gill a day. Hovey buys a yoke of oxen (2 oxen) for 16 to 20 ^ & the pork 5 Dlrs. a hundred weight ; he sells the pork at a shill. a pound & the beef 5 pence a pound. Each man that goes in the woods carries for a fortnight or 20 days provisions that is from 70 to 80 weight, he walks then from 15 to 20 miles a day. 16. Col] Smith' sells his lands as follows : quarter of Townships at 10 shill: an acre, single Lots from 10 to ' William S. Smith, from Long Island — aid to Baron Steuben — married Abigail, only daughter of President John Adams, under whose administration he was Minister to England. Died in Smith's Valley in 1816. Hammond, p. 546. 124 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. 14 shillings an acre, in 3 equal payments the 1st, 2d & 3d year with an interest of 7 p.c'. From the Saltspring in the Onondaga Reservation they are to cut a road to Chenango in the 20 Town- ships, this road will traverse the Road Township ; by offering to assist the contractors they can be induced to take it by the place in the R.T.' where it is intended to make the principal Settlement, and by N" I, thence to [N°] 5 etc. 18. From Scribner in N° 16 they have cut a road which leads to Tunnicliffs on the Butternut Road 17 miles, they propose to continue this road across the Military Tract, passing by N? 10 and 11. ig. Mr. Cooper makes buyers pay for each deed 14 shill. Mr. De Villars 11 shill. In giving a deed they make them sign the mortgage bound simple and bound in judgment.' 20. They send from Ezopus to N. V^ Hemlock bark for tanning, it sells for 45 shill. the Cord, cost of transport 4 shill. ' Road Township. * This means with a bond and confession of judgment. — L.L. CAZENOVIA TRACT, iyg2. 125 21. The flatts at Old Schohary sell at present at 25 £ the acre. 22. In Hardenberg's patent between Harpersfield, & Ezopus, where there is no other timber but Hemlock & very stony, the Lands sell at 10 shill. an acre. The widow Horsebroek at the foot of the Blue Mountains pays for very bad land 2 Dlrs. an acre. Information front Hovey about the 20 Tozvnships. N° 2. Bad, several Lakes. [Eaton. L. L. N° 3. Middling good. [Madison. L. L. N° 6. Said to be bad. [Georgetown. L. L. N° 7. Also bad, belongs to R. C. Livingston. [Otselic. L. L. N° 9 Is very good. [Sherburne. L. L. No 12 Reported stony, be- longs to Coll W"? Smith. [Pharsalia. L. L. "■ 20 Is chiefly settled, Col. Sanger had the care of it. [Sangersfield and Bridgewater. L. L. " 13 Stony, [McDonough. " 15 Belongs to Lawyer Cutting, [Norwich. L. L. " 1 1 Said to be the best of all. [Plymouth. L. L. " 14 Mr. Matlock. [Preston. 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, & 12 belong to Coll Smith, the first six are said to be generally good. 126 JOURNALS OF JOHN- LINCKLAEN, W. S. Smith's Location or the triangle is divided into 4 Townships, they say it is not so good as the Gore' of Watkins & Flint — in general bad. they reckon that out of twenty acres there is one that is good. 23- Kochburn's* terms of surveying, 20 shill. by the mile, then he finds hands & provisions & makes the returns, 20 sliill. a day, then the employer finds all the necessaries, or ;^ 6/10 or 7 ^ for every lOOO acres, then he finds everything, his calculation is to run 3 miles a day upon an average. 24.. The merchants in Ezopus reckon 25 pCt upon all their goods including the freight, they give as long credit as people want, but they hive only 6 months credit by the merchants in New York, these whole- sale merchants reckon 10 or 12 pO. excluding the freight & Duties, at Auctions goods may be bought at 50 pC. under the value but for ready money. Mr. Edw. Livingston leases his lands out at 15 bushels for every 100 acres for the first ten years, ' See Map, p. 142. " The Gore" comprised the present towns of German, Pitcher, Lincklaen, DeKuyter, and the southern and larger half of Cazenovia. It was a strip left between the West line of the Twenty Townships and the East line of the Military Tract, the entire length of the Twenty Townships or "Governor's Purchase," slightly wider at the North than at the South. — See Hist. Chenango a7id JMaaison Counties. ^ Probably Cockburn's. CAZENOVIA TRACT, 1 7^2. 127 beginning with the 4th, then forever for 20 bushels a year deliverable at the River ; he reserves a sixth of all the sales. Mr. Watkins has contracted to have a road cut 18 feet wide, digging wherever it is necessary, & put logs where there are swamps & cleared of all incum; brances for;^3 a mile. Locker's 6 miles. Barrett's 7 '• Brunshall 9 " Smith's 9 " Wattle's 8 " Patchin's Tavern 3 miles over the Delaware Bridge. APPENDICES. 129 APPENDIX A. THEOPHILUS CAZENOVE. The old French family of de Cazenove was origin- ally from Guienne, and before that, family tradition says, from Spain. Towards the end of the sixteenth century the house divided into two branches. The elder remained on its ancestral soil, faithful to the Church of Rome ; the younger embraced the Re- formed religion, was expatriated after the Edict of Nantes, and established itself in Geneva, where some of its descendants still live. The relations of kinship, broken by one hundred and fifty years of religious persecution, were renewed in 1790. Theophilus Cazenove, first General Agent of the Holland Land Company in the United States, was of the Protestant branch of the family. He was born at Amsterdam October 13th, 1740, and died in Paris March 6th, 181 1. He was a grandson of the famous historian Paul de Rapin, Sieur de Thoyras, and great grandfather of Mr. Raoul de Cazenove, of 131 132 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. Lyons, France, to whose kindness the village of Cazenovia owes an interesting portrait of his an- cestor, and to whose work on Rapin de Thoyras we are indebted for these facts concerning him. The " Armorial de la Noblesse de France " further states that Theophilus Cazenove ' married at Haar- lem i6 October, 1763, Margaret Helen van Jever, of a noble Dutch family, whose father Volkert van Jever was burgomaster of Amsterdam, and whose mother Quirina Catherine, daughter of Johan van Sypestyn, " maitre hereditaire (veld-graaf) des forets pays de Cuijk," was niece of the Grand Pensionary of Holland, John de Witt.' ' The " Cazenove who was Talleyrand's privy council and financier " was probably Theophilus. — See Memoires de Tallyrand. vol. i., p. 232. In December, 1794, there were "two Cazenoves " in Phila- delphia. — h.A^-m%' History of Gallatin, Vol. I., p. 142; and "Life," p. 145- The woodland still spreading over part of the hill on the West side of Cazenovia Lake, near its foot, was always called by the older people the " Cazenove Woods." This is accounted for by notices in the Cazenovia Republican Monitor, April, 1S30, of " a sale of a wood lot of about 75 acres, part of Lot No. 47, 4th allotment. New Petersburgh," together with " Lots No. 24, and 25 of the town plot of Cazenovia as surveyed by Calvin Guiteau," by Arthur Cazenove, of the Kingdom of France. This property was doubtless inherited from his grandfather, the General Agent, who gave a power of at- torney to John Lincklaen, dated June 10, 1799, "when he was about leaving the United States of America," covering " two certain Lots or Tracts of Land situate in Cazenovia." '^ On the same authority, the American Cazenoves are equally de- scended from Pierre, the founder of the Protestant branch of Geneva, through his great grandson, Charles Antoine Cazenove, who came from that city in 1790, to the United States, married a Miss Hogan, and left many descendants. APPENDIX B. PAUL BUSTI. Paul Busti/ a native of Milan, Italy, and his wife Elizabeth May, born in Holland, daughter of Admiral May of the British Navy, came to Philadelphia in 1794. With minds well cultivated and of good social position, they were welcomed as an addition to its society. After the return to Europe of Mr. Theo- philus Cazenove Mr. Busti became General Agent of the Holland Land Company and held that position until his death in 1824, when he was succeeded by John Jacob van der Kemp. ' Penn. Mag. of Hist, ana Biog., vol. vii., pp. 107, 108. 133 APPENDIX C. IN THE ASSEMBLY, MARCH I, 1820. MEMORIAL OF PAUL BUSTI. No. 106. To the honorable the Legislature of the State of New- York in SeJiate and Assembly convened. The memorial of Paul Busti, of the city of Phila- delphi, most respectfully sheweth — That your memorialist is the general agent of the Dutch landholders, composing the association called the Holland Land Company, who, in virtue of privi- leges granted to them by law, have acquired and hold large tracts of land, in the district of country now comprising the counties of Genesee, Niagara, Cattaraugus, Alleghany and Chautauque. Various petitions having lately been presented to the legis- lature, from the inhabitants of those counties, pray- ing important changes in the present system of taxation, your memorialist, without presuming to call in question the justice or policy of any general regulations on this subject, which the legislature may, in its wisdom, deem it expedient to adopt, takes 134 APPENDICES. 135 leave most respectfully to remonstrate against any- partial impositions, operating exclusively or un- equally, upon the lands of foreigners, acquired and held, like those of the Holland Land Company, under the faith of public acts of the legislature of the state of New York. That cases may be supposed, in which foreigners might so far abuse the privileges conferred on them by the public favor as to justify legislative inter- ference and control, it does not concern the individ- uals who compose the Holland Land Company, to deny; for your memorialist feels authorised, not only to repel, on their behalf, every charge of this nature, as utterly destitute of foundation ; but with the boldness of truth, to assert that, as their landed acquisitions in this country, originated in an early and persevering attachment to the cause of American freedom and independence, so those acquisitions have hitherto been made eminently subservient to the advancement of the public interests and prosperity. At an early stage of the American revolution, when the struggle for liberty and independence was yet doubtful, the Dutch merchants, who afterwards formed the Holland Land Company, warmly espous- ing the cause of this infant republic, came forward, at every hazard, to furnish her with supplies, in order to relieve the wants of her armies. The meri- torious exertions of these individuals, cannot be forgotten by the surviving patriots of the revolution, nor will the faithful records of history, cease to attest them to posterity. 136 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. The government of the United States, in the en- joyment of the blessings of peace and independence, being soon happily enabled, by a wise and regular system of finance, to satisfy the demands of their public creditors, the capital of part of the debt thus contracted with the merchants of Holland, was thrown into their hands at a moment when the con- vulsions and revolutions of Europe, threatened to subvert the whole fabric of civil society. Under these circumstances, they determined to reinvest these funds in American lands, and during the course of the years 1792 and 1793, the uncultivated wilds of the Genesee thus passed into the hands of the individ- uals who composed the Holland Land Company ; and who, for the purchase and improvement of this property, formed an association, possessing a capital of four millions, three hundred and ninety-two thou- sand dollars. Intent on converting the forests into fruitful fields, and founding their hopes of profit, alone, on the in- crease of population and improvements, the Dutch proprietors determined to resell these lands, not to jobbers and speculators, but to actual settlers, whose industry and enterprize should develope the real resources of the country, and by cultivation and im- provement, lay a solid foundation for its future wealth and importance. In the year 1797, the extinguishment of the In- dian title to the country West of the Genesee river, was effected ; and in the year 1800, a land office was first opened on the spot now occupied by the village APPENDICES. 137 of Batavia, where settlers, encouraged by low prices, long credits and every necessary accommodation, soon hastened to establish themselves. In the progress of the settlements thus com- menced, the proprietors have never sought to build their fortunes upon any other foundation than that of the public prosperity. As the hardy emigrants advanced into the wilderness, more remote agencies were successively established. All the land within their respective limits, was thrown open for sale, without reservation or exception, upon terms highly favorable in price, and credit to the settlers ; and if these agencies have not been conducted v/ith uni- form indulgence and forbearance, towards that merit- orious people, the system marked by the proprietors, has not been adhered to. To illustrate the zeal with which the infant settle- ments of this country have been continually fostered and cherished, it will be sufficient to state, that in addition to the original capital of the Company, long since exhausted, there has been expended in the building of mills, in the opening and repairing of roads, in the erection of school houses, court houses, and churches, and in the necessary expenses of sur- veys, salaries and commissions to agents, office ex- penses and taxes, no less a sum than $761,380.74. In the voluntary appropriation of property required for fortifications, arsenals and other public purposes, in contributions for the relief of the suffering inhabi- tants on the Niagara frontier, in the offer to the State of every alternate unsold lot of land along the 138 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. route of the canal, and in the subsequent gratuitous cession of a large tract of land in aid of the canal fund, the Dutch proprietors have furnished succes- sive evidences still more decisive, of their devotion to the general interests of the country. The effects of views so liberal and enlarged, have been mani- fested in the progressive increase of wealth and population, in the western counties, and if a tempor- ary gloom now hang over them, it will be found to originate in causes which are not local, but general, and which in their operation, unhappily pervade the whole community. The whole net receipts of the Holland Land Com- pany, arising from their lands in the State of New- York, after paying expenses, do not exceed seven hundred and twenty thousand dollars, affording, dur- ing the twenty-six years in which their capital has been thus employed, an average interest of less than one per centum per annum ; whilst the same capital vested in public stocks, would have produced an annual interest of six per centum, and would have amounted during the same period, to a sum little short of five millions of dollars ; nevertheless, incon- siderable as these receipts have been, the five west- ern counties, which in the year 1800, contained not a single citizen, now embrace a flourishing popula- tion 60,000 souls. From these facts, it must be apparent, that the benefits of the arduous undertaking, in which the Holland Land Company have been engaged, for the last twenty years, have hitherto been reaped exclu- A P PEN DICE S. 139 sively by the State of New-York and its citizens ; and if the proprietors receive no commendation or credit for the persevering constancy with which, in reliance on the public faith, their fortunes have been lavished in pursuing that undertaking, they must at least be exempted from the imputation of having exercised any undue rigor towards the settlers, in ob- taining the reimbursement of their advances. Your memorialist flatters himself with the hope that this brief exposition of facts, will serve to show that the Dutch proprietors have neither rendered themselves justly obnoxious to private complaints nor to public odium ; that they deserve not to be viewed with an eye of jealousy or suspicion by the guardians of the public welfare, and that any attempt to burden them with oppressive and vexatious taxes, would be harsh and unmerited, if not subversive to their private rights, and inconsistent with the public faith and honor. It must be obvious also, that in the present exhausted state of their finances, the imposi- tion of additional taxes, would necessarily compel them to exact more speedy and punctual payments from the settlers who are indebted to them, and that a measure of this nature, instead of relieving, must tend materially to increase, the distresses of that class of citizens. Your memoralist therefore, humbly conceiving that the new system of taxation proposed by the petitioners, is recommended neither by motives of policy towards the citizens of this state, nor of jus- tice and good faith towards the foreign landholders, 140 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. most humbly prays, that it may not receive the sanction or countenance of the legislature. Paul Busti, General Agent of the Holland Land Company. Philadelphia Feb. 2^ 1820. APPENDIX D. HOLLAND LAND COMPANY PURCHASE. DERIVATION OF TITLE. The property included in this purchase of the Holland Land Company in the vicinity of Cazenovia was acquired, in the main, not by patents from the State, but by the purchase of lands originally pat- ented to other parties. Until the passage of certain acts of the Legislature in 1796 and 1797,' the title ' By an act of the Legislature of New York passed April ii, 1796, (Nineteenth Session, Chap. 58) it was provided " that it shall be law- ful for the persons by whom the land for the purchase of which Wilhelm Willink, Nicolaas van Staphorst, Christian van Eeghen, Hendrick VoUenhoven, Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck and Pieter Stadnitski, being aliens, have already contracted and paid are now held to hold the same in fee simple as trustees for the said six per- sons," and that these trustees should file declarations of trust specify- ing the lands so held by them. By this act, however, the lands must be sold by the members of the Holland Land Company to citizens of the United States within seven years, unless the owners should in the meantime themselves become citizens, or the title in them should revert to the state. By the act of February 24, 1797, (Twentieth Session, Chap. 27) the provisions of this legislation were extended to cover lands pur- chased for other members of the Holland Land Company — Jan Willink, Jacob van Staphorst, Nicholas Hubbard, Peter van Eeghen, Isaac Ten Cate, Jan Stadnitski and Aernout van Beeftingh — or any of them. Later acts permitted all aliens not subjects of powers at war with the United States to hold real estate without liability of forfeiture on account of alienism. 141 142 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. was never invested in the Holland Land Company or its individual members, but was usually taken by Messrs. Herman Le Roy and William Bayard, mer- chants and bankers in New York City, who acted as purchasing agents for the Company. The tract includes : (A) — A tract of 48,074 acres lying in the "Gore " between the " Twenty Townships " and the " Mili- tary Lands " ; (B) — A tract of 16,600 acres immediately South of the former ; (C) — The " Road Township " of 25,325 acres ad- joining the first mentioned tract on the North. (This was subdivided into four portions designated on the accompanying map : C^, C^, C^ and C^) ; (D) — Township No. i of the " Twenty Town- ships," containing 27,187 acres. (A.) — 4.8,074 Acres. On August 13, 1 791 this tract was sold by the State to John W. Watkins and Royal Flint at 3 s. 8 d. per acre — of which one-sixth part was to be paid in six months and the residue in two equal installments, one in nine months and the other in eighteen months. The original purchase, as shown by a document executed Feb. 28, 1792, was for ac- count of a syndicate of seven individuals : Royal Flint, Jonathan Lawrence, Robert C. Livingston, John Lamb, Melancton Smith, James Watson, and John W. Watkins, as tenants in common. On APPENDICES. 143 April 18, 1792 Royal Fint conveyed his one-seventh interest to John W. Watkins for a consideration of $7,000. It was in October, 1792, that Mr. Lincklaen ex- amined this tract and was favorably impressed with it. Negotiations were promptly entered into for its purchase by the agents of the Holland Land Com- pany, and on the 12th of November, 1792, Messrs. LeRoy and Bayard, acting for the Holland Land Company, acquired the title to an undivided five- sevenths interest in the entire tract for the sum of ;^4,932. They also secured a deed from James Wat- son on November 29, 1792, of his one-seventh inter- est, the consideration being ^1,1 58 ; and on February 22, 1793, secured from James Lamb a deed to the final one-seventh interest for the consideration of ;^3.433- The actual letters patent from the State, in ac- cordance with the original contract of sale, were issued on January 14, 1793, to John W. Watkins, and on the 27th of the same month, for a nominal consideration, he conveyed the property by deed to Messrs. LeRoy and Bayard. The title had now passed practically into the hands of the Holland Land Company ; though be- fore it stood nominally as such upon the records a number of subsequent deeds are recorded — such as that of Dec. 24, 1793, by Herman LeRoy and Wil- liam Bayard to James McEvers for a nominal con- sideration ; that on January 12, 1794, by James McEvers to Herman LeRoy, William Bayard and 144 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. Jan Lincklaen ; that on February 9, 1798, by Her- man Le Roy, William Bayard, and Jan Lincklaen to Paul Busti ; one on July 10, 1798, by Paul Busti to Herman Le Roy, William Bayard, James McEvers, John Lincklaen and Gerrit Boon in trust for certain members of the Holland Land Company specifically named; and a final deed Feb. 15, 1799, from the trustees above mentioned to the members of the Holland Land Company. (B). — 16,600 Acres. On July 29, 179', the tract of land denoted as " B " on the accompanying Map was sold by the State to John W. Watkins and Augustus Sackett at the rate of 3s. 5|d. per acre. On Nov. 12, 1792, (shortly after Mr. Lincklaen's examination of the land) Watkins and Sackett sold the property to Messrs. Le Roy and Bayard for ^^3,400. The letters patent were issued by the State to John W, Wat- kins on June 14, 1793, and deed executed from him to Messrs. LeRoy and Bayard on the 29th of the same month. This put the property in the control of the Hol- land Land Company ; though it was subsequently subject to the same transfers as the larger tract men- tioned above. (Cj. — The ''Road Toivnshipr I. On January nth, 1793, the Commissioners of the Land Ofifice passed a resolution granting to Ed- ward Edwards (" in consideration of his having ex- plored, opened, and made a road from the point A PPENDICES. 1 4 5 where a road laid out by Jacob Delamater, Peter Van Gaasbeck and James Oliver did terminate on the West branch of the Delaware River to the South end of the Cayuga Lake, agreeable to his contract entered into with the said Commissioners on the first day of April a.d. 179 i "), 15,000 acres of land to be later selected between the "Twenty Townships" and the " Military Tract." Edwards executed a power of attorney on January 28, 1793, to Herman LeRoy and under this the land was located as noted at C' on the accompanying map. Previous to this, however, the property had passed into the control of White Matlack, of New York City, from whom Messrs. LeRoy and Bayard had purchased it on August 28, 1792, at 5 shillings per acre. Letters patent were issued on October, 20, 1794. A deed from Edwards to Herman LeRoy and Jan Lincklaen followed on January 19, 1795. 2. An additional 5,000 acres was granted to Benj. Hovey. Hovey deeded this on February 2, 1792, to White Matlack of New York City, who subse- quently assigned it to Messrs. LeRoy and Bayard under articles of agreement — the consideration being five shillings per acre. The letters patent, however, were issued to Ben- jamin Hovey October 20, 1794, and on March 15, 1795, the title passed from Benjamin Hovey and wife to Messrs. LeRoy and Lincklaen — the con- sideration stated in the deed being $2,812. 3. The Commissioners of the Land Ofifice had granted to Gorham & Phelps 5,000 acres in the 146 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. same " road township " on account of their opening of a road " from the Oneyda Castle to the Mohawk River." Their claim was transferred to White Mat- lack and from him passed to Messrs. LeRoy and Bayard, who received letters patent on December 28, 1801. 4. There remained a small strip of land 352 chains and 30 links in length by 9 chains and 23 links in width, at the extreme South end of the original " Road Township." Messrs. LeRoy and Bayard having come into the possession of the land adjoin- ing, secured from the State on October 20, 1794, letters patent to this strip of 325 acres. CD). — Township No. i. The Commissioners of the Land Office on July 15, 1791, accepted an application made by Alexander Webster, Edward Savage and John Williams to pur- chase this tract at 3 s. 6 d. per acre, one-sixth to be paid October i, 1791, and the residue in two equal installments, April i, 1792, and January i, 1793. On August 28, 1792, White Matlack of New York City, who had come into possession of the rights accruing under this contract, transferred all interest in them to Messrs. LeRoy and Bayard for the con- sideration of five shillings per acre, and on Novem- ber 9, 1792, Messrs. Webster, Savage and Williams, the original parties to the contract, executed an as- signment of their rights for a nominal consideration. L. C. R. APPENDIX E. FRANCIS ADRIAN VAN DER KEMP, AND JOHN JACOB VAN DER KEMP. The Rev. Francis Adrian van der Kemp, a man of remarkable learning and talent, came from Hol- land to this country in 1786 a political refugee after the downfall of the Patriot party, in the forma- tion of which he had labored with Baron van der Capellen and many other distinguished compatriots, at the same time with their espousal of the Ameri- can cause. Following the advice of General Wash- ington, whom he visited at Mount Vernon on his first arrival in America, and whom he consulted on his plan of pursuing an agricultural life, he sought to make his new home among the Dutch settlements on the Hudson, choosing Kingston, where his wife's kinsfolk, the Beekmans, lived. For some unknown reason he left the river, and, possibly attracted by memories of a journey ' through the forest waters of Oneida Lake in the summer of 1792, when he visited on his way to Oswego De Wattines, " the Frenchman of Frenchman's Island," he bought of George Parish a thousand acres on its North shore, and went indeed into the wilderness." Touched, however, by pity for the loneliness of ' See Seymour, pp. lOO-ioi. Also Liancouit, i., p. 351. - " Van der Kemp's Settlement, now Constantia." — Turner, Phelps and Gorham Purchase, p. 386. Also Liancourt, i., p. 349. 147 148 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. his wife, who, as he said, had left home and friends for him, he moved once more, and this time to Oldenbarneveld, now Trenton, where she might enjoy the society of the family of his old companion in arms. Col. Mappa, then agent for the Trenton tract of the Holland Land Company. Here, sur- rounded with fine books and pictures that filled their simple cottage, they practised high thinking, if not plain living, "mindful of hospitality" — forming and cherishing personal ties both at home and abroad that kept them abreast with the greatest events of their time. Governor Seymour often dwelt ' on the poetic justice by which — long years after Judge van der Kemp's voluntary exile to this country and his aid in obtaining in Holland the loan for the prosecution of our War of Independence, his eldest son, John Jacob — by no inherited right, but by his own merit — became the general agent of the vast concern of the Holland Land Company — the relation of the members of which to that loan has already been seen. Last of its General Agents, under him the Company's afTairs were finally closed, and its books and papers returned to Amsterdam. The following sketch of his life is taken from a Philadelphia paper: " John J. van der Kemp, Esq., who departed this life on the 4th inst (December, 1855) ^"^ ^^s long held an enviable position in the respect and esteem of this community, was born in the city of Leyden, Holland, in the month of April, 1783, and descended ^ Penn. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., vol. I., pp. 107, 108. APPENDICES. 149 from a line of ancestors several of whom were dis- tinguished for their virtues, their prowess in arms and their great renown in literature. " The father of our deceased fellow-citizen, Fran- cois Adrian van der Kemp, was educated for the Protestant ministry, and long discharged its duties in an able and conscientious manner. The extent and variety of his acquirements, especially in the ancient and modern languages, were almost incredible. " Having been from the first an enthusiastic and energetic advocate of the American revolution, in the struggles which subsequently took place in his own country he sided with the patriots, and on the failure of their cause and his enlargement from prison, embarked with his family for this country^ where he arrived in May, 1788. He was received by the distinguished men of our country with the respect due to a persecuted patriot, and, with the moderate means he had been enabled to bring with him, established himself in the western part of New York, then almost a wilderness, where he lived many years, an example of the contentment which a good man always carries with him, and died amidst a populous community which had grown up around him, universally respected. " His son, the object of this notice, had just com- pleted his fifth year when he reached our shores, and having been reared and educated under the im- mediate eye and imbued with the principles of such a parent, with the added supervision of a mother of equally eminent lineage and high qualities, could not have failed to perform his allotted part in the 150 JOURNALS OF JOHN LINCKLAEN. business of life in a satisfactory manner. Having entered one of the branch offices of the Holland Land Company at a very early age, he was, in his twenty-first year, viz., in 1804, esteemed worthy to occupy the important post of chief clerk in the oflfice of the general agency of the company, in this city. He held that position for twenty years, and on the death of Mr. Busti, in 1824, he succeeded to the General Agency, having been before provisionally appointed as successor in case of Mr. Busti's resigna- tion or death. Thus as Chief Clerk and General Agent, Mr. van der Kemp was connected with the affairs of the Holland purchase in Western New York, from 1804 until within a few years, when, amidst the anti-renters and legislative difficulties, then present and impending, under his judicious and disinterested counsel, its vast interest was finally disposed of. " That his whole administration of these great and complicated concerns, and his magnanimous course which brought it to a close, were duly appreciated, the late agent had abundant testimony from the dis- tant proprietors whom he had so well served. " But great as were his merits in the posts at which his labors were most severe, the services he rendered in the PJiiladelphia Saving Fund Society, of which he was a manager from the year 18 19 till his death, were those in which his charitable spirit took the most delight." He left two children by his wife Eliza Hepburn, a son of his own name, who resides in Paris, and Mrs. Bernard (Pauline Elizabeth) Henry, of Philadelphia. APPENDIX F. JUDGE WILLIAM COOPER. "Judge William Cooper was born at Byberry, Pa., in 1754, and died at Cooperstown in 1809. His first ancestor in America was James Cooper (his great grandfather) of Stratford-upon-Avon, who came to New Jersey in 1682, upon getting a grant of land there, and thence went to Philadelphia where he lived and died. The family were Quakers and dwelt in Pennsylvania, but William married Elizabeth Eenimore, of New Jersey, and was living at Bur- lington in that State when he began the settlement of Cooperstown, N. Y., in 1786. He brought his wife and children thither in 1790. He was the first Judge of the Otsego County Court of Common- pleas (though never a lawyer), and Representative in Congress 1795-7 and 1799-1801. In 1795-7 his district was the then counties of Otsego, Mont- gomery, Herkimer, Tioga, Ontario, and Onondaga. At the election for that Congress of 1795 this dis- trict, containing the whole Western part of the State, cast 3,961 votes only." — Paul Fenimore Cooper. APPENDIX G. ONEIDA CASTLE. " For a number of months past I have been study- ing up the history of the Oneida Indians, and as to their locations, etc. The result of my investigations is to the following effect : — They located at first on Oneida Lake, at the mouth of the Oneida River, the boundary between Madison and Onondaga Counties. Later, they removed to the mouth of the Oneida Creek (on the same lake), the boundary between Madison and Oneida Counties. Their next move, centuries ago, was to what is now the town of Stock- bridge, in Madison County, on an eminence over- looking the valley of Oneida Creek — a dozen miles, perhaps, South from Oneida Station, and a few miles from Oneida Castle (formerly and at times called Castleton). On that eminence was the ' stone,' the emblem of the nation, and where their councils were held and their council fires lighted ; I do not find that the councils were ever changed from that place after their location there. There was quite a settlement of those Indians at Oneida Castle, also at Oriskany, also in Broome County on the Sus- quehanna ; there was a mission church for them where Rev. Mr. Kirkland and Rev. Eleazar Williams' ' At one time believed to be the Dauphin, son of Louis XVL See Hanson, The Lost Prince, and Putnam's Monthly, 1S53, 1868 ; also, per contra, Farkman, Half Century of Conflict, vol. i., p. 80. 152 APPENDICES. 153 officiated, between Oneida Castle and Vernon vil- lage, and near there a large butternut orchard, with a settlement near it. There was a burial place cen- turies ago, of 400 acres, in the valley below the eminence before spoken of — since mainly grown up to trees, but still later and now cultivated fields. All of this is said in explanation as to what is in the ' Journal ' as to ' Old Oneida, another Indian town.' " As to whether the old Oneida Castle was on the present site of Oneida Castle, my conclu- sion is, from my investigations, that ' Oneida Castle ' was so named because it was in the vicinity or heart of the Oneida settlements, and near the * stone ' where the councils were held ; and that the mention in the 'Journal' 'for old Oneida, another Indian town ' has reference to the place of the ' stone.' Sir William Johnson, about 1763, in his report to his Government as to the Indians, speaks of the Oneidas having two villages, one some 25 miles from Rome, and another about 12. I think the one at Oneida Castle and the other on the emi- nence at the ' stone ' are the ones referred to. Possi- bly there may then have been a settlement at the foot of Oneida Creek, on Oneida Lake, but history is silent on that point. Now I may be wrong in my inference, founded, however, on such historical ac- counts as I have, as to what or where ' Old Oneida, another Indian town ' was ; but the foregoing is the best light I have. *' I do not think A. VanEps was the white man re- ferred to in that ' Journal.' He was a merchant, 154 JO URN A LS OF JOHN L INCKL A EN. and not a tavern keeper — a Gershom Hubbell kept a tavern — and besides I think (from Jones' An- nals^ that VanEps was not at Oneida Castle in 1791-2. " On inquiry I learn that the ' ancient looking yel- low house ' stood on the hill at * Heckla Works.' About 1800 the 'Westmoreland furnace' was built at what is now Heckla, and that the said ' yellow dwelling' stood there until about 1850, when it was removed or torn down by Jeff Olney, who erected the new building now there." — D. E. Wager, Rome, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1894. " Not long before the opening ceremony of our Forest Hill Cemetery, in 1850, I accompanied Mr. William Tracy and another of the trustees in an excursion to Stockbridge Hill, which, as Mr. Wager says, was doubtless the last resting place of the Oneidas before their departure for Green Bay. There we found the sacred stone, which, according to their tradition, had followed them in their pre- vious migrations, and which has been visited and described by Schoolcraft, Stone and others. We obtained permission from the owner of the land on which it lay to remove it to the new cemetery. Thither it was transported shortly afterward, and on the day of the public observance of the opening of the grounds it was visited by delegations of Oneidas and Onondagas who conducted ceremonial rites about it, and in the course of the speeches made by them and their interpreter gave their con- APPENDICES. 155 sent to its remaining in the perpetual custody of the Association. Some thirty or forty Indians were present and added much to the interest of the occa- sion. The stone occupies a conspicuous place near the entrance." — M. M. Bagg, Utica, N. Y., Jan. i, 1895. INDEX. Accounts, system of, 14. Adams, Dr., 65. Adlum, John, 45. Albany, 81. Allen, General, 88. Allen, Madame, 33. Amsterdam, i. Arms, Lincklaen, 26. Arriens, Col., 26. Athens, Pa. (Tioga Point), 56. Atley, Mr., 84. Auburn, N. Y., 66. Authorities consulted, vii. B- BALDWIN, ISAAC, 58. Barrett's, 127. Batavia Land Office, 17, 137. Bayard, William, 142-6. Bennington, Vt., 81, 82. Bethlehem, Pa., 32. Bingham, William, 55, 75. Birch's, 114. Blackstone, Stephen F., 13. Boon, Gerrit, 5, 33, 67 ; journey with, 95-106 ; sugar industry, II. Brown (a Quaker), 62. Brunshall, 127. Buck, Josiah, 66. Busti, Paul, 6, 17 ; memorial to Legislature, 134-140. l^ANANDAIGUA, 63. Caneserago Creek, 112. Caneserago, Indian village, 112. Catherine's Town, 61. Cattle, importation of, 15. Cayuga, 65, 66 ; Ferry, 65 ; Lake, 65. Cayuga Road, 109, no. Cazenove, Charles Antoine, 132. Cazenove, Raoul de, 131. Cazenove, Theophilus, 5, 17, 131. Cazenovia, town established, 15 ; named, 13. Cazenovia, Lake, 112, 113. Cazenovia tract, exploration of, 107-127. Champlain, Lake, 86. Chapin, General, 63. Charlotte River, 114. Chenango River, navigation, 54, 113, 114. 157 158 INDEX. Chittenden, Gov. Thomas, 88 90. Clarendon, Vt., S3. Clark, Gen. John S., 66. Clinton, Gov. George, 98. Coal, 36, 38, 39 n. Colbrath, Col., 98. Conradstown, 97. Cookhouse, 53. Cooper, Judge William, 72, 74, 99. 151. Cooperstovvn, 72, 106. Cornplanter, 10. Cranberry Creek, 105. Culver, David, 61. Currency, note on, 74. D. 'ANFORTII, Major Asa, 66. Dartmouth College, 92. Davidson, Mr., 39. Day, Michael, 13. Deane, Mr., loi. Delaware River, navigation of, 49, 120. Denny, John, 113. De Villars, Louis, 114. Dishler's Tavern, 31, Dondel, Mr., 103. Doolittle, John, 52. Downing, John, 36. Drinker, Mr., 48, 50, 51. Dyer, Thomas, 38. Edick, 72. Edminston, 114. Edwards, Edward, 144, 145. Ellison, Henry, 44. Elmira (Newtown Point), 57, 58. Enos, General, 92. Erie Canal, 16. Erwin, Col. Arthur, 59. Esopus, 115. Expenses, 116-118, Fay, DAVID, 13. Fishkill, 115. Flint, Royal, 142. Floyd, 98. Fonda's Patent, 98. Forman, Catherine, 19 ; Jona- than, 20 ; Samuel S., 13. Fort Herkimer, 104. Fort Plain, 104. Fort Schuyler, 13, 20 «, 103. Fort Stanwix, 98. Fox, Charles, 103. Freeborn, Daniel, or Gideon, 13. French Peter, 69. " Friends' Advice," 62. Friends' Settlement, 61, 76. G. lENEALOGY, Ledyard, 19 ; Lincklaen, 25, 26. Genesee Road, 112. Geneva, 63-65. German Flats, 71, 97. Germantown, 31. Good Peter, 68. Gore, the, 12, iii, 126, 142-4. Gorham, 64. Gorham & Phelps, 58, 60, 145. Governor's Purchase {Twenty Townships), 12, 109. Great Canada Creek, 104. Greene, James, 13. Guthrie, William, 114. INDEX. 159 H. LARDENBERG'S Patent, 125. Hardenburgh, John L., 66. Hark, Col. (Hart), 72. Harmony, Pa., 50, 51, 52. Harpersfield, 115, 120. Harris, John, 65. Hasbrouck's, 115, iiS, 125. Haugena, Lake, 12. Hawley, Rev. Gideon, 53. Hayden, Rev. H. E., 40. Heckla Iron Works, 154, Heller's, 34. Henry, Prince of the Nether- lands, 26. Hillborn, Joseph, 51, 52. Hobbottom, 42. Hoeven, Gertrude, 2, 26. Holland Land Company, 5, g, 10, 17 ; Cazenovia Purchase, 12, 141-146 ; members of, 114 ; Memorial to Legislature, 134- 140. Holland's Patent, loi, 102. Hollenbeck, Col,, 36. Hollingsworth, 41. Hooper, Col. Robert L., 48, 55, 75- Hoops, Major Adam, 57. Horsebroek, 115, 118, 125. Hovey, Benjamin, 109, 122, 145, Huidekoper, Alfred, 16. Huidekoper, Henry J., 11. IRON, 36, 38, 39 M, 60, 154. Indian Treaties — " Big Tree," 9. 10 ; Newtown Point, 58. Jackson, wtlliam, 105, 106. Jever, Margaret van, 132. Johnson, Sir William, 104. Johnstown, 104, 106. Jones, John, 43. Journals — Pennsylvania and New York, August-Septem- ber, 1791, 27-76 ; Vermont, September, 1791, 77-93 ; For- est journey, April, 1792, 95- 106 ; Cazenovia Tract, Octo- ber, 1792, 107-27. K. ».ATTSKILL, 121. Keyes, Col., 85. Kirkland, Rev. Samuel, 68, 152. Kochbum (Cockburn), 126. Kortright, Laurence, 120. La FAYETTE, Marquis de, 69. Laird, Samuel, 70, 71. Lamb, John, 142, 143. Land Agent, duties of, 16. Land values — Pennsylvania, 14, 36, 38, 41, 48, 50 ; Vermont, 82, 83, 88 ; New York, 55, 60, 62, 64, 71, 73, 74, loi, 102, 120, 123, 125, 142-146. Lansingburgh, 81. Lawrence, Jonathan, 142. Ledyard, Benjamin, 19 ; gene- alogy, 19. Ledyard, Jonathan Denise, 17. Lehigh River, 35-38. Leonard, Rev. Joshua, 21. i6o INDEX. LeRoy, Herman, 142-6. Lincklaen, John — biographical sketch, 1-23 ; genealogy, 25- 26. Lindley, Col., 59. Livingston, Edward, 126. Livingston, Robert C, 142. Lock, Nathaniel, 122. Locker's, 127. M< IcCORMICK, HENRY, 58, 60. McEvers, James, 143-146. McMasters, James, 55. McWill (Maxwell), Guy, 56. Manchester, 82. Maple trees, 35, 43, 50, 88, 89. Maple sugar industry, 11, 12, 43, 88, 89. Mappa, A. G., 99. Mappa Tract, 99. Matchin's Patent, 100. Matlack, White, 145, 146. Maxwell, Guy, 56. Mayers, John, 97. Mayfield Patent, 105. Meinders, 82. Mercereau, Joshua, 54. Mercereau's Mills, 121. Merwin's, 82. Meyers, 97. Middlebury, 84. Military Lands, 12, ill, 112. Millet, 120. Mohawk River, navigation, 20 «, 100, 106. Montour, Catherine, 61. More, John, 115. Morris, Robert, 9, 58. Morris, Thomas, 63. Morris' Treaty, 10. Mortgages and deeds, 124. N AZARETH, Pa., 34. New City, 81. Newtown Point (Elmira), 57, 58, New York State, Quit-rents, 74. Nicholson, John, 41, 42. Nine-mile Creek, 103. O, 'LEOUT Creek, 121. Old Schohary, 125. Oneida Castle, 68, 70, 152-5. Oneida Indians, 68, 70, 152-5. Onondaga Reservation, 66. Oquaga, 53. Orendorff, Conrad, 72, 97. Otego Creek, 97. Otselic Creek, 110. Ot-se-quette, Peter, 69. Owahgena Lake, 12, 112, 113. Owego, 55, 56. Ozeketa, 50. r AINE, Judge, 92. Painted Post, 58, 59. Patchin's Tavern, 127. Pearl ash, 71, 76. Phelps, Oliver, 63, 64. Phelps & Gorham, land owners, 58, 60. Pickering, Col. Timothy, 36, 58. Post, John, merchant at Fort Schuyler, 13. Prescott, 36. INDEX. l6l Preston, Samuel, 48, 50, 51. Proctor, Col. Thomas, 35. Prop, Col., 35. R> .ED JACKET, 10. Rents, N. Y. State, 74. Rents, 55, 70, 99, 120, 126. Rice, Thomas, 83. Road construction, 43, 49, 53, 122, 124, 127, 144, 145, Road Township, 124, 142, 144- 46. Robert, Joseph, 31. Roeter's Eylandt, i. Romain (Romeyn) Mills, 104. Rome, see Fort Stanwix. Roseboom's Ferry, 104, 106. Rutland, Vt., 83. OABIN, WALTER, 123. Sackett, Augustus, 144. Salt Spring, 124. Sanborn's Tavern, 63. Savage, Edward, 146. Schohary Creek, 119. Schuyler's Lake, 97. Scribner, 124. Secondago River, 105, Seerle, Mr., 39. Seizer, Samuel, 102. Seneca Lake, 61, 63. Service's Patent, 103. Shaffer, John, 47. Shaftesbury, Vt., 82. Shawville, N. Y., 104. Shendeken, 119. Shippen, Gen., 76. Shuep's, 34. Single Brethren, Single Sisters, 32. Skeensborough (Whitehall), 86, Smith, James, 13. Smith, Melancton, 142. Smith, Peter, 14. Smith, Dr. Wm. H., 39. Smith, Col. Wm. S., 123, 126. Spring House Tavern, 31. Springfield, 106. Stadnitski, Mr., 5, 141. Stanton, Col. Asa, 46, 47. Staring, Judge Henry, 103, 104. Steele, Rev. Mr., 21 n. Stephens, Eliphalet and Eben- ezer, 41, 44. Steuben, Baron Frederick Wil- liam von, loi. Steuben's Patent, loi. Stockport, Pa., 48. Sugar, II, 12, 89. Surveying, 122, 123, 126. Susquehannah River, navigation, 37, 38, 73. Sutton, James, 39 n, 40. Swingel (Zwingle), Ulrich, 47, Sypestyn, Quirina Catherine van, 132. T ALLEYRAND, 132. Tan bark, 124. Taylor, 98. Thornbottom, 40. Thoyras, Rapin de, 132. Tioga Point (Athens), 56. Tioga River, navigation, 59. Titles, Holland Land Company, 141-46. 1 62 INDEX. Towns, Asa C, 13. Treaties, Indian, 9, 10, 58. Tunkhannock Creek, 41, 43-5. Tunnicliff's, 124. Tuttle, Philemon, 73. Twenty Townships, 12, log, 125, 142-6. W. Ui INION, 53. United Brethren, 32, 34. Universal Friend, 62. Utica, see Fort Schuyler. V. AN DER KEMP, Rev. Francis Adrian, 20-3, 119, 147-9- Van der Kemp, John Jacob, 6, 148-150. Van der Werken's Mills, 114. Van Eps, A., 153, 154. Van Rensselaer, Si. Veeder, Judge, 106. Verhuel, 7. Vermont, Land grants, 81, 82, 87 ; population, 84, 87 ; Sun- day laws, 85. Vermont Journal, 77-93. ALLLS, SAMUEL, 41. Wallis & Hollingsworth, 41, 44. Watkins, N. Y., 61. Watkins, John W., 142-4. Watkins & Flint, 122, 142. Watkins & Sackett, no, 144. Watson, James, 142, 143. Wattles, Mr., 121. Webster, Alexander, 146. Wells, Capt., 76. White, Hugh, 98. White Marsch, 31. Whitestown, N. Y., 70, 98. Whitney, William, 53. Williams, Rev. Eleazar, 152. Williams, John, 146. Williamson, Charles, 9. W^illiamstown, 92. Wilson, John, 13. Wilson, J., 55, 75. Wind Gap, 34. Wright, Ebenezer, 98. Wright, Moses, 98. Wright, Thomas, 38, 98, 99. Wynkoop, William, 57. Wyoming, Pa., 36. ZwiNGLE, ULRICH, 47. ADDENDA. Page 14, line 15. The line has lately been re-surveyed, and in 1898 marked exactly by a tablet of granite suit- ably inscribed, set near the cross-walk leading from the Seminary to the Methodist Church. P. 72, note 3. " Coll. Hark "—Mr. S. L. Frey thinks that this was Col. Henry Herkimer, brother of the Gen- eral, who owned a place about eleven miles from Cooperstown, at Schuyler's Lake. At the time of the Journal his son Timothy lived on the property. P. 75. James Wilson, signer of the Declaration of Independence. Pp. 101-2. Holland's Patent. "Feb. 22, 1769. Return of Survey for Lord Holland of a tract of 20,000 acres of land in the County of Albany, on the North side of the Mohawk's River above the German Flatts." (Deerfield, Trenton, Floyd and Steuben, Oneida Co.) Map of the same. See p. 468 of Calendar of New York Colonial Manuscripts, indorsed Land Papers in the office of the Secretary of State of New York, 1643-1803. Albany, 1864. 4to. 1087 pp. P. 103. Staring. See appendix to Stone's Life of Brant, 4th edition, for reprint of William Tracy's Life of Heinrich Staring. P. 103. Servis' Patent. " Return of Survey for Peter Servis and others, August 4, 1768." See p. 461 of Calendar of New York Colonial Manuscripts, indorsed 2 Addenda Land Papers in the Office of the Secretary of State of New York, 1 64 J- 1 So J. Albany, 1864. 4to. 1087 pp. Servis' Patent covered 25,000 acres, and was granted to Peter Servis and twenty-four other tenants (really for the benefit of Sir William Johnson) by the Crown, 28th Feb., 1769, under the administration of Sir Henry Moore, Royal Governor of the Colony. After Sir William's death, and prior to the Revolution, " his son. Sir John, and other heirs sold Servis' Patent to several gentlemen residing in New York." So it was not confiscated with the other Johnson property. The various other tracts were conveyed to Boon in trust, and "on March 24, 1801, LeRoy, Bayard, and Boon conveyed Servis' Patent directly to the Holland Land Company." History of Oneida County. Farriss. Philadelphia, 1878, p. 59. P. 118. "De Wall's" ; still standing, 1880. "The famous place of entertainment for old Kingston ; not exactly a hotel, but a house where boarders were taken, especially at court time ; it had a capital ball-room, the scene of frequent assemblies given by young people in the winter season. Full dress was always expected ; after each dance a salver with refreshments was handed around, with two kinds of cakes, Malaga wine for the ladies, and Teneriffe (a sort of Madeira) and gin sling for *\\e men. De Wall was a Hollander." P. 174 Syl- vester, N. B., History of Ulster Co., Philadelphia, 1880. P. 147. Scriba's Patent. " 1794, Nov. 17. Return of Survey for George Scriba of 490, 136 acres of land in the county of Herkimer " (Scriba's Patent, or Roosevelt's purchase, Oswego and Oneida Counties). "Receipt of State Treasurer for ^^77,917 ds. in pay- ment for the above tract." " Map of Preceding Tract." Addenda . 3 For these three documents, see page 980 of Calendar of New York Colojiial Manuscripts^ indorsed Lajid Papers in the office of the Secretary of State of Neiv York, 1643- 1803. Albany, 1864. 4to, 1087 pp. P. 155. Oneida Castle. ''Old Oneida Castle is directly East of Canowaroghare (Oneida Castle) on Sauthier's map, 1779 (Vol. I., Documentary History of New York) and is on the direct road to Fort Schuyler. The site of the Oneida Stone was a much earlier location, and had been abandoned for a century previous to 1791." — Gen. John S. Clark. ERRATA. P. II, For Henry J. Huidekoper, read Herman J. Huidekoper. P. 15. 7^9r Chenango County, r^^d^ Herkimer County. P. 74, note. For last three lines read : In these Journals apparently reference is made to currency of the English standard only in the two or three instances where the word "sterling," or " stg.," accompanies the designation of amounts. In other cases where amounts are expressed in pounds, shillings, and pence the reference is to the local currency, of which in New York 8 shillings were equivalent to a dollar, in Pennsylvania, "js.td., and in New England, 6 shillings. Z. C. R. P. 10 1. For date of Baron Steuben s death read 1794 instead of 1798. P. 147. For George Parish, read George Scriba. "LORENZO," CAZENOVIA, N. Y., April, 1900. H 88 78 ^'"^ K 0" • ■■ - ^ o V A \ f*- • • ' "JV r. " ° , ■rf'. <5 «r> ^^--^^ ,0 ^^-■^, LSS^!/^ N. MANCHESTER, || '^