HISTO 
 
 KENTUCKY 
 
 
Class EUlSii 
 
 Book__il5a^ 
 Cc^yriglitN? 
 
 COPnUGHT DEPOSIE 
 
HISTORY OF KENTUCKY 
 
 BY 
 
 ELIZABETH SHELBY KINKEAD 
 
 3i*:£ 
 
 NEW YORK .:. CINCINNATI :• CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
Copyright, 1896, 1909, 1919, by 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 HISTORY OF KENTUCKY 
 
 EP 28 
 
 otr lb !9!b 
 
 ©CI.AJ)30853 
 
 -I I 
 
TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER 
 
 William 115ur^ ^infeeaO 
 
 FROM WHOM WAS DERIVED 
 
 WHATEVER TRUTHFUL UNDERSTANDING OF THE KENTUCKY PEOPLE 
 
 THIS LITTLE BOOK CONTAINS 
 
PREFACE 
 
 In the preparation of this book, an attempt has been 
 made to relate the events of practical, everyday life, in 
 such a manner as to make the study of the history of our 
 State a pleasure to the pupil. While adhering to facts 
 as closely as they could be ascertained, the aim has been 
 that the whole shall entertain as a connected story. 
 Special effort has been made to portray the spirit of the 
 Kentuckians, in order that the student may understand 
 and revere the people from whom he is sprung. To 
 this end, more space has been given to their character- 
 istics as indicated by tales of particular acts, than to the 
 statistics of battles in which they have taken part. 
 
 As this is a narration of the life of a State, and as the 
 connection of one incident with another is of more im- 
 portance in a work of this kind than the grouping of 
 kindred topics, the chronological order of development 
 has been followed. 
 
 The subject naturally divides itself into five clearly 
 marked periods. And these* lend themselves readily 
 to important subdivisions. That portion of the history 
 which extends to the close of the War of 1812 belongs 
 to the poetic stage in the State's life; and that which 
 follows, to the prose stage. It has been necessary in 
 developing the later prose periods to depart somewhat 
 
 5 
 
5 PREFACE 
 
 from the simple method followed when setting forth 
 the early poetic periods. But this seems rather an ad- 
 vantage; for if the interest of the pupil is awakened 
 at the outset, he will be eager to follow the fortunes 
 of his State to the end, and will, it is hoped, patiently 
 study the more prosaic episodes, in order to get a thor- 
 ough grasp of the whole. 
 
 It has been my earnest desire that the work should 
 be historically sincere. The difficult aim has been con- 
 stantly before my mind to make it impartial in all in- 
 stances, and at the same time forceful and inspiriting. 
 A Kentuckian, from my infancy I have been imbued 
 with a knowledge and love of the State. And yet, 
 having grown up in the New Kentucky, in her days 
 of quietude, I have been enabled to approach the con- 
 sideration of her significant periods with little individual 
 prejudice. I have made a laborious and careful study 
 of all available material, and I have tried to let the actions 
 of the people, as they have been unfolded to me, speak 
 for themselves, and reveal the Kentuckians. It is my 
 hope that what I have written will find favor with my 
 own people. E. S. K. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 \— PIONEER DAYS 
 1669-1782 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. First White Men in Kentucky 9 
 
 II. Early Settlements in Kentucky .... 19 
 
 III. The County of Kentucky 29 
 
 IV. Division of the County . . . . . .40 
 
 W — THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 1 782-1 792 
 
 V. The District pF Kentucky 50 
 
 VI. Beginning of the Struggle 59 
 
 VII. The Spanish Conspiracy 69 
 
 VIII. The End of the Struggle 82 
 
 \\\ — FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 1 792-1 850 
 
 IX. Organization of the Government 
 X. Political Situation in Kentucky 
 
 XI. The War of 1812 
 
 XII. Local Affairs 
 
 XIII. Civil Affairs and the Mexican War 
 
 7 
 
 93 
 
 105 
 116 
 127 
 141 
 
CONTEXTS 
 
 W—THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 XIV. The Situation in Kentucky 
 
 XV. Kentucky's Position of Neutrality 
 
 XVI. The Invasion of Kentucky 
 
 XVII. The Second Invasion of Kentucky 
 
 XVIIl. Civil Conflicts 
 
 FACE 
 161 
 
 186 
 196 
 
 V— THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 Since 1865 
 
 XIX. The Restoration of Peace 
 XX. The Era of Transition . 
 
 205 
 
 212 
 
 Constitution of Kentucky 227 
 
 Index 273 
 
I— PIONEER DAYS, 1669-1782 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 FIRST WHITE MEN IN KENTUCKY, 1669-1775 
 
 The history of Kentucky is at once unique and attract- 
 ive. It begins like a romance, thrilling in tales of heroic 
 deeds and exciting adventures. From the ,, ^ , , 
 
 ° Kentucky's 
 
 earliest settlement of the State, all through the honored 
 crises in its own life and the life of the nation, ^°^^ ^^^ 
 Kentucky has held an honored position, and has produced 
 men of great and noble character. None but the brave 
 dared or desired to risk the perils of these untried forests ; 
 therefore, Kentucky was founded by men of forceful 
 qualities, remarkable as well for strength of mind as for 
 endurance of body. The tide of immigration has passed, 
 for the most part, to the north and to the south of Ken- 
 tucky ; hence its present population consists almost exclu- 
 sively of the descendants of the early settlers. The men 
 who are prominent to-day are, in the main, sons of fathers 
 whose fathers helped to establish the Commonwealth. 
 
 Long ages before Kentucky was discovered, there dwelt 
 in the land a race of beings called Mound Builders, on 
 account of the mounds or monuments they The Mound 
 erected. Many of these mounds have been Buii<iers 
 opened, and have been found to contain bones of human 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 beings and of the mastodon (a gigantic animal now extinct)^ 
 as well as implements of stone, flint arrowheads, and pieces 
 of pottery. Until recently, historians believed that these 
 
 Relics from Mounds 
 
 remains indicated a people different from, and more civil- 
 ized than, the Indians; but modern scientists have con- 
 cluded that the Mound Builders were simply the ancestors 
 of the present Indians. 
 
 At the time when Kentucky was visited by the first 
 
 pioneers, it was not the home of Indians, as were many of 
 
 the other parts of America: but it was the 
 
 Kentucky as ^ 
 
 seen by hunting ground and battlefield of neighboring 
 
 pioneers tribes from the north, the west, and the south. 
 
 The beautiful and luxuriant for- 
 ests were filled with elk and 
 
 '^W 
 
 
 buffalo and varie- 
 ties of game that 
 have long been extinct. 
 Bears and wolves, pan- 
 thers, tigers, and wild cats 
 abounded in the dense undergrowth 
 
 '-^''h^'^ 
 
 Wild Animals of Kentucky 
 
FIRST WHITE MEN IN KENTUCKY 
 
 II 
 
 Indian valua- 
 tion of the 
 land 
 
 Seven rivers drain the land, — the Big Sandy, the Lick 
 
 ing, the Kentucky, the Salt, the Green, the Cumberland, 
 
 and the Tennessee. Following a northwestward course 
 
 through the east, the middle, and the west of the State, 
 
 these all flow into the Ohio, and thence into the waters 
 
 of the mighty Mississippi. 
 
 The Indians were by no means ignorant of the value of 
 
 this land. They were prepared to resist its permanent 
 settlement 
 to their ut- 
 most ability, 
 
 so that the pioneers, or 
 
 first white men who 
 
 came to Kentucky, had 
 
 to contend not only 
 
 with the wild beasts of 
 
 the forest but with the 
 
 equally savage Indian 
 
 warriors. From the 
 
 fierce encounter of 
 
 Indians with Indians, 
 
 and Indians with pio- 
 neers, it came about that 
 
 the State was called 
 
 " The Dark and Bloody 
 
 Ground." 
 
 That courage which was a necessity to our forefathers 
 
 is still a marked characteristic of the sons of Kentucky. 
 
 The pioneers were men sent forth by the wis- courage of 
 
 dom of God to found a new Commonwealth. Kentuckians 
 
 They went in peace, but with their rifles cocked to defend 
 
 their lives from the Indians. 
 
 In the early days of American discovery, some people 
 
 Indian Warriors 
 
12 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 believed that there was a great river i!i Ameriea leading 
 
 First white 
 men in Ken- 
 tucky 
 
 La Salle 
 
 across the continent to China. The distm- 
 guished Frenchman, La Salle, while in search 
 of this river, in the year 1669 or 1670, passed 
 
 through a portion of Kentucky from 
 the Big Sandy to the rapids of the 
 Ohio. As early as 1750, Dr. 
 Thomas Walker of Virginia led an 
 exploring party into Kentucky by 
 way of Powell's Valley, through the 
 mountains in the eastern part of 
 the State, and built a log cabin on 
 the Cumberland River. But the land 
 company he represented was not 
 successful, and he returned home 
 with little knowledge of the coun- 
 try. One year later, Christopher Gist, an agent of the 
 Ohio Land Company, beheld, stretching out before him, 
 from some point on the Kentucky River, the impressive 
 and beautiful land of Kentucky. There is also a tradition 
 that, in the year 1754, a man by the name of McBride cut 
 his initials on a tree at the mouth of the Kentucky River. 
 
 Faint rumors now reached Virginia and North Carolina 
 of the fertile land beyond the mountains, and, in the year 
 Daniel Boone 1 769, John Findley piloted Daniel Boone and 
 in Kentucky £q^j. Q^her Companions into the country which 
 he had visited two years before. These courageous men 
 were not driven by persecution, nor by the need to seek 
 a livelihood for themselves and their families. Each one 
 left behind him a '* peaceable habitation," as Boone called 
 his quiet home on the Yadkin, in North Carolina, and 
 started forth with a rifle in one hand and a hatchet in the 
 other, in quest of adventiue. 
 
FIRST WHITE MEN IN KENTUCKY 
 
 13 
 
 They pitched their tent on the banks of the Red River (a 
 branch of the Kentucky), and remained peace- 
 
 Boone and •' ' ^ 
 
 Stewart in the fully hunting until late in December. But one 
 ^ day Boone and John Stewart, when alone in 
 
 the woods, were captured by Indians. After seven days 
 they succeeded in 
 making their es- 
 cape, and returned 
 to their camp, to 
 find it deserted, no 
 trace being left of 
 their former com- 
 panions. Boone and 
 Stewart were soon 
 joined by Squire 
 Boone, a younger 
 brother of Daniel's; 
 but shortly after this. 
 Stewart was killed 
 by Indians. The 
 two brothers, find- 
 ing that they did 
 not have enough 
 ammunition, decided that the younger should go back to 
 North Carolina to supply their need. Daniel was now 
 left alone in the vast forests. 
 
 In July, 1770, Squire Boone arrived with the ammuni- 
 tion. The two brothers remained until March of the 
 following year, and then returned to North ^jjg Long 
 Carolina. Five other adventurers had joined Hunters 
 them in their camp on the Red River. In the year 1769, 
 a party of about forty men from Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina went out on a hunting expedition. Nine of this 
 
 Daniel Boone 
 
14 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 company, led by Colonel James Knox, reached Kentucky 
 the following year, and explored the country about the 
 Cumberland and Green rivers. They did not come in 
 contact with Boone's party. From the length of time all 
 these adventurers were absent from home, they were 
 called "The Long Hunters." 
 
 Up to the year 1763, France had claimed the country 
 on the east of the Mississippi which included Kentucky. 
 Conflicting After the French and Indian War, Great 
 claims Britain gained the right to this region. But 
 
 because of prior possession, varioifs tribes of Indians laid 
 claim to the country. In the year 1768, the English gov- 
 ernment purchased from the tribes of Indians called the 
 Six Nations the title to all the lands lying between the 
 Ohio and Tennessee rivers. This treaty was held at Fort 
 Stanwix, now Rome, in New York. 
 
 Bounty lands on the Ohio River were then granted to 
 many of the ofificers and soldiers of the Virginia troops, 
 Surveyors sent ^'^^ Surveyors were sent to mark them out. 
 to Kentucky Thus were brought to Kentucky many of the 
 clever and gallant young men of Virginia whose names, 
 or those of their descendants, afterwards became asso- 
 ciated with the history of the State. 
 
 Two interesting characters of this period were Han- 
 cock Taylor and John Floyd. They were deputies under 
 
 , ^ Colonel William Preston, surveyor of Fin- 
 Hancock Tay- ' ^ 
 
 lor and castlc County, Virginia, of which Kentucky 
 
 John Floyd . ., ^ ^, , 
 
 was a part until 1776. These men started 
 forth in the high hopes of their young manhood, to survey 
 the far-famed lands of Kentucky. Honor and wealth lay 
 before them, and all the exciting pleasures of a perilous 
 undertaking. The one was shot down by Indians a few 
 months after his arrival ; the other lived nine years — 
 
FIRST WHITE MEN IN KENTUCKY 1 5 
 
 long enough to establish his family in Kentucky, and to 
 aid in founding the new country — and then he fell a 
 victim to the same death. 
 
 There were other surveyors in the early days of Ken- 
 tucky to whom a romantic interest attaches. Captain 
 Thomas Bullitt, of Virginia, at the head of a 
 
 J r 1 J r T^ other surveyors 
 
 party, m 1773, made surveys 01 land tor Dr. 
 
 John Connolly, at the falls of the Ohio, where the city of 
 
 Louisville now stands. Close upon his explorations fol- 
 
 Early Kentucky Settlers 
 
 /owed those of James Douglas, who visited Big Bone Lick, 
 where he found scattered on the ground the bones of the 
 mastodon, whose huge ribs he used for his tent poles. The 
 scholarly John Todd, later to be noticed, and his brother 
 Levi, came to Kentucky in the same capacity, as did also 
 two representatives of the Lee family of Virginia. 
 
 The same year, there came into Kentucky a party of 
 hunters and surveyors from Virginia, led by three brothers, 
 James, George, and Robert McAfee, who later on became 
 
1 6 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 prominent in the new country. This visit was for invcstij^a- 
 
 tion, and after selecting lands on the Salt River, in Mercer 
 
 County, they made their way homeward, well- 
 
 The McAfees, . , -^ \ ' , , , .: , , 
 
 Boone, and nigh exhausted by the trials of the journey. 
 In Pow^ell's Valley they met a large party 
 which Daniel Boone was guiding into Kentucky. The life 
 in the wilderness was so delightful to Boone that he deter- 
 mined to make his home there. On the 25th of Septem- 
 ber, 1773, he set out with his wife and children, and was 
 joined by five other families and forty men besides. Their 
 progress was interrupted, however, on the very thresh- 
 old of Kentucky soil by an Indian attack, and six of the 
 company were killed, Boone's son being one of the num- 
 ber. This so disheartened the pioneers that they turned 
 back toward their old homes. 
 
 The same year, Simon Kenton roamed through Ken- 
 tucky. The following year, James Harrod and forty men 
 Indian hostiii- built themsclves cabins and laid off the town 
 ^*®^ of Harrodsburg, which, however, they were 
 
 soon obliged to abandon. Shortly afterward. Governor 
 Dunmore of Virginia sent Daniel Boone and Michael 
 Stoner to guide out of the wilderness the surveyors who 
 were in Kentucky. The Shawnee Indians had become so 
 hostile to the settlement of Kentucky that it was danger- 
 ous for any white man to remain there. They were now 
 gathering under their great chief. Cornstalk, for the blood- 
 iest conflict that ever occurred between the whites and 
 the Indians. 
 
 The battle of Point Pleasant took place the loth of 
 Battle of Point October, 1 774, near the mouth of the Kanawha 
 Pleasant River. The white forces were collected 
 
 by General Andrew Lewis, but the latter took no per- 
 sonal part in the fight, being occupied with superintending 
 
FIRST WHITE MEN IN KENTUCKY 1/ 
 
 the erection of certain breastworks, necessary for the en- 
 counter. The forces consisted mainly of sturdy Scotch- 
 Irish from Virginia, under the command of Colonels 
 Charles Lewis, William Fleming, and John Field. They 
 were joined by two companies of brave men from beyond 
 the Cumberland Mountains, who were eager to avenge the 
 injuries they had suffered from the Indians ; one of these 
 companies was under the command of Captain Russell, 
 and the other under Captain Evan Shelby, who, with his 
 fifty volunteers from the Watauga settlement, in North 
 Carolina, hurried forward to the encounter. T]ie attack was 
 opened upon the division of Colonel Charles Lewis, but 
 he was soon mortally wounded. In quick succession, the 
 two remaining colonels, William Fleming and John Field, 
 were cut down, the one being wounded, the other slain. 
 The command then fell to Captain Shelby. 
 
 From sunrise the battle raged fiercely. Victory wavered 
 between the two sides. Many had already fallen, when, 
 toward noon. Cornstalk determined to outflank Result of the 
 the whites and, by a bold movement, to end ^^"^® 
 the conflict. But' just at this time, Isaac Shelby, then a 
 young lieutenant left in charge of his father's company, 
 determined also to make a flank movement against the 
 Indians. He took with him two other companies, com- 
 manded by James Stewart and George Matthews. They 
 crept through the underbrush, along the banks of the 
 Kanawha, and surprised the enemy in the rear. The 
 Indians became alarmed and began to retreat. The fight- 
 ing, however, did not cease until near sunset. The victory 
 thus gained by the whites was of the utmost importance 
 in the settlement of Kentucky. Shortly afterward, the 
 Shawnees entered into a treaty with Governor Dunmore, 
 of Virginia. They gave up all their title to the lands 
 
 ILENT HIST — » ■ 
 
i8 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 south of the Ohio River, and promised not to molest the 
 white men further. Peace now reigned for a time, and 
 the pioneers were enabled to make their homes in Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Kentucky's romantic history. 
 
 Interesting relics found in ancient 
 mounds. 
 
 Mound Builders the ancestors of 
 Indians. 
 
 No Indian homes found in the region. 
 
 The region the Indian hunting 
 ground. 
 
 A valuable region. 
 
 Indians determined to resist its set- 
 tlement. 
 
 The courage of the pioneers. 
 
 La Salle in Kentucky in 1669 or '70. 
 
 Walker, Gist, and McBride come be- 
 fore 1754. 
 
 Findley guides a party in 1769. 
 
 Boone and Stewart captured. 
 
 They escape, to find their camp de- 
 serted. 
 
 They are joined by Squire Boone. 
 
 Stewart is killed by Indians. 
 
 Squire Boone goes home and returns. 
 
 The brothers leave in 1771. 
 
 The Long Hunters. 
 
 Great Britain gains the region in 1763. 
 
 Also, she buys it from the Six Nations. 
 
 Floyd, Taylor, and other surveyors 
 
 sent to Kentucky. 
 The McAfee brothers. 
 Boone's party attacked by Indians. 
 Simon Kenton visits Kentucky. 
 James Harrod lays off Harrodsburg. 
 Indian hostilities force the surveyors 
 
 to leave. 
 Indians gather under their great 
 
 chief, Cornstalk. 
 The battle of Point Pleasant. 
 Colonels Lewis, Field, and Fleming 
 
 killed or wounded. 
 Captain Evan Shelby commands. 
 Flank movement against the Indians. 
 The whites gain a significant victory. 
 Dunmore's treaty secures peace for a 
 
 time. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN KENTUCKY, 1 775-1 776 
 
 In the year 1775, permanent homes were made in Ken- 
 tucky. James Harrod and his company came back to 
 their cabins, which they had been forced to permanent 
 leave by Indian hostihties, and the McAfees stations 
 returned to their settlement on the Salt River. Not far 
 from Harrodsburg, Benjamin Logan, with a few slaves, 
 erected a station, to which he brought his family during 
 the following year. A most important aid to the settle- 
 ment of the country was the road Daniel Boone cut from 
 Cumberland Gap to the fort m Madison County which 
 bore his name. 
 
 Far and wide was spread Boone's glowing account of 
 the unknown region ; and though he did not succeed in 
 firing very many with a desire to brave the 
 perils of its untried forests, the news soon account of the 
 reached some of the influential and wealthy 
 men of North Carolina, who quickly foresaw the vast riches 
 and power which might be theirs if they could gain pos- 
 session of it. 
 
 We have already seen that the Six Nations had sold 
 to the English their title to that vast area of country 
 which included the present State of Kentucky, saie of Indian 
 and that after the battle of Point Pleasant, the ^^"^^ 
 Shawnee Indians, also, had renounced their right to the 
 region. But such was the lawless and unstable condition 
 
 19 
 
20 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 of Indian possessions that the ownership seemed to rest 
 with that nation which had gained the latest victory in 
 the tribal wars. Thus the Cherokees, likewise, asserted 
 a claim to the land. 
 
 Captain Nathaniel Hart, of North Carolina, formed a 
 company, known as Henderson and Company (consisting 
 Henderson and oi himself, his two brothers, and six others), to 
 Company purchase this Cherokee title. They chose 
 
 Colonel Richard Henderson as their legal head. Across 
 the country, a distance of about three hundred miles. Hart 
 and Henderson went to hold a conference with the Indians 
 at their villages beyond the Alleghany Mountains. The 
 Indians promised to consider the matter, and sent a com- 
 mittee to examine the goods to be given in exchange for 
 the land. These proved satisfactory, and a place of treaty 
 was determined upon. On the 17th of March, 1775, 
 twelve hundred savage warriors assembled at the Sycamore 
 Shoals of the Watauga River. The nine members of the 
 company were there, and all the men, women, and children 
 of the settlement gathered to hear the decision of the 
 council. When the Indian chiefs finally decided, after 
 much speech-making on both sides, to sell to the whites 
 their "hunting ground," — about seventeen million acres 
 of land, — for the consideration of ten thousand pounds 
 sterling, there was great rejoicing. 
 
 The land bought by the company lay on the other side 
 of the mountains; and though it was covered with wide- 
 The colony of spreading forest trees, they gave it the pic- 
 Transyivania turcsque and not inappropriate name of Tran- 
 
 in America i • / » » 7 ^t-i r 
 
 syivania, beyond the zvooas. 1 he purpose of 
 the company was to found a colony of which they should 
 be the proprietors, and to sell lands to persons desiring to 
 make their homes in the region. The scheme was brilliant 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN KENTUCKY 2 1 
 
 and gigantic ; and though it was soon abandoned, it had a 
 most important iniiiicnce on the future of the State. The 
 proprietors were all educated men, who attracted to the 
 country other men of ability. 
 
 Daniel Boone was sent ahead to open a road for the 
 proprietors. The trace then cut was later widened into 
 the famous Wilderness Road,^ one of the two 
 
 /I ,1 1 • 1 r r, ^ Boone's road 
 
 ways (the other bemg by means of flatboats 
 down the Ohio) by which there entered Kentucky the 
 brave men and women who laid the foundations of the 
 State. Colonel Boone's company consisted of about 
 twenty-two men, and they were joined by a party of 
 eight, under the leadership of Captain William Twetty. 
 Their task was not so difficult as it was perilous, and just 
 before it was completed their courage was put to the test. 
 One morning, while they still lay asleep in camp, they 
 were attacked by Indians. Two of their number were 
 killed, and .one was wounded so seriously that he could 
 not be moved immediately. With that spirit of heroism 
 inspired by the times, several of the men remained with 
 their wounded comrade at the risk of their lives, while the 
 others went on ahead about fifteen miles, to select a site 
 upon which to erect a fort. 
 
 When the proprietors arrived, they found three stations 
 besides Boonesborough already settled in the country. 
 They called for an election of deleo:ates from 
 
 • 1 ,1 . 1 , . r TheBoones- 
 
 these, m order that laws might be made for borough 
 the government of the colony. Twelve dele- p^'"^*^™®°* 
 gates were duly elected and sent from Harrodsburg, Boil- 
 ing Springs, and St. Asaph's or Logan's Station, and six 
 
 ^ T/te Wilderness Road. By Thomas Speed. Filson Club Publication 
 No. 2. 
 
22 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 were elected for Boonesborough. This first legislative 
 assembly held west of the Alleghanies met at Boones- 
 borough, May 23, 1775, under the branches of a mighty 
 elm which could comfortably shelter in its shadow one 
 hundred people. The parliament passed nine laws to the 
 satisfaction of all concerned, and adjourned to meet the 
 following autumn ; but it never again assembled. 
 
 The independent settlers in the country soon became 
 dissatisfied, and asked Virginia to take them under her 
 protection. Accordingly, in 1778, the legislature of that 
 State annulled the purchase of the Transylvania propri- 
 etors ; but in order to compensate them for their loss, she 
 granted them 200,000 acres of land, and gave good titles 
 to all those who had bought lands from the company. 
 
 The structure Boone and his men erected at Boones- 
 borough was the first military fortification on Kentucky 
 TheBoones- soil, and it proved a very secure stronghold 
 borough fort against the unskilled attacks of savages. It 
 was laid out as a parallelogram, inclosed by posts sharp- 
 ened at the end .... 
 and driven firm- 
 ly into the 
 ground. At the 
 four corners 
 were built 
 strong two-story 
 log cabins with 
 windows which looked out 
 on the open space or court ^'^^^^ 
 of the inclosure. The sides "'"3 
 which faced the forest had no 
 windows, but only loopholes 
 through which the pioneers could fire at their enemies. 
 
 Fort at Boonesborough 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN KENTUCKY 
 
 23 
 
 Pioneer women 
 
 The furnishings of the cabins were very rude, — a bed 
 in one corner made of upright forks of trees, on which 
 rested poles whose ends were thrust into holes ^^ , . ^ 
 
 ^ The furnish- 
 
 in the wall of the building, and on these poles ings of the 
 
 were thrown for mattress and covering the 
 skins of wild animals ; a rough-hewn dining table, and 
 a few three-legged wooden stools. The windows were 
 covered with paper saturated with bear's oil, through 
 which the light penetrated, and an air of cheerfulness was 
 gained by the huge fireplace which stretched nearly across 
 one side of the room. 
 
 Shortly after the fort was completed, in September, 
 1775, Daniel Boone brought his wife and daugh- 
 ter to Kentucky. At Harrodsburg, also, Hugh 
 McGary, Richard Ho- 
 gan, and Thomas Den- 
 ton settled with their 
 families. In Novem- 
 ber of this year, John 
 McClellan brought his 
 family into Kentucky, 
 and, in company with 
 Colonel Robert Patter- 
 son, built a station which 
 was named McClellan's. 
 Here, fifteen years later, 
 the town of Georgetown 
 was incorporated. With 
 the coming of the 
 women, home life began 
 in the wilderness, with 
 all of its hardships, its 
 
 perils, and its inspiriting ^ Backwoods Cirl 
 
24 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 adventures. The women stood side by side with the men, 
 and suffered and grew strong, labored and prospered, with 
 them. To-day we look back to their lives of unselfish 
 devotion, and are thrilled by admiration for their courage. 
 There are no wild beasts for us to fight, no Indians, no 
 dangers from hunger and cold. But if we would be 
 true children of brave ancestors, there is a battle to enter 
 far harder and more worthy of victory than any they were 
 called upon to wage — a battle for the honor and purity 
 of our own lives and of the State. 
 
 Daniel Boone can in no way stand as a type of the early 
 Kentuckians. They were far more remarkable and clever 
 men. He did not feel himself inspired by character of 
 any high motive, though he was always kind ^^°'®^ ^°°°® 
 
 and courageous. He 
 sought the unpeopled 
 lands of Kentucky 
 because he loved the 
 wild life of the woods. 
 With the coming of 
 civilization, he de- 
 parted. But he was 
 an instrument in the 
 hands of God to open 
 the way for the foun- 
 dation of a great State. 
 By the side of Dan- 
 iel Boone there towers 
 another picturesque 
 figure, Simon Kenton, 
 famous 
 
 Simon Kenton 
 
 Simon Kenton 
 
 as an In- 
 dian scout, and the hero of many startling adventures. 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN KENTUCKY 
 
 25 
 
 His manhood began with a tragedy. He loved a girl who 
 was won by his friend. He fought a duel with his rival, 
 and, believing that he. had killed him, fled from his old 
 home in Virginia, and under another name tried to forget 
 his deed in the wilderness of Kentucky. But he could 
 not forget. The burden of that thought weighed heavily 
 
 Running the Gauntlet 
 
 upon his naturally kind and simple-hearted nature. Long 
 years afterward, he ventured to return to Virginia to visit 
 his family and to bring them to Kentucky. To his over- 
 whelming joy, he found the man he supposed he had 
 killed, alive and ready to be his friend. 
 
 Once he was captured by Indians. Eight times he was 
 made to run the gauntlet ; that is, to run down a long line 
 of Indian men, women, and boys, each armed with a torn- 
 
26 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 ahawk, club, or switch, with which the runner was struck. 
 Three times he was tied to the stake to be burned alive, 
 and every time he was saved thrqugh some unexpected 
 deliverance. By his daring coolness, he filled even the 
 Indians with terror, and thus he aided much in the settling 
 of the new country. But he, too, like Boone, passed away 
 before the advance of civilization in Kentucky. 
 
 For the most part, the pioneers of Kentucky were from 
 
 that unsurpassed race of people, the Scotch-Irish, who 
 
 settled in the valley of Virginia, and then 
 
 of the spread out into the neighboring States. Their 
 
 Kentuckians ,.-_.,.. 
 
 ancestors had suffered religious persecutions 
 in the Old World, and the pioneers brought into the rich, 
 free land of Kentucky an intense love of God, of liberty, 
 and of education, — three important factors in the great- 
 ness of a nation as well as of an individual. Such men, 
 seeking homes and prosperity for their children, were not 
 to be daunted even by the fury of the savages. 
 
 Occasionally, the faint-hearted would grow weary of the 
 hardships and dangers, and would depart ; but they left 
 behind them the strong and brave who were worthy to be 
 Healthful life the posscssors and founders of the beautiful 
 of the pioneers ^^^ country. The men could not safely plant 
 the crops, nor could the women milk the cows, except 
 under the protection of armed guards who stood ready 
 for the attacks of Indians ; yet none the less they perse 
 vered in their determination to remain. An existence of 
 healthful work with a steadfast purpose made them cheer- 
 ful. The children played, and the young people laughed 
 and were happy, although the only variety in their lives 
 was the dread of a surprise or an occasional Indian raid. 
 
 One day in the summer of 1776, Jemima Boone and 
 the two daughters of Colonel Richard Callaway were out 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN KENTUCKY 
 
 27 
 
 on the Kentucky River, in a canoe, when they were cap- 
 tured by five Indians. The girls tried to beat a romantic 
 off the savages, while they screamed for help. ®p^^°^® 
 Being unsuccessful in their efforts, they dropped broken 
 twigs or torn bits of their gowns to mark the way they 
 were carried. Boone and Floyd, with a party of men 
 
 Beating off the Savages 
 
 from the fort, went in pursuit. They searched for two 
 nights and days, but did not overtake the Indians until 
 they had gone about forty miles from Boonesborough. 
 There they found the girls, thoroughly frightened, but 
 unharmed. It is entertaining to learn that three weeks 
 later the first wedding upon Kentucky soil took place 
 when Squire Boone united in marriage Betsy Callaway, 
 the eldest of the girls, and young Samuel Henderson, one 
 of the rescuing party. 
 
28 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Permanent homes in Kentucky. 
 
 Ilarrod and his company return. 
 
 The McAfees again at their station. 
 
 Boone's account impresses influential 
 men of North Carolina. 
 
 Their desire to buy the region. 
 
 The Cherokees' claim. 
 
 Hart and Henderson form a com- 
 pany. 
 
 Colonel Henderson elected presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Conference with Indians at Wa- 
 tauga. 
 
 Indians sell their hunting ground. 
 
 Colony of Transylvania in America. 
 
 Boone cuts the Wilderness Road. 
 
 His company attacked by Indians. 
 
 Boonesborough fort erected. 
 
 Arrival of the proprietors. 
 
 Other stations previously settled. 
 
 Delegates appointed to frame laws 
 for the colony. 
 
 Boonesborough parliament meets, 
 May 23, 1775. 
 
 The proprietors' purchase annulled. 
 
 The compensation made by Virginia. 
 
 The Boonesborough fort, a strung 
 fortification against Indians. 
 
 The rude furnishings of the cabins. 
 
 Daniel Boone's family arrive. 
 
 Other families come to Harrodsburg. 
 
 McClellan's station built. 
 
 Pioneer women. 
 
 Character of Daniel Boone. 
 
 Simon Kenton's adventures. 
 
 The pioneers mostly Scotch-Irish. 
 
 Character of the early Kentuckians. 
 
 Healthful and happy life in the wil- 
 derness. 
 
 Indian raids the only variety. 
 
 Capture of Jemima Boone and the 
 Callaway girls. 
 
 Their rescue by Boone and Floyd. 
 
 First marriage on Kentucky soil. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE COUNTY OF KENTUCKY, 1776-1780 
 
 Although it was not until 1778 that the title of the 
 Transylvania Company was legally annulled, it had long 
 before ceased to be considered valid. On the ^ ^ , 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 4th of July, 1776, the Continental Congress county 
 adopted the Declaration of Independence, and ^^*^^^^^^®* 
 in December of that year Kentucky^ County was estab- 
 lished by Virginia. Before this time, the region was 
 a part of Fincastle County, Virginia, and so remote a part 
 that the settlers had no voice in the government of the 
 State. But now they were entitled to choose for them- 
 selves two representatives to the Virginia legislature, 
 and to have local courts of justice and military pro- 
 tection. The change brought greater stability to the 
 colony. Harrodsburg was selected as the county seat, 
 and the first court was held there in September, 1777. 
 It was composed of the ablest men of the time. Among 
 the number were John Floyd, John Todd, Benjamin Logan, 
 
 ^ After the Transylvania Colony was abolished, the name " Kentucky" was 
 adopted by the pioneers. " Kentucky is from the Iroquois word Kentake, 
 meaning prairie or meadow land. The name probably originated in those 
 treeless stretches of country between the Salt and Green rivers, which our 
 ancestors called barrens. The Indians in early times burnt the trees off these 
 lands and then designated them by Kt-nlake, meaning the meadow or prairie 
 lands." — Centenary of Kentucky^ l)y R. T. Durrett; Filson Club Publication 
 No. 7. 
 
 29 
 
30 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 John Bowman, and Richard Callaway, all men of character, 
 who became distinguished in the pioneer struggle for exist- 
 ence. Levi Todd was appointed clerk, and John Bowman 
 colonel of Kentucky County. 
 
 For the next two years, the different stations were dis- 
 Repeated turbed by frequent raids from Indians, which, 
 
 Indian raids however, did not result in any serious loss of 
 life to the whites, but proved extremely distressing to the 
 
 Fleeing from the Indians 
 
 women and children and unfavorable to the growth of the 
 country. Harrodsburg was first attacked, and then, in 
 quick succession, Boonesborough and Logan's fort. An 
 incident in connection with the latter siege is worthy of 
 remembrance, as it illustrates the sagacious heroism of 
 a man whose every act was honorable and courageous. 
 
THE COUNTY OF KENTUCKY 3 1 
 
 In the spring of 1777, some women were milking cows 
 outside the fort, guarded by armed men, when they were 
 fired upon by Indians. All fled toward the Logan's 
 fort, but one man was killed, another slightly heroism 
 wounded, and a third so severely injured that he was unable 
 to escape. The Indians left him where he fell, while they 
 lurked within gunshot. Secure of his scalp, they hoped 
 
 Logan rescuing his comrade 
 
 to entrap others who might venture to his rescue. In- 
 side the fort his wife and children wailed in apprehen- 
 sion for his fate, and still none dared face the certain death 
 of going to his assistance. When twilight came on, Logan 
 tied over his body the loose feather bed his wife had 
 brought from Virginia, and getting down on all fours he 
 crept outside the fort, grunting like one of the hogs which 
 roamed around the inclosure. Suddenly he seized the 
 wounded man, and darted toward the fort, before the sur- 
 
32 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 ])risod and puzzled Indians had time to recover sufficiently 
 to take sure aim at him. Balls and arrows flew about him, 
 but he and his companion reached the fort in safety. 
 
 The Indians continued their resistance to the settle- 
 ment of Kentucky, and yet the population slowly grew. 
 Indian Boouesborough suffered a second attack, July, 
 
 hostilities 1777. At this time there were only twenty- 
 
 two fighting men to defend the fort; but toward the end 
 of the year that station was increased by fifty men and 
 their families, and Logan's fort had an addition of thirty- 
 eight families. There \vere now between five hundred and 
 six hundred people in Kentucky ; and only the stout- 
 hearted came, for it was known that the Indians were 
 powerfully aided by the English in their warfare upon the 
 Kentuckians, and that it would probably be long continued. 
 
 We have seen that the country west of the Alleghanies 
 and east of the Mississippi had been in the possession of 
 the French, who began to settle it as early, probably, as 
 The British 1 688, after the celebrated La Salle (who made 
 aid the Indians explorations there) had returned to his native 
 land with accounts of the great river and the fertile 
 country. Later on, a conflict arose between the French 
 and English colonists in North America that developed 
 into what is called the French and Indian War. After a 
 long and fierce struggle, the French surrendered to the 
 English in 1763. The old French villages, Kaskaskia, 
 Cahokia, etc., in Illinois, and Vincennes, on the Wabash, 
 were fortified by the conquerors, and, at the outbreak of 
 the Revolution, these posts were the military strongholds 
 of the English king. It was from them that the Indians, 
 who had allied themselves with Great Britain against the 
 Americans, received the supplies which enabled them to 
 besiege the Kentuckians. 
 
George Rogers Clark 
 
 THE COUNTY OF KENTUCKY 33 
 
 George Ro.i^ers Clark had been contemplating: an attack 
 upon these l^ritish possessions that would subdue the 
 power of the Indians, and open the 
 west to the Americans. About this 
 time he received an order from the 
 Virginia legislature to lead his expe- 
 George dition into the Illinois coun- 
 
 Rogers Clark's try, as that region was then 
 expedition . . 
 
 indefinitely called. Clark 
 had visited Kentucky in 1776, and had 
 determined to throw in his fortunes 
 with that colony. He was a young 
 Virginian of striking bearing and bold, unwavering char- 
 acter. He possessed precisely the order of talent fitted 
 for the expedition to which he was called. His plan of 
 conquering the Illinois country was adroit and vigorous. 
 His victorious march from Kaskaskia to Cahokia, and 
 the final capture of Vincennes, February 25, 1779, distin- 
 guished him as a man of high military genius. An account 
 of these campaigns belongs properly to the history of the 
 United States. Their result, however, was of inestimable 
 benefit to the settlers in Kentucky and they rejoiced in 
 the glory attending them ; for most of the men who 
 served with Clark either had Hved in Kentucky or in- 
 tended to make their homes there. John Todd, already a 
 prominent Kentuckian, was made county lieutenant or 
 governor of the Illinois country. 
 
 When Clark and his troops came down the Ohio in flat- 
 boats, on their way to the Illinois country, they brought 
 with them about twenty families who intended „, , ,, 
 
 ■' Clark the 
 
 to settle in Kentucky. They landed upon a founder of 
 
 small island at the Falls of the Ohio, May 2y, 
 
 1778, and proceeded to erect a fort. Here they remained 
 
 KENT. HIST. — X 
 
34 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 until the following autumn, when they removed to the 
 mainland and built a fort at the foot of the present Twelfth 
 Street. In 1780, this settlement, which grew to be the 
 largest city in the State, received the name of Louisville. 
 On Christmas day a party was given in the old Twelfth 
 Street fort. Everybody assisted. They called it a house- 
 
 A Christmas Party 
 
 warming, and they made merry together, dancing the 
 Virginia reel to the music of an old negro fiddler. 
 
 While Clark and his Kentucky captains were carrying 
 on their conquests in the West, a very important event had 
 Boone's cap- ^aken place at home. In February, 1778. 
 ^ure Boone and twenty-six men, who had gone to 
 
 the Blue Licks to make salt for the different stations, were 
 
THE COUNTY OF KENTUCKY 35 
 
 captured by a party of Indians on their way to attack 
 Boonesborough. The Indians were so elated with their 
 prize that they abandoned the idea of going to Boones- 
 borough, for the time, and returned in triumph with their 
 prisoners, to their village, Chillicothe. There Boone re- 
 mained until early in the following June, when the savages 
 again assembled to carry out their delayed plan. Then he 
 
 Boone's Escape 
 
 determined to escape, and to warn his fort, whatever might 
 be the danger to himself. He reached his friends, un- 
 harmed, in four days, after a journey of 160 miles, during 
 which he had but one meal. 
 
 Boone's escape delayed, for several weeks, the plan of 
 the Indians ; but on the 8th of August, a formidable band 
 of savages, painted and bedecked with all their giegeof 
 war equipments, and with French and British Boonesborough 
 colors flying, surrounded the fort. They were commanded 
 
36 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 by a French officer, Captain de Ouindre, who demanded, 
 in the name of his Britannic Majesty, the surrender of the 
 garrison. Strange to relate, two days were granted for 
 the consideration of this proposition, during which time 
 all the horses and cattle were collected in the fort, and 
 then Boone announced, with many jeers at the discom- 
 fited captain, that they were ready to defend their fort 
 while a man was living. 
 
 DeQuindre now determined to entrap Boone, if possible. 
 He asked him, with eight other men, to come outside the 
 DeQuindre 's ^ovt to treat with him, and this was agreed to. 
 ^^^^ But before the conference was over, the cun- 
 
 ning officer said that it was a custom, when concluding a 
 treaty, for two of the Indians to shake the hands of each 
 white man. Thereupon two powerful Indians seized 
 Boone and his men with the intention of capturing them ; 
 but the hardy Kentuckians wrung themselves free and 
 fled into the fort. Soon the firing began. The Indians 
 made an unsuccessful attempt to burn the fort, while 
 de Quindre ordered a trench dug to undermine its walls ; 
 but his purpose was discovered in time and frustrated. 
 
 The siege lasted nine days. The stoutest hearts were 
 tried, but no one thought of surrendering. On the 20th 
 Result of the day of the month, the warriors took their de- 
 siege parture. Only two men among the whites 
 
 were killed and four were wounded. The Indians prob- 
 ably suffered no greater loss ; but they were discouraged 
 by the resistance of the garrison, and never again at- 
 tempted an attack upon Boonesborough. Clark's victories 
 in the West, coming about this time, weakened the power 
 of the Indians and inspired confidence in the hearts of 
 the Kentuckians. Immigrants streamed into the country, 
 and new stations sprang up everywhere. 
 
THE COUNTY OF KENTUCKY 
 
 37 
 
 News traveled slowly into the wilderness in those days; 
 but the spirit of the pioneers was in ardent sympathy with 
 the great struggle for independence which was Founding of 
 going on beyond their borders. In April, Lexington 
 1779, Colonel Robert Patterson, in company with James 
 Masterson, the McCon- 
 
 nels, Lindseys, Morri- 
 ^sons, and others, began 
 a settlement in the most 
 beautiful part of the 
 Blue Grass Region, to 
 which the name of Lex- 
 ington was given, in 
 honor of the first battle 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 The same year, in 
 May, the land laws 
 were passed by the legis- 
 lature of Virginia, and 
 commissioners were ap- 
 pointed to consider all 
 claims and settle all disputes on the subject. The court 
 was opened at Logan's fort, October 13, 1779, with Wil- 
 liam Fleming, Edmond Lyne, James Barbour, 
 
 ^' J ' J Land laws 
 
 and Stephen Trigg as commissioners, and John 
 Williams as clerk. The bold hunter, whose greatest desire 
 had been for romantic adventure, was now joined by the 
 speculator, who sought fortune in the new country — 
 Virginians, largely, in whom the love of land was bred as 
 a passion. 
 
 Altogether, the year 1779 was a notable one in the his- 
 tory of Kentucky. But following close upon its growth 
 and prosperity came what is known in the annals of 
 
 Robert Patterson 
 
38 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 the State as the "Hard Winter." Unmelting sncnvs lay 
 deep over the land. Horses and eattle perished, and 
 The "Hard even the wild animals shrunk to the bones. 
 Winter Only the bears, living in the hollows of trees, 
 
 withstood the severity of the cold. Life in the roughly 
 built cabins of the pioneers was trying during the mildest 
 of winters ; but it was torturing now. Because of the in- 
 creased population, the supply of corn gave out. The 
 only food was lean game, which was secured with the 
 greatest difficulty. But the sufferings of the travelers 
 who had been overtaken by the storms on their way to 
 Kentucky were even greater. Crowded into the cabins, 
 the settlers could manage to have some amusement for the 
 time and could hope for the future. The women spun and 
 wove, and the men made the utensils necessary for daily 
 use. They turned their attention, also, to the education of 
 their children. During this winter, a school was opened 
 at Boonesborough by Joseph Doniphan. 
 
 As early as 1776, Mrs. William Coomes taught a school 
 
 in the fort at Harrods- 
 burg. She had no text- 
 books. Smooth boards 
 of wood were used for 
 paper, and the juice of 
 oak balls for ink. The 
 children learned to write 
 and work ex- nrst schools in 
 
 amples from Kentucky 
 
 copies set them by the 
 teacher. When they could 
 read, they had Bibles 
 and hymn books to study. Little private schools of this 
 kind, where the pupils were taught to read and write 
 
 A Schoolhouse in the Backwoods 
 
THE COUNTY OF KENTUCKY 
 
 39 
 
 and calculate, were opened in the different stations. Per- 
 haps the children studied as hatd (being grateful for any 
 opportunity to learn) as the boys and girls do to-day, who 
 have cultured teachers and attractive text-books. 
 
 The spring brought many men of talent and education 
 to Kentucky ; it brought, also, continued warfare with the 
 British and Indians. Captain Henry Bird, a capture of 
 British of^cer, with six hundred Canadians Mart/n's^°^ 
 and Indians, invaded the settlements on the stations 
 Licking River, June 22, 1780, and captured Ruddle's and 
 Martin's stations. These garrisons offered no resistance 
 to an army so formidable in numbers and supplied with 
 artillery. Everything valuable that the forts contained 
 was carried off by the savages. The inhabitants were 
 captured and taken to the Northwest, where they were 
 scattered among the Indians. Many of the women who 
 could not travel fast enough were tomahawked. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Kentucky County established. 
 Harrodsburg the county seat. 
 Men of ability compose the first court. 
 Indians attack Harrodsburg, then 
 
 Boonesborough. 
 Logan's fort attacked. 
 Second attack of Boonesborough. 
 Population increases. 
 The British aid the Indians. 
 Clark's expedition. 
 His military genius. 
 He conquers the Illinois country. 
 John Todd made governor of 
 
 Illinois country. 
 Clark the founder of Louisville. 
 Christmas party at Louisville. 
 Boone and others captured at 
 
 Blue Licks. 
 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 A third siege of Boonesborough 
 
 planned by the Indians. 
 Boone escapes to warn his fort. 
 Boonesborough attacked. 
 Indians commanded by Captain de 
 
 Quindre. 
 Boone declines to surrender. 
 De Quindre's tricks unsuccessful. 
 The siege ended after nine days. 
 The population increases. 
 Lexington founded. 
 Land commissioners appointed. 
 Court opened at Logan's fort. 
 Speculators come to Kentucky. 
 The "Hard Winter." 
 First schools in Kentucky. 
 Capture of Ruddle's and Martin's 
 
 stations. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 DIVISION OF THE COUNTY, 1 780-1 782 
 
 The population steadily increased. In 1780, the legis- 
 lature of Virginia thought it advisable to divide the County 
 Division of of Kentucky into three counties, — Jefferson, 
 the county Fayette, and Lincoln. John Floyd, John Todd, 
 and Benjamin Logan were appointed colonels of their 
 respective counties, and William Pope, Daniel Boone, and 
 Stephen Trigg, lieutenant colonels. Colonel Clark was 
 raised to the rank of brigadier general. 
 
 The most important consideration of the newly settled 
 country was military protection from the Indians. The 
 Eagerness ^^^^ interest was the proper distribution of 
 
 for land j^-g lands. Each county had its special sur- 
 
 veyor, — George May for Jefferson, Thomas Marshall for 
 Fayette, and James Thompson for Lincoln. So great was 
 the desire to gain property in this beautiful Kentucky 
 country that on one occasion when General Clark had 
 planned an attack upon certain Indian towns, he was 
 obliged to order the surveyor's office to be closed, and to 
 state that it would not be opened until after the expedition 
 was over, before he could induce any one to listen to his 
 call for volunteers. 
 
 Raids were no less frequent during the year 1781, but 
 they were less carefully planned than formerly. The 
 Continued Indians were preparin^^ for war on a larger 
 
 warfare scale, which thcy hoped would drive out the 
 
 40 
 
DIVISION OF THE COUNTY 
 
 41 
 
 intruders from their hunting ground. But through all this 
 tale of disheartening warfare runs the invigorating story 
 of the valor of the Kentuckians, and pictures of noble 
 magrnanimitv stand out to refresh us. 
 
 John Floyd, the colonel commandant of Jefferson County, 
 
 Wells assisting Floyd 
 
 had gone with a number of men to the assistance of a 
 neighboring settlement. He w^as wounded, weiis's 
 and was retreating on foot before the pursu- magnanimity 
 ing Indians, when he was overtaken by Captain Samuel 
 Wells, who was also fleeing for his life. Floyd and Wells 
 had been enemies, but the past was forgotten. Instantly the 
 
42 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 generous captain sprang from his horse, lifted Floyd into 
 the saddle, and ran by his side to support him, thus risk- 
 ing his life for his enemy. Both were saved and were 
 friends ever afterward. 
 
 The following spring opened with a fierce conflict which 
 
 has always been known as Estill's defeat. A party 
 
 of twenty-five Wyandots were seen passino: 
 
 Estill's defeat _, , , -I t r i r -, , 
 
 Boonesborough. News of the fact was brought 
 Captain James Estill at his station on the south of the 
 Kentucky River, near where Richmond now stands, and he 
 started in pursuit of the Indians, with forty men. Shortly 
 after his departure the savages came upon his unguarded 
 fort, killed and scalped a young girl, and destroyed the 
 cattle, before they departed. Two boys were sent as 
 runners to bear the news of the tragedy to Estill. A 
 party of the men returned to protect the women, while the 
 rest, to the number of twenty-five, pushed on and overtook 
 the Indians, not far from the present town of Mount Ster- 
 ling. The fight which then occurred required hearts of 
 unwavering courage. It was not a battle, but a combat of 
 man with man. Fof nearly two hours the struggle lasted, 
 each one of the company from behind a tree shooting 
 toward the Indian he had selected. At last the whites 
 were overcome. Nine were killed, including the brave 
 Estill, and four were wounded. The latter, however, 
 escaped with those who were uninjured. 
 
 In the month of July, two British captains, McKee and 
 Caldwell, with a company of rangers from the British posts 
 K and ^^ Detroit, gathered together over one thou- 
 caidweii'= sand Indians, — the largest body of troops up 
 to that time collected west of the Alleghanies. 
 It was their intention to attack- Wheeling, but on their 
 march thither, news reached them that General Clark was 
 
DIVISION OF THE COUNTY 43 
 
 on his way to surprise the towns of the Shawnee Indians. 
 They turned back to defend these towns, and, to their 
 mortification, found that the report was false. This 
 so discouraged the Indians that a large number of 
 them deserted ; but the more resolute British officers were 
 not to be thus deterred from their purpose to harass and 
 fight the Americans. They succeeded in holding a com- 
 pany of over three hundred Indians and rangers, with 
 which they pushed on into Kentucky, to attack the weak 
 stations in Fayette County. 
 
 They reached Bryan's station on the morning of the 
 1 6th of August, 1782. Halting in the neighborhood of 
 the fort, they sent a few Indian spies ahead to Bryan's sta- 
 draw out the whites, meaning then to rush upon ^^°° attacked 
 them with the whole body of their forces. Most fortunately, 
 the majority of the men were inside the fort, making ready 
 to go to the assistance of the stations on the south of the 
 Kentucky River, whither the Wyandots had gone after 
 Estill's defeat. The spies were discovered; and the 
 oft-tried Kentuckians, wise in the tactics of Indian warfare, 
 understood the meaning of their presence, and immediately 
 began preparations for a siege. 
 
 Now there was no spring inside the walls of the fort; 
 and water would be a necessity if the attack should continue 
 long. The fetching of water was everywhere Heroism of the 
 the work of women, a fact which the Indians '^omen 
 knew. If the men should go for it now, the spies would 
 immediately suspect that they had been discovered. The 
 attack might then begin at once, which would be fatal to 
 the garrison. 
 
 It was unlikely, however, that the women would be 
 disturbed, and they were called together. The situation 
 was explained to them. They were urged to go for the 
 
44 
 
 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 water and to act as thoiir;h they did not know that a 
 band of savages was within gunshot. 
 
 There was a moment of intense excitement, of inde- 
 cision and shrinking from the task ; but the women in 
 those stirring times of danger had acquired a warlike 
 courage. Moreover, they had learned to forget them- 
 selves, and to think only of the good of their family, 
 their station, and their country. The bravest among the 
 
 Marching to the Spring 
 
 older women stepped forward and declared their readi- 
 ness to go on the trying mission. One by one, the 
 younger women and girls followed, emboldened by this 
 resolute spirit, until the whole body of women marched 
 to the spring with their buckets, laughing and talking 
 unconcernedly together. On their return, however, their 
 steps grew faster and faster, and they fairly rushed into 
 the safety of the fort. 
 
DIVISION OF THE COUNTY 45 
 
 Immediately afterward the attack began ; but the gar- 
 rison was now ready for it. Swift-footed runners were 
 sent to summon assistance from the neighbor- 
 ing stations. Five miles away, at Lexington, ®^^®«^® 
 Major Levi Todd, with forty men, had just started for the 
 southern border of the country. A messenger overtook 
 him, and in a short time he reached Bryan's Station. The 
 British officers now saw that all hope of taking the fort by 
 surprise was vain. At night the Indians attempted to set 
 fire to it ; but, being unsuccessful, they were quite ready 
 to depart. However, there was a young white leader 
 among them who determined to make another effort to 
 force the fort to surrender. 
 
 This was Simon Girty, — known far and wide to the 
 border people of that day as the "White Renegade," — a 
 man despised by every one. When he was a 
 boy, his father had been killed by Indians, and ^™°° " ^ 
 he himself had been adopted by them. He had grown up 
 a savage, and chose to remain one. He possessed all the 
 cunning cruelty of his foster brethren, and by his knowl- 
 edge of English he became a power among them in their 
 schemes to torture the Americans. He now made a speech 
 to the fort's defenders. He spoke of the numbers with 
 him, and of the reenforcements and artillery that were ex- 
 pected; but he told them that if they would surrender 
 they would not be harmed. The Kentuckians knew that 
 their rude fortifications could not withstand cannon; but 
 they could not be intimidated. 
 
 One of their young men, Aaron Reynolds, answered 
 Girty in a bold, bantering spirit that won the admiration of 
 his associates. He assured Girty that they were not at all 
 afraid of his artillery or of his numbers ; that, as for the 
 latter, all the country was coming to their assistance. 
 
46 PIONEER DAYS 
 
 Girty knew this, as did the Indians, and they concluded 
 it would be the part of wisdom to leave ; but they did all 
 the injury possible, destroying the fields and killing hun- 
 dreds of cattle, sheep, and hogs. On the following morn- 
 ing, they took their departure, having had five of their 
 number slain and several wounded. Four of the whites 
 were killed, and three injured. 
 
 It did not take long to gather the riflemen of Kentucky. 
 They answered the summons for assistance as hurriedly 
 Gathering of as did the clansmen of Scotland the signal of 
 the riflemen ^^^ ,. ^^^.^ ^ross." ^ On the aftcmoon of the 
 
 day the Indians left Bryan's Station, 182 men, many of 
 them commissioned officers, mustered there under the 
 command of Colonel John Todd, the ranking officer of 
 Kentucky, Lieutenant Colonels Trigg and Boone, and 
 Majors McGary, Harlan, and Levi Todd. Without wait- 
 ing for Colonel Lcgan, who was to follow as soon as 
 possible with the forces of Lincoln County, they pushed 
 on the trail of the Indians, and overtook them near the 
 Blue Licks, on the morning of August 19. They halted 
 and held a council of war. The Licking River lay be- 
 tween them and the enemy. Should they cross and open 
 the attack at once, or should they await the arrival of 
 Logan's troops ? 
 
 The prudent decision was cast in favor of the latter 
 course, when Major McGary, an impulsive man, filled with 
 a passionate hatred of all Indians because his son had been 
 
 ^In the border warfare of Scotland, "an ancient method of gathering the 
 people was by sending the * fiery cross ' through the country. This mysterious 
 symbol of haste and danger was formed of yew, first set on fire and then 
 quenched in the blood of a goat. Every man who received it was bound to 
 pass on with it through torrents, or over mountains, by day or night, until 
 another took it off his hands." See, also, The Gathering, III. Canto, 7Vie 
 Lady of the Lake. 
 
DIVISION OF THE COUNTY 
 
 47 
 
 killed by some of them, plunged forward into the river, 
 waving his hat over his head and shouting : " Let all who 
 are not cowards follow me!" Immediately, Batue of the 
 as if fired by his taunt, the impatient troops ^^"^ ^^^^^ 
 rushed after him. The sober officers had no alternative 
 but to follow. Soon the battle began. From the first the 
 advantage was with the enemy, because of superior num- 
 
 McGary in the River 
 
 bers. Colonel Trigg was killed, then Harlan with nearly 
 all his advance guard was swept away. John Todd and 
 Boone tried to rally the men, until Todd himself was shot 
 down. Then a wild panic took place. Leaving the dead 
 on the field of battle, every one attempted to escape. 
 
 The fighting had lasted only about five minutes, and in 
 that time the Kentuckians had lost seventy of their bravest 
 
48 PIONKER DAYS 
 
 soldiers, twelve had been wounded, and seven captured. 
 Tne loss on the other side was insignificant in corn- 
 After the parison. Several days later, Colonel Logan 
 battle arrived at the scene of the tragedy with four 
 hundred men, — a force large enough to have completely 
 overwhelmed the Indians. But all was over now. Nothing 
 remained to do but to bury the dead where they had 
 fallen. By the rash act of one man was brought about the 
 greatest disaster that had ever befallen Kentucky. 
 
 It is impossible to describe the anguish of that time. 
 Sorrow and wailing prevailed everywhere. For weeks 
 the women could not be consoled. But the unconquerable 
 Kentuckians did not long rest in their mourning. The 
 blow must be retaliated. Troops quickly gathered at the 
 Falls under Colonel Floyd and at Bryan's Station under 
 Colonel Logan. Uniting at the mouth of the Licking 
 under General Clark, they marched rapidly into the 
 Indian country. On the loth of November, 1782, the 
 Miami towns were burnt to the ground. Warning had 
 been given the Indians, and they escaped into the woods ; 
 but all their valuable property was destroyed. From 
 village to village, the mighty force of Kentuckians swept 
 with their desolating firebrands. At last the Indians were 
 conquered. Though, for ten years longer, occasionally a 
 few straggling savages would disturb the security of the 
 settlers, Kentucky never again suffered any serious Indian 
 invasion. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Kentucky County divided. 
 
 Jefferson, Fayette, and Lincoln coun- 
 ties. 
 
 Military officers and surveyors ap- 
 pointed 
 
 Great eagerness to obtain lands. 
 Indians preparing for war. 
 Samuel Wells's magnanimity. 
 Estill pursues a band of Indians. 
 A young girl killed at his fort. 
 
DIVISION OF THE COUNTY 
 
 49 
 
 Indians overtaken near Mount .Ster- 
 lin<j. 
 
 Estill's defeat. 
 
 McGee antl Caldwell's army of over 
 one thousand Indians. 
 
 A false alarm changes the course of 
 the army. 
 
 A smaller force marches into Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Attack on Bryan's Station. 
 
 Heroic women supply the fort u'ith 
 vi^ater. 
 
 The siege begun. 
 
 Runners summon assistance. 
 
 Indians fail to burn the fort. 
 
 Girty attempts to frighten the men 
 into surrendering, 
 
 Aaron Reynolds's fearless answer. 
 
 KENT. HIST. — 4 
 
 Indians do great damage before de- 
 parting. 
 
 The riflemen of Kentucky gather. 
 
 One hundred and eighty-two men at 
 Bryan's Station. 
 
 The officers of the company. 
 
 The Indians are pursued. 
 
 Council of war held. 
 
 A prudent decision made. 
 
 McGary's rash act. 
 
 Battle of the Blue Licks. 
 
 Terrible slaughter of the whites. 
 
 Great anguish caused. 
 
 The blow retaliated. 
 
 Village after village destroyed. 
 
 The Indians are conquered. 
 
 No more serious invasions of Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPEND 
 ENCE, 1782-1792 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 THE DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY, 1 782-1 784 
 
 Beyond the borders of Kentucky, the Confederated 
 Colonies were passing through their victorious conflict for 
 Kentucky's independence from Great Britain — six terrible 
 struggle for years of ccaselcss warfare from the battle at 
 
 existence , . , , ^ ^ , 
 
 Lexmgton, 1775, to the surrender of Lord 
 Cornwallis at Yorktown, 1781. Cut off from the East by 
 the high wall of the Cumberland Mountains, separated 
 from the neighboring regions of the Northeast, the North, 
 and the West by a connected system of waters, Kentucky 
 was waging alone, unaided by continental arms and con- 
 tinental supplies, an equally terrible conflict. In the his- 
 tory of this era, too little recognition has been made of 
 this struggle, whose successful issue gave to the nation a 
 strong, faithful State, and opened the way for the con- 
 quest of the vast, rich West. 
 
 At Paris, France, on the 30th of November, 1782, the 
 preliminary treaty of peace between the United States and 
 Peace with Great Britain was signed. There were no 
 England ocean Cables in those days, no telegraph lines, 
 
 no railroads, no postal service. Slowly the news reached 
 
 so 
 
THE DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY 5 I 
 
 the far-away land of Kentucky, told by traveler to trav- 
 eler, or written in letters which were borne to friends by 
 immigrants to the country. But early in the following 
 spring the cheering fact was known. 
 
 At this time there were less than thirty thousand people 
 in Kentucky. Now the growth became very rapid. By 
 1790, the population had increased to more immigration to 
 than seventy-five thousand. The long war Kentucky 
 which had just closed had left the Atlantic States impov- 
 erished. The fertile lands of Kentucky offered an allur- 
 ing prospect to families whose fortunes had been thus 
 injured. From Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the 
 Carolinas, especially from Virginia, came this great influx 
 of people to Kentucky. Of course there were some men 
 among them of low character and slender ability ; but the 
 majority of them were clever, educated people of moral 
 strength, who were notable even in that most remarkable 
 epoch of American history. 
 
 Among them were officers whose military genius had 
 hastened the victory of the Revolution; soldiers whose 
 unselfish loyalty had aided the cause ; and young men of 
 talent, fresh from the colleges of the East. Their names 
 will fill the pages of the following period. The men whose 
 rare courage and entertaining adventures stirred us in the 
 story of the pioneer days, have passed away ; either death 
 has come to them, or they have finished their great work. 
 Only one or two recur in the narrative of the public affairs 
 of the new era opening before us. 
 
 By an act of the Virginia legislature the three counties, 
 Jefferson, Fayette, and Lincoln, were united in 1783 and 
 Kentucky District was established. A district 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 court was erected, and John Floyd, Samuel District 
 McDowell, and George Muter were appointed 
 
52 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 judges. Walker Daniel was also commissioned attorney- 
 general, and John May was selected to be the clerk of the 
 court. 
 
 Shortly after his appointment, John Floyd, the vigorous, 
 intellectual pioneer, was killed by an Indian. He had 
 The District fought, unscathed, through the terrible border 
 judges wars, and now, in the time of peace, riding 
 
 unguardedly in the woods near his home, wearing his scar- 
 let wedding coat, — a definite mark for the savages, — he 
 received his death wound. It is a curious coincidence that 
 two other members of this district court, pioneers like 
 Floyd, met a similar death, — Walker Daniel in 1784, John 
 May in 1790. The other judges were Virginians, whom 
 the close of the war brought to Kentucky. They had 
 been officers in the Revolution and each bore the rank of 
 colonel. Their recognized worth and ability are indicated 
 by their appointment to this position of trust and dignity. 
 We shall have need to refer to them frequently in the fol- 
 lowing pages. 
 
 An Ohio River Flatboat 
 
 On the third day of March, 1783, the court was opened 
 at Harrodsburg ; but there being no house large enough at 
 Founding of that place for its accommodation, it adjourned 
 Danville ^^ ^ church six miles away. One of its first 
 
 official acts was to order a log courthouse to be built at 
 some safe place near Crow's Station (about ten miles from 
 
THE DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY 
 
 53 
 
 Harrodsburg), and a jail also, of "hewed or sawed logs at 
 least nine inches thick." The location was wisely chosen; 
 it was on the Wilderness Road, the great highway through 
 Kentucky, and within the famous Blue Grass region. From 
 this judicial beginning grew the town of Danville, which 
 became the seat and center of all the public affairs of the 
 
 District, and whose 
 early history suggests 
 picturesque 
 
 Pack Horses 
 
 and interesting events.' Each town in Kentucky has its 
 particular tone. Danville may be characterized as sober 
 and intellectual, self-respecting in the management of its 
 own affairs, and unworldly. 
 
 Security and hope prevailed in Kentucky District, and 
 its reputation increased abroad. Flatboats 
 
 fM 1 • 1 • « 1 1 T Prosperity 
 
 filled with immigrants were constantly landing 
 
 at the Falls (Louisville), in the northwestern part of the 
 
54 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 settled region, and at Limestone (now Maysville), in the 
 northeast. Heavily laden pack horses brought a contin- 
 ued stream of settlers through Cumberland Gap, over the 
 Wilderness Road. 
 
 At Louisville, Daniel Brodhead, an officer in the Revo- 
 lution, who had recently come to Kentucky, opened a shop 
 where all kinds of goods, imported from Philadelphia, 
 were sold. The home-woven cotton gowns and sunbon- 
 nets were replaced by gay-figured calicoes and 
 straw bonnets. There were also more costly 
 articles for gala days, — silks and parasols for the maidens, 
 broadcloths and silk stockings for the men. A French- 
 ^ . man, landing at the Falls 
 
 Brodhead 's 
 store 
 
 
 in 1784, described a party 
 
 of young people that he 
 
 saw thus attired starting 
 
 off for an excursion on 
 
 the river. 
 
 There is on record, 
 also, an account of a 
 party given by Mrs. 
 Martha Donne to cele- 
 brate the first crop of 
 wheat raised at the 
 
 Falls, in 1783. Early merry- 
 
 The wheat was ^^^^^^^ 
 ground with a hand mill, 
 sifted through a cambric 
 handkerchief which Mistress Martha had brought from 
 Philadelphia, shortened with raccoon fat, baked, and served 
 for the refreshment of the guests. Thus early the town 
 of Louisville took on its brilliant, fashionable, hospitable 
 tone. 
 
 James Wilkinson 
 
THE DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY 55 
 
 In February, 1784, General James Wilkinson made his 
 advent into Lexington as the representative of a mercan- 
 tile firm in Philadelphia of which he was the head. Wil- 
 kinson was brilliant in mind and affable in james wiikin- 
 manner, but corrupt in morals and selfish in son's advent 
 character. He acted an important part in the political 
 events of the period. Wilkinson's shop, like Brodhead's, 
 was a great advantage to the neighboring region. 
 
 At this time there were eight towns in Kentucky : 
 Louisville and Bardstown, in Jefferson County ; Harrods- 
 burg, Boonesborough, and Danville, in Lincoln Lexington's 
 County ; and Lexington, Leestown, and Green- position 
 ville, in Fayette County. Of these, Lexington was the larg- 
 est. Never rapid, but always steady in growth, Lexington 
 was advancing into that substantial business and social 
 position which she has maintained until the present day. 
 Her early interest in all things intellectual caused her to 
 become the center of the literary culture of the District, 
 and gave to her the title, — in the high-sounding phrase- 
 ology of the time, — Athens of the West. 
 
 Here John Filson ^ wrote the first history of Kentucky, 
 which was likewise the first history of any portion of that 
 vast region lying west of the Alleghanies. The fame of 
 the " happy climate and plentiful soil " of 
 
 ^^■^ ^ . . . John Filson 
 
 Kentucky had reached Filson in his home in 
 southern Pennsylvania, and he went thither to secure lands 
 for himself. This was probably in the year 1782, when 
 he was about thirty-six years old. He was a schoolmaster, 
 and very well educated except in the matter of spelling 
 and the use of capitals. He led a roaming, stirring life 
 until his death in 1 788. Shortly before that time, he had 
 
 1 The Life of John Filson. By Reuben T. Durrett. Filson Club Publi- 
 cation No. I. 
 
56 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 entered into a partnership with Matthias Denman and 
 Colonel Robert Patterson (one of the founders of 
 
 Lexington) to 
 lay off a town 
 where the present 
 city of Cincinnati 
 stands. Filson 
 
 brought his 
 Greek, Latin, and 
 French knowl- 
 edge into use to 
 coin a name for 
 his town : Losan- 
 tiville — the city 
 opposite the mouth 
 of the L icking. 
 While out survey- 
 ing, he became 
 separated from 
 his companions 
 and was never 
 again seen. He 
 was killed either by the savage Indians, or by the beasts 
 of the forest. 
 
 Filson gained the information for his history, and the 
 map with which it is illustrated, from a close intercourse 
 First history with Daniel Boone, Levi Todd, James Harrod, 
 of Kentucky Christopher Greenup, John Cowan, and Wil- 
 liam Kennedy, whose " distinguished assistance " he grate- 
 fully acknowledges. Beside the map, the history is made 
 further entertaining by a narrative of " The Adventures of 
 Colonel Daniel Boone," which the author learned from the 
 old pioneer himself. There was no printing press in Ken- 
 
 John Filson 
 
THE DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY 5/ 
 
 tucky at that time, so Filson carried the manuscript of the 
 history to Wilmington, Delaware, and that of the map to 
 Philadelphia, where the book was published in 1784. One 
 year later it was translated into French by M. Parraud, 
 and published in Paris. This little book is now very rare 
 and valuable. 
 
 We have noticed the early desire of Kentuckians for 
 education. Thus far, all that had been possible were little 
 private schools held within the stations. Now Transylvania 
 we are to learn somethinsf of the first school university 
 
 ^ founded 
 
 or college in the West. In 1780, the Virginia 
 legislature passed an act to establish such a school in 
 Kentucky as soon as the condition of the country should 
 permit. An endowment of eight thousand acres of land 
 was given to it and thirteen trustees were appointed. 
 In 1783, the trustees were increased to twenty-five and the 
 endowment of land to twenty thousand acres. The school 
 w^as to be called Transylvania Seminary, and the trustees 
 were to hold their first meeting at Crow's Station (Dan- 
 ville) the second Monday in November of that same year. 
 The trustees were influential men in the District. The 
 names of those who attended the first meeting have been 
 preserved for us. They are John Craig, Walker Daniel, 
 Willis Green, Christopher Greenup, Robert Johnson, Sam- 
 uel McDowell, David Rice, James Speed, Isaac Shelby, 
 and Caleb Wallace. The Reverend David Rice was 
 elected chairman of the board. " Father Rice," as he 
 was commonly called, had lately arrived in Kentucky 
 from Virginia. He was the first Presbyterian preacher in 
 the District, an earnest man, and well educated for that 
 day, being a graduate of Nassau Hall, afterward Princeton 
 College. 
 
 At this first meeting, the trustees did little but grow 
 
58 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 more enthusiastic concerning the advantages of education. 
 Their uncultivated lands gave them no money with which 
 either to buy a schoolhouse or to pay teachers. Two 
 years later, however, the seminary was opened at the 
 home of the chairman, near Danville, and, in 1788, it was 
 removed to Lexington. Before long, theological differ- 
 ences arose in the school, and, in 1796, the Presbyterians 
 withdrew their support and established Kentucky Acad- 
 emy, at Pisgah. But in 1798 all disagreements were 
 adjusted, and the rival institutions were united at Lexing- 
 ton under the name "Transylvania University." 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Kentucky's unaided struggle during 
 the Revolution era. 
 
 Her important service to the nation. 
 
 Treaty of peace, November 30, 1782, 
 proclaimed in Kentucky the fol- 
 lowing spring. 
 
 High class of immigrants. 
 
 Pioneers pass away. 
 
 New names appear in public affairs. 
 
 Kentucky District established, 1783. 
 
 Samuel McDowell and George Muter. 
 
 Judiciary appointments. 
 
 Floyd, Daniel, and May murdered by 
 Indians. 
 
 Court opened at Harrodsburg. 
 Removed to Crow's Station. 
 Danville founded. 
 Characteristics of Danville. 
 Prosperity in the District. 
 Brodhead's store. 
 Louisville's flourishing condition 
 Early merrymakings. 
 Wilkinson's arrival in Kentucky. 
 Lexington's substantial position. 
 John Filson comes to Kentucky. 
 Filson's first history of the region. 
 Transylvania Seminary established 
 Becomes Transylvania University. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 BEGINNING OF THE STRUGGLE, 1 784-1 786 
 
 The security of the Kentuckians was beginning to be 
 disturbed. The country which the Americans wrested 
 from Great Britain consisted of the Atlantic Military 
 States, extending from Canada to the thirty- g^^f^j^^^gf 
 first degree of latitude, and Kentucky and the 
 Illinois country, which the pioneers had won. Off in the 
 Northwest, — far away then, but now at the very threshold 
 of that vast region, which has become thickly settled, — at 
 and about Detroit, the British still held the military sta- 
 tions which they had gained from the French. In their 
 treaty of peace with the United States the British had 
 promised to surrender these posts ; but, because of cer- 
 tain complications, they now refused to comply with their 
 agreement. 
 
 When the news of this fact reached Kentucky, great 
 fears of Indian hostilities were felt. We have learned that 
 the Indians had been instigated to attacks Indian 
 upon the Kentuckians by the British. If the hostilities 
 
 ^ -' anticipated 
 
 British still held stations in America, then the 
 Indians would still be urged to warfare. Virginia was far 
 away from Kentucky — too far to send her assistance in 
 time of trouble. But as Kentucky was not independent, 
 no military expedition could be undertaken beyond the 
 borders of the District unless so ordered by the Virginia 
 
 59 
 
6o THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 government. The question of asking for separation from 
 Virginia was continually discussed. 
 
 The Congress of the Confederation of States did not 
 advise any attempt to exterminate the Indians; but rec- 
 causes of In- ommended a peaceful course of action toward 
 dian hostilities ^^i^^^ -p^ ^-j^^jg q^^^ commissioners were ap- 
 pointed to treat with the various tribes to induce them to 
 recognize the authority of the victorious States. But cer- 
 tain Indians on the east of the Miami River, who had been 
 induced against their will to enter into a treaty, still re- 
 tained their animosity toward the Kentuckians ; and certain 
 others farther to the west, who had never entered into 
 any treaty, were likewise inflamed at the thought of the 
 Americans possessing their lands. Furthermore, law- 
 less men in Kentucky, who believed there could be no 
 good in any Indian and that it was never wqW to let 
 one live, would sometimes kill those that were harmless. 
 The revengeful savages retaliated by murden-ing innocent 
 white men. 
 
 Information came to Colonel Benjamin Logan that a 
 serious invasion by the Cherokees might be expected. 
 Meeting of mil- General Clark had been retired. Colonel 
 itary officers Logan was now the ranking officer of Ken- 
 tucky. Accordingly, in November, 1784, he called, at 
 Danville, an informal meeting of the military officers of 
 the District, to consider the manner of resisting the an- 
 ticipated attack. This meeting agreed that the Kentucki- 
 ans must passively await the inroads of the savages, as 
 they had no authority among themselves to order an expe- 
 dition into the Indian country in order to repel the inva- 
 sion. Therefore it was resolved that it would be wise to 
 call for the election of one delegate from each of the 
 militia companies in the District, who should meet in con- 
 
BEGINNING OF THE STRUGGLE 
 
 6i 
 
 independence 
 
 vention to consider the subject of seeking independence 
 from Virginia. 
 
 As there was no printing press in Kentucky, a circular 
 address setting forth the facts was many times copied and 
 distributed among the people. We can picture the Ken- 
 tuckians, chafing under a sense of restraint as they alertly 
 listened for the war whoop of the Indians. 
 
 At Danville, on December 27, 1784, the first convention 
 for separation met, and decided by a large majority that 
 the dano:ers to which the District was subject ^. 
 
 ^ •'■ First conven- 
 
 could be remedied only by its becoming an tionfor 
 independent State. But the subject as it pre- 
 sented itself to the people at that time was one of grave 
 importance. It demanded calm, deliberate action. There- 
 fore a second convention was called for May 23, 1785. 
 
 The second convention duly assembled at Danville and 
 elected Judge Samuel McDowell president, and Thomas 
 Todd secretary. The matter 
 was again presented and con- 
 sidered with the most earnest 
 deliberation, and it was again 
 decided that sepa- 
 ration was neces- 
 sary. A petition 
 to the Virginia Assembly was 
 prepared as well as an address 
 to the people of the District. 
 The former was calm, the 
 latter inflaming in tone. It 
 was written by General James 
 Wilkinson ; he was not a member of the convention, but 
 .'lis brilliant, florid style had won him the admiration of the 
 Kentuckians. The convention had full power to apply 
 
 Second conven 
 tion for inde- 
 pendence 
 
 Samuel McDowell 
 
62 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 immediately to Virginia for action in the matter ; but with 
 surprising caution it forbore to do this, and, in order that 
 the will of the people might be known positively, called 
 for a third convention to ratify what had already been done. 
 
 Kentuckians, when they act individually, are generally im- 
 pulsive, often hot-tempered and rash in their deeds; when 
 Prudence of the they act in Concert, they are deliberate, prudent, 
 Kentuckians ^^^ ^jg^ ^^ their decisions. They are people 
 of intellect. The individual standing alone acts from 
 emotion before he has had time to think. The individual 
 as a part of a body of men cannot act on his own impulse. 
 Thus opportunity is gained for reason to assert itself and 
 to assume control. This fact should be borne in mind ; the 
 truth of it will be proved as we continue. 
 
 The third convention assembled in August, 1785, and 
 elected the same president and secretary that had served 
 Third conven- i^ the former conventions, — Samuel McDowell 
 ^^°" and Thomas Todd. They were reelected at 
 
 each succeeding convention. Wilkinson managed to have 
 himself elected a member, and now began his scheming, 
 dazzling career in Kentucky. The calm petition to the 
 Virginia Assembly was discarded for one he prepared, 
 "which was less a petition than a demand." The chief 
 justice of the District, George Muter, and the attorney- 
 general, Hary Innes, were appointed to present this peti- 
 tion to the Virginia Assembly. 
 
 In spite of the tone of the petition, the State of Vir- 
 ginia passed an act setting forth the conditions upon which 
 First act of the Separation might take place. They were 
 separation ^g follows: Delegates were to be elected to a 
 
 fourth convention, which should meet in Danville, Septem- 
 ber, 1786, to determine whether it was the will of the 
 people of the District to be erected into an independent 
 
BEGINNING OF THE STRUGGLE 63 
 
 State. If such were their will, they were to fix upon a date 
 later than September i, 1787, when the authority of Vir- 
 ginia should forever cease. But this was to take place 
 provided "that prior to the ist day of June, 1787, the 
 United States in Congress assembled shall consent to the 
 erection of the said District into an independent State, and 
 shall agree that the new State shall be admitted into the 
 Federal Union." 
 
 The majority of Kentuckians regarded this act of 
 the Virginia Assembly as reasonable, and submissively 
 bore the delay in the longed-for separation, court and 
 But there were others who received it with country parties 
 opposition, and in whom it caused the greatest irritation. 
 Of these Wilkinson was the recognized leader. The 
 party he represented was called the Court party, on 
 account of the official position of its members. Wilkinson 
 now offered himself as a candidate for delegate from 
 Fayette County to the fourth convention. Humphrey 
 Marshall, a representative of the opposite faction, which 
 was called the Country party, was the contending candi- 
 date. 
 
 Great excitement prevailed in this county. The elec- 
 tions were not then conducted as rapidly as they are 
 to-day, — they lasted five days. On the first day, Wilkin- 
 son was put forward by his friends to speak to the people. 
 He urged them to disregard the act of Virginia and to 
 declare themselves independent at once. Marshall an- 
 swered him in a sensible, logical speech. Wilkinson's 
 speech was, as usual, showy and oratorical. The election 
 closed, and Wilkinson was found to have obtained the 
 larger number of votes. 
 
 The great dreaded Indian invasion did not take place ; 
 but serious distress was caused throughout the District by 
 
64 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 petty depreciations of small parties of Indians. The Ken- 
 tuckians complained to Virginia, and Virginia petitioned 
 Self-protection Congress to raise troops to protect this frontier 
 authorized region. But at the time about which we are 
 studying, the Congress of the Confederation of States was 
 not so powerful a body as the Congress of to-day. It 
 could do little more than recommend certain measures to 
 
 
 Indian Depredations. 
 
 the different States ; it had no ability to cause them to be 
 carried out. However, Congress granted the Kentuckians 
 the privilege of protecting themselves. 
 
 In accordance with this permission, early in September, 
 Expeditions ^7^^^ more than one thousand troops collected 
 at Clarkesville (opposite Louisville), with the 
 intention of attacking the Wabash Indians liv- 
 ing in the present State of Indiana. They were organ- 
 
 of Clark and 
 Logan 
 
BEGINNING OF THE STRUGGLE 
 
 65 
 
 izcd under General George Rogers Clark. Colonel Benja- 
 min Logan was sent back to Kentucky to raise volunteers 
 for an expedition against the Shawnee Indians living in 
 the present State of Ohio. Logan quickly secured four or 
 five hundred men. With this force he proceeded to the 
 Indian towns on the Mad River, burned them to the ground, 
 and took seventy or eighty prisoners. He returned in 
 twenty days, after a successful expedition. Unfortunately, 
 General Clark's expedition proved fruitless. The provi- 
 sions were delayed on their way to Vincennes, where his 
 troops were stationed. Insubordination took place. The 
 great general had lost control over the men who served 
 under him, and many of them deserted. 
 
 When the time came for the fourth convention to as- 
 semble, so many of the delegates were absent with Clark 
 and Logan that a quorum 
 could not be obtained. 
 Those who were at home, 
 however, met every day, and 
 adjourned until the following 
 Postponement January, when 
 of separation ^j^e ncccssary 
 
 number were present. The 
 
 condition required by the 
 
 Virginia Assembly for the 
 
 separation was that prior to 
 
 the first day of June, 1787, 
 
 the Congress of the United 
 
 States should have agreed 
 
 to admit the new State into 
 
 the Federal Union. It was now too short a time, in 
 
 those days of slow travel, for the Kentuckians to take 
 
 the necessary steps toward this end. Therefore, they 
 
 KENT. HIST. — 5 
 
 John Marshall 
 
ee THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 petitioned the Virginia Assembly to alter that clause in 
 the act. Their petition was presented by John Marshall 
 (afterward the great chief justice), who strongly urged his 
 request. But the Assembly did not see fit to grant it. 
 Consequently, another act was passed which fixed the time 
 for the separation to take place as January i, 1789, instead 
 of September i, 1787. 
 
 John Marshall's letter bearing this fact reached Danville 
 while the convention was still assembled. It is needless 
 Result of the ^o describe the disappointment it brought the 
 disappointment Kcntuckians. Virginia had acted as seemed 
 to her right ; but we can well understand how her long 
 postponement of the separation might have appeared to 
 restless men, impatient of delay, like indifference to 
 their sufferings. Throughout the District, there was a 
 growing resentment towards Virginia. This was inflamed 
 by certain ambitious politicians, notably by General Wil- 
 kinson. But in spite of the passions of some, reason and 
 dignity controlled the meeting, and it adjourned submissive 
 to the act of Virginia. Another convention had been 
 ordered for the following September. 
 
 Shortly after this, another incident occurred which led 
 to further distrust of Virginia's good feeling toward Ken- 
 virginia tucky : A man was killed by Indians in 
 
 misunderstood Lincoln County. Benjamin Logan, the com- 
 mandant of that county, was absent ; but his brother 
 quickly raised a company and pursued the murderers into 
 Tennessee. The Indians were overtaken, several of them 
 were slain, and the horses they had stolen were captured. 
 On pushed the victorious Logan and his men, like heroes 
 of the Round Table, seeking further adventures. They 
 discovered the trail of another band of Indians, came upon 
 them, killed seven, and captured their horses and game. 
 
BEGINNING OF THE STRUGGLE 
 
 67 
 
 Now it happened that these latter were peaceable tribes 
 living under a treaty with the United States. Intense 
 wrath consequently prevailed among the Indians. They 
 complained to the governor of Virginia, and he directed 
 the attorney-general of the District, Hary Innes, to take 
 the necessary steps **to prevent and punish, if possible, 
 all unjust violences." As this very reasonable direction 
 was many times repeated it became exaggerated. Thus it 
 came about that numbers of people in the District hon- 
 estly believed that Virginia had commanded them not to 
 protect themselves from the barbarities of the Indians. 
 The Kentuckians were now about to enter upon a trial 
 that would reveal their character. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Treaty of peace not fulfilled. 
 
 Military posts in the Northwest still 
 held by Great Britain. 
 
 Fears of Indian sieges felt in Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 The Indians are aided by the British. 
 
 Kentucky's dependent position. 
 
 Separation from Virginia discussed. 
 
 Miami and other Indians are hostile. 
 
 Lawless Kentuckians cause trouble. 
 
 Great Indian invasion dreaded. 
 
 Colonel Logan's called meeting of 
 military officers. 
 
 They order an election of delegates 
 to a convention. 
 
 First convention meets at Danville. 
 
 Considers separation from Virginia 
 desirable. 
 
 Another convention called. 
 
 .Second convention considers separa- 
 tion necessary, and prepares a pe- 
 tition to the Virginia Assembly. 
 
 Wilkinson prepares the address to the 
 people. 
 
 The convention shows rare cau- 
 tion. 
 
 Character of Kentuckians. 
 
 A third convention held. 
 
 Virginia passes the first act for sepa- 
 ration. 
 
 The act not satisfactory to many 
 Kentuckians. 
 
 Court and Country parties. 
 
 Wilkinson advocates illegal separa- 
 tion. 
 
 Congress allows Kentucky to protect 
 herself from Indian inroads. 
 
 Clark's expedition unsuccessful; Lo- 
 gan's successful. 
 
 Fourth convention set for Septemr 
 ber, 1786. 
 
 No quorum obtained. 
 
 Meets and adjourns every day until 
 January. 
 
68 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 Too late then to, comply with the 
 
 conditions of the act. 
 Virginia petitioned to alter the act. 
 She refuses, but passes another act. 
 John Marshall informs the convention 
 
 of this fact. 
 Kentuckians grievously disappointed. 
 Some resent Virginia's course toward 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 The convention submits. 
 
 John Logan's expedition causes trou- 
 ble. 
 
 Virginia forbids all unjust violences 
 towards Indians. 
 
 Virginia's action is misunderstood i)y 
 many. 
 
 Her good feeling toward Kentucky is 
 momentarily doubted. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE SPANISH CONSPIRACY, 1 786-1 788 
 
 The southern territory of the United States extended to 
 the 31st degree of latitude. Below this line the Spanish 
 still held the dominion they had exercised since the dis- 
 covery of the continent. In 15 13, Ponce de Spanish 
 Leon landed on the southeastern coast, and •^o'^^^^o^s 
 claimed in the name of the Spanish king a region of in- 
 definite extent, to which he gave the name of Florida. 
 Here he planted a short-lived colony, composed of men 
 who had come to drink of the fabulous fountain of immor- 
 tal youth. Through this region the intrepid and ambitious 
 De Soto had led his deluded followers in their hopeless 
 search for gold, only to find his grave in the Mississippi 
 River. Here the Huguenots had sought refuge from 
 religious persecutions in France, and here Menendez had 
 established the first permanent Spanish colony at St. 
 Augustine, in 1565, years before the English had settled 
 at Jamestown or the Pilgrim Fathers had landed at Ply- 
 mouth. It was a land of warmth and beauty, of luxuriant 
 vegetation, of stagnating civilization. Soon the vigorous 
 Americans were to drive out their weaker neighbors, but 
 not before the Spanish king had made an adroit effort 
 to hold and increase his dominions in the New World. 
 
 Spanish possessions lay on both sides of the Missis- 
 sippi River. The United States demanded the right to 
 
 69 
 
70 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 navigate that river. Spain refused to concede this privi- 
 lege. John Jay, of New York, secretary for foreign 
 Jay's affairs, was most anxious to conclude a treaty 
 
 proposition ^j^j^ Spain. Furthermore, he was ignorant of 
 the great growth of the Western Country, as Kentucky and 
 the neighboring region was then called. 
 In the summer of 1786, he went before 
 Congress and proposed a "project" 
 which he hoped would bring about the 
 desired treaty. It was this : that the 
 United States should agree to forbear 
 to navigate the Mississippi below the 
 southern boundary for twenty or thirty 
 years. To this, the seven northern 
 John Jay Statcs votcd in the affirmative, the six 
 
 southern States, in the negative ; and 
 Virginia immediately passed resolutions in opposition to 
 the proposition. It required the concurrence of nine 
 States to carry such a motion. Nevertheless, Mr. Jay, 
 acting upon the decision of the majority, made his proposi- 
 tion toGardoqui, the Spanish minister; but it was rejected 
 with scorn. 
 
 These transactions took place in far-away New York. 
 There were only a few citizens in Kentucky who knew of 
 them shortly after their occurrence. Most of 
 receptio^/of the the people were in ignorance of the truth con- 
 TnTess cerning them. Th'e action of Congress was 
 
 misrepresented. Already Wilkinson had done 
 much to inflame the people against the Federal govern- 
 ment. Excitement in the District was rising to a high 
 degree. There was no other way of transportation except 
 by water. Kentucky's present and future prosperity 
 seemed to depend upon her being able to carry her 
 
THE SPANISH CONSPIRACY 7 1 
 
 products on the Ohio River into the Mississippi, and thus 
 to the markets of the world. It was a subject of vital 
 importance. A meeting of citizens was held at Danville 
 in May, 1787, to discuss the navigation question. 
 
 In the early summer, Wilkinson gathered together all 
 the tobacco and other products he could buy, and went to 
 New Orleans, ostensibly on a trading expedi- The Spanish 
 dition. His real object, however, was to offer ^'^^^p^''^^^^ 
 his services to Spain in order to restore his now reduced 
 fortune. If he failed in this effort, his intention was to 
 turn to England for the same purpose. At New Orleans, 
 an order was given to seize his cargo; but the cunning 
 general sought an interview with Miro, the Spanish gov- 
 ernor of the province. He explained his visit. Then he 
 was treated with the utmost courtesy. He was allowed to 
 sell his goods, for which a high price was paid ; and per- 
 mission was granted to him to ship goods to New Orleans 
 for sale. 
 
 The evidence g6es to prove that then and there Wilkin- 
 son sold himself to Spain. ^ He bound himself to use all 
 the influence in his power (and that influence was great) 
 "to obtain the separation of Kentucky from the United 
 States, and then to deliver the District thus separated into 
 the hands of his Majesty the King of Spain, to become a 
 province of that power." All privileges of trade were 
 granted to Wilkinson, in order that he might prove to the 
 people of Kentucky the advantages they would obtain by 
 becoming Spanish subjects. A large sum of money was 
 now advanced to him, and in the following February he 
 returned to Lexington, to display the success of his trading 
 venture, in a carriage drawn by four horses, and accom- 
 
 * The Spanish Conspiracy. By Thomas Marshall Green. 
 
7^ 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 panied by slaves as attendants. He gave brilliant balls, 
 and the young people danced and praised the gallant host ; 
 
 • ^Z'' '^^■^:^l-,V^ sfe-^*^/-S* ,^^^f ■ ■ 
 
 
 
 ■^^M^'^wm^^ 
 
 
 Wilkinson's Return to Lexington 
 
 he gave fine dinners, and in the midst of the good cheer 
 and flashing conversation the older men applauded the cap- 
 tivating politician. 
 
 In the meantime, a most notable undertaking had been 
 accomplished. On the i8th day of August, 1787, John and 
 TheKentucke Fielding Bradford issued at Lexington the first 
 Gazette newspaper published in Kentucky, and the sec- 
 
 ond west of the Alleghanies, to which they gave the name 
 Keiitncke Gazette. Accustomed as we are to a multiplicity of 
 journals containing a wide range of information, it is hard for 
 us to realize the general satisfaction and rejoicing occasioned 
 by the appearance of this meager, quaint little sheet, still 
 reverently preserved in the public library at Lexington. 
 
THE SPANISH CONSPIRACY 
 
 73 
 
 The fifth con 
 vention 
 
 During Wilkinson's absence, the fifth convention assem- 
 bled, September 17, 1787. It held a quiet session, and ad- 
 journed submissive to the act of Virginia, after having pre- 
 pared a petition to Congress, 
 in which the 31st of Decem- 
 ber, 1788, was fixed upon as 
 the time when the authority of 
 Virginia over Kentucky should 
 
 terminate. The 
 
 people of the Dis- 
 trict were now informed of 
 the proceedings of the con- 
 vention through the columns 
 of the Gazette. 
 
 John Brown was COmmis- Early printing Press 
 
 sioned to present to Congress Kentucky's application 
 for admission into the Confederation of States, by which 
 name the thirteen original colonies were at 
 first called. John Brown,^ the son of a Pres- 
 byterian clergyman of Augusta County, Virginia, had 
 come to Kentucky in 1783, the year which brought 
 over so many men who acted important parts in the 
 public affairs of the period. He had been a member 
 from the District in the Virginia Senate, and was 
 now going to take his seat in Congress, to which 
 he had just been appointed. Unfortunately, no quorum 
 in Congress was obtained until late in January, 1788. 
 Kentucky's application was not presented until the 29th 
 of February. 
 
 From the opening of Congress the absorbing interest had 
 been the question of the adoption of the new Federal consti- 
 
 John Brown 
 
 ^ The Political Beginnings of Kentucky. By John Mason Brown. 
 
74 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 tution, which had recently been prepared and offered to the 
 Constitution several States to be voted upon. It was a topic 
 adopted of deep importance. If this constitution were 
 
 adopted, — its supporters wisely foresaw, — a new, strong 
 Union would be established in place of the old, weak 
 Confederation then existing. No attention was paid to 
 Kentucky's application until the end of May. While 
 Congress was slowly considering this all-important matter 
 for Kentucky, news was received that New Hampshire 
 had voted in favor of the constitution. Nine States — 
 enough to cause its adoption — were now secured, and 
 Virginia was soon to add her ratification. Of the Ken- 
 tucky delegates in the Virginia Assembly only three voted 
 in the affirmative. They were Robert Breckinridge, Rice 
 Bullock, and Humphrey Marshall. 
 
 In Kentucky the new constitution did not meet with 
 hearty acceptance. This fact was due to a misapprehen- 
 The Political ^ion of the situation. The people were afraid 
 ^^^^ that if a stronger central government were es- 
 
 tablished, their right to the navigation of the Mississippi 
 would be bartered away in order to secure a treaty with 
 Spain. The different points contained in it were freely 
 discussed, night after night, at the meetings of the Politi- 
 cal Club, an organization that was founded in Danville 
 in 1786, and existed until 1790. Many of the prominent 
 citizens of the neighborhood were members of the club, 
 and matters of vital interest to the District were considered 
 by them with an ability that proves the Kentuckians of 
 that time to have been a remarkable people. The minutes 
 of the club, which were carefully preserved by the secre- 
 tary, Thomas Speed, have recently been published. 
 
 ^ The Political Club. By Thomas .Speed. Eilsun Club Publication No. 9. 
 
THE SPANISH CONSPIRACY 75 
 
 As the new constitution was now adopted, the Congress 
 of the old Confederation, then in session, resolved that it 
 had no authority to act upon the application ^ 
 of Kentucky. It was therefore referred to the fenedtonew 
 consideration of the new government. The 
 resolutions were conveyed to the sixth convention, assem- 
 bled at Danville, July 28, 1788. About the same time, a 
 letter was received by Judge Samuel McDowell, the presi- 
 dent of the convention, from John Brown, the congress- 
 man, which contained information concerning the act of 
 Congress, and also an account of an interview Brown had 
 had with Gardoqui, the Spanish minister. In this conver- 
 sation the Spaniard had " stated that if the people of 
 Kentucky would erect themselves into an independent 
 State and appoint a proper person to negotiate with him, 
 he had authority for that purpose, and would enter into 
 an arrangement with them for the exportation of their 
 produce to New Orleans on terms of mutual advantage." 
 
 It is not surprising that the acts of Congress created the 
 utmost disappointment in Kentucky, after the tedious, now 
 useless efforts which had been made to obtain Three classes 
 independence. They did more, — they height- 1° Kentucky 
 ened the resentment of some of the people, and increased 
 their doubt of the good disposition of the central govern- 
 ment toward them. The northern States had been indif- 
 ferent to the welfare of the Western Country, and there 
 were many disinterested though unwise men in Kentucky, 
 who were exasperated at the slow action of Congress in 
 their affairs. Recognizing the necessity of the District's 
 becoming an independent State, and the value of the per- 
 mission to navigate the Mississippi River, they were will- 
 ing to resort to revolutionary means in order to obtain 
 these advantages. But there were others who had no 
 
J^i THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 thought of the good of the community, and acted solely 
 from selfish interest. Whatever conflicting views may be 
 held regarding the motives of some during this most con- 
 fusing period, there can be no doubt of the falsity of Wil- 
 kinson and Sebastian, — they are self-convicted. There 
 was another class, to whom too much honor cannot be 
 given, — those who in the midst of the excited passions of 
 the time remained loyal to the government of the United 
 States. The two former classes belonged to the Court 
 party ; the latter, to the Country party. 
 
 Still that controlling spirit of wise moderation (which 
 
 has been pointed out in the second chapter of this period) 
 
 held the convention back from any rash act. 
 
 Temper of the •> 
 
 sixth conven- However, as an outgrowth of the prevailing 
 excitement, it called for the election of dele- 
 gates to a seventh convention, who should be empowered 
 " to do and accomplish whatever, on a consideration of 
 the state of the District, may in their opinion promote its 
 interest." Now was Wilkinson's opportunity to lead the 
 people to believe that it would " promote their interests " 
 to become Spanish subjects; but like all schemers he 
 worked slyly, never openly. 
 
 Before the election of delegates to the seventh conven- 
 tion, George Muter, chief justice of the District, published 
 Judge Muter's ii^ the Gazette 'd.xv address to the people. He 
 address proved that they had no authority to act for 
 
 themselves independently of Virginia, and that by so doing 
 they would be guilty of treason. He pointed out the evi- 
 dent meaning of the resolution of the late convention. He 
 showed that it clearly gave to the delegates of the next 
 convention power to treat with Spain to obtain the naviga- 
 tion of the Mississippi. He proved that such action would 
 be contrary to the Federal constitution, and he therefore 
 
THE SPANISH CONSPIRACY 77 
 
 suggested to the people of Fayette County that they should 
 instruct their next delegates not to agree to frame a con- 
 stitution and form of government without .first obtaining 
 the consent of the Virginia legislature and not to make 
 any application for the navigation of the Mississippi other 
 than to the legislature of Virginia or to the Congress of 
 the United States. 
 
 This had the desired effect. The contest in the other 
 counties was quiet ; but in Fayette it was attended by great 
 excitement. As usual, the election lasted five The Fayette 
 days. It became evident that the Country election 
 party was going to be completely victorious. The ever 
 adroit Wilkinson, one of the candidates of the Court party, 
 perceived the situation, and promptly announced that he 
 would be guided in voting in the convention by the wishes 
 of his constituents. This promise and his great popularity 
 secured his election, while his associates were defeated. 
 The other four delegates chosen were John Allen, Colonel 
 Joseph Crockett, Colonel Thomas Marshall, and Judge 
 Muter. 
 
 The seventh convention assembled November 4, 1788. 
 The most vital question in the life of Kentucky was about 
 to be decided : whether she should determine seventh 
 to submit to the recent act of Congress and convention 
 take the necessary legal steps to obtain her separation 
 from Virginia and admittance into the Union, or whether 
 she should determine to separate herself illegally from 
 Virginia and erect herself into an independent State. If 
 the latter course were followed, the Spanish government 
 had a good chance to obtain control of Kentucky. 
 
 The forces in the convention were drawn up against 
 each other. Let it not be supposed, however, that all 
 those who favored violent separation from Virginia knew 
 
78 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 of, or sympathized with, Wilkinson's scheme to make 
 Kentucky a Spanish province. At the outset a discussion 
 arose as to the power which the convention possessed. 
 The Court party contended that it had all power necessary 
 to frame a constitution, to declare the District independent, 
 etc. The Country party, on the contrary, strongly opposed 
 every argument of this nature. 
 
 Upon the day following this discussion Wilkinson made 
 a speech before the convention. He dwelt feelingly upon 
 Wilkinson's the dangers of Indian hostilities, and described 
 speech brilliantly the advantages of the navigation of 
 
 the Mississippi River, and pointed out the inability of Con- 
 gress to obtain for Kentucky this benefit. He openly 
 advocated the violent separation of Kentucky from Vir- 
 ginia ; but he only hinted at his real scheme, — to deliver 
 Kentucky when thus separated into the hands of the 
 Spanish government. And all the while he watched the 
 faces of his hearers to see what effect his adroit sugges- 
 tions would have upon them. If he discovered satisfac- 
 tion on their countenances, he would go further and declare 
 his plan ; if he discovered disapproval, he had not com- 
 mitted himself in words, and he could yet retreat. 
 
 The majority of the convention were not only indisposed 
 to listen to any overtures from Spain, but they were de- 
 Loyaityofthe cidedly loyal to the government of the United 
 convention States, and opposed to an illegal separation 
 from Virginia. Wilkinson misunderstood the Kentuckians. 
 They applauded his showy oratory, but they were independ- 
 ent in action and stanch in principle. They were thor- 
 oughly aroused to an appreciation of the dangers which 
 might arise from their dependent position, and of the fatal 
 results of the Mississippi being closed to them. And yet 
 they nobly resisted the temptation of benefits offered to 
 
THE SPANISH CONSPIRACY 79 
 
 them by Spain, and remained loyal to the country for 
 which they had fought, and had been ready to give their 
 lives. 
 
 In the revulsion of feeling created by the sentiments 
 thus boldly advocated by Wilkinson a resolution, offered 
 by John Edwards and seconded by Thomas Turning point 
 Marshall, was agreed to, which proved to be ^^ *^® contest 
 the turning point in the contest. The resolution provided 
 for the appointment of " a committee to draw up a decent 
 and respectful address to the people of Virginia, for ob- 
 taining the independence of the District of Kentucky 
 agreeable to the late resolutions and recommendations of 
 Congress." 
 
 But even after this decisive indication of the loyal feel- 
 ing of the convention had been given, other efforts were 
 made by the opposite faction to carry their 
 object. Before the ''decent and respectful" of the court 
 address was accepted, Wilkinson offered a 
 resolution that a committee be appointed to draft an ad- 
 dress to the good people of the District urging them to 
 furnish the convention at its next session with instruction 
 how to proceed in this important subject of an independent 
 government. 
 
 This resolution was adopted, greatly to the fears of the 
 party opposing illegal separation. Whereupon, Colonel 
 Crockett, lately an officer of the Revolution patriotism 
 and a stanch adherent of the Union, left the triumphs 
 convention and hastened to Fayette County. He returned 
 in two days, having obtained the signatures of several 
 hundred citizens who were opposed to an illegal separa- 
 tion. Wilkinson, who had given his promise to be guided 
 by the will of his constituents, was obliged to submit. 
 Patriotism carried the day. The address to the Virginia 
 
8o 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 Assembly was accepted, and the convention adjourned to 
 meet again the following July. 
 
 This was the crisis in the life of Kentucky. It has been 
 
 dwelt upon thus at length because no other event in her 
 
 history so clearly reveals the character of the 
 
 Loyalty ■' ■' 
 
 characteristic people. Let every one who studies this subject 
 en uc y jg^j-j^ <(^^'^ \^^ |-]^g midst of high excitement the 
 Kentuckians acted deliberately and soberly ; in the midst 
 of strong temptations they acted wisely and patriotically. 
 Let him also learn that in Kentucky every individual has 
 weight. Although Wilkinson did not abandon his scheme 
 to separate Kentucky from the United States, and although 
 his friend, Sebastian, after this received a pension from 
 Spain for his efforts in that work, yet there was no further 
 danger that Kentucky would become disloyal to the Union. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Spanish possessions in America. 
 
 Spain desires to hold the region. 
 
 Owns both sides of the Mississippi 
 below the 31st degree of latitude. 
 
 Refuses navigation to the Ameri- 
 cans. 
 
 " Jay's project." 
 
 Action of Congress on the subject 
 misunderstood. 
 
 The navigation necessary to Ken- 
 tucky's prosperity. 
 
 Excitement in the District. 
 
 Meeting of citizens at Danville. 
 
 Wilkinson goes to New Orleans. 
 
 Allies himself with Spain. 
 
 Right of trade, etc., granted him. 
 
 He returns in state to impress the 
 people. 
 
 Kentucke Gazette established. 
 
 Fifth convention holds a quiet session. 
 
 Fixes the time for separation. 
 
 Proceedings published in the Gazette. 
 
 John Brown, congressman of the Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 He presents Kentucky's petition. 
 
 Congress is absorbed in other mat- 
 ters. 
 
 Pays no attention to the petition. 
 
 New P^deral constitution adopted. 
 
 The petition is brought before the 
 old Congress. 
 
 Is referred to the new Congress. 
 
 The sixth convention is informed of 
 this fact. 
 
 Brown's letter to McDowell, 
 
 Gardoqui's proposition to Kentucky. 
 
 Kentucky distracted because of her 
 situation. 
 
 Two classes in the Court party. 
 
 The Country party loyal. 
 
THE SPANISH CONSriRACY 
 
 8i 
 
 Wilkinson an<l Sebastian. 
 The convention moderate in action. 
 Dangerous resolutions are adopted. 
 Muter's card points out the meaning 
 
 of the resolutions. 
 Effect upon the election in Fayette 
 
 County. 
 Wilkinson's promise and election. 
 The vital question before the seventh 
 
 convention. 
 Illegal separation advocated. 
 KENT. HIST. — 6 
 
 Wilkinson's adroit speech. 
 
 Convention opposed to his sugges- 
 tions. 
 
 Contrary resolutions carried. 
 
 Wilkinson's further effort. 
 
 Crockett's petition from Fayette 
 County. 
 
 Wilkinson obliged to submit. 
 
 Victory of the loyal party. 
 
 Kentucky's sober conduct. 
 
 The people control. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE END OF THE STRUGGLE, 1788- 1792 
 
 Still the struggle for statehood was not ended. No- 
 where was there any official opposition to Kentucky's be- 
 statehood not coming an independent member of the Union, 
 yet attained neither within the District, in the Virginia 
 Assembly, nor in the Congress of the United States. And 
 yet, by some strange enchantment, it seemed impossible to 
 accomplish the desired end. The fruitless conventions have 
 been compared to '* the card edifices of children which are 
 no sooner erected than, at a breath, they are destroyed." 
 
 No parallel occurs in history of such exasperating, need- 
 less delay in a worthy cause. The annals of history may 
 be searched in vain, also, to find a parallel to the patience 
 with which the high-spirited Kentuckians bore these trials, 
 and to the loyalty which they cherished toward the govern- 
 ment of their country. Kentucky's situation was isolated ; 
 .but the deep excitement which prevailed in the District 
 concerning the separation and the navigation of the Mis- 
 sissippi was known abroad. 
 
 In the autumn of 1788, Dr. John Connolly appeared in 
 Kentucky. He was the same Connolly for whom, in 1773, 
 British lands had been surveyed at the Falls of the 
 
 intrigue Ohio, where the city of Louisville now stands. 
 
 He announced that he came to look after these lands, of 
 which he had been deprived because he was a Tory. But in 
 reality he was a British agent. His mission was to induce 
 
 82 
 
THE END OF THE STRUGGLE 83 
 
 Kentucky to withdraw from the Union and to throw her- 
 self upon the protection of Great Britain, who would assist 
 her with troops, ammunition, etc., to take possession of 
 New Orleans, and thus to force the navigation of the 
 Mississippi from Spain by arms. 
 
 The fertile Kentucky country and the vast West con- 
 nected with it were objects of desire to foreign kingdoms. 
 Already it had been known to the people of the District 
 that Great Britain stood ready with open arms to receive 
 them. Connolly visited many prominent men in Louisville, 
 and then went to Fayette County, where he held an inter- 
 view with Colonel Thomas Marshall, a few days after the 
 exciting seventh convention (November, 1788). But 
 Marshall was strongly attached to the Federal government 
 and a friend of Washington, the President elect of the 
 United States. Dr. Connolly met with no encouragement, 
 and the British intrigue came to an end. 
 
 Still other acts were to be passed by the Virginia legisla- 
 ture, and further conventions held in Kentucky, before the 
 weary work of separation was over. The eighth other conven- 
 convention, which assembled July 20, 1789, ^^°°^ 
 objected to certain points in the third act of Virginia. A 
 fourth act was then passed. To this, the ninth conven- 
 tion, assembled July 26, 1790, agreed, and fixed the ist 
 day of June, 1792, as the date when the separation should 
 take place. This convention called for the election of 
 delegates to a tenth convention. 
 
 Other acts regarding Kentucky were also passed by the 
 Virginia legislature about this time. One sixth part of 
 the surveyors' fees, formerly paid to William 
 and Mary College (Virginia), were ordered to the Virginia 
 be paid to Transylvania Seminary. Also the ^^^™ ^ 
 county of Woodford was established, the last of the nine 
 
84 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 formed while Kentucky was a District. They were in 
 order: Fayette, Jefferson, Lincoln, Nelson, Bourbon, 
 Mercer, Madison, Mason, and Woodford. 
 
 The last towns established during the colonial period 
 were Bardstown and Hopewell. The latter was settled 
 as Houston's Station, in 1776. In 1790, the name was 
 changed to Paris. To-day it is the thriving center of the 
 wealthy county of Bourbon. Many prominent men lived 
 in and about Bardstown in the early times. There, in the 
 cemetery, is the grave of poor John Fitch (bearing the 
 date of his death, 1798), whose name is so pathetically 
 connected with the invention of the steamboat. The town 
 and surrounding neighborhood were settled largely by 
 Maryland Catholics at the close of the Revolution. They 
 were people of culture, and they have held the region to 
 the present day, planting in it their institutions of learn- 
 ing and religion. Thither fled Trappist monks from 
 France, who founded the " Home of the Silent Brother- 
 hood." Near by the pious Sisters of Loretto dwell in 
 their convent of the Stricken Heart. 
 
 The Presbyterians in Kentucky have already been dwelt 
 upon. The Baptists entered Kentucky in the very begin- 
 Eariy religious ^^^S ^f its settlement. The Rev. William 
 denominations Hickman preached here as early as 1776; 
 but it was not until 1781 that there existed an organized 
 church. In September of that year, the Rev. Lewis 
 Craig, and most of his congregation, left Spottsylvania 
 County, Virginia, for Kentucky.^ As they traveled, they 
 stopped occasionally on the way to hold regular services. 
 Thus they entered the District as an organized church. 
 
 ' Other immigrants liaJ attached themselves to the expedition. There 
 were in all between five and six hundred. TAe Traveling Churchy by George 
 ^. Ranck. 
 
THE END OF THE STRUGGLE 
 
 85 
 
 The next in point of time were the Methodists, whose 
 evangelistic spirit early led them forth to preach the Gos- 
 pel in the new country. The Episcopalians had no church 
 until many years after the District had become a State. 
 That large and ever increasing denomination known under 
 the broad appellation the Christian church had not yet 
 taken its rise. 
 
 Again the depressing account of Indian depredations 
 must be continued. The people of the District had left 
 the protection of the 
 forts, and were now liv- 
 ing in separated homes. 
 The Indians no longer 
 came in large numbers, 
 but small parties would 
 fall upon and murder 
 Indian single indi- 
 
 depredations viduals, or 
 
 several traveling to- 
 gether. Men hunting 
 game for their families 
 were attacked. Men and 
 women calmly going to 
 church were killed or 
 
 captured. Tragedies Captured on the way to Church 
 
 upon the Ohio River were especially frequent. Boats 
 bearing travelers from, or settlers into, the District were 
 seized, and the occupants were subjected to the most cruel 
 tortures. Far and wide rang the cry of these distressing 
 facts. Complaints were made to the President of the 
 United States and to the secretary of war. In answer, 
 the President assured the people that measures for their 
 protection would be taken ; and the secretary of war 
 
^6 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 authorized the county lieutenants to call out scouts to 
 guard the frontier. 
 
 Kentucky Captives 
 
 At last the 
 government of the United 
 States had learned that 
 treaties with Indians were 
 of no avail, and that the only way to subdue them was to 
 carry war home to them in their own country. General 
 Harmar was now placed at the head of three hundred and 
 
THE END OF THE STRUGGLE 8/ 
 
 twenty regulars of the United States army. Soon a force 
 amounting to more than eleven hundred volunteers was 
 collected in Kentucky, under Colonel John Hardin. These 
 troops assembled at Fo"rt Washington (where Cincinnati now 
 stands), September 30, 1790, and marched to Harmar's 
 the towns of the Miami Indians. Harmar had ^®^®^^ 
 been an officer in the Revolution ; but he seems to have 
 lost his military ability upon this expedition. He might 
 have overawed and conquered the Indians by meeting 
 them with his whole body of troops. But instead of doing 
 this, twice he sent out small detachments, each time under 
 the command of Colonel Hardin, and each time these were 
 surprised and almost completely destroyed ; while not far 
 away, the larger portion of the army remained calmly in 
 camp. Harmar's defeat lost him his reputation, and made 
 the Indians exultant and consequently more murderous 
 toward the Kentuckians. 
 
 Between the years 1783 and 1790, about fifteen hundred 
 persons had been killed or taken captive within the Dis- 
 trict, or on their way to it. Further efforts Local Board of 
 were made to stop such tragedies. A local ^^^ 
 Board of War was appointed by Congress, which should 
 have charge of the protection of the District. The men 
 chosen for this position of trust were Colonel Isaac Shelby, 
 the man who had turned the tide at Point Pleasant, 
 and who had planned the scheme of attack which led to 
 the decisive victory at King's Mountain ; General Charles 
 Scott, also a tried officer of the Revolution ; Hary Innes, 
 formerly attorney-general of the District, now judge of the 
 Federal court ; Congressman John Brown ; and Benjamin 
 Logan, well known to us as a pioneer. 
 
 About this time General Arthur St. Clair, then governor 
 of the Northwestern Territory, was appointed commander 
 
88 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 in chief of the army of the Northwest. Another expe- 
 dition against the Miami Indians was planned. As a 
 preparation for this serious undertaking two g^ ciair's ap- 
 small, but successful, expeditions against the pointment 
 Wabash Indians were arranged by the local Board of 
 War, — the first under General Charles Scott, the second 
 led by Colonel James Wilkinson. Their object was to 
 subdue these Indians, so that they would not aid the 
 Miami tribes. General St. Clair's appointment was not 
 agreeable to the Kentuckians. While he was an honor- 
 able man and a brave officer, he was old and infirm, and 
 altogether unfitted for the projected campaign against the 
 most formidable of Indian confederations. No volunteers 
 offered in Kentucky. Therefore, one thousand unwilling 
 men were drafted and placed under the command of 
 Colonel William Oldham. Many of these deserted before 
 reaching their destination. 
 
 St. Clair was not aided by the government as he might 
 have been.^ By the day of the battle not more than four- 
 teen hundred men remained g^ ciair's de- 
 in his army. Of these only *®^* 
 a small portion were regulars. The rest 
 were dissatisfied, undisciplined troops, 
 with whom a very capable leader would 
 have found victory difficult. With St. 
 Clair defeat was inevitable. On the 3d 
 of November, 1791, the army was en- 
 Arthur St. Clair camped on the eastern fork of the 
 Wabash River. During the afternoon and evening, 
 Indians were discovered in the vicinity, and were fre- 
 quently shot at by the sentinels. St. Clair had been 
 
 1 Si. Clair's Defeat. By Hon. Theodore Roosevelt. Harper's Magazine, 
 February, 1896. 
 
THE END OF THE STRUGGLE 89 
 
 expressly warned by Washington against a surprise, and 
 yet he made no preparation for an attack. Consequently, 
 just after sunrise, the next morning, when the Indians 
 opened fire upon the army, there was the old story of a 
 surprise, with all the panic and slaughter which usually 
 follow. St. Clair and General Richard Butler, the second 
 in command, courageously tried to rally their men, but in 
 vain. The Indians were so hidden by the smoke of the 
 artillery of the whites that they could not be seen. They 
 seemed suddenly to spring out of the earth to shoot down 
 the foe, and then to disappear. Most of the officers 
 (among them, General Butler) were killed, and about two 
 thirds of the army. Then only one thought inspired the 
 rest, — every man made a mad rush to save his own life, 
 and the Indians followed in close pursuit. 
 
 The previous February, the Congress of the United 
 States had agreed to admit Kentucky into the Union as 
 an independent State, June i, 1792. Accord- constitutional 
 ingly, April 3, 1792, the tenth and last conven- convention 
 tion assembled at Danville, as usual, to form a constitution 
 for the new Commonwealth. The convention was com- 
 posed of five delegates from each of the nine counties then 
 existing. The majority of them were very able men ; many 
 of them had served repeatedly in former conventions. The 
 constitution was modeled after the recently launched Fed- 
 eral constitution. 
 
 The government was organized under three heads, — 
 legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative power 
 was vested in a General Assembly, consisting Features of the 
 of a Senate and a House of Representatives, constitution 
 The senators were chosen for four years by a college 
 of electors. The representatives were chosen for one 
 year, and were elected by the peo]:)le. The executive 
 
90 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDErENDENCE 
 
 power was vested in a governor, who was likewise chosen 
 for four years by the college of electors. The judicial 
 power was vested in a supreme court and inferior courts, 
 which the legislature might from time to time establish. 
 The judges of the supreme court and of the inferior courts 
 were nominated with the consent of the Senate, were ap- 
 pointed by the governor, and held office during good 
 behavior. Elections were made by ballot, and the right 
 of suffrage was granted to every free male white inhabi- 
 tant of the State, of the proper age, who had not been dis- 
 franchised by conviction of crime. Ministers were not 
 allowed to hold any legislative office. No point in the 
 document is more worthy of note than the fact that com- 
 merce in slaves was prohibited. While the provision was 
 made that the legislature could not emancipate slaves 
 without the consent of their owners, yet the power was 
 given to that body to force the owners of slaves to provide 
 properly for them, and to treat them with humanity. 
 
 '* Immediately after the adoption of the constitution. 
 Colonel Isaac Shelby was elected governor. In him the 
 
 State secured an admi- , 
 
 Isaac Shelby, 
 
 rable chief magistrate, the first 
 The people could not ^^^'^^^^^ 
 have chosen better. He was a 
 Marylander, who became, in his 
 early manhood, a citizen of what 
 is now Tennessee (then a part of 
 North Carolina). He did brilliant 
 service in the battle of Point 
 Pleasant, in October, 1 774. After- 
 wards, in North Carolina, he 
 played a most gallant part in small 
 expeditions, but especially in remedying the ruin that the 
 
 Isaac Shelby 
 
THE END OF THE STRUGGLE 
 
 91 
 
 defeat of Gates at Camden broiipjht iipcm the continental 
 cause. When others were appalled by the magnitude of 
 this disaster, Shelby seemed to awake to a full sense of 
 his really great military power. He saved a little army 
 he then commanded, and secured a large number of 
 prisoners in his hands by a swift mafch to the west into 
 the recesses of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Then, when 
 he had disposed of his captives, he turned upon the famous 
 
 Sis 
 
 
 
 
 Battle of King's Mountain 
 
 Ferguson, and by the well-conceived and admirably exe- 
 cuted move on King's Mountain, destroyed the force of 
 that able commander at a single blow. Although Shelby 
 was not in name the chief in this action, there is no reason 
 to doubt that the conception of the campaign and the 
 vigor of its execution were his alone. His also was the 
 scheme of attack which led to the battle of Cowpens. He 
 went to Kentucky in 1783, where he married and re 
 
92 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 
 
 mained, laking part in the early striip;j;les for emancipa- 
 tion from Virginia's control. As brave in action as he was 
 wise in council, his choice as the first governor was an 
 honor and a blessing to the young Commonwealth." ^ 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Statehood not yet attained. 
 
 The fact known abroad. 
 
 A British agent sent to Kentucky. 
 
 The bribe ready for Kentucky. 
 
 The intrigue disclosed to Colonel 
 
 Thomas Marshall. 
 The end of the intrigue. 
 Eighth convention rejects the third 
 
 act of Virginia. 
 Ninth convention agrees to the fourth 
 
 act. 
 Date for separation fixed. 
 Tenth convention called. 
 The counties of the colonial era. 
 Hopewell established. 
 Bardstown established. 
 Roman Catholic occupation. 
 Baptists in Kentucky. 
 "The Traveling Church." 
 The Methodists. 
 Other denominations. 
 Troubles from Indians again. 
 
 Treaties with Indians of no avail. 
 
 An expedition against the Miamis 
 planned. 
 
 Force sent from Kentucky. 
 
 Harmar's defeat. 
 
 Indians more belligerent than ever. 
 
 Local Board of War appointed. 
 
 St. Clair's appointment. 
 
 Dissatisfaction of Kentuckians. 
 
 Kentucky troops are drafted. 
 
 Expedition against the Miami Indians. 
 
 St. Clair's overwhelming defeat. 
 
 Kentucky admitted into the Union. 
 
 Tenth convention. 
 
 State constitution framed. 
 
 Resembles the Federal constitution. 
 
 Legislative, executive, and judicial 
 powers. 
 
 Commerce in slaves prohibited. 
 
 Isaac Shelby chosen governor. 
 
 His military and civil services and fit- 
 ness for the position. 
 
 ' The above quotation is taken from Professor Shaler's scholarly study 
 Kentucky in the American Commonwealth Series. 
 
HI — FOUNDING OF THE COMMON- 
 WEALTH, 1792-1850 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT, 1 792-1 796 
 
 The years of weary waiting were over at last, and the 
 government of the new Commonwealth was about to be 
 organized. On the morning of the 4th of Lexington the 
 June, 1792, the town of Lexington — ap- ^''* "^^^'^^^ 
 pointed to be the first capital of the State — was stirred 
 with eager anticipation. The day before, Isaac Shelby had 
 left his country place in Lincoln County and started on his 
 journey to assume the duties of governor. At Danville the 
 citizens poured forth to offer their congratulations in an ad- 
 dress which had been prepared for the occasion. On the 
 way, Shelby was met by a company of volunteer troops, 
 which had been sent out from Lexington to conduct him 
 into the capital. From various parts of the State, stran- 
 gers had come to witness the ceremonies of the inaugura- 
 tion. The people were all in the streets, arrayed in their 
 best attire. There was a generous mingling of broadcloth 
 costumes and buckskin, of imported silk and homespun 
 
 93 
 
94 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 As the procession neared the town, loud cheers arose, 
 which were somewhat drowned by the firing of a cannon, 
 The inaug- the cracking of rifles, and the beating of drums, 
 uration ^^ ^^^ corner of Main Street and Broadway 
 
 the governor was received with miUtary honors by the Lex- 
 
 Shelby's Inauguration 
 
 ington Light Infantry. There he alighted from his horse 
 to receive the address of welcome which was presented to 
 him by the chairman of the town Board of Trustees, 
 John Bradford, otherwise "Old Wisdom," who has already 
 been introduced to us as editor of the Ke)itiickc Gazette. 
 Courtly formality and homely simplicity met in the un- 
 
ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT 95 
 
 paved public square. The oath of office was adminis- 
 tered to the governor. Then, with the same stateliness and 
 military parade that had characterized the entire proceed- 
 ing, he was escorted to his chambers to rest at the Sheaf of 
 Wheat inn, while the enthusiasm of the citizens continued 
 and the bells of the town broke forth in joyous acclamation. 
 
 Later in the day, the governor sent his reply to the 
 address of welcome and, at the same time, announced his 
 appointments for secretary of state and attor- state 
 ney-general. James Brown, selected for the ^pp^^''*"^"*' 
 former ofThce, afterwards served repeatedly in the United 
 States Senate and ably filled the high position of minister 
 to France. George Nicholas, appointed to the latter office, 
 was one of the brilliant Virginians who had sought Ken- 
 tucky at the close of the Revolution. He was a truly 
 great lawyer. His career here was as successful as it was 
 short. He settled near Danville in 1788, and died in 
 Lexington in 1799. 
 
 The legislature assembled and chose the speakers of 
 the two houses, — Alexander Scott Bullitt, for the Senate, 
 and Robert Breckinridge, for the House of Legislature 
 Representatives. On the sixth day, the gover- assembles 
 nor met the legislature in person, after the ancient custom 
 of English kings which had been followed by the colonial 
 governors. He appeared at the door of the Senate cham- 
 ber of the first log statehouse, attended by his secretary 
 of state. The speaker of the Senate advanced to meet 
 him to conduct him to his seat. After a moment of 
 solemn silence, he arose, read an address to the two 
 Houses, and presented a manuscript copy to each of 
 the speakers, and then retired in an impressive manner. 
 The speaker of the House of Representatives and the 
 members thereof likewise retired to transact business in 
 
96 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 Ihcir own hall. The legislature elected two United States 
 senators, — ^ John Brown, who had already represented Ken- 
 tucky in the old Congress, and John Edwards. The 
 House of Representatives elected five commissioners to 
 fix upon a permanent seat of government. 
 
 The court of ap- 
 peals consisted of three 
 judges. The persons 
 appointed judges ap- 
 by the gov- p^^'^^^^ 
 ernor for this dignified 
 position were Caleb 
 Wallace, another able 
 Virginia lawyer who 
 had risen to high stand- 
 ing in Kentucky ; Ben- 
 jamin Sebastian, the 
 same who had entered 
 into the Spanish con- 
 spiracy, but whose 
 treason was not then 
 suspected ; and Hary 
 Innes, who was se- 
 lected to be chief justice. Innes declined, however, in 
 order to receive the office of United States district judge, 
 and George Muter was appointed in his stead. 
 
 On the 22d of December, 1792, the second session of 
 the first Kentucky legislature adjourned, to hold no more 
 Frankfort the meetings in Lexington. The commissioners 
 naiTf^the '^^" ^^^ selected Frankfort as the permanent cap- 
 state ital of the State. Nestled in the midst of 
 hills, on the banks of the Kentucky River, Frankfort had 
 certainly the advantage of a picturesque situation. A 
 
 Hary Innes 
 
ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT 
 
 97 
 
 private dwellini;' was employed as a temporary statehouse 
 while a permanent stone building was being erected. 
 This was occupied November 3, 1794. A governor's 
 mansion was likewise built. 
 
 The Indians were not yet subdued and still continued to 
 harass the Kentuckians. Major John Adair, with about 
 one hundred Kentucky militia, after a gallant Military 
 fight at Fort St. Clair, in Ohio, was defeated by ^^^^'^ 
 a large body of Indians under Little Turtle. Colonel 
 John Hardin and Major Truman were sent by General 
 James Wilkinson on a mission to the Indians in northwest 
 Ohio, and both were murdered. Boats were continually 
 waylaid, and isolated frontier stations were attacked. 
 
 After his disastrous defeat. General St. Clair retired from 
 the command of the armies of the Northwest, and General 
 Wayne, known as " Mad Anthony," 
 was appointed to that position. Gen- 
 eral Wayne called upon Kentucky 
 for volunteers; but the Kentuckians 
 had lost confidence in regular troops, 
 because of the defeats of Harmar 
 and St. Clair, and none offered. Gov- 
 ernor Shelby ordered a draft, and in 
 this way one thousand mounted mili- 
 tiamen were raised and placed under 
 General Charles Scott's command. 
 They joined General Wayne, October 
 24, 1793, at his headquarters, about eighty miles north of 
 Cincinnati. Because of the approach of winter, however, 
 t"lie commander in chief decided not to prosecute the pro- 
 posed campaign at that time. Fort Greenville was built, 
 and the regular troops went into winter quarters, while the 
 Kentucky militia were dismissed. One benefit had been 
 
 KENT. HIST. — 7 
 
 Anthony Wayne 
 
98 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 Political affairs 
 
 obtained : General Wayne's military ability had inspired 
 the Kentuckians with confidence. 
 
 Two issues ran side by side in the State and divided the 
 thoughts of the people : the cessation of their Indian 
 troubles, and the navigation of the Mississippi 
 River. For years there had been many poli- 
 ticians in Kentucky who believed that these benefits might 
 have been obtained for them, if Congress had not been 
 indifferent to their welfare. Great animosity was felt 
 toward England, which still held the military posts in 
 the Northwest, and toward Spain, which had closed to 
 them the Mississippi. 
 
 In 1793, news reached Kentucky that France had de- 
 clared war against Eng- 
 land, Spain, and Holland. 
 The further fact was made 
 known that the President 
 had refused to enter into 
 an alliance with France. 
 Washington knew that 
 war at this time would 
 be disastrous to the 
 United States. He stood 
 firm on this point through 
 that marvelous, calm 
 foresight which con- 
 trolled all his actions. 
 But the majority of the 
 people of the United 
 States sympathized with 
 France, who had so re- 
 cently aided them in their conflict with Great Britain. 
 Nowhere was this attachment more ardent than in Ken- 
 
 George Washington 
 
ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT 99 
 
 tucky. Nevertheless, as is invariably the case, there was 
 a division of sentiment. 
 
 Those who adhered to the policy of the government of 
 the United States were called Federalists ; those who were 
 opposed to it were called either Anti-Federal- ^ ',. , 
 
 ^ ^ Federalists and 
 
 ists, or Republicans, and later, Democrats. At Anti- 
 Lexington there was organized a Democratic 
 Club, — an outgrowth of the one already established at 
 Philadelphia, which was modeled on the Jacobin clubs of 
 France. Others sprang up at Georgetown and Paris. 
 In Kentucky the horrors of the French Revolution were 
 still unknown. It represented only an inspiring movement 
 toward liberty. The tone of the Lexington society is indi- 
 cated by the following resolution : '* That the right of the 
 people on the waters of the Mississippi, to its navigation, 
 is undoubted, and ought to be peremptorily demanded of 
 Spain by the United States government." 
 
 John Breckinridge was its first president. He was a 
 young lawyer, who had recently come to Kentucky from 
 Virginia. His clear mind and eloquent oratory john 
 had brought him recognition in his native State. Breckinridge 
 In Kentucky he took an active part in political affairs. He 
 died in 1806, having held for one year the office of attorney- 
 general in Jefferson's cabinet. 
 
 Citizen Genet, minister of France, had recently landed 
 at Charleston, South CaroHna, for the purpose of enlisting 
 aid for his country in the impending wan Im- French 
 mediately he saw the situation in Kentucky, conspiracy 
 and sent thither several agents to raise volunteers for an 
 expedition against New Orleans and the Spanish posses- 
 sions. So intense was the feeling in Kentucky on the 
 navigation question, that the Frenchman succeeded in en- 
 listing two thousand men for this conspiracy. George 
 
lOO FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 Rogers Clark accepted the commission of "major general 
 in the armies of France and commander in chief of the 
 revolutionary legions on the Mississippi." 
 
 The proposed conspiracy became known to the Federal 
 
 government. Letters passed between Washington and 
 
 Shelby on the subject. It was a time of trial 
 
 Governor -' ■> 
 
 Shelby's to the govcmor, but his conduct was marked 
 
 position ^j^j^ caution and wisdom. As governor of 
 
 Kentucky he stood ready to perform whatever was con- 
 stitutionally required of him ; but he believed that this 
 matter concerned the Federal government, and not that of 
 the State. He did not believe he had the power to forbid 
 the expedition if it could be accomplished. Moreover, he 
 did not believe that it would be carried out. But the mat- 
 ter offered him a fitting opportunity to make known to the 
 President the intense feeling of the Anti-Federalists in 
 Kentucky against the central government, which had not 
 obtained for the State the navigation of the Mississippi. 
 Happily the expedition was not accomplished. Washing- 
 ton succeeded in having Genet recalled, and another minis- 
 ter was appointed in his stead. 
 
 The campaign against the Indians in the Northwest, 
 projected by General Wayne in the autumn of 1793, was 
 carried into effect the following summer. In July, Gen- 
 eral Charles Scott, with sixteen hundred Kentucky vol- 
 unteers, joined General Wayne at Fort Recovery. The 
 Wayne's regular force under General Wayne was about 
 
 victory equal in numbers to the Kentucky militia. On 
 
 the 20th of August, 1794, a battle was fought at Fallen 
 Timbers, on the Maumee, which resulted in a brilliant 
 victory for the Americans. An equally beneficial event 
 followed close upon Wayne's conquest. In November, 
 Chief Justice John Jay succeeded in concluding a treaty 
 
ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT lOI 
 
 between the United States and Great Britain. Conse- 
 quently the British posts in the Northwest were at last 
 surrendered. 
 
 It was some time before this last faet was known in 
 Kentucky. Prior to that time, in the year 1795, the 
 Spanish governor of Louisiana again at- gg^j^Q^ 
 tempted to bribe Kentucky to secede from Spanish 
 the Union, and to form an alliance with ^^^^p^''^^^ 
 Spain, in order to obtain the navigation of the Mississippi. 
 Thomas Power, a naturalized Spaniard, was sent to Ken- 
 tucky to secure agents to accomplish this end. The man 
 selected to receive Power's communication was Judge 
 Benjamin Sebastian, one of the accomplices in the first 
 Spanish conspiracy. 
 
 Sebastian conferred with several prominent Kentuckians. 
 He then proceeded to Natchez, and on to New Orleans, to 
 negotiate with the authorities there. However, before 
 any agreement had been reached between the Kentuckian 
 and the Spanish governor, news came that a treaty be- 
 tween the United States and Spain had been effected, and 
 that Spain had granted to the United States the free navi- 
 gation of the Mississippi River. Nevertheless, the Spanish 
 governor was not willing to renounce, at once, all hope of 
 ever gaining Kentucky. Sebastian was paid two thousand 
 dollars for his efforts in this dishonorable work, and con- 
 tinued to receive that amount annually for eleven years. 
 Sebastian's treason was unknown to his fellow-Kentuck- 
 ians, with probably two or three exceptions. He con- 
 tinued to hold his office of judge of the court of appeals 
 until 1806, at which time he was exposed and compelled 
 to resign. 
 
 We have learned that the opposition of the Kentuckians 
 to the Federal government had its origin in their own 
 
I02 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 trials; for a large majority of the people believed that the 
 central government might have put an end to these if it 
 had attempted to do so. But there were also 
 Summary clauses in the constitution of the United States 
 
 to which they were directly opposed. Many objected to 
 the policy of the Federalists (by 'whom the constitution 
 was framed) because they believed it tended toward a 
 monarchical rather than a republican form of government. 
 We have noticed Kentucky's isolated situation and her 
 long, single-handed struggle for existence. Naturally her 
 people were watchful for their State's rights and liberties. 
 But we have learned, also, that in the times of greatest 
 temptation her people stood true to the Union. This fact 
 indicates loyalty and sagacity and calls forth the highest 
 admiration. 
 
 Now the Indian troubles were at an end, and the Missis- 
 sippi was open to Kentucky. Added to this, the feeling on 
 the French question had changed. Genet's 
 change of illegal actions in the United States had awak- 
 
 sentiment Qxied disapproval. A fuller knowledge of the 
 
 French Revolution had produced a natural revulsion of 
 feeling. Consequently, the Federal party in the State 
 rose into temporary power. In 1795 Humphrey Marshall,, 
 the pronounced leader of the Federal side, was elected 
 United States senator over John Breckinridge, the popular 
 representative of the Republicans. During this same year, 
 however, the governor appointed Breckinridge attorney- 
 general of the State. 
 
 In the year 1793, the first steamboat which ever success- 
 fully moved on any waters was exhibited at Lexington. 
 Invention of The town branch of the Elkhorn — now dis- 
 the steamboat appeared from sight, but then a considerable 
 stream — was dammed up for the trial of the miniature 
 
ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT 
 
 103 
 
 model which had been constructed, and crowds of enthusi- 
 astic spectators rejoiced over the success of this important 
 invention. The inventor was Edward West, who emigrated 
 from Virginia to Lexington in 1785, where he died in 1827, 
 after a long life 
 spent in experi- 
 menting in inven- 
 tions. The honor 
 of having invented 
 the steamboat be- 
 longs, however, to 
 John Fitch, — be- 
 fore referred to in 
 
 these pages, — who, as early as 1785, completed his model. 
 But unfortunately Fitch's invention failed of success, eithei 
 because he lacked the necessary funds or the adequate 
 force of character to bring it to the knowledge of the 
 people. 
 
 Fitch's Steamboat 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Lexington the first capital. 
 
 Governor Shelby inaugurated. 
 
 Military honors and picturesque pa- 
 rade. 
 
 Two appointments announced. 
 
 Legislature assembles; speakers 
 chosen. 
 
 The governor opens the legislature. 
 
 Stately proceedings. 
 
 United States senators elected. 
 
 Judges appointed. 
 
 Frankfort selected as the permanent 
 capital. 
 
 Public buildings erected there. 
 
 Indian troubles again. 
 
 General Wayne's appointment. 
 
 One thousand Kentuckians drafted. 
 Campaign postponed. 
 The French wa.v. 
 
 England, Spain, and Holland in- 
 volved. 
 Washington refuses to take part. 
 United States divided on the subject, 
 Kentucky is indignant. 
 She dislikes England and Spain. 
 Desires to aid France. 
 Federalists and Anti-Federalists. 
 Democratic clubs. 
 The Lexington club. 
 John Breckinridge its president 
 The French conspiracy. 
 General Clark's commission. 
 
I04 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 Governor Shelby's cautious action. 
 Failure of the conspiracy. 
 Wayne's victory. 
 British posts resigned. 
 Second Spanish conspiracy. 
 Sebastian's treason. 
 Treaty with Spain concluded. 
 Kentucky generally Anti-Federal. 
 .Opposed to a strong central govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Momentary change of sentiment after 
 the Indian troubles are ended and 
 the navigation granted. 
 
 Federal party rises into power. 
 
 Humphrey Marshall elected United 
 States senator. 
 
 Edward West at Lexington. 
 
 Models a steamboat in 1793- 
 
 Successful trial on Elkhorn Creek. 
 
 Fitch's invention unsuccessful. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 POLITICAL SITUATION IN KENTUCKY, 1796-1811 
 
 In May, 1796, James Garrard was elected second gov- 
 ernor of Kentucky. The first year of his administration 
 Garrard's was marked by few events of importance, 
 
 administration j^^ following Spring, the advisability of re- 
 vising the State constitution was discussed, and a vote was 
 taken to obtain the will of the people. But no decision 
 was reached in the matter, as a number of the counties 
 failed to make returns. A second vote was taken on the 
 same subject in 1798, and met with a similar result. In 
 the autumn of that year, the question was brought before 
 the legislature, and as a majority of the members voted in 
 favor of revision, a convention was called for July 22, 1799. 
 
 During the summer of 1797, Thomas Power was again 
 sent to Kentucky to concert with Benjamin Sebastian re- 
 garding the separation of the State from the Union. But 
 this third Spanish conspiracy failed in its very beginning. 
 • '^he November session of the legislature revised the 
 crnninal code, and punishment by death was allowed only 
 for murder in the first degree. 
 
 The interval of quiet which Kentucky had been en- 
 joying was destined to be interrupted by a profound agita- 
 Aiienand tion. In the spring session of 1798, the 
 
 sedition laws ^o^gress of the United States passed two 
 acts known in the political history of the nation as the 
 Alien and Sedition laws. The particularly objectionable 
 
 105 
 
[06 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 features in these acts were the following: The first act 
 gave to the President authority over all foreigners. He 
 might grant them license to remain in the United States ; 
 he might order them to depart from its territory if he sus- 
 pected them of treasonable designs ; he might imprison, 
 according to his judgment, all foreigners who returned to 
 the United States without having obtained his permission. 
 
 The second act was an 
 attempt to control the 
 people in the free ex- 
 pression of opinion. 
 By this law it became 
 an offense, subject to 
 fine or imprisonment, 
 for any one to utter, 
 print, or publish any 
 libel against the gov- 
 ernment of the United 
 States, the President, 
 or either House of 
 Congress. 
 
 The Kentuckians 
 were aroused, almost 
 to a man. There was 
 no wavering in their 
 judgment of these obnoxious laws. They deemed them 
 directly unconstitutional. In their opinion Kentucky's 
 they indicated an assumption, on the part action 
 of the Federal government, of an authority which did 
 not belong to it. The first to issue a protest against them 
 were the citizens of Clark County. They embodied their 
 opposition in a vigorous set of resolutions, which were 
 transmitted to their representative in Congress to be pre- 
 
 Henry Clay 
 
POLITICAL SITUATION IN KENTUCKY lo/ 
 
 sented by him to each branch of that body and to the 
 President. In the crowd which gathered at Lexington 
 to discuss the subject was young Henry Clay, — twenty- 
 one years old, — who had come from Virginia the year 
 before to make his home in Kentucky. He had already 
 made himself known in the State by advocating the grad- 
 ual emancipation of slavery. The people called upon him 
 to speak to them. The subject was one to stir the un- 
 fledged genius of the orator. He was lifted into a cart, 
 from which " proud eminence " he poured forth such de- 
 nunciations of the act of Congress as won the admiration 
 and satisfaction of his high-wrought audience. 
 
 But the most bold, far-reaching, effective summary of 
 political doctrine called forth by these laws was that con- 
 tained in the resolutions known as the Ken- ,^ ^ , 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 tucky Resolutions of 1798.^ The resolutions Resolutions of 
 were drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and revised 
 and offered to the legislature, on November 8, by John 
 Breckinridge, the representative of Fayette County in th^ 
 State legislature and a leader in the Republican party. 
 These resolutions had perhaps a deeper import than the 
 mere expression of righteous indignation against the pas- 
 sage by Congress of two odious acts that were destined 
 to exist only for a brief term. In them we find the germ 
 of the doctrine of nullification which became an important 
 factor in the causes which led to the Civil War. 
 
 This doctrine is briefly as follows : That the several 
 States composing the United States of America are not 
 united in submission to their general govern- Doctrine of 
 ment ; that the general government was ^^^^® rights 
 created by a compact of the several States, each State 
 agreeing thereto, and yet reserving to itself the right to 
 
 '^Kentucky Resolutions of i-jgS. By Ethelbert Dudley Warfield. 
 
I08 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 its own scir-govcrnmcnt ; that the ;;ovcrnnicnt created by 
 this compact is not made the final judge of the powers 
 delegated to it ; that as each State is a party to the 
 compact, therefore each State " has an equal right to 
 judge for itself as well of infractions as of the mode and 
 measure of redress." 
 
 The resolutions thus presented to the legislature in an 
 
 ardent speech by their mover, passed the Lower House 
 
 with one dissenting voice. William Murray, a 
 
 Resolutions . 
 
 accepted by the clever lawyer, made an earnest protest agamst 
 egisature them. In the Senate, John Pope made an un- 
 successful effort to amend them, and they were unanimously 
 accepted. At the time of their adoption the possible 
 tendency of the resolutions was not considered. They were 
 framed to meet a need of the hour. The Federal govern- 
 ment had assumed an authority, the Kentuckians believed, 
 which was unconstitutional. Therefore, the Federal govern- 
 ment must be censured, else it might encroach and assume 
 greater power, and then become monarchical, instead of 
 Democratic. Kentucky was passionately Democratic or 
 Republican. The resolutions were signed by the governor, 
 and then submitted to the other States to be considered. 
 Only Virginia, however, concurred with the action of Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 The convention to revise the State constitution assembled 
 July 22, 1799, at Frankfort, and chose Alexander Scott 
 Second Bullitt president, and Thomas Todd — who so 
 
 constitutional many times before had served in this capacity 
 
 convention •' •' 
 
 — clerk. The outburst of feeling awakened 
 by the mere suspicion of a monarchical inclination in the 
 central government largely influenced the changes which 
 were made in the constitution. The governor was no 
 longer to be elected by a college of electors, but directly 
 
POLITICAL SITUATION IN KENTUCKY 
 
 109 
 
 by the votes of the people. Furthermore, his authority- 
 was Hmited. His veto might be overruled by a majority 
 of the legislature. The office of lieutenant governor was 
 created. This officer, similarly elected by the people, 
 should be the speaker of the Senate. The senators, like- 
 wise, were to be elected by the direct votes of the people. 
 The new constitution went into effect June 1, 1800. 
 James Garrard had again 
 been chosen 
 
 Local politics 
 
 governor, and 
 Alexander Scott Bullitt 
 was elected lieutenant gov- 
 ernor. John Breckinridge 
 was chosen speaker of the 
 House. There was the 
 utmost quiet in local elec- 
 tions. Kentucky's whole 
 political interest was now 
 absorbed in the affairs of 
 the nation, — the forthcom- 
 ing contest between the 
 Federalist and Democratic 
 parties. When Thomas 
 Jefferson, the Democratic 
 nominee, was declared 
 President, the satisfaction in the State was almost univer- 
 sal. It expressed itself in exuberant speeches of delight. 
 Of course, the hated Alien and Sedition laws were then 
 repealed. 
 
 But the most important event to Kentucky in Jeffer- 
 son's administration was the purchase of Louisiana from 
 the French, to whom it had been ceded by Spain. Gen- 
 eral James Wilkinson, whose character has only been 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 
no 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 understood in recent years, was then holding the rank of 
 major general in the United States Army. It is an enter- 
 taining and curious fact that on the 20th of December, 
 1803, the French governor general delivered up the terri- 
 tory to that officer. Thus at last the projector of the 
 Spanish Conspiracy took possession of New Orleans ; but 
 in a manner totally different from what he had imagined, — 
 under the honorable authority of his national government. 
 But Wilkinson is often accused of complicity in another 
 equally romantic and treasonable conspiracy, and in this, 
 
 too, the bold, adventure- Aaron Burr's 
 
 loving Kentuckians were ^°°^P"^<^y 
 tempted to disloyalty. Aaron Burr, 
 late Vice President of the United 
 States, — now bearing upon his soul 
 the crime of having taken the life 
 of Alexander Hamilton, — being cut 
 off from all high official attainment, 
 restlessly sought a means to gratify 
 his proud ambition. Burr's dazzling 
 scheme was to conquer the Spanish 
 province of Mexico, then friendly 
 to the United States, to unite to it the southwestern States, 
 to make New Orleans the capital of this vast territory, and 
 himself the emperor or ruler. Wilkinson, according to his 
 accusers, was to be second only to Burr. 
 
 Blennerhasset, a wealthy Irish scholar, living on a 
 beautiful island in the Ohio River, had become fascinated 
 by Burr's allurements to the extent of employing his vast 
 fortune for the cause, and he was to be a powerful 
 duke or chief minister of the empire. The cooperating 
 Kentuckians were likewise to reap the reward of their 
 assistance. To arrange his project. Burr made frequent 
 
 Aaron Burr 
 
rOLITICAL SITUATION IN KENTUCKY 
 
 Burr indicted 
 
 trips to Lexington and Louisville, and through the south- 
 ern cities. 
 
 Joseph Hamilton Daveiss, United States attorney 
 for Kentucky, first became suspicious of Burr's move- 
 ments, then convinced of his treacherous de- 
 signs. On November 3, 1806, he appeared in 
 the court at Frankfort and brought an indictment against 
 Burr for high treason. Burr met the charge with cool 
 denial. Several days 
 later, with a sem- 
 blance of sincerity, 
 he urged the court 
 to continue the pros- 
 ecution. A day was 
 set for the trial. 
 After giving a writ- 
 ten pledge of his in- 
 nocence, Burr secured 
 Henry Clay and John 
 Allen for his counsel. 
 Intense popular inter- 
 est was aroused. 
 
 The prosecution 
 seemed to take on 
 the form of a perse- 
 cution, because of the ardent political feeling of the time. 
 Burr had won many friends in Kentucky. Daveiss was 
 a stanch adherent of the despised Federalist party. 
 Henry Clay had thrown the weight of his influence into 
 Burr's faction. The trial did not come off because. of 
 the failure, on the part of the United States attorney, 
 to obtain the attendance of the necessary witnesses. 
 Nevertheless, the expectant audience was granted the 
 
 Joseph Hamilton Daveiss 
 
112 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 excitement of listenin^i^ to a flashing debate on the sub- 
 ject between Clay and Daveiss. Never have two greater, 
 more brilUant men met in opposition at the famous bar 
 of Kentucky. 
 
 Shortly afterward, a ball was given in Frankfort in 
 Burr's honor. This was followed by a similar festivity 
 Fate of the given by the friends of the United States 
 conspirators attorney. For a while Daveiss suffered a 
 great loss of popularity on account of his efforts toward 
 the prosecution ; but he was soon to be vindicated. 
 
 Burr's times of suc- 
 cess were at an end. 
 He was tried in 
 Richmond, Virginia, 
 in March, 1807. 
 Though certain legal 
 technicalities pre- 
 vented his convic- 
 tion, no one doubted 
 
 An Early Methodist Church ^is guilt. His laSt 
 
 days were spent in wretched poverty and sorrow. Blen- 
 nerhasset also died forlornly. Only Wilkinson lived on 
 in the favor of fortune. 
 
 Running along by the side of these social agitations was 
 a deep spiritual movement which spread throughout the 
 The great State. This revival began in the Methodist 
 
 revival church, but it awoke religious enthusiasm in 
 
 all the existing denominations. Thousands flocked to the 
 camp meetings which were constantly held, and humble 
 laborers and learned statesmen were equally stirred by 
 a consideration of the greatest problem of life. In the 
 trend of this Christian movement came the formation 
 of an association called the Friends of Humanity. Six 
 
POLITICAL SITUATION IN KENTUCKY 113 
 
 Baptist ministers of note, imd others of less conspicuous 
 ability, united themselves together for the purpose of 
 advocating the abolition of slavery. Their numbers in- 
 creased at first, but they were discountenanced by their 
 brother associations, and soon vanished. 
 
 In 1804, Christopher Greenup was elected governor. 
 He was one of the strong characters of the early days. 
 For more than ten years, he had been actively 
 
 , 1 , . ^r . p Years of quiet 
 
 connected with the public affairs of Kentucky. 
 It was during his administration (1806) that the trial of 
 Judge Benjamin Sebastian occurred. Burr's conduct led 
 to the investigation concerning Sebastian. During the 
 same year, George Muter resigned from the office of chief 
 justice, and Thomas Todd was appointed to fill the va- 
 cancy. But Judge Todd did not long execute the duties 
 of chief justice, as higher honors awaited him. In Feb- 
 ruary, 1807, he was appointed judge of the United States 
 supreme court in the newly created circuit of Kentucky, 
 Ohio, and Tennessee. Several eminent jurists now occu- 
 pied the chief justice's bench in quick succession. Felix 
 Grundy, Judge Todd's successor, resigned after a few 
 months to make his home in Tennessee. Ninian Ed- 
 wards, the next appointee, resigned after a little more 
 than a year's service, to become governor of the Illinois 
 Territory. He was followed by George M. Bibb, who also 
 resigned in less than a year. 
 
 In 1807, the Bank of Kentucky was chartered with 
 $1,000,000 capital. Robert Alexander was appointed 
 president by the governor. Prior to this time, Kentucky 
 had been rigorously opposed to banking; but through 
 some curious misunderstanding on the part of the legisla- 
 ture, in 1802, the Kentucky Insurance Company had been 
 chartered with banking powers. 
 
 KENT. HIST. — 8 
 
114 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 The Prophet 
 
 In 1808, General Charles Scott was elected to succeed 
 Governor Greenup. His opponent was the rising young 
 lawyer, John Allen, who Beginning of 
 made a vigorous canvass. ^^^ 
 lut the Kentuckians were pleased 
 to honor the military services 
 of the veteran officer, especially 
 as the years of peace were at 
 an end. For some time the 
 Indians living on the Wabash 
 River had been growing restless 
 under the advance of white 
 civilization. They were roused 
 to rebellion by their two great 
 chiefs, Tecumseh and his brother 
 the Prophet, and also by the influence of the English, who 
 now anticipated another 
 war with the United 
 States. In the summer 
 of 181 1, General Harri- 
 son, governor of the 
 Indiana Territory, called 
 for volunteers from Ken- 
 tucky. Many brave men, 
 ambitious for military 
 glory, answered the 
 summons. The battle 
 of Tippecanoe was 
 fought November 7, 
 181 1. Harrison was 
 surprised in the night 
 by the Indians ; never- 
 theless, he bravely and Tecumseh inctmg the Cree)cs 
 
POLITICAL SITUATION IN KENTUCKY 
 
 115 
 
 successfully met the attack. But Kentucky suffered a 
 deeply felt loss by this battle, in the early death of two of 
 her valued citizens, Colonel Joseph Hamilton Daveiss and 
 Colonel Abraham Owen. A county of the State was 
 named in memory of each. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 James Garrard, second governor. 
 
 Legislature orders a constitutional 
 convention. 
 
 The third Spanish conspiracy. 
 
 Alien and Sedition laws. 
 
 The first gave the President control 
 of aliens. 
 
 The second restricted the expression 
 of opinion. 
 
 Kentucky condemns the laws. 
 
 Clark County makes the first protest. 
 
 Henry Clay denounces them. 
 
 Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. 
 
 Doctrine of State Rights involved. 
 
 The general government a compact 
 of States, each State retaining the 
 right to govern itself. 
 
 Each State has the right to judge acts 
 of the general government, and to 
 nullify them if they are objection- 
 able. 
 
 John Breckinridge, the mover of the 
 Resolutions. 
 
 Opposition of Murray and Pope. 
 
 Resolutions carried in the legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 Second constitutional convention. 
 
 Recent agitation causes certain 
 changes in the constitution. 
 
 James Garrard, third governor. 
 
 A. S. Bullitt, lieutenant governor. 
 John Breckinridge, speaker. 
 Local politics quiet. 
 National politics absorb attention. 
 Kentucky rejoices over Jefferson's 
 
 election as President. 
 Alien and Sedition laws repealed. 
 Louisiana purchased. 
 Delivered up to General Wilkinson 
 Aaron Burr's conspiracy. 
 Wilkinson implicated. 
 Blennerhasset's part in the scheme. 
 Bribe offered to Kentuckians. 
 Burr is indicted by J. H. Daveiss. 
 H. Clay and John Allen, Burr's coun* 
 
 sel. 
 Burr's cool audacity. 
 Speeches of Clay and Daveiss. 
 The two balls given at Frankfort. 
 The fate of the conspirators. 
 The great revival. 
 "The Friends of Humanity." 
 Christopher Greenup, governor. 
 Benjamin Sebastian is tried and con 
 
 victed. 
 Judge Thomas Todd. 
 The first banks in the State. 
 General Charles Scott, governor. 
 The beginnings of war. 
 The battle of Tippecanoe. 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812, 1812-1815 
 
 War with all of its horrors and feverish anticipations 
 was again at hand. The causes which led to the second 
 Causes which Conflict with Great Britain had long been ac- 
 ledtothewar cumulating. England and France were in 
 arms against each other, and the United States main- 
 tained a neutral position. In order to injure France, Eng- 
 land blockaded with men of war the whole coast of France, 
 and France retaliated by declaring a similar blockade of 
 the coast of England. American vessels were seized as 
 prizes, and the commerce of the United States was inter- 
 rupted in a most disastrous manner. 
 
 But this was not all. A greater injury, in that it con- 
 tained an insult to our nation, was endured from England 
 before war was declared. By the policy of the United 
 States, any foreigner, after having thrown off allegiance 
 to his own government, might become an American 
 citizen, if he so desired. On the contrary, England 
 claimed that a man born an English subject was always 
 an English subject. American vessels were boarded by 
 English officers, and searched by them to find sailors 
 whom they claimed to be deserting Englishmen. In 
 this way thousands of our seamen were captured. The 
 United States deeply resented this outrag(?. Then the 
 crisis came. On the i8th day of June, 18 12, war was 
 declared. 
 
 116 
 
THE WAR OF 1812 
 
 117 
 
 In addition to the regular army ordered to be raised, 
 one hundred thousand militia were to be furnished by the 
 different States of the Union. Many of the ^ , , , 
 
 -' Kentucky's 
 
 States were opposed to the war, and conse- warenthusi- 
 quently refused to comply with the President's 
 demand. But not so Kentucky ; her people had ever 
 looked upon England as the cruel enemy of their pros- 
 perity ;• and they eagerly rushed forward to aid in right- 
 ing the wrong against 
 their nation. Only 
 ^ve thousand five 
 hundred men were 
 required of Kentucky, 
 
 but she was granted ff^ffWiv"¥'''ia^yM^^|l||f >^ \^^ 
 
 the privilege of fur- 
 nishing seven thou- 
 sand. And the State 
 did not hold back her 
 best, but offered her 
 worthiest sons for the 
 cause. A righteous 
 resentment of of- 
 fenses, and an unsurpassed courage 
 and high sense of honor, were 
 indicated by this eager desire 
 to participate in the opening con- 
 flict. 
 
 On the 15th of August, two thousand troops, destined to 
 join the army in the Northwest, assembled at Georgetown. 
 They consisted of a regiment of regulars, un- Troops leave 
 der Colonel Samuel Wells, and three militia ^^^s^^^^ 
 regiments under Colonels John Allen, J. M. Scott, and 
 William Lewis. Of the companies under Lewis, Lexing- 
 
 Impressment of Seamen 
 
Il8 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 ton had furnished six, and one was the Lexington Light 
 Artillery, even then historic, commanded by the gallant 
 young captain, Nathaniel G. T. Hart. They were formed 
 into a brigade, and placed under the command of Brigadier 
 General John Payne. Several days later, the troops were 
 reviewed in the presence of thousands of interested spec- 
 tators. Henry Clay made a speech, and Dr. Blythe, presi- 
 dent of Transylvania University, preached a sermon ; and 
 thus animated and encouraged, they were prepared to begin 
 their hard, eventful campaign. 
 
 On their march to Detroit the troops learned that Gen- 
 eral Hull, governor of Michigan Territory, had surrendered 
 Harrison's ^^i the most cowardly manner to the British, 
 appointment Great indignation was aroused. Letters were 
 written to Kentucky to request the appointment of General 
 Harrison as commander of the Kentucky militia. Gov- 
 ernor Scott's term of office was drawing to a close, but 
 some action was imperative. He sought a council of ex- 
 Governor Shelby, ex-Governor Greenup, Henry Clay, 
 Judge Thomas Todd, and several other distinguished cit- 
 izens. They unanimously agreed in recommending the 
 appointment. It was therefore made. In a few more days 
 three other companies were raised by Colonels Richard 
 M. Johnson, James Johnson, and Captain John Arnold. 
 General Harrison was also appointed by the President as 
 commander of the army of the Northwest, to supersede 
 General Winchester. On the 29th of September, he left 
 Lexington to join the forces thus placed under his control. 
 
 The Kentucky troops reached the Rapids of the Maumee 
 the loth of January, and halted to await the arrival of 
 First battle at General Harrison. But they were not long to 
 Frenchtown remain inactive. A few days later a call for 
 assistance reached them from Frenchtown, on the river 
 
THE WAR OF 1812 
 
 119 
 
 William Henry Harrison 
 
 Raisin, about thirty-eight miles away. A detachment 
 commanded by Colonel Lewis, under whom were Colonel 
 John Allen and Majors Martin 
 D. Hardin, George Madison, and 
 Benjamin Graves, eagerly has- 
 tened to respond to the summons. 
 On the 1 8th a successful battle 
 was fought, and the British were 
 driven from the village. But this 
 victory was to be followed by an 
 awful tragedy. 
 
 Two days later, General Win- 
 chester arrived with a reenforce- 
 ment consisting of Colonel Wells's 
 regiment of regulars. Although 
 General Winchester was soon informed that a large force 
 of the enemy was on its way toward the town, he made 
 no preparation for an attack. The night was second battle 
 bitterly cold, and the caution of placing pickets ** Frenchtown 
 on the road by which the enemy would approach the town 
 was neglected. Accordingly, before daylight on the morn- 
 ing of January 22, the camp was surprised by an army of 
 two thousand British and Indians under General Proctor. 
 The firing was opened upon the stockade of the Kentuck- 
 ians and was returned with considerable loss to the British. 
 But Colonel Wells's company was encamped on the open 
 field. It was impossible for it to resist the attack, and the 
 men retreated panic-stricken. 
 
 At this crisis. Colonels Lewis and Allen, with a detach- 
 ment of one hundred men, rushed forward like typical 
 Kentuckians to rally the retreating soldiers. Nearly all 
 of Wells's men were killed or wounded, as were very many 
 of those under Lewis and Allen. Lewis was wounded. 
 
I20 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 and Colonel Allen was slain. Thus fell in early manhood 
 one of the most promising citizens of Kentucky, a man of 
 pure life, of heroic character, and strong legal ability. 
 Then came a summons to surrender. To the heroes of 
 Kentucky death was far preferable to defeat. But after 
 a consultation, in view of their situation, the remaining 
 officers wisely determined to comply with the demand of 
 the enemy. Having obtained a solemn promise from the 
 British that the wounded Americans would be safely 
 guarded, they agreed to lay down their arms. 
 
 But the pledge was not fulfilled. The Indians were not 
 
 restrained by the British, and early the next morning they 
 
 entered the cellar of a tavern where some of 
 
 The massacre 
 
 the wounded soldiers were quartered, broke 
 open casks of liquor, and drank until they were maddened 
 far beyond their usual state of cruelty. Soldiers were 
 dragged out of their beds and tomahawked. A house 
 containing other wounded men was burned to the ground. 
 Several of the officers attempted to escape under the escort 
 of Indians whom they paid to guide them, and were 
 treacherously murdered on the way by their escorts. 
 
 Never did a more barbarous butchery of human beings 
 occur. The details are too ghastly to be repeated. In 
 Kentucky, anguish prevailed such as had not been felt 
 since the fatal battle of the Blue Licks. There were 
 many widows and mourning friends and relatives left to 
 recount the horrors of the Raisin massacre. And Ken- 
 tucky has preserved the memory of some of her brave 
 soldiers who lost their life at that place by naming various 
 counties of the State after them, — Allen and Edmonson, 
 Graves, Hart, and Hickman. 
 
 In August, 1812, Isaac Shelby had been elected governor 
 for the second time. He had consented to become the 
 
THE WAR OF i8i2 
 
 121 
 
 chief executive again, only because the United States was 
 
 involved in war. He now exerted all his influence to 
 
 arouse the patriotic ardor of his fellow citizens ^ .. , 
 
 *■ Reenforce- 
 
 to reenforce the army of the Northwest and ments from 
 retrieve the loss at Raisin. Thousands of "^ ^ 
 Kentuckians hastened to volunteer for the service. A 
 strong brigade of three thousand men was formed under 
 Brigadier General Green Clay, 
 consisting of four regiments 
 commanded by Colonels Dud- 
 ley, Boswell, Cox, and Cald- 
 well. This force reached the 
 banks of the Maumee, oppo- . 
 site Fort Meigs, on the night 
 of the 4th of May. In the 
 distance could be heard the 
 cannon of the enemy. Since 
 the first day of the month. Gen- 
 eral Proctor with about two 
 thousand British and Indians 
 had surrounded the camp of 
 the Americans. The fact of 
 the approach of the Kentuck- 
 ians was borne to General Harrison, and orders were re- 
 turned to the brigadier general. 
 
 The next day General Clay, with the larger portion of 
 his men, fearlessly and successfully pushed his way 
 through the ranks of the British to the southern shore 
 of the river. With this reenforcement, the fort was en- 
 abled to repel Proctor's attack so vigorously that the siege 
 was raised on the ninth day. 
 
 But the fate of the other portion of the Kentucky troops 
 was far different. While the main body was proceeding 
 
 Green Clay 
 
122 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 to Fort Meigs, a detachment of seven or eight hundred 
 men, commanded by Colonel William Dudley, had been dis- 
 Dudiey's patched to the northern shore of the river to 
 
 defeat storm the British batteries. In this they were 
 
 successful. But other orders, which commanded them to 
 return immediately to their boats, were misunderstood. 
 The Kentuckians delayed, to return a straggling fire from 
 the Indians. They were surprised by Proctor, greatly 
 outnumbered, and completely defeated. Many were slain 
 and many wounded. Again the Indians treated their 
 prisoners with the barbarous cruelty that had been prac- 
 ticed upon the victims of the Raisin massacre ; and the 
 British did not forbid the outrage. Only one hundred and 
 fifty men escaped, and these also might have been mur- 
 dered if the noble Indian chief, Tecumseh, had not rushed 
 A^ith his sword drawn, into the midst of the carnage, and 
 controlled his savage brethren. 
 
 Again Kentucky was called upon for reenforcements, 
 and again she offered double the number demanded. Gov- 
 ernor Shelby announced that he would take the field in 
 person, and called upon volunteers to meet him 
 
 Kentucky ^ ' ^ 
 
 sends more at Newport. In less than thirty days, four 
 thousand Kentuckians had assembled. Out- 
 side of Kentucky the governor had no authority to com- 
 mand ; but his authority rested with his men, whose con- 
 fidence in their leader expressed itself in the watchword 
 of the time, — *' Old King's Mountain will lead us to vic- 
 tory ! " 
 
 It is a fact of curious interest that Governor Shelby 
 and his large reenforcement of Kentuckians reached the 
 Result of the camp of General Harrison just at the moment 
 council of war ^^gn Commodore Perry was landing with his 
 prisoners after his important victory over Commodore Bar 
 
THE WAR OF 1812 
 
 123 
 
 clay on Lake Erie. Later on a council of war was held, 
 to decide whether the American forces should cross the 
 lake into Canada and pursue the British army, which was 
 known to be retreating. 
 
 Battle of Lake Erie 
 
 The practicability of pursuing and overtaking Proctor 
 was carefully argued and weighed as a military proposi- 
 tion. But in the mind of Governor Shelby there was 
 no hesitation. He had gone all that distance with his 
 ** Kentucky boys " to meet the enemies of his country, 
 and his determination was fixed to seek an encounter. 
 Therefore an affirmative decision was cast. The order 
 was given by General Harrison to parade the army for 
 embarkation on Perry's fleet. 
 
124 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 Kcntuckians have always shown a tendency to be 
 
 strongly influenced by eloquent oratory. On Governor 
 
 Shelby's staff were two young officers, who 
 
 Power of ora- •' . 
 
 tory over later became famous throughout the nation, — 
 
 Majors John J. Crittenden and William T. 
 Barry. Upon the suggestion of the governor, each ad- 
 dressed the troops of his State. Whatever reluctance to 
 cross on to foreign soil may have existed among them, 
 vanished under the fire of eloquence poured forth by the 
 young speakers. They recounted in picturesque and dra- 
 matic words the wrongs their nation had endured from the 
 British, and the awful slaughter of their countrymen at 
 the hands of the enemy, until every heart was stirred with 
 patriotic impulses. ''Remember Raisin,'' rang in their 
 ears, and all were eager for action. 
 
 The march the first day was made in close order in solid 
 columns. To the alert and practiced eye of Shelby this 
 The march into manner of movement seemed to be too slow 
 Canada £qj. ^}^^ hazardous undertaking before them — 
 
 that of reaching Proctor and bringing him to battle. He 
 communicated his fears to General Harrison, who, per- 
 ceiving at once the truth of the suggestion, commanded 
 that the order of march be changed in accordance with 
 Governor Shelby's advice. The columns, therefore, were 
 broken, and the army moved forward as a great com= 
 pany of travelers, each individual being urged to the 
 utmost speed. Colonel R. M. Johnson's regiment of 
 Kentucky cavalry was pushed eighteen or twenty miles 
 in advance, to prevent a surprise. Soon all recognized 
 the advantage of the new order of march. On the third 
 day, straggling soldiers from the British army were cap- 
 tured at the crossing of different streams, and were passed 
 to the rear of the American army as prisoners. This 
 
THE WAR OF 1812 
 
 25 
 
 fact gave hope and increased vigor to the movements of 
 our men. 
 
 On the fourth day the American army came upon Gen- 
 eral Proctor encamped at the Moravian town, on the 
 river Thames, eighty-six miles northeast of The battle of 
 Detroit. Here a decisive battle was fcught, the Thames 
 October 5, 18 13. The American force was larger than 
 the British and more cleverly ordered. Tecumseh fell 
 early in the action, and the Indians grew disheartened 
 at the loss of their great chief. The result was complete 
 victory for the Americans and an end to the war in the 
 Northwest. 
 
 Almost the entire force was from Kentucky, and many 
 distinguished men were included in its number, — General 
 John Adair, who fought brave- 
 ly at the battle of New Or- 
 leans, and afterward became 
 governor of his State ; Barry 
 and Crittenden, already men- 
 tioned ; General Joseph Desha, 
 prominent in the political 
 affairs of his day, and also des- 
 tined to be governor of Ken- 
 tucky ; the gallant Colonel 
 Richard M. Johnson, the 
 slayer of Tecumseh ; and Col- 
 onel Charles S. Todd, who in 
 the times of peace served his 
 country in the halls of Con- 
 gress and as an ambassador to Russia. 
 
 A treaty of peace was signed at Ghent, December, 
 1 8 14; but before the news reached this country several 
 more battles were fought. Of these, the only one which 
 
 Richard M. Johnson 
 
26 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 concerns the history of Kentucky was the brilliant bat- 
 tle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815. The British forces 
 Battle of were commanded by Sir Edward Paken- 
 
 New Orleans ham; the American, by General Andrew 
 Jackson of Tennessee. Here again Kentuckians rendered 
 important assistance, and again had the joy of partici- 
 pating in a triumph. It has been said of them that they 
 ** formed the strength of that central force which repulsed 
 Pakenham.'* 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 England and France at war. 
 
 United States neutral. 
 
 American commerce interrupted. 
 
 Sailors captured by England. 
 
 United States resents the insult. 
 
 Declares war, June, 1812. 
 
 Kentucky enthusiastic for the war. 
 
 One hundred thousand militia ordered 
 to be raised. 
 
 Kentucky furnishes seven thousand. 
 
 Gives her worthiest sons. 
 
 Two thousand troops leave George- 
 town. 
 
 Their request of Governor Scott. 
 
 A council of distinguished men. 
 
 General Harrison's appointments. 
 
 He becomes commander of the Ken- 
 tucky militia, and of the army of 
 the Northwest. 
 
 He leaves Lexington for his post. 
 
 The Kentucky brigade reaches the 
 Northwest. 
 
 Is not long inactive. 
 
 Battle at Frenchtown, 
 
 British driven from the village. 
 
 General Winchester arrives. 
 
 Makes no preparation for an attack. 
 
 Is surprised by Proctor. 
 
 Fate of Colonel Wells's regiment. 
 
 Heroism of Lewis, Allen, and others. 
 Kentuckians obliged to surrender. 
 British promise safety to prisoners. 
 Promise not fulfilled. 
 Indians become intoxicated. 
 Terrible slaughter of prisoners takes 
 
 place. 
 Counties named for slain officers. 
 Isaac Shelby again governor. 
 Brigadier General Green Clay. 
 He reaches Fort Meigs. 
 Clay divides his force. 
 Reenforces General Harrison. 
 Dudley's defeat. 
 Again prisoners are butchered. 
 Tecumseh's timely appearance. 
 Governor Shelby's call for volunteers. 
 Four thousand meet him at Newport. 
 The governor takes command. 
 Dramatic meeting at Harrison's camp. 
 Decision to pursue Proctor. 
 Speeches of Crittenden and Barry. 
 The battle of the Thames. 
 Death of Tecumseh. 
 End of the war in the Northwest. 
 Distinguished Kentuckians in the 
 
 battle. 
 Brilliant battle of New Orleans. 
 Kentucky's part in the victory. 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 
 LOCAL AFFAIRS, 1 816-1835 
 
 War was now at an end, but peace did not await the 
 people of Kentucky. They were about to enter a poUtical 
 conflict as severe as any they had ever fought The return to 
 with arms. The first contest in the legislature s^^® affairs 
 arose in 18 16, when George Madison, the newly elected 
 governor, suddenly died, and the question whether the 
 legislature had the power to order a new election came up 
 for decision. After a fight, the vote was cast in the nega- 
 tive, and Gabriel Slaughter, the lieutenant governor, be- 
 came governor. He fulfilled the duties of that position 
 until 1820, although the matter was not suffered to rest 
 with this first decision, and was repeatedly agitated during 
 various sessions of the legislature. But the disturbance 
 thus caused was as an ordinary strong wind to a cyclone 
 in comparison with the storm which was caused by the 
 financial condition of the country. 
 
 While war prevailed in Europe,. America had been cut 
 off from foreign trade. The capital of the country was 
 therefore employed in establishing factories Financial 
 for home manufactures. But when the war in depression 
 Europe was over, foreign goods were again sent over to 
 the United States. The newly established trades of this 
 country could not at once compete with the cheaper and 
 better commodities of the older country ; hence resulted a 
 
 127 
 
128 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 temporary financial depression. Furthermore, during the 
 European wars, and the war of America with England, 
 gold and silver had been banished from circulation, and 
 in their place had been substituted a paper currency, 
 which gave a high nominal value to commodities. The 
 return to specie payment lowered this value, and the 
 result was very general bankruptcy. Beside these causes 
 of disaster, the country was burdened with an enormous 
 war debt. 
 
 For a time Kentucky was in a prosperous condition. 
 Her portion of the war debt was promptly paid. Manu- 
 K ntu k 's factories sprang up all over the State. In 
 financial Lexington alone, in 1817, there were more 
 
 than sixty mechanical shops, and Louisville, 
 the town next in importance, soon vied with Lexington. 
 The increase of trade in the State demanded a better cir- 
 culating medium than had existed before. In the earliest 
 days, skins of wild animals had constituted the only cur- 
 rency. Later on, Spanish milled silver dollars were intro- 
 duced. These were cut into four parts to make quarters, 
 which again were cut to obtain smaller bits. Of course 
 dishonesty resulted and great loss was caused, and the need 
 for something more satisfactory was strongly felt. 
 
 We have learned that Kentuckians were opposed to 
 banks. In 18 17, there existed in the State only one such 
 Independent institution, the Bank of Kentucky, which was 
 banks on 3. solid foundation. But, moved by the 
 
 chartered . -^ 
 
 exigencies of the time, the people went to 
 rash extremes. The legislature of i8 17-18 chartered 
 forty-six independent banks which were not required to 
 redeem their notes with specie. The State was flooded 
 with the paper of these banks, and a mevQ shadow of 
 prosperity hung over the people. Speculation rose to an 
 
LOCAL AFFAIRS 
 
 129 
 
 exorbitant degree. Then the shadow disappeared, and the 
 true financial condition was exposed. Before the end of 
 the year 18 18, most of these unsubstantial banks were 
 wrecked; and, in 1820, the legislature repealed the char- 
 ters which gave them existence. 
 
 With the banks went under also a vast number of 
 speculators who had relied upon them. The suffering 
 from debt was terrible. The cry for some means of relief 
 resounded throughout the State. And now began an 
 intense political conflict. 
 
 The State became divided into two bitterly antagonis- 
 tic factions, known as the Relief and Anti-Relief parties. 
 Each enrolled many of the distinguished names two new 
 of the time. On the one side may be men- state parties 
 tioned William T. Barry, George M. Bibb, Joseph Desha, 
 John Trimble, and John Rowan; on the other, Richard C 
 Anderson, John J. Crittenden, R. A. Buckner, Sr., George 
 Robertson, Christopher Tompkins, and Robert Wickliffe. 
 At first the Relief party was stronger in the State. The 
 great mass of debtors were in favor of the measures it 
 advocated. General John Adair and Major William T, 
 Barry, both Relief candidates, were elected governor ana 
 lieutenant governor. 
 
 As a "relief measure," the legislature of 1820-21 char- 
 tered the Bank of the Commonwealth. This bank was 
 allowed to issue $3,000,000 of paper money, Bank of the 
 and was not required to redeem its notes in Commonwealth 
 specie. Soon the paper of the bank fell far below its face 
 value, and creditors refused to receive it in payment of 
 their debts. But the legislature had passed a further act, 
 known as "the two years' replevin law," under which 
 every creditor was obliged to accept in payment of his 
 debt the paper of the Bank of the Commonwealth, or 
 
 KENT. HIST. — 9 
 
130 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 receive nothing at all for two years, with the risk at the 
 end of that time of further delays, or the failure of his 
 securities. 
 
 The question of the power of the legislature to pass 
 such an act was brought before the judges of the State. 
 Judge Clark's The first to give an opinion on the point 
 decision ^^g Circuit Judge James Clark, of the Clark 
 
 County district, who fearlessly declared the act unconsti- 
 tutional. The Relief party was strong in numbers and 
 power. The storm raged about him ; but no recognition 
 of individual loss made Clark waver in pronouncing the 
 judgment which seemed to him correct. He was brought 
 before the legislature in the spring of 1822, and reso- 
 lutions were entered requiring the governor to remove him 
 from office. The resolutions, however, failed to receive the 
 necessary two-thirds vote, and were consequently lost. 
 
 All now anxiously awaited the decision of the court of 
 appeals. This highest tribunal of the State was then filled 
 . by men of recognized integrity and unsur- 
 
 the court of passed legal ability. John Boyle was chief 
 justice, William Owsley and Benjamin Mills, 
 associate justices. In the midst of an intense excitement 
 which pervaded the entire State, the judges maintained 
 a dignified silence, and awaited the time when they should 
 be called upon to give a decision as a court. This occurred 
 in the autumn of 1823. 
 
 The verdict of the court sustained the decision of Clark 
 and the other judges who had concurred with him, and 
 declared the ** replevin law" unconstitutional; that is, 
 directly in opposition to the constitution of the United 
 States, which provides that no State has the right to pass 
 any law which shall impair the obligation of contracts. 
 Now, there were many men in Kentucky at this time who 
 
LOCAL AFFAIRS 
 
 131 
 
 believed that a State had the right to nullify or disobey a 
 law of the United States, if that law interfered with what 
 seemed to them the right of the State. Thus was brought 
 into the controversy the old point of divergence between 
 the Federalist and Democratic parties of 1798. 
 
 The mass of the people were for the time in sympathy 
 with the Relief party. The decision of the judges awak- 
 ened great opposition and caused intense ex- 
 citement in the State elections of 1824. The power of the 
 result was victory for the Relief party. Gen- 
 eral Joseph Desha, the Relief candidate, was elected gov- 
 ernor by a majority of nearly 
 sixteen thousand over his oppo- 
 nent, Christopher Tompkins, of 
 the opposite faction ; and Gen- 
 eral Robert B. McAfee, also a 
 Relief candidate, was elected 
 lieutenant governor by a major- 
 ity of about eight thousand over 
 William B. Blackburn, of the 
 Anti-Relief side. The Relief 
 party also had a majority in 
 both houses of the legislature. 
 
 The judges of the court of 
 appeals held office for life, dur- 
 ing good behavior. They could only be removed by the 
 concurrence of two thirds of both houses. ^ 
 
 Old court of 
 
 That their removal might be accomplished, appeals 
 the judges were brought before the legislature 
 the following December. But as in the case of Judge 
 Clark, the number of votes necessary for their removal 
 was not obtained. Nevertheless, it was the will of the 
 majority that the judges should be removed. 
 
 Joseph Desha 
 
132 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 Another means to accomplish this object was now re 
 sorted to. A bill was introduced to repeal the act undei 
 which the court of appeals had been established. If thi* 
 were carried, then a new court might be organized in 
 harmony with the will of the people. For three days, 
 before crowded houses, the bill was debated. Each side 
 put forth its best efforts in this unique contest. Logical 
 and brilliantly illogical arguments mingled with the bold 
 charge and counter-charge of the combatants. The bill 
 passed both houses by a large majority, and was signed 
 by the governor. 
 
 A new court of appeals was soon organized. William 
 
 T. Barry was appointed chief justice, John Trimble, James 
 
 Has^orin, and Rezin H. Davidsre, associate ius- 
 
 A new court _ ^° ' t> » j 
 
 of appeals tices. The clerk of the old court refused to 
 give up the papers and records of the court 
 to the new clerk, whereupon the office was broken open to 
 obtain them. 
 
 During all this time of trial, the old judges stood firm 
 in their conviction, and continued to sit as a court, in spite 
 of opposition. A majority of the lawyers recognized 
 them as the only court and obeyed their decisions. Some 
 recognized the new court, and others refused to decide 
 between them. 
 
 An entertaining incident, which expresses the high 
 excitement of this time, is recorded as having taken place 
 How a riot in Lexington. There occurred in the streets 
 was quieted ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ regular pitched battle on this 
 
 subject. Men appeared armed with pickaxes, with which 
 they tore up the sidewalks, that they might have bricks 
 to hurl at those who differed from them. When the 
 riot was at its height, R. J. Breckinridge and Charlton 
 Hunt, young men then in the beginning of their careers, 
 
LOCAL AFFAIRS 
 
 1-33 
 
 came out with locked arms and walked through the midst 
 of the combatants. These young men were opposing 
 candidates, the former being an adherent of the old court 
 
 How a R5ot was Quieted 
 
 and the latter, of the new court. It is needless to add 
 that the rioters were covered with shame, and quiet 
 ensued. 
 
134 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 Party names were now shifted. The Relief party be 
 
 came the New Court party ; the Anti-ReUef party, the 
 
 Old Court party. The elections of 1825 were 
 
 Old Court and . . 
 
 New Court fought Under this issue. The storm had gath- 
 par les ^^^^ velocity as it raged. This was the most 
 
 exciting period in the whole tempest. But a calm was 
 soon to follow. The result indicated a great change in 
 the sentiment of the people. A large majority of the Old 
 Court candidates was elected to the House, and the fol- 
 lowing year a majority of that party was likewise gained 
 in the Senate. 
 
 The new court was abolished and its acts annulled. The 
 old court was reestablished, and the salaries were paid to 
 the judges for the time during which they had been de- 
 barred from office. Of course the " replevin law " was 
 now repealed. The paper of the Bank of the Common- 
 wealth was destroyed, and branches of the United States 
 Bank were established at Louisville and at Lexington. 
 Again the conservative element was victorious in Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Quiet being now attained, a matter of national politics 
 next divided the people of the State. In 1824, the vote 
 Henry Clay's for United States President was thrown into 
 o?pow?rTn°'' the House of Representatives. Henry Clay, 
 Kentucky member of Congress from the Ashland district, 
 
 cast his vote for John Quincy Adams, and it was perhaps 
 due to Clay's exertion that Adams was elected. The 
 majority of Kentuckians were eager for the election of Gen- 
 eral Jackson, the closest contending candidate. Clay's sup- 
 port of Adams was received with disapproval throughout 
 the State. This dissatisfaction among his own people arose 
 at the time of Clay's highest national power. He had just 
 succeeded in carrying in Congress his famous Missouri 
 
LOCAL AFFAIRS 
 
 135 
 
 John Quincy Adams 
 
 Compromise bill, by which the difficulties between the 
 North and South on the slavery question were tempo- 
 rarily subdued. Although an account of Clay's work 
 belongs more to the history of 
 the United States than to that 
 of Kentucky, his influence was 
 so distinct upon the political 
 affairs of the Commonwealth 
 during his day, that it must not 
 be lost sight of. 
 
 The mass of the Old Court 
 party, which represented the con- 
 servative element of the State, 
 warmly upheld Clay. This fac- 
 tion now became merged into a 
 new party that had adopted the 
 
 name National Republican, while the disagreeing faction 
 united with the Democratic Republican party. The oppo- 
 sition to Adams had been obliged to smolder change of party 
 during the time of local agitation ; but when ^^™®^ 
 he was offered as candidate for reelection against Jackson, 
 the latter carried the State by a majority of eight thousand. 
 The Democratic RepubUcans carried also all the State 
 elections with the exception of that of governor. Thomas 
 Metcalf, the candidate on the National Republican ticket, 
 was elected over William T. Barry, by a majority of only 
 a few hundred. 
 
 For a time, the control of State politics wavered between 
 these two parties. But finally, Henry Clay's great ability 
 forced for him the renewed support of his 
 
 . . ^^ Triumph of the 
 
 fellow Citizens. In 183 1, he was elected to the National Re- 
 United States Senate. Although the National p"^^^'^°' 
 Republicans obtained a majority in the legislature, the 
 
136 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 triumph of that party in the State was not yet as- 
 sured. 
 
 A vigorous contest for governor occurred in 1832, and 
 the Democratic Republican candidate, John Breathitt, 
 
 was elected over Judge 
 R. A. Buckner, Sr., by 
 a small majority. In 
 the exciting presidential 
 campaign of 1832, Clay 
 and Jackson were op- 
 posing candidates. The 
 State gave Clay a ma- 
 jority of over seven 
 thousand votes. Thus 
 also was attained the 
 complete victory of the 
 National Republican 
 party in Kentucky. 
 Under various names 
 
 Andrew Jackson and thrOUgh VarioUS 
 
 changes, that party 
 held control of the politics of the State thereafter for 
 more than thirty years. 
 
 In the spring of 1825, Kentucky arrayed herself in 
 proudest attire to do honor to the French hero of the 
 Social and lit- Revolution, the Marquis de Lafayette. The 
 erary matters distinguished visitor was received with ova- 
 tions at Louisville, Frankfort, Versailles, Lexington, and 
 Maysville ; and each place vied with the other in the grace 
 of the dinners and balls given him. The State had now 
 recovered from its first financial crisis, and home life in 
 the largest towns was as luxurious as that in Philadelphia 
 or Boston. 
 
LOCAL AFFAIRS 
 
 137 
 
 Marquis de Lafayette 
 
 Perhaps this was the era of Kentucky's highest fame. 
 Her statesmen towered by the side of the greatest in the 
 Union. Her lawyers were 
 renowned. Transylvania 
 University, under the presi- 
 dency of the accomplished 
 and fascinating Dr. Horace 
 Holly, had attained high 
 rank, and was recognized 
 as a great institution of 
 learning, not only in the 
 United States, but abroad. 
 For seven years Professor 
 C. S. Rafinesque,^ known 
 to the scientists of the 
 world, had occupied the 
 chair of Natural Sciences 
 and Modern Languages. During this time, he projected his 
 dream of establishing botanical gardens at Lexington, and 
 though he was unsuccessful in this undertaking, it added 
 a charm to the town and to the State. By Dr. Holly's 
 resignation in 1825 the University suffered a loss, but the 
 brilliancy of his day lingered over it for years. 
 
 In Lexington, also, during this time, was established a 
 Lyceum, or literary society, in which the best talent of the 
 day took part in lectures and debates. Here, ^ . ^.^ 
 
 •' ^ Scientific and 
 
 in 1827, Thomas Harris Barlow constructed artistic pro- 
 the first model railroad and locomotive ever 
 successfully run in western America, and here he 
 achieved his most complete invention, known as Barlow's 
 Planetarium. Neither was Kentucky barren of artistic 
 
 1 T/ie Life and Writings of C. S. Rafinesque. By Richard Ellsworth Call. 
 M.A., M.Sc, M.D. Filson Club Publication No. 10. 
 
138 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 productions. During this time Matthew Harris Jouett was 
 producing a series of portraits which have given to his 
 name an ever-increasing fame. Many prominent Ken- 
 tuckians of his day were painted by him. On the walls 
 of the old homesteads of the State hang these priceless 
 
 relics of cherished 
 ancestors. Jouett, 
 whose Revolution- 
 ary forefathers had 
 taken part in the 
 founding of the 
 Commonwealth, 
 was born in Mer- 
 cer County, April 
 22, 1788, and died 
 in Fayette County, 
 August 10, 1827, 
 at the early age of 
 thirty-nine. Some- 
 thing of his talent 
 for making por- 
 traits and for 
 beauty of coloring 
 descended to his 
 pupil, Oliver Frazer of Lexington (born 1808, died 1854). 
 Older in point of time than the latter was another artist- 
 son of Lexington, Joseph H. Bush (born 1793, died 1865), 
 who did vigorous, though perhaps less polished work than 
 the others mentioned. 
 
 One of the most celebrated of Kentucky artists was the 
 sculptor, Joel T. Hart, who was born in Clark County in 
 1 8 10, and died in Florence, Italy, in 1877. Hart's circum- 
 stances were restricted, and he was obliged to begin his 
 
 Matthew H. Jouett 
 
LOCAL AFFAIRS 
 
 139 
 
 career as a stonemason. But by virtue of the genius 
 within him, and that necessary accompaniment to genius, — 
 the power to labor unfalteringly, — he succeeded in the 
 profession toward which his ideal ever aspired. He made 
 several statues of prominent men of the day ; but his chief 
 claim to fame rests upon the imaginative group to which 
 he gave the name Woman Triumphant.^ He spent twelve 
 years' work upon this statue, death alone ending his 
 efforts to perfect it. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 George Madison, newly elected gover- 
 nor, dies. 
 
 Power of legislature to order new 
 election agitated. 
 
 Gabriel Slaughter, lieutenant gover- 
 nor, succeeds. 
 
 European wars interrupt foreign 
 trade. 
 
 Home manufactories established. 
 
 War ended, foreign trade resumed. 
 
 American manufactories fail. 
 
 Gold and silver banished from use. 
 
 Commodities bring high prices. 
 
 Specie payment resumed after the 
 war. 
 
 Financial depression ensues. 
 
 Kentucky prosperous for a time. 
 
 Shops in Lexington and Louisville. 
 
 Unique currency of the early days. 
 
 A better currency needed. 
 
 Wild extreme of the legislature. 
 
 Fortv-six banks chartered. 
 
 State flooded with paper money. 
 
 Banks and speculators break. 
 
 Commonwealth's Bank a "relief" 
 measure. 
 
 " Two years' replevin law " passed. 
 
 Judge Clark decides against the law. 
 
 Failure of attempt to remove him 
 from office. 
 
 Court of appeals concurs with Judge 
 Clark. 
 
 State rights element in the ques- 
 tion. 
 
 Relief party carries the State. 
 
 General Joseph Desha governor. 
 
 Failure of attempt to remove court of 
 appeals judges. 
 
 Charter of the court of appeals re- 
 pealed. 
 
 A new court organized. 
 
 Old court firmly guards papers, etc. 
 
 New court takes forcible possession. 
 
 An entertaining incident. 
 
 ^ In 1884 a Hart Memorial Association was organized at Lexington by 
 Mrs. Issa Desha Breckinridge, for the purpose of raising ^5000 with which to 
 purchase of Messrs. Tiffany & Co., of New York, Woman Triumphant. The 
 statue was secured, and is now in one of the public buildings of the city. 
 
I40 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 Old Court and New Court parties 
 
 A change of sentiment in the State. 
 
 Old Court party victorious. 
 
 A return to national politics. 
 
 Henry Clay's vote for President 
 Adams. 
 
 Dissatisfaction occasioned in Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Two new parties. 
 
 The Democratic Republicans elect all 
 the State officers except governor. 
 
 Thomas Metcalf chosen governor. 
 
 Victory wavers between the two par- 
 ties. 
 
 John Breathitt, Democratic Repub- 
 lican, elected governor. 
 
 Henry Clay elected to the United 
 States Senate. 
 
 Final triumph of National Repub- 
 licans in the State. 
 
 Lafayette's visit to Kentucky. 
 
 A brilliant era. 
 
 Transylvania University. 
 
 Dr. Holly and Professor Rafinesque. 
 
 Botanical gardens projected at Lex- 
 ington. 
 
 Thomas H. Barlow, inventor. 
 
 The artists of Kentucky. 
 
CHAPTER XIII 
 
 CIVIL AFFAIRS AND THE MEXICAN WAR, 1836-1849 
 
 The National Republican party became merged into 
 the Whig party, and the affairs of Kentucky were now 
 controlled by that conservative element. As Rise of the 
 an evidence of this change of sentiment in the ^^^^ ^^^ 
 State, James Clark, the judge who gave the decision 
 against the replevin laws, was elected governor in 1836 
 The elections of the following- 
 year gave a continued triumph 
 to the Whigs. It was as a re- 
 sult of a congressional contest 
 of this year that one of the most 
 gifted sons of Kentucky was 
 brought within the recognition 
 of the nation. 
 
 Among those men who shed 
 luster upon Kentucky in the 
 early days of the 
 present century, 
 none surpassed, if any equaled, 
 Richard H. Menefee. He was 
 born in Bath County in 1809. 
 His public career began in 
 1832, before he had completed 
 
 his twenty-third year, when he was appointed Common- 
 wealth's attorney. With one term in the State legislature, 
 
 HI 
 
 Richard H. 
 Menefee 
 
 Richard H. Menefee 
 
142 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 one term in the Congress of the United States as the 
 Whig representative of his district, and less than two 
 years' legal practice at the Fayette bar, his brief life 
 closed at the age of thirty-two. In legal ability and the 
 powers of oratorical persuasion he has never been sur- 
 passed, and in those dis- 
 tinctive characteristics of 
 high-spirited chivalry which 
 mark the Kentuckian, he has 
 never had a superior. But 
 his name is connected with 
 no great event in history. 
 Such men are forgotten un- 
 less they are held up in grate- 
 ful remembrance before the 
 people of the State upon 
 which they brought honor 
 in their day and generation. 
 And it must be understood 
 that this was the day of 
 great men in Kentucky. 
 From the long list of nota- 
 ble names, one or two may be selected as representative 
 of the others. Thomas F. Marshall was born in Frank- 
 ThomasF ^°^^' Junc /, 1801, and died at his old home, 
 
 Marshall ''Buck Poud," near Versailles in Woodford 
 
 County, September 22, 1864. In wide scholarship and 
 fervent, imaginative oratory he was rarely gifted. As 
 a speaker he possessed the rather unusual combination of 
 vigorous logic and captivating brilliancy. If his moral 
 character had equaled his intellectual ability, he might 
 have made an enduring impression upon his country. 
 In the beginning of his second term, President Jackson 
 
 y^/i 
 
 Thomas F. Marshall 
 
CIVIL AFFAIRS AND THE MEXICAN WAR 
 
 143 
 
 vetoed the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States. 
 As a result of this measure State banks sprang up all 
 over the Union. The legislature of Kentucky, in 1833-34, 
 established the Bank of Kentucky, the Bank Financial 
 of Louisville, and the Northern Bank of Ken- ^eP'^ession 
 tucky. Paper money became abundant ; as usual, specula- 
 tion increased, and bankruptcy followed. In the year 
 1837, 3-11 the banks in the United States were obliged to 
 suspend specie payment. By 
 prudent management, however, 
 they were able to resume specie 
 payment the following year. 
 But unfortunately for the coun- 
 try, the spirit of speculation had 
 been stifled only momentarily, 
 not destroyed. Business ven- 
 tures increased, and again, the 
 next year, there occurred a uni- 
 versal suspension of banks. This 
 financial depression not only ex- 
 isted in Kentucky, but was gen- 
 eral throughout the United States for several years. In 
 1842 an attempt was made to revive the old "relief 
 measures." But there was no danger now of the passage 
 of any radical laws by the legislature. The people had at 
 last learned that legislation does not remedy evils. 
 
 . Still the Whigs led in State politics. In 1840, Robert 
 P. Letcher, who had been a member of Congress for ten 
 years, was elected governor by a majority of continued 
 nearly sixteen thousand votes over the nomi- '^^^s <^o'^^''oi 
 nee of the Democratic party — by which name the Demo- 
 cratic Republicans were now called. But the political 
 contests of 1844 were the most exciting that had occurred 
 
 William Owsley 
 
144 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 in the State for many years. The Whig nominee for 
 governor was Judge WiUiam Owsley, who will be remem- 
 bered as one of the distinguished judges of the old court 
 of appeals during the famous controversy. The Demo- 
 cratic nominee was the popular Major William O. Butler, 
 later General Butler of the Mexican War. Butler was a 
 man of ability. Furthermore, he had been a brave sol- 
 dier. He had survived the slaughter at Raisin and par- 
 ticipated in the victory at New Orleans. Nevertheless, 
 the Whigs carried the day. Judge Owsley was elected 
 by a majority of about forty-five hundred votes. 
 
 In the autumn of this year the election for President 
 of the United States took place. Again Henry Clay had 
 Issue of the been chosen the nominee of the Whig party, 
 presidential Kentucky stood true to Clay, and o:ave him a 
 
 election . . ^ _ ■' ^ 
 
 majority of over nine thousand votes. But 
 James K. Polk, of Tennessee, was elected after a very 
 close contest. The issue had turned upon the question of 
 
 the annexation of Texas to the 
 United States. Clay opposed this 
 measure for various reasons, two 
 of which were that it would in- 
 crease the slave-holding territory 
 in the United States, and that 
 it would inevitably result in war 
 with Mexico. Just before the 
 inauguration of Polk, and under 
 his advice, the acthig President, 
 ,^ ^ „ Tyler, sis^ned the bill for the an- 
 
 James K. Polk ^ ' o 
 
 nexation of Texas to the Union. 
 As had been foreseen by Clay, war with Mexico was 
 inevitable. Immediately after the annexation was accom- 
 plished, the authorities of Texas sent an urgent request 
 
CIVIL AFFAIRS AND THE MEXICAN WAR 
 
 45 
 
 to the President to forward an army for their protection. 
 General Zachary Taylor, of the United States outbreak of the 
 army, a Kentiickian by adoption, was dis- Mexican war 
 patched. Hostilities immediately began. On the 13th 
 of May, 1846, Congress declared war with Mexico. Al- 
 though the people of Kentucky, 
 by their vote for Clay, had 
 shown their opposition to the 
 measure which brought about 
 the Mexican War, yet, when 
 war was declared, they were 
 ready, as they had always been, 
 to aid the Union in her time 
 of need. Of the fifty thou- 
 sand troops which the President 
 called for, Kentucky quickly 
 offered ten thousand and many 
 more were eager to be called 
 
 into service. Three of the important officers of this war were 
 Kentuckians, — Zachary Taylor, major general of the regu- 
 lar army; William O. Butler, major general of volunteers; 
 and Thomas Marshall, brigadier general of volunteers. 
 
 One hundred and five companies, nearly twice as many 
 as were called for, went out from Kentucky to join General 
 Taylor's army. The first regiment of infantry, Kentucky 
 comprising nine companies from Louisville, ^^^^^^ 
 was commanded by Colonel Ormsby; the second, by 
 Colonel William R. McKee, of Lexington, Lieutenant 
 Colonel Henry Clay, Jr., and Major Gary H. Fry. The 
 first regiment of cavalry was commanded by Colonel 
 Humphrey Marshall, of Louisville, Lieutenant Colonel 
 Ezekiel H. Field, of Woodford County, and Major John P. 
 Gaines, of Boone County. 
 
 KENT. HIST- — 10 
 
 Zachary Taylor 
 
46 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 The war was fairly commenced before the Kentucky 
 troops reached their destination. The first action in which 
 
 any of them fought 
 was the charge on the 
 city of Monterey. 
 The Louisville legion 
 took part in that suc- 
 cessful assault, Sep- 
 tember 24, and were 
 reported to have 
 showed obedience, 
 patience, discipline, 
 and calm courage. 
 General Butler was 
 wounded, and Major 
 Philip N. Barbour 
 was killed. The leg- 
 islature the following 
 year, 1847, passed 
 resolutions in compliment of the Louisville legion, and 
 ordered swords to be presented to Generals Taylor and 
 Butler, and to the widow of Major Barbour. 
 
 The only important action in the Mexican War in which 
 Kentuckians largely took part was the memorable battle 
 Battle of of Buena Vista, fought February 22 and 23, 
 
 Buena Vista 1847, around which have gathered so many 
 stirring recollections. Here fell two of the most gallant 
 sons of Kentucky, — Colonel William R. McKee and 
 Lieutenant Colonel Henry Clay (eldest son of Henry Clay 
 the statesman). One fifth of the troops in this battle were 
 from Kentucky, and of the seven hundred and twenty- 
 three men killed or wounded, one hundred and sixty-two 
 were from this State. 
 
 Humphrey Marshall 
 
CIVIL AFFAIRS AND THE MEXICAN WAR 1 47 
 
 The successful issue of this battle led to the capture of 
 Vera Cruz, the daring attack upon Cerro Gordo, and the 
 final capture of the City of Mexico. With the triumph 
 of the American arms, peace was gained in Texas, and a 
 vast territory was surrendered by Mexico to the United 
 States. An independent company of one hundred men 
 from Clark County, commanded by Captain John S. Wil- 
 
 General Taylor at Buena Vista 
 
 liams (afterward General Williams of the Confederate 
 army, and later United States senator), took part in the 
 battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18, 1849, where the Mexicans 
 lost in killed and wounded one thousand men, besides 
 three thousand who were taken as prisoners, and all their 
 materials of war. 
 
148 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 The Kentucky troops buried their dead comrades upon 
 
 the field of Buena Vista ; but a few months later the State 
 
 brousfht home the ashes of some of her heroes 
 
 Funeral cere- ^ r ^ • ^ r\ ^ 
 
 monies at to rcst in the cemetery of the capital. On the 
 
 Frankfort ^^^^ ^^ j^^^^ ^g^^^ ^^^ solcmn and interesting 
 
 ceremonies took place. An address was delivered by the 
 Rev. John H. Brown of the Presbyterian Church, and an 
 oration by John C. Breckinridge. 
 
 A little later the State erected a handsome monument 
 in memory of the heroes. It was for the occasion of its 
 unveiling that Theodore O'Hara wrote his 
 immortal elegy, T/ie Bivouac of the Dead. 
 O'Hara,^ born in Danville, Kentucky, in 1820, was the 
 son of Kane O'Hara, an Irishman exiled for his religion, 
 who was celebrated in his day in Kentucky for profound 
 classical scholarship. Theodore O'Hara had himself 
 served with distinction in the Mexican War. Entering 
 the army under the appointment of a captaincy, he 
 retired with the rank of brevet major. His heart was 
 stirred by the events through which he had just passed, 
 and his genius expressed itself in as great a poem of the 
 kind as was ever written. It is thrilling even to think of 
 the scene in the cemetery at Frankfort that summer day 
 — with the State's great dead resting all around under 
 the shade of primeval forest trees — when the soldier 
 poet lifted up his voice in the impressive measure of hib' 
 verse : 
 
 " The muffled drum's sad roll has beat 
 The soldier's last tattoo; 
 No more on life's parade shall meet 
 The brave and daring few. 
 
 1 O'Hara and His Elegies. By George W. Ranck. 
 
CIVIL AFFAIRS AND THE MEXICAN WAR 
 
 149 
 
 On fame's eternal camping ground 
 
 Their silent tents are spread, 
 And (jlory guards, with solemn round, 
 
 The bivouac of the dead.'' 
 
 In 1848 John J. Crittenden retired from the Senate of 
 the United States to accept the Whig nomination for 
 governor of Kentucky. He was elected by 
 a large majority over his opponent, Lazarus Crittenden'^ 
 W. Powell, one of the most notable men in elected gover- 
 
 ' nor 
 
 the Democratic party of that day. Crittenden 
 was born in the county of Woodford in 1786. After he 
 was called to the bar, he moved to that portion of the State 
 known as the Green River 
 country, then attracting many 
 young men of talent. From 
 Russellville, in the county of 
 Logan, in 18 11, he was sent, 
 for the first time, as a repre- 
 sentative to the legislature. In 
 181 7, he was chosen United 
 States senator. During the 
 troublous times of the Old 
 and New Court controversy 
 he again consented to take 
 part in his State's affairs. 
 Accordingly he was elected a 
 representative from Frankfort, 
 where he had settled to prac- 
 tice law. In 1835, he was 
 
 again called into national politics. He held the office of gov- 
 ernor of Kentucky until 1850, when he resigned to become 
 attorney-general in President Fillmore's cabinet. John L. 
 Helm, the lieutenant governor, was inaugurated governor. 
 
 John J, Crittenden 
 
50 
 
 FOUNDING OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 In 1849, the State constitution was revised for the third 
 time. Four important changes may be noted: (i) The 
 _. ^ judiciary, which formerly had been appointed 
 
 Third revision J ^ ' J c i 
 
 of the consti- by the governor, was made elective by the 
 people. (2) The power which the legislature 
 had possessed to raise money for debt on the credit of 
 the State was abolished. (3) Certain provisions for the 
 continuation of slavery were made. (4) No convention to 
 revise the constitution could be called without a two- 
 thirds vote of the entire voting population of the State. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Rise of the Whig party. 
 
 James Clark, governor. 
 
 Richard H. Menefee. 
 
 Thomas F. Marshall. 
 
 Charter of United States banks re- 
 pealed. 
 
 Three banks chartered by the legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 Paper money plentiful. 
 
 Speculation followed by bankruptcy. 
 
 Momentary return of prosperity, fol- 
 lowed by wide-spread failure. 
 
 Attempt to revive *' relief measures." 
 
 Extreme measures not to be. carried. 
 
 Robert P. Letcher governor. 
 
 Exciting contest for the succeeding 
 governor. 
 
 William Owsley, Whig, elected. 
 
 Clay the Whig nominee for Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Kentucky gives him a large ma- 
 jority. 
 
 The annexation of Texas the ques- 
 tion of the contest. 
 
 Clay's opposition to the annexation 
 defeats him. 
 
 War with Mexico inevitable. 
 
 General Taylor of the United States 
 army dispatched to Texas, 
 
 Hostilities begin. 
 
 W^ar declared. 
 
 Kentucky's attitude toward the war. 
 
 She offers 10,000 militia. 
 
 Kentuckians high officers in the war. 
 
 The Kentucky troops. 
 
 The Louisville legion. 
 
 The charge on Monterey. 
 
 Battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 One fifth of the troops Kentuckians. 
 
 Distinguished Kentuckians slain. 
 
 The battle leads to the American vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Peace in Texas. 
 
 Acquisition of a vast territory. 
 
 Ashes of the heroes of Buena Vista 
 buried at Frankfort. 
 
 Memorial monument later erected. 
 
 O'Hara and his Bivouac of the 
 Dead. 
 
 John J. Crittenden governor. 
 
 Succeeded by John L. Helm in 1850. 
 
 Crittenden's ability. 
 
 State constitution revised in 1849. 
 
 Four important changes made. 
 
IV— THE CIVIL WAR, 1850-1865 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 THE SITUATION IN KENTUCKY, 1 850-1 860 
 
 Long before the peal of thunder- and the flash of light- 
 ning announce the downpour of rain, forces have been at 
 work in the heavens to produce a storm, causes of the 
 Long before the outbreak of the Civil War, ^^^^^ ^^^ 
 events had been slowly tending toward the inevitable con- 
 flict. With the first slaves introduced upon American soil 
 began the conditions which brought about the final tragedy. 
 Of course there were many branches that grew out of the 
 main vine, — the slavery question, — and one was so im- 
 portant and grew so rapidly as time went on that it seemed 
 to many the parent vine, — the original source of the con- 
 troversy. This was the different and directly opposite 
 views held by the North and the South as to the nature of 
 the government of the United States, the former believing 
 that sovereign power resided in the Federal government ; 
 the latter, that it resided in the States.^ 
 
 In the warm Southern States where cotton was ex- 
 tensively produced, slavery was deemed a ne- slavery in 
 cessity to the agricultural life. This was not Kentucky 
 the case in Kentucky. But the institution had existed 
 and flourished from the earliest days of the settlement of 
 
 1 7^/ie War between the States. By Alexander H. Stephens. 
 
152 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 the region. In 1850 the population of the State was 
 982,405, of which over 200,000 were slaves. 
 
 On the great landed estates of the Commonwealth the 
 lot of the slave was comparatively happy. And yet, 
 over and over again, in important conventions of the 
 State, this problem of human property had claimed the 
 consideration of the people. For years, Henry Clay had 
 been president of the American Colonization Society, 
 and he had advocated a system of gradual emancipation. 
 Many of the prominent citizens of the State, who were 
 large slave owmers, concurred in this humane project; but 
 they were in the minority, and we have seen that the 
 revised constitution of 1849 provided for the continuation 
 of slavery. 
 
 This provision in the constitution grew out of Ken- 
 tucky's resentment of the course which extreme persons 
 Effect of ^" ^^^ North were beginning to pursue toward 
 
 abolitionism ^j^g slave-holding States of the South. It had 
 its immediate cause in a desire to oppose the conduct of 
 certain abolitionists who, as early as 1841, began a system 
 of stealing away slaves from their masters and running 
 them into Ohio (a free State) and thence into Canada. 
 These persons had accomplices stationed in different parts 
 of Kentucky, and along routes known only to themselves. 
 When the negroes were stolen, they were passed on from 
 one station to another until they were safely out of the 
 country. Thus the means by which this business was ac- 
 complished received the name of the " underground rail- 
 road." Again and again the conspirators were discovered 
 in different parts of the State, and were tried and con- 
 demned ; ^ but still the work went on because those engaged 
 
 1 The most noted case was that of Miss Delia A. Webster, who was tried 
 at Lexington, in 1844, and sentenced to two years in the State penitentiary. 
 
THE SITUATION IN KENTUCKY 
 
 153 
 
 in it believed they were doing right. Hundreds of slaves 
 were stolen in this way from .their owners. 
 
 In many cases the slaves were imwdlling to leave their 
 
 Negroes' Dance 
 
 homes. While they greatly desired freedom, they were as 
 a class a peaceable people that dreaded change, characteristics 
 They knew the life they were living. It had °* ^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 sore trials ; bnt they realized that they would always be 
 
 But the same jury that had condemned her for what they judged a crime, 
 signed a petition to the governor for her pardon. She was released because 
 she was a woman, while her companion in the work was sentenced to serve 
 fifteen years in the penitentiary. 
 
154 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 provided for. They knew nothing about the life into 
 which they would be taken.. Moreover, the careless, ir- 
 responsible existence they led made them unthinking. 
 They lived for the moment, and if they could steal off at 
 night and meet together at some neighboring "quarters" 
 for a dance, they gave themselves up to the frolic with 
 reckless disregard of the punishment which might follow 
 on the morrow. 
 
 The leader of the antislavery movement in Kentucky 
 
 was CaSSlUS An abolition 
 M. Clay, a newspaper 
 
 man of strong will, 
 fearless in advocating 
 his opinions. In 1845, 
 he began to issue at 
 Lexington an abolition 
 newspaper called TJie 
 True American. Its 
 tone was inflammatory 
 and was considered alto- 
 gether improper. The 
 citizens of that town 
 met and decided that 
 its publication was detri- 
 mental to the peace of 
 the community, and that 
 it must be discontinued. 
 When the editor, who 
 was at home ill at the time, was informed of the action of 
 the meeting, he sent back a defiant reply ; whereupon a com- 
 mittee of sixty of the most honorable citizens of the place 
 were deputed to go to the office of TJie True American and 
 take possession of it. The whole proceeding was managed 
 
 r 
 
 — • - ■ .^,n^^-;;?r--r;!St:£^;ugi'^:*^:4iM 
 
 
 W**" / ^T 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 
 Cassius M. Clay 
 
THE SITUATION IN KENTUCKY I 55 
 
 in the most orderly manner. The secretary containing the 
 private papers of the editor was sent to him at his home 
 The press, type, etc., were packed by printers and sent to 
 the care of a reliable firm in Cincinnati, and the editor 
 was informed that he would find them there awaiting his 
 order. 
 
 Of course the committee of sixty had to be tried, for 
 their action was illegal ; but the jury, without hesitation, 
 gave a verdict of ''not guilty." All over the The state 
 State enthusiastic meetings were held in com- acS^^of^^^^ 
 mendation of the action of the citizens of Lex- i^exington 
 ington, and strong resolutions were passed recommending 
 the prevention of such incendiary publications as TJie True 
 American in the State. This shows that the unwise con- 
 duct of extreme abolitionists awakened much excited feel- 
 ing that otherwise might not have existed. 
 
 Kentucky was rapidly growing intensely proslavery. 
 The majority of her people believed to a certain extent in 
 the doctrine of State rights. All their sympa- ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 thies were in harmony with the customs of the union 
 
 . sentiments 
 
 Southern States ; and yet, at the same time, 
 Kentucky had ever been most ardently attached to the 
 Union. As an evidence of this fact note the words which 
 the legislature of 1850 ordered to be engraved on a block 
 of Kentucky marble that was to be placed in the " General 
 Washington Monument" at Washington City: "Under 
 the auspices of heaven and the precepts of Washington, 
 Kentucky will be the last to give up the Union." 
 
 Slowly, steadily, the division between the two sections 
 of country was widening. But all the while the Henry ciay's 
 great and patriotic mind of Henry Clay was compromise 
 struggling to adjust the differences which 
 threatened dissolution to the Union. The prediction 
 
156 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 which Clay had made concerning the annexation of Texas 
 in 1845 was fast being fulfilled. Already a war with 
 Mexico had been fought. Out of the vast territory 
 ceded by Mexico in 1848 to the United States, new 
 States were forming. Already California had framed its 
 constitution and asked for admission into the Union. The 
 question whether slavery should be allowed in the new 
 States raised a conflict of opposition on the one hand, 
 
 Clay's Home. Ashland, Kentucky 
 
 and advocacy on the other, such as had never before 
 occurred in the nation. 
 
 In this condition of affairs, on the 29th of January, 1850, 
 Henry Clay came forward in the United States Senate 
 with his celebrated Compromise Resolutions, which were 
 known later as the Omnibus Bill. Clay's earnest speech 
 in exposition of these measures of peace lasted two days, 
 beginning February 5. Foi* months the bill called forth 
 exciting debates in the halls of Congress ; but finally the 
 various measures which composed it were passed before 
 the close of that memorable year. This was Clay's last 
 
THE SITUATION IN KPZNTUCKV 
 
 157 
 
 great effort. Two years later he died, just prior to the 
 downfall of the Whig party, of which he had long been 
 the leader in spirit, if not in place. 
 
 In 185 1, Lazarus W. Powell, one of the most talented 
 members of the Democratic party, was elected governor. 
 But the Whisrs secured a majority of the other 
 
 '^ •' -^ . state politics 
 
 State offices and elected most of their men to 
 both houses of Congress. At this time the first Emanci 
 pation ticket in Kentucky was rufi, with Cassius M. Clay 
 at its head, as nominee for governor. His vote, however, 
 was only about thirty-six hundred. Archibald Dixon, who 
 had been the Whig nominee for governor against Powell, 
 was elected United States senator in the place of Henry 
 Clay, resigned. The days of the Whig party were num- 
 bered. 
 
 With the election of Franklin Pierce, the Democratic 
 nominee for President, in 1852, the Whig party disap- 
 peared from national politics, never to reap- Downfall of the 
 pear. In Kentucky, for several years longer, ^^^^ ^^^^"^ 
 it continued to exist as a distinct organization, under the 
 leadership of John J. Crittenden. 
 But a disruption had occurred in 
 its ranks. Some of its members, 
 more extreme in one direction, had 
 gone off with the abolition move- 
 ment ; while others, of the oppo- 
 site tendency, had united with the 
 Democratic forces. 
 
 In the unsettled, agitated condi- 
 tion of the nation it was inevita- 
 ble that new parties should arise 
 to embody the various opinions 
 the times inspired. The American or Know-Nothing 
 
 Franklin Pierce 
 
158 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 party, as it was commonly called, appeared like a meteor 
 only to fall like a meteor. It existed from 1853 to 1856. 
 Know-Nothing ^^ the Kentucky elections of 1855 for State 
 party officers and members of Congress this ticket 
 
 was mainly successful. Charles S. Morehead, a former 
 Whig, became governor. 
 
 But the variations in the politics of the State were like 
 the waverings of a newly started pendulum before it finally 
 
 assumes its regU- Democratic 
 lar beat. The supremacy 
 
 hour of Democratic su- 
 premacy was at hand. In 
 1856, John C. Breckinridge 
 of Kentucky, the Democratic 
 nominee for Vice President, 
 was elected, with James Bu- 
 chanan as President. Young 
 Breckinridge was peculiarly 
 fitted to become the leader 
 of the Democratic forces 
 of his State. He was 
 brave, with a winning 
 manner and a ready ora- 
 tory. His sympathies went 
 out ardently toward the 
 South in the question which 
 In the ensuing State elections, 
 the Democrats were victorious. In 1859, Beriah Magoffin, 
 Democrat, was elected governor, and a majority of Demo- 
 crats was obtained in both houses of the legislature. 
 
 Although the Democracy held the scepter of power, yet 
 there still existed in the State that old conservative element 
 whose influence has been repeatedly noted. This element 
 
 John C- Breckinridge 
 
 was now before the nation 
 
IHE SnUATION IN KENTUCKY 
 
 159 
 
 has been known to us most recently under the appellation 
 Whig. Left now without a party name, the men of that 
 policy became designated for a time simply as ^he conserva- 
 the ** Opposition." But they were soon to tive element 
 make for themselves a name which is expressive of the 
 work they did for their State and the nation, — Conserva- 
 tive Union party. 
 
 This body was composed of some of the purest and most 
 patriotic men the State has ever produced. In their num- 
 ber will be found the names of such able judges as L. W. 
 Andrews, R. A. Buckner, C. F. Burnam, W. B. Kinkead, 
 Joseph R. Underwood, and Nathaniel Wolfe ; of such dis- 
 tinguished statesmen as Joshua F. Bell and James Guthrie ; 
 and of such brilliant editors as George D. Prentice of the 
 houisviWe /o lima/, John H. Harney of the Louisville i)^;;/^- 
 crat, and D. C. Wickliffe of the Lexington Observer and 
 Reporter. And there were many others who, in the legis- 
 lature, in public speeches to the citizens of the State, and 
 in newspaper editorials, likewise labored to avert the 
 threatened dissolution of the nation. Of these men, John 
 J. Crittenden stood as the representative type in the Federal 
 Congress. All hopes were now turned to him to save the 
 Union. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 The North and the South hold con- 
 trary views. 
 
 They interpret the Federal constitu- 
 tion differently. 
 
 Slavery becoming a serious prob- 
 lem. 
 
 Slavery not necessary to Kentucky. 
 
 Large slave population of the State. 
 
 The slave problem repeatedly dis- 
 turbs the people. 
 
 Gradual emancipation advocated. 
 
 Extreme abolitionists excite temper 
 in the people. 
 
 "The underground railroad." 
 
 Many slaves captured in this way. 
 
 The careless lives of the slaves. 
 
 An aboUtion newspaper forcibly dis- 
 continued. 
 
 The " committee of sixty " tried and 
 acquitted. 
 
 Lexington's action commended bv 
 the State. 
 
i6o 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Kentucky opposed to abolitionism. 
 
 Her belief in State Rights. 
 
 Her ardent attachment to the Union. 
 
 Henry Clay's prophesy concerning 
 Texas fulfilled. 
 
 New States ask admission to the 
 Union. 
 
 Question of slavery in the new States. 
 
 Clay's Resolutions of 1850. 
 
 The various measures carried. 
 
 Clay's death two years later. 
 
 Whigs carry most of the elections of 
 1851. 
 
 Lazarus W. Powell, Democrat, 
 elected governor. 
 
 Cassius M. Clay heads an Emancipa- 
 tion ticket in 1851. 
 
 Archibald Dixon succeeds Clay in 
 
 United States Senate. 
 National downfall of the Whig party. 
 Crittenden holds it together a little 
 
 longer in Kentucky. 
 Rise and fall of the Know-Nothing 
 
 party. 
 Democratic supremacy. 
 John C. Breckinridge the Democratic 
 
 leader. 
 Beriah Magoffin, Democrat, governor. 
 Old Whig party first called the " Op- 
 position." 
 Becomes the Conservative Union 
 
 party. 
 Its members men of weight in the 
 
 community. 
 
CHAPTER XV 
 
 KENTUCKY'S POSITION OF NEUTRALITY, Nov. i86o-June i86i 
 
 of Kentucky 
 
 It is a curious coincidence that the two men who were 
 destined to take the poHtical lead in the great conflict of 
 the nation were born in Kentucky, within one 
 
 •' . Lincoln and 
 
 year of each other. Jefferson Davis was born Davis, natives 
 June 3, 1808, in that part of Christian County 
 which afterward became Todd County 
 family moved _^,^ 
 southward to 
 IM i s s i s s i p p i , 
 where he be- 
 came imbued 
 with the spirit 
 and the customs 
 of the planters. 
 Abraham Lin- 
 coln was born in 
 a log cabin in 
 that part of 
 Hardin County 
 which afterward 
 became Larue 
 County, on the 
 1 3th day ot 
 February, 1809. 
 
 KENT. HIST. — i i 
 
 Abraham Lincoln 
 
1 62 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 In his boyhood, his family moved northward into the 
 uncultivated regions of the newly opened West. From 
 a life of vigorous physical toil and earnest mental exer- 
 tion, he learned those lessons of truth and freedom which 
 prepared him for his mission. 
 
 In November, i860, Abraham Lincoln was elected 
 President of the United States. The leaders of the South 
 had declared that in the event of his election 
 Southern they would withdraw from the Union. Seces- 
 
 sion feeling was growing. On December 
 17, South Carolina met in a State convention that re- 
 sulted in the secession of that State from the Union on 
 December 20. Within two months Mississippi, Florida, 
 Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed this 
 precedent. On December 18, John J. Crittenden offered 
 in the United States Senate certain compromise proposi- 
 tions which, if adopted as amendments to the Federal con- 
 stitution, he hoped would bring peace between the North 
 and the South. But the propositions were voted down. 
 The country was in no state of mind to listen to reason. 
 Ten years had passed since Clay had carried in that same 
 body his compromise measures of 1850. For ten years 
 fuel had been added to the flame which was then burning 
 in the North and in the South. In 1850. it was possible to 
 subdue it; in i860, it had grown beyond the power of man 
 to quench. 
 
 In January, 1861, a committee composed of one member 
 
 from the representation in Congress of each of the Bor- 
 
 ^ der States met and framed other compromise 
 
 Efforts toward 
 
 compromise resolutions which Crittenden, a member of the 
 
 committee, accepted as substitutes for his own. 
 
 But these proposed amendments met the same fate as their 
 
 predecessors. In the meanwhile, at home, the Union mer)-. 
 
KENTUCKY'S POSITION OF NEUTRALITY 163 
 
 upheld the hands of their senator. Conventions passed 
 resohitions in favor of his efforts to avert the approaching 
 catastrophe. Earnest speakers addressed the citizens in 
 different parts of the State and implored them to be mod- 
 erate in their actions. " Secession," they said, " means 
 revolution, and revolution means war. And war with 
 whom.? With our neighbors, our friends, our brothers!" 
 In glowing language they urged the citizens nobly to face 
 the wrongs which the South had suffered from the North, 
 not failing to recognize, at the same time, the honor and 
 the blessing of living in a great united country ; and to 
 stand hrm in the position they had taken for the Union. 
 
 On the 17th day of January, 1861, the legislature met 
 in called session. Governor Magoffin, in his message, set 
 forth the condition of the country as it ap- The governor's 
 peared to him at the time, and strongly recom- message 
 mended the calling, forthwith, of a State convention to 
 determine the future attitude of Kentucky toward the 
 Federal government. The governor also recommended 
 the arming of the State ; the appointment of commission- 
 ers to act for Kentucky in a convention of Border Slave 
 States to meet in the city of Baltimore at an early day ; 
 and the presentation of the Crittenden compromise, or its 
 equivalent, as an ultimatum. 
 
 Many members of the Democratic party advocated call- 
 ing a State convention. Notable among these was Vice 
 President Breckinridge, who definitely ex- Democratic 
 pressed his views on the subject in a letter to ^^®^^ 
 the governor received a few days before the legislature 
 convened. After giving a summary of the Crittenden 
 compromise propositions, and mentioning other efforts 
 which had been made to settle the political differences then 
 dividing the country, he stated his firm conviction that no 
 
1 64 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 plan of adjustment would be adopted by Congress. He 
 therefore gave his voice for a State convention. In his 
 opinion, civil war was imminent unless it could be arrested 
 by the prompt and energetic action of the several States in 
 their sovereign capacity. He believed that it might be 
 arrested if Kentucky and the other Border States should 
 calmly and firmly present a united front against it. But if 
 the war could not be avoided, he desired that Kentucky 
 should be in a position to decide whether she would sup- 
 port the Federal Union or the Southern cause. 
 
 On the other hand, the Union men were distinctly 
 opposed to calling a State convention. They argued that 
 Union views on such a Convention would not better the condi- 
 the subject ^-Qj^ q£ Kentucky, that the legislature had full 
 power to do everything necessary for the good of the 
 Commonwealth. On one point only it could not act. It 
 could not withdraw the State from the Union. It was 
 only through the action of a State convention that such a 
 step could be taken. They believed that if a convention 
 were called, Kentucky might be led to secede. They were 
 assured that most of the people of the State were attached 
 to the Union ; but they knew that in times of high excite- 
 ment men may be tempted to rash action, contrary to 
 their sober judgment. 
 
 In the legislature, this important matter was earnestly 
 
 argued by both sides ; but finally the decision was reached 
 
 that action at that time on political affairs was 
 
 Legislature . 
 
 against a State both unnecessary and mexpedient, and the 
 convention legislature refused to call a convention that 
 might take the State out of the Union. On February ii, 
 the legislature adjourned until March 20. Little was 
 done at this second session of sixteen days beyond further 
 discussion of the state of the country. By special invita- 
 
KENTUCKY'S POSITION OF NEUTRALITY 
 
 65 
 
 tion, an address from the Union standpoint was delivered 
 by John J. Crittenden, which was followed several days 
 later by another from the Democratic point of view by 
 John C. Breckinridge. Crittenden had just left the United 
 States Senate. Breckinridge was his successor. 
 
 On the 4th of February, a Peace Conference of twenty- 
 one States assembled at Washington. Kentucky sent six 
 delegates, — William O. Butler, Joshua F. Bell, Definite turn 
 James B. Clay, James Guthrie, Charles S. ^^^^^^^^ 
 Morehead, and Charles A. Wickliffe ; but nothing was 
 accomplished by this 
 meeting. All efforts 
 toward compromise 
 were of no avail. 
 Matters were tending 
 to a crisis. By this 
 time seven States 
 had seceded. On the 
 same day that the 
 Peace Conference 
 opened in Washing- 
 ton, delegates from 
 six of the seceded 
 States met at Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama, to 
 frame a government 
 for The Confederate 
 States of America. 
 Jefferson Davis was 
 elected President. On the 4th of March, Abraham Lin- 
 coln was inaugurated President of the United States. 
 
 On the 1 2th of April, 1861, the first gun in the war 
 between the States was tired on Fort Sumter, in South 
 
 Jefferson Davis 
 
1 66 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Carolina. The garrison was under the command ot 
 Major Robert Anderson of the United States army, a 
 Beginning native of Kentucky. On the 14th, the Federal 
 
 of the war forces were compelled to abandon the fort. 
 The President immediately made proclamation for troops. 
 Kentucky was called on to furnish four regiments for the 
 service of the government. Governor Magoffin promptly 
 telegraphed the following reply to this demand: **In an- 
 swer, I say, emphatically, Kentucky will furnish no troops 
 for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern 
 States." Troops requested for the Confederate States 
 were also refused by the governor. 
 
 The Union men now nerved themselves for a mighty 
 
 effort to hold Kentucky in a position of neutrality. On 
 
 the 17th of April, Crittenden made a speech 
 
 Efforts to hold ' . , . , 
 
 Kentucky to a large audience at Lexmgton. He brought 
 
 all the weight of his great intellect to bear on 
 his appeal to the people to maintain an independent 
 course. Kentucky, he showed, had done nothing to bring 
 on this war ; she had done everything in her power to 
 prevent it. Now that civil strife was begun, there was no 
 reason why Kentucky should be forced to take part either 
 with the North or the South. Let her stand true to the 
 Union alone and remain in her place as a peacemaker. 
 
 The Union State Central Committee (formed January 8) 
 followed up this line of argument in an address to the 
 people. They earnestly urged that Kentucky should 
 persevere in a position of neutrality, and they recom- 
 mended that she should arm herself thoroughly, so that 
 she might protect her soil from the invasion of either the 
 Federal or Confederate forces. Similar Union meetings 
 were held in various localities. Everywhere, it was evi- 
 dent, the desire of the people was for neutrality. 
 
KENTUCKY'S POSITION OF NEUTRALITY 1 67 
 
 Thus two facts are apparent to us, — that the people 
 of Kentucky were ardently attached to the Union, and 
 that they were distinctly opposed to war. Kentucky's at- 
 They believed that the disagreement between titude toward 
 the North and the South ought to be settled 
 in some peaceable way. They shuddered- at the thought 
 of civil war — war between friends and kindred. There- 
 fore there was no probability, just at this time, that the 
 State would decide to unite with the Federal government 
 in resisting the secession of the Southern States. 
 
 The extreme Unionists — - those who were ready for war 
 — were in the minority. But it was possible that Ken- 
 tucky might decide to support the Southern cause. The 
 Conservative Union men and the Democrats were agreed 
 in believing that the Northern congressmen had no right 
 to make laws against the slave property of the South. 
 But the Democrats believed in the doctrine of State 
 Rights, — that a State had the right to secede when it 
 judged that the Federal government had acted unconsti- 
 tutionally toward it. They dwelt upon the wrongs the 
 South had suffered, and the subject appealed to the spirit 
 of many of the gallant young men of the Commonwealth. 
 The Kentuckian, from the days of his earliest conflict 
 with Indians, had allowed no foe to overcome him. It 
 was his impulse now to rush forward and take his stand 
 beside his resisting brethren. It would not have been 
 impossible, perhaps, by a few impassioned speeches on 
 this line, to have turned the State into the Confederacy. 
 
 In this state of feeling the legislature was again assem- 
 bled in called session, May 6. At first it ap- Legislature 
 peared as if the Southern Rights element was in toria7n™u-^^' 
 the majority. But there were in that body a traiity 
 number of old tried WhigS', — Union men now, — who braced 
 
1 68 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 themselves to exert every effort to keep their State from 
 the horrors of this war, and to hold her true to the Union. 
 Their strength was as the strength of many because they 
 were convinced that their purpose was righteous. More- 
 over, they were upheld by the will of the people. Petitions 
 poured in from the women of the State, imploring the 
 legislators to " guard them from the direful calamity of 
 civil war." Furthermore, several members who had been 
 elected as Democrats before this crisis of war had come, 
 now went over to the aid of the Union men. Notably 
 among these was Richard T. Jacob, later colonel of the 
 Federal army, and lieutenant governor of the State. And 
 so it came about that this legislature decided the fate of 
 the State, and perhaps of the nation, by voting in favor 
 of mediatorial neutraUty. 
 
 Kentucky's position of mediatorial neutrality was pri- 
 marily a decision for the Union. It did not mean that the 
 Federal government had no right to raise 
 
 Meaning of ° ^ 
 
 mediatorial troops for its defense on her soil. It rather 
 
 neutrality • ■,• ^ i • i i • i 
 
 mdicated such a right, and was simply a re- 
 quest to the Federal government for a postponement of 
 that constitutional right, in order that an effort might be 
 made on her part to try to win back the seceded States 
 to the Union and to secure peace. ^ But if peace were im- 
 possible, and the war should continue, Kentucky was deter- 
 mined to stand by the Union, even to her temporary disad- 
 vantage in the possible destruction of her slave property. 
 What was gained by this position was delay. In that 
 hour of impassioned action every moment of rational 
 inaction was of vital importance. 
 
 1 Synopsis of House Resolutions in exposition of the position of the leg- 
 islature of 1861. Offered by the member from Oldham, Richard T. Jacob, 
 and accepted by the legislature, September i, 1861. 
 
KENTUCKY'S POSITION OF NEUTRALITY 169 
 
 The Union victory was attained by only one vote in the 
 House and a meager majority in the Senate ; but none 
 the less was it regarded by the Conservatives 
 
 , . . Union victory 
 
 as a trmmph which would result m immeas- 
 urable good. In the list of those who accomplished it are 
 found the names of men who are known to the nation. 
 There are R. A. Buckner, Speaker of the House, C. F. 
 Burnam, Lovell H. Rousseau, James Speed, Joseph R. 
 Underwood, Nathaniel Wolfe, and others too numerous to 
 mention. Old men who were present in that legislature 
 tell us to-day of the deep earnestness of the discussion 
 through which that decision was reached. 
 
 Throughout this study we have had occasion to notice 
 the sober dignity with which Kentucky has met every 
 serious issue in her history ; and we have also observed 
 the important work she has done for the nation. Let us 
 especially recall the period of her severest trial, — her 
 tedious struggle for independence from Virginia, — and 
 we shall find that she decided her course of action in 
 this present vital hour of the nation's life in harmony 
 with that judgment which controlled her in the former 
 period. 
 
 The governor issued a proclamation setting forth the 
 fact of Kentucky's neutrality, and likewise warning and 
 forbidding any State, whether of the United The governor's 
 States or of the Confederate States, to enter or P'-ociamation 
 occupy Kentucky with armed forces. The legislature also 
 directed that the State should be armed for her own pro- 
 tection. The necessary funds were immediately raised, 
 and arms and ammunition were procured for the State 
 Guards and the Home Guards; and it was especially pro- 
 vided that neither the arms nor the militia were to be 
 used against either the United States or the Confederate 
 
I70 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 States, but solely for the defense of the State of Kentucky. 
 The governor appointed Simon Bolivar Buckner inspector 
 general, Scott Brown adjutant general, and M. D. West 
 quartermaster general. 
 
 The President called a special session of Congress for 
 July 4, 1 86 1. The election thus made necessary is de- 
 unionmen scribed by One of the Union workers of that 
 elected timQ as follows : " And now the contest 
 
 opened before the people of Kentucky, and the Union 
 men went boldly and confidently into the fray. . . . All 
 eyes were at once turned to Mr. Crittenden, and his ser- 
 vices were demanded in that Congress. . . . The noble 
 old man heard the call and did not hesitate for a moment. 
 . . . Animated by intense patriotism and the stirring 
 scenes around him, he moved through the district with all 
 the vigor and spirit of a young man, unbent by age, his 
 manly form erect, his voice clear and thrilling, his eye 
 blazing with all the fervor which the high responsibility of 
 his position inspired. Crowds flocked to listen to him ; 
 the people everywhere responded to his appeal. . . . He 
 was elected by a large majority. Many others of the best 
 men of the State were sent to Congress.^ The most trusted 
 men were selected for the legislature, and secession was no 
 longer thought of in Kentucky. 
 
 *' No one doubts that had Mr. Crittenden faltered at all, 
 or had he pursued any other course than that which he did 
 Crittenden's pursue, Kentucky would have been lost to the 
 influence Union. His personal influence in the late legis- 
 
 lature had contributed much to prevent injudicious action. 
 
 1 The men selected to represent the State in this Congress were Henry C 
 Burnett, James S. Jackson, Henry Grider, Aaron Harding, Charles A. Wick- 
 lifiFe, George W. Dunlap, Robert Mallory, John J. Crittenden, William H. 
 Wadsworth, and John W. Menzies. 
 
KENTUCKY'S POSITION OF NEUTRALITY 
 
 171 
 
 His eloquence and his great popularity secured the tri- 
 umph of the Union men in his district; and the great 
 confidence the whole State reposed in him kept the State 
 in the Union. Should Kentucky at that critical moment 
 have cast her destiny with the South, who can calculate 
 what might have been the result ? " ^ 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Both Lincoln and Davis born in Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Lincoln elected President of the 
 United States, i860. 
 
 His election objectionable to the 
 South. 
 
 South Carolina and six other States 
 secede. 
 
 Crittenden's compromise resolutions 
 rejected by United States Senate. 
 
 Border States' compromise resolu- 
 tions also rejected. 
 
 Crittenden's efforts for peace appre- 
 ciated at home. 
 
 Speakers urge the people to be mod- 
 erate in action. 
 
 The legislature meets in called ses- 
 sion. 
 
 The governor's message. 
 
 He recommends calling a State con- 
 vention. 
 
 Democrats generally desire this step. 
 
 Views of Vice President Breckin- 
 ridge on the subject. 
 
 He earnestly advocates holding such 
 a convention. 
 
 It would enable the State to decide 
 her course toward the war. 
 
 Union party strongly oppose calling 
 a State convention. 
 
 They fear the State might thus be led 
 to secede. 
 
 Legislature decides not to hold a 
 State convention. 
 
 Legislature addressed on the condi- 
 tion of the country. 
 
 J. J. Crittenden speaks from the 
 Union point of view. 
 
 J. C. Breckinridge speaks from the 
 Democratic point of view. 
 
 Peace conference at Washington ac- 
 complishes nothing. 
 
 The crisis approaching. 
 
 The Confederate States of America 
 formed. 
 
 Jefferson Davis chosen President. 
 
 Lincoln inaugurated President of the 
 United States. 
 
 Confederates fire upon Fort Sumter, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Major Robert Anderson, U.S.A., in 
 command. 
 
 Federals obliged to abandon the 
 fort. 
 
 President Lincoln makes proclama- 
 tion for troops. 
 
 Confederate States also request 
 troops. 
 
 Governor Magoffin declines both re- 
 quests. 
 
 1 W. B. Kinkead in an article on John J. Crittenden in the New York Sun. 
 
1/2 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Union men strive to hold Kentucky 
 neutral for a time. 
 
 Crittenden recommends an indepen- 
 dent course. 
 
 He shows that Kentucky had no part 
 in bringing on the war. 
 
 He urges the people not to rush into 
 the contest, but to remain peace- 
 makers, true to the Union. 
 
 Union meetings helcl in various local- 
 ities. 
 
 All recommend the same course. 
 
 Kentucky much attached to the 
 Union. 
 
 Generally opposed to war. 
 
 Does not intend just yet to enter the 
 war on the Federal side. 
 
 More chance of her supporting the 
 Confederate cause. 
 
 It appeals to the sympathy of the 
 young men of the State. 
 
 Conservative Union men and Demo- 
 crats widely differ on one point. 
 
 I Democrats believe that a State has 
 a right to secede. 
 
 Second called session of legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 Southern Rights element in the ma- 
 jority at first. 
 
 Conservative Union men make a 
 strong fight. 
 
 Several Democrats come to their 
 aid. 
 
 Mediatorial neutrality carried. 
 
 This was a plea to the Federal gov- 
 ernment to postpone raising troops 
 in the State while further efforts 
 for peace were made. 
 
 Above all it meant a decision for the 
 Union. 
 
 The State armed for her own protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Special election of Congressmen 
 held. 
 
 Crittenden helps to secure the 
 Union victory. 
 
CHAPTER XVI 
 
 THE INVASION OF KENTUCKY, JULY 1861-APRIL 1862 
 
 Had the other States followed Kentucky's example of 
 forbearance, there would have been no war. But perhaps 
 war was necessary. Perhaps it was the only Beginning of 
 means by which the abolition of slavery could *^^ tragedy 
 be accomplished. Of course it was impossible for Ken- 
 tucky to make peace, and equally im- 
 possible for her to remain apart from 
 the combat. 
 
 Outside the borders of the State, at 
 Camp Clay opposite Newport, and 
 Camp Joe Holt opposite Louisville, 
 Federal regiments were being recruited, 
 and thither in the summer of 1861 
 hastened many Unionists of the State. 
 Many dissatisfied Secessionists assem- 
 bled at Camp Boone near Clarksville, 
 Tennessee, where Confederate troops 
 were being enlisted. And thus began 
 the tragedy in Kentucky ! Most of the 
 other States went solidly with one side 
 or the other ; but Kentucky was divided 
 against herself ! Fathers differed from sons, and went 
 forth to fight against them. Brothers parted from brothers, 
 friends from friends. Ah, the awful anguish of it all ! 
 
 173 
 
 Union Soldier 
 
174 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 On the soil of Kentucky itself Federal forces were 
 organized at Camp Dick Robinson, in Garrard County, by 
 Federal and General William Nelson. General Humphrey 
 wforganized Marshall had a recruiting camp in Owen 
 in Kentucky County, thirty miles from the capital, where 
 Confederate forces were organized. In other parts of the 
 State, Confederate troops were 
 raised by Colonel Blanton Dun- 
 can. And still, the State's neutral 
 position was not yet officially 
 abandoned. 
 
 On the 20th of May, 1861, the 
 definite Confederate government 
 was organized at Rich- Kentucky is 
 mond, Virginia. In ^^^^^ 
 that State, on the 21st of July, the 
 first great battle of the war was 
 fought along the banks of Bull 
 Run stream, not far from Manassas 
 Junction. The result was defeat 
 to the Federals, and a general rout 
 and flight of their forces. Hope 
 was inspired in the hearts of the Confederates ; but the 
 Federals fought with renewed energy. Each side watched 
 Kentucky with interest. The August elections came off, 
 and the State voted overwhelmingly in favor of the 
 Unionists. Seventy-six Union to twenty-four State Rights 
 members were elected to the House ; twenty-seven to 
 eleven, to the Senate. The newly elected legislature as- 
 sembled September 2, 1861. 
 
 The day following, by an almost simultaneous move 
 upon Kentucky, the State was invaded by Confederate 
 forces at two different points. Major General Leonidas 
 
 Confederate Soldier 
 
THE INVASION OF KENTUCKY 1 75 
 
 Polk, of Tennessee, occupied and fortified a strong posi- 
 tion at Hickman and Columbus, in the southwest, and 
 General Zollicoffer established troops near „ , 
 
 ^ Confederates 
 
 Cumberland Gap, in the southeast. Where- invade Ken- 
 upon, on the 5th, a Federal army of several "^ ^ 
 thousand strong, under an order from Brigadier General 
 U. S. Grant, entered Kentucky and took its position at 
 Paducah. The legislature promptly ordered that the flag 
 of the United States be hoisted on the capitol, to proclaim 
 Kentucky's Union attitude. 
 
 General Polk notified Governor Magoffin that he would 
 withdraw his troops provided the Union troops were 
 simultaneously withdrawn ; and offered the Legislature 
 further guarantee that Confederate troops ^rawaU)f^con- 
 should remain out of the State provided Fed- federates 
 eral troops should not be allowed to enter or occupy any 
 point in Kentucky in the future. Now the Union people 
 disapproved of the condition thus laid down by General 
 Polk.^ On the nth, the legislature passed resolutions to 
 the effect that Kentucky expected the Confederate troops 
 to withdraw from her soil unconditionally. The governor, 
 who was opposed to the Union policy, and in sympathy 
 with the Confederacy, vetoed the resolution, but it was 
 passed immediately over his veto. 
 
 As the Confederate forces refused to comply with this 
 order, on September 18, the State, in her General Assem- 
 bly, abandoned the neutrality position, and de- 
 clared herself an active supporter of the Federal position 
 government. Resolutions were introduced and 
 carried: (i) to request General Robert Anderson, who 
 had already been appointed commander of the Department 
 
 1 See p. 1 68, the meaning of mediatorial neutrality. 
 
1/6 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 of the Cumberland, which included Kentucky, to take 
 instant command, with authority to call out the volunteer 
 
 force of the Common- 
 wealth for the purpose 
 of expelling the in- 
 vaders from the soil ; 
 (2) to protect all 
 peaceable citizens 
 while this necessary 
 duty was being per- 
 formed ; (3) to request 
 the governor to give all 
 the aid in his power 
 to accomplish this end, 
 and to call out the 
 militia force of the 
 State under his con- 
 trol, and place it under 
 the command of Gen- 
 eral Thomas L. Crittenden ; (4) to invoke the patriotism 
 and aid of every Kentuckian for the defense of the Com- 
 monwealth. Again the governor used his right of veto, 
 and again the legislature disregarded his act. Several days 
 later, a bill was passed, — notwithstanding the usual veto, 
 — directing the governor to call out not less than forty 
 thousand Kentuckians to be placed under the authority 
 of the commanding general, to aid in expelling the in- 
 vaders. 
 
 The State Guard, who had been armed and equipped by 
 the State for her own use and protection, laid down their 
 The state arms in some instances, and in others carried 
 
 Guard them with them, and went almost in a body 
 
 into the ranks of the Confederacy, whither their principles 
 
 Robert Anderson 
 
THE INVASION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 Ti 
 
 or sympathy led them. On September i8, their leader, 
 Brigadier General Simon B. Buckner, was ordered to invade 
 Kentucky and to fortify 
 a central camp at Bowl- 
 ing Green. This point 
 became, for a time, the 
 headquarters of the Con- 
 federate Army of the 
 West, then placed under 
 the command of Gen- 
 eral Albert Sidney John- 
 ston, a Kentuckian by 
 birth. 
 
 As early as July, Gen- 
 eral Lloyd Tilghman, a 
 resident of Paducah, had 
 resigned his position in 
 the State Guard, and at 
 the head of the third 
 Kentucky regiment of infantry, had joined the Confeder- 
 ate army. Paducah was intensely Southern, and most 
 of the young men of the city, previously members of the 
 State Guard, went with Tilghman. From the force of the 
 State Guard, also, went John Hunt Morgan, then captain 
 of the Lexington Rifles, to become the famous Kentucky 
 cavalry raider, — General Morgan of the Confederacy. By 
 some daring stratagem, he succeeded in evading the Fed- 
 eral authorities, and leading most of his company, all car- 
 rying their arms with them, he reached Bowling Green 
 a few days after General Buckner had taken his station 
 there. 
 
 On the contrary, the Home Guards were nearly all sup- 
 porters of the Federal government. But they were a 
 
 KENT. HIST. — 12 
 
 Thomas L. Crittenden 
 
178 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 The Home 
 Guard 
 
 body of undisciplined troops who were not always wise 
 in their conduct. Arrests of innocent persons were fre- 
 quently made by them, and thereby wrath was 
 awakened among the Southern sympathizers 
 against the Union policy the State had adopted. 
 
 The legislature heartily condemned all such unjustifiable 
 arrests, and General Anderson, who was always fair as 
 well as brave, issued a proclamation of protection to the 
 people. It was to the effect that no Kentuckian should 
 be arrested unless he took part, either by action or speech, 
 
 against the authorities of the 
 general or State government, 
 held correspondence with, or 
 gave aid or assistance to, the 
 enemy. 
 
 Under a construction of 
 this order of the command- 
 ing general, a ^ . ^ 
 
 ° ^ ' Prominent 
 
 number of arrests confederates 
 
 . . arrested 
 
 were made of 
 men who, by their position, 
 were able to give efficient aid 
 to the Confederate cause. 
 William Preston Jamcs B. Clay was arrested 
 
 for this reason, as were also 
 Reuben T. Durrett, editor of the Louisville Courier, and 
 ex-Governor Charles S. Morehead, who were sent to politi- 
 cal prisons in the East. The judge of Harrison County 
 and other officers of that court were arrested and sent to 
 the United States barracks at Newport. Every effort 
 was put forth to constrain the citizens to submit to the 
 Union policy which the State had adopted. 
 
 The State was being rapidly divested of her South- 
 
THE INVASION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 79 
 
 ern sympathizers among the soldiers. During the last 
 week of September, nearly one thousand Kentuckians 
 passed into Virginia, to join the Southern confederate 
 forces. John C. Breckinridge left his seat in ^^^^^^^ 
 the United States Senate to become brigadier general 
 iri the Confederate army. Other notable leaders of 
 Confederate volunteers were Roger W. Hanson, Ben 
 Hardin Helm, George W. Johnson, Humphrey Mar- 
 shall, William Preston, and 
 John S. Williams. 
 
 Meanwhile the State was 
 gathering loyal soldiers for 
 the Federal service. It is 
 difficult to estimate the exact 
 numbers furnished to the Con- 
 federate side ; but it may be 
 generally stated that about 
 three times as many of the 
 inhabitants of the Common- 
 wealth went into 
 the Federal army 
 as into the Confederate. 
 Nevertheless, many mothers and aged fathers who re- 
 mained at home awaited in anguish and suspense the 
 tidings from the opposing armies, each of which contained 
 dearly loved members of their divided families. 
 
 The departure of the Confederates left vacant a number 
 of State offices. John W. Finnel, an efficient Union mem- 
 ber of the legislature, was appointed adjutant important 
 general, in the place of Scott Brown, and official changes 
 William A. Dudley quartermaster general, in the place of 
 M. D. West, who had followed his associate into the 
 Southern army. Bland Ballard was appointed United 
 
 Divided 
 households 
 
 Bland Ballard 
 
C80 
 
 THE aVIL WAR 
 
 States district judge, that honorable position having been 
 vacated by its holder, Thomas B. Monroe. John C. 
 Breckinridge was deprived of his seat in the United States 
 Senate, and Garrett Davis was chosen by the legislature 
 to succeed him. 
 
 Previous to the 21st of October, only insignificant skir- 
 mishes had taken place on Kentucky soil ; but on that day 
 First battles in occurred quite a desperate encounter at Camp 
 Kentucky ^j|^ Q^^^ jj^ ^hc Rockcastle hills. The Fed- 
 
 eral troops were commanded by Colonel T. T. Garrard; 
 
 the Confederate, by Brig- 
 adier General Zollicoffer. 
 The Confederates were out- 
 numbered, and in spite of 
 the efforts of their able 
 commander, were forced to 
 retreat. Shortly afterward, 
 not far away, at Ivy Moun- 
 tain, in Pike County, a sim- 
 ilar victory was gained by 
 Federal troops under Gen- 
 eral William Nelson. 
 
 On the 1 8th of Novem- 
 ber, there occurred a unique 
 event. Delegates, elected 
 by the dissatisfied minority 
 of the State, assembled at Russellville, in Logan County, 
 '^ nf d rat ^^^ formed what they called a provisional 
 government of government for Kentucky. Geore:e W. John- 
 Kentucky - 1 r 11 i 
 son was chosen governor, and a luU corps 01 
 
 State officials was also elected. Bowling Green was se- 
 lected as the new seat of government. Henry C. Burnett, 
 sometime representative in the United States Congress, 
 
 William Nelson 
 
THE INVASION OF KENTUCKY l8l 
 
 William Preston, and William E. Simms were sent as del- 
 egates to Richmond, Virginia, and on the loth of December, 
 the government there established went through the form 
 of admitting Kentucky into the Confederate States. This 
 little episode had small effect, however, upon the even 
 tenor of Kentucky's real administration. Soon the princi- 
 pal actors in it themselves left their visionary posts, to 
 enter into the serious events of Southern warfare. 
 
 On November 13, Brigadier General Don Carlos Buell 
 succeeded to the command of the department which in- 
 cluded Kentucky. Early the following month, Bueii 
 he had organized at Louisville for the Union ^^ command 
 army about sixty thousand soldiers. The Confederates 
 held a long military line from Cumber- 
 land Gap into Arkansas and Missouri. 
 They had strong fortifications on the 
 Cumberland, Tennessee, and Missis- 
 sippi rivers. They had been greatly 
 discouraged by Kentucky's unwavering 
 efforts for the Union; but they still 
 hoped to gain possession of the State. ^^'I^l" "/'"''' 
 
 On January 19, 1862, General George 
 B. Crittenden, commanding a Confederate force of about 
 five thousand infantry, came upon the advancing Federal 
 army, commanded by Major General- George ^^^ 
 
 H. Thomas, under whom were Colonels Speed Federal victory 
 Smith Fry and Frank L. Wolford, at Mill ^^^"^^^'^^ 
 Springs, in Pulaski County. The Confederate attack was 
 led by General Zollicoffer, who was killed after a few 
 hours' hard fighting. The Federal force, which at the out- 
 set was some\Yhat less than that of the enemy, was about 
 this time reenforced. The Confederates were thrown into 
 confusion and driven to retreat into Tennessee. This was 
 
l82 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 the first of the important victories which led to the evacua- 
 tion of the State. 
 
 Another discouraging defeat to the Confederates was 
 
 soon to follow. On the 6th of February, General Lloyd 
 
 ^„ ^ Tilerhman, in command of the Confederate 
 
 Fall of Forts ° ' 
 
 Henry and Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, was 
 
 compelled to surrender to General Grant. On 
 
 the 1 2th of the month, General Grant began his celebrated 
 
 assault on Fort Donel- 
 
 son, on the south- 
 
 '• west bank of the 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 River. The 
 
 Confederate 
 
 troops were 
 
 commanded by 
 
 Generals John 
 
 Floyd, Gideon J. 
 
 d Simon B. Buck- 
 
 ner. Two Kentucky regiments 
 were engaged on each side: Colonel 
 John H. McHenry's and Colonel James 
 M. Shackleford's, on the Federal; Colonel Roger W. Han- 
 son's and Colonel H. B. Lyon's, on the Confederate. The 
 terrible carnage lasted nearly five days, during bitterly 
 cold weather, rain, and sleet. On the night of the 15th, 
 Generals Floyd and Pillow escaped with portions of their 
 brigades. On the i6th, General Buckner proposed terms 
 of capitulation, but General Grant demanded and obtained 
 an unconditional surrender. 
 
 On the 14th, before the fate of Donelson was definitely 
 decided, the Confederates abandoned Bowling Green. 
 On the 27th, Columbus was also evacuated. Federal troops 
 
 Bombardment of Fort 
 Henry 
 
THE INVASION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 83 
 
 Lloyd Tilghman 
 
 under the chief command of 
 
 General Buell — 114,000 men — 
 
 were meanwhile 
 
 Kentucky evac- 
 uated by the pressing southward. 
 Confederates ^ ^, ^^, r -i- i. 
 
 On the 25th of Feb- 
 ruary, they took possession of 
 Nashville, Tennessee. 
 
 The retreating Confederates 
 passed through Nashville be- 
 tore the advance of the Fed- 
 erals. General Albert Sidney 
 Johnston reorganized his army 
 at Murfreesboro, and having 
 
 been reenforced 
 
 Battle of Shiloh i ^ i -o 
 
 by General Beaure- 
 gard, again moved southward 
 
 to Corinth, Mississippi. General Grant pushed his forces 
 in a parallel direction and established his camp at 
 Pittsburg Landing, near Shiloh Church, on the Tennes- 
 see River. The engagement 
 which occurred there on the 
 morning of the 6th of April, 
 although desired by the Union 
 army, was hastened by the wis- 
 dom of the Confederate com 
 mander. The battle of Shiloh 
 was one of the most terrible in 
 the war. The fighting contin- 
 ued for two days. At the close 
 of the first day the Federals 
 were driven in disorder to the 
 river, and it seemed as though 
 Albert Sidney Johnston victory wcrc with the Couf cdcr- 
 
1 84 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 ates, although their commander, General Johnston, had 
 fallen with a mortal wound. But in the night General 
 Grant was reenforced by General Buell with twenty thou- 
 sand men. After a rushing march of twenty-five miles, 
 
 Attack on Fort Donelson 
 
 General Buell reached the field in time to turn the victory 
 to the Federals. But the loss of life was very great, and 
 the Kentucky regiments suffered more than their pro- 
 portion. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Kentucky's futile efforts for peace. 
 It was impossible for her to remain 
 
 apart from the war. 
 Kentucky Federals and Confederates 
 
 recruited outside the State. 
 Kentucky's tragic situation. 
 
 Federals and Confederates organized 
 within the State. 
 
 The neutrality position not yet aban- 
 doned. 
 
 Confederate victory in the battle of 
 Bull Run. 
 
THE INVASION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 185 
 
 Conservative Union party carries the 
 State elections of 1S61. 
 
 The newly elected legislature assem- 
 bles September 2. 
 
 Confederates invade the State on the 
 
 3d- 
 
 General Polk establishes troops in 
 the southwest; General ZoUicoffer, 
 in the southeast. 
 
 Legislature orders withdrawal of the 
 Confederates. 
 
 General Polk refuses unless Federal 
 truops are also withdrawn. 
 
 Legislature demands an uncondi- 
 tional withdrawal. 
 
 Neutrality abandoned, September 18. 
 
 Kentucky declares herself actively for 
 the Union. 
 
 Robert Anderson appointed comman- 
 der of Kentucky department of war. 
 
 T. L. Crittenden, commander of Ken- 
 tucky militia. 
 
 Other important resolutions passed by 
 the legislature. 
 
 State Guard joins the Confederate 
 army. 
 
 Young men from Paducah follow 
 General Lloyd Tilghman. 
 
 General S. B. Buckner invades Ken- 
 tucky, September 18. 
 
 Bowling Green the Confederate head- 
 quarters for a time. 
 
 The Confederate general John Hunt 
 Morgan. 
 
 The Home Guard almost entirely 
 Union. 
 
 A body of undisciplined troops. 
 
 Cause trouble by making unlawful ar- 
 rests. 
 
 Prominent Confederates arrested. 
 
 Efforts to constrain the citizens to 
 submit to the Union policy. 
 
 Many Kentuckians join the Confed- 
 erate army. 
 
 Notable Confederate leaders. 
 
 About three times as many join the 
 Federal army. 
 
 The households of the State are di- 
 vided. 
 
 A number of civil offices left vacant 
 by Confederates. 
 
 First battles in Kentucky. 
 
 Federal victories at Camp Wild Cat 
 and Ivy Mountain. 
 
 Confederates meet at Russellville, Lo- 
 gan County. 
 
 Frame a provisional government for 
 Kentucky. 
 
 George W. Johnson chosen their gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 Don Carlos Buell commander of 
 Kentucky Department. 
 
 Sixty thousand Federal troops organ- 
 ized at Louisville. 
 
 Battle of Mill Springs, Pulaski 
 County. 
 
 Federals gain a significant victory. 
 
 Fall of Confederate Forts Henry and 
 Donelson. 
 
 Kentucky evacuated. 
 
 One hundred and fourteen thousand 
 Federal troops pressing south- 
 ward. 
 Nashville taken possession of. 
 Another Federal victory in the battle 
 
 of Shiloh. 
 General Buell's part in the battle. 
 
CHAPTER XVII 
 
 THE SECOND INVASION OF KENTUCKY, APRIL-DEC, 1862 
 
 The Conservative Union people of Kentucky loved the 
 Union and the constitution above all property considera- 
 tions, sacrificins: for it kindred and ties of 
 
 Congress 
 
 actively favors sympathy, and life itself. Very many of them 
 
 abolition , , i i.i_ v j 
 
 were large slave owners, and they relied upon 
 the protection which the constitution of the United States 
 gave to their slave property. Many who regretted the 
 existence of such property, as well as those who approved 
 it, were agreed in maintaining that the government had no 
 right to interfere with it. During all the early months of 
 that time of trial they clung — with a trust that refused to 
 see the tendency of the issue — to the belief that the 
 government did not intend to invade the rights of the 
 South; that its sole object was to suppress the rebellion, 
 and then to restore the Union and the constitution. But 
 all the while events were steadily pressing towards the 
 abolition of slavery. In April, 1862, the first step in this 
 direction was taken by Congress abolishing slavery in the 
 District of Columbia. The venerable John J. Crittenden 
 made one of his last great efforts to defeat this measure, 
 as did other of the statesmen of Kentucky, — Aaron Hard- 
 ing and William Henry Wadsworth, in the House of 
 Representatives, and Garrett Davis in the Senate. 
 
 An antagonism was therefore spreading throughout 
 186 
 
THE SECOND INVASION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 87 
 
 the State to the Federal authorities at Washington. This 
 was greatly increased by the military policy which was 
 now adopted. On June i, 1862, Kentucky 
 was placed under martial law. Brigadier adverse to this 
 General Jeremiah Tilford Boyle was made 
 military commandant. Provost marshals were appointed 
 in every county. Any one suspected of aiding or abetting 
 the Confederacy was ar- 
 rested and compelled to 
 subscribe to an oath of 
 allegiance to the gov- 
 ernment of the United 
 States before he was 
 discharged. The printed 
 formula of the oath 
 stated that its violation 
 was death. 
 
 For some time the lives 
 and property of loyal 
 citizens had been dis- 
 turbed by lawless bands 
 of men called guerril- 
 las. The guerrillas were 
 mostly soldiers who had 
 broken away from the 
 ranks of the Confederacy, — wild, reckless men, who had 
 been made inhuman by some injury they or Martial law 
 their families had suffered from Federal ©tensive 
 soldiers or authorities. They banded themselves together 
 and dashed through the country, wreaking their vengeance 
 upon the innocent victims in the Commonwealth. Now 
 the order went forth that whenever such depredations 
 should hereafter occur, the Confederate sympathizers in 
 
 Jeremiah T. Beyle 
 
1 88 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 the neighborhood where the offenses were committed 
 should be held responsible and made to pay the damages. 
 Although these raids were exceedingly harassing, the 
 measures employed for their suppression were most 
 objectionable to the Kentuckians generally. However, 
 
 General Boyle endeavored to 
 execute the severe orders of 
 the secretary of war with as 
 much leniency as possible. 
 Meanwhile, an excitement 
 of a very practical nature had 
 been created in 
 
 Morgan, the 
 the State. Exag- confederate 
 ^ 1 , cavalry raider 
 
 gerated reports 
 were spreading wildly, con- 
 cerning General John Hunt 
 Morgan, who with his Con- 
 federate cavalry had entered 
 Monroe County early in July on his first Kentucky raid. 
 This daring leader of a few hundred men did most effective 
 service to the Confederate cause. The methods he em- 
 ployed required quick wits and coolness of action. 
 
 At Tompkinsville he defeated two hundred and fifty 
 Federal cavalry, and then moved northward, following the 
 Jine of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, through Glas- 
 gow, to Bear Wallow. There an expert operator on his 
 staff tapped the telegraph wire and, on the ground that all 
 things are fair in war, sent false dispatches concerning 
 Morgan's numbers and movements, and also received in- 
 formation in regard to the Federal plans. The telegraph 
 was frequently employed in this manner, and the Federal 
 officers were much mystified and alarmed. 
 
 Along the line of Morgan's march, railroads were de- 
 
 John Hunt Morgan 
 
THE SECOND INVASION OF KENTUCKY 189 
 
 stroyed, supply trains were captured, and horses were 
 seized for the use of the Confederacy. At Cynthiana, 
 quite a severe contest occurred. A Federal force of nearly 
 five hundred, under Colonel John J. Landrum, was captured, 
 after a resistance of nearly two hours. Being pursued by 
 General Green Clay Smith and Colonel Frank L. Wolford, 
 with a Federal force somewhat superior in numbers to his 
 own, Morgan hastened southward, capturing several towns 
 on his way, and destroying government stores. He trav- 
 eled over one thousand miles in twenty-four days, fought 
 repeatedly, and lost only about ninety of his men. 
 
 It is noteworthy that in this time of intense excitement 
 a change in the highest civil office of the Commonwealth 
 was made in an altogether dispassionate and 
 
 . ™, Orderly change 
 
 rather unique manner. The governor, a in the state 
 Southern sympathizer, had been out of accord ^^'^^^^^^^^^^^'^ 
 with the rest of the administration. He indicated his 
 desire to resign, provided his successor should be agreeable 
 to him. The lieutenant governor, Linn Boyd, having died, 
 the president of the Senate, John F. Fisk (to whom the 
 governor was inimical) would have become governor upon 
 the vacation of the office. That gentleman, perceiving the 
 situation, consented to resign his position. James F. Rob- 
 inson, a harmonizing member of the Union element, was 
 elected speaker. Governor Magoffin resigned, and Speaker 
 Robinson became acting governor. Whereupon, the Hon- 
 orable John F. Fisk was reelected to his former office. 
 
 Morgan's bold ride through the State was but a prepara- 
 tion for the military disturbance which was now anticipated. 
 Since the battle of Shiloh there had been 
 
 General E. 
 
 organizing at Chattanooga a force of more than Kirby smith's 
 
 forty thousand Confederates, under the chief 
 
 command of General Braxton Bragg, for the invasion of 
 
190 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Kentucky, and especially for the capture of Louisville and 
 Cincinnati. General Buell, the department commander, 
 did not anticipate this move. He held his troops between 
 Murfreesboro and Nashville, expecting an attack in central 
 Tennessee. During the last week in August, General E. 
 Kirby Smith, with about one third of this Confederate 
 army, entered Kentucky at Big Creek Gap and moved on 
 towards Richmond, where the only organized force of the 
 State was stationed, — two brigades of seven or eight thou- 
 sand, mainly undisciplined troops from Ohio and Indiana, 
 under the command of General William Nelson. 
 
 Skirmishing began on the 29th between the advance of 
 both armies. General Nelson was absent from head- 
 Battie of Rich- quarters. General Manson of Indiana (the 
 mond officer next in command), believing he should 
 
 encounter only one of the raiding parties then numerous 
 in the State, pushed on the next morning with his one 
 brigade and gave attack to the whole of General Smith's 
 army. The Federals held their own for several hours, but 
 were finally overcome and driven back in wild confusion 
 towards Richmond. 
 
 After a furious ride. General Nelson reached the scene 
 of disorder. Raging and desperate, he vainly tried to 
 rally his forces. One of his own officers called to his 
 men to scatter and run, and the infuriated Nelson drew 
 his sword and cut him to the ground. But he had arrived 
 too late. The victorious Confederates moved on to Lex- 
 ington, where several days later they were joined by 
 Morgan's Confederate cavalry. 
 
 On Sunday night the legislature met and adjourned to 
 Louisville (according to a provision which had been 
 passed for such an emergency), carrying the archives 
 of the State thither for protection. 
 
THE SECOND INVASION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 191 
 
 While Kirby Smith impatiently awaited the orders of 
 General Bragg, that officer, with the main army, was 
 making his slow march into Kentucky. By 
 way of misleading Buell, Bragg first moved Bueirs contest 
 westward to Nashville, and when he reached ^'^ ^° "^ ^ 
 Glasgow, in Barren County, he had lost at least ten days. 
 Sixteen more days were consumed in a march to Lexing- 
 ton. Meanwhile Buell had 
 outreached him, and with 
 an army now numbering 
 one hundred thousand 
 men, had entered Louis- 
 v^ille on September 25. 
 The conditions of the two 
 armies were reversed. The 
 Federals had a most de- 
 cided advantage. Western 
 troops had hastened to the 
 defense of Cincinnati. The 
 Federal General Lew Wal- 
 lace was in command. All 
 chance of the Confederates 
 
 Braxton Bragg 
 
 capturing that city and Louisville was lost. 
 
 On October i, Buell moved out of Louisville to give 
 attack to the Confederates. A detachment was sent 
 toward Frankfort, while the main army followed a south- 
 eastward course. Instead of vigorously grasping the situ- 
 ation, Bragg tarried at the capital, where the Confederates 
 went through the vain ceremony of inaugurating Richard 
 Hawes provisional governor of Kentucky, in the place of 
 George W. Johnson, who had fallen at Shiloh. The act 
 was hardly completed when the advance guard of Buell's 
 army reached the town. Governor Hawes hastened to 
 
192 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Lexington, and the provisional government of Kentucky 
 vanished, never to reappear. 
 
 The two armies came together near Perryville, in Boyle 
 County, on October 8. There was fought one of the 
 Battle of severest contests of the war : a battle terrible 
 
 Perryville -^^ ^^g^ ^£ Valuable lives on both sides, and 
 
 yet undecisive in result. Of the twenty-five thousand 
 Federals and fifteen thousand Confederates engaged in it, 
 at least seven thousand fell in the few hours the fighting 
 continued between noon and twilight. The immediate 
 commander of the Federal force was Major General 
 Alexander McCook; of the Confederate, Major General 
 William J. Hardee. Nearly half of the Confederate army 
 was at Frankfort, while the Federals had heavy reenforce- 
 ments (Major General Thomas L. Crittenden's corps) 
 within summoning distance. The battle was brought on 
 through a misunderstanding on the part of the Confed- 
 erates, who believed they were attacking only a detach- 
 ment of the Federal force. General Buell, who expected 
 an engagement the next day, was some distance away and 
 was not informed of what was taking place before the 
 battle was half over. And then, through a misunderstand- 
 ing on his part of the true situation, — supposing Bragg's 
 entire army was engaged, — he determined not to press 
 the action further until the morning. 
 
 But on the morrow Bragg had withdrawn his forces and 
 begun his retreat from Kentucky. At Harrodsburg he 
 Failure of was joined by General Smith's corps. With 
 
 to secure^^^^ wisc caution, Buell refrained from bringing on 
 Kentucky ^^ engagement with the Confederates. Only 
 
 sikirmishes tooli place. No other definite battle occurred; 
 and Bragg escaped from the State, having made a failure 
 of his whole campaign. After this, fighting on a large 
 
THE SECOND INVASION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 193 
 
 scale was practically ended in Kentucky. Again and 
 again Morgan's "wild riders" spread terror throughout 
 the State, and repeated skirmishes occurred in various 
 localities ; but no other Confederate effort was made to 
 secure Kentucky. 
 
 Morgan's Wild Riders 
 
 engaged in 
 
 The soldiers of Kentucky were now to be 
 many of the great battles of the South. They took part 
 at Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary The soldiers of 
 Ridge, Lookout Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Kentucky 
 Vicksburg, etc. ; and everywhere, on both sides, they 
 were conspicuous for their courage and power of endur- 
 ance. They were all volunteers, and belonged to the best 
 families of the Commonwealth, — strong, tall men, un- 
 
 KENT. HIST. — 13 
 
194 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 equaled in size by any other troops of the United States, 
 with the exception of those of Tennessee. 
 
 The Confederate army continued to receive recruits 
 from Kentucky until the end of the war. Though it is 
 impossible to state precisely the number given to that 
 service, it has been fairly estimated as over forty thousand. 
 It is possible to be more exact in regard to the Federal 
 numbers. According to the estimates of the adjutant 
 generals, before the close of the war the State had given 
 to the Federal service upwards of one hundred thousand 
 white men, — nearly one tenth of the entire population. 
 Besides this, eleven thousand negroes were enlisted for 
 the United States army. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Love of Kentucky Conservatives for 
 the Union. 
 
 Their trust that the constitution 
 would be restored after the war. 
 
 Belief that the government did not 
 intend to destroy the institutions of 
 the South. 
 
 The first step in the revolution taken. 
 
 Slavery abolished in the District of 
 Columbia by Congress. 
 
 Kentucky statesmen vainly try to de- 
 feat the measure. 
 
 The State excited against the Federal 
 government. 
 
 Martial law enforced, June, 1862. 
 
 General J. T. Boyle military comman- 
 dant. 
 
 Provost marshals appointed in every 
 county. 
 
 Terrible raids of outlaws called guer- 
 rillas. 
 
 Severe measures enforced to suppress 
 guerrillas. 
 
 Morgan's first Kentucky raid. 
 
 His quick wits and bold methods. 
 
 His victory in the battle of Cynthi- 
 ana. 
 
 His effective service to the Confed- 
 eracy. 
 
 The State administration mainly 
 Conservative Union. 
 
 Governor Magoffin, a Southern 
 Rights man, resigns. 
 
 His successor chosen in a unique 
 manner. 
 
 James F. Robinson, Conservative, 
 becomes governor. 
 
 Over 40,000 Confederates organized 
 at Chattanooga. 
 
 General Braxton Bragg in chief com- 
 mand. 
 
 The invasion of Kentucky proposed. 
 
 The State invaded by E. Kirby 
 Smith with one third of this army. 
 
 The only organized force of the 
 State at Richmond. 
 
THE SECOND INVASION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 195 
 
 General William Nelson, Federal, in 
 command. 
 
 Confederate victory in the battle of 
 Richmond. 
 
 They triumphantly enter Lexington. 
 
 Are joined by Morgan's Confederate 
 cavalry. 
 
 The legislature adjourns to Louis- 
 ville. 
 
 Bragg's dilatory march to Kentucky. 
 
 Buell reaches the State first. 
 
 Takes possession of Louisville. 
 
 Federals also in possession of Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 Buell has the advantage of Bragg. 
 
 Bragg's army inaugurates a governor 
 at Frankfort. 
 
 The two armies meet at Perryville. 
 
 A terrible engagement. 
 
 An indecisive result. 
 
 Fighting ends at twilight. 
 
 Buell proposes to continue the action 
 on the morrow. 
 
 Bragg withdraws his forces the next 
 day. 
 
 Buell refrains from bringing on an- 
 other encounter. 
 
 Bragg, joined by General Smith, es- 
 capes from the State. 
 
 War practically at an end in Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Kentucky soldiers in the great battles 
 of the South. 
 
 Their courage and conspicuous size. 
 
 Numbers furnished by the State to 
 each side. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 CiVIL CONFLICTS, 1863- 1865 
 
 The opposition in Kentucky to the Lincoln administia 
 
 tion rose to a high tide when on January i, 1863, the 
 
 President issued his Emancipation Proclama- 
 
 Kentucky ..... . . . , ,. 
 
 opposed to Lin tion, hberating the slaves in the seceding 
 CO n s po icy 5|-atgs. Kentucky, being loyal, was not im- 
 mediately concerned; but the proclamation was deemed 
 a violation of the constitution of the United States. 
 
 President Lincoln had been elected under a policy which 
 declared that all the people in the seceded States had to 
 do was to lay down their arms and return to their allegiance 
 to the Union, and that then they would be protected in 
 all their rights by the constitution. As the war progressed, 
 it seemed necessary to the President to depart from this 
 policy. But the people of Kentucky, at that exciting time, 
 could not perceive as we do to-day the destiny which urged 
 Lincoln on to mighty deeds. 
 
 The Radical or Unconditional Union element in the 
 State alone upheld the administration ; but the controlling 
 Opposition power was still the Conservative Union, or 
 increased Union Democratic party, as it was now called. 
 
 Their ticket was victorious at the August election. Thomas 
 Elliot Bramlette and Richard T. Jacob, both Federal 
 officers, were chosen respectively governor and lieutenant 
 governor. Although there was hardly a possibility of the 
 Union ticket being defeated, the most arbitrary means 
 
 196 
 
CIVIL CONFLICTS 
 
 197 
 
 were enforced to secure its success. The military officers 
 of the State were controlled by orders from the War De- 
 partment in Washington. Prior to the election, martial 
 law was declared. The polls were guarded by soldiers, and 
 no disloyal person was allowed to vote. The Kentuckians 
 very generally resented this interference of the military 
 rulers with their civil government. 
 
 In the autumn of 1863, President Lincoln called for 
 three hundred thousand more men to prosecute the war. 
 Kentucky's quota was twelve thousand seven uggro soldiers 
 hundred and one. Early in January, 1864, ^^^^^^^^ 
 the Federal government began recruiting in the State 
 negro regiments for the United States army. Now the 
 people of Kentucky had 
 ever been true to the 
 Union. No call for 
 men and money had 
 been made upon them 
 that was not promptly 
 met. They were gal- 
 lant soldiers, proud of 
 their military record. 
 The negroes were their 
 slaves. To arm these 
 slaves and place them 
 by their side in battle 
 seemed to them at 
 that time a degrada- 
 tion to themselves and 
 to that high calling 
 
 foi which they had volunteered their lives. What we 
 name race prejudice to-day was, at that time, an almost 
 unconquerable feeling. 
 
 Drilling Negro Recruits 
 
198 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Opposition to this measure and to the men who con 
 trolled the Federal government burst forth in denunciatory 
 Indignation of specchcs withiu the State and in Congress. 
 Kentucky ^|. Lcxington, the daring Federal cavalry 
 
 raider, Colonel Frank L. Wolford, with his picturesque, 
 untutored eloquence, roused the people to revolt from the 
 idea of " keeping step to the music of the Union alongside 
 of negro soldiers"; and for his defiance was arrested 
 and imprisoned. Lieutenant Governor Jacob also de- 
 nounced the methods of the administration, and likewise 
 suffered arrest. In Congress, Aaron Harding spoke ably 
 on the same subject, and William Henry Wadsworth made 
 a speech which increased Kentucky's claim to orators. 
 
 Early in January, 1864, General Boyle resigned the 
 position of military commandant of Kentucky. He had 
 Military Striven to fulfill his trying duties as a Christian 
 
 oppression gentleman; and his resignation was a misfor- 
 tune to the Kentuckians. For the next two years the people 
 were harassed by a series of military rulers who were re- 
 garded at the time as nothing less than tyrannical. In 
 February, Major General Steven G. Burbridge was ap- 
 pointed commander of the department of Kentucky. He 
 belonged to the extreme Radical wing of the Union party 
 in his State, and he met the situation in Kentucky in what 
 seemed a harsh and unrelenting manner. 
 
 The terrible guerrilla raids, alike condemned by honor- 
 able Confederates and Federals, became exasperatingly 
 Notorious frequent during the last years of the war. 
 
 guerrillas Scarcely a county in the State escaped their 
 
 depredations, and their leaders usually succeeded in evad- 
 ing the officers of the law. It was only after long months, 
 when unnumbered crimes had been committed, that three 
 of the most notorious leaders were captured : and then by 
 
CIVIL CONFLICTS 1 99 
 
 accident. Captain Billy Magruder, of a powerful gang, 
 had been dangerously wounded. Two of his comrades, 
 Henry Metcalf and "Sue Munday," — showing that spark 
 of goodness which exists in all human beings, — had tarried 
 by to nurse him. They were captured, and Munday, the 
 most conspicuous of the three, was taken to Louisville and 
 hung, although to the last he maintained his innocence of 
 the crimes with which he was charged. 
 
 Meanwhile terror filled the hearts of the aged, and the 
 women and children ; for none were exempt from the- 
 guerrilla cruelties. The civil authorities of the civii and miu- 
 Commonwealth made an earnest effort to sup- tary conflicts 
 press this evil, but they did not have the power which 
 belonged to their offices. From now until the establish- 
 ment of peace they were disturbed and enfeebled by un- 
 avoidable conflicts with the military rulers which the 
 secretary of war placed over the State. 
 
 The new commanding officer, General Burbridge, as- 
 sumed control of the State. The measures which he 
 adopted to suppress the guerrillas were thought very gen- 
 erally to be as brutal as the acts of those outlaws them- 
 selves. He issued an order to the effect that whenever a 
 citizen was killed by guerrillas, four military prisoners 
 should be taken to the spot where the murder was com- 
 mitted, and hung in retaliation. These prisoners were 
 supposed to be guerrillas, yet as has been stated, guerrillas 
 were seldom captured. The victims were usually simply 
 Confederate prisoners of war. Strong opposition to such 
 measures was expressed throughout the State, but to no 
 effect. In the western district, where Brigadier General 
 E. A. Paine was in command, the military acts grew so 
 oppressive — extending even to bold murder and robbery 
 — that many peaceable citizens were obliged to abandon 
 
200 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 their homes to escape a horrible fate. In several cases, 
 even loyal men who had fought for the Union, were 
 arrested by order of General Burbridge and sent outside 
 of Kentucky, because they had expressed their opposition 
 to the men in control of national affairs. But these were 
 not all the grievances which the people of that day had to 
 deplore. The Federal officers further encroached upon 
 
 the civil powers by attempt- 
 ing to control the elections of 
 the State. 
 
 In August, 1864, the elec- 
 tion for judge of the court of 
 appeals in the „. , 
 
 ^^ ^ ^ Victory of Con- 
 
 second district servatlve union 
 , , party 
 
 was to take place, 
 as well as for some minor 
 county and precinct officers. 
 Judge Alvin Duvall, a South- 
 ern Rights man, was the 
 Democratic candidate for re- 
 election. The division in the 
 Union party of the State, 
 which has already been noted, 
 was steadily becoming more pronounced. Mortimer M. 
 Benton, an eminent lawyer of Covington, was the nominee 
 of the Radical wing of that party. 
 
 Several days before the election. General Burbridge 
 ordered that the name of Alvin Duvall should not 
 be allowed to appear on the poll books as a candidate. 
 This interference of the military authorities with the civil 
 government was not only insufferable, but altogether un- 
 necessary. Kentucky was still a zealous Union State. 
 There was no chance just yet of any Southern Rights 
 
 George Robertson 
 
CIVIL CONFLICTS 
 
 20 1 
 
 candidate being elected. The coast now seemed cleared 
 for the election of the Radical candidate, Benton ; but the 
 Conservative Union men, in righteous resentment of Gen- 
 eral Burbridge's order, on the very morning of the election, 
 telegraphed over the district the name of a new candidate, 
 George Robertson, formerly chief justice, and he was 
 elected. 
 
 George Robertson, who was one of the most competent 
 judges in Kentucky, had always been on the Conserva^ 
 George tivc side in 
 
 Robertson politics. He 
 
 had taken part in the in- 
 teresting conflict between 
 the Old Court and New 
 Court parties, upholding 
 the former faction. He 
 had been a stanch Whig, 
 and now he was a Con- 
 servative supporter of the 
 Union. He stood promi- 
 nent in the midst of such 
 able lawyers as Madison 
 C. Johnson, George Black- 
 burn Kinkead, Thomas A. 
 Marshall, and Aaron K. 
 
 Woolly, of the Lexington bar, and Samuel Smith Nicholas, 
 James Guthrie, and James Speed, of the Louisville bar. 
 
 The political state of Kentucky was most interesting 
 at this time. The year 1864 was the year of the presiden- 
 tial election. Kentucky held three conven- Action of the 
 tions to select delegates to the national con- three parties 
 ventions. The Unconditional Union, or Radical conven- 
 tion, was presided over by Robert J. Breckinridge, a 
 
 George B. McClellan 
 
202 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 Presbyterian divine and political speaker, — a strong con- 
 trolling spirit in his party. This convention indorsed the 
 administration and voted for President Lincoln's reelection. 
 The Conservative Union, or Union Democratic, convention, 
 of which James Guthrie was the leading spirit, boldly an- 
 nounced its opposition to Lincoln and declared for General 
 George B. McClellan. The Democratic, or Southern 
 Rights, convention was harmonious with the Conserva- 
 tive, and in favor of McClellan. 
 
 President Lincoln received the nomination on the basis 
 
 of reestablishment 
 of the Union with- 
 out slavery ; Gen- 
 eral McClellan, of 
 reestablishment with 
 slavery. Lincoln 
 was elected No- 
 vember, End of the 
 1864, by ^^^«^^y 
 an overwhelming 
 majority ; but Ken- 
 tucky gave a ma- 
 jority of over thirty- 
 six thousand to 
 McClellan. Peace 
 was at hand. The 
 State was becoming 
 relieved of her mil- 
 itary oppressors. 
 Toward the end of the year, Paine was deprived of his 
 office in the western district, and the following February 
 General Burbridge was replaced by General Palmer, to the 
 great satisfaction of the Kentuckians. 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant 
 
CIVIL CONFLICTS 
 
 203 
 
 On April 9, 1865, the Confederate General Robert E. 
 Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to General 
 U. S. Grant, at Appo- 
 mattox Courthouse, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Five days later, Abra- 
 ham Lincoln was assassi- 
 nated at Ford's theater, 
 in Washington. But he 
 had finished his work. 
 The cause for which he 
 lost his life was estab- 
 lished. In December, 
 1865, the Thirteenth 
 Amendment to the 
 Federal constitution — 
 which declared that nei- 
 ther slavery nor involun- 
 tary servitude should 
 any longer exist in the United States — was ratified by 
 three fourths of the States and became a part of the con- 
 stitution. Kentucky opposed the amendment. 
 
 Robert E. Lee 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 Lincoln departs from the policy he 
 was elected under. 
 
 Issues the Emancipation Proclama- 
 tion, January I, 1863. 
 
 Radical Union party of Kentucky ap- 
 proves his course. 
 
 Conservative Union party denounces 
 it. 
 
 Conservative Union party the con- 
 trolling power. 
 
 Colonels T. E. Bramlette and R. T. 
 Jacob, Conservatives, elected gov- 
 ernor and lieutenant governor, Au- 
 gust, 1863. 
 
 Martial law enforced during the elec- 
 tion. 
 
 Negro soldiers first recruited in the 
 State, January, 1864. 
 
 Jacob and Wolford denounce the ad- 
 ministration on this account. 
 
204 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 They are arrested and banished. 
 
 General Boyle resigns his office. 
 
 S. G. Burbridge, a Radical .Union 
 man, appointed commander of 
 Kentucky military department. 
 
 The beginning of harassing situa- 
 tions. 
 
 The State's civil rulers are Conserva- 
 tive. 
 
 The military rulers are Radical. 
 
 They are in conflict until peace is es- 
 tablished. 
 
 Munday, Magruder, and Metcalf, no- 
 torious guerrillas. 
 
 Many crimes committed by them and 
 other guerrillas. 
 
 Confederate prisoners of war hung 
 in retaliation. 
 
 General E. A. Paine's course in the 
 western district. 
 
 The military attempt to control elec- 
 tions. 
 
 Judge Alvin Duvall, a Southern 
 Rights man, candidate for reelec- 
 tion to court of appeals. 
 
 Military forbid his name to appear 
 on the poll books. 
 
 Efforts of the military to elect the 
 Radical candidate. 
 
 Defeated by the prompt action of 
 the Conservatives. 
 
 George Robertson, Conservative, 
 elected. 
 
 Conservative Union, Radical Union, 
 and Democratic conventions held. 
 
 The Radical Union convention for 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Conservatives and Democrats support 
 McClellan for President. 
 
 President Lincoln reelected. 
 
 Kentucky's large vote for McClellan. 
 
 General Burbridge replaced by Gen- 
 eral Palmer. 
 
 Kentucky rejoices over Palmer's ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 Paine removed in the western dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Peace at hand. 
 
 Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court- 
 house. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln assassinated. 
 
 The Thirteenth Amendment passed. 
 
 Slavery abohshed in the United 
 States, December, 1865. 
 
V — THE NEW KENTUCKY, SINCE i86^ 
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 THE RESTORATION OF PEACE, 1865-1875 
 
 On December 18, 1865, the Conservative majority in the 
 legislature passed resolutions of general pardon to all 
 citizens who had fought for the Confederacy. Return of the 
 As the Confederate soldiers returned to their confederates 
 old places, the Conservative men, who still had control of 
 the State, stretched forth their hands in welcome, with a 
 promise to forget the differences which had separated 
 them in past issues, in the hope that the good men of all 
 parties would unite with them for the restoration of peace. 
 
 But in this they were disappointed. The Confederate 
 soldiers had just suffered defeat. They believed that the 
 support which the Conservative men caused „ 
 
 ^ ^ Powerful 
 
 the State to give to the Union was an impor- Democratic 
 tant factor in that defeat. Therefore, they had 
 little desire for party harmony with those men. Also, the 
 people in general, who had stayed at home and taken no 
 active part in the war, had suffered so much from the mil- 
 itary rulers which the Republican party had placed over 
 the State, that they felt a temporary hostility towards 
 Union principles. Even a portion of the old Conservative 
 element went over into the more extreme position of the 
 
 205 
 
2o6 
 
 THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 Democrats. Thus, when the Democratic State convention 
 met at Frankfort, February 22, 1867, to select nominees 
 for the pending August elections, it showed a large and 
 powerful body. At the other extreme stood the Radical, 
 or Republican, party, which had steadily, though slowly, 
 increased in the State, and at this time received also a 
 
 portion of the Con- 
 servative force. This 
 party put forth a 
 ticket headed by S. 
 M. Barnes and R. T. 
 Baker. 
 
 The men who still 
 adhered to the Con- 
 servative ^ X ,t **x. 
 Downfall of the 
 
 doctrine conservative 
 party 
 
 o r gan- 
 
 ized in Louisville in 
 the spring of 1867 
 and nominated W. B. 
 Kinkead for gover- 
 nor, Harrison Taylor 
 for lieutenant gover- 
 nor, John M. Harlan 
 for attorney-general, J. S. Hurt for auditor, Alfred Allen 
 for treasurer, J. J. Craddock for register, and B. M. 
 Harney for superintendent of public instruction. They 
 had no hope of carrying the election. Their purpose in 
 presenting a ticket was the opportunity thereby gained of 
 making known their principles. Their work was finished. 
 They soon dissolved as an organization and passed mainly 
 into the Democratic party. A few, however, went with 
 the Republicans. Distinguished among these were C. F. 
 
 William B. Kinkead 
 
THE RESTORATION OF PEACE 
 
 207 
 
 Burnam, John M. Harlan, James Speed, and William 
 Henry Wadsworth, who received high national ap- 
 pointments. 
 
 The Democratic ticket was composed of John L. Helm 
 for governor, John W. Stevenson for lieutenant governor, 
 John Rodman for attorney-general, D. Howard Democratic 
 Smith for auditor, J. W. Tate for treasurer, J. *"^°^p^ 
 A. Dawson for register, and Z. F. Smith for superintend- 
 ent of public instruction. The 
 Democratic candidates were 
 elected by an enormous ma- 
 jority, and the politics of the 
 State was settled for many 
 years to come. Until the 
 present day this party has 
 had almost undisputed power. 
 Only Democrats of Southern 
 sympathies were elected to 
 Congress, with one exception. 
 Major George M. Adams, 
 a Federal soldier, who had 
 now joined the Democratic 
 party, received the election 
 in the 8th district ; and for 
 some time he alone was al- 
 lowed to take his seat in Congress. 
 
 On September 3, 1867, John L. Helm received the oath 
 of inauguration as governor, while lying dangerously ill at 
 his home in Elizabethtown. Five days later johnw. 
 he died, and John W. Stevenson, the lieutenant Stevenson 
 governor, became acting governor until the following 
 August, when he was elected governor. Governor Steven- 
 son was a man eminently fitted for the position to which 
 
 William H. Wadsworth 
 
208 
 
 THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 he was called. He was a lawyer, and at the Covington 
 bar had gained the reputation of exceptional ability. By 
 this time Kentucky was in a state of financial prosperity 
 
 and comparative peace, 
 ^ ' though law and order 
 
 were not yet firmly es- 
 tablished. 
 
 One of the causes of 
 the disturbance of the 
 peace was the establish- 
 ment in the State, in the 
 year 1865, of agencies 
 of the Freedmen's 
 
 Bureau. In preedmen's 
 
 March, 1865, ^"^^^" 
 Congress had passed an 
 act setting free the 
 wives and children of 
 _^, negro soldiers. This 
 was prior to the adop- 
 tion of the Thirteenth 
 Amendment to the Federal constitution, which declared 
 that slavery should no longer exist in the United States. 
 We have seen that the emancipation act of 1863 did not 
 practically affect Kentucky, which was a loyal State ; but 
 the agents of the Freedmen's Bureau attempted to en- 
 force this law in Kentucky. They demanded money for 
 the services of the wives and children of negroes who had 
 been enlisted in the United States army. The proceed- 
 ing was deemed unconstitutional, and was deeply resented 
 by the Commonwealth. 
 
 A number of suits were brought for this cause by the 
 Freedmen's Bureau ; but they were all lost, as the court 
 
 John W. Stevenson 
 
THE RESTORATION OF PEACE 209 
 
 of appeals sustained the lower courts. The first was 
 against Garrett Davis, then ably representing Kentucky in 
 the United States Senate, — a stanch Union man and a 
 large owner of slaves. The effect of the Freedmen's 
 Bureau was: (i) to irritate the people against the Re- 
 publican party, the party in power in the nation ; (2) to 
 strengthen the Democratic party ; (3) to retard the ad- 
 vancement of the negro. 
 
 The organization assumed the guardianship of the race. 
 It awoke an opposition on the part of the slave to his 
 former owner, and thereby prevented the friendly rela- 
 tions which to-day exist between the two races. By 1870, 
 the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United 
 States constitution were ratified and the rights of citizen- 
 ship and suffrage were conferred upon the negroes of the 
 nation. 
 
 Another cause of the disturbance of the peace was the 
 terror created in various counties of the State — especially 
 Marion, Boyle, Lincoln, and Mercer — by 
 
 ' -^ ' ' -; Kuklux 
 
 bands of men at first called Regulators and 
 afterward Kuklux. These men took it upon themselves 
 to punish the offenders s against the laws of the State. 
 When a crime was committed, a large number of them 
 would go out together in the dead of night, thoroughly 
 armed, and disguised by masks, proceed to the home ol 
 the culprit, drag him out of bed, take him to the woods, 
 and whip him or inflict some other torture upon him. 
 The members of the Kuklux pretended that such acts 
 were done by them in order to intimidate evildoers, and 
 thereby improve the moral condition of the State ; but in 
 reality these men made themselves criminals of the most 
 dangerous order. Their conduct was wrong enough when 
 their cruelties fell upon the guilty; it was horrible when 
 
 KENT. HIST. — 14 
 
2IO THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 the innocent became their victims. The Kuklux were 
 suppressed by 1873, but the lawless spirit which animated 
 them has not yet wholly died out in Kentucky. Sometimes, 
 particularly in the hill country, lynchings still occur — the 
 speedy executions of mob law. 
 
 Governor Stevenson, having been elected to the United 
 States Senate in February, 1871, resigned the position of 
 governor, and Preston H. Leslie, acting lieu- 
 for the first tenant governor, assumed the duties of the 
 office. The following August he was elected 
 governor. His opponent was the eminent Republican, 
 John M. Harlan. John G. Carlisle was elected lieutenant 
 governor. The Democratic majority was greatly reduced, 
 because of the addition to the Republican numbers for the 
 first time of the negro vote. Whereas, in the presidential 
 vote of 1868 the Democratic majority in the State had 
 been seventy-six thousand, at this time it was scarcely 
 more than thirty-seven thousand. 
 
 At the close of the war was begun a much-needed 
 reform in the public school system of the State. We 
 Educational have noticcd that Kentuckians had never 
 affairs been indifferent to education ; nevertheless, 
 
 the facilities for public education had never been of the 
 very highest. Old Transylvania University had now 
 passed away. Center College, chartered by the Presby- 
 terians in 1 8 19, still existed, and retained somewhat of 
 that picturesque interest which had formerly belonged to 
 it. Its distinguished presidents were from some of the 
 most prominent families of the State, — Reverends Jere 
 miah Chamberlin, Gideon Blackburn, John C. Young, 
 Lewis W. Green, and William L. Breckinridge. Other 
 denominational colleges existed in various parts of the 
 State, but Kentuckv was befi:inning to realize that it is 
 
THE RESTORATION OF PEACE 
 
 211 
 
 upon the public schools that the educational life of a 
 State depends. 
 
 The financial condition of the Commonwealth at the 
 close of the war was good. In 1873, there occurred a 
 financial panic which was the greatest ever penodof 
 known in the history of this nation. Though <i"^^^"**^ 
 much individual loss was endured in Kentucky, as a Com- 
 monwealth she suffered less than many of the other 
 States of the Union. 
 
 A bill having passed the legislature to establish a geo- 
 logical survey in Kentucky, in 1873, Governor Leslie 
 appointed Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, then filling the 
 chair of Geology in Harvard University, as chief of the 
 corps of survey. Professor Shaler, a Kentuckian, brought 
 into the work an earnest enthusiasm, as well as exceptional 
 scholarship. Vast sums of money were expended, and the 
 wealth which lies hidden in the depths of Kentucky was 
 discovered and made known. 
 
 Conservatives still in power. 
 
 Pardon and return of the Confederate 
 soldiers. 
 
 Reaction against Conservatism. 
 
 Large growth of the Democratic 
 party in 1867. 
 
 Lesser growth of the Republican 
 party. 
 
 Conservatives offer a ticket with no 
 hope of election. 
 
 They pass mainly into the Demo- 
 cratic party, but some become dis- 
 tinguished among the Republicans. 
 
 Democrats carry the State. 
 
 Governor John L. Helm dies a few 
 days after his inauguration. 
 
 He is succeeded by John W. Steven- 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 son, lieutenant governor, who is 
 elected governor the following year. 
 
 The Freedmen"s Bureau causes an- 
 noyance and retards the advance- 
 ment of the negro. 
 
 The Kuklux, a low order of secret 
 outlaws, disturb the peace. 
 
 Governor Stevenson elected United 
 States senator. 
 
 Preston H. Leslie becomes acting 
 governor, and then governor ( 1 87 1 ). 
 
 John G. Carlisle, lieutenant governor. 
 
 Negroes vote for the first time. 
 
 A public school reform begun. 
 
 Financial panic of 1873. 
 
 Professor Shaler, State geologist. 
 
 Kentucky's resources pointed out. 
 
CHAPTER XX 
 
 THE ERA OF TRANSIHON, 1 875- 
 TH E future greatness of Kentucky must depend largely 
 upon education. The reform in the public instruction of 
 Public educa- ^^^ State, begun after the Civil War, has been 
 tioninthe progressing toward a more elevated standard. 
 For the training of school teachers, the State 
 estabhshed (1906) two well-equipped Normal Schools for 
 white persons, one at Richmond and one at Bowling Green ; 
 and (1886) one for colored persons, at Frankfort. The 
 State has also a continually enlarging institution for higher 
 education. 
 
 The State College of Kentucky (Agricultural and Me- 
 chanical College) owed its origin to the act of Congress 
 of 1862 donating public lands for its endowment. From 
 1865 to 1878 it was attached to the old Kentucky Uni- 
 versity. In 1880 it was placed upon an independent basis, 
 under the management of a Board appointed by the State. 
 In 1908 it was reorganized as the State University (the 
 older Kentucky University being renamed Transylvania 
 University). It now owns grounds, buildings, and other 
 property valued at about ;^ 1,000,000. To James K. Pat- 
 terson, its learned and efficient president from 1869 to 
 1909, and to the late Judge W. B. Kinkead, long the 
 chairman of the Executive Board, is due the provision 
 which opens all its classes to young women, placing them 
 on an equal basis with the male students. Each county 
 is entitled to send a certain number of white students who 
 
THE ERA OF TRANSITION 213 
 
 may attend the University for a full four years' course, 
 free of tuition, matriculation, and dormitory fees. All 
 appointments are made by the county superintendent of 
 schools, upon competitive examination of applicants be- 
 tween the ages of fourteen and twenty-four years ; but 
 preference is given to those who have passed through the 
 pubhc schools. The University is thus the head of the 
 common school system of Kentucky. 
 
 The three State administrations from 1875 to 1887 were 
 concerned with few matters of definite importance for 
 this history. In 1875, Tames B. McCrearv, the 
 
 / ,. -^ state politics 
 
 Democratic candidate, was elected governor. 
 During his term of office, two United States senators were 
 chosen, — James B. Beck, for six years from the 4th of 
 March, 1877; and General John S.Williams, from 1879. 
 Dr. Luke Pryor Blackburn, Democrat, was elected gov- 
 ernor in 1879; his term was notable for his humane effort 
 to relieve the suffering in the State penitentiary, due to the 
 overcrowded condition of the institution. J. Proctor Knott, 
 Democrat, was elected governor in 1883, by a majority 
 of nearly forty-five thousand votes. James B. Beck was 
 returned to the United States Senate, and J. C. S. Black- 
 burn succeeded John S. Williams. 
 
 In the year 1884 was started in the city of Louisville an 
 organization that has had the greatest influence in discover- 
 ing and preserving the interesting facts in the -phe Fiison 
 State's history. The Fiison Club owes its ori- ^^"^ 
 gin mainly to the inspiration of its first president, the late 
 Colonel Reuben T. Durrett, whose knowledge and enthusi- 
 asm in regard to Kentucky subjects were unsurpassed. 
 The members of the club reside in the various counties of 
 the State. By them old garrets have been searched for 
 forgotten manuscripts, old letters have been brought to 
 
214 
 
 THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 Reuben T. Durrett, First President of the 
 Filson Club 
 
 Prohibition, a Union Labor ticket 
 nificant vote, and a Republi- 
 can ticket, headed by W. O. 
 Bradley. A considerable in- 
 crease in the Republican vote 
 was discovered. At this time, 
 also, the voters decided to 
 revise the State Constitution. 
 On the 3d day of May, 
 1890, an act to call a consti- 
 The new tutional conven- 
 
 constitution ^ion passed the 
 legislature, and the second 
 Monday (the 8th day) of 
 September following was 
 appointed for its assembling. 
 
 light, and new and im- 
 portant information has 
 been gathered concern- 
 ing the character and 
 life of the early settlers. 
 The publications of the 
 Filson Club are invalu- 
 able to students of Ken- 
 tucky history. 
 
 In the State elections 
 of 1887, the Demo- 
 cratic party state elections 
 continued in °*'^^7 
 power. General Simon 
 B. Buckner was elected 
 governor. Three other 
 tickets were run, — a 
 which received an insis:- 
 
 Simon B. Buckner 
 
THE ERA OF TRANSITION 21 5 
 
 Important changes were made in the three departments of 
 State government, — the executive, legislative, and judicial. 
 Under the first head, a conspicuous alteration is that all 
 officers are debarred from holding the same office two con- 
 secutive terms. Under the second head, special legislation 
 was abolished and necessary provisions in regard to corpo- 
 rations were made. Under the third head, the superior 
 court and all statutory courts were abolished. An increase 
 was made in the number of judges of the appellate court, 
 — not less than five nor more than seven being required, 
 and in the number of circuit courts, one being allowed for 
 every forty thousand inhabitants. 
 
 On the 1st of June, 1892, one hundred years had passed 
 since the admission of Kentucky into the Union ; and the 
 people again assembled at Lexington to do The centenary 
 honor to the State's nativity. Here, in the of Kentucky 
 rhidst of almost unbroken forests, had been organized the 
 first government of the new Commonwealth. All was 
 changed since then : much was lost ; much was gained. 
 There were present this day the old grandchildren of those 
 who had taken part in the first celebration, by the side of 
 the young great-grandchildren. The former looked back 
 with wistful pride into the past, with which they were more 
 nearly connected ; while the latter looked eagerly forward 
 to a future brightened by reflections from the heroic back- 
 ground. Philadelphia sent three paintings as an offering 
 to the State. Speeches were made in thanks for these and 
 also to extol, in true Kentucky fashion, the glories of the 
 past and present. At Woodland Park a barbecue was pre- 
 pared ; and under the shade of ancient oaks and elms, 
 burgoo — that mysterious concoction which Kentuckians 
 know how to brew — was served with the finest of beef 
 and ham and Southdown mutton which the country could 
 
2l6 
 
 THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 offer. And thus another century of promise was ushered 
 in. 
 
 In 1 891, John Young Brown, Democrat, was elected gov- 
 ernor ; but four years later the Democrats were divided. 
 The currency On June 25, 1895, the Democratic State con- 
 questicn vention met in Louisville, for the purpose of 
 
 nominating the various State officers for the election which 
 was to be held the following November. At this time a 
 desolating panic was sweeping the country. Consequently, 
 
 the thoughts of the people were 
 I much occupied with the con- 
 sideration of financial matters. 
 P. W. Hardin, one of the aspir- 
 ants for the governorship, advo- 
 cated the free coinage of silver. 
 Cassius M. Clay, Jr., his oppo- 
 nent, maintained that the money 
 question was not a pertinent 
 issue in a State election. The 
 national administration, under 
 Cleveland, strongly opposed 
 the principle of the free coinage 
 of silver, and the secretary of 
 the treasury, John G. Carlisle, 
 of Kentucky, made three 
 speeches in the State, upholding the gold standard. Hardin, 
 however, received the nomination. 
 
 The Republican party nominated for governor William 
 O. Bradley, an advocate of the single gold standard. 
 Populist and Prohibition party tickets were also named. 
 Because of the differences in the Democratic party over 
 the currency question, the Republicans elected their entire 
 ticket, and Kentucky had her first Republican governor. 
 
 ■ohn G. Carlisle 
 
THE ERA OF TRANSITION 
 
 217 
 
 Legislature of 
 1895 
 
 During Governor Bradley's term as governor much dis- 
 turbance was caused by toll-gate raiders. Many toll-gates 
 
 were destroyed, and the col- 
 
 lection of tolls prevented by 
 violence. The property of 
 many turnpike companies 
 was bought by the counties, 
 and order was restored. 
 
 The turbulent legislature of 
 1896 was composed of an even 
 number of Republicans and 
 Democrats, with two Populist 
 members. For United States 
 senator, J. C. S. Blackburn, a 
 free silver advo- 
 cate, was selected 
 as the Democratic caucus 
 nominee for reelection. 
 Eleven gold standard Demo- 
 crats, however, refused to go into the caucus. W. Godfrey 
 Hunter, a representative in Congress, was the Republican 
 nominee. A few Republicans refused to vote for him. 
 Intense excitement prevailed, and the legislature adjourned 
 without having effected an election. 
 
 The silver question in 1896 caused a split in the Demo- 
 cratic party. The regular organization favored the free coin- 
 age of silver, and supported William J. Bryan 
 for the presidency. Some of the Democrats 
 opposed to free silver voted for the candidates for President 
 and Vice President of the *' National Democratic" ticket — 
 Palmer and Buckner. The latter had been governor of Ken- 
 tucky in 1887. The result in the State and in the nation 
 was a victory for McKinley, the Republican candidate. 
 
 William Q. Bradley 
 
 Election of 1896 
 
2l8 
 
 THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 Senatorial 
 elections 
 
 At a special session of the legislature in 1897, the con- 
 test over the vacant seat in the United States Senate was 
 resumed. The caucus nominees were again 
 J. C. S. Blackburn, Democrat, and W. God- 
 frey Hunter, Republican. Intense excitement and bitter- 
 ness were aroused. Finally W. J. Deboe, Republican, 
 was elected. In 1900, Blackburn was elected senator to 
 succeed William J. Lindsay. Six years later he was suc- 
 ceeded by Thomas H. Paynter. Deboe was succeeded by 
 Ex-Governor James B. McCreary (elected in 1902). 
 
 The legislature of 1898 enacted an election bill intro- 
 duced by William Goebel, State senator, and passed it over 
 
 Governor Bradley's veto. This 
 placed the appointment of elec- 
 tion officers and the canvassing 
 of returns in the hands of a 
 State board of three commis- 
 sioners to be elected by the 
 legislature, and of county boards 
 to be appointed by the State 
 board. 
 
 In 1899 the Democrats, after 
 a prolonged struggle in their 
 convention, nominated William 
 Goebel for governor, and J. C. 
 W. Beckham for lieutenant 
 governor. Democrats opposed 
 
 to Goebel and to On the verge 
 
 the new election of civil war 
 law named an opposition ticket 
 headed by Ex-Governor John Young Brown. The Repub- 
 lican candidates were William S. Taylor for governor and 
 John Marshall for lieutenant governor. Populist, Prohibi- 
 
 William Goebel 
 
THE ERA OF TRANSITION 219 
 
 tion, and Socialist-Labor tickets were also in the field, as 
 they have been in many elections since. The majority of 
 the election commissioners declared Taylor and Marshall 
 elected, and they were sworn in. The Democrats con- 
 tested the election. Hundreds of armed men came to 
 Frankfort and petitioned the legislature not to depose 
 Taylor and Marshall ; for it was believed that the legis- 
 lature was about to decide the contest in favor of Goebel 
 and Beckham. On January 30, 1900, Goebel was shot by 
 an assassin concealed in one of the rooms of the execu- 
 tive building. Governor Taylor declared it unsafe for 
 the legislature to continue its meeting in Frankfort, and 
 by proclamation adjourned it to meet at London, Feb- 
 ruary 6. The Democratic majority of the legislature 
 ignored his act, but were shut out of the State House by 
 mihtia. Nevertheless they awarded certificates of election 
 to Goebel and Beckham, Goebel was sworn in as gov- 
 ernor, January 31, and on his death was succeeded by 
 Beckham, February 3. Taylor and Marshall refused to 
 give up their offices, until after the case was decided 
 against them by the State Court of Appeals (March 10), 
 and the Supreme Court of the United States declined 
 to interfere (May 21). For three weeks there was to be 
 seen daily the strange spectacle of two different organiza- 
 tions of the State senate both meeting in the same room 
 at the same hour, but each ignoring the presence of the 
 other. Marshall presided over the Republican senators, 
 who after their roll call would adjourn for lack of a 
 quorum. The Democratic majority were presided over by 
 a president pro tem., and carried on business. 
 
 Thus from January till May a condition existed which in 
 other lands would have promptly caused a civil war. It 
 is greatly to the credit of Kentucky that nearly all our 
 
220 
 
 THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 citizens refrained from violence, and quietly waited for the 
 
 decision of the courts. 
 
 Many men were accused of complicity in the murder of 
 
 Goebel. Of the few brought to trial, some were convicted 
 
 and some acquitted. Taylor was one of the men indicted, 
 
 but he fled to Indiana, and 
 the governor of that State 
 refused to honor Governor 
 Beckham's requisition for 
 him, claiming that men 
 accused of Goebel's murder 
 could not obtain a fair trial. 
 Governor Beckham called 
 a special session of the legis- 
 lature to modify the election 
 
 law. It was pro- 
 Election law 
 vided that the 
 
 State board should consist 
 of two commissioners ap- 
 pointed by the governor, 
 one from each party, 
 together with the clerk of 
 the Court of Appeals ; and that each county board, like- 
 wise, should consist of one commissioner from each of the 
 two chief parties, together with the sheriff. 
 
 In the presidential elections of 1900, 1904, 1908, and 
 191 2 Kentucky voted for the Democratic candidates. 
 Politics since In 1 900 Acting Govemor Beckham was elected 
 *^°° governor for the unexpired term, by a close vote. 
 
 He was again elected governor in 1903, for the next 
 full term, by 27,000 plurality. Wm. P. Thorne was elected 
 lieutenant governor. In 1907 the Republicans elected 
 their State ticket, headed by Augustus E. Willson for 
 
 J. C W. Beckham 
 
THE ERA OF TRANSITION 
 
 221 
 
 governor, and W. H. Cox for lieutenant governor, by 
 18,000 plurality. The legislature of 1908 had a Demo- 
 cratic majority of 8 votes. Ex-Governor Beckham was 
 the Democratic nominee for United States senator to 
 succeed Senator McCreary, 
 but a few Democrats re- 
 fused to vote for him. 
 The contest was prolonged 
 till February 28, when four 
 Democrats voted with the 
 Republicans for Ex-Gov- 
 ernor Bradley, and elected 
 him. 
 
 Much disturbance was 
 created in the State, espe- 
 cially during the years 1905 
 to 1908, as an outgrowth 
 The -Tobacco ^i the compli- 
 "^^''" cated situation 
 
 that existed in relation to 
 
 . ^ , . , ^ Augustus E. Willson 
 
 the tobacco mdustry. Com- 
 panies of men called '* night riders" resorted to various 
 acts of violence. By them growing tobacco was destroyed, 
 tobacco barns were burned, and men were assaulted and 
 whipped. In all, many hundred thousand dollars' worth 
 of property was destroyed by ** night riders." 
 
 The legislature of 1904 appropriated $1,000,000 for a 
 new capitol building, and two years later added $250,000. 
 A new site in South Frankfort was chosen, and there a 
 beautiful capitol, in keeping with the growth and dignity 
 of the State, was erected in 1905-1909. 
 
 In 191 1, former United States Senator James B, 
 McCreary, Democrat, who had been governor in 1875-79, 
 
222 THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 was again elected governor by a plurality of 34,000 votes 
 over the Republican nominee, Judge E. C. O'Rear; and 
 Democrats Edward J. McDermott, Democratic nominee 
 
 again in power f qj. lieutenant govemor, defeated L. L. Bristow, 
 Republican. Ollie M. James, Democrat, representative in 
 Congress, was elected United States senator, to succeed 
 Thomas H. Paynter. His opponent was Edwin P. Mor- 
 row, United States district attorney for the eastern dis- 
 trict. The legislature was largely Democratic. 
 
 Many acts of importance were passed by the legisla- 
 ture of 191 2 Chief among these are the two following, 
 Recent legis- o^ ^ social nature: (i) The County Unit Ex- 
 lation tension Bill is an act to amend the Kentucky 
 
 statute pertaining to the local option law passed many 
 years ago, under which each county could decide for itself 
 whether or not to prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors 
 within its borders. Under the new act the exception made 
 in the old law as to cities of the first four classes was 
 stricken out. A law was also passed in 191 2 prohibiting 
 the taking or shipping of intoxicating liquors into such 
 territory, unless upon the prescription of a licensed physi- 
 cian. (2) Another act qualifies and entitles all women 
 able to read and write, and possessing the legal qualifica- 
 tions required of male voters in any common school elec- 
 tion, to vote at all elections of school trustees and other 
 school officers required to be elected by the people, and to 
 hold any school office, or office pertaining to the manage- 
 ment of schools. 
 
 Two other highly important acts that may be defined as 
 laws of a more distinctly poHtical nature were passed in 
 191 2 : (i) A compulsory Primary Law, whereby all nomi- 
 nations are placed under state control, Republicans and 
 Democrats being required to select their nominees for all 
 
THE ERA OF TRANSITION 223 
 
 elective offices on the same day, with the same machinery, 
 and at the expense of the State ; (2) A Congressional Re- 
 districting Act, creating eleven congressional districts, of 
 which nine are normally Democratic, and two Republican. 
 
 On May 23, 1914, Senator William O. Bradley died. 
 Governor McCreary appointed Johnson N. Camden, Demo- 
 crat, for the few remaining weeks of Bradley's term prior 
 to the November election. Camden offered himself, and 
 won, for the short term which ended March, 191 5. Ex- 
 Governor Beckham was the Democratic aspirant for the 
 long term. It was a hotly contested campaign, as Beck- 
 ham strongly advocated state prohibition. He won over his 
 Republican opponent, Ex-Goverjior Willson, by a plurality 
 of more than thirty thousand votes. Only two Republi- 
 cans won in the congressional elections : John W. Langley 
 of the Tenth district, and Caleb W. Powers of the Eleventh. 
 
 The prohibition movement has advanced steadily in the 
 State for twenty years, since the law requiring scientific 
 temperance instruction in the public schools Prohibition 
 was secured through the efforts of the Ken- ^o'^e^ent 
 tucky Woman's Christian Temperance Union. In 191 5 
 all but fourteen counties of the State had voted in favor of 
 the abolition of the liquor traffic. There were only twenty- 
 three places in Kentucky where licenses were issued, and 
 all of the rural territory was under local prohibition. A 
 bill offered before the legislature of 1914 by W. M. Webb, 
 representative from the counties of Johnson and Martin, 
 submitting the question of state-wide prohibition, passed 
 the lower house by more than the required vote. It was 
 defeated in the senate by a parliamentary technicahty. 
 
 Kentucky has made recent marvelous advancement in 
 industrial affairs. Improved methods of farming are now 
 being generally adopted. Since 1880, the annual product 
 
224 '^^E NE^ KENTUCKY 
 
 of her farms has more than doubled in value, as has also 
 that of her manufactures. But the greatest development 
 Industrial ^as occurred in her coal industry. In 191 5 
 
 progress j|. ^^g estimated that the State had in her two 
 
 coal fields, the Eastern and the Western, at least one hun- 
 dred and twenty billion tons of available coal, and that 
 Kentucky was fifth among coal-producing states. Her min- 
 ing industry has advanced rapidly since 1900, when her 
 coal output was only five million tons. During 1914 it 
 was more than twenty million tons. The special develop- 
 ment has been on the upper waters of the Big Sandy River 
 and its tributaries. There have also been developments, 
 though as yet less extensive, on the upper waters of the 
 North Fork of the Kentucky River, and on the Cumberland 
 River, as well as in the western part of the State. 
 
 In recent years the two Normal Schools for white persons 
 have been placed under a bi-partisan board. Likewise the 
 board of control for charitable institutions, previously par- 
 tisan, was, in 1908, made bi-partisan. The legislature of 
 191 2 abolished the old Prison Commission, and created a 
 board of control to consist of three members appointed by 
 the governor. The legislature of 19 14 passed an act pro- 
 viding for the election of six additional members of the 
 Board of Trustees of the State University, to be elected 
 from the alumni, by ballot of the graduates and of those 
 who have received degrees of the institution, one fifth of 
 the governor's appointees being also of the alumni. 
 
 The important movement pertaining to good roads in 
 Kentucky, which began about ten years ago> received 
 special impetus during the year 191 5 through the project 
 to intersect the State by three great highways, the Dixie, 
 the Jackson, and the Boone Highway. Road building in 
 Kentucky began in 1829, and the State now has a national 
 
THE ERA OF TRANSITION 225 
 
 reputation in this relation. She stands fourth among the 
 commonwealths and territories in point of improved roads, 
 having in constant use nearly 9500 miles of turnpike, most 
 of which is surfaced with stone, her roads being valued at 
 nearly ^1,150,000. 
 
 At the November election of 191 5 the Democratic can- 
 didates for governor and lieutenant governor, A. O. Stanley 
 and James D. Black, defeated by a small plurality the Re- 
 publican nominees, Edwin P. Morrow and Lewis L. Walker. 
 
 Several acts of general interest were passed by the 
 Democratic legislature of 1916, among which maybe men- 
 tioned a bill appropriating $5000 yearly for two years to 
 the Illiteracy Commission, a bill providing for Sunday 
 closing of saloons, a bill prohibiting fraudulent advertise- 
 ment, and a Pure Food bill that places Kentucky in the 
 lead of all states in this matter. Also a bill was passed 
 making Lincoln's birthday a legal holiday. 
 
 In June, 1916, the National Guard was called out, to 
 serve on the Mexican border. A portion of the Kentucky 
 brigade (the old First Kentucky Infantry) was not mus- 
 tered out before the United States entered the world war 
 (April 6, 191 7), and was then, with the other parts of the 
 state troops, taken into the Federal service. The Ken- 
 tucky Guard was trained for overseas service at Camp 
 Shelby, Mississippi. A cantonment for the training of 
 National Army soldiers was Camp Zachary Taylor, situated 
 at Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 For the first time in twelve years a special session of 
 the General Assembly was called by Governor Stanley, to 
 convene February 14, 191 7. A permanent Tax Commis- 
 sion, to succeed the temporary one appointed in 19 16, was 
 created, and a number of bills designed to increase the 
 State's revenues, and to distribute the burden of taxation 
 
226 THE NEW KENTUCKY 
 
 more equitably, were passed. But the most important 
 session of the legislature for twenty years was that of 
 191 8. The National Prohibition amendment was ratified 
 by a vote of 93 to 15, and a bill to submit to the voters at 
 the next general election (November, 1919) the Statewide 
 Prohibition amendment was likewise passed. Also addi- 
 tional reforms in the ancient financial methods of the 
 State were effected, the most important being a bill pro- 
 viding for the Budget System of state appropriations. 
 Appropriations aggregating ;^i, 150,000 were made. 
 
 OUie M. James, United States senator, the nominee of 
 the Democratic party to succeed himself, died August 28, 
 1918. Governor Stanley appointed George B. Martin, of 
 Catlettsburg, for the short term, ending March, 19 19. 
 Stanley was chosen the nominee of the Democrats by the 
 State Central and Executive Committees, September 5, 
 191 8, and at the November election he defeated his Re- 
 publican opponent, Dr. Ben L. Bruner. 
 
 From the foregoing there may be gained some idea of 
 the events occurring in the State at the present time. 
 But an account of the new Kentucky must be mainly a 
 matter of prophecy. The old order of things has passed 
 away ; the new order has not yet been fully developed. 
 Kentucky's past usefulness has been clearly demonstrated, 
 but her possibilities for future greatness can only be 
 pointed out and anticipated. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 We, the people of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, grateful to 
 Almighty God for the civil, political, and religious liberties we enjoy, 
 and invoking the continuance of these blessings, do ordain and estab- 
 lish this Constitution. 
 
 Bill of Rights. 
 
 That the great and essential principles of liberty and free govern- 
 ment may be recognized and established, we declare that : — 
 
 Section i. All men are by nature free and equal, and have certain 
 inherent and inalienable rights, among which may be reckoned — 
 
 1. The right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties. 
 
 2. The right of worshiping Almighty God according to the dic- 
 tates of their consciences. 
 
 3. The right of seeking and pursuing their safety and happiness. 
 
 4. The right of freely communicating their thoughts and opinions. 
 
 5. The right of acquiring and protecting property. 
 
 6. The right of assembling together in a peaceable manner for their 
 common good, and of applying to those invested with the power of 
 government for redress of grievances or other proper purposes, by 
 petition, address, or remonstrance. 
 
 7. The right to bear arms in defense of themselves and of the State, 
 subject to the power of the General Assembly to enact laws to prevent 
 persons from carrying concealed weapons. 
 
 Sec. 2. Absolute and arbitrary power over the lives, liberty, and 
 property of freemen exists nowhere in a republic, not even in the 
 largest majority. 
 
 Sec. 3. All men, when they form a social compact, are equal ; and 
 no grant of exclusive, separate public emoluments or privileges shall 
 be made to any man or set of men, except in consideration of public 
 services ; but no property shall be exempt from taxation except as 
 provided in this Constitution ; and every grant of a franchise, privi- 
 lege, or exemption, shall remain subject to revocation, alteration, or 
 amendment. 
 
 Sec. 4. All power is inherent in the people, and all free govern- 
 ments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, 
 
 227 
 
228 coNsrnurioN u¥ keniucky 
 
 safety, happiness, and the protection of property. For the advance- 
 ment of these ends, they have at all times an inalienable and indefeasi- 
 ble right to alter, reform, or abolish their government in such manner 
 as they may deem proper. 
 
 Sec. 5. No preference shall ever be given by law to any religious 
 sect, society, or denomination ; nor to any particular creed, mode of 
 worship, or system of ecclesiastical polity ; nor shall any person be 
 compelled to attend any place of worship, to contribute to the erection 
 or maintenance of any such place, or to the salary or support of any 
 minister of religion; nor shall any man be compelled to send his cliild 
 to any school to which he may be conscientiously opposed ; and the 
 civil rights, privileges, or capacities of no person shall be taken away, 
 or in any wise diminished or enlarged, on account of his belief or dis- 
 belief of any religious tenet, dogma, or teaching. No human author- 
 ity shall, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of 
 conscience. 
 
 Sec. 6. All elections shall be free and equal. 
 
 Sec. 7. The ancient mode of trial by jury shall beheld sacred, and 
 the right thereof remain inviolate, subject to such moiiifications as 
 may be authorized by this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 8. Printing presces shall be free to every person who under- 
 takes to examine the proceedings of the General Assembly or any 
 branch of government, and no law shall ever be made to restrain the 
 right thereof. Every person may freely and fully speak, write, and 
 print on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. 
 
 Sec. 9. In prosecutions for the publication of papers investigating 
 the official conduct of officers or men in a public capacity, or where 
 the matter published is proper for public informat'on, the truth there- 
 of may be given in evidence; and in all indictments for libel the jury 
 shall have the right to determine the law and the facts, under the 
 direction of the court, as in other cases. 
 
 Sec. 10. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
 and possessions, from unreasonable search and seizure ; and no war- 
 rant shall issue to search any place, or seize any person or thing, with- 
 out describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause 
 supported by oath or affirmation. 
 
 Sec. II. In all criminal prosecutions the accused has the right to be 
 heard by himself and counsel ; to demand the nature and cause of the 
 accusation against him ; to meet the witnesses face to face, and to 
 have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. He 
 cannot be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor can he be 
 deprived of his life, liberty, or property, unless by the judgment of 
 his peers or the law of the land ; and in prosecutions by indictment 
 or information, he shall have a speedy public trial by an impartial jury 
 of the vicinage ; but the General Assembly may provide by a general 
 law for a change of venue in such prosecutions for both the defendant 
 and the Commonwealth, the change to be made to the most convenient 
 county in which a fair trial can be obtained. 
 
 Sec. 12. No person, for an indictable offense, shall be proceeded 
 against criminally by information, except in cases arising in the land 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 22g 
 
 or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war 
 or public danger, or by leave of court for oppression or misdemeanor 
 in office. 
 
 Sec. 13. No person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeop- 
 ardy of his life or limb, nor shall any man's property be taken or 
 applied to public use without the consent of his representatives, and 
 without just compensation being previously made to him. 
 
 Sec. 14. All courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury 
 done him in his lands, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy 
 by due course of law, and right and justice administered without sale, 
 denial, or delay. 
 
 Sec. 15. No power to suspend laws shall be exercised, unless by 
 the General Assembly or its authority. 
 
 Sec. 16. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient securities, un- 
 less for capital offenses, when the proof is evident or the presumption 
 great ; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
 pended, unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety 
 may require it. 
 
 Sec. 17. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
 im.posed, nor cruel punishment inflicted. 
 
 Sec. i3. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong pre- 
 sumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering 
 up his estate for the benefit of his creditors in such manner as shall be 
 prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 19. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation 
 of contracts, shall be enacted. 
 
 Sec. 20. No person shall be attainted of treason or felony by the 
 General Assembly, and no attainder shall work corruption of blood, 
 nor, except during the life of the offender, forfeiture of estate to the 
 Commonwealth. 
 
 Sec. 21. The estate of such persons as shall destroy their own lives 
 shall descend or vest as in cases of natural death ; and if any person 
 shall be killed by casualty, there shall be no forfeiture by reason 
 thereof. 
 
 Sec. 22. No standing army shall, in time of peace, be maintained 
 without the consent of the General Assembly ; and the military shall, 
 in all cases and at all times, be in strict subordination to the civil 
 power ; nor shall any soldier, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
 house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except in 
 a manner prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 23. The General Assembly shall not grant any title of nobility 
 or hereditary distinction, nor create any office the appointment of 
 which shall be for a longer time than a term of years. 
 
 Sec. 24. Emigration from the State shall not be prohibited. 
 
 Sec. 25. Slavery and involuntary servitude in this State are forbid- 
 den, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have 
 been duly convicted. 
 
 Sec. 26. To guard against transgression of the high powers which 
 we have delegated, we declare that everything in this Bill of Rights is 
 excepted out of the general powers of government, and shall forever 
 
230 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 remain inviolate ; and all laws contrary thereto, or contrary to this 
 Constitution, shall be void. 
 
 Distribution of the Powers of Government. 
 
 Sec. 27. The powers of the government of the Commonwealth of 
 Kentucky shall be divided into three distinct departments, and each 
 of them be confined to a separate body of magistracy : to wit, those 
 which are legislative, to one ; those which are executive, to another ; 
 and those which are judicial, to another. 
 
 Sec. 28. No person, or collection of persons, being of one of those 
 departments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of 
 the others, except in the instances hereinafter expressly directed or 
 permitted- 
 
 Legislative Department. 
 
 Sec. 29. The legislative power shall be vested in a House of Repre- 
 sentatives and a Senate, which together shall be styled the " General 
 Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky." 
 
 Sec. 30. Members of the House of Representatives and senators 
 elected at the August election in one thousand eight hundred and 
 ninety-one. and senators then holding over, shall continue in office 
 until and including the last day of December, one thousand eight 
 hundred and ninety-three. Thereafter the term of office of representa- 
 tives and senators shall begin upon the first day of January of the 
 year succeeding their election. 
 
 Sec. 31. At the general election in the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and ninety-three one senator shall be elected in each sena- 
 torial district, and one representative in each representative district. 
 The senators then elected shall hold their offices, one-half for two 
 years and one-half for four years, as shall be determined by lot at the 
 first session of the General Assembly after their election, and the 
 representatives shall hold their offices for two years. Every two years 
 thereafter there shall be elected for four years one senator in each 
 senatorial district in which the term of his predecessor in office will 
 then expire, and in every representative district one representative for 
 two years. 
 
 Sec. 32. No person shall be a representative who, at the time of 
 his election, is not a citizen of Kentucky, has not attained the age of 
 twenty-four years, and who has not resided in this State two years 
 next preceding his election, and the last year thereof in the county, 
 town, or city for which he may be chosen. No person shall be a sen- 
 ator who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen of Kentucky, 
 has not attained the age of thirty years, and has not resided in this 
 State six years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof 
 in the district for which he may be chosen. 
 
 Sec. 33. The first General Assembly after the adoption of this Con- 
 stitution shall divide the State into thirty-eight senatorial districts, 
 and one hundred representative districts, as nearly equal in popula- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 23 1 
 
 tion as may be without dividing any county, except where a county 
 may include more than one district, which districts shall constitute the 
 senatorial and representative districts for ten years. Not more than 
 two counties shall be joined together to form a representative dis- 
 trict : provided, in doing so, the principle requiring every district to 
 be as nearly equal in population as may be shall not be violated. At 
 the expiration of that time, the General Assembly shall then, and 
 every ten years thereafter, redistrict the State according to this rule, 
 and for the purposes expressed in this section. If, in making said 
 districts, inequality of population should be unavoidable, any advan- 
 tage resulting therefrom shall be given to districts having the largest 
 territory. No part of a county shall be added to another county to 
 make a district, and the counties forming a district shall be con- 
 tiguous. 
 
 Sec. 34. The House of Representatives shall choose its speaker 
 and other officers, and the Senate shall have power to choose its 
 officers, biennially. 
 
 Sec. 35. The number of representatives shall be one hundred, and 
 the number of senators thirty-eight. 
 
 Sec. 36. The first General Assembly, the members of which shall 
 be elected under this Constitution, shall meet on the first Tuesday 
 after the first Monday in January, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, 
 and thereafter the General Assembly shall meet on the same day 
 every second year, and its sessions shall be held at the seat of gov- 
 ernment, except in case of war, insurrection, or pestilence, when it 
 may, by proclamation of the governor, assemble, for the time being, 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Sec. 37. Not less than a majority of the members of each House 
 of the General Assembly shall constitute a quorum to do business ; 
 but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and shall be 
 authorized by law to compel the attendance of absent members in 
 such manner and under such penalties as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 38. Each House of the General Assembly shall judge of the 
 qualifications, elections, and returns of its members, but a contested 
 election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by 
 law. 
 
 Sec. 39. Each House of the General Assembly may determine the 
 rules of its proceedings, punish a member for disorderly behavior, 
 and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a 
 'second time for the same cause, and may punish for contempt any 
 person who refuses to attend as a witness, or to bring any paper 
 proper to be used as evidence before the General Assembly or either 
 House thereof, or a committee of either, or to testify concerning any 
 matter which may be a proper subject of inquiry by the General 
 Assembly, or offers or gives a bribe to a member of the General 
 Assembly, or attempts by other corrupt means or device to control or 
 influence a member to cast his vote or withhold the same. The pun- 
 ishment and mode of proceeding for contempt in such cases shall be 
 prescribed by law, but the term of imprisonment in any such case 
 shall not extend beyond the session of the General Assembly. 
 
232 CONSTITUl'ION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 Sec. 40. Each House of the General Assembly shall keep and 
 publish daily a journal of its proceedings ; and the yeas and nays of 
 the members on any question shall, at the desire of any two of the 
 members elected, be entered on the journal. 
 
 Sec. 41. Neither House, during the session of the General Assem- 
 bly, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than 
 three days, nor to any other place than that in which it maybe sitting. 
 
 Sec. 42. The members of the General Assembly shall severally 
 receive from the State treasury compensation for their services, which 
 shall be five dollars a day during their attendance on, and fifteen 
 cents per mile for the necessary travel in going to and returning from, 
 the sessions of their respective Houses : provided the same may be 
 changed by law ; but no change shall take effect during the session at 
 which it is made ; nor shall a session of the General Assembly con 
 tinue beyond sixty legislative days, exclusive of Sundays and legal 
 holidays ; but this limitation as to length of session shall not apply to 
 the first session held under this Constitution, nor to the Senate when 
 sitting as a court of impeachment. A legislative day shall be con- 
 strued to mean a calendar day. 
 
 Sec. 43. The members of the General Assembly shall, in all cases 
 except treason, felony, breach or surety of the peace, be privileged 
 from arrest during their attendance on the sessions of their respective 
 Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any 
 speech or debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any 
 other place. 
 
 Sec. 44. No senator or representative shall, during the term for 
 which he was elected, nor for one year thereafter, be appointed or 
 elected to any civil office of profit in this Commonwealth, which shall 
 have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been 
 increased, during the said term, except to such offices as may be filled 
 by the election of the people. 
 
 Sec. 45. No person who may have been a collector of taxes or 
 public moneys for the Commonwealth, or for any county, city, tow-i, 
 or district, or the assistant or deputy of such collector, shall be 
 eligible to the General Assembly, unless he shall have obtained a 
 quietus six months before the election for the amount of such 
 collection, and for all public moneys for which he may have been 
 responsible. 
 
 Sec. 46. No bill shall be considered for final passage, unless the 
 same has been reported by a committee, and printed fcr the use of 
 the members. Every bill shall be read at length on three different 
 days in each House, but the second and third readings may be dis- 
 pensed with by a majority of all the members elected to the House in 
 which the bill is pending. But whenever a committee refuses or fails 
 to report a bill submitted to it in a reasonable time, the same may be 
 called up by any member, and be considered in the same manner i*^ 
 would have been considered if it had been reported. No bill shall 
 become a law unless, on its final passage, it receives the votes of at 
 least two-fifths of the members elected to each House, and a majority 
 of the members voting, the vote to be taken by yeas and nays and en- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 233 
 
 tered in the journal : provided any act or resolution for the appropri- 
 ation of money or the creation of debt shall, on its final passage, receive 
 the votes of a majority of all the members elected to each House. 
 
 Sec. 47, All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 
 of Representatives, but the Senate may propose amendments thereto : 
 provided no new matter shall be introduced, under color of amend- 
 ment, which does not relate to raising revenue. 
 
 Sec. 48, The General Assembly shall have no power to enact latvs 
 to diminish the resources of the sinking fund as now established by 
 law until the debt of the Commonwealth be paid, but may enact laws 
 to increase them ; and the whole resources of said fund, from year to 
 year, shall be sacredly set apart, and applied to the payment of' the in- 
 terest and principal of the State debt, and to no other use or purpose, 
 until the whole debt of the State is fully satisfied. 
 
 Sec. 49. The General Assembly may contract debts to meet casual 
 deficits or failures in the revenue ; but such debts, direct or contingent, 
 singly or in the aggregate, shall not at any time exceed five hundred 
 thousand dollars, and the moneys arising from loans creating' such 
 debts shall be applied only to the purpose or purposes for which they 
 were obtained, or to repay such debts : provided the General Assembly 
 may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or, if hos- 
 tilities are threatened, provide for the public defense. 
 
 Sec. 50. No act of the General Assembly shall authorize any debt 
 to be contracted on behalf of the Commonwealth except for the pur- 
 poses mentioned in section forty-nine, unless provision be made therein 
 to levy and collect an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest stipu- 
 lated, and to discharge the debt within thirty years ; nor shall such act 
 take effect until it shall have been submitted to the people at a general 
 election, and shall have received a majority of all the votes cast for 
 and against it : provided the General Assembly may contract debts by 
 borrowing money to pay any part of the debt of the State, without 
 submission to the people, and without making provision in the act 
 authorizing the same for a tax to discharge the debt so contracted, 
 or tha interest there )n. 
 
 Sec. 51. No law enacted by the General Assembly shall relate to 
 more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title, and 
 no law shall be revised, amended, or the provisions thereof extended 
 or conferred by reference to its title only ;' but so much thereof as is 
 revised, amended, extended, or conferred shall be reenacted and 
 published at length. 
 
 Sec. 52. The General Assembly shall have no power to release, 
 extinguish, or authorize the releasing or extinguishing, in whole or in 
 part, the indebtedness or liability of any corporation or individual to 
 this Commonwealth, or to any county or municipality thereof. 
 
 Sec. 53. The General Assembly shall provide bv law for monthly 
 investigations into the accounts of the treasurer and auditor of public 
 accounts, and the result of these investigations shall be reported to the 
 governor, and these reports shall be semi-annually published in two 
 newspapers of general circulation in the State. The reports received 
 by the governor shall, at the beginning of each session, be transmitted 
 
234 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 by him to the General Assembly for scrutiny and appropriate 
 action. 
 
 Sec. 54. The General Assembly shall have no power to limit the 
 amount to be recovered for injuries resulting in death, or for injuries 
 to person or property. 
 
 Sec. 55. No act, except general appropriation bills, shall become a 
 law until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it 
 was passed, except in cases of emergency, when, by the concurrence 
 of a majority of the members elected to each House of the General 
 Assembly, by a yea and nay vote entered upon their journals, an act 
 may become a law when approved by the governor ; but the reasons 
 for the emergency that justifies this action must be set out at length 
 in the journal of each House. 
 
 Sec. 56. No bill shall become a law until the same shall have been 
 signed by the presiding officer of each of the two Houses in open ses- 
 sion ; and before such officer shall have affixed his signature to any 
 bill, he shall suspend all other business, declare that such bill will now 
 be read, and that he will sign the same, to the end that it may become 
 a law. The bill shall then be read at length and compared ; and, if 
 correctly enrolled, he shall, in presence of the House in open session, 
 and before any other business is entertained, affix his signature, which 
 fact shall be noted in the journal, and the bill immediately sent to 
 the other House. When it reaches the other House, the presiding 
 officer thereof shall immediately suspend all other business, announce 
 the reception of the bill, and the same proceeding shall thereupon be 
 observed in every respect as in the House in which it was first signed. 
 And thereupon the clerk of the latter House shall immediately pre- 
 sent the same to the governor for his signature and approval. 
 
 Sec. 57. A member who has a personal or private interest in any 
 measure or bill proposed or pending before the General Assembly, 
 shall disclose the fact to the House of which he is a member, and 
 shall not vote thereon upon pain of expulsion. 
 
 Sec. 58. The General Assembly shall neither audit nor allow any 
 private claim against the Commonwealth, except for expenses incurred 
 during the session at which the same was allowed, but may appropriate 
 money to pay such claim as shall have been audited and allowed ac- 
 cording to law. 
 
 Local and Special Legislation. 
 
 Sec. 59. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special acts 
 concerning any of the following subjects, or for any of the following 
 purposes : namely, — 
 
 1. To regulate the jurisdiction, or the practice, or the circuits of 
 courts of justice, or the rights, powers, duties, or compensation of the 
 officers thereof ; but the practice in circuit courts in continuous ses- 
 sion may, by a general law, be made different from the practice of 
 circuit courts held in terms. 
 
 2. To regulate the summoning, impaneling, or compensation of 
 grand or petit jurors. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 235 
 
 3. To provide for changes of venue in civil or criminal causes. 
 
 4. To regulate the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors, or to 
 remit fines, penalties, or forfeitures. 
 
 5. To regulate the limitation of civil or criminal causes. 
 
 6. To affect the estate of cestuis que trust, decedents, infants, or 
 other persons under disabilities, or to authorize any such persons to 
 sell, lease, encumber, or dispose of their property. 
 
 7. To declare any person of age, or to relieve an infant or feme 
 covert of disability, or to enable him to do acts allowed only to adults 
 not under disabilities. 
 
 8. To change the law of descent, distribution, or succession, 
 g. To authorize the adoption or legitimation of children. 
 
 10. To grant divorces. 
 
 11. To change the name of persons. 
 
 12. To give effect to invalid deeds, wills, or other instruments. 
 
 13. To legalize, except as against the Commonwealth, the unau- 
 thorized or invalid act of any officer or public agent of the Common- 
 wealth, or of any city, county, or municipality thereof. 
 
 14. To refund money legally paid into the State treasury. 
 
 15. To authorize or to regulate the levy, the assessment, or the col- 
 lection of taxes, or to give any indulgence or discharge to any assessor 
 or collector of taxes, or to his sureties. 
 
 16. To authorize the opening, altering, maintaining, or vacating 
 roads, highways, streets, alleys, town plats, cemeteries, graveyards, or 
 public grounds not owned by the Commonwealth. 
 
 17. To grant a charter to any corporation, or to amend the charter 
 of any existing corporation ; to license companies or persons to own 
 or operate ferries, bridges, roads, or turnpikes ; to declare streams 
 navigable, or to authorize the construction of booms or dams therein, 
 or to remove obstructions therefrom ; to affect toll-gates or to regu- 
 late tolls ; to regulate fencing or the running at large of stock. 
 
 18. To create, increase, or decrease fees, percentages, or allow- 
 ances to public officers, or to extend the time for the collection thereof,, 
 or to authorize officers to appoint deputies. 
 
 19. To give any person or corporation the right to lay a railroad 
 track or tramway, or to amend existing charters for such purposes. 
 
 20. To provide for conducting elections, or for designating the 
 places of voting, or changing the boundaries of wards, precincts, or 
 districts, except when new counties may be created. 
 
 21. To regulate the rate of interest. 
 
 22. To authorize the creation, extension, enforcement, impair- 
 ment, or release of liens. 
 
 23. To provide for the protection of game and fish. 
 
 24. To regulate labor, trade, mining, or manufacturing. 
 
 25. To provide for the management of common schools. 
 
 26. To locate or change a county seat. 
 
 27. To provide a means of taking the sense of the people of any 
 city, town, district, precinct, or county, whether they wish to author- 
 ize, regulate, or prohibit therein the sale of vinous, spirituous, or malt 
 liquors, or alter the liquor laws. 
 
236 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 28. Restoring to citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes. 
 
 29. In all other cases where a general law can be made applica- 
 ble, no special law shall be enacted. 
 
 Sec. 60. The General Assembly shall not indirectly enact any 
 special or local act by the repeal in part of a general act, or by tx- 
 empiing from the operation of a general act any city, town, district, 
 or county ; but laws repealing local or special acts may be enacted. 
 No law shall be enacted granting powers or privileges in any case 
 where the granting of such powers or privileges shall have been pro- 
 vided for by a general law, nor where the courts have jurisdiction to 
 grant the same or to give the relief asked for. No law, except such 
 as relates to the sale, loan, or gift of vinous, spirituous, or malt 
 liquors, bridges, turnpikes or other public roads, public buildings or 
 improvements, fencing, running at large of stock, matters pertaining 
 to common schools, paupers, and the regulation by counties, cities, 
 towns, or other municipalities, of their local affairs, shall be enacted 
 to take effect upon the approval of any other authority than the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, unless otherwise expressly provided in this Constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 Sec. 61. The General Assembly shall by general law provide a 
 means whereby the sense of the people of any county, city, town, dis- 
 trict, or precinct may be taken, as to whether or not spirituous, vin- 
 ous, or malt liquors shall be sold, bartered, or loaned therein, or the 
 sale thereof regulated ; but nothing herein shall be construed to in- 
 terfere with or to repeal any law in force relating to the sale or gift 
 of such liquors. All elections on this question may be held on a day 
 other than the regular election days. 
 
 Sec. 62. The style of the laws of this Commonwealth shall be as 
 follows: ^^ Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Common- 
 wealth of Kentucky." 
 
 Counties and County Seats. 
 
 Sec. 63. No new county shall be created by the General Assem- 
 bly which will reduce the county or counties, or either of them, from 
 which it shall be taken, to less area than four hundred square miles; 
 nor shall any county be formed of less area ; nor shall any boundary 
 line thereof pass within less than ten miles of any county seat of the 
 county or counties proposed to be divided. Nothing contained herein 
 shall prevent the General Assembly from abolishing any county. 
 
 Sec. 64. No county shall be divided, or have any part stricken 
 therefrom, except in the formation of new counties, without submit- 
 ting the question to a vote of the people of the county, nor unless the 
 majority of all the legal voters of the county voting on the question 
 shall vote for the same. The county seat of no county as now located, 
 or as may hereafter be located, shall be moved, except upon a vote of 
 two-thirds of those voting ; nor shall any new county be established 
 which will reduce any county to less than twelve thousand inhabit- 
 ants, nor shall any county be created containing a less population. 
 
 Sec. 65. There shall be no territory stricken from any county un- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 237 
 
 less a majority of the voters living in such territory shall petition (or 
 such division ; but the portion so stricken off and added to another 
 county, or formed in whole or in part into a new county, shall be 
 bound for its proportion of the indebtedness of the county from which 
 it has been taken. 
 
 Impeachments. 
 
 Sec. 66. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power 
 of impeachmeut. 
 
 Sec. 67. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. ^Vhen 
 sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation. 
 No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds 
 of the senators present. 
 
 Sec. 63. The governor and all civil officers shall be. liable to im- 
 peachment for any misdemeanors in office ; but judgment in such 
 cases shall not extend further than removal from office, and disquali- 
 fication to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit under this Com- 
 monwealth ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be subject 
 and liable to indictment, trial, and punishment bylaw. 
 
 The Executive Department. 
 Officei's for the State at Large. 
 
 Sec. 6g. The supreme executive power of the Commonwealth 
 shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the "Gov- 
 ernor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky." 
 
 Sec. 70. He shall be elected for the term of four years by the 
 qualified voters of the State. The person having the highest number 
 of votes shall be governor ; but if two or more shall be equal and 
 highest in votes, the election shall be determined by lot in such man- 
 ner as the General Assembly may direct. 
 
 Sec. 71. He shall be ineligible for the succeeding four years after 
 the expiration of the term for which he shall have been elected. 
 
 Sec. 72. He shall be at least thirty years of age, and have been a 
 citizen and a resident of Kentucky for at least six years next preced- 
 ing his election. 
 
 Sec. 73. He shall commence the execution of the duties of his 
 office on the fifth Tuesday succeeding his election, and shall continue 
 in the execution thereof until his successor shall have qualified. 
 
 Sec. 74. He shall at stated times receive for his services a compen- 
 sation to be fixed by law. 
 
 Sec. 75. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of 
 this Commonwealth, and of the militia thereof, except when they shall 
 be called into the service of the United States ; but he shall not com- 
 mand personally in the field, unless advised so to do by a resolution 
 of the General Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 76. He shall have the power, except as otherwise provided 
 in this Constitution, to fill vacancies by granting commissions, which 
 
238 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 shall expire when such vacancies shall have been filled according to 
 the provisions of this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 77. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, com- 
 mute sentences, grant reprieves and pardons, except in case of 
 impeachment ; and he shall file with each application therefor a state- 
 ment of the reasons for his decision thereon, which application and 
 statement shall always be open to public inspection. In cases of 
 treason, he shall have power to grant reprieves until the end of the 
 next session of the General Assembly, in which the power of par- 
 doning shall be vested ; but he shall have no power to remit the fees 
 of the clerk, sheriff, or Commonwealth's attorney in penal or criminal 
 cases. 
 
 Sec. 78. He may require information in writing from the officers 
 of the Executive Department upon any subject relating to the duties 
 of their respective offices. 
 
 Sec. 79. He shall from time to time give to the General Assembly 
 information of the state of the Commonwealth, and recommend to 
 their consideration such measures as he may deem expedient. 
 
 Sec. 80. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General 
 Assembly at the seat of government, or at a different place, if that 
 should have become dangerous from an enemy or from contagious 
 diseases. In case of disagreement between the two Houses with re- 
 spect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 
 time as he shall think proper, not exceeding four months. When 
 he shall convene the General Assembly, it shall be by proclama- 
 tion, stating the subjects to be considered, and no others shall be 
 considered. 
 
 Sec. 81. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 
 
 Sec. 82. A lieutenant-governor shall be chosen at every regular 
 election for governor, in the same manner, to continue in office for 
 the same time, and possess the same qualifications, as the governor. 
 He shall be ineligible to the office of lieutenant-governor for the suc- 
 ceeding four years after the expiration of the term for which he shall 
 have been elected. 
 
 Sec. 83, He shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the 
 Senate, have a right, when in committee of the whole, to debate and 
 vote on all subjects, and, when the Senate is equally divided, to give 
 the casting vote. 
 
 Sec. 84. Should the governor be impeached, and removed from 
 office, die, refuse to qualify, resign, be absent from the State, or be 
 from any cause unable to discharge the duties of his office, the lieu- 
 tenant-governor shall exercise all the power and authority appertaining 
 to the office of governor until another be duly elected and qualified, 
 or the governor shall return or be able to discharge the duties of his 
 office. On the trial of the governor, the lieutenant-governor shall 
 not act as president of the Senate or take part in the proceedings, 
 but the chief justice of the Court of Appeals shall preside during the 
 trial. 
 
 Sec. 85. A president /r<7 tetitpore of the Senate shall be elected by 
 each Senate as soon after its organization as possible, the lieutenant- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 239 
 
 governor vacating his seat as president of the Senate until such elec- 
 tion shall be made ; and as often as there is a vacancy in the office of 
 president pro tempore, another president pro tempore of the Senate 
 shall be elected by the Senate, if in session. And if, during the 
 vacancy of the office of governor, the lieutenant-governor shall be 
 impeached, and removed from office, refuse to qualify, resign, die, or 
 be absent from the State, the ^^x^^xiX^xit pro tempore of the Senate 
 shall in like manner administer the government : provided, whenever 
 a vacancy shall occur in the office of governor before the first two 
 years of the term shall have expired, a new election for governor^ 
 shall take place to fill such vacancy. 
 
 Sec. 86. The lieutenant-governor, or president pro tempore of the 
 Senate, while he acts as president of the Senate, shall receive for his 
 services the same compensation which shall, for the same period, be 
 allowed for the speaker of the House of Representatives ; and during 
 the time he administers the government as governor, he shall receive 
 the same compensation which the governor would have received had 
 he been employed in the duties of his office. 
 
 Sec. 87. If the lieutenant-governor shall be called upon to admin- 
 ister the government, and shall, while in such administration, resign, 
 die, or be absent from the State during the recess of the General 
 Assembly, if there be no president pro tempore of the Senate, it shall 
 be the duty of the secretary of state for the time being to convene 
 the Senate for the purpose of choosing a president; and until a presi- 
 dent is chosen, the secretary of state shall administer the government. 
 If there be no secretary of state to perform the duties devolved upon 
 him by this section, or in case that officer be absent from the State, 
 then the attorney-general for the time being shall convene the Sen- 
 ate for the purpose of choosing a president, and shall administer the 
 government until a president is chosen. 
 
 Sec. 88. Every bill which shall have passed the two Houses shall 
 be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it ; but if 
 not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it 
 originated, which shall enter the objections in full upon its journal, 
 and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, a ma- 
 jority of all the members elected to that House shall agree to pass 
 the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, by 
 which it shall likewise be considered, and, if approved by a majority of 
 all the members elected to that House, it shall be a law ; but in such 
 case the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, 
 and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall 
 be entered upon the journal of each House respectively. If any bill 
 shall not be returned by the governor within ten days (Sundays ex- 
 cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law m 
 like manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly, by 
 their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall be a law, 
 unless disapproved by him within ten days after the adjournment, in 
 which case his veto message shall be spread upon the register kept 
 by the secretary of state. The governor shall have power to disap- 
 prove any part or parts of appropriation bills embracing distinct 
 
240 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 items, and the part or parts disapproved shall not become a law unless 
 reconsidered and passed, as in case of a bill. 
 
 Sec. 89. Every order, resolution, or vote in which the concurrence 
 of both Houses may be necessary, except on a question of adjourn- 
 ment, or as otherwise provided in this Constitution, shall be pre- 
 sented to the governor, and, before it shall take effect, be approved 
 by him, or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by a majority of the 
 members elected to both Houses, according to the rules and limita- 
 tions prescribed in case of a bill. 
 
 Sec. 90. Contested elections for governor and lieutenant-governor 
 shall be determined by both Houses of the General Assembly, accord- 
 ing to such regulations as may be established by law. 
 
 Sec. 91. A treasurer, auditor of public accounts, register of the 
 land office, commissioner of agriculture, labor, and statistics, secretary 
 of state, attorney-general, and superintendent of public instruction, 
 shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State at the same time 
 the governor is elected, for the term of four years, each of whom 
 shall be at least thirty years of age at the time of his election, ani\ 
 shall have been a resident citizen of the State at least two years next 
 before his election. The duties of all these officers shall be such as 
 may be prescribed by law ; and the secretary of state shall keep a fair 
 register of and attest all the official acts of the governor, and shall, 
 when required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers 
 relative thereto, before either House of the General Assembly. The 
 officers named in this section shall enter upon the discharge of their 
 duties the first Monday in January after their election, and shall hold 
 their offices until their successors are elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. 92. The attorney-general shall have been a practicing lawyer 
 eight years before his election. 
 
 Sec. 93. The treasurer, auditor of public accounts, secretary of 
 state, commissioner of agriculture, labor, and statistics, attorney-gen- 
 eral, superintendent of public instruction, and register of the land 
 office shall be ineligible to reelection for the succeeding four years 
 after the expiration of the term for which they fehall have been 
 elected. The duties and responsibilities of these officers shall be pre- 
 scribed by law, and all fees collected by any of said officers shall be 
 covered into the treasury. Inferior State officers, not specifically 
 provided for in this Constitution, may be appointed or elected, in 
 such manner as may be prescribed by law, for a term not exceeding 
 four years, and until their successors are appointed or elected and 
 qualified. 
 
 Sec. 94. The General Assembly may provide for the abolishment 
 of the office of the register of the land office, to take effect at the 
 end of any term, and shall provide by law for the custody and preser- 
 vation of the papers and records of said office, if the same be 
 abolished. 
 
 Sec. 95. The election under this Constitution for governor, lieu- 
 tenant-governor, treasurer, auditor of public accounts, register of the 
 land office, attorney-general, secretary of state, superintendent of 
 public instruction, and commissioner of agriculture, labor, and stalls- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 24 1 
 
 tics, shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in 
 November, eighteen hundred and ninety- five, and the same day every 
 four years thereafter. 
 
 Sec. q6. All the officers mentioned in section ninety-five shall be 
 paid for their services l^y salary, and not otherwise. 
 
 Officers for Districts and Counties. 
 
 Sec. 97. At the general election in eighteen hundred and ninety- 
 two there shall be elected in each circuit court district a Common- 
 wealth's attorney, and in each county a clerk of the circuit court, who 
 shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of their respective offices 
 on the first Monday in January after their election, and shall hold 
 their offices five years, and until their successors are elected and 
 qualified. In the year eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, and every 
 six years thereafter, there shall be an election in each county for a 
 circuit court clerk, and for a Commonwealth's attorney in each circuit 
 court district, unless that office be abolished, who shall hold their 
 respective offices for six years from the first Monday in January after 
 their election, and until the election and qualification of their suc- 
 cessors. 
 
 Sec. 98. The compensation of the Commonwealth's attorney shall 
 be by salary and such percentage of fines and forfeitures as may bC' 
 fixed by law, and such salary shall be uniform in so far as the same 
 shall be paid out of the State treasury, and not to exceed the sum of 
 five hundred dollars per annum ; but any county may make addi- 
 tional compensation, to be paid by said county. Should any per- 
 centage of fines and forfeitures be allowed by law, it shall not be paid 
 except upon such proportion of the fines and forfeitures as have been 
 collected and paid into the State treasury, and not until so collected 
 and paid. 
 
 Sec. 99. There shall be elected in eighteen hundred and ninety- 
 four in each county a judge of the county court, a county court clerk, 
 a county attorney, sheriff, jailer, coroner, surveyor, and assessor, and 
 in each justice's district one justice of the peace and one constable, 
 who shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of their offices on the 
 first Monday in January after their election, and continue in office 
 three years, and until the election and qualification of their succes- 
 sors ; and in eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, and every four years 
 thereafter, there shall be an election in each county of the officers 
 mentioned, who shall hold their offices four years (from the first 
 Monday in January after their election), and until the election and 
 qualification of their successors. The first election of sheriffs under 
 this Constitution shall be held in eighteen hundred and ninety-two, 
 and the sheriffs then elected shall hold their offices two years, and 
 until the election and qualification of their successors. The sheriffs 
 now in office for their first term shall be eligible to reelection in 
 eighteen hundred and ninety-two, and those elected in eighteen hun- 
 dred and ninety-two for the first term shall be eligible to reelection 
 in eighteen hundred and ninety-four, but thereafter no sheriff shaJl 
 
 KENT. HIST.. — l/> 
 
242 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 be eligible to reelection or to act as deputy for the succeeding 
 term; 
 
 Sec. ioo. No person shall be eligible to the offices mentioned in 
 sections ninety-seven and ninety-nine who is not at the time of his 
 election twenty-four years of age (except clerks of county and circuit 
 courts, who shall be twenty-one years of age), a citizen of Kentucky, 
 and who has not resided in the State two years, and one year next 
 preceding his election in the county and district in which he is a can- 
 didate. No person shall be eligible to the office of Commonwealth's 
 attorney unless he shall have been a licensed practicing lawyer four 
 years. No person shall be eligible to the office of county attorney 
 unless he shall have been a licensed practicing lawyer two years. No 
 person shall be eligible to the office of clerk unless he shall have pro- 
 cured from a judge of the Court of Appeals, or a judge of a circuit 
 court, a certificate that he has been examined by the clerk of his 
 court under his supervision, and that he is qualified for the office 
 for which he is a candidate. 
 
 Sec. ioi. Constables shall possess the same qualifications as sher- 
 iffs, and their jurisdiction shall be coextensive with the counties in 
 which they reside. Constables now in office shall continue in office 
 until their successors are elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. I02. When a new county shall be created, officers for the 
 same, to serve until the next regular election, shall be elected or 
 appointed in such way and at such times as the General Assembly 
 may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 103. The judges of county courts, clerks, sheriffs, surveyors, 
 coroners, jailers, constables, and such other officers as the General 
 Assembly may from time to time require, shall, before they enter 
 upon the duties of their respective offices, and as often thereafter as 
 may be deemed proper, give such bond and security as may be pre- 
 scribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 104. The General Assembly may abolish the office of assessor, 
 and provide that the assessment of property shall be made by other , 
 officers ; but it shall have power to reestablish the office of assessor 
 and prescribe his duties. No person shall be eligible to the office of 
 assessor two consecutive terms. 
 
 Sec. 105. The General Assembly may at any time consolidate the 
 offices of jailer and sheriff in any county or counties, as it shall deem 
 most expedient ; but, in the event such consolidation be made, the 
 office of sheriff shall be retained, and the sheriff shall be required to 
 perform the duties of jailer. 
 
 Sec. 106. The fees of county officers shall be regulated by law. 
 In counties or cities having a population of seventy-five thousand or 
 more, the clerks of the respective courts thereof (except the clerk of 
 the city court), the marshals, the sheriffs, and the jailers shall be 
 paid out of the State treasury, by salary to be fixed by law, the 
 salaries of said officers and of their deputies and necessary office 
 expenses not to exceed seventy-five per centum of the fees collected 
 by said officers respectively, and paid into the treasury. 
 
 Sec. 107. The General Assembly may provide for the election or 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 243 
 
 appointment, for a term not exceeding four years, of such other 
 county or district ministerial and executive officers as may from time 
 to time be necessary. 
 
 Sec. 108. The General Assembly may, at any time after the expira* 
 tion of six years from the adoption of this Constitution, abolish the 
 office of Commonwealth's attorney, to take effect upon the expiration 
 of the terms of the incumbents, in which event the duties of said 
 office shall be discharged by the county attorneys. 
 
 The Judicial Department. 
 
 Sec. 109. The judicial power of the Commonwealth, both as to 
 matters of law and equity, shall be vested in the Senate when sitting 
 as a court of impeachment, and one Supreme Court (to be styled the 
 Court of Appeals), and the courts established by this Constitution. 
 
 Court of Appeals. 
 
 Sec. iio. The Court of Appeals shall have appellate jurisdiction 
 only, which shall be coextensive with the State, under such restric- 
 tions and regulations, not repugnant to this Constitution, as may from 
 time to time be prescribed by law. Said court shall have power to 
 issue such writs as may be necessary to give it a general control of 
 inferior jurisdictions. 
 
 Sec. III. The Court of Appeals shall be held at the seat of govern- 
 ment ; but if that shall become dangerous, in case of war, insurrection, 
 or pestilence, it may adjourn to meet and transact its business at such 
 other place in the State as it may deem expedient for the time being. 
 
 Sec. 112. The judges of the Court of Appeals shall severally hold 
 their offices for the term of eight years, commencing on the first 
 Monday in January next succeeding their respective elections, and 
 until their several successors are qualified, subject to the conditions 
 hereinafter prescribed. For any reasonable cause the governor shall 
 remove them, or any one or more of them, on the address of two- 
 thirds of each House of the General Assembly. The cause or causes 
 for which said removal shall be required shall be stated at length in 
 such address and in the journal of each House. They shall at stated 
 times receive for their services an adequate compensation, to be fixed 
 by law. 
 
 Sec. 113. The Court of Appeals shall, after eighteen hundred and 
 ninety-four, consist of not less than five nor more than seven judges. 
 They shall severally, by virtue of their office, be conservators of the 
 peace throughout the State, and shall be commissioned by the governor. 
 
 Sec. 114. No person shall be eligible to election as a judge of the 
 Court of Appeals who is not a citizen of Kentucky, and has not 
 resided in this State five years, and in the district in which he is 
 elected two years, next preceding his election, and who is less than 
 thirty-five years of age, and has not been a practicing lawyer eight 
 years, or whose services upon the bench of a circuit court or court of 
 
244 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 similar jurisdiction, when added to the time he may have practiced 
 law, shall not be equal to eight years. 
 
 Sec. 115. The present judges of the Court of Appeals shall hold 
 their offices until their respective terms expire, and until their several 
 successors shall be qualified ; and at the regular election next pre- 
 ceding the expiration of the term of each of the present judges, his 
 successor shall be elected. The General Assembly shall, before the 
 regular election in eighteen hundred and ninety-four, provide for the 
 election of such judges of the Court of Appeals, not less than five nor 
 exceeding seven, as may be necessary ; and if less than seven judges 
 be provided for, the General Assembly may at any time increase the 
 number to seven. 
 
 Sec. 116. The judges of the Court of Appeals shall be elected by 
 districts. The General Assembly shall, before the regular election in 
 eighteen hundred and ninety-four, divide the State, by counties, into 
 as many districts, as nearly equal in population and as compact in 
 form as possible, as it may provide shall be the number of judges of 
 the Court of Appeals ; and it may, every ten years thereafter, or when 
 the number of judges requires it, redistrict the State in like manner. 
 Upon the creation of new or additional districts, the General Assem- 
 bly shall designate the year in which the first election for a judge of 
 the Court of Appeals shall be held in each district, so that not more 
 than the number of judges provided for shall be elected, and that no 
 judge may be deprived of his office until the expiration of the term 
 for which he was elected. 
 
 Sec. 117. A majority of the judges of the Court of Appeals shall 
 constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but in the event 
 as many as two decline, on account of interest or for other reason, to 
 preside in the trial of any cause, the governor, on that fact being cer- 
 tified to h'm by the chief justice, shall appoint to tr)' the particular 
 cause a sufficient number of judges to constitute a full court. The 
 judges so appointed shall possess the qualifications prescribed for 
 judges of the Court of Appeals, and receive the same compensation, 
 proportioned to the length of service. 
 
 Sec. 118. The judge longest in commission as judge of the Court 
 of Appeals shall be chief justice, and if the term of service of two or 
 more judges be the same, they shall determine by lot which of their 
 number shall be chief justice. The court shall prescribe by rule that 
 petitions for rehearing shall be considered by a judge who did not 
 deliver the opinion in the case ; and the court, if composed of seven 
 judges, shall divide itself into sections for the transaction of business, 
 if, in the judgment of the court, such arrangement is necessary. 
 
 Sec. 119. The Superior Court shall continue until the terms of the 
 present judges of said court expire ; and upon the expiration of their 
 terms, all causes pending before the Superior Court shall be trans- 
 ferred to the Court of Appeals, and be determined by it. 
 
 Sec. 120. The present clerk of the Court of Appeals shall serve 
 until the expiration of the term for which he was elected, and until 
 his successor is elected and qualified. At the election in the year 
 eighteen hundred and ninety-seven there shall be elected bv the 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 245 
 
 qualified voters of the State a clerk of the Court of Appeals, who shall 
 take his office the first Monday in September, eighteen hundred 
 and ninety-eight, and who shall hold his office until the regular 
 election in nineteen hundred and three, and until his successor shall 
 be elected and qualified. In nineteen hundred and three, and there- 
 after, the clerk of the Court of Appeals shall be elected at the same 
 time as the governor, for the term of four years ; and the said clerk 
 shall take his office on the first Monday in January following his 
 election, and shall hold his office until his successor is elected and 
 qualified. The clerk shall be ineligible for the succeeding term. 
 
 Sec. 121. No person shall be eligible to the office of clerk of the 
 Court of Appeals unless he is a citizen of Kentucky, a resident 
 thereof for two years next preceding his election, of the age of twenty- 
 one years, and have a certificate from a judge of the Court of Appeals 
 that he has been examined by him, or by the clerk of his court under 
 his supervision, and that he is qualified for the office. 
 
 Sec, 122. Should a vacancy occur in the office of the clerk of the 
 Court of Appeals, or should the clerk be under charges, the Court of 
 Appeals shall have power to appoint a clerk until the vacancy be 
 filled as provided in this Constitution, or until the clerk be acquitted. 
 
 Sec. 123. The style of process shall be "The Commonwealth of 
 Kentucky." All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by 
 the authority of the "Commonwealth of Kentucky," and conclude 
 against the peace and dignity of the same. 
 
 Sec. 124. The clerks of the Court of Appeals, circuit and county 
 courts, shall be removable from office by the Court of Appeals, upon 
 information and good cause shown. The court shall be judge of the 
 facts as well as the law. Two-thirds of the members present must 
 concur in the sentence. 
 
 Circuit Courts. 
 
 Sec. 125. A circuit court shall be established in each county now 
 existing, or which may hereafter be created, in this Commonwealth. 
 
 Sec. 126. The jurisdiction of said court shall be and remain as 
 now established, hereby giving to the General Assembly the power to 
 change it. 
 
 Sec. 127. The right to appeal or sue out a writ of error shall re- 
 main as it now exists until altered by law, hereby giving to the Gen- 
 eral Assembly the power to change or modify said right. 
 
 Sec. 128. At its first session after the adoption of this Constitution, 
 the General Assembly, having due regard to territory, business, and 
 population, shall divide the State into a sufficient number of judicial 
 districts to carry into effect the provisions of this Constitution con- 
 cerning circuit courts. In making such apportionment, no county shall 
 be divided ; and the number of said districts, excluding those in coun- 
 ties having a population of one hundred and fifty thousand, shall not 
 exceed one district for each sixty thousand of the population of the 
 entire State. 
 
 Sec. 129. The General Assembly shall, at the same time the judi- 
 
246 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 cial districts are laid off, direct elections to he held in each district to 
 elect a judge therein. The first election of judges of the circuit courts 
 under this Constitution shall take place at the annual election in the 
 year eighteen hundred and ninety-two, and the judges then elected 
 shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of their respective offices 
 on the first Monday in January after their election, and hold their 
 offices five years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. 
 At the general election in eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, and 
 every six years thereafter, there shall be an election for judges of the 
 circuit courts, who shall hold their offices for six years from the first 
 Monday in January succeeding their election. They shall be com- 
 missioned by the governor, and continue in office until their successors 
 shall have been qualified, but shall be removable in the same manner 
 as the judges of the Court of Appeals. The removal of a judge from 
 his district shall vacate his office. 
 
 Sec. 130. No person shall be eligible as judge of the circuit court 
 who is less than thirty-five years of age when elected, who is not a 
 citizen of Kentucky, and a resident of the district in which he may be 
 a candidate two years next preceding his election, and who has not 
 been a practicing lawyer eight years. 
 
 Sec. 131. There shall be at least three regular terms of circuit court 
 held in each county every year. 
 
 Sec. 132. The General Assembly, vi'hen deemed necessary, may 
 establish additional districts ; but the whole number of districts, ex- 
 clusive of counties having a population of one hundred and fifty thou- 
 sand, shall not exceed at any time one for every sixty thousand of 
 jX)pulation of the State according to the last enumeration. 
 
 Sec. 133. The judges of the circuit court shall at stated times 
 receive for their services an adequate compensation to be fixed by law, 
 which shall be equal and uniform throughout the State, so far as the 
 same shall be paid out of the State treasury. 
 
 Sec. 134. The judicial districts of the State shall not be changed 
 except at the first session after an enumeration, unless upon the estab- 
 lishment of a new district. 
 
 Sec. 135. No courts save those provided for in this Constitution 
 shall be established. 
 
 Sec. 136. The General Assembly shall provide by law for holding 
 circuit courts, when from any cause the judge shall fail to attend, or, 
 if in attendance, cannot properly preside. 
 
 Sec. 137. Each county having a population of one hundred and 
 fifty thousand, or over, shall constitute a district, which shall be en- 
 titled to four judges. Additional judges for said district may from 
 time to time be authorized by the General Assembly, but not to exceed 
 one judge for each increase of forty thousand of population in said 
 county, to be ascertained by the last enumeration. Each of the judges 
 in such a district shall hold a separate court, except when a general 
 term may be held for the purpose of making rules of court, or as may 
 be required by law : provided no general term shall have power to re- 
 view any order, decision, or proceeding of any branch of the court in 
 said district made in separate term. There shall be one clerk for 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 247 
 
 such district, who shall be known as the clerk of the circuit court. 
 Criminal causes shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of some one 
 branch of said court ; and all other litigation in said district, of which 
 the circuit court may have jurisdiction, shall be distributed as equally 
 as may be between the other branches thereof, in accordance with the 
 rules of the court made in general term or as may be prescribed by 
 law. 
 
 Sec. 138. Each county having a city of twenty thousand inhabit- 
 ants, and a population, including said city, of forty thousand or more, 
 may consiitute a district ; and when its population reaches seventy-five 
 thousand, the General Assembly may provide that it shall have an 
 additional judge, and such district may have a judge for each addi- 
 tional fifty thousand population above one hundred thousand. And 
 in such counties the General Assembly shall by proper laws direct in 
 what manner the court shall be held and the business therein con- 
 ducted. 
 
 Quarterly Courts. 
 
 Sec. 139. There shall be established in each county now existing, 
 or which may be hereafter created, in this State, a court, to be styled 
 the '* quarterly court," the jurisdiction of which shall be uniform 
 throughout the State, and shall be regulated by a general law, and, 
 until changed, shall be the same as that now vested by law in the 
 quarterly courts of this Commonwealth. The judges of the county 
 court shall be the judges of the quarterly courts. 
 
 County Courts. 
 
 Sec. 140. There shall be established in each county novvr existing, 
 or which may be hereafter created, in this State, a court, to be styled 
 the " county court," to consist of a judge, who shall he a conservator 
 of the peace, and shall receive such compensation for his services as 
 may be prescribed by law. He shall be commissioned by the gover- 
 nor, and shall vacate his office by removal from the county in which 
 he may liave been elected. 
 
 Sec. 141. The jurisdiction of the county court shall be uniform 
 throughout the State, and shall be regulated by general law, and, until 
 changed, shall be the same as now vested in the county courts of this 
 ■State by law. 
 
 Justices' Courts. 
 
 Sec. 142. Each county now existing, or which may hereafter be 
 created, in this State, shall be laid off into districts in such manner as 
 the General Assembly may direct ; but no county shall have less than 
 three nor more than eight districts, in each of which districts one jus- 
 tice of the peace shall be elected as provided in section ninety-nine. 
 The General Assembly shall make provisions for regulating the num- 
 ber of said districts from time to time within the limits herein pre- 
 scribed, and for fixing the boundaries thereof. The jurisdiction of 
 
248 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 justices of tbe peace shall be coextensive with the county, and shall 
 be equal and uniform throughout the State. Justices of the peace 
 shall be conservators of the peace. They shall be commissioned by 
 the governor, and shall vacate their offices by removal from the dis- 
 tricts, respectively, in which they may have been elected. 
 
 Police Cqurts. 
 
 Sec. 143. A police court may be established in each city and town 
 in this State, with jurisdiction in cases of violation of municipal ordi- 
 nances and by-laws occurring w^ithin the corporate limits of the city or 
 town in which it is established, and such criminal jurisdiction within 
 the said limits as justices of the peace have. The said courts may be 
 authorized to act as examining courts, but shall have no civil jurisdic- 
 tion : prozdded, the General Assembly may confer civil jurisdiction on 
 police courts in cities and towns of the fourth and fifth classes and in 
 towns of the sixth class having a population of two hundred and fifty 
 or more, which jurisdiction shall be uniform throughout the State, 
 and not exceed that of justices of the peace. 
 
 Fiscal Courts. 
 
 Sec. 144. Counties shall have a fiscal court, which may consist of 
 the judge of the county court and the justices of the peace, in which 
 court the judge of the county court shall preside, if present ; or a 
 county may have three commissioners, to be elected from the county 
 at large, who, together with the judge of the county court, shall con- 
 stitute the fiscal court. A majority of the members of said court shall 
 constitute a court for the transaction of business ; but where, for 
 county governmental purposes, a city is by law separated from the 
 remainder of the county, such commissioners may be elected from the 
 part of the county outside of such city. 
 
 Suffrage and Elections. 
 
 Sec. 145. Every male citizen of the United States of the age of 
 twenty-one years, who has resided in the State one year, and in the 
 county six months, and in the precinct in which he offers to vote sixty 
 days, next preceding the election, shall be a voter in said precinct, and 
 not elsewhere ; but the following persons are excepted, and shall not 
 have the right to vote : — 
 
 1. Persons convicted, in any court of competent jurisdiction, of trea- 
 son, or felony, or bribery in an election, or of such high misdemeanor 
 as the General Assembly may declare shall operate as an exclusion 
 from the right of suffrage ; but persons hereby excluded may be re- 
 stored to their civil rights by Executive pardon. 
 
 2. Persons who, at the time of the election, are in coafinement 
 under the judgment of a court for some penal offense. 
 
 3. Idiots and insane persons. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 249 
 
 Sec. 146. No person in the military, naval, or marine service of 
 the United States shall be deemed a resident of this State by reason of 
 being stationed within the same. 
 
 Sec. 147. The General Assembly shall provide by law for the regis- 
 tration of all persons entitled to vote in cities and towns having a 
 population of five thousand or more, and may provide by general law 
 for the registration of other voters in the State. Where registration 
 is required, only persons registered shall have the right to vote. The 
 mode of registration shall be prescribed by the General Assembly. 
 In all elections by persons in a representative capacity, the voting 
 shall be viva voce, and made a matter of record ; but all elections by 
 the people shall be by secret official ballot, furnished by public author- 
 ity to the voters at the polls, and marked by each voter in private at 
 the polls, and then and there deposited. The word "elections" in 
 this section includes the decision of questions submitted to the voters, 
 as well as the choice of officers by them. The first General Assembly 
 held after the adoption of this Constitution shall pass all necessary 
 laws to enforce this provision, and shall provide that persons illiter- 
 ate, blind, or in any way disabled, may have their ballots marked as 
 herein required. 
 
 Sec. 148. Not more than one election each year shall be held in 
 this State or in any city, town, district, or county thereof, except as 
 otherwise provided in this Constitution. All elections of State, 
 county, city, town, or district of^cers shall be held on the first Tues- 
 day after the first Monday in November ; but no officer of any city, 
 town, or county, or of any subdivision thereof, except members of 
 municipal legislative boards, shall be elected in the same year in 
 which members of the House of Representatives of the United States 
 are elected. District or State officers, including members of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, may be elected in the same year in which members of 
 the House of Representatives of the United States are elected. All 
 elections by the people shall be between the hours of six o'clock A.M. 
 and seven o'clock P.M., but the General Assembly may change said 
 hours, and all officers of any election shall be residents and voters in 
 the precinct in which they act. The General Assembly shall provide 
 by law that all employers shall allow employees, under reasonable regu- 
 lations, at least four hours on election days, in which to cast their votes. 
 Sec. 149. Voters, in all cases except treason, felony, breach or 
 surety of the peace, or violation of the election laws, shall be privi- 
 leged from arrest during their attendance at elections, and while they 
 are going to and returning therefrom. 
 
 Sec. 150. Every person shall be disqualified from holding any ofifice 
 of trust or profit for the term for which he shall have been elected, 
 who shall be convicted of having given, or consented to the giving, 
 offer, or promise of, any money or other thing of value, to procure 
 his election, or to influence the vote of any voter at such election ; 
 and if any corporation shall, directly or indirectly, offer, promise, or 
 give, or shall authorize, directly or indirectly, any person to offer, 
 promise, or give, any money or any thing of value to influence the 
 result of any election in this State, or the vote of any voter authorized 
 
250 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 to vote therein, or who shall afterward reimburse or compensate, in 
 any manner whatever, any person who shall have offered, promised, 
 or given any money or other thing of value to influence the result of 
 any election or the vote of any such voter, such corporation, if organ- 
 ized under the laws of this Commonwealth, shall, on conviction there- 
 of, forfeit its charter and all rights, privileges, and immunities there- 
 under ; and if chartered by another State, and doing business in this 
 State, whether by license or upon mere sufferance, such corporation, 
 upon conviction of either of the offenses aforesaid, shall forfeit all 
 right to carry on any business in this State : and it shall be the duty 
 of the General Assembly to provide for the enforcement of the pro- 
 visions of this section. All persons shall be excluded from office wh<? 
 have been, or shall hereafter be. convicted of a felony, or of such high 
 misdemeanor as may be prescribed by law ; but such disability may 
 be removed by pardon of the governor. The privilege of free suf- 
 frage shall be supported by laws regulating elections, and prohibiting, 
 under adequate penalties, all undue influence thereon, from power, 
 bribery, tumult, or other improper practices. 
 
 Sec. 151. The General Assembly shall provide suitable means for 
 depriving of office any person who, to procure his nomination or elec- 
 tion, has, in his canvass or election, been guilty of any unlawful use 
 of money, or other thing of value, or has been guilty of fraud, intimi- 
 dation, bribery, or any other corrupt practice ; and he shall be held 
 responsible for acts done by others with his authority, or ratified by 
 him. 
 
 Sec. 152. Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, vacan- 
 cies in all elective offices shall be filled by election or appointment, as 
 follows : if the unexpired term will end at the next succeeding 
 annual election at which either city, town, county, district, or State 
 officers are to be elected, the office shall be filled by appointment for 
 the remainder of the term ; if the unexpired term will not end at the 
 next succeeding annual election at which either city, town, county, 
 district, or State officers are to be elected, and if three months inter- 
 vene before said succeeding annual election at which either city, town, 
 county, district, or State officers are to be elected, the office shall be 
 filled by appointment until said election, and then said vacancy shall 
 be filled by election for the remainder of the term ; if three months 
 do not intervene between the happening of said vacancy and the next 
 succeeding election at which city, town, county, district, or State 
 officers are to be elected, the office shall be filled by appointment 
 until the second succeeding annual election at which city, town, 
 county, district, or State officers are to be elected ; and then, if any 
 part of the term remains unexpired, the office shall be filled by elec- 
 tion until the regular time for the election of officers to fill said offices. 
 Vacancies in all offices for the State at large, or for districts larger 
 than a county, shall be filled by appointment of the governor : all 
 other appointments shall be made as m.ay be prescribed by law. No 
 person shall ever be appointed a member of the General Assembly, 
 but vacancies therein may be filled at a special election, in such man^ 
 ner as may be provided by law. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 25 1 
 
 Sec. 153. Except as otherwise herein expressly provided, the Gen- 
 eral Assembly shall have power to provide by general law for the 
 manner of voting, for ascertaining the result of elections and making 
 due returns thereof, for issuing certificates or commissions to all per- 
 sons entitled thereto, and for the trial of contested elections. 
 
 Sec. 154. The General Assembly shall prescribe such laws as may 
 be necessary for the restriction or prohibition of the sale or gift of 
 spirituous, vinous, or malt liquors on election days. 
 
 Sec. 155. The ;;^rovisions of sections one hundred and forty-five to 
 one hundred and fifty-four, inclusive, shall not apply to the election 
 of school trustees and other common school district elections. Said 
 elections shall be regulated by the General Assembly, exceptas other- 
 wise provided in this Constitution. 
 
 Municipalities. 
 
 Sec. 156. The cities and towns of this Commonwealth, for the 
 purposes of their organization and government, shall be divided into 
 six classes. The organization and powers of each class shall be 
 defined and provided for by general laws, so that all municipal cor- 
 porations of the same class shall possess the same powers, and be 
 subject to the same restrictions. To the first class shall belong cities 
 with a population of one hundred thousand or more ; to the second 
 class, cities with a population of twenty thousand or more, and less 
 than one hundred thousand ; to the third class, cities with a popula- 
 tion of eight thousand or more, and less than twenty thousand ; to 
 the fourth class, cities and towns with a population of three thou- 
 sand or more, and less than eight thousand ; to the fifth class, cities 
 and towns with a population of one thousand or more, and less than 
 three thousand ; to the sixth class, towns with a population of less 
 than one thousand. The General Assembly shall assign the cities 
 and towns of the Commonwealth to the classes to which they respec- 
 tively belong, and change assignments made as the population of 
 said cities and towns may increase or decrease, and, in the absence of 
 other satisfactory information as to their population, shall be gov- 
 erned by the last preceding Federal census in so doing ; but no city 
 or town shall be transferred from one class to another, except in pur- 
 suance of a law previously enacted and providing therefor. The 
 General Assembly, by a general law, shall provide how towns may be 
 organized, and enact laws for the government of such towns until the 
 same are assigned to one or the other of the classes above named ; 
 but such assignment shall be made at the first session of the General 
 Assembly after the organization of said town or city. 
 
 Sec. 157. The tax rate of cities, towns, counties, taxing districts, 
 and other municipalities, for other than school purposes, shall not at 
 any time exceed the following rates upon the value of the taxable 
 property therein : viz., for all towns or cities having a population of 
 fifteen thousand or more, one dollar and fifty cents on the hundred 
 dollars ; for all towns or cities having less than fifteen thousand and 
 not less than ten thousand, one dollar on the hundred dollars ; for all 
 
252 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 towns or cities having less than ten thousand, seventy-five cents on 
 the hundred dollars ; and for counties and taxing districts, fifty cents 
 on the hundred dollars ; unless it should be necessary to enable such 
 city, town, county, or taxing district to pay the interest on, and pro* 
 vide a sinking fund for the extinction of, indebtedness contracted 
 before the adoption of this Constitution. No county, city, town, tax- 
 ing district, or other municipality shall be authorized or permitted to 
 become indebted, in any manner or for any purpose, to an amount 
 exceeding, in any year, the income and revenue provided for such 
 year, without the assent of two-thirds of the voters thereof, voting at 
 an election to be held for that purpose ; and any indebtedness con- 
 tracted in violation of this section shall be void. Nor shall such con- 
 tract be enforceable by the person with whom made ; nor shall such 
 municipality ever be authorized to assume the same. 
 
 Sec. 158. The respective cities, towns, counties, taxing districts, 
 and municipalities shall not be authorized or permitted to incur in- 
 debtedness to an amount, including existing indebtedness, in the 
 aggregate exceeding the following-named maximum percentages on 
 the value of the taxable property therein, to be estimated by the as- 
 sessment next before the last assessment previous to the incurring of 
 the indebtedness : viz., cities of the first and second classes, and of 
 the third class having a population exceeding fifteen thousand, ten per 
 centum ; cities of the third class having a population of less than fifteen 
 thousand, and cities and towns of the fourth class, five per centum ; 
 cities and towns of the fifth and sixth classes, three per centum ; and 
 counties, taxing districts, and other municipalities, two per centum : 
 provided any city, town, county, taxing district, or other municipality 
 may contract an indebtedness in excess of such limitations, when the 
 same has been authorized under laws in force prior to the adoption of 
 this Constitution, or when necessary for the completion of and pay- 
 ment for a public improvement undertaken and not completed and 
 paid for at the time of the adoption of this Constitution ; atid provided, 
 further, if, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, the 
 aggregate indebtedness, bonded or floating, of any city, town, county, 
 taxing district, or other municipality, including that which it has been 
 or may be authorized to contract as herein provided, shall exceed the 
 limit herein prescribed, then no such city or town shall be authorized 
 or permitted to increase its indebtedness in an amount exceeding two 
 per centum, and no such county, taxing district, or other municipality, 
 in an amount exceeding one per centum, in the aggregate upon the 
 value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained as herein pro- 
 vided, until the aggregate of its indebtedness shall have been reduced 
 below the limit herein fixed ; and thereafter it shall not exceed the 
 limit, unless in case of emergency the public health or safety should 
 so require. Nothing herein shall prevent the issue of renevi^al bonds, 
 or bonds to fund the floating indebtedness of any city, town, county, 
 taxing district, or other municipality. 
 
 Sec. 159. Whenever any county, city, town, taxing district, or ether 
 municipality is authorized to contract an indebtedness, it shall be re- 
 quired at the same time to provide for the collection of an annual tax 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 253 
 
 sufficient to pay the interest on said indebtedness, and to create a 
 sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof, within not 
 more than forty years from the time of contracting the same. 
 
 Sec. 160. The mayor or chief executive, police judges, members of 
 legislative boards or councils of towns and cities, shall be elected by 
 the qualified voters thereof : provided the mayor or chief executive 
 and police judges of the towns of the fourth, fifth, and sixth classes 
 may be appointed or elected as provided by law. The terms of office 
 of mayors or chief executives and police judges shall be four years, and 
 until their successors shall be qualified ; and of members of legisla- 
 tive boards, two years. When any city of the first or second class is 
 divided into wards or districts, members of legislative boards shall be 
 elected at large by the qualified voters of said city, but so selected 
 that an equal proportion thereof shall reside in each of the said wards 
 or districts ; but when in any city of the first, second, or third class, 
 there are two legislative boards, the less numerous shall be selected 
 from and elected by the voters at large of said city ; but other officers 
 of towns or cities shall be elected by the qualified voters therein, or 
 appointed by the local authorities thereof, as the General Assembly 
 may, by a general law, provide ; but when elected by the voters of a 
 town or city, their terms of office shall be four years, and until their 
 successors shall be qualified. No mayor or chief executive or fiscal 
 officer of any city of the first or second class, after the expiration of 
 the term of office to which he has been elected under this Constitution, 
 shall be eligible for the succeeding term. "Fiscal officer" shall not 
 include an auditor or assessor, or any other officer whose chief duty is 
 not the collection or holding of public moneys. The General Assem- 
 bly shall prescribe the qualifications of all officers of towns and cities, 
 the manner in and causes for which they may be removed from office, 
 and how vacancies in such offices may be filled. 
 
 Sec. 161. The compensation of any city, county, town, or munici- 
 pal officer shall not be changed after his election or appointment, or 
 during his term of office ; nor shall the term of any such officer be 
 extended beyond the period for which he may have been elected or 
 appointed. 
 
 Sec. 162. No county, city, town, or other municipality shall ever 
 be authorized or permitted to pay any claim created against it, under 
 any agreement or contract made without express authority of law, 
 and all such unauthorized agreements or contracts shall be null and 
 void. 
 
 Sec. 163. No street railway, gas, water, steam-heating, telephone, 
 or electric-light company, within a city or town, shall be permitted 
 or authorized to construct its tracks, lay its pipes or mains, or erect 
 its poles, posts, or other apparatus along, over, under, or across the 
 streets, alleys, or public grounds of a city or town, without the con- 
 sent of the proper legislative bodies or boards of such city or town 
 being first obtained ; but when charters have been heretofore granted 
 conferring such rights, and work has in good faith been begun there- 
 under, the provisions of this section shall not apply. 
 
 Sec. 164. No county, city, town, taxing district, or other munici- 
 
254 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 pality shall be authorized or permitted to grant any franchise or privi- 
 lege, or make any contract in reference thereto, for a term exceeding 
 twenty years. Before granting such franchise or privilege for a term 
 of years, such municipality shall first, after due advertisement, re- 
 ceive bids therefor publicly, and award the same to the highest and 
 best bidder ; but it shall have the right to reject any or all bids. 
 This section shall not apply to a trunk railway. 
 
 Sec. 165. No person shall at the same time be a State officer or 
 a deputy officer, or member of the General Assembly, and an officer 
 of any county, city, town, or other municipality, or an employee 
 thereof; and no person shall at the same time fill two municipal offices, 
 either in the same or different municipalities, except as may be other- 
 wise provided in this Constitution ; but a notary public, or an officer of 
 the militia, shall not be ineligible to hold any other office mentioned 
 \i\ this section. 
 
 Sec. 166. All acts of incorporation of cities and towns heretofore 
 granted, and all amendments thereto, except as provided in section 
 one hundred and sixty-seven, shall continue in force under this Con- 
 stitution ; and all city and police courts established in any city or 
 town shall remain, with their present powers and jurisdictions, until 
 such time as the General Assembly shall provide by general la-.vs for 
 the government of towns and cities, and the officers and courts there- 
 of, but not longer than four years from and after the first day of 
 January, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, within which 
 time the General Assembly shall provide by general laws for the gov- 
 ernment of towns and cities, and the officers and courts thereof, as 
 provided in this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 167. All city and town officers in this State shall be elected 
 or appointed as provided in the charter of each respective town and 
 city, until the general election in November, 1893, and until their 
 successors shall be elected and qualified, at which time the terms of 
 all such officers shall expire ; and at that election, and thereafter as 
 their terms of office may expire, all officers required to be elected in 
 cities and towns by this Constitution, or by general laws enacted 
 in conformity to its provisions, shall be elected at the general elec- 
 tions in November, but only in the odd years, except members of 
 municipal legislative boards, who may be elected either in the even 
 or odd years, or part in the even and part in the odd years : provided 
 that the terms of office of police judges who were elected for four 
 years at the August election, eighteen hundred and ninety, shall 
 expire August thirty-first, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, and the 
 terms of police judges elected in November, eighteen hundred and 
 ninety-three, shall begin September first, eighteen hundred and 
 ninety-four, and continue until the November election, eighteen 
 hundred and ninety-seven, and until their successors are elected and 
 qualified. 
 
 Sec. 168. No municipal ordinance shall fix a penalty for a violation 
 thereof at less than that imposed by statute for the same offense. A 
 conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another 
 prosecution for the same offense. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 255 
 
 Revenue and Taxation. 
 
 Sec. i6g. The fiscal year shall commence on the first day of July 
 in each year, unless otherwise provided by law. 
 
 Sec. 170. There shall be exempt from taxation public property used 
 for public purposes ; places actually used for religious worship, with 
 the grounds attached thereto and used, and appurtenant to the house 
 of worship, not exceeding one-half acre in cities or towns, and not 
 exceeding two acres in the country ; places of burial not held for 
 private or corporate profit, institutions of purely public charity, and 
 institutions of education not used or employed for gain by any per- 
 son or corporation, and the income of which is devoted solely to the 
 cause of education ; public libraries, their endowments, and the in- 
 come of such property as is used exclusively for their maintenance ; 
 all parsonages or residences owned by any religious society, and occu- 
 pied as a home, and for no other purpose, by the minister of any 
 religion, with not exceeding one-half acre of ground in towns and 
 cities, and two acres of ground in the country, appurtenant thereto ; 
 household goods and other personal properly of a person with a fam- 
 ily, not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars in value ; crops grown 
 in the year in which the assessment is made, and in the hands of the 
 producer ; and all laws exempting or commuting property from taxa- 
 tion other than the property above mentioned shall be void. The 
 General Assembly may authorize any incorporated city or town to 
 exempt manufacturing establishments from municipal taxation, 
 for a period not exceeding five years, as an inducement to their 
 location. 
 
 Sec. 171. The General Assembly shall provide by law an annual 
 tax, which, with other resources, shall be sufficient to defray the esti- 
 mated expenses of the Commonwealth for each fiscal year. Taxes 
 shall be levied and collected for public purposes only. They shall 
 be uniform upon all property subject to taxation within the territorial 
 limits of the authority levying the tax ; and all taxes shall be levied 
 and collected by general laws. 
 
 Sec. 172. All property not exempted from taxation by this 
 Constitution shall be assessed for taxation at its fair cash value, 
 estimated at the price it would bring at a fair voluntary sale ; and 
 any officer, or other person authorized to assess values for taxation, 
 who shall commit any willful error in the performance of his duty, 
 shall be deemed guilty of misfeasance, and upon conviction thereof 
 shall forfeit his office, and be otherwise punished as may be provided 
 by law. 
 
 Sec. 173. The receiving, directly or indirectly, by any officer of 
 the Commonwealth, or of any county, city, or town, or member or 
 officer of the General Assembly, of any interest, profit, or perquisites 
 arising from the use or loan of public funds in his hands, or moneys 
 to be raised through his agency for State, city, town, district, or 
 county purposes, shall be deemed a felony. Said offense shall be 
 punished as may be prescribed by law, a part of which punishment 
 shall be disqualification to hold office. 
 
256 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 Sec. 174. All property, whether owned by natural persons or 
 corporations, shall be taxed in proportion to its value, unless ex- 
 empted by this Constitution ; and all corporate property shall pay 
 the same rate of taxation paid by individual property. Nothing in 
 this Constitution shall be construed to prevent the General Assem- 
 bly from providing for taxation based on income, licenses, or fran- 
 chises. 
 
 Sec. 175. The power to tax property shall not be surrendered or 
 suspended by any contract or' grant to which the Commonwealth 
 shall be a party. 
 
 Sec. 176. The Commonwealth shall not assume the debt of any 
 county, municipal corporation, or political subdivision of the State, 
 unless such debt shall have been contracted to defend itself in time 
 of war, to repel invasion, or to suppress insurrection. 
 
 Sec. 177. The credit of the Commonwealth shall not be given, 
 pledged, or loaned to any individual, company, corporation, or asso- 
 ciation, municipality, or political subdivision of the State, nor shall 
 the Commonwealth become an owner or stockholder in, nor make 
 donation to, any company, association, or corporation ; nor shall 
 the Commonwealth construct a railroad or other highway. (For 
 amendment of 1908, see p. 272.) 
 
 Sec. 178. All laws authorizing the borrowing of money by and on 
 behalf of the Commonwealth, county, or other political subdivision 
 of the State, shall specify the purpose for which the money is to be 
 used, and the money so borrowed shall be used for no other purpose. 
 
 Sec. 179. The General Assembly shall not authorize any county 
 or subdivision thereof, city, town, or incorporated district, to become 
 a stockholder in any company, association, or corporation, or to 
 obtain or appropriate money for, or to loan its credit to, any corpo- 
 ration, association, or individual, except for the purpose of construct- 
 ing or maintaining bridges, turnpike roads, or gravel roads : provided, 
 if any municipal corporation shall offer to the Commonwealth any 
 property or money for locating or building a Capitol, and the Com- 
 monwealth accepts such offer, the corporation may comply with the 
 offer. 
 
 Sec. 180. The General Assembly may authorize the counties, 
 cities, or towns to levy a poll-tax not exceeding one dollar and fifty 
 cents per head. Every act enacted by the General Assembly, and 
 every ordinance and resolution passed by any county, city, town, or 
 municipal board or local legislative body, levying a tax, shall specify 
 distinctly the purpose for which said tax is levied ; and no tax 
 levied and collected for one purpose shall ever be devoted to another 
 purpose. 
 
 Sec. 181. The General Assembly shall not impose taxes for the 
 purposes of any county, city, town, or other municipal corporation, 
 but may by general laws confer on the proper authorities thereof, 
 respectively, the power to assess and collect such taxes. The Gen- 
 eral Assembly may, by general laws only, provide for the payment of 
 license fees on franchises, stock used for breeding purposes, the vari- 
 ous trades, occupations, and professions, or a special or excise tax, 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 257 
 
 and may by general laws delegate the power to counties, towns, 
 cities, and other municipal corporations, to impose and collect license 
 fees on stock used for breeding purposes, on franchises, trades, occu- 
 pations, and professions. (For amendment of 1902, see p. 272.) 
 
 Sec. 182. Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to pre- 
 vent the General Assembly from providing by law how railroads and 
 railroad property shall be assessed, and how taxes thereon shall be 
 collected ; and until otherwise provided, the present law on said 
 subject shall remain in force. 
 
 Education. 
 
 Sec. 183. The General Assembly shall by appropriate legislation 
 provide for an efficient system of common schools throughout the 
 State. 
 
 Sec. 184. The bond of the Commonwealth, issued in favor of the 
 Board of Education for the sum of one million three hundred and 
 twenty-seven thousand dollars, shall constitute one bond of the Com- 
 monwealth in favor of the Board of Education ; and this bond and the 
 seventy-three thousand five hundred dollars of the stock in the Bank of 
 Kentucky, held by the Board of Education, and its proceeds, shall be 
 held inviolate for the purpose of sustaining the system of common 
 schools. The interest and dividends of said fund, together with any 
 sum which may be produced by taxation or otherwise for purposes of 
 common school education, shall be appropriated to the common schools, 
 and to no other purpose. No sum shall be raised or collected for edu- 
 cation other than in common schools until the question of taxation is 
 submitted to the legal voters, and the majority of the votes cast at said 
 election shall be in favor of such taxation : provided the tax now im- 
 posed for educational purposes, and for the endowment and mainte- 
 nance of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, shall remain until 
 changed by law. 
 
 Sec. 185. The General Assembly shall make provision by law for 
 the payment of the interest of said school fund, and may provide for 
 the sale of the stock in the Bank of Kentucky ; and in case of a sale 
 of all or any part of said stock, the proceeds of sale shall be in- 
 vested by the sinking-fund commissioners in other good interest-bear- 
 ing stocks or bonds, which shall be subject to sale and reinvestment 
 from time to time, in like manner and with the same restrictions as 
 provided with reference to the sale of the said stock in the Bank of 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Sec. 186. Each county in the Commonwealth shall be entitled to 
 its proportion of the school fund on its census of pupil children for 
 each school year ; and if the pro rata share of any school district be 
 not called for after the second school year, it shall be covered into the 
 treasury, and be placed to the credit of the school fund for general 
 apportionment the following school year. The surplus now due the 
 several counties shall remain a perpetual obligation against the Com- 
 monwealth for the benefit of said respective counties, for which the 
 Commonwealth shall execute its bond, bearing interest at the rate of 
 KENT. HIST. — 17 
 
258 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 six per centum per annum, payable annually to the counties respec- 
 tively entitled to the same, and in the proportion to which they are 
 entitled, to be used exclusively in aid of common schools. 
 
 Sec. 187. In distributing the school fund, no distinction shall be 
 made on account of race or color, and separate schools for white and 
 colored children shall be maintained. 
 
 Sec. 188. So much of any moneys as may be received by the Com- 
 monwealth from the United States under the recent act of Congress 
 refunding the direct tax shall become a part of the school fund, and 
 be held as provided in section one hundred and eighty-four ; but the 
 General Assembly may authorize the use, by the Commonwealth, of 
 the moneys so received, or any part thereof, in which event a bond 
 shall be executed to the Board of Education for the amount so used, 
 which bond shall be held on the same terms and conditions, and sub- 
 ject to the provisions of section one hundred and eighty-four, con- 
 cerning the bond therein referred to. 
 
 Sec. i8g. No portion of any fund or tax now existing, or that may 
 hereafter be raised or levied, for educational purposes, shall be appro- 
 priated to, or used by, or in aid of, any church, sectarian, or denom- 
 inational school. 
 
 Corporations, 
 
 Sec. 190. No corporation in existence at the time of the adoption 
 of this Constitution shall have the benefit of future legislation with- 
 out first filing in the office of the secretary of state an acceptance of 
 the provisions of this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 191. All existing charters or grants of special or exclusive 
 privileges, under which a bona fide organization shall not have taken 
 place, and business been commenced in good faith at the time of 
 the adoption of this Constitution, shall thereafter be void and of no 
 effect. 
 
 Sec. 192. No corporation shall engage in business other than that 
 expressly authorized by its charter, or the law under which it may have 
 been or hereafter may be organized, nor shall it hold any real estate, 
 except such as may be proper and necessary for carrying on its legiti- 
 mate business, for a longer period than five years, under penalty of 
 escheat. 
 
 Sec. 193. No corporation shall issue stock or bonds except for an 
 equivalent in money paid or labor done, or property actually received 
 and applied to the purposes for which such corporation was created ; 
 and neither labor nor property shall be received in payment of stock 
 or bonds at a greater value than the market price at the time said 
 labor was done or property delivered ; and all fictitious increase of 
 stock or indebtedness shall be void. 
 
 Sec. 194, All corporations formed under the laws of this State, or 
 carrying on business in this State, shall at all times have one or more 
 known places of business in this State, and an authorized agent or 
 agents there, upon whom process may be executed ; and the General 
 Assembly shall enact laws to carry into effect the provisions of this 
 section. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 259 
 
 Sec. 195. The ('nmmonwealth, in the exercise of the right of emi- 
 nent domain, shall have and retain the same powers to take the prop- 
 erty and franchises of incorporated companies for public use which 
 it has and retains to take the property of individuals ; and the ex- 
 ercise of the police powers of this Commonwealth shall never be 
 abridged, nor so construed as to permit corporations to conduct 
 their business in such manner as to infringe upon the equal rights of 
 individuals. 
 
 Sec. 196. Transportation of freight and passengers by railroad, 
 steamboat, or other common carrier, shall be so regulated by general 
 law as to prevent unjust discrimination. No common carrier shall be 
 permitted to contract for relief from its common law liability. 
 
 Sec. 197. No railroad, steamboat, or other common carrier, under 
 heavy penalty to be fixed by the General Assembly, shall give a free 
 pass or passes, or shall, at reduced rates not common to the public, 
 sell tickets for transportation to any State, district, city, town, or 
 county officer, or member of the General Assembly, or judge ; and 
 any State, district, city, town, or county officer, or member of the 
 General Assembly, or judge, who shall accept or use a free pass or 
 passes, or shall receive or use tickets or transportation at reduced 
 rates not common to the public, shall forfeit his office. It shall be 
 the duty of the General Assembly to enact laws to enforce the pro- 
 visions of this section. 
 
 Sec. 198. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly from time 
 to time, as necessity may require, to enact such laws as may be nec- 
 essary to prevent all trusts, pools, combinations, or other organiza- 
 tions, from combining to depreciate below its real value any article, 
 or to enhance the cost of any article above its real value. 
 
 Sec. 19;. Any association or corporation, or the lessees or managers 
 thereof, organized for the purpose, or any individual, shall have the 
 right to construct and maintain Hnes of telegraph within this State, 
 and to connect the same with other lines ; and said companies shall 
 receive and transmit each other's messages without unreasonable delay 
 or discrimination, and all such companies are hereby declared to be 
 common carriers, and subject to legislative control. Telephone com- 
 panies operating exchanges in different towns or cities, or other pub- 
 lic stations, shall receive and transmit each other's messages without 
 unreasonable delay or discrimination. The General Assembly shall, 
 by general laws of uniform operation, provide reasonable regulations 
 to give full effect to this section. Nothing herein shall be construed 
 to interfere with the rights of cities or towns to arrange and control 
 their streets and alleys, and to designate the places at which, and the 
 manner in which, the wires of such companies shall be erected or laid 
 within the limits of such city or town. 
 
 Sec. 200. If any railroad, telegraph, express, or other corporation 
 organized under the laws of this Commonwealth shall consolidate, by 
 sale or otherwise, with any railroad, telegraph, express, or other cor- 
 poration organized under the laws of any other State, the same shall 
 not thereby become a foreign corporation ; but tlie courts of this 
 Commonwealth shall retain jurisdiction over that part of the corporate 
 
26o CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 property within the limits of this State in all matters which may arise, 
 as if said consolidation had not taken place. 
 
 Sec. 20I. No railroad, telegraph, telephone, bridge, or common 
 carrier company shall consolidate its capital stock, franchises, or prop- 
 erty, or pool its earnings, in whole or in part, with any other railroad, 
 telegraph, telephone, bridge, or common, carrier company, owning a 
 parallel or competing line or structure, or acquire by purchase, lease, 
 or otherwise, any parallel or competing line or structure, or operate 
 the same ; nor shall any railroad company or other common carrier 
 combine or make any contract with the owners of any vessel that 
 leaves or makes port in this State, or with any common carrier, by 
 which combination or contract the earnings of one doing the carrj'ing 
 are to be shared by the other not doing the carrying. 
 
 Sec. 202. No corporation organized outside the limits of this State 
 shall be allowed to transact business within the State on more favor- 
 able conditions than are prescribed by law to similar corporations 
 organized under the laws of this Commonwealth. 
 
 Sec. 203. No corporation shall lease or alienate any franchise so as 
 to relieve the franchise or property held thereunder from the liabilities 
 of the lessor or grantor, lessee or grantee, contracted or incurred in 
 the operation, use, or enjoyment of such franchise, or any of its privi- 
 leges. 
 
 Sec. 204. Any president, director, manager, cashier, or other officer 
 of any banking institution or association for the deposit or loan of 
 money, or any individual banker, who shall receive 01 assent to the 
 receiving of deposits after he shall have knowledge of the fact that 
 such banking institution or association or individual banker is insol- 
 vent, shall be individually responsible for such deposits so received, 
 and shall be guilty of felony, and subject to such punishment as shall 
 be prescribed by law. 
 
 Sec, 205. The General Assembly shall by general laws provide for 
 the revocation or forfeiture of the charters of all corporations guilty of 
 abuse or misuse of their corporate powers, privileges, or franchises, or 
 whenever said corporations become detrimental to the interest and 
 welfare of the Commonwealth or its citizens. 
 
 Sec. 206. All elevators or storehouses where grain or other property 
 is stored for a compensation, whether the property stored be kept 
 separate or not, are declared to be public warehouses, subject to legis- 
 lative control ; and the General Assembly shall enact laws for the 
 inspection of grain, tobacco, and other produce, and for the protec- 
 tion of producers, shippers, and receivers of grain, tobacco, and other 
 produce. 
 
 Sec. 207. In all elections for directors or managers of any corpora- 
 tion, each shareholder shall have the right to cast as many votes in 
 the aggregate as he shall be entitled to vote in said company under its 
 charter, multiplied by the number of directors or managers to be 
 elected at such election ; and each shareholder may cast the whole 
 number of votes, either in person or by proxy, for one candidate, or 
 distribute such votes among two or more candidates ; and such direct- 
 ors or managers shall not be elected in any other manner. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 26 1 
 
 Sec. 208. The word "corporation" as used in this Constitution 
 shall embrace joint-stock companies and associations. 
 
 Railroads and Commerce. 
 
 Sec. 209. A commission is hereby established, to be known as 
 ** The Railroad Commission," which shall be composed of three com- 
 missioners. During the session of the General Assembly which con- 
 venes in December, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, and before the 
 first day of June, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, the governor 
 shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, said 
 three commissioners, one from each superior court district as now estab- 
 lished ; and said appointees shall take their office at the expiration 
 of the terms of the present incumbents. The commissioners so 
 appointed shall continue in office during the term of the present 
 governor, and until their successors are elected and qualified. At the 
 regular election in eighteen hundred and ninety-five, and every four 
 years thereafter, the commissioners shall be elected, one in each 
 superior court district, by the qualified voters thereof, at the same 
 time and for the same term as the governor. No person shall be 
 eligible to said office unless he be, at the time of his election, at least 
 thirty years of age, a citizen of Kentucky two years, and a resident 
 of the district from which he is chosen one year, next preceding his 
 election. Any vacancy in this office shall be filled as provided in 
 section one hundred and fifty-two of this Constitution. The General 
 Assembly may from time to time change said districts so as to equalize 
 the population thereof, and may, if deemed expedient, require that 
 the commissioners be all elected by the qualified voters of the State at 
 large ; and if so required, one commissioner shall be from each dis- 
 trict. No person in the service of any railroad or common carrier 
 company or corporation, or of any firm or association conducting 
 business as a common carrier, or in any wise pecuniarily interested in 
 such company, corporation, firm, or association, or in the railroad 
 business, or as a common carrier, shall hold such office. The powers 
 and duties of the railroad commissioners shall be regulated by law ; 
 and, until otherwise provided by law, the commission so created shall 
 have the same powers and jurisdiction, perform the same duties, be 
 subject to the same regulations, and receive the same compensation, 
 as now conferred, prescribed, and allowed by law to the existing rail- 
 road commissioners. The General Assembly may, for cause, address 
 any of said commissioners out of office by similar proceedings as in 
 the case of judges of the Court of Appeals ; and the General Assem- 
 bly shall enact laws to prevent the nonfeasance and misfeasance in 
 office of said commissioners, and to impose proper penalties therefor. 
 
 Sec. 210. No corporation engaged in the business of common 
 carrier shall, directly or indirectly, own, manage, operate, or engage in, 
 any other business than that of a common carrier, or hold, own, lease, 
 or acquire, directly or indirectly, mines, factories, or timber, except 
 such as shall be necessary to carry on its business ; and the General 
 
262 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 Assembly shall enact laws to give effect to the provisions of this 
 section. 
 
 Sec. 211. No railroad corporation organized under the laws of 
 any other State, or of the United States, and doing business, or pro- 
 posing to do business, in this State, shall be entitled to the benefit of 
 the right of eminent domain, or have power to acquire the right of 
 way or real estate for depot or other uses, until it shall have become a 
 body corporate pursuant to and in accordance with the laws of this 
 Commonwealth. 
 
 Sec. 212. The rolling stock and other movable property belonging 
 to any railroad corporation or company in this State shall be considered 
 personal property, and shall be liable to execution and sale in the 
 same manner as the personal property of individuals. The earnings 
 of any railroad company or corporation, and choses in action, money 
 and personal property of all kinds belonging to it, in the hands or 
 under the control of any officer, agent, or employee of such corpora- 
 tion or company, shall be subject to process of attachment to the 
 same extent, and in the same manner, as like property of individuals 
 when in the hands or under the control of other persons. Any such 
 earnings, choses in action, money or other personal property, may be 
 subjected to the payment of any judgment against such corporation or 
 company in the same manner and to the same extent as such property 
 of individuals in the hands of third persons. 
 
 Sec. 213. All railroad, transfer, belt lines, and railway bridge com- 
 panies, organized under the laws of Kentucky, or operating, maintain- 
 ing, or controlling any railroad, transfer, oelt lines, or bridges, or 
 doing a railway business in this State, shall receive, transfer, deliver, 
 and switch empty or loaded cars, and shall move, transport, receive, 
 load, or unload all the freight in car-loads or less quantities, coming 
 to or going from any railroad, transfer, belt line, bridge, or siding 
 thereon, with equal promptness and dispatch, and without any dis- 
 crimination as to charges, preference, drawback, or rebate in favor of 
 any person, corporation, consignee, or consignor, in any matter as to 
 payment, transportation, handling, or delivery ; and shall so receive, 
 deliver, transfer, and transport all freight as above set forth, from 
 and to any point where there is a physical connection between the 
 tracks of said companies. But this section shall not be construed as 
 requiring any such common carrier to allow the use of its tracks for 
 the trains of another engaged in like business. 
 
 Sec. 214. No railway, transfer, belt line, or railway bridge com- 
 pany shall make any exclusive or preferential contract or arrangement 
 with any individual, association, or corporation, for the receipt, trans- 
 fer, delivery, transportation, handling, care, or custody of any freight, 
 or for the conduct of any business as a common carrier. 
 
 Sec. 215. All railway, transfer, belt lines, or railway bridge com- 
 panies shall receive, load, unload, transport, haul, deliver, and handle 
 freight of the same class for all persons, associations, or corporations 
 from and to the same points and uj^on the same conditions, in the 
 same manner and for the same charges, and for the same method 
 of payment. 
 
CX)NSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 263 
 
 Sec. 216. All railway, transfer, belt lines, and railway bridge com- 
 panies shall allow the tracks of each other to unite, intersect, and 
 cross at any point where such union, intersection, and crossing is 
 reasonable or feasible. 
 
 Sec. 217. Any person, association, or corporation, willfully or 
 knowingly violating any of the provisions of sections two hundred 
 and thirteen, two hundred and fourteen, two hundred and fifteen, or two 
 hundred and sixteen, shall, upon conviction by a court of competent 
 jurisdiction, for the first offense be fined two thousand dollars ; for the 
 second offense, five thousand dollars ; and for the third offense, shall 
 thereupon, ipso facto, forfeit its franchises, privileges, or charter 
 rights ; and if such delinquent be a foreign corporation, it shall, ipso 
 facto, forfeit its right to do business in this State ; and the attorney- 
 general of the Commonwealth shall forthwith, upon notice of the 
 violation of any of said provisions, institute proceedings to enforce 
 the provisions of the aforesaid sections. 
 
 Sec. 218. It shall be unlawful for any person or corporation own- 
 ing or operating a railroad in this State, or any common carrier, to 
 charge or receive any greater compensation in the aggregate for the 
 transportation of passengers, or of property of like kind, under sub- 
 stantially similar circumstances and conditions, for a shorter than for 
 a longer distance over the same line, in the same direction, the shorter 
 being included within the longer distance ; but this shall not be con- 
 strued as authorizing any common carrier, or person or corporation, 
 owning or operating a railroad in this State, to receive as great com- 
 pensation for a shorter as for a longer distance : provided, that, upon 
 application to the railroad commission, such common carrier, or person, 
 or corporation owning or operating a railroad in this State, may in 
 special cases, after investigation by the commission, be authorized to 
 charge less for longer than for shorter distances for the transportation 
 of passengers or property ; and the commission may from time to 
 time prescribe the extent to which such common carrier or person, or 
 corporation owning or operating a railroad in this State, may be 
 relieved from the operations of this section. 
 
 The Militia. 
 
 Sec. 219. The militia of the Commonwealth of Kentucky shall 
 consist of all able-bodied male residents of the State between the ages of 
 eighteen and forty-five years, except such persons as may be exempted 
 by the laws of the State or of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 220. The General Assembly shall provide for mainuaining an 
 organized militia, and may exempt from military service persons 
 having conscientious scruples against bearing arms ; but such persons 
 shall pay an equivalent for such exemption. 
 
 Sec. 221. The organization, equipment, and discipline of the militia 
 shall conform as nearly as practicable to the regulations for the 
 government of the armies of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 222. All militia officers whose appointment is not herein 
 Otherwise provided for shall be elected by persons subject to military 
 
264 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 duty within their respective companies, battalions, regiments, or other 
 commands, under such rules and regulations, and for such terms, not 
 exceeding four years, as the General Assembly may from time to time 
 direct and establish. The governor shall appoint an adjutant-general 
 and his other staff officers; the generals and commandants of regiments 
 and battalions shall respectively appoint their staff officers ; and the 
 commandants of companies shall, subject to the approval of their 
 regimental or battalion commanders, appoint their non-commissioned 
 officers. The governor shall have power to fill vacancies that may 
 occur in elective offices by granting commissions, which shall expire 
 when such vacancies have been filled according to the provisions of 
 this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 223. The General Assembly shall provide for the safe-keeping 
 of the public arms, military records, relics, and banners of the Com- 
 monwealth of Kentucky. 
 
 General Provisions. 
 
 Sec. 224. The General Assembly shall provide by a general law 
 what officers shall execute bond for the faithful discharge of their 
 duties, and fix the liability therein. 
 
 Sec. 225. No armed person or bodies of men shall be brought into 
 this State for the preservation of the peace or the suppression of do- 
 mestic violence, except upon the application of the General Assembly, 
 or of the governor when the General Assembly may not be in session. 
 
 Sec. 226. Lotteries and gift enterprises are forbidden, and no privi- 
 leges shall be granted for such purposes, and none shall be exercised, and 
 no schemes for similar purposes shall be allowed. The Cieneral Assem- 
 bly shall enforce this section by proper penalties. All lottery privi- 
 leges or charters heretofore granted are revoked. 
 
 Sec. 227. Judges of the county court, justices of the peace, sheriffs, 
 coroners, surveyors, jailers, assessors, county attorneys, and constables 
 shall be subject to indictment or prosecution for misfeasance or malfea- 
 sance in office, or willful neglect in discharge of official duties, in such 
 mode as may be prescribed by law ; and upon conviction, his office shall 
 become vacant, but such officer shall have the right of appeal to 
 the Court of Appeals. 
 
 Sec. 228. Members of the General Assembly and all officers, before 
 they enter upon the execution of the duties of their respective offices, 
 and all members of the bar before they enter upon the practice of their 
 profession, shall take the following oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly 
 swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will support the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States and the Constitution of this Commonwealth, 
 and be faithful and true to the Commonwealth of Kentucky so long as I 
 continue a citizen thereof, and that I will faithfully execute, to the best 
 of my ability, the office of according to law; and I do further sol- 
 emnly swear (or affirm) that since the adoption of the present Constitu- 
 tion, I, being a citizen of this State, have not fought a duel with deadly 
 weapons within this State nor out of it, nor have 1 sent or accepted a 
 challenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, nor have I acted as 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 26$ 
 
 second in carrying a challengfe, nor aided or assisted any person thus 
 offending, so help me God ! " 
 
 Sec. 22g, Treason against the Commonwealth shall consist only in 
 levying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid 
 and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason except on the 
 testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or his own confession 
 in open court. 
 
 Sec. 230. No money shall be drawn from the State treasury, except 
 in pursuance of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement 
 and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall 
 be published annually. 
 
 Sec. 231. The General Assembly may by law direct in what manner 
 and in what courts suits may be brought against the Commonwealth. 
 
 Sec. 232. The manner of administering an oath or affirmation shall 
 be such as is most consistent with the conscience of the deponent, and 
 shall be esteemed by the General Assembly the most solemn appeal to 
 God. 
 
 Sec. 233. All laws which, on the first day of June, one thousand 
 seven hundred and ninety-two, were in force in the State of Virginia, 
 and which are of a general nature and not local to that vState, and not 
 repugnant to this Constitution, nor to the laws which have been enacted 
 by the General Assembly of this Commonwealth, shall be in force 
 within this State until they shall be altered or repealed by the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 Sec. 234. All civil officers for the State at large shall reside within 
 the State, and all district, county, city, or town officers shall reside 
 within their respective districts, counties, cities, or towns, and shall 
 keep their offices at such places therein as may be required by law. 
 
 Sec. 235. The salaries of public officers shall not be changed 
 during the terms for which they were elected ; but it shall be the 
 duty of the General Assembly to regulate, by a general law, in what 
 cases and what deductions shall be made for neglect of official duties. 
 This section shall apply to members of the General Assembly also. 
 
 Sec. 236. The General Assembly shall by law prescribe the time 
 when the several officers authorized or directed by this Constitution 
 to be elected or appointed shall enter upon the duties of their 
 respective offices, except where the time is fixed by this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 237. No member of Congress, or person holding or exercising 
 an office of trust or profit under the United States, or any of them, 
 or under any foreign power, shall be eligible to hold or exercise any 
 office of trust or profit under this Constitution, or the laws made in 
 pursuance thereof. 
 
 Sec. 238, The General Assembly shall direct by law how persons 
 who now are, or may hereafter become, sureties for public officers, 
 may be relieved of or discharged from suretyship. 
 
 Sec. 239. Any person who shall, after the adoption of this Consti- 
 tution, either directly or indirectly, give, accept, or knowingly carry, 
 a challenge to any person or persons to fight in single combat, with a 
 citizen of this State, with a deadly weapcjn, either in or out of the 
 State, shall be deprived of the right to hold any office of honor or 
 
266 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 profit in this Commonwealth ; and if said acts, or any of them, be 
 committed within this State, the person or persons so committing 
 them shall be further punished in such manner as the General Assem- 
 bly may prescribe by law. 
 
 Sec. 240. The governor shall have power, after five years from the 
 time of the offense, to pardon any person who shall have participated 
 in a duel as principal, second, or otherwise, and to restore him to all 
 the rights, privileges, and immunities to which he was entitled before 
 such participation. Upon presentation of such pardon, the oath 
 prescribed in section two hundred and twenty-eight shall be varied to 
 suit the case. 
 
 Sec. 241. Whenever the death of a person shall result from an» 
 injury inflicted by negligence or wrongful act, then, in every such- 
 case, damages may be recovered for such death, from the corpora -« 
 tions and persons so causing the same. Until otherwise provided by 
 law, the action to recover such damages shall in all cases be prosecuted 
 by the personal representative of the deceased person. The General 
 Assembly may provide how the recovery shall go, and to whom 
 belong ; and, until such provision is made, the same shall form part 
 of the personal estate of the deceased person. 
 
 Sec. 242. Municipal and other corporations, and individuals in- 
 vested with the privilege of taking private property for public use, 
 shall make just compensation for property taken, injured, or destroyed 
 by them ; which compensation shall be paid before such taking, or 
 paid or secured, at the election of such corporation or individual, 
 before such injury or destruction. The General Assembly shall not 
 deprive any person of an appeal from any preliminary assessment of 
 damages against any such corporation or individual made by commis- 
 sioners or otherwise ; and, upon appeal from such preliminary assess- 
 ment, the amount of such damages shall in all cases be determined by 
 a jury, according to the course of the common law. 
 
 Sec. 243. The General Assembly shall by law fix the minimum 
 ages at which children may be employed in places dangerous to life or 
 health, or injurious to morals, and shall provide adequate penalties for 
 violations of such law. 
 
 Sec. 244. All wage-earners in this State employed in factories, 
 mines, workshops, or by corporations, shall be paid for their labor in 
 lawful money. The General Assembly shall prescribe adequate pen- 
 alties for violations of this section. 
 
 Sec. 245. Upon the promulgation of this Constitution, the governor 
 shall appoint three persons, learned in the law, who shall be commis- 
 sioners to revise the statute laws of this Commonwealth, and prepare 
 amendments thereto, to the end that the statute laws shall conform to 
 and effectuate this Constitution. Such revision and amendments shall 
 be laid before the next General Assembly for adoption or rejection, 
 in whole or in part. The said commissioners shall be allowed ten 
 tloUars each per day for their services, and also necessary stationery 
 for the time during which they are actually employed ; and upon their 
 certificate the auditor shall draw his warrant upon the treasurer. 
 They shall have the power to employ clerical assistants, at a compen- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 267 
 
 sation not exceeding ten dollars per day in the aggregate. If the com- 
 missioners, or any of them, shall refuse to act, or a vacancy shall oc- 
 cur, the governor shall appoint another or others in his or their place. 
 
 Sec. 246. No public officer, except the governor, shall receive more 
 than five thousand dollars per annum as compensation for official ser- 
 vices, independent of the compensation of legally authorized deputies 
 and assistants, which shall be fixed and provided for by law. The 
 General Assembly shall provide for the enforcement of this section by 
 suitable penalties, one of which shall be forfeiture of office by any 
 person violating its provisions. 
 
 Sec. 247. The printing and binding of the laws, journals, depart- 
 ment reports, and all other public printing and binding, shall be per- 
 formed under contract, to be given to the lowest responsible bidder, 
 below such maximum and under such regulations as may be prescribed 
 by law. No member of the General Assembly, or officer of the Com- 
 monwealth, shall be in any way interested in any such contract ; and 
 all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the governor. 
 
 Sec. 248. A grand jury shall consist of twelve persons, nine of 
 whom, concurring, may find an indictment. In civil and misdemeanor 
 cases, in courts inferior to the circuit courts, a jury shall consist of six 
 persons. The General Assembly may provide, that, in any or all trials 
 of civil actions in the circuit courts, three-fourths or more of the jurors 
 concurring may return a verdict, which shall have the same force and 
 effect as if rendered by the entire panel ; but where a verdict is ren- 
 dered by a less number than the whole jury, it shall be signed by all 
 the jurors who agree to it. 
 
 Sec. 249. The House of Representatives of the General Assembly 
 shall not elect, appoint, employ, or pay for, exceeding one chief 
 clerk, one assistant clerk, one enrolling clerk, one sergeant-at-arms, 
 one door-keeper, one janitor, two cloak-room keepers, and four pages ; 
 and the Senate shall not elect, appoint, employ, or pay for, exceeding 
 one chief clerk, one assistant clerk, one enrolling clerk, one sergeant- 
 at-arms, one door-keeper, one janitor, one cloak-room keeper, and three 
 pages ; and the General Assembly shall provide by general law for 
 fixing the per diem or salary of all of said employees. 
 
 Sec. 250. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to enact 
 such laws as shall be necessary and proper to decide differences by 
 arbitrators, the arbitrators to be appointed by the parties who may 
 choose that summary mode of adjustment. 
 
 Sec. 251. No action shall be maintained for possession of any 
 lands lying within this State, where it is necessary for the claimant to 
 rely for his recovery on any grant or patent issued by the Common- 
 wealth of Virginia, or by the Commonwealth of Kentucky prior to the 
 year one thousand eight hundred and twenty, against any person 
 claiming such lands by possession to a well-defined boundary, under a 
 title of record, unless such action shall be instituted within five years 
 after this Constitution shall go into effect, or within five years after the 
 occupant may take possession ; but nolliing herein shall be construed 
 to affect any right, title, or interest in lands acquired by virtue of 
 adverse possession under the laws of this Commonwealth. 
 
268 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 Sec. 252, It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provid'* 
 by law, as soon as practicable, for the establishment and maintenance 
 of an institution or institutions for the detention, correction, instruc- 
 tion, and reformation of all persons under the age of eighteen years, 
 convicted of such felonies and such misdemeanors as may be desig- 
 nated by law. Said institution shall be known as the " House of 
 Reform." 
 
 Sec. 253. Persons convicted of felony and sentenced to confinement 
 in the penitentiary shall be confined at labor within the walls of the 
 penitentiary ; and the General Assembly shall not have the power to 
 authorize employment of convicts elsewhere, except upon the public 
 works of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, or when, during pestilence 
 or in case of the destruction of the prison buildings, they cannot be 
 confined in the penitentiary. 
 
 Sec. 254. The Commonwealth shall maintain control of the disci- 
 pline, and provide for all supplies, and for the sanitary condition of 
 the convicts, and the labor only of convicts may be leased. 
 
 Sec. 255. The seat of government shall continue in the city of 
 Frankfort, unless removed by a vote of two-thirds of each House of 
 the first Cieneral Assembly which convenes after the adoption of this 
 Constitution. 
 
 Mode of Revision. 
 
 Sec. 256. Amendments to this Constitution may be proposed in 
 either House of the General Assembly at a regular session ; and if 
 such amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by three-fifths of 
 all the members elected to each House, such proposed amendment or 
 amendments, with the yeas and nays of the members of each House 
 taken thereon, shall be entered in full in their respective journals. 
 Then such proposed amendment or amendments shall be submitted to 
 the voters of the State for their ratification or rejection at the next 
 general election for members of the House of Representatives, the 
 vote to be taken thereon in such manner as the General Assembly may 
 provide, and to be certified by the ofiicers of election to the secretary 
 of state in such manner as shall be provided by law, which vote shall 
 be compared and certified by the same board authorized by law to 
 compare the polls and give certificates of election to officers for the 
 State at large. If it shall appear that a majority of the votes cast for 
 and against an amendment at said election was for the 'amendment, 
 then the same shall become a part of the Constitution of this Common- 
 wealth, and shall be so proclaimed by the governor, and published in 
 such manner as the General Assembly may direct. Said amendments 
 shall not be submitted at an election which occurs less than ninety 
 days from the final passage of such- proposed amendment or amend- 
 ments. Not more than two amendments shall be voted upon at any 
 one time, nor shall the same amendment be again submitted within 
 five years after a submission. Said amendments shall be so submitted 
 as to allow a separate vote on each, and no amendment shall relate to 
 more than one subject ; but no amendment shall be proposed by the 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 269 
 
 first Cicneral Asseml)Iy which convenes after the adoption of this Con- 
 stitution. The approval of the (governor shall not be necessary to any 
 bill, order, resolution, or vote of the General Assembly, proposing an 
 amendment or amendments to this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 257. Before an amendment shall be submitted to a vote, the 
 secretary of state shall cause such proposed amendment, and the time 
 that the same is to be voted upon, to be published at least ninety days 
 before the vote is to be taken thereon in such manner as may be pre- 
 scribed by law. 
 
 Sec. 258. When a majority of all the members elected to each 
 House of the General Assembly shall concur by a yea and nay vote, 
 to be entered upon their respective journals, in enacting a law to take 
 the sense of the people of the State as to the necessity and expediency 
 of calling a convention for the purpose of revising or amending this 
 Constitution and such amendments as may have been made to the 
 same, such law shall be spread upon their respective journals. If the 
 next General Assembly shall in like manner concur in such law, it 
 shall provide for having a poll opened in each voting precinct in this 
 State by the ofificers provided by law for holding general elections at 
 the next ensuing regular election to be held for State officers or mem- 
 bers of the House of Representatives, which does not occur within 
 ninety days from the final passage of such law, at which time and 
 places the votes of the qualified voters shall' be taken for and against 
 calling the convention, in the same manner provided by law for taking 
 votes in other State elections. The vote for and against said proposi- 
 tion shall be certified to the secretary of state by the same officers and 
 in the same manner as in State elections. If it shall appear that 
 a majority voting on the proposition was for calling a convention, and 
 if the total number of votes cast for the calling of the convention is 
 equal to one-fourth of the number of qualified voters who voted at the 
 last preceding general election in this State, the secretary of state 
 shall certify the same to the General Assembly at its next regular 
 session, at which session a law shall be enacted calling a convention to 
 readopt, revise, or amend this Constitution and such amendments as 
 may have been made thereto. 
 
 Sec. 259. The convention shall consist of as many delegates as 
 there are members of the House of Representatives ; and the delegates 
 shall have the same qualifications and be elected from the same dis- 
 tricts as said Representatives. 
 
 Sec. 260. Delegates to such convention shall be elected at the next 
 general State election after the passage of the act calling the conven- 
 tion, which does not occur within less than ninety days ; and they shall 
 meet within ninety days after their election at the Capital of the State, 
 and continue in session until their work is completed. 
 
 Sec. 261. The General Assembly, in the act calling the convention, 
 shall provide for comparing the polls and giving certificates of election 
 to the delegates elected, and provide for their compensation. 
 
 Sec. 262. The convention, when assembled, shall be the judge of 
 the election and qualification of its members, and shall determine con- 
 tested elections ; but the General Assembly shall, in the act calling 
 
2/0 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 the convention, provide for takinj^ testimony in such cases, and for 
 issuing a writ of election in case of a tic. 
 
 Sec. 263. Before a vote is taken upon the question of calling a con- 
 vention, the secretary of state shall cause notice of the election to be 
 published in such manner as may be provided by the act directing said 
 vote to be taken. 
 
 Schedule. 
 
 That no inconvenience may arise from the alterations and amend- 
 ments made in this Constitution, and in order to carry the same into 
 complete operation, it is hereby declared and ordained : — 
 
 1. That all laws of this Commonwealth in force at the time of the 
 adoption of this Constitution, not inconsistent therewith, shall remain 
 in full force until altered or repealed by the General Assembly ; and all 
 rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and contracts of the State, coun- 
 ties, individuals, or bodies corporate, not inconsistent therewith, shall 
 continue as valid as if this Constitution had not been adopted. The 
 provisions of all laws which are inconsistent with this Constitution shall 
 cease upon its adoption, except that all laws which are inconsistent with 
 such provisions as require legislation to enforce them shall remain in 
 force until such legislation is had, but not longer than six years after 
 the adoption of this Constitution, unless sooner amended or repealed 
 by the General Assembly. 
 
 2. That all recognizances, obligations, and all other instruments 
 entered into or executed before the adoption of this Constitution, to 
 the State, or to any city, town, county, or subdivision thereof, and all 
 fines, taxes, penalties, and forfeitures due or owing to this State, or to 
 any city, town, county, or subdivision thereof ; and all writs, prosecu- 
 tions, actions and causes of action, except as otherwise herein provided, 
 shall continue and remain unaffected by the adoption of this Constitu- 
 tion ; and all indictments which shall have been found, or may hereafter 
 be found, for any crime or offense committed before this Constitution 
 takes effect, may be prosecuted as if no change had taken place, except 
 as otherwise provided in this Constitution. 
 
 3. All circuit, chancery, criminal, law and equity, law, and common 
 pleas courts, as now constituted and organized by law, shall continue 
 with their respective jurisdictions until the judges of the circuit courts 
 provided for in this Constitution shall have been elected and qualified, 
 and shall then cease and determine ; and the causes, actions, and pro- 
 ceedings then pending in said first-named courts, which are discontin- 
 ued by this Constitution, shall be transferred to, and tried by, the circuit 
 courts in the counties, respectively, in which said causes, actions, and 
 proceedings are pending. 
 
 4. The treasurer, attorney-general, auditor of public accounts, super- 
 intendent of public instruction, and register of the land office, elected 
 in eighteen hundred and ninety-one. shall hold their offices until the 
 first Monday in January, eighteen hundred and ninety-six, and until 
 the election and qualification of their successors. The governor and 
 lieutenant-governor elected in eighteen hundred and ninety-one shali 
 
CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 2J\ 
 
 hold their offices until the sixth Tuesday after the first Monday in 
 November, eighteen hundred and ninety-five, and until their succes- 
 sors are elected and qualified. The governor and treasurer elected in 
 eighteen hundred and ninety-one shall be ineligible to the succeeding 
 term. The governor elected in eighteen hundred and ninety-one may 
 appoint a secretary of state and a commissioner of agriculture, labor, 
 and statistics, as now provided, who shall hold their offices until their 
 successors are elected and qualified, unless sooner removed by the gov- 
 ernor. The official bond of the present treasurer shall be renewed at 
 the expiration of two years from the time of his qualification. 
 
 5. AH officers who may be in office at the adoption of this Constitu- 
 tion, or who may be elected before the election of their successors, as 
 provided in this Constitution, shall hold their respective offices until 
 their successors are elected or appointed and qualified as provided in 
 this Constitution. 
 
 6, The quarterly courts created by this Constitution shall be the 
 successors of the present statutory quarterly courts in the several coun- 
 ties of this State ; and all suits, proceedings, prosecutions, records, and 
 judgments now pending or being in said last-named courts, shall, after 
 the adoption of this Constitution, be transferred to the quarterly courts 
 created by this Constitution, 'and shall proceed as though the same had 
 been therein instituted. 
 
 Ordinance. 
 
 We, the representatives of the people of Kentucky, in Convention 
 assembled, in their name and by their authority and in virtue of the 
 power vested in us as delegates from the counties and districts respec- 
 tively affixed to our names, do ordain and proclaim the foregoing to be 
 the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Kentucky from and after 
 this date. 
 
 Done at Frankfort this twenty-eighth day of September, in the year 
 of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, and in 
 the ninety-ninth* year of the Commonwealth. 
 
 CASSIUS M. CLAY, Jr., 
 President of the Convention, and Member from the County 
 of Bourbon. 
 
 THOMAS G. POORE, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 * Error : should be "one hundredth.'" 
 
2/2 CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY 
 
 Amendment of 1902, added to Section 181. 
 
 And the General Assembly may, by general laws only, authorize 
 cities or towns of any class to provide for taxation for municipal purposes 
 on personal property, tangible and intangible, based on income, licenses 
 or franchises, in lieu of an ad valorem tax thereon : provided, cities 
 of the first class shall not be authorized to omit the imposition of an 
 ad valoref?i tax on such property of any steam railroad, street railway, 
 ferry, bridge, gas, water, heating, telephone, telegraph, electric light 
 or electric power company. 
 
 Amendment of 1908, added to Section 177. 
 
 The credit of the Commonwealth may be given, pledged or loaned 
 to any county of the Commonwealth for public road purposes, and any 
 county may be permitted to incur an indebtedness in any amount fixed 
 by the county, not in excess of five percentum of the value .of the 
 taxable property therein, for public road purposes in said county, 
 provided said additional indebtedness is submitted to the voters of 
 the county for their ratification or rejection at a special election held 
 for said purpose, in such manner as may be provided by law, and 
 when any such indebtedness is incurred by any county said county 
 may levy, in addition to the tax rate allowed under section 157 of the 
 Constitution of Kentucky, an amount not exceeding twenty cents on 
 the one hundred dollars of the assessed valuation of said county for the 
 purpose of paying the interest on said indebtedness and providing a 
 sinking fund for the payment of said indebtedness. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abolition movement, opposition to and effect 
 of, 152, 153; extreme disapproval of, 154. 
 155; war a necessity for, 173; favored by 
 Congress, 186; slavery abolished in Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, r86 ; Emancipation Proc- 
 lamation issued, 196; Thirteenth Amend- 
 ment passed, 203. 
 
 Act of Separation, first, 62, 63 ; second, 66. 
 
 Adair, Major John, defeated at Fort St. Clair, 
 97; at battle of the Thames, 125; elected 
 governor, 129. 
 
 Adams, John Quincy, elected President, 134. 
 
 Adams, Major George M., elected to Con- 
 gress, 207. 
 
 Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boone, by 
 John Filson, 56. 
 
 Agricultural and Mechanical College estab- 
 lished, 212. 
 
 Alabama secedes, 162. 
 
 Alexander, Robert, president of Bank of Ken- 
 tucky, 113. 
 
 Alien and Sedition laws, passed, 105 ; Ken- 
 tucky's opposition to, 105, 108; repealed, 
 109. 
 
 Allen, Alfred, Conservative nominee for 
 treasurer, 206. 
 
 Allen, John, delegate to seventh convention, 
 77; counsel for Burr, in; candidate for 
 governor, 114; commands militia, 117; 
 killed at Frenchtown, 119, 120; county 
 named after, 120. 
 
 Amendments, Thirteenth ratified, 203 ; Four- 
 teenth and Fifteenth ratified, 209. 
 
 American Colonization Society, 152. 
 
 American commerce interfered with, 1x6. 
 
 American, or Know-Nothing party, 157, 158. 
 
 Anderson, Major Robert, commander at Fort 
 Sumter, 166 ; commander of Kentucky Fed- 
 erals, 176; issues proclamation of protec- 
 tion, 178. 
 
 Anderson, Richard C, member of Anti-Relief 
 party, 129. 
 
 Andrews, Judge, L. W., member of Opposi- 
 tion party, 159. 
 
 Annexation of Texas, Clay's opposition to, 
 144; its effect, 156. 
 
 Anti-Federalists, 99, 100. 
 
 Anti-Relief party, organized, 129; becomes 
 
 Old Court party, 134. 
 Antislavery, see Abolition movement. 
 Appellate courts, judges for, 215. 
 Appomattox Courthouse, Lee's surrender at, 
 
 203. 
 Army of Northern Virginia, surrender of, 
 
 203. 
 Arnold, Captain John, in War of 1812, 118. 
 Artistic productions in Kentucky, 137. 
 Athens of the West, Lexington's nickname, 
 
 55- 
 Atlantic States impoverished by Revolution, 
 
 Baker, R. T., Republican nominee for lieu- 
 tenant governor, 206. 
 
 Ballard, Bland, United States district judge, 
 179, 180. 
 
 Bank charters, granted, 128; repealed, 129. 
 
 Bank of Kentucky, chartered, 113, 128 ; estab- 
 lished, 143. 
 
 Bank of Louisville, established, 143. 
 
 Bank of the Commonwealth, chartered, 129, 
 130; its currency destroyed, 134. 
 
 Banks of the United States, established at 
 Louisville and Kentucky, 134; Jackson 
 vetoes bill of recharter, 143. 
 
 Baptists in Kentucky, 84. 
 
 Barbour, James, commissioner at Logan's 
 fort, 37. 
 
 Barbour, Major Philip N., killed at Monterey, 
 146. 
 
 Barclay, Commodore, defeated by Perry, 122, 
 123. 
 
 Bardstown, one of Kentucky's earliest towns, 
 55, 84. 
 
 Barlow, Thomas Harris, constructs model 
 railroad, 137. 
 
 Barlow's Planetarium, 137. 
 
 Barnes, S. M., Republican nominee for gov- 
 ernor, 206. 
 
 Barry, Major William T., his oratorical influ- 
 ence, 124, 125; favors Relief party, 129; 
 elected lieutenant governor, 129; elected 
 
 KENT. HIST. 
 
 l8 
 
 273 
 
274 
 
 INDEX 
 
 chief justice, 132; candidate for governor, 
 135- 
 
 Bear Wallow, General Morgan's forces at, 
 188. 
 
 Beauregard, General, reenforces Johnston, 
 183. 
 
 Beck, James B., elected U. S. senator, 213; 
 reelected, 213. 
 
 Beckham, J. C. W., lieutenant governor, 219; 
 governor, 219, 220; Democratic candidate 
 for U. S. senator, 221 ; elected Senator, 223. 
 
 Bell, Joshua F., statesman, 159; delegate to 
 Peace Conference, 165. 
 
 Benton, Mortimer M., nominee for judge, 201. 
 
 Bibb, George M., chief justice, 113; member 
 Relief party, 129. 
 
 Big Bone Lick, early exploration of, 15. 
 
 Big Creek Gap, Kentucky invaded at, 190. 
 
 Bill, of repeal of court of appeals, 132 ; Com- 
 promise, 134, 135; Omnibus, 155, 156. 
 
 Bi-partisan boards, 224. 
 
 Bird, Captain Henry, captures Ruddle's and 
 Martin's stations, 39. 
 
 Bivouac of the Dead, by Theodore O'Hara, 
 148. 
 
 Blackburn, Dr. Luke Prj'or, elected gov- 
 ernor, 213. 
 
 Blackburn, Gideon, president of Center Col- 
 lege, 210. 
 
 Blackburn, J. C. S., elected U. S. senator, 
 213; Democratic caucus nominee for U. S. 
 senator, 217 ; elected U. S. senator, 218. 
 
 Blackburn, William B., Anti-Relief candi- 
 date, 131. 
 
 Blennerhasset, Burr's accomplice, no; his 
 death in disgrace, 112. 
 
 Blue Licks, Boone's expedition to, 34, 35 ; 
 battle of, 120. 
 
 Blythe, Dr., president of Transylvania Uni- 
 versity, 118. 
 
 Board of War established, 87, 88. 
 
 Boiling Springs, delegates from, 21, 22. 
 
 Boone, Daniel, pioneer in Kentucky, 12; 
 captured by Indians, 13 ; rescues survey- 
 ors, 16; cuts roads through Kentucky, 19, 
 21 ; his influence in settling Kentucky, 19; 
 his family settles in Kentucky, 23 ; his 
 character, 24 ; captured by Indians, 34, 35 ; 
 appointed lieutenant colonel, 40; at Blue 
 Licks, 46, 47 ; his intercourse with Filson, 
 56. 
 
 Boone, Jemima, captured by Indians, 26, 27. 
 
 Boone, Squire, joins Daniel in Kentucky, 13. 
 
 Boonesborough, settled, 21 ; parliament at, 
 22; fort at, 22, 23; Indian attacks on, 30, 
 32,35,36,42; school opened at, 38 ; one of 
 oldest towns, 55. 
 
 Border States, attempt at compromise, 162, 
 163 ; proposed convention of, 163. 
 
 Boswell, Colonel, commander of volunteers, 
 121. 
 
 Botanical gardens at Lexington, projected by 
 Rafinesque, 137. 
 
 Bourbon County, one of original nine coun- 
 ties, 84. 
 
 Bowling Green, headquarters of western Con- 
 federate army, 177; seat of Confederate 
 government, 180; evacuated by Confed- 
 erates, 182. 
 
 Bowman, John, member of first Harrodsburg 
 court, 29, 30; colonel of Kentucky County, 
 30. 
 
 Boyd, Linn, death of, 189. 
 
 Boyle, General Jeremiah T., military com- 
 mandant, 187, 188; his resignation, 198. 
 
 Boyle, John, chief justice, 130. 
 
 Bradford, John and Fielding, issue Kentucke 
 Gazette, 72. 
 
 Bradford, John, address of welcome to Gov- 
 ernor Shelby, 94. 
 
 Bradley, W. O., Republican candidate for 
 governor, 216; first Republican governor 
 of Kentucky, 216-218; elected U. S. sena- 
 tor, 221. 
 
 Brag, Colonel Braxton, commands Chatta- 
 nooga forces, 189; his march through Ken- 
 tucky, 191 ; his retreat, 192, 193. 
 
 Bramlette, Thomas Elliott, elected governor, 
 196. 
 
 Breathitt, John, elected governor, 136. 
 
 Breckinridge, John, president of Lexington 
 Democratic Club, 99; appointed attorney- 
 general, 102 ; offers Kentucky Resolutions, 
 107 ; appointed speaker, 109. 
 
 Breckinridge, John C, oration over Ken- 
 tucky soldiers, 148; elected \'ice President, 
 158 ; in favor of State convention, 163, 164 ; 
 elected U. S. senator, 165 ; Confederate 
 general, 179; superseded by Davis, 180. 
 
 Breckinridge, Mrs. Issa Desha, organizes 
 Hart Memorial Association, 139, n. i. 
 
 Breckinridge, Robert, votes for Federal con 
 stitution, 74; chosen speaker, 95. 
 
 Breckinridge, Rev. R. J., calms riot, 132, 
 133 ; president of Radical Union conven- 
 tion, 201, 202. 
 
 Breckinridge, William L., president of Center 
 College, 210. 
 
 British, claims in Kentucky, 32 ; stations in 
 America, 59; intrigue in Kentucky, 82, 83 ; 
 possessions surrendered, 100, loi ; soldiers 
 captured in Canada, 124. 
 
 Brodhead, Daniel, opens store at Louisville, 
 54- 
 
INDEX 
 
 275 
 
 Brown, James, appointed secretary of state, 
 95- 
 
 Brown, Jolin, member from Kentucky, of Con- 
 gress of Confederation of States, 7,^ ; letter 
 to sixth convention, 75 ; member of Board 
 of War, 87 ; elected U. S. senator, 96. 
 
 Brown, John Mason, author of Political Be- 
 ginnings of Kentucky, 73, n. i. 
 
 Brown, John Young, elected governor, 216; 
 candidate for governor, 218. 
 
 Brown, Rev. John H., address on Kentucky 
 soldiers, 148. 
 
 Brown, Scott, adjutant general, 170, 179. 
 
 Bryan, William J., candidate for President, 
 217. 
 
 Bryan's Station attacked, 43-46. 
 
 Buchanan, James, elected President, 158. 
 
 Buckner, General Simon B., inspector of 
 State Guards, 170; leader of State Guards, 
 177; Confederate commander, 182 ; gover- 
 nor, 214, candidate for Vice President, 217. 
 
 Buckner, Judge R. A., Sr. member of Anti- 
 Relief party, 129; candidate for governor, 
 136. 
 
 Buckner, Judge R. A., member of Opposition 
 party, 159; Unionist, 169. 
 
 Buell, General Don Carlos, commander of 
 Kentucky forces, 181 ; commander of Fed- 
 eral troops, 183; reenforces Grant, 184; in 
 central Tennessee, 190; enters Louisville, 
 191 ; avoids Confederates, 192. 
 
 Buena Vista, battle of, 146. 
 
 Bull Run, battle of, 174. 
 
 Bullitt, Alexander Scott, chosen speaker, 95 ; 
 president of second convention, 108 ; elected 
 lieutenant governor, 109. 
 
 Bullitt, Captain Thomas, surveyor in Ken- 
 tucky, 15. 
 
 Bullock, Rice, votes for Federal constitution, 
 74- _ 
 
 Burbridge, General Steven G., commander of 
 Kentucky forces, 198; his oppressive mili- 
 tary rule, 199, 200; interferes with elec- 
 tions, 201 ; deposed, 202. 
 
 Burnam, Judge C. F., member of Opposition 
 party, 159 ; member of Unionist party, 169 ; 
 joins Republicans, 207. 
 
 Burnett, Henry C, U. S. representative in 
 Congress of 1861, 170; delegate to Virginia, 
 180. 
 Burr, Aaron, his conspiracy, no; indicted by 
 Daveiss, in; festivities in his honor, 112; 
 his trial and disgrace, 112. 
 Bush, Joseph H., artist, 138. 
 Butler, General Richard, killed at Wabash 
 
 River, 89. 
 Butler, General William O., Democratic nom- 
 
 inee for governor, 144 ; his military exploits, 
 144; in Mexican War, 145; wounded at 
 Monterey, 146 ; delegate to Peace Confer- 
 ence, 165. 
 
 Cahokia, French village, 32. 
 
 Caldwell and McKee's army, 42, 43. 
 
 Caldwell, Colonel, commands regiment, 121. 
 
 California applies for admission, 156. 
 
 Call, Richard Ellsworth, author of Life of 
 
 C. S. Rafinesque, 137, n. i. 
 Callaway, Richard, member of first Harrods- ' 
 
 burg court, 29, 30; his daughter captured 
 
 by Indians, 26, 27. 
 Camden, Johnson M., Senator, 223. 
 Camp Boone, Confederate regiments at, 
 
 173- 
 Camp Clay, Federal regiments at, 173. 
 Camp Dick Robinson, Federal regiments at 
 
 174. 
 Camp Joe Holt, Federal regiments at, 173. 
 Camp Wild Cat, battle of, 180. 
 Canada, march of Harrison's army into, 124, 
 
 125- 
 
 Capitol, built in 1905-1909, 221. 
 
 Carlisle, John G., elected lieutenant gov- 
 ernor, 210; secretary of treasury, against 
 free silver, 216. 
 
 Catholics in Kentucky, 84. 
 
 Centenary of Kentucky, by Durrett, 29, 
 n. I. 
 
 Centenary of Kentucky's admission, cele- 
 brated, 215. 
 
 Center College chartered by Presbyterians, 
 210. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, attack on, 147. 
 
 Chamberlin, Jeremiah, president of Center 
 College, 210. 
 
 Change of party names, 141. 
 
 Characteristics of Kentuckians, 62. 
 
 Charters of banks, granted and repealed, 128, 
 129. 
 
 Chattanooga, Confederate forces organized at, 
 189. 
 
 Cherokees, claim Kentucky, 20 ; fear of their 
 invasion, 60; treaty with English, 20. 
 
 Chillicothe, Indian settlement at, 35. 
 
 Christian church in Kentucky. 85. 
 
 Cincinnati, original town on site of, 56; pro- 
 posed capture of, 190. 
 
 Circuit courts, increase in number of 215. 
 
 Citizenship, negroes obtain right of, 209. 
 
 Civil affairs in Kentucky. 141-150. 
 
 Civil conflicts in Kentucky, 196-204. 
 
 Civil War, 151-204. 
 
 Clark, General George Rogers, expedition into 
 Illinois country, 33, 34; attack on Indian 
 
2/6 
 
 INDEX 
 
 towns, 40; reported attack on Shawnee 
 Indians, 42, 43; commander in attack 
 on Indians, 48; retires, 60; attack on 
 Wabash Indians, 65; accepts commission 
 as major general, 100. 
 
 Clark, James, declares Replevin Act uncon- 
 stitutional, 130; elected governor, 141. 
 
 Clark County citizens against Alien and Sedi- 
 tion laws, 106, 107. 
 
 Clarksville, gathering against Indians at, 64. 
 
 Clay, Brigadier General Green, commander 
 of Kentucky volunteers, 121. 
 
 Clay, Cassius M., leader of antislavery 
 movement, 154 ; abolition nominee for gov- 
 ernor, 157. 
 
 Clay, Cassius M., Jr., candidate for Demo- 
 cratic nomination for governor, 216. 
 
 Clay, Henry, opposes Alien and Sedition 
 laws, 107; counsel for Aaron Burr, in; 
 debate with Daveiss, 112 ; speech at George- 
 town, 118; his temporary disfavor in Ken- 
 tucky, 134, 135; his Compromise Bill or 
 Omnibus Bill, 135, 155. 156; elected to 
 U. S. Senate, 135 ; candidate for presidency, 
 136, 144; opposes annexation of Texas, 
 144 ; president of American Colonization So- 
 ciety, 152 ; his resignation from Senate, 157- 
 
 Clay, James B., delegate to Peace Conference, 
 165; arrest of, 178. 
 
 Clay, Lieutenant Colonel Henry, in Mexican 
 War, 14s ; killed at Buena Vista, 146. 
 
 Cleveland, Grover, his policy against free 
 silver, 216. 
 
 Coal production of Kentucky, 224. 
 
 College of Electors, 89. 
 
 Columbus, Confederates at, 175; evacuated 
 by Confederates, 182. 
 
 Commerce, interference with American, 116. 
 
 Commissioners, elected by House of Repre- 
 sentatives, 96. 
 
 Committee of sixty, confiscate The True 
 American, 154, 155. 
 
 Compromise, Crittenden's attempt at, 162, 
 163; Border States attempt at, 162, 163; 
 futility of efforts towards, 165. 
 
 Compromise or Omnibus Bill, Clay's, 134^ 
 135. 155, 156. 
 
 Confederate Colonies' struggle for independ- 
 ence, 50. 
 
 Confederate forces, in Kentucky, 173-175; 
 resolutions against, 175, 176; Kentuckians 
 join ranks of, 178; arrest of prominent 
 citizens, 178; abandon Kentucky, 193; 
 return to Kentucky, 205. 
 
 Confederate government of Kentucky, organ- 
 ized, 174, 180, 181. 
 
 Confederate line of possession, 181. 
 
 j Confederate States of America, government 
 framed, 165; Kentucky desires admission 
 j to, 173. 
 I Congress of Confederation of States, course in 
 
 regard to Indian troubles, 60, 64. 
 I Congress, proposes treaty with Spain, 70; 
 hears Kentucky's petition for admission, 
 73 ; considers adoption of new Federal 
 constitution, 73, 74; Kentuoky's applica- 
 tion referred to new, 75 ; Muter advises 
 j new appeal to, 77 ; Wilkinson's speech 
 I against, 78; delay in granting Kentucky 
 I its statehood, 82 ; passes Alien and Sedi- 
 tion laws, 105 ; act of denounced by Clay, 
 107; special session called, 170; favors 
 abolition, 186; adopts obnoxious military 
 ; policy, 187 ; free wives of negro soldiers, 
 208. 
 Connolly, Dr. John, orders survey of Louis- 
 ville, 15 ; British agent, 82, 83. 
 Conservative party, in temporary power, 
 134; called Conservative Union party, 
 159; opposed to laws against slavery, 167; 
 controls elections of 1863, 196; welcomes 
 the Confederates, 205 ; its downfall, 206. 
 Conservative Union conventions against Lin- 
 coln, 202. 
 Conspiracies in Kentucky, First Spanish, 69- 
 81 ; British, 82, 83 ; French, 99, 100; Second 
 Spanish, loi ; Third Spanish, 105 ; Aaron 
 Burr's, no. 
 Constitution, Federal, adopted, 74 ; Thirteenth 
 I Amendment adopted, 203 ; Fourteenth and 
 I Fifteenth Amendments adopted, 209. 
 1 Constitution of Kentucky, first, 89; second, 
 108; third, 150; fourth, 216, 217; text of, 
 227, 272. 
 Constitutional convention, at Danville, 89; 
 
 of 1890, 214. 
 Continental Congress, 29. 
 Convention for independence, first, 61 ; sec- 
 ! ond, 62; third, 62; fourth, 62, 65 ; fifth, 
 73; sixth, 75, 76; seventh, delegates to, 76; 
 seventh, meeting of, 77, 78 ; eighth, 83 ; 
 ninth, 83; tenth, 83, 89. 
 Convention for considering secession, pro- 
 posed, 163, 164. 
 Convention, for revising State constitution 
 called, 105 ; from the seceded States, at 
 Montgomery, 165 ; constitutional, in 1890, 
 214. 
 Coomes, Mrs. William, opens school at Har- 
 
 rodsburg, 38. 
 Cornstalk, chief of Shawnee Indians, 16-18. 
 Cornwallis' surrender, 50. 
 Corporations, legal provisions for, 215. 
 Council of war in 181 2, 123. 
 
INDEX 
 
 277 
 
 Country party, in struggle for independence, 
 63 ; at time of Spanish conspiracy, 76 ; at 
 Fayette election, 77 ; claims in seventh 
 convention, 78. 
 
 County of Kentucky, established, 29-39; 
 population in 1777, 32; division of the 
 county, 40-49. 
 
 County Unit Extension Bill, 222. 
 
 Court of appeals, 96; decision as to Replevin 
 Act, 130; judges attempt to remove, 131, 
 132; newly organized, 132 ; abolished, 134. 
 
 Court party, in struggle for independence, 63 ; 
 at time of Spanish conspiracy, 76 ; at Fay- 
 ette election, 77 ; claims in seventh conven- 
 tion, 78; further efiforts after separation, 
 
 79- 
 
 Cowan, John, intercourse with Filson, 56. 
 
 Cowpens, battle of, 91. 
 
 Cox, Colonel, 121. 
 
 Cox, W. H., lieutenant governor, 221. 
 
 Caddock, J. J., nominee for register, 206. 
 
 Craig, John, trustee of Transylvania Univer- 
 sity, 57- 
 
 Craig, Rev. Lewis, preaches in Kentucky, 
 84. 
 
 Criminal code revised, 105. 
 
 Crisis in Kentucky history, 80. 
 
 Crittenden, General George B., defeated at 
 Mill Springs, 181. 
 
 Crittenden, Major General Thomas L., ap- 
 pointed commander of militia, 176; reen- 
 forces Federals, 192. 
 
 Crittenden, Major John J., his oratorical 
 influence, 124, 125; member Anti-Relief 
 party, 129; elected governor, 149; his 
 career, 149; leader of Whig party, 157; 
 type of Conservative Unionists, 159; offers 
 compromise propositions, 162 ; address on 
 Union standpoint, 165 ; leaves Senate, 165 ; 
 speech for neutrality, 166; Union delegate 
 to Congress, 170;- his influence in holding 
 Kentucky loyal, 170, 171 ; opposed to aboli- 
 tion, 186. 
 
 Crockett, Colonel Joseph, delegate to seventh 
 convention, 77; obtains signatures against 
 illegal separation, 79. 
 
 Crow's Station (Danville), courthouse built 
 near, 52, 53; meeting of University trus- 
 tees at, 57. 
 
 Cumberland Gap, Confederate forces near, 
 175- 
 
 Currency, its development in early days, 
 128. 
 
 Currency question, an issue in Kentucky, 216 ; 
 Democrats divided on account of free 
 silver question, 217. 
 
 Cynthiana, conflict at, 189. 
 
 Daniel, Walker, attorney -general of Ken- 
 tucky District, 52 ; trustee of Transylvania 
 University, 57; killed by Indians, 52. 
 
 Danville, founding of, 53 ; one of Kentucky's 
 oldest towns, 55 ; meeting of military offi- 
 cers at, 60, 61 ; meeting of separation con- 
 ventions at, 61-63 ; navigation question dis- 
 cussed at, 71 ; political club founded at, 74 ; 
 sixth convention at, 75 ; tenth convention 
 at, 89. 
 
 "Dark and Bloody Ground," Kentucky's 
 nickname, 11. 
 
 Daveiss, Joseph- Hamilton, indicts Aaron 
 Burr, in; debate with Henry Clay, 112; 
 death at Tippecanoe, 115; county named 
 after, 115. 
 
 Davidge, Rezin H., associate justice, 132. 
 
 Davis, Garrett, appointed U. S. senator, 180; 
 opposed to abolition, 186; represents Ken- 
 tucky in U. S. Senate, 209. 
 
 Davis, Jefferson, born in Todd County, Ken- 
 tucky, 161 ; elected president of Confeder- 
 ate States of America, 165. 
 
 Dawson, J. A., elected register, 207. 
 
 De Quindre, Captain, at Boonesborough, 36. 
 
 De Soto's expedition to the Mississippi, 69. 
 
 Deboe, W. J., first Republican U. S. senator 
 from Kentucky, 218. 
 
 Declaration of Independence adopted, 29. 
 
 Defeat at Camden, Gates's, 90. 
 
 Democrat, published in Louisville, 159. 
 
 Democratic party, opposed to Federalists, 99; 
 strong in Kentucky, 108, 109 ; of 1798, 131 ; 
 Democratic Republican party merged into 
 143 ; its supremacy in Kentucky, 158 ; views 
 at time of secession, 163, 164; belief in 
 State Rights, 167 ; opposed to laws against 
 slavery, 167 ; convention against Lincoln, 
 202 ; in power after the war, 205-207 ; Con 
 servatives unite with, 206; Freedmen's 
 Bureau strengthens power, 209 ; majority re- 
 duced on account of negro vote, 210; its 
 continued power in Kentucky, 214, 216, 
 222 ; divided on currency question, 217, di- 
 vided on Goebel election law, 219; admin- 
 istrations of Governor Beckham, 220. 
 
 Democratic Republican party, rise and fall in 
 power, 135, 136; merged into Democratic 
 party, 143- 
 
 Democratic State convention at Frankfort, 
 206; at Louisville, 216. 
 
 Democratic Union party, in election of 1864, 
 200. 
 
 Denman, Matthias, partner of Filson, 156. 
 
 Denominational colleges in Kentucky, 210. 
 
 Denton, Thomas, settles at Harrodsburg, 23. 
 
 Depression, financial, 127, 128, 143, 216. 
 
IJZ 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Desha, General Joseph, at battle of the 
 Thames, 125 ; member of Relief party, 129; 
 elected governor, 131. 
 
 District of Columbia, slavery abolished in, 
 186. 
 
 District of Kentucky, 50-58. 
 
 Dixon, Archibald, elected U. S. senator, 157. 
 
 Doctrine of nullification, anticipated in Ken- 
 tucky, 107. 
 
 Doctrine of State Rights, 107, 108. 
 
 Donelson, Fort, surrender of, 182. 
 
 Doniphan, Joseph, opens school at Boones- 
 borough, 38. 
 
 Donne, Mrs. Martha, 54. 
 
 Douglas, James, surveyor in Kentucky, 15. 
 
 Dudley, Colonel, at Maumee, 121; defeated 
 by Proctor, 122. 
 
 Dudley, William A., appointed quartermas- 
 ter general, 179. 
 
 Duncan, Colonel Blanton, Confederate com- 
 mander, 174. 
 
 Dunlap, George W., Union delegate to Con- 
 gress, 170. 
 
 Dunmore, governor of Virginia, 16. 
 
 Durrett, Reuben T., author of Centenary of 
 Kentucky, 29, n. i ; author of Life of John 
 Filson, 55, n. i ; arrest of, 178 ; president of 
 Filson Club, 213, 214. 
 
 Duvall, Judge Alvin, nominee for reelection 
 
 Edmonson, county named after, 120. 
 Education in Kentucky, early, 38, 57; at 
 
 close of war, 210, 211; higher education, 
 
 212, 213. 
 Edwards, John, in seventh convention, 79; 
 
 elected U. S. senator, 96. 
 Edwards, Ninian, chief justice and governor 
 
 of Illinois, 113. 
 Eighth independence convention, 83. 
 Election, method of, 90; change in method, 
 
 108, 109. 
 Elkhom, first steamboat on the, 102. 
 Emancipation, see Abolition movement. 
 Emancipation Proclamation issued, 196. 
 Emancipation ticket, first. 157. 
 English, claims in Kentucky, 14; hostilitj' 
 
 to Kentuckians, 32 ; settle Jamestown, 69; 
 
 bitter feeling against. 98; anticipate war 
 
 with U. S., 114; at war with France, 116; 
 
 insults to American vessels, 116. 
 Episcopalians in Kentucky, 85. 
 Era of transition, 212-225. 
 Estill, Captain, defeat of, 42, 43. 
 Executive power vested in governor, 89; 
 
 changes in executive State department, 215. 
 Expedition against New Orleans, 99, 100. 
 
 Factories, establishment of, 127. 
 
 Fallen Timbers, battle of, 100. 
 
 Fayette County, established, 40; proposed 
 attack on, 43 ; part of Kentucky District, 
 51 ; election at, 77 ; Connolly's intrigue in, 
 83 ; one of original nine counties, 84. 
 
 Federal constitution, adoption of new, 73, 74. 
 
 Federal government, Wilkinson prejudices 
 Kentucky against, 70, 71 ; hears of French 
 conspiracy, 100; Kentucky's opposition to, 
 loi, 102; its powers, 151; Kentucky de- 
 clares for, 175. 
 
 Federalist party, opposed to Anti-Federalists, 
 99 ; opposed by Kentuckians, 102 ; in tem- 
 porary power, 102 ; opposed to Democrats, 
 109; Daveiss adheres to, iii; in 1798, 
 131- 
 
 Federals, their forces in Kentucky, 173-175. 
 soldiers from Kentucky, 179, 194; antag- 
 onism to, 186, 187; as raiders, 198; at- 
 tempt to control elections, 200. 
 
 Ferguson, his army destroyed, 91. 
 
 Field, John, commander at Point Pleasant, 17. 
 
 Field, Lieutenant Colonel Ezekiel H., in 
 Mexican W^ar, 145. 
 
 "Fiery Cross, The," Scotch symbol, 46, n. i. 
 
 Fifteenth Amendment ratified, 209. 
 
 Fifth independence convention, 73. 
 
 Fillmore's cabinet, 149. 
 
 Filson, John, author of first history of Ken- 
 tucky, 55-57- 
 
 Filson Club, started, 215; its publications, 
 21, n. 2, 29, n. I, 74, n. i, 213. 
 
 Financial depression, 127, 128, 143, 216. 
 
 Financial prosperity, 128, 208, 211. 
 
 Fincastle County, Kentucky a part of, 29. 
 
 Findley, John, pioneer in Kentucky, 12. 
 
 Finnel, John W., appointed adjutant general, 
 179- 
 
 First constitutional convention, 107. 
 
 First governor of Kentucky, 90-92. 
 
 First independence convention, 61. 
 
 First invasion of Kentucky, 173-185. 
 
 First newspaper in Kentucky, 72. 
 
 First organized church in Kentucky, 84. 
 
 Fisk, John F.. elected to Senate, 189. 
 
 Fitch, John, inventor of steamboat, 84, 103. 
 
 Fleming, William, commander at Point Pleas- 
 ant, 17; commissioner at Logan's fort, 
 37- 
 
 Florida, discovered by Ponce de Leon, 69; 
 secedes, 162. 
 
 Floyd, John, surveyor in Kentucky, 14. 15; 
 member of first Harrodsburg court, 29, 30 ; 
 appointed colonel, 40; rescued by Wells, 
 41, 42; attack on Indians, 48; elected 
 judge, 51 ; killed by Indians, 52. 
 
INDEX 
 
 279 
 
 Floyd, General John E., Confederate com- 
 mander, 182. 
 
 Fort Donelson, surrender of, 182. 
 
 Fort Greenville, built, 97. 
 
 Fort Henry, surrender of, 182. 
 
 Fort Meigs, siege of, 121. 
 
 Fort Recovery, General Wayne at, 100. 
 
 Fort Stanwix, treaty of, 14. 
 
 Fort Sumter, first gun fired at, 165. 
 
 Founding of the Commonwealth, 93-150. 
 
 Fourteenth Amendment ratified, 209. 
 
 Fourth independence convention, 62, 65. 
 
 Frankfort, made capital of Kentucky, 96, 97 ; 
 constitutional convention at, 108; heroes 
 of Buena Vista buried at, 148; Democratic 
 State convention at, 206. 
 
 Frazer, Oliver, pupil of Jouett, 138. 
 
 Free silver, adherents and opponents to doc- 
 trine of , 216, 217. 
 
 Free students in State University, how ap- 
 pointed, 213. 
 
 Freedmen's Bureau, established, 208; opposi- 
 tion to, 209. 
 
 French, claims in Kentucky, 14, 32; attack 
 Boones borough, 35, 36; their religious per- 
 secutions, 69 ; declare war againsc England, 
 Spain, and Holland, 98 ; conspiracy in Ken- 
 tucky, 99; war with England, 116. 
 
 French and Indian War, 14, 32. 
 
 French Revolution, its horrors unknown in 
 Kentucky, 99 ; revulsion of feeling in regard 
 to, 102. 
 
 Frenchtown, battles of, 118, 119, 120. 
 
 Friends of Humanity, Christian Association, 
 112, 113. 
 
 Fry, Colonel Speed Smith, Federal com- 
 mander, 181. 
 
 Fry, Major Cary H., in Mexican War, 145. 
 
 Gaines, Major John P., in Mexican War, 145. 
 Gardoqui, Spanish minister, rejects Jay's 
 
 proposition, 70; Brown's interview with, 
 
 75- 
 Garrard, Colonel J. J., commander of Federal 
 
 forces, 180. 
 Garrard County, Federal forces in, 174. 
 Garrard, James, second governor of Kentucky, 
 
 105 ; elected governor, 109. 
 Gates's defeat at Camden, 90. 
 General Assembly in Kentucky government, 
 
 89 ; grants school suffrage -to women, 211. 
 Genet, Citizen, minister of France, 99; re- 
 called to France, 100. 
 Geological survey established, 211. 
 Georgetown, incorporation of, 23 ; Democratic 
 
 Club at, 99 ; Kentucky forces assembled at, 
 
 117. 
 
 Georgia secedes, 162. 
 
 Girty, Simon, the "White Renegade," 45. 
 
 Gist, Christopher, pioneer in Kentucky, 12. 
 
 Glasgow, General Bragg at, 191. 
 
 Goebel, William, State senator, 218; nomi- 
 nated for governor, 218; assassinated, 219; 
 governor, 219. 
 
 Gold, paper currency substituted for, 128. 
 
 Gold standard, in Kentucky politics, 216, 
 217. 
 
 Government, of Kentucky, 89, 90, 93-104; 
 of Confederate States of America, 165 ; Con- 
 federate, established in Kentucky, 180, 181. 
 
 Governor, executive power in Kentucky, 89; 
 method of election, 89; change in method 
 of election, 108, 109. 
 
 Grant, General U. S., orders troops into 
 Kentucky, 175; captures Forts Henry and 
 Donelson, 182 ; gains victory at Shiloh, 
 184; Lee's surrender to, 203. 
 
 Graves, Benjamin, 119; county named after, 
 120. 
 
 Green, Lewis W., president of Center College, 
 210. 
 
 Green, Thomas Marshall, author of The 
 Spanish Conspiracy, 72. 
 
 Green, Willis, trustee of Transylvania Uni- 
 versity, 57. 
 
 Greenup, Christopher, his intercourse with 
 Filson, 56; trustee of Transylvania Uni- 
 versity, 57; elected governor, 113; ex- 
 governor, 118. ' 
 
 Greenville, one of Kentucky's oldest towns, 
 55- 
 
 Greenville, Fort, built, 197. 
 
 Grider, Henry, Union delegate to Congress, 
 170. 
 
 Grundy, Felix, appointed chief justice, 113. 
 
 Guerrillas, depredations of, 187, 188, 198, 
 199. 
 
 Guthrie, James, statesman, 159; delegate to 
 Peace Conference, 165 ; lawyer, 201 ; leader 
 in Conservative Union convention, 202. 
 
 Haggin, James, associate justice, 132. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, killed by Aaron Burr, 
 no. 
 
 Hanson, Roger W., leader of Confederates, 
 179, 182. 
 
 "Hard Winter" of Kentucky, 38. 
 
 Hardee, Major General William J., Con- 
 federate commander, 192. 
 
 Hardin, Colonel John, commander Kentucky 
 Volunteers, 87 ; murdered by Indians, 97. 
 
 Hardin, Major Martin D., 119. 
 
 Hardin, P. W., advocates free silver, 216; 
 candidate for governor, 216. 
 
28o 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Harding, Aaron, Union delegate to Congress, 
 170; opposed to abolition, 186; speech 
 against negro recruiting, 198. 
 
 Harlan, John M., Conservative nominee for 
 attorney -general, 206; joins Republicans, 
 207 ; Republican candidate for governor, 
 
 2IO. 
 
 Harlan, Major, at Blue Licks, 46, 47. 
 
 Harmar, General, commands expedition 
 against Indians, 86, 87 ; defeated, 87. 
 
 Harney, B. M., Conservative nominee for 
 superintendent of public instruction, 206. 
 
 Harney, John H., editor of Louisville Demo- 
 crat, 159- 
 
 Harrison County officers arrested, 178. 
 
 Harrison, General William H., at battle of 
 Tippecanoe, 114; appointed commander of 
 Kentucky militia, 118; appointed com- 
 mander of army of the Northwest, 118; 
 orders embarkation for Canada, 123. 
 
 Harrod, James, settles in Kentuckj^ 16, 19; 
 his intercourse with Filson, 56. 
 
 Harrodsburg, founding of, 16; permanently 
 settled, 19; delegates from, 21; made 
 county seat, 29; Indian attack on, 30; 
 school opened at, 38; opening of court at, 
 52, 53; one of earliest towns, 55; Gen- 
 eral Smith's corps at, 192. 
 
 Hart, Captain Nathaniel, purchases Cherokee 
 title, 20. 
 
 Hart, Joel T., sculptor, 138, 139. 
 
 Hart, Nathan G. T., commander of Lexing- 
 ton Light Artillery, 118; county named 
 after, 120. 
 
 Hart Memorial Association, 139, n. i. 
 
 Hawes, Richard, inaugurated provisional 
 governor of Kentucky, 191. 
 
 Helm, Ben Hardin, leader of Confederates, 179. 
 
 Helm, John L., inaugurated governor, 149; 
 elected governor, 207; death of, 207. 
 
 Henderson, Colonel Richard, head of Hender- 
 son & Co., 20. 
 
 Henderson, Samuel, married to Betsy Calla- 
 way, 27. 
 
 Henry, Fort, surrender of, 182. 
 
 Hickman, Captain, killed at Blue Licks, 120; 
 county named after, 120. 
 
 Hickman, Confederates at, 175. 
 
 Hickman, Rev. William, preacher in Ken' 
 tucky, 84. 
 
 Hogan, Richard, settle? at Harrodsburg. 23. 
 
 Holly, Dr. Horace, president of Transylvania 
 University, 137. 
 
 Home Guards, funds raised for, 169, 170; 
 Federals, 177; their lack of discipline, 178. 
 
 "Home of the Silent Brotherhood" founded, 
 
 Hopewell, last town of colonial period, 84. 
 
 House of Representatives in Kentucky gov- 
 ernment, 89. 
 
 House resolutions, sj-nopsis of, 168, n. i. 
 
 Houston's Station, now Hopewell, 84. 
 
 Huguenots persecuted in France, 69. 
 
 Hull, General, surrender to British, 118. 
 
 Hunt, Charlton W., calms riot, 132, 133. 
 
 Hunter, W. Godfrey, Republican caucus 
 nominee for U. S. senator, 217. 
 
 Hurt, J. S., Conservative nominee for au- 
 ditor, 206. 
 
 Immigration to Kentucky, 9, 51. 
 
 Inauguration ceremonies for first governor of 
 Kentucky, 93-95- 
 
 Independence of Kentucky, see Separation. 
 
 Indians, in Kentucky, 10, ir; hostilities, 13, 
 14, 16-18, 21, 30-39. 40. 41. 59. 60, 63, 64, 
 85-89, 97, 114, 115; claims in Kentucky, 
 14, 32; titles sold, 19, 20; besiege Boones- 
 borough, 35, 36; at Bryan's Station and 
 Blue Licks, 43, 48; killed by Kentuckians, 
 66, 67 ; complaint against Kentuckians, 67 ; 
 Wilkinson's speech on, 78; troubles ended 
 temporarily, 102; massacre at Raisin, 120; 
 their cruelties, 122. 
 
 Indian troubles, a political issue, 98. 
 
 Industrial progress, since 1880, 223. 
 
 Innes, Hary, attorney-general, 62, 67 ; mem- 
 ber Board of War, 87 ; U. S. district judge, 
 96. 
 
 Invasion of Kentucky, first, 173-185 ; second, 
 186-195. 
 
 Inventors in Kentucky, 84, 103, 137. 
 
 Ivy Mountain, battle of, 180. 
 
 Jackson, General Andrew, at New Orleans, 
 126; candidate for presidency, 134, 135; 
 President, 136; second term, 142, 143. 
 
 Jackson, James S., Union delegate to Con- 
 gress, 170. 
 
 Jacob, Colonel Richard T., joins Union party, 
 168; offers synopsis of House resolutions, 
 168, n. I ; chosen lieutenant governor, 196; 
 arrested, 198. 
 
 Jacobin clubs of France, 99. 
 
 James, Ollie M., senator, 222. 
 
 Jamestown settled by the English, 69. 
 
 Jay, John, proposes treaty with Spain, 70; 
 secures treaty with Great Britain, 100. 
 
 Jefferson County, established, 40, 84; be- 
 comes part of Kentucky District, 51. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, Breckinridge a member of 
 his cabinet, 99; drafts Kentucky Resolu- 
 tions, 107 ; elected President, 109. 
 
 Johnson, Colonel James, raises company, 118. 
 
INDEX 
 
 281 
 
 Johnson, Colonel Ricluird M., raises com- 
 pany, 118; in the Canada campaign, 124; 
 kills Tecumseh, 125. 
 
 Johnson, George W., Confederate leader, 179; 
 elected governor, 180; killed at Shiloh, 191. 
 
 Johnson, Madison C, lawyer, 201. 
 
 Johnson, Robert, trustee of Transylvania 
 University, 57. 
 
 Johnston, General Albert Sidney, commands 
 western Confederate forces, 177; at Mur- 
 freesboro, 183 ; killed at Shiloh, 184. 
 
 Jouett, Matthew Harris, portrait painter, 138. 
 
 Journal, published at Louisville. 159. . 
 
 Judges of court of appeals, how appointed, 
 90; attempt to remove, 131, 132. 
 
 Judicial power, 89, go. 
 
 Judicial State department, changes in, 214. 
 
 Judiciary, elective by people, 150. 
 
 Kanawha River, battle near, 16-18. 
 
 Kaskaskia, French village, 32. 
 
 Kennedy, William, intercourse with Filson, 56. 
 
 Kenton, Simon, pioneer in Kentucky, 16; 
 Indian scout, 24, 26. 
 
 Kcntucke Gazette, first newspaper in Ken- 
 tucky, 72; Muter's address in, 76; Brad- 
 ford, editor of, 94. 
 
 Kentucky, by Professor N. S. Shaler, 92; n. i. 
 
 Kentucky, derivation of name, 29, n. i ; pio- 
 neer days, 9-49; first white men in, 9-18; 
 early settlements, 19, 28; the county, 29- 
 39 ; division of county, 40-49 ; struggle for 
 independence, 50, 92 ; Kentucky District, 
 50-58 ; beginning of struggle, 59-68 ; Span- 
 ish conspiracy, 69-81 ; end of struggle, 82- 
 92 ; founding of the Commonwealth, 93- 
 150; organizing of State government, 
 93-104; political situation from 1796, 105- 
 115; War of 1812, 116-126; local afifairs, 
 127-140; civil affairs and Mexican War, 
 141-150; Civil War, 151-204; situation 
 during Civil War, 1 51-172; invasions dur- 
 ing Civil War, 173-195 ; civil conflicts, 196- 
 204; the new Kentucky, 205-225 ; restora- 
 tion of peace, 205-211 ; transition era, 212- 
 225; constitution of Kentucky, 227-272. 
 
 Kentucky Insurance Company, chartered, 
 113- 
 
 Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, by E. D. 
 .Warfield, 107 and n. i. 
 
 Kentucky University, State College a part of, 
 212 ; change of name, 212. 
 
 King's Mountain, battle of, 87, 91. 
 
 Kinkead, George Blackburn, lawyer, 201. 
 
 Kinkead, Judge W. B., member of Opposi- 
 tion i>arty, 159; his article on J. J. Crit- 
 tenden, 171; Conservative nominee for 
 
 governor, 206; chairman of executive 
 
 board of State College, 212. 
 Knott, J. Proctor, elected governor, 213. 
 Know-Nothing party, 157, 158. 
 Knox, Colonel James, pioneer in Kentucky, 14. 
 Kuklux or Regulators, 209, 210. 
 
 La Salle, French pioneer and explorer, in 
 Kentucky, 12, 32. 
 
 Lafayette, Marquis de, Kentucky's reception 
 of, 136. 
 
 Land laws passed in Virginia, 37. 
 
 Landrum, Colonel John J., defeated at Cynthi- 
 ana, 189. 
 
 Lee family, surveyors in Kentucky, 15. 
 
 Lee, General Robert E., surrenders to Grant, 
 203. 
 
 Leestown, one of oldest towns in Kentucky, 55. 
 
 Legislative office closed to ministers, 90. 
 
 Legislative power, vested in General Assem- 
 bly, 89, 90; its limitations, 90. 
 
 Legislative State department, changes in, 217. 
 
 Legislature, selects Frankfort as permanent 
 capital, 96; its money-raiding power abol- 
 ished, 150; its powers, 164; opposed to 
 State convention, 164, 165 ; in favor of 
 neutrality, 167, 168; condemns action of 
 Home Guard, 178; pardons all Confeder- 
 ates, 205. 
 
 Leslie, Preston H., elected governor, 210; 
 appoints Shaler chief of geological survey, 
 211. 
 
 Letcher, Robert P., elected governor, 143. . 
 
 Lewis, Colonel Charles, commander at Point 
 Pleasant, 17. 
 
 Lewis, Colonel William, commands militia, 
 117; wounded at Frenchtown, 119. 
 
 Lewis, General Andrew, commander at Point 
 Pleasant, 16, 17. 
 
 Lexington, founded in 1779, 37 ; largest town 
 in old Kentucky, 55 ; Transylvania Uni- 
 versity established at, 58; Wilkinson's dis- 
 play at, 71, 72; first capital of Kentucky, 
 93; first inauguration ceremonies held at, 
 93-95; Democratic Club, at 99; Burr in, 
 in; furnishes militia, 117 ; manufactories 
 in, 128; U. S. bank established at, 134; 
 Lyceum established at. 137 ; abolition news- 
 paper issued at, 154; Confederates at, 190; 
 Bragg's march to, 191 ; centenary celebra- 
 tion at, 215. 
 
 Le.xington, battle of, 37. 
 
 Lexington Light Artillery, 118. 
 
 Lexington Light Infantry, 94. 
 
 Lexington Observer and Reporter. 159. 
 
 Licking River, settlements invaded, 39; 
 crossed at battle of Blue Licks, 46, 47, 48. 
 
282 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Lieutenant governor, office created in Ken- ] 
 tucky, 109. I 
 
 Life and Writings of C. S. Rafinesque, by 
 R. E. Call, 137, n. i. 
 
 Life of John Filson, by R. T. Durrett, SS, : 
 n. I. 1 
 
 Limestone, immigration to, 54. j 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, bom in Larue County, ' 
 Kentucky, 161; elected President, 162;' 
 inaugurated, 165 ; issues Emancipation 
 Proclamation, 196; calls for volunteers, 
 197 ; reelected, 202 ; his assassination, ] 
 203. 
 
 Lincoln County, established, 40, 84; Indian 
 attack in, 66. 
 
 Lindsay, William J., U. S. senator, 218. 
 
 Lindseys, founders of Lexington, 37. 
 
 Little Turtle. Indian chief, 97. 
 
 Local affairs in Kentucky, 127, 149. 
 
 Local Board of War, 87. 
 
 Local option in Kentucky, 222. 
 
 Logan, Benjamin, settles in Kentucky, 19, 
 member of first Harrodsburg court, 29, 30; 
 rescues his companion, 31, 32: appointed 
 colonel, 40; at Blue Licks, 46, 48; com- 
 mander at Bryan's Station, 48; calls offi- 
 cers' meeting, 60; attack on Shawnee 
 Indians, 65 ; commander in Lincoln County, 
 66 ; member of Board of War, 87. 
 
 Logan's fort, Indian attack on, 30 ; land com- 
 missioners meet at, 37. 
 
 Logan's Station, delegates from, 21, 22. 
 
 "Long Hunters, The," pioneers in Ken- 
 tucky, 13, 14. 
 
 Losantiville, founding of, 56. 
 
 Louisiana, purchased from the French, 109; 
 secedes, 162. 
 
 Louisville, founded, 33, 34; its social life, 
 54, 55 ; Connolly's intrigue in, 82, 83 ; Burr 
 in. III ; its manufactories, 128; U. S. bank 
 established at, 134 ; Federal army organized 
 at, 181; legislature adjourns to, 190; 
 proposed capture of, 190; Buellin, 191; Fil- 
 son Club started in, 213 ; Democratic State 
 convention at, 216. 
 
 Louis\'ille Courier, 178. 
 
 Louisville Democrat, 159. 
 
 Louisville Falls, immigration to, by flatboat, 
 53, 54- 
 
 Louisville Journal, 159. 
 
 Louisville legion, resolutions in honor of, 
 passed by legislature, 146. 
 
 Lyceum, established in Lexington, 137. 
 
 Lyne, Edmond, commissioner at Logan's 
 fort, 37- 
 
 Lyon, Colonel H. B., Kentucky Confederate 
 leader, 182. 
 
 McAfee family, surveyors of Kentucky, 15, 
 16; settle on Salt River, 19. 
 
 Mc.\fee, General Robert B., elected lieu- 
 tenant governor, 131. 
 
 McBride, pioneer in Kentucky, 12. 
 
 McClellan, General George B., factions in 
 favor of, 202; receives majority in Ken- 
 tucky, 202. 
 
 McClellan, John, settles in Kentucky, 23. 
 
 McClellan 's Station, founded, 23. 
 
 McConnels, founders of Lexington, 37. 
 
 McCook, Major General Alexander, Federal 
 commander at Perryville, 192. 
 
 McCreary, James B., elected governor, 213, 
 221; elected U. S. senator, 218; again 
 elected governor, 222. 
 
 McDermott, E. J., lieutenant governor, 222. 
 
 McDowell, Samuel, judge of Kentucky Dis- 
 trict, 51, 52; trustee of Transylvania Uni- 
 versity, 47 ; president of convention for 
 independence, 61, 62; president of sixth 
 convention, 75. 
 
 McGary, Hugh, settles at Harrodsburg, 23. 
 
 McGary, Major, at Blue Licks, 46, 47. 
 
 McHenry, Colonel John H., Federal, 182. 
 
 McKee and Caldwell's army, 42, 43. 
 
 McKee, Colonel William R., in Mexican 
 War, 145 ; killed at Buena Vista, 146. 
 
 McKinley, William, elected President, 217. 
 
 "Mad Anthony," General Wayne's nickname, 
 97- 
 
 " Mad River," burning of Indian towns on, 65. 
 
 Madison County, 84. 
 
 Madison, George, at Frenchtown, 119; death 
 of, 127. 
 
 Magoffin, Beriah, elected governor, 158; his 
 message to the legislature, 163 ; refuses to 
 furnish troops. 166 ; in sympathy with Con- 
 federates, 175 ; resigns, 189. 
 
 Magruder, Captain Billy, leader of guerrillas, 
 199- 
 
 Mallory, Robert, Union delegate to Congress, 
 170. 
 
 Manassas Junction, battle near, 174. 
 
 Manson, General, attack on Confederates, 190. 
 
 Marshall, Colonel Thomas, surveyor for 
 Fayette County, 40; delegate to seventh 
 convention, 77; action in seventh conven- 
 tion, 79; opposes British intrigue, 83. 
 
 Marshall, Humphrey, candidate for delegate 
 to fourth convention, 63 ; votes for Federal 
 constitution, 74; elected U. S. senator, 
 102. 
 
 Marshall, Col. Humphrey, in Mexican War, 
 145; leader of Confederates, 174, 179. 
 
 Marshall. John, presents petition to Virginia 
 .\ssembly, 66. 
 
INDEX 
 
 283 
 
 Marshall. John, lieutenant governor, 219 
 
 Marshall, Thomas A., lawyer, 201. 
 
 Marshall, Thomas F., orator and scholar, 142. 
 
 Marshall, Thomas, brigadier general, 145. 
 
 Martial law, Kentucky placed under, 187 ; 
 prior to election of 1863, 197. 
 
 Martin's and Ruddle's stations captured, 39. 
 
 Mason County, 84. 
 
 Masterson, James, pioneer of Kentucky, 37. 
 
 Matthews, George, at battle of Point Pleasant, 
 17- 
 
 Maumee River, Kentucky troops at, 118; 
 siege in, 121. 
 
 May, George, surveyor for Jefferson County, 
 40. 
 
 May, John, clerk of Kentucky District, 52; 
 killed by Indians, 52. 
 
 Maysville, formerly Limestone, 54. 
 
 Mechanical and Agricultural College estab- 
 lished in Kentucky, 212. 
 
 Mediatorial neutrality, Kentucky maintains, 
 167, 168; meaning of , 168, 175, n. i. 
 
 Meigs, Fort, siege of, 121. 
 
 Menefee, Richard H., his career, 141. 142. 
 
 Menendez establishes first Spanish colony, 69. 
 
 Menzies, John W., Union delegate to Con- 
 gress, 170. 
 
 Mercer County, Kentucky, selected for settle- 
 ment, 16, 84. 
 
 Metcalf, Henry, chief of guerrilla raiders, 199. 
 
 Metcalf, Thomas, elected governor, 135. 
 
 Methodist revival, 112, 113. 
 
 Methodists in Kentucky, 85. 
 
 Mexican War, 141-150; Kentucky troops in, 
 145- 
 
 Mexico, proposed conquest of, no; war de- 
 clared with, 145 ; capture of City of, 147 ; 
 surrenders territory to United States, 147. 
 
 Miami Indians, expedition against, 60, 87, 88. 
 
 Miami, battle on the, 100. 
 
 Miami towns, burning of, 48. 
 
 Military and land interests in early Kentucky, 
 40. 
 
 Military oppression. 198-200. 
 
 Military policy adopted by Congress, 187. 
 
 Military posts in the Northwest. 59. 
 
 Militia, demanded by the President, 117. 
 
 Mill Springs, battle of. 181. 
 
 Mills, Benjamin, associate justice, 130. 
 
 Mineral wealth of Kentucky, 211, 223. 
 
 Miro, Spanish governor of New Orleans, 71. 
 
 Mississippi River, De Soto's exploration of, 
 69; Spanish possessions on, 69, 70; Ameri- 
 cans desire to navigate, 70; its importance 
 to Kentucky, 71; Kentucky's valuation 
 of navigation of, 75 ; British plan to gain its 
 navigation, 83; its navigation a political 
 
 issue, 98; resolution of Lexington Club in 
 regard to, 99; granted to U. S. by treaty 
 with Spain, loi ; thrown open to Ken- 
 tucky, 102. 
 
 Mississippi secedes, 162. 
 
 Missouri Compromise Bill, 134, 135. 
 
 Mob law in Kentucky, 210. 
 
 Monetary issue, in State election, 216; in 
 national election, 217. 
 
 Monroe, Thomas B., superseded by Ballard, 
 180. 
 
 Monterey, battle of, 146. 
 
 Montgomery, convention of seceded States at, 
 165. 
 
 Morehead, Charles S., elected governor, 158; 
 delegate to Peace Conference, 165 ; arrest 
 of, 178. 
 
 Morgan, John Hunt, leaves State Guard, 
 177; Confederate raider, 188, 189, 193. 
 
 Morrisons, pioneers in Kentucky, 37. 
 
 Mound Builders, 9, 10. 
 
 Mount Sterling, fight near, 42. 
 
 Murray, William, opposes Kentucky Resolu- 
 tions of 17 g8, 108. 
 
 Muter, George, judge of Kentucky District, 
 51, 52; chief justice, 62; address to the 
 people, 76 ; delegate to seventh convention, 
 77; judge in court of appeals, 96; resigns 
 from office, 113. 
 
 Nashville, Federal troops take possession of, 
 183; General Bragg at, 191. 
 
 Natchez, Spanish negotiations at, loi. 
 
 National administration, opposed to free sil- 
 ver, 216. 
 
 National convention, Kentucky delegates to, 
 201, 202. 
 
 National politics in 1896, 217. 
 
 National Republican party, its rise and fall, 
 135, 136; merged into Whig party, 141. 
 
 Navigation question discussed in Kentucky, 
 71,99- 
 
 Negroes, recruited in Kentucky, 197 ; vote for 
 first time. 210. 
 
 Nelson County, 84. 
 
 Nelson, General William, Federal com- 
 mander, 174, 180; commands Richmond 
 troops, 190. 
 
 Neutrality, position of Kentucky, 161-172; 
 still maintained, 174; abandoned, 175, 176. 
 
 New court of appeals, organized, 132; abol- 
 ished, 134. 
 
 New Court party, founded, 134; controversy 
 with Old Court party, 149. 
 
 New Kentucky. The, 205-225. 
 
 New Orleans. Wilkinson's trading expedition 
 to, 71; proposed expedition against, 99, 
 
284 
 
 INDEX 
 
 loo ; Spanish negotiations at, loi ; becomes I 
 an American possession, no; battle of, 
 
 126. I 
 
 Newport, Kentucky volunteers at, 122. | 
 
 Newspaper, first in Kentucky, 72. [ 
 
 Nicholas, George, attorney -general, 95. I 
 
 Nicholas, Samuel Smith, lawyer, 201. ] 
 
 Ninth independence convention, 83. 
 Normal Schools, 212, 224. 
 North and South, difference in point of view, 
 
 151, 152; growth of enmity between, 162, 
 Northern Bank of Kentucky, established, 
 
 143- 
 Northwest, end of war in the, 125. 
 Nullification, doctrine of, 107. 
 
 O'Hara, Kane, 148. 
 
 O'Hara, Theodore, soldier and poet, 148. 
 
 O'Hara and His Elegies, by George W. 
 
 Ranck, 148, n. i. 
 Observer and Reporter, Lexington, 159. 
 Official changes, important, 189. 
 Ohio Land Company in Kentucky, 12. 
 Ohio River, bounty lands granted on, 14; its 
 
 importance to Kentucky, 71. 
 Old Court party, founded, 134; controversy 
 
 with New Court party, 149. 
 "Old Wisdom," John Bradford known as, 94. 
 Oldham, Colonel William, expedition against 
 
 Indians, 88. 
 Omnibus Bill, Clay's, 156. 
 Opposition, to Lincoln in Kentucky, 196; 
 
 to negro recruiting in Kentucky, 198. 
 Opposition party, 159. 
 Ormsby, Colonel, in Mexican War, 145. 
 Owen, Colonel Abraham, his death at Tippe- 
 canoe, 115. 
 Owen County, named after Colonel Owen, 
 
 lis; Confederate forces in, 174. 
 Owsley, Judge William, elected governor, 144. 
 
 Paducah, Federal forces at, 175; Confederate 
 sentiment in, 177. 
 
 Paine, Brigadier General E. A., his oppressive 
 military rule, 199, 200; deposed, 202. 
 
 Pakenham, General Sir Edward, commander 
 at New Orleans, 126. 
 
 Palmer, General John M., 202, 217. 
 
 Panic, of 1873, 211; of 1892, 216. 
 
 Paper currency, and its effects, 128; abun- 
 dance of, 143. 
 
 Paris, name of Houston's Station changed to, 
 84; Democratic Club in, 99. 
 
 Parliament of Hoonesborough, 22. 
 
 Parraud's translation of Filson's History, 57. 
 
 Party names, change of, 134, 135. 
 
 P.itterson, Colonel Robert, settles at McClel- 
 
 lan's Station, 23 ; a founder of Lexington, 
 
 37 ; partner of Filson, 56. 
 Patterson, James K., president of State Col- 
 lege, 212. 
 Payne, Brigadier General John, commander 
 
 at Georgetown, 118. 
 Paynter, Thomas H., U. S. senator, 218. 
 Peace Conference at Washington, 165. 
 Peace, restoration of, 205-211. 
 Penitentiary, Governor Blackburn's humane 
 
 changes in, 213. 
 Perry, Commodore, his victory on Lake Erie, 
 
 122, 123. 
 Perryville battle of, 192. 
 Petitions to Virginia Assembly, 61, 65, 66; to 
 
 the people, 61 ; of seventh convention, 79; 
 
 against the Indians, 85. 
 Philadelphia, gift for Kentucky's centenary, 
 
 215- 
 
 Pierce, Franklin, elected President, 157. 
 
 Pilgrims settle Plymouth, 69. 
 
 Pillow, General Gideon J., Confederate com- 
 mander, 182. 
 
 Pioneer days, 9-49. 
 
 Pioneer women of Kentucky, 23-27. 
 
 Pisgah, Kentucky Academy established at, 
 58. 
 
 Pittsburgh Landing, Grant encamps at, 183. 
 
 Planetarium, Barlow's, 137. 
 
 Plymouth, settled by Pilgrims, 69. 
 
 Point Pleasant, battle of, 16-18, 19; victory 
 of, 87 ; Colonel Shelby at battle of, 90. 
 
 Political Beginnings of Kentucky, The, by 
 J. M. Brown, 73, n. i. 
 
 Political Club, founded at Danville, 74. 
 
 Political Club, The, by Thomas Speed, 74, 
 n. I. 
 
 Political, issues in i793. 98 ; situation in Ken- 
 tucky, 105, 115; conflict in Kentucky, 127; 
 contests of 1844, 143, 144; situation in 1864, 
 201, 202; situation from 1875, 213-225. 
 
 Politics, national, 217. 
 
 Polk, General Leonidas, invades Kentucky, 
 174. 175; offers conditional withdrawal, 
 175- 
 
 Polk, James K., elected President, 144. 
 
 Ponce de Leon discovers Florida, 69. 
 
 Pope, John, offers amendment to Kentucky 
 resolutions, 108. 
 
 Pope, William, appointed lieutenant colonel, 
 
 40. 
 Population of Kentucky County, ^2; of Ken- 
 tucky in 1850, 152. 
 Populist ticket, 216, 218. 
 Populists in legislature of 1896, 217. 
 
 i Powell, Lazarus W.. Democratic nominee for 
 
 I governor, 149; elected governor, 157. 
 
INDEX 
 
 285 
 
 Powell's Valley, exploration of, 12, 16. 
 
 Power, Thomas, agent in Spanish conspira- 
 cies, loi, 105. 
 
 Prentice, George D., editor of Louisville 
 Journal, 159. 
 
 Presbyterians, in Kentucky, 84; Center Col- 
 lege established by, 210. 
 
 Preston, Colonel William, surveyor, 14. 
 
 Preston, William, Confederate leader, 179; 
 delegate to Virginia, 181. 
 
 Primary law, 222. 
 
 Proclamation, of neutrality in Kentucky, 169 ; 
 of emancipation, 196. 
 
 Proctor, General, at Frenchtown, 119; at 
 Fort Meigs, 121; pursuit of his army, 
 123; encamped at Moravian Towns, 125. 
 
 Prohibition movement in Kentucky, 223. 
 
 Prohibition, 214, 216, 218, 223. 
 
 Prophet, Indian chief, 114. 
 
 Proslavery movement in Kentucky, 155. 
 
 Prosperity, financial, 128, 208, 211. 
 
 Provost marshals appointed, 187. 
 
 Public education in Kentucky, 212. 
 
 Public school system reformed, 210, 211. 
 
 Publications of the Filson Club, 21, n. 2, 
 29, n. I, 74, n. I, 213. 
 
 Pulaski County, battle in, 181. 
 
 Radical or Republican party, 206. 
 Radical Union convention, 201, 202. 
 Radical Union party, 196, 200. 
 Rafinesque, Professor C. S., of Transylvania 
 
 University, 137. 
 Raisin, Indian massacre at, 120. 
 Ranck, George W., author of The Traveling 
 
 Church, 84, n. i ; author of O'Hara and 
 
 His Elegies, 148, n. i. 
 Recapitulations, 18, 28, 39, 48, 58, 67. 80, 92, 
 
 103, 115, 126, 139, 150, 159, 171, 184, 194, 
 
 203, 211. 
 Recovery, Fort, General Wayne at, 100. 
 Recruits, Lincoln demands 197 ; opposition to 
 
 negro, 197. 
 Red River, pioneer encampment on, 13. 
 Reform, in public school system, 210, 211, 
 
 212; in legislation, 215. 
 Regulators or Kuklux, 209, 210. 
 Relief measures, after War of 181 2, 129; 
 
 attempt to revive, 143. 
 Relief party organized, 129; its temporary 
 
 power, 131; becomes New Court party, 
 
 134- 
 Religious denominations in Kentucky, 84, 85. 
 Repeal bill of court of appeals, 132. 
 Repeal of Alien and Sedition laws, 109; of 
 
 Replevin law, 134. 
 Replevin law, passed, 129; declared uncon- 
 
 stitutional, 130; repealed, 134; decision 
 against, 141. 
 
 Representatives, length of term and how 
 chosen, 89, 230. 
 
 Republican party, opposed to Anti-Federal- 
 ists, 99; strong in Kentucky, 108; Con- 
 servatives unite with, 206; Freedmen's 
 Bureau arouses opposition to, 209; in na- 
 tional power, 214; their ticket in 1887, 214; 
 their victory in 1895, electing first Re- 
 publican State ticket, 216 ; elect Deboe U. S 
 senator, 218 ; disputed election of 1899, 219 ; 
 their victories in 1907 and 1908, 220, 221. 
 
 Resolutions, of 1798, 107; of General Assem- 
 bly, 175, 176. 
 
 Revival, religious, 112. 
 
 Revolutionary War, English strongholds dur- 
 ing, 32; sentiment in Kentucky, 37. 
 
 Reynolds, Aaron, his speech at Bryan's 
 Station, 45. 
 
 Rice, David, chairman of Transylvania Uni- 
 versity board, 57. 
 
 Richmond, Burr's trial at, 112; Confederate 
 government organized at, 174; battle of, 
 190. 
 
 Riflemen, gathering of, 46. 
 
 Robertson, George, member of Anti-Relief 
 party, 129; judge in court of appeals, 201 ; 
 his career, 201. 
 
 Robinson, Camp Dick, Federal regiments in, 
 174- 
 
 Robinson, James F., becomes acting gov- 
 ernor, 189. 
 
 Rodman, John, elected attorney -general, 207. 
 
 Rome, N. Y., formerly Fort Stanwix, 14. 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore, author of St. Clair's 
 Defeat, 88. 
 
 Rousseau, Lovell H., Unionist, 169. 
 
 Rowan, John, member of Relief party, 129. 
 
 Ruddle's and Martin's stations captured, 39. 
 
 Russell, Captain, at Point Pleasant, 17. 
 
 Russellville, Confederate delegates, at, i8o. 
 
 Saint Asaph's, Saint Augustine, etc., see " St." 
 
 Salt River selected for settlement, 16, 19. 
 
 School system, 210, 211, 212, 213. 
 
 Schools in Kentucky, first, 38, 39, 57. 
 
 Schools, Normal, 212, 224. 
 
 Scientific and artistic life in Kentucky, 137, 
 138. 
 
 Scotch-Irish race in Kentucky, 17, 26. 
 
 Scott, General Charles, member of Board of 
 War, 87 ; his expedition against Indians, 88 ; 
 commands Kentucky militia, 96; at Fort 
 Recovery, 100; elected governor, 114; 
 appoints Harrison commander of Ken- 
 tucky militia, 118. 
 
286 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Scott, J. M., commander of militia, 117. 
 
 Sebastian, Benjamin, his treachery to Ken- 
 tucky, 76; receives pension, 80; judge in 
 court of appeals, 96; agent in Spanish con- 
 spiracies, loi, 105; his treachery exposed, 
 lor ; trial of, 113. 
 
 Secession of Southern States, 162, 163. 
 
 Second constitutional convention, 108, 109. 
 
 Second independence convention, 62. 
 
 Second invasion of Kentucky, 186, 195. 
 
 Second Spanish conspiracy, loi. 
 
 Self-protection, right granted Kentucky, 64. 
 
 Senators, State, election, length of term, etc., 
 89, 230. 
 
 Separation of Kentucky from Virginia, first 
 conventions for, 61, 62 ; first act of separa- 
 tion, 62, 63; self-protection authorized, 63, 
 64; postponement of separation, 65-67; 
 action in regard to Spanish conspiracy, 
 69-71 ; further conventions, 73 ; delay in 
 presenting applications, 73-76; people's 
 patience and prudence, 76, 77; opposing 
 sentiments in regard to Virginia's course 
 77, 78; turning point in contest, 79; loyalty 
 of Kentucky, 80 ; further delay in Congress, 
 82, 83, 84; last convention, 89; Kentucky 
 becomes an independent State, 89 ; the new 
 government, 89-92. 
 
 Settlements in Kentucky, earlj', 19, 27. 
 
 Seventh independence convention, 76, 77, 78. 
 
 Shackleford, Colonel James N., Kentucky 
 Federal leader, 182. 
 
 Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, author of Ken- 
 tucky, 92, n. i; chief of geological survey, 
 211. 
 
 Shawnee Indians in Kentucky, 16-18; yield 
 Kentucky to the English, 19; rumored 
 march against, 43 ; proposed attack against, 
 65. 
 
 Sheaf of Wheat inn, Governor Shelby's stay 
 at, 95- 
 
 Shelby, Captain Evan, at battle of Point 
 Pleasant, 17. 
 
 Shelby, Colonel Isaac, trustee of Transyl- 
 vania University, 57; member of Board of 
 War, 87 ; elected first governor of Ken- 
 tucky, 90 ; account of, 90-92 ; his journey 
 to Lexington, 93, 94; his inauguration, 94, 
 95 ; his address to the two houses, 95 ; 
 drafts 1000 militiamen, 97 ; his position at 
 time of French conspiracy, 100 ; at battle of 
 Point Pleasant, 117; governor, 118; re- 
 elected governor, 120, 121; at Newport, 122. 
 
 Shiloh, battle of, 183, 184. 
 
 Siege of Boonesborough, 35, 36. 
 
 Silver, paper currency substituted for, 128; 
 contest over free, 216, 217. 
 
 Simms, William E., Kentucky delegate to 
 Vir:;inia, 181. 
 
 Sisters of Loretto, convent of. 84. 
 
 Six Nations, Kentucky purchased from, 14, 19. 
 
 Sixth independence convention at Danville, 
 75. 76. 
 
 Skins used as currency, 128. 
 
 Slaughter, Gabriel, becomes governor, 127. 
 
 Slavery, prohibited in Kentucky, 90; Clay 
 opposed to, 107 ; provisions for its continu- 
 ation, 150; in revised constitution of Ken- 
 tucky, 150, 152; as cause of Civil War, 
 151; in the South and in Kentucky, 151, 
 152; opposition to its abolition in Ken- 
 tucky, 152, 153; question affected by an- 
 nexation of Te.xas, 156; war necessary for 
 its abolition, 173; abolished in District of 
 Columbia, 186; property rights not to be 
 interfered with, 186; Emancipation Procla- 
 mation issued, 196; Thirteenth Amend- 
 ment, 203 ; Freedmen's Bureau, 208, 209 ; 
 negroes obtain right of suffrage, 209. 
 
 Slaves, characteristics of, 153, 154. 
 
 Smith, D. Howard, elected auditor, 207. 
 
 Smith, General E. Kirby, invades Kentucky, 
 190, 191 ; at Harrodsburg, 192. 
 
 Smith, General Green Clay, pursues Morgan, 
 189. 
 
 Smith, Z. F., superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion, 207. 
 
 Social life in Kentucky in 1825, 136, 137. 
 
 South Carolina secedes, 162. 
 
 Southern point of view, how different from 
 Northern, 151, 152. 
 1 Southern Rights convention against Lincoln, 
 
 ; 202. 
 
 "Southern Rights" element in legislature, 
 167. 
 
 Southern States, slavery in, 151; secession 
 of, 162. 
 
 Southern territory of United States, its extent, 
 69. 
 
 Spain, purposed alliance with, 78, loi ; ani- 
 mosity towards, 98; Le.xington Club de- 
 mands right of Mississippi from, 99 ; treaty 
 with United States, loi ; cedes Louisiana 
 to French, 109. 
 
 Spanish colony of St. Augustine founded, 69; 
 possessions in America, 69, 70; conspiracy, 
 first, 69-81 ; conspiracy, second, loi ; con- 
 spiracy, third, 105; silver dollars as cur- 
 rency, 128. 
 
 Spanish Conspiracy, The, by T. M. Green,* 71. 
 
 Specie payment suspended, 143. 
 
 Speculation, bad results of, 143. 
 
 Speed, James, trustee of Transylvania Uni- 
 1 versity, 57. 
 
INDEX 
 
 287 
 
 Speed, James, votes for the Union, 169; an 
 able lawyer, 201 ; joins Republicans, 207. 
 
 Speed, Thomas, author of Tlic Wilderness 
 Road, 21, n. i; author of The Political 
 Club, 24, n. I. 
 
 Spottsylvania County, Va., emigration from, 
 84. 
 
 St. Asaph's Station, delegates from, 21, 22. 
 
 St. Augustine, Spanish colony, 69. 
 
 St. Clair, General Arthur, appointed com- 
 mander in chief of army of Northwest, 87 ; 
 Kentucky opposed to, 88; defeated at 
 Wabash River, 89; retires from command, 
 97. 
 
 St. Clair's Defeat, by Theodore Roosevelt, 
 88, n. I. 
 
 Stanwix, Fort, treaty of, 14. 
 
 State banks, rise of, 143. 
 
 State College of Kentucky, 212. 
 
 State constitution, revision of, 108, 109, 150, 
 214, 215. 
 
 State Guards, 169, 176, 177. 
 
 State militia, in conflict with legislature in 
 1900, 219. 
 
 State penitentiary, Blackburn's humane 
 changes in, 213. 
 
 State Rights, doctrine of, 107, 108, 151, 155. 
 
 State University, 212, 213, 224. 
 
 Statutory courts abolished, 215. 
 
 Steamboat invented, 102, 103. 
 
 Stephens, Alexander H., author of War be- 
 tween the States, 151, n. i. 
 
 Stevenson, John W., elected lieutenant gov- 
 ernor, 207; appointed governor, 207, 208; 
 elected to U. S. Senate, 210. 
 
 Stewart, James, at battle of Point Pleasant, 17. 
 
 Stewart, John, captured by Indians, 13. 
 
 Stoner, Michael, guide to surveyors in Ken- 
 tucky, 16. 
 
 Stricken Heart, Convent of, 84. 
 
 Struggle for independence, in Kentucky, 
 50-92 ; beginning of, 59-68 ; end of, 
 82-92. 
 
 "Sue Munday," chief of guerrilla raiders, 
 hung, 199. 
 
 Suffrage right, extent of, 90; negro, 209. 
 
 Sumter, Fort, first gun fired at, 165. 
 
 Superior court abolished, 215. 
 
 Supreme and superior courts, the judicial 
 power, 89, 90. 
 
 Surrender of army of Northern Virginia, 203. 
 
 Surveyors in Kentucky, 14, 15. 
 
 Sycamore Shoals, Indian assemblage at, 20. 
 
 Tate, J. W., elected treasurer, 207. 
 Taylor, General Zachary, in Mexican War, 
 145. 
 
 Taylor, Hancock, early surveyor, 14. 
 
 Taylor, Harrison, Conservative nominee for 
 lieutenant governor, 206. 
 
 Taylor, William S., governor, 219. 
 
 Tecumseh, chief of Wabash Indians, 114; 
 restrains massacre of Americans, 122 ; death 
 of, 125. 
 
 Tenth convention, 83, 89. 
 
 Territory of U. S., extent of Southern, 69. 
 
 Texas, Clay's opposition to its annexation, 
 144; admitted to Union, 144; efifect of its 
 annexation, 156; secedes, 162. 
 
 Thames, battle of, 125. 
 
 Third independence convention, 62. 
 
 Third revision of State constitution, 150. 
 
 Third Spanish conspiracy, 105. 
 
 Thirteenth Amendment, adopted, 203, 208; 
 opposed by Kentucky, 203. 
 
 Thomas, Major General George H., at Mill 
 Springs, 181. 
 
 Thompson, James, surveyor, 40. 
 
 Thome, William P., lieutenant governor, 224. 
 
 Tilghman, General Lloyd, goes over to Con- 
 federates, 177 ; surrenders Fort Henry, 182. 
 
 Timber regions in Kentucky, 211. 
 
 Tippecanoe, battle of, 114, 115. 
 
 Tobacco war, 221. 
 
 Todd, Colonel Charles S., ambassador, 125. 
 
 Todd, Colonel John, surveyor in Kentucky, 
 15; member of first Harrodsburg court 
 29, 30; elected governor of Illinois County, 
 33 ; appointed colonel Fayette County, 40 ; 
 at battle of Blue Licks, 46. 
 
 Todd, Major Levi, surveyor in Kentucky, 15 ; 
 clerk of Kentucky County, 30; at siege of 
 Bryan's Station, 45 ; at Blue Licks, 46, 47 ; 
 intercourse with Filson, 56. 
 
 Todd, Thomas, second convention for inde- 
 pendence, 61, 62; clerk of constitutional 
 convention, 108; appointed judge in U. S. 
 supreme court, 113; member of war coun- 
 cil, 118. 
 
 Tompkins, Christopher, member of Anti- 
 Relief party, 129 ; Anti-Relief candidate for 
 governor, 131. 
 
 Tompkinsville, Morgan's array, at, 188. 
 
 Trade in America, 127. 
 
 Transition era in Kentucky, 212-225. 
 
 Transylvania, colony of, 20, 21 ; purchase an- 
 nulled, 22; title annulled, 29. 
 
 Transylvania Seminary, 57, 83. 
 
 Transylvania University founded, 58; its 
 high rank, 137; goes out of existence, 
 210. 
 Transylvania University, new, 212. 
 Trappist monks at Bardstown, 84. 
 Traveling Church, Ranck's, 84. 
 
288 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Treaties, of Fort Stanwix, 14; of Shawnee 
 Indians, 17, 18; between U. S. and Great 
 Britain, 50; with Spain proposed, 70; with 
 Indians, 86 ; between U. S. and Spain, loi ; 
 of Ghent, 125; between U. S. and Mexico, 
 147. 
 
 Trigg, Stephen, at Logan's fort, 37; lieuten- 
 ant colonel, 40; at Blue Licks, 46, 47. 
 
 Trimble, John, member Relief party, 129; 
 associate justice, 132. 
 
 True American, abolition paper, 154, 155. 
 
 Truman, Major, murdered by Indians, 97. 
 
 Twelfth Street fort in Louisville, 34. 
 
 Twetty, Wm., cuts roads in Kentucky, 21. 
 
 Tyler, President, admits Texas, 144. 
 
 "Underground railroad," 152. 
 
 Underwood, Judge Joseph R., member Oppo- 
 sition party, 159; joins Union party, 169. 
 
 Union party, 162-164, 166-168, 173, 174, 178, 
 196, 205. 
 
 United States Bank, at Louisville and Lexing- 
 ton, 134; Jackson vetoes bill of recharter^ 
 143. 
 
 \'era Cruz, capture of, 147. 
 
 \'incennes, capture of, i:^. 
 
 \irginia, Ketucky a part of, 14, 29; protects | 
 Kentucky settlers, 22; its relation to Ken- 
 tucky, 59, 60 ; Kentucky petitions for sepa- 
 ration from, 61, 62, 63; Kentucky's bitter- 
 ness against, 66, 67, 77, 78 ; seventh conven- 
 tion's address to, 79, 80 ; legislature's action 
 in regard to Kentucky, 83 ; Kentucky sepa- 
 rated from, 89; concurs with Kentucky, 
 108. 
 
 Wabash Indians, proposed attack on, 64 ; ex- 
 pedition against, 88, 89; rebellion of, 114. 
 Wadsworth, Wm. H., Union delegate to 
 Congress, 170; opposes abolition, 186; 
 against negro recruiting, 198; Republican, 
 207. 
 
 Walker, Dr. Thomas, pioneer, 12. 
 
 Wallace, Caleb, trustee Transylvania Uni- 
 versity, 57; judge court of appeals, 96. 
 
 Wallace, General Lew, at Cincinnati, 191. 
 
 War between the States, Stephens's, 151. 
 
 War debt, 128. 
 
 War Department, orders to Kentucky, 197. 
 
 Warfield, Ethelbert D., author, 107. 
 
 Wars, Indian, 13, 14, i6-i8, 21, 30-39, 40, 41, 
 59. 63, 64, 85-89, 97, ii4> "5. 120. 122; 
 French and Indian, 14, 32; Revolutionary, 
 
 37; War of 1812, 116-126; Mexican, 141- 
 150; Civil, 151-204. 
 
 Washington, George, President U. S., 83; his 
 policy in Irench War, 98; his action in 
 French conspiracy, 100; monument to, 155. 
 
 Washington, Peace Conference at, 165. 
 
 Watauga River, Indian assemblage at, 20. 
 
 Watauga settlement, volunteers from, 17. 
 
 Wayne, General, commander of armies of 
 Northwest, 97 ; military ability, 98; cam- 
 paign against Indians, 100, loi. 
 
 Webster, Miss Delia A., abolitionist, 152, n. i. 
 
 Wells, Colonel Samuel, rescues Floyd, 41, 42; 
 at Georgetown, 117; at Frenchtown, 119. 
 
 West, Edward, invents steamboat, 103. 
 
 West, M. D., quartermaster general of State 
 Guards, 170; superseded by Dudley, 179. 
 
 Wheeling, proposed attack on, 42. 
 
 Whig party, in power, 141, 143 ; downfall of, 
 157- 
 
 ''White Renegade," Girty's nickname, 45, 46. 
 
 Wickliffe, Charles A., at Peace Conference, 
 165 ; Union delegate to Congress, 170. 
 
 Wickliffe, D. C, editor, 159. 
 
 Wicklifife, Robert, Anti-Relief member, 129. 
 
 Wilderness Road, 21, 53. 
 
 Wilkinson, General James, his store, 54, 55; 
 his petition,,6i ; member fourth convention, 
 62, 63 ; inflames opposition against Virginia, 
 66, 70; his treasonable Spanish project, 
 70-72, 76; schemes in Fayette election, 
 77-80; in Indian warfare, 88, 97; major 
 general, 109, no; New Orleans delivered 
 to, no. 
 
 William and Mary College, 83. 
 
 Williams, Gen. John S., at Cerro Gordo, 147; 
 Confederate leader, 179; U. S. senator, 213. 
 
 Williams, John, clerk at Logan's fort, 37. 
 
 Willson, Augustus E., governor, 220, 221; 
 candidate for U. S. Senator, 223. 
 
 Winchester, General, 118, 119. 
 
 Wolfe, Judge Nathaniel, Unionist, 159, 169. 
 
 Wolford, Colonel Frank L., Federal, 181 ; pur- 
 sues Morgan, 189; arrested, 198. 
 
 Woman Triumphant, group by Hart, 139. 
 
 Woodford County established, 83, 84. 
 
 Woolly, Aaron K., lawyer, 201. 
 
 Wyandots, Estill's pursuit of the, 42. 
 
 YorktowTi, Comwallis's surrender at, 50. 
 Young, John C, president Center College, 210. 
 
 ZoilicofiFer, General, invades Kentucky, 175. 
 180; killed at Mill Springs, 181.