*, ^ AX± ^"l' x°^- : 'S -X OCT *> ^ %*. <* N ' '^0^ 5 W^" & V ^ v^ N -> * /♦\ V C >, v\* u W" v 1 ^ s<< ^ V T *: #> * . % . *'" > V r ^oJ/ A : ^' I; ' o f - '> % v\> ^ ^ V* vX = u% J o '% w / "* ^C"--* f ^ v* N - "■ THE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK AND (Smk to % Cttg aitir itmtortg NOTICING EVERY POINT OF INTEREST IN THE s COLLEGES CHURCHES MUSEUMS GARDENS HALLS CHAPELS LIBRARIES MEMORIALS ALSO INCLUDING BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND ANECDOTES OF EMINENT MEN, BISHOPS OF OXFORD, NONCONFORMISTS, PRINTING AND NEWSPAPER PRESSES, LOCAL EVENTS, ETC. EDITED BY JAS. J. MOORE: Author of " Three Centuries of Newspaper Life," ♦ PREFACE. " Like an old tale, Which will have matter to rehearse." Shakspeare. k Y little work," Dr. Ingram was wont jocosely to remark, when speaking of his much appreciated " Memorials of Oxford " That " little work" formed three handsome volumes, profusely illustrated. So far as the history of the collegiate foundations and other University build- ings were concerned, it was most exhaustive, and won public praise deservedly. A brief space devoted to city history gave much valuable information. Thirty-three years have elapsed since its publication, during that period Oxford hasVtrebled its size : another College has been opened — a new Museum founded — new Examination Schools are intended, and several Churches and other public buildings have been erected, yet no record of the progress of the University and City has been published — excepting local Guides (necessarily brief in their notice) and the yearly summaries in the local papers. Another " little work" is now placed before the citizens and visitors for approval. It aims at a point somewhat in advance of the acknow- ledged Guide-books : a sketch of the rise of the City and University, with notes on remarkable events, forms the introductory portion ; and whilst giving an account of the numerous buildings in " fair Oxford, with her crown of towers," appropriate biographical sketches and anecdotes are interwoven, to break the monotony of architectural description. It is thought by the editor that these features, more extended than in Dr. Plott's.Natural History of Oxfordshire published 1677. v PREFACE, - - ,-...,,-. .' — _ any similar publication, will give the " little work" a niche in public estimation. In collating the mass of information, the remarks of Dean Swift have formed the foundation : "Abstracts, abridgments, summaries, etc., have the same use with burning-glasses — to collect the diffused rays of wit and learning, and make them point with warmth and quickness upon the reader's imagination." Especial note is called to the summary of the Book Collections in the Bodleian Library, the biographical sketches of the Bishops of Oxford, the History of Nonconformity, the May-Morning Hymn at Magdalen (English and Latin versions), the BoarVHead Carol at Queen's, and the ancient Mallard Song at All Souls'. A carefully-prepared Index is prefixed to the volume, so that immediate reference may be made to any point desired to be known. The utility of such an adjunct to a book, especially one of this nature, wherein so many events are mentioned, is well known. However, it is hoped that our index has not been so minutely constructed as the one of which the following anecdote is related : A searcher after something or the other in a Year-Book of the Law (deeply interesting), in looking through the classified index, came to the Bs. Two-thirds down the fourth column he arrived at the reference—" Best, Mr. Justice, his great mind." Desiring to be better acquainted with that remarkable individual, no doubt famous for his erudition, he turned to the page noted, and there found, " Mr. Justice Best said he had a great mind to commit the witness for prevari- cation." The volume was hastily laid down. And now, quoting Solomon, " The lot is cast into the lap." Cox's Topographical, Historical, Eccleciastical, and Natural History of Oxon., published 1720. INDEX. Stand forth, and relate what you, Like a most careful subject, have collected." SHAKSPEARE. Abbott, Archbishop and the Greek Students, 21 Abbot's, Dr. , Sermon against Abp. Laud, 144 Abendon, Dr. Henry, Warden of Merton, 74 .. Peter de (or Lakyng), Warden of Merton, foundation at Maldon, Surrey, 75 Abercorn, Lord, tried and acquitted for mur- der, 127 Abingdon, Lord, and the Representation of the City, 43 Abingdon, Outrage on the Monks of, 124 . . Union and Oxford Parishes, 11 Abraham, Character of, 88 Account for burning the Martyrs at Oxford, 115 Ackland, Sir John, benefactor to Exeter Coll. 166 Acland, Dr., Regius Professor of Medicine, 90, 158 Acts of the Apostles, in Bodleian Library, 5 Adam de Brom, founder of Oriel College, 80, 81, 85, 128 Adams, Dr., Bishop of Limerick, 176 . , of Magdalen Hall, 109 Adelaide, Queen, at Oxford, 5 Addison, of the ' Spectator,' at Magdalen Col- lege, 136, 137— at Queen's College, 148— Addison's Walk, Magdalen College, 136 Adoration of the Shepherds, by Caracci, 115 Adullam Chapel, Particular Baptist, 45 Affrays between Students and Townsmen, 17, 18, 40, 108, 123, 124, 125, 135, 160 African Instruments and Dresses, 108 Agnes, wife of Sir Thomas White, 194 Agricultural Society, English, founded at Ox- ford, 62, 122. . , Royal, Second Show at Oxford, 63, 202 Alaskie, Albert, Prince of Sirad, at Oxford, 68 Alban Hall, St. , 78— Private Residence of Ro- bertas de Sancto Albano, 79— other pro- prietorships, 79— benefactors 79— Bell-tow- er, 79— Hall and Chapel, 79— Eminent Men : Lenthal, Massinger, Whately, &c. 77, 79. Albano, Robertus de Sancto, 79 Alberic, Aubrey de Vere, title of Earl of Oxford granted to, 4 Albert, Prince, Statue of, 123 Aldate's, St., Church of, 44 ..', Parish of, 11, 44 ; Fire in, 73 Aldine Classics at Corpus Christi College, 69 Aldrich, Dean, 54, 57, 70, 109, 159 Alexander, Dr. , Bishop of Deny and Raphoe, 93- . . Emperor, of Russia at Oxford, 54, 76 .. Lycurgus, Archbishop of Syros, &c, at Ox- ford, 22 Alexander's Visit to "Tomb of Achilles" Latin Poem, by Dean Milman, 93 Alexandra, Princess, at Oxford, 5, 39 Alfred Jewel, in Ashmolean Museum, 108 . . the Great at Oxford, 3, 90, 91, 144, 149, 151 —portrait of, 91— bust of, 152 .. Lodge of Freemasons, City, 160 Allegorical Painting at Merton College, 76 Allied Sovereigns at Oxford, 53, 89, 94 All Saints' Church, Waynflete, monument, 152 All Souls' College, 155— founder of, 155— wages paid at building, 156— Old Quadrangle, 157 —Chapel, Hall, Buttery, and Library, 157— Founder's Salt Cellar, 157 — Drum from. Sedgmoor Field, 157 — Altar-piece, 157— Planetarium, 158— Tripod from Corinth,. 158— New Quadrangle, 158— Mallard Cus- tom and Song, 158-9— Pamphlets published on, 158— Eminent Men of, 158— no studenta- at, 22— Warden of, 23 Allum, Thomas, " the soul and sun of mathe- Almanacks, earliest, 190— Clog, 97, 108— in Bo- dleian Library, 8, 97, 98, 99— in Ashmolean Museum, 108— Oxford, 8, 91, 98, 136, 150, 151, 174, 190— J. M. W. Turner's original designs for, 190— Telugu, 97 Almshouses, Boulter's, St. Clement's, 129 . . Christ Church, founded by Card. Wolsey, 46 . . Stone's, St. Clement's, founder of, 37, 129 Almsmen of St. Bartholomew, 128 Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Eighth Century at Corpus Christi College, 69 Altar-cloth, Exeter College, 166 .. Wadham College, 120 Altar-piece, All Souls' College, 157 ... Corpus Christi College, 69 ... Jesus College. 171 .. Magdalen College, 132 . . Merton College, 74 .. New College, 148 . . Pembroke College, 47 . . Trinity College, 174 First Oxford Guide (Salmon's) published 1743, principally compiled from Dr. Ayliffe. INDEX. Altar-plate, Christ Church, 55 Altar. Roman Catholic Chapel, 127 Altar-tapestry, St. John's College, 196, 197 American Psalters and Tracts, 99 Amphitheatre of Verona, Model of, 103 Amsterdam Hall, 160— Its Sanctuary, 160 Amy Robsart, the murdered Countess of Lei- cester, S7 Anabaptists at Oxford, 13, 15 Anatomical Theatre, Christ Church, 60 Anatomy, first Professor of, 11, 122, 123 . . first Aldrichian Professor of, . . Lee's Lecturer in, 35, "60 . . of Melancholy, Burton's, 31, 91, 92 .. of Wit, Lyly's, 137 Ancient Greek Sculpture, 191 . . History, first Camden Professor of, 30, 168 . . Missals, St. John's College, 197 Anderson, Dr. , Bishop of Rupert's Land, 166 Angel Inn. High Street, 27, 141 Angelo, Michael, 89— characteristics of, 189— etchings hy, 190— Angervyle, Bishop, Richard de Bury, 172 Anglican Convent of Holy Trinity, 203 Anglicanum Directoriuni, 31 Anglo-Saxon, first Professor of, 32, 119 , . Professorship, founder of, 196 . . Manuscript of Genesis, Paraphrase, 69, 95 Annals of St. Paul's, Milman's, 93 . . of the Bodleian Library, 95, 118 Anne, Queen, at Oxford, 4 .. and Queen's College, 145 . . Statue of, at University, 151 Annual Election of Proctors, 24, 25, 113 Ante-chapel, Balliol College, 180 . . Magdalen College, 1 32 . . Oriel College, 82 . . Queen's College, 146 . . St. John's College, 196 . . Trinity College, 174 . . University College, 150 . . St. Edmund Hall, 142 Antinomians at Oxford, 15 Antiquarian Statues, Worcester College, 210 Antiquities of the University, 80 Antiquity Hall, Thomas Hearne at, 143 . . of Oxford, 1 Apocalypse, early specimens of, 97 Apocrypha, Magnificent, Worcester Coll. 210 Apollo Belvidere, Poem of, 93, 123 <. Epicurius, Temple of, 188 . . Lodge of Freemasons, University, 39 Apologia pro Vita Sua, 83 Apostacy, National, Keble's Sermon, 71 Ap Rice, founder of Jesus College, 170 Arabian Nights' Entertainments, Manuscript of, 99 Arabic, first Lord Almoner's Reader of, 18 . . fir3t Laudian Professor of, 20 Archbishops of Canterbury, 11; 12; 19, 21, 58, 65, 72, 77, 104, 1<)6, 113, 115, 117, 118, 124, 125, 129, 131, 141, 144, 155, 158, 182, 195. 197, 198, 199, 201 . . of Dublin, 77, 79, 115, 171 . . of York, 54, 79, 148, 162 Archives of the University, Keeper of, 25, 45 Architypographer, first, of the University, 8 Arms and Crests of Oxford, 3 . . of Archdeacon Clerke, 52 . . Home, Bodley's Mother's family, 96 . . Sir Thomas Bodley, 96 . . the Bishopric of Oxford, 57 . . the University, 24, 96 Aricite, Palsemon and, at Christ Church, 53 Aristotle's Ethics printed at Oxford, 8 Armoury and County Police Station, 32 Arnold, Dr., Master of Rugby School, 83, 181 ... Matthew, Professor of Poetry, 72, 83, 105 Art, first Slade Professor of, 41, 190 Arthur Hall, 110 . . Prince, at Magdalen College, 133 Articles, Thirty-nine, and Theodore Hook, 184 Arts, Marriage of the, at Christ Church, 53 Arundel, Archbishop, and Wicliff, 18 . . Marbles. Collection of, 108 Aryan Dramatic Literature, 152 Ascension Day, Former Custom, 117 Ashhurst, Portrait of W. H., Esq. 33 Ashmole, Elias, founder of Ashmolean Mu> seum, 91, 98, 106, 107— superstition of, 107 —toothache remedies, 107 Ashmolean Museum, 106,108,140— first Keeper*. 43 Asiatic Cholera at Oxford, 6, 56, 128 Assizes held in Town Hall, 43— County Hall, 33* 43— Divinity School, 34,103— Black Assises^ 6 Association, British, at Oxford, 90, 95, 176 Astronomy, first Saville Professor of, 15, 74, 77 Athanasian Creed, principal points in illumi- nated window, St. Peter-in- the-East Church, 144 Athelstan, King, at Oxford, 3 Athena? Oxoniensis, 80, 99, 140 Athens, School of, by Raffael, 190 Atkinson, Sir R. , four times Mayor of Oxford, tomb of, 144. Atlantic Ocean and Mrs. Partington, 118 Atlas and Hercules, figures of, 203 Atterbury, Rev. C. , Curate of St. Mary Magda- lene, killed, 179, 188 Aubrey Manuscripts, 72, 88 Audit Room, City, 43 Augustinian Monks' Monastery, 119 Aula Bovina (Beef Hall), 46 Aulicus Mercurius, printed at Oxford, 9 Aul-Royal, Oriel College, 81 Austin, Noah, executed at Oxford, 34 Ave Maria and Obadiah Walker, 153 Awake, my soul : Morning Hymn, 84 Ayliffe, Dr. , expelled from the University, 16 Ayliffe's History of the University of Oxford, 16,41 B. Babington's Sermon on Amy Robsart, 86 Bachelors of Music, Civil Law. Divinity, Me- dicine, 23— Dress, &c. 28 Bacon, Friar, and Folly Bridge, 28— his Obser- vatory, 28— burial place, 28 Bagf ord and John Bunyan, 142 Bagot, Richard, twenty-ninth Bishop of Ox- ford, 22 Bailey, Old, London, 36 Bailey, St. Peter-le, derivation of name, 36-r Parish Schools, 31— Hussey and Peck buried in old Church of, S3— Church of, 35— old Church falls down, 35 — re-erected, 36 — removal, 35— position of new Church, 37 Balliolium, Magnum, ancient Court of Justice; 36 Balloon Ascent, first in Oxford, 67 Baltimore, first Lord, 177 Bampton Lectures, 50, 79, 87, 176, 211 Banbury and Woodstock Roads, 28, 40 Bancroft, John, seventh Bp. of Oxford, 58, 152 Ayliffe's Ancient and Present State of the University of Oxford published 1714. INDEX, vu Balliol College, 18— Wicliff, Master of, 18— his opinions, 18— New Testament, 18— Bishop of Smyrna educated at, 21— Metrophanes Critopolus, educated at, 21— foundation of College, 177— John de Balliol founder, 177— Procurators, Masters, and Wardens of, 177 •- Liddell and Scott's Greek and Hebrew Lexicon, 177— Rev. B. Jowett, Regius Pro- fessor of Greek, chosen Master, 177— his entry at Balliol, 177— connection with Es- says and Reviews, 178— his other writings, 178— Livings attached to Balliol, 178— num- ber of Members, 178— death of John de Balliol, 178— Statutes of the College, 178— Devorgilla, wife of John de Balliol, carries out the founder's intentions, 178— her death, 179— her likeness in Bodleian Libra- ry, 179— Pope Julius II, authorises new Statutes, 179— Emblem of St. Lawrence's Martyrdom, 179— benefactors, 179 — New College, 179— Fisher's Buildings, 179— Bris- tol Buildings, 180— Chapel, Library, and Hall, 180— rare English Bibles in Library, 180— Savage's Balliolfergus, 180— Fellows' Gardens, 180— Eminent Men: Bishop Tem- ple, Archbishop Manning, Dean Stanley, Right Hon. E. Cardwell, Kyrle— the Man of Ross, Dr. Theophilus Leigh, Dr. Par- sons, &c, 181-184— Part of St. Mary Mag- dalen Church used as a Chapel, 186 Bandinel, Dr. Bulkeley, Bodleian Librarian, 97, 117 . . Public Orator and Bampton Librarian, 171 Bank Fraud and ' Times' Newspaper, 193 Banquets : Allied Sovereigns : Christ Church, 53— Radcliffe Library, 89— Cromwell, Fair- fax, &c, Magdalen College Hall, 133— James I., New College, 114— James II., Bodleian Library, 100— Queen Katharine of Arragon, Merton College, 122 Baptist or Bates' Hall, 42 Baptists in Oxford, 12, 13, 14, 15, 35, 42, 45, 127, 187 Barclay's, Alexander, Ship of Fools, 84 Barnabas, St., Church, 205— its founder and foundation, 205— style of architecture, 205— from whence taken, 206— its baldachino. 206— large metal cross in centre, 206— ritu- alistic service, 206, the tower, 206 Barnes, Barnaby, poet, 93— Bishop Barnes, his father, 93 . . Joseph, University printer, 8 .. of the « Times' newspaper, 110 .. Richard, Principal of Magdalen Hall, 100 Barnham, Benedict, Alderman of London, 79 Bartlett, death of Mr., by falling down the well in the Castle Mound, 32 Bartlett's Flying Coach condemned, 27, 181 Barlow, Bishop, Statue of, 147 Barry, Sir Charles, architect of New Buildings, University College, 152 Barton, Dr. Henry, and whimsical dinner party, 116 . . Holiday, dramatic writer, 53, 177 Basket, Mr. J., lessee of Clarendon printing, 9 Bate, Rev. Henry, founder of the 'Morning Herald,' editor of the ' Morning Post,' and Rector of Bradwell-Juxta-Mare, 148 Bath and Bristol Roads, 29, 40 Bathe, Henry de, Justiciary, tomb of, 56 Bathing-place, Loggerhead, or Parsons' Plea- sure, 126 Batterson, Rev. James Laird, and ritualism, 31 Bathurst, Dr. accident to, 116, 174 — and Dr. Radcliffe, 89— and John Phillips, author of the Splendid Shilling, 173— Epigram, Anne Green, 33 Battle of the Books, Swift's, 111 .. Noun and Verb. 93 Baxter's Glossary of Oxford, 3 Baylis, Dr. Richard, Master of St. John's Col- lege, 196— dismissed by Puritans, 196 — re- stored by Charles II., 196 Bear Inn, Riot at, 135 Beard-shaving custom at New College, 117 Beatrice, Richard, and Quakers' Conventicle, 12 Beauclerc, Henry I. at Oxford, 4, 117, 191 Beaufort, Cardinal, and Henry V. at Queen's College, 147, 148 . . Cardinal, at University College, 152 . . portrait of Duke of, 82 Beaumont Palace, 4, 191 — King John's Carou- sals at, 4— when built, 4, 137, 191— King Richard I. , ' ' Cceur de Lion" and King John, "Lackland," born there, 191, 201, 202— pa- lace destroyed, 4, 138, 191 Beckett, Thomas a, Great Tom named after, 51 — murder of, 55 Beckynton, Bishop of Bath and "Wells, rebus on his name at Lincoln College, 162 Bedell Hall, 34 Beef Hall, (Aula Bovina), 46, 47 Beeston, Dr. Henry, Master of Winchester School, 116 Beke's Inn or Hall. 67 Belgium, visit of Mayor of Oxford to, 10 BelTJnn, 33 . . ^Sir Robert, seized by plague, 6 . . Tower, St. Alban Hall, 79 Belsire, Alexander, first Master of St. John's College, 103, 194 Benedictine folios in Magdalen Library, 134 . . Priory, Abingdon, 41 Bennett, Sir Simon, benefactor to University College, 15 .. Sterndale, D.C.L., 105 Bensington, T. de, executed in Holywell, 140 Benson, Bishop, ordains George "Whitfield, 47 .. Rev. R. Meux, and Cowley district, 127, 128. Berkeley's Monument, Ch. Ch., 54 Berkshire and Buckinghamshire divided from Oxford by the Thames, 26 Bernard, St. WaleriandSt. Thomas' Church, 30 Bernard's, St., College, 19, 36, 156, 193, 195 Besieged, City of Oxford, by William the Con- queror, 6— by Stephen, 7— by Fairfax, 7 Bibles:— first Polyglot Bible, 8— Acts of the Apostles, 7— Bible burning, 27, 40— Stu- dents confined for reading the Bible in Osney Abbey, 30 — Wicliff's translation, 18, 19— Extract from, 19— the "Book and its Story," 19— History of Bible in French, 69— Specimen, prior to Wicliff, 69— ancient Bibles at Merton College, 77— Commentary on Genesis, 83, 97— Metrical Version of the Psalms, 91— Bible translators, 92, 164, 167, 177, 199— Apocalypse, 97— Book of Pro- verbs, 97— Exposition of St. Jerome (Acts of the Apostles), 7,97— Latin Bible, 97— Lu- ther and Melancthon's Bible, 97— Gospels, Latin manuscript, 97, 98— Vinegar, Faust's, Breeches, Socinian, Douay, Pauperum, Wi- cliff's, Cranmer's, Tyndale's, first Scotch, Vulgate. Cromwell's, &c, 98— first Cam- bridge Testament, 100— rare Anglo-Saxon Pointer's Antiquities and Curiosities of the University of Oxford published 1749. VI 11 INDEX. bles, continual :— manuscript of the Evangelists, at Wadham College, 119— rare Hebrew Old Testament, at Bzeter College, 107— Trevisa's Commen- tary OH the Bible, 167— Catyll on the Book of Jol>, 187— Williams' Commentary on the Gospel Narrative, 176— Wicliff s Manuscript of the Evangelists, ISO— Book of "Psalms in Portrait of Charles I., at St. John's Col- lege, 197— Bible Department at University Press, 806— magnificent copies of Old and and New Testaments, with Apocrypha, at Worcester College, 210— Erasmus publishes his Greek New Testament at Oxford, 131 Bible- moths at Christ Church, 13 Bibliotheca, Dr. Tanner's, 148 Bignell's Exhibition at Hart Hall. 110 Billiard Rooms, Merton Street, 77 Bilson, Chaplain of All Souls, and Mallard Dis- putation, 159 Binnv, Dr. Hibbert, Bp. of Nova Scotia, 211 Bird's, Francis, Statue of Wolsey, 52 Birkenhead, Sir John, editor of ' Mercurii Au- lici, S4 Bishop King, the first of Oxford, 30, 46, 55, 56, 58, 208 . . of Shropshire, Thomas Gilbert, 12 Bishopric of Oxford : foundation, 57, 135— Arms of, 57 — number of Benefices.Curacies, Dean- eries, &c, 57— List of Bishops, &c, 58, 59 Bisse's, Dr. , benefaction to Wadham College,119 Black Assize at Oxford, 6 . . Night Festival, Merton College, 78 . . Prince at Balliol, 4 .. Prince, son of Edward III., at Queen's College, 147 Blackmore, Sir R., roval physician, 143 Blackstone, Sir William, 37, 47, 157, 158 Blake, Admiral, 121 Blandy, Miss, 34— her trial and execution, 34, 103 Blandford, Walter, tenth Bishop of Oxford, 58 Blethin, William, Bishop of Llandaff, 37 Bliss, Dr. Philip, editor of Reliquiae Hearniame, 201 Blount, Sir Thomas, executed at Greenditch, 5 Bloxham's, Johu, monument in Merton Cha- peL74 Blucher, Marshal, at Oxford, 53, 106 BoarVhead Custom, Queen's College, 146, 149— the two Carols : Wynken de Worde's and Bodleian, 149— the Boar and the Student at Shotover Forest, 148, 149— the custom formerly more in use, 149— extracts from Aubrey and Hollingshead relating to, 149 Boat Races, 61— first Race between Oxford and Cambridge, 55, 61— List of Crews, 61— Re- maining Races and Winners, 62— Crews, 62 — Procession of Boats, 62 Colours of Flags, 62, 63— first outrigged Eight-oar Race, 66— Oxford and Harvard Race, 56, 62 JJocardo Prison, 39— its former use, 39— Cran- mer, Latimer, and Ridley, confined in, 39, 184— ancient door of, 187— key of, 108 Bodleian Picture Gallery, 101— portraits in, 101— statues in, 45, 101— models in, 101— Guy Faux's Lantern, 101— Death-warrant of Charles I., 101— Henry VIII. Chair, 102— Chair made from " Golden Hind," Drake's ship, 102— pictures damaged in, 100— Rus- sian translation of Dickens' Pickwick Pa- pers, 102— curiosities, &c, 101, 102— times of inspection, 100 Bodleian Library, 94 -in danger of being burnt, 6— its locality, 94— Annals of, 95, 118— first founded by Robert de Lisle, 95— Bishop Cobham's gift, 95 — Duke Humphrey of Gloucester's benefaction, 95— Library da- maged, 95— books and manuscripts burnt and sold, 95— used as a timber yard, 95 — first Librarian and Chaplain, 95— Bodley's birth, entry at Oxford, degrees, employed as a diplomatist, founds and endows the Library, 95— Bodley's death, 96— Station- ers' grant, 96— Copyright Act, 96 — num- ber of books and manuscripts, 96— finished and opened, 96— Arms of Bodley and Home famihes, 96— painted roof, 96— Reading Cells, 96 — East window, 97 — Librarians, 97— treasures in, 97— first book printed in Oxford, 7, 97 — Antony a, Wood's Collection, 98— Ashmole's Collection, 98— Bibles, 97, 98— Bodley's Bell and Chest, 98— Hearne's Note Books, 99, 142 — the Shaksperian Collection, 99— Almanacks, 97, 98, 99 — Maps, early, 98 — Dramatic works, Malone's Collection, 99— Early English Poetry, 99— Coin Collection, 99— Deeds and Charters of Incorporation, 99 — Platter Collection, 99 — Newspapers and Pamphlets, 99— American Psalters and Tracts, 99— Hebrew and Ori- ental Collection, 98, 99 — Churches of France, 100— first Australian book, 100— Romance of Alexander, 100— Miscellaneous Collec- tions, 97, 100— Jews offer to purchase the building, 59, 100 — Paintings damaged by Hawkins the highwayman, 100— Banquet in, 100— Hampden's Ornament, 100 — Books unchained, 100 — times of inspection, 100 — Books printed by Corsellis, Caxton, Rood, Worde, &c, 7, 8— Portrait of Devorgilla, wife of John de Balliol, 178— Sampler Collection, 100 — Camera Bodleiana, 88, 89. Bodleiomnema, rare work at Merton College, 77 Bodley, Sir Thomas, at Merton College, 77 Bodley's Bell and Chest 98 . . Sir Thos. , tomb in Merton Chapel, 74 Bodicote Church, the Earl of Rochester at, 121 Bogan, Zachary, Puritan, benefactor to the city, 79 Bogle, v. Lawson: the great fraud on Glyn's Bank, and the ' Times' paper, 193 Bogo de Clare, Lord of the Manor of Holywell, 140 Bohea-swillers at Oriel College, 82 Bold, Martin, University printer, 8 Bolton, the Puritan Divine, 15 Bonner, Bishop, at Pembroke College, 47 Bonnet, the Oldenburg, 54 Book of Praise, 137 . . the Thames, 3 Borlase, Dr., Biographer of Cromwell, 167 Bosso, Consul or Viceroy of Oxford, 2 Bost, Curious Cocoa-nut Cup of President, at Queen's College, 147 Boswell and Dr. Johnson at Angel Hotel, 141 — at University College, 151 Bosworth Field, Battle of, 68 Botanic Gardens, 139— their founder, 139— used as Jews' burying ground, 139— first Profes- sors attached to, 139— Inigo Jones's gate- way, 140— Antony a Wood's fine, 140— be- nefactions to Gardens, 140— the first gar- dener, 140 Botany, first Professor of, 21 — first Sherardian Professor of, 22 King's Vestiges of Oxford Castle (before and after the Conquest) published 1796. INDEX. IX Botley, highway robberies near, 29 Bottomless Tub, Morning Discourse of, 170 Boulevards of Paris, 28 Boulter's, Cutler, Almshouses, 129 Bovina (Beef) Hall, 46 Boyle, Richard, the Christian Philosopher, 120 Brackenbury, Miss, and Balliol College, 179 Bradford, Jonathan, 84— wrongfully executed, 34— the real murderer, 34— locality of the ' Golden Ball' Inn, 34 Bradley, Rev. E., " Cuthbert Bed e," author of Verdant Green at Oxford, 155 Bradshaw's, Judge, hat, 108 Bradwardine. Cardinal Thomas, Doctor Doc- torum, 77 Brady, Nicholas, versifier of the Psalms, 65 Brasenose College, 17, 90— foundation of, 90— founders, 90— number of members, 90— whence named derived, 90— Orcharde of Syon, 90— gateway, 91— Great Quadrangle, 91— the garden formerly kept, 91— Group of Statuary, 91— Dr. George Clarke, 91— Hall, Library, and Chapel, 91— Metrical Version of Psalms, 91— Nowell's Catechism, 91— Portrait of Alfred the Great, 91— Old French Poem, 91— Busts, 92— Robertson Memorial Window, 92— Sacramental Plate, 92— Illuminated Windows, 92— Monuments in Chapel and Ante-Chapel, 92— original foundation-stone, 92— Ashmole, Elias at, 92, 98, 107 — Eminent Men : Eoxe, Burton, He- ber, Dean Milman, &c, 92, 93 Brasenose Lane, 164 Brass Lectern, at Merton College, 74 Brausenhaus, or Brewery : derivation of name of Brasenose College, 90 Brazen-nose on portal of Brasenose College, 90 Bread Riots in Oxford, 160 Brent, Sir Nathaniel, Vicar-General of Eng- land, 77 Brethren, Plymouth, in Oxford, 15— expulsion from their sect of Mr. Newton, of Exeter College, 169 Brevarium Illerdense, a rare work, 100 Brian Twyne, 3, 25, 37, 45, 69, 72 Brice, Massacre on Feast of Saint, 6 Bridges, John, fourth Bishop of Oxford, 58 Bright, John, Contest with the ' Times,' 110 Brighton Camp ; or, " The Girl I left behind me," 32 Brighton Downs, Encampment of Oxon Militia on, 32, 69,162 Brinon, M. de, author of God save the King, 102 Britannia's Pastorals and their author, 168 British Almanack on Balliol New Building, 179 . . Museum, Cracherode's bequest to, 66 . . Worthies, Lloyd's, 65 Broadgates Hall, 46, 124, 16C, 211 Broad Street, fire in, 6, 75— known as Horse- monger Street, 178, 181 . . Walk, 61— Show Sunday on, 61 Brodie, Sir Benjamin, 137 Brom, Adam de, founder of Oriel College, 80 81, 85, 86, 128 Brown, Dr. John, benefactor to University Col- lege, 150 Brown's, Sir Thomas, Evening Hymn, 48 Browne, author of Britannia's Pastorals, 168 Bruce's Collection of Oriental Manuscripts, 98 Bruly, Henry de, M.P. for Oxford, 10 Brunei, Isambard, the engineer, 183 Bruno Ryves, editor of first English News- paper, 9, 117 Brunswick, Duchess of, often drunk, 142 Buckland Collection of Fossils, 123 Buckland, Dean, and the Stonemasons, 51 — at Corpus College, 72— Reader in Geology, 38, 51 Budder, Dr. John, Principal of Broadgates Hall 211 Bulkeley, Arthur, Bishop of Bangor, 37 Bull-baiting at Headington, 110 Bull, Dr. John, and God Save the Queen, 102 Bullstrode Bridge, Botley Road, 3 Bulteel, Rev. H. B., of Exeter College and St. Ebbe's Church, secedes from Church of England, 14 — preaches remarkable Sermon at St. Mary's, 14, 88— discussion with Dr. Burton, Regius Professor of Divinity, 14— Bishop Bagot revokes license, 14— builds a new Chapel, 14 — preaches in Pembroke Street, 15— tears up the Bishop's missive, 15 Bunting, Rev. Jabez, at Wesleyan Chapel, 14, Bunyan's, John, Study, 142 Burgash, Henry, Bishop of Lincoln, and Oriel College, 81 Burgo, Robert de, first known Proctor, 3, 25 Burgon's Tomb, in Holy Cross Cemetery, Holy- well, 141 Burmese Manuscripts and T dols, 108 Burn, Dr., author of Burn's Justice, 148 Burnell, W. and St. Edniund Hall, 142 Burnet and Joan Boucher, the Kentish Mar- tyr, 185 Burton, Robert, author of Anatomy of Melan- choly, 31, 56, 57, 91, 92 rton Burton, the antiquary, 66, 92 Bury, Richard de, founder of first Oxford Li- brary, Durham College, 172 Busby, Dr. Master of Westminster School, 54 Bust of Rev. F. W. E,obertson, in Picture Gallery of Bodleian Building, 45, 101 Butler, John, twenty-second Bishop of Oxford, 59 Butter, Nathaniel, publisher of first English Newspaper, 9 Byrom, Dr. John, the Jacobite, 200 Byron, Lord, at Christ Church, 65, 153 Bysche, Sir Edward, heraldist, 177 C Caer-Bosso, Oxford known as, 2 . . Memphric— Memphric's City, Oxford, 2 Cain and Abel, Group of Statuary at Brase nose, 91 Calcutta, Bishops of : Turner, 14 ; Heber, 93 140, 141, 143, 157, 158, 1.67 Calendar, John Somers', or Almanack, 91 . . Oxford University, first published, 40 . . Stone, curious, 108 Calixtus III., Pope of Rome, 130 CaMnistic Baptists, 12, 45, 127 . . Methodists, Whitetteld and the, 47 Camden, the antiquary, 47, 66 Camp, Brighton, Oxon Militia at, 32, 162 Campion, Dr., the Jesuit, 195, 200 Camplin, Dr., and Holywell Music Room, 118 Canal, Oxford, 31, 32 Candlemas Eve, fire on, Christ Church, 5. 54, 80 Canonici's Greek, Hebrew, and Latin Manu- scripts, 98 Canterbury, Archbishops of, see A. Canute, King, at Oxford, 3, 5, 205 Capitulation of Oxford to William the Con- queror, 3 Terrae Filius ; or, The Secret History of the University of Oxford, published 1726. INDEX. Capuchin Convent, Rome, 171 Caracci'8 " Butcher's shop," at Ch. Ch., 64 Cardwell, Bight Hon. Edward, MP., 10— re- citea congratulatory Ode to the Duke of Wellington, is> Carey, author of God save the Queen, starved to death, 102 . . Dr. remarkable career of, 211, 212 Carfax Conduit at Nuneham, 41 Carfax : its name, Massacre on St. Scholas- tic's clay. Town and Gown frays, 40— Bible lire at, 27, 40— Effigy of Tom Paine burnt at, Pennyless Bench at, Conduit at, 41 Carleton, George, first Bishop of Llandaff, 143 . . Guy, Bishop of Chichester, 148 ( larlyle, Thomas, on Dr. Johnson, 48 Carol-singing at Merton, 71 — at New. 117 — Magdalen, 139— Queen's, 149 Cartoons of Michael Augelo and Raff ael. 189, 190 Cartwright, W. C, Esq., M.P. for County, 10 Castle-mound, use and date of make, well-room in, fatal accident at, used as a powder ma- gazine, 32 Castle, Oxford, early vestiges of, 31— Maud Crypt, 31— besieged by Stephen, 7, 31, 32— flight of Empress Matilda from, 7, 31 — used as County Gaol, 31— mound at, 32— pano- rama of country from, 32— executions at, 33 Castle, Windsor, architect of, 112 Casts from the Temple of Apollo Epicurus, 190 Catalogue, first, of Bodleian Library, 100 Catch, Smoking, by Dean Aldrich, 57 Catechism, Novell's, at Brasenose, 91 Cathari or Baptists, in 1160, 12, 200 Cathedral of Calcutta, 101 . . Roman Catholic, 11 Catt's Mill, Newhaven, Sussex, broken into by Oxford militia, 32, 163— results of the rob- bery, 32, 164, 165 Causton, Miss Sophia, and John Wesley, 163 Caxston's, Dame Philippa, brass, 187 Caxton, William, Specimens of Printing, 8, 76, 97, 98, 197 Cecil, Rev. Richard, an infidel, enters Queen's College, 148 Cemeteries :— Holy Cross, 141— St. Frideswide's 30— St. Sepulchre's, 205 Centenarians at Oxford, 6, 120, 131, 157-159 Chaining Books at Merton, 76 ; at Brase- nose, 92 Chalgrove Field and John Hampden, 100, 136 Chalice, Ancient, at Trinity College, 175 Chalmers' History of Oxford, 16, 65, 136, 150, 151 Chamber, Star, and '.News of the Present Weeke', 9 Chambers, Sir Robert, Chief Justice of Bom- bay, 152— monument, 151 Chamberlayne's Present State of England, 6 chancellor of University, 24— first named, 1, 21— Duke of Wellington, Earl of Derby, Marquis of Salisbury, 24, 133, 152, 153, 154, 197 Chancellor- Vice, 24— previous title, 24— the earliest-named, 24— prohibition of flying coach, 27, 181— Earl of Pembreke dismissed from, 46, 121— severe struggles with offi- cials of Magdalen Hall, 109 -Court, 104 Chantrey Models, University Galleries, 189, 191 chapels. College, see pp. v., vi. (Ante-Chapels) Chapel for Unattached Students, 86 . . of New Inn Hall, 37 . . Our Lady's, 180 . . St. Catharine's, 186 Chapel, St. Luke's, Radcliffe Infirrnary, curious valuable pictures in, 204 . . St. Thomas's. 186 . . Adullam, Baptist, 14, 15, 45, 88 . . New Road Baptist, 13, 14, 35 . . Strict Baptist, 127 . . Congregationalists, 127, 202, 213 . . Independent, 127, 202, 213 . . Primitive Methodist, 14, 45, 129 . . United Methodist Free Church, 15, 37, 38, 181, 216 . . Wesleyan,first, 37— present chapel, 37— diffi- culties experienced during building, Stu- dents forbidden to enter, visited by Proc- tor at opening, Jabez Bunting and Adam Clarke at, 14 . . Quakers', 15, 37 . . Roman Catholic, St. Ignatius, 126 Chapington's Organ at Magdalen. 132 Characteristics of Angelo and Raffael, 189 Charles I. besieged in Oxford, 4 — escape from, 4, 7—1. II. at Oxford, 4, 9, 21, 136, 145 Charlett, Dr., Master of University College, 144, 176 Charter of Keble College, 124 Chemistry, first Professor of, 27 Cheneto, William, Mayor of Oxford, 10 Chequers Inn— ancient sculpture at, 161 Cherwell, River, 26, 140— its rise, 26— Water- walks of, 126— vale of, 126 Chesse, Game and Playe of the, 8 Chichele Archbishop, founder of All Souls' College : at ^ ew College, 117— at All Souls' College, 155, 156, 157 — his birth and pro- gress, 155, 156 — his death and tomb, 156— founds St. Bernard's College, 192 Chichester. Bishop Rede of, and the Library of Merton College, 76— his Cup at Oriel Col- lege, 83— his benefaction to New College, 115— to Exeter College, 167 Chilmead, the philologist and critic, 137 Chinese Embassy visit Oxford, 185 . . Works, Rolls, and Figures, 100-102 Chipping-Norton, Davis executed for forgery at, 35 Christ bearing His Cross, 107 Christ Church Cathedral and Monastery, 3 — royal personages at, 4, 52, 53, 54— fires at, 5, 6, 54, 80, 88— Dr. Goodwiu, Independent, Dean of, 12— John Wesley at, 13, 50, 66, 163— Charles Wesley at, 66— William Penn, Quaker, at, 15— expelled from, 15, 109— Dr. Turner, an Oxonian, Bishop of Cal- cutta, at, 14— Dr. Woodroffe, Canon, and the Greek students, 21— Head of, 23— Prince of Wales at, 37, 39, 52, 54— Nicholson and his conduit, 41— foundation of, by Wolsey, 49— by Henry VIII. 50— foundation ser- mon, 49— Wolsey's career, 49, 50— downfall and death, number of students, religious movements from, Tom gateway and tower, 50— Great Tom at Osney, 29, 51— at Christ Church, former name and baptism, recast, Corbet and Milton on, Dean Buckland and the masons, Great Quadrangle, 51— Hall, Chronicles of, 52— Allied Sovereigns at, 53, 54— Common Room and Kitchen, 54— grid- iron in, 54— Cathedral, 3, 50, 54, 55, 215— restoration of in 1870, 215— Latin Chapel, 54, 215— illuminated windows, 30, 55, 215 — monuments, 56 215— ancient sculpture, 56 —Christ Church Bells and Dean Aldrich, 54— Dean Aldrich's Smoking Catch, 57— Amhurst's Terra? Filius ; or, The Secret History of the University, published 1754. INDEX. Christ Church, continued : — Bishop Horsley and Dean Jackson's dispu- tation, 57— Bishopric and Lists of Bishops. 58, 59— Chapter House and Cloisters, for- mer Anatomical Theatre, William and the skeleton, New Buildings, 60— Meadow, Broad, and River-side walks, CO, 61— Show Sunday, 61— University boat races, 01, 62— list of. 62— colours of, 62, 63— procession of boats, 62— Peckwater Quadrangle, 63 — Library and Picture Gallery, 63, 64— curi- osities and pictures in, 64— students' revels in 1870— expulsion of John Locke : inter- esting letters, Wolsey's Prayer Book, Mag- dalen May Morning Hymn score,64 —Zodiac Coins of Hindoostan, Canterbury Quadran- gle. 64,65 — Eminent Men : Crabb, Robinson, and Wesley, 66— Pusey, at Christ Church, 50, 57, 65, 83— Examination Schools passed into the hands of Ch. Ch., 94 Christmas King of Misrule at Merton Coll. , 78 — Masque at Trinity, 177 — Masque at St. John's, 199 — Eve Gaudy and Hymn at Magdalen Col- lege, 133, 139 Christian Era, Oxford in existence before, 2 . . Prince, at Oxford, 5, 53 Christianity, Dean Milman's History of Latin,93 Chopping-at-the-Block, University College, 155 Choral Service in Christ Church, 55— in New Coll. 115- Magdalen, 131 — St. John's, 196 . . Society, Oxford, foundation of, 36 Choristers' School, Magdalen, 139 ' Chronicle, St. James,' and demolition of Folly Bridge, 28 . . Oxford, establishment of, 9 Chrysostom, Homilies of, 8 ' Church and State Review,' 83 . . Greek, and Students at Oxford, 21, 22, 183 . . History, Fuller s, 112 . . Irish, disestablishment foreseen, 111 . . Lambeth, burial place of Ashmole, 107 Churches in Oxford, 11 Church, All Saints' 159— St. Edmund of Abing- don's Sermon, 159— fall of spire, 159— foundation of Church, 159— rebuilding of, 159 — restoration of, 160— Dr. Tatham', Tomb in, 159— Alderman Levin's Tomb and Epitaph, 159-60 . . Danesbourne, ancient, 28 . . District, Cowley St. John, 127 . . Holy Trinity : foundation, patronage, 46 . . Holywell : foundation, rebuilt, gallows, and execution of T. de Bensington, 140 . . Longley Memorial, 129 . . New Headington, 216 . . North Hincksey, 216 . . St. Aldate's : foundation, font and altar tomb in, crypt, 44 — Pembroke College Library formerlyin,47 — Bishop of Shropshire buried in, 12 . . St. Barnabas, 205— founder, 205— peculiar- ities of, 205, 206— whence architecture de- rived, large cross in, baldachino in, 206 .. St. Clement's: foundation of old Church, 126, 129— demolished, 126, 129— rebuilt, 126 .. St. Ebbe's: foundation, 44— taken down, re-built, Robertson's, Rev. F. W., curate of, tomb and epitaph at Brighton, 45— me- morial window, Brasenose, 45, 92 — statue in Bodleian Picture Gallery, 45, 101— Bul- teel, Rev. H. B. at, 14, 15, 88 Churches in Oxford, continued : — .. St. Frideswide's, New, Osney Town, 11, 216 . . St. George's, 213 .. St. Giles': foundation, position of Churches dedicated to St. Giles, restoration, tombs, 201 . . St. John Baptist, or Merton Chapel, 73 — The Bells and Tower, 74— Altar-piece and Lectern, 74 — Antony a, Wood's Brass, other monuments, Ante-chapel, part of roof falls, 74— Choir, 75 . . St. John the Baptist, Summertown, 202 . . St, John Evangelist, 128 . . St. Martin-Carfax : panic in, 13— foundation, passage through, ancient font in, students' and townsmen's fights at, illuminated win- dow, 41— City Lectures, Fell's legacy, Shak- speare godfather in, oratorio performed in, Cornish Tom flys from tower of, Wood- man, six times Mayor of Oxford,buried in, 42 . . St. Mary Magdalen : foundation, 186— tombs in, organ, bells, windows, jewel chest, 187 . . St. Mary -Virgin: Dr.Tatham's Discourses at, 14, S7 — Bulteel's Discourse in, 14, 88— John Wesley's in, 66, 88— the Church in early times, tower, windows, music bell, remark- able porch, old Congregation House, Cha- pel for Unattached Students,Cranmer's re- pudiation, 85— John Nixon's tomb and epi- taph, 44, 88— Amy Robsart and Dr. Ba- bington's Sermon, Baptist ref used marriage in, Bampton Lectures and Preachers, 86— Dr. Kettel's Sermon in. Father Newman Vicar of, 87 . . St. Michael's : foundation, 38, renovation, 39 . . St. Paul's, 207 .. St. Peter-in-the-East : foundation, alter- ations, University sermons preached in, bells, crypt, Atkinson's tomb in, Abbot's sermon in, malefactor's execution at, Fair Rosamond and Queen Eleanor, 144 .. St. Peter - le-Bailey, old foundation, 35— its fall, re-erection, whence title derived, 36— two officers, executed for robbery, buried in, 33— Mayor of Oxford buried in, renovation, removal of, 36— where to be re-built, 37 .. SS. Phillip and James.; foundation, beau- tifully decorated, 203 . . St. Thomas', foundation, 30— flooded, 30 — famous men connected with, 31 . . United Methodist Free, 15, 37, 38— old City wall discovered at, 181, 196, 216 Churchmen's Union, 109 Cicero's Officii, rare vellum copy at Corpus Christi, 69 ' Cirencester Gazette, and Oxford Flying- Weekly Journal', 9 Cista, or University Chest, at Corpus Christi, 69 Cistercian Monks, at Oxford, 36, 193 City of Oxford : History of, 1-15— Arms of, 3— entrances to,26 ; Eastern, 27 ; Northern, 28 ; Southern, 28 ; Western, 29— Executions for Treason in, 5 ; for Murder, &c. 33-35— Fires, 5, 73-89— Council Chamber, 43— Gaol, 213 —Gates : East, 141 ; North, 39 ; South, 46 ; West, 35 ; taken down, 138— Hustings of, 43 — Imprisonment- of the Mayor and Corpor- ation for bribery, 43— Massacres in, 6,17,29, 41, 135— Members for, 10— Municipal Pri- vileges of, 10— Newspapers of, 9— Parlia- ments in, 5, 53, 103, 204-13— Pestilence and Plague in, 6— Police Court and Station, 42, Merton's Walks ; or, Oxford Beauties, a Poem, published 1717. Xll INDEX. Citv of Oxford, continued :— ' i;>. 161— Police Forces amalgamated, 43— Population of, 10, 210— Printing in, 7, 105, 106, '207— Public Library, 43 ; visit of Chi- nese Embassy to, 135 — .Religious Sects: Episcopalians, 14: Jews, 14, 216; jSioncon- formists, 12-15 ; Quakers, 12, 15, 37 ; Roman Catholics, 14, 120— Royal Visits to, 4— Sieges, 0, 31, 32, 114-19— Walls, 70, 116,181, . 216— Witenagemotes in, 5. 204, 205 Civil Taw, first Professor of, 5 Clarendon Building, printing in, 9' 106 . . Hotel, 39 .. Laboratory, 123, 124, 215 -Instruments, 124 .. Press, 7, 106,207 Clarendon's. Lord, History of the Rebellion 106— Statue of, 106, ill Clark, Thomas, cook of St. John's College, and his kitchen, 197 Clarke, Dr. Adam, the Commentator, in Ox- ford, 14 . . Dr. George, at Brasenose, 91— at All Souls', 91, 157, 153— at Worcester. 208 .. Rev. Samuel, University Architypographer, 8 Claymond, Dr. John, first President of Corpus Chiisti College, 67, 70 Clayton, Dr. Thomas, first Master of Pembroke College, 46, 47 . . Independent, ejected from Pembroke Col- lege, 12 Clerk of the Council, Queen Elizabeth's, and Oxford, 2 Clerke's illuminated window, Christ Church Hall. 52 dive's, Miss, servant executed, revives, re-ex- ecuted, 33 Clog Almanack, in Bodleian Library, 97 — in Ashmolean, 108 Cloisters of Magdalen College, 134 . . New College, 115 Cobden, Richard, and the ' Times/ 110 Cobham, Bishop, and Bodleian Library, 95 Cockburn, Captain, and the Gentleman High- wayman, 35 Cockerell's C. R., Esq., visit to the Temple of Apollo Epicurus, 188 Coeur de Lion, born at Oxford, 4, 194, 201 — con- firms Municipal privileges, 10 Coffee-house, first in England, 27 Coghan, William, and Sweating Sickness, 6 Cole, Thomas, Independent, ejected from St. Mary Hall, 84 Coleridge, John Duke, M.P., 167 Collectanea, Antony a Wood's, 1, 98— Hearne's, 142— Leland's, 106 Collections in Ashmolean Museum, 107, 108— Bodleian Library,97-100— Bodleian Picture Gallery, 101, 102 — Taylor Buildings and University Galleries, 190, 191— University Museum, 122, 123 Colledge, Stephen, executed for treason, 5, 34 — his cruel sentence, 5 — attempts to procure conviction, 5 College of Physicians, London, 140 . . Library, the first, 172, 175 . . St. George's, 17, 32 . . St. Mary's, 37— when founded, foundation dissolved, Library of, 37 . . Seals : New, 115— Jesus, 171— Balliol, 179 Colleges, Heads of, 23 Colet, Dean of St. Paul's, 19, 137 Collins, author of Ode on the Passions, 137, 148 Cologne, Theodoric Rood, printer from, 7, 8 Commemoration of Founders, 104, 106 Commission of the Peace, first granted to Ox- ford, 128 Committee, Vigilance, at Oxford, 29 Common Law, first Professor of, 21 . . Objects Series of Handbooks, author, 77 . . Sense— Bishop Wilson's Essay on, 143 Commons, House of, and Irish Church, 111 Commoners, dress of, 25 Communion, Holy, Custom, University Col- lege, 155 Companion to Oxford, first Pocket, 193 Congregation House of, 22 Congregational British Schools, 213 . . (Independent) Chapels, 127, 202, 213 . . History of Independency, 18 . . Separation from the Baptists, 15 . . View of Archbishop Sheldon, 176 Conflagrations at Christ Church, 5, 54, 80 Confessor, Edward the, at Oxford, 3 Corners, Dr. restores to life the servant of Miss Clive, 33, 200 Conqueror, William the, at Oxford, 3, 7, 20 Conquest of Quebec— first Newdigate Prize Poem, 106, 121, 154 Consecration of Wadham College, 119 Constantine, Arch, of, 101 Constantinople, Patriarch of, 21 Conversorum, Doinus, for Jewish Converts, 11, 42 Convocation, House of, 22, 103 Cook and Parish, militiamen, shot, 32, 164 Cooke's Copies of Raffael's Cartoons, 191 Cooper, Bishop of Winchester, 137 Corbett, sixth Bishop of Oxford, 58, 162— epi- gram on Great Tom, 51 — on Anne Pope, 173 Corbrygge, Hugh de, first Master of Balliol College, 177 Corn Exchange, 43 . . Market Street, fires in, 6, 79 Corner Hall, 67 Cornish, Dr. , titular Bishop of Tenos, 30 . . Tom leaps from St. Martin's Church, 42 Corporation Stone, Bumping at, 20 . . perambulating the City, 10 Corpus Christi College : foundation, name de- rived. Bishop Fox's bee garden, 67— Fox's birthplace, religious and diplomatic career, munificence of Fox, Hugh Oldham a great contributor, 6S — curiosities in : Cista or University chest, Crozier of founder, Al- dine Classics, History of the Bible in French— Hall, Library, and Chapel, 69— Common Room and Turner's Buildings, 70 —Garden and old City Wall, 70— Eminent Men: Keble, Jewel, Buckland. &c, 71. 72 — Keble's career, 70-72 — his Evening Hymn : its popularity, 71, 72— his * Chris- tian Year,' 71, 72— his farewell Ode to t College, 73— Jewel's farewell, 72— his reten- tive memory, 72 Copyright Act at Bodleian Library, 96 Corsellis' first specimen of Printing, 7, 97 Corsi Marbles in Radcliffe Library, 89 Costard, Joseph, mathematician, 121 Cotswold Hills, rise of the Thames in, 26 Council, Town, &c, 11 County of Oxford, Members for, 10 . . Gaol, 33— executions at, 33-35 Court held at Oxford, 4, 76, 133 . . of King' s Bench, 149— of Common Pleas, SI .. . of the Gentiles, author of, 15 Coryphaeus of the Anabaptists, 15 Catalogue of all the Graduates in Divinity, Law, and Physic, from 1659-1770, published 1772. INDEX. xni Covington, Richard, executed for murder, ske- leton of, 60 Cowley St. John District, 126, 127 Cowleys, the three, 11, 129, 142 Coxe, Rev. H. 0., Bodleian Librarian, 97 Crake, Col. Unton, M.P. for the City, 46 Cranmer's Refutation in St. Mary's Church, 27, 85— in the Bocardo Prison, 39, 184, 185, 187 — at the stake, 20, 185, 191 — sum paid for burning, 185— Cranmer and Henry VIII. 187— Key of Bocardo Prison, 108 Cranstoun, Captain, and Miss Blandy, 34 Crayfish, or river lobster, 27 Creech, editor of Lucretius, 121 Crescy, Battle of, 4 Crests and Arms of Oxford, 3 Crewe, Lord, University benefactor, 164 . . Nathaniel, eleventh Bishop of Oxford, 58 Cricket Ground, Christ Church, 128 . . Match, first Oxford and Cambridge, 45 Cricklade, Robert de, first-named Chancellor, 1 Crisp, Tobias, founder of the Antimonians, 15 Crockford's Clerical Directory, 178 Croker, Mr. and Duke of Wellington, 133 Cromwell at Oxford, 4, 21, 24, 133 . . and Magdalen College Organ, 132 . . Chancellor of University, 21, 24 . . Richard, proclaimed Protector, 191 Cromwell's Artillery in the Parks, 123 . . Watch, 108 Crusade of the Nineteenth Century, 14 Cruttenden, Henry, his Majesty's printer, 9 Crown Inn, Corn Market Street, 39 . . Inn, Magdalen Street, 33 Croziers: Fox's at Corpus, 69— Wykeham's at New, 115— Laud's at St. John's, 199— an- cient in Ashmolean Museum, 108 Crypt School, Gloucester, 47 Culham Lock, Lay executed for attempted murder at, 35 Cumberland, Duke of, at Oxford, 197 Curious Tornado in Oxford, 60 Curse of St. Frideswide, 191 Curtained Cages and Reading Cells at Bodleian Library, 96 Cutler Boulter's Almshouses, 129 Cylindrical Dial at Corpus Christi, 69 Cyr, St. Nuns of, 102 Dalhouise, Lord, annexator of Oude, 65 Dame Partington's Origin, 118 Danes burn Oxford, 5, 78 . . killed and burnt at Oxford, 6, 88 Danvers, Earl of, founder of Botanic Gardens, 139 Darling, Isaac, the Gentleman Highwayman, executed, 34 Davenant, Sir William, and Shakspeare, 32, 142 . . at Lincoln College, 163 . . Charles, Political Economist, at Balliol Col- lege, 113 David, King, Oxford known in time of, 2 Day, John, author of Day's Dial. 84 . . Thos., author of Sandford and Merton, 70 Dean of Christ Church, Dr. Goodwin, 12 Deanery of Christ Church, 23 Deddington, Sir Thomas Pope, founder of Tri- nity College, born at, 72 Deep Hall, 161 Deer Stealing by Students, Shotover, 112, 135 Degory Wheare, first Professor of Ancient History, 30, 168 Delane, Thadeus, editor of the ' Times', 110 Demies' Room, Magdalen College, burnt, 82 Denison, Archdeacon, of Oriel, 83 Denmark, Crown Prince of, at Christ Church, 5, 52, 63 Deo Causa Dei, 77 Derby, Earl of, 24, 65, 153 Derivation of name of Oxford, 2 Designs for the Oxford University Almanack, by J. M. W. Turner, 190 D'Evereux, Walter, funeral sermon, 198 Devorgilla. Lady, 178, 179 Diary of Crabb Robinson, 66 Dictionarium Theologicum, Lincoln, 162 Didan, Viceroy of Oxford, 3 Digby, Sir Ken elm, 211 Dillenius, Dr. John James, 22, 144 Dinner Custom, Merton College, 78 . . Call, New College, 117 Discourse of a Bottomless Tub, 1 70 Dissecting Room, University Museum, 123 District Church, Cowley, 127 Divinity, Doctor of, Robes, &c. , 23 . . first Regius Professor of, 4 — first Margaret Professor of, 12 . . School, 103 — Miss Blandy condemned to death in, 103— Parliament held in, 106 . . System of, remarkable book, 100 Doctor Doctorum, 77 Dodo, head of, in University Museum, 122 Domesday Book, name derived, where kept, 85 D'Oyley, Sir Robert, 6, 28, 32, 140 Dorothy Petre, wife of Nicholas Wadham, 119 Doytee's Collection, given to Bodleian Library, nearly 17,000 volumes, 98 Dover, farmer, robbed near Botley, 29 Dramas in Christ Church Hall, 53, 198 Drogheda, or Drowda Hall, 150 Druidical Temples, Models of, 107 Druids, at Oxford, 2, 43 Dublin, Archbishops of, see A. Duncan's, Dr. , Scagliola picture, St. John's, 197 Ducarel, Andrew and James, 177 Duchess of Brunswick and Thomas Hearne, 142 . . of Oldenburg and her Bonnet, 54 Duckworth, Rev. Robinson, Prince Leopold's tutor, 176 Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester, 152 Dumas, alias Darling, executed at Oxford, 34 Duns Scotus, 77, 78 Dunstan Hall, 46 Duppa, Brian, Dean of Christ Church, 63 Durham, William of, benefactor to University College, 149, 152 Durnford, Right Rev. R., Bishop of Chiches- ter, 136 Dutch Fish Market, painting of, 210 . . Students at Oxford, 160 Eagle Lectern, carved, St. John's, l'J6 Ealing Church, Middlesex. 84 Earl, Bishop, and his Characters, 74 . . of Pembroke, 46, 117, 121 Earldom of Oxford, 3 . . of Sherburne, curious origin of, 200 Early Italian School, paintings of, 191 Earthquake, shocks of, in Oxford, 61 Easter Term. 24 East Gate of city, 141 Eastern entrance to city, 27 Eaton, Byrom, Worcester College, 208 Ebbe's, St. Church, 44 Jeafferson's Annals of Oxford published Dec, 1870. XIV INDEX. Ecclesiastical History, first Professor of, 10 Editor of ' Church and State Review,' 83 .. of ■ Morning Herald,' 14S . . of ' Morning Post,' 14S . . of • Oxford now London ) Gazette,' 9 . . of ' Press', 14S .. of ' Times, ' 110 Edmund II., 5 .. le Eiche, 17. S8, 141 Edward IV at Oxford, 4 . . Prince, forbidden entrance into tile city, 17 . . the Black Prince, 4 . . the Confessor, 3 . . VI. and his Commissioners' ravages, Oxford, 20, 95, 103, 162 Edyngton, Wm. de, Bishop of "Winchester, 113 Effigies, «fec, burnt: Tom Paine's effigy burnt, "41— Hobbes' Leviathan burnt, 64— Milton's Anglicano Defensio, &c. burnt, 58— Col- ledge's entrails burnt, 5— Johanna Meade burnt for poisoning her husband, 34, 89 Egbert, King, 28 Eglesfeld, Robert de, founder of Queen's Col- lege, 145, 147 Egyptian Mummy in Ashmolean Museum, 108 Eighth Commandment— Charles Reade's, 102 Eldon, Lord Chancellor, University College, 152 — his examination for degree, 153 — his mu- nificence to University Galleries, 189 'Electioneering Journal, Oxford,' 9 Electric Telegraph Office, 44 Elegant Villas, 202 Elgin Marbles, models, 101 Elizabeth, Queen, 4, 40, 53, 72, 76 . . a servant, executed, 33— revives, 33 — re-exe- cuted, 33 Elizabeth's, Queen, Watch, 108 Elizabethan Villas, 126 Emerson, R. W., on Oxford, 1, 16, 189 — and his English Traits, 1, 16, 189 Empress Matilda besieged in Oxford Castle, 7, 31, 32— escape from, 7, 31 Encaenia of Founders, 104 England's Josiah— Charles I., 199 English Agricultural Society, 62, 146, 202 . . Kings, historical roll of, 97 Engraved Portraits, Hope Collection of, 89 Entomological Specimens in University Mu- seum, 123 Episcopal Church of Ireland, disestablishment foreseen, 111 Episcopalians, 11. Epigrammatists, The, 48 Erigena, Johannes, tutor of King Alfred, 91 Errors of Romanism, 79 Escape of Charles I. from Oxford, 7 Essays and Reviews, 164, 181 Eternity Tipping, 47 Ethelbald, King, at Oxford, 3 Etheldred IT., 5 Eucharisdcal Hymn to the Trinity, 64, 138 Evangelists, Pour, carved figures of, 69 Eveleigh, Provost, and the Public Examina- tions, 82 Evening Hymns : Sir Thomas Browne's, 48— John Keble's, 71— Bishop Ken's, 84 Every Day Book, Hone's, 186 Ewart's Free Libraries Act, 43 Examination Schools, New, 27, 141 Exchequer, Lord Chief Baron of, seized with plague, at Oxford, 6 Executions for Murder, &c, at Oxford, 33-35 . . for Treason, at Oxford, 5 Exeter College : foundation by Walter de Sta- pledon, his career, murdered, 165— other benefactors, 166— the Chapel and its mag- nificence, 166, 216— the Hall, 166— Library, 1 67 — HebrewTestament and Polyglot Poems in, 167— Library burnt, 5, 81, 167— Dr. Ken- nicot's fig tree, 167— Eminent Men : Bishop Mackarness, &c. 167— Samuel Wesley, a servitor, 167— his letter home, 168— the Wesleyan Hymn Book, 168— Prideaux en- ters as scullion and becomes Rector, 169— the ' Times' issued, 169 Exposition of St. Jerome, 7, 97 Expulsion of John Locke from Ch. Ch., 64 . . of William Penn from Ch. Ch., 15, 66, 109 Exurgat Money. 36 Eyre, Chief Justice, 199 Eyre, the Queen's printer, 83 Faber, Frederic W., gains Newdigate Prize Poem, turns to Romanism, hymns, death. 154 Faith, Fortitude, &c, Sir Joshua Reynolds' de- signs, New College, 114 Family Tomb of Rev. J. W. Burgon, 14 Farrendon. William, first-named Vice- Chan- cellor, 24 Fario ; or, the Italian Wife, tragedy of, 93 Farmer, Antony, and James II., 133 Faux's Lantern, 101 Fell, Bishop John, thirteenth of Oxford, 50, 58 Festivities in Oxford, Free Parliment, 120 Festivity, Shrove Tuesday, Merton College, 73 Fielding's Botanical Collection, 140 Fireproof Gallery, University Galleries, 190 Fires in Oxford : early fires in, 5, 77 — set on fire by the Danes, 5, 78 — the great fire of 1644, 5, 79— at Christ Church, 5, 54, SO— at Exe- ter College, 5, 81, 167— at Magdalen Col- lege, 6, 82, 84— at Magdalen Hall, 6, 85— at Queen's College, 6. S3, 146— at the Post Office, 6, S6— in St. Aldate's Street, 73— in Corn Market Street, 74 — in Broad Street, 75— in St. Ebbe Street, 76— at Saddlers' Arms, Turl Street, 87 — at St. Frideswide's Mo- nastery, 88 — Bodleian Library in great danger from fire, 6, 167 First Catalogue of Bodleian Library, first book from Stationers' grant, first book printed in New South Wales, 100— first New Tes- tament printed at Cambridge, 100 . . editor of ' Morning Herald,' 148 . editor of ' Once-a-Week,' 148 . . Middle-Class Examination, 156 . . Parliament in Oxford, 4 . . Printing Office of the University, 105 . Professors in the University, 4-42 Five-hundredth Anniversary, Oriel College, 82 Five-order Gateway, Bodleian, 94 Flemmyng, Bishop, at University College, 152 founds Lincoln College, 161 — death, 162 . . Robert, author of Lucubrationes Tiburtinav 163 Fletcher and Townley, traitors; 196 . . Elizabeth, the Quakeress, 12 Fletchers, Alderman, gifts, 36, 97, 147, 187 Flora Grteca. 164 . . Oxoniensis, 140, 164 Flying Coach, first to London, 27, 180 . . Bartlett's, prohibited, 27, 181 . . Weekly Journal, Oxford, 9 Font, St. Aldate's Church, 44 Brewer's Topographical and Historical Description of Oxfordshire published 1510. INDEX. xv Font, St. Giles' Church, 201 . . St. Martin's (Carfax) Church, 41 Foot Guards at Oxford, 160 Forte, Mr. W., in Oxford Market, 161 Foote, the wit, at Worcester College, acts Punch in street, interview with Provost of College, 211 Fortuna Virilis, Temple of, model, 101 Fossils, Collection of, 122, 123 Foundation-stone, original of Brasenose, 92 Founder's Oak, Magdalen College, 129, 136 Fox, Bishop, sketch of life, 68— his Bee Garden, 67— his munificence, 68— his death, 68 .. Charles James, M.P., 111 Foxe, John, the Martyrologist, 12, 92, 137 Franciscan Monastery, 28 Free Church, United Methodist, 15, 37, 216 Freemen of the City, 10 French Prisoners at Oxford, 184 . . Verses, volumes of, 64, 91, 210 Frideswide's, St., Sanctuary, 6 —Priory, 35— Church, 216— Cemetery. 30 Frewin Hall, 38, 39, 63 Froude, Antony, historian, 167 . . Hurrell, sacerdotalist, 83 G. Gale, Theophilus, Nonconformist, 15 Gaol, County, 33 . . City, 213 Gardens, Botanic, 139 . . of New College, 116 . . of the Museum, 123 . . of St. John's College, 175 . . of Trinity College, 198 . . of Worcester College, 211 Gates of the City, 35, 39, 46, 138, 141 Gateway, Tom, Ch. Ch., 50 ' Gazette, Cirencester,' 10 . . London, 9 . . Oxford, 9 .. Oxford Literary, 10 . . University, 9 Geographical Dictionary, first, 119 Geological Specimens, 122, 123 Geometry, first Professor of, 14 George III. at Oxford, 4 .. IV. at Oxford, 5, 43, 53, 89 .. Mother, the centenarian, 120 . . Street, destructive fire in, 5, 79 George's, St., Church, 213 German Bible, Luther's, 97 Gibbs, execution of, for arson, 35 Gilbert, Thomas, Bishop of Shropshire, 12 Giles's, St. , Church. 201 Girls' National School, Cowley St. John, 127 Gladstone, Rt.Hon.W.E. at Oxford, 65, 101, 111 Glory to Thee, my God, this night, 44, 84, 117 Gloucester Green, 212 . . Hall, 21, 194, 207, 208 God save the King, origin of phrase, 102 Godly Club, 15 Golden Ball Inn and Jonathan Bradford, 34 Goldwell, Thomas, appointed but not installed second Bishop of Oxford, 48 God's Mercy, Remembrances of, 210 Goodwin, Dr., Independent, Dean of Ch. Ch. 12 Gordon Plots in Oxford, 13 Gospel Doctor, 18 Gospels of the Eleventh Century, 97 .. St. Augustine's, 98 Gough's ( Jollection in the Bodleian, 99 Gown and Town Riots, 17, 29, 40, 41 Grace-Cup Custom, Merton College, 78 . . Magdalen, 137 Grammar School, Christ Church, 60 'Graphic' Illustrations of Oxford, 61, 131 Great Tom, 29, 51 . . Western Railway opened to Oxford, 30, 183— Station, 30, 214 Greek College at Oxford, 21 . . first Regius Professor of, 8 . . Students at Oxford, 21 Greeks and Trojans, 18 Green, Anne, executed and resuscitated at Ox- ford, 33— tracts and poetry written on her, 33— who restored her to life, 200— her after life, 33— Dr, Bathurst's Epigram on, 33 Gregory, David, Regius Professor of Modem History, 18 Grewellers in Oxford, 15, 121 Griffiths', Dr., Pyrographs, 101, 151, 152 Grinlin, Gibbons, carvings by, 147, 151, 174 Grocyn at Oxford, 19, 117 Growth of Printing, 7 Grymbald's Crypt, 144 Guards' Rowing Match to Oxford, 130 Guildford, Earl of, 193 Gulliver's Travels and Dean Swift, 111 Guy Faux's Lantern, 101 Gymnasium, Oxford, 160 Hakwill, Dr. George, author of Divine Provi- dence, 166 Hall, Christ Church, Chronicles of, 53, 198 7} Magdalen College, events in, 133 Hall, Bp. Timothy, fifteenth of Oxford, 15, 58 . . Rev. Pvobert, on the beauty of Oxford, 35 Hall's Book of the Thames, 2 Hallows', All, Church, 150 Hampden, Bishop, and his persecutors, 83 .. John, at Magdalen College, 136 . . Jewel in Bodleian, 100 Hammond's, Dr. , Election to the Headship of Magdalen Hall, 109 Hampton Court Palace, cartoons from, 191 Handel and God save the Queen, 102 .. in the Sheldonian Theatre, 105 Handel's Concerts in Christ Church Hall, 515 Harefoot, Harold, at Oxford, 3, 190 Harris, the Philosopher of Salisbury, 121 Harmony of the Gospels, Lydiutt's, 117 Hart Hall, 110, 165— (see also Hertford Coll.) Harvard and Oxford Boat Race, 56, 62 Harvey, Dr. William, discoverer of the circu- lation of the blood, 77 Hassan, Prince, at Oxford, 5, 54 Hawkins, the highwayman, 100 Haydn's clever Musical Exercise, 105 . . honorary Degree, 105 Haydock, Richard, the sleeping preacher, 117 Headington Hill, Pullen's Tree on, 101, 110, 126 . . Royal Palace at, 4 Heads of Colleges, 23— titles of, 23 . . of Halls, 23— titles of, 23 Healthfulness of Oxford, 2, 6 Hearne, Thomas, 142— his birth, diary, love of antiquities, death, &c. 142— his remark- able prayer, pavement worship at Anti- quity Hall, 143— Hearne, Sub-Librarian at Bodleian, 106, 142 Heathcote, Sir W., 125 Hebdomadal Council, Constitution, 22 Heber, Bp. of Calcutta, 93, 105, 142, 158 Hebrew, first Professor of, 7 Chalmers's History of the University of Oxford and Lives of Founders published 1810. \\1 INDEX. Hebrew. Hr. White, Professor of, 121 Henrietta. Queen. Henry I., 11 . Ill , V.. VIII., at Oxford, 5, 43 111. attempted assassination of, 5 . . Y. Chamber at (Queen's College, 147 • Herald, Morning,' and its founder, 148 . . Oxford and Dissenters, 14 . . University, establishment of, 9 Herculaneum, Theatre of, 101 Hereford, Monk, Bishop of, 121 Hertepol, Huiro de, first Procurator or Master of BAlliol College, 177 Hertford College, early days, purchased by Walter de Stapledon, re-founded by Dr. Newton, became extinct, 110— Dean Swift at, 111 Hester, G, P., Town Clerk, and the Thames, 26 Hieroglyphics at Magdalen College, 134 Highani Ferrers, Northamptonshire, and Arch- bishop Chiehele, 155 High Steward, first of Oxford, 2 .. Street, Oxford, 27— its beauty, 27— events occurring in, 27, 41, 159 . . Street, St. Clement, 128 Hinton, Rev. James, Baptist minister, 13, 14, 35 Historic Doubts respecting Napoleon, 79 Historical Fable of the Oak, 170 History of English Poetry, Wharton's, 175 . . of Nonconformity in Oxford, 12 . . of Oxford, Chalmers', 16, 65, 136, 150, 151 .. of Oxford,Ingram's,32,36.56,60,31, 112,161,167 . . of Oxford, Peshall's, 7, 16, 159 . . of Oxford, Pointer's, 159 . . of Sussex, and Wood's Ancestors, 80 . . of Troy, Caxton's, 97 . . of the Order of the Garter, Ashmole's, 107 . . of the Rebellion, Clarendon's, 106 .. of the Troubles, Monteith's, 100 . of the Twelfth Century, 12 Histriomastix, Prynne's, 83, 84 Hody's, Dr., Exhibitions, Wadham College, 119 Holbein, Hans, 52, 176 Holiday, Barton, dramatic writer, 53, 177 Horley.J". first President.Magdalen College, 131 Holt, Lord Chief-Justice, 84 . . Thomas, architect of the Schools, 94— of Wadham College, 119 Holy Club, 13 .. Cross Cemetery, 141 . . Scriptures, W Bibles . . Trinity Church, 40 . . Well, the, 141 Holywell Church, 140 . . Music Room, 118 Homes, Elizabeth, the Quakeress, 12 Hooker, Bishop, 72 Hooknorton, Thomas, and the Schools, 9 4 Hooper, Bishop, the martyr, 77 Hope Collection of Engraved Portraits, 89 . . Entomological Specimens, 89 . . Birds and Invertebrate Animals, 123 . . Newspapers, 99 Horsley's, Bp., dispute with Dean Jackson, 57 Horticultural Society, Royal Oxfordshire, 175 Hospital of Lovers, the play of, 198 Hough, John, sixteenth Bp of Oxford, 58, 133 Hours, The, 97, 98 How, Josiah, and the Parliament visitors, 174 Howson, Bishop John, fifth of Oxford, 58 Huber, Professor, on Oxford, 1, 26 Hudson, of Hudson's Bay, 197 Hughes, James, Mayor of Oxford, 10 . . Thomas, M.P. for Frome, 83 Hugo, St., of Burgundy, 186 Hulme Exhibitions, 90 Hume, Bp. John, twentieth of Oxford, 58 Humphrey, Duke, and Bodleian Library, 95,103 Hunter, Dr. John, anatomist, 85 Hussey, Captain, executed for highway rob- bery, 33 Hustings of the City, 43— County, 33 Hutchins, Edmund, at Trinity College, 175 Hymn Book, W T esleyan, 66, 168 . . Vigils at Merton College, 78 Hymns, Evening, 48, 71, 84 Hymn us Eucharisticus on Magdalen Tower: original score of, 64, first observance, 97— its foundation, 137 — Latin and English versions, Burgon's Poem on, the May-horn, illustration of the custom, 138 Hythe Bridge Street, 213 .. House, 213 Iconoclastes, Milton's, burnt at Oxford, 58 Ilgerus and Bishop Wllberforce, 59 ' Illustrated London News' — May M orning at Magdalen, 138 II Pensieroso, Milton's, 51 Incorporation of the City, 11 . . of the University, 20 Incurables, Hospital for, 11, 127 Independents or Congregationalists at Oxford, 12, 15, 18, 44, 106, 127, 202, 213 Infallibility, Pope's, Cardinal Manning on, 182 Ingram's Memorials of Oxford, 32, 36, 56, 60, 81, 112, 161, 167, 195 Ingulph, Abbot of England, and the Domesday Book, 85 Institutes of the Laws of England, 117 Ionic Temple, New College, 116 Ireland Professor of Scripture, first, 40 Irvingites at Oxford, 15 Isabella, Queen, and Walter de Stapledon, founder of Exeter College, 165 Isis, River, or Thames, 26 . . Goddess, 26 Ispania, Michael de, 81 Islip, Archbishop, founder of Canterbury Col- lege, 65, 77 Italian books, rare collection, Corpus Christi College, 69 . . School of Painting, 63, 191 Jacob Hall, 11 Jacob's Coffee House, Oxford, first in Eng- land, 27 Jackson, Bishop, twenty-sixth of Oxford, 59 . . Dr. Dean of Ch. Ch. , his dispute with Bishop Horsley, Jackson's statue, 87, 189 James I. at Oxford, 52— the play in Ch. Ch. Hall, 53 — banquet to at New College, 115— in Kent, 173— and sleeping preacher, 117 . . II. at Oxford, 4. 50, 100, 133, 153 . . III. (the Pretender), summary punishment of an adherent of, 41 ..St., Hall, 46 . . Thomas, first Bodleian librarian, 97 Jasper Vase, Siberian, Merton College, 76 Jenny Lind at Oxford, 105, 155 . . Newton's Well, Holywell Green, 141 Jeremy Taylor, author of Holy Living and Dying, 157, 158 Jerome, St., Exposition of Acts of the Apostles, 7,97 Rare Poetical Work— ^Esop in Oxford, published 1709. INDEX. xvn Jersey, Gossipping Guide to, 49 Jerusalem, Knights Hospitallers of St. John, 208 Jesus College— its foundation and founder, 169 a Comical Verse on, Dr. Hoare and his peculiar death, 180— Hall, Library, Chapel, and Bursary, 171— the remarkable Bed Book, in Welsh, large Punch bowl, Queen Elizabeth's portrait, stirrup, &c, 171 — Emi- nent men : Archbishop Usher, &c , 171 Jeune, Dr., Master of Pembroke College, his birthplace, his successive rises, Bishop of Peterborough, death, 48, 49 Jewel, Bishop, at Cb. Ch. , 51 — his migration to Corpus Christi College, his exile and fare- well to the students, 72 — at Merton Col- lege, 77— his retentive memory, &c, 78 Jews' Mount, place of martyrdom, 11, 32 . . Synagogue, 92, 216 Joe Pullen's Tree, 101, 110, 126 John-Baptist, St., Church (Merton Chapel), 73 . . Baptist St. , Church, Summertown, 202 .. Baptist Hall, St.(now Worcester College), 208 . . Davenant of ye Crown Inn, 39 .. Evangelist, St., Church, 128 John's, St. College— foundation and founder of present building, first President, patron- age, number of Fellows and Members, 192 —the ' Times' Scholarship, the great bank forgery and result, 193, St. Bernard's College, previous foundation and founder, dissolution, ruins of gateway, &c, 193-4. St. John's College, earlier life and progress of Sir Thomas White, his contested birth- place, his two wives, his dream, purchases Gloucester Hall, 194— his munificence and death, 195— other benefactors, the College terrace, entrance, first and second quad- rangles, 195— Chapel, altar piece, choral service, monuments, Dr. Rawlinson, the antiquary, and hig brother Thomas (" Tom Folio"), the traitors' heads on Temple Bar, &c, 196— the Hall, 196— the Common Boom, Kitchen, and Library, 197— Laud's Crozier, Walking Stick, Mitre, and Bust ; Portrait of Charles I. , with Book of Psalms, minature portraits of Charles and Queen, Charles II. and his father's portrait ; Caxton's Chaucer, Ancient Missals, Earl of Essex's funeral sermon, with genealogy, &c, 197-8— former curiosities in Library, 198— Royal Festivities and Plays in St. John's and Christ Church Halls, 198— the Gardens, first Guide to Oxford, the Gardens a popular resort, 198— Christmas Masque and Yule-Log Celebration (obsolete), titles of presiding lord of revels, ancient candle socket, 199. Eminent men : Juxon, Laud, Sir James Eyre, &c. , 199-200— Dr. V. Knox and the Surrey Militia, 200— Dr. Petty and the restoration of Anne Green, 200— Petty runs from home to sea, subsequent career, and remarkable origin of the Earldom of Shelburne, 200 — Dr. Coniers and his restoration of Elizabeth the servant, 33, 200— Dr. John Byrom, the famous Jacobite, 200 John's, King, carousals in Beaumont Palace, 4— born at Beaumont Palace, 191, 202— proclaimed King of Ireland at Oxford, 192 John's, St., Mission House, conventual, Cowley St. John 128 Johnson's Typographia— evidence against the reality of Corsellis, 7 Johnson, Dr. Samuel— Ms library, 47— enters and leaves Pembroke College, Carlyle on his life, honorary degrees conferred, he finishes his dictionary, his publisher's grati- fication, his definition of a note of admi- ration, 48— his testimony to Merton Col- lege, 75— Johnson at Kettel Hall, 109— at the Angel Hotel, 141— at University Col- lege, 152— his Vanity of Human Wishes, 117— Mrs. Thrale's letter to, respecting Dr. Leigh, 183 Jonson, Ben, at Ch. Ch., 66 'Journal, Oxford,' date of establishments- its previous title, 9 — extract from, 29 Jowett, Professor— Regius Professor of Greek, appointed Master of Balliol, gains Univer- sity Prizes, 177— earlier writings, contri- butions to Essays and Reviews, translation of Plato's works, 178 Judas Maccabeus performed, Carfax Church,42 Justices, Chief, of India, 152 Juxon, Bishop : his disputed birthplace, his various offices, his own entry on College books, his sermon after execution of Charles I., his death, his burial place, 199 his possession of first English printed book, 7— Rector of St. Giles's Church, 201 Kalabergo executed for murder, 35 Kearsley, William Hulme, Esq., of, and his ^benefaction to Brasenose, 90 Keble College, its foundation, 72, 124— Charter _/ of Incorporation, 'Times' gift, first Prin- cipal, cost of erection, peculiar style. 124— sermon previous to laying the foundation stone, 125— meeting after laying the foun- dation stone, notabilities present, reso- lutions proposed, 125— Hall, Chapel, Li- brary, Undergraduates' Rooms, &c, 125— called the Zebra College, 125 Keble, John — his birthplace, enters College; great success, 70 — his ' Christian Year,' his Evening Hyjnn — Sun of my Soul — its popu- larity, Professor of Poetry, ' Tracts for the Times,' on the Confessional, his death, 71 — wrote Morning and Evening Hymns, 145 — on the martyrdom of Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer, 184 Keble, Joseph, of Jesus and All Souls' Col- leges, clever and quick reporter, 158 Keblewhite, Mary, mother of Sir Thomas White, 194 Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, 43— of Univer- sity Museum, 44— of University Archives, 25,45 Kelpie, Henry, owner of St. Mary Hall, 84 Kemp, Bishop Thomas, and the Bodleian Li- brary, 95 Kenil worth, Scott's foundation of details re- specting Amy Robsart in, 87 Kennicot, Dr. , the eminent Hebraist, 121 Kennicot's, Dr. Fig Tree at Exeter College, 167 Ken's Evening Hymn, 48, 84— Ken at Oriel Col- lege, 84 — at New College, 117 Kent, Earl of, executed for treason at Oxford, 7 .. Baldwin de. Esq., executed for treason at Oxford, 7 Kettel, Dr. Ralph— his Hall, eccentricities, 108 contest with the halberdier, elected Presi- dent of Trinity College, death, 109, 176— curious close to sermon in St. Mary's Church, 88 Wood's Athense Oxoniensis (Records of the University) published 1691. INDEX. Khedive of Egypt, son of, at Oxford, 5, 54 Kilbye, Dr., translator of the Bible, 164 Kim_ ; . Bishop, first of Oxford, 30, 58— last Ab- bot of Osney, 30, 55— view of the Abbey at Ch. Ch., 30, 55— his death and burial place, 5vS— his House in St. Aldate's, 46— Episcopal residence at Worcester College, 208 King of the Schools, Erasmus named, 37 Kind's, Dr. William, heart and epitaph, 84 .. Hall and College of Brasenose, 90 . . Vestiges of Oxford Castle, 31 Kitchen and Gridiron at Ch. Ch., 54 Knox, Dr. Vocesimus, and the Surrey Militia, 200 Knight's, Thomas, Esq., gift of coins, 100 Koran, The, fine old valuable manuscript, 77 Kyrle, the Man of Ross, his characteristics, benevolence, &c, 183 L. Laboratory, Clarendon, cost, style, Theatre, Courts, Galleries, Instruments, &c, 123, 215 Lady Chapel, St. Peter-in-the-East, 144 . . Chapel, Christ Church, 55 Lamb aud Flag Inn, St. Giles's, 201 . . John, Mayor of Oxford, and City Mace, 11 Landor, Walter Savage, his eccentricities, rus- ticated, colonel in the Spanish army, his last works, flys from England, 176 Langbaine, Dr. Gerard, Provost of Queen's College, 144, 148— Epigram on John Sel- den, 108 Lantern of Demosthenes, 101 Latimer, Bishop, in the Bocardo Prison, 39— his martyrdom, his speech to Ridley, his prayer, &c, 184, 185— his sermon on the Virgin Mary, his present to Henry VIII. , 186— his patience at his trial, 192 Latin Chapel, Ch. Ch., 55 . . ExerciseBook— Edward VI. & Elizabeth's, 97 . , Laws translated at Oxford, 3 . . Literature, first Professor, 33 Laud, Archbishop, forwards printing in Ox- ford, 8— Greek Students in time of, 22, 183 — his amanuensis, 84— his Chaplain and St. Mary's Porch, 86— his collection of books, 96 — Dr. Abbot's sermon against, 144 — mu- nificence at St. John's College, 195— relics of, 197 — entertains Charles I. and court, 198— educated at St. John's College, 199— execution of Archbishop, 199— ghost, 197 Lawrence's, St., Church, London, and Balliol College, 178, 179 Lawson, publisher of the London • Times,' pro- secuted for libel, 193 Lay, George, execution of, for attempted mur- der. 35 Lee, Hon. Robert, purchases one of the seats of . the City, 43 Lee's Lecturer in Anatomy. 35, 60 Legge, Bishop Edward, twenty-seventh of Ox- ford. 59 Leicester, Earl of, and Amy Robsart, 87 . . Earl of, patron of early printing. Oxford, 9 . . Earl of, pyrograph of, 152 Leicestershire, historian of, 92 Leigh, Dr., the nonogenarian, chosen Master of Balliol, length of office, inborn wit, &c, 183, 184 Leland on the rise of Oxford, 3— at All Souls', 158 Lenthal, AVilliam, Speaker of the Long Parlia- liament, 79 Lent Term, 24, 61 Leslie, Rev. Charles, and Roman Catholic Cha- pel, 126 Levins, Alderman, his tomb, epitaph, &c. , 160, 161 Leviathan, Hobbes', the infidel, burnt, 64 Lewes, David, first Principal of Jesus College, 170 Library, All Souls', 157 . . Balliol, 180 . . Bodleian, 94-102 . . Brasenose, 91 . . Ch. Ch., 63, 65 . . City Public, 43 . . Corpus Christi, 69 . . Durham College, 172 . . Exeter, 167 .. Jesus, 171 . . Keble, 125 .. Lincoln, 162 .. Magdalen College, 133 .. Magdalen Hall, 110 . . Merton, 77 . . New College, 114 . . Oriel, 82 . . Pembroke, 47 . . Queen's, 146 . . Radcliffe, 87 . . St. John's, 197 . . St. Mary's College, 37 . . Taylor Buildings, 189 . . Trinity, 175 .. University College, 152 . . University Museum, 123 . . Wadham, 119 . . Worcester, 210 Lichfield, Earl of, and the City Lectureships, 42 . . Bishop of, and first University Boat Race, 62 Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon, 177 Lilies, white and yellow water, 17 Lincoln College, founder of, 152, 161— founda- tion of, number of members, Rector, pa- tronage, &c, 161— founder's birthplace, progress, and death, 161— Rotherham, Bi- shop of Lincoln, second founder, Tris- toppe's sermon, Rotherham's high offices, his peculiar foundation, Rotherham, death, 162— Hall, Library, and Chapel, 162— Emi- nent men: John Wesley, James Hervey, Bishop Underhill, &c, 163, 164— John Wes- ley's persecution, his first engagement, with Miss Causton, his marriage with Mrs. Vi- zelle, 163-164 ' Literary Gazette,' Oxford, 10 Littlemore Nunnery, 79 Livingstone, Dr., African Explorer, at Oxford, 71, 105 Llandaff, Bishop Morgan Owen of, S6 Lloyd, Bishop Charies, twenty- eight of Ox- ford, 59 Lobster, River, 27 Locke, John, expulsion from Ch. Ch., inter- esting letters between the Earl of Sunder- land and Bishop of Oxford, 64 Lockhart, John Gibson, and the Hebrew Pro- fessor, 137 Loggerhead, Bathing Place, 126 Logic, first Reader in, 39 Lombard Hall, 11 London and County Bank, 160 . and North Western Parcels Office, 40 .. Dr., commits (perjury, peculiar punishment, 116 Wade's Walks in Oxford and Environs published 181< INDEX, London Flying Coaches to, 27 . . Gazette, establishment of in Oxford, removal to London, ifcc, 9 . . roads to, 27, 30, 40 Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, preaches Ch. Ch. foundation sermon, his text, 49 Longlande, author of Vision of Pierce Plow- man, 84 Longley's, Archbp., Memorial Church, 11, 129 Lord Mayor's View of the Thames, 29 Lovelace, Richard, poet, 211 Lowth, Bp. Robert, twenty-first of Oxford, 59— sermon for Radcliffe Infirmary, 203 Lucas, Samuel, Esq., founder of the 'Press' newspaper, 148 Ludlow, the Republican, 177 Luke's, St., Chapel, 204 Lumley; Sir Ralph, executed for treason, 5 Lunatic Asylum, Littlemore, 128 . . Asylum, Warneford, 128 Lycurgus, Archbishop of Syros, 22 Lydiatt, Rev, Thomas, imprisoned for debt, 117 Lyhert or Le Hart, Walter, architect of St. Mary's Church, 85 Lyly, John, euphuist, author of Anatomy of Wit, 137 M. Macaulay, Lord, on John Wesley, 66 Macbride, Rev. John David, 109, 168 Mackarness, Bishop John Fielder, thirty-first of Oxford, 59— of Merton College, 77— Fel- low of Exeter College, 167 Mackenzie's statue of Venus destroyed, 65 Mackonochie, Rev. Arthur, ritualist, 121, 206 Magdalen Bridge, 129 Magdalen Church, St. Mary, 186 Magdalen College— Wood's quaint description of, 129 — the founder and foundation, 130— number of Presidents, members, entrance, First Court, &c, 131— Chapel and its Ser- vice, Cromw ell and the organ, illuminated windows, tomb of founder's father, Chapel robbed, Ante-Chapel and Hall, scenes in the life of St. Mary Magdalen, 1:32— James II. and President Hough, Duke of Welling- ton and Mr. Croker, Library, 133— banquet to royalty, 133— Cloisters and their hiero- glyphics, 134— Tower and Wolsey, Lord Norrey s and the students. Muniment Room, 135— New Buildings, College Grounds, fall of founder's oak, 136— Eminent Men : Gib- bon, historian ; Lockhart, Colet, Lyly, &c, 137 —College Customs: May Morning Hymn, Physic Benefaction, Christmas Eve Gaudy, 137-139— fire in Demies' room, 6, 82— Tower on fire, 6, 84— Choristers' School, 139 Magdalen Hall, 109— earlier position, the dis- puted right of electing Principal, &c, 109— burnt, 6, 85— removed to present site, 110— Hall and Library, 110— Eminent Men, 110-11 — burnt, 0, 85 Magnet, large, 108 Main, Rev. Robert, Raclcliffe Observer, 48, 203 Maison Carree, Nismes, 101 Mallard Night at All Souls', with the merry old song, 158, 159 Malone's Collection (800) of Dramatic Works, 99 Manchester Grammar School, 179 Manger Hall, 73 Manne, Thomas, Sentenced to life imprison- ment at Osney Abbey, 30— escapes, cap- tured, and burnt in London, 30 Manners makyth Man, 114, 116 Manning, Archbishop, Roman Catholic Church, entry at Balliol, perversion to Rome, on the Infallibility, 182 Manse of St. Mary-the- Virgin- Church, 81, 84 Manuscripts of Lord Herbert, of Cherbury, 171 Marah's Life of Archbishop Juxon, 199 Marburg University, Professor Hliber of, 1, 26 Market, Oxford, 160, sale of a wife in, 161 Markham, Archbishop of York, 54 ' Mark Lane Express,' 122 Marsh, Dr. W., Archbishop of Armagh, Cashel, and Dublin, 79 Marsh's, Archbishop, Oriental Collection, 714 volumes, 99 Martin's, St. Church, 41 Mary Hall, St., founded, Principals, members, dispute as to the election of Principal, Hall, Chapel, 84— Manse of St. Mary-the- Virgin Church, 81, 84— Eminent Men : Dr. J. Hunter, anatomist, Marchamont Need- ham, newspaper editor, his vacillation, death. &c, 85 Mary Hall, St. Mary Magdalen, 178 . . St. .Virgin, Faber's worship of, 154 Mary's, St., Church— St. Scholastica's riot and its penance, 40— early alterations, &c, 85 — Bampton Lectures, 85, 87— Music Bell, Porch, Chapel for Unattached Students, 86— Nixon's epitaph, Amy Robsart, sermon on, &c, 87— Remarkable Preachers and sermons in, 87, 88— Cranmer's recantation r in, 86— Keble foundation sermon in, 125— \ Te Deum in on laying the foundation-stone -J at Wadham, 119— laying-in-state of Lady Elizabeth Powlet, 174 Mary's College, St., extinct foundation of, 37— Erasmus resides at, 37 Mary's reign, Oxford during, 20, 103, 168, 184, 192 Massacres at Oxford, 6 Massinger, Philip, dramatist, 79 Matilda, Empress, besieged in Oxford Castle, 7, 31 — escapes, 31 — confirms grant of St. Giles's Church to Godstow Nunnery, 201 Martyrs' Memorial— model of, 101— the cross in Broad-street, 184— the memorial in St. Giles, 191, 192— the Aisle, St. Mary Mag- dalen Church, 187 Mayor of Oxford Royal Butler at Coronations,10 Meade, Johanna, burnt for poisoning her hus- band, 34, 89 Meadow Walk, Ch. Ch., 60 Mears, Joseph, and first Wesleyan Class-Meet- ing in Oxford, 13, 38 Medicine, first Regius Professor of, 6— first Clinical Professor of, 25— first Aldrichian Professor of, 26 Meditations among the Tombs, Hervey's, 164 Meeting-Houses in Oxford, 12-15 Memorial Church, Longley, 11, 129 . . Windows ; James Morrell's in St. Martin's Church, 42 ; Archdeacon Clerke's in Christ Church. 52 ; Bishop King's in the Cathe- dral, 55 ; Williams' in St. Mary-the-Virgin, 86 ; Robertson's in Brasenose College Cha- pel, 92 Memphric, King, Oxford named after, 2 . . King, killed by wolves, 2, 199 Merchant Taylors' School, London, 193, 194,197 ' Mercurie, English,' the forged newspaper, 9 ' Mercurii :' Aulicus, Rusticus, Britannicus, Pragmaticus, and Politicus, 9, 84, 85, 158 Dr. Ingram's Memorials of Oxford published 1837. \\ INDEX. Merrv Monarch, 121 Morton College— Courts held in, 4— foundation Of and founder. 78— Merton studies at Os- ney Abbey and Manger Hall, death from anaeeideiit, 73— the statutes of the College removed from Maiden to Oxford, number of members, origin of term Postmaster, their services and pay, first Warden, the Reformation, ftc, 75— Hall and remarkable painting, Treasury, and Library, 76— New Buildings and Gardens, 77 — Church of St. .lohn-the-Baptist or College Chapel, 73— Tower. Ante-Chapel and Monuments, 74 — Choir, 75— Eminent Men : John WiclifT, Duns Scotus, Ockham, Antony a, Wood, Jewel, Sir Richard Steele, Dr. William Harvey. &c., 77— Jewel's Memory, first English organ builder, 78 — Customs : Grace Cup, Shrove Tuesday Festivity, Hymn Vi- gils, Christmas King, Black Night, 78 Meteor, remarkable, Oxford, 51 Methodism. Oxford the birthplace of, 13 Methodist Class-Meeting, first in Oxford, 38 . . farmer tried at Assizes for holding Prayer Meeting, 13 . . Free Church, 15, 37, 216 .. Republicans, 37 Methodists, origin of name, 13 Metternich, Prince, at Oxford, 53, 106 Meyrick, Rev. Edmund, benefactor to Jesus College, 170 Michaelmas Term, 24 Michael's, Herman Joseph, Hebrew Collection, 862 manuscripts, 99 . . St. , Church. 38 Midsummer Day, Magdalen College— Bacon and greens, 131 Mildred's St., Lane, 164 Miles, Thomas, burnt at Lewes, Sussex, 80 Militia, Oxon— foundation, 161— at Brighton camp, 32, 162— break out in mutiny, 32, 163— two privates shot, 32, 164— two pri- vates hung, 165— degraded from a royal regiment. 166— sent to Ireland, 167— on garrison duty, 168— coast-guard duty, 169— two privates sentenced to 2,000 lashes, 170 —Tower of London, 171— quelling the Ot- moor riots, 172— suspended for twenty-one years, 173— re-organised, 174, 175— at Corfu during Crimean war, 32, 176— Lieut.-Col. VeUey killed, 178 Milnian, Dean, at Brasenose College, the dis- puted line in his Prize Poem, Professor of Poetry, Bampton Lecturer, a dramatist, History of Latin Church, of the Jews, &c, 93— his death, 94 Milton, John, at Shotover, 51 Milton's Works burnt at Oxford, 58 Mineralogy, first Crown reader in, 37 Minerals, Simmondian Collection of, 123 Minerva's Temple, 101 Mints at Oxford, 3, 36 Minute Hall, 46 Mission House, St. John's, monastic institu- tion, 128 Mission, London Ten Days,' 128 Mitre and Crozier of William of Wykeham,115 . . of Archbishop Laud. 197 Mock Ceremony of Beard Shaving, 117 Mocket, Dr., the Roasted Warden, 158 Montacute, L?dy de, and her munificence to St. Frideswide's Priory, 56 Monteith'a History of the Troubles, 100 Monuments in Oxford Cathedral, 56 Morcar, Danish nobleman assassinated, 6 More, Sir Thomas, at Canterbury College, 65— at St. Mary Hall, 85 Morning Discourse of a Bottomless Tub, 170 . . Herald, its peculiar founder,148 . . Star of the Reformation, 18 Morrell's, Baker, brass in Mary Magdalen Church, 187 Moses Hall, 11 Moss, Bishop Charles, twenty-fifth of Oxford, 59 Mother George of Black Boy Lane, 120 Motto of the City, 3— of the University 24, Mount Pelham and Jews' Mount. 32 Muddiman, Henry, editor of ' Oxford (now Lon- don) Gazette,' 9 Miiller, Max, 158 Municipal Privileges of Oxford, Museum Tradescantianum, 107 . . Ashmolean, 106 . . University, 122 Music, first Professor of, 19 . . School,102 — disputed authorship of God save the Queen, 102 ' Musical Standard' offers a prize for the best setting of Keble's Sun of my Soul, 71 N. Nathaniel Butter, publisher of first English newspaper, 9 Nassau, Bishop Venables of, 167 National Anthem, disputed authorship, 102 . . Apostasy, Keble's Sermon on, 71 Natural Philosophy, first Professor of, 13 Needham, Marchamont, the early newspaper editor, 9, 85, 158 Newby Abbey, John de Balliol's burial-place,173 New College — foundation and founder, mem- bers and patronage, derivation of name, Wykeham's birthplace, the doubt as to his real surname, appointed royal archi- tect, scarcity of labour, empowered to im- press workmen, 112 — Wicliff's jealousy of Wykeham, variances between the Black Prince and John o'Gaunt, Wykeham made Lord High Chancellor of England, im- peached for illegal conduct, deprived of all revenues, the King's death, Wykeham con- ditionally pardoned, regains former posi- tion, purchased the site of New College, his own architect, foundation-stone laid, College finished and opened, death of Wykeham, 113— Entrance-gateway, Great Quadrangle, 113— Tower, Chapel, Illumi- nated windows, organ, 114 — crozier, mitre, sandals. &c, of Wykeham : Ante-chapel, college seals, Cloisters, Hall, and Library, 115 — Gardens, city walls, 116 — Dr. London's perjury, and its punishment; death of Warden Pincke from an accident, the Bird dinner party, 116 — College customs (obsolete): Dinner- call, Ascensi»n-day, beard-shaving, and carol singing, 117 — ■ Eminent Men : Pitt, Grocyn, Sydney Smith, William of Waynflete, 117, 118— Haydock, the Sleeping Preacher, exposed; Thomas Lydiatt, author of the earliest Harmony of the Gospels, 117— origin of the celebrated Dame Partington, 118 Newdigate Prize Poem, 83, 93, 105 106, 121, 140, 141, 143. 146-7-8, 154, 183 New Inn Hall— foundation and founder of, used as a Mint, 36— Eminent Men, 37 Sir John Peshall's History of the City and University published 1773. INDEX. xxi Jfewman and Keble, 70 .. Father, at Oxford, 83, 87 New-road Baptist Chapel, 13, 35 Newspapers of Oxford, 9, 14, 29, 84, 85, 158 Newton, Dr., and Hertford College, 110— re- marks on Trinity Yew Tree Walk. 175 .. Mr , Fellow of Exeter College, expelled from Plymouth brethren for heresy, 161 Nicholson, Dr. William, editor of the Historical Library, 148 . . Otho, and his Conduit, 41 Nine Muses, casts of, 199 Nixon, Alderman John, returned for the city, 10— his school, 44— his tomb and epitaph, 87— death, 90 Noli me Tangere, famous painting at All Souls, 157 Nonconformity in Oxford, Sketch of, 12-15 Nonconformist notions, six students expelled St. Edmund Hall for, 13 Norreys, Lord, and the students' battle, 135 North- Western Railway Terminus, 80— Parcels depot, 40 Northern Lights, splendid display at Oxford,195 Northington, Lord-Chancellor, 199 O. Ockham, William, the subtle, 76— dispute with Duns Scotus, 78- Old Carey, of Worcester College, eccentricities, takes holy orders, first incumbent of St. Paul's, Oxford, translates for Library of the Fathers by Drs. Pusey and Newman, leaves England for Australia, becomes bar- rister and district-judge, reverts to Roman Catholicism, 211, 212 Old Obadiah and his Romish proclivities, 153 Oldest Stone Church in England, 144 Oldham, Hugh, Bishop of Exeter, 68 Oliphant, Mrs. , on John Wesley, 67 Oppenheimer's Hebrew Collection, 500 vols. 99 Opium-eater, De Quincey, the, 211 Orator, Public,when founded and stipend,25,49 Orcharde of Syon, 90 Oriel College— founder and foundation, Pro- vosts, members, and patronage, 80— Adam de Brom's progress, 80— etymology of Col- lege name, Edward II. and Adam de Brom, Bishop Burgash and his machinations, great improvements, 81— Chapel, Hall, and Library, the Bohea-swillers, 82— Capgrove's Commentary on Genesis, Prynne's Works, Baron Leigh's Library, Bishop Rede's Cup, Vasari's picture, 83— the Oriel Conspirators and Bishop Hampden, 83— Eminent Men : Pusey, Newman, Willoerforce, Keble, Deni- son, Froude, Hampden, Whateley, Arnold (of Rugby), Kerr, Sir Walter Raleigh, &c, 83,84 Origin of Gown and Town Rows, 6 Osney Abbey— riot at, 17— students imprisoned in, 27— its position, fame, grandeur, foun- der, Great Tom originally there, 29— Henry III. keeps court at, ussd as a prison, de- molition, last Abbot, ruins, 30— Great Tom at Ch. Ch. 51— Osney bells in the Cathe- dral, 54— Pulpit, &c, from the Abbey, 65 Osney Town, suburbs of Oxford, 29 Otho, the Papal Legate, nearly killed, 17 Outrigged Boat Race, first between Oxford and Cambridge, 66 Otway, Thomas, dramatist, 65 Ouse, River (Thames or Isis), 3 Owen, John, Independent, Dean of Ch. Ch. , 12 Oxford, Castle, 31— events in connection with, 31, 32, 114-120 . . Earldom of, 3, 4 . . House of Industry, 127 . . in the fourteenth century, . . rise of, derivation of name, 1-3— crests and arms of, 3 — royal visitors, 4— Parliaments in, 5, 204-213— executions for treason, 5 — fires, 5— plague, 6— newspapers, 9— popu- lation, 10— religious sects, 11, 15 P. Paine, Tom, effigy of burnt, 41 Palsemon and Arcite, play of, 53 Pallado, the, Inigo Jones' rare work, 210 Pall, Henry VIII., 108 Parent Parliament, the, 10 Pargetted House Front, 36 — removed, 107, 216 Parker, Bishop Samuel, fourteenth of Oxford, 15,58,121, 133 Parker's Printing Offices, 40 . . Psalms, 91 Parkhurst, Dr., tutor of Bishop Jewel, 78 Parish, militiaman, shot, 32, 164 Park Town, 202 Parks, the, 123 Parliamentary Burgesses, 10 Parliaments at Oxford, 5, 53, 103, 204-21S Parliamentum Insanum, Oxford, 212 . . Magnum, Oxford, 211 Parson, the bruising, 148 ParsShs' Pleasure, bathing place, 126 Particular Baptists, 14, 15, 45, 88, 127 Partington, Dame, and the Atlantic Ocean, 118 Pastoral Theology, first Regius Professor of, 9 Patriarch of Greek Catholic Church, 21 Pattison, Rev. Mark, Rector of Lincoln College, writes for Essays and Reviews, 161, 164 Paul, Bishop William, ninth of Oxford, 68 Paul's, St. Church, 207— its first incumbent, 212 — turns to Romanism, 212 Peck, Captain, executed for highwayrebbery,33 Peckwater Hall, 63 Peckwater Quadrangle, Ch. Ch., 63— students make destructive fire in, 65 Pedlar's Bridge, Oxford Canal,' 32 Pembroke College— Independent Pastor ejected from, 12— foundation and founders, mem- bers and Masters, 46— second Master eject- ed, Library, Hall, Chapel, Eternity Tip- ping, 47— Eminent Men: Pym, Camden, Ressyngton, Jeffreys, &c„ 47— Sir Thomas Brown's Evening Hymn, 48— Dr. Johnson— his habits, obliged to leave College, granted honorary degrees, finishes dictionary, falls out with publisher, definition of a note of admiration, the Epigrammatists, 48— Dr. Jeune, Bishop of Peterborough, his brief holding of the See , birthplace, Ac, 48, 49 Penitentiary, Oxford, Holywell, 141 Penn, William, Quaker— expelled Ch. Ch., 15, 66, 109 Pennyfarthing Street, 44 Pennyless Bench, 41 Penyverthing, William, Provost of Oxford, 44 Perilous Hall, 108 Peter-le-Bailey St., Church, 35 . . Schools, 31 Peter's authority in the Church of Rome, Wicliff's view of, 19 Petty, Dr. William, his remarkable career, 200 Pheasant Inn, 202 Rev. W. D. Macray's Annals of the Bodleian Library published 1868 xxn INDEX. Philip and James', SS. Church, 293 PhUippa, Queen, and Queen's College, ,145 . Phillips John, author of Splendid Shilling, 173 Philosophy, Natural, first Professor of, 13 Moral, first Professor of, 16 Experimental, first Professor of, 36 Philpot Mr., Fellow of Worcester College, secedes from the Church of England, em- braces ultra - Calvinistic views, becomes editor of 'Gospel Standard ' death, 15 Physiological Specimens of Ch. Ch., 123 Physic Gardens, 139 Picture Gallery, Bodleian Library, 101 Pillory, Public— position and last exposure, 39 Plague' and Pestilence at Oxford, 6 Pleasure Fair of St. Giles, 23 Pliny's Natural History, 98 Plott Dr , keeper of Ashmolean Museum, 43— his History of Oxfordshire, 194 Pococke's Fisc Tree, Ch. Ch., 56 Dr., the Orientalist, 70 Poetry, first Professor of, 24— founder of, 176 Police Court and Station, 43, 161 Police Forces, Amalgamation of, 43 Political Economy, first Professor of, 29 Pollen's, Rev. J. H., painted roof, Merton Chapel, 73 Polyglot Poems, curious volume, Exeter Col- lege 167 Pope Alexander III, & Gloucester College, 207 . Ann, Corbett's punning lines on, 173 Gregory XI. — malignity to Wieliff, 19 .' .' Sir Thomas, founder of Trinity College, 172 Population of Oxford, 10 Post Office— locality, 44— burnt, 6 Potter, Bishop John, eighteenth of Oxford, 158 Powlet, Lady Elizabeth, laid-in-state in St. Mary's Church, 174— portrait of, 176 Pratt, Thomas, centenarian, 6 •Press' newspaper, establishment and editor of, 148 Primitive Methodists, 14, 45, 129 Price, Hugh, founder of Jesus College, 169 Prideaux, Dr., Hector of Exeter, parish clerk, IQS— enters Exeter College as kitchen me- nial, rapid advancement, becomes Rector of College, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford, Bp. of Worcester, sad reverse in fortune, wants necessaries, death, 169 Printing at Oxford, 10, 40, 105, 106, 207 Printing Office, first University, 105— present establishment, 207 Private Halls, 23 Privileges, Peculiar of Oxford, 10 Privy Council, Ch. Ch. , 103 Proctors, first-named, 3— dress and salaries, 25 —election of, great contest, 113 Professors, first, various Sciences 4-48 Protector of the University, 19 Protestant Joiner, Stephen Colledge, bar- barously executed 5, 34 Provost of Worcester and Foote, 211 Prowitt, Rev. E., and New Road Chapel, 13 Prynne, the republican, 84— his works, 83 Public Examiners, 25 Punch and Foote in Oxford, 211 Purchas, Rev. John, the Ritualist and the first editor of Directorium Anglicanum, 31 Puritans anil Baptists, disputes between, 21 Pusey, Canon, Tractarian, 57, 65, 72, 83, 125 Pyrographs (poker portraits;, 101, 151, 152 Q,. Quakers at Oxford, 12— female Quakers perse- cuted, 12— William Penn expelled Ch. Ch. , 10, 66 109 Quiucey, De, the opium-eater, 211 Queen's College— foundation and founder, Pro- vost, members, patronage, royal benefact- ors, birth and death of the founder, little progress with College, old entrance, 145— serious fire at, dinner of English Agricul- tural Society, Chapel, Hail, and Library; 146— Florentine boar, Henry V. and Car- dinal Beaufort , Buttery, Wacceyl-cup, Emi- nent Men: Black Prince, Henry V., Wi- cliff, , 14S ' rimes, Oxford,' establishment of, 9 Tiptaft, Rev. W., aud experimental doctrine, secedes from Church of England, 15 Titles of University dignitaries, 23, 24, 25 Tomb of founder's father, Magdalen College, 132 Tombes, Coryphaeus of the Anabaptists, 15 Tradescant, John— his Ark of Curiosities— given to Elias Ashmole, 107— Tradescant first gardener at the Botanic Gardens, 140 Tresham.Dr., and "Sweet Mary" (Great Tom,\ 51 Trevisa, John de, 167 Trilleck s Inn or Hall, 36 Trinity College, foundation, 171 — originally Durham College, first Library in the Uni- versity, refoundation by Sir Thomas Pope, birthplace, progress, and death of Pope, members, patronage, 172— punning lines on a descendant, entrance to the College, Pre- sident Bathurst, 173— Quadr ingle. Chapel Tombs, and Hall, 174— Library, Gardens, and Yew Tree Walk, 175— Eminent Men : Bathurst, Kettel, Bamptou (founder of the Lectures , Birkhead (founder of Poetry Pro- fessorship 1 , Walter Savage Landor, 176 — Sir Roundell Palmer, 177 Trinity, Holy, Church, 46 . . Holy, Convent, 203 . . Term, 24 Tubb in the Pillory, 39,70 Turkish Bath, p Turner, Bishop John Matthias, of Calcutta, an Oxonian, 14 -, yf Turner's Buildings, corpus Christi College, 70 . . J. M. W. , Sketches for Oxford Almanacks, and 40 other original drawings, 190 Tyemian's Life of John Wesley, 163 ' Undergraduate,' The, brief issue of, 10 ' Undergraduates' Journal,' establishment of, 9 Underhill, Bishop John, third of Oxford, 58,164 Union Society Rooms— Weekly Debate, Library and its ceiling, 38 United Methodist Free Church, 15, 37, 38, 216 University— earliest annals, expulsion of Dr. Ayliffe 16— Alfred the Great's connection with, birthplace and death, large number of students, St. Scholastica's conflict, Wi- cliff at Balliol, variance with the Pope, 18 progress of the University, 19 — dissolution of religious houses by Henry VIII. , Mary's reign, incorporation of the University, 20 — Cromwell Chancellor, Greek College found- ed. 21 — Constitution of the University ; Houses of Congregation and. Convocation, 22— Heads of Colleges and Halls, Titles, and Degrees,23— Terms, Arms, Chancellor, Vice- Chancellor, Steward, Proctors, 24— Public Orator, Registrar, Public Examiners, &c, 25— Convocation House, Election for Uni- versity Members of Parliament, 103— Vice- Chancellor's Court, Commemoration of founders,104— Honorary Degrees,105— Uni- versity sermons, Bampton Lectures, 87— exempted from tribute to the Pope, 194 University Boat-Races from commencement, 61 — colours of the College and Hall boats, 62, 63 University College — foundation and founder, Alfred the Great probably a benefactor, 149— Masters, members, patronage, bene- factors, Drowda Hall, building of present edifice, statues, 150— Chapel and Hall, 151 — Library, Common Room New Buildings, 152— Eminent Meu : Skirlaw, Sir W. Jones (Dean\ Lords Eldon Walker, 153— Father 1 154— Cuthbert Bede iopping-at-the-Block, Wakening Mallet, 155 Shelley. 152— Stanly and Stowell, Obad Faber and Marie Curious Customs Holy Communion," 1 University Galleries and contents, 189, 190, 191 ' University Herald,' establishment of, 9 University Museum — foundation, design, and cost; large Court and contents, 122 — Li- brary, Theatre, Laboratory, Dissecting- room, Observatory, 23 University Printing Office— first,105— at Claren- don Building, 106— present building, man- ager, Classical and Bible divisions, Machine Room Boiler-house, Type Foundry, Paper Mill, 207 Upton, editor of Shakspeare's Works, 163 Urban V. , Pope, 179 Usher, Archbishop of Armagh. 171 V. Vale of the Cherwell, 126 Velley, Lieut.-Colonel, killed, 179 Vernon Collection of Early English Poetry, 99 Victoria, Queen, at Oxford, 5 Victoria Theatre, 188 Village Surgeon, Teniers, 191 Vives, Louis, author of De Civitate Dei, JO Vizelle, Mrs. , John Wesley's precious wife, 164 Volunteer Review, Oxford, 111 W. Waddington's, Dr., History of Independency, 18 Wadham College — founder and foundation, Wardens, members, patronage, death of founder before commencement of building, his widow carries out his intentions foun- dation-stone laid, Te Deum in St. Mary- the- Virgin Church, Quadrangle, Hal], Li- brary, 119— Chapel, Ante-Chapel, Common Room, Gardens, 120 — Mother George, the centenarian, 120— Boyle, the Christian Phi- losopher, foundation of Royal Society, Warden not allowed to marry at one time, repeal of the law, Warden Wilkins marries Oliver Cromwell's sister, 120— Earl of Ro- chester at Bodicote Church, Dr. Parker and the Grewellers, Dr. White and the Turn- pike-gate-keeper, William Shaw, first Se- cretary of Royal Agricultural Society, 121 Walls, Old City, 70, 116, 181, 216 Walsh, John, executed at Oxford, 5 Walter's, Mr. John, ' Times' gift to Keble Coll., 124 Warden's Chair, New College, 115 Warneford Lunatic Asylum. 128 Water-walks, Magdalen College, 130, 136 . . River Cherwell, 126 Wellington, Duke of, Chancellor. 24, 152— en- ters Christ Church, 65— Ode to, recited by Right Hon. E. Cardwell, 183— entry into Oxford, 133— banquet to in St. John's Col- lege Hall, 197 Skelton's Pietas Oxoniensis, or Records of Oxford Founders, published 1828. INDEX. XXV Wednesbury Mob-poesy, 163 Wesley, Chas., shares credit in rise of Metho- dism, 13— prolific hymn-writer, 66, 168 — notes of his brother's treasonable sermon, 66— his marriage, 164 — his last hymn, 168 Wesley, John— birth and death, foundation of Wesleyan Methodism, his activity, first sermon, 13 — second Wesleyan Chapel opened, 14, 37— first Wesleyan Chapel, Ox- ford, secession of a large body, formation of the Free Methodists, 37— the noted Fly- Sheets, expulsion of Dunn, Everett, and Griffith, New Free Methodist Chapel, 38— the Hymns of the Wesleys, 66— John Wes- ley's sermon in St. Mary-the-Virgin Church, 66, 88— Lord Macaulay on John Wesley, 66 Wesley's mode of life, 66— preaching at Colchester, advice to the people, Mrs. Oli- phant on the lesson Wesley had to teach, 67— Wesley enters Ch. Ch. , 13— elected to Fellowship of Lincoln College, 13,163— per- secution at various places, mob-poesy, Ty- erman's Life of Wesley, number of mini- sters and local preachers at Wesley's death, his journey to America, nearly inveigled into matrimony, conference of Moravian elders, 163— Wesley's unfortunate marriage, his vixen wife, her self-sought divorce, Wesley's wise determination, 164 Wesley, Samuel— enters Exeter Coll. a servitor, 167— his letter home, ordination, progress, gets the living of Epworth, thrown into prison for debt, fire at parsonage, 168 Whately, Archbishop of Dublin, 79, 83, 87 Whipping at the Cart's-Tail, last in Oxford, 41 Whitefield, George, at Pembroke College ordi- nation, slovenly appearance, 47 White, Sir Thomas, founder of St. John's Col- lege, 192-95— his Dream, 194 White's, Dr., brown study, 121 Wilberforce, Bishop Samuel, thirteenth of Ox- ford, 59, 83 Wicliff, John— Two John Wicliffs— The, John Wicliff , birth, progress, and death, his idea of the Church's position, special Papal bulls issued against him, 18 — Wicliff 's view of the false position of the Romish Church, summoned to St. Paul's, his New Testa- ment, extract from, severe persecution of of his followers, curious mistake, 19— Car- dinal Philip Ressyngton a noted follower, 47— Wicliff preaches in Tom Quadrangle, Ch. Ch., 52— the two Wicliffs at Merton, 77— one appointed Warden of Canterbury College, 65— John Wicliff enters Queen's 147— Bishop Flemmyng, a Wicliffian, 152 161— Wycliff at Balliol College, 177 William III. at Oxford, 4 . . of the Anatomical Theatre, 60 . . of Waynflete, 117, 130, 133 . . of Wykeham, 112, 113 Wilmot, John, Earl of Rochester, Wadham College, 120 Windsor Castle and William of Wykeham, 112 Wiseman, Rev. Luke, on John Wesley, 66 Witenagemotes, Saxon, at Oxford, 5, 204, 205 Wolsey, Cardinal, birth, progress, founder of Christ Church, builds Hampton Court Pa- lace, endows Lectureships, takes part with Katharine of Arragon, loses King's favour, pardoned, arrested for treason, death, 49— portrait of, 5 3— Wolsey's kitch- en, Ch. Ch., 54— his supposed tower, Mag- dalen College,134— at Magdalen College,136 Wood, Antony a, on early state of Oxford, 2 — on derivation of Oxford's name, 2— goes by flying coach to London, 27— on Jacob's cof- fee-house, 27— at a public execution, 33 — on prosperity of New-Inn-Hall, 36— on stage plays at Ch. Ch. 53— on Merton bells, 74 — his monument, 74— at Merton as postmas- ter, 77— his residence, 79 — ancestors, his father's first wife's family, two of her rela- tions martyred at Lewes, Antony's birth, father's second wife, Antony's History of the University, threatened with banish- ment if not recanting, recants, death, state of his room, 80— on Mother George, the centenarian, 120— on the beauty of Mag- dalen College, 129— birth and death, 136— Gateway at Botanic Gardens, 140— on first Hall of Balliol College, 180— on the Altars in St. Mary Magdalen Church, 186— onstage plays in St. John's and Ch Ch. Halls, 198 Wood, Rev. J. G., the naturalist, 77 Woodard, Rev. N, of Lancing College, 111 Wooxien Clog Almanacks, 97, 108 Worcester College— known as Gloucester Col- lege, 194, 207— purchased by Sir Thomas White, 194, 208— called St. John-the-Bap- Hall, 194, 208— in much repute, in great decline— purchased by trusses of Sir Tho- mas Cookes, 208— incorporation as Wor- cester College, 208— Provost, members, and patronage, 209 — the magnificent Chapel, 209— valuable illuminated Bible, 210— Hall and Library, 210— Eminent Men : De Quin- cey, Foote, Carey, &c, 211, 212 Wordsworth, Poet-Laureate, 149 Workhouse, Oxford, 127 Wootton, William, first English Organ build- er, 78 Xantippe, John Wesley blessed with a, 164 Young, author of Night Thoughts, 157, 158 Zebra College, the, 125 Zodiac Coins of Hindoostan, at Ch. Ch., 65 Zoology, first Professor of, 42, 137 Zouch, James, monument to, 56 Zurich, Bishop Jewel in exile at, 78 Zwinglian, Bishop Jewel a, 78 Oxford University Calendar first published, 1809— Ten- Year Book, 1863. THE TWO JOURNEYS. Endeavours ever come too short of our desires.''— Shakspbare. The following sketches of two journeys to and from the metropolis — . by Coach in the seventeenth century, and by Rail in the nineteenth century, will interest both visitor and citizen. THE FIRST FLYING COACH FROM OXFORD TO LONDON. ONDAY, April 26th, 1669, was a stirring morning in Oxford. As the early light dawned, "Gown and Town" were pressing, with eager steps and eager looks, into the High Street. Even the University authorities were awakened from their morning slumber. What was the cause ? Oxford, within the memory of middle-aged men, had witnessed more than one stirring scene. Along this same High Street, in 1642, Charles I. rode from the fight at Edgehill, with his two young sons and his nephews (Maurice and fiery Rupert), and the banners that had been borne away — but not in triumph — and his red coats following. All the bells rang out their loudest peals, and hooded dignitaries knelt humbly before His Majesty, offering not only their lives and their fortunes, as the modern phrase goes, but their cherished stores of college-plate— soon afterwards unceremoniously taken, and melted down, with scarcely a word of thanks from the ' ' Lord's anointed." Then that fatal Midsummer-day, 1646, when the garrison of Oxford marched out, and welcomed by no glad cheers, nor sweet chimes, the gallant Parliament troopers, heralded by the peremptory blasts of the trumpet, as they passed along on their noble grey chargers — ''hell broke loose," as Antony a Wood amiably remarks, but to whom the term "pioneers of free- dom" would more aptly apply. But it was neither the triumph nor downfal of Church or King that now summoned the early multitude into the High Street : it was, — carefully noted down in Antony's diary, as the most impor- tant event of the half-year, ' ' The first day that the flying coach went from Oxford to London in one day !" Stage coaches— lumbering, wearying wagon- like vehicles— had long been iu vogue ; and in one of these Antony a Wood himself had paid his first visit to London two years before, jogging along the not well-levelled road at the rate of two or three miles an hour. It was no wonder that all Oxford was in a fever of excitement ; a journey of two days crowded, and cantered, and galloped into one day ! Fifty-five miles between sunrise and sunset ! What incredible swiftness ! Would that a picture of this wondrous machine had been preserved ; although, from representations of later specimens, we can make a picture of it for ourselves, as it stood at the Severe Frost iu Oxford, Sheep roasted on the River Thames. January, 1871. FROM OXFORD TO LONDON BY COACH. xxvii door of the tavern, over against All Souls' College, on that eventful morning. A huge wooden box, covered with leather, not much unlike the Lord Mayor's state coach, minus the painting, the gilding, and the carvings ; with greater length of axletree, the wheels seeming to run away from the coach, and the coach-box a veritable box, filled with ropes, and spare traces, and hammer, and screw-drivers, and nails — contingencies of a journey to London with several breaks-down by the way. The coach was intended to carry six, the usual number. A boot for luggage, not unlike a lilliputian sentry-box, was placed on each side, near the door : additional passengers, whose proportions were limited, found a not very comfortable ride to town in these appendages when the vehicle could convey them in no other manner. Master Antony a Wood, carefully attired, took his seat on the coach a few minutes before six o'clock on that April morn. His destination, in common with the five other intrepid spirits who accompanied him, was London. His mission to consult the Cottonian manuscripts, for Antony's desire, be it remembered, was intense to gratify that peculiar worship of his life, and no reasonable pilgrimage was deemed too much by him, if he gained but brief information. Antony's com- panions on this noteworthy visit to " famous London town" were Counsellor Halloway of Oxford (who became a judge shortly after), and four members of the University. Precisely as the musical chimes of St . Mary-the-Virgin an- nounced the hour of six, the notified hour of departure, expressly by the Vice- Chancellor's permit, the whip was gently applied to the restive horses, who moved proudly down 'the High' withntheir burden, watched by the admiring citizens, wondering whether the goal of the adventurous travellers would be safely reached. Through the East Gate of the city, past Magdalen College, over the crazy old structure, dignified with the name of bridge, then crossing the Cherwell (the present bridge being built just a century after), up f China Lane,' and thence through the royal domain of Headington by tor- tuous ways, went the ' flying coach,' reaching Wheatley shortly before eight. Thame, Wycombe, Beaconstield (where weary wagoners and still more weary passengers were wont to take their night's rest, when two days were occupied in the journey), and Uxbridge were passed by mid-day. And now refresh- ment was indulged in, and gaping rustics stared, and w r ondered, and grimaced at each other, examined the coach, and then retired as wise as they came, for our predecessors possessed but knowledge on the limited principle. Again the tHe coach and passengers departed : Tyburn Tree, the end of short and merry lives, shrived often at the rope's-end, was passed, the banqueting-house of the Mayor (who here indulged in spiced cake and cooling ale, after hare hunting in Marylebone fields) left in the rear, and then into the Haymarket— busy, bustling Haymarket —full of hostels, old-fashioned and dingy, with numerous wagons, filled with hay, at their doors, waiting for the morrow's market. And here Master Wood descended, after a journey of thirteen hours for fifty- five miles, safely, but very tired. Wood's account of a coach-journey to London is the first recorded, but it cannot be supposed that the Oxford coach pioneered the way, for the University authorities were not at all dis- posed to allow innovations without their sanction . The fare from Oxford to London was ten shillings, exclusive of fees to coachman, guard, etc. The experiment was perfectly successful. (See also pp. 27, 141.) FIRST LOCOMOTIVE FROM LONDON TO OXFORD. JMriOND AY, June 10, 1844, exactly a century and three quarters from the year of grace 1669, and again was Oxford in a state of delirium— the Magdalen College Tower struck and severely injured by lightning, 1832 and 1844. XXV111 FROM LONDON TO OXFORD BY RAIL. delirium of pleasure. It was indeed a red-letter day in Oxonian annals. From this day it was to be possible to travel from Oxford to London, or vice versa, in ninety minutes— a remarkable change from the first flying coach : an accelerated pace. People who had heard of " Stephenson's devil" by re- pute, but who had not witnessed the monster, nor the marvels of the steam revolution then already accomplished, poured by hundreds into the classic city from east and west, and north and south. Invasion had taken place ; but not one trace of panic was to be seen : glee had apparently usurped sad- ness—smiling faces and pleasant conversation prevailed. Amid the bustle and din a few phrases caught the ear— " Paddington,"—" Oxford,"— " Brunei," " Stephenson," — " Great Western." These were the principal ejaculations, and from these it was to be gleaned that the Great Western Railway was to be opened direct from London to Oxford that day, and that the journey of sixty- three miles henceforth would be accomplished in less than two hours. Now the surprise and energetic remarks of the citizens and villagers could be understood. The wisdom of the senators of the "University in planning opposition to the progress of the railway had failed, for no permit had been granted from the Vice- Chancellor — the permit of Parliament being deemed sufficient, and Oxford had gained the advantage . Carfax was the rendezvous of the people on the June morn of 1844, and from thence they wended their way down St. Aldate, past Wolsey's ambitious foundation (although handed to posterity by ' bluff King Hal, of blessed memory'), Christ Church ; pass- ing on, Folly Bridge was reached (rendered noticeable by Friar Bacon's connection with the previous bridge, from the pharos of which he ' studied the stars') and a few steps brought the sight-seers to the locale of the railway terminus in Hincksey Fields, for the present station and the continuation of the line through Oxford to Wales were things of the future, and hardly dreamt of. Surely broad-gauge Brunei was equally liable to trial for witch- craft as worthy Friar Bacon, who was arraigned in days of yore by our mad townsmen and their no less mad but more base confreres of the University Schools. Bacon very narrowly escaped the ordeal of fire for his gambols in the company of his Satanic highness, whilst they were experimenting as to the usefulness of gunpowder to mankind ! Probably Mr. Brunei had but slight, if any knowledge of the Friar's narrow escape from the unsought flames — had he known it — he might not have been so venturous in approaching Oxford. Shortly before ten Paddington was left behind by the train destined for the cloistered shades of Oxford ; Ealing, Hanwell and Reading were passed by — Pangbourne and Goring lapsed into distance, and Didcot — fifty-three miles — was reached in one hour and eight minutes : one minute and a-quarter per mile — certainly a slight improvement on Wood's journey of thirteen hours. And now to Oxford : a trifle slower, but equally as sure, the train came gasping, and panting, and shining with heat ; doing the nine miles and a- quarter rather under the half-hour. And here the directors and their friends descended, after their journey by weird agency, safe and sound. General Pasley, the Government Inspector of Railways, was the honoured guest of day, accompanied by Lord Barrington, Lord Ingestre ; Mr. Brunei, engineer of the line ; Mr. Saunders, secretary of the line, etc. Lunch was laid at the Angel Hotel for upwards of fifty. The branch-line was minutely inspected after lunch by the General, and declared safe. It was opened to the public on Wednesday, June 12, 1844. The second line to London (North- Western), via Bletchley, seventy-eight miles, was opened in May, 1851 ; the third route to London (Great Western) via Wycombe, 63| miles, was opened in 1864. The Rev. George Granville Bradley appointed Master of University College, Dec. 8, 1870. | ; fce Ijistoriijal laraltoft and |)tml« to Ijifuri "I pray you let us satisfy our eyes With the memorials and things of fame That do renown this city."— Shakspeare. F we digress from the well-trodden path of works illustrative of Ancient and Modern Oxford, and desire to make the present pub- lication alike valuable to the stranger and the citizen, it shall be our endeavour to supply, as concisely as possible, under heads relating to each particular subject, facts and data, no less inter- esting as a record of early history than as an instructive medium for visitors to our famous City and University in the present day. Citizens of all nationalities are unanimous in their recognition of the architectural beauty and picturesque situation of the " City of Palaces" in the " Vale of Streams." Our introduction therefore shall be made by a selection from a few personal recollections. Professor Hiiber, of Marburg University, writes, in his " History of English Universities," that " In the midst rises a mass of mighty buildings, the general character of which varies between convent, palace, and castle. The principal masses consist of the colleges, the university buildings, and the city churches ; and, by the side of these, the city itself is lost on dis- tant view. Each of the larger and more ancient colleges looks a separate whole : an entire town — whose walls and monuments proclaim the growth of many centuries. In fact, every college is, in itself, a sort of chronicle of the history of art in England, and more especially of architecture. He who can be proof against the strong emotions which the whole aspect and genius of the place tends to inspire, must be dull, thoughtless, uneducated, or of very per- verted views." Dean Stanley (Ch. Ch.), of Westminster, speaks of Oxford as "a mass of towers, pinnacles, and spires, rising in the bosom of a valley : dark and ancient edifices clustered together, in forms full of richness and beauty." A tourist, versed in the architectural splendours of continental cities, observes that, "With the exception of Florence, Genoa, Rome, and Venice, Oxford will find few rivals. So grand, and yet so varied, are the numerous groups of towers, turrets, and spires, that the beholder becomes wrapt in admiration." Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American professor, notes Oxford as "the link of England to the learned of Europe ;" and describes the city and university as being "on every side redolent of age and authority." These graphic testimonies to "Oxenforde's beauty" we deem sufficient. The Rise of Oxford. — Authorities give many diverse statements of the earliest periods in the city's history. Most have been accounted fabulous. The Rev. Sir John Peshall, in his " Antient and Present State of the City of Oxford " (published in 1773), quotes a number of references from Antony a Wood's 'Collectanea, 'giving the authorities from whence the information was derived. One statement will excite astonishment and perhaps unbelief, viz. , First-named Chancellor of the University : Eobert de Cricklade (or Canutus), A.D., 1159. OXFORD IN EARLY AGES. that " In genealogical tables, Oxford stands in that era of time when David was King of Judea, 38 years before the erection of Solomon's temple, and 298 years antecedent to the building of Rome !" Dr. Rawlinson places the founda- tion of the city in a.m. 2954, or 1009 years before the birth of Christ, in the fifth year of the reign of King Memphric. Antony a Wood; the quaint anti- quary, and author of the "Athense Oxoniensis, " records that "It is evident, from a variety of authors, that Memphric, King of the Britons, 1009 years before the birth of Christ, first laid the foundation of our city and gave it his own name— Caer-Memphric" (Memphric's City). Oxford is also described as " Memphritir, on the river Temes." Another authority relates that King Memphric perished, it is supposed, at Woolvercote, a village two miles to the north of Oxford, having been attacked by wolves, whilst engaged in hunting. A work, entitled "Diversorum Privilegiorum Staiutorum et Memorabilium Almas Universitatis," in the Bodleian Library, presented thereto by Mr. T. Allen, antiquary, mentions Oxford as early as the days of Brutus, under the name of Municipium, implying a city with laws and customs for its own govern- ment. Ancient Britons called it Byd-ychin, a 'ford,' it being approached at so many points by those river-cros&ings. The Latin race named Oxford Bello- situm, and at other times Beaumond, both titles referring to the salubrious and pleasant position of the city, which Daniel Rogers, Clerk of the Council, in Elizabeth's reign, thus eulogises : — " He that hath Oxford seen, for beauty, grace, And healthiness, ne'er saw a better place." Claudius Ptolemaus, an Alexandrian, speaks of it, in a.d. 170, as Cavela, vulgo Oxonia. Emerson, in his "English Traits," observes that "Its foundations date even from Arthur, for the Pheryllt (governing body) of the Druids had a seminary there." In the same reign Bosso was consul, or viceroy of the city, hence it was sometimes called Caer-Bosso. Cyprian names the city Oxfort. Paul Appian, in the ninth century, only mentions three noted cities in the island, placing Oxford second, thus : Canterbury, Oxford, London. Sherif ol Edrifi, an Arabian geographer ■• of the thirteenth century, records its name as Ozefurd. Mr. Lhwyd, the Welsh antiquary (of Brasenose College), remarks, " It is unknown what names Oxford hath borne, on account of its very great antiquity." Baxter's " Glossary of Oxford" (page 19), published 1719, says, " Between the years a.d. 50-84 it suffered a most terrible downfall. The once-renowned city was reduced to the form of a little village, and had nothing, as it were, left of it but its name of Ryd-ychin, and serving as a ford for oxen to cross over." Leland derives the name of the city from Ouse-na- ford, from its situation near a ford over the Ouse at Osney : Ouse being the name by which the river Thames (or Isis) was formerly known. The German word Ochsenfurt (from the river Oder), a ford for oxen, has been thought by a few authorities to furnish a key to the derivation of the name : a town on the river Main, below Wurzburg, Bavaria, being similarly designated. Un- doubtedly the name of Oxford was derived from the " ox-fords" surrounding the city ; the special ford being either at Binsey (to the north-west) cr North Hincksey, formerly known as Hengessey (to the south-west of Osney). Antony a Wood takes the latter as the most probable. Both fords are still in existence. About midway between these two fords, on the Botley Road, is a bridge called Bullstrode, doubtless arising from oxen crossing another ford by which the city was approached through meadows in that direction. The bridge is but just over a century old. Other fords crossed the river Cherwell at the eastern endof the city, and Avere "principally used," says Mr. S. C. Hall, in First-named Seneschallm (High Steward) of the University: John Norreys, Esq., 1466. OXFORD IN EARLY AGES. that interesting volume, " The Book of the Thames," " as fords for the cattle of the king to cross over into the luxuriant meadows surrounding the city. " In a.d. 449 the Saxons invaded Oxford, committing extensive ravages, and laying the city almost in ruins. Vortigern, an ancient British king, restored the place to somewhat of its former position, and resided within its walls for a lengthened period. In 727 Didan was viceroy of Oxford, under Ethelbald, King of Mercia. Ethelbald frequented the city during his reign, and caused many hostels (halls or dwelling-places) to he built for the use of the students then commencing to assemble at the schools gaining repute throughout England . Ross (of Warwick), Brian Twyne, Leland, and Wood concur in placing the rise of the city and university, as places of fame, about the era of Ethelbald, a.d. 730. In that year Didan founded the monastery of St. Frideswdde for his daughter and twelve nuns of noble birth. Frideswide was the prioress of the institution bearing her name. The church of the monastery was dedicated to St. Mary and All Saints. The assigned locality of the monastery and its church was upon or near the site of the present cathedral. Frideswide died in 740, and was buried within the monastery church. Didan and his wife Saxfrida were likewise interred in the same building. In 886 Alfred the Great with his sons took up their abode in Oxford, and from this period both city and university rose in estimation and importance. Alfred established a Royal Mint in the city, and a coin is preserved of his mintage in the Ashmolean Museum. Athelstan, who ascended the throne in 924, added a second mint, and money continued to be coined in the city, more or less, down to the days of Edward IV. During the siege of the city in the jreign of Charles I. New Inn Hall was temporarily converted into a mint^ and a large portion of the plate, jewels, &c, of the colleges and private persons, given voluntarily, were converted into coin to meet the king's necessities. King Edmund II. was killed at Oxford on Nov. 20, 1016. Canute, in 1022, ordered the translation of the laws of Edward into Latin, and made them binding on his subjects. Harold Harefoot, who succeeded to the English throne in 1036, was crowned at Oxford, probably in the church attached to St. Frideswide's monastery. After a brief reign of three years, he died at Oxford in 1039 : some authorities state he was murdered. His body was interred in Westmin- ster Abbey. In the reign of Edward the Confessor (1041- Q6) Oxford flourished exceedingly. In 1067 the city, after a short siege, capitulated to William the Conqueror (see Sieges). The Arms of Oxford are emblematical of the city's name, forming a rebus— an ' ox crossing a ford. ' These arms were confirmed to the city in 1574, by R. Lee, portcullis, on his armorial visitation of Oxfordshire. The Oxford arms are, Argent an Ox gules, armed and unguled Or, passing over a ford of water in base, proper. The Crest is a demi-lion rampant, powdered with fleur-de-lis, Or, holding between his paws a rose Argent, and gules, crested Or. Supporters: On the dexter, an elephant, ermine — eared, collared, and lined Argent — armed Or ; on the sinister, a beaver proper — ducally collared and lined Or. Motto: " Fortis est Veritas." There are two coats of arms men- tioned previously. One was granted to the city about a.d. 885 viz. , A field azure, a bible with seven seals appendant thereto, opened (at the commence- ment of St. John's Gospel, "In the beginning was the Word," &c), betwixt three crowns. The other arms, mentioned by Hearne, the antiquary, at one period sub-librarian at the Bodleian, represented the castle in the centre, with the entrance-bridge and moat. This is the official seal of the Sheriffs of Oxon. Oxford has given the title of Earl to three families for above 800 years. The First-named Proctors ; Eoger de Plumpton, Henry de Godfrey, and Robert de Burgo, 1267. ROYAL VISITS TO OXFORD. title was first borne by Sweyne, eldest son of Godwyn, Earl of Kent. It was bestowed on him by King Harold who lost the English throne at the battle of Hastings. Sweyne perished on the battle-field. The Empress Maud granted the title to Alberic, or Aubrey de Vere, for services rendered unto her. The Veres held it close upon 600 years, Aubrey de Vere, the twentieth and last Earl, dying without issue in 1702. Queen Anne conferred it (in 1711) on Robert'Harley, Speaker of the House of Commons and Lord High Treasurer of England. The Harley family still retain the title. Boyal Visits. — Nearly every British sovereign has visited the city, and several have resided within the walls or in villages adjacent for lengthened periods. Subsequent to the Conquest Headington had its royal palace. Wood- stock had likewise its royal residence, and" there Queen Elizabeth was impri- soned whilst a princess. The earlier Saxon kings were frequently at Oxford, it forming one of their principal cities. William the Conqueror beleaguered the city, 1067, obtaining forcible entry ; Rufus (William II.) held a council in Oxford in 1088 ; King Stephen besieged the Empress Maud in the castle with success in 1142 ; Henry I. was educated at Oxford, and built Beaumont Palace in 1132— the last vestige being destroyed in 1829 ; Henry II. resorted much to "fair Oxenforde." Richard I. (Coeur-de-Lion) was born at Beaumont Palace in 1156. Out of a reign of ten years (1189-99) he spent but four months in England, the chief portion at Oxford, being largely engaged in the Crusades ; and at the battle of Gisors he gave the parole, " Dieu et mon droit," ever since retained on the royal arms. Henry III. came from Kenilworth to Osney Abbey. Whilst there, those renowned regulations, known as the " Pro- visions of Oxford " were passed. King John caroused in Beaumont Palace, graphically described in Sir Walter Scott's " Ivanhoe." During his sojourn in the city he received a peremptory message from the disaffected barons assembled atBrackley, previously to the signing of Magna Charta in June, 1216. Edward III. was educated at Oxford. Edward the Black Prince graduated at Balliol. At the battle of Crescy, in 1 346, Edward commanded the English forces . The motto "Ich dien," with the three ostrich feathers, was taken from the King of Bohemia's helmet, when he fell at Crescy. This crest and motto were given to the Prince at the institution of the Order of the Oarter in 1350, and have been borne by the Princes of Wales from that time. Henry V. entered Queen's College ; Prince Arthur (brother of Henry VIII.) and Prince Henry (brother of Charles I.) graduated at Magdalen College ; George IV. entered his name on the books of Christ Church when he visited Oxford in 1814 ; our present Prince of Wales matriculated at Ch. Ch. in 1859, and the Crown Prince of Denmark in 1864. Edward IV. visited Oxford in 1481 ; Henry VII. in 1488 ; Henry VIII. in 1510-18-33 ; Elizabeth in 1558-74-75- 91-2 ; James I. in 1603-9-15-21 ; Charles I. in 1625-29-36-42. At the latter visit he took up his residence in Christ Church during the troubles of his reign, escaping in 1646 just before the capitulation of the city to Fairfax (see Sieges). Queen Henrietta held Court in Merton College. Charles II. came to Oxford during the prevalence of the plague at London in 1665. Courtly honours were done at Christ Church and Merton College. In 1681 Charles II. convoked the last Parliament ever held in Oxford. Richard III. held Court at Magdalen College in 1485, soon after his accession. Cromwell entered Oxford in triumph at the termination of the siege in 1646. In 1650 he was elected Chancellor of the University James II. attended vespers in Univer- sity College, and mass was celebrated by his order in the Cathedral. William III. visited Oxford in 1695 ; Queen Anne in 1702 ; George III. in 1785 ; First Regius Professor of Divinity : Richard Smith, D.D., Merton College, 1535. EXECUTIONS FOR TREASON— FIRES, 5 and George IV. (when Prince Regent,) in 1814, accompanied by the Allied Sovereigns of Europe, upon the conclusion of the Peninsular War. Queen Victoria, whilst Princess, visited Oxford, in company with her mother, the Duchess of Kent, in 1832. Queen Adelaide, consort of William IV. , came to Oxford in 1835. In 1841-57-60 Prince Albert visited Oxford, accompanied in 1841 by the Queen, and in 1860 by the Queen and royal family. In 1859- 60-3-8 the Prince of Wales came. to Oxford — accompanied by the Princess Alexandra in 1863, and by Prince Christian, of Denmark, in 1868. Prince Hassan, a Mahometan by faith, and second son of the Khedive of Egypt, ma- triculated at Christ Church in October, 1869. Parliament (derived from the French word parler, to speak) has assembled in Oxford on above twenty different occasions : the first in 1203, the last in March, 1680. It is remarkable that the constitution of Parliament, as at present formed, was first marked out at Oxford in 1215, during the reign of King John, when writs were issued to the Sheriffs of each county, under the &reat Charter, to elect four knights for each shire— to assemble at Oxford. Saxojst Witenagemotes (meetings of wise men), the Parliament of earlier days, were often brought together in the city during the reigns of the Saxon kings : since a.d. 1000 — they have been held in 1002, by Ethelred II.; 1015, by King Edmund II.; 1018 and 1022, by Canute, surnamed the 'Great.' These are the last of which mention is made. Executions for Treason have taken place in the city on some few occasions. In 1233 one Bibbaud, a priestf attempted the assassination of Henry III. at Woodstock. Ribbaud was^ discovered entering the palace by night, captured, conveyed to Oxford, and there torn to pieces by horses. In 1400 the Earl of Kent, Sir Thomas Blount, Sir Benjamin Sely, Sir Ralph Lumley, and John Walsh and Baldwin de Kent, Esqrs. , were executed by hanging at Green Ditch (St. Giles), the public place of execution, without the North Gate, for engaging in a conspiracy against Henry IV. The heads of the Duke of Surrey and the Earl of Salisbury, executed at Cirencester, were conveyed to Henry IV. at Oxford, on long poles. The last execution for treason in Oxford took place on August 31, 1681, when Stephen Colledge, of Henley, known as the ''Protestant Joiner," was hung, quartered, dis- embowelled, and his entrails burnt in the castle-yard. Colledge was first tried in London, but conviction failed. He was brought in custody to Oxford, where the farce of a new trial was gone through ; and, on the evidence of perjured witnesses, Colledge was convicted, and the sentence of death, and division of his body, was carried out as detailed. It was alleged that Colledge with others intended to gain possession of the body of the monarch (Charles II. ) living or dead ; but the only fact proved, and that but moderately, was intemperance of language, combined with the singing of seditious ballads, reflecting on the character of the profligate monarch. Fires. — Oxford has been devastated many times by this destroying agent —notably in 979, 1002, 1009 (the two latter by the Danes), 1190, and 1644. The fire of 1644 (Oct. 6), commenced in Thames Street (now known as George Street), and, pursuing its way towards Corn-market Street, passed along to Queen Street, burning all that came in its way : ending near St. Peter -le- Bailey Church. Two serious conflagrations have happened at Christ Church : one in 1719, on Candlemas eve, in the Hall, greatly damaging the roof— the other in 1809, in the south-east portion of " Tom Quadrangle.'' It severely damaged the interior of the building, but the exterior suffered but little. Exeter College Library was greatly damaged by fire in 1708. The First Regius Professor of Civil Law : John Story, D.C.L., Broadgates Hall (Pembroke), 1546. MASS A CRES—PLA G UES— SIEGES. interior was destroyed, and the major part of the books burnt. The Bodleian Library, being only twelve yards distant, was deemed in much peril, but fche impending danger was happily averted. There was a severe fire in the Demies' Room, Magdalen College, August 5, 1719. On Dec. 18, 1788, the west wing of Queen's College was burnt. In 1810 the interior of the large tower of Magdalen College accidentally caught fire, but was quickly extinguished. In 1 B20 Magdalen Hall was destroyed by fire. This Hall was founded in the four- teenth century, adjacent to Magdalen College. The building was in course of demolition when the fire occurred, but has since been rebuilt on the site of Hertford College. The Post Office, when standing in the High Street, in 1842, was burnt to a large extent. Broad Street, Corn-market Street, and other parts of the city and university buildings have also suffered from severe fires. Massacres have been somewhat frequent in the city : the undergraduates and citizens often meeting in hostility, ' ' eager for the fray. '* These conflicts gained the wyell-known title of " Gown and Town Rows." To a great extend such " faction-fights" have become obsolete. A massacre of the Danes took place in the city, by order of king Ethelred, in 1012, on the Feast of St. Brice. In 1015 two Danish nobleman, Sigeford and Morcar, were treacherously assasinated while on a diplomatic mission. Their countrymen, desiring to resent this outrage, came to Oxford in great numbers, but were overpowered ; and a few, who took refuge in St. Frideswide's Sanctuary, were burnt to death. In 1209-63, 1344, and 1349, hostile meetings took place between the citizens and students (see the details in pages relating to "The University"). On St. Scholastica's Day, 1354, a serious riot, lasting three days, took place at Carfax. Sixty- three students were slain in the affray ((see "Carfax"). Plague and Pestilence have ravaged Oxford at various periods, espe- cially in 1349-54 ; 1435-6-9-93 ; 1500-3-17-23-71-77-92. Knighton remarks of the plague of 1349, " There were scarce enough left in the city to bury the dead : above a fourth part of the scholars died. Before the plague you might have hired a curate for five marks a-year, or two marks and his board ; after, it, you could hardly find a clergyman who would accept of twenty marks — or twenty pounds a-year." That of 1517 was known as the " sweating sick- ness," of which one William. Coghan says, "It began on the 6th of July, from w T hich day to the 12th of August next ensuing, there died 510 persons, all men and no women." The visitation of 1577 was named the "Black Assize, " the pestilence breaking out in the Assize Court, and taking off Sir Robert BeU, (Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer), Sir Robert D'Oyly (High Sheriff), the Lord-Lieutenant of the County, eight Magistrates, nearly all the Grand Jury, and many others. In the ' ' Angliae Notitise ; or, The Present State of England," by Chamberlayne, published two hundred years back, Oxford is spoken of as being particularly healthy ; so that the citizens, soon after the last visitation of the plague, must have set themselves to work to remove all obstructions in the way of cleanliness and health. Four severe visits of Asiatic cholera were, however, experienced in 1832-37-49-54. At the present time Oxford bears a very high character for its salubrity— the annual death-rate varying, according to the Registrar- General's returns, from nine- teen to twenty-two per thousand inhabitants. In 1767 seven persons died, in the five central parishes, whose united ages amounted to 606 years— four being above eighty years of age, and the remaining three over ninety. In 1862 Thomas Pratt, well known as a herbalist, died at the age of 106 years. Sieges. —In 1067 William the Conqueror besieged the city ; and, after a slight resistance on the citizens' part, gained an easy entrance within the walls. In First Regius Professor of Medicine : John Warner, M.D., All Souls' College, 1535. CORSELLIS THE PRINTER. 1142 King Stephen besieged the Empress Matilda, who disputed his right, in the castle. Matilda finding it impossible to hold the castle with her forces, escaped by night to Wallingford, during the prevalence of a severe frost. In a work of the reign of King Stephen we read, ' ' Oxford is a city most strongly fortified and unapproachable by reason of its very deep waters, which wash it all round .; being on one side most carefully girt by solid outworks, beautifully and very powerfully strengthened by an impregnable castle and a tower of vast height ;" plainly referring to the donjon keep on the summit of the mound, still to be observed a prominent object in the castle grounds. In 1645-6 the city and castle were besieged by the "Roundheads, under Colonel Fairfax. It submitted on August 22, 1646. During the siege the Colleges were used as palaces and barracks ; the Examination Schools as granaries, and the Libraries as depots for provisions and stores. Charles I. escaped from Christ Church, disguised as a servant, on Sunday, April 27, 1646. He fled to the ranks of the Scottish army, then bivouacking at Southwell, Yorkshire. The History of Printing is apparently closely connected with the city, being practised in Oxford, antecedent to that of any other locality in England, one Frederick Corsellis having printed a work or works in the city in 1468, four years before Caxton set up his press in Westminster, and six years previous to Caxton issuing his first book from the Abbey press. Sir John Peshall, in his " History of Oxford," remarks that " Frederic Corsellis set up the first printing-press in England, in Merton Street, Oxford, (then known as St. John Baptist Street)." Corsellis' first 1 specimen of typography was the "Exposicio Sancti Jeronimi in Simbolo Apostolorum," in small 4to, 41 pp. Bryan Twyne and Antony a Wood (Oxford antiquaries), Dr. Aylifie (an historian of Oxford), and the Rev. T. F. Dibdin, D.D. (the eminent biblio- grapher), maintain a similar opinion, which is echoed by John Begford, in his "History of Printing at Oxford," and Richard Atkyns, Esq., of Balliol College, who published the ' ' Original and Growth of Printing : a Flower of the Crown of England," in 1664, in which it is stated that Corsellis was brought from Leyden by a Mr. Tumour, who had him conveyed to London and from thence to Oxford. King Charles I., in his Letters Patent to the University of Oxford, March 5, 1635, mentions printing as having been brought to the city from abroad. Dr. Dibdin strengthens his testimony by avowing that he has "seen two copies of this work — one in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and another in the Public Library, Cambridge." Those holding the reverse view, assert that Theodoric Pood, of Cologne, was the first printer at Oxford, a. d. 1478 ; and further, that he published six books between that year and 1485 — the first being the "Exposicio Sancti Jeronimi. " This is invention ; for the first book printed by Rood, in Oxford, was "iEgi- dius Romanus." Mr. James Johnson, in his " Typographia, " gives no less than 38 pp. of exhaustive evidence against the claims set up by the admirers of Corsellis, which are apparently, in his opinion, incontrovertible. The legacy of Dr. Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln, included a copy of this famous book. He bequeathed to the Bodleian Library in 1691, one of the works printed by Corsellis, at Oxford, in 1468 : its colophon, or imprint, stating that it was finished on Dec. 17, in that year. It is exhibited in a glass case near the entrance to the library, and it is entitled "Exposicio Sancti Jeronimi in Simbolo Apostolorum" ("Exposition of the Acts of the Apostles"), in reality supposed to have been written by Ruffinus. There is a memoran- dum at the beginning, noting that this rare and unique treasure was given to Dr. Barlow, by Bishop Juxon, July 31, 1657. The library contains like- First Regius Professor of Hebrew : Thomas Harding, M.A., New College, 1536. 8 EARL Y PRINTING A T OXFORD. wise two copies of the first book printed in the English language, by William Carton at Bruges, in 1472, entitled " The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy." One copy requires three leaves, the other seven, to render them complete. "The Game and Playe of the Chesse," the first book printed by Caxton in England, in 1474, is also in the library, as well as six other books printed by Caxton, including " Ye Dreame of ye Pilgrimage of ye Soule," issued from Caxton's press in 1483. The character of this work is somewhat similar to that of Bunyan's renowned "Pilgrim's Progress," of which it is apparently a precursor. It is adorned with curious coloured drawings. This book was given in Bodley's time. Caxton printed about sixty books during the period he practised the art. Theodoric Rood and Thomas Hunt were the next printers in Oxford— Rood by himself in 1478, and then in partnership with Hunt, in about 1483-4. The library possesses seven works of Theodoric Rood's, having duplicates of the first works printed in Oxford in English (but both very imperfect), entitled " Liber Festivalis." One copy was bought in 1832 for six guineas, and the other in 1852 for six pounds ten shillings. The date of the book is 1486. The first work printed in Oxford by Rood was " iEgidius Romanus de Peccato Originale," dated March 14, 1479. The second, " Textus Ethicorum Aristotelis, " 1479. The other four are of the years 1481-2-3. Wynkin de Worde is also reputed to have practised printing in Oxford. This we believe to have no real foundation ; but to have probably arisen from an Almanack printed by Worde in Fleet Street, London, in 1508, entitled "Almanacke for XII y ere, after the latytude of Oxenforde." This unique treasure is preserved in the Bodleian Library : its size, 48mo (2 Jin. by If in. The mention of the "latytude of Oxenforde," occurring in the title, might have originated the error. Worde printed upwards of four hundred works, of which Oxford possesses three. There is no question but that Worde, being the best typographer of his day, executed many works for the University, even if he did not have an office or shop in the city ; of which there is some doubt. From this time there is a space of upwards of thirty years elapsing before we read of another book being printed in the city, and this takes us to 1517-19, when there is mention of five or six works being issued ; and from this time there occurs another lapse of sixty-five years, when one John Case, of St. John's College, published a book, entitled "Moral Questions upon Aristotle's Ethics." In 1586 the first Greek publication was issued, entitled the "Homilies of St. Chrysostom," and sixty-five years after this period the first Hebrew publication was printed, which was Dr. Pococke's " Porta Mosis. " During the whole of the intervening space, however, the University press was kept in motion by other classical works. In 1585 Joseph Barnes was the printer to the University, and he published close upon one hundred volumes in English, Latin, and Greek, under the patronage of the Earl of Leicester. The University authorities advanced Barnes £100 from their chest, and gave him leave to append to his publications Printer to the University. In 1633 Archbishop Laud, being desirous that the many manuscripts in the Bodleian should be printed, procured certain privileges in his favour from King Charles I. The first acknowledged "Archi typographer, " or " Printer to the University," was the Rev. Samuel Clarke, M.A., Merton, appointed about 1658. He edited and corrected the earliest Polyglot Bible issued from the University Press. Dr. Clarke died Dec. 17, 1669, and was interred in Holywell Church (St. Cross). He was succeeded in 1669 by Martin Bold. In the same year, the University Press commenced to occupy the upper part of the Sheldonian Theatre, where First Regius Professor of Greek : Nicholas Harpsfield, B.C.L., New College, 1540. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. it remained until 1713, when it was removed to the adjoining Clarendon Building, purposely provided from the profits of the Earl of Clarendon's national work, the ' ' History of the Rebellion. " The Press was again removed in 1830 to its present locality. One Henry Cruttenden, of Oxford, in 1668, styled himself "one of his Majesty's printers." Mr. John Basket, stationer, of London, leased the East end of the Clarendon Building for 21 years, in 1712, at i,'200 per annum. He had likewise the grant of printing Bibles, Psalters, &c, added to the lease. Space forbids further enlargement upon this subject. The Newspaper Press of England has some of its earliest specimens from the press of Oxford. Dr. Bruno Ryves, of New College, is said to have contributed to the first acknowledged issue of the British press, the ■ Newes of the Present Weeke,' published by Nathaniel Butter in 1622. This paper, after 18 years' existence, was discontinued, by an edict from the Star Chamber, on Jan. 9, 1640. The 'English Mercurie,' said to have been the first paper issued in England, dating 1588, was proved a thorough forgery in 1839, by the late Mr. T. Watts, Assistant Librarian at the British Museum. The water-mark in the paper (that of George II. ) and the peculiar cut of the type (Caslon's), showed the forgery to have been of the eighteenth century. The earliest Oxford paper was the ' Mercurius Aulicus,' issued Jan. 1, 1642, under the editorship of John Birkenhead and Peter Heylin. Birkenhead entered as a servitor of Oriel College in 1632, at the age of 17. He became amanuensis to Archbishop Laud ; and, after^a progressive course, was created a knight. The 'Aulicus' was followed by the) ' Mercurius Rusticus, ' appearing on April 22, 1642, edited by Dr. Bruno Ryves. This was speedily followed by the ' Mercurius Britannicus, ' ' Mercurius Pragmaticus, ' and ' Mercurius Politicus,' all printed in this city, each edited by Marchamont Needham, who entered the University as a chorister at All Souls' College. The first espoused the rebel cause, the second the royal cause, while the third favoured the commonwealth. As might have been expected, Needham, by his journalistic eccentricities, forfeited the respect of all parties, and ultimately died in great poverty in Devereux Court, London. The ' Oxford Gazette,' the progenitor of the oldest paper in existence, the ' London Gazette,' first appeared in Oxford, edited by Henry Muddiman, on Nov. 7, 1665, during the stay of Charles II. in Oxford, who, with his court, took up his abode in the city during the prevalence of the plague in London. In Oxford the 'Gazette' saw eleven issues, and it was then removed to London, in February, 1666, from whence it has since been regularly published, on the Tuesday and Friday in each week. It is a curious fact that history repeated itself in Jan. 1870, when the ' University Gazette ' an official organ, was issued from the Clarendon Press. The next issued paper in Oxford was the ' Oxford Flying Weekly Journal and and Cirencester Gazette,' in 1746, which had an existence of seven years. The Newspaper Press in Oxford is now represented by, (1) ' Jackson's Oxford Journal,' conservative, price 3d. ; first issued on April 11, 1753, under the title of ' News, Boys, News ; or, The Electioneering Journal,' price 2d. The two first numbers only bore that title. Some of the earlier papers had a view of the city, in outline, prefacing the title. Its size was that of a foolscap folio, 4pp. only. (2) The 'Oxford University Herald,' conservative, estab- lished in 1806. (3) The ' Oxford Chronicle, liberal, established February 4, 1837. (4) The ' Oxford Times' started as conservative on Sept. 6, 1862; now independent in politics. (5) The ' Oxford Undergraduates' Journal,' liberal-con- servative, founded in 1865, issued at first fortnightly during Term only, but First Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology : C. A. Ogilvie, D.D., Balliol, 1842. 10 THE POPULATION AND MUNICIPALITY. from 1870 weekly. A somewhat similar print, entitled 'The Undergraduate,' was commenced at the beginning of 1819, bnt soon discontinued. The 'Oxford Literary Gazette' appeared in 1829, but its publication was a decided failure. Many other newspapers have appeared ; but, for want of support or other causes, had only a brief existence. The most successful of these were the 'Oxford Mercury,' the 'Oxford Free Press,' the 'Oxford Flying Post,' (the two latter liberal), and the ' Radcliffe ' (University), now incorporated with the ' Undergraduates' Journal. ' The Population of the City in 1870 was over 30,000. In 1067 it was, inclusive of students, about 3,870 ; in 1801 (the date of England's first census), 12,000; in 1861 (the last- taken census), 27,567. The students are excluded from each census, vacations happening when they have been taken. The students average about 2,000 yearly. The "Parliamentary Burgesses.'' under the Reform Bill of 1868, were 5,000, including 1,000 Freemen. The " Municipal Burgesses" (under the new act of 1869) are about 6,000 ; in- cluding 672 females — the House Assessments 6,500. Oxford city sends two members to Parliament, the University, two ; and the county, three. The County Hall is the hustings for the county, the Town Hall for the city, the Clarendon Building for the university. The Right Hon. Edward Cardwell (Secretary of State for War), and W. V. Harcourt, Esq., Q.C. (Professor of International Law in Cambridge University), represent the city ; the Bight Hon. Gathorne Hardy and the Right Hon. J. R. Mowbray, the University ; and the Right Hon. J. W. Henley, Lieut. -Col. J. S. North, and W. C. Cartwright, Esq., the county. The members for Oxfordshire elected in the reign of Edward II. (1297), the "Parent Parliament," as it may be appropriately termed, were William de Scalebrook and Henry de Bruly. There was a double return for the city in 1641, viz., J. Whistler and J. Smith, Esqrs., and J. D'Oyly, Esq., and Alderman Nixon, founder of Nixon's School. The returns for the county between 1450 and 1542, with a few ex- ceptions, were either wilfully or accidentally destroyed. The Municipal Privileges deserve passing notice. In 1013 a Corpo- ration of Oxford is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle on the same page with that of London. The Mayor holds the right of being " royal butler" at the coronation of English sovereigns, retaining the gold cup used at the banquet on those occasions. This office is very ancient : it having been created by Henry I. in 1128. Richard I., the " lion-hearted," confirmed the privilege. In 1139, William Cheneto, or Cheney, held the office. On the coronation of George III. , in 1760, the city was presented with a gold bowl and cover, richly-chased, weighing llOozs. , and the burgesses who accompanied the Mayor had three maple cups given to them ; a custom which has been retained in succeeding reigns. The governing- charter previous to the passing of the Government Municipal Act of 1835, was the one granted by James I. in 1605. The officers of the city are elected in the usual manner, with the exception of the Recorder, who is appointed by the Crown. The Mayor for 1869-70 (James Hughes, Esq. ) was invited to the banquet given to the King of the Belgians, at the Mansion House, London, Nov. 1869. He replied to the toast of " The Corporations," as the representative of the oldest in existence; and a short time afterwards proceeded to Belgium, in company of several other Mayors, to make a valuable presentation to the king. The " Reparation View," or perambulation of the city boundaries, at one period took place on Ma Y 1? yearly ; and was doubtless instituted to ascertain if the city walls were kept in good repair. Headed by the city mace-bearer, drummer, and fifer, First Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History: Robert Hussey, 11. A., Ch. Ch., 1842. EPISCOPALIANS— CA THOLICS—JE WS. 1 1 the Mayor and Corporation commenced in St. Aldate's, where they refreshed themselves. The ceremony closed at Corpus Christi College, where canary wine was partaken of. The city mace is about five feet in height, and bears the following inscription : ' ' This mace was made in the mayoralty of John Lamb, in the reign of Charles II." John Lamb was Mayor in 1 659-60-68. The city is divided into fourteen parishes and a portion of four others (encroaching more or less on the city boundaries). Eleven parishes form the Oxford Incorporation. The Workhouse is a modern Gothic edifice, handsomely built, in 1865, at a cost of £20,000, standing upon the Cowley Road, a mile from the city. Five parishes belong to the Headington Union — the Workhouse being at Headington, three miles distant ; the other two belong to the Abingdon Union — the Union House of which is situated at Abingdon, the ancient county town of Berks, six miles from Oxford- The city is governed by a Town Council (40 members) and a Local Board (50 mem- bers), each elected annually, with the exception of the Aldermen, who are chosen for six years. The Aldermen number ten, five retiring, in rotation, every third year. The city is divided into five Wards — Central (two parishes), South (five), West (three), North (three), and East (five) — eighteen parishes. The Charities of Oxford are very numerous, and are attached both to parishes and to the city. The parishes administer their own through the Church- wardens ; the city, by a numerous body of Charity Trustees. Episcopalians. — Each of the eighteen parishes has a distinct church, in addition to which there are likewise eighth district churches. Three others will shortly be added, making a total ^f twenty-nine churches, or one for nearly each thousand of the population. Two of the additional churches will be at Cowley St. John, beyond Magdalen Bridge. The first is in- tended as a memorial to the late Archbishop Longley, (Ch. Ch.) of Canter- bury, who commenced his pastoral labours in Cowley district — the three Cowleys — Church Cowley, Temple Cowley, and Cowley St. John. This in- tended new church will cost £20,000. The second church will be nearly opposite the Oxford Workhouse, and attached to the proposed Hospital for Incurables, shortly to be erected, and costing together, according to esti- mates, £50,000. The third new church will be in the western suburb of the city — Qsney Town, near the site of Osney Abbey, or a short distance further to the west. With respect to other church accommodation, there is the Cathedral of the city, wherein public service is celebrated twice daily, (10 a.m. and 4 p.m.) and the college and hall chapels (each possessing its own), in which service is likewise daily celebrated. Roman Catholics.— A site for a Roman Catholic Cathedral has been ob- tained in the city, principally through the liberality of the Marquis of Bute. The erection will shortly commence. Pending this, Catholic services are celebrated in a small unpretending chapel in St. Clement's parish. Service on Sunday at 11 and 6 o'clock, and on all holy days. Full information can be obtained at the chapel. The University was originally Roman Catholic. But three Colleges (Wadham, Worcester, and Keble) have been established since the English Reformation. Jews. — The Jews were very numerous in Oxford in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. They principally resided in St. Aldate, where they had a synagogue. Three halls are mentioned — Lombard, Jacob, and Moses Halls— where the Hebrew tongue was taught. The present Town Hall stands on the site of the "Domus Conversorum," a house for converts from the Jewish persuasion. In the twelfth century several Jews were burnt to death, First Tomlin Professor of Anatomy : Thomas Clayton, M.D., Balliol, 1626. 12 NONCONFORMISTS: BAPTISTS. for holding heretical doctrine. The stakes were erected near that part of New Road which is still called "Jews' Mount." In 1649 they offered to purchase the Bodleian Library for an exchange mart, but the negociations, although carried to some length, failed (See " Bodleian Library") . They worshipped until within the last few years in a small synagogue in Paradise Square, buthave now no public place of assembly in the city. The Nonconformists are well represented in Oxford, there being nine distinct communities meeting in the city, viz., three sects of 'Baptists' — Mixed, Calvinistic, and Particular ; three sects of ' Methodists— Wesleyan,' Primitive, and Free Church; the 'Independents' and the 'Brethren.' Each possess their own chapel or assembly-room. The 'History of Non- conformity' in Oxford is full of interest ; but, unfortunately, records are few and far between, and necessitate much labour in collection. Still, a few reminiscences of Nonconformist progress in the pages of the "Guide" may not be deemed out of place, for we believe no published history (including the various sects) has ever been issued. Severe persecutions have been endured by Oxford Nonconformists through successive ages. The oldest body is the ' Baptists.' According to Du Pin, the historian, in his "History of the Twelfth Century," a body of Puritans, known as the ' Cathari,' holding ' Baptist ' tenets, were cited in 1160 to appear before a General Council, presided over by Thomas a Becket (afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury), under orders from Henry II., to answer for holding heretical doctrines. They were condemned to death, by starvation, without the city walls. Thirty in number, they underwent this cruel sentence, and were probably the first British martyrs that suffered for separating themselves from the corrupt Church of Pome. In 1548 John Foxe, the martyrologist, was graduating at Magdalen College, being previously at Brasenose : his opinions favoured Nonconformity. During the civil war and commonwealth interregnum, the Puritan element was very powerful in the university. There is a tradition that a certain Clayton, graduating at Pembroke College, was ejected from his office in consequence of his doctrine. He was eventually an ' Inde- pendent' pastor at Henley-on-Thames. In the days of Charles I., Thomas Gilbert, known as the " Bishop of Shropshire," a clergyman of the Church of England, lost preferment, because he was ' ' much imbued with Noncon- formist ideas, and oft preached in a conventicle in the parish of St. Peter-le- Bailey. " He died in obscurity in St. Ebbe's parish, and was buried in St. Aldate's church. During the Commonwealth, John Owen, an ' Independent,' held the Deanery of Christ Church, and Dr. Goodwin, also an 'Independent,' the Presidency of Magdalen College. In 1654 the 'Quakers' first opened a conventicle at the house of Richard Beatrice, in New T -Inn-Hall Street, Oxford. Beatrice was a Quaker and a surgeon, living where St. Mary's College formerly existed. This sect was at many times grievously maltreated by the students, who often broke in upon them. One record states that two Quakeresses were in April, 1654, taken by the students into St. John's College quadrangle, and there mocked and stoned, hauled to the pump, and held whilst some pumped upon their necks and into their mouths, till they were nigh stifled to death and drowned; crying at the same time, "Never let them go home alive ! " and " Stone them to death ! " These two were named Elizabeth Fletcher and Elizabeth Homes. They were in the habit of preaching in the open air, and on one occasion were committed to prison by the Vice-chancellor, but were released and left the city. The 'Quakers' built a small meeting-house in Alfred Street, St. Giles, early in the present cen- First Margaret Professor of Divinity : Edward Wylsford, D.D., Oriel, 1497. NONCONFORMISTS: METHODISTS. 13 tury. They have now no public place of worship in the city. In 1659, on July 31, there was a panic in St. Martin's Church, causing the soldiers to be called to arms, a cry being raised that the ' * Anabaptists and Quakers were coming to commit havoc ! " The occasion of this foolish alarm was caused by the displacement of some masonry, through the high wind prevailing at the time. In 1662 — the year of separation— the ' Presbyterians' and ' Protestant Dissenters' possessed two meeting-houses in the city ; and during the riots of 1715, on May 28, three places of worship ('Anabaptists, Presbyterian, and Quakers') were greatly injured by the mischievous mobs then assembled. At the cessation of the riots, note was taken of the depredation committed, and an appeal made to the State for compensation, which was liberally met : a handsome sum being awarded towards the erection of a new place of wor- ship. Funds were raised to meet its additional expense, and the chapel was opened in 1721, on the New Road, exactly upon the site of the present Bap- tist chapel. The place of worship now in existence was built in 1780. The old Presbyterian chapel so riotously dismembered in ] 715, stood in St. Ebbe's Street. After this period the congregations of ' Baptists ' and ' Pres- byterians' merged into one, on the plan of 'open communion,' distinctions being waived, and relapsed into quietude. Thus matters remained until 1736, when George Whitefield, the Calvinist, of Pembroke College, which foun- dation he entered as a servitor, rising to a student, began his ' ' crusade of reformation," exhorting the people by public preaching. In this he was aided by John and Charles Wesley, the founders of Methodism — thus Oxford became the "birthplace" of the large and~ancreasing church of ' Wesleyan Methodists. ' John Wesley (born June 16, 1703— died 1791), entered Christ Church in 1720, and became a Fellow of Lincoln College in 1726. Those that gathered around him were named by the students "Bible-bigots," "Bible-moths," the "Holy Club," the "Godly Club," " Methodists," &c, the latter title arising from their methodical habits, and being also an allusion to the ancient School of Physicians, known by that name, from their minute and careful procedure. John Wesley, during his active life, preached 40,000 sermons, wrote a vast quantity of hymns, and travelled nearly 300,000 miles on preaching excursions. He preached his first sermon in Southleigh Church, a small edifice about nine miles from Oxford, and three from Witney. It can be reached by railway from Oxford via the Witney and Fairford line. The pulpit is still in existence ; it was presented to the church in 1712, by John Gore, Esq. The ' Wesleyans ' assembled for many years in a private house in St. Peter-le-Bailey, between the chapels of the old and new con- nexions, in the house of one Joseph Mears, where the first society was founded. They were often disturbed during worship. In 1743 a Methodist farmer was arraigned at the Oxford Assizes for permitting prayer-meetings to be held in his own house. The charge was, however, unsuccessful. In 1767, on March 12, six undergraduates of St. Edmund Hall were expelled for holding ' ' Nonconformist notions. " The charge stated that ' ' They had attended conventicles, preached in a barn to a mixed multitude, talked of ' drawing nigh to God,' ' offered extempore prayer,' observing that ' they must sit down and wait for the spirit,'" &c. In 1780 the 'Baptists' erected New Road Chapel, which was opened during the pastorate of the Rev. E . Prowitt. Two years later, during the " Gordon Riots," a mob broke into this chapel, tore down the pulpit, conveyed it to the banks of the canal, and threw it into the water. The Rev. James Hinton took the pastorship of this church in 1787, and ministered successfully for thirty- six years. From this time ' Noncon- First Professor of Natural Philosophy: Edward Lapworth, M.D., St. Alban Hall, 1618. 14 NONCONFORMISTS : WESLEYANS. forinity' made rapid progress in the city ; so much so, that in Nov. 1792, Dr. Tatham, Rector of Lincoln College, made a public attack on their prin- ciples by a discourse from the pulpit of St. Mary's Church, which was afterwards preached in nearly all the parish churches of the city— in St. Martin's church the Mayor and Corporation were edified by it. Mr. Hinton replied to it— privately and publicly— for he felt it as a most unmerited censure upon a body of loyal people. He also published a pamphlet, entitled • -A Vindication of the Dissenters in Oxford," which had a large sale. In 1812 another attack was made on dissent, in the ' Oxford Herald,' by John Coker, Esq. , a county magistrate, in which the Nonconformists were stigmatised as being " violently hostile to the Church of England." Knowing differently, Mr. Hinton replied to this in a masterly manner, completely overthrowing his antagonist, and rendering the attack futile. This was known in Oxford as "The Crusade of the Nineteenth Century." Mr. Hinton also kept a private academy ; and John Matthias Turner, a native of the city, who was appointed Bishop of Calcutta in 1829, received his early tuition under him. Dr. Turner entered Christ Church as a servitor in 1804, at the age of fifteen. In 1816 the ' Wesleyans' purchased a piece of ground in New-Inn-Hall Street, for the erection of a new and commodious chapel, and it was opened on Feb. 19, 1818. The ground and chapel cost nearly £4,000. Dr. Tatham, with great zeal, speedily found out what was in progress, and forbade the builders to continue, but without avail. The undergraduates were prohibited from attending the opening services ; and one of the University Proctors, to make sure that the course adopted would be properly observed, visited the chapel during the evening-service, and proceeding up the aisle, surveyed the congregation and preacher ; and, being apparently satisfied, retreated. At the opening services Dr. Adam Clarke, the commentator, preached in the morning, the Rev. Richard Watson in the afternoon, and the then well- known leader of the ' Wesleyans, ' the Rev. Jabez Bunting, in the evening. In 1830 the ' Primitive Methodists,' founded in 1810, by the Rev. Hugh Bourne, began their labours in Oxford. They have met with much oppo- sition, which may probably account for the comparative smallness of their numbers in the city. The sect have two small chapels in the city — one in New Street, St. Ebbe's, and the other in William Street, St. Clement's. In 1831 the Rev. H. B. Bulteel, a Fellow and Tutor of Exeter College, as well as rector of St. Ebbe's Church, embraced the thorough doctrines of John Calvin, and thereby gave great offence to the University. He preached a remarkable sermon in St. Mary's Church, before the University authorities, on Feb. 6, 1831, from the words, ' ' Now we have received the Spirit, which is of God." — (1 Cor. ii. 12). This discourse caused much excitement, and produced a reply from the then Regius Professor of Divinty (Dr. Burton) ; a discussion being entered upon, which was watched with great interest by the disunited sections of the church. In the summer of 1831, the Rev. gentleman, accompanied by the Rev. W. Tiptaft, Yicar of Sutton Courtney, Berks (who held similar doctrines), proceeded on a " preaching excursion" through the counties of Devon, Somerset, and Wilts, exhorting alike in churches, chapels, barns, and in the open air. For this, the Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Bagot), revoked Mr. Bulteel's license. Mr. Bulteel seceded; taking immediate steps for the erection of a chapel. The chapel was built, and opened (as 'Particular Baptist') on June 3, 1832. It cost about £4,000, and it is one of the plainest buildings in the city. Mr. Bulteel occupied the pulpit for fifteen years, desisting only through ill health. During the First Saville Professor of Geometry : Henry Briggs, M.A., Hc'toa, 1619. REMARKABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 15 the erection of the chapel he preached in his private house in Pembroke Street ; and at one service, held in the garden attached, he publicly tore up the missive received from the Bishop. Shortly after Mr. Bulteel's secession, he was followed by the Rev. W. Tiptaft, who opened a small chapel at Abingdon. Both gentlemen are now deceased. The Rev. J. C. Philpot, Fellow of Worcester College, also seceded from the Church of England in 1831. He embraced the same "experimental" doctrines as Mr. Bulteel and Mr. Tiptaft. He was intimate with both gentlemen ; and for more than thirty years preached the anniversary sermons at Mr. Tiptaft's chapel, at Abingdon, known as the "Abbey." He likewise edited the "Gospel Standard." Mr. Philpot died at Croydon, Surrey, Dec. 9, 1869. The 'Independents' or ' Congregationalists,' separated themselves from the New Road Baptist church in 1830, and in 1832 the present chapel was erected in George Street. A small body of 'Irvingites' opened a chapel in St. Cle- ment's about the same period. They made no progress, and are now not known in the city. In 1849 the portion of ' Wesleyans' known as the \ United Methodist Free Church,' separated themselves from the old con- nexion, and have worshipped in three distinct chapels. A new chapel has been lately erected by them, however, in New-Inn-Hall Street. The i Mormon' body have made some few attempts to establish themselves in the city, but have always failed. About 1850 the Brethren opened a place of worship, but are still few in number. A chapel built by the c Quakers' in Alfred Street, St. Giles, was let to the 'Brethren' until the lease expired, when it was taken by the " Tabernacle Baptists,' who now hold the chapel built by Mr. Bulteel, having purchased it for £1, 500. This sect is the most recent established in Oxford, and forms a branch of Mr. C. H. Spurgeon's Metropolitan Tabernacle church. The i Methodist Free Church' occupied both these chapels for short periods. In addition to these already enume- rated, a few other eminent Nonconformists who have been educated in Oxford may be mentioned : — The founder of the ' Antinomians, ' Tobias Crisp, of Balliol ; Tombes, of Magdalen Hall, named by Anthony a Wood the " Coryphaeus of the Anabaptists ;" Theophilus Gale, of Magdalen College, author of the "Court of the Gentiles;" Joseph Caryl, of Exeter, commen- tator on the Book of Job ; Dr. Samuel Annesley, of Queen's ; Dr. Edmund Calamy, of St. John's ; Bolton, the Puritan divine, of Lincoln ; Flavel, of University, and William Penn, the ' Quaker,' of Christ Church, from which foundation he was expelled for misconduct, and afterwards become founder of the state of Pennsylvania, America. Samuel Parker, fourteenth Bishop of Oxford (1686) was a zealous Presbyterian in his early days at the Univer- sity, while at Wadham College. He worshipped with a body in Holywell, who were denominated " Grewellers, " from their alleged fondness for Scotch oatmeal. Parker's connection with them was deemed fortunate. His suc- cessor, Timothy Hall, Bishop of Oxford (1688), was at one period a strict Nonconformist. Notices of eminent Episcopalians will be found appended to the Colleges and Halls at which they either graduated or became Fellows and Tutors ; and other matters of local and general interest will also be found under the different localities visited. First Saville Professor of Astronomy : Jokn Bainbridge, M.D., Merton, 1620. 16 THE UNIVERSITY. THE UNIVERSITY. " A University was reared Ere yet the music of Messiah's name Had thrilled the world."— MONTGOMERY'S " OXFORD. ICH with, great names — the school of the island — the link of England to the learned of Europe. The English nature takes culture kindly. So Milton thought. It refines the Norseman. Hence the style and tone of English journalism. The men have learned accuracy and comprehension; logic and pace. When born with good constitutions, they make those eupeptic studying-mills, the cast-iron men, the dura ilia, whose powers of performance compare with ours as the steam-hammer with the musical-box ; and when it happens that a superior brain puts a rival on this admirable horse, we obtain those masters of the world, who combine the highest energy in affairs with a supreme culture. " — " English Traits/' by Ralph Waldo Emerson. The earliest annals of the University are involved to some extent in obscurity. So much do historians differ, that it is seemingly impossible to trace the exact period of its foundation : many dates having been given. Enthusiasts have essayed to place its earliest records at eleven hundred years before Christ. Others have brought its rise five hundred years nearer the Christian era. Dr. Ayliffe gives the credit to the Bishop of Auxerre of improving and systematising the course of instruction pursued in the ancient schools of the University. This was in a.d. 440. Middendorp avers that its rise was from the earlier date, and states that its history has been traced downwards. Caius, Fox, and Twyne agree that it originated from the planting of certain Greek schools at Greeklade (now Cricklade, in Wiltshire), and Latin schools at Lechlade (in Gloucestershire), which were afterwards re- moved to Oxford. There can be but little doubt that a system of scholastic training, partaking somewhat of the nature of a University, existed at Oxford about a. d. 730, when Ethelbald was king of Mercia, the city being a portion of that kingdom. Dr. John Ayliffe, a Fellow of New College, pub- lished an elaborate history in two volumes, in 1714, entitled " The Ancient and Present State of the University of Oxford." The work gave great dissatisfaction : so much so, that on Oct. 7, 1714, Dr. Gardiner, Warden of All Souls', and the then Vice-Chancellor, publicly condemned the history. On the 4th of February, 1715, the Doctor was expelled the University; Convocation on the following day unanimously consenting to the degradation. In 1773 the Rev. Sir John Peshall published his " History of the City and University," chiefly derived from Wood's manuscripts in the Bodleian ; and in 1810 Mr. Alexander Chalmers issued his "History of the University." Wade's " Walks through the University and City" appeared in 1816, and in 1837 Dr. Ingram, of Trinity College, published his " Memorials of Oxford." Peshall dates its rise from the eighth century; Chalmers observes that " no document can be found which mentions Alfred the Great as a bene- First White Professor of Moral Philosophy: William Hill, B.D., Magdalen, 1S29. RIOTS BETWEEN " GO WN AND TO TVN." 17 factor ;" still, it is generally conceded that Alfred aided the progress of the University, both by his purse and his presence . Alfred was born at Wantage, Berks, in a.d. 849, came to Oxford to reside in 886, and died in 901, exactly fifty years of age. It is reported that he founded and endowed three halls — the Great Hall of the University (on the site of University College), and the Little and Lesser Halls (one opposite the present University College, and the other on a portion of the ground where Brasenose College now stands), each being for twenty-four students. After his death, the University became gradually reduced, and did not rise in reputation until after the Conquest. In the reign of Henry I. (surnamed Beauclerc) it once again regained its prestige. In 1149, during the reign of King Stephen, the College of St. George, situated within the precincts of the castle, was founded. This was, so far as can be gleaned, an unchartered society, although having a code of statutes for its own government. Its rise dates from D'Oyly's college of secular canons being given up to Osney Abbey. In John's reign the number of students is given at 3,000. At this period an unfortunate occurrence took place, which somewhat clouded the University : the wife of a citizen was accidentally killed by a clerk-student of one of the halls. He fled to his rooms, whither the citizens proceeded, and seizing three guiltless students, threw them into prison. The king, who was then residing at Woodstock, gave orders for their execution, which sentence was carried into effect. The students of the University, much offended, left the city in great numbers, vowing they would not return. Laying a complaint before the Pope, an interdict was issued, suspending all teaching. The citizens, losing trade, acknowledged themselves in the wrong, and were sentenced to do penance in each parish church. Satisfaction being thus given, the students returned. In 1234 another riot took place, by which the life of Otho, the Popish Legate, was placed in jeopardy. He was residing at Osney Abbey, and hid himself in the belfry, or his life would have been sacrificed. Thirty students had severe penances inflicted upon them for taking part in this riot. In the reign of Henry III. the students numbered, according to some authorities, 15,000 : one thou- sand being from the Paris University. St. Edmund Hall was founded in this reign, about 1226, by Edmund le Riche ; and six years after, in 1232, the statement, that has been much doubted, was put forward, that the number of students then at Oxford amounted to 30,000. Probably a mistake was made in the number, which more likely approached about half the quantity. In 1263 Prince Edward, on his return from Paris, marched towards Wales, coming to Oxford on his way, but was forbidden entrance into the city by the burghers, through the internal quarrels of the barons. The soldiers were quartered in the adjacent villages, and Edward stopped at Beaumont Palace, without the North Gate of the city. The soldiers, deeming themselves insulted, met the citizens on the next day, when a battle took place. The. students amalgamated with the adherents of the Prince, and the citizens were subdued. Merton College was founded about this period (in 1264). In 1344 and 1 349 the skirmishes between the southern men (so named from coming from the South-Trent district) and the northern men (formed of the Welsh and North-English students) were frequent. But the most fearful conflict known was that which took place on St. Scholastica's day, 1354. This continued for three days. It commenced in a tavern at Carfax, over a petty quarrel. On the second day the citizens sought the help of the country people, and completely overpowered the scholars, of whom numbers were killed and wounded. But, although successful for a time, the citizens First Regius Professor of Modern History : David Gregory, M.A., Ch. Ch.,1724. C 18 TWO JOHN WI CLIFFS. paid a heavy debt for their victory. They were cut off from the privileges of the church, heavily fined, and condemned to observe an annual penance for ever in St. Mary's Church. The Mayor and sixty-two ^citizens having to proceed there in solemn procession, with ropes around their necks, to hear the Litany read, and paying a penny each for the obligation. This ceremony has, however, been long abolished. In the " Congregational History of Independency, 1200-1567," by Dr. Waddington, the city is thus pictured : " Oxford in the fourteenth century had little of the architectural beauty which made its streets of colleges and quadrangles so attractive in modern times. It resembled a fortress rather than a University. During a portion of the year it was enclosed with water, out of which certain islands arose, on which castles were erected for defence. It was, nevertheless, even at this period, a seat of learning, resorted to by foreigners, and of growing celebrity. Provision was made in four hundred seminaries for thirty thousand students." In the latter portion reference is undoubtedly made to the twelfth century : the large number of students before referred to being again mentioned. About 1360 Oxford was disturbed by the preaching and teaching of John Wicliff, the " Morning Star of the Reformation," or, as he was named by others, the "Gospel Doctor." And here a strange fact, little known, deserves record : there were two John Wicliffs striving for fame at this period, and hence has arisen much confusion. Again : both were Fellows of Merton College, and both afterwards heads of academical buildings. The John Wicliff, whose name will ever live, through his translation of the Bible, and hot persecution by the Papists, being in 1361, Master of Balliol, and the other, four years later, in 1365, Warden of Canterbury Hall, an insti- tution founded in 1363, and now absorbed into Oxford's noblest collegiate institution, Christ Church. The famous John Wicliff was born, in 1324, at Wycliff, near Richmond, Yorkshire, and educated at Queen's College, which he entered at the age of sixteen, in 1340. He became a Fellow of Merton College in 1346 ; Master of Balliol in 1361 ; Rector of Fylingham, Lincoln- shire, in the same year; Doctor of Divinity about 1364, and Rector of Lutterworth, Leicestershire, in 1375, presented to him by John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. He held this rectory for nine years. Whilst engaged in the service of the church on Dec. 29, 1384, he was seized with a paralytic stroke— and two days after — the last day of the year — he ended his chequered career. The heresy he taught, and which brought down the persecution of the Romish church upon him, was that " The Scriptures were above the Church, and that the Church ought not to propose anything for belief which was contrary to the Scriptures. " He had many followers, forming a powerful party in the University. The malignity of the Pope (Gregory XL), was poured down upon Wicliff's shoulders : no less than five special Bulls being sent to England from Rome, calling upon the king and the governing powers of Canterbury, London, and Oxford, to do all they could to stop the advance- ment of the heretical doctrines of Wicliff. The following extract from an ancient work will probably give a clearer insight into AVicliff's ideas than any other we could present :— " 1376. In this tyme on Jon Wiclef, Maystir of Oxenforth, held many strange opiniones— That the Cherch of Rome is not hed of alle Cherchis— That Petir had no more auctorite thanne the othir Aposteles, or the Pope no more power thanne anothir prest. And that temporale lords may take away the godes fro the Cherch when the persones trespasin. And that no reules mad be Augustin, Benet, and Francevs, add more perfeccion over the Gospele thanne doth lym whiting onto^ a wal. First Lord Almoner's Reader in Arabic : Richard Browne, D.D., Trinity, about 1775. THE DA YS OF JOHN WI CLIFF. 19 And that bischoppis schuld have no prisones, and many othir thingis. Upon these materes the Pope sent a Bulle to the Archbischop of Cauntibury and of London, that thei schuld areste the same Wiclef, and make hym to abjure the seid opiniones. " Wicliff had charged the Romish church with holding as many as fifty errors and hesesies, and this brought the myrmidons of the Pope against him with all the severity that that church knows so well how to use. He was summoned to attend a solemn conclave in St. Paul's, before the heads of the church. He went ; and the result was a war of words, which speedily led to blows — the riot lasting two days, and raging both between ecclesiastics and citizens. This was in 1377; and in 1380 he finished his translation of the Bible, without note or comment, being the first time the English Bible was given to the people. A reprint copy of his New Testament, rendered word for word, can be inspected in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Blackfriars, London. As a curiosity we give a spe- cimen of the style and orthography : — " Therefore whanne Jhesus was borun in Bethleem of Juda, in the dayes of King Eroude : lo astronomyens camen fro the eest to Jerusaleme and seiden, where is he that is borun King of Jewis ? for we han seen his steere in the eest, and we camen for to wor- schipe him." — ("Matt. ii. 1, 2.) In a small volume, published on the occasion of the Jubilee of the Bible Society, entitled "The Book and its Story," a peculiar historical error appears respecting Wicliff and St. John's College. In giving a brief biographical sketch of Wicliff and his labours, it states that " he gave one manuscript of the Old Testament, written on vellum, with his own hand, to St. John's College, in Oxford." Now this was simply impos- sible, because St. John's College was not founded until one hundred and seventy years after Wicliff's death. Certainly the College of St. Bernard existed on the same site in 1436, but this was fifty-two years after his decease. In the days of Henry IV. a virulent persecution was instituted against the followers of Wicliff, headed by Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury. It was resented with great spirit — remonstrance and reproach being alike freely used. The teaching of the University was entirely suspended, and a reso- lution even carried to dissolve it altogether, if matters did not speedily change for the better. This determination was viewed so seriously, that Henry himself became a mediator, and several epistles were written by him to assuage the wounded feelings of the ill-used Wicliffians. This acted as an antidote ; and, after a stormy period, matters assumed their wonted serenity. Henry V., being partly educated within the walls of the University, had a very kindly feeling towards Oxford, and it became more flourishing ; but in the reign of Henry VI. , although he possessed a pious and mild disposition, the students decreased, and its revenues became almost obsolete. Edward IV. assumed the title of "Protector of the University," and much encourage- ment was bestowed by him on literature. Richard III. passed an act empower- ing the University to both import and export books as they needed. In the reign of Henry VII. shadows of discontent again fell upon the University — learning scarcely made any progress, and disputes arose between the Professors of Latin and Greek, which were speedily taken up by their followers — each taking a distinctive name : the Latins that of Trojans, and the Greeks that of Grecians. The names of Colet, Grocyn, Latimer, Lilly, Linacre, Tunstall, &c, shed much lustre upon this reign ; despite the acrimony displayed by the rival factions. Erasmus visited the University about this period, 1498, and it is said became a pupil of Grocyn. In the time of Henry VIII. things assumed a far more cheerful aspect. This was a most important period in^ First Professor of Music: Richard Nicholson, B.M., Magdalen, 1626. 20 THE REIGNS OF HENRY VIII. AND MARY. University history. A scheme for the dissolution of the colleges, and appro- priation of their revenues, was laid before Henry, after the suppression of the monasteries. Henry seemingly scouted the scheme, expressing great indig- nation, and replied that, in his judgment, " no land in England was better bestowed than that which had been given to the University ; since, by their maintenance, the realm would be well governed when he was laid in the grave. " However, a blow was quietly struck, and ninety collegiate establish- ments were suppressed, but they were those of a minor nature. In addition, there were also suppressed 645 monasteries, 2374 chantries and free chapels, and 110 hospitals, in various parts of the kingdom. Their revenues, esti- mated at £160,000, and their treasures, some being especially rich in litera- ture and art, were taken to enrich Henry's private resources. Oxford was made into a Bishopric in this reign (1542), as reparation for the indignity practised towards the University. Iu the early part of Henry's reign great deference was paid to the University, and sanction was sought to two very important measures by Henry, viz., his projected divorce from Catherine of Arragon, and his recognition as supreme head of the English Church. To each°of these cordial assent was given, but the after procedure put an end to any more acquiescence in matters ecclesiastical. The third year of the reign of Edward VI. saw a very unjust and harsh measure of University reform, in point of religion, put in force by commissioners specially appointed. The college libraries were searched for superstitious manuscripts alleged to be within them. Many exquisitely-illuminated works were taken and committed to the flames, and other valuable ornaments defaced. A portion was of great value, and can never be replaced. This severe treatment caused quite an exodus of the students — the school-list only showing sixteen determining bachelors remaining at the following season of Lent. Mary's reign was full of depression. Learning was held in contempt. Scarcely one sermon was preached in a month. The Lecturers never performed their duties, and all accomplishments became seared with decay. A still deeper gloom was cast upon the University by the martyrdom of the "noble three" in this reign : — Bishops Ridley and Latimer, who were burnt at the stake in Broad Street, on October 18, 1555, and Archbishop Cranmer, who suffered March 21, 1556. Despite her Romanist opinions, Mary was generous to the University, con- firming its ancient privileges, and granting numerous additional advantages. The reign of Elizabeth was hailed as the commencement of a far more happier period, especially for those who had suffered deeply at the hands of Mary. Elizabeth, however, let twelvemonths elapse before she had the necessary changes carried into effect. Harshness was never used towards those who held Romish doctrines in high places ; they were merely called upon to resign. In 1560 not one theological exercise was performed in the Divinity School, only one in civil law, and but three in physic, so much had the University suffered through changes of faith. In the same year, not one degree was taken in divinity, law, or physic. Elizabeth incorporated the University in the thirteenth year of her reign, under the style or title of " The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Oxford for ever- more ;" but would not grant permission for it to send representatives to Parliament. The University was also released from the payment of first- fruits and tenths, and from subsidies on the temporalities or lay fees. James I. conferred upon the University (by royal letters patent) the privilege sought from Elizabeth — that of having two Parliamentary representatives. In the first year of his reign the plague raged with such violence in London, that First Laudian Professor of Arabic : Edward Pococke, D.D., Corpus, 1636. THE GREEK COLLEGE AT OXFORD. 21 James removed his Court to Oxford. This was apparently in vain, for the epidemic followed in their train, and the city was severely visited. The students hastened into the villages around, and business was unknown — shops being closed, and hardly a person could be seen in the streets, in which the grass grew abundantly. Shortly after the plague moderated, disputes arose between the Papists and the Puritans to such an extent that even the stability of the throne was threatened. From 1642 to 1646 Charles I. was besieged in Oxford, and he held some few Parliaments within the city : the Com- mons assembling in the Convocation House, and the Lords in Christ Church Hall. At the surrender of the city, not a single privilege was lost by the citizens, but they were sorely impoverished in their condition. The acade- mical buildings were seriously injured, many having been used as granaries and storehouses. From 1650 to 1658 Cromwell was Chancellor, and the University was much changed in its constitution during his Protectorate. At the Restoration the University was once more placed on its former footing ; and, according to Lord Clarendon, it " speedily yielded a harvest of extra- ordinary good and sound knowledge in all parts of learning." James II. had a known leaning towards the Romish) faith, and this provoked much animosity towards him in Oxford. The foundations of Christ Church, University, and Magdalen had severe contests with the self-willed king, who was ultimately dispossessed of the throne, and obliged to flee the country. The introduction of Greek students was attempted in Oxford about 1689, Gloucester Hall (now Worcester College) being taken for the purpose of founding a Greek College. Strict rules, twenty in number, were drawn up for its government : the first stating il That there be a College in the Uni- versity of Oxford for the education of twenty youths of the Greek communion, in five years' residence," and the seventh, " That they all be alike habited in the gravest sort of habit worn in their own country ; and that they wear no other either in the University or anywhere else." They were not to go out of the College without special leave, or without a companion, and to have no vacations. Accordingly, in October, 1689, five youths were brought from Smyrna, and placed as students in Gloucester Hall ; Dr. B. Woodroffe, Canon of Christ Church, being appointed Governor of the College. After a brief trial, the attempt was found to be a failure ; for the youths were sorely vexed by agents of the Roman Catholic Church, who tempted them to leave the church of their fathers. They were inveighled to France, and thence to Holland, being kept at Louvain for five months by order of the Pope. After this they were sent to Paris, and then to Leghorn, from whence two escaped, and got back to England. They took refuge with a Mr. E. Stephens, who, when the opportunity offered, sent them to Smyrna with their faith unscathed. We find the close of the design noted in a letter from the Registrar of the Greek Church at Constantinople to Mr. Stephens, dated March 2, 1705 : "Henceforth the Church {i.e., the Greek Church) forbids any to go and study in Oxford, be they ever so willing. " Previous to this, in 1616, Metrophanes Critopulus, a Greek youth, was sent by the Patriarch Cyril Lucar, of Con- stantinople, to Oxford, for education. He was consigned to the care of the Archbishop of Canterbury — Dr. George Abbot, and was entered at Balliol College, where he studied for seven years. Returning to Constantinople, he rose to high position in the Greek Church, becoming Patriarch of Alexandra. It is not generally known that a Patriarch of the Greek Catholic Church was educated at Oxford so recently as the reign of James I. The ODly other Greek of eminence educated in the University was the Bishop of Smyrna, also first Professor of Botany: Robert Morrison, D.M., University, 1669. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNIVERSITY. at Balliol College, during the time of Archbishop Laud. In 1701 the degree (honorary; of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on the Archbishop of Phili- popolis, and in 1870 Alexander Lycurgus, Archbishop of Syros, Tenos, and Melos, was invested with the same honour in the Sheldoman Theatre. Several attempts have been made since the Reformation to found a Roman Catholic Cathedral, but hitherto without success. In later days the Univer- sity has brilliantly sustained its reputation— has had its silent revolutions in opinion, and "grown with the growth, strengthened with the strength, decayed with the decay, and risen with the rise of the nation, from the earliest moment of its history down to the last." CONSTITUTION OF THE UNIVERSITY. The University is not, as often supposed, a mere collection of Colleges, but a corporate body, having its title confirmed by a special Act of Parliament in the reign of Elizabeth (as before noted). Until recently it has always been governed by statutes of its own making. It possessed many privileges granted by a succession of Royal Charters. An Act of Parliament, passed in 1854, interfered largely with this prerogative. The business is carried out by two bodies, known as the "House of Congregation" and the " House of Con- vocation." " Congregation" consists of Doctors (of each faculty) and M.A.s, who hold their position for two years after taking their degree. These are called " necessario regentes." Others are called " regentes ad placitum," and consist of resident graduates who are members of " Convocation." " Convo- cation" consists of resident and non-resident graduates who retain their names on the books of some College or Hall. " Congregation" confines its business almost exclusively to matters of legislation. " Convocation" entertains all questions relating to the government of the University, grants Honorary Degrees, and Degrees by Diploma. All new statutes must receive the assent of this body, who likewise append the seal of the University to all documents and petitions. " Convocation" numbers between 4,000 and 5,000 members, named upon their College-books. Special delegates are now assigned by this assembly to conduct business requiring constant supervision — such as that of the University Press, Estates, Accounts, &c. All questions, however, before coming to this body, must have been approved by the Hebdomadal Council (twenty- three in number) — an assembly elected by " Congregation" for six years. This board was originally formed in 1631, by Charles I., at the instigation of Archbishop Laud, under the title of the "Hebdomadal Board," but was remodelled in 1854. The title arises from " Hebdomadad" — weekly. The University consists of twenty Colleges and five Halls. The earliest College (University) was founded in 886, and the latest (Keble) in 1868. Each foundation is a distinct corporate body, with the exception of the Halls, and endowed with land and other properties. Two of the Halls, however, have had slight provision made in the shape of endowments by benefactors. The corporation of the Colleges, with two exceptions, is composed of four classes, viz. : The Head, Fellows, Scholars, and Graduates, whose numbers vary in the different foundations. Christ Church and All Souls' are the exceptions mentioned. The first being a cathedral establishment as well as an academic society, has, besides the Head, a body of Canons (six in number), and there is also a slight difference as to Fellows and Scholars— these being called Senior and Junior Students. At All Souls' there are no Scholars, First Sherardian Professor of Botany : John James Dillenius, D.M., St. John's, 1723. HEADS OF COLLEGES— TITLES— DEGREES. 23 but a body of four students named Bible Clerks. At Magdalen the title of Demy takes the place of Scholar, while at Merton Scholars are known as Postmasters. The chief distinctions in the University members are those "on the foundation," and those "not on the foundation," — also known as "de- pendent" and "independent" members. The first receive emoluments from the Colleges, the second study at their own expense. Since 1868, however, another class of students has been introduced into the University : these are called "unattached," partaking of the educational benefits provided, and lodging at private houses, specially licensed for that purpose by a body of Delegates appointed to take their oversight. The Heads op the Colleges are appointed, with two exceptions, by the Fellows of each foundation. The two exceptions are Christ Church and Worcester — the Dean of Christ Church being in the gift of the Crown, and the Provost of Worcester in the hands of the Chancellor. The Heads of the Halls are appointed, with one exception, by the Chancellor, the exception being St. Edmund Hall — this being in the gift of the Provost and Fellows of Queen's College. The appointments are held for life. Private Halls are generally natoed after their Principals— viz., "Benson's" Hall, " Charsley's" Hall, &c. ^ The Titles conferred upon the Heads of the collegiate foundations are dissimilar : thus, Dean of Christ Church ; Master of Balliol, Pembroke, and University ; President of Corpus Christi, Magdalen, St. John's, and Trinity ; Principal of Brasenose and Jesus ; Provost of Oriel, Queen's, and Worcester ; Rector of Exeter and Lincoln ; Warden of All Souls', Keble, Merton, New College, and Wadham. The Heads of the Halls are all named Principals; those of Private Halls, Master. The latter requires a special licence. The Degrees to be taken are : Bachelor and Master of Arts ; Bachelor and Doctor of Music ; Student, Bachelor, and Doctor of Civil Law ; Bachelor and Doctor of Divinity ; and Bachelor and Doctor of Medicine. Twelve terms of residence are required before the first degree can be taken, embracing a period of three years. No further residence is required for any degree. The degrees are shown by a distinct form of academical attire. They are as follow : — Doctor of Divinity — three dresses. Processional habit : Scarlet cloth, black velvet sleeves and facings. Also a cassock, sash, and scarf. Convocation habit : Scarlet cloth, hood of the same colour (lined with black), and black silk scarf. M.A. gown beneath this habit. Usual habit : M.A. gown, with long sleeves, cut circular at the bottom. Hood : black silk (lined with crim- son). Doctor of Civil Law — three dresses. State habit (seldom worn) : Scarlet cloth, pink silk sleeves and facings. Bound black velvet cap. Degree habit : Scarlet cloth, faced with pink silk, scarlet hood (lined with pink silk). Usual habit : Black silk, richly ornamented with black lace. Bachelor of Civil Law — Black silk habit, with hood of purple silk (lined with fur). Doctor of Physic — There is but a very slight difference in the habits of Doctors of Civil Law and Physic. Doctor of Music — Processional habit : White damask silk, crimson satin sleeves and facings. Bound black velvet cap. Ordinary habit : Similar to those worn by Doctors of Law and Physic. Bachelor of Music — Similar to Bachelors of other faculties. Master of Arts— Black habit of princes-stuff, with long sleeves, cut circular at bottom. Hood of black silk (lined with crimson). Bachelor of Arts — Habit of princes- stuff, with full sleeves, looped at the elbow, terminating in a point. Dress-hood : black silk, trimmed with fur. Noblemen and gentlemen-commoners who graduate as B.A. or M.A. wear silk gowns. Tirst Professor of Kural Economy, attached to Botany : G. C. B. Daubeny, D.M. Magdalen, 1840. 24 TERMS— ARMS— OFFICERS. Terms. —There are Four Terms in each year, viz. , Michaelmas Term (Oct. 10th to Dec. 17th), Hilary or Lent Term (Jan. 14th to day before Palm-Sun- day), Easter Term (Wednesday after Easter-Sunday to Friday before Whit- Sunday), Trinity or Act Term (Saturday before Whit-Sunday to the Saturday after the first Tuesday in July. Congregation has power, however, to prolong Trinity Term, if necessary. Easter and Trinity Terms falling so close to each other are generally looked upon as one Term. Full Term commences on the Sunday after the first day of Term. Eighteen weeks' residence in the twelve- months are sufficient for the Four Terms— six weeks Michaelmas, six weeks Hilary, three weeks Easter, three weeks Trinity. The Arms of the University are emblazoned on a shield : azure on a book open proper, garnished Or ; on the dexter side, seven seals of the last, between three open crowns of the second. Motto: " Dominus illuminatio mea." — "The Lord is my light." The seven seals probably refer to the book of Revelations (v. 1), signifying the unsealing of Divine Eevelation, the fountain of all wisdom, by Christ. Preference is given, by Sir J. Wake, to the seven seals representing the seven liberal arts. The chief officers of the University are : — I. The Chancellor. —Now elected for life, but originally for one year only, and then for a series of years. Robert de Cricklade, at times called Canutus, is the first named Chancellor, and his year of office, 1159. Ralph Cole appears to have been the first who held the office for two years, 1233-4 ; Roger de Wesenham, three years, 1294-6 ; John Lutterell, five years, 1317- 22 ; George Nevill, twelve years, 1461-72. Oliver Cromwell was Chancellor for eight years, 1650-8. The Duke of Welliogton (elected 1834) and the Earl of Derby (elected 1852) have been the last two Chancellors. Lord Derby died Oct. 23, 1869. The present Chancellor is the Marquis of Salisbury, elected Nov. 12, 1869, and installed at the Commemoration, 1870. No stipend is attached to the office, but it entails considerable expense upon its holder. According to etiquette, the Chancellor must only enter the University upon his installation, and at royal visits. His powers are, therefore, deputed to the Vice- Chancellor. Dress: Black damask-silk robe, richly ornamented with gold embroidery, rich lace band, and square velvet cap, with large gold tassel. Undress robe : similar to a D.D.'s II. The High Steward or Seneschallus. — Appointed by the Chancellor, and approved by "Convocation." The office is held for life. The salary, an ancient nominal one, is £5 per year. The duties are — To hear and decide upon charges of treason, felony, and other grave matters, when demand is made by the Chancellor. Members of the University are alone amenable. John Norreys, Esq., is the first-mentioned ofiicer in this capacity, in 1466. The Earl of Carnarvon now holds the post, being elected in 1859. There is a Deputy-Steward in connection with this post, at a salary of £2 per annum : Sir Roundell Palmer, M.P. for Richmond, and author of the "Book of Praise," now occupies the position. Elected 1852. III. The Vice- Chancellor (formerly known as "Commissary").— This officer is the resident head of the University. The salary is £600 per annum. The office is tenable for four years, and is taken in rotation by the Heads of Houses. William Farrendon, who held the position from 1400 to 1403, is the earliest mentioned. Dress : Doctor of the faculty to which he belongs. IV. The Proctors and Pro-Proctors. —These oflBces are held for one year. There are two Proctors and four Pro-Proctors. The Proctors receive £350 per annum each ; the Pro-Proctors, £80 each. The Proctors must be .First Professor of Poetry (by diploma) : Joseph Trapp, M.A., Wadham, 1708. UNIVERSITY OFFICERS— COSTUMES, &>c. 25 M.A.s of four years' standing, and the Pro-Proctors of three years'. The election is made the first week in Lent, and the office is entered upon in Easter week. The election is made from each college in rotation, through a cycle of thirty years. Previous to 1629 " Convocation" elected them ; but, in consequence of disputations, the method was changed to the present style. They perambulate the University boundary nightly, to see that the students preserve proper decorum. The Proctors possess peculiar powers in making arrests, &c. Proctors Dress : Habit of princes-stuff, black velvet sleeves and facings. Small tippet attached to each shoulder. On particular occasions a large ermine hood is worn. Pro-Proctor's Dress: M.A.s habit, faced with velvet. Small tippet attached to left shoulder. In 1267 the Proctors were three in number, viz. , Roger de Plumpton, Henry de Godfrey, and Robert de Burgo. V. — The Public Orator. — This office was first established in 1564, on the occasion of Queen Elizabeth's visit to the University. At this period he is chosen by " Convocation, " and must be either a B. C. L. or M. A. The stipend is £20 yearly (derived from a benefaction left by Lord Crewe) and an addition of ,£130 from the University Chest. The- duties of the office are — To write addresses and letters of congratulation, &e) ; present those who are selected to receive honorary degrees ; deliver (alternately with the Professor of Poetry) the annual Creweian Oration at the Commemoration, and form one of the judges who decide upon the merits of the Prize Poems, Essays, &c. VI. Keeper of the Archives. — This officer has charge of the documents and muniments of the University. The salary is £100 per annum. The first instituted officer (Brian Twyne, the celebrated antiquary) was elected in 1634. VII. The Registrar. — He takes copies of all dispensations, elections, statutes, leases, &c, connected with the collegiate-foundations ; and also registers all the admissions to Degrees, giving certificates to persons who wish to have a guarantee of their University-membership. The salary attached to the office is £500 per annum. The election is vested in " Convocation," and with this office that of Registrar of the University Court is also combined. The other University Officers are the Public Examiners (16 in number), the Professors of the various faculties recognized by the University, and Delegates who have the management of its discipline and expenses. In concluding this division of the Guide, we append a notice of the costumes not previously noticed : — Noblemen, two dresses— Festive : Habit of purple damask-silk, ornamented with gold lace. Private : Habit of black silk, with full dress, and tippet attached to the shoulder. Square black velvet cap. Gentleman-Commoner — Dress : Habit of black silk, richly ornamented with silk tassels. Undress : Habit of black silk, plaited at the sleeves. Square black velvet cap, silk tassel, with both dresses. Student in Civil Law : Plain black silk habit, square cloth cap, silk tassel. Commoner: Habit of princes-stuff, without sleeves. Broad strip from each shoulder, gathered into plaits near the shoulder, reaching to bottom of dress. Square black cloth cap, with silk tassel. Servitor : Similar to that of Commoner, but no plaits at the shoulder, and cap without tassel. Scholars and Demys of Magdalen, Postmasters of Mer- ton, and Students of Christ Church, who have not taken a degree, wear a plain black gown of princes-stuff, with round full sleeves, half the length of the habit, and square black cap with silk tassel. Other matters of interest pertaining to the historical notes of the Uni- versity will be introduced whilst inspecting the buildings in our walk, bearing out the words of Webster in his "Dutchesse of Malfey :" " We never tread upon them but we set our foote upon some reverend historie." First Clinical Professor of Medicine : John Parsons, D.M. Student of Ch. Ch. 1780. 26 THE RIVERS THAMES AND CHER WELL. THE ENTRANCES TO THE CITY Are four in number — east, south, north, west— all more or less picturesque. Three of the four cross those beautiful meandering rivers, the ''Thames," (locally named, for some distance, the "Isis,") and the " Cherwell." The western entrance crosses the Thames no less than seven distinct times in the space of one mile — these branches converging into one principal stream at Folly Bridge — the southern entrance. The visitor will find many points full of beauty — Nature, revelling in all her glory, upon the river-side walks. Huber, whom we have before quoted, says : "In one of the most fertile districts of that Queen of the Seas, whom Nature has so richly blest, lies a broad green vale, where the Isis (the Thames) and the Cherwell mingle their full clear waters. Here and there primeval elms and oaks overshadow them ; while in their various windings they encircle gardens, meadows, and fields, villages, cottages, farm-houses, and country seats, in motley mixture. " The Thames is the most important of English rivers, and forms the prin- cipal stream passing through and around Oxford. Two distinct places have been given as its source — both in Gloucestershire, on the southern slope of the Cotswold Hills, but about sixteen miles apart ; one called ' ' Thames Head," the other " The Seven Springs." The latter is, we believe, generally credited as being the true source. The upper part of the Thames — from its rise to about eight miles below Oxford, is locally called the "Isis." In no ancient document can such a name be found— the Town Clerk of Oxford, G. P. Hester, Esq., has inspected several hundred documents, many being in his possession, in not one of which is the Thames called the Isis, but always the former. Isis is undoubtedly a scholarly name given to the river, probably from its termination in its Latin form, "Tames-is." Some state it to arise from the goddess Isis, a mythological deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and Rhea, to whom there is or was a marble monument at Capua, bearing this inscription : "To thee, Goddess Isis, who art one and all things. " The Thames for twenty miles is wholly in Gloucestershire, then for a short distance it divides that county from Wiltshire. It next separates Berkshire, first from Oxfordshire and then from Buckinghamshire, afterwards dividing Middlesex from Surrey, and then to its mouth, Kent and Essex, falling into the German Ocean at the Nore, about 220 miles from its source. The area of the basin drained by the Thames is estimated at about 6,500 miles. From London Bridge to the Nore its length is forty-five miles ; from London to Oxford, 116 miles ; from thence to its source about sixty miles. At Rich- mond, the Thames becomes tidal. It is commonly called the Isis until it reaches Dorchester, eight or nine miles below Oxford, when it receives the small river Thame— and the fact of the two rivers uniting has led some people to imagine that from here the name of Thames properly commences. The Cherwell (pronounced Charwell), is a small, but in some parts, deep stream, rising in the Arbury Hills, near Daventry, Northamptonshire, about nine miles from the boundary of Oxfordshire. It passes in its course some few small towns and villages— including the ancient borough of Banbury. Its length is about forty miles — unnavigable ; being principally private waters, reserved for fishing, and presenting to the angler some good sport. It unites with the Thames at the south-eastern end of Christ Church river-side walks. On the waters of both the Thames and the Cherwell the first Aldrichian Professor of Medicine : Robert Browne, D.M., Worcester, 1S03. THE HIGH STREET OF OXFORD. 27 White and Yellow Water Lillies (Nymphea alba and Nupha lutea) grow in profusion during the summer months. In these streams also The Crayfish or River Lobster (Astceus fluviatilis) can be netted in large numbers in the course of the season. The Eastern Entrance is from the two London roads ; viz. through High and West Wycombe, and Henley-on-Thames ; passing over Magdalen Bridge, by Magdalen College, into the principal or High Street of the city, poetically described by Montgomery as i ' The town's majestic pride ;" and by Wordsworth, who speaks of "the stream-like windings of that glorious street." Sir Walter Scott, in his "Provincial Antiquities," writes that " It cannot be denied that the High Street of Edin- burgh is the most magnificent in Great Britain, except the High Street of Oxford." The noble street is 2,038 feet in length, and eighty-five feet in width, lined with buildings of the noblest orders of architecture, displaying beauties confessedly unparalleled by any city in the world. The Churches of St. Mary-the-Virgin and All Saints', terminated by"that of St. Martin (Carfax), together with the Colleges of Magdalen, Queen's, University, and All Souls', present a coup oVceil not to be rivalled, f Up the High Street, in 1527, went the sad procession of students on their way to the Bible Auto de Fe', at the exterior of St. Martin's Church. Each carrying their Bible and a fagot, they slowly proceeded towards Christ Church, thence to the place of the fire, where the Bibles were thrown into the flames. They were afterwards imprisoned in the dungeons of Christ Church and Osney Abbey. Down the High Street, on March 20, 1556, slowly Cranmer wended his weary steps, bowed with age and trouble, on his way to St. Mary's Church, there to dispute with the Romish priests the efticacy of their false doctrines, and to protest against that "great thing that troubled his conscience," the belief that he had signed, through fear, previously. A century later we find mention of a far different scene, chronicled by Antony a Wood — "Monday, April 26, 1669, was the first day that the flying coach went from Oxford to London in one day. A. W. went in the same coach. The coach left the tavern door, near All Souls' College, at six in the morning, and at seven at night they were set down at their inn in London." All Oxford was amazed at this wondrous achieve- ment ! The street was alive at that early hour, to witness the departure of the flying vehicle. Naught that had transpired for many years bore com- parison with it, not even the entry of Charles I. from Edgehill, in 1642, nor the departure of the garrison when the city capitulated in 1646. And those were both exciting scenes — accompanied as they were by the clamour of bells and ej aculations of defeat on both occasions. In the following year a second flying- coach was placed upon the road between Oxford and London, without permission from the Vice-Chancellor, who, feeling his dignity insulted, put forth the subjoined notice : — "Whereas Edward Bartlet hath, without Licence from Me, presumed to set up a Flying Coach to travaile from hence to London : These are to require all Scholars and Members of this University not to make use of the said Flying Coach so set up by Edward Bartlet. — P. Mews, Vice-Chancellor, Oxon, July 20, 1670." Near this entrance, the first Coffee-house in England was opened in 1650. Noting this, we again consult Antony a Wood : "In this year, Jacob, a Jew, opened a coffee house at the Angel, in the Parish of St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxon, and there it was by some, who delighted in noveltie, drank." The "Angel" spoken of was a famous hotel, not long since demolished, the site being required by the University for the erection of a pile of buildings for the New Examination Schools. First Aldrichian Professor of Chemistry: John Kidd, D.M., Ch. Ch., 1803. 28 FRIAR BA CON AND FOIL Y BRIDGE. The Northern Entrance is from the Banbury and Woodstock roads, converging into a fine thoroughfare near St. Giles's Church, 2,000 feet in length, and 250 in width. On one side stands the stately collegiate buildings of St. John's and Balliol Colleges ; and on the other, the magnificent Taylor Buildings, University Galleries, and the Randolph Hotel, terminated by the Church of St. Mary Magdalen, and the Martyrs' Memorial. At one period this entrance bore a comparison to the celebrated Boulevards of Paris ; but since the stately elms on the lower or western side have been taken down, this resemblance is, to a great extent, destroyed. In this street there is annually held the Pleasure Fair of St. Giles, in September, a relic of the Wakes of by- gone times, and still largely attended. The Southern Entrance, from the Salisbury and Abingdon roads, takes the visitor over " Folly Bridge," formerly of much greater length than now. It is supposed that a bridge existed at this crossing of the Thames in the Saxon Heptarchy, during the reign of King Egbert. In 1075, Robert D'Oyly, who fortified and enlarged Oxford Castle, rebuilt this bridge, calling it "Magnus Pons," a term answering to the one afterwards bestowed on the bridge — "Great Bridge," since called "Grandpont." This term is still in use, the thoroughfare from the bridge to the south retaining it. In the reign of King Stephen, a pharos (or watch tower) was erected on the bridge, in order that the surrounding country might be surveyed, during the incursions of hostile forces, &c. Fifty years beyond this period (1134-5), it was used as an observatory by the learned Friar Bacon, who from thence surveyed the " wonders of the skies." The days of Elizabeth saw a storey added to the tower, by a citizen named " Welcome." Being thought a waste of money, and a complete exemplification of folly, it became known as " Welcome's Folly," briefly used as " Folly," which has since been attached to the bridge. The tower was removed altogether on April 6, 1779. The following lines appeared in the ' St. James's Chronicle ; or, British Evening Post,' on April 10, at the close of an article on its demolition : — " Roger, if with thy magic glasses Or to thy votaries quick impart Kenning, thou seest below what passes, The secret of thy magic art ; As when on earth thou did'st descry Teach us, ere learning's quite forsaken, With them the wonders of the sky ; To honour thee, and— save our Bacon ! " Look down on your devoted walls, O, save them, ere thy study falls. The bridge having existed for a long period, was at last deemed unsafe ; and in 1815 it was decided that it should be rebuilt, for which purpose a special Act of Parliament was obtained to raise the necessary funds and to confer the power of removal. Accordingly, in 1826, the present bridge was erected by Mr. Macintosh, after designs by Mr. Perry. The cost of the bridge was £10,000. In 1859 the approaches and other improvements cost an additional £8,000, the thoroughfare previously being exceedingly narrow. Near this spot the two counties of Berks and Oxon join, and in remote times both shires were governed by one Lord-Lieutenant ; and, in close proximity to the bridge, the Assize Courts and Gaol were known to stand, and also the ancient Church of Danesbourne (dedicated in 1132). No vestige of either now remains. The monastery of the Dominicans (built in 1224), was but a short distance from the bridge, and likewise the Franciscan monastery (built six years after, 1230). In the latter, Roger Bacon, the friar before mentioned, was buried in 1292. The view down the river from this point is very fine, especially during the practice of the University boating crews. The banks First Aldrichian Professor of Anatomy : Sir Christopher Pegg, D.M., Oriei, 1S09. DEPREDA TIONS B Y HIGHWA YMEN. 29 are lined with the barges (used as reading and recreation rooms), belonging to the various colleges, while in the back ground rise the stately elms that fringe the beautiful water-walks of Christ Church. In one of the barges located by the water-side, tbe Lord Mayor of London was wont to take what was called the " Lord Mayor's View of the Thames." This was an annual procession from Oxford to London, by water, followed by an assemblage of boats, that the Lord Mayor and Corporation might view the beauties of "England's mightiest river, the hoary Thames. " Arriving at Staines, the company disembarked, and the sheriffs and aldermen who were not "free of the water," were "bumped" at the stone, named "Corporation Stone," and made free. Wine was afterwards served, and money thrown amongst the onlookers. This purposeless and foolish ceremony, now rightly abolished, cost the city of London ,£700 annually. The "Western Entrance to the city is the least picturesque of the four, although by far the most traversed, for here are situated the stations of the Great Western and North Western railways, and it is also the main road to Bath, Bristol, Cheltenham, &c. Within one mile of the city this road has seven bridges crossing the Thames ; an$ about eighty years back it was deemed the most dangerous, in consequence of the depredations of the high- waymen and footpads infesting it. In ' Jackson's Oxford Journal,' of Feb- ruary 28, 1784, the only Oxford paper then published, we read the following : " Between seven and eight o'clock last Monday evening, one of the Bath coaches was robbed on the galloping-ground above Botley, about two miles and a-half from this city, by two men on foot, who took from the passengers £24 in money, with their watches. But, at the request of the driver, they returned all the watches except one, and went off with their booty. There were six passengers in the coach and two outside." In 1776 the same coach was robbed, nearly on the same spot, by a single highwayman, on Dec. 5 ; and in March, 1775, Farmer Dover, of Botley, was waylaid and robbed, at Bullstrode Bridge, the fourth on this road, nearly losing his life. An asso- ciation of citizens was formed to prevent these numerous robberies — a sort of "vigilance committee." Their power was soon felt, for the molestations ceased. About two minutes' walk from the Great Western Station is the suburb of Osney Town, chiefly inhabited by persons employed on the railway. The population is close upon 2000, and both houses and inhabitants are increasing rapidly. This suburb is quite of recent formation, dating from 1848. There are three islands one upon another, and upon the ihird stood the rich and cele- brated foundation known as Osney Abbey, founded in 1129 by Robert Neale (or Nigel), at the request of his wife Edith, for a body of Augustinian monks. This abbey was most magnificent in all its appointments : Sir John Peschell says it was ' ' The envy of all other religious houses in England and beyond the seas." It boasted a church, enriched with a variety of chapels, and not less than twenty-four altars, with two lofty towers, in one of which hung a splendid peal of bells, including Oxford's renowned " Great Tom." At its dissolution in 1546 these bells were removed to Christ Church, and still remain within the campanile of the cathedral, except "Tom," which now hangs in a tower over the noble gateway of Christ Church. The bell was, however, recast in 1680. Osney Abbey was often graced with the presence of kings and nobles. In 1238 a serious riot took place at the Abbey between the retainers of Otho, the Papal Legate, and the Welsh scholars of the University— Otho's own brother being First Professor of Political Economy : Nas?au Wm. Senior, M.A., Magdalen, 1825. 30 THE RAIL WA Y STA TIONS. slain, and himself placed in jeopardy. In 1265 Henry III. kept great state within its walls for seven days. It was also been used as a prison upon several occasions— at one period Thomas Manne was condemned to life imprisonment within the walls of the Abbey, but he escaped, was recaptured, conveyed to London, and burnt. Here some of the students were confined for reading the bible in the days of Wolsey. Henry VIII. ordered its close in 1546, and its revenues to go to the foundation of his College— Christ Church. Service was again renewed within the ruins in Queen Mary's reign, but in the Protectorate of Cromwell nearly every vestige was removed. Attached to Sheldon's Mill there is still a small portion of the Abbey remain- ing, used as a store- house. It can be inspected on application. Visitors will find a representation of the Abbey in a painted window in Christ Church Cathedral, near Bishop King's monument. Bishop King was the first Bishop of Oxford and the last Abbot of Osney Abbey. He received the episcopal mitre in 1542, and died on Dec. 4, 1557. Nearly opposite the remains of the Abbey stands St. Frideswide's Cemetery. — It forms the interment-ground of four parishes : St. Aldate, St. Ebbe, St. Peter-le-Bailey, and St. Thomas. Re- tracing our way, on the left, is the Great Western Railway Station.— This is a branch from the main line of the G.W.R. at Didcot, ten miles distant, and conveys the traffic- to Birmingham, -Wolverhampton, Worcester, Wales, &c. London can be reached by two routes from this station, viz. by the main line, via Reading, distant sixty-three miles, and via Thame and Wycombe branch, fifty-eight miles. The latter is a single line, and runs into the main line again at Twyford. The first route from London to Oxford was opened on June 12, 1844. It met with much opposition from the University authorities, who declared that accelerated communication with the metropolis was unnecessary. The second line was opened in 1864. Trains run at frequent periods. There is also through communication with all parts of the kingdom. Every infor- mation can be obtained at the stations, and at the Mitre Goods Office, in the High Street, adjoining the Market. Parallel with the Station of the G.W.R. is the London and North- Western Railway Terminus.— This Railway is a branch from Bletchley Junction on the main line, 31^ miles from Oxford- London is distant 78 miles by this route. The fares are the same, although the train-service is less frequent. There is also through communication with all parts, and the line likewise runs direct to Scotland, via the Caledonian system. Information required by visitors can be obtained at the terminus, or at the Goods Office, adjoining the Clarendon Hotel. The communication with Oxford was opened on May 16, 1851. On the opposite side of the road, at the back of Rewley Nursery, stands St. Thomas Church, founded in 1141 by the Canons of Osney Abbey, on the ground given by Bernard St. Waleri. It was first dedicated to St. Nicholas, Bishop of Myra. The tower, almost enveloped with ivy, was added in the fifteenth crntury ; and a new north aisle was added in 1847. The porch dates from 1621, and bears the arms of Dr. Burton, Ch. Ch.,then vicar. The Church is 100 feet in length. In the eastern window are repre- sentations of the "Paschal Supper," the "Crucifixion," and "Our Lord in Gethsemane." The chancel windows have illuminations of " SS. Thomas, Nicholas, and Frideswide. " The situation of the Church is very low, and it- has been flooded in former times, when the river has risen, notably in 1774, first Camden Professor of Ancient History : Degory Whear, M.A., Exeter, 1622. SIEGES OF OXFORD CASTLE. 31 when the water was three or four feet deep in the body of the church for nearly a week. Several famous men have been connected with this Church, amongst whom have been the Rev. R. Burton, D. D. , author of the ' ' Ana- tomy of Melancholy," Vicar in 1616 (died in 1639) ; the Rev. Mr. Purchas, of St. James's, Brighton, the first editor of the ritualistic manual, " Direc- torum Anglicanum," Curate for some time, (his extreme views of ritualism causing his suspension by the late Bishop of Chichester, in 1868) ; the Right Rev. James Laird Batterson, of the Romish Church, said to have been appointed by the Pope, Archbishop of Glasgow and Primate of all Scotland, was also a Curate of this Church. Service on Sundays, at 11 a.m. (Matins), and 6 p.m. (Evensong), and every week day. The value of the living is £185 per annum ; the population of the parish, about 5,500. Proceeding from this point, the visitor commences the TOUR OF THE CITY. Passing up the New Road, crossing Pacey's Bridge, and turning into a lane, he observes the only remains of Oxford Castle. — This edifice was built 1 in the reign of William Rufus, by Robert D'Oyley ; and the one solitary tower, its sole memorial, is a remnant of six that at one period proudly reared their heads. A better specimen of old Saxon fortification cannot be well met with. It is supposed that a Castle existed on this spot anterior to the time of Rufus, for Mr. King, in his work, entitled "Vestiges of Oxford Castle," states that "it is evident that Ofta, Alfred and his sons, and Harold Harefoot, actually resided in the Castle. " He imagines that an edifice, with ditch and walls, was formed by King Offa ; and remarks that " in very old writings the castle or fortress is called ikfo£a." Whilst the foundations were being cleared for the new Gaol, an ancient Saxon crypt or chapel was discovered (called the Maud crypt), about 20 feet from the Castle tower. Unfortunately, the remains had to be removed ; but were replaced by the builder in a modern cellar, as near the spot as possible, and in the same relative situation, preserving the architecture of the roof. The tower now standing is of Saxon architecture ; and it is supposed to be the tower of the church at one time within the walls of the Castle — known as St. George's. During the Danish invasions, Oxford formed one of the seven burgs, or fortified towns, and is mentioned as such in Saxon chronicles. In 1139, the castle was delivered up to the Empress Matilda, mother of Henry II. She was besieged here by king Stephen, in 1142 ; but, after a desperate resistance was compelled to fly. She escaped at midnight, during the continuance of a severe frost, over the ice to Abingdon, thence taking horse to Wallingford ; she was accompanied by three of her most devoted knights. In the reign of Henry III. (1231) the Castle and tower were used as a Gaol by the University ; and, shortly after as the common Gaol of the county, of which it is still part. The building was restored in a great mea- sure of Charles I. , during the siege of the city ; but, after its capitulation in 1646, it was almost destroyed in 1649. Passing on, after inspecting the Castle tower, the visitor returns, noticing St. Peter-le-Bailey Parish Schools, built on the site of the old Oxford Pound, in 1845, at the expense of the Rev. C. Hales. They were opened by Dr. Macbride, Principal of Magdalen Hall. Opposite to this erection is the entrance to the Wharf of the Oxford Canal, commenced in 1754, completed in 1790. The canal is 91 miles in length ; width at the surface, 28 feet ; at the bottom, 16 feet ; First Vinerian Professor of Common Law ; "William Blackstone, D.C.L,. All Souls', 1758. 32 THE MUTINY IN THE OXFORD MILITIA. depth, -H feet. There are 42 locks in its entire distance, and it is crossed by about 250 bridges. One of its aqueducts, " Pedlar's Bridge," is formed of 12 arches, each 22 feet span. It opens up communication between Birming- ham, Liverpool, Manchester, and the Wednesbury collieries. Noted for traffic at one time, but since the opening of the railways this has much diminished. It is the property of a company, in shares of £100. In times of prosperity these shares were worth upwards of £500 each. Crossing the road, he sees the Armoury and County Police Station. — The training-ground of the Oxfordshire Militia is in the rear of this building. The history of the county regiment has some points of interest. They were at the encampment on Brighton Downs, during the Napoleon panic, in 1793-4. This encampment has°been handed to posterity by the lyric effusion of ' ' Brighton Camp ; or the Girl I left behind me," music inherent to drums and fifes. After the encampment broke up, the Militia were removed to East Bletchington, near Newhaven, about nine miles from Brighton. Whilst there, a mutiny arose in consequence of the high price of provisions and the distress of the poor, a portion of the men broke into Messrs. Catt's mill, and distributed the flour, emptying also the contents of a corn vessel into the river. For this they were tried before a Court-martial ; two of their number, named Cooke and Parish, being condemned to be shot : the rest to be flogged. The sentence was carried into effect at Goldstone Bottom, a spot about two miles to the west of Brighton, on June 13, 1795. There is a print extant of the execution ; its size is about 18in. by 15in. It represents the men kneeling on their coffins, and is inscribed ' ' The Awful Scene or Ceremony of Two Soldiers, belonging to the Oxfordshire Militia, which were Shot on June 13. 1795, in a Vale, while in camp at Brighton." Thirteen regiments were present at the execution. The bodies of Cooke and Parish were buried in Hove churchyard, at the western suburb of Brighton. The regiment, during the Crimean war, was stationed at Corfu for a short period. It was originally raised previous to the Norman conquest. Adjoining the Armoury is the Castle Mound, raised for the double purpose of defence and observation, and supposed to date from the ninth century. During the time the Castle was besieged by Stephen, it is described as being chiefly defended by two strong towers, "which," Dr. Ingram says, in his "Memorials of Oxford," " were most undoubtedly the great keep tower on the high mount, built by Robert D'Oyley, and St. George's tower, which there is so much reason to believe was the prior Saxon palace, and whose walls were near ten feet thick ; whilst its summit had the most truly ancient mode of protection for those who should be placed there to annoy the besiegers." Two mounts over against the keep were thrown up by Stephen, from which he battered the Castle incessantly, with the machines of war then in use. These were named 1 ' Mount Pelham" and ' ' Jews' Mount. " On the latter some Jews were burnt to death ; and it is still known by this name to many old citizens. The mound is surrounded and surmounted by trees, presenting a very pleasant aspect. Entered from the top is a very ancient well-room, of the time of Henry II. , with a fine spring of water at the bottom. The depth of the well from the top of the mound is 72-feet. A portion of the room was used by Charles I. as a powder magazine. It is not generally shown to visitors, for an unfortunate occurrence happened in 1810 : Mr. Bartlett, a young citizen, whilst inspecting the mound with some friends, accidentally fell down the shaft, and was killed. Should the visitor desire to see the Eirst Anglo-Saxon Professor : Charles Mayo, M.A., St. John's 1795. EXECUTION OF ANNE GREEN 33 Panorama of the Country from its summit, a magistrate's order must be procured. The next point of interest is the County Hall, erected in 1841, in the Anglo-Norman or Modern Castel- lated style, at a cost of ,£15,300. It consists of two handsome commodious courts, with ante-rooms, &c. , and offices for the Clerk of the Peace. Here the business of the county is transacted, the Assizes held, and the nomination and declaration of the knights of the shire take place. In the centre hall is a fine full-length portrait of the late W. H. Ashhurst, Esq., M.P. for the county from 1815 to 1830, and chairman of the Quarter Sessions from 1822 to 1846. In the rear is the County Gaol, a massive structure, in keeping with the Hall. The prin- cipal buildings were erected from 1800-1805, from the designs of Mr. Black- burn, under the direction of Mr. Harris, builder, of Oxford, at a cost of ,£19,033. It is approached from a courtyard, in which is situate the governor's residence. A brief record of a few criminals, remarkable in their several cases, is appended. On December 14, 1650, a servant girl named Anne Green, was hung in the castle-yard for murdering her illegitimate child. After hanging for half-an-hour, her body Was cut down and sent to the Anatomy School, Christ Church, but warmth being found, the knife was withheld, and she was resuscitated. This was the sensation of the day for some time, and several tracts and copies of verse celebrated the event. These are now very rare, but copies can be seen in the Bodleian Library. Dr. Bathurst, President of Trinity College, and afterwards Dean of Wells, wrote a Latin epigram upon the subject ; thus, translated : — " Thou more than mortal, that, with many lives, Hast mocked the sexton, and the doctors' knives ; The name of spinster thou mayest justly wed, Since there's no halter stronger than thy thread." Anthony a Wood narrates that the child was begotten by Jeffrey Reade, grandson to Sir Thomas Reade, of Dunstew, in Oxon. Mr. Edward Wood, Antony's brother, also wrote verses on the event ; and a Mr. Richard Watkins, of Christ Church, brought out a pamphlet entitled ' ' Newes from the Dead : or, a True and Exact Narration of the Miraculous Deliverance of Anne Green," &c. There was also another, with a woodcut representing the execution, and the sufferer recovering in bed, printed by J. Clowes, London, in 1651. Anne Green, after her restoration, retired to the village of Steeple Barton, where she married, and had three children. She died in 1659. In 1654, two officers of the king's (Charles I. ) army, named Hussey and Peck, were executed for highway robbery. Their bodies were taken away by some Royalists, and buried at night in the old church of St. Peter- le-Bailey, which fell down in 1726. Antony a Wood says that this was the first or second execution he ever saw, and "it struck great terror into him." On May 4, 1658, a somewhat similar case to that of Anne Green, but more excessively cruel, took place in Oxford. A servant maid named Elizabeth, living with Miss Clive, in Magdalen parish, was executed at Green Ditch, St. Giles, without the North Gate, the public place of execution for the city, also for the murder of her illegitimate child. Her body was ordered for dissection ; but after it was taken from the gallows, Coniers, a young phy- sician, of St. John's College, and others, discovered life, and speedily restored respiration. She was taken to a public-house in Magdalen parish (the " Crown," latterly known as the "Bell," demolished to make room for the new Randolph Hotel), but the bailiffs of the city, getting news of the occurrence, First Professor of Latin Literature : John Conington, M.A., University Coll., 1854. D 34 JONA THAN BRADFORD— MAR Y BLAND Y -went between twelve and one at night, broke into the house, seized her, placed her in a coffin, and conveyed her to Broken Hayes (near where the City Gaol now stands), and re-hung her on a tree. The poor creature was so sensible of her fate, that she ejaculated, "Lord, have mercy upon me!" The citizens were in a state of ferment, and threatened vengeance — but this passed over. On August 31, 1681, Stephen Colledge was executed, in a barbarous manner, for treason, in the Castle-yard. (See "Executions for Treason.") In May, 1723, a woman named Johanna Mead, a native of Coombe, near Woodstock, Oxon, was " burnt to death," for poisoning her husband. The execution took place at Green Ditch, without the North Gate. In 1736, Jonathan Bradford was executed at Oxford Castle. This event is well known as a case of circumstantial evidence. Bradford did not commit the murder, although discovered in the room, holding a lanthorn in one hand, and a knife in the other, over the murdered man's body. He stated that he went to commit the deed, but found it already done. This was disbelieved. He was tried at Oxford Assizes, then held in the Town Hall ; found guilty, and executed, maintaining his innocence to the last. His declaration of innocence was, however, true ; for (eighteen months after) the footman of the murdered man confessed the deed, when on a bed of sickness. He avowed that he committed the deed, took his master's property, and escaped back to his own room. The name of the murdered man was Hayes, and the deed was committed near Dorchester, at the junction of the four ways, on the London road, where Bradford kept the "Golden Ball" Inn. This case formed the plot of a favourite melodrama, entitled "John Bradford; or, the Murder at the Roadside Inn," and constituted a staple piece at many London and provincial theatres, when such dramas were more patronised than they are now. The Messrs. Chambers mention the crime in their " Useful and Entertaining Tracts," in cases of ' Circumstantial Evidence,' but neither date nor locality is given. This is likewise the course adopted in the "Wonderful Magazine," &c. In March, 1752, Miss Mary Blandy, daughter of the Town Clerk of Henley, Oxon, was executed at Green Ditch, for poisoning her father. This was a most painful event, she being un- doubtedly the dupe of Captain Cranstoun, a designing villain, a native of Scotland. Miss Blandy's trial took place in the Divinity School, and lasted thirteen hours ; the Town Hall, in which both City and County Sessions and Assizes were held, being rebuilding. It was clearly proved that she admi- nistered the poison. On the night previous to her execution, she made a statement that she was not aware of its poisonous qualities, for it had been supplied to her by Cranstoun. The captain admitted this afterwards, when he was in France. On arriving at the gallows, Miss Blandy reiterated her declaration, that " she was innocent of maliciously administering the poison, as she hoped f cr salvation in a future state. " She mounted the ladder — the halter was placed around her neck, and drawing her handkerchief over her face, after a brief prayer she gave the signal to the executioner, by holding out a small book she had in her hand, and helping to throw herself off the ladder. Her body was removed to Henley, and interred in the church at one o'clock the next morning, between her father and mother. Captain Cranstoun (a married man, and the father of children) died in Furness, afflicted with a severe disorder, on Nov. 30, 1752. In March, 1761, Isaac Darling, alias Dumas, the "gentleman-highwayman," was executed for high- way robbery, at Oxford Castle. This criminal had a remarkable existence ; being sentenced to death at Chelmsford, in 1758, when only eighteen years Tirst Boden Professor of Sanscrit : Horace Hayman Wilson, M. A., Exeter, 1832. D UMAS—LA Y—DA VIS— KALABERGO, &*e. 35 of age, for robbing Captain Cockburn. He was reprieved on account of his youth, but transported for fourteen years, and afterwards pardoned on condition of serving as a private soldier in the Island of Antigua. He escaped to England, again turned highwayman, was nearly captured, seeking safety by entering as a midshipman on board the Royal George. He deserted, took to the road once more, and was captured for the third time for highway robbery, at Nettlebed, and paid the penalty of his crimes at the age of twenty-one. He had a great dread of dissection, and made arrangements with some bargemen previous to execution, to convey his body to St. Thomas' churchyard. They obeyed his injunction, filling his coffin with quicklime. On March 25, 1805, Thomas Davis was executed at the Castle, for forgery at Chipping Norton. He was attended by Mr. James Hinton, the Baptist minister, from his condemnation to the time of execution. In 1832, George Lay, alias Keats, was executed for highway robbery and attempted murder of Mr. Edward Pullen, at Culham Lock. A man named Gibbs was tried at the same assizes for arson, and condemned to death . Lay and Gibbs were executed together. The body of Lay was giyen up to his mother, who made an exhibition of it. Several other notorious criminals have suffered the extreme penalty of the law at Oxford Castle, the twoiast, being Kalabergo, the Italian (who murdered his uncle, near Banbury in 1852). and Noah Austin, who committed a somewhat similar murder (that of his sweetheart's father) in 1863. During the interval between Kalabergo 's condemnation and trial, he made a desperate attempt to escape, which was nearly successful. Leaving the gloomy associations of the prison, the visitor proceeds to the Diocesan Probate Court, a small modern Gothic building, erected in 1864, and nearly facing the County Hall. Pursuing his course, he shortly arrives at the New Road Baptist Chapel, lying back from the main street, in a courtyard. This is the oldest dissenting place of worship in the city, being built in 1780 ; rebuilt in 1800 ; enlarged in 1819 ; heightened, new-roofed, and considerably improved in 1865. The interior presents a neat and light appearance. The Rev. James Hinton, before mentioned, laboured here for thirty-six years (from 1787 to 1823). A tablet, behind the platform, speaking of his faithful pastorate, concludes with the words : " His witness is in heaven, his record is on high." On one occasion that eminent minister, the Rev. Robert Hall, visited Mr. Hinton, and enjoyed his guidance through the buildings of the University. It is recorded that, when they stood on the summit of the Radcliffe Library, Hall was so impressed with the beauty of the scene — the towers, spires, and pinnacles — quadrangles, gardens, and groves — flowing rivers and belting hills, wood-crowned — and over all the clear blue-flecked sky — that he exclaimed, " Sir, sir, surely it is the New Jerusalem come down from heaven ! " Services are held in this place of worship on Sunday mornings at eleven, and on Sunday evenings at half- past six. Just about this point, from the gates of the Chapel to the opposite side, stood the West Gate of the City in olden times — the city walls taking a circuitous course around the ancient castle. This Gate was taken down in 1771. The visitor has now arrived at the second Church in the city, known as St. Peter-le-Bailey Church, founded in the time of St. Frideswide, a.d. 738-40. The earliest known records are about 1122, when Henry I. appointed a vicar to the living, and confirmed the holding to St. Frideswide's priory. The old Church fell down from sheer decay, in 1726, having stood Present Lee's Lecturer in Anatomy (founded 1750) : Henry Wentworth Acland, D.M., All Souls. 36 ST PETER'S CHURCH— NEW INN HALL. nearly a thousand years. It was re-erected in 1740 ; in 1845 it was re-arranged, and open seats provided. It is a heavy plain-looking edifice, consisting of a nave and two aisles, and is about 70ft. in length and 38ft. in breadth. ! Antony a Wood states that the name of " Bailey," attached to this Church, is derived from Balliolium, a court of Justice, standing near this spot in Saxon times ; but Dr. Ingram, author of "Memorials of Oxford," thinks that the world Balliolium is a diminutive of Ballium—a fort, castle, mound, or prison. The word Bailie being often used in French for an entrenchment, gives, he imagines, the name to the Church, from its being built in the neigh- bourhood of the castle. In ancient documents it is styled " St. Peter ad castrum. " The court of which Wood speaks, Dr. Ingram remarks, was the Magnum Balliolium, and that stood near the west end of St. Martin's Church, in the churchyard. There is a court at York named the Bailey, and the court of Old Bailey, London. In 1635, William Sandbrook was Rector ; who was much admired for his bold puritanical preaching. There is a brass at the west-end of the Church, to the memory of Sir William Loughborough, Mayor of Oxford, in 1383, at the coronation of Bichard II., and to Dame Margaret, his wife. It was renovated in 1772, at the expense of Alderman Fletcher. The Alderman died in 1826, at the age of eighty-seven, and was buried in Yarnton Church, a village about four miles to the north of Oxford. It is traditionally related that he was buried in the stone coffin made for Fair Rosamond. His high altar tomb represents him clad in his aldermanic gown, his hands clasped in prayer. There is a bust of him in the Picture Gallery of the Bodleian Library. St. Peter's Church will shortly be removed, the great traffic at this part of the city necessitating such a course. The Oxford Local Board giving £1,400 in 1870, as a reimbursement to the Rector of the parish for its removal, and £250 (raised by subscription) being paid to the trustees of the New Road Chapel for the Chapel-house adjoining. A site for its re- erection has been secured by the Rector further up New-Inn-Hall Street. Services are held on Sunday morning at 11 ; afternoon, 3 ; evening, 6.30. The value of the living is £104 per annum. Population of the parish, about 1,200. Proceeding a short distance up Queen Street, the visitor will notice a unique Pargetted House Front, of plaister with ornamental devices. It will be found worthy of observation as a specimen of architecture now disused. The house is occupied by Mr. C. Bad cock, draper. Retracing his steps, he enters a narrow lane by St. Peter's Church, just noticed, and speedily reaches New-Inn-Hall, known at its foundation in 1340, as " Trilleck's Inn," belonging then to John Trilleck, Bishop of Hereford. It was purchased by William of Wykeham, founder of New College, in 1392. He afterwards devised the building to his own foundation. The present Hall, quite m oder j i in appearance, was built in 1833. The first Principal of whom we find mention was William Freeman, in 1438. The present Principal is the Rev. H. H. Cornish, M.A., appointed in 1866. Very few students matri- culate at the Hall now ; but, according to Wood, at one time it flourished, and produced many eminent men ap to the days of Edward VI. At the com- mencement of the civil war in 1642, it was suddenly deserted by the students, during which interval it was used as a royal mint. Here were struck the coins known as " Exurgat Money," so named from the legend on the reverse : Exurgat Deus dissipentur inimiei — (" Let God arise, and His enemies be scat- tered"). Upwards of 2,000 ounces of college plate were melted down for coins during that period. The Cistercian monks studied at this hall, while Arch- bishop Chichele was erecting St. Bernard's College (now St. John's). It is First Reader in Experimental Philosophy : Stephen P. Eigaud, ALA., Exeter, 1 81 ° THE OLD COLLEGE OF ST. MARY. 37 known also as the Hall at which, several Welshmen of first class attainments have been educated. Five Welsh bishops were appointed from the Hall in rather more than thirty years, commencing with Arthur Bulkeley, Bishop of Bangor, in 1541, and ending with William Blethin, Bishop of Llandaff, in 1576. In 1626, Christopher Eogers, M.A., of Lincoln College, a noted Puritan, was Principal ; Sir William Blackstone, the eminent lawyer, was also a Principal of this Hall. Brian Twyne, the antiquary, partly educated at Lewes, Sussex ; Sir W. Dunne, D. C. L. , the first University member of Parliament ; the Bev. W. Stone, B. C. L. , founder of the Almhouses in St. Clement's parish ; Dr. James Blackstone, son of Sir William, and Deputy- Steward of the University ; Dr. J. A. Cramer, Principal, and Dean of Carlisle ; Tovey, the author of the " History of the Jews in England." Alberic Gentilis, teacher of Civil Law, &c. have been connected with New Inn Hall. In 1868 a small Chapel for the Hall was erected at its rear, from designs by G. Buckeridge, Esq. The style is Gothic, and the path leading to the Chapel is paved with black-and-red Warwickshire squares. Nearly opposite the Hall stands an Old Stone Gateway, a remnant of thejextinct St. Mary's College. It leads to Frewm Hall, the academical residence of H. E. H. the Prince of Wales, while he was pursuing his studies in Oxford. St. Mary's College was founded by royal letters patent, on Dec. 14, 1435, in the reign of Henry VI. , by Thomas Holden and Elizabeth his wife. It was dissolved in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The statutes of the Library stated that " No scholar should occupy a book in the Library above one hour or two at the most, so that others shall not be hindered from the use of the same." The books were kept in a chest, and not chained to desks. It was a very common thing to write on the first leaf of a book, " Cursed be he that shall steal or tear out the leaves, or in any way injure this book." In 1498 Erasmus, named the " King of the Schools," resided at St. Mary's College during his first visit to Oxford . From here he issued his " Novum Testa- mentum Grsecum." In 1654 the portion of the building remaining was used as a Quakers' Meeting-House. The First Wesleyaxi Chapel ever built in Oxford was erected on this spot about 1760. It was a plain unpretending building, and had a small piece of ground for interments at the back. John Wesley when in the zenith of his popularity preached several times in this Chapel, as well as to large assem- blies in the street from the window. The Wesley ans worshipped here until the present Chapel was opened. When disused as a Chapel, it was occupied as a school-room, and the Oxford Choral Society was founded there in 1819. When the Free Methodists seceded from the Wesleyan Methodists in 1849, the Oxford section of the " Methodist Republicans" likewise met in a room at this spot. On the opposite side of the street the New Church of St. Peter-le-Bailey will be built. Within a few yards stands the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, erected in 1818, from designs by Mr. Evans, at a cost of .£4,000. Service on Sundays at 10.45 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. At the rear of the Chapel are spacious Sunday and Day Schools, well managed by a certificated master and efficient superintendents. The Schools were built in 1831, and accommodate about 300 scholars. Turning to the left, and proceeding a few paces, the visitor will see the United Methodist Free Church. The " Free Methodists" consist of an amalgamation of two Methodist bodies — the " Wesleyan Association' ' and First Crown Reader in Mineralogy : William Buckland, B.D., Corpus Christi, 1813. 38 DEBATING SOCIETY— ST. MICHAELS CHURCH. the " Wesleyan Keformers." This union was formed in 1857. The secession from the " Wesleyan Methodists" took place in 1849, when Messrs. Dunn, Everett, and Griffith were ejected by the Conference for publishing the noted " Fly Sheets." One of the earliest "Wesleyan societies in England was formed by John Wesley in Oxford, about 1738, at the house of Joseph Mears, stand- ing midway between the chapel of the Wesleyan and Free Methodists. The New Chapel of the Free Methodists was erected in 1870-1, at the cost of about £1,600. The designs were furnished by Mr. J. C. Curtis, of Oxford. The style is of the Italian order. A spacious school-room is in the basement of the building. Service in the Chapel on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. Imme- diately opposite this building will be observed the Oxford Union Society's Rooms, erected in 1856. The designs were the work of Sir Thomas Deane and Mr. Woodward (of Dublin), architects of the University Museum, &c. The style, Early Gothic. The entrance from New-Inn-Hall Street is through a small ornamental ground. The institution forms a favourite lounge, being well supplied with books, newspapers, and periodicals. It was originally founded in 1825, and it is supported by mem- bers of the University, who pay a terminal subscription. The Debating and Beading- Room is a magnificent apartment, 62ffc. by 28ft. and 47ft. in height. The Weekly Debate held during term is very attractive. The encircling Gallery contains a first-class Library, constantly replenished from Mudie's and other sources. The Ceiling of this apartment is a masterpiece of painting, executed by Messrs. Morris, Tyrwhitt, and Swann. The ten compartments over the Gallery are scenes illustrative of " Exploits of King Arthur and the Knights of the Hound Table." Seven of these were painted gratuitously by different gentlemen Messrs. Hughes, Jones, Morris, Pollen, Princep, Rosetti, Spencer, and Stan- hope, and the remaining three were entrusted to W. Riviere, Esq. The whole were completed in 1852. The Writing and Retiring- Rooms of the institution are fitted with all modern appliances for comfort. The Principal Entrance to the building is by a passage leading to Frewin Hall, on the right of the Clarendon Hotel, in Corn- market Street. Proceeding a few paces up New-Inn-Hall Street, the visitor enters Cornmarket Street, and will perceive, immediately facing, St. Michael's Church, the second oldest Church in the city, dating from before the Norman conquest. The canons of St. Frideswide held the living in 1122. The Church consists of a tower, nave, two aisles, and a chancel. The tower is Saxon, built of rubble, with quoins of finished masonry. The battle- ments were added in 1500. Two of the four belfrey-windows are divided by pilasters of rude workmanship, strongly bearing resemblance to the pen and ink drawings so frequently seen in Saxon manuscripts. The chancel is a relic of twelfth-century architecture. The ancient rood-screen divides the chancel from the nave, and there is another screen on the north. The south side is called the " Welsh Aisle," having some few Welsh members of Jesus College interred within it. The Lady Chapel (on the north side) has three beautiful niches, and three others are at the east end. In the east window is an illumina- tion, St. Edmund (le Riche), founder of St. Edmund Hall. The north chapel, with other portions, was rebuilt in 1833, when the organ was added. Other extensive alterations were made by Mr. G. Street in 1855. The living is in the gift of Lincoln College ; the value, £100 per annum. Population of the parish, nearly 1000. Service on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 3.30 p.m. Formerly attached to the Church was the First Crown Reader in Geology : William Buckland, D,D., Corpus Christi, ISIS. SHAKSPEARE AND SIR W. DA VENANT. 39 North Gate of the City, removed in 1771. Over the Gate the Bocardo Prison stood. It was the city prison for malefactors and debtors. The debtors used to lower a hat from the windows by a cord, for receiving the charity of the passers-by, uttering the cry of " Pray, remem- ber the Bocardo birds ! " Archbishop Cranmer and Bishops Latimer and Ridley were confined in Bocardo previous to their martyrdom. From the roof of the prison Cranmer witnessed the death of his fellow prelates on Oct. 15, 1555, suffering himself in the following March. The rooms also served as a depository for the city muniments. Proceeding onwards, the Clarendon Hotel, formerly known as the " Star," is passed by the visitor. The Hotel is noted for its accommodation, and contains a noble assembly-room, used for public entertainments, &c. The Clarendon Club (an assembly of gen- tlemen and citizens) meet in a spacious and elegant room, open daily from 9 a.m. till 12 p.m., except Sundays, when it opens at 1 and closes at 10 p.m. It is well supplied with papers (metropolitan and provincial), magazines, &c. Entering a passage on the right-hand of the Hotel, the visitor arrives at the Union Society's Booms (previously described). Nearly facing is the building used by the \ Apollo Lodge of Freemasons (University), magnificently decorated and furnished. Passing on, through a low pointed gateway, overgrown with limes, approaches Frewin Hall, an ancient academical building, sombre and thoroughly mo- nastic in appearance. This was the residence of H.R H. the Prince of Wales while studying at Oxford in 1859-60. The Prince entered Christ Church, of which foundation he still remains a member. The honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred on the Prince when he visited Oxford at the Commemoration of 1863, accompanied by the Princess Alexandra, shortly after their marriage. / Nearly opposite the " Clarendon Hotel" stood the once-famed " Crown Inn,"Vf much frequented by Shakspeare in his journeys between London and Stratford- on-Avon. The inn was then kept by John Davenant, father of Sir William Davenant, poet. Sir William studied at Lincoln College, and was compli- mentarily termed the " Sweet Swan of Isis." He enjoyed the reputation during his lifetime of being Shakspeare's son. Pope remarks that " Sir Wil- liam seemed proud at having it taken for truth." He was born in 1605, just after Shakspeare's annual journey, and he was baptized on March 3, 1606, in Carfax Church, Shakspeare standing as his godfather. When Sir William wa* but ten years of age he wrote an ode, a very creditable production for a child, entitled " In Remembrance of Master William Shakspeare. " Aubrey states that Mistress Davenant was " a very beautiful woman, and a very good wit ; her conversation being exceedingly agreeable, but of very light import ;" while her husband was " a very grave and decent citizen, who looked after his busi- ness better than he did after his wife. " The evidence of the child's paternity rested upon the interest Shakspeare took in the boy, the gossip of the day, and Sir William's own admissions upon the subject. The incident. how ftYe r i ffivpa^ aninterest to the spot not lightly to be passed b v. The old " Crown Inn" was taken down in 1773, and tne inn" now known"a^the " Crown," on the opposite side of the street, must not be taken to have any association with Shaks- peare and his " Crown," although such is stated to be the case. In close prox- imity to the " Crown" stood the Oxford Public Pillory. The last instance of its use was in 1810, when a person named Tubb was exposed for perjury. Should the visitor require information as to trains, &c. , it can be obtained at the First University Reader in Logic : Richari Michell, B.D., Lincoln, 1839. 40 CARFAX AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS. London and North- Western Railway Booking- Offices, adjoining the Clarendon Hotel. The spacious premises next but one are the Turkish Baths and University Lodgings, a noble pile of building, until lately known as the " Shakspeare Hotel," from surrounding associations. Built in 1864. The lodgings are replete with all modern improvements, and the baths are constructed on the most approved models. Adjoining are the Premises of Grimbly, Hughes, and Dewe, The style is modern Gothic. Erected in 1864, by Messrs. G. and T. Jones. Former premises have twice been destroyed by fire, the last occasion being on Sept. 23, 1863, when two lives were lost. In the Crown Yard, adjacent, are Parkers' Printing Offices. Messrs. Parker are the well-known ecclesi- astical publishers of Oxford and London. The ofiices are replete with all modern appliances of the typographic art. From the establishment are issued the well-known series of " Oxford Classics," the "Oxford University Calendar" (first published in 1809), the " Oxford Ten-Year Book," " Keble's Works," the " Penny Post,"&c. J. H. Parker, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., a member of the firm, has lately been engaged in pursuing researches amid the antiquities of Rome with great success. He has a collection of upwards of 1,800 photographs of the " Eternal City" and neighbourhood. At the corner of Cornmarket Street the visitor arrives at Carfax the junction of the four principal streets of Oxford, viz., the High Street (the London road, by two routes), Queen Street (the Bath, Bristol, and Cheltenham road), St. Aldate Street (the Salisbury, Southampton, and Win- ' Chester road), and Cornmarket Street (the Banbury, Birmingham, and Wood- stock road). The name " Carfax" is a corruption of Quatre-voies (quarter- ways), four distinct roads. The term is used in other provincial towns of the king- dom where a similar junction occurs. Carfax is one of the most interesting spots in Oxford. Here stood the tavern '' Swyndlestoe" (afterwards called the " Mermaid"), from whence commenced the massacre on St. Scholastica's Day, Feb. 10, 1354. The fracas lasted three days ; great damage being committed, and many lives lost : it is stated that as many as sixty-three students were killed. For this mischief, the city authorities were brought to task before a tribunal, and condemned to attend St. Mary's Church annually (the Mayor, two bailiffs, and sixty citizens, representing the number slain) whilst a mass was celebrated for the souls of the slain students, and afterwards to pay one penny each : " forty of which pence shall go to forty poor scholars, and the rest to the curate." Tradition states that the Mayor was obliged to wear a halter around his neck (afterwards changed to a silken cord), but this has no real foundation. In Elizabeth's reign a sermon and prayers were substituted for the mass ; and in course of time a litany only was read. In 1641 the Mayor and twenty citizens only attended ; but the Vice- Chancellor refused to have the service held unless all were present. In 1800 the Mayor neglected the ceremony, and the University demanded a heavy fine for the non-observ- ance. In 1825 the custom was abolished ; but an oath was demanded by the University from the Corporation, binding them to hold its ancient privileges intact. This was conceded, and taken annually until about 1854, when that observance was also discontinued. The conflict in 1354 arose through some students being served with bad wine by the landlord of the tavern (John de Croydon). Enraged, they broke the vessel containing the wine over his head. Eesenting the treatment, he sought the assistance of the citizens, and the conflict commenced. The " Town and Gown" melees probably arose from similar frays. In 1527, during the " Bible Persecutions," a bible-fire was made First Ireland Professor, or Exegesis of Holy Scripture : E. Hawkins, D.D., Oriel, 1S47. ST. MARTIN'S CHURCH. 41 at Carfax. On July 21, 1721, the last public whipping at the " cart's-tail" recorded in Oxford, took place from Carfax to the East Gate of the city — the length of the High Street — on an adventurer who tried to trepan some students of Brasenose to drink the Pretender's health (James HI.). He was taken to the Castle, tried at the assizes, and sentenced to be whipped, as mentioned. The public " whipping-post" at which criminals were flogged remained at Carfax for over a century after this, and the " stocks" were also in close proximity. In January, 1793, the effigy of Tom Paine, the noted sceptic, was publicly burnt at Carfax: a copy of his famous work, " The Rights of Man," being placed in his left hand, and a pair of stays under the right arm. A Saxon court of justice, named Magnum Balliolium, stood formerly at Carfax, at the west-end of the churchyard ; it was at a later period used as a council chamber by the Corporation, and is noticed in the city records as Gidalla, or Gildam Mercatorium. Attached to the east-end of the Church was a sheltered recess, named " Pennyless Bench," (taken down in 1747). A large and handsome Conduit was erected in 1610, at Carfax, at a cost of £2,500, by Otho Nicholson, Esq., of Ch. Ch., to furnish pure water to the citizens from the spring on the Hincksey) hills. It was removed in 1787, being deemed an obstruction, and presented by the city to the Earl of Harcourt. who re-erected it on the summit of a hill in Nuneham Park, (six miles from Oxford,) where it still remains. Cornmarket Street was anciently called North-gate Street, but received its present name from the cornmarket being held in a shed with a leaden roof, supported by pillars, in the centre of the street. The shed was erected in 1536, by Dr. Claymund, President of Corpus Christi College. Here stand the publishing offices of the ' Oxford Journal,' originally started in 1753, and printed here until the last few years. The Church at Carfax is named St. Martin's Church. It is of modern erection, with the exception of the tower. The ancient edifice was built probably about a.d. 500. It was dedicated to St. Martin, Bishop of Tours, France, who died in 399. Canute gave the advowson to the Benedictine Priory, at Abingdon, about 1032, and it was then named Monasteriolum. It was rebuilt in the twelfth century — the tower now standing being a relic of that Church. The present building was erected in 1820-2 : the first stone being laid on Oct. 23, 1820, and service celebrated on June 16, 1822. The architects and builders were Messrs. Harris and Plowman, of Oxford. The expenses were defrayed by public subscription. It consists of a nave, chancel, and side aisles. The tower (containing a peal of six bells), was formerly much higher, but it was lowered in 1 341 (the fourteenth year of king Edward III. 's reign), on complaint of the students, "because the townsmen could, in time of combat with them, retire there, as to their castle, and from thence gall and annoy them with arrows and stones. " Records inform us that the ancient Church was sur- rounded by a grave-yard ; but, as the city increased, it was absorbed for building purposes. An account of the Church, in Br. AylifFe's "History of Oxford," leads to the supposition that a public passage or thoroughfare existed at one period in the centre of the Church, the historian remarking that " the citizens, in their mad freaks, slew a scholar of noble birth, whom they met late at night, passing through St. Martin's Church." Similar thoroughfares existed formerly in the Cathedrals of London and Winchester. There is an ancient Font in the Church, much mutilated, but interesting to the antiquary as a good specimen of the style of the fourteenth century. The large eastern window, a richly illuminated one, was inserted in 1866, in First Slade Professor of Art : John Ruskin, M.A., Christ Church, 1869. 42 THE TOWN HALL. memory of James Morrell, Esq., who was a great benefactor to the city. He died in 1863. St. Martin's is now a rectory in the gift of the Crown. In addition to the Rector, there are four Lecturers, appointed by the city through the Corporation, each Lecturer taking duty once a month. Two of the Lec- tureships were founded in 1578, with an annual stipend of twenty marks, further increased and endowed in 1778, by the Earl of Lichfield and W. Wickham, Esq. The Earl left a legacy of .£1,000, which his trustee invested in ten ,£100 shares of the Oxford Canal Company, and Mr. Wickham gave five additional shares in the same enterprise. These now pay a dividend of about eight per cent, per year, and each Lecturer receives £10 annually from the city. They are exempt from episcopal visitation ; and, on becoming vacant, are a source of spirited competition, forming one of the few con- necting links between the City and University. There was also a Header, appointed by the Dean of Christ Church, receiving £20 per annum, from a legacy left by Bishop Fell, " that prayers might be read daily in a church of Oxford, every morning at nine, and evening at eight o'clock." The readership is now abolished. The Mayor and Corporation attend divine service at Carfax every Sunday morning at eleven, walking in procession from the Town Hall to the Church, preceded by the Mayor's Sergeant, carrying the city mace. Service is also held on Sunday evening. The value of the living is £62 per annum. The population of the parish, 377. In 1606, on March 3, Shakspeare stood as godfather to Sir William Davenant, in this Church. On June 1, 1715, in the evening, between seven and eight o'clock, a man known as " Cornish Tom," at one time a soldier, attempted to fly from the tower of Carfax Church, but his apparatus failed, and he came with great force to the ground, nearly breaking his neck. In 1782, the oratorio of "Judas Maccabeus," was publicly performed in the Church for the benefit of the organist. Edward Woodman, Alderman, and six times Mayor of the city, was buried in Carfax Church, in the twelfth year of Henry VII. 's reign. The ancient figures striking the quarters of the hour of the clock attached to this edifice, may be seen in the Mayor's Parlour at the Town Hall. Passing over into St. Aldate's Street, the visitor will observe The City Police Station (shortly to be removed), and immediately opposite, the Oxford Savings Bank, erected in 1867. The style is Modern Gothic. The noble central window is worthy of inspection. The Oxford Savings Bank was originally founded in Queen Street, in 1816. Adjoining is the • Town Hall, built in 1751-2, chiefly at the expense of Thomas Rowney, Esq., M.P., and then High Steward of the city. The structure is two storeys in height : the lower formed as a piazza or corridor, with a handsome pedi- ment surmounting the centre. The upper storey contains a large assembly room, the whole length of the building. The dimensions of the Hall are- length, 135 feet ; breadth, 31^ feet. The exterior of the building has a statue of Mr. Rowney, placed in a niche in the centre. The statue was presented by Charles Tawney, Esq., and sculptured in Caen stone by Mr. Grimsley. In the reign of Henry II. the citizens converted an old hall, known as "Bates" or " Baptist Hall," into a place for public meetings. It stood on the site of "Grafton House," opposite the present building. After that place was vacated for the more commodious one, it became the " Fleur- de-Lis " Inn, and the property of Antony a Wood. The present Hall stands on the ground occupied by the Domus Conversorum, or " House for Converts from the Jewish Persuasion. " The Assizes were held at one period in the First Hope Professor of Zoology : J. Westwood, M.A., Magdalen, 1861. PUBLIC LIBRARY— COUNCIL CHAMBER. 43 large upper room ; they now take place at the County Hall. The City Quarter Sessions are still held in the Hall. In 1814, the Prince Regent (George IV. ), the allied sovereigns of Russia and Prussia, the Duke of York, and several other noble and eminent persons were presented with the honorary freedom of the city in the Town Hall. In 1832, the Princess Victoria (now Queen), received a congratulatory address in the same chamber, on November 8. In October, 1835, Queen Adelaide was presented with a loyal address from the Corporation ; and in 1863, the Prince and Princess of Wales likewise received a similar ovation. One of the earliest Flower Shows in England was held at the Town Hall, on August 5, 1752. The Druids' Dinner (Lodge 59), is annually held in the Hall, and is one of the events of the year. Proceeding by the covered way adjoining, the visitor enters the City Public Library, established under Ewart's " Free Libraries Act. " Opened as a Reading-room on June 1, 1854, and the Lending-library (now comprising 6,000 vols), on Nov. 5, 1857. A Reference-library, having many valuable works, is also attached. The Library is well-supplied with the London and local newspapers, magazine®, and reviews, and is largely at- tended by citizens. Open from 9 a.m. till 10 p.m. (Sundays excepted). The expenses are met by a provision in the local rate. Beyond the charge of one shilling per annum to borrowers of books (who require the security of two ratepayers) no fee is required. The Librarian's salary is £100 per annum, and the Sub-Librarian £52. In the Town Hall yard are the Hustings of the City, from which the members are nominated and declared. The city is at present represented by two Liberals : the Right Hon. Edward Cardwell, her Majesty's Secretary of State for War; and William Vernon Harcourt, Esq. , Q. C. , Professor of International Law at the University of Cambridge. Both elected (under the provisions of the New Reform Bill) in Nov. 1868. One hundred years previously, (in 1768,,) the Mayor and Corporation of the city were imprisoned for five days in Newgate Prison, for offering to dispose of the city seats to Sir Thomas Stapleton and the Hon. Robert Lee, for the sum of £7,500. The money was required to pay an old debt due from the city to sundry individuals. A public repri- mand was given to the offenders at the Bar of the House of Commons. They submitted to the authorities, but not with good grace, for it is stated that during their incarceration, they completed another bargain with Lord Abingdon and the Duke of Marlborough for the privilege of representing the city. On the north-side of the yard stand the City Police Court and Audit-Koom. These buildings have been lately enlarged. On the upper storey is the Council Chamber (a portion of the old Guild or Town HaU). It con- tains a few portraits of past and present city dignitaries. The New Police Station and Superintendent's Residence adjoin the Police Court. The Station has been transformed from Kempe Hall, an ancient aca- demical building. The University and City Police Forces, for many years two distinct corps, were amalgamated, by Act of Parliament, on January 1, 1868: The next building is the Corn Exchange, erected in 1863, from designs by S. L. Seckham, Esq., city architect, by Mr. John Dover. Length, 100ft. : width, 50ft. ; height, 45ft. It is constructed of ornamental brick, with dressings of carved stone. The Exchange is the property of the Corporation, who let it on Saturdays to the Corn Exchange Company. At other periods it is let for entertainments, meetings, &c. Adjoining is First Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum: Robert Plott, D.C.L., University, 1683. 44 POST OFFICE— ST. ALDATE' S CHURCH. Nixon's School, one the oldest Free Schools in England. It was founded in 1658, and opened April 19, 1659. John Nixon, after whom the School is named, was an Alderman of the city, thrice Mayor, and once, by a double re- turn, M.P. in 1641. He gave £600 to purchase .£30 per annum for a school- master, to educate forty boys, freemen's sons. Joan Nixon, his wife, also left an estate, about 18 acres, at Bletchington, Oxon, the rents of which were to be applied to apprenticing two boys from the School annually. The Charity Trustees manage the School. To increase the master's salary (at present about ,£100 per annum) a limited number of elected pay-boys are admitted. John Nixon died April 14, 1662, aged 73, and was buried in St. Mary's Church, near the south door (see " St. Mary's Church"). In the lower storey of the School, conjoined to the Post Office, is the Electric- Telegraphic Office, under the management of the Postmaster. Previously to the purchase of the telegraphic systems by the Government (Feb. 1870) Oxford had three distinct offices. Adjoining is the Post Office. Three London, one East, North, South, and West of Eng- land, and Channel Islands, besides various local mails are despatched daily. Oxford possesses one postal privilege : London Letters can be posted up to 12 p.m., reaching Tnivn for the first morning delivery. The usual branches (Money- Order, &c. ) are attached. Leaving the various buildings at the Town Hall, crossing the road, and proceeding about one hundred yards down St. Aldate Street, the visitor arrives at St. Aldate's Church, originally founded, it is supposed, about the middle of the sixth century. St. Eldad or Aldate, corrupted at times into St. Old or Told, was a Bishop of Gloucester, who lived about 450, and to whom the Church is dedicated. The first Church was built of wood, re-erected of stone in 1004. It was afterwards used as a cloister to the Priory of St. Frideswide. The present edifice consists of a nave, chancel, side aisles, and tower. The south aisle was added in 1335, the north in 1455. The Church was consider- ably improved in 1862 ; and it is now one of the most commodious churches in the city. The spire, being deemed dangerous, was taken down in 1862. The benefice was presented to Pembroke College, by Charles I. , in 1641, but it is now vested (by purchase) in the trustees of the Rev. Chas. Simeon. In the interior the visitor will notice the Font of very rich design : dating from the fourteenth century ; it is in good preservation. The south aisle contains a fine Altar Tomb of alabaster, to the memory of John Noble, LL.B. Principal of Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College,), who died in 1522. The inscrip- tion (nearly obliterated) is " Have pity on me, for the hand of God hath touched me" (Job xix. 21). Beneath the Church is a vaulted Crypt, long used for a charnel-house, but lately cleaned out and repaired. The value of the living is £137 per annum. The population of the parish about 2000. Ser- vice on Sundays at 11 a. m. 3.30 and 6.30 p.m. The Church is situated at the comer of Pembroke Street, known years back as "Penny-farthing Street, corrupted from " Penyverthing" Street, so named from William Penyverthing, Provost of Oxford in 1240. Should the visitor, before inspecting Pembroke College and Christ Church, have a desire to visit the district of the city known as The Friars, he will proceed along Pembroke Street, noting a few ancient houses in his progress, shortly arriving at St. Ebbe's Church. The present building is of modern erection, being rebuilt early in the present century, and opened on Feb. 9, 1816. The Church First Keeper of the University Museum : Professor J. Phillips, ilagdalen, 1360. ST. EBBE'S CHURCH. 45 is of the pointed style of architecture, designed and built by Mr. W. Fisher. The old Church was taken down in 1814, with the exception of the tower, which was adapted to the present building. This tower is a relic of the ' olden time ' and is built of rubble. It has no staircase in the interior, but con- tains a peal of six bells. There is a curious Norman doorway forming the en- trance to the vestry. The cost of rebuilding the Church was £3,000 : the building was restored and enlarged in 1866. The foundation of the ancient Church is involved in obscurity. It was dedicated to St. Ebba or Ebbe, Abbess of Collingham, and daughter of Ethelfrid, King of Northumberland. She died in 685. In 1005 the Church was given to the Abbey of Eynsham : but in 1546 it became Crown property, through the suppressive measures of Henry VIII. The benefice was sold under the Augmentation Act in 1864, being bought by Lord Shaftesbury. The value is ,£111 per annum. The popu- lation about 5000. Sunday-service at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. The Rev. W. W. Champneys, Dean of Lichfield, and formerly Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, at one period held the incumbency. The late Rev. F. W. Robertson, M.A. (Brasenose College), was Curate of St. Ebbe, and afterwards Perpetual Curate of Trinity Chapel, Brighton. Some of the earliest of those masterly discourses which gained the rev. gentleman so much repute, where preached in St. Ebbe's. There is a memorial window in Brasenose College Chapel, and also in Trinity Chapel, Brighton. His bust has likewise been placed in the Picture Gallery of the Bodleian Library. He was interred in the Extra-Mural Cemetery, Lewes Road, Brighton. A handsome tomb has been erected to his memory by the congregation of Trinity Chapel. It bears two inscriptions, surmounted by bas-relief medallions. The following inscription was placed on the tomb by his congregation : — "M.S —The Rev. Frederick William Robertson, M.A., Perpetual Curate of Trinity Chapel, Brighton. Born Feb, 27, 1816; Died Aug. 1, 1853. Honoured as a minister, beloved as a man, he awakened the holiest feelings in poor and rich, in ignorant and learned ; therefore is he lamented as their guide and comforter by many who, in the bond of brotherhood, and in grateful remembrance, have erected this monument. Glory to the Saviour, who was his all." On the opposite side the inscription testifies to the esteem in which he was held by the members of the Brighton Mechanics' Institute. Passing down the turning by St. Ebbe's Church, the visitor enters the precinct of ' ' The Friars " so called from the monasteries of Dominican and White and Grey Friars at one period standing in different parts of the locality. The thorough- fare at the bottom is named "Littlegate," a small postern in the city walls being about this spot. Facing St. Ebbe's Street stands Adullam Chapel, erected in June, 1832, from designs by Mr. Fisher, at the cost of .£4,000. It is a very plain edifice, both externally and inter- nally. The Rev. H. B. Bulteel was the first minister. He seceded from the Church of England in 1831, and preached here for about fifteen years. It was afterwards occupied for nearly seven years by the United Methodist Free Church ; and was finally purchased by a congregation of Strict Baptists, in 1869, for the sum of £1,500. The property is freehold, and includes a minister's residence at the rear. The Rev. C. H. Spurgeon is the treasurer of the chapel, and has preached some few times within its walls. Service on Sunday at 11 a. m. and 6. 30 p. m. In New Street, a few yards distance, is a small unpretending Primitive Methodist Chapel. Service on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 6 p.m. Retracing his steps, past Adullam Chapel, and passing down Com- mercial Road, the, visitor approaches the First Keeper of the University Archives : Brian Twyne, B.D., Corpus Christi, 1634. 46 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. Oxford Gas Works, standing on the banks of the Thames. They were erected in 1818— the foundation stone being laid on Sept. 14— and within twelve months after the City and University were supplied with gas : the public lighting of the city taking place on Sept. 6, 1819. In 1869, powers were obtained from Parliament to extend their system to the villages within a radius of four miles round the city. Close by is the District Church of Holy Trinity, erected in 1845. Style, Early English, from designs by Mr. Underwood. It cost £3,400, the amount being raised by subscription. The patronage of the Church is held alternately by the Crown and the Bishop of the diocese. Service on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. Proceeding from this Church again into Commercial Road, the visitor, taking a detour to the left, passes into Speedwell Street, and from thence into St. Aldate's Street, proceeding up which, he will come upon a picturesque residence, often overlooked, standing back from the street. It is known as Bishop King's House, and it was built in 1546, for Bishop King, last abbot of Osney Abbey, and first bishop of Oxford. The residence in the front is one of the best specimens extant of a style now disused : the par- getted or fancy stucco. The ceilings of the interior are richly decorated in the peculiar manner of that early period — the arms of king Edward VI. being often interwoven among the traceries. The front of the house was rebuilt in 1628 ; and at the time of the Protectorate it was occupied by Colonel Unton Crake, of the Cromwellian army, and M. P. for the City of Oxford. It is now used as a lodging-house. Some slight damage was inflicted on the building by fire, March 1870 ; but it was fortunately extinguished before any serious consequence ensued. About fifty yards further up St. Aldate's, stood the South Gate of the City, removed with the others in 1771. It was well fortified with towers, and the public way below was for a long period known as " Tower-hill." Close by are the Almshouses, founded by Cardinal Wolsey, but not thoroughly finished until 1834. The almsmen (twenty- four, ) must have served either in the army or navy, and are nominated by the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church. The visitor has now again reached the spot from whence he diverged to visit St. Ebbe's Church, &c. Passing St. Aldate's Church, to the right, he will " To Pembroke turn— there Johnson dwelt." Pembroke College, the eighteenth in numerical order, was founded June 29, 1624, as a "Perpetual College of Divinity, Civil and Canon Law, Arts, Medicine, and other Sciences," under the style and title of "the Master, Fellows, and Scholars of the College of Pembroke, in the University of Oxford, of the foundation of King James, at the cost and charges of Thomas Tesdale and Richard Wightwick." Tesdale was the first scholar placed in Abingdon School by the founder, John Rossye, in 1563. He left £5,000 endowment to Pembroke College. He died at Glympton, Oxon, in 1610. Wightwick was Rector of East Ilsley, Berks. It is named after William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor of the University at its foundation. Queen Anne attached a Canonry in Gloucester Cathedral, for ever, to the Master. Many Halls stood on or near this spot : Segrirn (in the eleventh century), Broadgates (in the reign of Henry VI.), Mioote, Aula Bovina (or Beef), Durham, St. James, and Dnnstan. The College has the patronage of nine livings. The number of members on the books is nearly 300. Dr. Thomas Clayton was the first Master, appointed 1624 ; the present, Eev. Evan Evans, M. A., appointed 1864. Henry Wightwick, the second Master, First Bodleian Librarian : Thomas Jones, D.D., New College, 159S. PEMBROKE COLLEGE— EMINENT MEN. 47 was ejected by the Parliamentary Visitors soon after his election. He protested against such unseemly] proceedings. He was restored in 1660. Fourteen Masters have held position since the College foundation. The earliest of the College buildings date 1670 ; the Gothic font was added in 1830. The Fellows' Building was erected in 1846 ; and in 1855 and 1869, further additions were made ; the College now presents a decided modern appearance. The visitor will observe over the entrance gateway (built in 1694) a curious oriel window, constructed on the model of the remains of one in John o'Gaunt's palace at Lincoln. In the south-west angle of the first quadrangle stands The Library, an elegant apartment, recently improved, at a cost exceeding £2,000. In the windows are the arms of various benefactors and the founders, by Egginton. It was formerly the Hall, and the refectory of Broadgates Hall. Dr. Clayton (the first Master), presented many of the books. Dr. Hall (Master in 1664, and Bishop of Bristol in 1691), at his death in 1709, bequeathed his whole collection to the Library; and Dr. Johnson (the lexicographer), a short time before his decease, also gave his library to the College. There is a handsome bust of therdoctor, by Bacon, in the Library, given by Samuel Whitbread, Esq. The first Library of the College was in room over the south aisle of St. Aldate's Church. The Hall, a well-proportioned room, on the west side of the second quadrangle, is the principal feature of the college. It was erected in 1848, by Mr. Hayward, of Exeter. The elaborately-designed roof is of open timber work. A fine bay-window contains the arms of the founders in stained glass. Some few portraits adorn the walls, including one of Dr. Johnson, by Sir Joshua Reynolds. The Chapel, a small Ionic building, stands on the south side of the second quadrangle. Principally built at the expense of Bartholomew Tipping, Esq. , of Oxford. He published a whimsical pamphlet on "Eternity," and he was named in derision, "Eternity Tipping." It was consecrated in 1732 by Dr. Potter, Bishop of Oxford. The interior is neatly fitted up. The altar- piece, presented by Joseph Plymley, Esq., B.A. (afterwards Archdeacon Corbett, of Salop), is a copy of Rubens' "The Saviour after His Resurrection," by Cranke, in the Cathedral at Antwerp. Eminent Men educated at Pembroke College and Broadgates Hall. — Bishop Bonner (the persecutor in the reign of Mary, known as the ' ' Bloody Bishop"). Cardinal Philip Ressyngton (at one period a noted follower of John Wycliff). John Pym (the patriot, admitted in 1599, at the age of 15). Beaumont (the dramatist, known in conjunction with Fletcher). Judge Blackstone (author of the Law Commentaries ; Fellow of All Souls' College and Principal of New Inn Hall). Camden (the antiquary, after he left Magdalen College, before entering Christ Church). Heywood, Hawkins, Graves, Southern, and Shenstone, poets (the "nest of singing-birds"). George Whitefield, from the Crypt School, Gloucester, founder of the Calvinistic Methodists, and chaplain to the Countess of Huntingdon, was a servitor at Pembroke for eighteen months. He was ordained by Bishop Benson, of Gloucester, on Trinity Sunday, 1736. Whilst at Pembroke he writes, " I always chose the worst sort of food. I fasted twice a week. My apparel was mean. I wore woollen gloves, a patched gown, and dirty shoes ; and though I was convinced that the kingdom of God did not consist in meat and drink, yet I resolutely persisted in these voluntary acts of self-denial, because I found in them great promotion of spiritual life." Sir First Radcliffe Librarian : Francis Wise, B.D., Trinity, 1750. <18 SIX THOS. BROWNE'S EVENING HYMN. Thomas Browne, B. A. (author of "Religio Medici," and one of the earliest English Evening Hymns (written 1642, fifty-nine years before Bishop Ken's "All praise to Thee, my God, this night," afterwards altered to the well- known "Glory to Thee," &c.) Ken's hymn was written in 1697. Sir Thomas Browne's hymn was as follows : — " The night is come ; like to the day- Depart not Thou, great God, away ; Let not my sins, black as the night, Eclipse the lustre of Thy light. " Thou, whose nature cannot sleep, On my temples sentry keep ; Guard me 'gainst those watchful foes Whose eyes are open while mine close. " While I do rest my soul advance, Make my sleep a holy trance : That T may— my rest being wrought. — Awake unto some holy thought ; ' And with active vigour with runne My course as doth the nimble sunne. Sleep is a death. make me try By sleeping, what it is to die ; ' And as gently lay my head On my grave as now my bed. Howe'er I rest, great God, let me Awake again at last with Thee, * And thus assured, behold I lie Securely, or to wake or die. These are my drowsie days ; in vain I now do wake to sleep again. " come that hour when I shall never sleep again, but wake for ever." Dr. S. Johnson entered the college, as a commoner, October 31, 1728, aged 19. He resided there about three years. His rooms were over the gateway, second floor. The embarrassment of his father's affairs necessitated his removal before the allotted period. Carlyle says, " He suffered much from poverty : proud as the proudest, poor as the poorest, stoically shut up — silently enduring the incurable. What a world of blackest gloom, with sungleams and pale tearful moongleams, and flickerings of a celestial and infernal splendour, was this that now opened for him !" Sir John Hawkins remarks that ' ' he had scarcely any change of raiment : but one pair of shoes, which were so old that his feet could be seen through them." A new pair was placed outside his chamber one morning by direction of a gentleman. Johnson, on discovering them, felt insulted, and indignantly flung them away. The degree of M.A. was conferred, by diploma, on Johnson in 1755, and in 1773 the D.C.L. degree, also by diploma. A trait of Johnson's character is noted by Mr. Andrew Millar, the publisher of his dictionary. His patience being quite exhausted by Johnson, Mr. Millar, on receipt of the last sheet of the work, acknowledged it thus, "Andrew Millar sends his compliments to Dr. Samuel Johnson, with the money for the last sheet of the dictionary, and thanks God that he has done with him !" To which Johnson replied that "He was happy to find Mr. Millar had the grace to thank God for anything !" Johnson's definition of a note of admiration (!) is capital : — " I see— I see— I know not what : I Presenting to my contemplation I see a dash above a dot ! A perfect point of admiration ! " It is curious that one of Dr. Johnson's intended standard works — the sub- ject, " Epigrams" — should have been carried out by a graduate of Pembroke College nearly a century after the Doctor's decease. Such, however, is the case : the Rev. Henry Philip Dodd, M.A., compiling " The Epigrammatists : a Selection of Epigrammatic Literature of Ancient, Mediseval, and Modern Times. " This volume — containing over 600 pp. of Epigrams (Greek, Latin, and English), with biographical and other notes, so masterly executed — would have delighted Johnson. The Rev. Robert Main, the present Radcliffe Observer, also graduated at Pembroke College. Dr. Jeune, the late Bishop of Peterborough, who died in 1868, was Master of Pembroke College for twenty years, 1843-63. He defined Oxford as "a city of palaces, towers, and pleasant waters !" Dr. Jeune was Vice-Chancellor in 1858-63, during the First Radcliffe Observer : Thomas Hornsby, D.D., Corpus Christi, 1772. CHRIST CHURCH— CARDINAL WOLSEY. 49 residence of the Prince of Wales in Oxford ; in 1864 Lord Palrnerston pre- sented Dr. Jeune to the Deanery of Lincoln ; and in 1865 he was raised to the Bishopric of Peterborough, which he held but three yea,rs. In the interesting " Gossipping Guide to Jersey," by Capt. F. B. Payne, F.R.S.L., is a notice of the family of the deceased Bishop. Speaking of the town mills, the Captain remarks, "This place is interesting, for it once belonged to the descendants of a refugee Huguenot, whose son, solely by hard work, and a courage that made him surmount the dispiriting influence of some servile trade to which he was apprenticed, rose to be a clergyman, the Dean of his native isle (Jersey), and subsequently the talented and learned Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, the Vice- Chancellor of that University, the host of our future king [the Dean of Lincoln, the Bishop of Peterborough], and the valued confrere of all the savans of our kingdom. Let no man despair of fame when he contemplates the vigorous ambition and the undaunted perseverance of Francis Jeune." Leaving Pembroke College and its interesting associations, the visitor retraces his footsteps, and crosses the road to the collegiate foundation of fcgr" Christ Church, the most extensive and one of the richest establish- ments in Oxford. "In its structure, at once a Cathedral and a College, it unites in itself the offices and duties peculiar to each." Its architectural points are many — from the rude rubble masonry of the Saxon to the Modern Decorated of the present era. The founder of Christ Church was Cardinal Wolsey (born at Ipswich, March, 1471), Lord High Chancellor of England, Cardinal of the Order of St. Cecilia, Archbishop of York, &c. Wolsey entered the University of Oxford at the age of fourteen, in 1485, at Magdalen College. He took the degree of B.A. in 1486, being named the "Boy Bachelor," and shortly afterwards the M.A. degree. He then successively became a Fellow of the College, Master of Magdalen School, and Bursar of the College. He left Oxford in 1500, to take the Rectory of Lymington, in Somersetshire, and after this he rose rapidly, standing sponsor to Henry VIII. who ascended the throne at the age of sixteen. Patronised by the King, and possessing talent far in advance of the age in which he lived, Wolsey almost directed the State Government : ' ' his word was fate ; his will law.'' In 1514 he built Hampton Court Palace, which he presented to the King ; in 1519 he endowed seven Lectureships in the University ; and on July 13, 1525, by letters patent from the King, he founded Christ Church, dedicated to " The most Holy Trinity, the Blessed Virgin, St. Frideswide, and All Saints," and to be styled "Collegium Thomse Wolsey Cardinalis Eboracensis. " Forty religious houses were suppressed to form an endowment for "Cardinal's College." The foundation stone of the building was laid on July 17, 1525, with great pomp and ceremony, at the south-eastern corner of the great quadrangle, by John Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, who preached a discourse apropos to the occasion, in Latin, from Proverbs ix. , 1 — "Wisdom hath builded her house." In 1527 Wolsey founded a second College in his native town — Ipswich, Suffolk. When Henry VIII. disputed the legality of his marriage with Catherine of Arragon, in 1529, Wolsey took the part of the injured Queen, lost the King's favour, became attainted, and had his lands and goods confiscated. He was pardoned the following year (1530), but his ill fortune preyed deeply on his mind. In October, 1530, he was arrested for high treason, and, whilst on his way to London, was taken ill, and died at Leicester Abbey, Nov. 29, in the same year. Such anxiety had Wolsey about his College, that it is said in the midst of his trials First Public Orator : Roger Marbeck, M.A., Student of Ch. Ch., 15G4. E 50 RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS FROM CH. CH. his earnest petition was addressed to the King that " His Majesty would suffer his College at Oxford to go on !" But upon Wolsey's attainder the works were stopped, until the University urged the King to proceed. Henry VIII. consented to become patron of the foundation, and on July 8, 1532 y he refounded the College by letters patent, dedicated as before, but named " King Henry the Eighth's College," giving it an animal revenue of £2,000. This was of short continuance, for on May 20, 1545, it was again refounded under the present mixed form of a Cathedral and academic College, being styled the " Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford of King Henry the Eiohth's foundation. " Osney Abbey was made into a Bishopric in 1542, and in 1 546 this was transferred to Ch. Ch. Six Bishops' Sees were created in 1542 : Bristol, Chester, Gloucester, Oxford, Peterborough (the last two being taken out of the See of Lincoln), and Westminster (the latter suppressed by Edward VI.) Christ Church takes rank as the thirteenth foundation in Oxford, and possesses the patronage of ninety-eight livings. The original foundation consisted of a Dean, eight Canons, eight Chaplains, one hundred Students, Schoolmaster, eight Clerks, and eight Choristers, One studentship was added in 1664, by the benefaction of William Thurstone, Esq. Sixty of the students were elected from the scholars of Westminster School, the re- maining forty-one by the Dean and Canons in succession. The present foundation is formed of the Dean, six Canons, twenty-eight senior and iifty-two junior Students, six Chaplains, an Organist, eleven Clerks, and eight Choristers. Twenty-one junior students are elected from Westminster School ; three in a year, tenable for seven years. The number of members on the books at Christ Church ranges between 900 and 1,000. The first Dean of Christ Church was Dr. Robert Noake, appointed 1500 (before the erection of the present College) on the Monastery foundation. John Hygden, appointed 1532, was the first Dean upon Wolsey's foundation ; and Richard Coxe, appointed 1546, upon Henry the Eighth's foundation. Dr. H. G. Liddell, the present Dean, was appointed in 1855. Thirty-eight Deans have been appointed since the foundation. Four great religious movements have originated with members of this establishment, viz. : — Wicliff's in the fourteenth century. James the Second's in the seventeenth century, when the foundation was made the battle-ground between Protestantism and Popery, by the machinations of the King, who appointed Dr. John Massey as Dean (the twenty-third), well known as a notorious Catholic. He was also made Chancellor of the University. He erected an altar, and celebrated daily mass in the Cathedral ; and this was one of the causes which dethroned James, and led to his ignominious flight from the kingdom. Wesley's and Whitefielb's in the eighteenth century. Dr. Posey's and his sympathisers in the nineteenth century. The exterior of Christ Church presents a striking appearance, from its architectural extent and excellences — its turrets, or bastions, and balustrades conveying ideas of amplitude, magnificence, and power. In length it is about 400 feet. The centre is relieved by the noble " Tom" Gateway (formerly called " Fayre Gate"), surmounted by a cupola or dome in the Tudor style, completed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1682. The visitor will enter the precincts of Christ Church through this gateway, so named from the bell " Great Tom" in the tower above, from which " The waving sounds of Wolsey's bell float o'er the city." " Tom" Tower was commenced at the foundation of the College, but remained incomplete until Sir Christopher Wren took up the work, and finished it in 1682. The basement is a superb architectural composition, but First Bampton Lectures preached by James Bandinel, D.D., Jesus Coll.. 17S0. « GREAT TOM" AT OSNEY AND CH. CH. 51 its leading lines were abandoned by Sir Christopher, who had but few ideas of Gothie design in detail. " Great Tom," which forms one of the many attractions of the College, weighs 17,000 pounds, and the clapper 342 pounds. The hours are struck by a heavy clock hammer, weighing 54| pounds. " Tom" is 7ft. 9in. in height, 21ft. in girth, 7ft. lin. in diameter, and 6in. thick at the striking place. The key of Tom is A. The bell is slung upon a staging of massive oak timber. Turning to the left, after passing the gateway, the visitor enters a small doorway, which will take him direct to " Tom," by ascending a spiral staircase of some hundred steps. Through the latticed windows of the tower a fine view is obtained of Oxford. ' ' Tom" originally hung in Osney Abbey campanile — "the largest and loudest of Osney bells." Its name has been changed thrice. At Osney, when first hung, it was called "Marie," and shortly after baptized " Tom," supposed in honour of Thomas a Beckett. On the demolition of Osney, " Tom" was removed to Christ Church. In the reign of Queen Mary, Dr. Tresham again changed its name to "Mary" in honour of the Queen. It is stated that Bishop Jewel was writing a com- plimentary letter to her Royal Highness when the bell first chimed ; upon which Dr. Tresham, who was in company- with Jewel, exclaimed, "How musically doth sweet ' Mary' sound !"' "Alas!" quaintly says Fuller, "it rang the knell of gospel truth !" In 1680 " Tom" was recast by Christopher Hodson, of London, at the cost of Bishop Fell. It bears this inscription : — "Magnus Thomas Clusius Oxoniensis, renatus April 8, 1680" — ("Great Tom, the door-closer of Oxford, renewed April 8, 1680"). " Tom" was also recast once or twice between 1600-20, but the casting was unsuccessful. On the latter occasion Bishop Corbet wrote some pleasant lines in Latin upon " Tom's" renewal, from which an extract : — "Old Tom's grown young again : the fiery cave I Eor all you see was but an hour's birth ; Is now his cradle that was erst his grave. Look on him well ! My life I do engage He grew up quickly from his mother Earth, | You ne'er saw a prettier baby for his age ! " The lines in Milton's "II Pensieroso" are supposed to have reference to the sound of " Tom" being borne over the waters in time of flood : — " Over some wide-watered shore, swinging slow with sullen roar." Milton resided near Shotover, about four miles from Oxford, whilst writing his poem. A very characteristic anecdote is related of that eminent geologist, Dean Buckland, in connection with some necessary repairs taking place in his lifetime to the turret of " Tom" Tower. The Dean, being unable to ascend the scaffolding to view the progress of the work, in which he took great interest, used to watch the masons in their labours, from the windows of his lodgings in the quadrangle, with a powerful telescope, one he had purposely to examine the distant rocks and strata in his tours. The masons, having just laid a faulty piece of stone, observed by the Dean with the aid of his glass, were sorely puzzled and dismayed on his desiring them to take it out and insert a perfect stone, for they had deemed themselves totally unnoticed. Dean Buckland used to chuckle over the masons' chagrin when he related this anecdote. Every night, punctually at five minutes past nine, "Tom" tolls 101 strokes, the number of students on the original foundation. Descending, the visitor stands in the Great Quadrangle, the most noble court in Oxford, measuring 264ft., by 216ft., designed by Wolsey, but left unfinished, through loss of kingly favour. Dr. John Fell added to it, and the north side was completed at the restoration of Charles II. There is a greensward in the centre, with reser- Remarkable Meteoi? observed at Oxford, December 16, 1664. 52 THE QUADRANGLE AND HALL. voir and fountain. It is said that an ancient stone cross and pulpit stood there ; and from the latter, Wicliff used to preach to large congregations. A statue of Queen Anne is on the inner side of "Tom Tower," facing the greensward. Over the gateway of the south-east corner of the square is a statue of Cardinal Wolsey, by Francis Bird, of Oxford, placed there by Bishop Trelawney, of Winchester, in 1719. Over the north-east angle is a statue of Bishop Fell, given by Bishop Hammond, of York. Crossing the quadrangle, to the south-east angle, a noble staircase of elegant design and workmanship (dating from 1640, but lately improved) is approached, pro- ceeding up which, the visitor enters The Hall, a magnificent apartment, one of the finest in Europe. It is approached by a wide stone staircase, having a handsome balustrade of the same material : above is a fine vaulted roof of the most exquisite fan- work, supported by a noble pillar eighty feet in height. The groins in the angles of the roof deserve special notice, being examples of splendid carving. It was built in 1529, in the reign of Henry VIII. The Hall is in length, 115ft. ; in width, 40ft. ; in height, 50ft. The lofty and ornamented roof is formed formed of Irish oak, decorated and carved in a recherche manner, with occa- sional gilding, exhibiting nearly 300 armorial bearings of the two founders — Cardinal Wolsey and Henry VIII. The sides of the room are of panel wainscot, and the windows of intersected Gothic. The large oriel at the upper end of the south side has a carved roof of a beautiful design. The window on the north-side is a splendid specimen of the art of heraldry, executed by the Messrs. Powell, of London, at the cost of the Ven. Arch- deacon Clerke, Sub-Dean of the College. Two of the four centre lights represent the Prince of Wales' feathers, the Red and White Roses of England, the Thistle, and the S or link between St. George and the Dragon in the Order of the Garter. There are also the seven sets of arms borne by H. R. H. , and the initial letters A. E. The lower part of the two lights bears an inscription: "Albertus Edwardus, Principis Wallise, Dux Cornubia, admis- sus die Octobris, 1859." The motto, " Ich Dien," is likewise emblazoned across the bottom. The two parallel lights bear the arms, motto, and insignia of Prince Frederick William Charles of Denmark, with the initials F. F. , and exhibiting red castles and white elephants. The motto : ' ' God og Kongen." Across these two lights stands the inscription: " Christimus Fredericus Gulielmus Carolus heris Danse, admissus Octobris 20, 1863." The upper lights represent the Christ Church arms, (two black rooks, a red rose on a gold ground, a large white cross with a red lion in the centre, and four blue lions' heads on a black surface) ; the City arms ; the arms of the Archdeacon of Oxford (the Virgin Mary and Child) ; and the private crest of the donor, with the initials, " C.C.C." In connection with the latter, the window bears the following : " Alumnus, 1814 ; Canonicus, 1845 ; Sub- Deaconus, 1851; anno salutis, 1867." Beneath this, " Hanc fenestram in honorem illustrium decorum Princeps ornandum curavet Carolus Clerke, S.T.P., Hujusce Adies." The window altogether is a most magnificent specimen of the art of illumination, and commemorates not only the entrance of the two Princes as scholars on the royal foundation, but also their visit to the city in 1868. Amongst the interesting features of the Hall are the portraits adorning the walls. These are considerably over one hundred in number, and are specimens of the best masters. Holbein, Sir Peter Lely, Vandyke, Hogarth, Gainsborough, Raphael, Mengs, Van Loo, Sir Godfrey Kneller, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Sir Martin Shee, have each, with several H.R.H. the Prince of Wales matriculated at Christ Church, October, 1859. CHRONICLES OF CHRIST CHURCH HALL. 53 other masters, contributed to the riches of this gallery of portraits. In the valuable picture of Wolsey, by Holbein, a view of the College as then existing is introduced, comprising the Cathedral, Hall, and Kitchen. Probably this is the most ancient representation of any part of the buildings. There is a drawing of the buildings by Neele, in 1566, preserved in the Bodleian Library. At the upper end is a bust of George IV., by Chantrey. The Hall was originally paved with green and yellow tiles, in number 2,600 ; each hundred costing three shillings and sixpence. In 1751, it was beautified at the expense of the Rev. Canon Gregory ; and in 1801 two new Gothic chimney pieces of Somersetshire stone were erected from a plan of Mr. Wyatt. If possible, a glimpse should be obtained of the Hall at the dinner-hour : the arrangements partaking thoroughly of feudal times— the Peer, Dean, and Canons occupying the dais ; the Masters and Bachelors the side- tables ; and the Undergraduates the lower end. The Hall has had many novel scenes enacted within its walls. In 1533, Henry VIII. was enter- tained at a banquet. During the reign of Edward VI. public declamations were held . Dramatic performances took place in 1566 and 1592 before Queen Elizabeth ; in 1603, 1615, and 1621, before James I. ; in 1636, before Charles I. The play, in 1615 (Feb. 13), was entitled " Technogamia ; or, The Marriage of the Arts ;" by Barten Holyday. Whether it was too grave or scholarly for the King, or whether the ^actors had taken too much wine, his Majesty wished several times to withdraw. But he was persuaded to remain to its close, lest the students should be discouraged. To celebrate this, a certain witty scholar wrote the following : — "At Christ Church ' Marriage' done before the King, Lest that those mates should want an offering, The King himself did offer— What, I pray' He offered twice or thrice to— go away ! " Of the play in 1636, Antony k Wood writes that the scenes, stage, ma- chinery, &c, were almost the first attempts of the kind made in England, "to the end that posterity might know that what is now seen in the play- houses in London, belonging to his Majesty and the Duke of York, is originally due to the invention of Oxford scholars. On Queen Elizabeth's first visit to Oxford, the comedy of "Palsemon and Arcite," written by Ludovicus Vives (of Corpus Christi College), was performed before her Majesty. Two evenings were employed in the performance, and the Queen was delighted with it ; promising the author great advancement. A melan- choly feature, however, happened during its representation : a scaffolding fell down, and three men were killed on the spot. The Queen was much affected by this calamity, but this soon wore away, " for the power of the comic poet was so great, that it made her laugh, whether she would or no." Charles I. in 1644 assembled and addressed his fragment of a Parliament (43 peers and 118 commoners) in this building, in opposition to that which sat at Westminster. Many other English Sovereigns have been entertained in the HalL Handel, the celebrated composer, gave concerts in the Hall, on July 12 and 13, 1733. A public banquet was given on June 14, 1814, to the Allied Sovereigns, the Duke of York, Prince Metternich, Marshal Prince Blucher, &c. The Hall was filled with distinguished persons of rank, science, and art (900 in number). The veteran Blucher addressed the assemblage in his native tongue, "which was immediately eloquently translated into English by the Prince Regent (George IV. )" During the visit of the Allied Sovereigns to the city great festivities were kept : banquets, balls, and con- certs in one incessant round. The "High" and other thoroughfares were H. ft.H. the Crown Princa of Dsamark matriculated at Christ Church, October, 1863. 54 CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL. magnificently illuminated at night ; but the illuminations were spoilt by a sudden and tremendous thunder-storm which dispersed the crowd m all directions, and dissolved the spell like a transformation-scene in a pantomime. Alexander and his sister, the Duchess of Oldenburg, were in the crowd, having escaped from the great dinner in the Radcliffe Library, to see the illuminations. The Duchess introduced the Oldenburg bonnet, celebrated by Moore, in the "Fudge Family :"— " A charming new bonnet, set high up and poking. Like a pot that is set to keep chimneys from smoking." On Tuesday, Nov. 1, 1859, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales took his seat, as an undergraduate, at the noblemen's table, all the members of the foundation being attired in their full-dress gowns. The roof of this noble Hall was greatly damaged by fire on Candlemas Eve, 1719, and again in 1809. Under this splendid apartment is the Common Room, fitted up chiefly at the expense of Dr. Busby, Master of Westminster School, who left a bequest for the purpose. There are several portraits in this room, including Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VIII., &c. ; a bust of Dr. Busby, by Rysbach ; and a few engravings, amongst which is a fine one of Dr. Markham, Archbishop of York (given to his widow by George IV. who was one of the Doctor's pupils), presented to the College by the executors of the family. Emerging from the Common Room, and passing down a flight of steps to the right, the visitor arrives at the Kitchen, an interesting specimen of an ancient English cooking apart- ment, remaining as erected by Wolsey in 1528. Here is to be seen a curious Gridiron, supported by four wheels, measuring 4ft. Gin. by 4ft. lin., used for dressing whole joints prior to the introduction of spits or ranges. The Kitchen was the first part of the College finished, a fact which gave rise to some ironical and witty remarks by the censors of that period. Leaving the Kitchen, bearing to the right after ascending the stairs, the visitor will speedily arrive at the Cathedral and College Chapel, originally the Priory Church of St. Frideswide, founded in or about the eighth century. The prevailing style of the whole building, except the choir, is Norman ; but many features of Saxon architecture occur likewise. The existing structure was partly built in the reign of Henry I. The building is cruciform ; length from east to west, 154ft. ; from north to south, 102ft. ; height, western part, 4Hft. ; choir, 37^ft. ; breadth, nave and side aisles, 54ft. From the inter- section of the nave and transepts rises a square tower, surmounted by an octagonal spire, one of the earliest in the kingdom, but forming no part of the original design. The spire is 144ft. in height. The tower contains a fine peal of ten bells, six of which were brought from Osney Abbey, when that conventual establishment was abolished in 1546. These are well-known aud commemorated by the glee, written by Dean Aldrich, commencing : — " Hark ! the bonny Christ Church bells— 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,— They sound so wond'rous great, so woundy sweet, As they trowl so merrily, merrily," &c. The edifice is entered by a Saxon doorway, and the choir presents much of the Saxon character also. The massive Saxon pillars on each side, with their ornamented capitals, and double arches — a lower arch springing from carbels attached to the pews, are beautiful conceptions. A passage runs by three sides of the choir, amidst the pillars and other ornamental architecture*. Within the last quarter of a century, the Cathedral has undergone many H.R.H. Prince Hassan, son of the Khedive of Egypt, matriculated at Ch. Ch., October, lSti£>. THE ILL UMINA TED WIND WS. 55 extensive alterations and repairs, and was entirely renovated in 1870, under the direction of Mr. G. G. Scott, R.A. Full Cathedral Service is performed daily. In the morning at ten o'clock ; in the afternoon at five. These services are open to the public. Two other services are also held for the students — the prayers being read in Latin. A similar custom to that observed in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, takes place in the Cathedral : the versicle, " Lord, save the Queen," with the response, is chanted at the end of the anthem, before the prayer for the Queen. The Pulpit, the seat for the Vice -Chancellor opposite, and a portion of the Altar Plate, were brought from Osney Abbey. The pulpit is supported by a small ornamental oak pillar, and it is surmounted by a finely-carved canopy. The Altar Plate is very ancient, and beautifully chased. The organ is a powerful one, its tone being remarkably rich. The choir has been con- siderably augmented and improved of later years. The Latin ChaPi-l, formerly called the " Lady Chapel." It was added in the reign of Edward II., about the year 1351 Bloxham says : " It was the custom in ancient times for lords of the manor, and persons of great wealth and importance, to build small chapels or side-aisles to their parish churches ; and these were endowed with lands sufficient for the maintenance of one or more priests, who were to sing masses at the altar erected therein, to some favourite saint, for the soul of the founder, and those of his ancestors. These chantry chapels also served as the place of interment for the founder and family." The Illuminated Windows deserve especial notice. The antiquary will find much that is interesting to him. Surrounded by hallowed asso- ciations of past ages, when the building re-echoed with the hymns and chants of the old monks, the words of the sweet blind poet Milton, will be brought forcibly forward : "But let my due feet never fail With antique pillars massy proof, To walk the studious cloisters' pale, And storied windows, richly dight, And love the high embowered roof, Casting a dim religious light." Many of the illuminated windows were destroyed at the Reformation. One of the most ancient is the north window " The Murder of St. Thomas a Becket," dating from the thirteenth century, if not earlier. In the west window is "St. Martin dividing his Coat with a Beggar," also figures of SS. Augustine, Blaise, and St. Frideswide, with her parents. In the north aisle of the nave the window represents " Peter's Release from Prison," painted and presented by that excellent limner, John Oliver, in 1700, in the eighty- fourth year of his age. The south aisle window is a painting by Abraham Van Linge, 1631, of " Jonah Viewing Nineveh ;" another window in the same aisle contains " The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah," also by Van Linge. 1634 ; and there is a third window in the Latin Chapel, by the same artist, " Christ Disputing with the Doctors," date 1640. In a window in the north- aisle of the choir is " Bishop King," the first Bishop of Oxford, in his epis- copal robes, with a mitre on his head, and a crozier (or pastoral staff) in his hand. In the back-ground, the ruins of Osney Abbey, of which he was the last Abbot. This window was taken down, and preserved by one of the Bishop's family during the usurpation, in 1648, and put up again at the restoration, in 1660. " The Crucifixion" is represented in the initials I.H.C. in the window of the Dormitory, parallel with the Latin Chapel. In the same window is "The Blessed Virgin surrounded by glory," contained in First Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, Henley-on-Thames, June 11, 1829. 56 MONUMENTS IN THE CATHEDRAL. the letter M. The most recent addition is the eastern window, erected in 1854, by Henry and Alfred Ge'rente, of Paris, representing " The Principal Events in the Life of Our Saviour." It is a splendid specimen of illumi- nation. There was formerly a window by Sir James Thornhill, in this space —a curious admixture of the Nativity and the Epiphany. A melancholy recollection is attached to the Ge'rentes' window : Henri was seized with an attack of the Asiatic cholera, ravaging Oxford during his stay here, and he died in severe agony. The larger proportion of the windows were restored in 1870. The Monuments in the cathedral are of great antiquity, and of beautiful workmanship. Under the great window of the north transept is one to the memory of James Zouch (died 1503), a benefactor to the works in progress in the fifteenth century. There are four other tombs between the archts dividing the Latin Chapel from the middle north aisle. On the first lies the supposed effigy of Henry de Bathe, Justiciary of England, who died in 1252. It has also been averred to be of later date, viz., 1425, and erected to the memory of Sir George Noers. The second is said to be that of Prior Guimond (beneath a triple-gabled canopy), to whom has been falsely attributed the foundation of the Cathedral. He died in 1149. The third, Lady de Montacute (daughter of Sir Peter de Montfort, of Beldesert Castle, and wife of Barcn Montacute, aucestor of the Salisbury family), She died about the year 1353. Her effigy on the tomb is in the costume of the period. She gave Christ Church Meadow to St. Frideswide's, and to her munificence also has been ascribed the Latin or Lady Chapel. The fourth is the shrine of St. Frideswide, foundress of the Priory (died 740). It is supposed that this shrine was erected about 1480, over a tomb which bore the brass effigies of a man and woman, said to have represented Didan and his wife Saxfrida, the parents of St. Frideswide. It consists of a large altar-tomb, over which is a magnificent Gothic shrine, richly decorated with tabernacle- work. A canopy of vaulted stonework, beautifully executed, separates the upper division of the shrine from the lower. The upper stage, formed of wood, is richly carved and handsomely canopied. The bones of the saint are supposed to have been removed here, from the altar or reliquary in the Latin Chapel, in 1289. On the removal of a quantity of rubbish from the Latin Chapel some years ago, a Curious Piece of Ancient Sculpture was discovered, built into the wall. Three sides of it are now exposed, on which are cut some rude designs : the fourth side is immured in the buttress of the Chapel. Some imagine it to be the altar or reliquary of St. Frideswide ; ethers take it to be an ancient font. Dr. Ingram, in his "Memorials of Oxford," inclines to the first of the suppositions, remarking that it was probably hidden " lest puritanical zeal should destroy it." The figures symbolised are, 1st, "The Fall of Man ;" 2nd. "The Patriarch Abraham about to slay Isaac;" 3rd. either k 'The Departure of Isaac and Ishmael from Abraham, or " The Last Judgment." During the alterations made in the Cathedral in 1856, a small and remark- able Crypt was discovered under the choir, between the north and south piers of the tower. Its length, 7ft ; breadth, 5ft. 6in., and about the same height. Supposed to be the original vault of St, Frideswide, or a chamber prepared for the use of a concealed person while practising monastic miracles. There are many other monuments in the Cathedral including that of Bishop King, in the south aisle of the choir. At the west-end, under the window, is a memorial of Bishop Lloyd (of Oxon) ; and on a pillar between Oxford and Harvard Universities' Boat Race, on the Thames, Augi> HORSLE Y &> DEAN J A CKSON—DEAN ALDRICH. 57 the two aisles north of the choir is the monument of Robert Burton, author of the " Anatomy of Melancholy," with his effigy. It bears the following inscription, written by himself, and placed here by his brother — the Leices- tershire antiquary : " Paucis notus paucioribus ignotus, hie jacet Democritus junior, cui vitam dedit et mortam, Melancholia. Obit. VIII. Id Jan. a.c. M.DC.XXXIX." ("Known to few, unknown to less, here lies Democritus, Junior, to whom Melancholy imparted both Life and Death. Died the eighth day of January, in the year of Christ, 1639.") A calculation of his nativity also appears on the monument. Burton entered Brasenose College in 1593. In the nave, near the third pillar from the west, lies George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, a celebrated metaphysician. He died Jan. 14, 1753. The white marble tombstone bears Pope's Eulogy, "To Berkeley every virtue under heaven ." A fine marble statue, by Chantrey (for which he received £1,000) of Dean Cyril Jackson, stands in the north transept. Dean Jackson was a remarkable man — noted for his great intellectual power. Dr. Pusey received the following anecdote of the Dean from Bishop Lloyd. On one occasion Bishop Horsley and Dean Jackson had a famous argument as to whether God could be better reached by His creatures through the exercise of their intellects or through the exercise of their affections. They sat late into the night debating the point. Bishop Horsley advocated the claims of intellect. This ground, the Dean, -sti p by step, made him give up ; till at length he exclaimed, in a spirit of humility, " Then my whole life has been one great mistake !" Dean Henry Aldrich, likewise lies buried in the Cathedral. He died Dec. 14, 1710. Aldrich is well known for his skill in music, logic, the classics, and architecture — either of which would alone have given him fame. He published many of the Greek classics, a system of logic, wrote many piceces of music, and designed All Saints' Church, Trinity Chapel, and superintended the Peckwater quadrangle of Ch. Ch. Two of his glees we note : " Hark ! the bonny Christ Church bells," and "A Smoking Catch," to be sung by four men smoking their pipes, not more difficult to sing than diverting to hear. " It was composed to be sung by the Dean himself, Mr. Sampson Estwick, and two other smoking friends. The words, " I prithee Sam, fill," plainly point to Estwick, The Dean was very fond of his pipe — in fact, it formed quite a topic of conversation among the students. A student, on one occasion laid a wager with an unbelieving friend* that the Dean was smoking at that instant— about ten o'clock in the morning. To settle the disputed point, and to convince his friend, away they sallied to the Dean's residence. They were admitted, and entered the study, telling the purport of the visit. The Dean smiled, and good-humouredly replied, "You see, sir, you have lost your wager, for I'm not smoking; but — filling my pipe ! " In the garden of the celebrated Canon Pusey, stands the Oldest Fig Tree in EDgland, imported from the Levant, by Pococke, the Orientalist. THE BISHOPRIC OF OXFORD. Was founded Jan. 6, 1542, by Henry VIII. out of the See of Lincoln. The present value of the See of Oxford is ,£5,000. It includes the County of Oxford and the Archdeaconries of Berks and Bucks. Population, 515,083 ; acres, 1,385,779; Rural Deaneries, 32: Benefices, 631; Curates, 341; Church-sittings 218,415. The Arms of the See. — Sable a fesse Argent, in chief three ladies' heads crowned Or, arrayed and veiled of the second : in base, an ox, of the last, passant over a ford, proper. Thirty-one Bishops have held the mitre since the See was founded, viz. : — Dr. Pusey suspended for two years, for teaching the Real Presence, May 14, 1843. 58 LIST OF BISHOPS OF OXFORD. I. Robert King, last Abbot of Osney, and first Bishop of Oxford. Appointed Sept. 1, 1542. Held the See fifteen years. Died Dec. 4, 1557. Buried on the north side of the high altar of the Cathedral. Thomas Goldwell, Bishop of St. Asaph, ap- pointed by Queen Mary to succeed Bang, Nov. 9, 1558. Mary, however, died a month after, and Goldwell never took the Bishopric. He died at Borne, 1580. The See vacant nine years. II. Hugh Curwen, formerly Archdeacon of Oxford, Archbishop of Dublin, and Lord Chan- cellor of Ireland. Translated Oct. 14, 1567. Held the See but one year, dying in the Octo- ber following, at Burford. Buried in Burford parish Church. The See again vacant twenty- one years. III. John TJnderhill, a native of Oxford, Hector of Lincoln College, and Chaplain to the Queen. Consecrated Dec. 14, 1589. Held the See three years. Died in great poverty at Greenwich, May, 1592. Buried in the middle of the Choir of the Cathedral. The See vacant eleven years ; making a lapse of forty-one years out of Elizabeth's reign of forty four years. IV. John Bridges, Pemb. Hall, Cambridge, Dean of Salisbury, and Prebendary of Win- chester. Consecrated Feb. 12, 1603. Held the See fifteen years. Died at Marsh Baldon, May 26, 1 618. Buried in the chancel of Marsh Baldon Church. V. John Howson, Student of Christ Church. Canon of Hereford. Consecrated May 9, 1619. Held the See nine years. Translated to Dur- ham, 1628. Buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. VI. Bichard Corbett, Student of Christ Church.- Consecrated Oct. 19, 1628. Held the See four years. Translated to Norwich, 1632. Buried in Norwich Cathedral. VII. John Bancroft, student of Ch. Ch., Master of University College, and Prebendary of St. Paul's, London. Consecrated June 10, 1632. Held the See eight years. He improved it in value, and erected the Episcopal Palace at Cuddesdon. Died Feb. 1640. Buried under the south wall of Cuddesdon Church. VIII. Robert Skinner, Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, Bishop of Bristol, 1636. Trans- lated to Oxford, 1641. Held the See twenty- two years, including the time he was from it during the period of the usurpation (ten years), at which period he retired to the Rectory of Launton. He was one of the twelve Bishops who protested against the Protectorate, for which he was imprisoned in the Tower of Lon- don for eighteen weeks. At the Bestoration in 1660, he again took his former position. He was translated to Winchester, 1663. Died in 1670. Buried in Winchester Cathedral. IX. William Paul, Canon of Chichester, and Dean of Lichfield. Consecrated Dec. 20, 166:1 Held the See eighteen months only. Died suddenly at Chinnor, May 24, 1665. Buried in Baldwin Brightwell Church. He desired to rebuild Cuddesdon Palace, destroyed during the civil war. The materials he had collected^ but death intervened. X. Walter Blandf©rd, Warden of Wad- ham College, Prebendary of Gloucester, and Dean of the Chapel Royal. Consecrated Dec. 3, 1665. Held the See six years. Translated to Worcester, 1671 ; died in that city, and buried in the Cathedral. XL Nathaniel Crewe, Rector of Lincoln College, Dean of Chichester, and Clerk of the King's Closet. Consecrated July 2, 1671. Held the See three years. Translated to Durham, Oct. 1674. XII. Henry Compton, Canon of Christ Church, Master of St. Cross's Hospital, near Winchester. Consecrated Dec. 6, 1674. Held the See just over twelvemonths. Translated to London, Dec. 11, 1675. Died at Fulham, July 7, 1713. Buried in Fulham Churchyard. XIII. John Fell, Student of Christ Church, Canon of Christ Church. Consecrated Feb. 6, 1675. Held the See eleven years. During the civil war he fought valiantly as a cavalier, and was obliged to flee England. He returned to England at the Bestoration of Charles II. Died July 10, 1686. Buried in the Cathedral, in the Latin Chapel : a handsome marble monument showing the spot. He rebuilt Cuddesdon Pa- lace, and added the buildings to Christ Church that bore his name. His whole income he ex- pended in works of charity and piety. XIV. Samuel PAKK.ER,Archdeacon and Pre- bendary of Canterbury. Consecrated Oct. 17, 1686. Held the See but one year. Died at Magdalen College, 1687. Buried in Magdalen College Chapel. In early life he was a zealous Puritan, but came over to the Church party. James II. made him a Privy Councillor and President of Magdalen College. XV Timothy Hall. Consecrated Oct. 7, 1688. Appointed by James II. but not installed, the King having to leave England. Hall was in early life a Nonconformist. Died at Hack- ney, April 10, 1696. XVI. John Hough, President of Magdalen College, Prebendary of Worcester. Consecrated May 11, 1690. Held the See nine years. Trans- lated te Lichfield, 1699; to Worcester, 1717. Died May 8, 1743. Dr. Hough was suspended from his Presidency of Magdalen College, by King James, but restored by William III. XVIL William Talbot, Dean of Worcester. Consecrated Sept. 24, 1699. Held the See six. teen years. Translated to Salisbury, April 23, 1715 ; to Dublin, Oct. 1721. Died in 1730. Buried in St. James' Church, Westminster. Whilst Fishop of Oxford he recovered one of the original endowments of the See. the only ancient demesne left. XVIII. John Potter, Canon of Christ Church, and Regius Professor of Divinity. Consecrated May 15, 1715. Held the See twenty-two years. Archbishop of Canterbury. 1787. Died sud- denly, of an apoplectic fit, Oct. 10. 1747. Buried at Croydon. Was the son of a linendraper at Wakefield, Yorkshire. XIX. Thomas Secker, Prebendary of Dur- ham, Dean of St. Paul's. London, and Bishop of Bristol. Translated to Oxford. May. 1737. Held the See twenty-one years. Archbishop of Canterbury, ] 75S. Died August 3. 176S. Buried, by his own directions, in the passage leadiug from the garden door of his palace to the north door of Lambeth Church. He forbade any monument to be placed-qver his grave, or epi- taph to be written for him. XX. John Hume, Prebendary of Westmin- ster, and Bishop of Bristol on the advancement of Dr. Secker, in 1737. Consecrated Bishop of Oxford in 175S. He held the See eight years. Translated to Salisbury, 1766. Died 11 Milton's " Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio" and " Iconoclastes" burnt at Oxford, Aug. - LIST OF BISHOPS OF OXFORD. m XXI. Robert Lowth, New College, Tutor to the Duke of Devonshire, Bishop of Kilniore, Bishop of St. David's. Translated to Oxford, Sept. 1766. Held the See ten years. Trans- lated to London, April, 1777. Died November, 1787. Buried at Fulham. XXII. John Butler, Archdeacon of Surrey. Appointed Bishop of Oxford, 1777. Held the See eleven years. Translated to Hereford, 1788. Bishop Butler rose from an obscure position, and was believed to have come from Germany. His position was locally unpleasant, from the fact of his not being a graduate at either Uni- versity. He was placed on the Bishops' Bench by Lord North, for publishing some political articles in his favour during the American war, under the signature of " Vindex." He died at Hereford in 1802, and was buried in the Cathe- dral of that See. XXIII. Edward Smallwell, Canon of Christ Church, Chaplain to the King, Bishop of St. David's. Translated to Oxford, 1788. Held the See eleven years. Died (unmarried) at Cuddes- don, June 26, 1799, much impoverished, leaving effects barely sufficient to discharge his debts. XXIV. John Randolph, Student of Christ Church, Proctor of the University, Regius Pro- fessor of Greek and Divinity, Canon of Christ Church, Prebendary of Salisbury. Elevated to the Bishopric, 1799. Held the See eight years. Translated to Bangor, 1807 ; to London, 1809. Bishop Randolph was violently opposed to the system of education promulgated by Joseph Lancaster, and was a great upholder of the "National School" scheme. He had not the slightest sympathy (it is said) with the efforts of the Bible Society. He passed the greater part of his life in the University ; and the Crown complimented that body when it nominated him to the See. Died (suddenly) July 28, 1813. Buried at Fulham. XXV. Charles Moss, Student of Christ Churcn, Canon of Bath and Wells, Prebendary of Salisbury. Elevated to Oxford, 1807. Held the See four years. Breaking a blood vessel, he never recovered, and died at Cuddesdon, Dec. 16, 1811. aged 50 (unmarried). The new and beautiful furniture of the principal rooms in Cuddesdon Palace he bequeathed as an heir- loom to the See ; £3,000 were also left in aid of the Wheatley Schools, conducted oi: the system of Dr. Bell. XXVI. William Jackson, Student of Christ Church, Prebendary of York, Regius Professor of Greek, Canon of Christ Church, Lincoln's Inn Preacher. Elevated to the Bishopric, 1811. Held the See four years. Son of Dr. Jackson, the eminent physician at Stamford. Bishop Jack- son was elected King's Scholar at Westminster School, at the early age of thirteen. Whilst an undergraduate at Oxford, he obtained the Chancellor's Latin Verse Prize ; being the first alleged instance of that Prize being obtained by an undergraduate. The Prince Regent (George IV.) personally offered the Bishopric to Dr. Jackson. Died (unmarried) at Cuddes- don, Dec. 2, 1815, aged 65 years. XXVII. Edward Legge, Student of Christ Church, Dean of Windsor, Fellow of All Souls' College. Consecrated Bishop of Oxford, 1815. Held the See twelve years. Seventh son of William, second Earl of Dartmouth. Elected Warden of All Souls' College, 1817 ; resided chiefly at Oxford. Died (unmarried) at his lodgings at All Souls' June 27, 1827. Buried in the College Chapel. Bishop Legge was a most liberal donor to charities. He left £80,000. XXVIII. Charles Lloyd, Regius Professor of Divinity in the University. Consecrated March 4, 1827. Held the See two years only. Bishop Lloyd was Tutor to the late Right Hon, Sir Robert Peel, Burgess for the University, and subsequently Prime Minister. XXIX. Richard Bagot. Student of Christ Church, Fellow of All Souls' College, Dean of Canterbury. Consecrated August 23, 18J9. Held the See sixteen years. Third son of the first Lord Bagot ; succeeded to the Earldom of Jer- sey, (fourth Earl,) Dec. 21. 1806. Translated to the See of Bath and Wells, Nov. 1845. Died Oct. 1868. XXX. Samuel Wilberforce, Oriel College, Rector at Brightstone, Isle of Wight (first living,) 1830, Archdeacon of Surrey, Chaplain to His Royal Highness Prince Albert, Almoner to the Queen, Canon of Winchester, Dean of Westminster. Consecrated Nov. 30, 1845. Held the See the longest period known— twenty-four years. Translated to Winchester, 1809. Third son of the celebrated late William Wilberforce, Esq. M.P. for Yorkshire. His lordship traces his descent from Ugerus (temp. Henry II.),who assumed the name of Wilberfoss, from lands acquired by marriage with the daughter and heir of William Kyme, Lord of Wilberfoss. During his lordship's connection with the See of Oxford nearly two millions of money were ex- pended in Church-building, restoration, &c. Culham Training School, and Cuddesdon Theo- logical College were erected chiefly by the Bishop's efforts. He was also most prolific with his pen; having written an "History of the American Church," The Rocky Island," " Aga- thos," " The Bible Patriarchs" ^published in the ' Sunday Magazine') Sermons, ry man his own absolver' — that is, in other words, the same as peace where t'h.ere is no peace, and mere shadows of repentance." On the death of his father, in January 1835, he became extremely low-spirited ; and in the autumn of that year he was offered the vicarage of Hursley, through the resignation of the incumbent, by his friend Sir William Heathcote, which he accepted, and married. He held the living to his death, which took place at Bournemouth, Devon, on Dr. Livingstone, the African Explorer, Lectured in the Sheldonian Theatre, Nov. 17, 1857. 7 2 BISHOP JE WEL 'S FARE WELL. March 20, 1866, the eve of Good Friday, after six days' illness only. The hymn for that day in " The Christian Year," thus concludes : — " So when the Archangel's word is spoken, And Death's deep trance for ever broken, In mercy thou may'st feel the heavenly hand, And in thy lot unharmed before the Saviour stand." On St. Mark's Day, April 25, 1868, the foundation stone of Keble College, Oxford, was laid, as a memorial to the Rev. John Keble, by the late Dr. Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury. This College, of course, will receive more lengthened notice when the visitor arrives at its locality ; still, as concluding the notice of Keble, we give Canon Pusey's utterance as to the worth of ' ' The Christian Year, " when speaking in the Sheldonian Theatre after the stone was laid. He said : " ' The Christian Year' in true love, sweet, soft, gentle, but distinct, won those to the truth whom learning, argument, scriptural proof would not have convinced. It reached the understanding through the heart. It not only taught truth, but it taught it in tenderness, devotion, love. It was the first great wave of sound of that solemn harmony of truth which has since reverberated around our English speaking world, which has broken into a thousand echoes, each teachiug truth to wandering man. " The reformer, Bishop Jewel (whose life was " angelical and extremely honest"), of Merton College, migrated to Corpus Christi, shortly after the accession of Queen Mary. He was, however, forced to leave the College after a short residence ; and, when departing, amidst his pathetic remarks, he said, 1 ' Farewell, ye studies ; farewell this roof ; farewell, thou seat most eminent of learning ; farewell, the very pleasant sight of you ; farewell, young men ; farewell, ye fellows ; farewell, my brethren, dear as my eyes are to me ; Farewell all ! Farewell ! " Jewel went to Frankfort, and on the accession of Queen Elizabeth returned home. Elizabeth conferred the See of Salisbury on him to atone for his exile. He had a most retentive memory : it is said that on one occasion he learnt a sermon that he was about to preach at St. Mary's, whilst the bell was sounding for church. When he was remon- strated with for doing so much work, his health being most delicate, he said, " That it becometh a bishop best to die preaching in the pulpit," alluding doubtless to the famous saying of Vespasian, "That an emperor ought to die stauding." Jewel went almost direct from the pulpit to his death-bed. Dr. John Rainolds, President in 1598, whom Antony a Wood calls ' ' a person of prodigious reading and doctrine, and the very treasury of erudition — most excellent in all tongues, and so well seen in all arts and sciences, as if he had sp^nt his whole i time in each cf them." Of Jewel, Hooker and Rainolds, Wood remarks, 'Of one College, they could not be paralleled by the students of all countries." Dr. William Buckland, the eminent geologist, was a Corpus man ; so were also Sir John Mennis, traveller, seaman, and poet ; Dr. Bichard Fiddes, the biographer of Cardinal Wolsey ; Sir J. T. Coleridge, the Solicitor General, author of the " Life of John Keble ;" Sir As li ton Lever, collector of an immense • Museum of Natural History, after- wards dispersed by public auction ; Bishop Hooker ; Brian Twyne, antiquary ; Dr. Arnold, Professor of Poetry ; Rev. Edward Greswell, author of " Har- monica Evangelica;" John Cooington, Latin Professor; Rev. H. O. Coxe, Bodleian Librarian ; Rev. H. Gandell, Professor of Arabic, &c, &c. We find the following curious entry in an ancient record : « 1554. The Dean of Corpus Christi College whipt a scholar who had made a copy of verses against the mass, iu the Common Hall, giving him a lash for every verse." In cor- roboration of this, the Aubrey manuscripts state that before his (Aubrey's) Lord Grenville, as Chancellor, founded the Latin Prize Essay, 1810. MERTON COLLEGE—WALTER BE MERTON. 73 time, the rod was frequently used by Tutors and Deans, and that " Doctor Patter, of Trinity College, whipt a pupil with his sword by his side, when he came to take his leave of him to go to the Inns of Court." We depart from Corpus Christi, with the parting words of John Keble upon our mind, when he was elected to a Fellowship at Oriel : — " How soft, how silent has the dreams of time Borne me unheeding on, since first I dreamed Of poetry and glory in thy shade, Scene of my earliest harpings ? There, if oft (As through thy courts I took my nightly round, Where thy embattled line of shadow hid The moon's white glimmerings) on my charmed ears Have swelled of thy triumphant minstrelsy Home few faint notes. If one exalted chord Of my touched heart has thrilled in unison, Shall T not cling to thee ?— Shall I cast No strained glance on my adopted home, Departing? Seat of calm delight, farewell ! Home of my muse, and of my friends, I ne'er Shall see thee, but such a gush of soul As flows from him who welcomes some dear face Lost in his childhood. Yet, not lost to me Art thou : for still my heart exults to own thee, And memory still and friendship make thee mine." Merton's annals next claim the visitor's attention. Leaving Corpus Christi College, he proceeds in a few steps to tfiT Merton College," the primary model of all the Collegiate bodies in Oxford and Cambridge." Founded at Maldon, near Merton, Surrey, in 1264, (simply as a house of maintenance for scholars, not for study,) by Walter de Merton, Bishop of "Rochester and Lord High Chancellor of England. Re- moved to Oxford in 1274. Walter de Merton was the son of William de Merton, Archdeacon of Berks, by Christfana, daughter of Walter Fitz- Oliver, of Basingstoke, Hants. His date of birth cannot with certainty.be fixed, but he studied at Osney Abbey, and at Manger Hall, now the Cross Inn, in Cornmarket Street, in 1237. He was then in Holy Orders. He purchased the Church of St. John the Baptist, in 1265, from Richard, Abbot of St. Mary's, Reading, to serve as the Chapel for his students. From time to time he added other properties, and shortly after commenced the erection of the College, which was left incomplete, owing to his death from an accident. Fording a river in his diocese, he fell from his horse, and was severely injured, to such an extent as to cause his death, which took place on the 27th of October, 1277. He was buried in Rochester Cathedral. There are many parts of Merton College very interesting to the archaeologist and the visitor, especially the Church of St. John the Baptist, or the College Chapel. A massive Gothic building, doubtless originally intended to be the centre of a cross, but the nave and side aisles were never completed. It was formerly called the " Church of St. John-within-the- Walls ;" and ranks second to none in Oxford for grandeur of proportion. The choir has seven windows on each side, illuminated in imitation of those in the Cathedral of Cologne. These windows were furnished with glass so early as 1283, at the expense of Henry de Mannesfeld, D.D., Chancellor in 1311. The east window is a Catharine- wheel (a splendid example) filled with tracery and armorial bearings. The choir was erected about the year 1300— the exact time not being precisely known. It is 110ft. in length. The tracery is magnificent, not to be rivalled by any example in England of the same period. The elegant painted roof was designed and chiefly executed by the Rev. J. H. Pollen, M.A., in 1850, the figures represent the great lights of Divine science ; viz. the four Evan- gelists ; the four fathers of the Church — Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine, and Gregory ; the four major prophets — Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel ; St. John Baptist, and the founder himself, holding the chapel in his hand. The centre medallions are occupied with historical subjects. Calamitous Fire in St. Aldate Street, Two females fatally burnt, June 29, 1870. 74 MERTON TOWER AND BELLS. J The Tower, which rises at the intersection of the transept and choir, is massive, though somewhat dwarfed. Style : Perpendicular. There are two lateral compartments in each front, pierced with large windows, and the tower terminates with a battlement (pierced) and eight crocketted pinnacles. A fine-toned peal of bells is contained in the tower : formerly there were but five bells, Antony a Wood noting in his Life the following : " Jan. 10, 1656 — A. W., his mother, and two brothers, gave £5 to Merton College, towards casting their five bells into eight. These five were antient bells, and had been put into the tower at the first building thereof, by Dr. Hen. Abendon, Warden of Merton College, who began to be Warden in 1421. The tenor or great bell (on which the name of the said Abendon was put), was supposed to be the best bell in England, being, as 'twas said, of fine mettal, silver found." And again: "Feb. 2, 1681.— Merton College, eight bells newly cast by Christopher Hudson, of London, rung to the content of the society. For his work and his metal he is to have above £300. They were before cast from five to eight, by one Michael Derby, anno 1656, who spoiled them. *' The arches of the tower are about the date 1300, when the foundation of the transepts were also laid, but not carried to a completion, want of funds being probably the cause. Above a century passed before the buildiDg was resumed (1417), and it was then vigorously pushed to completion in 1424. In that year the building was re-dedicated, with great pomp, " In honour of of God, St. Mary, and St. John the Baptist." The cost is stated to have been £141 19s. 4^d., equal to about £3,000 in the present day. The work was completed from the designs, and at the sole expense of Dr. John Kempe, a Fellow of Merton, and afterwards successively Bishop of Rochester, Chi- chester, and London ; Archbishop of York and Canterbury, and a Cardinal. On the vigil of St. Luke, Oct. 17, 1655, half of the roof of the south part of the Chapel, joining to the Tower, fell to the ground within the Church about nine o'clock at night, breaking many monumental stones, brasses, &c. To enumerate the many beauties of the College Chapel would take a large space ; but, as the visitor will have an opportunity of inspection, we will only men- tion a few principal items : — The Oak Lantern, curiously carved, being both beautiful and uncommon. The Brass Lectern, probably given in the Wardenship of Richard Fitzjames, (1482-1507) having his insignia— the dolphin. The Altar Piece, by Tintoretto, representing " The Crucifixion." Presented by John Skip, Esq., of Ledbury, formerly a gentleman com- moner of the College. The Font, elaborately wrought of Caen-stone, standing on eight short pillars of Purbeck mar- ble. A remarkable Piece of Tapestry. The Monument of Antony a Wood, the au- thor of " Athense Oxonienses," and a Post- master of this college. It is near the north door, and bears this simple inscription, "An- tonius a Wood, Antiquarius, ob. Nov. 29, ] 695. The Ante-Chapel, remarkable for the number of its sepulchral memorials, including those of Sir Thomas Bodley (founder of the celebrated library bearing his name), deposited here with great ceremony, March 29, 1613. Sir Thomas died on January 28, after a long suffering from stone, dropsy, and scurvy ; mistreatment, it is said, aggravated the combined diseases, and hastened death. Bishop Earl, the faithful friend of Charles I. , author of an amusing set of sketches, entitled "Characters." Sir Henry Saville, con- taining Views of Eton and Merton Colleges. Sir Henry was the founder of the Professorships of Astronomy and Geometry, and also Provost of Eton College, and Warden of Merton College, held together. He died Feb. 19, 1622. The Monuments of John Bloxham, John Whytton, and Henry Sever. That of the two former is under a canopy of tabernacle work. The flowered Severe Conflagration in the Commarket : Two men burnt, Sept. 23, 1863. DR. JOHNSON AND MERTON COLLEGE. 75 shaft of the cross is supposed to be the finest of its nature in the kingdom. The Holy Lamb is represented, and under the two steps is a scroll on which are inscribed the names of Bloxham and Whytton. The date is about 1387. Sever's monument has a full-length portrait on it : the date about 1471. The Choir of Walter de Merton is unsurpassable. It was commenced early in the thirteenth century — postponed for awhile, and again taken up by Archbishop Arundel, in 1399. Its splendour is so captivating that the incongruities of style can easily be passed over. The lengthened perspective, the long line of lateral windows, glowing in warm and varied tints, and pre- eminently rich in architectural and pictorial beauty enchain the gaze, and involuntarily call to mind the words, "Through mullioned windows' tinted panes I And dyes with flickering roseate stains The coloured radiance softly falls, j The nave and aisle, the floor and walls." Dr. Johnson eloquently writes of Merton — "Who but must feel emotion as he contemplates at leisure the magnificence which here surrounds him ; pressing the same soil, breathing the same air, admiring the same objects, which the Hookers, the Chilling worths, the Lowths, and a host of other learned and pious men, have trodden, breathed, and admired before 1 " Passing from the Church, on the exterior of which will be noticed the gro- tesque gurgoyles (or heads of waterspouts), a series of curiously carved figures, the visitor enters The College through the beautifully sculptured gateway and embattled tower, constructed at the expense of Bishop Thomas Rodborne, Warden in 1416, who only held the Wardenship one year. The front bears statues of Henry III. and Walter de Merton (under Gothic canopies), and a sculp- tured tablet, expressive of the history of St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness, surrounded by grotesque animals— asses, birds, rabbits, and unicorns. The front is very irregular, rebuilt in 1589, and new-faced re- cently. The florid architecture of the north window is a fine specimen of art. Merton College stands third in numerical order of foundation, and has the patronage of eighteen livings. The number of members, &c. on the books average about 230. The first statutes date from 1264, when the foundation was instituted at Maldon, in Surrey. They were renewed in 1270, and in 1274 the College was removed to Oxford, it then consisting of a Warden, certain Priests, and twenty Scholars — the exact number not being fixed by Walter de Merton, but depending on the funds of the Society. At pre- sent, the foundation consists of Warden, twenty-four Fellows, fourteen Post- masters, four Scholars, two Chaplains, and two Clerks. The Postmaster is an institution peculiar to this foundation, dating from 1380, from a gift of John Willyot, Chancellor of Exeter, for the endowment of a certain number of Exhibitioners, afterwards called " Portionistse, " or Postmasters. The Post- masters also acted as choristers, receiving for this service 6s. 4d. per annum. They formerly resided in an ancient Hall, nearly opposite, of which we shall speak hereafter. In 1600 they were received into the College. Other bene- factors have since added to their numbers and allowances. The first Warden at Maldon was Peter de Abendon, or Lakyng ; the first at Oxford, Richard Worblysdon, 1286. The present Warden is Robert Bullock Marsham, D. C. L. , elected in 1826. Forty-one Wardens have held position since the foundation. Three charters of the College are preserved among its archives. The allow- ances to Scholars, to find all necessaries, including lodgings, in 1274, was 50s. In the year 1535, this had reached the sum of £4 6s. 8d. The major part of the Fellows were so annoyed at the movement of the Reformation, that they Destructive Fire in Broad Street : Three houses burnt, September, 4, 1857. Alexander of Russia and his sister, in this Col- lege, during their visit to Oxford with the allied Sovereigns, in 1814. In the hall of the War- den's residence is a Beautiful Siberian Jasper Vase, presented to the College by the Emperor Alexander. It bears inscriptions in the Latin and Russian lan- guages. There is also in this residence, among other valuable paintings, a Portrait of Dr. Harvey, Discoverer of the Cir- culation of the Blood, with an inscription, "Hanc Harveii." 76 MERTON COLLEGE LLBRARY—BLSHOP REDE. * resolutely denied the first Protestant Warden admission to the College, and his entry had to be forcibly made. Advancing through the gateway into the first Quadrangle, the visitor will proceed up a flight of steps into The Hall, a spacious room, with but little decoration, entered from the original doorway with the old oak door, having the beautiful and remarkable ironwork still attached, dating from 1320. This is quite a curiosity. The room was modernized by Mr. Wyatt, about eighty years since. Royalty has been entertained in this refectory on some few occasions : Queen Catharine of Arragon, in 1518 ; Queen Elizabeth, 1592 ; Charles I. and his Queen, 1644 ; Emperor Alexander of Russia, 1814, &c. Its chief ornament is the large Historico-Allegorical Painting at the lower end, the principal figure of which represents the founder (Walter de Merton) in full Epis- copal costume, seated, and pointing to a view of his College. Other figures are introduced to complete the delineation of "The Triumph of Learning over Bigotry and Superstition." Dr. Wall, of Worcester, executed this picture, and presented it to the Society. There are also portraits of Duns Scotus, Bishop Jewel, &c. Under the large painting there is a white mar- ble tablet, with a Latin inscription, comme- morating the brief residence of the Emperor The Great Quadrangle is entered through a noble archway, connecting the Warden's lodgings with the Hall. It is a good specimen of the debased style of James I. Notice must be taken of the imitation of "The Schools Tower," not unpleasing, although so mixed in style. The Common Room is chiefly remarkable from its being the first established in the University. Another curious building is the Treasury or Muniment Room, chiefly noticeable from its high-pitched ashlar roof. It is fireproof, and dates from 1270. It is on the right of the Court leading into a small Quadrangle containing the Library, notably the most ancient of its class in the kingdom. Until lately it was thought to be the first founded Library in the University ; but records show that it was the second — the first being established at Durham (now Trinity) College, in 1345, to contain the bequest of Richard of Bury. Merton Library was built about four years later, 1349, by Dr. Rede, Bishop of Chichester. The Library is paved with ornamental tiles, in good preservation, but covered with matting to keep the damp from penetrating. It displays a range of narrow oblong windows, surmounted by four low towers. Some fragments of painted glass remain in the more ancient windows, on which the Holy Lamb is conspicuous, with the words, "Ecce Agnus Dei," the emblem of St. John the Baptist. Previously to the erection of this remarkable old room, the books were kept in chests. Afterwards, each book was chained to a certain position for study, oaken benches being built for the convenience of the students. The chains (of which one is still kept as a specimen) were not removed until 1780. The contents of the building suffered much at the hands of the visitors appointed by Edward VI. to purge the Oxford Libraries of their Romish contents. A waggon-load of rare manuscripts, treating of astronomy, divinity, and mathe- matics, was taken from Merton Library, and wilfully destroyed. At the present time it is very rich in valuable treasures, both in manuscripts and books, amongst which are a copy of " Caxton's Chaucer," an " Eusebius' Manuscript" of the tenth century; a "Manuscript of Duns Scotus;" and Disastrous and Fatal Fire in St. Ebbe's Street, Two lives lost, March, 1844. EMINENT MEN OF MERTON COLLEGE. 77 several very ancient Bibles ; a work entitled " Bodleiomnema," containing elegiac verses written on the death of Sir Thomas Bodley, by members of this foundation, &c. Leaving the Library, the visitor approaches The New Buildings, designed by Mr. Underwood, and built by Mr. Fisher, and, passing through a noble gateway, with a peculiar vaulted and ribbed roof, having the Signs of the Zodiac around the Arms of Henry VII., which occupy the place of the sun, enters the small inner Court, known as the " Mob Quadrangle," going from thence into The Gardens, with their terraced walks, beautifully laid out. The view of Magdalen Tower, Ch. Ch. Cathedral, and Meadows from them is picturesque. The stream of the Cherwell flowed under the west wall at one period, and often was Merton Buttery visited by rowing parties anxious for " refreshers. " Eminent Men have studied, in times past and present, at "Merton's fount. " In less than two centuries (1294 to 1452) six Archbishops of Can- terbury were created from students of this Society : Robert Winchelsea, Simon de Meopham, John Stratford, Cardinal Thomas Bradwardine, Simon Islip, and John 'Kemp. Bradwardine was a native of Hartfield, near East Grinstead, Sussex. From his learning he was called "Doctor Doctorum," and he wrote the famous theological treatise, "Deo Causa Dei," designed to confute the Pelagian doctrine. Being a most profound thinker, he was appointed confessor to Edward III., whom he attended during the French wars. Simon Islip founded Canterbury College. William of Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, and founder of MagjHalen College, John Hooper, the martyred Bishop of Gloucester, Dr. Denison, Bishop of Salisbury, and many other prelates, including the present Bishop of Oxford, Dr. Mackarness. Three Archbishops of Dublin in a century — William de Hotham (1297), Robert Wickford (1375), and Thomas de Cranley (1397). John Duns Scotus, termed the "subtle." He studied at Paris, but resided and taught at Merton afterwards. William Ockham, a scholar of Scotus, an advocate, to the fullest extent, of the Nominalist philosophy. The two John Wicliffs (both Fellows), one afterwards Master of Balliol College (the famous Wicliff, translator of the Bible), the other, Warden of Canterbury College (the visitor will find fuller information of the two Wicliffs on pp. 18, 19). The two first Professors of Geometry and Astronomy, Briggs and Turner, and Bainbridge and Graves, were of Merton. Bishop Jewel, the Reformer (afterwards of Corpus) ; Antony k Wood, antiquary and historian of Oxford ; Sir Richard Steele, of the Tatter, Spectator, &c. ; Sir Isaac Wake, author of "Rex Platonicus ;" Rev. J. G. Wood, the naturalist of the nineteenth century, author of the "Common Objects Series of Handbooks;" Dr. Goulston, founder of the Goulstonian lecture ; Hugh Cressy, the Romish and legendary historian ; Sir Thomas Bodley, founder of the Bodleian Library ; Sir Henry Saville, Warden of the College, Provost of Eton, and founder of the Geome- trical and Astronomical Professorships, &c. Dr. William Harvey, who discovered the circulation of the blood about 1615, was appointed Warden of the College by Charles I. in 1645. Harvey came from Caius College, Cam- bridge, and Sir Nathaniel Brent, Vicar-General of England, was ejected that Harvey might fill his Wardenship. The retentive memory of Bishop Jewel deserves notice here, for he was a perfect master of mnemonics. It was his custom to write the heads of his discourses, and imprint them firmly upon his mind. He remarked once "that if ten thousand people were quarrelling or fighting all the while he was preaching they would not put him out. " John Hooper, the martyred Bishop of Gloucester, gave Bishop Jewel a list of The City of Oxford nearly destroyed by Fire, A.D., 979. CUSTOMS AT MERTON COLLEGE. forty Irish, Welsh, French, and other foreign words, which he, after once or twice reading, repeated by heart backwards and forwards. It is said that on one occasion, being about to preach at St. Mary's, he learnt his sermon whilst the bells were ringing for church. He professed to teach the art to others, and Dr. Parkhurst, his tutor, learnt from him, while he was in exile at Zurich, the whole twenty-eight chapters of St. Matthew's Gospel in twenty- eight days, so perfectly, although spending but an hour each day in the task, that he could repeat any one verse of the gospel, knowing also at the same time the preceding and following verses. Jewel was only thirteen years old when he entered Merton, and was remarkable for the sweet modulations of his voice. He would resort to the woods of Shotover, and there exercise his voice in declamation, that he might acquire its mastery and gain facility in speaking. Dr. Parkhurst paid all Jewel's expenses until he obtained the degree of Master, for Jewel was but a Postmaster. A rigid but learned Romanist once paid a testimony that speaks more of his merit than many words — "I should love thee, Jewel, if thou wert not a Zwinglian. In thy faith I hold thee an heretic ; but surely in thy life thou art an angel ; an excellent person, but a Lutheran." Of Jewel's subsequent career, after his migration to Corpus Christi College, we have spoken in our notice of that College. The first English organ builder, William Wotton, made a "pair of organs" for Merton College in 1487, and also built an organ for Magdalen Col- lege. He was the first known Englishman practising this art professionally. The Following Customs were formerly observed in the College, the first, how r ever, only remains : — Grace Cup.— After Dinner, the Senior Fel- low strikes the table thrice with a trencher. These strokes are answered by the butler, who enters in his book how much each student has received of the buttery supplies. The " grace- cup " is then passed round ; and, at another stroke of the trencher, a Bible Clerk makes his appearance to recite grace. Shi'ove-Tuesday Festivity.— The Un- dergraduates assembled in the Hall at even, partaking of supper, caudle being furnished at the expense of the Freshmen. Afterwards each Fresh man plucked off his gown and band, and made himself look as much like a rogue as possible. In seniority they were conducted to a bench on the high table, and made a speech to the company. If a good speech was made, the speaker had a cup of the caudle ; if indif- ferent, a cup or caudle and salted water ; if dull, salted water only. Then an oath was ad- mi • istered over an old shoe, by the senior cook, runniug thus :— " Item tu jurabis, quod Penui- less Bench non frequentabis," &c. The shoe was kissed, and the Freshman took his place among the Seniors. A specimen of Antony a Wood's speech, who underwent the foolish custom, may be interesting ;— " Most Reverend .Seniors— May it please your gravities to admit into your presence a kitten of the Muses, and a meer frog of Helicon, to croak the cataracts of his plumbeous cerebrosity, before your sa- gacious ingenuities," &c, for a period of fifteen minutes or longer. (This custom fell into des- uetude at the Restoration.) Hymn Vigils.— Before the Reformation the Fellows were wont to assemble around the Hall-fire, from the Vigil of All Saints to the evening of the Purification, and on holy-day evenings, pass the time in hymn singing. Christmas King of Misrule. — This was always carried out at Merton, from the foundation till the days of Queen Mary, when the custom became obsolete. The King had to take coguisance. of all discourtesies and mis- demeanors committed during the Christmas festivities, preside over all gambols, &c. The punishments inflicted on transgressors were most ludicrous, Black Night. — A species of diversion observed when the Warden or Dean kept the Bachelors at Disputations till midnight. This diversion consisted in breaking open the but- tery and kitchen doors, rifling their contents, and making merry with the spoils. The origin is attributed to Duns Scotus, who gave an un- lucky answer to John Ockham, at that tune a Bachelor of the College. Ockham disputing with Scotus, then Dean, worsted him. On parting, Ockham submitted himself, with the rest of the bachelors, to the Dean, saying, " Domine quid taciemus ?" (" Master, what are we to do now?") To this, Scotus unluckily re- plied, "Ite, et facile quid vultis." ("Go and do whatever you like !") This gave occasion to these sons of mode and fisure to exercise their merriment on Merton "Black Mght," a custom now honoured in the breach. The visitor will now leave Merton College, and, proceeding through the entrance gateway, arrive at St. Alban Hall, the fourth in numerical standing of the Oxford Halls. The Danes set many of the City and University Buildings on Fire, 1002 and 1009. ST. ALBAN HALL— ROBERT DE ALBANO. 79 The first Principal was Roger Martin, appointed in 1437. The present Prin- cipal is the Rev. Charles William Salter, M. A., appointed in 1861. Forty-six Principals have been appointed since its foundation. There are about sixty-two members on the books. In the year 1 200 the Hall was the private residence of Robertus de Sancto Albano, a burgher of Oxford. He gave it, with another similar tenement, called "Nun Hall," in 1230, to Littlemore Nunnery. Merton College afterwards leased both the Halls of the Nunnery, and, on the dissolution of the Littlemore foundation in the reign of Henry VIII., the King gave the residence to his physician, Dr. George Owen. Passing through four other proprietorships, it came into possession of Merton College in 1547, by permission of King Edward VI. The front of the Hall was rebuilt in 1600. Toward the expenses a legacy of £200 was given by Benedict Barnham, alderman of London, formerly a commoner of St. Alban Hall. His armorial bearings, quartering those at Bracebridge, are still over the entrance gate. In 1789 the south side of the quadrangle was rebuilt, at the cost of Dr. Randolph, then Principal of the Hall. The building was refaced in 1866. Merton College is still the owner of the property, receiving a quit rent. The Chancellor of the University appoints the Principal. The Gabled Windows are very picturesquely set in the roof, and deserve attention. 1 he Hall (a very plain refectory) served for the Chapel also until 1863, when a chapel was built from designs by Mr. J. Gibbs. It stands on the right hand of the quadrangle. -< The Bell Tower, a curious elevation, is a study worth notice. It is sur- mounted by a gabled projection. Eminent Men of the Foundation. — Philip Massinger, the dramatist ; William Lenthal, Speaker of the Long Parliament ; Zachary Bogan, a Puritan, afterwards Fellow of Corpus Christi College (he left £500 to the City of Oxford, to be expended in charities ; his portrait hangs in the Council Chamber) ; Richard Deane, Bishop of Ossory (1609) ; &c. &c. Richard Fitzjames, Bishop of London, was a Principal of the Hall, and also Dr. Lamprugh, Archbishop of York ; Dr. N. Marsh, Archbishop (successively) of Cashel, Dublin and Armagh ; Dr. Whately, Archbishop of Dublin, so well known as a politician, humorist, and divine, and whose writings are still largely studied. His "Rhetoric" and "Logic" have large sales, in conjunc- tion with other works from his ready pen, " The Historic Doubts respecting Napoleon Buonaparte" having reached thirteen editions. His reputation as a theologian was first obtained from the works entitled "Some of the Pecu- liarities of the Christian Religion," the " Errors of Romanism traced to their Origin," and the " Difficulties in the Writings of St. Paul." He likewise contributed to the " Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. " He came to Oxford in 1805, entering at Oriel College. He became Fellow of Oriel in 1811 ; M.A., 1812 ; Bampton Lecturer, 1822 ; D.D., 1825, and was appointed Principal of St. Alban Hall by Lord Grenville. The spacious building nearly opposite the Hall is a large Swimming Bath, 70ft. by 30ft. The water is tepid at will ; and there are twenty dressing-rooms, with a cigar and coffee saloon annexed. The roof is glass and iron. The bath was erected by Mr. John Plowman, with a view to lessen the number of accidents on the Oxford streams. Adjoining are spacious Billiard Rooms and a Tennis Court. Passing onwards, the visitor will quickly arrive at the building known as Antony a Wood's Residence, nearly opposite Merton College. It is George Street, Cornmarket, and Queen Street, destroyed by Fire, October 6, 1644. 80 ANTONY A WOOD AT OXFORD. now occupied by Dr. Corfe. This is generally supposed to be the house, but the Doctor imagines that the building in the rear of his residence was the house in which Antony was born on Monday, Dec. 17th, 1630. Antony Wood's father was born at Islington, London, in 1580, and entered Broad- o-ates Hall (now Pembroke College) in 1600, becoming clerk of Corpus Christi College in 1603. He married Margaret Wood, his first wife, of Waterbury, Kent* at Woodeaton, Oxfordshire. Her father's name was Hugh Wood, and the family was of old standing in the counties of Kent and Sussex, of the Protestant communion, for we read, in the "History of Sussex," that on the 20th of June, 1556, Thomas a Wood and Thomas Myles were burnt opposite the Star Inn, Lewes, Sussex, " for holding notions apart from the Catholic Faith," and on June 22, 1557, another Thomas a Wood was burnt, on the same spot, with six other men and three women — ten in all. The Woods on Antony's side were from Lancashire. Antony's mother was the second wife of his father, and she was but two years old when he married his first wife. Her name was Mary Pettie, of Wivehold, Oxon. Antony a Wood's fame rests principally on his two noted works, " Athense Oxoniensis " and the "History of the Antiquities of the University." He was a Postmaster at Merton College, entering May 26th, 1647. He fell under the displeasure of the Government for publishing obnoxious statements in the second volume of his "Athense," which was publicly burnt and Wood threatened with banishment from the University, if he did not recant. This he did, and continued within the walls of his beloved Alma Mater. Wood was an indefatigable collector of coins, manuscripts, curious volumes, &c. , which he left at his decease to the Ashmolean Museum principally. He died Nov. 28th, 1695, aged 64. Warton and Huddesford remark that " his works afford sufficient testimony to his character," and that "the University must for ever remember with esteem that son who has done so much for her credit, in an ample history of her antiquity and munificence. The historian, the lover of antiquity, and especially the biographer, have the greatest reason to venerate his memory." His manners were ascetic — he dined for thirty years privately in his own chamber. His table, and every chair in his room, was loaded with papers, letters, volumes, &c, and the walls were hung with prints of his friends and other noted men in vast numbers. He chose his place for burial ; and directed that he should be buried deeper than ordinary, close to the wall on the north end of Merton Chapel. Passing by this interesting spot, sacred almost to antiquaries, the visitor approaches Oriel College, the fifth in numerical standing. It was founded by Edward II., called Edward of Caernarvon, on April 20th, 1324, at the suggestion of Adam de Brom (Almoner to the King, and Vicar of St. Mary's), for a Provost and ten Fellows. It now consists of a Provost, eighteen Fellows, ten Scholars, and twenty Exhibitioners. The Royal Charter is dated Jan. 21, 1326. The first Provost was Adam de Brom. The present, Rev. Edward Hawkins, D.D., was elected in 1828. Forty Provosts have been chosen since the foundation. The College holds the right of presentation to fourteen benefices, this including two in the immediate gift of the Provost. The living of the University Church (St. Mary's) is attached to Oriel. Adam de Brom was at one period a clerk in Chancery. In 1314 he became Chancellor of the diocese of Durham. He was promoted, through his diligence and knowledge, to the Rectory of Hanworth, Middlesex, in 1315, and in 1319 Archdeacon of Stow and Vicar of St. Mary-the- Virgin, Oxford. He was Provost of Oriel for six years, and died in Oxford on June 13th, 1332, and was buried in St. Mary's. The etymology Serious Fires at Christ Church Hall, 1719 and 1809. ORIEL COLLEGE— ADAM DE BROM. 81 of the name of this College has excited much curiosity. Several reasons have been assigned. Some antiquaries avouch that it is but a corruption of " Aul- Royal," being founded by a king, and the visitor being the reigning sovereign. Extant deeds of the earliest period in its history apparently corroborate this, viz,, " Prepositus et scholares domus beate Marie Oxon Colegii de Oryell, alias Aule Regalis valgariter nuncupati" — (" The Provost and Scholars of the House of the Blessed St. Mary at Oxford, commonly called Oriel College, or Hall .Royal"). Others suggest the word " Oriolum," a porch or gateway, a phrase frequently used by olden writers. Then it is stated to be derived from a splendid wastern window, conspicously shown from without, and forming a recess in the interior. Chaucer says, " In her oryall she was closyd well with royal glass." Dr. Ingram offers the latter part of the word, " Ora- toriolum." It is also stated to have been derived from Alienore, wife of Michael de Ispania. The first is most probably the correct derivation. Adam de Brom obtained the royal licence for the College foundation on April 20th, 1324, and purchased five shops in the High Street, on the spot now occupied by Wheeler aud Day, booksellers, and Boffin, confectioner, called at that time Tackley Hall, or Inn. A curious window still remains at the back of Mr. Boffin's premises, and a portion of the old crypt in the cellar of Messrs. Wheeler and Day. Brom also purchased Perilous (now Kettel) Hall, in the Broad Street, but the students never occupied it. The mansion of " La Oriole," on the site of which the College now stands, was granted by Henry III. to Bogo de Clare, lord of the manor of Holyweil. It was presented by him to the Spanish Princess Eleanor, wife of Edward I., she granting it to her chap- lain, Michael de Ispania, for life. It was this fact probably that caused the Spanish pomegranate to appear so frequently in the College decorations, as well as on the Church of St. Mary's, of which Brom was Vicar. Adam de Brom purchased the life-interest from the chaplain. The Hospital of St. Bartho- lomew, in Cowley parish (to the east of Oxford) was granted by Edward III. to Adam de Brom, in 1328, chiefly for an asylum for the students in time of pestilence, of which they availed themselves more than once. It is still attached to the foundation, and proves a source of emolument. The alms- men of St. Bartholomew are now pensioned by the College, but elected by the freemen of the city. Edward II. had many distractions in his reign, aud in one of these extremities of distress he vowed to build a College to the honour of the Virgin Mary ; but under his circumstances he found this almost an im- possibility from want of funds, so he accepted the offer of De Brom, and thus the foundation obtained the patronage of royalty, which it still maintains, although losing it for a series of years by the machinations of Henry Burgash, Bishop of Lincoln, who had a new set of statutes framed, appointing him visitor. This lasted four hundred years, from 1326 to 1726, when an appeal to the Court of Common Pleas caused a reversal of the visitation, and a recog- nition of the authority of the Crown. The manse of St. Mary's Church (now St. Mary Hall), adjoining the mansion of La Oriole, was also given by the King for a residence for the Provost and Fellows. The present buildings of Oriel College are comparatively modern, dating from about 1620, when the south and west sides of the first quadrangle were rebuilt. The north side was added in 1637. The ogee battlements, bold and massive in appearance, de- serve notice. The square tower which rises over the gateway is ornamented by the " oriel" window ; and the vaulting of the gateway is delicately wrought with fan-shape tracery, adorned with the arms of Charles I. It is shortly intended to make an enlarged opening from the High Street to Oriel College, Exeter College Library nearly destroyed by Fire, 1708. G 82 ORIEL CHAPEL, HALL, AND LIBRARY. which is now obscured. For this purpose about twenty houses will be taken down, and a new street formed leading to the College, thus throwing its front open to the street. This desirable improvement will cost about .£100,000. Entering the Quadrangle, the statues in niches, under coronal canopies, over the Hall attract attention. The lower are those of Edward. II. and Edward III., above, the Virgin Mary with the child Jesus in her arms. The several doorways are ornamented with the armorial bearings of different benefactors. At the south-east corner is The Chapel, completed in 1642. The illuminated window, by Peckett, of York, represents the " Presentation of Christ in the Temple," from a design by Dr. Wall (painter of the allegory in Merton Hall), at the cost of the Duke of Beaufort, Lord Leigh, and Lord Wenman. In the Ante-Chapel is a Brass Lectern, given by Mr. Napier in 1654, and also two marble monuments to the memory of Henry Edmunds, D.C. L., died 1746, and to Dr. George Carter, Provost in 1708 (executed by Westmacott, at the expense of Dr. Eveleigh in 1811). The Chapel has been altered and improved in 1678, 1818, 1833, &c. The Hall, built in 1637, is entered from a flight of steps immediately facing the entrance gateway. There are several fine portraits hung around the walls, embracing those of Edward III., Queen Anne, Sir Walter Ealeigh, Duke of Beaufort, Bishop Butler, &c. There are also two curious cups, splendid specimens of ancient plate, one said to have been presented by Edward II., the other, a beautiful cocoa-nut, silver gilt, given by Bishop Carpenter before 1476. In one window are the arms of Pierrepoint, Earl of Kingston, quartering nineteen coats, with the punning motto, in allusion to the family name, "Pie repone te." The Hall is 50ft. long by 20ft. wide. The visitor proceeds, after leaving the Hall, into the inner court, at one period a garden. It lies to the north of the outer Quadrangle. The buildings of the inner court were the gifts of two individuals — the building on the east by Bishop Eobinson, of London (commenced in 1719) ; the one on the west, by Dr. George Carter (in 1729). The whole fortune of Dr. Carter, who was a Provost of the College, was devoted to this purpose and that of the purchase of livings for the benefit of the foundation. The building on the south side of Bishop Robinson's wing was built in 1817. The Runic inscription on Robin- son's building is " Man is but a heap of dust." (" Madr er Moldvr Avki"). It maybe mentioned that the use of wine was discarded by many of the Fellows of Oriel, who felt that its excessive use blunted the intellect and brought a curse into the ranks of civilised society. Oriel common room was first in the University in which tea was drank. This brought forth many remarks, such as " Why, those fellows drink tea !" " Bohea swillers !" &c. Provost Eveleigh of this College was also the first who originated " Public Examinations" in the University. The five hundredth anniversary of this College was celebrated on June 15th, 1826, in the Hall. There were about 140 gentlemen present, who were or had been members. Between Robinson's and Carter's wings is The Library, built in 1788, from a design by Mr. Wyatt, chiefly at the expense of Baron Edward Leigh, Steward^of the University. It is of the Ionic order, with but few ornaments, and is considered one, if not the most perfect, of the Ionic style in Oxford. There are some fine portraits to be seen on the walls, including Dr. Thomas Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells, the Bishop of Winchester, Dr. Morley, and Dr. Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury. This is the third Library that has been built— the first in 1444, the second in 1637, and the present in 1788. This Library is very rich in works delighting the bibliographer, amongst which will be found :— Severe fire in the Demies' Room, Magdalen College, August 5, 1719. EMINENT MEN OF ORIEL COLLEGE. 83 Capgrove's Commentary on Genesis, in ma- nuscript, illuminated. This is supposed to be one of the books given by Duke Humphrey of Gloucester tc the Bodleian Library, when first founded by him. It has a memorandum of its presentation to the Duke at his manor of Pens- hurst, Kent, in his own handwriting. The in- itial letter of the dedication (to Duke Hum- phrey) contains a curious illumination of the author presenting his production to the Duke. Capgrove, the author, was an Augustinian monk of Canterbury. Mr. Warton supposes that this book, with others, was lost from the Bodleian Library, at the Beformatxon. There is, likewise, an extensive collection of the Works of William Prynne, the antiquary, and educated republican, who had his ears cruelly shorn off, in the reign of Charles I., for writing his " Histriomastix. " The books were given to the College, by himself, and include a copy of his " Parliamentary Records," of which only twenty-three copies were saved at the Great Fire of London, in 16ttf\ Three similar volumes, in the library of the Duke of Sussex, when of- fered for sale at his death, realised £155. The valuable and Curious Library of Baron Leigh, bequeathed to the foundation by the Baron himself, who was formerly a member of the Society. There is also Bishop Rede's Cup. Rede was the founder of Merton Library, and left this cup by will. The Common Room is under the Library, and contains some excellent por- traits, including a few of the past Provosts. In the inner Common Room is a Curious Picture by Vasari. A group of Ita- engraved from this picture, by Hierome Cock, lian writers — Boccaccio, Calvacanti, Dante, Fi- is known to be one of great rarity, cinus, Guido, Petrarch, and Politian. A print, Eminent Men. — Amongst the many noted students the following are well known — Dr. Samuel Wilberforce, late Bishop of Oxford, translated to Win- chester ; the well-known Archdeacon Denison, of Taunton, editor of the Church and State Review,' and the bitter opponent of Bishop Temple, of Exeter ; Hurrel Froude, the upholder of sacerdotalism ; Edward Bouverie Pusey (now Canon of Christ Church), thcj?ractarian leader ; Rev. J. H. Keble (more fully noticed under Corpus Christi College) ; Rev. J. H. New- man, a man of noble intellect and antique loftiness of soul, the " remarkable fugitive from the camp of Anglicanism" to the Roman Catholic Church, and now President of the Oratory, Birmingham, author of " Apologia pro Vita Sua" and the " Grammar of Assent," the work of life's eventide. The "Parting of Friends" was the title of his farewell discourse on leaving the English Church. The secret of his great influence with his pupils was described by one of the most gifted thus — " Newman never told us anything out of books — he always gave thoughts and feelings right out of his own head and heart. " He was the hope of the English Church. Archbishop Whately, of Dublin (see " St. Alban Hall ") ; Bishop Hampden, of Hereford, whose appointment to that see raised such a bitter controversy, and against whom the darts of the " Oriel Conspirators" (then so termed) were levelled. Dr. Hampden was an obstacle in the way, and it was determined to crush him. He was, in fact, the Dr. Temple of his day, and he suffered equally. He was appointed to Hereford in 1847, and held the bishopric for twenty years, dying in April, 1868. Charles Neate, M. A., late member for the City of Oxford ; Rev. J. W. Burgon, Vicar of St. Mary's, author of "Petra" and other poems ; the present Duke of Marlborough ; Matthew Arnold, Professor of Poetry in 1843, and author of " Cromwell," the Newdigate prize poem of that year ; the lamented Dr. Arnold, Master of Rugby School, the "fearless liberal," and foe of sacerdotalism ; George Edward Eyre, the Queen's printer (Eyre and Spottiswode) ; the Right Hon. Gathorne Hardy, M.P. for the University, who successfully contested the seat against the Premier, the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. for Greenwich ; Thomas Hughes, author of "Tom Brown's School Days," &c, M.P. for Frome ; the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen, M.P. for the City of London, and President of the Poor Law Board ; Sir E. W. Head, Governor of Canada, &c. — These are modern notabilities. The follow- ing are earlier men of mark : — Sir Walter Raleigh, attainted and condemned West Wing of Queen's College burnt, December 18, 1788. 84 BISHOP KEN—ST. MAR Y HALL. for high treason in 1603, but not executed until 1618. Sir Walter was a great explorer, author of the " History of the World," the introducer of tobacco into England, and a poet of no mean degree, writing many quaint poems, &c. ; Lord Chief Justice Holt, of the Court of King's Bench, a position he held for twenty-two years ; Mr. John Day, author of a volume of sermons, entitled " Day's Dial," from the text, "Are there not twelve hours in the day ?"; Sir John Birkenhead, editor of the ' Mercurii Aulici,' a series of early news-sheets, and amanuensis to Archbishop Laud, knighted by Charles II. ; Prynne, the republican author of ''Histriomastix," &c. ; Robert Longlande, author of the "Vision of Pierce Plowman," an allegorical satire on the vices and follies of the fourteenth century, related under the similitude of a dream ; Alexander Barclay, a Benedictine monk, and author of the " Ship of Fools," a satire, under the allegory of a ship freighted with fools of all kinds ; Bishop Ken, author of those fine hymns, " Awake, my soul, and with the sun," and " Glory to Thee, my God, this night," the latter at first written "All praise to Thee, my God." The closing lines of this hymn, " Praise God from whom all blessings flow," Montgomery says, are "a mas- terpiece at once of amplification and compression — amplification in the burthen, " Praise God," repeated in each line ; compression, by exhibiting God as the object of praise in every view in which we can imagine praise due to Him." Taken altogether, Oriel College has sent forth as many, if not more, eminent men than any one of the Oxford foundations. Leaving Oriel College and its connections, the visitor next arrives at St. Mary Hall, the first in order of the University Halls. The first Principal was William Croten in 1436. The present is the Rev. Drummond Percy Chase, appointed in 1857. Forty-two Principals have been appointed since its foundation. The number of members on the books average about 120. The Hall was the dwelling of Henry Kelpe, a citizen of Oxford, and was given by him to Mr. Peter, Rector of St. Mary's Church, for a manse. It was conveyed by Edward II. in 1325 to the Hall of St. Mary-the- Virgin, and in 1333 it was made an academical Hall. In the reign of Edward IV. it was enlarged by the addition of Bedell Hall, built in 1294, by Reynold de la Leigh. There was a similar dispute to that of Magdalen Hall, in respect to the appointment of a Principal, in 1365, but with a different result — the right of Oriel College to appoint the Principal being confirmed by arbitration. During the Protectorate, Thomas Cole, M.A., student of Christ Church, was appointed Oct. 15, 1656. He was, however, ejected by the king's com- missioners, as being -jnlawfully appointed, in 1660. He afterwards kept a school at Nettlebedfor youths of the Presbyterian and Independent denomi- nations. The Hall is entered from a passage, which takes the visitor into a quadrangle, very irregularly built. The Hall, in the south-east corner, built about 1640. This building was entirely remodelled in 1830, principally at the expense of Bishop Hampden, of Hereford. The east window contains figures of the ' ' Blessed Virgin and Infant Saviour," from a design by Raffaelle. The seal of the Hall bears a representation of these figures. The arms of the benefactors are also well executed in stained glass. There are several fine portraits on the walls. The Chapel is over the Hall, and was built about the same period. It was considerably improved is 1777 by a benefaction of Bishop Oswald, of Raphoe, Ireland. There is a singular epitaph on Dr. William Kong, written by himself, who was buried in Ealing Church, Middlesex, but who ordered his heart to be preserved in this Chapel, Amongst the Magdalen Tower caught Fire internally, 1810. Quickly extinguished. EMINENT MEN OF ST MAR Y HALL. 85 Eminent Men educated in this Hall we find Dr. John Hunter, the cele- brated anatomist, who graduated here in 1753. His collection of anatomical specimens was purchased by Parliament for £15,000, being one of the most valuable gatherings ever made in that class of science — tracing nature from its meanest state to its highest form— man. Sir Thos. More, Sir Christopher Hatton, Thomas Cornish, titular Bishop of Tenos and Provost of Oriel ; Bishop Phillips, of Sodor and Man ; Bishop Oswald, of Clonfert, Dromore, and Raphoe ; Bishop Gray, of Bristol ; Hariot, the mathematician ; Bishop Rowlands, of Bangor, &c, were also educated here. Marchamont Needham, of Burford, Oxon, who entered All Souls' College at fourteen years of age, studied here also for some period. He is well known as editing the ' Mer- curius Britannicus,' 'Mercurius Pragmaticus,' and ' Mercurius Politicus,' early news sheets or papers, published in Oxford. He was imprisoned in Newgate, and in danger of losing his life for his change in principles. He was endowed with quick natural parts, and was a good poet and wit. He died suddenly in Devereux Court, near Temple Bar, London, in 1678, being buried in St. Clement Danes Church. On leaving St. Mary Hall, and pro- ceeding to the top of Oriel Street, the visitor will observe ESP St. Mary's Church nearly facing him. This is one of the principal ornaments of the city, and is the church used by the University. It is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The patronage of the living is vested in Oriel College, but it is only of small value. The population (of the parish about 400. The Bampton Lectures, appointed University Sermons, &c.,are preached in St. Mary's, at 10.30 a.m. and 2 p.m. on Sundays. The parochial services follow in Term. The Church consists of a spacious nave, 94ft. by 54ft. } including the side aisles, its height being 70 ft., side aisles, 50 ft, ; chancel 64 ft. by 24 ft., and the height of the spire from the ground is 207 ft. " St. Mary's, with symmetric pride," swells into glory with beautiful effect on a bright moonlight evening, when the radi- ance falling upon the church is exquisite. Tradition says that this Church was originally built by King Alfred, for the use of the scholars studying at the University. In the Domesday Book it is mentioned as royal property. The Domesday Book is preserved in the Chapter-house of Westminster; and its re- cords were first deposited in one of the crypts of Winchester Cathedral, called, it is said, the JDomus Dei, whence the name " Domus Dei Book," perverted into "Domesday Book;" but Ingulph, Abbot of Croyland, remarks it was called " Domesday Book" from " its resembling the last judgment in its universality and completeness." The Church has been dedicated twice, — at its foundation, and in 1139. The edifice now standing was nearly all rebuilt at the latter end of the fifteenth and commencement of the sixteenth centuries, and the Chancel is a remnant of the work of Walter Lyhert, or Le Hart, Provost of Oriel College, and afterwards Bishop of Norwich. He died in 1472, and the date of the chancel is supposed to be about 1460. The Tower and Spire were erected in the year 1300 (as closely computed), and completed in the reign of Edward II. The work was under the superintendence of Adam de Brom, founder of Oriel College. The panels and gables of the pinnacles are adorned with the pome- granate in great profusion, doubtless in honour of the mother of Edward II., Eleanor of Castile. The Tower is surrounded by groups of niches, canopies, and pinnacles, springing from angle-buttresses, and each niche contains a statue, eight feet in height. These groups are so arranged and proportioned as to form a pyramidal figure, surmounted by the spire. Towards the rebuilding of the principal portion of the edifice in the reign of Henry VII. several benefactions were given by royalty, noblemen, and dignitaries of the Church. The King gave Old Magdalen Hall (adjoining Magdalen College) destroyed by Fire, 1820. 86 ST. MARY'S CHURCH. the timber of forty oaks. Sir Reginald Bray, High Steward of the University, ■was the architect. The interior of the church was restored in ] 827-8, after de- signs by Mr. Thomas Plowman, who did not live to see his work completed, dying but a few days, however, before its termination. The font of the church is also a specimen of his work. The exterior of the building was restored in 1862 by Mr. George Gilbert Scott, who continued the panelled parapet from the remains of that existing upon the porch. The restoration occupied four years. Au Illuminated Window, in memory of the late Rev. Isaac Williams, formerly Curate of the Church, was erected in June, 1870, by Messrs. Clayton and Bell, of London. It is the one next the Virgin Porch. The four Evan- gelists, SS. Ambrose, Augustine, Gregory, and Jerome, form the principal features, the smaller traceries being occupied by angels and suitable emblems. A Music Bell, cast by Newcombe, of Leices- ter, in 1612, hangs in the tower. It is chiefly remarkable for the notes of a musical compo- sition stamped around its shoulders. ]S T ew- combe cast many similar beils. The Remarkable Pokch is attractive to the visitor. The style is Italian, and it was erected in 1637 at the expense of Dr. Morgan Owen, chaplain to Archbishop Laud. Owen was afterwards Bishop of Llandaff. The twisted columns, together with the Virgin Mary with the child Jesus in her arms, hold- ing a small crucifix, in the minds of the Puritans, savoured strongly of Romanism, and its erection was attributed to Archbishop Laud. At the trial of that pre- late the building of this porch formed one of the items of his impeachment. The Vice-Chancellor's Throne and the stalls of the University Dignitaries, when filled with their occupants ia their robes, scarlet preponderating, is a striking spectacle, which the visitor, if possible, should witness. One old writer remarks that, in 1695, " all the services were sung, accompanied with violins and harpsichords," winning the " admiration" of Mr. Pepys, but plain people thought it " very like Popery." The Old Congregation House, attached to the north-east end of the Church, is deserving inspection. A deed of 1201 speaks of this " House of Congregation f* and in the Tower of London, among the Patent Rolls, is preserved a confirmation of the original use of this building for the congregation of all the scholars of the University. Congregation House is supposed to have been erected during the time of Edward I. The chamber over is still used for academical purposes, for in it the Vinerian Professor of Law reads his lectures. The lower part, from whence the Chancellor used to issue his decrees, now forms a Chapel for tbe Unattached Students recently admitted to the privi- leges of the University. In 1367 the first University Library was inaugurated in the upper rooms. It was added to in 1409, and named after Thomas Cobham, Bishop of Worcester. Cranmer was.brought into St. Mary's Church to proclaim his adhesion to the Romish faith, on the morning of his martyrdom (March, 1556). Instead of his ad- herence being confirmed, he boldly repudiated all he had said in favour of Romish assumption, as being " contrary to the truth ;" adding, "As for the Pope, I refuse him as Anti-Christ ! " Murmurs of discontent arose at such boldness. Cranmer faltered not. Then followed great uproar, the preacher shouting, " Stop the heretic's mouth ! " And then— from the church to the stake. Several noted persons have been interred in St. Mary, Church, including— Adam de Brom, founder of Oriel College ; Dr. Badcliffe, founder of the Rad- chffe Library, buried Dec. 3, 1714, at the base of the organ loft. In 1819 Dr. Radchffe's coffin was accidentally discovered whilst some alterations were being made. It was deposited under the pavement, and there was no stone or tablet to mark the spot where this munificent benefactor to the University was buried. Since then an inscription has been placed in the church. John Nixon, founder of Oxford Post Office, High Street, destroyed by Fire, 1842. JOHN NIXON— BAMPTON LECTURES. 87 the Freemen's School. Over Nixon's grave was placed a flat tombstone, on which was written the following inscription : — " John Nixon, Alderman of this City, ended that race he 73 years had ran, in April 1662 : Far greater bounties were dispersed, unknown. May many more this worthy pattern eye, A fair good copie for posteritie ! " No merits he Owned but Christ's ; yet by its fruit the tree Is to be known : Twice twenty free school boys Immortalise his name ; and, with less noise, Amy Robsart, the unhappy wife of the Earl of Leicester, was buried at the west door. Her body was brought to Oxford from Cuinnor Hall, about four miles to the south-west of the city. It is averred that she was brutally murdered by direction of her husband. Sir Walter Scott's details of Amy's history, in his romance of ''Kenilworth," are said to have been founded on the fact that, when Dr. Babington (the Earl of Leicester's chaplain) was ordered to preach her fune- ral sermon in St, Mary's, he was so nervous that " he thrice recommended to men's memories that virtuous lady so pitifully' murdered,' instead of saying so pitifully f slain.' " This statement fixed the half belief then existing as to the manner in which the unfortunate lady met her death, and it has never been eradicated. Near the west end is a monumental tablet to Sir William Jones, by Elaxman. In July, 1834, Dr. J. H. Newman, then Vicar of the church, refused to marry a lady of the parish because she was a Baptist, and therefore not baptized according to the rites of the Established Church. Curious to note that Dr. New- man was rebaptized when he joined the Church of Rome. The Bampton Lectures. These lectures were founded by the Rev. John Bampton, M.A., Trinity College, a Canon of Salisbury Cathedral, who dierl in 1 751. The bequest did not take effect until eighteen years after the testator's death, viz. in 1779; the first lecturer being then chosen. The value to the lecturer is £200. The lectures must be delivered by graduates of Oxford and Cambridge— not less than M. A. in degree, and they can be chosen but once. The lectures are eight in number, preached on successive Sunday mornings in Term, "between the commence- ment of the last month in Lent term, and the end of the third week in Act Term ; " and must be upon the following subjects :— (1) To confirm and establish the Christian Faith, and to confute all heretics and schismatics. (2) The Divine Authority of the Holy Scriptures. (3) The Authority of the Writings of the Primitive Fathers, as to the Faith and Practice" of the Primitive Church. (4) The Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. (5) The Divinity of the Holy Gho?t. (6) The Articles of the Christian Faith, as comprehended in the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. Thirty copies of the Sermons have to be printed within two months after being preached, and presentations made of one copy each to the Chancellor of the University, Heads of Colleges, the Mayor of Oxford, and the Bodleian Library. Failure of these stipulations causes the loss of the benefaction. The Church is generally crowded upon these occasions, especially if the lecturer be of note. The discourse usually lasts about an hour. There is no regular service before the delivery of the Sermon: a hymn only being sung, and the " Bidding Prayer" offered up, closing with the Lord's Prayer. The quaintness, piety, and simplicity of the " Bidding Prayer," is very striking. Amongst those who have preached the " Bamptons" have been Dr. Bandinel (the first series), the following year after chosen — 1780, his subject was the " Peculiar Doctrines of Christi- anity:" Reginald Heber; Dean Stanley; the late Dean Milman ; Faber, the late Father of the Oratory, Brompton ; Whately, the late Archbishop of Dublin ; Hawkins, Provost of Oriel ; Shirley, late Bishop of Sodor and Man, who let the responsibility of the work rest so much upon his mind, that it hastened, undoubtedly, his death; Hampden, late Bishop of Hereford ; Canon Liddon, of St. Paul's Cathedral who is supposed to be the most striking and impressive modern preacher of the Established Church ; Rawlinson ; Moberly, Bishop of Salisbury ; Wilberforce, the Bishop of Winchester, translated from Oxford, was to have taken them in 1841, but the death of the Bishop's wife suspended their delivery, &c. Tn 1833 no appointment was made, nor yet in the following year ; this was to enable the estate from which the lecturers were paid to recover some incumbrances. Some very strange and eccentric men have preached in St. Mary's Church, — notably, Dr. Tatham, Rector of Lincoln College, who preached nearly three hours upon one occasion, to prove that the disputed verse of the First Epistle of St. John was genuine, (" There are three that bear witness," &c). Although so long in delivery, the congregation stayed it out, struck by the peculiar admix- ture of bigotry, coarseness, and learning exhibited. The discourse concluded, The " Saddlers' Arms" Public House, Turl Street, burnt down, January, 1865. 88 RADCLIFFE LIBRARY— DR. RADCLIFFE. "I leave the subject to be followed up by the c lamed' bench of bishops, who have little to do, and do not always do that little !" Dr. Kettel, of Trinity Col- lege and Kettel Hall, closed his discourse once thus, "But now I see it is time for me to shut up my book, for I see the doctors' men come in, wiping of their beards, from the alehouse !" Aubrey vouches the truth of this by saying, " He could plainly see them (from the pulpit) ; and it was their custom to go there in service-time, and about the end of the sermon to return to wait upon their masters." The " Character of Abraham" was the subject of one " star," who thus divided his subjects : (1), Abraham as a Patriarch ; (2), as the Father of the Faithful ; (3), as a Country Gentleman ! In 1563, through the scarcity of University preachers, laymen frequently discoursed from the pulpit. Richard Taverner, Esq., of Woodeaton, when High Sheriff of the county, edified a con- gregation by commencing, '• Arriving at the mount of St. Mary's in the 'stony stage,' where I now stand, I have brought you some fyne bisk^tts baked in the oven of charitie, carefully conserved for the chickens of the church, the sparrows of the spirit, and the sweet swallows of salvation." The ' stony stage' referred to the finely carved ashlar stone pulpit, then standing on the south side of the body of the Church. It was removed during the Protectorate (1654), and a plain wooden one substituted. John Wesley preached a sermon, " smacking of treason," on June 16, 1734. The Rev. H. B. Bulteel, who seceded from the Churca. of England into a Strict Baptist Church (see pp. 14-15), preached a re- markable discourse in St. Mary's, on Feb. 6, 183 L : "Now we have received the Spirit, which is of God." The Rev. J. H. Newman, of the Oratory, Birmingham, was Vicar of St. Mary's from 1834-43. Leaving the Church by the north door, the visitor enters Radcliffe Square, containing several buildings, noticed in detail. Horace Walpole says that " The assemblage of Vuildings in this quarter, though no single one is beautiful, always struck me with a singular pleasure, as it conveys such a vision of edifices, unbroken by private houses, as the mind is apt to en- tertain of renowned cities that exist no longer." Here are gathered the Radcliffe Library (centre) the Bodleian Library (north side), Brasenose College (west side), All Souls' College Library (east side), and St. Mary's Church (south side). The Square was formerly occupied by narrow lanes and ruinous tenements. The schools were so numerous that the name of " School Street" was given to the avenue which led from the High-street up this thoroughfare. In 1400, Antony a Wood says there were thirty-two schools, halls, hostels (or inns) in this street. In the centre stands 6^" The Radcliffe Library, "pile of age- worn majesty," now known as Camera Bodleiana, founded in 1737, at a cost of £40,000, by the eminent physician to William III., and Queen Anne, Dr. Radcliffe. He also left three other sums in connection with the Library: £150 for librarian's salary, £100 for the purchase of books yearly, and £100 for repairs. In addition he left £5,000 for University College to build new buildings, £1,100 for increasing their ex- hibitions, and £600 for founding two travelling fellowships for ever, and other benefactions. Radcliffe was born at Wakefield, in Yorkshire, in 1650. He en- tered University College at the age of fifteen. He took his B.A. at nineteen, B.M. in 1675, M.D. in 1682; practising his vocation in Oxford for two years, removing to London in 1684. He rose rapidly in public estimation, making as much as twenty guineas a day often. He once received a fee of 1,000 guineas from Queen Mary, consort of William III., and £1,200 from William himself. He represented the town of Buckingham in Parliament for two years, and died at Carshalton, Surrey, Nov. 1, 1714, and was buried in St. Mary's Church, Oxford, Some Danes, seeking refuge in St. Frideswide Monastery, burnt to death, 1016. THE CAMERA BODLEIANA. 89 in the following month. When Dr. Bathurst visited Dr. Radcliffe at his rooms on one occasion, he enquired of Radcliffe, where his lihrary was. Radcliffe pointed to a few phials, a skeleton, and a herbal, and exclaimed with emphasis — "There, sir, is Radcliffe's Library !" He appeared to have a remarkable gift in fore- telling the hour of death — instanced in the cases of the young Duke of Gloucester, the Marquis of Blandford, the Duke of Beaufort, Prince George of Denmark, and his own, in each of which he predicted death at a certain time, and such was the effect in every case. The Radcliffe Library forms quite a contrast to the other architectural buildings of Oxford. It was designed by James Gibbs, F.R.S., who superintended the works, which occupied a space of twelve years : the foundation-stone being laid May 17, 1737, and the building opened April 13, 1749. It was at first named the "Physic Library" being intended chiefly for the study of natural science ; but in 1861 the books on " Natural Science," &c. (above 20,000) were removed to the University Museum in the Parks, and the Radcliffe Library was renamed the Camera Bodleiana, and is now devoted to the purpose of a reading-room. The magazines, reviews, &c, are arranged in classes for the use of the readers. The building is fireproof, and well lighted with gas, being opened from 10 a.m. till 10 p.m. Civilians require an order from a Master of Arts before they can gain admission to its privileges. The height of the building from the ground is 140 feet. The basement forms a polygon of sixteen sides, and it is 100 feet in diameter. The whole is surmounted by a noble cupola or dome, finished by a lantern, forming a conspicuous figure in the University buildings when viewed from all points. The northern entrance leads visitors direct into the reading-room by ascending a light well-designed staircase, at the top of which stands a bust of the founder by Rysbrach, and over the door- way his portrait, (supposed to be the only original one) by Sir Godfrey Kneller. The elegance of the room, beauty of proportion, and tasteful decoration, have called forth general approval. The height of the dome from the floor of this room is 46ft. Amongst the many fine casts ornamenting the room, may be men- tioned those of Alexander, Antinous, Apollo Belvidere, Bacchante, Clytie (or Isis), Cupid, Diana and Fawn, Diana robing, Discobolus, Fighting Gladiator, Homer, Niobe, the Boxers, the Laocoon, the Townley Venus, &c. ; marble busts of iEscu- lapius, Apollo Belvidere, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, Isis, and Pliny ; the Warwick vase, &c, presented by J. S. and P. B. Duncan, Esqrs., New Col- lege. The latter gentleman also gave a fine wax model of the "Death of Count Ugolino and his Four Children," by Michael Angelo, brought from Italy. The two beautiful Roman Candelabra, found at Tivoli in the ruins of the Emperor Adrian's palace, were presented by Sir Roger Newdigate, Bart. Busts of Gibbs (the architect), Baron Cuvier, &c, are likewise in the room. In cases under the gallery are deposited The Corsi Marbles, 1,000 in number, the gift a Library of Natural History, by the late "Rev. of Stephen Gerard, Esq. Frederick William Hope, M. A. ,and Hon. D. O. L. , The Hope Collection of Engraved Portraits, formerly of Ch. Ch. The Entomological Col- some thousands in number, is likewise depo- lection, &c. , is in the Parks Museum, and no- sited here. They were bequeathed to the Uni- ticed in its proper order, versity with an Entomological Collection, and In the Library are also about 50,000 volumes of the Bodleian collection. The Librarian, who must be an M.A. at least, is elected by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishops of London and Winchester, the two principal Secretaries of State, the Lord Chancellor, the Chancellor of the University, the Chief Justices, the Master of the Rolls, or the majority of them. On June 14, 1814, the Prince Regent, the Allied Sovereigns, and a large number of noblemen and dignitaries of the University, amounting to about 200, partook of a sump- Johanna Meade burnt to death, without the North Gate, for poisoning her husband, May, 1723. 90 BRASENOSE COLLEGE— BISHOP SMYTH. tuous banquet in this room. In 1847, when the British Association held its meeting in the city, the evening gatherings and conversaziones were held in the Library. Before quitting the building, the visitor should " Ascend the Radcliffe's darkly winding coil | Of countless steps, nor murmur at the task," and he will be amply repaid by the splendid Panoramic View of Oxford obtained from the summit. The fee for the inspection ot, the Library and ascent is threepence, The present Radcliffe Librarian is H. W. Acland, D.M., Christ Church, Regius and Clinical Professor of Medicine. On the left hand, or west side of the Radcliffe Library, stands Brasenose College, or, as the charter, dated Jan. 15, 1512, entitles it, " The King's Hall, and College of Brasenose." It stands the eleventh founda- tion in numerical order. The founders were William Smyth, (Bishop of Lincoln), and Sir Richard Sutton, (Privy Councillor in 1498). The foundation-stone was laid June 1, 1509, the first year of King Henry the Eighth's reign, and the college was devised " for the study of Philosophy and Sacred Theology, to the praise and honour of Almighty God," in which a Principal and sixty Scholars were to be instructed. In 1521, however, this constitution was changed into a Principal and twelve Fellows. The present foundation consists of a Principal, twenty Fellows, twenty-six Scholars, and eighteen Exhibitioners. Is early 500 members have their names on the College-books, but four-fifths of these are non- resident. The first Principal was Matthew Smyth, elected in 1510; the present is the Rev. Edward Hartopp Cradock, D.D., 1853. Twenty-one Principals have been elected since the foundation. The college holds the right of presentation to twenty livings, exclusive of three others, of which one is given alternately with St. John's College, Cambridge ; to the second it has every fourth presenta- tion ; and to the third it nominates, the Dean and Chapter of Windsor pre- senting. In addition, there is the patronage of twenty-eight livings in the gift of Mr. Hulme's trustees. To these presentations it is needed that the holder should be, or have been, a Hulme Exhibitioner. These Exhibitions were founded in 1691, by William Hulme, Esq., of Kearsley, Lancaster. Bishop Smyth, one of the founders, was the fourth son of Robert Smyth, of Prescott, Lancashire. He was educated at Oxford ; and was Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, Bishop of Lincoln in 1495, which he held unto his death in 1514. In 1500 he was Chancellor of the University. Sir Richard Sutton, his co-founder, was of Sutton, near Macclesfield, Cheshire. He was a lawyer, governor of the Inner Temple, London, and Steward to the Monastery of Sion, publishing a splendid work, entitled, the " Oicharde of Syon." His will is dated 1524. The College stands upon the sight of eight ancient halls, of which one was Brasenose Hall, perpetuated in the name of the foundation. The origin of its peculiar name has been the cause of much controversy, although now, we believe, effec- tually settled, The error of its being named from a " brazen-nose," still at- tached to the upper part of the outer gate, arises from its connection with a college at Stamford, to which a portion of the students removed, on the occasion of a disagreeable occurrence at Oxford, when the iron ring of a knocker was fixed in a nose of brass (a rebus on the College name). The real derivation of the term is from brausenhaus or brasenhaus, a brewery, supposed to have been attached to Little University Hall, founded by King Alfred, occupying the north-east angle, near Brasenose Lane. Brasenose Hall stood upon the site of the present entrance-gateway. The present buildings will, in the course of a few years, be largely extended from their present termination, around the corner into the High Street (when the lease of the property reverts) to the President's lodgings. The College is approached through an John Nixon, Founder of the Oxford Freemen's School, died April, 1662. BRASENOSE HALL AND LLBRARY. 91 Entrance-Gateway, recently restored, which takes the visitor into the Great Quadrangle, in the centre of which is a noble grass-plot. Hearne, the antiquary, notices this under date Oct. 25, 1727 — " Brasenose College. — Last week they cut down the fine pleasant garden in the college quadrangle, which was not only a great ornament to it, and was agreeable to the quadrangle of our old monasteries, but was a delightful and pleasant shade in summer time ; and made the rooms in hot seasons much cooler than they otherwise would have been. This was done by the direction of the Principal and some others, purely to turn it into a grass-plot, and erect some silly statue there." The Group of Statuary stands in the centre. It represents two figures in violent contest, and is said to be the work of Gerard Hoet. It has been named " Cain and Abel," and " Samson slaying the Philistine with the jawbone of an ass." The latter is probably the correct title. The authorities who name it " Cain and Abel," cite Shakspeare's Hamlet, to justify their assertion : " How the knaves jowl it to the ground, as if it were Cain's jawbone that did the first murder." It was purchased in London by Dr. George Clarke, B.A. of the College, in 1679. He was afterwards Fellow of All Souls' for fifty-six years, and represented the University in Parliament four times, in 1685, 171 7, 1721, and 1724. He was Secretary for War for Ireland, to William III., Secretary in England for George, Prince of Denmark, and Lord of the Admiralty to the end of the reign of Queen Anne. He also benefitted the foundation of All Souls' considerably ; and was the principal architect of the new part of Wor- cester College in 1714, to the library of whiEh he gave a considerable number of books. He died Dec. 24, 1736, and wag buried in the Ante-Chapel of All Souls' College, where there is a monument to his memory, with a Greek in- scription, " God be merciful to me a sinner." TaE Hall is on the south side, entered from a curious hollow porch, over which are busts of King Alfred and Johannes Erigena, Reader in Logic, Arithmetic, and Music, in Little University Hall, and of whom King Alfred was a pupil. His works, entitled "De Naturis/' were printed at the University Press, in 1681, at that time located in the upper part of the Sheldonian Theatre. The windows of the Hall are adorned with the arms of the founders and bene- factors illuminated, and the Royal Arms carved in the oak. The fireplace, ample in size, was presented in 1760, by Ashton Curzon, D.C.L., of this college. Previously to this, the Hall was warmed by a fire made on the hearth in the centre, a practice kept in use in this College later than in any other. Sur- rounding this refectory are some fine portraits, including those of the Founders, King Alfred, Mrs. Joyce Frankland, who resided at the Rye House, Herts, famous for the noted " Rye House Plot" (she is represented with a watch in her hand, and is said to be the first English lady that carried one) ; Burton, author of the " Anatomy of Melancholy," afterwards of Ch. Ch., and Vicar of St. Thomas ; Lord Chancellor Ellesmere ; Dean Nowell, of St. Paul's, London ; Dr. Samuel Radcliffe, Principal, who was forcibly ejected from the College by the Parliament of the seventeenth century ; and several others. The Libkaky and the Chapel are in the inner quadrangle. These were said to have been fitted up and designed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1663. T| The Library was built when the College was first opened. Mr.Wyatt re- modelled the Library in 1780. There are some valuable books and manuscripts contained in the Library, including : — Archbishop Parker's Metrical Version of the Psalms, with the music composed for them by Thomas Tallis. the famous organist and com- poser. Also some rare copies of Nowell's Catechism, edited afterwards by Dr. Jacobson, Regius Professor of Divinity, and Bishop of Chester. An Old French Poem, written about the mid- John Somers's Calendar, or Almanack, written at Oxford, 1380. 92 EMINENT MEN OF BRASENOSE. die of the fourteenth century, by the herald of Edward the Black Prince. His achievements are related in uncouth verse. At the upper end of the Library is a fine Bust of Lord Grenville, Chancellor of the University in 1809, which post he obtained after a severe contest with Lord Eldon and Earl Beau- fort. The numbers were— Grenville, 406 ; El- don, 393; Beaufort, 233. Contests for this posi- tion are now very rare. There is likewise a Bust of Bishop Kaye, of Bristol and Lincoln, by Chantrey. The custom of ' chaining books' to the shelves and desks was retained in this Library until 1780, a later year than in any other Library. The Chapel adjoining, was completed in 1666, being consecrated by Bishop Blandford, on Nov. 17, in that year. It is a small building, 52ft. by 26ft. The first stone was laid ten years previously, June 26, 1656. It is dedicated to SS. Hugh and Chad. The fan-work of the roof shews the genius of Sir Chris- topher Wren, and his ingenuity is shewn still more by the way in which he has brought in a portion of the older roof of oak formerly belonging to St. Mary's College, in New-Ion- Hall Lane. The windows are Gothic, the east window being a really elegant specimen of that order. A remarkable effect may be observed on a summer evening when viewed from RadclifFe Square, the sun being level with the west window shines directly through the whole length of the chapel, brilliantly lighting up the stained glass of the east window. The east end of the chapel roof is richly decorated in the Grecian style. In 1860 the roof was richly painted in the mediaeval pattern. There has recently been added The Robektson Memorial Window, in remembrance of the Rev. F. W. Robertson, of this college, curate of St. Ebbe's Church in this city, and after- wards Perpetual Curate of Trinity Chapel, Brighton. He died in 1853. (See " St. Ebbe's Church.") The window of the ante-chapel, painted by Pearson in 1770, was the gift of Dr. Crawley, Principal'. It represents " Our Saviour and the Four Evangelists," after a design by Mortimer, and formerly was the east window of the chapel. The east window is now filled with an illuminated medallion by the Messrs. Hardman, of Birmingham, representing the principal events in " Our Lord's Passion." It is far better in design and execution than the generality of painted glass. Under the west window is "The Entombing of Christ," attributed to the pencil of Spagnoletti. The Sacramental Plate dates from 1608 ; the candlesticks of the communion ^able are of silver-gilt, dated 1677. The noble brass eagle Lectern was given by T. L. Dummer, Esq., of Swathling, Hants, in 1731. The Monuments in the Ante-Chapel comprise, amongst others, one to the memory of President Shippen, died 1745 ; the bust is a good likeness. Dr. William Cleaver, editor of the splendid edition of Homer, printed in Oxford for the Grenville family. He was successively Bishop of Chester (1788), Bangor (1800), and St. Asaph (1806), and Principal of Brasenose from 1785 — 1809. He died in 1815. The monument is by Bacon. Dr. Hodson, Principal, by Manning. Rev. Hugh Cholmondeley, Dean of Chester, by Chantrey. Rev. James Smith, Vice-Principal, died Oct. 1838, erected by the students of the College. Figures of a Commoner and Bachelor of Arts, in their academical costume, are on the monument. Over the common-room door in the first quad- rangle of the College is the Original Foundation Stone, bearing the following inscription : — "Anno Xti, 1509, et Reg. Hen. 8, pro nomine divino Lyncoln prsesul, quoque Sutton, hanc posuere petram regis ad imperium." Eminent Men : Bishop Miles, of Gloucester, one of the English Bible trans- lators. John Foxe, author of the " Book of Martyrs," afterwards of Magdalen College. Elias Ashmole, founded the Ashmolean Museum ; entered Brasenose late in life (Nov. 8, 1669). Robert Burton, author of the "Anatomy of Melan- choly." William Burton, his brother, historian of Leicestershire. Reginald Jews' Synagogue reopened in Oxford, after eighteen years' lapse, 1870. REGINALD HEBER—DEAN MILMAN. 93 Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, 1 823 ; author of several favourite hymns, including "From Greenland's icy mountains," "Lord of mercy and of mighr," the in- spiring doxolgy " Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty," &c. He gained the Newdigate Prize with his poem of "Palestine," in 1803, and the English Prize Essay, in 1806. He attracted universal admiration for the able de- clamation of his poem in the Sheldonian Theatre, (see " Sheldonian Theatre") ; and so highly was it thought of, that Dr. Crotch set it to music, and re- produced it at the Commemoration, in 1820. Heber's room was on the ground- floor, on the right of No. 4 staircase ; and it is visited by many who cherish recollections of "gentle Reginald." Ralph Radcliffe, author of a play en- titled " The Battle of the Noun and Verb," and many others, principally on sacred subjects. Hugh Curwen, the second Bishop of Oxford (1567), translated by his own request, from the Archbishopric of Dublin. Dr. Caldwell, the learned President of the College of Physicians. Barnaby Barnes, poet; author of " Parthenophet," &c. Bishop Barnes, of Durham, father of the poet. Sir John Spelman, author of the " Life of Alfred the Great." Robert Boulton, the eloquent preacher, of Broughton, Northamptonshire. Rev. F. W. Robertson, M. A., of Oxford and Brighton, whose reputation as a "preacher of depth and power," is world-wide. The Right Rev. Dr. Ashhurst Turner Gilbert, the 90th Bishop of Chichester, died 1 870. Bishop Alexander, of Derry and Raphoe, formerly Dean of Emly, author of the Prize Sacred Poem, lb 60, and several other poetical pieces. The eminent historian and, poet, the Very Kev. Henry Hart Milman, Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral ; born Feb. 10, 1791 ; Vicar of St. Mary's, Reading; Canon of Westminster, (1849.) ne gained the Newdigate Prize in 1812 ; subject, " The Apollo Belvidere," in which occurs the line so much ques- tioned as to its correctness : " Heard ye the arrow hurtle in the sky ;" the word hurtle signifying to " strike against anything, to jostle, to skirmish." In the same year he took the prize for Latin Verse, "Alexander's Visit to the Tomb of Achilles ;" and in 1815 he took both the Chancellor's prizes for the English and Latin Essays. In 1821 he gained the position of Professor of Poetry in Oxford. This was secured, doubtless, to a great extent, by his poem, published in 1820, entitled " The Fall of Jerusalem," which passed through several editions. He also wrote the poems of " Samor, Lord of the Bright City," an epic in twelve books), the "Martyr of Antioch," "Anne Boleyn," "Belshazzar," &c. The tragedy of " Fario ; or, the Italian Wife," was from his prolific pen, and was produced at Covent Garden Theatre, the heroine being sustained by the popular actress, Miss O'Neill. He delivered the Bampton Lectures in 1827, on " The Conduct and Character of the Apostles." His reputation as an historian rests principally upon his "History of Latin Christianity," in six volumes. In this history was shewn deep research and thorough knowledge of the subject, and the work has consequently become a standard one. The Dean's latest production was the "Annals of St. Paul's," published a year or two before his death. The " History of the Jews," issued by Mr. Murray some forty years since, came from the Dean's pen. It has been remarked truly that as "an historian, a theologian, and a poet, Dean Milman united the elegant and refined scholarship, and the cultivated taste of the older type of English learning with the bolder and more searching spirit of modern criticism ;" and "there was some- thing very venerable in his age and his wonderful store of knowledge upon all subjects." Milman's " History of the Latin Church," is the Christian's view : Gibbon, on the contrary, takes the sceptic's view. Milman's " History " takes away that reproach so stingingly uttered by a great Roman Catholic theologian some years back, that " Gibbon was the only ecclesiastical writer English lite- Dr. Radcliffe, founder of the Radcliffe Library, buried Dec. 3, 1714. 94 THE SCHOOLS— EXAMINATIONS. rature had produced." Dean Milman died in 1869. Taking a farewell of the " King's Hall and College of Brasenose," the visitor proceeds a few steps to the north, arid the quadrangle of The Schools is entered. These were built for the convenience of the students' for conducting examinations, &c. Thomas Hooknorton, Abbot of Osney Abbey, was the first to suggest and form schools of this character as early as the year 1439, but these were allowed to decay, and in 1540 but two were in use, the rest being used by "glovers and laundresses." In 1554 the present site was granted for ever by the Dean and Canons of Christ Church, into whose hands the pro- perty had passed upon the dissolution of the monastic establishments in 1546. The years 1557-8 saw the Schools repaired and restored under the direction of Dr. Thomas Rainhohls, Commissary, or Vice-Chancellor, of the University. In 1611-12, Sir Thomas Bodley matured and formed the present plan, shortly after he had established his library. In this he had the help of Sir John Benet and others. Six years was occupied in the building, the munificent sum of £4,500, in addition to Sir Thomas Bodley's gift, being expended upon the erection. Sir Thomas died in 1612, five years before the design was completed. The first stone was laid the day after his burial. The architect was Thomas Holt, of York, who died Sept. 9, 1624, and was buried in Holywell Churchyard. In the Schools Quadrangle will be found the Divinity School, the Music School, the Bodleian Library, Picture Gallery, &c. The principal front (facing Magdalen Hall) is massive and sedate, 175ft. in length, and the entrance from Catherine Street is under the massive groined gateway, over which rises a lofty square tower of five storeys. The part facing the Bodleian Library entrance, displays five orders of architecture, and is known as the " Five Orders Gate." In the Corinthian compartment is introduced a statue of James I. on his throne, present- ing copies of his works to Fame and the University, Fame is sounding her trumpet, and the other figures are emblematic of Justice, Peace, and Plenty. Four rooms over the gateway form part of the Picture Gallery and Library, and the muniment room of the University, in which are deposited its archives and documents. The fourth room was once used as an astronomical department, but is now incorporated into the Library. The Examinations are conducted in a portion of the Schools and in the Sheldonian The - atre. The candidates for honours sit at small deal tables, or benches, and the Examiners are very acute in watching the Students to prevent what is called " cribbing." When the viva voce comes on, each candidate approaches a table covered with green baize, at which are two Examiners, who request him to sit down. This he does, looking nervously around at his friends, and then begins the " Examination by Question." Of course, blunders are made, and many anecdotes are rife re- specting these, some being, without doubt, pure invention. Instance the following : Examiner — *' What can you tell me about St. Paul?" Undergraduate— " He was also called Saul, and was brought up at the feet of Gamaliel." Examiner ..'• Yes, quite right. What do you know about Gamaliel ?" Undergraduate— It is a mountain in Galilee ! " If the viva voce fails, or a candidate does a bad paper, he gets what is known as a " second paper," as a last chance. With this, per- haps, he mar ages to get through, About five o'clock in the afternoon of an " Examination Day," a certificate or pass is given out, known as a "Testamur." For thi* coveted document great anxiety is displayed, and all are eager to know the result. The sensation of having passed the Examination, and gained the coveted piece of paper, may be imagined, peihaps from past expe- rience in similar ordeals. It has been forcibly described by one authority thus ;— " I felt," said he, " as though some one who had been sitting on me all day had just got off." The First and Second Examinations are known as the " Little Go," and the " Great Go." On the left of the Quadrangle of the Schools the visitor enters a doorway conducting him up the staircase to ©if" The Bodleian Library, " Where, in dusky rows, the volumed wonders of the past repose." This Library is famed throughout the world for its large, rare, and valuable collections of books and manuscripts. We must bestow a rather lengthened notice upon the library, to fully realise its importance, but should the visitor Two hundred noblemen and gentlemen dined in the Radcliffe, June 14, 1814. BODLEIAN LIBRARY— SIR THOMAS BODLEY. 95 desire a more intimate acquaintance with its treasures and history, he cannot do better than consult the work published lately, entitled, "Annals of the Bodleian Library," from 1320 to 1867, by the Rev. W. D. Macray. The Library was originally founded in the north-east corner of St. Mary's Church, by Roger de Lisle, Dean of York, who gave several copies of the Bible, and in 1320, Bishop Cobham, of Worcester, gave his collection of books. The first actual University Library was commenced about 1367, and firmly established in 1409. The Library was named after Cobham, and the Librarian was also entitled Chaplain to the University. The Library was endowed with half-a-rnark yearly, as well as with £5 from the assize of bread and ale, granted by King Henry IV., who contributed largely to its completion. The regal stipend - continued until 1856, amounting then to £6 13s. 4d., when the revised code of statutes came into operation. In 1426 the erection of the present Divinity School commenced. The University, however, failed in its scheme, and sought help from any whom it thought would contribute. Duke Humphrey, of Gloucester, was among the number besought, and he gave liberally both in money and books. The first donation of books from the Duke consisted of 129 volumes in November, 1439, and between that year and 1447, (the date of his death,) he gave about 600 manuscripts in addition. In 1445 the University addressed a special letter to Duke Humphrey, stating their wish to erect a more suitable building for the Library, asking his aid towards it, and offering him the title of Founder. The Duke responded ; the building was commenced, and finished about 1480, form- ing the central portion of the great Reading-Room. The Duke was followed in the work of the Divinity Schooi and Library-oy Bishop Thomas Kemp in 1487. In 1513 the librarian and chaplain was Adam Kirkebote. In 1550 the Library was visited and greatly damaged by the Commissioners deputed by Edward VI. They were ordered to search out and confiscate all manuscripts having traces of Romanism, either in illumination or doctrine. This task of vandalism was thoroughly carried out, — the valuable gatherings of years being burnt and sold, and in 1556 Duke Humphrey's Library became a timber-yard. The future re- founder, Sir Thomas Bodley, was born at Exeter in 1544. His family were greatly persecuted during the reign of Queen Mary, on account of their religious belief, and the father (John Bodley) took them to Geneva, to escape from the probabilities of the stake. He returned in the first year of the following reign, and Thomas came to Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1560. In 1563 he took his B.A. Degree, and was elected a probationer of Merton College. Being an ex- cellent linguist, he undertook to give public lectures in Greek in that college in 1565, without fee or reward. The Fellows, however, of their own accord, voted him a stipend of four marks a-year, being well pleased with his accomplish- ments. In 1566 he took the M.A. Degree, and read Natural Philosophy in the Schools. He was shortly after elected a Junior Proctor and University Orator. In 1585 he was employed in diplomatic duties by the Queen, and passed his time in Denmark and Holland until 1596, when he came back to England, being wearied of court-life. His old project of refounding the University Public Library now returned, and he remarks : "And thus I concluded at last to set up my staff at the Library-door in Oxon, being thoroughly persuaded that, in my solitude and surcease from the commonwealth affairs, I could not busy myself to better purpose than by reducing the place to the public use of students." On Feb. 23, 1593, he made his offer to the University, stating that he would " take the charge and cost upon himself, fitting it up with shelves and seats, procuring benefactions of booke, and endowing it with an annual rent. The offer was gladly accepted, and two years were spent in fitting up the room, Merton College British Association met in Radcliffe Library, 1847. 96 COPYRIGHT ACT— BOOKS, &c. supplying the timber. The present beautiful roof was also erected. In 1600, the Library was declared ready for use ; and it was opened Nov. 8, 1602. The books began to pour in so fast that in ten years an extension was deemed neces- sary, and in 1610 the founder commenced its enlargement, taking in the Pros- cholium, or vestibule of the Divinity School beneath. The first stone of this eastern extension was laid on July 16, and the building was completed in 1612. The library has been enlarged at other periods as far as practicable, but even now is overcrowded with books and manuscripts, and still the treasures increase. Sir Thomas Bodley died January 28, 1612. aged 68, and was buried in Merton College Chapel. At the annual visitation of the library, his munificence is com- memorated in an oration. On December 12, 1610, the Stationers' Company of London entered into an agreement with Bodley which added a copy of every work published in connection with them to the Library shelves. The indenture being deficient was redrawn up the following year. On July 11, 1637, the Star Chamber ratified the grant ; but at times grent complaints have been made of the way in which its provisions were carried out. This was especially the case in past days — complaints being seldom made now. In 1630-42 and 95, special notice was taken of the vexatious delays in set, ding books. In 1709 the " Copyright Act" was passed requiring a copy of all books pub- blished, entered at Stationers' Hall, to be deposited in nine libraries. This is now reduced to five, viz., British Museum, Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh, and Dublin. The Number of Books in the Library at the present time closely approaches 400,000 ; and the annual increase, apart from the accession of entire collection and purchases, averages about 3,000, exclusive of magazines and periodicals. Two-thirds of these come through the Stationers' grant. Should this rate continue, and, taking into consideration the rapid issue from the press of the nineteenth century, there is no f.ar apparently of a decrease ; in 1900 the Library will possess about half-amillion books, of all classes of literature. There are also about 26,000 manuscripts. One of the most striking features of the Library is The Beautiful Painted Rooe. This is divided into square compartments, on each of which are painted the "Arms of the University" — the open Bible with seven seals, with the motto "Dominus Illuminatio mea," whilst the in- tervening bosses between each compartment bear the "Arms of Bodley," quar- tered with the "Arms of Home," (his mother's family), viz., five martlets with a crescent for a difference, two bars wavy between three billets ; on a chief the three ducal crowns of the University shield. Motto: — Quorum merit i gloriam ab Academia derivavit. The striking motto, — Quata perennis erit, was as- signed to Bodley at the same time with this academic augmentation. A similar roof was added to the eastern wing of the Library in 1610, and also to the Picture Gallery erected in 1613-19, but the latter decaying was replaced in 1831 by a plaster roof, divided into compartments. A few pauels of this roof are preserved, one bearing the figures of two cats, a centre panel having a portrait of Sir Thomas, and a series bearing the letters which compose Sir Thomas's name. The Librarian's Chair, a high-backed arm-chair, was formed of the oak of the old roof, and there is an engraving in the Picture Gallery repre- senting the room before its change for the worse. The Reading Cells and Curtained Cages, in which the readers sit, are curious ; and it is said that an enthusiastic Hebrew student some years since gave a peculiar appropriate name to them — " Bowers of Paradise," for the students revel in the sweetness of pa.^t and present ages, enriching them- Brasenose Quadrangle Garden destroyed, October, 1727. CURIOSITIES IN THE LIBRARY. 97 selves and others by the knowledge gained from ponderous tomes, and small but valuable pamphlets. The Noble East Window is enriched with some very curious and interest- ing relics of stained glass, presented in 1797 by Alderman Fletcher, a zealous local antiquary (see St. Peter- le -Bailey Church). The three principal fragments represent (1) Henry II. stripped naked before the shrine of Thomas a Beckett, receiving flagellation at the hau ds ottwo monks. (2) The marriage of Henry VI. with Margaret of Anjou. (3) William, King of Sc jtland, with his abbots and barons, doing homage to Henry II, in York Minster, in 1171. Engravings of the two first are to be seen in a copy of Gutch's il Wood," pre- sented to the Library in 1818 by Alderman Fletcher. The first Librarian appointed was Thomas James, M.A., in 1598 ; the present Librarian is the Rev. H. 0. Coxe, M.A., appointed in 1860. A remarkable fact may be noticed here, — three of the Librarians held office for the long space of 113 years, viz., Dr. Humphrey Owen (Jesus College), twenty-one years, 1747- 1768; Dr. Price (Trinity College), forty-five years, 1768-1813 ; Dr. Bandinel (New College), forty-seven years, 1813-60. The latter gentleman during his life and term of office gathered a very large private collection of rareties, in- cluding the tracts of the Commonwealth period ; rudely -printed " flying-sheets," the precursors of our newspapers ; fugitive poetical broadsides, a large assem- blage of early masques, pageants, royal entertainments, &c. It is impossible to give a list of the many jsaluable treasures contained in the Library, but a few are enumerated for the guidance of the visitor : — Glass Case, near Entrance : — Apocalypse, a specimen of the early Black Books in use before the invention of movable types. Book- op Proverbs, dated 1599, written by Mrs. Esther Inglis, every chapter in a different and beautiful style of caligraphy. English Bible, translated by Miles Cover- dale, from the Vulgate. Printed abroad, about 1535. The first complete Bible printed in the English language. It is the most perfect copy known, wanting the title only. Exposition of St. Jerome, printed in Latin. This is the earliest production of the art of printing in England. It was issued from the Oxford press of Corsellis, in Dec. 146S, six years previously to Caxton's first work from West- minster Abbey. History op Troy, printed by Caxton, at Bruges, about 1472. The first book printed in the English language. Koran (The), on a long narrow roll, elegantly North Wing : — Anglo-Saxon Paraphrase op Genesis, &c. A copy of Csedmon's Version. He died in 680. This copy is supposed to date from about A.D. 1000. It is illustrated with very curious drawings. Caxton's Pilgrimage op ye Soul. Trans- lated from the French, in 1400. Printed in 1483. Similar to the " Pilgrim's Progress." Gospels, Latin. Written in the eleventh century. written in minute characters ; given by Arch- bishop Laud. Also a Manuscript of the Koran, very fine, from the library of Tippoo Saib, at Seringapatam. Latin Bible, printed by Guttenberg, at Mentz, about 1455. The first book printed from moveable types. Latin Exercise Book of Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth. New Testament, said to be bound in a piece of a waistcoat worn by Charles I. Telugu Almanack for 1C30, written on palm leave?. Wooden Clog Almanacks (Two), one in the shape of a walking-stick, the other an oblong block with a handle. Also a pocket edition of a " Clog Almanack," on eight small wooden tablets, with quaint figures. Several other valuable and beautiful curi- osities are exhibited in the same case, con- sisting of books, manuscripts, articles of vertu. Historical Boll of the Descent op Eng- lish Kings to the accession of Edward I. in 1272. Above thirteen feet long. Hours (The). Queen Mary's copy. Map op the Holy Land. Seven feet in length. Early part of the fifteenth century. Natural History op Beasjs. Illustrated with curious drawings of the twelfth century. Pastoral op Gregory the Great, tran- scribed in Anglo-Saxon, by King Alfred. Glass case, in Window : — German Bible, with the signatures of Luther and Melancthon. Printed in 1541. Magdalen May-Morning Custom first observed, 1501. H 98 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS. Glass Case, West End :— Gospels, Manuscript. Thought to be one of the two copies sent by St. Gregory to St. Augus- tine, when the latter was in Britain. Written in double columns. Hours, Psalters, and Breviaries, Several copies of. Twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries. Italian Sermon, by Bernard Ochini. Trans- lated by Queen Elizabeth into Latin, whilst Princess. Written in her own handwriting. Ivory Triptych. North Italian work. Fif- teenth century. Eleven inches high. Metal Work, specimens of, including an East End :— Design for a Cup. Drawing by Holbein. Executed for Jane Seymour, Queen, and after- wards in possession of Anne Boleyn. Carried into Spain by the Duke of Buckingham. It is now framed and glazed. Map of England and Scotland, written in. the fourteenth century ; on parchment. Model of the Church of the Holy Se- pulchre at Jerusalem. Inlaid with mother- of-pearl. Papyrus Bolls from Herculaneum. Four in number. Burnt to a cinder. West End :— Bodley's Bell, given by Sir Thomas, in 1611 . It was lost for many years, but found in July, 1866, under a staircase. It was restored by the Messrs. White, of Appleton, and now daily gives the signal for closing. Bodley's Iron Chest, for the preservation of the moneys of the Library, can be seen in the Picture Gallery. The beauty of the iron- work of the locks, covering the whole of the inside of lid, will elicit admiration. On the English Pocket Almanac, 1454-79, with tidal tables, compass, &c. On one side of case, " Aske me not, for ye Gett me not.— B. P." Copper Figure of Christ, robed and crowned, with arms extended ; found in the gardens of St. Frideswide's, Oxford, whilst seme workmen were digging. There are also seven other ar- ticles. Pliny's Natural History, printed in 1476. Season of Spring, written at Lahore, in 1575, by Muhammed Hussein. Illustrated by sixteen painters. It is in prose and verse, in the Persian language. Piece of Wood of Greensted Church, Es- sex, built in 1013. Specimen of Ornamental Writing; Chap- ters from Old and New Testaments, in Arabic, Chaldee, and Turkish, beautifully written in the form of two angels supporting a cross, within a border. Executed in forty-eight hoursj by Mr. Hormuzd Bassam, in 1849. This gentle- man was held in captivity by the late Emperor Theodore, in Abyssinia, for some years, re- leased in 1868. exterior are painted the arms of the University, and Sir Thomas Bodley. Map of Oxford, 1573. Map of Cambridge, 1592. Both by Balph Aggas ; three feet by four in size. Oxford Almanacks, from 1812-33, decorate the middle of the room, and many paintings, drawings, busts, &c, are dispersed about the Library. Amongst the many other Bibliographical curiosities are : — Antony a Wood's Collection, given to the Ashmolean Museum by Wood, in 1695, con- sisting of 130 manuscripts, and 970 printed vo- lumes. The MSS. are extremely valuable for any history of Oxford and neighbourhood. Be- moved to the Bodleian in 1858. Ashmole's Collection, 2136 vols, including 850 MSS. ; chiefly heraldic, genealogical, and astrological works. Left to the Museum by Ashmole, but transferred to the Bodleian in 1858. Bible Collection. Almost every known version can be inspected, including those called the — Vinegar, Breeches, Cranmer's, Cover- dale's, Wicliff's, Bishops', Tyndale's, Eras- mus', Faust's, Guttenberg's, Parker's, Luther's (with autograph), the Scotch Bible of 1579, very rare, the first printed in Scotland ; the Bohe- mian Bible, printed at Prague in 1488; the Pentateuch and New Test, printed at Wit- temberg in 1529 ; the Radzivil Polish Bible, made by the Socinians, printed in 1563 ; the Biblia Pauperum, Douay, Vulgate, Cromwell's, and in all foreign tongues. The editions of the English Bible in the Library are very extensive, nearly a complete gathering of every issue prior to the year 1800. There is no Library having a more extensive and complete collec- tion of all languages. Bruce's Collection of rare and valuable Oriental MSS., ninety-six volumes. Purchased in 1843 for £ 1 000. Includes one of three known copies of the Book of Enoch, the only copies known in Europe. In the Ethiopic tongue, written on 40 leaves of vellum, triple columns. Canonici's Collection of MSS., formed by Matheo Luigi Canonici, a Venetian Jesuit. Purchased in 1817 for £5,444, numbering about 2,045 MSS. in Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, in- cluding a copy of Maimonides' "Commentary on the Law," dated 1366. Douce's Collection, bequeathed in 1S34, consisting of 393 manuscripts, ninety-eight charters, 16,480 volumes, large gathering of early prints and drawings, rare coins, &c. There is amongst them a Psalter, on purple vellum, ninth century, from the old Royal Library of France, known as " Charlemagne's Psalter." Also a copy of Archbishop Parker's Metrical Psalter, very rare ; and a large quan- tity of Common Prayers, Bibles, Psalters, etc. It likewise includes as many as 311 specimens of fifteenth century typography, two volumes of black letter ballads, a very large quantity of Chapbooks, Children's Primers of the last and commencement of the present century ; a large number of fragments of early English printers— Caxton.Wynkin de Worde, Eood" &c. Elias Ashmole, founder of the Museum, entered Brasenose College, Nov. 3, 1659. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS. 99 Gough's Collection, given in 1809, at the decease of its owner, by will. It is deposited in the CM1 Law School, and consists of up- wards of 3,700 volumes in topography, Saxon and Northern literature, maps, natural his- tory, and service-books (chiefly Missals and Horse). It contains also the " Churches of France," 2000 drawings in sLxteen volumes, (See p. 100.) Hope's Collection of Newspapers and Pam- phlets of the eighteenth century, 760 in num- ber, bequeathed in 1862. See also Radcliffe Library and New Museum. Laud's Collection of 1,300 MSS. in many languages, five cabinets of coins, in gold, silver, and brass, two idols, a bust of King Charles L, &c. Presented in 1635-6-7. Malone's Collection of Dramatic Works, 800 in number, bequeathed in 1821, containing all the earlier as well as the modern dramatic writers of repute. Marsh's (Archbishop\ Collection, be- queathed in 1713, consisting of 714 volumes of Oriental Manuscripts, &c. No notice is taken of this gift in any of the library registers. It being a death-bed legacy, it was mentioned by Hearne in a preface to " Camden's Eliza- beth," and thus its acquisition was known. Michael's Collection, consisting of 862 volumes of Hebrew MSS., numbering 1300 dis- tinct works, including 110 on vellum, written between 1240-1450. Purchased at Hamburgh in 1848 for £1,030. The possessor (Herman Joseph Michael) spent fifty-four years in gathering this collection— 1792-1846. Oppenheimer's Hebrew Collection. The most valuable and extensive known, consisting of 5,000 volumes. Purchased at Hamburgh, in 1829, for £2,030. David Oppenheiraer was Chief Rabbi at Prague, and devoted more than fifty years to the gathering of this collection. Rawlinson's Collection, given in 1754, con- sisting of 4,800 manuscripts, 1,900 volumes of books, a number of old charters and deeds, &c. This collection includes . — A gathering of the Broadsides issued during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 200 Sermons (manuscript), and se- veral printed volumes, one of which is printed entirely in red ; founded on Psalm iv. 7,, preached before Charles I. at Oxford. Heraldry and Genealogy. 520 volumes, including twelve volumes of pedigrees, from 1647-81 ; the "Life of St. Columbia, written in 1532. Law, History, Theological, and Medical, 989 MSS. Religious Controversy, Biography, Travel, &c 1,400 vo- lumes, including 2 vols, of autographs, cut from various books and mounted. Missals, Horse, and other service-books, about 130 vols. Statutes, about 65 vols. -, large collection of copper plates and seal matrices, and other items. Also Heame's Daily Diary and Note Books. 150 volumes, all written, each having a complete index. They range from July, 1705, until June 4, 1735. Hearne dying on June 10. They are full of anecdote, history, antiquarian gleanings, amusing gossip, ll,360, the whole of which was defrayed by the founder's widow. The-royal license was granted Dec. 20, 1611. Wadham and his wife had hesitation respecting the foundation of the College at first, wishing to found a Roman Catholic College at Venice instead. The front of Wadham College faces Park Street, and has a bay projection, surmounted by a pediment at each end. The Quadrangle is entered from a tower-gateway, and is about 130ft. square, and modern Gothic in its style, with one exception. The Hall and Chapel are on the east side, together with the library, &c. Over the entrance to the Hall is a statue of King James I. in his robes, with the royal arms above. On the right is Nicholas Wadham, in armour, holding a model of the College in his right hand, and on the left, Dorothy his wife. The Hall is 85ft. by 35ft. and 37ft. in height. It forms one of the noblest rooms of this nature in the University. The timbered roof and the old oak screen will delight the antiquary. Several portraits adorn the walls, including those of the Founder and his wife, James I. by Paul Vansomer, Charles L and his Queen, William III., Onslow (Speaker of the House of Commons), and a series of Bishops who have been connected with the foundation . The Library, 55ft. by 30ft., has several curiosities of early typographic art on its shelves, and a quantity of manuscripts, prints, &c. Warner's " Shaksperian Collection," comprising every edition and every piece in illus- tration of the works of the bard which the collector could procure. Lloyd's 11 Geographical Dictionary," the first published of this nature (1670). The author was a member of the College. There is a fine collection of early Italian and Spanish books, and a very rare Anglo-Saxon manuscript of the Evangelists, dating from the tenth century, curiously illuminated. The first books placed in the Library were those of Dr. Bisse, of Magdalen College, The City of Oxford surrendered to the Parliamentarians, June 24, 1646. 120 MOTHER GEORGE, THE CENTENARIAN. who left 2,000 volumes to the College, valued at £1,700. Cabinet portraits of the Founder and Foundress are in the room. The windows are small, the idea being to obtain as much room as possible for the books. Tbe Chapel, 70ft. by 30ft., is famed for the purity of its architectural design. It was built by a body of Somersetshire masons, the Gothic archi- tecture being practised in that county at a later period than in other districts. In 1834 it was newly roofed, a handsome Gothic screen added, elegantly fitted up, and the stalls, &c, completely renovated, from designs by Mr. Blore, whose labours and judgment have improved so many buildings in the Uni- versity. The fine east window is an exquisite specimen of illumination, by Van Ligne, representing in the lower compartments the Life of Christ, and in the upper, the Old Testament antitypes. The window was presented by Sir John Strangeways, and the written contract signed by Van Ligne, in 1621, is still preserved among the memoranda of the College. The Altar-Cloth is a remarkable production, by Dr. Clarke, of All Souls' College. It is just touched in for the lights and shades, and the colours are melted in by a red- hot iron. The marble floor was laid down in 1667, at the expense of the Fellow-commoners. The Communion-plate dates from 1613, and the brass Lectern from 1693, the latter being presented by Sir Thomas Lear. The Ante-Chapel is more spacious than the Chapel, and contains several monuments of past Wardens and Fellows. In 1838,*two splendid illuminated windows were added, by Mr. David Evans, of Shrewsbury, from designs by Mr. John Bridges, of Oxford. Two other stained windows (illustrative of the patriarchs, &c.) have been placed in the Ante-Chapel since that period. The Common Room, situate between the Chapel and the Hall, contains a curious portrait of Mother George, whom Wood describes as " a very ancient dame, living in Black Boy Lane, which leads from the north end of St. Giles's, to Rats and Mice Hill. The perfect use of all her faculties at the age of 120 years, occasioned a great resort of company to her house. It was her custom to thread a very fine needle without the help of spectacles, and to present it to her guests, who, in return, gave her some small gratuity towards her support. In the latter end of her life she removed into St. Peter-le-Bailey, and died by an accidental fall (down stairs), which injured her back." She was buried in St. Giles's Churchyard, in 1673. There is also a portrait of Dr. Wilkins, Warden, afterwards Bishop of Chester, who founded the " Royal Society" at Wadham, in the rooms of Richard Boyle, the Christian philo- sopher, in 1652. These rooms are over the gateway, and therein the meetings of the Society were held for seven years (1652-9.) Dr. Wilkins was appointed Warden of Wadham, in 1648, and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1659. In 1656, he married the sister of Oliver Cromwell, and widow of Dr. French. The Wardens of this foundation were not then allowed to marry, but special grant was obtained from the Protector, at that time Chancellor of the University, to allow an indulgence to Dr. Wilkins. An Act of Parlia- ment passed since enables all Wardens to marry. A valuable painting of " Christ Healing the Sick at the Pool of Beihsaida," by Dirk Van Delen (1647), is likewise in the Common Room. It was given to the College by the present Warden, Dr. Symons. The Gardens are prettily set out, and contain some noble cedars, cacti, &c. Their seclusion renders them a favorite retiring place of study to those who seek intercourse with classic lore, &c. Eminent Men of the Foundation. John Wilmot, second Earl of Rochester, the celebrated libertine and wit, and constant comp anion of the Festivities in Oxford through a Free Parliament being proclaimed, Feb. 13, 1659. DR. WHITE AND THE GATEKEEPER. 121 " Merry Monarch," Charles II. He entered the College as a nobleman, in his twelfth year. When at Bodicote Church on one occasion, he penned the following extempore lines on the parish clerk and choir (attributed to other authority) : — " Sternhold and Hopkins had great qualms I But had it been poor David's fate When they translated David's psalms, j To hear thee sing, and them translate, To make the heart feel glad ; | By Jove, 'twould have drove him mad." Dr. Parker, fourteenth Bishop of Oxford, was also of Wadham. He was tutored by a Presbyterian, who was associated with a sect named "Grew- ellers," from feeding off thin broth. Parker joined them, and used to attend a meeting-room in Holywell Street, for weekly exhortation. He was a zealous and constant hearer of the prayers and sermons there held forth, a receiver of the Sacrament, and such like, that he was esteemed one of the 1 preciousest ' young men in the University. " — (Wood). In after-life, these notions wore away, and he became an unpopular Bishop of the See of Oxford. Sir Christopher Wren, afterwards of All Souls'. Harris, the "Philosopher of Salisbury." Admiral Blake. Creech, editor and translator of "Lucretius." Arthur Onslow, many years Speaker of the House of Commons, and for some time Member of Parliament for the City of Oxford. Floyer Sydenham, translator of Plato. Anderson, translator of the Arenarius of Archimedes. Middleton Howard, author of the first Newdigate Prize Poem, 1768— sub- ject : "The Conquest of Quebec." Nicholas Monk, Bishop of Hereford, brother of General Monk. Dr. Blandford, Chaplain to the Earl of Claren- don. Dr. Thomas Spratt, Bishop of Rochester, 1684. Bishop Tufnel, of Brisbane, 1868. Bishop Medley, of Fredericton. Rev. Arthur Mackonochie, the renowned Ritualist of St. Alban's, LonTdon. Dr. Humphrey Hody, Pro- fessor of Greek. Sir John Pratt, Lord Chief Justice, 1720. Dr. Kennicot, the eminent Hebraist. John Richardson, the Persian lexicographer. George Costard, the famed linguist and astronomical writer. Dr. White, Professor of Hebrew from 1802-14 . Dr. White was a man who suffered from forgetfulness — his mind frequently wandering from the objects surrounding him, whilst often deeply engrossed in a " brown study." The following anec- dote laughably portrays the doctor in a peculiar dilemma. On one occasion he undertook to serve a friend's church, and to ride a friend's horse to Kid- lington. The doctor, who had seldom sat in a saddle before, managed, with quiet assistance from the groom, to mount ; but, after a mile or two, he thought it would be more comfortable to walk. He accordingly dismounted and hung the horse's bridle upon his arm. On his approaching Kidlington turnpike the following short dialogue took place — the gate being closed : — Dr. W. : " Holla ! master gatekeeper, why don't you open the gate for me?" Gate-keeper: "Open the gat ! Why, maun, you must be beside yourself." Dr. W. : "Open it, 1 say, sirrah ! immediately, and don't keep me and my horse waiting here." Gate-keeper: "Haw, haw, haw — that's a good 'un. You and your horse ! donna you think that side-gat is big enough for you to pass through ? And as for your horse, I can't see nothing like one, unless it be that there bridle on your arm !" Dr. W. : " Dear me ! how can it be 1 What has happened to the poor creature ? Sure enough, here is the bridle, but what can have become of the horse ?" Deep in thought about " crooked letters," the doctor had not felt the gradual slipping off the bridle from the head of the animal, which was found quietly grazing on the road-side a mile behind ! William Shaw, B.A., of Wadham College, a banister, not in prac- tice. He was successively a farmer, editor, and partly proprietor of the The Earl of Pembroke ejected from the Chancellorship of the University, 1643. 122 THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, PARKS. 1 Mark Lane Express,' and first Secretary of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eugland, and originator, at least in England, of the system of insuring grain crops against loss by hailstorms. Involved in pecuniary trouble through his exertions to get Smithneld Market removed to Islington, he died May 3, 1853, in Australia, in abject destitution. Several Bishops and other eminent men have also been on the books of Wadham College. Leaving the foundation, and proceeding onwards still up Park Street, we shortly reach the entrance to Trinity College Gardens, seen through a magnificent wrought-iron gate- way. The celebrated "Lime-Tree Walk" is a feature in the Gardens. About one hundred yards further on stands Oxford's celebrated 3§f° University Museum. The building is of a very striking appear- ance, one of the most remarkable modern erections in England. The architects were Sir Thomas Deane and Mr. B. Woodward, of Dublin, who also designed the Oxford Union Rooms. The builders were Messrs. Lucas and Son, of London. The original estimate was ,£29,041. The style of the building is Venetian Gothic. The foundation stone was laid by the late Earl of Derby (Chancellor of the University) on June 20th, 1855, and the Museum was completed in 1860. The frontage is 346ft., depth 145ft., height 75ft. The Museum was founded for the study of natural science (anatomy, chemistry, geology, geometry, mathematics, medicine, mineralogy, and physiology), and natural history (birds, beasts, fishes, insects, and reptiles). There is a valuable Library (natural science and history), work and Lecture Rooms, and Laboratories for the Professors and their pupils. The principal entrance leads into The Lauge Court of the Museum by a flight of steps. This court (112ft. square) has a glass roof, supported by light iron columns. The visitor will observe the illustrations on the shafts of the pillars of the different kinds of British rock, 124 in number, polished so as to bring out their peculiar beauties. The western pillars represent the granitic series ; the eastern, the metamorphic series ; the northern, the calcareous series (from Irish specimens principally) ; the southern, the English marbles. Plants and animals (grouped), illustrative of various epochs and climates, are artistically represented on the capitals and bosses. The English fern and Flora families are delicately carved. The corbels, of Caen stone, in front of the pillars, are occupied by statues of eminent men in the different departments of know- ledge, Galileo and Hipparchus representing Astronomy ; Aristotle, Linnaeus, and John Hunter, Biology ; Lavoisier, Cavendish, and Davy, Chemistry ; Cuvier, Geology ; Archimedes, Euclid, Liebnitz, and Newton, Mathematics ; Harvey, Hippocrates, and Sydenham, Medicine ; Bacon, Oersted, Priestly, Stephenson, Volta, and Watt, Science in general. Five of the statues were presented by the Queen, Aristotle and Cuvier by the students, Euclid by the Freemasons. Professor Phillips selected the examples for the decoration of the shafts. The Museum should be inspected in the following order : — The Zoological Collections in glass cases, &c, The Fossils and beautiful Minerals occupy on each side of the central avenue. The Anatomical Preparations and Skeletons on the north, or left hand side of the central avenue, amongst which are the head of that extinct bird, the Dodo (the only one known), and the specimens showing the progress of disease in the human system, &c. The Reptiles and Fish on the south, or riaht hand side of the central avenue. The large Tortoise deserves especial notice. the remainder of the space in the central court. Passing into the lower corridor, on the south side The Mechanical and Philosophical Apparatus, connected with the Professorship of Experi- mental Philosophy, will be observed, and at the top, or east portion of the corridor, are the large collections of Fossils and Geological Specimens. The north side of the corridor contains a continuation of Banquet to Queen Katherine of Arragon in Merton College Hall, 1518. COLLECTIONS IN THE MUSEUM. 123 JEtoom is at the north end of the Library. The Librarian is H. W. Acland, M.D., Regius and Clinical Professor of Medicine. The Library is open two evenings weekly during term. Leaving the Library, and proceeding to the south side, the rooms containing The Entomological Specimens are entered. At the east or top portion of the gallery, are numerous Fossils and Shells, and on the north side, collections of British Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, and Msh. The Geological Specimens, connected with more of the Anatomical Subjects. Proceeding up the staircase at the north-west corner, the upper corridor or gallery is entered. From here the visitor should proceed to The Library, a noble room, 200 feet in length. The books, in every department of Natural Science, number close upon 40,000 volumes. They include those from the Radcliffe Library, deposited in the Museum Library by consent of the trustees and University authorities. Strangers and citizens are permitted to read in the Library by a special order, obtainable from graduates of the University. The Reading The doors on this side open into a large Lecture Room or Theatre, used by Professors, and capable of containing an audience of 500 persons. Descending from the gallery by the staircase on the west side, the visitor's attention will be directed to the passages in the angle of the building. At the south-western angle is the large Laboratory, perfect in every detail. At the north-eastern angle is the Dissecting Room, in which students study every point in the human and animal frames. At the back of the Museum is a small Observatory, and at the south-east angle stands the Curator's Residence, erected in perfect keeping with the rest of the edifice. The present Curator is J. Phillips, Esq. , M. A., Professor of Geology. Before leaving the Museum we specify a few of the presentations, &c. , to be found within its walls : — The Statue of Prince Albert, facing the en- trance, presented by the citizens of Oxford in memory of the Prince. The Buckland Collection of Fossils, given by the late Dean Buckland, of Christ Church. Hope Collections of Birds and Invertebrate Animals given by Rev. F. W. Hope, of Ch. Ch. The Strickland Collection of Ornithology, given by the late H. E. Strickland, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., Deputy Reader in Geology in the Uni- versity. The Pengellian Collection of Devonian Fos- sils, given by Miss Burdett Coutts. The Christ Church Physiological Series, from the, Anatomy School at Christ Church, lent by the Dean and Chapter. _JThe Ashmolean Zoological Specimens, trans- ferred from the Ashmolean Museum. The Simmondian Collection of Minerals, presented by the late R. Simmonds, Esq., M.A., of Christ Church. The Collections of Shells, presented by four donors, viz. Lady and Miss Harvey, Walter C. Trevelyan, Bart. M.A., and George Barlee, Esq., of Exmouth. They include foreign and British specimens. At the back of the Museum are to be seen The Gardens, known as "The Parks,'' from the fact that Cromwell planted his parks of artillery on the spot when besieging Oxford in 1646. THey are tastefully laid out, and planted with numerous rare and curious productions — indigenous and foreign. The walks around the gardens are about two miles in extent, and lead down to the banks of the River Cherwell. Seats are placed in many parts, forming a most agreeable lounge. On the north side of the University Museum stands the building called The Clarendon Laboratory, erected in 1869-70, forming in reality a continuation of the Museum, being connected at the north-east corner. It is a substantial and well- arranged edifice, designed by Mr. T. N. Deane, of Dublin, and it was erected by Mr. R. J. Symm, of Oxford, who contracted to raise the building for £10,280. The style corresponds with that of the Museum. The elevation of the north and south fronts is 100ft., and the elevation of the principal front, 84ft. The Laboratory is devoted to the study of acoustics, electricity (dynamic and statical), heat (solar, &c), optics, spectrum analysis, and photography. The Lecture Theatre, on the ground floor, is 30ft. by 50ft., and will accommodate 150 students. Serious Affray between the North and South Students on the Vigil of St. Kenelm, X319. 124 CLARENDON LAB OR A TOR Y—KEBLE COLLEGE. The Central Court, 36ft. square, open from ground to roof, supported by elegant wooden pillars, standing on pedestals of stone and marble. It is surrounded by a gallery, from which spectators can watch the experiments made to elucidate the marvels of science. There is an Examination "Room 20ft. by 26ft. , and a subsidiary Lecture Room on the first floor 20ft. by 27ft. The Optical Gallery is in the roof of the building, and is 100ft. in length. Galvanic batteries are placed in the basement, from which wires convey the galvanic stream throughout the building. The Scientific Instruments are of the most costly and massive and minute character, by the principal eminent makers of the age. Where accurate adjustment is required the instruments are fixed. The Laboratory aDd adjuncts are presided over by Professor Clifton, F.R.S. Nearly opposite the Clarendon Laboratory, shaded by noble elms, stands ^IF Keble C ollege, the twentieth and most recent establishment in the University, erected in perpetuation of the memory of the Rev. John Keble, M.A., of Corpus Christi College, and Vicar of Hursley, Hampshire. Keble College is the first entire new collegiate building built in Oxford since 1610, when the foundation stone of Wadham was laid on July 31. Pembroke College, founded in 1624, was a similar erection to Worcester, which many cite as later. These are only " old friends with new faces" — Pembroke College standing on the site of Broadgates or Segrim Hall, and Worcester on the site of Gloucester and St. John Baptist Halls. Worcester College was founded by that name in 1714. Keble College foundation-stone was laid on St. Mark's Day, April 25, 1868 (the anniversary of John Keble's birth), by the late Archbishop Sumner, of Canterbury, and the College was opened on June 23, 1870, by the Chancellor, the Marquis of Salisbury. The foundation is known as "The Warden, Council, and Scholars of Keble College," and the Charter of Incorporation, granted by Her Majesty, declares that "the College is founded and instituted with the special object and intent of providing persons desirous of academical education, and willing to live economically, with a College wherein sober living and high culture may be combined with Christian training based upon the principles of the Church of England." The Archbishop of Canterbury is the visitor. The College is designed to accommodate 101 undergraduates, six tutors, the Bursar, and the Warden. When the entire buildings of the College are erected, in con- formity with the scheme intended to be carried out, there will be room for 250 undergraduates and eighteen tutors. The Rev. Edward Stuart Talbot, M.A., Senior Student of Christ Church, was chosen as the first Warden. Two exhibitions were placed at the disposal of the Warden before the College opened its portals. The College expenses for tuition are about .£80 per annum, including rooms. Meals are taken in common. The cost of the erection of the building was £50,000, of which £35,000 were subscribed before the foundation-stone was laid, £5,000 being given by one anonymous contributor through Dr. Pusey, of Christ Church. Mr. John Walter, of the ' Times' newspaper, gave £200 towards the College. The ground devoted to the College buildings consists of four and a half acres. The style of the College is the decorated Gothic of the thirteenth century, formed of red, white, black, and grey brick, with Bath stone dressings. The architect was Mr. Butterfield, of London, and the buildings were erected by Mr. Parnell, of Rugby. The site belonged to St. John's College. Keble College is quite different in its style to any other collegiate building in the University, the other Colleges being stone erections. The layers of alternate coloured bricks Outrage on the Monks of Abingdon by Oxford Students and Citizens, 1327. THE KEBLE MEETING IN THE SHEIDONIAN. 125 give the building a most peculiar appearance, so much so that it has been called the " Zebra College." But there can be no doubt that a most service- able building has been erected— one that will stand the effects of the English climate better than the more sober-looking foundations previously existing, although years may pass by before the present gaudy appearance is toned down. The Gateway (at the south-east corner) conveys the visitor into the quadrangle. It is about 243ft. by 220ft., and rooms for the students and tutors are arranged on the east, west, and north sides. A second and third quadrangle will be added. The Hall and Chapel are on the south side. These are at present but temporary. More suitable and permanent buildings will be erected as the funds come in. It is intended that the permanent chapel shall be a magnifi- cent edifice, costing probably about ,£30,000. There is a Library attached to the foundation, to which many donors have furnished books of a suitable nature. The Undergraduates' Rooms are entered on each floor from a central corridor. They are of three sizes, each set comprising sitting and bedrooms. The Tutors' Rooms are connected with each corridor, and comprise three rooms (two sitting and one bed), scout's room, entrance hall, and other features of a modern dwelling house. The Gardens (small) are on the west of the College, and ground is reserved on the south for the erection of additional buildings when required. The meeting after the foundation stone was laid took place in the Sheldonian Theatre and deserves record on account of the many noted persons who took part in the proceedings. The late Archbishop Sumner, of Canterbury, presided, and the Bishops of Oxford (S. Wilberforce), Lichfield, Gloucester, Moray, Ross (the Primus of Scotlaud), Montreal (the Metropolitan of Canada), and Tennessee (America), Dr. Pusey, the Earl of Carnarvon, Earl Beauchamp, Right Hon. Gathorne Hardy, Sir W. Heathcote, Bart., the Heads of the Colleges, Professors of the University, &c, &c. The four resolutions sub- mitted are appended, for they are now of historical interest. The first, " That it is desirable to extend more widely the benefits of University education within College walls," was moved by the Earl of Carnarvon and seconded by the Right Hon. Gathorne Hardy, M.P. for the University. The second, " For this purpose it is desirable to establish a new College, the aims of which shall be to impart a Christian training, encourage industry, and discourage habits of expense," was moved by the Bishop of Lichfield and seconded by Earl Beauchamp. The third, " That such a College, dedicated by its promoters to the service of Christ in the work of education and the principles of the Church of England, would be a fit memorial to the author of the ' Christian Year,' " was moved by Sir W. Heathcote, the late M.P. for the University, and seconded by the Rev. Dr. Pusey. The fourth, moved by Dr. Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, but since translated to Winchester, was " That the proposed foundation be called ' Keble College.' " The foundation sermon was previously preached in St. Mary's Church, by the Bishop of Oxford, from 2 Kings xiii., 20, 21 — " And Elisha died, and they buried him. And the bands of the Moabites invaded the land at the coming in of the year. And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band of men, and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha ; and when the man was let down, and touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood upon his feet." Keble College has a threefold purpose : it is a tribute of affection to the memory of one of the most eminent religious writers and Grevious Affray between the Northern and Southern Students, August 8, 1506. 126 ST CLEMENTS CHURCH— CATHOLIC CHAPEL. workers of the present century ; it is an attempt at University reform ; and it is an effort to spread the principles of the Church party with whom John Keble was so long associated. The visitor leaving Keble College, will repass the University Museum, and turning to the left, pass by several Elizabethan and Gothic Villas, built in the most substantial manner. The road passing these leads to the Private Bathing Place, known as "Loggerhead" and "Parson's Pleasure," derived probably from "Parisians' Pleasure." A refreshing plunge can be taken for a moderate fee. The stream devoted to this is reached by crossing two prettily-designed rustic bridges. Departing from the bathing-place, the visitor proceeds along the Waterwalks by the River Cherwell, one of the most lovely spots in the city, shaded by the willows that fringe either side, meeting at the top, and forming a natural avenue. These walks run for about half a mile, and seats are placed at frequent intervals along the river banks, on which the visitor can rest, and ponder on the beauties of "Oxford in the watery glade, and seem half lost in memory's maze." At the termination of the Water- walks, King's Mill is passed, and another rustic bridge, bringing the visitor into the Marston Road, by which the populous districts of St. Clement's and Cowley St. John are reached. These portions of the city, although included in the Municipal Corporation and Parliamentary privileges, are not included in the Poor Law Incorporation. They have largely increased of late years. A population of over 5,000 are located in the two parishes, and there are several edifices deserving attention, amongst which are St. Clement's Church (to the right hand). The present Church is quite modern, being built in 1827-8, at a cost of =£6,500. It is a rectory in the gift of the Crown, and the value of the living is £92 per annum. The number of inhabitants under the rector's visitation is about 2,500. The style of the edifice is Anglo-Norman. The designs were furnished by Mr. D. Robertson, and the builder was Mr. Hudson. The Church consists of a nave, side aisles, and tower. The illuminated window over the communion-table represents the " Principal Events in the Life of our Redeemer." Services are held on Sundays at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. The old Church of the parish (which stood lower down the street, adjoining the toll-bar) was first erected in 1112. It was given to the Canons of St. Frideswide by Henry I., from whom it passed in 1126 to the Abbey of Osney. It was taken down in 1829. Should the visitor have time, before proceeding through the main (or High) street of St. Clement's, he will be amply repaid by making a detour, and ascending the winding path by which the summit of Headington Hill is reached. There stands Joe Pullen's Tree. Pullen was a Vice-Principal of Magdalen Hall, and was wont to take a daily walk to this spot and back again. He planted the tree about 1700, and from under its umbrageous shade, where a seat is placed, a most beautiful view of The Vale of the Cherwell, including the New Museum, Keble College, SS. Philip and James Church, &c, can be obtained. Proceeding down the hill, St. Clement's is again reached. On the left-hand side of the High Street is the Roman Catholic Chapel, an unpretending edifice, situated adjoining the Parsonage-House belonging to St. Clement's Parish. The Presbytery or dwelling-house of the Catholic Priest adjoins. The Chapel is small, and it is only one at present possessed by the Catholics in Oxford. It was erected in 1793, through the munificence of the Rev. Charles Leslie, and dedicated to Magdalen College Chapel robbed, 1786. The thieves were convicted, and one was executed. INDEPENDENT CHAPEL— HOSPITAL, &>c. 127 St. Ignatius. The altar is of higlily-polished marble, with a monogram of the name of Jesus, encircled with rays of metal. The altar-piece is a valuable picture, " The Entombment of our Lord," by an ancient master. A small se- pulchral chapel and sacristy are at the back of the edifice. Service on Sunday mornings at 11 ; evening, 6.30 ; and on all holy days. Passing up Pembroke Street into the Cowley Road, the visitor reaches a small neat Independent Chapel, erected in 1869, from designs by Mr. S. Merrick, o f Bradford-on-Avon.- The builder was Mr. J. C. Curtis, of Oxford. The total cost of the Chapel, including furnishing, was .£1,200. It will accommodate about three hundred persons. The Chapel is unassuming in its appearance, the style partaking of the Norman character. White brick, with red-and- black string-courses. The dressings are Forest of Dean stone. Entrance is gained from a semicircular arched doorway. The building is lighted by clere- story windows, extending the whole length of the edifice, surmounted by a strong purline on five pair of principals. A small vestry is at the rear. The ground has been secured for the erection of a more commodious edifice when the need arises. In that case, the present building will be used as a school- room. The Rev. Isaac Scammel was the first minister appointed ; and it being his first settlement, after a oollegiate career, he was publicly ordained in the George Street Independent Chapel. Only one ordination, in connection with this body of Nonconformists, had previous taken place in Oxford, and that was many years since. Service is held in the Cowley Road Chapel on Sundays at the usual hours (10.45 and 6.30) A few paces further on, on the opposite side of the way, stands the Cowley St. John Girls' National School, built in 1868^ by Messrs. Castle and Co., prin- cipally at the expense of the Rev. R. M. Benson, incumbent of the district. Divine service is held on Sundays at 5.15. At the corner of Chapel Street, the turning above, is a small Strict Baptist Chapel. Service on Sundays at 11 and 6.30. A short dis- tance above, a site has been secured for the proposed Hospital for Incurables. This building will offer a well-regulated home to patients afflicted with maladies of a chronic or incurable nature. A certain proportion of space will be devoted to those who may desire to pay for benefits received. An associated body of ladies will conduct the working arrangements of the insititution voluntarily, assisted by such a staff of paid labour as neces- sity may require. The estimated cost of the building is £50,000. The pro- ject originated through the munificence of W. H. Winfield, Esq., who placed .£1,000 in the hands of Miss Sandford for the purpose. The Duke of Northum- berland holds the chairmanship of the Board. Attached will be a District Church, or Chapel- of-Ease to Cowley Church, erected on a portion of the land already secured. A short distance from the proposed Hospital and Church is the Oxford House of Industry, an ornamental building in the Elizabethan order of architecture. It was erected in 1865, from the designs of Mr. Wil- liam Fisher, and built by Mr. J. C. Curtis, both of Oxford. The cost was about £20,000. It accommodates eleven parishes, forming the Oxford Union. The house consists of three principal blocks of building parallel to each other. The front range is two storeys in height, having an entrance archway, with bell-cot over. The main building is 258ft. long by 44ft. wide. A central corridor extends the whole length, broken in the centre by a large Hall, sur- mounting which is a tower, 90ft. high to the vane. This serves for staircase and ventilating shaft. The structure is of red brick, with Bath-stone cornices Lord Abercorn tried and acquitted at Oxford for Murder of Mr. Pry or, atBurford, July 20, 1679. 12$ OLD ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPLTAL. and dressings. On the east side stands a detached Chapel, and there is, like- wise, an Infirmary at the back. Just beyond this stands a curious old build- ing, known as St. Bartholomew's Hospital, now unused. It was originally a part of the royal manor of Headington. The Hospital was founded by Henry I, for lepers, soon after he had had Beaumont Palace built. Henry endowed the Hospital with the annual sum of £23 Os. 5d., and intended it for the habitation of twelve brethren and a chaplain. In the reign of Edward II. it was reduced to great poverty ; and in 1328 Adam de Brom, founder of Oriel College, ob- tained the grant of the building from Edward III., for his society, promising to maintain eight lepers and a chaplain within the Hospital. During the plague of 1643 the buildiug was used as a pest-house ; but it was demolished during the sieo-e of Oxford. Oriel College had it rebuilt in 1649, three years after the capitulation of the city. In 1833 the authorities had the building refitted for patients suffering from Asiatic cholera, which severely visited Oxford in that year. Eight pensioners, known as the " Almsmen of St. Barty," now receive a small annual pittance from Oriel College. They are elected by the freemen of the city. Beyond St. Bartholomew's Hospital can be inspected, if the visitor has time, The Warneford Private Lunatic Asylum and the Cowley Industrial School, both excellent institutions for their respective uses. The Oxford Lunatic Asylum, for city and county, is situated at Little- more, a village about two miles from this part of Oxford. Eeturning down the Cowley Eoad, the visitor will shortly arrive at Marston Street, in the centre of which is St. John's Mission House, an ecclesiastic and collegiate establishment, founded on High Church principles, by the Eev. E. M. Benson. There are spacious offices and refectory in the basement. The upper storeys contain a large parish room, common room, conversation room, library, principal's room, and twenty-six rooms for men, who form a society partaking of the monastic character. Several of these took part in the remarkable "Ten Days' Mission" in London, which excited so much notice in 1869. At the top of the building is a large, convenient, and well-designed chapel, with stalls for fifty men, but capable of holding many in addition. On the outward east side of the chapel is a peculiar stone group of figures, representing " Our Saviour on the Cross, with the two Marys at his feet." This has attracted a degree of notice. The Mission House is heated throughout with hot water pipes, and is well lighted with gas. The height and bulk of the structure give an air of dignity and strength to it. The building was erected by Messrs. Castle and Company, of Oxford. Turning from Marston Street into the Iffley Eoad, a number of Gothic Residences, &c, are seen, each group possessing different architectural embellishments. Immediately opposite these is the Christ Church Cricket Ground, well laid out, forming a superb piece of turf for the enjoyment of the manly game so frequently practised thereon. Many of the Colleges have similar grounds in the vicinity. Entering Stock- more' Street, from the Ifney Eoad, the visitor will observe St. John the Evangelist Church, a small iron structure, wholly inadequate to the wants of the district. Service is held five times on Sundays : 6, 8, aud 11 a.m., and 3 and 6.30 p.m. The three morning services are for com- municants as well as ordinary worshippers. St. John's Church forms at pre- sent the only accommodation for the Cowley St. John parishioners, but a new church will be erected in this neighbourhood. This will be called the First Commission of the Peace granted to the City of Oxford, about 1330. BOULTER'S AND STONE'S ALMSHOUSES 129 Longley Memorial Church, to perpetuate the labours of the late Archbishop Longley, of Canterbury, who commenced his pastoral duties in Cowley. Its site has been secured, and it is proposed to expend .£20,000 in the building of a Church that shall add another ornament to Oxford, and serve as a memorial to one who was beloved in the parish. From the Imey Road the visitor returns into High Street, St. Clement's, and reaches shortly Cutler Boulter's Almshouses, erected and endowed in 1780, at the cost of Edmund Boulter, jun., Esq., of Haseley, Oxon. The amount ex- pended in building was about ,£1,600. The endowment, £330. The Alms- houses are six in number, having a Medical Dispensary attached — the resident surgeon giving advice to the poor generally. The Almsmen are chosen from six places in six different counties ; viz. Barlings, Lincolnshire ; Deptford, with Brockley, Kent ; Harewood, Yorkshire ; Haseley, Oxon ; Wherwell, Hamp- shire ; and Wimpole, Cambridgeshire. The buildings are placed in an enclosure, and have a peculiarly neat appearance. On the opposite side of the street will be observed Stone's Hospital or Almshouses, founded from a legacy devised by the Rev. W. Stone, Principal of New Inn Hall, dated May 12, 1685. The will directed that Dr. Obadiah Walker, Master of University College, should carry out the stipulations. The deed poll is dated Sept. 10, 1685. The premises consist of a large substantial building, providing accommodation for eight poor widows, who, in addition to their separate apartments, receive the sum of £20 10s. per annum, are provided with coals, and also the use of a garden in the rear. The Almshouses were erected in 1700. Dr. Fry, one of the executors to the will, gave an additional £1,000 towards the founda- tion, and superintended the erection. Dr. Obadiah Walker was dismissed the Mastership of University College for his Romish sympathies (see University College, pp. 153-4). In the" adjacent thoroughfare (William Street) is a small Primitive Methodist Chapel, in which service is held on Sunday at 3.0 and 6. 30. p.m. Passing onwa'ds, the visitor arrives at St. Clement's Toll-bar, the only one remaining in th 3 city. It will be removed about 1875. Adjoining the Gate formerly stood St. Clement's Church, demolished in 1829. The churchyard still remains. At the north-east corner a small tablet is inserted in the wall in commemoration of the proclamation of peace on June 27, 1814, at the conclusion of the Peninsular War. The visitor now proceeds to Magdalen Bridge, forming the eastern entrance to the city. In coaching days it formed the only oirect approach from the two London roads, and is most magnificent the entrance into the city at the present time. From this spot the visitor obtains a splendid view of Magdalen College Tower, stately in its massive proportions. The Bridge crosses two streams of the river Cherwell, which converge, and enter the Thames in Christ Church Meadow. Magdalen Bridge is 526ft. in length, and it was erected in 1779, under the direction of Mr. Gwynn, at the cost of £8,000. _ Passing over the Bridge, the stranger stands in front of the princely foundation of 8^ Magdalen College, one of the most remarkable of our academical institutions, the tenth collegiate erection in order of seniority. Let it be introduced in the words of the poet, and of honest Antony a Wood :— " Thou dear old College, by whatever name I To me, from days long past thou art the same, Natives or strangers call our 'Oxford Queen,' | Maudlin— or Magdalen— or Magdalene. Wood remarks, in his peculiar and quaint phraseology, that this College is " the most noble and rich structure in the learned world ; " and continues, "Look upon its buildings, and the lofty pinnacles and turrets thereon, and The " Founder's Oak" in Magdalen Water Walks fell, through decay, 1789. K 130 MAGDALEN COLL.— WILLIAM OF WAYNFLETE. what structure in Oxford or elsewhere doth more delight the eye ? admi- nistering a pleasant sight to strangers at their entrance into the east part of the city. Upon the stately Tower, which containeth the most tuneable and melodious ring of bells in all these parts and beyond. Walk also in the Quadrangle, and there every buttress almost of the Cloister beareth an antick ; into the Chapel, where the eye is delighted with scripture history and pictures of saints in the windows and on the east wall ; into the Library, and there you will find a rare and choice collection of books, as well printed as written. Go without it, and you will find it a College sweetly and pleasantly situated, whose groves and gardens, enclosed with an embattled wall by the founder, are emulous with the gardens of Hippolitus Cardinal d'Este, so much famoused and commended by Franciscus Scholtus, in his ' Itinerary of Italy ;' go into the Water- walks, and at sometimes in the year you will find them as delectable as the banks of Eurotas, which were shaded with bay trees, and where Apollo himself was wont to walk and sing his lays. And of the rivers here, that pleasantly, and with a murmuring noise wind and turn, may in a manner be spoken, that which the people of Angouleme, in France were wont to say of their river Touvre, that ' it is covered over and chequered with swans, paved and floored with troutes, and hemmed and bordered with crevices.' Such pleasant meanders, also shadowed with trees, were there, before the civil distempers broke forth, that students could not but with ■ great delight accost the muses." The College was founded by William Patten, of Waynflete, Lincolnshire, in 1456-7. He was called William of Waynflete from the place of his nativity, according to the custom prevalent in those days. The foundation was at first called Magdalen Hall, and the buildings were some short distance from the present College, being also on the opposite side of the road, and founded eight years antecedent. It was dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, and consisted of a President, thirteen Master-Fellows, and seven Bachelor-Fellows or Scholars. The scheme was subsequently enlarged, and Waynflete obtained licence of Henry VI. for the increased foundation in 1456-7. The site of St. John the Baptist Hospital was surrendered into Waynflete's hands conditionally, the Hospital foundation being dissolved for the purpose. The conditions were that the Master and brethren should be maintained for the remainder of their lives at Waynflete's expense. On June 12, 1453, a President and six Fellows were placed on the foundation, and two days after Magdalen Hall and its Members joined the new Society. Calixtus III. and Sixtus V., Popes of Rome, confirmed the foundation, and gave it exemption from the episcopal jurisdiction of the See cf Lincoln, in which Oxford was then situated, transferring it to the Bishopric of Winchester for ever. The building of the intended College was not pro- ceeded with for fifteen years, owing to the troublous nature of the period. In 1473, however, the foundation-stone was laid. In 1479, the statutes of govern- ment were presented to the College by the founder, in which the house was directed to be known as " Seinte Marie Maugdalene Colledge," to the honour and praise of Christ crucified, the Blessed Virgin his mother, St. Marie Maugdalene, and the various apostles and martyrs, the chief of whom are patrons of the Cathedral of Winchester." The contracts (five in number) for the erection of the College, between the founder and William Orcheyrde, are still preserved — extending from 1475-79. They are particularly interesting to the antiquary. History records that William of Waynflete visited the foundation in Sept. 1481, to inspect the buildings, bringing with him a quantity of books and manuscripts for the Library, and deeds of several estates apportioned for the support of the Six Officers of the Guards rowed from Oxford to London (115£ miles) in 15£ hours, May, 1821. MAGDALEN COLLEGE— THE PRESIDENTS. 131 College. The founder studied at Merton College, and some are inclined to think likewise at New College. He was successively Master of Winchester School, Provost of Eton College, and Bishop of Winchester. He held the Lord High Chancellorship of the Kingdom for four years, 1456-60. He died August II, 14S6, and was buried in Winchester Cathedral. On the monument there erected to his memory is the figure of the Bishop in full pontificals, holding in his hand the figure of a heart, alluding to the words of David, " My soul is always in my hand." The site occupied by Magdalen College and grounds covers about 100 acres. The foundation originally was for a President, forty Fellows, thirty Scholars called " Demies," a Schoolmaster, an Usher, four Chap- lains, a Steward, an Organist, eight Clerks, and sixteen Choristers. Since that ten Fellowships have been suspended, and ten Demyships added. There are, likewise, twenty Exhibitions attached to the foundation, and four Waynflete Professors. The first President was John Horley, or Horsley, appointed 1448, to the Hall ; the first to the enlarged foundation — the College — Richard May- hew, 1480. Two Presidents were appointed in 1687 — John Hough (who made a firm stand against the attempt of James II. to abolish the Protestant constitution), and Samuel Parker (afterwards Bishop of Oxford) ; in 1688 two more were ap- pointed Presidents — Bonaventure Gilford and John Hough (reinstated and raised to the See of Oxford in 1690). In 1791 Dr. Martin Joseph Routh was appointed ; he held the Presidentship for sixty-four years, dying in 1854, a centenarian. The present President is Dr. Bulley, D.D., elected in 1855. The Society has the patronage of forty-one livings, situate in fourteen counties, and is one of the richest foundations in the University. The number of members on the books is about 270. Two Cardinals, six Archbishops, and fifty Bishops have been educated in the College. r The Entrance is through an elegant gateway in the Perpendicular style, substituted for the previous Doric entrance, in 1844. The design was furnished by Mr. Pugin. The three niches over the gateway contain the statuettes of St. Mary Magdalen, St. John the Baptist, and William of Waynflete. The inscription, in Latin, is from Luke i. 49 : "For He that is mighty hath done to me great things, and holy is His name." The arms of the Founder and College surmount the figures. The cost of the gateway was about £600. The First Court, constructed in 1508, is small, but interesting from its associations with the Hospital of St. John, some few relics of which are still pre- served about it. To the extreme right will be noticed an ancient and curious pulpit of stone, said to have been erected in conformity with Waynflete's desire, for the delivery of public sermons on St. John-the-Baptist's day (Midsummer day) ; the day of dedication. The ground in the court was strewed with rushes and grass, and the buildings dressed with green boughs and flowers, so as to pre- sent an idea of St. John preaching in the wilderness. This attracted a large number of spectators. The custom was abolished in the last century, but a first- class illustration of it appeared in the 'Graphic 5 newspaper, April, 1870. An amusing incident was connected with the last celebration: the day was wet — the exhorter's name was Bacon. This gave rise to a joke : " The wet spoiled the greens and the bacon ! " The sermon is now preached in the ante-chapel. The west window of the Chapel faces the visitor as he enters the court ; it has a curious shallow porch, over which are five figures in niches — St. John-the- Bap- tist, St. Mary Magdalen, St. Swithin, Edward" IV., and the Founder. The Chapel next claims our attention. It was commenced on May 5, 1747 ; and has been at many times improved — in 1629-35, 1740, 1833, 1855, &c. Cathedral service is performed twice daily, at 10 a.m. and 4.30 p.m., except on holy- Erasmus published his Novum Testamentum Graecum at Oxford, 1500. 132 MAGDALEN CHAFEL AND HALL. days and Sundays, when the morning service is at 8 a.m. The Chapel interior is beautifully decorated and highly finished, and ranks second to none in the University. The additions and improvements hy Mr. Cottingham, in 1833, cost upwards of £28,000. The stall work is of foreign oak. The altar of the Corin- thian order, and the steps solid marble. A large brass eagle is used as a reading desk, probably dating from 1633. The altar candelabra are magnificent, from the designs of Mr. Cottingham. The seats of the President and Vice-President are of rich workmanship. The magnificent and valuable painting over the altar represents" Christ Bearing His Cross," by Ribalta, brought from Vigo in 1702, by the Duke of Ormond ; presented to Magdalen College, August 1, 1747, by W. Freeman, Esq., Hamels, Herts. The carved stone figures over the altar: "Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalen in the Garden," are by Chantrey. The altar-screen was embellished with statues in 1864-5. The organ is very powerful, built in 1855, by Gray and Davison, It has thirty-five sounding stops. There are one or two items relating to the organ that will be interesting to the visitor : the first Magdalen organ was built by John Chapington, in 1597, and was conveyed, by order of Cromwell, to Hampton Court Palace, where it remained until the Resto- ration, when it was returned to its former position in the College Chapel. In 1737 it was removed to Tewkesbury Church, and considerably enlarged whilst there. The painted windows are extremely beautiful, both in the principal and ante-chapels. In the confusion of the civil wars several were hidden, and afterwards restored. In a small Lady Chapel on the north side of the the chancel, is a tomb, with sculptured figures on the top, in memory of the founder's father, Richard Patten. It was placed in the Chapel in 1833, when removed from All Saints' Church, Waynflete. In 1736 the Chapel was robbed of two pairs of massive silver candlesticks and a large offertory. The thieves (three) were captured and convicted ; one was executed and two transported. The Ante-Chapel contains nine painted windows, including " The Last Judgment," by Schwartz ; William of Waynflete (founder), Cardinal Wolsey, William of Wykeham (founder of New College), Bishop Fox (founder of Corpus Christi), King Henry 1IL and many others. They were restored in 1859-60. Some interesting monuments can also be inspected, viz., those to John and Tho- mas Lyttleton, who perished in the river Cherwell (the one brother being sacri- ficed whilst attempting to rescue the other from a watery grave — their ages were 13 and 17, and the date of death was May 9, 1735), and that of Dr. Benjamin Tate, a Fellow for forty years. There is a brass to the memory of Dr. Martin Routh, a centenarian, and President of the College, who died Dec. 2, 1854. The Hall is built on the same line as the Chapel, and is entered from a flight of stone steps. It is a spacious well-proportioned room with a Gothic roof, and the walls are ornamented with armorial bearings in wainscotted oak. The upper end has nine compartments, six representing scenes in the life of St. Mary Magdalen, viz., 1, "St. Mary Anointing the Feet of Jesus;" 2, " Christ Sitting at Table with Martha and Mary," (a scroll over with the words, " Martha solli- citates, tubaris erga plurima, Maria optinam partem elegit," underneath the date 1541); 3, "Mary Pouring Ointment on our Saviour's Head;" 4, " Christ Ap- pearing to Mary after His Resurrection," the scrolls bearing the words, " Noli me tangere " (Touch me not), and " Rabboni" (Master) ; 5, Mary Telling the Dis- ciples of Christ's Appearance," the scroll bearing " Vidi Dominum" (I have seen the Lord) ; 6, " Mary and St. John the Baptist;" 7, " Henry VIII. ;" 8, fi Royal Arms ;" 9, "Prince's Plumes." Several valuable portraits of Bishops and other eminent men connected with the College are hung upon the walls. In the centre is a choice whole-length painting of St. Mary Magdalen, attributed to Guercino. Spire of All Saints' Church, High Street, fell through the roof, March 8, 1699. JAMES IL— EXPULSION OF DR. HOUGH. 133 armorial bearings of the Founder and many Bishops are placed in the windows ; and in the upper window on the right, are the profiles of Charles I. and Queen Hen- rietta. Near these are some curious specimens of old painting on glass, seldom noticed, hut full of interest. The ceiling of the Hall was renewed in the last century. Several monarchs have visited the College, and attended banquets in the Hall. "William of Waynflete received Edward IV. here on Sept. 23, 1481. He was accompanied by a large retinue of Bishops and nobles, who lodged in the College. On July 24, 1483, Richard III. visited the foundation, and abode within its walls, holding court. He was also received by the founder. Prince Arthur, brother of Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and others have honoured Magdalen with visits. On May 19, 1649, Cromwell, Colonel Fairfax, and other parliamen- tary commanders dined in the Hall by invitation of the New President, Dr. Wilkinson. In return for this hospitality, the greatest outrages were committed — monuments, painted glass, &c, being destroyed, and the fine organ carried away to Hampton Court, On the death of President Clarke, 1687, the man- damus of James II. was received for the election of Mr. Antony Farmer, a man of ill-fame, and a papist. This gave great offence to the Fellows, and a deter- mined stand was made against it. Dr. Hough was chosen President by them, and this offended the King, who demanded their submission. They were sum- moned to Whitehall : here evidence was given against Farmer and his habits, and was successful. The mandamus was withdrawn, but another issued, commanding the election of Dr. Parker. This was treated contemptuously by the Fellows, and James, highly incensed, came to Oxford and met them in Christ Church Hall, — demanding their authority for refusing his desire. This they gave ; but the King was not appeased, and addressed them passionately : — " Ye have been a stubborn and turbulent College ! Is this yourCChurch of England loyalty ? Get you gone, know that I, your King — will be obeyed ! Go, and admit the Bishop of Oxon," &c. Twenty-five Fellows refusing to sign their submission, were ex- pelled, and most of the Demies. Dr. Hough was deprived : overawed by the soldiers sent by James to carry out his mandate. The scene in the Common Room of the College must be imagined. Dr. Hough protested against the pro- ceedings as "illegal, unjust, and null." It was of no avail; sequestration was carried out. The porter of the College threw down his keys ; the butler refused to scratch Dr. Hough's name out of the buttery book, and was instantly dis- missed. No blacksmith could be found in the whole city who would force the lock of the President's lodgings ; and the Commission had to employ their own servants, who broke the door open with iron bars. The falling fortunes of James speedily led to a reconsideration ; and on Oct. 25, 1683, the President and Fellows were restored ; but James lost his crown. When the Duke of Wellington visited Oxford, to be installed as Chancellor, in 1834, he passed Magdalen College, and inquired of his companion, Mr. Croker, what structure it was, with such a stately tower ? He was informed that it " was the wall James II. ran his head against !" Dr. Hough became Bishop of Oxford in 1690 ; of Lichfield and Coventry, 1699; of Worcester, 1717. He died May 8, 1743, aged 93. The portraits of Cardinals Pole and Wolsey, hanging in the Hall, called forth on one occasion, a witty remark, to this effect : " One could be Pope but would not, the other would be Pope but could not." The Christmas Eve Custom in the Hall is fully described on page 139. In the collection of College plate may be seen the ' Founder's Cup,' having a statue of Mary Magdalen with long flowing hair on the cover. The Library, on the western side of the cloisters, is a noble apartment, and of late years has undergone thorough renovation. The bookstalls are of the Oxford Students forbidden to wear long hair by the Chancellor, 1603. 134 THE HIEROGLYPHICS IN THE CLOISTERS. finest English oak, and on their panels are copies of the " Buccleuch Van- dykes," the only specimens allowed to be taken. These are portraits of forty eminent painters, given in 1843, by W. J. White, Esq., of Brownlow Street, London. They were painted by the donor's son, a promising young artist. The Library is very rich in Benedictine folios, the earlier editions of the Fathers, and other noted works of the middle ages, from the Library of St. German des Fres, at Paris. Also a capital collection of ancient manuscripts, amongst which is a Latin one, written by W. Keeks, Fellow, at the request of President Clark, defending, amusingly, the grotesque figures or hieroglyphics adorning the Cloisters. It is entitled " CEdipus Magdalenensis. " In noticing the Cloisters we extract from it. The object is to prove the figures em- blematical, exhibiting a system of morals, with an instructive lesson appended. There are 800 books and manuscripts presented by the founder. Near the oriel window at the north end are white marble busts of Bacon and Locke, by Bailey, of Bristol. A portrait of Bishop Waynflete will also be noticed. Dr. "Warner, Bishop of Bochester, in the reign of Charles II., gave £1300 in his lifetime, and a legacy of £50 in his will, for additions to the Library. He gave also £1100 to the demies of the foundation in eleven years. Descending from the Library the visitor will proceed to The Cloisters, with their roof of ribbed oak and grotesque figures (originally coloured). These figures have occasioned a deal of discussion amongst antiquaries as to their purport, some averring that a complete course of academical discipline is typed in them, while others remark that they are but an invention of the mason. The manuscript of Peeks before men- tioned, written at the end of the seventeenth century, gives the following fanciful account of their design : — "Beginning at the south-west corner, the two first figures we meet are the Lion and Pelican. The former of these is the emblem of courage and vigilance, the latter of paternal tender- ness and affection. Both of them together express to us the complete character of a good governor of the College. Accordingly, they are placed under the window of those lodgings which belong to the President, as the instruc- tions they convey ought particularly to regu- late his conduct. " Going to the right-hand. On the other side of the gateway are four figures, viz. the School- master, the Lawyer, the Physician, and the Divine. These are ranged along the outside of the Library, and represent the duties and business of the students of the house. By means of learning in general, they are to be introduced to one of the three learned profes- sions, or else, as hinted to us by the figure with Cap and Bells, in the corner, they must turn out Pools in the end. " We now come to the north-side of the quad- rangle ; and here the three first figures repre- sent the "History of David:" his conquests over the Lion and Goliath ; from whence we are taught not to be discouraged at any diffi- culties that may stand in our way, as the vigour of youth will easily enable us to surmount them. The next figure to these is the Hippo- potamus, or River-horse, carrying his young one on his shoulders. This is the emblem of a good Tutor or Fellow of the College, who is set to watch over the youth of the society, and by whose prudence they are to be led through the dangers of their first entrance into the world. The figure immediately following represents Sobriety or Temperance, that most celebrated ■virtue of a collegiate life. The whole remain- ing train of figures are the vices we are in- structed to avoid. Those next to Temperance, are the opposite vices of Gluttony and Drunk- enness. Then follow the Lucanthropus, the Hyaena, and Panther, representing Violence, Praud, and Treachery. The Griffin, represent- ing Covetousness. The next figure, Anger or Moroseness ; followed by the Dog, the Dragon, and the Deer, representing Flattery, Envy, and Timidity. And the three last, the Mantichora, the Boxers, and Lamia, representing Pride, Contention, and Lust. "We have here, therefore, a complete and instructive lesson for the use of a society dedi- cated to the advancement of religion and learning : and, on this plan, we may suppose the Founder of Magdalen speaking, by means of these figures, to the students of his College." The Cloister Court was commenced by the founder in 1473, but the hiero- glyphics were probably added about 1509. In 1822 considerable alterations were effected under the superintendence of Mr. Parkinson, a London architect. The Tower, called by some " Wolsey's Tower," will now attract the Public Smoking Match in Broad Street, Oxford, 1743. LORD NORREYS AND THE STUDENTS. 135 visitor's attention. It is crowned with a diadem of pinnacles and fretted battlements, and displays a union of real solidity with great lightness of appearance, yielding to few of the many elegant towers built by English architects previously to the commencement of the sixteenth century. Its " stately form, fine proportions, admirable simplicity, and picturesque effect delight the eye from whatever point of view it is contemplated." It is divided into four storeys, the lower three having a simple pointed window on each side and the fourth eight lofty windows of more elaborate workmanship. The Tower contains a peal of ten richly-toned bells. The foundation of this Tower, originally intended to stand alone, was laid on August 9, 1492, by President Richard Mayhew, and completed about 1505, during the President- ship of John Claymond. Its height is about 150ft., terminating in an open parapet. The tradition giving Wolsey the credit of erecting the Tower, and even using a portion of the College funds without due warranty, has been denied by Dr. Ingram in his "Memorials of Oxford." He states that Dr. Chandler carefully examined all the College books, and could find but a brief record of the name of Wolsey therein as relating to this Tower. He was certainly Bursar of the College during its erection, and from this fact, no doubt, arose the tradition. In 1586 a few of the scholars of Magdalen College, whose taste for game was more thorough than their desire for study, were convicted and imprisoned for stealing deer in Shotover Forest. Lord Norreys acted as judge, by virtue of being Lord Lieutenant of the county. The other students of the College determined to resent their condemnation by his Lordship the next time Oxford was made his resting-place. This was at the following Michaelmas Quarter Sessions. Lord Norreys lodged at the Bear Inn (All Saints'), now demolished ; and the students made up their minds to do battle with him there. Well supplied with oaken cudgels, &c. , they made an attack upon the retinue of Norreys, thinking they would meet his Lordship presently. Timely assistance, however, prevented this, for he had had a short notice previously of the students' intentions ; and Maximilian his son, helped by the servants, made an onslaught upon the assailants, beating them down as far as St. Mary's Church. Here the Vice- Chancellor and Proctors put a stop to the proceedings by rushing in among the com- batants, separating them, and sending the students back to College. Several of them were severely hurt, and a keeper of Lord Norreys sorely wounded. When his Lordship was leaving the city, and passing Magdalen a few days after, the students assembled on the top of the Tower, having a quantity of stones, turf, &c, gathered there, which they used as pelts, wounding many of his Lordship's retinue, and endangering the lives of others. His Lordship was protected by being in his covered chariot, which was driven rapidly past, or the possibilities were that he would have been killed. Resulting from this second outrage, some of the students were severely punished, some expelled, and others having a lengthened course of study allotted to them. With this arrangement his Lordship was appeased, and thus ended the " Battle of Magdalen Tower !" The custom of singing the " Hymnus Eucharisticus" on the summit of the Tower on May 1st, at the hour of five a.m., is noticed on page 138. The Muniment Room is in the tower in the Cloisters, and there are pre- served valuable collections of early charters, including all belonging to the Hospital of St. John Baptist, upon the site of which the College was built, and to several suppressed Priories annexed to the foundation, reaching back to the twelfth century. There are also a few ancient coins, preserved in an The Bishopric of Oxford founded by Henry VIII., January 6, 1642. 1 36 JOHN HAMPDEN AT MA GDALEN COLLEGE. old chest, known as " Spur-royals" or " Ryals." These are each of the value of 15s., and derive their names from bearing a star on the reverse which resembles the rowel of a spur. In July, 1649, a large quantity of these coins were discovered in the room, where they had been stowed away from the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Their value was equal to .£1400. They were divided amongst the members of the College, including even the choristers. Each Fellow had thirty-three. They were exchanged at the rate of 18s. 6d. to 20s. each. When this embezzlement became known to Parliament, the members were called upon to account for their procedure, and deemed it wise therefore to refund what had been wrongfully abstracted. This act was one of the means that gave Selden such a distaste to Oxford, and hindered him from bestowing his valuable collection of works to the University, although his executors afterwards did so. The New Buildings of the College stand on the north side of the great quadrangle. The design was furnished by Edward Holdsworth, M.A., Fellow, author of the " Miscipula," and other ingenious writings. It was intended to rebuild the whole College in a similar style, but we rejoice to say that such a scheme was never carried out. The full design was, however, engraved in the ' Oxford Almanack' for 1731. Mr. Holdsworth was a nonjuror, and a great friend of Hearne, the antiquary. The first stone of the new building was laid September 27th, 1733. The College Grounds, Water- walks, Grove, Addison's Walk, &c, are very attractive to the visitor, embowered, as they are, in the midst of a miniature forest. They are kept in excellent order, and much frequented by the students. Pope notes " Maudlin's learned grove," and with its pic- turesque and park-like appearance, so close to the city, and the numerous sportive herds of deer, the visitor cannot fail to be charmed . The terms u Magdalen" and " Maudlin" are synonymous (derived from the Syriac), literally meaning magnificent. And truly Magdalen College is a magnificent foundation ! In these walks Addison lingered, here Gibbon studied, and Collins wooed the genius of poetry. At the entrance of the walks stood until 1789 a large tree known as the " Founder's Oak.'' It was supposed to have been upwards of 600 years old. It fell to the ground with a tremendous crash on June 29, 1789. It was 91ft. in height, 21ft. in girth, and its cubic contents were 754ft. A chair made from some of the timber is still preserved in the President's lodgings. Eminent Men. — Amongst the many sent from " Magdalen's portal" may be mentioned two Cardinals (Pole and Wolsey), about six Archbishops, and close upon fifty Bishops, the last being the Pight Rev. Richard Durnford, the seventy-first Bishop of Chichester. Dr. Chalmers says that " there is scarcely a bishopric in England to which this College has not afforded at least one prelate, doubling her files in some places. " John Hampden was also a commoner of this foundation, entering the College in 1610 at fifteen years of age. On matriculation he presented a small silver jug, on which was graven, " Cantharus ex dono Joannis Hampden, Buckinghamensis, 1610." When King Charles was besieged in Oxford, and about the time that Hampden received his death wound on Chalgrove Field, this, with other plate, was given by the College to be melted down for coin to meet the King's additional outlay for troops, &c. While at Oxford Hampden wrote a few Latin verses upon the death of Prince Henry, which were published at the time. The manor of Wing, in Buckinghamshire, held by the Hampden family, was for- feited in consequence of a blow received by the Black Prince, when on a visit Antony a Wood, Oxford antiquary and historian, born Dec. 17, 1630 j died JTov. 23, 1695. LOCKHART AND THE HEBREW PROFESSOR. 137 with Edward III. at Great Hampden. This occasioned the writing of the following couplet : — " Tring, Wing, and Ivinghoe, For striking of a blow, Hampden did forego j And glad he did escape so." Dean Colet, of St. Paul's, London. The Lylys — grammarian and dramatic poet. John Lyly, M.A., was one of the dramatists who immediately preceded Shakespeare. He was the author of " The Anatomy of Wit" and " Euphues and his England," the latter being a style of language known as " Euphuism," or reformed English apart from all foreign interpolations. John Foxe, the martyrologist. Chilmead, the philologist and critic. John Wilson, the Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh and poet. Pr. Peter Heylin, the ecclesiastical historian. Dr. Walton, physician to Henry VIII. Dr. John Raper, the theologian. Bishop Cooper, of Winchester, formerly a chorister. Theophilus Gale, a famous Nonconformist, author of the " Court of the Gentiles." Dr. Routh, the centenarian, President of the College for sixty-four years. Dr. Daubeny, the late eminent Professor of Botany. Collins, the poet, author of "The Passions." Addison, who wrote several essays in the ' Spectator,' &c. The Earl of Posse, the astronomer. Sir Roundell Palmer, author of the " Book of Praise," M.P. for Richmond, &c. Sir Benjamin Brodie, Waynflete Professor of Chemistry. John O. Westwood, the Hope Professor of Zoology. The Right Hon. J. W. Henley, P.C., M.P. for the county of Oxon. The Rev. Luke Rivington, the Ritualist. John Gibson Lockhart, of whom the following anecdote is told. He was full of fun and humour, and had a marked antipathy to all forms of pretence. His tutor — a grave, formal man — used to dread him, and not without reason. This gentleman assumed to be a great Hebrew/scholar, and Lockhart, doubting the fact, one day handed to him a paper covered with Hebrew characters. He was complimented, and desired to persevere. The Hebrew papers accumulated, and at length the tutor, in a glow of pride, carried them to Dr. Parsons, who was a really good scholar in Hebrew literature. The doctor glanced over them, while the tutor dilated on what might in time be achieved by such an extraordinary young man. Presently, however, the doctor burst forth into an immoderate tit of laughter. Lockhart had written in the Hebrew character, but in the English language, a series of good-natured lampoons upon his tutor, for each of which, as he had handed them, he received the public thanks of the person lampooned. Gibbon, the historian, author of the " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," was of Magdalen. He remarks that " My own introduction to the University of Oxford forms a new era in my life ; and, at the distance of forty years, I still remember my first emotions of surprise and satisfaction, In my fifteenth year I suddenly felt myself raised from a boy to a man. The persons whom I respected as my superiors, in age and academical rank, entertained me with every mark of attention and civility ; and my vanity was flattered by the velvet cap and silk gown which distinguish a gentleman commoner from a plebeian student." College Customs. — Magdalen College at one period observed many remark- able customs. But three are now practised, the most noteworthy of which is The May-Morning Hymn, or the Magdalen Grace, sang on the 1st of May at live o'clock in the morning, on the sum- mit of the tower. Mr. John Timbs, F.S.A., the clever author of many curious works, states in his "Garland of the Year," that "in the year of our Lord God, 1501, the most Christian King Henry VII. gave to St. Mary Magdalen College, the advowsons of Slymbridge (Glou- cestershire), aud Fyndon (Sussex), together with an acre of ground in each parish. In gra- titude for this benefaction, the College was accustomed during the lifetime of the royal benefactor, to celebrate a service in honour of the Holy Trinity, with the collect still used on Trinity Sunday, and the prayer — 'Almighty Beaumont Palace built by at the cost of Henry I., 1132. 138 MAGDALEN MAY-MORNING HYMN and everlasting God, we are taught by Thy Word that the heart of Kings,' &c. ; and after the death of the King to commemorate his memory by a requiem." The Latin Hymn, still sung in honour of the Holy Trinity, on the summit of the tower on May 1st, has evidently reference to the original service. The produce of the two acres formerly used to be divided between the President and the Fellows ; but now the choristers have an entertainment, or " Gaudy," in lieu thereof. The author of the Avords is unknown, but the music is generally attributed to Dr. Benjamin Rogers, Oxon, 1685. The custom was first observed in 1501— so that it has been repeated close approaching four .hundred times. We append, for the grati- fication of the visitor, a transcript of the hymn in Latin, and Rev. J. W. Burgon's (Vicar of St. Mary-the- Virgin) translation. The choristers ascend the roof at about 4.30 a.m., and directly the clock strikes the hour of five, they unite their voices in singing : — Htmnus Eucharisticus Deo Tri-tjni. " Te Deum Patrum colimus, Te laudibus prosequimur, Qui Corpus cibo reficis, Ccelesti mentem gratia. "Te adoramus, Jesu ! Te, Fili unigenite ! Tu, qui non dedignatus es Subire claustra Virginis, "Actus in crucem f actus es Irato Deo victima ; Per Te, Salvator unice, Vitse spes nobis rediit. " Tibi, iEterne Spiritus, Cujus afflatu peperit Infantem Deum Maria, iEtermim benedicimus ! " Tri-une Deus, hominum Salutis Autor optime, Immensum hoc Mysterium Ovanti lingua canimus." EUCHARISTICAL HYMN TO THE TRINITY. "To Thee, God the Father,— Thee All worship, praise, and glory be ! Thy hand bestows our daily bread, And that wherewith our souls are fed. To Thee, Jesu,— Thee, the Son,— To Thee, alone-begotten One, — Who for our sakes did'st not abhor The Virgin's womb, — our hearts we pour. '•' When Thou upon Thy cross wast laid, To God a willing offering made, The hope of life first dawned below, Our joy, our only Saviour, Thou ! ' To Thee, Holy Ghost, by whom The Babe was born of Mary's womb, — Both God and Man,— to Thee we raise The hymn of everlasting praise. ' Three in One, Who did'st devise Such pathway back to Paradise ; This Mystery of Love be sung In every age by every tongue." Should the morning be fine, generally a vast crowd gathers below to hear the " May-Morning Matin" sung. The singing usually occupies about five minutes, and then the crowd rush away to gather May garlands. The Rev. J. W. Burgon has written a beautiful little poem upon the subject, from which we cull the two concluding stanzas : — for the " Ah, you should hear it chanted ! strain Grows weak and powerless fettered down to song,— Like a swift eagle prisoned with a chain, Which else had soared the rolling clouds among. Trust me, once heard, 'twould haunt thy memory long, That calm sweet strain ! And oft, when sundered far, Brought low by sorrow, or oppressed by wrong, 'Twould soothe thy spirit — like the evening star- Foretaste of what sweet things the song of angels are. "JSTow ring out all the bells a merry chime While the hoarse horn croaks forth, a league below. The note which doubtless seems the true sublime To urchins straining might and main to blow. Ring out, glad bells ! and let the sleepers know That, while they slept, we watched the month of May Twine the first garland for her virgin brow. Then bid them rise, for 'tis the prime of day; And lo, the young month comes, all smiling, up this way." The allusion to the "hoarse horn" refers to a peculiar instrument, locally named the May Horn. It is customary for many of the assembly to bring a small tin horn, with which they make a hideous noise. Dr. Routh, the centenarian, thirty-fourth President, had doubts as to the author of the words not being known. He thought that a Dr. Smith, a Fellow of Magdalen in the sixteenth century, was the author. An illustration of the custom appeared in the < Illustrated London News,' May 17, 1856. The remaining two obser- vances are : — The City Gates taken down, 1771. Ruins of Beaumont Palace destroyed, 1829. MA GDALEN CHRISTMAS -EVE GA UD Y. 139 The Physic Benefaction.— On the first Monday in Lent two Bursars go round the cha- pel, during the chanting of the 'Benedicite,'and dole to each member, from their caps, a small screw of paper, containing a trifling sum of money, viz., Is. for the President, down to 2d. for a chorister. This is called "the Physic Benefaction." Christmas-Eve Gaudy.— A large party are always invited to partake of the cheer of the College on Christmas Eve. They gather between eight and nine o'clock. The first part of Handel's Oratorio of the " Messiah," is then sung, the guests joining in with the choir. At ten o'clock supper is served, consisting of cold rounds of beef, oysters in barrels, furmity, mince pies, ale, stout, and mulled wines. After supper, a selection of Christmas carols is sung, commencing with "Christmas comes, the time of gladness," and concluding shortly before twelve, with Pearsall's grand carol, "In dulci jubilo." This is one of those old Roman Cath- olic melodies which Luther, on account of their beauty, retained in the Protestant service. It dates from 1570, and it is named "An Ancient Song for Christmas-Eve." The words are re- markable, being half in Latin and half in Eng- lish. Those versed in music have decided that these words formed part of the ritual of the Protestant congregations of Zweibrucken and Neuberg. It was sung in village processions on Christmas-Eve, when the quaint words and sweet melody were enchanting and uplifting to those engaged. Thus interesting, and per- haps unknown to many, we introduce them :— "In dulci jubilo Let us our homage show ; Our hearts' joy reclineth In prcesepio, And like a bright star shineth Matris in gremio. Alpha es et 0. " Patris caris ! Nati lenitas ! Deep were we stained Per nostra crimina; But Thou hast for us gained Coelorum gaudia : Oh, that we were there ! "Ubi sunt gaudia, where, If that they be not there 2 There are angels singing Nova cantica ; There the bells are ringing In regis curia: Oh, that we were there ! From this to the striking of the clock, at the hour of twelve, a pause ensues. At the last stroke of the clock the choir once more bieak into song, and Pergolesi's " Gloria in. excelsis," closes the musical part of this cheerful festival. A brief ceremony now remains for the conclu- sion : amidst the clanging of the bells of the tower, the President passes round the " Grace- cup, "having first drank out of it, with toast of "A Merry Christmas, and a Happy New Year." Thej^uests then drink, and depart." The visitor, leaving time-worn Magdalen College and its interesting associa- tions, and passing some fine elm trees, will next arrive at Magdalen Choristers' School, abutting on the High Street, forming one of the most perfect specimens of modern architecture in the city. The School was originally founded in 1456, but rebuilt in 1849-51, the foundation stone being laid by Dr. Routh on his 95th birthday, Sept. 29, 1849. It is a single room, 72ft. long by 24ft. 9in. breadth, and about 50ft. in height. The seat of the first master is at the east end, that of the second master at the west end. A series of carved corbels sustain the arches of the timber roof, pierced with tracery to the apex. The east window contains the arms of Waynnete and Wolsey, each surmounted by the mitre, and commemorative of individuals formerly masters or choristers. The west window bears the arms of Dr. Eouth, and of others connected with the recent history of the School, the background consisting of monograms of benefactors. Passing from the School, and crossing the road, a little to the right, the visitor enters the Botanic Gardens, formerly denominated the " Physic Gardens." They were instituted by Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby, Yorkshire, " with a view to the general improvement of learning, and especially to the faculty of medicine." At his death Danby bequeathed the living of Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, to maintain the buildings and gardens which he had originated. The Gardens date from July 25, 1632, and form the oldest establishment of the kind in the kingdom. The first Professor was not appointed until 1679, when Dr. Morison held the post ; he wrote a history of the plants under his charge. In 1683 ; Dr. Jacob Bovart succeeded him, and continued the history which Morison left incomplete. At one period, the Jews used the ground for the purpose of interment, nnd numerous remains of bones have been discovered from time to time. The Dr. Radcliffe's coffin accidentally discovered in St. Mary-the-Virgin Church, 1819. 140 BOTANIC GARDENS— HOLYWELL CHURCH. Gardens comprise about five acres, and are surrounded by a wall 14ft. high, which, as well as the elegant gateway, was built from the design of Inigo Jones, at an expense of £5,000, and finished in 1633. Over the archway is a bust of Earl Danby (the founder), and on the right and left are statutes of Charles I. and II., the cost of the two latter (put up at a later period) being defrayed out of a fine paid by Antony a Wood, the antiquary, for a libel on the Earl of Cla- rendon, in the first edition of his " Athense Oxoniensis." The face of the corona and freize bears this inscription : " Glorise Dei optimi maximi Honori Caroli I. Regis in Usum Academise et Republics Henricus Comes Danby. Anno 1632." An annual revenue was bequeathed by the founder for the support of the Gardens. They are well stocked with rare British and foreign exotic, herbaceous, and aquatic plants, and there are conservatories, greenhouses, hothouses, and aquaria, for their propagation. The Gardens are divided into four quarters, with a broad walk down the centre. There are likewise spacious Lecture Rooms, and a Library ; the latter containing a large number of works on Botany, including a copy of Dr. Sibthorp's " Flora Grseca," consisting of 10 vols, folio, with 100 coloured plates in each, costing £250 per copy. Several eminent botanists have bequeathed their collections to the Gardens, including Dr. Sherard, Dille- nius, Morison, Fielding, and Sibthorp. Fielding's Collection alone consisted of 70,000 species, gathered at a great expense, and forming one of the most com- plete Herbarias in the world. Dr. Sherard also left £3,000 to increase the Professor's salary ; Dr. Sibthorp, a freehold estate ; and Dr. Radcliffe £500. Near the river (the Cherwell) is a Salicetum, containing almost every species of the British willow, and the Gardens are also well furnished with plants and flowers of the most varied character. The Professor is required, according to the statutes, to travel at certain periods for the study and collection of foreign plants. John Tradescant was the first gardener. He is well-known as the founder of the Ashmole Collection, and gathered many of the curiosities before " The Ark" passed into the hands of Elias Ashmole, by will (see "Ashmolean Mu- seum.") The Library and Professor's study (on the left-hand) and the Lecture- room (on the right hand) were erected from designs by Mr. Underwood, of Oxford. The appointment to the Professorship is vested in the College of Physi- cians, London. Leaving the Botanic Gardens, re-crossing the road, turning up by the School, past the walls of Magdalen College, will bring the visitor to Holywell Church, dedicated to the "Holy Cross." Its situation is most pleasant, closely adjoining the old Roman road. The Church dates from about 1100, when it was built or remodelled at the expense of Robert D'Oyley, Norman governor of the city, the manor being then attached to the adjoining royal manor of Headington. After D'Oyley's death it came into possession of Henry de Oxenforde, and it subsequently became Crown property, and was granted by Henry III. to Bogo de Clare, lord of the manor. "A fair stone cross, with the stocks, pillory, and gallows," once stood near the Church, and one T. de Ben- sington was the last person executed there, for stealing an ox. This offence took place about 1229, and the judgment was given by Bogo de Clare, lord of the manor. Very little of the old Church now remains, it having been altered and added to at so many periods. The Norman chancel-arch is the only relic. The belfry (containing a peal of five bells) was rebuiltabout 1264, by Warden H. Sever, of Merton College. The present Church consists of a nave, side aisles, chancel, andftower. The north aisle was added in 1838, the south aisle in 1S43. The nave is 57ft. long, and the chancel 27ft. The illuminated window in the chancel represents our Saviour with SS. Peter and Paul on either side. The living is now in the hands of Merton College ; its value is about £142 per annum, and Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, gained the JStewdigate Prize Poem, " Palestine," 1S03. £7: EDMUND HALL— EDMUND LE RLCHE. 141 the population of the parish close upon 1000. Service at 11 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. principally choral. The Holy Well, from whence the parish took its name, was dedicated to SS. Winfred and Margaret. It is now covered up by the boundary wall of the Cemetery. The spring was remarkably cold and seldom froze. Antony a Wood says, " I find many persons yearly relieved by these wholesome waters to this day" (about 1675). The water was deemed a specific for opthalmic complaints. On Holywell Green was another spring of a similar character, known as " Jenny Newton's Well." Adjoining the Church is the Cemetery of Holy Cross, a quiet secluded spot ; fit locality for " the mansions of the dead." Each grave is surrounded with its parterre of flowers, and the Cemetery much resembles those of Germany. It forms the interment ground of five parishes, viz. All Saints', Holywell, St. John, St. Mary-the-Virgin, and St. Peter-in-the-East. The Cemetery is carefully kept, and neatly planted with flowers. At the north end the visitor will notice the artistic Family Tomb of the Rev. J. W. Burgon, Vicar of St. Mary's. Just below Holywell Church stands The Oxford Penitentiary, on the site of the Holywell Manor House. is conducted by a body of Sisters of Mercy, presided over by a Lady Supe- rior. The establishment is worthy of a visit. Passing from Holywell, down Long Wall Street, the High Street is again entered, and close by stood The East Gate of the City, taken down in 1771. It crossed the road a few yards from Long Wall Street to the opposite side. Proceeding up the street, the visitor arrives at the spot on which the New Examination Schools will be erected. The site (where the noted "Angel" stood) has been already cleared, and the building will soon be in progress. The design is by Mr. J. N. Deane, of Dublin, and the striking archi- tectural features and elaborate ornamentation of his conception will be shown in another beautiful edifice gracing the street already so famous. The price paid for the ground already in hand was nearly £20,000, and the authorities are waiting for other leases to fall in, in order that the space may be extended. Altogether, the New Schools will cost close upon £100,000. Several incidents in connection with this spot have already been noticed (see " Eastern Entrance), and yet another may be added. Dr. Johnson, the lexicographer, put up at the "Angel" Hotel in 1776, and " Bozzy" (as he called his favourite companion, Boswell) says, " We put up at the ' Angel ' Inn, and passed the evening by our- selves in easy and familiar conversation." A still more ancient inn formerly stood on this spot, called the " Saracen's Head." Up a narrow thoroughfare on the opposite side, the visitor will find two edifices worth inspection, viz. St. Edmund Hall and St. Peter-in-the-East Church. Let us notice first St. Edmund Hall, the fifth in numerical standing of the Halls. < It was founded by Edmund le Riche, of Abingdon, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1233. His father was named Rainold le Riche, and his mother's name was Mabilia a woman of great piety. There is a small benefaction attached to the Hall— the advowson of Gatcombe, purchased in 1821, by a legacy of £1000 left in 1/63 by George Holme, D.D., of Queen's College. It is held by the Principal of the Hall, and the University first presented it in 1844. The first-named Principal is John deCornubia, 1317. The present Principal is the Rev. Edward Moore M. A., appointed in 1864. Fifty-two Principals have been elected since the foundation. The number of members on the books of the Hall is about one hundred Ihis is one of the most ancient Halls now remaining, and it has had several eminent men connected with it. Edmund le Riche, its founder, was the author oi Hober's Prize Newdigate Poem, « Palestine," set to music by Dr. Crotch, Commemoration, 1820. 142 HEARNE THE ANTIQUARY AND HIS DIARY. " Speculum Ecclesise," and delivered lectures on divinity and philosophy, in the University from 1219-26, and was the first to introduce some of the Treatises of Aiistotle into the University. He was canonised by Pope Innocent V. The 16th of November was the day formerly on which a "gaudy was held to do him honour." The Hall was purchased by Thomas de Malmsbury, Vicar of Cowley, at the latter part of the twelfth century, and presented by him to the Canons of Osney Abbey. When the latter establishment was dissolved iu 1546, it was con- veyed to W. Burnell, Esq., and purchased of him for forty marks, by William Demyse, or Dennyson, Provost of Queen's College, and presented by him to the College in 1557. The right of the presentation by Queen's was conferred by the University in 1559. The present building occupies three sides of a quadrangle, and is quite a modern erection, dating from the latter part of the seventeenth century. The Hall is small and unpretending, and the Chapel axd Library are on the east side of the Quadrangle. The Chapel was built in 1C80, chiefly at the expense of Principal Stephen Penton, B.D. It was consecrated and dedicated to St. Edmund, by Bishop Fell, on April 7, 1682. The Library contains several thousand volumes in ancient and modern literature, and is situated over the Ante-Chapel. Eminent Men. Amongst others may be mentioned Thomas Hearne, the zealous antiquary, well-known in connection with the Bodleian Library, of which he was an assistant-keeper for eleven years, and sub-librarian for four years. He was born in 1 678, at White Waltham, Berks, and was the son of a schoolmaster, George Hearne, who taught him the neat and beautiful handwriting which he practised. He was always an enthusiast in tombstone study. He entered St. Edmund Hall at the age of 17, in 1695, as a battelar, and took up his abode at the Hall in the following year. He took his B.A. in 1699, and his M.A. in 1703. He was dismissed from his sub-librarian ship of the Bodleian, in consequence of his refusal to take the oaths in favour of the House of Hanover, being devotedly attached to the Stuarts — for he always considered them ' sacrificed.' He died June 10, 1735, and was buried in the Churchyard of St. Peter-in-the-East, adjoining the Hall. His "Collectanea" he devised toMr. Bedford. They consisted of 145 volumes, beautifully written, dated, and indexed ; half-bound in vellum, their backs neatly inscribed, in faded ink, with various numbers and dates. They consist of bibliographical curiosities, extracts, occurrences, and opinions. The earliest date is July 4, 1705, the latest June 4, 1735, six days previous to his death. It was his custom to keep one of these volumes always in his pocket, and to jot down any curious fact that might come in his way. For example : — '• 1723 : April 7. — I heard Mr. Bagford (some time before he dyed\ say that he walked over into the country on purpose to see the study of John Bunyan. When he came, John treated him very civilly and courteously, hut his study consisted only of a Bible and a parcell of books the ' Pil- grim's Progress ' chiefly, written by himself, all lying on a shelf or shelves." "1729: Nov. 29.— The present Dutchesse of Brunswick, commonly called Queen Caroline, is a very proud woman, and pretends to great subtelty and cunning. She drinks so hard that her spirits are continually inflamed, and she is often drunk/' etc. These volumes are deposited in the Bodleian Library, to which they were bequeathed by Dr. Rawlinson, who purchased them of Mr. Bedford, for i'100. They were not to be opened for seven years after Rawlin^on's decease. This happened in 1755. His printed books were sold to Mr. Osborne, a bookseller, who published in Feb. 1756, a catalogue of them, entitled " A Catalogue of the Valuable Library of that Great Antiquarian, Mr. Thomas Hearne, of Oxford, consisting of a great variety of uncommon books, and scarce ever to be met withal." The following remarkable prayer, composed by Hearne, was found Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, gained the English Prize Essay, 1S06. BISHOP WILSON AND " COMMON- SENSE." 143' amongst his miscellaneous papers, when they were being looked over. The worship of manuscripts is curiously interwoven with the worship of the Creator, showing the tenor of the antiquary's mind : — " most gracious and merciful God, wonderful in Thy providence, I return all possible thanks to Thee for the care Thou hast always taken of me. I continually meet with the most signal in- stances of this Thy providence, and one yesterday, when I unexpectedly met with three old manuscripts, for which in a particular manner, I return my thanks, beseeching Thee to continue the same protection to me, a poor helpless sinner, and that for Jesus Christ, His sake.— Amen." The " pavement- worship " incident in the life of Hearne will aptly close our notice of him. He was in the habit of visiting an hostelry well-known as " Antiquity Hall," near the present North Western terminus, to refresh himself. One day, " Tom Hearne," and a companion were sitting in the kitchen of the hostelry, which was mostly paved with sheep's trotters in various compartments. After one pipe and a glass or two, Mr. Hearne, with his usual gravity and sobriety, proposed to depart ; but his friend, who desired to have more of his company, artfully observed that the floor of the apartment in which they were sitting was no less than a " tessalated Roman pavement." This engaged Hearne's attention, and out of respect to a work he had lately published on the " Stunsfield Roman Pavement" (which was dedicated to Bacchus), he willingly complied. An enthusiastic transport seized his imagination : he fell on his knees and kissed the sacred earth, on which in a few hours, after imbibing a few tankards, he was, by a sort of sympathetic attraction, obliged to repose for some period. Probably his friend was in the same imaginative disposition (or indisposition), but two printers coming in, conducted Mr. Hearne between them, with much state and pomposity, to St. Edmund Hall. Archbishop Thompson, of York, was sometime Principal of St. Edmund Hall. Good Bishdp Wilson, of Calcutta, and Metro- politan of India, matriculated at this Hall in Nov. 1798. His manner unas- suming,his conversation intellectual, his demeanour courteous, made him a favourite with all, and he became one of the best scholars of his day. In 1803 he gained the prize for the best English Essay on "Common Sense/' Dr. Thompson, Vice- Principal at the time, met a certain College head in the street one day, who remarked sarcastically, " Well, so ' Common Sense ' has come to St. Edmund Hall at last ! " "Yes," replied his antagonist, " but not yet to your College !" It is a remarkable fact that when Wilson had recited his Essay at the Com- memoration, he was succeeded on the rostrum by Reginald Heber, who had to recite the Newdigate Prize Poem on " Palestine,' which he had gained. Thus met the two future Metropolitans of India, and both were gathered to rest on "India's arid soil." Amongst other noted men of the Hall, were Edward Chamberlayne, author of " i\otitia Anglise;" Sir Thomas Littleton, and the Right Hon. Arthur Onslow, Speakers of the House of Commons ; John Newton, first class in Mathe- matics and Astronomy ; Dr. Charles Bate, chief physician to Charles I., Cromwell, and Charles II. ; Sir R. Blackmore, physician to William III. and Queen Anne ; White Kennet, Bishop of Peterborough ; George Carleton, first Bishop of Llan- daff, and then of Chichester ; Sir William Jones, an eminent judge, who entered at 14 years of age ; Fulton, classical commentator, &c. The visitor will next inspect the Church of St. Peter-in- the-East, according to Wood " the first Church of stone that appeared in these parts," one of " those glorious piles that seem to mock at time, telling of bygone years and things that were." It is undoubtedly the oldest Church in England, and considerable doubt has existed as to the period in which it was erected, some asserting the ninth century and others the twelfth. The latter appears to be the more correct— about 1100. The style of the building is early Norman, many rich specimens of which yet Dean Milman, author of "Annals of St. Paul's," gained Newdigate Prize, « Belvidere Apollo,' 1812. 144 THE OLDEST STONE CHURCH IN ENGLAND. remain for inspection. The Church has undergone several alterations, especially in the reign of Henry V. At present it is divided into chancel, nave, aisles, and tower, the latter somewhat resembling the tower of Oxford Castle. The date of this part is uncertain, but is supposed to have been built in the time of Henry VI. The Lady Chapel was built about 1240, at the cost of Edmund le Riche, founder of St. Edmund Hall, and the north aisle was added about 1350. An organ was erected in the church, before 1500 : the present one dates from 1768. The north window has some fragments of painted glass, inserted in 1433, by yincent Wyking, vicar, being a symbol of " The Trinity," containing in a small compass the principal points of the Athanasian Creed. The east lancet windows were filled with stained glass in 1839. The pulpit, formerly standing opposite, near a pillar, had two entrances ; one from the pillar for University preachers only. Five of the bells in the tower bear the date of 1700, the other was recast by Rudhall in 1753, and the small sanctus bell in 1777. The whole length of the edifice is about 76ft., width 42ft. The chain ornament of the roof is typical of the chains of St. Peter (St. Pietro ad Vincula). The Ckypt is the most remarkable part of the Church, and is commonly called " Grymbald's Crypt." It is beneath the chancel, and the visitor enters from a large buttress. Its length is 36ft. , width 24ft. 9in. , height 9ft. The arches are supported by four ranges of short Saxon columns, having well- executed capitals. An altar appears to have stood at the east end. The Crypt has been the cause of much discussion, and it is certainly the most ancient part of the building. Hearne remarks in volume xxxix. of his manuscript collection, page 179, that " In the vault, which is large, St. Grymbald made, and in which he designed to have been buried, is a dragon upon one of ye pillars. A dragon used to be put upon the banners in the times of the Danes and Saxons." St. Grymbald was a teacher in Oxford in the reign of Alfred the Great. A subterranean passage is supposed to exist between the Crypt and New College, but only a few feet have been explored ; and there is a tradition that Fair Rosamond came daily to worship in St. Peter's Church from her residence at Godstow Priory through this Crypt, to avoid meeting her enemy, Queen Eleanor. A remarkable sermon was preached in the Church by Dr. Abbot, Master of Balliol College and Vice- Chancellor in 1615, in which he made a furious personal attack upon Arch- bishop Laud for stating that "the Presbyterians were as bad as the Papists." The University Lent Sermons were formerly preached in St. Peter's, but were discontinued in 1827. A malefactor was executed at the Church door in Queen Mary's reign, and the staple from which the cord hung remained for many years. Several University dignitaries have been interred in the Church and churchyard, including Dr. Gerard Langbaine, Provost of Queen's College, one of the most eminent men of his age, who died February, 1657 ; Dr. Arthur Charlett, Master of University College, famed for his immense correspondence ; Philip Randall, M.A., M.B., and Principal of Hart Hall for fifty years (March 9, 1549, to March 11, 1599) ; Dr. John James Dillenius, Professor of Botany ; Thomas Hearne, the antiquary, &c, &e. There is a tomb of Petworth marble in the interior to the memory of Sir R. Atkinson, Knight, four times Mayor of Oxford, husband of two wives, and father of eleven children. He died in 1574, and there is likewise a memorial brass in perpetuation. Service on Sunday mornings and evenings. Value of the living about £200. Population of the parish, 1200. Leaving Queen's Lane and St. Peter's Church, the visitor again enters High Street, and proceeds into John Keble, author of "The Christian Year," gained English and Latin Prize Essays, 1S12. QUEEN'S COLLEGE—ROBERT DE EGLESFELD. 145 l&ir Queen's College, the sixth foundation in numerical order in the University, founded in 1340 by Robert de Eglesfeld (Chaplain to Queen Philippa), Rector of Burgh, in Westmoreland, and Warden of St. Julian's Hospital, Southampton. It was named Queen's College in compliment to Philippa, Queen of Edward III., and was originally founded for a Provost and twelve Fellows. It is supposed that Eglesfeld intended to add seventy poor scholars, so as to perpetuate the twelve apostles and seventy disciples of our Lord. The College now consist of a Provost, nineteen Fellows, one or more Chaplains, fifteen Scholars, two Bible Clerks, and four Eglesfeld Ex- hibitioners. In addition there are about thirty other exhibitions founded by various persons. The first Provost was Richard de Retteford, elected in 1340. The present Provost is the Venerable William Jackson, D.D., elected in 1862 . Thirty-eight Provosts have held office since the foundation. The Society possesses the right of patronage to twenty-four livings, and six additional on Mr. Michel's foundation. The College has had many liberal benefactors, including several kings and queens, so much so, that the mem- bers assert that " kings have been their nursing fathers and queens their nursing mothers." These benefactors comprise Edward III., Edward IV., Charles I., Queen Philippa, Queen Henrietta Maria, Queen Caroline, Queen Anne, Queen Charlotte, &c. The number of members on the books is about 340. Robert de Eglesfeld, or Eglesfield, was born at the village of Allerby, near Maryport, Cumberland ; and Brewer remarks that "It is a sufficient eulogy on his talent and integrity, when we say that he enjoyed for many years the familiar confidence of one of thebravest of kings, and most excel- lent queens that ever adorned the English throne." He died May 31, 1349, and probably was buried in the original Chapel of his, College, a brass being found, in the last century, under the communion table forming part of his sepulchral record. After his death, Queen Philippa consented to become patroness of the institution, then named "The Hall of Queen's Scholars," and Edward III. gave the Hospital of St. Julian, called "God's House," to the College, as well as the vicarage of Holy Rood, &c. The first buildings occupied by the Society consisted of Temple Hall and a few other tenements purchased by the founder. Very little progress was made in building a College until 1349, the year of the founder's death, when Edward III. granted a patent for building a Chapel, finished about 13o3. The only knowledge of the old College to be gleaned now consists of some charters and three views of it taken (deposited in the Bodleian Library) in 1751, by Mr. James Green. The great entrance was opposite St. Edmund Hall. It was a gabled elevation, and a mass of domestic irregular building existed on the north side, to which was attached, in 1672, another considerable range of heavy building. The original Hall stood on the west of the old quadrangle, and the Library at the west end of the Chapel. So early as 1362 there is an item in the College accounts for a register or catalogue of the books, and in 1389 a charge of 26s. 8d. for iron chains for the books. Over the great entrance was the chamber in which Henry V. studied, with Cardinal Beaufort for his tutor. The present College was commenced in 1672, with the Library, and finished in 1694. On Feb. 6, 1710 (the birthday of Queen Anne), the foundation- stone of the new buildings in the High Street was laid by Provost William Lancaster. The grand front (resembling the Palace of Luxembourg) was completed in 1756, from designs by Hawksmoor, a pupil of Sir Christopher V^ren. The whole area on which the College is built forms an oblong square of 300ft. length by 220ft. breadth, divided by the Chapel and Hall into two John Keble, Oriel College, wrote his Morning and Evening Hymns, 1815. L» 145 QUEEN'S COLLEGE CHAPEL AND HALL. spacious courts. In the cupola over the grand entrance is a statue of Queen Caroline, consort of George II., who gave £1000 towards the building. The gateway is connected by an ornamental wall, with the lofty lateral fronts of the east and west sides, over which are six statues — Jupiter and Apollo on pediments, and the others emblematical of Geography, Mathematics, Medicine, and Religion . The western wing of the first quadrangle was quite destroyed by fire on December 18, 1778. It was restored at the cost of £6,286 6s. 4d., towards which Queen Charlotte gave £1000. The entire front was renovated during the vacations of 1845-6 . The inaugural dinner of the English Agricultural Society (now the Royal) was held in this quad- rangle on July 19, 1839, when the party consisted of 2,500 persons. The Chapel and Hall face the grand entrance. The order of the architecture of the College is Grecian . Conducting the visitor across the quadrangle, we enter The Chapel (of the Corinthian order within and the Doric without), 100ft. long, 30ft. broad. The illuminated windows are very ancient, and in a high state of preservation. They were removed from the old Chapel, for which they were painted by Van Ligne. They consist of the following subjects : — 1. Three Bishops with their croziers. 2. The Annunciation. 3. The. Last Supper. 4. The Resurrection.— The Wise Men above. 5. The Last Judgment. — The Baptism of Christ Above. 6. (Over the Altar. ) The Holy Family, a fine painting from the original, by Carlo Ma- ratti. " Let all the Angels of God Wor- ship Him." SS. Thomas and Peter above. 7. The Ascension. The Passion, and SS. John and Luke above. 8. The Resurrection. — The Flight into Egypt Christ in the Garden. 9. The Adoration of the Magi. 10. The Descent of the Holy Ghost. 11. Two Bishops and a Pope in their robes. Three of the windows at the west-end are but copies of the originals. The eastern end of the Chapel is circularly turned, imitating the Romish Basilica. The ceiling, painted by Sir James Thornhill, represents "The Ascension.'' The altar-piece is a copy (by Mengs) of Correggio's " La Notte" ("The Night"), from the Dresden Gallery. Presented by the late Mr. Robson, of Bond Street, London. The reading desk is a brass eagle on a pedestal, dated 1662, and bearing the inscription, "Regina avium, avis Reginensium'' ("The bird of Queen's is the queen of birds.") The screen, supported by eight columns of the Corinthian order, formed of fine Norman oak, is very handsome. The massive marble pillars, near the altar, are specimens of first-class art workmanship. The chairs of the Provost and Vice-Provost are valuable examples of antique carving. The windows of the Ante-Chapel, brasses, and other memorials are worthy of inspection . The Hall, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, is 60ft. in length by 30ft. width ; having an arched roof of a proportionate height. The order is Doric. The chimney piece is marble : a bust of Aristotle stands upon it . The walls are surrounded with portraits of benefactors (royal and civilian), with heraldic devices. The Provost, Fellows, and Student of this foundation still preserve the ancient academical system of dining — the Fellows sitting on one side, the Scholars on the other, with the Provost in the centre. They are summoned to dinner by trumpet, by an official called a " tabserdar," so called from a part of their former dress— a taberdum or tabard. In this Hall is also celebrated the " Boar's Head" custom on Christmas Day (see p. 149). The Library is one of the most splendid in the University, 123ft. in length, 35ft. in breadth, and 55ft. in height It was finished in 1694. The number of books comprised in the whole of the upper and lower Libraries is con- Rev. F. Faber (Father), University, gained the ISewdigate Prize, " Knights of St. John," 1S36. HENR Y K, BE A UFORT, 4h THE BLACK PRINCE. 1 47" siderably over 60,000. The exterior has a most elegant appearance, and the interior is fitted up in excellent style. The cast of the Florentine Boar presented by Sir Roger Newdigate, attracts universal attention, as well as the large orrery, given by six gentlemen-commoners of the College. The delicately-carved bookcases are beautiful, and the ceiling is tastefully stuccoed. Some fine wood carving by Grinlin Gibbons deserves notice. The doorway at the south end of the room is very elegant ; above it, a highly-ornamented stone arch, supported by fluted Corinthian pillars. At each end of the arch is a female figure, emblematical of Geography and Astronomy, having between them the instruments used in the cultivation of those sciences° Over the arch are the arms of the College, illuminated, carved in alto-relievo! In the north windows are the original portraits of Henry Y. and Cardinal Beaufort, restored to the Society by Alderman Fletcher, of this city, who rescued the former from the chamber in which the Prince lodged ' The portrait has an inscription, and Wood states that the original, previous to its removal from the royal chamber, ran thus : — ' In perpetuam rei Memoriam. Imperator Britannise, Triumphator Gallise, Hpstium victor et sui. Henricus V. Parvi huius cubiculi Olim magnus incola. "In memory for ever. Henry V. Emperor of Britain, Conqueror of France, The victor of his foes and of himself, Was formerly the great tenant r Of this little chamber." In 1841 Robert Mason, D.D., formerly a member of the College, bequeathed £30,000 for the purchase of books, as well as a valuable collection of Egyptian, Grecian, Roman, and other antiquities, a collection of shells, a portrait of Mr. Belzoni, &c, to the foundation. To contain these, and the ever increasing number of books, a second Library was rendered necessary. The whole space beneath the Library was accordingly fitted up for the purpose. The basement storey is decorated with eight statues in niches, including the founder, Edward III., and Queen Philippaj Charles I. and Queen Henrietta, Archbishop Lamplugh, Bishop Barlow, and Sir Joseph "Williamson. The Buttery possesses one of the curiosities of Oxford— an ancient wassail bowl or drinking horn, said to have been presented by Queen Philippa, and therefore above 500 years old. In shape it resembles a powder horn ; height 1ft. 8in., and the outer curve from the extreme point, 3ft. 5in. It will hold two quarts. Richly ornamented with silver gilt, the lid bearing a silver eagle of curious workmanship, supported by eagles' claws. The Saxon phrase, " Wacceyl" (health drinking), is inscribed on several parts of the exterior. The brass of the founder, Robert de Eglesfeld, is also pre- served here, and the curious cocoa-nut cup of Provost Bost, resting on four lions. Eminent Mpn. : — The "Black Prince," son of Edward III. King Henry V. Wicliff, who entered the College at its opening. Whilst at College, Wicliff wrote the following striking sketch of Oxford life at that time: — "The scholar is famed for his logic. Aristotle is his daily bread, but otherwise his rations are slender enough. The horse he rides is as lean as is a rake, and the rider is no better off. His cheek is hollow, and his coat is threadbare. His bedroom is his study. Over his bed's-head are some twenty volumes in black and red. Whatever coin he gets goes for- books, and those who help him to coin will certainly have the advantage of his prayers for the good of their souls while they live, or their repose when they are dead. His words Dean Stanley (Westminster), Balliol, gained the Newdigate Prize, "The Gipsies," 1837. 1 48 * MORNING HERALD' 6- ' PRESS ' NE WSPAPERS. are few, but full of meaning. His highest thought of life is of learning and teaching." Cardinal Beaufort, tutor to Henry V. The Most Rev. William Thomson, Archbishop of York. Dr. William Nicholson, author of the "Historical Library." Bernard Gilpin, the "Apostle of the North." Dr. John Mill, editor of the Greek Testament. Dr. Gerard Langbaine, Provost of the College. Sir John Davies. Sir Thomas Overbury. Addison, who entered at fifteen years of age in 1687. His first poetical contribution was inserted in the " Examen Poeticum," 1693. He was afterwards demy of Magdalen. Collins, author of " The Ode on the Passions." Wycherley and Tickell, poets. Moses Rowe, Rawlinson, Thwaites, and Tyrwliitt, anti- quaries. Dr. Burn, author of "Burn's Justice." Sir John Floyer, an hydropathic physician, who laboured to prove bathing in cold water con- ducive to health. Dr. Tanner, whose " Bibliotheca" is so valuable to students. Guy Carleton, entered as a servitor, and rose to be Bishop of Bristol and Chichester. Richard Rallingson, who devised the Oxford fortifications in 1642. Rev. Richard Cecil, the most eloquent and persuasive preacher of his time . He was twenty- five, an advanced age for matriculation, when he came up. He did so under remarkable circumstances. He was designed for an artist's life, and had been at the point of going to Rome to pursue his art education. At this time, too, he had become an avowed infidel, and was living in deep sin ; but the example of a pious mother was deep in his heart, and the special thought that his mother's comfort in religion sprung from faith in Christ, at first an hindrance, was afterwards an inestimable help to him. When the great change came over him his father, who was in the employ of the East India Company, suggested to him that he should go to college and study for the ministry. Accordingly he entered at Queen's College and studied most assiduously even to the point of injuring his health. It was here, then, that he laid the foundation of those large stores of knowledge which he turned, with admirable eloquence and ver- satility, to high sacred purposes. Rev. Henry Bate, founder of the ' Morning Herald,' Nov. 1, 1780, and previously editor of the ' Morning Post.' He was commonly known as the "bruising parson," and held for some time the living of Fambridge, Essex. Inheriting a large estate, he assumed the name of Dudley, calling himself "Bate-Dudley." He pur- chased the reversion of Bradwell-Juxta-Mare, near Maldon, and expended £28,000 upon the restoration of church, schools, and rectory. On the death of the rector, the bishop of the diocese refused to induct him, because of his political and duelling propensities. He rashly entered into a law-suit, which cost him £22,000, and lasted seven years, without success. The ' Morning Herald' had an existence of ninety years, issuing its last number December 31, 1869. Samuel Lucas, M.A., founder and first editor of the 'Press' Conservative newspaper, established 1853. After resigning that office, and disposing of his share in the paper, he became literary reviewer to the ' Times .' He was also six years editor of the periodical ' Once a Week' from its commencement in 1859 to 1865. Mr. Lucas matriculated at Queen's about 1839, and gained the Newdigate Prize Poem in 1841— subject, " The Sandwich Islands." About twenty bishops have also graduated as Queen's. Remarkable Customs. — There are three connected with the foundation, the principal of which is the Boar's Head Procession on Christ- | this usage at Queen's as a commemoration of mas Day, at five o'clock. The spectacle an act of valour performed by a student of the is open to strangers. Tradition represents | College, who, while walking in the neighbour- John Ruskin, M.A., Slade Prof essor of Art, gained Newdigate, " Salsette ana Elephanta," 1839. THE BOAR ' 5 - HEAD ON CHRISTMAS -DAY. 1 49 ing forest of Shotover and reading Aristotle, was suddenly attacked by a wild boar. The furious beast came open-mouthed upon the youth, who, however, very courageously, and with a happy presence of mind, is said to have " rammed in the volume," and cried " Grsecum est,' fairly choking the savage with the sage." " He seized the closed volume— text, comment, and note, And thrust it afar down his ravening throat." Till towards the middle of the seventeenth century it appears to have been customary to bring up to the gentlemen's tables, as the first dish on Christmas Day, a boar's head with a lemon in its mouth: and, although the custom has grown obsolete among the gentry, a relic of it is still observable at the tables of the yeo- manry, particularly at the northern part of the kingdom, to which a pig's head is hardly brought without having its jaws distended by either a lemon or an apple. Of the manner in which the ceremony is conducted at Queen's the following account is given by Aubrey, in one of his manuscripts deposited in the Ash- molean Museum: — "The boar's head, being boiled or roasted, is laid in a great charger covered with a garland of bays or laurel. When the first course is served up in the refectory on Christmas Day, the manciple brings the boar's head from the kitchen up to the high table, ac- companied by one of the taberdars, who lays his hand on the charger." Hollingshead says, " In the year 1170, upon the day of the young Prince's coronation, King Henry I. served his sonne at the table as server, bringing up the • Bore's-head, with trumpets before it, according to the manner." The carol now sung by the taberdar is appended, as well as a more ancient one, printed by Wynkin de Worde, from which, doubtless, the present one was taken. The Bodelian Carol, (As now sung. ) " The Boar's-head in hand bear I, Bedecked with bays and rosemaiy, And I pray you, masters, merry be, Quotquot estis in convivio. Chorus— Caput Apri defero, Redden laudes Domino. " The boar's-head, as I understand, Is the bravest dish in the land, Being thus bedecked with gay garland, Let us servire cantico. Caput Apri, &c. " Our steward has provided this In honour of the King of Bliss, Which on this day to be served is In Reginensi Atrio. Caput Apri, &c." Wynkin de Worde's Carol, (Printed in 1521.) " Caput Apri differo, Reddens laudens domino ; The bore's-heed in hand bring I, With garlands gay and rosemary, I pray you all sing merely Qui estis in convivio. ' the bore's-heed, I understande, Is the chefe servyce in this lande, Loke where ever it be fande Servite cum cantico. * Be gladde, lordes, both more and lesse, For this hath ordeyned our stewarde To chere you all this Christmasse, The bore's-heed with mustarde." On New Year's Day the Bursar presents each member with a needle and thread, accom- panying the gift with these words, " Take this, and be thrifty?" This custom is probably de- rived from the words, ' aiguille et til : ' " needle and thread," a fanciful allusion to the name of the founder, Eglesfeld. When Prince Henry, against whom ' ' certain charges of disaffection" had been brought, went to Court to clear him- self from the imputation, he wore a gown of blue satin, full of oilet holes, and at every hole a needle hanging by a silken thread. Dinner-call.— The members are called to dinner by the sound of a trumpet. It has been so from the days of the founder. Taberdars were so called from a part of their former dress, called a taberdum or tabard. This was a short gown without sleeves open at both sides, with a square collar, winged at the shoulders. Leaving Queen's College, the visitor crosses the road, almost in a direct line, and enters