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1C 9007 
 
 Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1985 
 
 Subsidence Information for Underground 
 Mines— Literature Assessment 
 and Annotated Bibliography 
 
 By A. J. Fejes, R. C. Dyni, J. A. Magers, and L. B. Swatek 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 CD 
 C 
 X 
 m 
 > 
 c 
 
 75 
 
 'W/NES 75TH A^ 
 
Information Circular 9007 
 
 Subsidence Information for Underground 
 Mines— Literature Assessment 
 and Annotated Bibliography 
 
 By A. J. Fejes, R. C. Dyni, J. A. Magers, and L. B. Swatek 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary 
 
 BUREAU OF MINES 
 Robert C. Horton, Director 
 
no, fooi 
 
 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: 
 
 Subsidence information for underground mines— literature assessment 
 and annotated bibliography. 
 
 (Information circular ; 9007) 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 Supt. of Docs, no.: I 28.27:9007. 
 
 1. Mine subsidences— Bibliography. 2. Mining engineering— Bibli- 
 ography. I. Fejes, A. J. (Alan J.). II. Series: Information circular 
 (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 9007. 
 
 TN295.U4 [TN319] 622s [016,622] 84-600313 
 
 [Z6738.S76] 
 
 \ 
 
 (\V> 
 
 
4- 
 
 .N 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Abstract. 1 
 
 \2 Introduction 2 
 
 Acknowledgments 3 
 
 Subsidence technology required by mine operators 3 
 
 ^^^Reference assessment, rating, and categorization 3 
 
 Availability of information 4 
 
 Appendix A. — Annotated bibliography of selected references 12 
 
 Appendix B. — Comprehensive bibliography 49 
 
 TABLE 
 
 1. Categorization and rating of selected subsidence references 5 
 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
SUBSIDENCE INFORMATION FOR UNDERGROUND MINES-LITERATURE ASSESSMENT 
 
 AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 By A. J. Fejes, ] R. C. Dyni, 2 J. A. Magers, 3 and L. B. Swatek 4 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 The purpose of this Bureau of Mines report is to provide mining indus- 
 try personnel and regulatory authorities with a subsidence-reference 
 list and annotated bibliography that will aid them in locating sub- 
 sidence information and in developing their own subsidence information 
 sources. Over 700 references are listed in the Bureau's subsidence in- 
 formation center bibliography; approximately 600 of these references 
 were obtained for assessment. Of these 600 references, 167 were select- 
 ed to be rated, categorized, and annotated. All literature referenced 
 in this report was published prior to 1984. Table 1 is a cross- 
 referenced index that classifies and rates selected references with 
 respect to specific keywords. References are rated not on quality of 
 content but rather on applicability to given subject areas. Appendix A 
 is an annotated bibliography of the references listed in table 1 and 
 provides further information on each article to aid the user in select- 
 ing articles for specific areas of subsidence technology. Appendix B is 
 a copy of the subsidence information center bibliography. 
 
 ^Mining engineer. 
 ^Physicist. 
 
 •^Engineering technician. 
 
 4 Civil engineer (now with Office of Surface Mining, Denver, CO) . 
 Denver Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 This Bureau of Mines report identifies 
 sources of subsidence information that 
 are often unknown or unavailable to mine 
 industry personnel. Its purpose is to 
 assist the mining industry and regulatory 
 authorities by providing a subsidence- 
 reference list and annotated bibliography 
 that will aid them in locating subsidence 
 information and in developing their own 
 subsidence information sources. 
 
 A subsidence information center was 
 started at the Bureau's Denver (CO) Re- 
 search Center in 1980 to create a sin- 
 gle, central, and comprehensive source 
 of available state-of-the-art subsidence 
 literature and provide this information 
 to mine operators attempting to limit or 
 control mining-related subsidence damage. 
 An intensive literature search was per- 
 formed to compile a comprehensive subsid- 
 ence bibliography. This search included 
 the use of computerized information re- 
 trieval systems, published bibliogra- 
 phies, and individual assessments of sub- 
 sidence article bibliographies. At the 
 end of 1983, the bibliography contained 
 over 700 references with approximately 
 600 subsidence references available for 
 consultation at the Bureau's Denver Re- 
 search Center. From these available 
 references, articles were selected and 
 annotated; the procedures used for se- 
 lecting articles are described later in 
 this report. All annotated articles in 
 this report are on file at the research 
 center. 
 
 The Surface Mining and Reclamation Act 
 of 1977, Section 516 (b)(1) of Public Law 
 95-87, requires mine operators to adopt 
 "...measures consistent with known tech- 
 nology in order to prevent subsidence 
 causing material damage...." 
 
 This report outlines available litera- 
 ture that pertains to state-of-the-art 
 subsidence technology, developed in the 
 United States and abroad, that will as- 
 sist persons developing subsidence con- 
 trol plans. Included in the literature 
 is information on subsidence-predic- 
 tion methods, subsidence-related mate- 
 rial damage, subsidence-control measures, 
 subsidence-monitoring procedures, and 
 subsidence law. 
 
 This report describes subsidence tech- 
 nology required by mine planners , key- 
 words developed for characterization of 
 references, rationale used for selecting 
 and rating references in appendix A, and 
 availability of references. 
 
 Table 1 lists 167 references selected 
 for annotation. It identifies the con- 
 tent of each reference and rates the con- 
 tent of each reference with respect to 
 its applicability to the given subject 
 areas. The table is cross-referenced, 
 subject versus reference, to assist users 
 in locating information on a specific 
 area of subsidence technology or on a 
 specific subsidence reference. 
 
 Appendix A is an annotated bibliography 
 of the references in table 1 and provides 
 further information on each article. In- 
 cluded in each annotation is biblio- 
 graphic information and a brief descrip- 
 tion of the content, ease of use, and 
 applicability of subsidence information. 
 
 Appendix B is the subsidence informa- 
 tion center bibliography, including all 
 references in appendix A. Of the 767 
 references listed in appendix B, approxi- 
 mately 600 were assessed for possible in- 
 clusion in appendix A. The remaining 
 articles were not assessed because they 
 were out of print, not available in 
 English, or not attainable. 
 
 Since most engineers who apply the sub- 
 sidence technology have neither the time 
 nor money to expend on an extensive 
 search for subsidence literature, it was 
 felt that it would be appropriate to 
 assess only those articles that are read- 
 ily available to U.S. subsidence engi- 
 neers and mine planners. However, all 
 references were included in appendix B 
 for completeness. Of the approximately 
 600 references obtained for assessment, 
 only 167 articles were annotated. These 
 articles were considered by the authors 
 to be representative of state-of-the- 
 art technology for the given key subject 
 areas. The annotation of over 600 arti- 
 cles would provide an unwieldly reference 
 that would have been costly and time con- 
 suming to produce. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 Larry R. Powell, geologist, Twin Cities 
 (MN) Research Center, Merle T. Bernstein, 
 librarian, Twin Cities (MN) Research Cen- 
 ter, and Betsy Chapel, librarian, Denver 
 (CO) Research Center, are acknowledged 
 for their efforts in obtaining and pro- 
 viding subsidence references assessed in 
 this report. 
 
 This project received strong support 
 and encouragement from the Office of Sur- 
 face Mining and was developed and closely 
 coordinated with that organization from 
 the outset. 
 
 SUBSIDENCE TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED BY MINE OPERATORS 
 
 To control, mitigate, or prevent 
 mining-related subsidence damage, mine 
 planners must be able to adequately es- 
 timate the location and magnitude of ver- 
 tical and horizontal displacement, cur- 
 vature, tilt, and strain at the ground 
 surface. Although it is impossible to 
 totally eliminate surface effects from 
 underground mining, adequate subsidence- 
 prediction methods used in conjunction 
 with proper mine-design and damage- 
 mitigation techniques can minimize ad- 
 verse surface effects. 
 
 State-of-the-art subsidence technology 
 is scattered throughout numerous institu- 
 tions and is unknown or unavailable to 
 many mine planners. This report attempts 
 to minimize this problem by locating, 
 assessing, rating, and categorizing this 
 information with respect to five key sub- 
 jects: (1) prediction methods, (2) ma- 
 terial damage, (3) subsidence control, 
 (4) subsidence monitoring, and (5) sub- 
 sidence law. Information relating to 
 these subjects can assist mine operators 
 in complying with Public Law 95-87. 
 
 REFERENCE ASSESSMENT, RATING, AND CATEGORIZATION 
 
 The following five key subjects were 
 used to assess, rate, and categorize sub- 
 sidence literature. They represent the 
 areas of subsidence technology that will 
 assist mine planners in developing a 
 subsidence-control plan in accordance 
 with Public Law 95-87. 
 
 • Hydrologic damage to surface wa- 
 ter including rivers, streams, and sur- 
 face drainage. 
 
 • Hydrologic damage to ground wa- 
 ter systems. 
 
 3. Subsidence Control 
 
 1. Prediction Methods 
 
 • Means of predicting vertical 
 ground displacements at the surface. 
 
 • Means of predicting horizontal 
 ground displacements at the surface. 
 
 • Applicability to the Appalach- 
 ian Coal Region. 
 
 • Applicability to the Illinois 
 Coal Basin. 
 
 • Applicability to the Rocky Moun- 
 tain Coal Region. 
 
 2. Material Damage 
 
 • Damage to surface structures. 
 
 • Damage to subsurface structures. 
 
 • Controlling subsidence with 
 properly designed underground-mine 
 layouts. 
 
 • Controlling or limiting sub- 
 sidence with backfilling techniques. 
 
 • Minimizing structural damage 
 through design and construction (sur- 
 face measures) . 
 
 4. Subsidence Monitoring 
 
 • Design of monitoring systems for 
 measuring surface effects. 
 
 • Instrumentation required for 
 monitoring systems. 
 
 • Survey methods for measuring 
 vertical and horizontal displacements. 
 
• Surveying required for subsid- 
 ence monitoring. 
 
 • Data processing methods for 
 subsidence data and information. 
 
 5. Subsidence Law 
 
 • Federal laws that relate to min- 
 ing subsidence. 
 
 • Laws that relate to mines in the 
 Appalachian Coal Region. 
 
 • Laws that relate to mines in the 
 Illinois Coal Basin. 
 
 • Laws that relate to mines in the 
 Rocky Mountain Coal Region. 
 
 • Laws in foreign countries that 
 relate to mining subsidence. 
 
 All subsidence references listed in 
 appendix B were analyzed to determine 
 their applicability to these five key 
 
 subjects. If the reference was germane 
 to one or more keywords , an attempt was 
 made to obtain the article. If the arti- 
 cle was obtained and selected for annota- 
 tion, it was assessed and rated with 
 respect to each key subject. 
 
 Each reference was rated either S, G, 
 or E to indicate its relevancy in the 
 specific area (key subject). The rat- 
 ing S signifies a satisfactory refer- 
 ence that contains general information 
 of limited scope. A rating of G indi- 
 cates a good reference that contains a 
 full breadth of information on the given 
 subject but lacks specific information. 
 A rating of E indicates an excellent 
 reference because it contains specific, 
 comprehensive information. The absence 
 of a rating indicates that the reference 
 does not pertain to that key subject. 
 
 AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION 
 
 Prior to the Surface Mining Control and 
 Reclamation Act of 1977 (Public Law 95- 
 87) , there was limited concern in the 
 United States about the problem of mine 
 subsidence. Thus, subsidence research 
 for U.S. mining conditions was limited. 
 In contrast, European mining engineers 
 were greatly concerned with mine subsid- 
 ence because of high population densities 
 that increased the probability of damage 
 to surface structures. Therefore, most 
 state-of-the-art subsidence technology is 
 derived from European experience. How- 
 ever, it is not known how much, if any, 
 of this foreign technology is applicable 
 to U.S. conditions, and information that 
 does apply might be difficult to obtain. 
 Good sources of subsidence information 
 in the United States are colleges and 
 universities with mining departments, 
 and a few State and Federal agencies. 
 
 Federal agencies that might have subsid- 
 ence information include mining-research 
 and mining-regulatory agencies , such as 
 the Bureau of Mines, the U.S. Department 
 of Energy, the U.S. Geological Survey, 
 and the Office of Surface Mining Reclama- 
 tion and Enforcement. State agencies 
 that may have access to subsidence infor- 
 mation include State mining and geologi- 
 cal surveys. In addition, the articles 
 annotated in appendix A are available for 
 consultation at the Denver (CO) Research 
 Center. 
 
 Based on the number of subsidence arti- 
 cles published since 1977, the amount of 
 subsidence research being performed in 
 the United States has increased dramat- 
 ically, and there will no doubt be a fur- 
 ther concentration of research on this 
 subject in the future. 
 
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 APPENDIX A. —ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED REFERENCES 
 
 1. Abel, J. F. Surface Subsidence Monitoring Guidelines. (U.S. Geol. Surv. con- 
 tract 14-08-0001-18822, CO School Mines). June 30, 1982, 11 pp. 
 
 Contains suggested guidelines for monitoring subsidence over longwall and 
 room-and-pillar retreat mines. Included are details on monument-layout patterns, 
 monument construction and installation, monument spacing, survey timing, and strain- 
 measurement procedures. A rationale is provided for these guidelines. 
 
 Should be useful for those planning a subsidence-monitoring program. 
 
 2. Abel, J. F. , and D. W. Gentry. A Longwall Subsidence Prediction Model. Pres. 
 at Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Natl. Spring and Continuing Education Conv. , Pittsburgh, PA, 
 Apr. 24-28, 1978, session 71. ASCE preprint 3293, pp. 56-76. 
 
 Presents a preliminary subsidence-prediction model for the York Canyon coal 
 seam. Data for the model were obtained from an instrumentation program implemented 
 at the York Canyon Mine, near Raton, NM. The prediction model provides an excellent 
 fit to collected data, however, the application of this model to other geologic 
 environments is unproven. 
 
 Should be useful in predicting subsidence over coal mines with geology similar 
 to that found at the York Canyon Mine. The accuracy of this model, however, has not 
 yet been proven. 
 
 3. Adamek, V. , and P. W. Jeran. Evaluation of Existing Predictive Methods for 
 Mine Subsidence in the U.S. Chapter 7 in Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due to Un- 
 derground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and M. Har thill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 3, 
 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 88-89. 
 
 Two existing prediction methods are evaluated for use in the United States; 
 an influence function (Bals theory), and a profile function (hyperbolic). These 
 methods were applied to several field-measured subsidence profiles over U.S. coal 
 mines. The results of these comparisons are described in detail. An appendix pro- 
 vides information of the application of Bals theory. 
 
 These prediction methods might be found useful in areas where stratigraphic 
 conditions are not conducive to bridging. However, no proof of validity for these 
 methods in any area of the United States is offered. 
 
 4. . Evaluation of Surface Deformation Characteristics Over Longwall Panels 
 
 in the Northern Appalachian Coalfield. Chapter 17 in State-of-the-Art of Ground Con- 
 trol in Longwall Mining and Mining Subsidence (Soc. Min. Eng. AIME Fall Meeting, 
 Honolulu, HI, Sept. 4-9, 1982). Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, Littleton, CO, 1982, pp. 183- 
 198. 
 
 Details the characteristics of surface deformations, including subsidence, 
 inclination, curvature, and horizontal strain. These characteristics, based on data 
 obtained by direct field measurements over three longwall panels in the northern 
 Appalachian coalfield, are compared with computed values determined by Bals' and 
 Knothe's prediction theories. The results of the comparison are discussed and con- 
 clusions are drawn as to the effectiveness of the two theories. 
 
 Provides an excellent analysis on the validity of two European surface- 
 deformation prediction theories when applied to geological conditions found in the 
 Appalachian Coal Region. The material is intended for use by persons familiar with 
 subsidence engineering. 
 
 5. Allen, A. S. , and C. W. Anderson. Recent Developments in the Use of Mine Waste 
 for Subsidence Control. Paper in Proceedings of the 4th Mineral Waste Utilization 
 Symposium (cosponsored by BuMines and IIT Res. Inst., Chicago, IL, May 7-8, 1974). 
 IIT Res. Inst., Chicago, IL, 1974, pp. 213-221. 
 
13 
 
 Provides information on pumped-slurry backfilling procedures used for control- 
 ling subsidence in abandoned room-and-pillar mines that have become flooded or are 
 otherwise inaccessible. The article describes a demonstration project performed in 
 Scranton, PA, in 1972, and details the use of mine waste as fill material. Recommen- 
 dations are made for further hydraulic-backfilling research. 
 
 Good, informative source of background information on backfilling methods for 
 abandoned coal workings. However, it does not contain technical information on back- 
 filling methods and procedures. 
 
 6. Allgaier, F. K. Subsidence Monitoring Over Western Coal Mines. Chapter 12 in 
 Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due to Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and M. 
 Harthill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30- Dec. 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 
 1982, pp. 156-161. 
 
 Briefly describes the subsidence-monitoring equipment and procedures used at 
 five coal mines in Colorado and Utah. Contains information on network layout, monu- 
 ment location and installation, monument construction, survey equipment, and data 
 processing. Illustrations and drawings are provided. 
 
 Does not provide a comprehensive study of subsidence-monitoring methods and 
 techniques. It is, however, easy to read and understand and does provide information 
 on basic monitoring procedures. It is a good reference for those who are planning a 
 subsidence-monitoring program but are unfamiliar with existing procedures. 
 
 7. . Surface Subsidence Over Longwall Panels in the Western United States. 
 
 Chapter 18 in State-of-the-Art of Ground Control in Longwall Mining and Mining Sub- 
 sidence (Soc. Min. Eng. AIME Fall Meeting, Honolulu, HI, Sept. 4-9, 1982). Soc. Min. 
 Eng. AIME, Littleton, CO, 1982, pp. 199-209. 
 
 Describes an ongoing research program being conducted in central Utah on sur- 
 face subsidence prediction. The geology, mine plan, and survey network is outlined 
 for the three study sites involved. A brief discussion of several prediction methods 
 is presented, followed by a comparison of measured values from the study sites with 
 results of two prediction methods; the NCB (National Coal Board) method, and the 
 Donets profile function developed for the Donets coalfield in the Soviet Union. 
 
 Would be helpful to the mine operator interested in subsidence prediction 
 methods. Also included is a brief discussion of subsidence monitoring and surveying 
 techniques. 
 
 8. . Surface Subsidence Over Longwall Panels in the Western United States: 
 
 Monitoring Program and Preliminary Results at the Deer Creek Mine, Utah. BuMines 
 IC 8896, 1982, 24 pp. 
 
 A preliminary report on a case history study being performed over four adja- 
 cent longwall panels located in central Utah. Provides a description of the site, 
 localized geological data, and preliminary subsidence results. Discusses the design 
 of a subsidence-monitoring system including monument location, monument spacing, mon- 
 ument construction, installation procedure, survey schedule, and survey procedures. 
 
 Provides the basic information needed for a general understanding of subsid- 
 ence monitoring design, procedures, and equipment. Information from the case study 
 can be used to estimate labor, time, and economic requirements for similar monitoring 
 projects. 
 
 9. Arup, 0. N. , and R. S. Jenkins. The Design of a Reinforced-Concrete Factory 
 at Brynmawr, South Wales. Paper in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engi- 
 neers, v. 2. pt. 3, No. 3, Dec. 1953, pp. 345-397. 
 
 Describes construction of a factory over abandoned room-and-pillar and long- 
 wall coal workings. Contains technical information and the rationale for the ground 
 survey, ground treatment, foundation, and structural design work required. The ap- 
 pendix provides tables that indicate the mathematics involved in the design theory. 
 Numerous photographs, drawings, and diagrams are also included. 
 
14 
 
 Excellent reference for those planning to build structures in areas of possi- 
 ble mine subsidence. It relates directly to structures being built over abandoned 
 workings , but can be applied to current or future mining areas where the mining meth- 
 od and layout are known. Would be most easily understood by someone with a back- 
 ground in building design or construction. 
 
 10. Ashmead, D. C. How the Kingston Coal Company Reduces Subsidence and Conserves 
 Coal by Rock Filling and Silting. Coal Age, v. 20, Aug. 1921, pp. 167-171. 
 
 Investigates backfilling methods used by the Kingston Coal Co. in Pennsylva- 
 nia. Specific sections detail the composition of the silt and fill, the construction 
 of the pumping lines, the maintenance of the lines, the backfilling procedures, and 
 the overall effectiveness of the system. 
 
 Provides good information on a specific backfilling system for an underground 
 mining operation and should be of use to those interested in backfilling techniques. 
 
 11. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Proceedings of the Jubilee 
 Symposium on Mine Filling (Mount Isa, Australia, Aug. 19-22, 1973). 1973, 282 pp. 
 
 Details research on fill properties and filling techniques. 
 
 Should be of use to those interested in controlling subsidence by backfilling 
 methods. 
 
 12. Aynsley, W. J., and G. Hewitt. Subsidence Observations Over Shallow Workings, 
 Including Pneumatic Stowing and Rapidly-Advancing Faces. Min. Eng. (London), v. 
 120, Apr. 1961, pp. 552-569. 
 
 Discusses the effects of packing and stowing systems on surface subsidence and 
 resulting surface damage in shallow workings. Compares amounts of subsidence record- 
 ed for different packing and stowing systems where both a full and partial area of 
 influence have been worked. Also compares the surface effects of subsidence from 
 rapidly advancing faces versus conventional machine mine workings. Application of 
 this research is presented in a case-history study of an undermined viaduct in Eng- 
 land. Numerous tables present clearly the data used to outline results and draw con- 
 clusions. A discussion of the paper by knowledgable subsidence researchers with the 
 authors follows the text. 
 
 Good reference for techniques on limiting the amount of subsidence with the 
 use of backfilling methods. A technical background in mining engineering is 
 recommended. 
 
 13. Barla, G. B. , and S. Boshkov. Investigations of Differential Strata Movements 
 and Water Table Fluctuations During Longwall Operations at the Somerset Mine No. 60 
 (Dep. Energy contract ET-76-C-01-9041, Columbia Univ.). 1978, 49 pp.; NTIS 
 FE-9041-1. 
 
 Results of research done at the Somerset Mine No. 60 near Washington, PA, in- 
 volve the instrumentation and monitoring of water table fluctuations and differential 
 strata movements over a longwall coal mine. A description of the instrumentation and 
 results of the study are included. Numerous photographs, drawings, and diagrams 
 supplement the text. 
 
 Should be useful to those planning to monitor the hydrologic effects of long- 
 wall mining. This publication is most easily used by those familiar with geomechani- 
 cal logging techniques. 
 
 14. Barr, B. I. G. , and R. Delpak. Prediction of Ground Movement in Areas of Min- 
 ing Subsidence. Highway Eng., v. 21, June 1974, pp. 18-22, 36. 
 
 Deals with the estimation of surface strains and deflections caused as a re- 
 sult of longwall mining. The Sims-Bridle method of predicting displacements is dis- 
 cussed and displacement-calculation procedures are detailed. Sample calculations and 
 a computer-program flow chart for the prediction method are also provided. 
 
15 
 
 Could be useful for predicting strain over a longwall panel. However, this 
 method was developed for geologic conditions found in England and therefore does not 
 necessarily apply directly to U.S. coalfields. 
 
 15. Beevers , C. , and K. Wardell. Recent Research in Mining Subsidence. Trans. 
 Inst. Min. Eng. (London), v. 114, 1954-55, pp. 223-253. 
 
 Describes precise subsidence surveying techniques used in the Yorkshire Coal- 
 field in England. Conclusions based on these measurements are made relating to 
 maximum possible subsidence, angle of draw, and the general development of ground 
 movement. Discusses the importance of traveling or dynamic ground movements and the 
 variations in normal subsidence development that occur when packing is increased or 
 partial extraction by strip working is used. Also discusses the question of surface 
 damage to structures and the possibility of minimizing such damage by special under- 
 ground layout. A successful case of minimizing damage to a large building by a de- 
 liberate cancellation of strains is described in detail. 
 
 Good reference on the minimization of subsidence damage through underground 
 layout. Although only one example is described, it demonstrates that with proper 
 mine design, surface damage can be reduced. 
 
 16. Bise, C. J. Pennsylvania's Subsidence-Control Guidelines: Should They Be 
 Adopted by Other States? Min. Eng., v. 33, Nov. 1981, pp. 1623-1628. 
 
 Analyzes the Pennsylvania Bituminous Mine Subsidence Act of 1966 — the only 
 comprehensive subsidence act passed by any State — and discusses its applicability to 
 other States. Notes the provisions and guidelines of the act, briefly analyzes the 
 current state-of-the-art in subsidence damage prevention and control, and lists sev- 
 eral recommendations for altering the application guidelines of the act for different 
 mining areas. 
 
 Excellent reference for those concerned with mine subsidence laws in 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 17. Bojarski, Z. , and A. Szczurowski. Report Prepared for the Coal Committee, 
 U.N. Economic Commission for Europe on "The Exchange of Experiences in the Field of 
 Coal Working Under Buildings and Industrial Plants." Central Min. Inst., Res. Center 
 for the Deposit and Surface Protection, Katowice, Poland, Dec. 1978, 27 pp. 
 
 Provides detailed information on the mining of safety pillars. Included is 
 an analysis of the profitability and possibility of working within safety pillars, 
 detailing the measures used to reduce the subsequent mining damage. Also included 
 is a description of the characteristics of ground deformations and the methods for 
 predicting these deformations caused by underground mining. Five case studies of 
 extracting coal seams within safety pillars in Poland are given at the end. 
 
 Good reference for safety pillar extraction. Based on research done in Pol- 
 and, but the general principles of ground deformations and measures to reduce mining 
 damage may be useful. 
 
 18. Branthoover, G. L. , and J. W. Richards. Mine Subsidence Control Using Founda- 
 tion Grouting, Southwestern Pennsylvania. Paper in Proceedings of the 18th Annual 
 Engineering Geology Soils Engineering Symposium (Boise, ID, Apr. 2-4, 1980). PA Dep. 
 Environ. Resour. , 1980, pp. 323-337. 
 
 Provides an overview of a subsidence investigation program that includes core 
 borings, borehole television, joint and fracture studies, and rock mechanics analy- 
 ses. Briefly describes a stabilization procedure that uses modified foundation 
 grouting to minimize structural damage caused by surface movement. Also included is 
 a postconstruction analysis of the data gathered from several multiple-point rod 
 extensometers, illustrating how proper structural design can minimize subsidence 
 damage. 
 
16 
 
 Provides useful information for minimizing structural damage caused by subsid- 
 ence. A technical background in structural engineering would be helpful in the use 
 of this material. 
 
 19. Brauner, G. Critical Review of Present-Day Theory and Practices in the Pre- 
 diction of Surface Deformation Caused by Mining (BuMines grant GO100749 (MIN-28) , MI 
 Technol. Univ.). Dec. 1969, 57 pp. 
 
 Gives a review of subsidence-prediction methods currently being used, with 
 emphasis on European methods. The methods are divided into two groups, based on 
 mathematical expressions either for the trough profile or for the influence of in- 
 finitesimal extraction elements. The fundamental relationships common to all methods 
 are the principles of superposition and of equivalent-extraction areas. Also in- 
 cluded are modifications for the case of inclined strata, as well as a brief review 
 of experimental and theoretical model investigations. 
 
 Excellent reference for details on subsidence prediction methods. The materi- 
 al is best suited to those with a technical background. 
 
 20. . Subsidence Due to Underground Mining (In Two Parts). 1. Theory and 
 
 Practices in Predicting Surface Deformation. BuMines IC 8571, 1973, 56 pp. 
 
 Details two mathematical methods of predicting mine subsidence: the trough 
 profile and the influence of infinitesimal extraction elements. The fundamental 
 relationships of each method involve the principle of superposition and the principle 
 of equivalent-extraction areas. Also included are analyses of horizontal displace- 
 ments and deformations , surface displacements over inclined seams , time effects , and 
 physical and abstract models. 
 
 Excellent reference for the prediction of surface deformations. A technical 
 background would be helpful but not necessary for the use of this material. 
 
 21. . Subsidence Due to Underground Mining (In Two Parts). 2. Ground Move- 
 ments and Mining Damage. BuMines IC 8572, 1973, 53 pp. 
 
 Discusses in detail the practical implications of ground movements involving 
 surface structures and shafts. Included in this discussion are descriptions of 
 ground movements and surface damage, structural precautions against mining damage, 
 underground precautions against mining damage, mathematical relationships, and the 
 influence of rock movements on shafts. 
 
 Excellent source for information concerning mining-related structural damage 
 and methods of avoiding or limiting structural damage. The information is presented 
 in a straightforward manner and can be easily understood by those with a technical 
 background. 
 
 22. Breeds, C. D. A Study of Mining Subsidence Effects on Surface Structures With 
 Special Reference to Geological Factors. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Nottingham, England, 
 1976, 250 pp. 
 
 A comprehensive treatment of mining-related structural damage. Included is a 
 history and appraisal of early prediction methods and a description of the prediction 
 methods currently used in England. It contains detailed information on foundation 
 engineering in relation to mine subsidence, structural design for structures in areas 
 of mine subsidence, components of mining damage, structural response to underground 
 mining, and methods for protecting existing structures through underground layout and 
 surface precautions. Case studies provide information on the effectiveness of sur- 
 face precautions used to minimize structural damage. 
 
 Excellent reference on protecting existing surface structures from severe sub- 
 sidence damage. Although the subsidence prediction methods used in England are not 
 always valid for U.S. geologic conditions, the theories involved for underground mine 
 planning and surface-precaution methods are valid for the United States. 
 
17 
 
 23. Briggs , H. Mining Subsidence. Edward Arnold & Co., London, 1929, 215 pp. 
 Comprehensive study of mine subsidence. Provides information on British sub- 
 sidence laws, historical subsidence theories, partial-extraction mining, backfilling 
 techniques, and case study subsidence observations. These observations were recorded 
 over British, Indian, and American coal mines. Numerous diagrams and drawings help 
 clarify technical information found in the text. 
 
 Although written in 1929, still provides valuable subsidence information and 
 is an excellent source of background information on many aspects of subsidence 
 engineering. 
 
 24. Bruhn, R. W. , W. S. McCann, R. C. Speck, and R. E. Gray. Damage to Structures 
 Above Active Underground Coal Mines in the Northern Appalachian Coal Field. Pres. at 
 1st Conf . on Stability in Underground Mines (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 
 Aug. 16-18, 1982). AIME, 1982, 21 pp. 
 
 Presents the results of a characterization study of subsidence damage to 134 
 homes located over active underground coal mines in the northern Appalachian coal- 
 field. A summary of the types and locations of damage found in the homes is given, 
 along with a summary of the various methods of underground mining that caused the 
 damage. Proposes a subsidence-damage classification system that provides a uniform 
 and consistant method for defining levels of subsidence damage to homes in the north- 
 ern Appalachian coalfield. The influence of structural, site, geologic, and mining 
 factors on damage severity is also examined. 
 
 Results can be used to determine what types of structural damage might be en- 
 countered when using mining methods similar to those used in the northern Appalachian 
 coalfield region. 
 
 25. Bumm, H. , G. Schweden, and G. Finke. The Mining Subsidences in the Harbours 
 of Du is burg-Ruhr or t. Bull, of the Permanent Int. Assoc, of Navigation Congr. , Brus- 
 sels, v. 3, No. 21, 1966, pp. 3-29. 
 
 Discusses mining-extraction methods used to control subsidence effects on the 
 Rhine River in the Federal Republic of Germany. Valuable coal deposits located under 
 the Rhine River have not been mined until recently because of possible damage to 
 shipping channels. Provides details on preliminary planning, exploratory operations, 
 extraction methods, damage prediction, damage mitigation, and final damages. 
 
 Concerns subsidence problems in the Federal Republic of Germany, but the 
 theories and engineering methods used could possibly be applied to similar U.S. mine 
 subsidence problems. 
 
 26. Buntain, M. E. Longwall Growth in the U.S. May Depend on How Well Subsidence 
 is Controlled. Coal Min. Process., v. 12, No. 12, 1976, pp. 71-74, 88-89. 
 
 Discusses factors affecting subsidence resulting from longwall mining. This 
 includes angle of draw, geology, width of extraction, and rate of advance. Also con- 
 tains information on subsidence-control techniques such as backfilling and partial 
 extraction. Concludes with background information on British subsidence laws and 
 compensation requirements. 
 
 Good reference for those interested in subsidence effects from longwall coal 
 mining and possible methods of reducing this subsidence. Case history data on 
 partial-extraction methods used in England are also provided. 
 
 27. Carlson, E. J. Hydraulic Model Studies for Backfilling Mine Cavities. Bureau 
 of Reclamation Rep. REC-ERC-73-19, Oct. 1973, 36 pp.; NTIS PB 225 613. 
 
 Presents results of tests done to investigate the effects of various backfill- 
 ing parameters on deposition patterns. Parameters studied include slurry concentra- 
 tion, injection velocity, and floor slope. Test results are clearly presented in 
 tables. 
 
18 
 
 Should be useful for determining the backfilling parameters required to obtain 
 a desired deposition pattern, however, it does not provide any information on the 
 practical application of backfilling. Procedures and equipment are described in 
 other publications. 
 
 28. Carlson, E. J. Hydraulic Model Studies for Backfilling Mine Cavities (Second 
 Series of Tests). Bureau of Reclamation Rep. REC-ERC-75-3, Mar. 1975, 38 pp.; NTIS 
 PB 241 510. 
 
 Presents results of backfilling tests done to investigate the effects of vari- 
 ous backfilling parameters on deposition patterns for five specific mine conditions. 
 The following mine conditions with slurry injection were simulated: (1) sloping 
 floor with cavity submerged, (2) level floor with cavity submerged, (3) level floor 
 with cavity dry, (4) simulated mine with and without blind entries, and (5) corridors 
 and rooms in which there were roof falls and cavities in the roof over the roof 
 falls. 
 
 Should be useful to persons backfilling in conditions similar to those repre- 
 sented by the hydraulic models. 
 
 29. Chen, C. Y. , Y. N. Chen, and D. V. Goffney. Architectural Measures To Mini- 
 mize Subsidence Damage. Appalachian Regional Commission Rep. ARC-73-1 11-2551, 1974, 
 130 pp.; NTIS PB 242 466. 
 
 Evaluates proposed guidelines, rules, and suggested practices to be used in 
 the design and construction of surface structures and underground utilities to mini- 
 mize subsidence damage due to underground mining. Included in this evaluation are 
 analyses of subsidence mechanics, subsidence parameters, structural damage, and dam- 
 age minimization measures. 
 
 Although the purpose is to assist the architectural and engineering profes- 
 sions with the design and construction of structures to minimize subsidence damage, 
 much of the information is of a general nature and can be used as a reference for 
 subsidence prediction and control. 
 
 30. Chen, C. Y. , D. E. Jones, and D. K. Hunt. Government Regulation of Surface 
 Subsidence Due To Underground Mining. Chapter 22 in State-of-the-Art of Ground Con- 
 trol in Longwall Mining and Mining Subsidence (Soc. Min. Eng. AIME Fall Meeting, 
 Honolulu, HI, Sept. 4-9, 1982). Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, Littleton, CO, 1982, pp. 245- 
 252. 
 
 Describes mine subsidence laws in the United States. Background information 
 on physical, economical, and psychological effects of subsidence are provided. Also 
 included is a historical review of regulatory measures to control subsidence. The 
 main text contains a brief description and explanation of Public Law 95-87 — The Sur- 
 face Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 — and OSM (Office of Surface Mining) 
 responsibilities and regulatory duties. 
 
 Excellent reference for those concerned with U.S. subsidence regulations. 
 Although not extremely detailed, it does provide an overview of OSM requirements. 
 
 31. Coal Mining and Processing. Can Mining Operations Be Planned To Minimize 
 Subsidence? V. 4, No. 9, 1967, pp. 38-41, 47. 
 
 Discusses the use of underground measures as a means of minimizing subsidence. 
 Provides information on pillar size as related to depth, the strata bridge, longwall 
 partial extraction, and advancing versus retreating longwall faces. 
 
 Provides good background information on mine design methods limiting or con- 
 trolling mine subsidence. However, it does not contain specific technical informa- 
 tion on mine-design procedures. 
 
19 
 
 32. Coates, D. F. , and M. Gyenge. Incremental Design in Rock Mechanics. Min. 
 Res. Centre, Mines Branch, Dep. Energy, Mines and Resour. , Canada, Mines Branch Mono- 
 graph 880, 1973, pp. 5-1—5-15. 
 
 Formulates mathematical subsidence-prediction methods for underground mining 
 operations. These methods can be used to calculate subsidence over flat-lying ore 
 bodies, steeply dipping veins, and massive ore bodies that lead to cover caving. The 
 calculations of horizontal displacements and strains are also detailed. Included are 
 numerous sample problems that are solved using the described methods. 
 
 Excellent paper on mathematical subsidence prediction methods. The example 
 problems are useful in gaining an understanding of the material. The text is 
 straightforward, and persons with a technical background should have little trouble 
 understanding it. 
 
 33. Colaizzi, G. J., R. H. Whaite, and D. L. Donner. Pumped-Slurry Backfilling of 
 Abandoned Coal Mine Workings for Subsidence Control at Rock Springs, Wyo. BuMines IC 
 8846, 1981, 100 pp. 
 
 Describes in detail a pumped-slurry backfilling demonstration project for 
 abandoned mine workings. Also contains background information on other hydraulic 
 backfilling methods such as controlled and blind flushing, but the most detailed 
 analysis concerns the pumped-slurry method. Detailed descriptions of drilling 
 operations, slurry components, mixing plants, slurry pumps, injection operations, 
 and costs are provided. Also included are photographs and explanatory sketches of 
 operations and equipment. 
 
 Excellent reference on backfilling procedures, benefits, and costs. Can be 
 used by persons planning to prevent excessive subsidence damage to specific sites by 
 using backfilling methods. 
 
 34. Colorado School of Mines. Rock Mechanics Instrumentation Program for Kaiser 
 Steel Corporation's Demonstration of Shield-Type Longwall Supports at York Canyon 
 Mine, Raton, New Mexico (U.S. Dep. Energy contract AC01-74ET12530) . 1981, 303 pp.; 
 NTIS DOE/ET/12530-1. 
 
 Chapter 5 describes the surface instrumentation used to measure vertical and 
 horizontal movement and extent of surface subsidence. The measured results are then 
 compared with results of predictions made by the National Coal Board of Great Brit- 
 ain. The layout of the surface subsidence monitoring network, the spacing of the 
 monuments, and the construction of the monuments are described. The surveying meth- 
 ods, instrumentation, and data processing system used are also mentioned. Chapter 
 concludes with a discussion of the subsidence and horizontal-strain models developed 
 for the York Canyon Mine and how they compare with the National Coal Board strain- 
 prediction model. 
 
 Would be useful to those interested in establishing a surface subsidence 
 monitoring network. A reference to a report with a more detailed discussion about 
 the installation and monitoring of the subsidence monitoring network is given. The 
 performance of the National Coal Board prediction model may also be of interest. 
 
 35. Conroy, P. J., and J. H. Gyarmaty. Planning Subsidence Monitoring Programs 
 Over Longwall Panels. Chapter 20 in State-of-the Art of Ground Control in Longwall 
 Mining and Mining Subsidence (Soc. Min. Eng. AIME Fall Meeting, Honolulu, HI, Sept. 
 4-9, 1982). Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, Littleton, CO, 1982, pp. 225-234. 
 
 Presents guidelines for the design and implementation of a comprehensive sub- 
 sidence monitoring program. The layout of survey networks is discussed, detailing 
 the construction and use of both surface and subsurface subsidence monitoring equip- 
 ment. An emphasis is placed on the monitoring of horizontal displacements. A useful 
 table that itemizes equipment costs and labor for the installation and monitoring of 
 a typical network as described in the text is given. 
 
 Should be very useful in the design of a subsidence control program; it is 
 complete and easy to use. 
 
20 
 
 36. Conroy, P. J., and J. H. Gyarmaty. Subsidence Monitoring — Case History. 
 Chapter 11 in Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due to Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. 
 Peng and M. Harthill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, 
 WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 148-153. 
 
 Summarizes subsidence research performed at a minesite in West Virginia. A 
 generalized geological description of the site is included to allow a comparison of 
 subsidence data with those of similar sites. Configurations of underground and sur- 
 face instruments are described and illustrated. Problems with the installation of 
 the multiple-point borehole extensometer, the full-profile borehole inclinometer, 
 the extensometer, and the automatic data acquisition system are discussed and solu- 
 tions to these problems are provided. Plans for continued surface monitoring are 
 also included. The conclusion discusses the effectiveness and utilization of each 
 instrument. 
 
 Should be of use to those planning a subsidence monitoring program. 
 
 37. Conroy, P. J., J. H. Gyarmaty, and M. L. Pearson. Demonstration of Subsidence 
 Monitoring Systems (U.S. Dep. Energy contract ACO1-78ET10029, Dames and Moore). 
 1981, 181 pp.; NTIS DOE/ET/10029-T1. 
 
 Provides an excellent source of information on the installation, monitoring, 
 and evaluation of three subsidence monitoring instrument systems: structure perform- 
 ance, performance of supported systems, and performance of caving systems. A compre- 
 hensive study of 12 instruments was conducted. Performances of each of the selected 
 instruments are reviewed and recommendations are made on the applicability of instru- 
 ment systems to monitoring requirements. 
 
 Contains a comprehensive study of 12 instruments and how they relate to the 
 three subsidence monitoring systems. Information of this type would be very helpful 
 to those considering instrumentation to best suit the needs of the mine and the type 
 of information desired. 
 
 38. Cooley, W. C. Survey of Foreign Technology for Stowing in Underground Coal 
 Mines. Final report on BuMines contract JO275041 with Terraspace, Inc., Rockville, 
 MD. Rep. TR-420-1, May 30, 1978, 60 pp. 
 
 Contains a historical summary of foreign technology concerning stowing (back- 
 filling) as a means of limiting subsidence. Translated information includes selected 
 parts of 2 books and 10 papers from the Soviet Union, 8 papers from Poland, and 3 
 papers from the Federal Republic of Germany. Also included is information on stow- 
 ing systems, equipment, and instrumentation. Research and development needs for de- 
 veloping economically viable stowing methods for U.S. mining conditions are outlined. 
 A bibliography of this literature and other foreign articles concerning stowing is 
 provided. 
 
 Excellent source of information on backfilling methods used to limit subsid- 
 ence. It is informative and can be used by those without a technical background. 
 
 39. Cortis, S. E. Coal Mining and Protection of Surface Structures Are Compati- 
 ble. Min Congr. J., v. 55, June 1969, pp. 84-89. 
 
 Summarizes the various formulas, regulations, and standards developed in 
 Pennsylvania that are used to determine the minimum size of support areas to be left 
 in place for the prevention of damage to surface structures. Also included is an 
 explanation of the provisions relating to the opening, reopening, or continued opera- 
 tion of a mine, and the responsibilities of the mine operator. 
 
 Good reference for Pennsylvania's Bituminous Mine Subsidence and Land Con- 
 servation Act of 1966. 
 
21 
 
 40. Daemen, J. J. K. , and M. Hood. Subsidence Profile Functions Derived From 
 Mechanistic Rock Mass Models. Chapter 9 in Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due to 
 Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and M. Harthill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 
 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 124-139. 
 
 Examines the use of mechanistic subsidence models including the possibilities 
 and problems associated with estimating the large-scale rock parameters needed to use 
 some of the elastic solutions for subsidence calculations by treating the solutions 
 as profile functions. 
 
 Excellent reference for understanding mechanistic subsidence models. The text 
 is straightforward and can be easily understood by those with a technical background. 
 
 41. Dahl, H. D. , and D. S. Choi. Measurement and Prediction of Mine Subsidence 
 Over Room and Pillar Workings in Three Dimensions. Chapter 3 in Workshop on Surface 
 Subsidence Due to Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and M. Harthill (Morgantown, 
 WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 34-47. 
 
 Uses the results of a subsidence survey taken over a room-and-pillar panel in 
 northern West Virginia to compute ground strains with the use of a numerical model. 
 Also included are short discussions on the geology and mining method, as well as a 
 short description of the survey network and of the observation procedures. 
 
 Only a qualitative evaluation of the techniques and procedures used in a sub- 
 sidence study is given. Should be of some use for gaining an understanding of how 
 to relate a subsidence model to actual field measurements. 
 
 42. . Some Case Studies of Mine Subsidence and Its Mathematical Modeling. 
 
 Paper in Proceedings of the 15th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, ed. by E. R. 
 Hoskins, Jr. (Custer State Park, SD, Sept. 17-19, 1973). ASCE, 1975, pp. 1-21. 
 
 Compares a mathematical subsidence-prediction model with field data obtained 
 over longwall and room-and-pillar mines in southwest Pennsylvania. The model is a 
 three-dimensional analytical model that incorporates a frictional yield criterion in 
 the constitutive relation. In addition, the effect of topography on subsidence is 
 presented and discussed. 
 
 Only a basic overview of the mathematical model and the success of its results 
 are provided. There is insufficient detail to enable one to use the subject model as 
 a predictive tool. 
 
 43. Dobson, W. D. , E. L. Potts, R. G. S. Roberts, and K. Wilson. The Coordina- 
 tion of Surface and Underground Development at Peterlee, Co., Durham. Trans. Inst. 
 Min. Eng. (London), v. 119, 1959-60, pp. 279-300. 
 
 Describes the results of subsidence research performed in 1958 in Durham, 
 England. Results of subsidence surveys are presented in numerous graphs. Layout and 
 design procedures for a subsidence monitoring network are also included. Procedures 
 for coordinating surface and underground development in order to minimize subsidence 
 are also provided. 
 
 Good source of background information on subsidence research methods. 
 The material presented is best suited for those with a background in subsidence 
 engineering. 
 
 44. DuMontelle, P. B. , S. C. Bradford, R. A. Bauer, and M. M. Killey. Mine Sub- 
 sidence in Illinois: Facts for the Homeowner Considering Insurance. IL Geol. Surv. , 
 Environ. Geol. Notes 99, Aug. 1981, 24 pp. 
 
 Covers the geology of Illinois, the areas undermined, the mining methods used, 
 the types of subsidence, and the effects of subsidence, all in language easy to un- 
 derstand. Also covered are surface conditions that might be mistaken for mine 
 subsidence. 
 
 Although informative for Illinois homeowners, it cannot be used directly by 
 mine operators concerned with avoiding or controlling subsidence. However, it does 
 illustrate subsidence damage potential and its possible extensiveness. 
 
22 
 
 45. Dunn, J. R. , G. M. Banino, and W. D. Ernst. The Physical and Chemical Char- 
 acteristics of Available Materials for Filling Subsurface Coal Mines (contract 
 J0155182, Dunn Geoscience Corp.). BuMines OFR 151-77, 1977, 282 pp.; NTIS PB 274 
 702. 
 
 Studies the critical physical and chemical characteristics of available high- 
 bulk materials that might possibly be used to fill abandoned rooms in anthracite coal 
 mines of eastern Pennsylvania and bituminous coal mines of western Pennsylvania. Al- 
 so included is a discussion on possible mixtures of materials that could react chemi- 
 cally to form concretelike masses. The possibilities of emplacing mine fill material 
 using turbidity currents and mud flow are also given. 
 
 Excellent reference for those interested in the characteristics of backfilling 
 materials. The text is complete and supplemented with descriptions of sample loca- 
 tions and field descriptions. 
 
 46. Enzian, C. Hydraulic Mine Filling, Its Use in the Pennsylvanian Anthracite 
 Fields, a Preliminary Report. BuMines B 60, 1913, 77 pp. 
 
 Outlines the use of hydraulic backfilling methods in preventing loss of un- 
 mined coal in pillars and in protecting surface property from damage by subsidence. 
 Included is information on filling materials, fill transportation, bulkhead construc- 
 tion, mining method filling variations, filling effects on ventilation and drainage, 
 and filling costs. A selected bibliography of hydraulic mine filling publications is 
 also provided. 
 
 Provides a comprehensive study on hydraulic mine filling methods and proce- 
 dures. Although printed in 1913, the theories and methods discussed can still be 
 applied to current mining practices. Could be used by those wishing to prevent 
 damage to valuable surface features through the use of underground precautionary 
 methods. 
 
 47. Evans, D. W. , and G. J. Colaizzi. Control of Mine Subsidence Utilizing Coal 
 Ash as a Backfill Material. Paper in Second Conference on Ground Control in Mining, 
 ed. by S. S. Peng and J. H. Kelley (Morgantown, WV, July 19-21, 1982). WV Univ., 
 Morgantown, WV, 1982, pp. 222-228. 
 
 A guide for backfilling mines with coal ash to provide surface support and 
 minimize mine subsidence. Important factors to consider prior to implementing a 
 backfilling program are outlined. Two graphs illustrate gradations for bottom ash 
 and fly ash. Economic feasibility for specific circumstances is also discussed. 
 
 Good guide to the applicability, technique, and feasibility of backfilling. 
 It would be most useful to those with a background in mine engineering. 
 
 48. Farran, C. E. The Effect of Mining Subsidence on Land Drainage. J. Inst. 
 Water Eng. , v. 6, No. 7, 1952, pp. 482-503. 
 
 Discusses the effects of longwall mining subsidence on flat, low-lying land in 
 England. It contains information on the collieries, amount of subsidence, nature of 
 the ground, hydrologic characteristics of the area, principles of remedial drainage, 
 and work to improve flood-control structures and drains. The appendix contains addi- 
 tional information on the main features of the pumping stations used in the study 
 area. 
 
 An excellent reference for those concerned with flooding or drainage problems 
 that might result from the underground mining of coal. The article is short and 
 lacks detail, but should provide useful information on undermining areas with little 
 topographic relief. 
 
23 
 
 49. Flaschentrager, I. H. Considerations on Ground Movement Phenomena Based on 
 Observations Made in the Left Bank Lower Rhine Region. Paper in Proceedings of the 
 European Congress on Ground Movement (Leeds, England, Apr. 9-12, 1957). London Har- 
 rison, 1957, pp. 58-73. 
 
 Presents research conducted to study the influence of incomplete convergence 
 at the edge of workings on surface subsidence. The data are collected from mines 
 where stowing is used. Included are the results of underground surveys to measure 
 roof and floor convergence along with convergence curves for clay, shale, and sand- 
 stone. A formula for calculating surface subsidence is given followed by a discus- 
 sion of the factor of effect, the subsidence factor, and the limit angle. 
 
 The research presented was conducted in European coal mines where stowing is 
 used, a practice rarely found in the United States. A technical background is sug- 
 gested for full understanding of this material. 
 
 50. Gaffney, D. V., M. M. Stewart, N. K. Chakravorti, and R. M. Hays. Feasibility 
 of Using Cemented Backfill in Active Underground Coal Mines To Prevent Subsidence 
 (BuMines contract JO295001, Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.). BuMines OFR 92-82, 1981, 218 
 pp.; NTIS PB 82-244252. 
 
 Details the feasibility of using cemented backfill in active underground coal 
 mines to minimize or prevent subsidence. Specific sections deal with mining methods, 
 materials, and techniques for cemented backfilling; stowing methods, materials, and 
 systems considerations; health, safety, and environmental concerns; and the feasibil- 
 ity of potential systems. Also included is a hypothetical case history that evalu- 
 ates cemented backfilling techniques. 
 
 Excellent, comprehensive reference on cemented backfilling materials and pro- 
 cedures. The text is clearly written and is easily understood. 
 
 51. Geddes , J. D. The Effect of Horizontal Ground Movements on Structures. 
 Paper in the Proceedings of the Conference on Large Ground Movements and Struc- 
 tures (Cardiff, Wales, July 4-7, 1977). Univ. of Wales Inst, of Sci. and Technol. , 
 Cardiff, Wales, 1977, pp. 623-646. 
 
 Details the interaction between soils and horizontal building foundation sur- 
 faces on which loading resulting from ground movements is delivered in the form of 
 shearing (frictional) stresses. This problem is discussed and some factors of im- 
 portance are described and illustrated by laboratory and field experiments. Atten- 
 tion is focused on actual structural damage caused by underground mining operations. 
 
 Should be of use in investigating the effects of mine subsidence on 
 horizontal-foundation surfaces. 
 
 52. Geddes, J. D. , and D. W. Cooper. Structures in Areas of Mining Subsidence. 
 Struct. Eng., v. 40, No. 3, 1962, pp. 79-93, 377-381. 
 
 Examines work done on structural design methods used in areas with potential 
 subsidence problems, ranging from foundations offering maximum resistance to earth 
 movements, to articulated frames offering little or no resistance. Included is an 
 explanation of subsidence mechanics, illustrating both horizontal and vertical ground 
 deformations. 
 
 Good source of general information on different types of structural designs 
 used in potential mine subsidence areas. The explanations of subsidence mechanics 
 may also be of some use for subsidence prediction. 
 
 53. General Assembly of Pennsylvania. Bituminous Mine Subsidence and Land Con- 
 servation Act. Commonwealth of PA, 1966, 12 pp. 
 
24 
 
 Contains laws enacted in 1966 to protect the public health, welfare, and 
 safety by regulating the mining of bituminous coal; declaring the existence of a pub- 
 lic interest in the support of surface structures, forbidding damage to specified 
 classes of existing structures from the mining of bituminous coal; requiring permits, 
 and in certain circumstances bonds, for the mining of bituminous coal, providing for 
 the filing of maps or plans with recorders of deeds; providing for the giving of no- 
 tice of mining operations to political subdivisions and surface land owners of rec- 
 ord; requiring mine inspectors to accompany municipal officers and their agents on 
 inspection trips; granting powers to public officers and affected property owners to 
 enforce the act; requiring grantors to certify as to whether any structures on the 
 lands conveyed are entitled to support from the underlying coal and grantees to sign 
 an admission of a warning of the possible lack of any such right of support; provid- 
 ing for acquisition with compensation of coal support for existing structures not 
 protected by this act, and future structures; and imposing liability for violation of 
 the act. 
 
 Excellent reference for those concerned with subsidence laws in Pennsylvania. 
 
 54. Geng, D. Y. , and S. S. Peng. Surface Subsidence, Overburden Behavior, and 
 Structural Damages Due to Longwall Mining — Two Case Studies. Dep. Min. Eng. , WV 
 Univ., Morgantown, WV, Nov. 1983, 19 pp. 
 
 Investigates the subsidence caused by two longwall panels. The data were 
 analyzed in terms of zone of advance influence and delay angle of maximum subsidence 
 velocity. Illustrates the effects of locating structures over the panel center 
 and near the gob edges. Recommendations for reducing subsidence damage are also 
 included. 
 
 May assist those interested in structural damage caused by longwall mining 
 operations. The text is limited in detail but may provide some useful background 
 information. 
 
 55. Gentry, D. W. Rock Mechanics Instrumentation Program for Kaiser Steel Cor- 
 poration's Demonstration of Shield- Type Longwall Supports at York Canyon Mine, Raton, 
 New Mexico (Kaiser Steel Corp. contract RD-R-0174). CO School Mines, July 1976, 
 
 456 pp. 
 
 Presents the results of a rock mechanics instrumentation program designed to 
 determine the rock mass response due to longwall mining of a thick coal seam. Mea- 
 surements were made in the rock along the ground surface, above the coal seam, in the 
 coal seam, and immediately below the coal seam of a longwall mining operation in New 
 Mexico. Included are details on the pertinent geology and on surface and subsurface 
 instrumentation plans and procedures. 
 
 Provides useful information on monitoring techniques for subsidence investiga- 
 tion. The sections detailing the actual design and construction of a survey network 
 should be useful to those interested in monitoring subsidence. 
 
 56. Gentry, D. W. , and J. F. Abel. Surface Response to Longwall Coal Mining in 
 Mountainous Terrain. Bull. Assoc. Eng. Geol. , v. 15, No. 2, Dec. 1978, pp. 191-220. 
 
 Presents procedures for monitoring subsidence in rugged terrain. Describes 
 in detail network layout and design procedures along with monument construction and 
 installation. Also included is a brief outline on the use of a multiple-position 
 borehole extensometer. The relationship between the geology of the site and prelim- 
 inary subsidence data is also discussed. 
 
 Easily understood and would be very useful during the initial planning of a 
 subsidence monitoring program. 
 
25 
 
 57. Gentry, D. W. , and C. L. Stewart. Characterization of Subsidence Over Multi- 
 ple Lift Longwall Panels (U.S. Dep. Energy contract AC22-80PC-30118, Mine Subsidence 
 Eng. Co.). Final Tech. Rep., 1982, 135 pp.; NTIS DOE/PC/30118-T4. 
 
 Describes the procedures and equipment used in installing and removing a sub- 
 sidence monitoring network in rugged terrain. It also includes procedures for ob- 
 taining special service use permits from the Forest Service. The equipment and tech- 
 niques used in surveying the network are also briefly discussed. 
 
 Good reference for those requiring information on the installation and removal 
 of subsidence monitoring networks in rugged and remote terrain. 
 
 58. Girrens, S. P., C. A. Anderson, J. G. Bennett, and M. Kramer. Numerical Pre- 
 diction of Subsidence With Coupled Geomechanical-Hydrological Modeling. Chapter 5 
 in Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due to Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and 
 M. Harthill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 
 1982, pp. 63-70. 
 
 Investigates the development of a coupled finite element geomechanical- 
 hydrology code applied to the problem of predicting ground water disturbances associ- 
 ated with mine subsidence. Included in this investigation are analyses of hydrologic 
 modeling, coupled subsidence-hydrology modeling, and code qualification studies for 
 subsidence modeling. A section on the incorporation of field measurements and numer- 
 ical models is also included. 
 
 Should be useful for information on the coupling between geomechanical defor- 
 mation models and ground-water-flow models. A background in hydrology would be use- 
 ful for the use of this material. 
 
 59. Glover, C. M. H. , and N. E. Webster. The Law Relating to Damage by Mining 
 Subsidence and Its Effect on Mining Practice. Trans. Inst. Min. Eng. (London), v. 
 118, 1958-59, pp. 75-99, 456-459. 
 
 First section discusses the laws and regulations relating to mine subsidence 
 areas in Great Britain. The second section contains general information regarding 
 the mechanics of subsidence because of underground mining, including discussions of 
 calculations, precautionary measures, and methods of working. 
 
 Section on subsidence mechanics may be useful for general information on sub- 
 sidence prediction methods. 
 
 60. Gray, R. E., and R. W. Bruhn. Subsidence Above Abandoned Coal Mines. Chapter 
 23 in State-of-the-Art of Ground Control in Longwall Mining and Mining Subsidence 
 (Soc. Min. Eng. AIME Fall Meeting, Honolulu, HI, Sept. 4-9, 1982). Soc. Min. Eng. 
 AIME, Littleton, CO, 1982, pp. 253-271. 
 
 Reviews the development of coal mining in the United States, including room 
 and pillar mining, longwall mining, and stope mining in steeply dipping seams. A 
 discussion on subsidence characteristics is included detailing subsidence modes, time 
 effects, and overburden thickness and lithology. Analyzes subsidence over abandoned 
 mines, and proposes methods for the prevention and control of abandoned mine subsid- 
 ence. Useful tables are included that summarize backfilling and selective support 
 methods. These tables include a cost summary for each method. 
 
 Good reference for an analysis of subsidence above abandoned coal mines. 
 Many of the details discussed are also an excellent source of general information on 
 subsidence damage and prevention. 
 
 61. Gray, R. E. , J. C. Gamble, R. J. McLaren, and D. J. Rodgers. State of the Art 
 of Subsidence Control. Appalachian Regional Commission Rep. ARC-73-1 11-2550, 1974, 
 182 pp. 
 
26 
 
 Discusses methods of controlling or preventing surface subsidence damage above 
 active and abandoned mines. For abandoned mines, selective support methods, such as 
 grout columns, deep foundations, and piers; and filling methods, such as hydraulic 
 flushing, pneumatic filling, fly ash injection, grouting, blasting, and overexcava- 
 tion, are described and approximate costs presented. Techniques to evaluate subsid- 
 ence potential are included. For active mines, principles of subsidence development 
 above tabular deposits are discussed, including a review of research studies and 
 predictive methods. Subsidence control, by cancelling or selectively positioning 
 surface strains and subsidence prevention by subsurface support are described with 
 examples. Annotated bibliographies are included at the end of the report. 
 
 Provides useful information on methods of minimizing subsidence because of un- 
 derground mining operations , and should be useful to those interested in controlling 
 subsidence. 
 
 62. Gray, R. E., and J. F. Myers. Mine Subsidence and Support Methods in the 
 Pittsburgh Area. J. Soil Mech. and Foundations Div. , Proc. ASCE, v. 96, No. SM4, 
 1970, pp. 1267-1287. 
 
 Contains a selected history of mining and mining-subsidence research in the 
 Pittsburgh, PA, area. Topography and geology of the area are described in detail. 
 Also included are descriptions of subsidence control methods such as complete grout- 
 ing of the mine, drilled piers, and stabilization utilizing grout columns. Partial- 
 
 and full-extraction mining methods in conjunction with specialized building con- 
 struction methods, which may minimize subsidence damage, are briefly outlined. Also 
 provides specific case history subsidence data from Pittsburgh area coal mines. 
 
 Good reference on subsidence control methods that have been successfully used 
 in the Appalachian Coal Region. Although this information was obtained from case 
 histories, the technology used can be applied to today's mining conditions. 
 
 63. Grond, G. J. A. A Critical Analysis of Early and Modern Theories of Mining 
 Subsidence and Ground Control. Powney-Parker Publicity Services, Ltd., 1st ed. , 
 1953, 57 pp. 
 
 Provides a critical analysis of European subsidence prediction methods. The 
 analysis considers both early and modern prediction theories. Numerous diagrams and 
 drawings help explain each theory. Because of the wide scope, the discussion on each 
 theory does not go into great detail. 
 
 Excellent reference on subsidence prediction methods. Although not detailed 
 enough for practical application, it does offer enough information to select a method 
 for possible specific application. A technical background is recommended for a full 
 understanding of this report. 
 
 64. Hall, B. M. Subsidence Prediction Methods and Instrumentation for Caved Long- 
 wall Coal Mines. MREM R107, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, Aug. 1980, 128 pp. 
 
 Evaluates the available methods for predicting subsidence over caved longwall 
 coal mines. The emphasis of this study includes evaluation of the ability of 33 sub- 
 sidence models to predict subsidence, examination of the assumptions in the models, 
 and indication of the areas for improvement. The data from four instrumented long- 
 wall panels are presented to determine which geologic traits influence the amount and 
 pattern of subsidence, and if in situ data can be obtained to improve the prediction 
 methodology. 
 
 Excellent reference for comparing the effectiveness of existing subsidence 
 prediction methods. The text is easily understood, and is supplemented with various 
 charts, graphs, and illustrations. 
 
27 
 
 65. Hall, B. M. , and C. H. Dowding. Prediction of Subsidence From Full Extraction 
 Coal Mining. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. and Geomech. Abstr., v. 19, No. 3, June 
 1982, pp. 305-312. 
 
 Examines available methods for predicting subsidence over longwall panels. 
 The methods are divided into two approaches, the empirical and the phenomenological. 
 The empirical methods are derived by correlating experiences and observations of pre- 
 viously mined longwall panels, and the phenomenological methods model the physical 
 behavior of the earth materials during the study of subsidence. 
 
 Provides useful definitions of both empirical and phenomenological subsidence 
 prediction methods. The material is straightforward and easily understood. 
 
 66. Hargraves , A. J. (ed.). Subsidence in Mines. (Proc. 4th Annu. Symp. on 
 Subsidence in Mines, Wollongong, Australia, Feb. 20-22, 1973). Illawarra Branch, 
 Australasian Inst. Min. Met all. , 1973, 110 pp. 
 
 Collection of several papers given at the Fourth Annual Symposium, Wollongong 
 University, Australia. The topics include prediction methods, monitoring techniques, 
 mine design, hydrological effects, and structural problems as related to mine subsid- 
 ence. Coalfields in Australia, England, and the United States are discussed. 
 
 These papers are clear and easy to understand. Discussions held at the con- 
 clusion of each paper help to gain further insight into the topics covered and to 
 clarify some points that may otherwise have been ambiguous. 
 
 67. Hiramatsu, Y. , and Y. Oka. Precalculation of Ground Movements Caused by Min- 
 ing. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., v. 5, Feb. 1968, pp. 399-414. 
 
 Describes the principles and techniques for a method of predicting ground 
 movements caused by mining coal seams or ore bodies. This method is based on func- 
 tions of influence that through integration provide influence factors. This method 
 calculates subsidences, horizontal displacements, inclinations, strains, and curva- 
 tures. The details of the calculations are illustrated with an example. 
 
 Contains an excellent explanation of an influence function subsidence predic- 
 tion method using extensive mathematical techniques. This method takes into account 
 ground properties, thus it can be used for a variety of locations. The text should 
 be easily understood by those with a technical background. 
 
 68. Hood, M. , R. T. Ewy, and L. R. Riddle. Empirical Methods of Subsidence 
 Prediction — A Case Study. Chapter 8 in Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due to Under- 
 ground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and M. Harthill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 
 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 100-122. 
 
 Compares subsidence profiles above two adjacent longwall retreat panels in 
 Illinois with profiles predicting subsidence behavior obtained using (1) National 
 Coal Board (reference 101) method, (2) the profile function method, and (3) the 
 influence function method. The relationship between surface curvature and strain is 
 also examined. Problems associated with the calculation of surface curvatures from 
 vertical displacement data are highlighted and a recommendation is made for future 
 studies to consider direct measurement of this parameter. 
 
 Clearly illustrates the effectiveness of three subsidence prediction methods 
 with actual measurements taken over longwall panels in Illinois. A technical back- 
 ground would be helpful but not necessary for the use of this material. 
 
 69. HRB-Singer, Inc. (State College, PA). Proposed Techniques for Evaluating Sub- 
 sidence Risk and Planning and Engineering Alternatives for Use by Housing and Urban 
 Development (HUD) and Local Governments (Task E) (HUD contract H-2385) . 1977, 120 
 pp.; NTIS PB 81-100992. 
 
28 
 
 Discusses techniques for evaluating subsidence risk and planning and engineer- 
 ing alternatives for adjusting to hazards resulting from three types of conditions: 
 (1) subsidence related to underground mining, (2) subsidence occurring in organic 
 wetlands, and (3) subsidence occurring in karst terrains. The first section details 
 the use of land-use planning as a hazard reduction technique. This includes geologic 
 evaluations as the basis for developing land-use plans and policies, planning and 
 environmental reviews, and explanations of the roles of key agencies in land-use 
 planning activities. The second section contains analyses of subsidence prediction 
 and damage minimization techniques for each of the three subsidence conditions. 
 
 Good reference for land-use planning as a technique for avoiding subsidence 
 damage. The subsidence prediction descriptions and minimization techniques should 
 also be useful for minimizing damage resulting from underground mining. 
 
 70. Hurst, G. Avoiding Subsidence Effects in Surface Buildings. Colliery Eng. , 
 v. 25, No. 291, May 1948, pp. 158-163; v. 25, No. 292, June 1948, pp. 194-198; v. 25, 
 No. 293, July 1948, pp. 230-234. 
 
 Guide for designing buildings to avoid the detrimental effects of subsidence. 
 The basic concept presented is to resist the bending moments and horizontal forces 
 arising from subsidence. A brief discussion of releveling techniques for structures 
 affected by subsidence is included. 
 
 Good, comprehensive article for foundation design in subsidence-prone areas. 
 Several illustrations of building foundations are presented in plan and cross- 
 sectional view. Although written in 1948 the procedures should still be of use 
 today. 
 
 71. Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Land Reclamation Division. The 
 Surface Coal Mining Land Conservation and Reclamation Act, June 1, 1980. 1983, 
 40 pp. 
 
 Section 4.02 gives a brief description of the mine operator's responsibilities 
 for the treatment of subsidence due to underground mining in Illinois. 
 
 Should be of interest to those concerned with the mine operator's responsi- 
 bilities in Illinois. 
 
 72. Institute of Civil Engineering (London). Ground Subsidence. Thomas Telford 
 Ltd., 1977, 99 pp. 
 
 Provides guidance to good practice for the civil engineer who is not a spe- 
 cialist in the area of ground subsidence. It is divided into seven sections dealing 
 with the causes and effects of both natural and induced surface subsidence. These 
 sections include causes of ground subsidence, identification and investigation, pre- 
 ventive measures, structures, communication, land drainage, and services. It also 
 provides an introduction to the extensive literature on more specialized aspects of 
 ground subsidence. 
 
 Provides a comprehensive study on state-of-the-art British subsidence technol- 
 ogy; well organized and easy to read and understand. Would be helpful to those in- 
 terested in a general overview in subsidence engineering. 
 
 73. Jones, C. J. F. P., and J. B. Bellamy. Computer Prediction of Ground Move- 
 ments Due to Mining Subsidence. Geotechnique, v. 23, No. 4, 1973, pp. 515-530. 
 
 Examines a method of determining displacement, strain, and stress components 
 of ground deformation due to underground mining based upon the theory of elasticity 
 and the principle of superposition. A discussion is included that describes this 
 prediction method, evaluates its applications, and shows that, by programming this 
 method for a computer, accurate predictions of ground deformations are easily ob- 
 tained, which inables realistic allowances to be made for the effects of subsidence 
 in a structural design. 
 
 Good reference for subsidence modeling using computer methods. The informa- 
 tion is more theoretical than practical, and no programming specifics are given. 
 
29 
 
 74. Kapp , W. A. Subsidence Due to Underground Coalmining. Mine and Quarry 
 Mechanisation, 1972, pp. 115-121. 
 
 Presents general characteristics of subsidence over underground coal mines, 
 including subsidence mechanics, surface and structural effects, methods of protecting 
 the surface, and precautions for mining under water. Also included are several case 
 studies of Australian coal mine subsidence. 
 
 Although general and lacking detailed information, is a source of general informa- 
 tion on the causes, effects, and prevention of subsidence due to underground coal 
 mining. 
 
 75. . Subsidence Investigations in the Northern Coalfield, New South Wales, 
 
 and Their Application to the Design of Mine Layouts in Residential Areas. Pres. at 
 11th Commonwealth Min. and Metall. Congr. , Hong Kong, May 1978. Inst. Min. and 
 Metall. , London, Paper 32, 1978, 11 pp. 
 
 Summarizes the results of subsidence surveys over longwall, shortwall, and 
 room-and-pillar panels in New South Wales, Australia. Examines the relationships 
 between surface subsidence and underground extraction, and includes descriptions of 
 the mining methods, survey procedures, mine layouts, and surface features of the case 
 studies examined. 
 
 Good reference for understanding the general relationships between subsidence 
 and underground mining. Case studies provide background information for several 
 mining methods and their resulting ground deformations. 
 
 76. Karmis, M. , and C. Haycocks. Computer Simulation of Mining Subsidence Using 
 the Zone Area Method. Dep. Min. and Miner. Eng. , VA Polytechnic Inst, and State 
 Univ. , Mar. 1983, 62 pp. 
 
 Presents a zone area method computer program designed to predict a complete 
 subsidence profile for seam gradients up to 20°. A detailed description of the zone 
 area method of subsidence modeling and how the computer program was developed to use 
 this method is included. Results from four field studies in the Appalachian coal- 
 field were compared to computer predictions with good agreement. 
 
 Describes a potentially effective method for predicting a subsidence profile 
 for both longwall and room-and-pillar mining operations; however, this method presup- 
 poses that a computer capable of extensive calculations is available to the mine 
 operator. 
 
 77. Karmis, M. , C. Haycocks, I. Eitani, and B. Webb. A Study of Longwall Subsid- 
 ence in the Appalachian Coal Region Using Field Measurements and Computer Modeling 
 Techniques. Paper in Proceedings of the First Conference on Ground Control in Mining 
 (Morgantown, WV, July 27-29, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, 1981, pp. 220-229. 
 
 Describes the use of field measurements and computer-modeling techniques to 
 develop some basic relationships between longwall subsidence and related parameters. 
 Summarizes regional subsidence trends of the Appalachian Coal Region. A brief refer- 
 ence is made to the zone-area method of subsidence prediction. 
 
 Would be valuable to those who are interested in subsidence patterns in the 
 Appalachian Coal Region. 
 
 78. Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, Bureau 
 of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. Permanent Program Regulations for 
 Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Operations and Coal Exploration Operations. 405 
 KAR 8:040E, sec. 26, Apr. 1982, 52 pp. 
 
 Deals with the legal considerations of mine subsidence and the precautions and 
 procedures to be followed by the mine operator. 
 
 Subsidence control section should be useful to those interested in the legal 
 considerations of subsidence for the State of Kentucky. 
 
30 
 
 79. King, H. J., and M. B. Jones. The Measurement of Mine Subsidence. Mine and 
 Quarry Eng. , v. 22, No. 3, 1956, pp. 106-113. 
 
 Details the construction, installation, and operation of two instruments de- 
 signed to measure surface strain and tilt due to underground mining. Also included 
 is a general discussion on strain and tilt characteristics. 
 
 Should be of use to those interested in instrumentation for strain and tilt 
 investigations. The details are limited to the general construction of the instru- 
 ments , and no specific plans or dimensions are given. 
 
 80. King, R. P. Evaluation of Surface Subsidence and Horizontal Strain at York 
 Canyon Mine, New Mexico. M.S. Thesis, CO School Mines, Golden, CO, 1980, 197 pp. 
 
 Presents the results of a rock mechanics instrumentation program designed to 
 determine surface response due to longwall mining in thick coal at the York Canyon 
 Mine near Raton, NM. Describes the layout, design, and instrumentation of the sub- 
 sidence monitoring network over the York Canyon Mine. Provides a general analysis of 
 the characteristics of surface subsidence, and details the development of a subsid- 
 ence prediction model that is patterned after the National Coal Board's Subsidence 
 Engineers' Handbook. 
 
 Good reference for information on subsidence monitoring techniques and analy- 
 ses of ground deformations. The instrumentation described should be useful to those 
 designing a subsidence monitoring network. 
 
 81. King, H. J., B. N. Whittaker, and C. H. Shadbolt. Effects of Mining Subsid- 
 ence on Surface Structures. Paper in International Symposium on Mining and the En- 
 vironment (London, England, June 4-7, 1974). Inst. Min. and Metall. , London, 1975, 
 pp. 617-642. 
 
 Describes monitoring techniques used to determine the effectiveness of trench- 
 ing to reduce the amount of damage to surface structures from underground mining. 
 This effectiveness is discussed in detail, and the general criteria important in the 
 design of surface structures in mining areas are described. 
 
 Good source of information on the effectiveness of trenching in minimizing 
 structural damage due to mine subsidence. 
 
 82. Knothe, S. Observations of Surface Movements Under Influence of Mining and 
 Their Theoretical Interpretation. Colliery Eng., v. 36, 1959, pp. 24-29. 
 
 Details a method for predicting subsidence caused by underground coal mining 
 by evaluating profile and influence functions. Is supplemented with various charts 
 and diagrams to aid in the understanding of the material. 
 
 An excellent subsidence prediction method for horizontal seam mining opera- 
 tions; is highly detailed, and a background in subsidence engineering is recommended. 
 
 83. Kochmanski, T. Comparison of the Accuracy of Three Methods of Calculation 
 According to the Theories of K. Kochmanski, S. G. Avershyn, W. Budryk, and S. Knothe. 
 Natl. Sci. Assoc, BuMines Spec. Foreign Currency Sci. Inf. Program Transl. , 1974, 
 
 54 pp.; NTIS TT-74-54013. 
 
 Details the differences between subsidence measured by means of geodetic 
 surveys and subsidence calculated using the Avershyn, Budryk-Knothe, and Kochmanski 
 theories of subsidence prediction. From these differences several indexes are calcu- 
 lated, including estimators of variance and the sizes of the surfaces between the 
 practical and theoretical subsidence curves. 
 
 Should be useful in demonstrating the extent to which the Avershyn, Budryk- 
 Knothe, and Kochmanski theories are able to predict subsidence. The text has been 
 translated from Polish to English and may sometimes be difficult to understand. 
 
31 
 
 84. Kolesar, J. E. , E. C. Palmer, and V. A. Scovazzo. Subsidence Monitoring Plan 
 of Longwall Panels — A Case Study Kitt Mine No. 1. Chapter 18 in Workshop on Surface 
 Subsidence Due to Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and M. Har thill (Morgantown, 
 WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 225-229. 
 
 Details a proposed-rock mass-response instrument plan for a longwall mining 
 operation. Included are descriptions of the surficial, interburden, and in-mine 
 subsidence-monitoring instrumentation construction plans and practices proposed for 
 use at the minesite. 
 
 Provides useful information on construction and design techniques for subsid- 
 ence monitoring networks. A useful diagram detailing the construction of a concrete 
 survey monument is also included. 
 
 85. Kowalczyk, Z. Effect of Mining Exploitation on the Ground Surface and Struc- 
 tures in Heavily Industrialized and Populated Areas. Canadian Inst. Min. and Metall. 
 Trans., Min. Soc. , Nova Scotia, v. 69, 1966, pp. 387-393. 
 
 Describes a proposed subsidence prediction theory that would permit the deter- 
 mination of surface deformations for planned underground exploitation. The relations 
 between surface subsidence and various methods of mining are analyzed, and allowable 
 horizontal deformations for protected objects, according to the degree of their sig- 
 nificance, are reviewed. 
 
 A useful reference for details on a subsidence prediction method designed for 
 underground mining operations. The sections dealing with the relations between sub- 
 sidence and mining methods, and allowable horizontal deformations for structures may 
 also be of use. This article is translated from Polish to English and may sometimes 
 be difficult to understand. 
 
 86. Kratzsch, H. Mining Subsidence Engineering. Springer, 1983, 535 pp. 
 Deals with the current state of international knowledge on strata and ground 
 
 movement over mine workings. Included are detailed descriptions of the damaging ef- 
 fects to mine shafts and the ground surface. Methods to reduce mining damage and 
 laws governing mining damage are also discussed. 
 
 Excellent working aid for the mine surveyor, the mining engineer, the archi- 
 tect, and the civil engineer for dealing with mine subsidence problems. 
 
 87. . Reduced Subsidence by Planned Extraction. Bergbau Arch. (Essen), 
 
 v. 25, No. 5, Dec. 1964, pp. 15-21. 
 
 Examines the influence of the location of mine workings on the stresses af- 
 fecting a building. The stresses induced by working two seams and the problems asso- 
 ciated with determining stresses generated by working a steeply inclined seam are al- 
 so discussed. Included are several examples on how to sequence mining operations to 
 reduce damage to surface structures. 
 
 Useful to those planning mines in areas with existing structures. Mine design 
 and sequencing procedures are described. It is sometimes difficult to understand due 
 to the German-to-English translation. A technical background in subsidence engineer- 
 ing is suggested for full understanding of the subject matter. 
 
 88. Lee, K. L. , and M. E. Strauss. Prediction of Horizontal Movements Due to 
 Subsidence Over Mined Areas. Paper in International Symposium on Land Subsidence 
 (Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 14-18, 1969). Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. , United Nations Educa- 
 tional Sci. and Cultural Assoc, v. 2, 1969, pp. 512-522. 
 
 Reviews some qualitative and quantitative interrelations among vertical sub- 
 sidence, geological conditions, and resulting horizontal movements. Also included is 
 a discussion of a case history of horizontal movements that develop as a result of 
 subsidence over a sulfur mining area. An evaluation of the finite element method of 
 subsidence analysis is also given. 
 
32 
 
 Provides general information on the interrelations among several subsidence 
 parameters , and should be of some use for applications to subsidence predictions over 
 underground coal mining operations. 
 
 89. Louis, H. A Contribution to the Theory of Subsidences. Trans. Inst. Min. 
 Eng. (London), v. 64, 1922, pp. 257-273. 
 
 Details the derivation of a subsidence prediction theory based upon Coulomb's 
 theory of earth pressure. A discussion of this theory by experts in the field is 
 given. 
 
 Provides information on a subsidence prediction theory based on Coulomb's 
 theory of earth pressure. The text is brief, and is not highly detailed. 
 
 90. Mahar, J. W. , and G. G. Marino. Building Response and Mitigation Measures 
 for Building Damages in Illinois. Chapter 20 in Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due 
 to Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and M. Har thill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30- 
 Dec. 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 238-252. 
 
 Summarizes observations made on building response to mine subsidence and 
 discusses techniques for mitigation of building damage. The first section describes 
 the typical geologic and mining conditions at various sites in Illinois. Building 
 response to pit and sag subsidence over these sites is discussed in the second sec- 
 tion and the third section describes mitigation techniques used to prevent or mini- 
 mize building damage. A summary of the observations and critical parameters is 
 given. 
 
 Contains useful information on techniques to minimize subsidence related 
 building damage. The section detailing building response to subsidence should also 
 be helpful in determining what damage might be expected over a mining operation. 
 
 91. Mainil, P. Contribution to the Study of Ground Movement Under the Influence 
 of Mining Operations. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., v. 2, No. 2, 1965, pp. 225-243. 
 
 Reviews various types of mining methods and defines the characteristic 
 ground deformations for each case. Also explains the complexity of ground deforma- 
 tions caused by different types of mining. Includes numerous charts, graphs, and 
 figures. 
 
 Should be valuable to those interested in understanding the influence of 
 mine operations on ground movement. A background in mine engineering is recommended 
 for the comprehension of this material. 
 
 92. Marr, J. E. The Application of the Zone Area System to the Prediction of Min- 
 ing Subsidence. Min. Eng. (London), v. 176, No. 135, Oct. 1975, pp. 53-62. 
 
 Outlines the introduction and initial development of the zone area system in 
 the European continental countries and the early difficulties experienced in applying 
 the system to British mining circumstances. The British systems of subsidence esti- 
 mation developed during the past three decades are briefly described along with their 
 limitations. The development of the zone area system and the resolution of the early 
 difficulties with British conditions are described in detail, including the added 
 allowances required for the effects of depth, seam inclinations, and pillars of 
 coal left in situ. Reference is made to the use of computers for carrying out the 
 mathematical calculations of subsidence values and the reproduction of subsidence 
 contours. 
 
 Good reference for details on the zone area method of subsidence prediction. 
 The material is not highly technical and should be easily understood. 
 
 93. . A New Approach to the Estimation of Mining Subsidence. Trans. Inst. 
 
 Min. Eng. (London), v. 118, 1958-59, pp. 692-706. 
 
33 
 
 Details the application of a general mathematical equation, which was derived 
 from a study of subsidence profiles, to two example mining operations. Specific sec- 
 tions deal with the angle of draw and the width-depth ratio for level strata, and the 
 relationship between angles of draw and the inclination of strata. Also included is 
 a discussion on the accuracy to which subsidence estimates can be carried out when 
 applied to local conditions. 
 
 Provides useful information on a subsidence prediction method based on actual 
 subsidence observations. The text is not highly detailed, but should provide enough 
 practical information to be of use to those interested in subsidence prediction 
 methods . 
 
 94. Marr, J. E. , and J. F. Ward. Some Practical Aspects of Precise Subsidence 
 Surveying. Trans. Inst. Min. Surveyors, 1952, 17 pp.; available upon request from 
 A. J. Fejes, BuMines, Denver, CO. 
 
 Evaluates survey techniques and details the design and construction of survey 
 monuments used to monitor ground movements over longwall mining operations. Included 
 are discussions of survey methods and their accuracies, as well as complete descrip- 
 tions and illustrations of subsidence survey monuments. 
 
 Should be of use to those interested in survey monument design and construc- 
 tion, and in surveying techniques appropriate to subsidence investigations. 
 
 95. McClain, W. C. Surface Subsidence Associated With Longwall Mining. Trans. 
 AIME, v. 235, 1966, pp. 231-235. 
 
 Examines the characteristics of subsidence due to longwall mining and the 
 resulting damages to surface structures. Included is a general review of subsidence 
 mechanics and a discussion on protective measures used to minimize damage to surface 
 structures. 
 
 Provides general information on subsidence mechanics and structural damages 
 related to subsidence. Is qualitative, and few details are given. 
 
 96. Miller, M. J., R. E. Panton, and J. R. Steiding. A Comprehensive Program for 
 Dealing With Mine Subsidence Emphasizing Local Government Options. Appalachian 
 Regional Commission Rep. ARC-73-1 63-2559, 1976, 156 pp. 
 
 Defines and evaluates potential subsidence risk within the four anthracite 
 coalfields of northeastern Pennsylvania with an emphasis on an evaluation of surface 
 (e.g., land use) and subsurface (subsidence potential) conditions. Using a "situa- 
 tion" format, potential subsidence parameters are outlined by coalfield area and 
 further refined to delineate 119 municipalities that face specific potential sub- 
 sidence problems. Illustrates feasible mitigation options for dealing with subsid- 
 ence including physical stabilization, architectural measures, insurance, land-use 
 controls, mining controls, and coordination of surface and subsurface development. 
 Translates these generalized plan-and-program recommendations into specific programs 
 for each of the 119 communities directly impacted by subsidence difficulties within 
 the northeastern Pennsylvania anthracite coalfields. Also included are synoptic plan 
 evaluations and generalized subsidence-risk maps for each community, along with an 
 explanation of their purpose and use. 
 
 Provides a useful evaluation of potential subsidence risk and mitigation mea- 
 sures for areas within the northeastern Pennsylvania anthracite coalfields. 
 
 97. Milliken, B. E. Coal Mine Subsidence Surveys, Illawarra Escarpment, New South 
 Wales, Australia. Paper in Proceedings, Third Canadian Symposium on Mining Surveying 
 and Rock Deformation Measurements (Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, Oct. 10-12, 1979). Can. 
 Inst. Surv., 1979, pp. 87-124. 
 
34 
 
 Details the survey work performed for a subsidence monitoring project. In- 
 cluded are discussions on the types of survey monuments used in the survey networks, 
 various survey methods involving normal and more precise accuracies for the vertical 
 and horizontal displacement of survey monuments, and the role of the computer in the 
 reduction and presentation of the data. 
 
 Should be a useful source of information concerning various survey techniques 
 used in subsidence studies. The sections on monument layout and installation should 
 also be of interest. 
 
 98. Moore, R. C. , and M. A. Nawrocki. Effects of Subsidence From Thick Seam Coal 
 Mining on Hydrology (contract JO295012, Hittman Associates, Inc.). BuMines OFR 93-80, 
 1980, 245 pp.; NTIS PB 80-219280. 
 
 Estimates what effects the underground mining of thick coal seams in the 
 western United States would have on the surrounding water resources. Details include 
 the identification of thick coal seams in the United States, a foreign literature 
 search, predictions of hydrologic impacts, an analysis of 10 study sites, and conclu- 
 sions and recommendations. 
 
 Should be useful to those interested in information concerning hydrologic 
 changes due to subsidence. 
 
 99. Munson, D. E. , and S. E. Benzley. Analytical Subsidence Model Using Void- 
 Volume Distribution Functions. Paper in Proceedings, 21st U.S. Symposium on Rock 
 Mechanics (Rolla, MO, May 28-30, 1980). Univ. MO, Rolla, MO, 1980, pp. 299-307. 
 
 Presents an analytic theory of subsidence that acts as a framework describing 
 both the time-dependent and time-independant aspects of the subsidence process. Also 
 included is a description of the numerical tests performed on this proposed model us- 
 ing a finite element computer program. 
 
 Provides a subsidence model that can examine the deformational modes of 
 subsidence. 
 
 100. Munson, D. E. , and W. F. Eichfeld. Evaluation of European Empirical Methods 
 for Subsidence in U.S. Coal Fields (U.S. Dep. Energy contract SAND 80-0537, Sandia 
 Natl. Lab.). 1980, 27 pp.; NTIS SAND-79-2355 C. 
 
 Analyzes the applicability of European subsidence prediction methods for U.S. 
 mining conditions through application to those domestic longwall mines where the sub- 
 sidence process has been documented. Included are descriptions of graphical methods, 
 profile functions, and influence functions. 
 
 Provides a good evaluation of European prediction techniques and how well 
 they relate to U.S. mining practices. The text is supplemented with various charts 
 and graphs that allow for an easier understanding of the material. 
 
 101. National Coal Board, Production Department. Subsidence Engineers' Handbook. 
 1975, 111 pp. 
 
 Details various aspects of subsidence engineering, including prediction meth- 
 ods, subsidence mechanics, and structural precautions against subsidence damage. 
 Specific sections deal with the prediction of maximum subsidence and complete subsid- 
 ence profiles, horizontal strains, the relationship of subsidence to the position of 
 the excavation and to time, relationships between ground movement and surface damage, 
 and general and specific structural precautions to minimize subsidence damage. Also 
 included are case histories of observation lines illustrating the extent of subsid- 
 ence over specific sites. 
 
 Intended as a reference book for engineers and surveyors who are concerned 
 with subsidence engineering and who are acquiring a specialist knowledge of the 
 subject. Very little general explanatory material has been included, and therefore 
 the handbook is not suitable for background reading by nonspecialist engineers or 
 surveyors. 
 
35 
 
 102. Oravecz , K. I. Measurement of Surface Displacements Caused by Extraction of 
 Coal Pillars. Paper in the Proceedings of the Conference on Large Ground Movements 
 and Structures (Cardiff, Wales, July 4-7, 1977). Univ. of Wales Inst, of Sci. and 
 Technol., Cardiff, Wales, 1977, pp. 60-85. 
 
 Summarizes the procedures used in a subsidence research study conducted over 
 a bord-and-pillar mining operation. Details are given on instrumentation used to 
 determine surface subsidence, lateral displacements, and development and extent of 
 the cave in relation to the mining geometry. Also included are discussions on data 
 handling and preprocessing methods. 
 
 Should be useful to those interested in monitoring ground deformations over 
 bord-and-pillar mining operations. Details a study performed over a specific site, 
 but the discussions and descriptions should be of use for information on subsidence 
 monitoring techniques . 
 
 103. Orchard, R. J. Prediction of the Magnitude of Surface Movements. Colliery 
 Eng., v. 34, 1957, pp. 455-462. 
 
 Examines various aspects of subsidence due to underground mining. The 
 effects of packing on ground movements are discussed, followed by an analysis of the 
 relationship among subsidence, seam depth, and horizontal strain. Tensile strain, 
 compressive strain, and the relationship of strain, to slope are each evaluated 
 separately. 
 
 A good, comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of subsidence due to 
 underground mining. Data from several case studies are included to help visualize 
 the concepts in the test. 
 
 104. . Recent Developments in Predicting the Amplitude of Mining Subsidence. 
 
 J. Royal Inst. Chartered Surveyor, No. 33, May 1954, pp. 864-876. 
 
 Evaluates the amplitude of subsidence caused by underground mining through 
 the examination of several influencing parameters, including method of mining, 
 geological conditions, rate of face advance, and time factors. A comparison of 
 subsidence amplitude under differing mining conditions is also included. Reference 
 is made to the partial subsidence curve, and how this curve can be used for practical 
 applications. 
 
 Gives a brief overview of how the amplitude of subsidence can be predicted. 
 The text is qualitative, but enough information is provided to allow for practical 
 applications of the material. 
 
 105. . Surface Effects of Mining — The Main Factors. Trans. Inst. Min. Eng. 
 
 (London), v. 116, 1956-57, pp. 941-958. 
 
 The various factors affecting surface movements are summarized and the manner 
 in which they influence the shape of the subsidence trough is described. Contains a 
 discussion of the importance of the width-depth ratio in determining the maximum 
 amplitude of subsidence. Also included is a brief discussion of surface damage and 
 methods for reducing this damage. 
 
 Clear and easy to understand; would be a good reference for those interested 
 in the basic principles of mining subsidence. 
 
 106. . Surface Subsidence Resulting From Alternative Treatment of Colliery 
 
 Goaf. Colliery Eng., v. 41, Oct. 1964, pp. 428-435. 
 
 Compares surface subsidence caused by both total- and partial-extraction 
 methods when allowing caving rather than using strip-packing or solid-stowing tech- 
 niques in the gob. Roadways and packs and their effects upon convergence are dis- 
 cussed in relation to "effective" panel width and maximum subsidence. Numerous 
 charts and graphs are included. 
 
 Good reference for those interested in using stowing methods to limit the 
 amount of surface subsidence. 
 
36 
 
 107. Orchard, R. J. Working Under Bodies of Water. Min. Eng. (London), v. 134, 
 No. 170, Mar. 1975, pp. 261-270. 
 
 Discusses the consequences of extracting coal reserves located under bodies 
 of water. Specific examples are cited that detail the results of mining beneath riv- 
 ers, reservoirs, triassic sandstones, and aquifers. Suggestions to minimize the risk 
 of mining beneath bodies of water are included. 
 
 Details the effects of subsidence on bodies of water above underground mines; 
 should be useful to those interested in the effects of mining on overlying bodies of 
 water. 
 
 108. O'Rourke, J. E. Monitoring Subsidence in the West: Problems and Analysis. 
 Chapter 13 in Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due to Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. 
 Peng and M. Harthill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, 
 WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 164-179. 
 
 Describes results of a project for the design and demonstration of subsidence 
 monitoring systems for underground coal mines. Included are descriptions of the 
 instrumentation systems, the site conditions, problems of installation, resulting 
 recommendations, and subsidence data. 
 
 Should be useful to those interested in various aspects of subsidence moni- 
 toring networks, including instrumentation and network construction. 
 
 109. O'Rourke, J. E. , R. M. Mabry, B. B. Ranson, and K. O'Connor. Subsidence Mon- 
 itoring Systems for Undermined Areas (Dep. Energy contract ET-76-C-01-9123, Woodward- 
 Clyde, Consultants). 1977, 304 pp.; NTIS FE/9123-1. 
 
 Examines the movement and stresses that accompany underground mining. The 
 major applications of subsidence monitoring are reviewed, and the relevant data mea- 
 surements for a cost-effective monitoring program are identified for each. Seven 
 sets of measurements are repeatedly encountered, and these are formalized as indi- 
 vidual measurement systems. Specifications for each of the measurements in each 
 system are developed. Basic properties such as availability, cost, and ease of use 
 are listed for over 100 instruments potentially useful for subsidence monitoring. 
 Detailed information is provided on installation and operation procedures for the 
 most effective instrument of each measurement. Finally, the measurement systems with 
 their associated instrumentation are ranked according to cost and time limitations, 
 versatility of the component equipment, and previous service experience by users. 
 
 Excellent source of information on subsidence monitoring instrumentation. 
 The specifications given should be helpful in determining which type of instrument is 
 best suited for a particular location. 
 
 110. O'Rourke, J. E. , K. M. O'Conner, and P. H. Rey. Instrumentation Systems for 
 Subsidence Monitoring of Longwall Panels. Chapter 21 in State-of-the-Art of Ground 
 Control in Longwall Mining and Mining Subsidence (Soc. Min. Eng. AIME Fall Meeting, 
 Honolulu, HI, Sept. 4-9, 1982). Soc. Min. Eng. AIME. Littleton, CO, 1982, pp. 235- 
 244. 
 
 Evaluates specific geotechnical instrumentation used to provide overburden 
 and surface-subsidence data. Instrumentation for monitoring ground-surface deforma- 
 tions, subsurface deformations and mine-level stresses are discussed; these discus- 
 sions include both construction and monitoring techniques. 
 
 Provides a good analysis of several types of subsidence monitoring instrumen- 
 tation. Descriptions of two case studies are included, which detail the operation 
 and construction of the equipment described, and should be of use to those interested 
 in determining what instrumentation is needed to monitor a particular site. 
 
37 
 
 111. Panek, L. A. Methods and Equipment For Measuring Subsidence. Paper in Third 
 Symposium on Salt, ed. by J. L. Rau and L. F. Dellwig (Apr. 22-24, 1969, Cleveland, 
 OH). Northern OH Geol. Soc. , Inc., Cleveland, OH, v. 2, 1970, pp. 321-338. 
 
 Describes measurement techniques and equipment that are appropriate for de- 
 termining the horizontal and vertical components of displacement and strain, tilt 
 and curvature. Particular attention is given to the principal characteristics and 
 uses of monuments, extensometers , tapes, electronic distance-measuring instruments, 
 theodolite, alignment telescope, spirit level, tilt meter, and borehole inclinometer 
 probe. 
 
 Should be useful for reviewing the characteristics of mining-related ground 
 deformations, and choosing equipment that can be used to monitor these movements. 
 
 112. Parate, N. S. Reducing the Effects of Mining Subsidence on Surface Struc- 
 tures. Colliery Eng., v. 44, May 1967, pp. 190-195. 
 
 Investigates the mechanics of subsidence and methods of reducing subsidence 
 damage to surface structures. Included are discussions on the nature of subsidence, 
 amplitude of subsidence, subsidence profiles, area of influence, amplitude of strain, 
 time factor, reduction of subsidence effects, and design of new structures. 
 
 Provides general information on subsidence mechanics and subsidence minimiza- 
 tion techniques. 
 
 113. Peng, S. S. Surface Subsidence. Chapter 9 in Coal Mine Ground Control, 
 Wiley, 1978, pp. 281-342. 
 
 Classifies ground movement theories into two broad categories: descriptive 
 theories and continuum mechanics theories. The specifics of each category are dis- 
 cussed in detail. Gives an analysis of subsidence trough determination including 
 descriptions of subsidence profiles, strains, profile slopes, and profile curvatures. 
 Also includes a discussion of subsidence measurement techniques, as well as evalua- 
 tions of surface damage and damage minimization techniques. 
 
 Should be useful for gaining a basic understanding of various subsidence pre- 
 diction theories. The section on subsidence measurement techniques should also be 
 beneficial for those planning to monitor subsidence. 
 
 114. Peng, S. S. , and S. L. Cheng. Predicting Surface Subsidence for Damage Pre- 
 vention. Coal Min. Process., v. 18, No. 5, 1981, pp. 84-95. 
 
 Provides background information on subsidence engineering. Includes descrip- 
 tions of caving mechanisms and outlines specific subsidence controlling factors. 
 Reference is made to subsidence related structural damage and damage prevention tech- 
 niques. An empirical subsidence prediction method is discussed. Charts and graphs 
 are used to supplement the text. 
 
 Good reference for those interested in background information on subsidence. 
 Is technical in nature but is written at a level that is easy to understand. 
 
 115. Peng, S. S. , and C. T. Chyan. Surface Subsidence, Surface Structural Damages 
 and Subsidence Predictions and Modeling in the Northern Appalachian Coalfield. Chap- 
 ter 6 in Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due to Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng 
 and M. Harthill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, 
 Mar. 1982, pp. 73-84. 
 
 Provides a summary document of five previously published papers on subsidence 
 over 24 longwall panels and 5 room-and-pillar sections in the northern Appalachian 
 coalfield. Includes the physical characteristics of 54 surface subsidence profiles 
 collected for longwall and room-and-pillar mining. Prediction and modeling of sur- 
 face subsidence using empirical and analytical methods are discussed in detail. 
 There is also a general discussion of surface structural damage. 
 
38 
 
 Excellent examination of surface subsidence in the northern Appalachian coal- 
 field. Angle of draw and subsidence factor estimates are provided as well as tech- 
 niques for predictive and modeling surface subsidence. This material should be use- 
 ful for predicting subsidence in the northern Appalachian coalfield. 
 
 116. Peng, S. S. , and D. Y. Geng. Methods of Predicting the Subsidence Factor, 
 Angle of Draw and Angle of Critical Deformation. Chapter 19 in State-of-the-Art of 
 Ground Control in Longwall Mining and Mining Subsidence (Soc. Min. Eng. AIME Fall 
 Meeting, Honolulu, HI, Sept. 4-9, 1982). Soc. Min. Eng. AIME, Littleton, CO, 1982, 
 pp. 211-221. 
 
 Analyzes the effects of geology and mining methods on subsidence factor, 
 angle of draw, and angle of critical deformation based on the results of 40 longwall 
 subsidence profiles in the northern Appalachian coalfield. Several equations are 
 derived that show the relationships among those parameters. These equations are 
 transferred and plotted in the form of several monographs for convenience of 
 application. 
 
 Excellent reference for methods of predicting surface subsidence factor, 
 angle of draw, and angle of critical deformation, which take into account the effect 
 of geology and mining conditions. Is rather detailed and would best be understood by 
 those with a technical background. 
 
 117. Peng, S. S. , K. K. Kohli, and S. L. Cheng. Surface Subsidence and Structural 
 Damages Due to Underground "Longwall Coal Mining — A Case Study. Paper in Proceedings, 
 21st U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (Rolla, MO, May 28-30, 1980). Univ. MO, Rolla, 
 MO, 1980, pp. 275-284. 
 
 Presents a case history of surface subsidence over a longwall section at an 
 eastern Ohio mine. Included are surface subsidence monitoring plans, measured sub- 
 sidence results, and subsequent surface structural damages. 
 
 Would be helpful to a mine operator interested in monitoring surface subsid- 
 ence. Items are not presented in great detail. 
 
 118. Pennsylvania Department of Mines. Anthracite Mining Laws of Pennsylvania. 
 1954, 240 pp. 
 
 Contains laws, enacted in 1954, that pertain to subsidence resulting from 
 anthracite mining in northeastern Pennsylvania. 
 
 Would be of interest to those concerned with subsidence-related laws in 
 northeast Pennsylvania. 
 
 119. Perz, F. Mathematical Relationships and Subsidence Troughs. Mine and Quarry 
 Eng., v. 23, June 1957, pp. 256-260. 
 
 Describes a subsidence prediction method that uses mathematical relationships 
 to model the formation of subsidence troughs above mine workings. This theory takes 
 into account the properties of overlying strata. 
 
 Should be of use to those interested in subsidence prediction. The deriva- 
 tion of the theory is straightforward, and should be easily understood by those with 
 a technical background. 
 
 120. Priest, A. V., and R. J. Orchard. Recent Subsidence Research in the Notting- 
 hamshire and Derbyshire Coalfield. Trans. Inst. Min. Eng. (London), v. 117, 1957-58, 
 pp. 499-512. 
 
 Describes an attempt to monitor vertical and horizontal subsidence displace- 
 ments such that appropriate steps could be taken to prevent or reduce structural dam- 
 age to existing pipelines and buildings in the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire coal- 
 field, England. The field methods and instruments that were used to monitor ground 
 movements are briefly discussed. The steps taken to prevent structural damage are 
 discussed in detail and include changes in mine design, modifications of pipelines, 
 and detailed inspections of buildings. 
 
39 
 
 Provides a good example of how subsidence is monitored, and how the subse- 
 quent data can be used to reduce structural damage to surface and subsurface facili- 
 ties. Is easy to read and understand and the techniques described can be applied 
 over a wide range of mining conditions. 
 
 121. Public Record Corporation (Denver, CO). The Code of Colorado Regulations. 
 2 CCR 407-2, 1980, pp. 91-96, 285-288. 
 
 Pertinent sections deal with the responsibilities of the mine operator in re- 
 gard to subsidence due to underground mining in Colorado. 
 
 Should be of use to those interested in the responsibilities of the Colorado 
 mine operator with regard to subsidence. 
 
 122. Pytlarz, T. , and K. Trojanowski. Subsidence Calculation With an Arbitrary 
 Shape of the Exploitation Area by the Segment Network Method on Basis of S. Knothe's 
 Theory. 1974, 52 pp; NTIS TT 74-54011. 
 
 Details a method for calculating surface subsidence using Knothe's theory of 
 the exploitation effect on the ground surface for the case of a spatial problem with 
 an arbitrary shape of the given exploitation area. 
 
 Provides a detailed analysis of a derivation of Knothe's theory for subsid- 
 ence prediction, and is best suited to those with a technical background. Is supple- 
 mented with various charts and graphs to aid in the understanding of the material. 
 
 123. Rellensmann, 0., and E. Wagner. The Effect on Railways of the Ground Move- 
 ments Due to Mining. Paper in Proceedings of the European Congress on Ground Move- 
 ment (Leeds, England, Apr. 9-12, 1957). London Harrison, 1957, pp. 74-82. 
 
 Analyzes partial-extraction methods that can be used to minimize subsidence 
 damage to railway lines. The analysis includes discussions on the use of safety 
 pillars and various mine designs. A short explanation of the mechanics of ground 
 deformations is also given. 
 
 Provides general information on measures used to safeguard railway lines from 
 subsidence damage. The section on the mechanics of ground deformations is also of a 
 general nature. 
 
 124. Salamon, M. D. G. The Role of Linear Models in the Estimation of Surface 
 Ground Movements Induced by Mining Tabular Deposits. Paper in Proceedings of the 
 Conference on Large Ground Movements and Structures (Cardiff, Wales, July 4-7, 1977). 
 Univ. of Wales Inst, of Sci. and Technol. , Cardiff, Wales, 1977, pp. 187-208. 
 
 Gives a brief summary of the principles involved in treating tabular excava- 
 tions as displacement discontinuities, the outlines of which coincide with the plan 
 of the excavations. A more detailed discussion is included that evaluates the appli- 
 cation of these principles to the prediction of displacements at the ground surface 
 and to the protection of structures on the surface. 
 
 Should be of some use to those interested in a tabular deposit subsidence 
 prediction method. A technical background would be helpful in the understanding of 
 this material. 
 
 125. Savage, W. Z. Prediction of Vertical Displacements in a Subsiding Elastic 
 Layer. Geophys. Res. Letters, v. 8, No. 3, 1981, pp. 195-198. 
 
 Quantitatively discusses a method of modeling subsidence over an underground 
 cavity. The model assumes the subsiding region to be an infinitely long elastic lay- 
 er that rests on a rigid base and deforms under its own weight into an opening under 
 its lower surface. An approximate analytic solution based on Fourier transform meth- 
 ods is found for vertical displacements of the ground surface and the roof of the 
 opening when the layer thickness is much greater than the width of the opening. 
 
 Should be of use for predicting subsidence over some coal mining operations. 
 A technical background is recommended for the use of this material. 
 
40 
 
 126. Savage, W. Z. Prediction of Vertical Displacements in a Subsiding Elastic 
 Layer — A Model for Subsidence in Karst Terrains. U.S. Geol. Surv. OFR 79-1094, 1979, 
 13 pp. 
 
 Details a subsidence model in which a subsiding region is modeled as an 
 infinitely long elastic layer resting on a rigid base and deforming under its own 
 weight into an opening at its lower edge. An approximate solution for vertical dis- 
 placements on the ground surface and over the opening is found for the case when the 
 layer thickness is much greater than the width of the opening. This solution is most 
 appropriate for predicting subsidence up to incipient failure in karst terrains due 
 to the restricted form of the boundary conditions. 
 
 Although this prediction method is modeled for karst terrains, it may be use- 
 ful for the prediction of subsidence over certain coal mining operations. A techni- 
 cal background is recommended for the use of this material. 
 
 127. Schmechel, F. W. , W. F. Eichfeld, and W. P. Santy. Automated Data Acquisi- 
 tion for Subsidence Characterization. Pres. at Soc. Min. Eng. AIME Fall Meeting, New 
 Orleans, LA, Feb. 18-22, 1979. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME preprint 79-132, 12 pp. 
 
 Reviews the design and installation of an automatic data-acquisition system 
 over a coal mine in Illinois. The purpose of the system was to monitor and record 
 ground deformations associated with underground mining operations. A discussion of 
 the results of the study is included. 
 
 Should be of use to those interested in information on an automatic system for sub- 
 sidence data collection. The text is brief, but supplies useful information on the 
 construction of the system. 
 
 128. Shadbolt, C. H. Mining Subsidence — Historical Review and State of the Art. 
 Paper in Proceedings of the Conference of Large Ground Movements and Structures 
 (Cardiff, Wales, July 4-7, 1977). Univ. of Wales Inst, of Sci. and Technol. , 
 Cardiff, Wales, 1977, pp. 705-748. 
 
 Discusses various subsidence parameters and their effects as they relate to 
 mine extraction dimensions. Various means of reducing subsidence damage are ex- 
 plained. Also included is a historical review of the theories and the work carried 
 out by early subsidence investigators. 
 
 Good, informative source of background information on subsidence engineering. 
 
 129. Singh, T. N. , and R. N. Gupta. Influence of Parameters of Packing on Surface 
 Protection. J. Mines, Met. Fuels, v. 16, Feb. 1968, pp. 37-52. 
 
 Presents a brief review of packing as a method of surface ground control. 
 Subsidence mechanics are briefly outlined, followed by a discussion on the economic 
 aspects of packing. The various packing parameters are defined and include the fol- 
 lowing: compressibility, consolidation, cementation, packing efficiency, and pack 
 density. The results of previous research are summarized for each parameter. 
 
 Provides useful information on the angle of draw in mining subsidence. 
 
 130. Singh, T. N. , and B. Singh. Angle of Draw in Mine Subsidence. J. Mines, 
 Met. Fuels, v. 16, July 1968, pp. 253-258. 
 
 Analyzes the effect of different natural and operational factors on the 
 magnitude of the angle of draw in mine subsidence with reference to the mechanism of 
 draw. Also included is a discussion on the importance of angle of draw measuring 
 methods . 
 
 Should be somewhat useful to those wanting a brief review of packing parame- 
 ters and various packing materials. 
 
41 
 
 131. Skinderowicz , B. Subsidence Prediction and Control, Phase 1: The State of 
 Knowledge in Poland Concerning the Influence of Mining Exploitation on the Surface 
 (U.S. Dep. Energy contract DOE/TIC-11481, Central Min. Inst., Katowice, Poland). 
 Final Rep., Phase 1, 1978, 39 pp.; NTIS DOE/TIC-11481. 
 
 Examines the geologic and mining conditions and subsidence problems of 
 12 coal mines located in the Appalachian Region, the Illinois Basin, and the Rocky 
 Mountain Region. On the basis of the mines inspected, remarks and suggestions are 
 made concerning subsidence prediction and control. Also included is a state-of-the- 
 art compendium of Polish subsidence technology that might be applied to U.S. mining 
 conditions. 
 
 Excellent reference on Polish subsidence prediction theories and how these 
 theories might be aoplied to U.S. mining conditions. Material is technical and woulc 
 be best suited to those with a technical background. The section detailing specific 
 U.S. minesites might be useful in determining the extent of subsidence over mines 
 using similar extraction methods. 
 
 132. Southwestern Illinois Metropolitan and Regional Planning Commission. Mine 
 Subsidence: A Guidebook for Local Officials. IL Dep. Mines and Miner., 1983, 148 
 pp. 
 
 Designed for Illinois community officials. Details the behavioral charac- 
 teristics of subsidence and examines a series of options available to local govern- 
 ment officials to deal with subsidence. These options include the Illinois Mine 
 Subsidence Insurance Program, a mine subsidence preparedness plan, public facility 
 construction policies, land development ordinances, and underground mine permit 
 processes. 
 
 Contains information that should be of use to those interested in Illinois 
 government options and procedures for dealing with mine subsidence. 
 
 133. Speck, R. C. , R. W. Bruhn, and R. E. Gray. Instrumentation Plan for Moni- 
 toring Ground Movements Associated With Pillar Extraction Mining at the Kitt No. 1 
 Mine in Northern West Virginia. Chapter 19 in Workshop on Surface Subsidence Due to 
 Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and M. Harthill (Morgantown, WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 
 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 231-236. 
 
 Discusses the design and installation of instrumentation to monitor the 
 ground movements associated with pillar-extraction mining. Included are details of 
 the surface, subsurface, and mine level instrumentation. 
 
 Provides information on instrumentation used for monitoring of mining related 
 ground movements. The descriptions are qualitative, and few details on the actual 
 instrumentation are provided. 
 
 134. Sturges , F. C. , and J. H. Clark. Fly Ash — The Answer to Mine Subsidence Pro- 
 tection? Coal Min. Process., v. 7, No. 4, 1970, pp. 69-73, 88-89. 
 
 Discusses several applications and procedures for using fly ash to minimize 
 mine subsidence damage due to underground mining operations. Included is a discus- 
 sion on the support characteristics of fly ash. 
 
 Should be of some use to those considering the use of fly ash as a backfill- 
 ing material. 
 
 135. Sutherland, H. J., and D. E. Munson. Subsidence Prediction for High Extrac- 
 tion Mining Using Complementary Influence Functions (U.S. Dep. Energy contract DE- 
 AC04-76DPOO789, Sandia Natl. Lab.). Feb. 1983, 31 pp.; NTIS SAND82-2949. 
 
42 
 
 Details the use of complementary influence functions in describing surface 
 subsidence caused by high-extraction underground mining. The analysis framework is 
 reported in two forms: the first is for the complete complementary influence func- 
 tion formulation, the second is the degenerate case of the complementary influence 
 functions applied to a longwall geometry. The former is solved analytically; the 
 latter graphically. Both are illustrated with analyses of actual case histories. 
 
 Should be useful for details on a method of predicting subsidence over high- 
 extraction underground mining operations. 
 
 136. Sutherland, H. J., and K. W. Schuler. A Review of Subsidence Prediction 
 Research Conducted at Sandia National Laboratories. Chapter 1 in Workshop on Surface 
 Subsidence Due to Underground Mining, ed. by S. S. Peng and M. Harthill (Morgantown, 
 WV, Nov. 30-Dec. 2, 1981). WV Univ., Morgantown, WV, Mar. 1982, pp. 1-14. 
 
 Reviews the results of the subsidence research program at Sandia National 
 Laboratories. The manuscript highlights the following: the application of empirical 
 methods to the subsidence above longwall panels in the United States; the use of the 
 "rubble model" to describe the behavior of broken strata as it distends when it falls 
 to the mine floor and then is subsequently compacted as it is loaded by overlying 
 strata; and the application of physical modeling techniques (centrifuge simulations) 
 and numerical techniques to study the failure mechanisms in highly structured stra- 
 tigraphy. The capabilities of the modeling and numerical techniques are illustrated 
 by comparing their predictions to the results of a field case that has complicated 
 stratigraphy. 
 
 Good reference for the results of subsidence research conducted at Sandia 
 National Laboratories. 
 
 137. Swain, H. Successful Design for Mining Subsidence. Archit. J., v. 143, May 
 1974, pp. 1047-1054. 
 
 Describes a building construction system (CLASP) designed for structures 
 located over undermined areas. Rather than depending on strength, the buildings are 
 designed to depend on lightness and flexibility to withstand the effects of mine sub- 
 sidence. There is a brief description of the design of these articulated buildings 
 and their key component: the diagonal spring-loaded wind brace. These braces permit 
 the buildings to resist wind forces but compress to allow the building frame to ad- 
 just to subsidence. CLASP buildings were tested for 14 years; the results of a dam- 
 age survey are provided. 
 
 Excellent reference for those planning to build structures on areas that 
 might be subjected to subsidence. 
 
 138. Tandanand, S. , and L. R. Powell. Assessment of Subsidence Data From the 
 Northern Applachian Basin for Subsidence Prediction. BuMines RI 8630, 1982, 14 pp. 
 
 Investigates data collected from 16 longwall panels in the northern Appalach- 
 ian basin, paying particular attention to the effects of rock lithology, excavation 
 width, and panel depth on the subsidence factor. Based on this data, the subsidence 
 factor is expressed in terms of the width-to-depth ratio by an exponential equation. 
 The parameters of the equation vary with the lithology of the site. 
 
 Discusses a method of subsidence prediction that takes into account the 
 lithology of a particular site. The analysis is rather technical, and therefore a 
 technical background would be helpful for the understanding of this material. 
 
 139. Tanious , N. S. Mining Subsidence. M.S. Thesis, Univ. MN, Minneapolis, MN, 
 July 1975, 127 pp.; NTIS PB 252 455. 
 
43 
 
 Details the method of analysis and procedures used for formulating a digital 
 computer numerical method for predicting subsidence over flat-lying, seam- type depos- 
 its. Also reviews existing approaches to subsidence prediction, and provides a list- 
 ing of the computer program. 
 
 Details a useful computer programmed subsidence prediction method. The com- 
 puter program listed in the report is supplemented with useful operating procedures 
 and descriptions, but the text is rather detailed and therefore a background in com- 
 puters and engineering is recommended. 
 
 140. Tennessee Department of Conservation. Tennessee Coal Surface Mining Law of 
 1980. Title 59, ch. 8, 1980, pp. 29-32. 
 
 Section 59-8-312 details the rules and regulations pertaining to surface 
 effects of underground coal mining operations in Tennessee. 
 
 Section 59-8-312 should be of use to those interested in the regulations per- 
 taining to subsidence in Tennessee. 
 
 141. Tilton, J. G. The Effect of Subsidence on Pipelines. Pres. at Soc. Min. 
 Eng. AIME Annu. Meeting, New York, NY, Feb. 27-Mar. 3, 1966. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME 
 preprint 66FM41, 34 pp. 
 
 Details the damaging effects of subsidence on pipelines, and suggests re- 
 medial measures to minimize this damage. The text is supplemented with both plans 
 for subsidence-resistant pipeline designs and photographs detailing the types of dam- 
 age that may be encountered in a subsidence-prone area. 
 
 Excellent information on subsidence-related damages to pipelines and on mea- 
 sures to prevent these damages. 
 
 142. Trent, B. C. A Computerized Subsidence Model. Pres. at Soc. Min. Eng. Annu. 
 Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Feb. 18-22, 1979. Soc. Min. Eng. AIME preprint 79-86, 
 
 11 pp. 
 
 Details a two-dimensional computer code that couples near- and far-field 
 response in order to effectively model subsidence caused by underground openings. 
 Two sample problems are included that illustrate the important features of the code. 
 
 Useful for understanding this specific computer-coded subsidence model. 
 Details the theory, but no programming specifics are given. 
 
 143. Trojanowski, K. Application of the Segment Network of Even Effects for Cal- 
 culation of Subsidence According to K. Kochmanski Theory. 1974, 39 pp.; NTIS TT- 
 74-54015. 
 
 Details the application of the K. Kochmanski theory of a network nomogram to 
 the calculation of subsidence over a horizontally extending coal seam. The text is 
 translated from Polish to English. 
 
 Should be a useful reference for the details on the use of the K. Kochmanski 
 theory for subsidence prediction. The text is rather detailed, but not highly 
 technical. 
 
 144. U.S. General Accounting Office. Alternatives to Protect Property Owners From 
 Damages Caused by Mine Subsidence. Rep. CED-79-25, Feb. 14, 1979, 50 pp.; NTIS PB 
 290 869. 
 
 Presents information on the extent of surface subsidence within the United 
 States and its possible economic and social effects. More specific detail is pro- 
 vided for States experiencing acute subsidence damage problems; photographs are used 
 to illustrate this damage. Legislation at the Federal, State, and local levels is 
 briefly discussed, but inadequate detail limits usage to background information. 
 There is also a brief discussion on the relationship between partial- and total- 
 extraction mining methods and resulting surface subsidence. 
 
44 
 
 Clearly defines the significance and magnitude of the subsidence problem 
 within the United States; however, provides little information on methods for pre- 
 venting subsidence-related damage. 
 
 145. Utah Board and Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining. Coal Mining and Reclamation 
 Permanent Program, Chapter 1. Final Rules. Rev. Sept. 20, 1982, 300 pp. 
 
 Contains information concerning the regulations pertaining to surface effects 
 of underground coal mining activities in Utah. 
 
 Should be of use to those interested in Utah's regulations concerning the 
 surface effects of underground coal mining in Utah. 
 
 146. Voight, B. , and W. Pariseau. State of Predictive Art in Subsidence Engineer- 
 ing. ASCE J. Soil Mech. Foundations Div., v. 96, No. SM2, Mar. 1970, pp. 721-750. 
 
 Gives a qualitative review and critique of existing approaches to subsidence 
 prediction. Specific sections deal with both the empirical and phenomenological 
 methods. Also included are discussions on subsidence damage prediction and allevia- 
 tion, including details on engineering design precautions and surface considerations. 
 
 Provides a general discussion on existing approaches to subsidence predic- 
 tion. Few details of the actual prediction methods are given. 
 
 147. Von Schonfeldt, H. , F. D. Wright, and K. F. Unrug. Subsidence and Its Ef- 
 fects on Longwall Mine Design. Min. Congr. J., v. 66, No. 5, 1980, pp. 41-45, 53. 
 
 Examines the characteristics of subsidence resulting from longwall extrac- 
 tions. Specific sections qualitatively discuss the caving of strata, the effect of 
 panel width and depth on settlement, and considerations governing panel design. Also 
 included is a detailed section on subsidence monitoring that describes installation 
 procedures and survey costs. 
 
 Provides general information on subsidence due to longwall mining. The sec- 
 tion on subsidence survey networks should be of use to those interested in monitoring 
 subsidence. 
 
 148. Wardell, K. Design of Partial Extraction Systems in Mining. Paper in Pro- 
 ceedings of the Fourth Annual Canadian Rock Mechanics Symposium (Ottawa, Mar. 29-30, 
 1967). Dep. Energy, Mines, and Res., Ottawa, Canada, 1967, pp. 271-296. 
 
 Presents an overview of partial-extraction mining methods and presents the 
 various parameters involved with each method. Also included is a discussion of the 
 mechanics of panel-and-pillar and room-and-pillar extraction. These two methods of 
 extraction are compared and illustrated with examples. 
 
 Provides good information on partial-extraction techniques for reducing sub- 
 sidence effects from underground mining. This material should be of use to those 
 designing mine operations to minimize subsidence. 
 
 149. . Ground Subsidence and Control. Min. Congr. J., v. 55, No. 1, 1969, 
 
 pp. 36-42. 
 
 Evaluates the mechanics of subsidence and explains how the panel-and-pillar 
 mining system can be used to minimize ground deformations. The section on subsidence 
 mechanics includes an explanation of ground deformation parameters along with mathe- 
 matical formulas used for subsidence prediction. Also included is a discussion on 
 the effects of subsidence on surface structures, as well as a general explanation of 
 leveling procedures used for monitoring subsidence. 
 
 Provides a basic analysis of the mechanics of subsidence due to underground 
 mining. The information is not greatly detailed, but is sufficiently complete for a 
 general understanding. 
 
45 
 
 150. Wardell, K. The Minimisation of Surface Damage by Special Arrangement of 
 Underground Workings. Paper in Proceedings of the European Congress on Ground 
 Movement (Leeds, England, Apr. 9-12, 1957). London Harrison, 1957, pp. 13-20. 
 
 Contains a basic explanation of harmonic mining methods designed to negate 
 the effects of surface strains thereby minimizing surface damage. Also included is 
 an analysis of ground movements that result from an advancing face, and this is in- 
 corporated into the explanation of harmonic mining methods. Several case studies 
 involving these methods are qualitatively discussed. 
 
 Good reference for a general explanation of harmonic mining methods. The 
 text is not technical in nature, and no detailed information is given. 
 
 151. . The Protection of Structures Against Subsidence. Chartered Surveyor, 
 
 v. 90, No. 10, Apr. 1958, pp. 573-579. 
 
 Emphasizes the main principles of the ground deformation process that pertain 
 directly to the protection of surface structures. A short section dealing with the 
 protection of structures by mining precautions is followed by a detailed discussion 
 on the protection of structures by structural design considerations. 
 
 Should be of some use to those concerned with protecting surface structures 
 from the effects of subsidence. 
 
 152. . Some Observations on the Relationship Between Time and Mining Subsid- 
 ence. Trans. Inst. Min. Eng. (London), v. 113, 1953-54, pp. 471-483, 799. 
 
 Discusses the importance of the time factor in the study of mining subsidence 
 and the limitations of existing methods of analysis. Also given is a new basis on 
 which to compare time-subsidence observations obtained under varying conditions. The 
 movements accompanying an advancing face and the way in which they are influenced by 
 the time factor are also discussed. 
 
 Provides useful information on the time factor in mining subsidence studies, 
 and should be helpful to those interested in subsidence prediction. 
 
 153. Weir, A. M. An Appraisal of Subsidence Observation. Colliery Guardian, 
 v. 209, Oct. 16, 1964, pp. 513-518. 
 
 Evaluates the design and construction of a subsidence monitoring network, and 
 discusses methods for observation and data interpretation. Specific sections deal 
 with subsidence monument design, network layout, and observation of ground movements. 
 Also included is a detailed explanation of a mathematical solution for the principle 
 strains of a biaxial system. 
 
 Provides general information on the layout and design of a subsidence moni- 
 toring network. The text is qualitative, and little detail is given. 
 
 154. Weston, J. G. The Determination of Subsidence Profiles by Mathematical Func- 
 tions. Min. Eng. (London), v. 137, Apr. 1978, pp. 493-500. 
 
 Examines the similarity between the hyperbolic tangent function and a long- 
 wall subsidence profile and shows how the differentials of the function can be used 
 to determine gradient change, surface curvature, strain and horizontal displace- 
 ment. Also describes the application of this function to single panel and multipanel 
 partial-extraction systems. A zone area system based on the use of the function and 
 a computer method of subsidence prediction based on the National Coal Board Subsid- 
 ence Engineers' Handbook is also described. 
 
 Provides an excellent description of a subsidence prediction method that 
 makes a correlation between a mathematical function and actual subsidence profiles. 
 The text is brief, but detailed enough to permit a clear understanding of the subject 
 matter. 
 
46 
 
 155. West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. West Virginia Surface Mining 
 Reclamation Regulations. Ch. 20-26, sec. 7, 1982, pp. 7-19 — 7-21. 
 
 Paragraph 7C provides details on the subsidence related responsibilities of 
 the mine operator in West Virginia. 
 
 Useful to those interested in the responsibilities of the mine operator in 
 West Virginia. 
 
 156. Whaite, R. H. , and A. S. Allen. Pumped-Slurry Backfilling of Inaccessible 
 Mine Workings for Subsidence Control. BuMines IC 8667, 1975, 83 pp. 
 
 Summarizes the materials and procedures used and the results obtained in a 
 study of a hydraulic backfilling technique whereby fill material is pumped as a 
 slurry through a closed system and widely distributed in inaccessible mine workings 
 from a single borehole. Included are observations from several case studies where 
 this technique was employed. 
 
 Provides useful information on the materials and techniques used for single- 
 borehole hydraulic backfilling. The project evaluation should be of interest to 
 those considering this method for subsidence reduction. 
 
 157. Whetton, J. T. and H. J. King. The Time Factor in Mining Subsidence. Paper 
 in Proceedings, International Symposium on Mining Research, ed. by G. B. Clark 
 (Rolla, MO, Feb. 1961). Pergamon, v. 2, 1962, pp. 521-539. 
 
 Summarizes the research conducted at four coal mines in England on the factor 
 of time in mining subsidence. The first section reviews previous attempts by re- 
 searchers to understand the factors that affect the rate of subsidence at the ground 
 surface. Measurements of vertical and horizontal movements were taken at each of the 
 four mines to collect information on subsidence development in relation to coal face 
 advance. For each site, information on the geology, mine layout, data collection 
 system, and subsequent findings are supplied. 
 
 Not a practical guide, however, it does provide general information on vari- 
 ous factors in mining that affect the rate and character of subsidence. 
 
 158. Whittaker, B. N. Investigation and Evaluation Studies of Surface and Subsur- 
 face Drainage Pattern Changes Resulting From Longwall Mining Subsidence. Pres. at 1st 
 Int. Mine Drainage Symp., Denver, CO, May 20-23, 1979, 25 pp.; available upon request 
 from A. J. Fejes, BuMines, Denver, CO. 
 
 Contains a general review of mining subsidence characteristics associated 
 with longwall mining and discusses the impacts of subsidence on surface- and 
 subsurface-drainage patterns. Several case studies are cited that describe ground 
 permeability changes between the surface and the mining horizon. Also included are 
 descriptions of test instruments designed to investigate the zones of increased per- 
 meability resulting from longwall extraction. 
 
 May be useful for the study of the effects of subsidence on surface- and 
 subsurface-drainage patterns. The details of the test instrumentation may also be of 
 value to persons interested in monitoring ground deformation. 
 
 159. Whittaker, B. N. , and C. D. Breeds. The Influence of Surface Geology on the 
 Character of Mining Subsidence. Paper in International Symposium, the Geotechnics of 
 Structurally Complex Formations (Capri, Italy, 1977). Assoc. Geotechnica Ital. , 
 Milan, Italy, v. 1, 1977, pp. 459-468. 
 
 Describes the principles of mining subsidence associated with the working of 
 predominantly level coal seams. Descriptions are given of the surface rock forma- 
 tions overlying the major coalfields in England. Subsidence data, which have been 
 collected from numerous observation sites, are presented and analyzed. Examples of 
 surface rock formation responses to mining subsidence are also given. 
 
 Excellent reference for relating geology to mining subsidence effects. A 
 background in mine engineering would be helpful for understanding this material. 
 
47 
 
 160. Whittaker, B. N. , and H. I. Hazine. Simulation of Surface Subsidence Due to 
 Longwall Mining. Paper in Proceedings, 19th U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium (State- 
 line, NV, May 1-3, 1978). Mackay School of Mines, Reno, NV, 1978, pp. 221-228. 
 
 Briefly reviews mining subsidence knowledge and related problems due to 
 longwall extraction of coal seams in England. Special consideration is given to sim- 
 ulation of surface subsidence by a finite element method. The results of isotropic 
 and anisotropic solutions are presented and discussed. Also included is a discussion 
 on the treatment of surface strain and the validity of deriving strain from ground 
 curvature. Findings on the modeling of surface subsidence using a finite element 
 method are given, and include examples of its application to mining subsidence prob- 
 lems in England. 
 
 Provides a good review of subsidence prediction using a finite element meth- 
 od. Although this method was designed for use in England, its basic principles 
 should be applicable in the United States. 
 
 161. Wildanger, E. G. , J. Mahar, and A. Nieto. Sinkhole-Type Subsidence Over 
 Abandoned Coal Mines in St. David, Illinois. Mine Subsidence Report, St. David, 
 Illinois. Dep. Civil Eng. and Geol. , Univ. IL, Urbana, IL, June 1980, 88 pp. 
 
 Examines the geologic conditions, mining history, and subsidence trends of 
 the St. David, IL, region. Also examines the damages resulting from subsidence in 
 the area. A large section is devoted to detailed analyses of sinkholes and the mech- 
 anisms of sinkhole formation. 
 
 Information on sinkhole mechanics should be of use for the understanding of 
 sinkhole formation. The remaining text might be useful for correlating the results 
 of this study with mining conditions similar to that of the St. David, IL, area. 
 
 162. Wohlrab, B. Effects of Mining Subsidences on the Ground Water and Remedial 
 Measures. Paper in International Symposium on Land Subsidence (Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 
 14-18, 1969). V. 2, Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. , United Nations Educational Sci. and 
 Cultural Assoc. , 1969, pp. 502-512. 
 
 Discusses the effects of mining subsidence on ground water. Specific sections 
 qualitatively evaluate components of ground movement caused by underground mining, 
 disorders of water utilization as a result of ground movements , and remedial measures 
 taken to minimize ground water changes. 
 
 Provides general information on the effects of subsidence on ground water. 
 The suggested preventative measures may be of some use to those interested in mini- 
 mizing damage to local ground water. 
 
 163. Wood, P. A. Underground Stowing of Mine Waste. Int. Energy Agency Coal Rep. 
 I CTIS/TR23, Swiftprint of New Maiden, Ltd., London, Apr. 1983, 67 pp. 
 
 Evaluates the effectiveness of mine waste as a backfilling material for use 
 in active and abandoned coal mines. The characteristics of the mine waste material 
 that might influence the choice of handling techniques are also discussed. Handling 
 techniques considered are roadside packing; mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic 
 transport and emplacement; and flushing. 
 
 Provides good information on methods of using mine waste as a backfilling 
 material and should be of use to those interested in backfilling techniques. 
 
48 
 
 164. Yokel, F. Y. , L. A. Salomone, and R. M. Chung. Construction of Housing in 
 Mine Subsidence Areas. Geotechnical Eng. Group, Structural and Material Div. Center 
 for Building Technol. , Natl. Eng. Lab., Natl. Bureau of Standards, Jan. 1981, 24 pp.; 
 NTIS NBSIR 81-2215. 
 
 Evaluates criteria for site exploration, risk assessment, site development, 
 and housing construction in areas of actual and potential mine subsidence. Suggested 
 measures to mitigate damage to housing in areas where subsidence might occur as a 
 result of past or future underground mining are also given. Included in the appendix 
 is a detailed explanation of a mathematical model that can be used for the prediction 
 of subsidence profile characteristics. 
 
 Contains an excellent description of a subsidence prediction method, as well 
 as a good discussion of mitigating damage to housing in subsidence prone areas. 
 
 165. Young, L. E. Surface Subsidence in Illinois Resulting From Coal Mining. IL 
 Geol. Surv. Bull. 17, 1916, 113 pp. 
 
 Examines subsidence due to mining operations in Illinois. Specific sections 
 deal with geologic conditions that affect subsidence, damage caused by removal of 
 coal, case history subsidence data recorded by State districts, surface protection 
 measures, and investigations of subsidence. 
 
 Although published in 1916, contains information on subsidence engineering 
 that is still of use. 
 
 166. Young, L. E. , and H. H. Stoek. Subsidence Resulting From Mining. Univ. IL 
 Eng. Experimental Station Bull. 91, v. 13, No. 49, Aug. 1916, 205 pp. 
 
 Details many aspects of subsidence due to underground mining. Included are 
 seven chapters that discuss the effects of subsidence, pertinent geologic conditions, 
 subsidence theories, subsidence mechanics, physical modeling techniques, subsidence 
 minimization procedures, and various legal considerations. 
 
 Although published in 1916, contains information that should be helpful in 
 understanding various aspects of mining related subsidence. The text is clearly 
 written and is supplemented with numerous charts and graphs. 
 
 167. Zenc, M. Comparison of Bals 1 and Knothe's Methods of Calculating Surface 
 Movements Due to Underground Mining. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., v. 6, 1969, 
 pp. 159-190. 
 
 Discusses the theoretical analysis of Bals' and Knothe's methods of subsid- 
 ence prediction. A preliminary calculation is made of surface movements according to 
 both methods and compared with the results of measurements in the Ostrava-Karvina 
 Coal Basin in Poland. 
 
 Provides an excellent comparison between Bals 1 and Knothe's theories of 
 subsidence prediction. The comparison of these theories to measured values clearly 
 illustrates the accuracy of each method for conditions found in Poland. 
 
49 
 
 APPENDIX B.— COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1. ABEL, J. F. SURFACE SUBSIDENCE MONITORING GUIDELINES. (U.S. GEOL. SURV. 
 CONTRACT 14-08-0001-18822, CO SCHOOL MINES). JUNE 30, 1982, 11 PP. 
 
 2. ABEL, J. F., AND D. W. GENTRY. A LONGWALL SUBSIDENCE PREDICTION MODEL. PRES. 
 AT AM. SOC. CIVIL ENG. NATL. SPRING CONV. AND CONTINUING EDUCATION, PITTSBURGH, PA, 
 APR. 24-28, 1978, SESSION 71. ASCE PREPRINT 3293, PP. 56-76. 
 
 3. ABEL, J. F., AND F. T. LEE. LITHOLOGIC CONTROLS ON SUBSIDENCE. PRES. AT SOC. 
 MIN. ENG. AIME FALL MEETING, MINNEAPOLIS, MN, OCT. 22-24, 1980. SOC. MIN. ENG. AIME 
 PREPRINT 80-314, 16 PP. 
 
 4. . SUBSIDENCE POTENTIAL IN SHALE AND CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. U.S. GEOL. SURV. 
 
 OFR 80-1072, MAY 1980, 99 PP. 
 
 5. ADAMEK, R. , AND J. LOJAS. EKSPLOATACJA INSTALACJI POKSADZKOWYCH GLEBOKICH 
 KOPALN (OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC STOWAGE INSTALLATIONS IN DEEP MINES). PRZEGL. GORN. , 
 V. 24, NO. 6, 1968, PP. 262-275. 
 
 6. ADAMEK, V., AND P. W. JERAN. EVALUATION OF EXISTING PREDICTIVE METHODS FOR 
 MINE SUBSIDENCE IN THE U.S. CHAPTER 7 IN WORKSHOP ON SURFACE SUBSIDENCE DUE TO 
 UNDERGROUND MINING, ED. BY S. S. PENG AND M. HARTHILL (MORGANTOWN, WV, NOV. 30- 
 DEC. 2, 1981). WV UNIV., MORGANTOWN, WV, MAR. 1982, PP. 88-99. 
 
 7. . EVALUATION OF SURFACE DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OVER LONGWALL PANELS 
 
 IN THE NORTHERN APPALACHIAN COALFIELD. CHAPTER 17 IN STATE-OF-THE-ART OF GROUND 
 CONTROL IN LONGWALL MINING AND MINING SUBSIDENCE (SOC. MIN. ENG. AIME FALL MEET- 
 ING, HONOLULU, HI, SEPT. 4-9, 1982). SOC. MIN. ENG. AIME, LITTLETON, CO, 1982, 
 
 PP. 183-198. 
 
 8. ADLER, L, AND M. C. SUN. GROUND CONTROL IN BEDDED FORMATIONS. RES. DIV. , VA 
 POLYTECHNIC INST. BULL. 28, 1968, 266 PP. 
 
 9. AGGSON, R. R. HOW TO PLAN GROUND CONTROL. COAL MIN. PROCESS., V. 16, DEC. 
 16, 1979, PP. 70-73. 
 
 10. ALBRIGHT, J. N. , P. M. HALLECK, C. PEARSON, AND M. FEHLER. SUBSURFACE SUB- 
 SIDENCE DAMAGE MONITORING: SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY AND MICROGRAVIMETRY. PAPER IN 
 WORKSHOP ON SURFACE SUBSIDENCE DUE TO UNDERGROUND MINING, ED. BY S. S. PENG AND 
 
 M. HARTHILL (MORGANTOWN, WV, NOV. 30-DEC. 2, 1981). WV UNIV., MORGANTOWN, WV, MAR. 
 1982, PP. 198-205. 
 
 11. ALDER, H. , E. L. POTTS, AND A. WALKER. RESEARCH ON STRATA CONTROL IN THE 
 NORTHERN COAL FIELD OF GREAT BRITAIN. PAPER IN PROCEEDINGS, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 
 ABOUT ROCK PRESSURE AND SUPPORT IN THE WORKINGS (APRIL 24-28, 1951, LIEGE, BELGIUM). 
 INST. IND. MIN., 1951, PP. 104-113. 
 
 12. ALDER, H. , A. WALKER, AND L. WALKER. SUBSIDENCE AND ITS BEARING ON MINING 
 METHODS. TRANS. INST. MIN. ENG. (LONDON), V. 107, NO. 2, MAY 1942, PP. 302-326, 
 421-424. 
 
 13. ALFORE, J. T., L. GAY, AND E. THOMAS, JR. URBAN GEOLOGY MASTER PLAN FOR 
 CALIFORNIA. THE NATURE, MAGNITUDE, AND COSTS OF GEOLOGIC HAZARDS IN CALIFORNIA AND 
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEIR MITIGATION. CA DIV. MIN. AND GEOL. BULL. 198, JUNE 1973, 
 111 PP.; NTIS PB 222 447. 
 
 14. ALISON, D. R. , E. T. OHLSSON, AND K. V. WHITNEY. GEOLOGIC AND ENGINEERING 
 DATA ACQUISITION FOR UNDERGROUND COAL MINE GROUND CONTROL (CONTRACT JO395010, ARTHUR 
 D. LITTLE, INC.). BUMINES OFR 89-80, 1980, 100 PP.; NTIS PB 80-219272. 
 
 15. ALLEN, A. S. BASIC QUESTIONS CONCERNING COAL MINE SUBSIDENCE IN THE UNITED 
 STATES. BULL. ASSOC. ENG. GEOL., V. 15, NO. 2, 1978, PP. 147-161. 
 
 16. . GEOLOGIC SETTINGS OF SUBSIDENCE. REV. IN ENG. GEOL., GEOL. SOC. 
 
 AMERICA, 1969, PP. 305-342. 
 
 17. ALLEN, A. S. , AND C. W. ANDERSON. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE USE OF MINE 
 WASTE FOR SUBSIDENCE CONTROL. PAPER IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH MINERAL WASTE 
 UTILIZATION SYMPOSIUM (COSPONSORED BY BUMINES AND IIT RES. INST., CHICAGO, IL, 
 MAY 7-8, 1974). IIT RES. INST., CHICAGO, IL, 1974, PP. 213-221. 
 
50 
 
 18. ALLEN, C. W. SUBSIDENCE RESULTING FROM THE ATHENS SYSTEM OF MINING AT 
 NEGANEE, MICHIGAN. TRANS. AIME, V. 109, 1934, PP. 195-202. 
 
 19. ALLEN, D. R. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF RESERVOIR PROPERTIES CAUSED BY SUBSIDENCE 
 AND PRESSURING OPERATIONS. J. PETROL. TECHNOL. , V. 20, NO. 1, 1968, PP. 23-29. 
 
 20. ALLETT, E. J. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF NEW MINE PLANNING. COLLIERY GUARDIAN, 
 V. 231, NO. 8, 1983, PP. 434-435, 437-439, 441. 
 
 21. ALLGAIER, F. K. SUBSIDENCE MONITORING OVER WESTERN COAL MINES. CHAPTER 12 IN 
 WORKSHOP ON SURFACE SUBSIDENCE DUE TO UNDERGROUND MINING, ED. BY S. S. PENG AND M. 
 HARTHILL (MORGANTOWN, WV, NOV. 30-DEC. 2, 1981). WV UNIV., MORGANTOWN, WV, MAR. 1982, 
 PP. 156-161. 
 
 22. . SURFACE SUBSIDENCE OVER LONGWALL PANELS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER 18 IN STATE-OF-THE-ART OF GROUND CONTROL IN LONGWALL MINING AND MINING SUB- 
 SIDENCE (SOC. MIN. ENG. AIME FALL MEETING, HONOLULU, HI, SEPT. 4-9, 1982). SOC. MIN. 
 ENG. AIME, LITTLETON, CO, 1982, PP. 199-209. 
 
 23. . SURFACE SUBSIDENCE OVER LONGWALL PANELS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES: 
 
 MONITORING PROGRAM AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS AT THE DEER CREEK MINE, UTAH. BUMINES 
 
 IC 8896, 1982, 24 PP. 
 
 24. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING, METALLURGICAL, AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERS. REPORT 
 OF SUBCOMMITTEE ON GROUND MOVEMENT AND SUBSIDENCE. TRANS., V. 74, 1926, PP. 734-809. 
 
 25. ARCHIBALD, G. I., AND A. M. WEIR. A FIELD STUDY OF SUBSIDENCE. CHARTERED 
 SURVEYOR, V. 102, NO. 4, 1969, PP. 177-186. 
 
 26. ARNDT, E. ZUR ANWENDUNG DER METHODE DER ENDLICHEN ELEMENTE IN DER 
 BERGSCHADENKUNDE (APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN MINING SUBSIDENCE ASSESS- 
 MENT). TECH. UNIV., BERLIN, FED. REP. GERMANY, GLUECKAUF-FORSCHUNGSH. , V. 38, NO. 2, 
 APR. 1977, PP. 82-85. 
 
 27. ARUP, 0. N., AND R. S. JENKINS. THE DESIGN OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE FACTORY 
 AT BRYNMAWR, SOUTH WALES. PAPER IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGI- 
 NEERS. V. 2, PT. 3, NO. 3, DEC. 1953, PP. 345-397. 
 
 28. ASH, S. H. , W. E. CASSAP, J. WESTFIELD, W. L. EATON, W. M. ROMISCHER, E. J. 
 PODGORSKI, AND L. H. JOHNSON. FLOOD-PREVENTION PROJECTS AT PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE 
 MINES. PROGRESS REPORT FOR 1945. BUMINES RI 4109, 1947, 64 PP. 
 
 29. ASH, S. H. , AND J. WESTFIELD. BACKFILLING PROBLEM IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION 
 AS IT RELATES TO CONSERVATION OF ANTHRACITE AND PREVENTION OF SUBSIDENCE. BUMINES 
 IC 7342, 1946, 18 PP. 
 
 30. ASHMEAD, D. C. HOW THE KINGSTON COAL COMPANY REDUCES SUBSIDENCE AND CONSERVES 
 COAL BY ROCK FILLING AND SILTING. COAL AGE, V. 20, AUG. 1921, PP. 167-171. 
 
 31. ASTIN, J. A VISCOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF GROUND MOVEMENT DUE TO AN ADVANCING COAL 
 FACE. J. ENG. MATH., V. 2, 1968, PP. 9-22. 
 
 32. ATKINSON, J. H. , AND D. M. POTTS. SUBSIDENCE ABOVE SHALLOW CIRCULAR TUNNELS 
 IN SOFT GROUND. DEP. ENG., UNIV. CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND, REP. CUED/C-SOILS/T. R. 27, 
 1976. 
 
 33. AUCHMUTY, R. L. SUBSIDENCE AND GROUND MOVEMENT IN A LIMESTONE MINE CAUSED BY 
 LONGWALL MINING IN A COAL BED BELOW. TRANS. AIME, COAL DIV. , V. 94, 1931, PP. 27-50. 
 
 34. AUSTRALASIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JUBILEE 
 SYMPOSIUM ON MINE FILLING (MOUNT ISA, AUSTRALIA, AUG. 19-22, 1973). 1973, 282 PP. 
 
 35. A. W. MARTIN ASSOCIATES, INC. (KING OF PRUSSIA, PA). DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPRE- 
 HENSIVE PROGRAM OF INSURANCE PROTECTION AGAINST MINING SUBSIDENCE AND ASSOCIATED HAZ- 
 ARDOUS LOCATION RISKS. APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION REP. ARC-73-163-2558 , JUNE 
 1975, 108 PP.; NTIS PB 272 515. 
 
 36. AYNSLEY, W. J., AND G. HEWITT. SUBSIDENCE OBSERVATIONS OVER SHALLOW WORKINGS, 
 INCLUDING PNEUMATIC STOWING AND RAPIDLY-ADVANCING FACES. MIN. ENG. (LONDON), V. 
 120, APR. 1961, PP. 552-569. 
 
 37. BABCOCK, S. D. UNDERMINING AS AN ELEMENT IN LAND USE PLANNING. M.S. THESIS, 
 SOUTHERN IL UNIV., EDWARDSVILLE, IL, 1973, 84 PP. 
 
51 
 
 38. BABCOCK, C. 0., AND V. E. HOOKER. RESULTS OF RESEARCH TO DEVELOP GUIDELINES 
 FOR MINING NEAR SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND BODIES OF WATER. BUMINES IC 8741, 1977, 
 
 17 PP. 
 
 39. BALS, R. EXTRACT FROM ELASTIC RE-DEFORMATIONS OF CARBONIFEROUS STRATA DURING 
 WORKING AND THEIR IMPORTANCE ON THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTING STEEP AND FOLDED SEAMS IN 
 THE ROCK MASS AND AT THE SURFACE. NATL. COAL BOARD, TRANSLATING AND INTERPRETING 
 BRANCH, 1967, 52 PP. 
 
 40. BAMBERGER, K. F. , E. BAUER, D. HARTMANN, F. HOLLMAN, AND K. LUETGINDORF. 
 EARLY DETECTION OF MINING DAMAGES. BONN-BAD GODESBORG, FED. REP. GERMANY, AUG. 1980, 
 259 PP.; NTIS BMFT-FB-T-80-039. 
 
 41. BAO-SZEN, L. APPLICATION OF THEORY OF STOCHASTIC MEDIA TO DETERMINATION OF 
 PROFILE OF SUBSIDENCE TROUGH ON GROUND SURFACE DUE TO EXPLOITATION OF INCLINED DE- 
 POSIT. BULL. ACAD. POL. SCI., SER. SCI. TECH., V. 9, NO. 9, 1961, PP. 541-546. 
 
 42. BARLA, G. B. , AND S. BOSHKOV. INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENTIAL STRATA MOVE- 
 MENTS AND WATER TABLE FLUCTUATIONS DURING LONGWALL OPERATIONS AT THE SOMERSET MINE 
 NO. 60 (DEP. ENERGY CONTRACT ET-76-C-01-90-41 , COLUMBIA UNIV.). 1978, 49 PP.; NTIS 
 FE-9041-1. 
 
 43. BARR, B. I. G. , AND R. DELPAK. PREDICTION OF GROUND MOVEMENT IN AREAS OF 
 MINING SUBSIDENCE. HIGHWAY ENG. , V. 21, JUNE 1974, PP. 18-22, 36. 
 
 44. BATCHELOR, A. S. CORRELATION OF ROADWAY DISPLACEMENT WITH STRESS REDISTRIBU- 
 TION AND STRATA MOVEMENT CAUSED BY LONGWALL MINING. PH.D. THESIS, DEP. MIN. ENG., 
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82 
 
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83 
 
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85 
 
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86 
 
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 irU.S. GPO: 1985-505-019/20,061 
 
 INT.-BU.OF MINES, PGH., PA. 28002 
 
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