Class Book. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT te 1o W ^ Brick Warehouse, DURHAM;, Iff. O. Hsadquartsrs for the Sale of Leaf Tobacco. Sells more Tobacco tnan any other Warehouse in North Carolina or Virginia, and makes {iKi biggest averages. THE OLDEST WAREHOUSE FIRM ffl DURHAM. Sold nearly eight million pounds of Tobacco last year for about one million dollars. Always Sell at Parrish's Warehouse, And you will be sure to get Full Market Prices. Mark your name on each package and give full instruc- tions by mail. ' Prompt Returns and Highest Prices Guaranteed. ■AifiAni ^^s^l f imwiwl aCui^^ «&■ hvm^ m the Eigsbee Euilding, corner Main and Mang-um Streets, DURHx^M, N. c. Thirty of the largest and best Life and Fire Companies represented, having combined Capi- tal and Assets of more than ^ S^p ^300^ ^1^ ^ ^B«^ ^^asrr ^^^ m Wo^ W^ ^iQtS^ ott DURANCE EFFECTED AT SHORT NOTICE -^-^.t :LjO-sA;'-est Oiarrent lESatea. -AND- Eirst-elass Indemnity Guaranteed. W. T. BLACKWELL, President. p. A. WILEY, Cashier. K OF Durham, Durham, N. C. The undersigned has opened, in the Town of Durham, N. C, a Banking House, under the name and title of " The Bank of Durham," with ample means for the transaction of a General Banking Business. The business of the Bank is conducted by P. A. WiLEY Esq., for thirteen years Cashier of the Citizens National Bank, of Raleigh, N. C. We Buy and Sell Stocks and Bonds, MAKE COLLECTIONS ON ALL ACCESSIBLE POINTS, AT THE LOWEST RATES. H'egotiate Loans, Discount Paper, Buy and Sell Exchange, Receive Deposits, Payable on demand or otherwise as may be agreed upon, and do such other legitimate business as may be offered in the line of Banking. W. T. BLACKWELL, President P. A. WILEY, Cashier. S. T. MORGAN, EUG. MOREHEAB, President. Vice-Pres. and Treas. W. M. MORGAN, Secretary, A FEW REASONS FOR USING 1. It is composed of the very best recognized materials for Fertilizer with the addition of Tobacco Stems, which is of itself one of the best Fertilizers. 2. We guarantee the purity of all our goods. 3. They are as free from water and dirt as is possible for us to make them. 4. It is a home industry and merits the patronage of home people. 5. It is as cheap as any first-class goods on the market. 6. Our goods prove equal to any on the market, as is evidenced by the lead- ing Tobacco planters in the fine Tobacco section of North CaroliHa who have fully tested, our goods. ^oikkj BEppa^ psTJB^ CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS OF By LEDOUX & RICKETTS. Moisture, ...-.--. 11.66 Potash, - - - - _ - - - - 2.45> Nitrogen, 2.25, equivalent to Ammonia, . - , - 3.09 Total Phosphoric Acid, 8.34, equivalent to Bone Phosphate, - 18.20 Soluble Phosphoric Acid,. 4.48, equivalent to Bone Phosphate, - 9.7S Insoluble Phosphoric Acid, 0.50, equivalent to Bone Phosphate, - . I.0(> Reverted Phosphoric Acid, 3.36, equivalent to Bone Phosphate, - 7.33 Available Phosphoric Acid, 7.84, equivalent to Bone Phosphate, - 17. 11 LEDOUX & RiCKETTS, [Seal] To DiirJiani Fcrtili:^-cr Co., Durham, N. C. T '-r m I' f p- f "nrir*i" V ?-"■*"•— "^'"'^ Fire Insurance Compan $4,125,000. Represented by J. J. Mac Vcr^y 'J Insurance Company Crescent Insurance Co. Of North America. ^s,ooo,ooo. REPRESENTED BY J. J. MACKAY. Of New Orleans. ^eoo,ooo- REPRESENTED BY J. J. MACKAY. ^ J$ GENERAL EMI LIFE lUEMEI Office next to Tatum's, Main Street, xdxt:k:e3:..^3^, ist- o. LiYerpool and London OF LONDON. REPRESENTED BY J. J. MACKAY, DURHAM, N. C. REPRESENTED BY J. J. MACKAY. ^DBBul A SCHOOL OF HIGH GRADE, DurhaiTHi, H. C. Mrs. JULIA R. WILLIAMS, Principal. Miss LESSIE SOUTHGATE, Musical Director and Calisthenics. Tuition, Primary Department, $10.00 Intermediate Department, 12.50 Collegiate Department, 15 .00 Extra branches at usual rates. A'^ocal Music and Calesthenies free. Good Board in nice respectable families, with home comforts, af Reasonable fiates. E^^ For particulars, address The Principal, Or J. §. CARR, Chairman Board of Ttustecs. Fall Session begins the first Monday in September, 1884, and continues twenty weeks. Spring Session begins Jan- uary 5th, 1885 ; ends on the last Tuesday in May. It is desirable that all pupils be present at the opening of the session. H. M. SMITH & CO., MANUFACTURERS OF Tobacco Factory Fixtures. We make a specialty of Iron-Back Shapes, and have had larger experience in their manufacture than any other establishment in the world. We have ne\v machinery specially adapted for this branch of manufacture, much of which is the invention of our senior partner. By the use of this machinery we aie enabled to turn out Shapes that cannot be excelled in accuracy, ease of work- ing and durability. We can safely promise that those who favor us with their orders will get the best work that can be made. The prices we quote include for each set of Shapes a Top Block, Bottom Board, and full set of Russia Sheets. We deliver free on board of cars, and make no charge for packing or boxing. N. B. — Letters of inquiry promptly answered. Complete Outfits for the manufacture of Smoking Tobacco always on hand. ELEVATORS FOR STEAM OR HAND POWER MADE IN THE BEST MANNER. 1^^ Manufacturers are invited to send for Tobacco Catalogue. (P. 0. BOX 8.) JOHN S. LOCKHAET, PK.OFRIEXOK. aiiner Warehous FOR THE Personal Attention given to all Shijjinents. Quick Sales and Prompt Returns. Main Street, Durham, N. 0. StoYGS, Tin and SheGt-'Iron Ware. TOBACCO FLUES A SPECIALTY. Ropfingand Guttering promptly attended to. Richmond StraisM Cut So. 1 Cigarette Smokers who are willing to pay a little more for Cigarettes than the price charged for the ordinary trade Cigarettes will find the SUPEBIOll TO ALL OTHERS. They are made from the brightest, most delicately flavored and HIGHEST cost GOLD LEAF GROWN in Virginia, and are absolutely without adulteration or drugs. We use the Genuine French Rice Taper, of our own direct importation, which is made especially for us, water-marked with the name of the brand — RiCHf^OSMD STRAIGHT COT f^o. i, on each Cigarette, without which none are genuine. Base imitations of this brand have been put on sale, and Cigarette Smokers are cautioned that this is the Old and Original brand, and to observe that each package or box of Richmond Straeght Cut Cigarettes bears the signature of ALLEN & GINTEK, Manufacturers, RICHMOND, VA. ALSO ^lANUFACTUliEBS OF THE FOLLOWING BBANDS parrrEj OPERA PUFFS, OUR LITTLE BEAUTIES, (Flat and Round), RICHMOND STRAIGHT CUT, No. 1. RICHMOND GEM, PERFECTION, &c., &v. OLD RIP LONG CUT, RICHMOND GEM CURLY CUT, RICHMOND GEM MILD, RICHMOND STRAIGHT CUT, No. 1. RICHMOND CAVENDISH, No.S. 1 and 2, RICHMOND GEM MIXTURE, HAVANA MIXTURE, TURKISH MIXTURE, PERIQUE MIXTURE, IMPERIAL BIRD'S EYE, BUDS AND BLOSSOMS, KILLICKINICK, &C., &C. \J I O. S i3 y 9 g '^ a M^ R LEA k WARREK, ProFri stors. The Highest Market Prices ALWAYS OBTAINED FOR ALL GRADES OF TOBACCO, Our facilities for the accommodation of Farmers are ample and unsurpassed for comfort and convenience. TJie extensively known and 2*opular Atictioneer, Sells exclusively for this House. EstaMisIied 1878. EUGENE MOREHEAD, GARRARD S. WATTS Durham, N. C. Baltimore Co., Md. iEugene Moreliead & Go, ^_^4.1i^KCS^ nam, m^ mj» TRANSACT A BANKING BUSINESS IN ITS FULL SCOPE AND IMPORT. Ample Money. Ample Facilities. Correspondence Soliciied, Cashier, Assistant Cashier, W. M. Morgan. Teller, W. W. AvERY. Book-keeper, ... W. W. Patterson. Book-keeper, R. H. J. Blount. Corresponding Clerk, ..H. I. Durham. CORRESPONDENTS : New York, Donnell, Lawson & Simpson. Philadelphia, THE Central National Bank. Richmond, The First National Bank. SjieGlal and ProBmt Alleiilion mw to ail ColIeclloDs, ESrECIALLY ON All poiuts iu Caswell, Person, Orauge, Durham, Alamance aud Cbaiham Counties, ESTABLISHED 1865. STANDARD GUARANTEED. ^'STAS BSAND" SPE:IAL COMPLETE M.^NUilSS For each of the following Crops : M, Genoa, Cora, Oats, YeptaMeE aail te. OFFICE: 1D22 Cary Street ; FACTORY; Opposite Eocketts, , VA. EsiaMislned 3:865. CO (Si . Hi z 05 :^ .5, =3 w 5 o ° E X BFpRISftSONKR "■' DURHAM N.C. "^ MANUFACTURED BY B < K) fT 3" r^ O ^ ^ ; r* re TO tn' cm O f E. 2 H; I g The R. i: . Morris k Son Manuf aoturing Company, Also n. c. Manufacturers of the celebrated " Gold Leaf," and Bear, Durham and Scotch Snuffs. H, P. EDMOND (Successor io Ettinger and Edmond.) MANUFACTURER OF iniproved Tobacco ilachinery, Steam Licorice Kettles, Power Elevators, Hogshead Screws, Wringers, Spice Grinders, Lump Machines, &c. Send for Catalogue. ■mokini MANUFACTURERS OF ceo Z^Tir,^^jE^w^^n^v:£9 ZLST. O^c Al! goods containing the name of this firm are fully guaranteed to lie equal to any in the world. Their Cigarettes have been before the public for three years, and are now the most popular on the market, because they are manufac- tured from the best and 'purest material and reliable in every respect. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF DURHAM, N. C • EMBRACING BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND ENGEAVINGS OF Leading Business Men, AND A CAREFULLY COMPILED BDSiESS DIRECTORY OF DURHAM TO WHICH IS ANNEXED A COMPILATION OF USEFUL INFORMATION IN RELATION TO THE CULTIVATION, CURING AND MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO IN NORTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA. y By MSK.ABI V. FAUI,, i^^CflCj J )) RALEIGH : EDWARDS, BROUGIITON & CO., STEAM PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1884. Entered according to Act of Congi'ess in the year ISS4, by HIRAM V. PAUL, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, BURRoy.-CiLts LiTH :o : List of Engravings. PAGE. Frontispiece.— Col. D. C. PAERISH, ... 3 BLACKWELL, William T. - ' - - . 52 CARE, Julian S. - - - - - - I33 DUKE, "Washington - - . . . 159 GREEN, Caleb B. - - - - - - 139 MOREHEAD, Eugene - - - - - 137 PAEEISH, Edward J. I44 SOUTHGATE, James ..... 139 PREFATORY. As a factor in the development of one of the leading in- dustries of North Carolina and our beloved Southland, the faithful historian will cheerfully accord to the city of Dur- ham a conspicuous position in the annals of the " Old North State." While on the one hand thousands of our farmers are to-day standing upon the brink of bankruptcy through the inordinate mortgage excise demanded by King Cotton, on the other hand equally as many have come up from theSahara of adversity unto the translucent fountain of prosperity and contentment through the beneficent influ- ence of the " weed." As a principal concomitant in event- uating this happy era in the New South, and especially the industrial interests of this State, and because she has done immeasurably more, through her lavish and judicious sys- tem of advertising, to attract the notice of capitalists and in- duce immigration from the nations of the earth, Durham is eminently entitled to honorable historic mention, and the following pages are but a feeble attempt to accord plenary justice to her great leading spirits and enterprises. Her Carrs, Blackwells, Dukes and Parrishes, actuated by a lofty State pride, and a sincere desire to advance the best inter- ests of all classes, have freely and unstintingly utilized their energies, brains and money, elevating Durham to the front rank of the Tobacco Marts of the world. Our tobacco interests are so intimately entwined about those of our sister State, Virginia, that the undersigned did not feel justified in quitting the subject without accord- ing to her appropriate notice. The facts set forth in the following pages have been collected at considerable expense and research, and the highest authorities onl}'', both in this State and Virginia, have been consulted. 41 Prefatory. Great pains have been taken to collect such information as shall render this volume not only interesting hut, useful alike to the manufacturer, dealer and planter. The atten- tion of the planter is invited especially to Part III — the History and Culture of Tobacco — and more particularly to the article on "Soils," page 169, as the judicious selection of soil is a vital element of success. The information con- tained in this entire Department is the very cream of the best authority, treated under the various sub-heads, from the selection and preparation of soil until the planter shall have deposited his tobacco with the warehousemen of Dur- ham, where the very highest prices are always guaranteed. As the success of this great, leading industry is predicated upon judicious cultivation, the author would respectfully and earnestly urge the planter to familiarize himself with the instructions and.suggestions offered in this Department, which is divided into two chapters, and subdivided and classified under appropriate sub-heads. To the critic, and especially the hypercritic, the author desires to acknowledge frankly that there are mistakes and deficiencies. But " to err is human." This is no attempt at a literary coitp de maitre,hut simply a collection of facts and figures which are matters of pertinent record, the whole being permeated and dictated by a sincere desire to promote the interests of Durham as a city, and his fellow-citizens of North Carolina as a State. To his friends, who will cheerfully cast the mantle of charity over all short-comings, and who have not only en- couraged him by good wishes, but substantial assistance, he would tender his most unfeigned and heartfelt thanks. The remembrance of their kind offices will ever occupy one of the brightest pages in life's little ephemeris. Very truly, &c., H. V. PAUL. Durham, N. C, May 24th, 1884. Table of Contents, PAGE. List of Engravings ill Prefatory iv Table of Contents vi Memoir of the Author VIII Proemial Historic Facts xiii AdYertisenieuts. Allen, Jones & Co 253 Allison & Addison 12 Allen & Ginter 9 Argo, T. M 245 Atwater & Wyatt 24 Bank of Durham 3 Blackwell's Durham Tob. Co. ... 21 Baucom, J. M 245 Briggs & Sons, T. H 228 Christian, Wilkerson & Co 157 Dike, James 242, 251 Duke Sons & Co., W 14 Duke, B. L.. 252 Durham Fertilizer Co . . . 4 Edmonds, 11. P 13 Farmer & Mechanic, Raleigh . . . 241 Green, Lucius 248 Herndon, W. R 255 HoUoway, Charles 252 Howerton & Bro., R. T 253 Lottier, Lawrence 251 Lewellin Charles H 245 Lyon, A. M 250 Mackay, J. J 5 M angum, P. J 254 Markham, John L cover Morehead & Co., Eugene 11 Morris & Sons, R. F 12 Mayo, P. H 248 Mallery, J. T 245 Manning & Manning 246 News & Observer, Raleigh 246 Ober & Sons, G 255 O'Brien & Co., C. J 254 Ott, John 22 Pace & Sizer 22 Parrish, E. J 2 Perry, R. S 250 Pinnix, J. T 250 Pogue, E. H 247 Rochelle, C. W 246 Reams, H. A 250 PAGE. Reid, Morton W 247 Roberts, Loyd & Co 24 School, Durham Graded 23 Sears, A. A 252 Seminary, Methodist Female. ... 6 Siegel Bros 250 Smith, H. M 7 Southgate & Son, Jas 2, 82, 98 Styron & Co., W. R 253 Taylor, C. C 8 Tobacco Plant, Durham. .... ... 249 Utley, M. D., E. B 252 Warehouse, E. J. Parrish's 2 Warehouse, Banner 8 Warehouse, Reams 10 Whitted, James Y 243. 256 Williams & Co., Alfred 249 Younger, C. G 252 PART FIRST. PAGE. Chapter I. Gleanings from Early Settlers — Origin of Durham and Durham vSmoking Tobacco — Incorpora- tion and Organization of the Town and County of Durham — The Graded School — Asses- sed Ante-Bellum Valuations — The Colored Race 25-49 Chapter II. The Blackwell Litigation — The Origin of and Title to the use of the word Durham, and the Durham Bull, as Trade-Marks for Smoking Tobacco 50-77 Chapter III. Durham Fires — The Methodist Female Seminary — The Lyce- um — The Post Office-The Rev- enue Office — Newspapers. . . .78-88 Chapter IV. Religious Denominations 88-92 Chapter V. Tobacco Board of Trade — Ware- houses ..93-98 Chapter VI. Tobacco Factories-Opening Sales New Banner Warehouse — The Durham and Franklinton Rail- road 99-123 Table of Coistents. vir PART SECOND. Biographical Sketches. PAGE Carr, Julian S 133 Blackwell, William T 130 Duke, Washington 150 Green, John R 139 Green, Caleb B 142 Fuller, }3artholomew 154 Jones, Thomas D 141 Lockhart, J. S 155 Mangum, William 128 Morehead, Eugene 137 Parrish, D. C ... 124 Parrish, E. J 144 Southgate, James 138 Webb & Kramer 156 Whitaker, Jr., J. B., 148 PART THIRD. The Tobacco Interests of i\. C. Chapter I. Early History — Modern Progress — Tobacco Area — Mode of Con- ducting Trade — Culture and Curing — Grades, Prices, Soil Analyses, etc 158-189 Chapter II. Important Information Seed Beds— Insect Enemies of the Tobacco Plant — The Diseases of the Plant — The Bonsack Cigarette Machine 189-209 PART FOURTH. The Tobacco Interests of Virginia. Chapter I. Page. Richmond — Sketches of Leading Tobacco Manufacturers — Leaf Dealers — Cigar and Cigarette Manufacturers — Manufacturers of Plug and Smoking Tobac- co 209-2 1 7 Chapter II. Brief History of Types of To- bacco Produced in Virginia and Maryland — Quality of Tobac- co — Soils 217-223 ADDENDA ET ERRATA. Th Durham Light Infantry .... 224 The Durham Female Seminary. , 227 Errata 227 PART FIFTH. Business Directory of Durham. page. Attorneys at Law 235 Banking Houses 231 Benevolent Organizations. ...... 233 Books and Stationery 239 Blacksmith Shops 241 Builders and Contractors '. . . 240 City Government 229 County Government 229 Carriage and Wagon Factories. . . 240 Commission Merchants 23B Candy Factory 251 Cigar and Plug Tobacco Factories 231 Colored Churches 234 Colored Schools 235 Dentists 240 Dry Goods 237 Drug Stores 233 Durham Cotton Manufact'g Co. . 232 Durham Water Works 231 Educational Institutions 234 Fertilizer Companies 238 Foundry and Machine Shop 241 Furniture Dealers 238 General Merchandise 235 Hotels and Boarding Houses. . . . 237 Harness and Saddlery ... 239 Herbalists 240 Hucksters and Meat Venders. . .. 241 Hardware Dealers 239 Insurance Companies 236 Insurance Agencies 238 Job Printmg Offices 240 Livery and Exchange Stables. . . . 240 Liquor Dealers 241 Merchant Tailors 240 Millinery 237 Newspapers 232 Photographers 240 Post Office 232 Physicians 233 Revenue Office 232 Religious Denominations 234 Restaurants 237 Steam and Gas Fitters 240 Sash, Door and Blind Factories. . 239 Southern Express Co 238 Stone and Marble Works 238 The Durham Woolen and Wooden Mills Co 232 Tonsorial Artists 241 Tobacco Board of Trade 229 Tobacco Factories 230 Tobacco Warehouses 230 Undertakers and Cabinet-Makers 239 Watchmakers and Jewelers 239 Memoir of the Author. BY JAMES DIKE, A. M. Since the " History and Directory of Durham " contains far more literary matter than is usually found in a book of this character, and consequently requires a high order of ability in the author, its wide circle of patrons and readers will very properly desire a sketch of his life, and to be made acquainted with his special training and fitness for the labor he has chosen. Hiram Voss Paul is the youngest son of Rev. Hiram Gooding Paul, for thirty years pastor of the Baptist church of New Berne, N. C. He was born February 8th, 1848, and is of Scotch-Irish descent, his forefathers, McCotter and Paul, in 1663, being among the first settlers of what was then known as the "Albemarle (Colony," so named in honor of the Duke of Albemarle, during the reign of Charles II, King of England. Mr. Paul received his early instruction from Professor Daugherty, at the New Berne Academy, and was fitted for college at Lenoir Institute. But a sad event occured at this time which interfered with his collegiate course. On the 8th of July, 1865 — just one year after the death of his mother — his affectionate and doting father was called to his reward in the Upper and Better Sanctuary. One of the greatest desires of this able and faithful Ambassador of Christ, was that his son should follow him in the sacred office of the ministry. He had made ample provision with the late beloved Dr. Craven for his son to enter Trinity when the blessed Master called him home. This was a dreadful blow, as his guardian took little or no interest in his educational advancement. The arrangements which Memoir of the Author. ix were made with Dr. Craven were revoked, and young Ki- RAM placed in a printing office, under John Spellman, Esq., then editor and proprietor of the Neiu Berne Commercial. This action was vehemently opposed b}^ his relatives and friends, but without avail. And surely there was no sound reason for such extraordinary conduct on the part of his guardian, as by will his father had made ample provision for his maintenance and schooling. It was a mean disre- gard of the expressed and well-known wishes of his father. Nevertheless, although he was obliged to forego a collegiate course, he never lost his love of knowledge and availed him- self of every opportunity to gratify and improve it. He was a close reader, and manifested decided taste and ability for literary pursuits. At the age of 19 he wrote a poem, entitled "The Sea of Life," which was extensively published both north and south ; from which we make the following extract : *' Oh, sea of life, what complex billows rise Upon thy bosom, ever fraught with songs and sighs, How oft bright, fickle sunbeams tremble on the wave Which murmur's o'er Hope's early melancholy grave ! How oft the sweetest warbler, thro' springtime's subtle charms And over- venturous wing, is caught amid the storms That sweep hfe's little sea. Ah, evermore Its tender bones lie bleeching on the shore. Just as the beams of Hope in rapture kiss the wave The requiem of Despair floats o'er a coral grave ! Where'er the tender buds in richest beauty ope' We find the drooping, wither'd leaves of dying hope ! To love — oh spell divine — youth's halcyon dream ; Could we but always 'wake and find things what they seem 'Twould extract from each wave its poignant, bitter spray. As o'er the sea of life our spirits gUde away. A dear, impassioned look, and tender words and tears Well up within the soul thro' long and weary years ; These, treasured up in memory's casket fair, Through dreamy spirit-eyes, are smiling on us there ! And teach us that when we have passed thro' Death's cold gloom The drooping buds of love and hope shall wear eternal bloom. " Th/j spirit-wail over the one great misfortune of his life ! History op Durham. It seems to have been dictated by his sad disappointment. There is a melancholy sweetness about this little poetic gem wliich will doubtless vibrate upon some tender, sym- pathetic cord in every reader's heart. That the develop- ment of such manifest abilities should have been thus rudely impeded was not only a great misfortune but a positive crime, and displayed a littleness df soul in the guardian truly deplorable. In 1869 Mr. Paul commenced the Ftudy of theology 'under the Rev. Edward M.Fokbes. D. I)., Rector of Christ Church, New Berne. In 1871 he visited a paternal uncle in New York City, and being well pleased with this great city, from the many and rare opportunities it afforded for the prosecution of his studies, he remained nearly three years. During his stay he established a very interesting and ably edited journal — '^ The Evolutionist" — devoted to the Evangelical Temperance Alliance, published at No. 22, Barclay street. In the latter part of 1872, his office was entirely destroyed by fire. In the meantime he had resumed his 'theological studies under the Rev. Dr. Chas. F. Deems. From 1872 to 1877 he traveled considerably. While in New York, one of his poems, entitled "Alone," by chance fell into the hands of the well-known authoress, Mrs. Hale, who was so well pleased with it as to insert it in the columns of the Waverly Magazine, one of the most chaste and high-toned literary magazines of the country. This was the first channel of note opened to his poetic ge- nius. His poems, sketches and stories soon gained welcome reception by some of the best magazines and periodicals of the day. Besides this wide field of usefulness, Mr. Paul was employed by the Harper Brothers, Moses Dow and other large firms, thus gaining important business knowl- edge. Mr. Paul has acted in the capacity of Editor of the following Democratic and literarys journals : The JS'cw York Memoir of the Author. xi Evolutionist, 22 Barclay street, N. Y. ; The Oak City Item, The Evening Dispatch, Tlie Evening Post, and The North Car- olina Prohibitionist, Raleigh, N. C. The mission of the Daily Evening Dispntch was the vindication of the interests of the people of North Car- olina against forei^i grasping railroad syndicates-^an in- veterate opponent of the sale of the State's interest in the Western North Carolina Railroad. In this contest he secured the following able correspondents: Hon. W. T. Dortch, Judge McRae, and Maj. Wm. A. Hearne. Mr. Paul is a bold, logical and exceedingly entertaining writer, and as an evidence of the strong influence his paper was wielding against the interests of the Best syndicate, means were em- ployed which culminated in the suspension of his paper. Upon the expiration of the lease of material with whichu the paper was printed, the News Publishing Company, which* started out in opposition to the sale, but soon went over body and soul to the Syndicate, refused to grant a further lease ; and thus a commendable enterprise, with as fair prospects as any newspaper ever started in Raleigh, was choked down in its very infancy by a foreign soulless cor- poration ; and thus the people lost an able, staunch and fearless exponent of their rights and interests. The firm was composed of three worthy but poor young men : Messrs. Paul, Collins and Harper. The next enterprise upon which Mr. Paul embarked was the Evening Post, with Major Wm. A. Hearne, one of the ablest writers in the State. The Post was Democratic in politics ; but its special mission was the advocacy of Hon. Danikl G Fowle and Julian S. Carr, for Governor and Lieutenant Governor; gentlemen whom the writer believes- could have polled more votes than any other two men in the State. An . last, but not least, Mr. Paul engaged in the publi- cation of the North Carolina, Prohibitionist, which had an XII History of Durham. extensive circulation throughout the State, and is acknowl- edged to have accomplished much good in the Temperance cause. In 1869 Mr, Paul published a volume of his poems at "New Berne, N. C. These poems have been much admired •and added largely to his reputation as a writer and thinker 'Of fine literary taste. Many positions of prominence have been acceptably filled by the subject of this sketch. His association with promi- •nent writers and speakers of many States has given him a varied and valuable experience, and he has brought to hia work of writing a history of the wonderfully enterprising town of Durham, rare qualities of mind and ripe training. While many other towns have been vegetating merely, T)urham has been making history, not only for herself, but for the entire State. She has virtually, through her judi- cious and lavish system of advertising, introduced North Carolina to the world. As Mr. J. S. Carr once very perti- nently remarked: " When it has come to such a pass, that from an insignificant railroad station we can within fifteen years cause a man in London or San Francisco to put on his hat and walk out of his office, saying, * I am going to Dur- ham, N. C, on important business ; ^ when firms that a few years ago were comparatively young, have Cable addresses, I assert with emphasis, that we have the matter of a great and grand future in our own hands," Durham deserved a worthy historian, and is sigularly fortunate in securing one so able and accomplished as the subject of this imperfect -sketch. Proemial Historic Facts. THE OLD BENNETT HOUSE— CLOSING SCENE OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR— AN HISTORIC BOTTLE, • The following historic facts were collated for the " His- tory of Durham " by our courteous and talented townsman, Garland E. Webb, Esq.: Nineteen years ago, the 26th of April, there occured about S^ miles from Durham, one of the closing scenes of that great drama known in American history as the " War Between the States." Sherman's army was encamped here, the place being known then as " Durham's Sta- tion," and was a small place of perhaps not more than 200 inhabitants. Johnston with his army was encamped near Hillsboro. The war was fast coming to a close. Lee had surrendered, and what remained of the brave Southern army were disheartened and ready to surrender at the first opportunity, and on the 26th of April, 1865, General John- ston surrendered his army to General Sherman at Greens- boro, N. C, but the capitulation was arranged at what was known as the Bennett House, about S^ miles from Dur- ham. It was here that the two great Generals met and ne- gotiated the terms of peace, and it was here at this plain old farm house the curtain fell upon the last act of that terrible drama, and the dark clouds, that had so long hung gloomily over the heads of our people, began to clear away, and a new era commenced to dawn upon the South. i THE PLACE OF CAPITULATION. Our chronicler being anxious to visit this historic spot, accepted an invitation from Mr. Thomas D. Jones, a wealthy XIV History of Durham. tobacco dealer of Durham, and who is the proud owner of the identical bottle from which the two Generals drank to each other's health upon the memorable occasion of which we now write. Mr. C. B. Green, editor of the Durham Plant, and who is also a Justice of the Peace, accompanied us, for the purpose of taking the affidavit of a daughter of old man Bennett, as to the genuineness of the above men- tioned bottle. An hour's drive through an improved and prosperous country, brought us to the spot. As we glanced around, there was little to indicate the historic associations connected with the place. The house is a plain, old-fash- ioned, unpretending structure, devoid of paint without and within, but neatness and a certain degree of rustic taste was manifest in all directions. The same old fence stands in front of the green yard, and the broad boards are covered with advertisements. As we stepped into the little yard a musical voice, coming from the old kitchen window, said^ " Walk into the house, gentlemen, I will see you in a minute." Accepting her polite invitation, we were soon seated in the room in which the Generals conferred together and drew up and signed those important documents that ended the war. Soon the possessor of the musical voice made her appearance, looking as fresh and beautiful as one of the roses that grew in her little flower garden. We found her to be the granddaughter of old man Bennett, (who by the way has long since been gathered to his fathers) and lived at the old place with her mother and brother. She knew but little of the facts we were seeking, but directed us to the house of her aunt who lived near by, and who was the only surviving member of the Bennett family who was an eye-witness to the important circumstances that form the subject of our sketch. This was the same party who, quite a while ago, sold Mr. Jones the "little black bot- tle," and after thanking our rustic friend for her kindness we were soon on our way toward the house of the aunt Proemial Historic Facts. ' xv AN EYE-WITNESS. We arrived in a few minutes at a small bouse, and were informed that Mrs. Eliza Christopher lived there, and entering the house we were cordially received by her, and stating the object of our visit, she at once signified her wil- lingness to give us all the information in her power. We remarked to her that it had been denied by some pretend- ing knowing ones that .Johnston and Sherman ever met at the house of her father. She then, in her own plain way, told us how she stood and saw the two officers, Sherman and Johnston, meet at the gate, shake hands and walk side by side into the house, talking earnestly all the while, and how strange it looked to her to see these two men, who had been fighting each other for four years, meet so friendly and act so gentlemanly toward each other. She said they would frequently come out of the house and take short walks together, and she also said she saw them take a drink from the very bottle, in company with her father, that Mr. T. D. Jones now has in his possession. Continuing, she said: "I still own the little table that was used by the Generals in drawing up their papers, etc. I have had nu- merous offers for it, but none sufficient to induce me to part with it ; but I will sell it for money enough." We remarked to her that possibly there might be some doubt as to the table she so greatly valued being the one that was used on the occasion mentioned. She said she thought she could prove it; and arising she brought from above a small, old- fashioned t| ole, and then going to a book-casein the corner she took from between the leaves of an old book a dilapi- dated page from Harper's Weekly, dated May 27th, 1865, that contained a perfect representation of the exterior of the Bennett House, as well as the interior of the room that was occupied by the two officers, these gentlemen being seated at a table surrounded with papers, writing materials, XVI History of Durham. &c. — the &c. consisting mainly of the " little black bottle." The table owned by the widow was compared to Harper's representation, and was pronounced one and the same by all present. Mrs. Christopher said it was quite amusing to her to hear the soldiers on both sides, who were lounging under the spreading branches of the trees, laugh and talk over their war exploits, narrow escapes, etc. The lady was tiien asked if she objected to swearing that the bottle she sold Mr. Jones was the one from which Generals Johnston and Sherman drank on the occasion of the surrender. She readily answered no, and holding up her right hand, sol- emnly swore to the following affidavit: North Carolina, Durham County: Mrs. Eliza A. Christopher, being duly sworn, deposes and says : " That she is a daughter of James Bennett, who resided during his life-time on the Hillsboro road, three and a half miles west of Durham. Tliat she was present at her father's house on the 26th day of April, 1865, when Generals W. T. Sherman and Joseph E, Johnston met there and arranged all the stipulations of the surren- der of Johnston to Sherman. That while the arrangements were being made they drank from a bottle of whiskey, and that the bottle she sold Mr. Thomas D. Jones is the identi- cal one from which they drank on that occasion. Eliza A. Christopher. Sworn to and subssribed before me this the 15th day of May, 1884. C. B. Green, J. P. We thanked our good old friend for her kindness and valuable information, and returned to town through the same beautiful and now highly cultivated country. Our chronicler was soon standing upon one of the streets of this busy little city — a town that in sixteen years or less has grown from nothing to be a busy and prosperous city of over 5,000 inhabitants. In every direction could be heard the hum and buzz of machinery, mingled with Proemial Historic Facts. xvii the song of the saw, and the sound of the hammer. Heavily loaded wagons and drays rattled over the newly-made, rock- paved streets. Magnificent buildings lined each side of the way, elegantdwellings could be seen in the distance, churches with their tall spires almost kissing the clouds stood here and there, factory bells and steam whistles sent forth their evening signals. Everything is hurry and bustle. Pro- gress and enterprise is evident on every side, and to think that where this proud and famous little city now stands was, a few years ago, almost a wilderness. Is it not a grand illustration of what enterprise and energy can do ? We, at this point of our observation, came to the conclusion that Durham could date its birth and the beginning of its pros- perity to the time when those two Generals, about whom we have been writing, came together at the old Bennett House, shook hands as it were over the "bloody chasm," and ar- ranged all those stipulations that ended the war. Advertisement. 21 acL.:^ — sr -» -^ir3 (S=cqtt « » b»d ®:::±:b Pi S'-'' ii < ■fcsJ^ o w o ^ o o o d za o o p4 o o o o Q 09 a a •i-t -♦J O 03 V O u 9! (—1 si o ^ o o Pi © 'd 'd o ft ^1 P^ d ^\ o -i-3 i^\ 99 ■d O 4J bm o cS CD > o (U CO 03 O ft as a o ft m be u O OS o o o n i^ 22 History of Durham, C^^The Best Fertilizer ever made specially for Fine Tobacco, remains at tlie head of everjtliing* offered for tliat Crop. Still Tobacco Fertilizer. You all know what Major Ragland thinks of this article. The demand for it is universal among growers of line tobacco. They urge that nothing gives 6ocfy and texture like it. Read for example, the following from Messrs. Matthews & Williamson, of Reidsville: "From our own personal experience, and it covers a longtime, in watching the results from the use of the various brands of commercial fertilizers handle/ . We keep the most complete stock of Heavy and Fancy Groceries in Durham. Goods promptly delivered free of charge in the city. Prices Marked Down to Rock Bottom I We are offering our stock of GUNS at greatly reduced prices, to close them out. u P_, pcq sT:^rz::bT<3-zisro- zl^ ..^^ ivd: :e= 3 . Hardware Cheaper than Ever. Cheapest House in Tinware in Town. Fine stock of Farm Bells from 250 lbs. Down. ROBERTSON, LLOYD & CO., Mangum Street, DURHAM, N. C. History of Durham. :e=> .-A^ iiR T z - CHAPTER I. GLEANINGS FROM EARLY SETTLERS — ORIGIN OF DURHAM AND DURHAM SMOKING TOBACCO — INCORPORATION AND ORGANI- ZATION OF THE TOWN AND COUNTY OF DURHAM — THE GRA- DED SCHOOL — THE COLORED RACE, ETC. The last act in the tragic draraa of the late civil war transpired in the vicinity of Durham. It was here that " grim-vissaged war smoothed its wrinkled front." Gen. R. E. Lee, the great southern soldier and christian, having capitulated at Appomattox, Gen. Sherman, on his famous "march to the sea," had demonstrated to Gen. Jos. E. John- ston, by greatly superior numerical strength and facilities, that further resistance was useless. In April, 1865, Sher- man encamped at Raleigh, while Johnson, with his remnant of heroic troops, rested at Greensboro. From Raleigh to Greensboro, a distance of about seventy-five miles, both armies roamed indiscriminately. Gen. Johnston intima- ted to Gen. Sherman his desire for a conference, and an armistice of ten days was declared. These two great chief- tains met in consultation, in a little house near Durham, which was then an insignificant railroad station, with only about 200 inhabitants. This station was declared neu- tral ground. Here "the boys in blue and gray" met in friendly intercourse — swapped horses, ran foot races, shot at targets, and, around the same camp-fires, told hairbreadth escapes, spun camp yarns, and had a "good time" generally. About one hundred yards from the railway station stood a two-story frame tobacco factory, owned by the late John R. Green. Daring the war Mr. Green had manufactured smok- ing tobacco for the " boys in gray," but now Othello had seemingly lost his occupation. Stored in this factory were large quantities of smoking tobacco, ready for shipment, and during the armistice the building was completely sacked, 26 History of Durham. and around the camp-fires, in Durham, the "blue and tlie gray" literally smoked the pipe of peace. When the hon- orable terms of surrender were consummated — which term- were most dishonorabl}^ ignored by radical pot-house polls ticians of the national government at Washington — the soldiers of each army provided themselves with a plentiful supply of this tobacco and marched homeward. Thus Green's tobacco was distributed from Maine to Texas, and what he regarded as a great calamity sojn proved a great blessing. When the soldier?, on reaching home, had ex- hausted their supply of tobacco, orders, directed to the R. R. Agent, Postmaster, etc., at Durham, began lo pour in rap- idly for more of that tobacco. Mr. Green was quick, to see his advantage, and immediately christened his tobacco " Durham," and selected the Durham Bull as his trade-mark. And this was the first tobacco manufactured in Durham branded with the words " Durham Smoking Tobacco," and the first to use as a trade-mark the " Durham Bull." (See litigation.) Nowhere on the globe is tobacco of such fine qualit}^ raised — so peculiarly adapted to smoking purposes — as is grown in the vicinity of Durham. It is almost entirely free from nitrates and nicotine, and it has become so popular that to day, all over the United States, the Canadas, South America, Japan, Australia, China, etc., it is the acknowl- edged standard of excellence and purity. Mr. Green died in iS69, and xMessrs. W. T. Blackwell & Co. purchased the business. This firm put fresh capital, together with keen business sagacity, into the enter- prise, and soon made it a wonderful success, and to-day they are the largest and most flourishing manufacturers of smoking tobacco in the country. At the time of the pur- chase from Green, the total force employed in the factory numbered less than twelve, and the population of the town less than 300. To-day the firm pay annually to the govern- ment a revenue tax of more than $600,000 00; manufacture over 5,000,000 pounds of tobacco annually, and employ about 900 hands. The embryo village of 1865 had- a popu- lation in 1881 of nearly 4,000. The population now exceeds 5,000. Durham is situated twenty-six miles west of Raleigh, the capital of the State, and is the outlet to what is known as the Golden. Tobacco Belt of North Carolina, and, as all the tobacco raised in this section finds its vt^a}' to Durham, our Origin of Durham Smoking Tobacco. 27 factories and warehouses are so situtited as to comraand the pick of all offerings. Thirteen years ago there was nothing here but a few small shanties, while now there are palatial buildings devoted to mercantile purposes, huge tobocco warehouses and numerous manulactories of that article that are unexcelled. The largest factory in the world for the manufacture of smoking tobacco is located here, with a name famous in all parts of the globe. Durham is really the tobacco mart of the State, and from the nature and value of the crop grown in the immediate neighborhood, has strided on and attained the very enviable position she now holds. She draws to her market probably the greater part of all the tobacco that is grown in the counties of Durham, Orange, Person, Caswell, Aliimance and Granville,and known as "bright smokers," only adapted for smoking tobaccos, and from these come the wonderful reputation of all such emanating from this place. Employment is offered all who desire, and the capacity of production is only limited by the difficulty of procuring labor. Op{)ortunities present themselves on all sides, and the amount of money disbursed by the factories is something to startle the uninformed. Trade is flourishing and the stores are filled with fine goods, all of which find a ready sale. The city has a mayor, board of aldermen, police, lighted streets and is paved. Durham has more paved streets than any other place in North Carolina. Fires have occurred, but they were a blessing in disguise, as what was once low shanties are now brick blocks of two and three stories. The receipts of cotton last season were 3,500 bales, which will be largely increased in the future. This represents con- siderable money in that commodity. Durliam can be made a good market for such, as numerous cotton mills abound along the line of the North Carolina railroad, and one soon to be erected in Durham. There are 3 sash and door facto- ries and numerous tobacco works. No water-power; every- thing is run by steam, with cheap fuel. The greater part of the citizens are full of energy, ambition and kindness, and are fully alive to the importance of the place. To Messrs. \V. T. Blackwell and Julian S. Carr the place owes much of its importance, as tliey were pioneers in building it up. These gentlemen have erected nearly 200 buildings in the town. The former was long identified with the celebrated Bull 28 History of Durham. Durham Tobacco Works, but sold out his interest a short time since, and is now in the banking business with Mr. P. A. Wiley, a well-known financier, as cashier. The Bank of Durham has discounted, in four months, about $400,000 in paper— -^lostly tobacco acceptances; and Eugene Morehead & Co., bankers, probably as much more. This is quite a remarkable showing, and gives a faint idea of the growth of Durham in this one instance. Railroad facilities are hardly adequate, only one train a day each way being allowed by the liberal policy of the Richmond & Danville system. The depot is a reproach, there being no reception room for either ladies or gentlemen, and the apartment used as such, and adjoining the ticket- office, being so filthy an ofi^ensive that ladies never apply for tickets, except in cases of absolute necessity. It is about 12x14 I'eet, and is used almost continuously by negro section hands as a kitchen and sleeping quarters. The walls are black with soot and grease, and the floor is caked with grease and dirt. It is just to add, that the managers are perhaps not aware of the real condition of things. It is to be hoped, however> that the importance of the city will arouse this mammoth monopoly from its complacent leth- argy, and that decent facilities at least will soon be afforded. Real estate in the corporate limits is very high , ranging from $1 per foot up, a further evidence of its prosperity. To show how wonderfully this section has advanced, we give a few ante-bellum jirices for lands which now sell for from Si per foot upward: In 1845, the land now covered by the town of Durliara, sold at from §1.50 to $4.00 per acre. The Durham site, 130 acres, sohJ for the sum of §90.00., In 1859 this land was reassessed and sold for about $25 per acre. The old Strayhorn Tract — now the Rigsbee property — sold for $15 per acre. This tract extends from Mangum street to Redmond Grove — formerly known as Prattsburg. The same land cannot be bought to-day for $1,000 per acre. The Dillard land sold for $10 per acre, the old Andrew Turner tract — now known as the Green land — sold for $8 per acre, and the Proctor land — now owned by Messrs. W. T. Vickers and B. W. Mathews— for $8 to $10 per acre. Taxes on real and personal property are thirty-five cents on the $100, and $1.05 on the poll. Graded school tax twenty cents on the $100, and sixty cents on the poll. Establishment op Durham County. 29 Tobacco brings better prices here, perhaps, than at any other point in the State. A few weeks ago a farmer, for two two-horse wagon loads of tobacco — barn 'round — re- ceived $2,600, and it is a common thing for negro farmers to come in with a load and carry away from five to eight hundred dollars. This shows the value of the land for this great staple. These lands, of the Central Golden Belt, lie principally in Durham, Orange, Person, Caswell, Chatham, Alamance, Granville and Wake counties, andean be pur- chased for from $10 to -$25 per acre, improved. This country has superb pastorage for stock and is adapted to all kinds of grain, as well as cotton, tobacco, fruits and grapes. The latter flourishes, and the wine sells readily for $1.50 per gallon. To all parties who are looking for a place to locate, to till the soil, this, in tiie immediate vicinity of Durham, possesses vast advantages. If capital is looking for investment, it can be judiciously used here, certain to be returned tenfold, and more than likely twenty. The city has a world-wide rej)utation and no doubt is the best adver- tised section of the State; and when one views the immense tobacco factories, warehouses, press-rooms, etc., he cannot but say she has earned her position. The depot of the N. C. R. R., in this town, was established in 1852, with Dr. B L. Durham as agent. Pratt^burg was originally intended for the depot site, but Mr. Pratt, the owner, refused to grant the land, and the present site was donated by our venerable townsman, Dr. Durham, in honor of whom the station was called Durham. The first store opened for business \vas by Messrs. B? L. Durham, John W. Carr (father of Julian S. Carr, President B, D. Tobacco Co.) and James Mathews, with our venerable and popuiar townsman, M. A. Angier, as clerk. This store was situated at the Rigsbee corner — then known as the An- gier corner — now corner Main and Mangum streets. Establishment op Durham County, The bill for the establishment of the County of Durham was introduced in the General Assembly, in the. early part of the session of 1881, by Hon. Caleb B. Green, then a rep- resentative from the County of Orange. The bill was sub- mitted to and ratified by the people April 10, 1881, The fol- lowing is a copy of the law (see chap. 138, pp, 272, Laws of 18S1): 30 History of Durham, The General Assembly of Nortli Carolina do enact : Section 1. That a county by the name of Durham be and the same is hereby created and established out of and em- bracing parts of the counties of Orange and Wake, the whole to lie within and have the following specified bounds, that is to say : Beginning at the north-east cornerof Orange coun- ty, thtnce with the Orange and Person line north eighty- seven degrees, west, eight miles, to the corner of Mangum and Little River townships of Orange county; thence south ten degrees west, twenty five and one quarter miles to the Chatham county line, at the corner of Patterson and Chapel Hill townships; thence with the Chatham county line south eighty seven degrees east, seven miles, to the Wake county line; thence the same course four miles, to a point in Wake County; Cedar Fork township; thence a line parallel to the Wake and Orange line north fifteen degreeseast, thirteen and one half miles, to the corner of New Light and Oak Grove townships ; thence continuing the same course two and one- quarter miles, and following the dividing line between said townships to the Granville county line, at the corner of the aforesaid townships ; thence wiih the Wake and Granville line to tlieir corner on Neuse river, in the Orange county line; thence with the Granville line about north nine and three-quarter miles to the beginning. Sec. 2. That the said county of Durham, hereby created, be and the same is hereby invested with all the rights, powers, privileges, advantages and immunities that belong and ap- pertain to other counties in this state. Sbc. 3. That Isaac N. Linke, of said county of Durham, be and is hereby appointed a commissioner to survey and mark the line between the said county of Durham and the said counties of Orange, Chatham, Wake, Granville and Person, as designated and specified in the first section of this act, and he shall within thirty days next after the ratifica- tion of this act, make a report of such survey under his hand and seal to the commissioners respectively of said counties, which report shall form and be a part of the record of the proceedings of said commissioners of said counties ; and said commissioners shall furnish the commissioners of said count}- of Durham with a map thereof. Said commissioner to sur- vey said line shall have power to employ such persons as may be necessary for making such survey, and he and such other persons shall be allowed a reasonable compensation Establishment of Durham County. 31 for such service, to be allowed by the commissioners of said county of Durham. And if, for any cause, the said Isaac N. Link cannot make such survey, then and in such case, David G. McDuffie is hereby appointed to make the same, and he shall be })aid for his services as herein provided. Sec. 4. That if said boundary line shall divide any town- ship of any of said counties of Orange and Wake, any officer of any such township, who shall reside witiiin said county of Durham, shall continue to hold and exercise his said office in the said county of Durham until his successor shall be elected or appointed, and qualified according to law. Sec. 5. That the sheriffs and other county officers of Or- ange and Wake counties respectively, shall continue to exercise the functionsof their respective offices in the detached ])ortions of said last mentioned counties, until the county officers of said county of Durh?m shall bo elected or appointed and qualified according to law. Sec. G. That justices of the peace shall be appointed as now provided by law for said county of Durham ; and said justices of the peace shall, on the first Monday in May, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one, assem- ble at the town of Durham and elect five commissioners for said county, who shall thereupon be forthwith c^ualified by any one of the said justices of the peace, and he shall certify such qualification and deliver his certificate in such resj)ect to the clerk of said commissioners, and he shall file the same among the records and papers of his office ; and said com- missioners so elected shall hold their offices respectively until their successors shall be elected and qualified according to existing laws. Sec, 7. That it shall be the duty of said county commis- sioners, forthwith after their qualification, to divide the said county into convenient districts ; to determine and fix the boundaries of the same, and prescribe names therefor, and designate voting places in said districts according to law, at which all elections by the qualified electors of said county of Durham shall be held. Sec. 8. That the said county commissioners, as soon as they shall establish said districts and voting [)laces, shall provide, according to law, for the registration of electors and the election of county ofiicers for said county, except as in this act otherwise provided, and an election for such officers shall be held on the first Thursday of August, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one. 32 History of Durham. Sec. 9. That said commissioners, at their first meeting shall appoint a sheriff, a coroner and constables for said county, who shall give bond and qualify as such officers ac- cording to existing laws, and said last named officers and all county officers so to be elected shall hold and exercise their offices res[iectively until their successors shall be elected or appointed according to existing laws, regulating the elec- tions of sheriffs, coroners, constables, and other county officers. Sec. 10. That the town of Durham shall be the county town of said county of Durham, and the court house and jail thereof shall be located in said town t>n a site or sites to be selected by the county comiuissioners, and the site for the court house shall embrace at lea'^t one acre and a half of land, and the site for the jail at least one-half acre of land; and said county commi-^sioners shall purchase or receive by donation lots or parcels of land sufficient for the last mentioned [)Ui poses; and shall proceed according to existing laws to have a court house and jail for said last men- tioned county construc'ed ; and until thesam? shall be com- pleted or may be used, said commi^^sioners shall select and provide a temporary place and suitable building for iiold- ing the court and preserving the records and transacting the busitiess of said county of Durham, as in other counties. Sf:c. 11. That the su|)erior courts of this State shall have juiisdiction in and over said county of Durham, as such county, on and after the second Thursday of August, Anno Domini one thou'sand eight hundred and eighty-one, to the same extent and in the same manner as the said courts have in and over the several counties of this Slate ; and the said courts shall be within the fifth (5t,h) judicial district and a superior court therefor shall be held on the first Monday in February and the first Monday in August of each suc- ceeding year, and all actions, both civil and criminal, of which the said last mentioned court would have had juris- diction, had the same existed at the time of the beginning of said actions shall be removed into and tried or disposed of according to law in said last mentioned court: Provided, nevertheless, both civil and criminal, to which citizens of said county of Durham are parties, pending in the superior courts of said counties of Orange and Wake, may be con- tinued in the courts of said counties respectively, at the option of the party residing in said county of Durham ; Establishment op Durham County. 83 ham; but, when such actions shall be so transferred to the court of said county of Dnrhara, it shall be without preju- dice by reason of such transfer; and all persons who shall be adjudged to be imprisoned in said county of Durham, before the completion of a jail for said last named county, shall be committed to the jail of Orange county. But, until the second Thursday of August, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and eigh.ty-one, all actions, both civil and criminal, shall be begun and prosecuted as now provided b}' law. Sec. 12. That the county comaiissioners of Durham county shall be, and are hereby empowered to appoint three or more commissioners to confer with the commissioners of Orange and Wake counties, for the purpose of ascertain- ing the {)roportionate part of the public debt of Orange and Wake counties to be assumed by the county of Durham, end such settlement shall be based upon tlie amount of taxable property and polls according to the valuation of property in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty; and said county commissioners shall proceed ac- cording to law to levy and collect a tax sufficient to pay such proportionate part of the debt of the counties of Orange and Wake, when it shall have been so ascertained. Sec. 13. That nevertheless, an election shall be held in said county of Durham, on second Thursday in April, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one, for tlie purpose of ascertaining whether or not a majority of the electors of said county shall be in favor of the estab- lishment thereof; that at such last mentioned election every male person born in the United States, and every such per- son who has been naturalized, twenty-one years old and up- wards, and who shall have resided in the boundary line of said county for thirty days next before the said last specified day of election, except such persons as by the constitution and laws of this State are not deemed electors, shall be en- titled to vote at said election in, and only in, the township or precinct where he shall reside, and be duly registered on the day of such election, except as hereinafter otherwise provided; and every elector voting at said election, who shall be in favor of the establishment of the said county of Durham, shall have printed or written on his ballot the words, " For the county of Durham," and every elector v/ho shall be o[)[toseJ to the establishment of said county of 34 History of Durham. Durliam shall have printed or written on his ballot the words, " Against the county of Durliani," and the judges or inspectors of election, appointed by this act to hold said election in the several precincts respectively, shall carefully count the votes cast at such election, and designate the number so cast '"'For the county of Darham," and likewise the number so cast "Against the county of Durham," and respectively certify the result under their hands to the com- missioners herein provided to canvass the votes cast at the several voting places in said county. Sec. 14. That said election shall be held in that part of Durham township in said count}^ of Orange, embraced in said county of Durham, in the town of Durham, by and under the superintendence of Jolm C. Angier, registrar, S. W. Chamberlain and B. L Duke; that said election shall be held in that part of Patterson township in said county of Orange, embraced in said county of Durham, at Patter- son's Mills, by and under the superintendence of A. B. Couch, registrar, C. H. Carlton and A. P. Stroud ; and like- wise at Asa Gunter's in said last mentioned township, by and under the superintendence of G. A. Barbee, registrar, Rufas Masse}' and Simon Barbee; that said election shall be held in Mangum's township as now constituted in said county of Orange embraced within said county of Durham, and likewise that part of Little River township in said county of Orange embraced in said county of Durham, the whole making one township for the purpose of the said election at Mangum's store, by and under the superinten- dence of S. G. Scruggs, registrar, W. D. Lunsford and Wm. Bass; that said election shall beheld in Lebanon township, as now constituted in said county of Orange embraced in said county of Durham, at Bladeii Springs, by and under the superintendence of J. G. Latta, registrar, S. H. Johnson and Thomas Lipscomb; and such electors as may reside in that part of said Little River township embraced in said county of Drham, shall register and vote at either of the last mentioned voting places in their discretion; that the said election within that part of Cedar Fork township, as now established in Wake county embraced in said county of Durham, shall be held at Cedar Fork church, by and under the superintendence of Ransom O'Brien, registrar, Hiram Weatherspoou and Asa Green ; that the said election within that part of Oak Grove township, as now consti- Establishment of Durham County. 35 tuted in said county of Wake embraced in said county of Durham, shall be held at Sandy Level church, by and under the superintendence of John Hall, registrar, John Pollard and William Evans. Sec. 15. The electors residing within the said county of Durham, whetlier they have heretofore been registered in the counties of Orange and Wake or not, shall each be reg- istered in the township or precinct where he shall reside, before he shall be entitled to vote at said election, and to this end the several registrars, in section sixteen of this act appointed, shall, each in the township or precinct for which he is appointed, open a registration book for the registration of such electors as may reside in said last referred to town- ship or precinct and be entitled to vote; he shall open such registration book for the registration of such electors on Thursday next before the day of said election, and keep the same open for the registration of such electors from day to day, Sunday excepted, until and hicluding Wednesday next before the da}^ of said election ; elejtors shall take the oath, which said registrars are hereby authorized to administer, nov; prescribed by law for electors, and registration shall be conducted as now prescribed by law, except as otherwise provided by this act; electors residing in that part of said Little River township in said county of Durham may, in their discretion be registered either in said Manguni town- ship in said count}' of Durham, or in that part of said Leb- anon township in said county of Durham, but they shall vote only in the township where they shall so register. Sec. 16. That John 0. Angier be and he is hereby ap- pointed such registrar for that part of the said tovvnship of Durham in said county of Durham, and the registration book for this township shall be so kept open for the regis- tration of electors at Angler's store in Durham ; A. B Couch , registrar for the precinct in that part of Patterson's town- ship in said county of Durham, embracing Patterson's mills, and the registration book for the precinct shall be so kept open at Patterson's store; G. A. Barbee, registrar for the precinct in said part of Patterson tovrnship embracing Asa Gunter's, and the registration book for this precinct shall be so kept open at G. A. Barbee's house; Ransom O'Brien, reg- istrar for that part of said Cedar Fork township in said county of Durham, and the registration book for that town- ship shall be so kept open at Ransom O'Brien's residence; History of Durham. John Hall, registrar for that part of said Oak Grove town- shij) emhraopri in said county of Darham, aiid the registra- tini) hook f )r that township shall be so kept open at F. M. Barbee's store; S. G. Scruggs, registrar for said township of Maiiguin in said county of Durham, and t'le registration [book] f->r that township shall be so kept open at Mangura's store; J. G. Latta. registrar for that part of Lebanon town- ship in said county of Durliam, and the registration book for that township shall be so kept opr'u at J. G. Latta's resi- deiice. Sec. 17. Each of said registrars shall be as herein pro- vided one of the judges or inspectors of election in the town- shi[) or precinct for which he is such registrar; he shall have the registration bo^k coniaining the names of the electors so registered by him at the proper voting place on the said day of election as now required by law; and he shall pre- serve su(;h registration book and deposit the same in the office of the county commi.ssioners ot said county of Dur- ham, as soon as they siiail be organized. Sec. 18. That the said judges or inspectors, so appointed to hold and superintend such election, shall each be sworn by an acting justice of the peace to well, truly and fairly hold such election, and certify the result thereof, as in this act provided ; no elector after registration shall be chal- lenged, except when lie oifers to vote, and if the riglit of any person offering to vote shall be challenged, any one of the said judges or inspectors at the votijig place where such person so offers to vote, may administer an oath to such person and examine him touching his right to vote, and the said judges or inspectors holding said election at such last named voting place shall determine whether or not sach person has the right to vote, and to allow or disallow his vote according to law, and the said judges or inspectors so holding said election shall respectively keep a written list of the names of the electors voting, and return the same witli their certificate of the result of the election so held by them, and said judges or inspectors of election designated and charged to hold the said election at each voting place shall repectively, as soon as the result of the election shall he so ascertained, designate one of their number to convey the certificate of the result of the election so held by them to the town of Durham by twelve o'clock meridian «>f Fri- day next after the da)' of said election ; and the judges or Establishment of Durham County. 37 inspectors so conveying such certificate of the result of said election at the voting places represented by them respec- tively, shall compose and constitute a board of canvassers to compare and count and ascertain the result of the vote so cast and certified in said county of Durham, and this shall be done on the said last mentioned day; and the canvassers so comprising said board shall be sworn by any justice of the peace to well and faithfully so ascertain the result of the said vote so cast in said county ; and as soon as the said board shall so ascertain the result of said vote in said county of Durham, they shall certify the said result under their hands to the Governor, and he shall forthwith make known such result by proclamation, and if it shall turn out that a majority of the votes so cast in the said county of Durham were " For the county of Durham," then in that case the said county of Durham shall thenceforth continue to be such county, as by this act established ; but if, on the con- trary, it shall turn out that a majority of the votes so cast in the said county of Durham were "Against the county of, Durham," then in that case the said county of Durham, shall cease to be such county, and this act shall be inopera- tive and of no further effect, and the counties of Orange and. Wake shall remain respectively as they now are. Sec. 19. If for any cause any one of the judges or inspec- tors, so appointed to hold said election, shall fail to discharge- the duty with which he is by this act charged, then the acting judges or inspectors or judge or inspector may ap- point a judge or inspector to supply his place. Sec. 20. The polls at the said voting places as to time,, shall be opened and closed as now provided by law for the election of members of the General Assembly. Sec. 21. If any person shall disturb, prevent or in any way interfere with said election, any person so ofi'ending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on convic- tion in the superior court, shall be fined and imprisoned in the discretion of the court. Sec. 22. If any person shall vote at such election, who is not entitled to vote, however said judges or inspectors ma}^ decide every person so voting, shall be deemed' guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction in the superior court, shall be fined and imprisoned in the discretion of the court. Sec. 23. Said registrars shall be sworn to faithfully dis- charge their duty as such by any acting justice of the peace, 3 38 History of Durham, and such registrar shall respectively register such persons as shall become qualified in respect of age and residence or otherwise on the day of election, and such person so regis- tered shall be allowed to vote. Sec. 24. If at the election provided by this act a majority of those who vote in the township[s] of Cedar Fork and Oak Grove, in the county of Wake, shall vote "Against the county of Durham," then those portions of said townships comprehended within the line of the county of Durham shall not be part of said county of Durham, but shall be and remain portions of the county of Wake, notwithstanding the townships in Orange may vote for said county of Dur- ham, and in that event said county of Durham shall consist of the territory mentioned in this act exclusive of said por- tions of Cedar Fork and Oak Grove towaiships. Sec. 25. This act shall be in force from and after its rati- fication. .Read three times in the General Assembly, and ratified .this the 28th day of February, A. D. 1881. Pursuant to the provisions of the bill, the Justices of the Peace for the new county met in the town of Durham on the 1st of May, 1881, and proceeded to ballot for County Commissioners. The following gentlemen having received a majority of votes cast, were declared duly elected: Messrs. A. Iv. Umstead, Washington Duke, G. A. Barbee, John T, Nichols and S. W. Holman. The new^ board met on May 2d, 1881, over John L. Mark- ham's store, corner Main and Mangum streets, and, after qualifying, organized and elected Mr. A. K. Umstead chair- man, and W. T. Patterson, clerk, who also acted as Superior Court Clerk until the election of Mr. J. S. Ferrell in Au- gust of the same year. The board also appointed Mr. Jas. R. Black nail as sheriff, D. L. Belvin constable and Dr. A. ■G. Carr as coroner. Mr. Wm. Lipscomb was also appointed tax assessor for Durham township. At the election, which occurred first Tuesday in August, 1881, Mr. J. J. Ferrell was elected Superior Court Clerk, and Dr. W. M. Laws, Register of Deeds. Among the proceed- ings of the second meeting of the Board of County Commis- sioners, May 10th, 1881, we find the following wise and ■commendable order : "The question of granting license to retail spirituous Incorporation of Durham. 39 liquors in the county of Durham to several parties petition- ing was taken up, and after a fair and full discussion, it was ordered that no license should be issued to sell spirituous liquors in the county of Durham. By request, A. K. Um- stead's vote was recorded in favor of not granting them." If this noble example had been strictly followed after- ward, much suffering, pauperism, crime and death would have been averted. It may be said to the honor of this board that among their very first acts they manifested a desire to promote not only the material but the moral inter- ests of society. In June, 1883, the Justices of the Peace for Durham county convened in the court-house in the city of Durham, and elected the following commissioners : Messrs. Duncan Cameron, W. A. Jenkins, D. P. Paschall, G. A. Barbee and J. G. Latta. The new board met and organized December 4th, 1882. In June, 1883, the real and personal property of Durham Township was assessed at $2,000,200. The assessed value of real and personal property at the present writing is about $3,000,000— or a market value of about $5,000,00. The as- sessed value of the same territory in 1865 was about $150,000. The assessed valuation of real and personal property within the corporate limits of the city of Durham is $1,850,- 000. The assessed value in 1865 was about $120,000. ASSESSED ANTE-BELLUM VALUATIONS. The land now environed by the corporate limits of the City of Durham contains 640 square acres, or one square mile. The following table shows the assessed valuation per acre and per tract for 1850 and 1860. The assessment for 1860 was made by Messrs. M. A. Angier, J. P., Z. I. Lyon and C. G. Markham. The names of tracts and the number of acres each are given for convenient future reference. This land will readily sell to-day for from $5,000 to $15,000 per acre, according to locality : Name of Tract. Proctor Tract Strayhorn Tract Green Tract Pratt Tract Dr. Durham Tract.. May Tract No. Acres. no go 95 150 135 60 1S50. Per Acre. Per Tract. 00 00 00 00 00 00 330 00 450 00 190 00 450 00 270 00 180 00 i860. Per Acre. Per Tract. $ 8 00 15 00 8 00 10 00 30 00 10 00 ^ 880 00 1,350 00 760 00 1,500 00 4,050 00 600 00 Total 640 Av. $2.g2y*^ $ 1,870 00|Av.$I4.2? 5,140 00 40 History of Durham. AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THK TOWN OF DURHAM. The bill to incorporate the town of Durham was intro- duced in the General Assembly of 1868-'69, by Hon. T. M. Argo. The bill passed and was ratified the 10th day of April, 1869. The following is a copy of the act: Section 1 . The General Assembly of North Carolina do en- act : That the Town of Durham, in the county of Orange, be, and the same is hereby incorporated, by the name and style of " The Town of Durham," and shall be subject to all the provisions contained in the one hundred and eleventh chapter of the Revised Code : Provided, That any male citi- zen residing within the proposed corporation shall be enti- tled to all the privileges contained in an act to provide for the holding of municipal elections in North Carolina, rati- fied 16th day of December, 1868. Sec. 2. That the corporate limits of said Town shall ex- tend one-haif mile in all directions from the warehouse of the North Carolina Railroad in said town. Sec. 3. That this act shall be in force from and after its ratification. Ratified the 10th day of April, 1869. JO. W. HOLDEN, Si')€aher of the House. TOD. R. CALDWELL, • President of the Senate. I, Henry J. Menninger, Secretary of State, hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the original Act on file in this officr. H. J. MENNINGER, Secretary of State. At the first election under the provisions of this act, the following municipal ofiicers were elected : Mayor — R. F. Morris. Commissioners — William Maugum, W. K. Styron, Wil- liam Clark, J. W. Cheek and John A. McManning, Sr. DURHAM graded SCHOOL. The bill establishing the Durham Graded School was in- troduced in the General Assembly of 1881, by Hon. Caleb Graded School. 41 B. Green ; submitted to and ratified by the people in May, 1882. The following is a copy of the law (Laws 1881, chap. 231, page 433): The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact : Section 1. The commissioners for the town of Durham are hereby authorized to submit to the qualified voters of said town, at such time and under such rules and regulations as the said commissioners may prescribe, whether an annual tax shall be levied therein for the support of a graded school in said town. That such qualified voters at such election are authorized to vote on written or printed ballots the words "for school" and " against school," and the penalties for illegal and fraudulent voting in this election shall be the same as in the annual elections for mayor and commission- ers of the town of Durham. Sec, 2. In case a majority of the qualified voters at such election shall be in favor of such tax, the same shall be levied and collected by the town authorities under the same rules and regulations by which other town taxes are levied and collected, and the tax collector shall be subject to the same liabilities for the collection and disbursement of said tax as he is or may be for other town taxes : Provided, The special taxes so levied and collected shall not exceed one- fifth of one per centum on the value of property and seventy- five cents on the poll, and that the taxes thus levied and collected shall be applied exclusively for the support of a "graded public school," and shall not be appropriated or expended for any other purpose. Sec. 3. The special taxes thus levied and collected from the taxable property and polls of white persons shall be ex- pended in keeping up a graded public school for white persons of both sexes, between the ages of six and twent-one years ; and the special taxes thus levied and collected from the taxable property and polls of colored persons shall be expended for the benefit of the public schools of the colored children of both sexes, between the ages of six and twenty- one years, in said town. Sec. 4. If a majority of the qualified voters of the town of Durham shall vote "for school," the commissioners for said town, at their next regular meeting, and their successors in office at their first regular meeting, in the month of June 42 History of Durham. annually, thereafter, shall elect three gentlemen of integrity and ability, qualified voters of said town, to constitute "the Durham Board of Education and Learning," and the said "Durham Board of Education and Learning," the school committee for the school district in Orange county com- posed of the town of Durham, and the mayor of the town of Durham, who shall be ex-officio chairman, but have no vote except in case of a tie, shall be and are hereby created a body corporate by the name of the " Durham Graded School Committee," which shall have full control and management of the " Durham Graded School," and each member of said " Graded School Committee" shall continue in office until his successor shall be elected or appointed and qualified. Sec. 5. The Durham Graded School Committee may sue and be sued, have a common seal, purchase and hold real and personal property not exceeding fifty thousand dollars in value, and may adopt any rules and regulations for its government not inconsistent with the laws of North Carolina. Sec. 6. The principal and teachers of such graded public school shall not be subject to the restrictions and limitations as to salary, prescribed by section fifty-one of chapter sixty- eight of Battle's Revisal ; but may be paid such compen?a- tion as the "Durham Graded School Committee" may deem just and proper. Sec. 7. This act shall be in force from and after its ratifi- cation. In the General Assembly read three times, and ratified this the 9th day of March, A. D. 1881. This school is now one of the most important and at the same time one of the most flourishing institutions of the town, and experience has demonstrated the fact that Dur- ham with its great energy and enterprise, has never taken a more positive step towards material, as well as intellectual advancement, than in the establishment of its Graded School. It is now past the domain of experiment and is one of the fixtures which is pointed to with genuine pride and admiration. ITS ORIGIN. In the Legislature of 1881, Hon. Caleb B. Green intro- duced and secured the passage of a bill providing that when Graded School. 43 so requested the Town Commissioners should submit to the people for their ratification or rejection the proposition to levy annually a special tax of 20 cents upon the $100 worth of real and personal property, and 75 cents upon the poll, for the maintenance of a Graded School for the white race. The bill provided for the election, by the Commissioners, for a term of one year of a Board of Education and Learn- ing, to be composed of three citizens of iniegrity and learn- ing, and that this Board in conjunction with the Public School Committee of the District, with the Mayor as chair- man ex officio, should compose the Durham Graded School Committee. After the passage of the bill but little was said of the matter for some months, and many thought the Durham Graded School was a thing of the distant future. However, now and then, through the year 1S81, the importance of the subject was urged through Mr. Green's paper, the lobacco Plant. In February or March, 1882, the Commissioners were petitioned to submit the proposition to the voters of the town at the municipal election to be held the first Mon- day in the following May. Accordingly, the election was ordered and a vigorous campaign was instituted, which grew more and more intense until it culminated in a most decisive victory for the advocates of the School — the vote being a little more than three to one in favor of the estab- lishment of this institution. As the duty of electing the Board of Education would devolve upon the incoming Board of Commissioners, active and successful efforts weie made to elect citizens favorable to the measure. By very large majorities, the following gentlemen were elected Commissioners, viz: R. W. Thomas, W. A. Lea, W. H. Rogers, R. D. Blacknall, and W. H. Rowland. LEADERS OP THE MOVEMENT. Where so many did such effective work in establishing this school, it might appear invidious to discriminate in ascribing leadership; but it is generally conceded that spe- cial credit is due the following gentlemen for extraordinary exertions in behalf of the movement, viz: G. B. Green, J. B. Whitaker, Jr., John M. Moring, W. T. Blackwell, James W. Jones, J. F. Freeland, D. C. Maugum, R. W. Thomas, N. A. Ramsey and T. C. Oakley. 44 History of Durham. The Hon. Wm. A. Guthrie, of Fayetteville, N. C.,is held in grateful remembrance for valuable aid rendered during this memorable campaign. ORGANIZATION. On June 5th, 1882, the Town Commissioners elected the following gentlemen as the Durham Board of Education and Learning, for a term of one year, viz: Messrs. Eugene Morehead, J. B. Whitaker, Jr., and J. S. Carr. The School Committee for the District, embracing the town, v/as com- posed of Messrs. D. C. Gunter, William ]\Iaynor and T. C. Oakley. The Board of Education and the School Commit- tee, with the Mayor as chairman ex officio, constituted the first Graded School Committee. Mr. J. S. Carr, being Presi- dent of the Methodist Female Seminary, declined the posi- tion tendered him on the Board, and on June 8th, 1882, the Commissioners elected Mr. Bartholomew Fuller to fill the vacancy. The first meeting of the Committee v/as held June 10th, 1882. Mr. J. B. Whitaker, Jr., was elected Secretary and Treasurer. Subsequentl}^ it was determined to open the School September 4th, 1882. Prof. E. W. Kennedy, a native of Tennessee, but at this time occupying a position in the Goldsboro Graded School, was elected Superintendent, with the following corps of teachers : Prof. C. D. Mclver, Assis- tant Superintendent, Mrs. M. E. Mahoney, Misses Lula Freeland and Bessie Fanning. Later it was found neces- sary to engage another male teacher, and Professor Price Thomas, of Tennessee, was selected for the position. THE SUPERINTENDENT. As the success of a school depends very largely upon the capability of the Superintendent, the committee w'as very fortunate in securing the services of Prof. E. W. Kennedy for this most important position. A fine scholar, experi- enced in the graded system of instruction, with superior executive ability, and without an equal in the State as a disciplinarian, he has given abundant evidence by his con- duct of the school that he is the "right man in the right place." Devoted to his work, with a determination to suc- ceed, and moreover, a close student, the increasingbrilliancy Graded School, 45 of his reputation attests that the highest success awaits him. Prof. Kennedy has endeared himself to the pupils, and is regarded by the citizens generally as a valuable member of the community. During the vacation of 1884, he proposes to visit Germany, Italy and other European countries, and while absent will apply himself to special studies. LOCATION. Wright's Factory, on Main street, was leased, and during the Summer of 1882 it was re-modeled and adapted in some degree to the necessities of the school. It was supplied with patent desks and seats and such other furniture and fixtures as the means at command would warrant. OPENING OF THE SCHOOL. At the time previously designated, September 4th, 1882, the doors of the school were opened for the reception of pupils, and an important and memorable day it was in the history of our thriving little city. Three hundred and eight pupils were enrolled the first month. In November, 1882, the school and the communit}^ sus- tained a great loss in the death of Mr, B. Fuller, a member of the Board of Education. A committee v/as appointed to draft resolutions expressive of the loss of such a true friend and wise counselor, and the school was adjourned as a mark of respect. Mr. S. F. Tomlinson was elected to fill the vacancy occa- sioned by the death of Mr, Fuller. Soon after the school was opened Mr, Eugene Morehead donated §100 for the purpose of supplying books to poor children. Fie also loaned the committee a sum of money for several months, without interest. In December, 1882, the term of office of the Public School Committeemen expired and the County Commissioners elected the following gentlemen : Messrs. C. B. Green, John L. Markhara and John V. Riggsbee. The Graded School Act was amended by the Legislature of 1883, as follows : Changed the word " Orange " to " Dur- ham ;" provided that the Board of Education should be composed of four members to serve for two years, and struck out the clause creating the Mayor chairman ex officio of tho 46 History op Durham. Board. It also placed the general school fund of the Dis- trict (for the white race) at tlie disposal of the committee. THE LIBRARY. Recognizing the importance of a Library in connection with the school, on the 10th of May, 18S3, Profs. Kennedy and Mclver started the ball in motion by the contribution of a few volumes. These were followed by other dona- tions, and at the meeting of the committee. May 15th, 1883, it was ordered that an admission fee be charged at the Ex- hibition to be given by the school at the close of the first year, and that the net proceeds be applied to the Library. About $125.00 were realized from the Exhibition and the Library has continued to grow from that, time to the present. The Exhibition was a most creditable affair, and was witnessed by one of the largest audiences ever assembled in Stokes Hall. The order and regularity of movement of so large a number of children were wonderful and elicited general adn^iration. NEW ADMINISTRATION. On June 5th, 1883, the Town Commissioners elected as the Board of Education for the ensuing term of two years, Messrs. Eugene Morehead, J. B. Whitaker, Jr., S. F. Tom- linson, and Geo. W. Watts. Mr. Watts declined to serve, and on June 18th, the Board of Education elected Mr. John C. Angier in his place. On June 6th, 3 883, the Committee re-organized by electing Mr. Eugene Morehead, President; Mr. J. B. Whitaker, Jr., Secretary, and Mr. John L. Markham, Treasurer. At this meeting, all the teachers of the past year were re-elected, viz.: Prof. E. W. Kennedy, Superintendent; Profs. C. D. Mc- lver and Price Thomas, Mrs. M. E. Mahone}^ Misses Lula Freeland and Bessie Fanning. All of these accepted, with the exception of Mrs. Mahoney. On June 25th, the following additional teachers were elected : Mrs. S. T. Morgan, Misses Dora Fanning, Ida Christmas and Eva Cox. August 9th, 1883, Prof. Price Thomas resigned to accept theSuperinten- dency of the New Berne Graded School. September 1st, 1883, Miss Ida Christmas resigned to accept a position in the Graded School. 47 New Berne school. September 8tb, notice was given that Mr. John V. Rigsbee had resigned as a member of the Com- mittee, and that in his place the Count}^ Commissioners had elected Mr. Wm. H. Rogers. On the same day, Prof. C. L. Dowell, of Raleigh, was elected a teacher, vice Prof. Thomas, resigned. Prof. C. D. Mclver, having been elected Assistant Super- intendent of the Winston Graded School, tendered his resig- nation, to take effect in Januar3% 1884, which was accepted Prof. Thomas J. Simmons, of Fayetteville, was chosen to fill the vacancy. A NEW BUILDING PROPOSED. The first official step towards the erection of a Graded School Building was taken January 16th, 1884, when a com- mittee was appointed to recommend a site, ascertain price, &c. The committee still have the matter under considera- tion, and we venture the opinion that before the opening of a now year there will be erected a handsome edifice for the permanent use of the school. FIRST GRADUATING CLASS. The graduating class of 1884 will be composed of Misses Katie Cox, Etta Fanning, Marion Fuller, Jessie Lewellin, Annie McGary, and Mr. Chas. A. W. Barham, Jr. Graduates of the school are permitted to return and pursue any study at pleasure. ADVANTAGES TO NON-RESIDENTS. The superior advantages afforded by our Graded School are not confined to the citizens of the town. Pupils from the country and from other towns will be received upon payment of fees amounting to only about one-half the regu- lar charges of other schools. Many are availing themselves of these extraordinary facilities, and this number will con- tinue to increase. The school stands in the foremost ranks of the educational institutions of the State, and when a good thing can be procured at half-price people are not slow to avail themselves of it. 48 History op Durham. FROM THE PUPIL S STANDPOINT. The school is not only popular with the parents and guar- dians, and older people generally, but it is held in still higher regard, if possible, by the pupils. So attached to it are they that it requires strong persuasion or the interposi- tion of parental authority to cause them to absent them- selves even in extreme weather. To please the children, parents often hire conversances to take them to the building. Such universal fondness for school was unknown before the establishment of the Graded School. The attendance record of this school stands without parallel in the State. ITS FUTURE. With age the school has grown stronger and its future is bright with promises of great usefulness. The proba- bilities are that generations yet unborn will rise up to bless the founders and all who have contributed to the establish- ment and perpetuity of so noble an institution. LOCATION OF SITE FOR BUILDING. Since the above was written, Mr. J. S. Oarr has very gen- erously donated a lot valued at §3,000, located on Railroad street, near his residence. The Committee have accepted the gift and also decided to purchase the lot adjoining, (the property of Mr. W. W. Fuller,) for §2,500, making the value of entire grounds, containing about one and a quarter acres, $5,500. Efforts are now being made to raise funds for the erection of a §1*^,500 or §15,000 building for the use of the school. It is the purpose of the Committee to erect the building this year. THE STATUS OF THE COLORED RACE. In passing it seems appropriate in this place to refer briefly to the condition and position of the colored people of North Carolina — and especially of this section of the State. The impression prevails to some extent in the North- ern States that though by the act of emancipation made legally free, the negroes of the South are practically in as complete subordination to the white people as ever they The Colored Race. 49 were, and that the gift of freedom, instead of contributing to their advancement, has tended to repress them by reason of the prejudice and opposition of the whites. Whatever may be the case in other portions of the South — and we do not believe it warranted in any portion — that impression is entirely without foundation, except in conjecture or mis- representation, so far as North Carolina is concerned. If any people anywhere possess a full measure of liberty to do for themselves as to themselves seems best, without let or hindrance, it is the colored people— men, women and chil- dren — of this State. In all public places they are cheerfully allowed not only to assume but to assert their rights ; and, as a consequence, they are as " happy as the day is long," as the old saying goes. They sing at their work and at their play without objection from their employers; and to listen to their melodious strains on the railway cars, in which some of them are always moving; in the great to- bacco manufactories, or on the cotton or other plantations, is a pleasure that is worth a long journey to enjoy. They are contented and they are prospering. They are a class still distinct from the whites, and for many years they must remain so; but the kind consideration with which they are everywhere treated in the State, and the many opportuni- ties the State affords — educationally and industrially — for their advancement to a higher plane of existence are cir- cumstances that are helping them to push upward and on- ward rapidly in the scale of being. Schools and churches for them abound in all the towns and many of the villages, and in all the avocations of life they have an equal chance with their former masters and their descendants. Com- mencing with nothing but their ability to labor, many of them are now the owners of farms and farm stock, stores and other business establishments, and in the possession of what they have acquired they are as fairly protected as are the whites. With all the primary branches of the tobacco interest they are prominently identified, and it is for the reason that they are so that we have devoted so much space here to the subject of their welfare, A large majority of all the hands employed in the facto- ries and warehouses here, are colored, are well treated and receive good wages. Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Co. em- ploy about 500 men, women and children. They have large and flourishing churches and schools, and so far as the writer can ascertain, are contented and prosperous. 50 History op Durham. CHAPTER II. THE BLACKWELL LITIGATION. The Origin op and Title to the use of the Word "Dur- ham," and_ the " Durham Bull," AS Trade-Marks for Smoking Tobacco, Being a Brief Review of the Liti- gations between W, T. Blackwell, L. L. Armistead and W. E. Dibrell, with the Decisions of the Courts IN Each Case. The litigations of W. T. Blackwell & Co. are matters of pertinent historic interest, so intimately connected with the establishment, prosperity and fame of the town of Durham, that the writer esteems a brief review of them due, not only to the parties directly concerned financially, but also, as an important industrial item in the annals of North Carolina. The history of Durham, and indeed the history of the State, would be incomplete without giving them appropri- ate mention. After the unecjuivocal and thorough estab- lishment by the U. S. Circuit Courts and the Patent Office, of W. T. Blackwell's claims, it is fair to presume, after ex- amination, that no honest and intelligent person can for a moment doubt their validity, or attempt any further in- fringement of the same. The first case we notice is that of Armistead vs. Blackwell. The history of this desperate attempt to defeat Blackwell will be fully set forth in the following pages. The belief has been entertained by many that one Wesley A. Wright was the originator of the word " Durham " as a mark, and so positive was he of his ability to sustain this claim that L. L. Armistead was induced to espouse his cause. But, that the reader may have a clear and perfect understanding of the matter at issue, it is necessary to state the material difference in the issues joined before Judge Rives and Com- missioner Leggett. Before Judge Rives Blackwell was plaintiff and Armistead defendant; vice versa before the Commissioner. In the early part of 1871, Mr. Blackwell, having ascertained that one Louis L. Armistead, of Lynch- burg, Va., not only claimed the right to use the celebrated Bull Brand of Durham Tobacco, but also claimed its actual ownership, and, anxious to test the matter in the The Blackwell Litigation. 51 courts, he applied for and obtained an order restraining Armistead from the use of the brand. In due course of lime the matter came on to be heard, and attention is invited to the opinion of one of Virginia's most worthy sons and tal- ented jurists, the most casual digest of which will show how unconditionally the court surrendered the brand to Blackwell, and ordered Armistead to reimburse him. Armistead, smarting under the blow, hoped by dropping the Bull, to register the words "Durham Smoking Tobacco" as a trade- mark. He appears before the patent office, and under the solemnity of an oath, claims the exclusive use to the word " Dur- ham " as a brand. Here again Blackwell meets him. It is found that Blackwell has not only protected his brand by a trade-mark on the words with the Bull, but has actually ob- tained a trade-mark on the words independent of the Bull. The last trade-mark Armistead swears is spurious, and asks an interference. The Commissioner says, that while the office erred in granting Blackwell his last trade-mark, it cannot repeat the error in order that Armistead may be placed upon the same footing. He therefore dismisses the interference, refuses Armistead the right to register, and thus leaves Blackwell with two trade-marks. The following is the opinion of the Court: Rives, J. — The preliminary injunction in this case was founded on the statements of the bill. In pursuance of the notice required by statute, the defendant appeared and con- tested its emanation upon ex parte affidavits assailing the title of the plaintiffs. But in that incipient state of the pro- ceedings it would not have been proper, if at all practicable, to pass upon the merits of this defense; and the only ques- tion then was, whether the case, as presented by the bill and affected by this adverse testimony, was still such as to require this stay till the merits of the controversy could be developed by further pleading and testimony. The pro- priety of this interposition by the court will scarcely be now questioned, as these further proceedings have shown the case to be one of perplexity and doubt. The pleadings have now been perfected. The defendant's answer was duly filed, issue taken upon it, and the cause set down for final hearing. A vast volume of testimony has also been taken, some of it contradictory, and a vast deal of it irrelevant and impertinent. It is to be regretted that the zeal of counsel or the anxiety of parties should have so 52 History of Durham. augmented the bulk of this testimony as to make a need- lessly expensive record of it, and to devolve upon all en- gaged in its examination a wearisome amount of unprofita- ble reading. Still it is a subject of congratulation that the cause is now iully developed in all its aspects and bearings, and has been argued with a discriminating force and fQll- ness of research alike masterly and instructive, and calcu- lated to produce settled convictions one way or the other. Our iirst task is to acquire accurate and precise ideas of the issues made by the {^leadings. If this be done, and then the law be properly applied, it seems to me we can reach a safe conclusion almost without resorting to the voluminous testimony. The plaintiffs claim a trade-mark, designed in 1865 or 1866, and continuously used ever since. It is exem- plified and made a part of their bill. The descriptive terms are: "Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco," and the sym- bol or device is the side view of a Durham bull. They as- sert that this trade-mark has been violated by the defendant in using, under date of January, 1871, this term: "The Durham Smoking Tobacco," and the symbol or device of " a bull's head," with a note of the defendant of Wright's patent for the manufacture of " Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco." This latter trade-mark of the defendant is also exemplified in the bill and placed in juxtaposition and con- trast with plaintiffs' trade-mark. The answer, while calling for full proof of the allegations of the bill, does not directly deny this statement, but rests the defence upon three chief grounds: 1. The prior use of this trade-mark by Wright, (under whom the defendant claims,) as far back as 1860 ; 2. That the defendant's trade- mark is not an infringement of the plaintiffs', but is wholly dissimilar; and, 3, That the plaintiffs by fraudulent repre- sentations in the premises, have deprived themselves of all equitable assistance. The main contest is considered by all parties and the counsel in this case to rest upon the priority in the use of this disputed trade-mark. The defendant does not pretend that Wright, under whom he claims, ever used the identi- cal trade-mark set up by the plaintiffs. On the contrary, he takes especial pains to show that he placed no particular value on the term " Durham,''^ which he now asserts belonged in common to his and plaintiff's brands. The discovery which he had made, and for which he seeks protection, was BURROW-GILES LITX :0 MY The Blackwell Litigation. 53 his preparation for or mode of treating smoking tobacco, so as to mitigate its noxious qualities and impart to it an agreeable flavor. This is the merit he claims; this the pro- cess he has patented. The testimony and the answer con- cur in proving that the whole merit of this smoking to- bacco, and its celebrity, were due to the use of the flavoring he gave his tobacco. He was confessedly the first to com- mence its manufacture at Durham station. There was noth- ing in the locality he could have reasonably counted upon to commend his manufacture to the public. But, if we are to credit the defendant's answer and his testimony in this cause, it was his discovery of the flavoring compound on which he plumed himself. Accordingly it was this which he emblazoned on his stencil-plate. Take his own state- ment for the present, and what was his brand? " Best Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking Tobacco." What, in view of the pleadings and evidence in this cause, is the characteristic — the vital element — of this trade-mark. Man- ifestly, "Best Spanish Flavored." That was the only con- spicuous and discriminating element of this trade-mark. " Durham," if indeed a part of it, was, upon the defendant's own showing, subordinate and insignificant. Now, the plaintiffs concede in the fullest manner Wright's superior title to the use and brand of his flavoring compound, and disclaim in their process any infringement of it; nor does it appear there has been any, nor indeed any formal com- plaint of it. The pretension of the defendant, then, amounts to this; that because, in 1860, he branded his smoking tobacco " Best Spanish Flavored Durham," wholly because of the mode in which he flavored it, no subsequent manufacturer of the article at Durham, without the use of his process, shall brand his as " Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco," with a symbol which he never used. My reply is that, un- der the circumstances of his use of the name " Durham," there was nothing in it so descriptive as to restrain succeed- ing manufacturers at the same place from engrafting it on their brand, so long as they laid no claim to nor made any use of his " best flavored Spanish " compound, which he in- deed appropriated by this first and original use of this only conspicuous term on his stencil-plate in 1860-'61. It must be remembered that Wright was only in the infancy of this manufacture at Durham ; and that others followed and de- 4 54 ■ HisTOKY OF Durham. veloped it till the plaintiffs instituted their brand in 1865 and 1866. Conceding, then, ail the defendant claims by virtue of his purchase from Wright, he fails, in my opinion, to rebut the plaintiffs' title by proving a brand as used by Wright pre- viously, wherein " Best Flavored Spanish" was the distin- guishing attribute and " Durham," under the circumstan- ces at that time, a mere unmeaning incident. Thus stands this point in the light of the pleadings alone, the allega- tions of the plaintiffs on the one hand, and the denials and defenses of the defendant on the other. The testimony as to the fact whether the term "Durham " was ever upon the stencil-plate of Morris & Wright is con- tradictory. But in my mind it preponderates against the existence of that name in that brand. Counsel have adroitly insisted that the testimony against it is negative, and cannot from its nature, however commanding, overcome clear affirmative proofs. The proposition of law involved in the statement is correct; but the whole inquiry is into a fact, namely: What was the stencil used by Morris & Wright? )Some, on the one hand, who had used it, declare with em- phasis it was: "Morris & Wright's Best Spanish Flavored Smoking Tobacco ;" others, but mainly Wright and his two sons — the latter at the time but boys — stated it as " Morris ■& Wright's Best Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking To- bacco." The proofs, therefore, on both sides, are equally affirmative. If, then, it be left in doubt, we must look to the probabilities of the case to turn the scales. What mo- tive could have existed with Wright, all whose reliance was upon the merits of his flavoring compound, to invoke the name of a small, thriftless station on a railroad, settled by only two or three families, with a store and this factory, to invoke its name to give celebrity to the preparation to which he solely looked for his reward? It seems to me extremely Improbable, upon ordinary grounds of reason and human action, to suppose that he used " Durham " on his stencil at all. On comparing and weighing the testimony on both sides, I am constrained to adopt the conclusion that he did not. Neither he nor his vendee, therefore, have any claim to contest, under this state of the evidence, the validity of the plaintiff's trade-mark and his original and paramount title thereto. It cannot be denied that it is abundantly proven in this The Blackwell Litigation. 55 cause, that the manufacture of Morris & Wright, and of those who succeeded them at Durham, was known, called, and distinguished in the market as " Durham " smoking tobacco. It is on this notorious fact in the cause that the able and ingenious argument has been raised that the pub- lic, b}'- its voice, may appropriate and consecrate to an indi- vidual property in a designation by which he may choose to denote any product of his industry. But I can find no warrant for such proposition in law on this subject. On the contrary, it is distinctly laid down by the authorities, that it is onl}'^ the actual use of the mark, device, or symbol by the dealer which entitles him to it, and gives him the right to be protected in the enjoyment of it. The doctrine on this subject has grown with commerce, and has assumed the form and title of a distinct body of law under the moulding hand of able judges, who have sought in their decisions to establish its guiding principles, and of acute commentators and essayists, who have exerted the pow- ers of a superior analysis and discrimination to extricate from doubt the true maxims of this beneficent code of business ethics. So much of it as is necessary or material for our present inquiry is comprehended in a single proposition. It is the semna^ principleof the wholedoctrine. The simple statement of it is, that the dealer has property in his trade-mark. This is allowed him because of the right which every man has to the rewards of his industry and the fruits of his discovery, and because of the wrong of permitting one man to use as his own that which belongs to another. In regard to the latter, it may be well said, that any imitation of a trade-mark, calcu- lated to deceive the unwary customer, differs from an absolute forgery, not in the nature, but rather in the extent of the injury. The dissimilarity to the expert wholesale dealer may be such as to save him from the imposition, but too slight, and that perhaps by design, to diminish sales to the incautious purchaser. But, upon the success of fraud depends, ultimately, the extent of the injury. Let the spurious fabrication meet with the same sale, among private and individual consumers, as the genuine article, and the wholesale dealer loses all motive for the exercise of his skill in detection when he, perhaps, can reap better profits from the spurious, and therefore cheaper, than from the genuine article. In this way a simulated trade- mark may work the same mischief, and to the same extent, as a forgery, defying detection at the hands of the expert. 56 History of Durham. With this brief view of the law. I proceed to examine the second ground of defense : that the defendant has not infringed the trade-mark of the plaintiffs. This is scarcely the subject of argument. It must be referred to ocular examination and decision. Place the respective trade-marks side by side, con- trast the labels, the words, and the devices, and each one's vision must determine for himself whether the imitation is such as to deceive the unpractised and unwary customer. It matters not nov/, in the critical inspection of them, and aided by ingenious counsel, we can clearly discern differences between the two. The true question is, whether taking the " tout ensemble,'" Armistead's trade-mark might not pass with the unwary for that of Wm. T. Blackwell & Co.; and, if tliat be so, the wrong is done, and the title of the latter to be protected by this court is consummated. For my part I do not see how trade-marks so similar could escape being con- founded in the market. One reads, " Genuine Durham Smo- king Tobacco'^- the other, " The Durham Smoking Tobacco" This use of the definite article makes these phrases equivalent. To remove all doubt, and aid the deception, in the note of sale of the patent to Armistead, it reads, for " Genuine Dur- ham Smoking Tobacco." Thus the language, to this extent, of the labels is identical. Now, as to the symbols or devices, one is the side view of the Durham bull; the other, that of his head, on a medallion. The one symbolizes, by a part, the name " Durham " as effectually as the other does by the whole. The color of the paper is also the same. Whether this simu- lation be the product of accident or design, does not matter. It is the province of this court to suppress it in either case. It is a little curious, however, to note that Wright's first label, at Liberty or in Bedford, was wholly different, and that, after his son had seen plaintiff's trade- mark in Kentucky, and after his return to his father, the present trade-mark, as transferred to the defendant, was adopted by Wright. The third and last ground of defense is that the plaintiffs have forfeited their right to relief in this court by reason of their false and fraudulent pretensions. This is upon the ancient and familiar principle that those ^ho do iniquity must not ask nor expect equity. It is worthy of all acceptatou. It is a hoary maxim, hallowed by its age, and, unlike some other equally sacred antiquities, it is as yet unassailed by the spirit of change or reckless progress. I adhere to it. But the charges are serious and demand investigation. The Blackwell Litigation. ' 57 The first is, that the plaintiffs sent out business envelopes and business cards, giving the year 1860 as the date of the establishment of their enterprise. In the absence of explana- tion, this might well impugn the bona fides of the plaintiffs, as in their bill they fix it no earlier than 18G5. But was this statement by mistake or design ? Have the plaintiffs failed to account for it ? A junior member of the firm was examined and showed how it all occurred innocently, and without intent to deceive. He ordered the printing and gave the date ; soon after the packages were received and opened in the presence of Dr. Blackwell : the latter saw the error of the date and corrected it ; and the witness stated that he proceeded to cor- rect the misdate by writing the figure (5) over the cipher in 1860, so as to make the date 1865, as corrected by Dr. Black- well, but that some might have gone out before the correc- tion. The exhibits made by the defendant of these envelopes and cards corroborate, rather than conflict, with the witness. That should not be taken for fraud which is proved by an unimpeached witness to have been a mistake on his part. Besides, there was no reasonable motive for such misrepre- sentation ; the plaintiffs had nothing to gain by it, but much to lose on the hypothesis of the counsel for the defendant. The next is a charge of falsehood in representing that the label was secured by copyright. There is not a particle of proof to that effect. Argument and ridicule alone are relied on to show the inapplicability and absurdity of a copyright for such a print. The language of the statute is certainly comprehensive enough to embrace a label of this kind. (Act of July 8, 1870, § m, U. S. Stats, at Large, vol. 16, p. 212.) The object of such copyright is to secure to' " the author, inventor or designer" of any such " print" the sole liberty of printing and vending the same. It forbids the surreptitious use and the illegal sale of his labels. This is u perfectly legit- imate resort to copyright in such a case and for such a pur- pose. It would, indeed, bD absurd and ridiculous if the object were, as sarcastically portrayed by counsel, to protect the designer against the unlawful multiplication of such ycleped works of art. The dealer seeks merely by his copy- right to keep the printing and vending of his labels in his own hands and under his control. It has been resorted to in other cases, as for instance, in the case of Wolfe v. Goulard, Cox's Am. Trade-Mark Cases, page 227, for the label of "Schiedam Schnapps." There is nothing unreasonable or incredible in 58 History of Durham. this claim of the plaintiffs to a copyright for their label ; nor is there anything in the testimony or the law to lead us to discredit it and brand it as a falsehood. It seems to me, therefore, that both these charges are un- founded. They spring from the heat of forensic contests. They pertain to the polemics of the bar. Their effect is to provoke recrimination. Hence, the plaintiffs' counsel re- taliate by imputing falsehood to the defendant in dating his purchase of Wright 1st of January, when he had stated in his answer he would not buy till he had ascertained his title by certificates; and those very certificates bore the subsequent date .of the 6th of that month. The imputa- tion seems plausible; but the transaction is susceptible of a more charitable construction, which I deem it my duty to put upon it. Dates are commonly immaterial, and often misapplied in business transactions. The main fact is doubtless correctly stated by the defendant, though he is made himself to confront it by a mistaJcen date. I am glad, therefore, to have it in my power to state that there is nothing in this cause to affect the fair fame of the parties, plaintiffs or defendant. They are, doubtless, respect- able men, and enterprising manufacturers of tobacco in their respective communities. They are engaged, as I be- lieve, in the honest pursuit of their rights as they respect- ively understand them. The defendant has acted on the information of another, under whom he claims. He has obeyed the order of this court. The only thing I have to regret is, that the same deference was not paid by another manufacturer, who, though no party to this suit, could not have been ignorant of it from his near relation to the de- fendant. But the plaintiffs have not chosen to bring him before this court, save by proving his acts in the use of the simulated mark, notwithstanding the injunction upon his brother. I am sure the plaintiffs and the defendant, as enterprising dealers, will find their ultimate interests subserved by the doctrine I have sought to expound and maintain as to their trade-marks. Whoever may now be the loser by it may soon have occasion to invoke it for his own protection ; and they, whose rights are now sustained, must learn thereby to respect those of other competitors in their business, at the same time that they may take encouragement to them- selves from their present success. All intelligent men, en- The Blackwell Litigation. 59 gaged in manufactures or other enterprises, must sooner or later become reconciled to losses, in whatever favored quar- ter they may fall, that may be fairh' viewed as penalties for the infraction, however unintentional, of laws, well settled, designed and calculated to vindicate tho honor, advance the morals, and promote the interests of trade. For these reasons I decree the perpetuation of the injunc- tion, aiVd order an account to be taken by a master of the profits made by the defendant from his sales under the simulated trade-mark aforesaid. ALEX. RIVES, Z7. S. Dist. Judge for West. Dist. of Virginia. Clerk's Office U. S. Circuit Court, West. Dist. of Virginia, at Lynchburg. I hereby certify, that the foregoing document of 17 pages is in the handwriting of Hon. Alex. Rives, Judge of this District. Witness my hand and seal this 1st day of Mav, A. D. 1872. E. W. EARLY, [seal.] Clerk. IN THE UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT, For the Western District of Virginia, March Term, 1872. W. T. Blackwell & J. S. Carr, partners,"^ under the style of Wm." T. Blackwell, 1 t^ p vs. f L. L. Armistead. j BILL to enjoin VIOLATION OF TRADE-MARK. The case of Blackwell v. Armistead came on to be heard at the March terra, A. D. 1872. The case had been prepared with great care and was de- fended with marked ability. Connected directly or indi- rectly therewith were the following counsel : 60 History of Durham. For Mr. Blachwell, the plai7U'iff— Messrs. W. & J. W. Daniel, of Lynchburg ; Phillips & Merrimon, of Raleigh ; Bouldin, Marshall & Bouldin, of Richmond, and Cox & Cox, of Washington, D. C. For defendant, Mr. Armistead — Messrs. Bocock & Davis and B. G. H. Kean, of Lynchburg; Jones & Jones, of Raleigh; A. H. & R. K. Evans, of Washington, D. C. After about three days spent in able and exhaustive ar- gument on both sides, the case was submitted to the court, and upon consideration decided in Mr. Blackwell's favor, the decree being for an account of all the profits made by Mr. Armistead from sales of tobacco under the brand of " Durham Smoking Tobacco," with a cut representing the head of a Durham Bull. In the Interference between \ In the U. S. Pat- L. L. Armistead and W. T. Blackwell. / ent Office. This case was first heard before Commissioner Brown, who decided that the applicant, Mr. Armistead, was entitled to the use of the word " Durham," as a trade-mark. From this decision Mr. Blackwell took an appeal to the Commis- sioner, the final authority in the case. The interference was elaborately and ably argued on both sides. Mr. Arm- istead was represented by the following counsel : Messrs. A. H. & R. K. Evans; and Mr. Blackwell by Messrs. Cox & Cox, and W. W. Leggett, Esq. After a very careful and criti- cal examination — a decision having been postponed nearly a month — the Commissioner reversed the decision of the Examiner and gave judgment in favor of W. T. Blackwell, thus substantially acquiescing in- the opinion of Judge Rives. The following is an extract from the brief filed by Cox & Cox, counsel for Blackwell, and fully sets forth the merits of the case : "The substance of the applicant's (Armistead) preliminary statement is as follows: That Wesley A. Wright, a citizen of Virginia, having removed to Durham, N. C, commenced the manufacture of smoking tobacco in association with T. B^ Morris, under the firm of Morris & Wright, using in the manufacture of said smoking tobacco his (Wright's) flavor- ing compound, subsequently patented. The Blackwell Litigation. 61 111 the following 5'ear, 1861, said Wright continued the manufacture of smoking tobacco, individually, at a point about two miles from Durham ; that the tobacco so manu- factured by said Wright in 1860 and 1861 was sometimes branded with a stencil and sometimes otherwise marked, and very soon became widely known as " Durham Smoking To- bacco," the precise brand as first used being " Best Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking Tobacco." That said Wright was the first person who ever manu- factured smoking tobacco at Durham; was the originator of the use of the word "Durham" as descriptive of smoking tobacco; that this tobacco was much sought after in the markets, a special value attaching to it in consequence of the flavoring compound used in its preparation, which value was designated by the word " Durham ; " that said Wright, being in service, his operations were suspended during the war. After the war his circumstances were such that he did not carry on business until 1869, when he again manufactured tobacco. Respondent's (Blackwell) statement is, in substance, that the word " Durham " was first used as a trade-mark for smoking tobacco by J. R. Green, his assignor, who aj)plied it in the year 1865. The inception of this controversy is described by Mr. Armistead in his answer (p. 37) substantially as follovv's: Sometime in 1870, W. A. Wright came to him and informed him that he (Wright) was the owner of " the Durham brand." Knowing the said brand to be popular, Mr. Arm- istead entered into a provisional contract, the condition of which was, that if Mr. Wright could produce satisfactory and sufficient evidence that he was the owner of the said brand, he (Armistead) would purchase it. Accordingly Mr. Wright proceeded to the town of Durham, and returned with a certificate setting out that no person other than W. A. Wright was entitled to use said brand. This certificate is sworn by Mr. Armistead to have been sufficient, and was printed and circulated as conclusive of the facts set forth. More than this, the signers are described as "gentlemen of high standing and character." (p. 55.) It was unhesita- tingly accepted by Mr. Armistead as a full performance of the condition of the provisional contract, and at once acted upon. (p. 37.) Now, if the testimony of these "gentlemen of high stand- 62 History of Durham. ing and character" was sufficient to establish one fact, in equity Mr. Armistead is estopped to deny that it is sufficient to establish another. But whether he is estopped or not, be is committed to the fact that he accepted their evidence as conclusive of Mr. Wright's title. The signers of the said certificate were W. Y. Clark, Wm. Mangum, R. Vickers, P. J. Mangum, S. Shepherd and Nash Booth, all of whom are witnesses in this case, the first for applicant, and the others for Mr. Blackwell. W. Y. Clark, applicant's witness, says, on cross-examina- tion, in respect to said certificate : " I can't say I understood the paper at the time Mr. Wright read it to me. As I knew he was the first man that put up plug and smoking tobacco at Durham, I signed it. Can't say that I did mean to convey the idea that he was the originator of the Durham^Jrand, as I never saw the brand." (p. 148.) , Wm, Mangum (p. 93) says: " I signed a paper Mr. Wright had concerning smoking tobacco, * * stating that he was manufacturing smoking tobacco. * * I did not read the paper; signed it on his representation ; did not understand him to mean that he was the first to use the word Durham. I simply meant to say that he and Morris were the first to make smoking to- bacco here. I can't read writing unless it is very good; I am a very poor scholar." Riley Vickers (p. 88) says : " Mr. W. A. Wright and Mr. Clark came to my house with an instrument of writing, and stated that he was put- ting up tobacco. * * I had the paper in my hand, but did not examine it much. 1 thought that was the purport of it; that is, that he was the first to put up tobacco. I did not know what the smoking tobacco first put up at Durham was called." P. J. Mangum (p. 124) says : " Mr. Wright brought the paper to me ; I was then run- ning an engine, and hesaid he wanted to get some signers * * to show * * that he could work the Durham to- bacco. * * I never read it; only read a hw lines on the top ; was too busy to read ; did not propose to say or do anything to establish the fact that Mr. W. A. Wright was the originator of Durham brand smoking tobacco." The Blackwell Litigation. 63 Solomon Shepherd (p. 70) says : " The first of this year I think Mr. ^Y. A. Wright came to my house and told me he had a paper writing, and asked me if I would sign it; he told * * he was manufac- turing tobacco; * * said he could not sell his tobacco within ten cents of what Durham tobacco brought. * * I was very feeble; had had a long spell of sickness; read part of his paper; was very badly written. * * I certi- fied that Mr. Wright was the first to manufacture smoking tobacco at Durham. * * j (\{^ [not] read all of Mr. Wright's letter, and do not know whether the printed cer- tificate is an exact copy of the paper I signed or not." Nash Booth (p. 126) says : "I did not read it; signed it on Mr. Wright's representa- tion. My understanding was that he wanted to show that he was the first man who worked smoking tobacco at this place." That all these witnesses should have signed the certificate under a misapprehension of Mr. AVright's representations is significant. And that all of them should declare that he attempted to perpetrate a fraud upon them, and through them upon the public, is a fact that affords an appropriate introduction to this and its kindred proceedings. By means of misrepresentation Mr. Wright was enabled to complete his contract with Mr, Armistead, and by virtue of those misrepresentations Mr. Armistead is here to-day. THE QUESTION OF PRIORITY. The first finding of the Examiner is as follows: First. That the firm of Wesley A. Wright, [Morris & Wright,] the assignor of Louis L. Armistead, the applicant, was the first to adopt and use a trade-mark, the essential element of which was the word " Durham," for smoking tobacco. And the first question arising thereunder is: What was the Brand used by the firm of Morris & Wright? It is claimed by Mr. Armistead that the word " Durham " was used by the firm of Morris & Wright in 1860. Their brand was, according to his allegations, " Morris & Wright's Best Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking Tobacco ;" and according to Mr. Blackwell, " Morris & Wright's Best Span- ish Flavored Smoking Tobacco." Upon this point issue is 64 History of Durham. joined. There is no earlier use set up, the only question being on the words embraced in the brand used by said firm. Let us turn to the evidence. The following witnesses de- pose that the brand of Morris & Wright contained the word " Durham :" W. A. Wright, J. E. M. Wright, W. P. Wright, Pompey Gordon. These four are the only ones who sustain Mr. Armistead upon this point. Not another of his witnesses pretends to have any knowledge of the mark of said firm. We consider their testimony in turn. W. A. Wright's statement is distinct and positive. The next two, however, both sons of W. A. Wright, one of whom, at the time the alleged brand is said to have been used, was but eleven, and the other but fifteen years of age, (pp. 195, 224,) differ materially in their statements, thus con- firming the natural inference that they would not be likely to retain a very clear impression of any brand used so long ago. But in this connection we waive any critical objection to them, as well as to their father, suggesting only their very great interest in the premises, and the probable, ua}' inevitable, consultations, which increased their (perhaps) very proper bias, and resulted in a reasonable agreement as to facts. Pompey Gordon, however, we must protest against, as too brazen an attempt to impose upon judicial credulity. Pompey says (p. 146): " While in the service of Messrs. Morris & Wright, which was in the year 1860, I rolled plug tobacco and helped to put up smoking tobacco. Their smoking tobacco was put up, * * and branded with a plate. * * ' Morris & Wright's Best Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking Tobacco, Durham, N. C I did not know what the letters ' N. G.' meant at that time, as I was not then educated ; but have since found that ' N. 0.' meant North Carolina, and this is why- 1 recollect so well the brand of Morris & Wright." On cross-examination (p. 147), Pompey says he could neither read nor write. How he could swear to the words that were " branded " on the tobacco, it is not necessary to inquire. Clearly his evidence can have no weight. The above is the sum total of Mr. Armistead's testimony on this point. The evidence presented by Mr. Blackwell is, we submit, The Blackwell Litigation. 65 in every respect satisfactory, and entirely overcomes the depositions of the three Wrights. The following witnesses swear positively that they lived at Durham at the time Morris & Wriglit made tobacco, and that the brand used by said Morris & Wright was that alleged by Mr, Blackwell, and did not contain the word " Durham ": Thomas B. Morris, Mr. Wright's partner, who appears to have conducted the business of the firm. (p. 94.) J. R. Blacknall, a farmer, who says he was frequently in the factory of Morris & Wright, (p. 85.) A. J. Carroll, a carpenter, who sold smoking tobacco for the firm of Morris & Wright, (p. 77.) J. M. Herndon, a farmer, who also sold tobacco for said firm. (p. 89.) B. C. Hopkins, a school teacher, who taught at Durham, (p. 83.) J. H. Watson, a mail contractor, and a resident of Chapel Hill. (p. 280.) W. G. Guess, a farmer, who saw said firm put up and brand their tobacco, (p. 131.) R. F. Morris, a tobacconist, who saw the stencil plate of said firm, and often helped to use it. (p. 74.) W. H. Bowles, tobacconist, and a resident of Tally Ho. (p. 66.) E. W. Morris, a tobacconist, (p. 283.) The testimoney of these witnesses is corroborated by S. Shepherd, (p. 70,) a farmer ; J. W. Cheek, (p. 120,) a mer- chant; W. Mangum, (p. 93,) a carpenter; M. H. Turner, (p. 130,) a farmer, and others. The great preponderance in favor of Mr. Blackwell must be held to overcome the testimony of the three Wrights, and compels the conclusion that the brand used by said firm of Morris & Wright was " Morris & Wright's Best Spanish Fla- vored Smoking Tobacco," without the word Durham. It cannot be claimed that any of this evidence is negative. As is said by Judge Rives, the question is, What brand was used by the firm of Morris & Wright? Mr. Armistead pro- duces the three Wrights, who, perhaps, swear that it was one thing, while Mr. Blackwell produces a dozen or more competent witnesses who swear that it was something else. Nor can it be claimed that the latter are interested, for at least three- fourths of them are not tobacconists, or in any 66 History of Durham. manner connected with Durham tobacco. Upon any fair hypothesis, it mast be decided that, according to the evi- dence, the word "Durham" was not a part of the brand em- ployed by the said firm of Morris & Wright. When to the great preponderance in respondent's favor is added the v.-eighty consideration that a United States Court has found, as a matter of fact, (see Opinion of Rives, J.,) that the word was not used in the brand in question, we cannot but feel that any impartial mind will be forced to accept the respondent's story as that which must be believed. Mn. wetIGht's operations at barbee's. ' The above carries us down to the first of the year 1861, when Mr. Wright removed to Barbee's, three miles from Durham, where he put up tobacco until the close of 1861. Let us see what is advanced, if anything, showing the use of the Vv'ord "Durham " there. We commence with Mr. Wright. The examiner says: «< Wright * * swears that he * * continued to use it (the word Durham) after he had removed his factory from Durham's." With all respect, Wright swears no such thing. On the contrary, he cannot be made to swear it. His evi- dence on this point is as follows: "Q. State how the tobacco put up at Barbee's was packed or sold, and whether it was branded or marked, and how? •* A. Some of it was sold in barrels and some in bulk. That sold in bulk was sold by sample, and afterwards put up in boxes to be delivered. A portion of that was marked with a pencil brush, to be delivered in Raleigh. I don't recollect distinctly. My impression is, that it was marked with a pencil brush Durham Smoking Tobacco. I know I sold it as such. I also put the weights on the barrels. The bal- ance of it was sold by sample, and after that put up in boxes. I remember one large box sold to Cheek. The balance was in barrels. A remnant of that lot didn't have the entire flavoring. The lot I sold to Cheek was not branded." (p. 237.) Now, may it please your honor, we submit that an anal- ysis of this answer must end in two results. It must compel the conclusion that Mr. Wright's testimony is wholly unre- liable, and that he did not mark the tobacco, made at Barbee's. The Blackwell Litigation. G7 . If, as he says, he carried the word Durham in his head, and knew it to be a brand of very great value and repute, is it i'air to suppose that he could not remember the fact, had he used it? Is it nut contrary to reason to fancy for a mo- ment that he could recollect every detail in the history of the brand of Morris & Wright ; that he could recall the phra- seology of letters ; that no circumstance affecting the coveted word escaped his memory while at Durham ; and yet that he cannot remember whether or not he used, while at Bar- bee's, what he claims as substantially the same brand used by Morris & Wright? He cannot remember a single in- stance in which he used it, although the alleged period of use covers an entire year. Again, your honor, he remem- bers putting the weights upon the boxes and barrels; re- members how he packed and sold it, nay, he remembers he did not brand a certain lot sold to Cheek. Could he remem- ber, we ask in all candor, that a particular box was not branded, and fail to remember some box that was? How did he happen to recollect this box he sold to Cheek, and the fact of its being without a brand? Did it impress his mind as being an exception ? If it did, he convicts himself, for a recollection of an exception compels a recollection of the rule. It is simply child's play to contend that a man may recall something different from what he was accus- tomed to do, without recalling that from which he had de- parted. May it please your honor, the conviction is irresistible. Mr. Wright did not use the word Durham upon the tobacco put up at Barbee's. He could not have done so and for- gotten it. But, in any event, he swears only as to his "impression " in the premises, which, interested as he is, must go for nothing. J. E. M. W^right cannot be made to say that the tobacco put up at Barbee's was branded or marked, and yet he, like his father, remembers every part and feature of the pre- tended brand of Morris & Wright, as well as other matters equally liable to escape the mind. W. P. Wright, (p. 226,) deposes as follows : " Q. State whether the tobacco made at Durham station in 1860, and in the vicinity in 1861, was called or known by any name or designation, and if so, what was it? " A. It was called by the name of ' Durham Smoking To- bacco.' " 68 History of Durham. The same witness, on cross-examination, (p. 234,) deposes as follows: " Q. Did he, or did he not, whilst at the place near Dur- ham, put up tobacco for his neighbors, and did thej'' not re- ceive it from him, either loose or in barrels, boxes, or bags, which they sent for the purpose of taking the tobacco away, and did or did not other boxes, barrels, or bags go from the factory without any mark on it? A. While near Durham he put it up for himself and sold it, and in whatever he put it up in, he marked it Durham Smoking Tobacco, and directed it to whoever it was to go to; there wau't any bags at all. That was the only mark I recollect its having on it. Q. Did he not sell some of this tobacco loose or in bulk? A. Not that I know of; I think it was all boxed up or barrelled up that he sent from the factory." It will be observed that this witness flatly contradicts his father, (p. 237 ;) Mr. Cheek, (p. 120;) Mr. Geer, (p. 142 ;) and others, who depose that Mr. W. A. Wright put up to-, bacco for his neighbors ; that all the tobacco made at Bar- bee's was not branded ; and that a considerable part of it was sold in bulk. This same witness makes other state- ments that are equally conclusive of his unreliability. He says his father " never told any one" of his pretended secret; that the brand of Morris and Wright was applied to all the tobacco put up in packages at Durham; that Robt. Morris was in partnership with his father, at Durham, whereas it was Thomas B. Morris. Again, he says positively there " wan't any bags at all ; " whereas Barbee says he hauled a load of the tobacco to Raleigh put up in bags. (pp. 127, 128.) It is clear that the interest of this witness is so great that his discretion is overbalanced, and he goes so far that he can- not be believed. He is not only too ready and willing to swear to what he could by no possibility know, but he con- tradicts facts that are established and admitted to be beyond doubt. One other witness only is offered by the applicant to prove the use by Mr. Wright at Barbee's who swears that he first knew Durham Smoking tobacco in the fall of 1862, and that he bought a lot of W. A. Wright. Now, as Mr. Wright was in the army in the fall of 1862, this witness' deposition does not materially help the applicant's case. It is, of course, The Blackwell Litigation. 69 to he excluded, as not entitled to credence. But, good or bad, he says the tobacco was called Durham, and that it was not branded. (L. W. Pesk, p. 146 ) And here we rest. Substantially not another line to sus- tain a claim that is to result in the overthrow of the indus- try of a whole community. The '' impression " of one man and the memory of an illiterate boy of sixteen, whose evi- dence bears all the ear-marks of unreliability, are the only evidences of title to the name of a town and all that its people are worth. There is rebutting testimony, however, that, although in a degree negative in its character, is amply sufficient to overcome that above cited, even if it were en- titled to full credence. The people living about Durham evidently knew little or nothing of Mr. Wright's tobacco. It appears to have had no reputation, and probably to have been made at hap-hazzard, or for other parties. Dr. Blacknall (pp. 62, 63,) thinks it was called Wright's tobacco, and says it had no repute. E. W. Morris thinks Mr. Wright used no brand at all while at Barbee's. (p. 283.) Solomon Shepherd says he sold smoking tobacco for Mr. Wright, and that J. R. Green was the first person to use the word Durham as a mark. (p. 70.) T. B. Morris says he does not remember to liaA'^e seen any tobacco manufactured by Mr. Wright at Barbee's branded in any manner, (p. 97.) R. F. Morris saw some that was not marked, (p. 77.) Other witnesses touch the point in more general terms. From the following, however, we gather perhaps a clearer idea of the facts : F. C Geer, applicant's witness, (p. 142,) deposes that — "He (W. A. Wright) manufactured some smoking to- bacco for me in 1S61, and I hauled it home in sack-bags. He came to my house himself and flavored it with what they called tonka bean. Mr. Cheek sold this tobacco for me at the depot ; it was not branded that I know of." * * The same witness, on cross-examination, says: "I think Mr. Green was the first I ever saw or knew to use the word Durham." It would seem that Mr. Geer must have known of Mr. Wright's use of the word Durham, if iu was actually used as stated. He was at Mr. Wright's place at Barbee's. He must have conversed freely with him, and yet has no idea 5 70 History of Durham. of his using the word Durham, although testifying in his (Mr. Wright's) interest. It will be seen that he mentions a party by the name of Cheek, who also had a transaction with Mr. Wright. Mr. Cheek says in substance that he purchased five hun- dred and seventy pounds of smoking tobacco of Mr. Wright which was not marked or branded, and which was the en- tire stock Mr. Wright had on hand when he left the coun- try, (p. 120.) John Barbee, the owner of the farm where Mr. Wright did business, testifies as follows: "I know Wesley A. Wright; he put up tobacco at this place; he moved from here and put up tobacco on my farm there. * * I know he manufactured smoking tobacco, and continued to manufacture plug and smoking tobacco ; this tobacco was baled up. I do not know that he used any- thing but a great long bean ; it had a good smell. I don't think he branded or marked much of it no how. I hauled a load of Mr. Wright's tobacco to Raleigh, some in little bags and some in large bags; some in the little bags were marked, and think it was marked ' Wright's Best Spanish Flavored Smoking Tobacco; ' this was marked on the bags with a little paint brush." (pp. 127, 128.) Mr. Barbee's homely expression, "I don't think he branded or marked much of it no how," tells the whole story. Clearly this witness ought to know, if any one. The evidence submitted in rebuttal, although necessarily imperfect, is more than sufiicient to overcome that presented by applicant. We insist that the fact that Mr. Wright de- clines to make oath to a statement upon which he is forced to rely must be held to be suffi.cient evidence that he could not swear to it. And, if he could not fail to know of the alleged fact, had it been true, not to swear to it is tantamount to admitting the contrary. But he has substantially sworn that he used no brand at all ; and whatever may be shown in another direction, there is nothing except the young Wright, who, we submit, is not a reliable witness, to show a use of the word Durham. Here, too, we insist the evidence preponderates in respon- dent's favor. Upon any fair hypothesis it must be held that Mr. Wright has failed. Not a witness to whom he sold, not a person with Avhom he did business, not one of his neigh- tbors, not his landlord, in whose house he lived, ever saw the The Blackwell Litigation. 71 word Durham on his tobacco, or heard of his using it as a brand. Certainly it cannot be insisted, under such facts, that he has esiabJished any definite user, much less such as identified the brand as his. With the omis upon him, the applicant should have been able to produce at least one disinterested witness to substan- tiate a fact which is of such vital consequence to him. That he attempted a great deal more, we cannot doubt. And yet, why should he fail ? Here was his landlord, whom he saw «very day ; here were his neighbors, v.diom he met almost as often ; here were the parties who bought and sold his tobacco ; here were those who must know the fact, if any one could know it, and yet not one of them to prove an allegation, to which even he himself will not swear. Can he hope that any impartial mind vs'ill be convinced by so palpable an inconsistency? It is worse, if possible, than the fraudulent certificate, signed bj^- the gentleman of high standing, which was the cause of this interference. It is too gross, your honor, to admit of explanation; and, if it is not the grandest ignorance, it is the most brazen fraud. From Barbee's, as stated, Mr. Wright went into the army, so that in the above we have the full history of his alleged manufacture of Durham Smoking Tobacco. We think it is shown beyond any reasonable doubt, that during this entire period he never used the word Durham at all. We think the evidence proves conclusively that the word " Durham " was not used as a mark either by the firm of Morris & Wright or by Mr. Wright individually. If it was not, Mr. Armistead's case falls of its own weight, commissioner's decision. The decision of the Commissioner was as follows: U. S. PATENT OFFICE, Washington, D. C, June 5th, 1872. Sir : — In the matter of the interference of Armistead vs. Blackwell, for improvement in " Trade-Marks," on which an appeal was taken to the Commissioner of Patents from the Primary Examiner by W. T. Blackwell, you are informed that the decision of the Primary Examiner is reversed by the Commissioner. Very Respectfully, M. D. Leggett, Commissioner, W. T. Blacky/eli,, care W. W. Leggett, Present. 72 History of Durham. The Commissioner's opinion is as follows, obiter dicta alene being omitted : Leggett, Commissioner : — Blackwell obtained, October 3, 1871, the registry of the following as a trade-mark: "Dur- ham Smoking Tobacco, manufactured b}^ W. T. Blackwell, Durham,, North Carolina." December 6, 1871, Armistead applied for the registry of the following as a trade-mark : " Durham Smoking Tobacco;" and as he claimed the exclu- sive right to the use of these words, his application was placed in interference with the registered trade-mark of Blackwell for the purpose of determining who first adopted and used on packages of smoking tobacco the words " Dur- ham Smoking Tobacco." Blackwell manufactures his tobacco at Durham, Nortli Carolina; Armistead at Lynchburg, Virginia. Armistead claims the right to use the label mark under an assignment from one Wesley A. Wright, who formerly manufactured smoking tobacco at Durham, North Carolina. The evidence shows that Wright invented a flavoring compound for smok- ing tobacco as earl\' as 1860, for which he has since'ob- tained a patent, and, in compan}'- with one T. B. Morris, under the firm name of Morris & Wright, manufactured smoking tobacco at Durham, and that the tobacco obtained some reputation under the name " Best Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking Tobacco." It is by no means clear, how- ever, whether this name was first given use by the manu- facturers, or by the merchants who retailed it, or by the consumers who bought and used it. This tobacco, on ac- count of its flavor, has become a favorite, and the distinc- tive words in tlie name adopted must have been " Best Span- ish Flavored," and not "Durham." In 1861 Morris & Wright seem to have dissolved partnership, and Wright moved about two miles from Durham, where he continued to manufacture smoking tobacco for a few months, and then gave up his business and went into the rebel army. There is no pretense that he resumed this business before 1869, when he again commenced the manufacture of smoking to- bacco at Libert}', Virginia, using the following brand : "Original Durham, AV. A. Wright, Originator," the label also embracing the representation of a bull's head looking to the left. In 1870 said Wright, in company with J. R. Stewart, manufactured smoking tobacco at Stewartville, Virginia, and branded it " Durham Smoking Tobacco." 1 Tpie Blackwell Litigation. 73 After this he assigned tlie right to manufacture under his patent, and also the right to use the brand " Durham Smok- ing Tobacco," to Armistead, the applicant. If Wright had an exclusive right to this brand, then Armistead is entitled to have it registered ; otherwise not. Armistead attempts to fix the origin of this label bajk as far as 1860, when it was used in connection with the words " Best Spanish Flavored ;" but in doing so he shows that it was first used by Morris & Wright, and by proving this he proves that Wright did not have the exclusive title to the label. If this is the origin of the mark claimed, then, to make Arraistead's title to the same good, he should be able to show that he holds under Morris as well asunder Wright. Wright could not convey to Armistead the exclusive right to use what belonged to Morris & Wright. But there is nothing of record to show that Armistead holds or claims to hold anything, directly or indirectly, from Morris. An exclusive right to use is necessary, under the statute, to se- cure registration. AVright used the word "Durham" upon a small portion of the smoking tobacco he manufactured during the year 18G1 near Durham, North Carolina. This is the utmost that can be claimed, from the testimony, as to any use of the wovd by him alone before 18G9. That such use of the name of a town where he did business should give him the right to carry such name into another State, and to use it to the exclusion of all other people in the United States, even the citizens of the town of Durham, is too preposterous to re- quire more than a simple statement for its refutation. Blackwell claims under an assignment from one J. R. Green, and proves that Green first used the word "Durham" upon smoking tobacco in 1SG5. ***** Tiie words "Durham Smoking Tobacco" cannot constitute a legal trade-mark, and therefore cannot be registered. Neither v;ould adding the name and place of business of the manufacturer help the matter. There is nothing registera- ble in either Blackwell's or Aimistead's labels, and thy Office blundered when it gave a certificate of registration to Blackwell. It should not repeat that blunder by giving a like certificate to Armistead. The Examiner, it seems, refused to register for Blackwell the words " Durham Smoking Tobacco;" but, when the words " Manufactured by W. T. Blackwell, Durham, N, C," 74: HisTOP.Y OP Durham. were added by amendment, registry was admitted. There is nothing in this label except the name " W. T. Black well" to which Blackwell had any exclusive right, and this name cannot be regarded as any part of the trade-mark. The parties have evidently been misled as to their rights by mis- reading some court decisions. Courts of equity have often granted injunctions against the fraudulent use of words which the same courts would not for a moment sustain as trade- marks. An example of this is found in what is known as " the Akron Cement Case," or Newman v. Alvord,Cox, 417. Newman lived at Akron and manufactured from the Cjuar- ries of that neighborhood water cement, which he put up in barrels and labeled " Akron Water Lime," and added his own name as manufacturer. Many of his neighbors were engag-^d in the same business, all using the vrords " Akron Water-Lime," or "Akron Cement," but each attaching his own name. This lime, under the brand "Akron Cement," became popular, and one Alvord, living and doing busi- ness in Cleveland, commenced branding his water-lime "Akron Cement," adding his name and proper place of manufacture. Newman, one of the manufacturers at Akron, applied for and obtained an injunction enjoining Alvord against using the word " Akron " as any portion of his label. The court granted the injunction solely on the ground that Alvord used the word "Akron" for the purpose of making the public believe that it was the genuine Akron cement, and thereby obtaining by fraud trade that rightfully be- longed to Newman and others in Akron. The learned Judge was careful to say, however, that Newman had no exclusive right to the use of the words " Akron Cement," but that the same might be used by any citizen of Akron, thereby holding that while "Akron Cement" was not a legal trade-mark, 3'et it was within the province of a court of equity to grant an injunction against its fraudulent use. The same doctrine was held in the case of The Brooklyn White Lead Company v. Masury. In this case Masury adopted as a label for his paint " Brooklyn White Lead and Zinc Company." As both did their manufacturing in Brook- lyn, the court held that the respondent had a right to use the words " Brooklyn White Lead ; " but as the word "Com- pany " was added for the purposes of fraud, a decree was entered enjoining Masury from using the word " Company." No one, however, would hold from this that the v/ord " Com- The Blackwell Litigation. 75 pany," as attached to a firm or corporation name, could be regarded as a trade-mark. The court enjoined against fraud, but with no intention of defining a trade-mark. Many other cases to the same effect might be referred to, but these are enough. The words "Durham Smoking Tobacco " may be used with impunity by any person engaged in manufacturing smoking tobacco at Durham, and for that reason no one person has any exclusive right to their use. By the statute an exclusive rigiit to use the proposed trade-mark must be established before registry can be allowed. By application of the doctrine held in the "Akron Ce- ment" case, any person living at Durham, and engaged in manufacturing tobacco, might enjoin any person not living there who should fraudulently use the word " Durham " on tobacco labels for the purpose of obtaining trade that otherwise would goto Durham. This maybe true, and yet the words " Durham Smoking Tobacco " not be a legal trade-mark. These parties have already had adjudicated between them a question involving nearly all of the points here discussed. In the case of Blackwell v. Ar mislead, lately decided in the United States Circuit Court for the Western District of Virginia, Justice Rives very fully and ably discusses the whole matter on substantially the same testimony submitted in this case. The trade-marks, as dis- cussed by him, differed from the marks under consideration here in this: One of them had, in addition to the words "Durham Smoking Tobacco," tlie representation of a bull's bead, and the other of the full size view of a bull. So far as the questions are the same, I believe the holdings in this are substantially the same as held by the learned Judge in that case. As neither party is entitled to registration, the interfer- ence must be dissolved and registration refused to Armi- stead. THE DIBRELL CASE. The following is the decision of the court in the case of W. T. Blackwell vs W. E. Dibrell, heard before the U. S. Circuit Court, for the Eastern District of Virginia, held in: Richmond, Va., Jan. 18th, 1878, the decision Ibeing rendered b}' His Honor R. W. Hughes, Judge presiding : 76 History of Durham. W. T. Blackwell & Co., ^ Circuit Court United States, vs. > Easter?}. District of Virginia. W. E. DiBRELL & Co. j —In Equity. This cause came on this day to be heard upon the bill and answered with the exhibits and depositions, and was argued by counsel, and thereupon the Court doth consider tliat the said complainants, Wm. T, Blackwell, Jas. R. Day and Ju- lian iS. Carr, trading under the name and st^le of W. T. Blackwell & Co., have the sole and exclusive right to use and employ the word Durham to designate and distinguish the smoking tobacco manufactured by them, and also to use and employ in conjunction with the said word Durham, the side view representation of a Durham Bull as and for their trade mark, and that the said respondents, W. E. Dib- rell and W. W. Phillips, trading under the name and style of W. E. Dibrell & Co., have wrongfully infringed and in- vaded the said right and trade-mark of the said complain- ants, by designating and distinguishing Smoki-jg Tobacco sold by them as Durham Smoking Tobacco, and by using in conjunction with the said words the representation of the head of a Durham Bull. Wherefore, the Court doth order, adjudge and decree that the said W. E. Dibrell and the said W. W. Phillips, and their, and each of their, servants and agents, be and they and each of them are and is hereby enjoined and restrained from using and employing the word Durham to mark and distinguish Smoking Tobacco, and from using and employ- ing for the said purpose the re{)rt'sentation of the head of a Durham Bull, orany other M^ord, symbol, representation or de- vice, of acharacter to deceive thepublic by inducingthe belief that the SraokingTobacco sold b}' them, ihe said respondents, is the same as the Smoking Tobacco manufactured and sold by the said complainants ; and it is further ordered, nrljudged and decreed that this cause be and the same is hereby refer- red to Thomas S. Atkins, as Master, to take an account of all and singular the earnings, gains and profits made and acquired by the said respondents, by and from the sale of Smoking Tobacco marked and designated Durham Smoking Tobacco, and marked and designated by t!ie representation of the head of a Durham Bull, and to make a report to the Court here of all and singular he shall do in the premises, and that the said respondents do and sliall pay to the said The Blackwell Litigation. / / complainants all and singular their costs by them lailans of the Normal system, the ample experience of the Principal, especially in the State Normal School, crowning her services in this Department with the most beneficial and gratifying effects. The Collegiate Depart- ment is conducted on the plan of first-class institutions. The Methodist Female Seminary. S3 The text books used in this institution are such as are used b}' our most prominent high schools and colleges. The disci[)lineof the school is firm, yet liigh-toned and gen- erous. Pupils are taught to emulate all that is lovely and beautiful in female character, and to act always frOm a high sense of honor and duty. The duties of each da}'' begin with divine worship, — reading the Scriptures, singing and prayer. Without the taint of sectarian bias, religious instruction constitutes the basis ot all sound, faithful teaching. It is religion, without regard to sect or creed, which imparts to learning its intrinsic value and character, its crowning glory for time and for eternity. Having all the modern improvements and appliances for systematic and efficient teaching, the Seminary is now on the highway of prosperity and usefulness. The pupils are studious, healthy and happy. The school is receiving a liberal patronage from the surrounding country. The fol- lowing ladies and gentlemen compose the present FACULTY : Mrs. Julia R. Williams, Principal — Drawing, Painting, French and Latin. Miss Addie Holman and Miss Minnie Mooro — Music and Calisthenics. Mrs. L. C. Lipscomb — Vocal and Instrumental Music. Miss Lessie Southgate — Vocal and Instrumental Music. Trustees: — Julian S. Carr, President; Edward J. Parrish, J. Ed. Lyon, John S. Lockhart and B. L. Duke. TERMS — SESSION OF TV\^ENTY WEEKS. Primary Department, , ^10.00 English Course, 12.50 to 15.00 Drawing, 10 00 Painting, 15.00 Latin and French, each, 5.00 Music, .....Free. Tuition payable one-half at the middle of the session, re- mainder at the close. Positively no deduction made for loss of time, after the pupil enters, except in case of protracted illness. 84 History of Durham. THE LYCEUM. Amon^otherinterestingiiistilvitionsof our town, reinarked with pride and pleasure, is the Lyceum. Earl}' in the win- ter of iSSO, a few kindred spirits, feeling the necessity for some organization where professional and literary men might interchange thought and opinion, met together and formed themselves into an association, the main object being their own mutual improvement in the discussion (.>f histori- cal, literary and scientific subjects, with the ultimate pur- pose of establishing a Public Library and Reading Roou}. For the past tliree and a half years they have iield their meetings weekly, in a spacious and very tastefully arranged Hall, in Robinson Block. Their membership now numbers about iifty persons. Both ladies and gentlemen are admit- ted, and the body comprises some of the most cultivated literary talent of our city. The highest order of etiquette and refinement characterizes all their deliberations, and it is quite an intellectual treat to attend' one of their meetings and listen to ttic debates, essays, poems, etc., making its sessions both interesting and instructive to all who attend. Soon after ihe organization of this literary brotherhood, the Hon. Bartholomev/ Fuller was unanimously chosen as its presiding officer, under whose trained and skillful hand it began at once to attain a high literary standard. Mr. Fuller was so eminently fitted for the position that he was continuously re-elected to the Fiesidency of the body un- til his deejdy lamented death, which occurred Nov. 28, 1882. His loss was ver}' keenly felt, not only by the Lyceum, but by the entire community. All felt that not only a wise counsellor, but that a christian gentleman, a faithful friend and a most affable companion, had passed o'er the chilly waters to bask amid the spiritual fragrance and elixir of the Tree of Life, leaving behind beautiful footprints upon the shores of time that the storms and complex ado of life's little day will be utterly unable to efface. As a faint token of the profound admiration and love entertained for him by his literary brethren, a life-size portrait of him was secured and placed in the Hall of the Lyceum. After the death of Mr. Fuller, the Chair was filled by Mr. Jas. H. Southgate, who, though comparatively young, filled the requirements of the position with great accepta- bility. The office has since been ably filled by Mr. Eu- The Post Office. 85 GENE MoREHEAD, a leading: banker of this city; Rev. H. T. Darnall, a most accomplished christian gentleman and pastor of .the Presbyterian church, and by Mr. Geo. W. Watts, one of our most worthy ar>d enterprising business men. The exercises of the Lyceum consist in Readings, Recita- tions, Essays and Debates of important questions, and have been a source of very great entertainment and profit. A small library has been purchased, to which additions are constantly being made. A deep interest in literary pursuits has been engendered, and is rapidly pervading the whole town, and the Lyceum is now considered one of the fixed institutions of Durham. The Post Office — Origin and Present Status. The first postal facilities of Durham were established at Prattsburg, about the year 1845, with William Pratt as Postmaster, who was succeeded by Mr. Solomon Shepherd-, in the year 1852 soon after the erection of the N. C. R. R. Depot, when the office was moved to Durham Station, and located at the " Old Angier corner," now corner of Main and Mangum streets. Mr. Shepherd held the office until the beginning of the late civil war, and was succeeded by Mr. J. P. Mangum, who served until 1873. The present incumbent, Mr. D. C. Mangum, was appointed September, 1873, and assumed control of the office in the following November. At that time Durham rated as fourth class, and the Postmaster was allowed a salary of only $480 per annum. The business of the office so rapidly increased that, on July 1st, 1875, it was constituted a Money Order office. In 1877, the office was raised to the third class, and Mr. D. C. Mangum re-appointed by President Hayes, his commission dating from May 1st, 1877, and his salary in- creased to $1,300. All third class Postmasters are appointed for a term of four years. Mr. Mangum was re-appointed by President Arthur, his commission dating from May 1st, 1887. Since Mr. Mangum assumed control the average increase of postal receipts per annum is about 20 per cent. Receipts from the sale of stamps, &c., for the year ending September 31st, 1883, were $4,850. Taking the first three months of 1884, as a basis, it is estimated that the receipts during the present year will considerably exceed $5,000, 6 86 History of Durham. notwithstanding the redaction in letter postage. The money order business shows a healthy increase, although not so great as compared with the postal receipts, owing to the late establishing of superior banking facilities in our midst. If the present rate of increase is maintained, it will only require about two years to bring the Durham Postoffice up to the second class, when it will rank with Raleigh, Wil- mington and Charlotte, the only second class postotfices in North Carolina at present. Mr. Mangum makes a faithful and efficient officer and is very popular among our citizens. The Revenue Office. The Internal Revenue Stamp Office, situated in the Post- office building, Main street, was established October 1st, 1878, through the influence and indefatigable efforts of the manufacturers of Durham and Eugene Morehead, Esq., who was appointed Stamp Clerk. The grateful thanks of the citizens of Durham, and especially our tobacco men, are due this enterprising, cultivated and affable gentleman, not only for the existence of this great convenience, but also for the establishment of the first banking facilities at this place. Prior to the establishment of these important facilities, our business men v/ere compelled to transact all their revenue and banking business in Raleigh — a distance of 27 miles — a great inconvenience and hardship. Mr. Morehead held the position of Collector, to the entire satis- faction of all, until June, 1879, when he resigned in order to devote his undivided attention to the banking house of which he is President. The receipts for the past five years, kindly_ furnished us by Mr. George L. Tinker, the present courteous and efficient Deputy, are us follows : For the months of October, November and December, 1878, $142,053.64. May 1st, 1879, the tax on manufactured tobacco was re- ■ duced to 16 cents per pound. Receipts for 1880-$627,118.21. " 1881— 827,269.54. « « 1882— 733,817.80. « " 1883— 618,444.34. The tax was again reduced, May 1st, 1883, to 8 cts. per Newpapers. 87 pound on manufactured tobacco, and to 50 cts. per thousand on cigarettes. The following is a comparative statement of the number of pounds of manufactured tobacco sold during the years 1882 and 1883: Date. No. lbs. Tobacco. No. lbs. Snuff. No. Cigarettes. 1882 1883 4,401,468 6,281,443 47,200 51,205 12,590,000 39,213,000 An increase of Tobacco 1,879,975 lbs., Snuff 4,005 lbs., and 26,623,000 Cigarettes. Total amount of revenue paid by the manufacturers of Durham from Oct. 1st, 1878 to Jan. 1st, 1884— $3,545,589.08. NEWSPAPERS. The Church Messenger. — This is an ably edited relig- ous journal, published in the interest of the Protestant Episcopal church in North Carolina. It was established at Winston, N. C, in 1879, by the Rev. VVm. S. Bynum, and subsequently purchased by Rev. Chas. J. Curtis and moved to Durham in January, 1882. In February, 1883, it was purchased by Rev. E. N. Joyner, who placed Mr. C, B. Denson on the Editorial Staff. The paper is now in a flour- ishing condition, and accomplishing great good in the Master's cause. Weskly, containing 32 columns. Subscrip- tion price $1.50 per annum. The Durham Recorder. — This is one of the oldest news- papers in the State, having been established in the town of Hillsboro in 1820 by Mr. Dennis Hart. In 1881, the present editor and proprietor, Mr. E. C. Hackney, purchased Col. Cameron's interest, and, together with Mr. G. E, Webb, con- ducted the paper for one year, during which time it was enlarged from 28 to 32 columns. In 1882 Mr. Webb sold his interest to Mr. Hackney, who is now sole proprietor. Democratic in politics, and published weekly at $1.50 per annum. A live, aggressive and interesting journal. The Durham Tobacco Plant. — Established in 1872, by C. B. Green, the present editor and proprietor. At that time the number of inhabitants of Durham did not exceed 200. Older heads looked upon the enterprise as premature, and 88 History of DuRnAM. thought young Green, then but a mere bo}'', could never make it a success. But he had strong faith in a brighter future for Durham; that it would be one day, not far dis- tant, one of the leading tobacco marts of the State ; and thus animated he toiled manfully at the case to build up his pa- per. The Plant has surmounted many storms of adversity, and is to-day one of the leading newspapers of the State. Mr. Green is still quite a young man, but he wields great influence in the formation of public sentiment. A bold, aggressive and able exponent of the people's interests. His paper is and has always been thoroughly Democratic, and has added largely to the success of the Democratic party in Central North Carolina. It has a wide and increasing cir- culation. Contains 32 columns of choice reading matter, at the very moderate sum of $1.50 per annum. The Daily Evening Reporter. — Established in Janu- ary, 1884, by Mr. I). W. Whitaker, a gentleman of large ex- perience both as an editor and printer — non-political. De- voted to the material and educational interests of Durham. Neat, newsy and ably edited, it is rapidly becoming an ob- ject of interest among our business men. Imbibing the spirit of the town, it is. full of push, pith and brain, and is destined to rank among the first newspapers of the State. Friend Whitaker is an old " typo" of sterling qualities and deserves success. Subscription, $4.00 per annum. The Truth — A monthly historical and literary paper, established February 25th, 1884, its mission being, mainly, to exhume important historical matters in reference to Or- ange county. Hon. Josiah Turner, editor. Subscription price $1.50 per annum. CHAPTER IV. Religious Denominations. TRINITY M. E. CHURCH. In the early part of 1830, a little school was estab- lished, about one mile east of Durham, on the line of the N. C. Railroad, at a place known as Orange Grove. The Trinity M. E. Church. 89 only surviving student of that school the writer has been able to find, is our esteemed and venerable townsman, M. A. Angier, Esq., who was then about ten years of age. In 1832 or '33, a protracted meeting was conducted at this lit- tle school house, under the able and eloquent ministrations of the Rev. Willis Haynes, the first Methodist Circuit rider known in th^'s vicinity, assisted by the Rev. David Nichol- son, Presiding Elder. Many souls were happily converted, and a church was established, numbering about 30 mem- bers, with brother Haynes as pastor. The school house and its site was donated to the church by one of its members, Mr. William Herndon. The writer has been unable to gather data for a consecutive history. About the year 1834, the church was burned by one Jefferson Dillard, who enter- tained great antipathy toward the church and the school. It is said that he used the books and papers about the school to start the conflagration. After the perpetration of this diabolical deed, and finding his life placed in jeopardy by an outraged and incensed community, he ran away, and has not since been heard of. But the little church was re- built, and prospered. In 1858, Orange Grove church was moved to Durham, and a church built on the site now oc- cupied by Trinity M. E. Church. This building was erected by Mr. William Mangum, who, for ^650, furnished both material and labor, besides contributing §25, although not a member. This church remained in connection with Orange Circuit until 1874, when it was made a Station, Rev. J. J. Renn being pastor, having served the church from 1872 in con- nection with the Orange Circuit. The trustees of the prop- erty were J. T. Driver, James Stagg, William Halliburton, Julian S. Carr, William Watts, William Guess, Washington Duke, Alexander Walker, W. B. Proctor, and Archibald Nichols. From 1858 to 1808, there is a serious hiatus in the history of the church. Rev. R. S. Webb was pastor in '68 and '69. Rev. Jno. Tillett pastor in '70 and '71, and followed by Rev. J. J. Renn in '72, who remained in charge of the church four years, laying broad and deep the foundations of truth as held by Methodists — redemption for all men who will believe — christian perfection — and a life without sin. In 1873, on the 28th of August, the Hillsboro District Conference held its annual session in Trinity church. Col. D. C. Parrisli being the lay delegate, Rev. J. P. Moore, Pres- 90 History of Durham. ident, and J. S. Harris, Secretary. Rev. W. H. Moore held the pastorate for '75 and '7G. Rev. William Call succeeded him, and remained during the year '77. Rev. F. K. Wood was appointed to the pastorate in '78. He remained three years. During his ministry was originated the enterprise which culminated in the completion, under the ministry of Rev. J. A. Cunninggira, the present elegant church build- ing, which is an imposing ornament to our town and a credit to the Methodist congregation. Mrs. Mary Moon held a series of meetings in Trinity Church in 1879, continuing about four weeks, resulting in a great 'awakening and many conversions, and about seventy additions to the churches of Durham. Two prayer meet- ings were organized to meet every Sunday evening, one in the church and the other in the Female S.nninary, one for young men and the other for females. These meetings are still kept up with interest and profit to the church. This church paid the pastor and Presiding Elder for last year $1,250. Rev. Jesse A. Cunninggim succeeded Rev. Mr. "Wood in ISSl, who did a good work for the cause of truth during a ministry of two years. He raised several thousand dollars for the work on the church and carried it through to its completion.. He left the impress of his character engraved upon the community, and, as it were, engraved in the or- ganic life of the church. He gave system to the work of the church, and thus gave it strength and permaneiicv. The ladies of this church did a large and important work in aiding the pastors to bring up the church out of the wilderness and to settle it on its present firm foundation. Rev. T. A. Boone came to the pastoral care of this church as the successor of Rev. Mr. Cunninggim. Tliis is his second year. Since Mr. Boone's connection with this church, great advancement has been made in all her de- partments. He is an eloquent, able and assiduous worker, and is loved devotedly, not only by his flock, but by the citizens of Durham generally. DURHAM BAPTIST CHURCH. This Church was organized August 12th, 1815, in Piny Grove School House, about one mile west of this place. Rev. Jesse Howell was assisting the pastor of Eno Baptist Durham Baptist Church. 91 church ill a revival meeting, and, when some of the mem- bers objected to his preaching in their house of worship, he left, and soon began to preach monthly at the above named School House, and the result was the organization of this church. He was pastor of the church for more than twenty- five years. The first house of worship buiit by this church was the building now used by Mr. A. D. Markham as a residence. The railroad was built and the depot was located so near them that they thought it wise to sell out and re-build. The second house of worship was built on what is now Roxboro Street, and it stood over the same spot of ground now covered by the residence of John L. Markham. The third and present house of worship was begun in 1877, and was finished, and entered free of debt, and dedi- cated by the pastor and congregation on Thursday night before the 1st Sabbath in November, 1878. A simple hour of thanksgiving and joy was the only service of dedication. This house cost $12,400. Five persons gave $1,000 each for this purpose ; viz : W. T. Blackwell, Jas. R. Day, F. 0. Green, A. M. Rigsbee and Mrs. A. D. Markham. The church owns a parsonage. It cost, besides ihe lot of about one acre upon which it is located, about ^2,100. This was begun in 1879, and finished free of debt and occupied April 1st, 1880. The present membership of the church is about three hundred, and their Sunday School numbers over three hun- dred. Rev. C. Durliara, the pastor of this church, was a soldier in tlie late war from April, 'Gl, to the surrender. He grad- uated from Wake Forest College in '71, and was pastor in Goldsboro four and a half years. He has been pastor of this church since Jan., '76, and hence is now in the ninth year of his pastorate. The contributions of this congregation to all religious objects during lys pastorate is about §34,000. There have been two churches organized out of this one in the past eight years — Yates Baptist church, and Rose of Sharon, six miles north of Durham, both churches being built from contributions raised by the Durham Baptist Church. Mr. Durham, pastor of the church in this city, is an able, pious and hard-working laborer in the vineyard of the 92 History op Durham. blessed Master, and is doing much good in promoting the cause of Christ in this city. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This church was organized on theSlst of December, 1871, by a committee of the Orange Presbytery, consisting of Revs. A. G. Hughes, Thomas W. Faucett and Calvin H. Morrow, and embraced eleven members in its organization. It was ministered to for a while by Mr. Faucett, but on the 31st of March following called, as its flrst pastor, Rev. Drury Lacy, D. D., who served the church for two years. Rev. Pleasant H. Dalton was then called and officiated as pastor for two 3'ears. The Rev. Jas. H. Fitzgerald succeeded Mr. Dalton in the fall of 1876, and continued with the church until the spring of 1880, when he resigned, and the present pastor, Rev. H. T. Darnall, was called to the pastorate in the fall of 1880. At present the register contains seventy-five names of members, with a steady increase.' In 1882 the congre- gation erected a neat and comfortable mause on the lot next the church, which was occupied in October of that year. The church and mause are located on Main street, below Church street. In April, 1884, the Presbyterian Synod of North Carolina convened in this church, whose sessions proved pleasant and instructive, not only to the members of that church, but also to our citizens generally, whose hospitable doors were thrown wide open to the members of the Synod. The pastor is an able and earnest worker, watching faithfully over his pious and devoted flock. ©ITT #i Ii©Kli#M ASSETS, - - - $769, i 47, J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agts., Durham, N. C. ZPIb-ei^i^s Zns"ULra-n.ce Oom.pa-n3T, Of Brooklyn, N. Y. ASSETS, ^3»749»«>36« J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents, Durham, N. C. Tobacco Board op Trade. 93 CHAPTER V. Tobacco Board of Trade—Warehouses. THE tobacco board OF TRADE. The Durham Tobacco Board of Trade was organized in the year 1872, by the election of the follow officers : Capt. Alexander Walker, President, Robert F. Morris, Vice-President, R. C. Barksdale, Secretary and Treasurer. Since that time there have been many additions, and much good has been accomplished, mutually between its members, and towards establishing the tobacco market of Durham. Its meetings are held once a month. There are now 40 names upon the roll. The following is a list of the present officers and members: Capt. Alex. Walker, President, R. F. Webb, Vice-President, Albert Kramer, Secretary and Treasurer. W. T. Blackwell, J. S. Carr, A. B. Cox, John Walker, W. Duke, Sons & Co., Edward Dal by, VV. A. Day, A H. Stokes, R. T. Faucett, Lucius Green, W. A. Gattis, W. H. Osborn, R. H. Jones, Thos. D. Jones, Lea & Warren, T. B. Lyon, J. S. Lockhart, Z I. Lyon & Co., R. T. Morris & Sons Mfg. Cj., J. T. Pinnix, Blackwell & Goodson, T. L. Peav, E. H.Pogue & Son, E. J. Parrish, I. M. Reams, W. H. Rowland, M. A. Walker, L T. Smith, Jno. W. Smith. R. K. Smith, A. K. Umstead & Co., Webb & Kramer, Robt. Burton, H. A. Reams, R. E. Lyon, E. E. Seay, Dr. J. L. Watkins, T. B. Mosely, \V. R. Cooper, and J. B. Hazel. WAREHOUSES. Previous to the war, the medium of Warehouses to facili- tate the business of the planter and buyer was so little known as to be exceptional. Danville in Virginia ami Mil- ton in North Carolina had each made some progress in this direction. But the common practice was to sell to mer- chants, manufacturers, or buyers, of any class, in modes most convenient to all parties. Much was shipped to factors in Richmond and Petersburg. A great deal was bought by 94 History of Durham. merchants, who were in the habit of keeping annual ac- counts with the planters, furnishing them with plantation supplies, and making settlenunts at the end of the year. The war effectually destroyed this system. Neither mer- chant nor farmer could wait a whole year. The capital of the first could not endure it; the credit of the other was de- stroyed by the loss of his slave property. He was compelled to live, as it were, from hand to mouth. He had to make frequent small sales to meet family necessities, to pay his laborers or to pay his taxes. He liad to find a market often. This demand was met by the opening of sales houses at points on railroads principally, because on railroads could more readily be met the requisitions of the revenue service, the ready and convenient supply of stamps being essential to manufacturers, and these becoming the great patrons of the warehouses. The two have become indispensable com- plements of each other.^as illustrated by Danville, Durham, Reidsville, Winston, Henderson, Oxford, and other points, the centres of the tobacco industry. The warehouses are invariablv large buildings with o-reat floor capacity, and perfectly lighted by ample skylights, so that th« color and quality of the tobacco are faithfully ex- posed. The tobacco, taken from the wagons, where it had been packed down while in " good order," is carefully placed in piles, after having been weighed, each pile of uniform grade. A tag fixed upon a cleft stick is placed upon each pile, on vvhicii is the name of the owner of the tobacco, and also the weight. At the hour of sale, outcry is made at each pile, the price bid attached to the tag, and also entered upon a book, and so until the whole is sold. A planter, dissatisfied with a bid, is entitled to "take in" his tobacco. The com- pensation of the warehousemen is a commission of from 2^ to 3 per cent, on sales. Where there are several warehouses in a market, by arrangement each one is entitled to the first sale in turn. In most of the markets the sales are held daily except in tiie duller months of the season. The six warehouses formerly occupied here have been converged into three of the largest and best arranged houses of the kind in North Carolina, which annually sell from twelve to fifteen million pounds of tobacco, which is distrib- uted in Vv'ell nigh every hamlet, town and city on the globe, and the factories here manufacture from eight to twelve million pounds of the fragrant weed annually. Tobacco Warehouses. 95 The day is not far distant when the magnitude of the to- bacco interests of North Carolina will be fully acknowl- edged and appreciated, and she will take her righlful posi- tion as one of the most important tobacco States in the Union, not only as to quantity but qualiiy of tobacco produced. Aye, even now, the silvery streaks of dawn are becoming brighter and brighter — inspiring new hope, and zeal, and energy, and infallibly prognosticating a future greatness and prosperity second to no section on the habitable globe. To-day there is more assiduous push and enterprise in Dur- ham than in any other town or city in the State. The in- flux of labor and capital is continually on the increase. New dwellings, stores, warehouses, prize-houses, and facto- ries, are spontaneously springing into existence in every di- rection. Wherever the eye turns, some new building in process of erection is visible. I will relate one amusing oc- currence, which tends to show the great demand for house- room here. It was Saturday evening ; one load of lumber had been emptied upon a vacant lot by one of Mr. Black- well's teams. Early Sunday morning a gentleman called upon Mr. Harding, Mr. Blackvvell's agent, and, after apol- ogizing for calling on the Sabbath, said that he Vt^ished to engage the house for wliich that lumbei' luas intended, stating that he feared to delay until Monday lest he might be too late! Mr. Blackwell and other gentlemen are erecting dwelling houses with all possible speed, but they are utterly unable to finish them fast enough to supply the constantly aug- menting stream of immigration. The picture is by no means over-wrought. The writer has met with many instances where several families are cramped and packed up in houses intended only for one family. In noting in detail the wonderful improvements and growth of the city, the writer will begin with the Ware- houses: THE REAMS WAREHOUSE. This house takes its name and exten-sive popularity from its founder, Mr. H. A. Reams, the pioneer warehouseman of Durham. The first sale of leaf that ever occurred ia Dur- ham was C' inducted by this gentleman in a small factory building, on the 18Ui of May, 1871. He continued in the small building until the autumn of 1872, when, his busi- ness having so rapidly increased, much greater fioorag9 96 History of Durham. capacity was required. Accordingly, in that year, he moved to a warehouse buihling erected by W. T. Bhickwell & Co., in which he remained until the latter part of 1S77. During that year he erected the present Reams Warehouse. This building is on one of the most eligible lots 'in the city, being near its centre, on Main street and within speaking dis- tance of the depot and the mammcth Bull factory. It is 80 by 175 feet. But his trade continued to increase so rapidly, that in 1S79 he was compelled to enlarge his building, giving it a floorage area of 14,000 feet for sales- room with a basement of the same size. This house has 32 skylights, with 64 10x20 glass to each skylight, thus mak- ing 2,048 square feet of light. There are 435 feet of wagon shelter, making the whole warehouse one of the largest and most conveniently arranged houses of the kind in the State, Mr. Reams was succeeded in ]8S0 by Messrs. W. A. Lea & T. H. Jones, who conducted the business until 1882, when Mr. Jones withdrew, in order to jja}' especial attention to leaf brokerage. Mr. J. S. Lock hart was next admitted as a partner under the firm name of Lea & Lockhart. Mr. Lockhart remained a member of the firm until January, ]SS4, when he also withdrew to take charge of the Banner Warehouse, which has been moved from its old site and located next to Atwater & Wyatt's large brick grocery, where it has been thoroughly renovated and extensively enlarged. About the 1st of April, 1884, Mr. J. B. Warren, of Caswell county, was admitted as a partner, and tlie firm is now known as Lea & Warren, who are doing a very ex- tensive business. PARRISH WAREHOUSE. This is one of the largest and best equipped ware- bouses in the State, formerly owned by the firm of Parrisli & Blackwell, but now the property of Mr. E. J. Parrish. Mr. Parrish commenced the tobacco business in 1871 as auctioneer, in the first tobacco warehouse established in Durham, and continued as such until 1873, when he became proprietor of the new warehouse knovv'n as "The Farmer's." In 1876, he was the successful bidder for the " Durham Warehouse," which he occupied at an annual rental of $2,000 for three years, and his business increased rapidly; in 1879 he erected his present fine building, at a cost of Tobacco Warehouses. 97 $32,000, and which is confessedly the best structure of its kind in North Carolina. It is of brick, 56x225 feet, vvitli a deep and commodious basement used for storage, and with apartments for farmers. The roof is a suspension structure, pierced along its whole length by four rows of solid glass skylights. Along the sides run covered sheds the whole length of the building, on one side 225x10, and on the other 225x10, with a park-shed 41x150, with two rows of skylights, large enough to hold one hundred wagons. Ele- gantly appointed oiSces give pleasant places of business to the eight or ten young men necessary for the duties of the house; these offices, like all other parts of the building, being lighted with gas. The opening day, September 29th, 1879, was a prominent one in the annals of Durham, many hundred farmers with their wagons loaded with the tobacco of the adjoining counties congregating to take advantage of the animation of the auspicious day. Upwards of 80,- 000 pounds were sold at this warehouse on that day, for an aggregate sum of $15,000; and the happy fortune of go favorable a beginning has never deserted the house. Mr. J. W. Blackwell was admitted as a partner in the business in April, 1880; and under the firm name of Parrish & Blackwell, the house has continued to enlarge in its opera- tions, and claims, and with reason, to transact a larger amount of business than any similar house in North Car- olina, and has established a national reputation among the leaf-tobacco markets of the country for the uniformity of its classification and the honesty of its prizing. Mr. Par- rish does not buy on order, but solely on his own account. He is probably the largest tobacco buyer in the State. During the month of February, 1884, he paid out to farm- ers for tobacco sold on his warehouse floor the enormous sum of $96,000. His auction and prizing houses are, per- haps, the best equipped in the State. During the year 1881, he sold 8,383,660 pounds of leaf tobacco, realizing $940,063.98. In 1882, his sales amounted to 5,370,488 lbs., and in 1883 his sales reached 6,797,542 lbs,, amounting to $851,958.25. His principal prize house is constructed of brick, three stories high and about 56x125 feet. The front is used for the banking and reception rooms of "The Bank of Durham," of which W. T. Blackwell, Esq., is President. The other portion of the building is filled with all grades of North Carolina leaf tobacco in process of prizing or prepar- 98 History of Durham. ation for shipment. Two otJ.ier large buildings for prizing and storing, together with an establishment where his hogs- heads and tierces are made, are included in his extensive warehouse business. His exhibits at the Cincinnati Expo- sitions have uniformly drawn first prizes, one lot shown there having afterwards sold for §126 per 100 pounds. Mr. Black well's interest in this warehouse was purchased in January, 1884, by Mr. Parrish for $80,000. It has only been a few years since Capt. Parrish engaged in business hereon a very email capital, but through indomitable energy and superior business abilities, he lias amassed a handsome fortune. There are but few men in the State more success- ful or more deserving of success, than Captain Edward J. Parrish. THE BANNER WAREHOUSE. This handsome and commodious house v/as opened April 9th, 1879, by Messrs. Lea, Corbett & Co. In 1880 Mr. Cor- bett withdrew and Mr. J. T. Lea was admitted as a partner, and the business conducted under the name and style of Lea Brothers. The old building, before its removal, (in 1884) renovation and enlargement, contained a floorage area of 40x150, with extensive grounds and conveniences for wagons and horses. The principal supplies of the house are from the counties of Durham, Orange, Alamance, Cas- well, Person and Granville, and comprise bright wrappers, smokers and fillers of the highest grades. Mr. J. Q. A. Bar- ham, auctioneer, who is one of the best we have ever met. Sales occur daily. In 1881, Mr. Thomas D. Jones became a partner and continued as one of the firm for one year, when the management passed into the hands of Messrs. Cooper, Hutchings & Co., who conducted the business until the early part of 1884, when the house was moved, as above noted, and Mr. J. S. Lockhart became proprietor. The house now has an area of 50x273 feet, is fully equipped and is doing a lucrative business. a g wB > jjjiijiAiw ' . * » ' wi w ,i.t.w B w.'j "^ p'g^yya rr n&iT^w"iay< » ww" ' ¥"" =» ™™-«^ CONNECTICUT FIRE OF HARTFORD, CONN. SETS -.-.------- $1,837,729. J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents, Durham, N. C. Black well's Factory. . 99 CHAPTER VI. Tobacco Factories. THK BLACKWELL TOBACCO FACTORY. Tobacco has made Durham famous the world over. Her celebrated smoking tobacco, because of the superiority iu both quality and texture of the article from which it is uianufactured, is unequalled anywhere on the habitable globe. By critical chemical analysis, by the most celebrated chemist in the world,* it has been clearly demonstrated that this tobacco contains less nitrates and nicotine than any other tobacco grown in the world. Durham is the bee- hive of North Carolina, and may be pertinently termed the Chicago of the South. Manufacturing and mercantile en- terprises are springing into existence like magic on every hand. Here the song of human industry and progress floats upon the balmy bosom of every zephyr, gladdening and inspiring the hearts of the rich and the poor — inspiring new hope and energy in the dreary soui of the humble laborer, wearily plodding his way in search of a comfortable home. Here all classes of honest and industrious mechan- ics and laborers find profitable employment, kind friends, and are surrounded by the most refined, educational, moral and religious influences and advantages. Durham, to day, is an asylum for the poor, a place where the " wandering * 1)U. VOKLCKEB'S EXAMINATION OF THE FINE YELLOW TOBACCO OF NORTH CAROLINA. ANALYTICAL Labobatory, 11 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, E. C, London, December 7, 1870. Mr. John Ott, Sec : etary Southern Fertilizing Company, liichmond, Va.: My Dear Sir .-—You will remember havinsr sent me, some lime ago, a packet of Tobacco leaf, Inbelled " Fancy Bri^^lit Tobacco, from Granville county. North Carolina," which you fiesired me to aualyse. 1 have now completed the exami- nation, and have much pleasure in handing you the results obtained, both in the analysis of the organic and the inorganic parts of this magnificent Tobacco. The dried leaf, when analyzed, had the following general composition : Moisture, 14.68 Organic matter •• 72.07 Mineral matter (ash), 13.25 100.00 In comparing this general statement with the results which Pro. Johnson, of Yale college,! obtained some years ago, in the examination of a specimen of Fancy Bright Tobacco, from Granville county, N. C.,you will notice ihat whilst the Professor found only 8..W per cent, of ash, the sample you sent me contained 13.2.5 per cent. Now, whilst I do not doubt, for a moment, the correctness of Prof. Johnson's determination, I may be allowed to .say that SJ-^ per cent, is an fAnalysis of sample from crop 1872, of E. E. Lyon, Granville county, M. C: Silicia 0.12 (per cent.); Chlorine, 0.20; Sulnhuric Acid, 0.36; Phosphoric Acid, 0.73; Lime, 2.11; l\lagne.=5ia, 1 05; Potash, 3.54; Soda, 0.09; Ash, 8.53; Organic mat- ter, sand and nitric acid, 91.47; Nitrogen, 2.83. Sample furnished by the South- ern Fertilizing Company, Richmond, Va. 100 History op Durham. Jew" — the illustrious cosmopolite, whose ancient prestige and glory, richly embellishing the ethical and aesthetic pages of history, though buried beneath the hoary locks of time, yet wield a salutary influence upon the morals of the world, — finds a peaceful and profitable retreat. A.nd the extraneous fame of the town, as well as its internal pros perity and wonderful progress, are mainly due to the inde- fatigable zeal and sagacious business abilities of those emi- nently wortliy gentlemen — W. T. Blackwell and Julian S. Carr — the founders of the great manufacturing enterprise which is the subject of this sketcli. These gentlemen not only laid the foundation of Durham's greatness, but are still the leading builders, polishing and fitting stone after stone in her rapidly towering temple of fame. Their en- ergies, wisdom and money have been freely and lavishly used to preserve unsullied her illustrious name, which, as the very synonym of success, has been used b}' foreign en- terprises, detracting from her enviable reputation and pros- perity, and enhancing the value of the spurious products of meaner marts. (See Blackwell Litigation cases, chap, ii.) With these introductory observations, we proceed to give the reader a brief delineation of Blackwell's Durham To- bacco Co.'s Factory, which is the shrine of all pilgrims to Durham, and which, like Niagara Falls, the Yosmite Valley and other extraordinary objects of interest to be seen in this country, amply fills the measure of its world-wide fame. exceptionally low percentage of mineral matter in Tobacco leaves, for, in all of the recorded analyses of tobacco which I could lay hold of,— analyses made in your country as well as in others mad8on the Continent, I do not find any other specl- menwliich yielded as little as Sl^ percent, of asli, and the per centage which I ob- tained in tlie sample you sent me agrees better witli tlie average amount of mineral matter in Tobacco. The proportion of ash constituents in Tobacco, however, I find varies considerably, and usually amounts to over 12 per cent., and in some instances readies to 20 per cent in round numbers. I have made a complete anal.\sis of the ash of the sample you sent me, and embody the resnlts in tlie following tabulated statement showing the composi- tion of the Mineral portion (ash) of a sample Fancy Bright Tobacco, grown in Granville connty, N. C, and sent to Dr. Voelclter, by Mr. John Ott, Secretary, &c., of Richmond : Lime 28.3i) Magnesia, i Oo Oxide of Ii-on, SI Potash, 18.r» Chloride of Potassium, 5.82 Chloride of Sodium, 7.17 Phosplioric Acid, :VMi Sulphuric Acid, 3.87 Soluble Silica, l;s.SO Fine Sand 5.72 Carbonic Acid and Loss, 13.9o lOO.O;) Blaczwell's Factory. 101 The factory and its adjuncts cover fifteen acres of ground, and is the largest and most attractive smoking tobacco fac- tory in the world. It is composed of brick and granite stone equally combined and harmoniously blended. The windows, which are almost innumerable, are set in frames of granite, and throughout the whole exterior this substan- tial material is seen ornamenting and supporting the struc- ture. The factory has a frontage of 200 feet — to which another 100 feet will soon be added, as a consequence of increasing business — a height of four stories, and two connecting wings, each four stories high and 160 feet in length. Within the grounds are all kinds of supplementary structures, such as storage houses for leaf tobacco and other things, print- ing establishments, box-making factories, machine shops, fire apparatus, etc. In addition to the buildings in the en- closure, the Company have several other large warehouses used for storing leaf. They constantly carry from three to five million pounds of leaf tobacco adapted to their require- ments. The factory is located in the immediate country known as " The Golden Belt," or bright tobacco region, which pro- duces a grade of tobacco that in texture, flavor and quality is not equaled elsewhere. The popularity oi their goods is limited only by the quantity produced, and they are in a position to command the choice of all offerings upon our Deducting Sand and Carbonic Acid, and the composition of the pure Tobacco is as follows : Lime, 29.12 Magnesia, 5.04 Oxide of Iron, 1.01 Potash, 23.09 Chloride of Potassium, 7.25 Chloride Sodium, 8.93 Phosphoric Acid, 4.18 Sulphuric Acid, 4.19 Soluble Silicia, 17.19 100.00 I find merely traces of nitrates in the Fancy Bright Tobacco, which, pediaps, is one of the reasons why this Tobacco has a very mild taste; for, in all biting, strong Tobaccos, I find invariably nitrates are present in considerable propor- tions. Another, and still more important fact, which an investigation has brought to light, is that the Granville county Tobacco you sent me contains little nicotine, which I am inclined tu regard as a good feature of this kind of Tobacco. In coarse, strong Tobaccos, notably the inferior Tobaccos grown in the Palatinate (Bavaria), and some of the coarse (highly manured) Virgina Tobaccos, they are found to contain much more nicotine, some as high as three or four times as much as I fled in the " Fancy Bright," 7 ■ 102 History of Durham. market, thus securing to the trade the very best. Millions have used and still use this celebrated smoking tobacco, who give little thought to its manner of preparation, or the vast amount of capital, skill and energy requisite to successfully manufacture what is now known, from the unique and orig- inal way of advertising in all parts of the habitable globe. Who has not seen the trade mark of the bull? — the right to use which has been awarded solely to this establishment by the United States Courts, thereby protecting the firm in what they originated, and under which brand their fame has become absolute. All attempts at imitation have failed. The goods put on the market possess a charming flavor that no one can even imitate ; and the smoker at once recognizes the genuine article. This factory has been one of the most potent instrumen- talities in the building up of Durham. The vast amount of money it distributes finds lodgment in the hands of all classes, and is an ever unfailing source of revenue to the town. So much for its home benefits, and now as to the world : The old brands of smoking tobacco have disap- peared from the marts of commerce, and in their stead is the celebrated granulated tobacco manufactured by this firm, and possessing a superiority born of the result of pa- The following table shows the detailed ooDiposition of the sample of Fancy- Bright Granville county Tobacco, sent by Mr. John Ott, Secretary, &c., and ana- lysed by Dr. Voelcker : Moisture, 14.68 *Gum, extractive matters, and other substances, soluble in water, 36.17 Mineral matters, soluble in water, 8.92 Nicotine, 1-30 Resinous compounds, Oil and other constituents, soluble in ether and alcohol, - 6.68 ( Digestible woody fibre » 14.43 f ^ Indigestible woody fibre (pure cellulose), 12.42 ( Mineral matter, insoluble in water, 4.33= 32.18 100.00 *Contalning Nitrogen, .47 fNitrogen in portion insoluble in water, .44 Total per centage of Nitrogen, .91 In other recorded Tobacco analyses, I find the proportion of nitrogen is given much higher; and for this reason I was particularly anxious to verify my re- sults by repeated determinations, which closely agreed in the second decimals, and leave no doubt in my mind that the Fancy Bright Granville Tobacco con- tains a comparatively very small amount of nitrogenous (albuminous) com- pounds. Perhaps this explains the delicate flavor of the Tobacco smoke of this kind of Tobacco; for it is well known that albuminous and other nitrogenous compounds, when largely present in materials submitted to dry distillation (and smoking is a familiar illustration of destructive dry distillation) give off disao-reeable-smelling ammoniacal vapours, reminding one more or less of singed feathers or burnt horn. Be this as it may, the Fancy Bright Gi-anville county Blackwell's Factory. 103 tient investigation, experience and vast outlays of capital. It is now recognized throughout the world, and most de- servedly so. We have visited many huge concerns in our time, but this stands pre-eminently first as the most complete in all its appointments we have ever seen, and we question if its equal — no matter to what purpose devoted — can be found in this country or any other. There is not a detail con- nected with the business but what is covered,and the entire establishment is a vast hive of industry. The history of this establishment at its conception is patent to multitudes; hence we only say that in 1865, Mr. J. R. Green was manu- facturing tobacco at Durham station. He was joined by Mr. W. T. Blackwell and J. R Day in 1868, but soon there- after his death occurred and his interest was purchased by the gentlemen named above. In 1870 Mr, Julian S. Carr, of Chape'l Hill, N. C, was admitted to the firm, and from that time the business and the town began to thrive. A few years after Mr. Day retired, and in January, 1883, Mr. Blackwell sold out his interest, thus leaving Mr. Carr alone. Tobacco certainly Is one of the finest flavoured, mild Tobaccos I ever smoked and it is certainly a fact that it is poor both in nicotine and albuminous com pounds, wliich I am inclined to regard as a good and distinguished characteris- tic of delicate flavoured mild Tobaccos. How variable the proportions of nitrogen and ash are in Tobacco, you will notice in tbe following determinations which I made of three other samples of (prepared) Tobacco which you kindly sent me: Percentage of Nitrogen and Ash in three specimens of Tobacco, dried at 212° li'ahi-enheii. Percentage of Nitrogen. Percentage of Aslu, "Lone Jack" Tobacco, 1.65 14.93 "Perfection Straight Cut Match- less Cavendish," prepared by J. P. Allen & Co., Richmond, 1.68 16.48 Louisiana " Perique " Tobacco, grown in St. James Parish (crop of 1872), 3.04 20.6J You will observe that the strong Perique Tobacco Is much richer in nitrogen and ash than the milder kinds. Of course, I merely throw our, byway of suggestion, that delicate flavoured mild Tobacco is likely to be found always poor in nitrogen. An extended series of analyses alone would be required to establish this point. If my engagements permitted it, I should feel much interested in following up this line of investi- gation, but I have my hands so full of work, and the subject of Tobacco-growth is of no Immediate interest to British agriculturists, that I am obliged to leave so important and interesting a work as that of a thorough Tobacco investigation to others more favorably situated than I am. Believe me, my dear sir, yours faithfully, (Signed) AUGUSTUS VOELCICER. 104 History op Durham. On the 24th of January, 1883, Blackwell's Durham Tobacc< Company was chartered, with an authorized capital of §1, 000,000 and a paid up capital of $500,000. Mr. Julian ^ Carr is the President; M. E. McDowell, Vice-President, an( J. A. McDowell, Secretary and Treasurer. All the right belonging to the business are now the property of the pres ent company; and dealers will be protected every way a heretofore. This house does business with wholesale dealer only, and have their representatives everywhere, both ii this and foreign countries. On the Main Front are two pictures of a magnificent Dur ham bull, well executed, which engrosses the attention o all. An interesting feature, also, of this establishment is ; steam whistle, so constructed that it imitates the bellow o a bull. The imitation is so perfect that a stranger wouh be slow to detect the deception. It is said that it costs $( each time this bull whistle bellows. It can be he*ard a dis .tance of thirteen miles. A short time since it became necessary to enlarge, an( "two L's were built, 160x40, five stories high. The only wa; to realize the stupendous magnitude of these buildings is t view them from the rear. There are two engines, one of 7; horse-power and one of 40, supplied by a battery of fou boilers of 216 horse-power. Tiie boilers are fed with woo( ■now, but soon only coal wnll be used. A switch runs fron the main track of the railroad, on which stands the cars t< be loaded, directly in front of the salesroom. The compan;; is shipping about 25,000 pounds a day, running to the ful capacity of the stamping room ; and this year they intenc to ship 5,000,000 pounds, being two and a half million mor than ever heretofore, thus exemplifying the wonderful rep utation of the tobacco and the immense increasing demand Some idea of their great business for the past four years cai be gathered from the fact that in that time they paid to thi government $2,076,665.81 for stamps on their genuine bul Durham tobacco, and this does not include the amount pai( on cigarettes. This is about $44,000 per month on th^ average. Truly a most remarkable showing, and one tha cannot be denied, as it is taken from the books of the gov ernment officer. In 1881 this firm paid $645,591.33 ofi total of $727,269.54. This shows most plainly the verdic of the public; and if their goods are not popular, reliabl .and standard, why should an unprejudiced public use eigh Black well's Factory. 105 times as much of them as all the rest combined ? Facts are stubborn things, and herein are they exemplified. About 1,000 cases of 25 pounds each are shipped daily, with 20,000 pounds allowed to a car load, and these shipments are des- tined to all parts of the world. They employ altogether nearly 1,000 hands, G85 of whom are in the factory and 250 outside, engaged in manufacturing the various sizes of bags in which the tobacco is packed. Those employed in the factory are systematically classi- fied and distributed as follows : DEPATMENTS. A — Mixing and Shipping, B — Handling Leaf, D — Cutting Leaf, E — Stamping, Labeling, etc., F — Flavoring and Packing, G — Cigarette Factory, H — Cutting, etc., of Long Cut, I — Engines, Machinery, etc., J — Wooden Box Factory, K — Paper Box Factory, L — Printing Office, N— Stables, Mills, Watch- men, etc., Outside Work, NAMES OF MANAGERS. HANDS. G. W. Burch, 25 J. M. Blackwood, 15 J. D. Goodwin, 50 Z. M. Pearman, 150 Geo. C. Scruggs, 100 W. T. Speed, 150 C. J. O'Brien, 50 W. H. Hanks, 25 R. W. Denny, 40 J. C. Rogers, 25 C. D. Whitaker, 15 M. C. McCown, 40 Tobacco Sack Makers, etc., 250 Total number of hands employed, 935 The company use over 110,000 yards of cloth a month for this purpose, or a total, probabl}^ of 1,400,000 yards per annum, representing about one-fourth of the annual pro- duction of the celebrated Augusta Factory of Georgia. On the first floor are the offices, and they are elaborately furnished with all modern appliances to simplify and save time. The walls are hung with the various diplomas, med- als, etc., awarded the bull brand of tobacco, embracing such from all parts of the world, even including New Zealand, while the numerous chromos, paintings and lithographs that are conversant to the public at large, are also displayed. Adjoining is the salesroom, filled with goods ready to ship. A most complete vault is attached to the chashier's depart- ment, having an outer wall four feet thick, with two stone walls and one of brick twelve inches each, and two double 106 • History of Durham. six-inch air chambers. It is fifteen feet high and 12x15, with double doors. The arrangements throughout the build- ings for protection against fire are very perfect. Two chemical engines outside, and forty-five tanks holding 1,000 gallons each, are located at the top of the edifice inside, with pipe and hose leading to every floor. In the rear grounds another very large tank has been erected, which contains many thousand gallons, accessible by pipes to all parts of the premises. Also barrels of water, all headed up, but with mallets ready, buckets, axes and iron doors on each floor, form quite valuable assistants. There are elevators at each end of the building, which are in constant use. The second floor is the stamping department, and here can be seen the numerous bags receiving their labels, stamps, cautionary notices, etc , put on in the most rapid manner by negro boys. This room is a curiosity, the work being so deftly executed. In other rooms is put up their celebrated ** Durham Long Cut," in silver paper and tin-foil packages, and elaborately embellished. Forcigaretteand pipesmoking, it is superior to any tobacco made in the world, and is manu- factured from pure leaf, free from nitrates and narcotics. The cigars that the late Emperor of France,* Louis Napoleon, smoked, and which cost one dollar each in Havana, were made from the same leaf that is now used in Blackwell's Durham Long Cut and Blackwell's Durham cigarettes. It is identical. Prof. Horsford, when in Cuba, procured some of the same cigars, and there learned that they v/ere made from leaf grown in North Carolina, and in the section where this factory is situated. The manufacturer of the Napoleon cigars remarked that it was impossible to make any better goods, and no other leaf would equal that used for the purpose. The machinery used is of the latest and most perfect con- struction. There are two pasting machines, the invention of one of the superintendents, that do the work as fast as the speed of the hand allows. They are small machines run by steam, as is all the machinery employed. There is also a machine for printing labels on bags and on wood. *NoTE.— In reply to a direct question as to tlie trstli of this claim, put by a rep- resentative of the U. S. Tobacco Journal, Mr. Carr said: " Well, that's a leadina; question; I don't suppose I am capable of judging in the matter. Professor Horsford is an authority on the subject, and I have his word for it that the cigars he procured in Havana were made of North Carolina bright tobacco." Blackwell's Factory. 107 A nailing machine, by the aid of which a man will nail 1,000 boxes a day, is emj)loyed. There are two Pease To- bacco Cutters that make 1,400 revolutions a minute, with twenty Granulating Tobacco Cutters, all of the best. There are also Separators and Bolters used, similar to flour mills, with drying rooms on each floor, one of which is 85x40 feet, in which hundreds of trays are used. It will be seen that everything that enters into the manufacture of tobacco is of the very best and bought solely with the idea of enhan- cing the value of the bull brand of tobacco. The room devoted to the packing department contains seventeen presses, worked by five hands to a machine, which produce 7,200 bags each a day. They are run by steam, and are the invention of a Durhamite, and considered the most complete ever invented. They certainly do the work most expedi- tiously. Every package of tobacco or cigarettes is carefully inspected, and nothing leaves the factory of a poor quality or condition, hence its wonderful reputation. An interesting feature of the business is the great artesian well, which is 1,750 feet deep. The object in view in boring out this subterraneous passage is to strike sea level, in order to secure a more bountiful supply of water, the ordinary wells being inadequate to furnish the necessary supply du- ring the summer months. The company are often compelled to haul water, at considerable expense, from other localities. The engines and boilers are first-class and of large size. There are two elevators in the factory. The heating, lighting and ventilating provisions of the premises are, as may readily be imagined, as perfect as it is possible to make them. The company uses two barrels of the best New England rum, or eighty gallons a day, together with the tonka bean and other aromatics, the secret of their preparation being known only to the firm. The aroma known as the bull Durham flavor is thus preserved, that probably other manu- facturers would give thousands of dollars to learn. The cigarette department is unable to keep up with orders, owing to the difliculty of procuring the right kind of labor. All such now employed in this department were educated by the firm ; and they produce what is known as the Durham cigarette, nicel}^ put up and in great demand. At the rear end of the left wing, on the fourth floor, is a drying room with a capacity of 40,000 pounds. In this compartment this large quantity ma}' be dried in a few 108 History of Durham. hours. On the same floor, at the front, the " Genuine Dur- ham Smoking Tobacco " is seen unpacked. With the ex- ception of the drying department just referred to, this entire floor, front and both wings, is filled with granulated tobacco ready for packing processes. In this vast space almost a million pounds are distributed, and in looking at the tow- ering hcMps an observer is reminded of mountains of shining gold. The sight is a beautiful and unequalled one. After viewing it one no longer wonders how it is that the "Genu- ine Durham Smoking Tobacco" has sellers and buyers in every little and big tobacco establishment throughout the world. The factory has the facilities for supplying the uni- versal demand, and the tobacco is distributed with as much skill as it is manufactured. The cutting room is on the first floor of the left wing, where twelve and sometimes fourteen cutting machines are in continual daily operation. In the basement of the same floor is a compartment where the iron hoops used to bind cases of goods are punched. Next to it is a machine shop, where the machinery of the factory is repaired. A grist mill adjoins; and beyond is a paper box factory, in which all the pasteboard boxes used in the factory are made. Over this is the printing establishment, in which every variety of printing, plain, gilt and in colors, seen on the goods emanating from this factory, including bands and labels, large and small, is effected. Adjacent is a planing and box- making shop. In conclusion, to give some idea of the immensity of this establishment, we subjoin a few facts and figures from the President, Julian S. Carr, Esq., in the form of an interview : "I want to know something about 1 he methods which has made Bull Durham the popular brand of smoking tobacco." '* Having a good thing, we have extensively advertised it." "You believe in extensive advertising." " Yes, sir; as long as I have a dollar to spare, I will in- vest it in advertising." " How much do you spend annually in that way?" " You can see for yourself. Here is a contract for adver- tising in country newspapers." The contract dated September 27, was made with N. W. Ayer & Son, advertising agents of Philadelphia, and the amount was ^100,000. " With the large dailies," continued Mr. Carr, " we make Black well's Factory. 109 special contracts, amounting this year to about $50,000. That will make $150,000. Our clocks which have made a hit cost us $60,000. That is $210,000. Now, in addition to this, we have four gangs of painters working through the country. One gang is following the railroads through the South to New Orleans and Texas, and later on to Mexico. One gang is painting from New York to Washington, and later on will go to New England. Another gang is at work between New York and Philadelphia, on the Pennsylvania and Bound Brook railroads. The fourth gang has started from Chicago, and will paint all through the West and over the Northern Pacific Railroad clear to Seattle, Washington Territory. This work is partly done by contract and partly b}' hiring men by the day. We have one man who has made a great reputation as a painter. His real name is J. Gilmer Kerner, of Kernersville, this State. His artist no)w de jilume is Reuben Rink. Reuben Rink's bulls are noted for their fire and spirit. You see ordinary signs are played out. We have to have something striking. Every sign that Reuben Rink paints creates a sensation. They are generally 80x150 feet in size, and the papers in the small town do not fail to criticise their artistic merits. We receive a record every day from the painters in our direct employ, showing what they have daily performed. We have covered every State in the Union, Manitoba and part of Canada, but we have to go over the work every two 3^ears. We lose money unless we keep the signs fresh. You can make your own estimate of what this all costs." During the year 1883 the Company manufactured into smoking tobacco and cigarettes about 5,000,000 pounds of tobacco, as follows: Genuine Bull Durham, 4,371,632 pounds. Banner Durham, 296,905 Blackwell's Long Cut Durham, 25,207 Durham Long Cut, 43,406 Total, 4,737,250 Number of Cigarettes, 14,407,200. Having served as manager of one of the departments in this factory for several months, and having on all occasions received such marked courtesy and kind consideration from its President and his corps of efficient lieutenants, the writer 110 History of Durham. cannot justify himself in taking leave of the subject without tendering his most grateful acknowledgments. While he does not intend any invidious discrimination, he would acknowledge the kind offices of Mr. H. N. Snow, especially, in valuable assistance cheerfully rendered him in the col- lection of statistics and other important data. This gentle- man is Mr. Carr's private secretary, and is one of the most industriou.^, sapient and affable business men connected with the factory. M. E. m'dOWELL & CO. — PHILADELPHIA. This firm, although not residents of Durham, are so inti- mately connected with its tobacco interests as to deserve mention, forming as they do quite a financial desideratum in the prosperity of our people. They are the sole agents, in Philadelphia, of Bluckwell's Durham Tobacco Company, and, as is w^ell known, have ample and unequalled facilities for the distribution of their goods throughout the country and the world. They have large capital, and have business connections in all the principal cities and towns in the United States and Europe. Their export trade is constantly augmenting, and their domestic business embraces all the United States and Territories. They have purchased, altered and superbly embellished a large brown-stone warehouse in Chcsnut street, Philadelphia, in which a large portion of their rapidly increasing business is transacted. This acqui- sition, together with their other warehouse in the same city and their large branch-houses in New York, Chicago and other places, enable them to place the goods they handle as fast as they can be manufactured. W. DUKE SONS & CO. This is one of the largest smoking tobacco and cigarette factories in America, and the goods produced are of a supe- rior quality and elicit ready reception wherever introduced. This manufacturing enterprise has grown up into gigantic proportions in a remarkably short space of time and from very unpretentious beginnings. Mr. W. Duke came out of the late civil war, like thousands of others, an almost bank- rupt, the only property surviving the devastation of" grim- visaged war" being a wagon and pair of mules. With these Duke's Factory. Ill he began an itinerant tobacco traffic. By dint of indefati- gable energy and keen business sagacity he wrung success from the very jaws of adversity, and was enabled in the fall of 1865 to engage in the manufacture of smoking tobacco in the vicinity of Durham, and soon moved his business into the town. Since this transfer of locality his business has so rapidly expanded as to require increased facilities, from time to time, until now, when his new four-story brick factory — which will front 184 feet on R. R. street, running 84 feet back, containing 40,000 square feet of floorage — shall have been completed, it will be one of the largest smoking to- bacco and cigarette enterprises in the United States. In 1878 he took into copartnership three enterprising and ex- perienced members of his family, and now occupy two large wood buildings for manufacturing purposes, — one for smok- ing tobacco, shipping rooms, offices, etc., three stories high, 70 feet long, with a frontage of 80 feet, the other being used principally for the manufacture of their deservedly popular cigarettes, known as " The Duke of Durham." This building also contains a superbly equipped job printing office, where the company's printing is most artistically and expedi- ciouly executed, under the supervision of an experienced printer, Mr. John T. Britt, assisted by a corps of gentle- manly and thoroughly competent compositors. On the premises are several other buildings — box shops, engine house, and (recently erected) a ver}' large four story storage house. The trade of this house extends throughout tlie United States, and large shipments are made to sixteen for- eign countries. The stock used is bought on the Durham market, and is the finest tobacco for the purpose grown in any country. This firm commenced the manufacture of cigarettes in 1881. There being several brands of very excellent ciga- rettes on the market, popular pn^'udice, to a large extent, had to be combatted and supplanted. Keenly alive to the importance of these as well as other difficulties which inevi- tably and formidably confront the introduction of "anew thing," these gentlemen wisely determined that the only medium of successful competition consisted in the use only of the very best material on the market, and hence the to- bacco used is selected with the most scrupulous care. Their " Duke of Durham " cigarettes have elicited such gr jat pop- ularity and increasing demand in this and foreign coun- 112 History of Durham. tries, as to necessitate greatly enhanced manufacturing fa- cilities; hence the pending erection of their new brick fac- tory. It now requires the manufacture of 250,000 cigarettes per day :o sup})ly the constantly augmenting demand. The new building will be amply furnished with all the modern and most approved appurtenances and conveniences em- ployed in the manufacture of smoking tobacco and ciga- rettes. The enviable reputation of this enterprising firm, achieved through assiduous application to business, in all its ramifications, permeated by a sincere desire not only to please their customers, but by a pertinacious determination to produce goods that will bear the most hypercritical anal- ysis and stand upon their intrinsic merits alone, is a suffi- cient guaranty to the smoking public that W. Duke, Sons & Co. do not inteijd in future to be excelled in any of the details constituting a pleasant, healthful and uniform quality of goods. While Mr. Duke was nominated for State Treasurer by the present political amalgamation, known as the Anti- Prohibition-Republican Party, he is nevertheless an in- veterate opponent of the Whiskey Traffic. He is a true and tried Republican upon republican principles — the principles which liave endeared that party to the hearts of the people for twenty years, and is one of those pure patriots who have worked earnestly to preserve its escutcheon undefiled. The Chronicle in speaking of his nomination, says : " Mr. Duke is the father of the famous and enterprising tobacco and cig- arette manufacturing firm which bears his name — W. Duke Sons & Co., of Durham. He is between fifty and sixty years of age, a vigorous, well preserved man, a man who has led an industrious and successful life, and been highly esteemed by all who have known him. He has trained his sons to be business men of uncommon ability and enter- prise, as their gigantic success demonstrates. A man that has such a record in private life is, of course, worthy of the confidence of the public, and the Republicans could not have nominated a man in their party in whose integrity the people would have greater confidence. Mr. Duke has had no political experience and no experience of any kind in public affairs. He has never been a politician, and though he is a staunch Republican, it is well understood that he preferred to be left off the ticket and will take no active in- terest in the campaign." Morris & Son Manufacturing Co. li; THE R. F. MORRIS & SON MANUFACTURING CO, Robert F. Morris, the founder of this enteprise, was one of the earliest settlers at Durham, removing here from Gran- ville county in 1858. He was the pioneer in the tobacco business at Durham, and did much towards building up the town and making it a tobacco market. Prior to the late war, he set his son (G. B. Morris) up in the smoking tobacco business, in company with a Mr. Wright ; and during the war Mr. Morris manufactured to- bacco himself, but before the close of it he and Morris & Wright sold out to Mr. J. R. Green. Early in 1865 he put up another factory and began the manufacture of the cele- brated "Spanish Flavored Eureka Smoking Tobacco," which gave notoriety and popularity to the Durham tobacco, and up to within two or three years of his death, which occurred in 1872, this was one of the leading brands of tobacco manu- factured at Durham. Mr. Morris entertained the idea that Durham was one day to be a large and flourishing town ; and, incited by this idea, he invested largely in real estate in the future Chicago of the South. In consequence of his real estate investments, he cramped his tobacco business, which was rapidly growing. There was nothing selfish in his nature, but he felt a great pride in seeing Durham grow and prosper. He was gener- ous to all. Mr. Morris did not live long enough to see his pre-con- ceived ideas of Durham's greatness fulfilled, as it has been within the past seven or eight years that she has made her greatest progress and developed into a young city and a great tobacco mart. The R. F. Morris & Son Manufacturing Co., of which W. H. Willard is president, and S. F.Tomlinson, Secretary and Treasurer, are the successors of R. F. Morris & Son, and under their supervision the " Eureka Durham " has sus- tained its high reputation as a smoker, helping to give the smoking tobaccos of Durham a world-wide reputation. Their brands continue to grow in favor and their busi- ness is annually on the increase. Besides the celebrated "Eureka Durham" they manufacture the ''Bear" and " Gold Leaf Durham ;" the latter being of a beautiful golden color and made from the very finest tobacco grown in North Carolina, and only in a certain locality of the State. This 114 History of Durham. tobacco, like the "Vuclta Abass," is of extra fine quality and has a flavor peculiar to itself, which no other tobacco has. This firm manufactures also a superior article of Scotch Snuff, equal to any brand on the market. The name of their brand is " Ladies' Choice Scotch Snuff." It is made from the very best North Carolina sun cured tobacco, being entirely free from adulterations and injurious dru<^s or chemicals. This is a comparatively new enterprise, but a growing one. This firm is one of the leading manufactures of the town. R. T. FAUCETT. If perfect system, superior goods, the best and most im- proved modern appliances in the manufacture of cigarettes and smoking tobacco, are the prerequisites of a first class manufacturing establishment, then this factory is justly entitled lo prominence among the leading institutions of the kind in North Carolina. Mr. Faucett is a gentleman of large and varied experience in the business, and spares no pains nor expense to produce a quality of goods wliich will stand upon their merits and compete favorably with the best brands manufactured. He engaged in business herein 1871. In 1877 his factory was destroyed by fire, but he immediately re-built in another locality. He now occupies a wood building 80x40 feet, two and a half stories high. His products are granulated and long-cut smoking tobaccos and cigarettes, his special brands being " Little Oronoka," "Favorite Durham" and "Ten Cent Durham," and his trade covers the entire Union, and is still rapidly increasing. In October, 1883, he entered as a partner in and was chosen president of " The Durham Cigarette Company." The ex- cellent quality of their goods created so great a demand that enlarged facilities became indispensable. Their new quar- ters are now completed, giving employment to a greatly increased number of skilled operatives. "Little Oronoka" is undoubtedly one of the finest cigarettes manufactured in this or any other State. It is manufactured only from the quality of tobacco from which it derives its name. It pro- duces a sweet, mild smoke, and does not bite the tongue, being almost entirel}^ free from nicotine. Smokers of long- cut and cigarettes are of that class, mostly young, who like Z. I. Lyon & Co. 115 to smoke often and long, and who are ever on the lookout for goods that will not Uite the tongue or nauseate. The tobacco known as the " Little Oronoka " is grown only in a few counties in Middle North Carolina, and consequently cannot be obtained by all manufacturers. Mr. Faucett is rapidly extending his sales, which could be greatly acceler- ated, but for the difficulty in securing workmen. He has for two years been manufacturing some of the most popular brands of smoking tobacco, and his reputation for producing none but goods of solid merit is too well understood and appreciated to need lurther comment, here, and we simply add that a trial package of his cigarettes or smoking tobacco, will be sufficient to convince the most incredulous. Mr. Faucett, socially is one of the most entertaining courteous and high-toned citizens of Durham. In business, he is en- ergetic, sapient and honorable in all his dealings, and richly deserves the great success he is receiving. Z. I. LYON lace in the annals of history. His philanthropic acts and 132 History of Durham. aims in protecting the cause of labor, in administering to and alleviating the wants of the poor has enshrined his name deep in the hearts of the people. Truly may be ap- plied to him the famous encomium, " he went about doing good." An example, potent with the results of enterprising devotion to business, has been afforded by this worthy cus- todian of the natural industries of North Carolina, where is to be obtained adequate supplies of the material, which has become so indispensable to manufacturers of tobacco, and which should be the foundation of the wealth and prosperity of the people. " Honor to whom honor is due " must be remembered by the good people of the " Old North State," and the full meed of praise be rendered to \V. T. Blackwell, the Father of Durham and the friend of the people. A man who has attained the high and honorable distinction of be- ing foremost in resuscitating the spirits and hopes of his race, which were well nigh paralyzed by the late great civil conflict; who has taught us to extract precious beams of hope from the darkest clouds of despair; who has demon- strated to the world the efficacy of close, assiduous vigilance to all the minutest ramifications of business; who has strengthened and fortified the foundations of a future posi- tion in manufactures pregnant with vital interest and im- portance, should and will receive honorable mention by the honest historian of the future, and the hearty thanks of the world. Each great manipulator of material resources, as pandering to the general cause of industry, should be ac- credited with a place in the category of the distinguished and the noble. Within the unchecked flow of the genial current that animates the heart of W. T. Blackwell is to be found kindly impulses and that devotion to the cause of right and truth and justice, which invest with honor and embellish with distinction. Through him Durham has thus been given a forward move in the tobacco industry, and the example has been productive of the inauguration of other SUfiROW-GlLES LITHCO-KV Biographical Sketches. 133 and prominent establishments. Nowhere on the American continent is better tobacco produced tlian in the vicinity of Durham, and nowhere can its manufacture be more success- fully conducted, as has been proven by W. T. Blackwell & Co., whose reward is written on every building in the town, and whose names wiil be honored in grateful remembrance as long as time holds on its tireless flight. HENRY SEEMAN. Mr. Henry Seeman moved to Durham in 1874, and en- gaged in the Coach, Buggy, Carriage and Wagon manufac- ture. He now occupies the old Baptist Church building, the oldest house in Durham, having been erected long be- fore the railroad readied Durham. Messrs. Seeman & Son are thoroughly competent and skilled workmen, and are turn- ing out some of the finest work of the kind we have seen in the State. In connection with their factory they have a first-class Blacksmith Shop, where work of unsurpassed excellence is being executed. By close application to busi- ness — exen. ising the most scrupulous care in all its details — they have earned an enviable reputation in our community as honorable, industrious and competent workmen. They well deserve this reputation. JULIAN SHAKESPEARE CARR. This gentleman was born on the 12th day of October, A. D. 1845, at Chapel Hill, Orange county, N. C, and is the son of John W.Carr, merchant, of that place. He received his early education at a school in the vicinity of Chapel Hill, and entered the University of this State in June, 1862, 9 134 History of Durham. but after nearly two years' study, enlisted in the 3rd N. C. Cavalry in the early part of 1864. He never lost a single day's duty during the entire period of his service, was a general favorite among his comrades, and preferred to be simply a private, in order to be among " the boys," although he carried in his pocket a detail as an officer on the staff of General Barringer. After the war Mr. Carr returned to Chapel Hill and at- tended the Univert-ity one session, and in June, 1867, en- gaged in a general mercantile business. In 1868 he moved to Little Rock, A.rk., where he again engaged in business, but on a larger scale, with his uncle and another gentleman, under the firm name of Carr & Kingsburg. After residing eighteen months at Little Rock, his father saw an oppor- tunity of purchasing a third interest in W. T. Blackwell's Tobacco Factory, and being anxious that his son should settle nearer home, insisted and prevailed upon him to re- turn. Accordingly in September, 1870, he joined that firm and has ever since had tlie entire control of its mercantile and financial department. He is unquestionably one of the best financiers and thorough businessmen in this State; and to his far-sighted and liberal {)o!icy may justly be at- tributed the secret of the v/onderful success of his firm. His bold, lavish but judicious system of advertising has made the Blackwell's Durham Smoking Tobacco a household word from Maine to the Gulf and from the Atlantic to the Pacific slope, and in many foreign countries. Enterprising and public-spirited, Mr. Carr has encouraged and fostered everything tending to enhance the prosperity of our city, and the comfort and best interests of its citizens. Mr. Carrisemphatieally aman of the people and for the peo- ple. The humblest ai^d most illiterate man has equal access to his presence with the wealthiest and most learned, and he is courteous and attentive to all. He is constantly be- sieged by scores of visitors on all sorts of business — all Biographical Sketches. 135 leaving his presence with their various wishes and petitions, when laudable, favorably considered. The writer has wit- nessed this incessant stream of visitors for many months, and has never in all his life seen any one man who had less time to devote to his own personal or public affairs than Mr. Carr. And yet, despite of this great burden of daily care, he keeps fully abreast of all issues and enterprises which contemplates the manufacturing, agricultural and gen- eral advancement of the people as a State — aiding and abet- ting the development and enhancement of her varied and multifarious industrial, intellectual and ethical resources. As an evidence of his interest and co-operation in various public aflfairs, we mention a few of the many honorable positions he now occupies : President of Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Company, Dur- ham, N. C. ; President of the Board of Trustees of the Methodist Female Seminary, Durham, N. C. ; Vice Presi- dent of the Cotton Manufacturing Company, Durham, N. C. ; Vice President of the Durham Woollen and Wooden Mills, Durham, N. C. ; Vice President of the N. C. State Exposition Co., Raleigh, N. C. ; member of the Executive Committee of Board of Trustees of the State University, Chapel Hill, N. C. ; Trustee of Trinity College, Trinity Col- lege, N. C; member of the Executive Committee of the Na- tional Tobacco Association of the United States ; President Greensboro Femalei College Association, and a Director of the Oxford Orphan Asylum. There are few minds of adequate calibre to grapple with and do plenary justice by so many and varied enterprises. As an attestation of the value of his co-operation the list continues to increase. Generous, considerate and affable to all, no worthy object ever fails to enlist his sympathies, and no one in misfortune has ever appealed to him in vain. He is a constant friend, a faithful and devoted husband, an affectionate father, a zealous, consistant christian, and a 186 History of Durham. patriotic, exemplary citizen. We know of no man in North Carolina held in higher esteem, or whom the people would be more delighted to entrust with any position within their gift. He was married February 19th, 1873, to one of the most amiable and accomplished young ladies of Durham, Nannie Graham, daughter of our late lamented Mayor, Colonel D. C. Parrish. The writer always finds it a de- lightful task to delineate the virtues of the truly good and great. We esteem the proposition that no man is truly great who is not truly good, a safe foundation upon which to predicate a just estimate of the intrinsic virtues of any given character, whether intellectually, morally or politi- cally considered. A true, manly heart, ever actuated by refined and elevating sensibilities, ennobling the intellect, nerving and inspiring the energies of the soul for the con- summation of deeds of love and kindness, constitute the in- dispensable prerequisite of genuine greatness. Such a char- acter is "thelight of the world," "the salt of the earth," and '^ a city that cannot be hid." In the subject of this sketch we find these qualities of head and heart pre-eminently manifested, which, combined with wealth and influence, ■renders his life a great blessing in many ways, to the church, society and the world. His pocket-book as well as his heart is ever open to worthy objects. His donations to religious and educational institutions amount to thousands of dollars annually. The writer has seen something of the inner life of this gentleman where his virtues as a husband, father and friend are the crowning glory of his domestic and social circles. In him are combined — beautifully blended — wealth of soul with wealth of estate. About " the rich man," as a rule there is an atmosphere of proud austerity, a lack of sympathy and the " milk of human kindness " towards the less favored sons of our common humanity. The " almighty dollar" is too often the shrine of human worship and pre- ferment, while the real treasures of this world are trampled ^x BURROW-SILES LITH CO. I Biographical Sketches. 137 beneath the sacrilegious feet of the " god of mammon." The writer does not wish to be understood as making an invidious distinction because of riches. Nay, verily! There are many rich men who cheerfally use their wealth for the glory of God and the promotion of His cause in the world. But wealth of estate dissevered from wealth of soul is a great curse. The treasures of earth abused and misapplied breeds moral upas which poisons and blights the soul. But here we find a rich man who recognizes and adequately ap- preciates the immutable truth that " the earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof," and that he is simply His agent. Our soul delights in the contemplation of such a character and in holding it up to the youth of our land as eminently worthy of faithful emulation. EUGENE MOREHEAD Is the son of Governor Morehead, one of North Carolina's most illustrious Chief Executives. He was born in Greens- boro, N. C, September 12th, 1845. He was educated at Chapel Hill, where, in 1868, he graduated with first honors. In 1874 he was united in marriage to Miss Lothrop, one of the fairest and most accomplished daughters of Savannah, Ga., where he remained four years. In October, 1878, he moved to Durham, taking charge of the United States Stamp Department. The establishment of this Revenue branch is due to the efforts of this gentleman, and it has proved a great convenience and saving to our manufactur- ers. In December, 1878, Mr. Morehead began the first bank- ing operations in Durham, as the financial agent of the six warehouses then in operation. He continued the banking business alone until January 1st, 1884, when Gerrard S. Watts, of Baltimore, Md., was admitted as a .partner, Mr. Morehead is one of the most influential members of the Presbyterian church in this city, being an elder in said 138 History of Durham. church. He is one of nature's noblenaen, of dignified, courtly bearing and suave manners — a gentleman, christian and scholar. As a financier he has no superior and few equals in the State. As a christian he is a devout and assiduous worker in the Master's cause, with refined, tender sympa- thies for, with ever ready hand to help, all worthy objects of charity. His industry, influence and abilities have consti- tuted no small concomitants, in the moral, educational and material advancement of Durham. The many positions of trust and honor which he holds attest his intrinsic worth. He is Chairman of the Board of Education and Learning, Director of the Durham Woolen Mill ; also one of the Direc- tors of the A. & N. C. and the C. F. & Y. V. Railroads, Vice- President of the Durham Fertilizer Co., President of the Watts Coal, Coke and Iron Company of Alabama, and Chair- man of the Board of the County Commissioners of Durham. JAMES SOUTHGATE, A prominent citizen of Durham, and well known Southern Underwriter, was born in Gloucester county, Virginia, of English parentage, 1832. Entering the University of Vir- ginia in 1850, he took a classical and mathematical course of study in view of becoming a teacher. Having acquitted himself with honor, in 1853 he opened a military school in the city of Norfolk, styled the "Norfolk Male Institute." Under his able management the institution enjoyed an abundant prosperity, which increased with the years. War was the signal of its downfall. For nearly twenty years the subject of this sketch was identified with the educational interests of Virginia and North Carolina. As an instructor, he was dignified and firm, always commanding the highest respect of his pupils. His profession proving unprofitable after the war, in 1872 he began the Insurance business, a profession which is fast growing in the estimation of capitalists and the people. The BURROV.-CILES LITH CC Biographical Sketches. 139 once prevalent objections to it, based upon religious prin- ciples, have been almost totally obliterated by facts, figures and results; so that, to-day, the science of Underwriters stands high among the vast enterprises of our country, af- fording a wide field for the employment of capital and brain. At that time Durham was young, yet the eye of the obser- vant could see that where such energy as characterized her people existed, prosperity would follow in its 'wake. Mr. Southgate did not become a citizen of Durham until 1876, although many of her people were numbered among his best friends and patrons. He was soon recognized as the Insurance man of the town, and the business of his agency has increased until in point of premium receipts it occupies a position second to none in the State. He repre- sents twenty-five of the thirty Fire Insurance Companies located in North Carolina, and his business extends over several counties. Having mastered the principles of Un- derwriting, he industriously applies them, and we do not know a community which is better educated to the impor- tance of Insurance in all its phases than Durham and vi- cinity. He maintains the confidence of his companies and patrons by his recognized ability, strict integrity and uni- form courtesy. JOHN R. GREEN. This gentleman is the originator and founder of the brands " Genuine Durham " and " Genuine Bull Durham " Smok- ing Tobacco. Mr. Green moved to Durham Station in 1860, where he continued to reside until his death, which occurred in 1869. During the late war he purchased of Morris & Wright a small tobacco factory located south of the railroad on the site now occupied by the mammoth Tobacco Works of Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Company, and commenced the manufacture of the celebrated brand of " Genuine Dur- 140 History of Durham. ham Smoking Tobacco," and selected as a trade-mark the world-famed " Durham Bull." Morris & Wright had been manuiacturing, in a small way, an article which they styled " Best Spanish Flavored Smoking Tobacco." But the word " Durham " as a distinctive feature, or brand, in connection with smoking tobacco, was first used by Mr. Green, and subsequently, by right of purchase, passed into the hands of W. T. Blackwell & Co., together with the sole and exclu- sive right to the trade-mark — " Durham Bull." This tobacco was made famous through the advent of Sherman's army, a detailed account of which is given in Chapter I. In 1865 very little leaf came to Durham, and Mr. Green was com- pelled to seek the principal portion of his supplies from other markets. Being a man of indomitable energy, rare intellectual endowments and business tact, his manufacture and sales soon assumed huge proportions and continued to increase until 1868, when, his health failing, and being un- able to give the business his personal supervision, Col. W, T. Blackwell and Mr. J. R. Da}^ were admitted as partners But a broad and deep foundation had been laid for Durham's future greatness. In the selection of Mr. Blackwell he dis- played, as has since been demonstrated in a remarkable degree, sound business sagacity and forethought. The bur- den of management soon devolved almost entirely upon Mr. Blackwell, who proved himself eminently capable and w'orthy in every sense of conducting thethen infant enterprise to a success surpassing anything in the annals of the history of Tobacco in this or any other country. The little one- story wood factory of '(y5 has grown and expanded until to-day it is the largest and best equipped Smoking Tobacco Factory in the world, and the excellencies of its products have rendered the names of Green, Blackwell and Carr household words in every nich and corner of the earth where the weed is used. [As a tribute to the merits of these men, we would respectfully suggest the following design : A Biographical Sketches. 141 mounted Car(r), painted Green, with the picture of a Blaclc- well, and a bull in a drinking posture, in the centre, encircled by the words: "The Genuine Blackwell's (the word ' Black' on one side of the well and the word ' Well's ' on the other) Durham Smoking Tobacco."] Soon the hectic flush upon Mr. Green's cheek grew sadly deeper, his elastic step became weaker and weaker, and his many friends saw with sorrow that the fell-destroyer— consumption — had marked him for an early victim. Resuscitation was sought at the most cele- brated watering places, but in vain, and in the summer of 1809 he quietly passed away. Mr. Green always maintained an abiding faith that Durham would one day be a great and prosperous city, but he did not live long enough to see his cherished convictions and wishes verified. But the effect of his labors and wisdom are to day permeating all the rami- fications of business. The influence of the enterprise started by him is a concomitant element of success in all the varied industrial pursuits of the city. He sleeps in peace, but his works live after him. THOMAS D. JONES. The subject of this sketch was born in Pittsylvania county, about ten miles west of Danville, Va., on the 19th day of October, 1852. Educated in Virginia. His father, Decatur Jones, was a manufacturer of tobacco at Danville, hence he has been directly and indirectly connected with the tobacco business all of his life, and has acquired an experience and knowledge in the various aspects of the tobacco trade, rarely equalled and perhaps unsurpassed. Worked in his father's factory a considerable portion of his youth, and manufac- tured plug tobacco for himself in Danville from 1867 to 1877, speculating at the same time in fine leaf tobacco. Moved to Durham in the year 1881, and engaged in the fine wrapper trade. At that time the wrapper trade of Durham 142 • History of Durham. was quite meagre. In the latter part of 1881 be entered into copartnership with W. A. Lea in the warehouse busi- ness. Mr. Jones has unquestionably done more towards building up the fine tobacco trade of Durham than any- other man engaged in the business. Through his sapient manipulations and influence, much of the leaf trade of the border counties of the State, which had for years centred at Danville, was diverted to the Durham market, and much of this came from his old friends and customers, who, perhaps, might never have sought this market if Mr. Jones had con- tinued his business at Danville. Of course these brought their friends, and all receiving such hospitable treatment and good prices, continued to cling to this market. Mr. Jones continued one year in the warehouse business, mak- ing friends everywhere by his courteous and honorable dealing. He is one of those v/ell-bred, polished gentlemen of the old school of proverbial Southern hospitality and chivalry. Warm-hearted and generous to a fault, in him the poor and unfortu'.iate of this world always find a sym- pathetic friend, advicer and helper. No worthy object of charity turns empty-handed from his door. Investing largely in real estate here, and being one of the most important factors in the building up of our city, it is generally hoped that Mr. Jones will make Durham his permanent home. In IMa}', 1884, Mr. Jones was elected one of the Town Commis- sioners of Durham by a very flattering vote. C. B. GREEN. The name of this gentleman will be handed down to future generations as one who has contributed largely to the material and intellectual advancement of Durham. He moved to Durham in 1867, then a boy only 11 years of age. In 1870 he established a job printing office and was the first person to " stick " a type in Durham. In January, 1882, he established Tlie Durham lobacco Plant, and since that time its columns have been earnestly and honestly de- Biographical Sketches. 143 voted to the political, material, moral and educational inter- ests of the people of Durham and surrounding country. Great good has been accomplished through the medium of this ably edited journal. In 1874 he was elected a County Commissioner by the people of Orange, and acquitted him- self in this position with great credit. In 1880 he was almost unanimously nominated by the Orange County Dem- ocratic Convention as a candidate for a seat in the House of Eepresentaiives. He was opposed by Hon. Josiah Turner, one of the shrewdest canvassers in the State, and who, two years previous, had defeated one of the best men in the county by 800 majority. The contest was a very stirring and interesting one, but young Green proved himself a match for Mr. Turner, and came out with a handsome ma- jority. He took his seat in the General Assembly at the session of 188], and from that time on worked faithfully for Durham and his county. The bill introduced by him providing for the formation of the county of Durham was confronted by a most determined and vehement opposition, every inch of ground being hotly contested, but Mr. Green fought manfully and successfully for the new county, and the bill became a law. While his time was largely devoted to the material, he did not forget the educational interests of Durham. In the latter part of the session, he intro- duced a bill providing for the establishment of a graded school in Durham, which also became a law. Under the provisions of this bill the school was soon established, and is now one of the permanent institutions of Durham, which is pointed out with pride and pleasure. Mr. Julian S. Carr has made the school a present of a ^3,000 site, and a fine building will soon be erected, and adequately furnished with all necessary appliances. Mr. Green not only advocated in the Legislature the establishment of this school, but his paper did faithful and efficient service in moulding popular sentiment in favor of it. But his work for the people is not 144 History op Durham. yet accomplished. He is still young aud there is a bright field of usefulness before him. In ]883-'84,he was a member of the Board of County Commissioners and of the Durham Board of Education and Learning. His paper is Democratic to the core, and an Useful organ in that party. EDWARD J. PARRISH. This gentleman, the leading warehouseman of North Carolina, was born in the county of Orange, fourteen miles from Durham, on the 20th of October, A. D. 1846. Is a son of the late lamented Mayor of Durham, Col. D. C. Par- rish, whose death a few months ago cast a profound gloom and sadness throughout the entire community. Attended school at Round Hill, Knap of Reeds, South Lowell and Cedar Grove, and when prepared for college, entered the Sophomore Class at Trinity, under the late Dr. B. Craven, but owing to the enforcement of the "Reserve Act," passer! by the Confederate Congress, was not permitted to remain. Leaving college, he went to Raleigh and ac- cepted the ])osition of Mailing Clerk on thetS'ptn^ of the Age, (newspaper) which was subsequently merged into The Con- servative, the organ of the State Administration, when he was tendered and accepted the position of book-keeper. In this position it was thought he would be exempt from mili- tary duty. This position failing to secure the desired relief, through the influence of the many friends he had won while in Raleigh, he was offered, and accepted, a position in the Roll of Honor Office, under Major James H. Foote. He entertained strong aversion to taking up arms against the old flag, under which his father, as Colonel, had so often drilled. Having arrived at the age of 18, however, he was placed in the dilemma of either entering the service or de- serting his people. He did not hesitate long, his State pride and love of home and the " boys in gray " — the cherished ^^i^CC^'^^^ BURR0*-C1LES LITK Biographical Sketches. 145 playmates of yore, counterbalanced if not entirely obliter- ated his prejudices, and be enlisted, being assignt-d to the 4th N. C. Calvary, where, as in all other positions, he dis- charged his duty with strict fidelity, as many old comrades cheerfully testify. At the close of the war, he came home, finding all his father's property devastated. Accepting the situation in good faith, he immediately took hold of the plow handles, and, as it were, began life anew. After tilling the soil for some time, he concluded to embark in some other enterprise. Accordingly he sought and obtained a situation in Raleigh as salesman in one of the leading dry goods stores. Possessing keen business sagacity, coupled with indomitable will and energy, he was soon recognized as one of the best salesmen in the city. His native courtesy and gentlemanly bearing soon enlisted around him many warm friends who, feeling interested in his advancement, secured for him a position under the govern*Qent, and he at once entered upon the discharge of the duties pertaining thereto, proving himself faithful and eminently worthy of all trusts imposed upon him. He early manifested extraordinary talents as a business man and financier. While in the ser- vice of the government, he married, October 5th, 1870, Miss Rosa, youngest daughter of Capt. E. Bryan Haywood, of Chatham county. In January, 1871, he resigned his posi- tion under the government and moved to Durham, and opened a grocery and confectionery store. Durham at that time being but a small railroad station, he did very little business. In May, 1871, he accepted the position of auc- tioneer in the first tobacco warehouse opened in Durham, under Mr. Henry A. Reams, proprietor. The sales, occur- ring then only about twice a week, did not interfere much with his store. He continued with Mr. Reams until 1873, when the Farmer's Warehouse was completed and opened by himself and Mr. J. E. Lyon, under the name and style of Parrish & Lyom He continued business with Mr. Lyon 146 History of Durham. until the panic of 1873, when the warehouse was closed, the firm losing about all they liad made since the opening of the house. When operations were again resumed, Mr. Lyon concluded to withdraw, and Mr. Parrish became sole proprietor, and despite of all opposition soon built up a lucrative trade and a name v;hich commands respect and confidence in every important tobacco market in America. In 1S7G the Old Durham Warehouse — the first wareliouse built — was rented at auction for a term of three years, and was bid off by Mr. Parrish at the enormous sum of S2,000 per annum. During these years he pushed onward with great vigor and deserved success, and with the continued growth of the town, esteemed it prudent to select a more suitable location for his business; hence the establishment of the imposing and commodious brick Warehouse where he is at present doing business as the recognized leading warehouseman of North Carolina. The building was com- pleted, and the opening sale occurred August 29th, 1879. This was one of the most important occasions in the history of the town — giving Durham a new and powerful impetus on the highway of prosperity and commercial importance as a tobacco market. About 80,000 pounds of tobacco were sold by this warehouse on that auspicious day, Mr. Parrish paying out to planters the aggregate sum of $15,000, and the happpy fortune and favorable impressions then engen- dered have never deserted the house. On April 1st, 1880, Mr. J. W. Blackwell was admitted as a partner in the busi- ness, which was conducted under the name and style of Parrish & Blackwell until the 1st of January, 1884, when Mr. Parrish bought out Mr. Blackwell's interest, paying for the same the sum of eighty thousand dollars cash. In 1881 the firm built a large three-story brick Prize House, 44x120 feet, and since the purchase of Mr. Blackwell's interest Mr. Parrish has found it necessary to erect another large Prize House 50x120 feet, thus giving him a combined Prize House area of 39,840 feet, which, with his warehouse 56x225 and Biographical Sketches. 147 basement same size, gives him larger and better facilities for operating bis immense tobacco trade than is possessed by any other warehouseman in the State, and the many advantages which he possesses are all utilized, not only for the advancement of Durham, as a tobacco mart, but also to promote the bf st interests of the planters who seek this mar- ket from all directions — many coming even from within a few miles of othtr markets. Superior prices and accommo- dations are certainly augmenting the tobacco trade of the town, building up other warehouses and other interests. Mr. Parrish is, and has ever been considered, one of our most enterprising and reliable business men, and is very popular among all classes. Courteous, affable and enter- taining, — unassuming, yet possessing a native and prepos- sessing dignity and grace of bearing and manner, which draws about him — for advice, encouragement and assis- tance — all classes of our citizens from the most learned and affluent to the most illiterate and humble. Full of the love of the blessed Master, and seeking to emulate His example, he is ever "going about doing good," mingling with words of kindness, deeds of charity and philanthropy. No worthy object of charity is ever turned empty-handed from his door. The young man, struggling to rise in the world ever finds in him a warm friend and^helping hand. Of strong, tena- cious attachments, nothing can shake his friendship for a man or cause, which is straightforward and honorable. Wherever he can discover a yearning and a purpose to do right, he is ever ready to throw the mantle of charity over the faults and mistakes of his neighbor — never deserting a ship as long as there is the least glimmer of hope, and until after every means has been exhausted for her safe moorage. Such a man is a great blessing to any community. He is a chip of the old block — a worthy son of a noble sire. He has acted in many public positions, as Trustee, Com- missioner, Mayor, &c., and has been tendered the senatorial 148 History of Durham. nomination of this district by the Democratic party, of which he is a faithful and useful member. He is now Captain of the Durham Light Infantry, having been elected to that position before he became a member. Having always served, in the various public positions he has filled, with great effi- ciency and acceptability, there is no position within the gift of the people to which he might not attain if he choose. But he is devoted to his warehouse business and pleasantly rejects all overtures. J. B. WHITAKER, JR. Born in Goldsboro, N. C, September 3d, 1851. The war occurring when he was but ten 3'ears of age, interfered with his education. Entered the printing office of his father, J. B. Whitaker, Sr., and early manifested fitness for this avo- cation. Soon became a swift compositor, and was acknowl- edged one of the fastest composers of type in the State. Indeed, when about 15 years of age he publicly issued a challenge for a contest with any printer in the State, not over 18 years of age, and this challenge was never accepted. At 19 years of age he was employed as a journeyman on the Wilmington Daily Journal, published by Engelhard & Price, and soon won the distinction of being the swiftest compositor in that office. When a youth he published a humorous paper, which had quite a run. Has occupied the positions of local reporter of Goldsboro News and local editor of the Goldsboro Messenger. At one time he was owner and editor of an advertising sheet, called the Weekly Advertiser. Was married April 25th, 1871, to Miss Sallie A. Jones, of Goldsboro. Mr. Whitaker held in Goldsboro the positions of Assistant-Postmaster and Town Clerk, although a Demo- crat. A very high compliment, attesting his merits, as in this case politics were ignored, and Republicans voted for him from higher motives than those which usually actuate Biographical Sketches. 14^ the average voter. In these positions he acquitted himself with credit to himself and acceptability to his constituents. Moved to Durham in February, 1877, to take charge of the job printing office of Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Co. Held that position until June, 1879, when he purchased the job printing office of D. W. Whitaker, and built up a suc- cessful business. His office was almost entirely destroj'-ed by the great fire of 1880. But he immediately purchased a new outfit, and now has a well equipped job office, and is doing a good business. It is generall}'^ conceded that his bronze printing stands in the front rank of excellence. His work generally far surpasses that of any other printing done in Durham. Was a delegate to the only two Demo- cratic County Conventions held since the formation of Dur- ham county. Was also a delegate to the last Congressional Convention. He took an active part, (as he does in all other high and commendable movements) in the late pro- hibition campaign, which cause was defeated only by an amalgamated combination of Republicans, Liberals and anti-prohibitionists. This cause, though snowed under for the time being, must — because it is just, humane and holy — sooner or later triumph. The education of public senti- ment may seem slow and tedious, but we thank God that it is sure. Every convert is a convert for time and eternity — because each conversion is superinduced by, and predicated upon, pure and lofty principles of humanity, morality and religion. But we are somewhat diverging. Mr. Whitaker, be it said to his everlasting honor, was an enthusiastic coad- jutor in the temperance movement, and if he should have no other, it will be a noble heritage to leave his children. But he will leave them a life whose acts and aims bear the impress of lofty motives — unselfishness and unswerving devotion to the best interests of his fellowmen. In what- ever position he has been called to act, whether social, polit- ical or religious, he has kept an eye single to the glory of 10 150 History op Durham, God and the elevation of man. His is a character the writer delights to contemplate and hold up for emulation. He was among the foremost leaders in the Graded School movement in its darkest days, when it seemed an almost forlorn hope. And as an expresssion of the appreciation entertained for his untiring zeal in this cause, he was elected a member of the Durham Board of Education and Learn- ing in 1882 for one year, and re-elected in 1883 for two years, and he has been Secretary of the Board ever since its organization — the onl}^ member who has been present at every meeting. Was a Trustee of the Methodist Female Seminary, which position he resigned and accepted his present position on the Board of Education and Learning. WASHINGTON DUKE, The subject of this sketch is one of the representative men of the New South, commencing business in a small 16x16 log house, located in the vicinity of Durham, he has^ by honest industr}^ and sapient management, established one of the largest manufacturing industries of the South, and his name has become a household word wherever the silvery smoke of the fragrant weed floats upon the breezes of commerce. Mr. Duke was born in that part of Orange now forming the western portion of Durham county, on the 20th day of December, A. D. 1820. Received only eight months' school- ing, graduating with high distinction at the — Plow Han- dles, an institution which is the bone and sinew of our great republican nationality ; an institution upon which the perpetuity of our greatness as a people is based, and from which our greatest men have come to bless the world and leave behind them a halo of imperishable glory. Pos- sessing fine mental qualities, coupled with a pertinacious energy, Mr. Dake soon acquired a fair business education 9f^pr. au'^fc.-.-Oi'.s.s '. •-: :; 0) o >> = -5 o 5 flS ~ • o * "^ ai J ^-^ > - aj 2 c3 d £ 1> « 2^^ --^"St^^ I 2 to -3 Z * o t. ;>■ .;i' -; •„ n ® S--Qi i-i(i,i-i-* ,/ 0;?, WS?. ai3^ = K«« H a -S5 S> a 4,^ s n 1- "Sis Jn ■ <;7 dsx ^ m >> i;5 M lis a ^ D-i X _• o o 5 '- 7 a sx)-'-'p3^g*» P3 Cs w<; a o < o o c-r a a> . >,© 3 tn z; •a -s S . - ■7. .^'^ Va)rj ■Sc3- ^] 03 a a ^ I e- =3 0) I I bJO " 53 M I t- ^',' - s' '' 5 S •£ „• '^Jo "3 s<<' ."Si) . o QScSM c=3 M^ ^^ J: 0) O f^^ S ^ ^ P c3 aj a d ;5o3t "•^ SO' °^ -So- C n •- P " •2i O o -■n-^o-a^a^x!* =: ab£g'^=i3ci -f- ^ r. — « " * " : J TJ 2>P"^SSH»Sag 03 .< O O •«1 aj" bBOX — ^^ :c D3 t> 03 CQ ® Sh £>P™ ^ i' •«; S I ^ h -^ - e "^ « M - ::^ a :j o :; be CD -^ aj K! ^ >. C3 — -ii 'J a ' • fl B 3 p o ^ - • ■-■ 2 d o bl^ 2 03 W ^ p Mo . a> b£ (2^ -O X! — -r O O =* !_ - t oW -bi.y< ■^ - 3 (u s j; o s^ u Si?5£ja3 ^5?'^:q^„^w^So3-^'03^^2^ ■"^O^feHH ^ C5 9 g ^2 •'S'5 blij;<,a .Hf!^ao3g^-5^c ■Ad B3 ^MIE YEII-OW T®BAC^ iAMOLIMA. Prepared Ly the Editor of the State Chronicle, with great care, and may be rehed upon as accurate. This nuvi) sliowN tho YolU)\v 'rolmcoo-Uolt of Norll» ('arollniv. The counties that have the heaviest blael< Hues lor tlieir bounilarles, such as Granville, Vance, Buncombe, etc., aro those which prorluct! the tufwt tobacco; tho Ionh lieavy parallel H^lit Hues, are t.lu>sowl»liM\ produee less, ami soon. The counlles with dolteil lines nbout them, such as Kilgecombe, Moore. Montgt>mery, etc., are tho.se which contain Kood tobaruro liinds on which, howovor, tobacco has not yet luien uuule a lendlnji crop. 'I'he aereane is exteiuling witli unpreicdeiiled rapidity. Ihe nuip shows al.so the position of the Tobae favoral)le (of which there is now every promlH*.} 'I'lie eHtlrnateN arc as follows: (Jrnuville, r^'ir.O.OOOj Terson, .'i, 000,000; Taswell, .'>,U00,000: Koekiuiiham, 5,000,000; Iredell, 4,000,000: StoUes, 3,500,000; Vane. . .-{,000,000; Imrliaiii. ;«, 000,000; Forsyth, .'1,000,000) Hurry, .'{,OOO,000j Buncombe, ri,500, 000; Madison, -J.OOO, 000; ()raui;e, '5,000,000; .'ihuninee. 1,500.000; Warren, 1,500,000; Hay wood. 1,000,000; other counties. 15,000,000. Totiil, 63,250,000 pouiiclH. Tho llgures from the census now lall far short ol tho mark. Ihey weie vised because no others eoulil serve as a basi.s for coniparKcin. Nortli t arolinu now producett inr»rr- than »!.', (jeO.OOO pf»un(lH per year, and lias ahotit 2(X) 'ftxotorlos. It Is tho duty and the pleasure of the State lUireau of .\a.rieulture \»,\ Ualoighl lo sive dertuite inlorinaiion about the resoun-es of the >Uile und otli'-r kindnd suhjecis; .Mr. M .Mf <;kmkk, ( •onirnLsHloner: .VI r I'. M. Wh^hon, Seoiet4iry ; Dr. (.has. W. 1V\uni*.y, .lu., stale i honUst; Mr. .loiiN T. P.vtimck. state Immigration Agent; Governor T. .1. .I.\kvi.s. ( hairman of ihe Boanl. _^o 5 -o ;=Q S s 2-1^ bi o^ § 2 iW>*-S S-iT^^ S — _c >= O CC 3 g-i; ^ o.-co5c--^-= o IJ ij. ;a3 ■mm i-nf£ii i^g T i|ii «^w^^:?^cS«a.~a = -^C^S^ 9.%'^%-^i -SS^vsa^ ^ -*■ Z Ph CL|QwOh(1| c S a — a o p . llJ i% ^ -M =: .:: ■- o 05Q-s$^c§So*JS^c«-"S'S«5^-a5^>2 352s.£&« ItijS'H Sooi':^;5xJig5^;2g-5-5<2-d523S.^|fir;3£«a^| Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 159 Mr. Cameron,* in his interesting and able "Sketch of the Tobacco Interests of North CaBolina," says that when the sanguine colonists of Jamestown heard the result of their first shipment of the golden sands of James river, and learned that it was nothing more than worthless mica spangles, they may have consoled themselves under their bitter chagrin in the oblivious cloud of smoke from the soothing pipe, and learned at length that in the tobacco fields they had really, if unwittingly, found a true El Dorado. For, despairing of the discovery of the metalic gold, they sought it in the i3ul- ture and sale of the w^eed which a new habit had made in- dispensable to human luxury and comfort, and which made returns that filled the coffers of the planters as eftectively and substantially as the metallic representative. Gold was found above the soil, not under it; and henceforward the southern colonies went on to grow and to prosper, to become populous, wealthy and refined, and to reach that social and political height which gave them preeminent influence with the other colonies, and which has never been lost through the lapse of time, the shocks of war or the reverses of for- tune. And this is all directly traceable to tobacco. Tobacco was soon made to perform also the functions of gold in another form. Its culture once firmly established, and markets opened for its disposal, it became the common medium of exchange, the standard of value, and almost the sole currency of Virginia at least. It paid the taxes of the farmer, it liquidated his debts, to the merchant, it satisfied the parson for his ministrations, and it measured the dowry of the bride. It was made in its earliest colonial days, as it has been made to do in the maturity of modern common- wealths, to bear a most important relation to the subject of revenue. King James, and his successor, King Charles, both strove to obtain a monopoly of the sale of tobacco raised in Virginia, which the Governor and Council compromised-, by agreeing to contract with their sovereign for at least 500,000 pounds, at 3s. and 6d. per pound, to be inspected and guaranteed to be of uniform good quality, which is the origin of the present system of inspection. But this con- tract carried with it another burden opposed to the liberties of agriculture. That the sovereign might be freed from competition, and obtain full prices for the amount of tobacco *We here desire to make our acknowledgments to this gentleman for much important information in the preparation of these pages. o i bD 1=1 •fH •iH o I § CO «f-l bD o o (D a a Eh o 4J ^ ^-3 4^ o3 •-: d ft 03 o d 4J 'l-i CO CQ 03 >i 4-3 •pH -H r-H o 03 03 Ih >. o ►-3 •iH rO £ CQ Tj 03 +3 •iH a !>i !m o •pH •? ^ +3 4J bD o 03 rS^ a 4-3 o CO ^ ^ O O 160 History of Durham. delivered to him, the planter was required to gather only twelve leaves from each -plant. In its early history, as in its modern experience, tobacco has been the sport of legislation, the subject of vexatious laws and tyrannical ex- actions, as if law-makers had conspired to punish mankind for the facility with which they had yielded to its seductive dominion. North Carolina lagged many years behind Virginia in the extent of the culture of tobacco; for whereas all the tide- water region of the latter State became almost exclusively devoted to this staple, long before the Revolutionary War, but comparatively a small portion of the former was given up to it. The counties of Warren and Granville, and the counties along the Dan, with portions of Orange and Chat- ham, under their former limits, were probably the only counties in which tobacco was extensively cultivated for market. In North Carolina is produced tobacco unequalled even in Virginia; and yet she is deprived of her due credit both for quantity and quality. Virginia has absorbed her fame as well as her products. Statistical tables put North Carolina as the fourth State in extent of crop, yet foreign commercial tables take no note of this, and the fifty or more millions of leaf tobacco that go out of North Carolina, go upon the world as Virginia tobacco. It is no reproach to Virginia that this is so. She has systematized her busi- ness by the experience of two centuries, and shipments from Richmond and Petersburg had a guarantee for their excel- lence in the fidelity, knowledge and skill of those who con- trolled the market. And Virginia had given North Carolina the only market within reach of her producing regions un- til the change in the system of sales, established since the war, has given her markets of her own. It is our duty to .show to the world what we are doing, and vindicate our fame and the magnitude of our resources. But she must part with her title in the fame of her "bright yellow tobacco," a fame based upon its Nortl^ Caro- lina origin and almost exclusive North Carolina production. Tobacco is our crowning glory to-day, and it beiiooves us, as patriotic citizens, to see to it that our State shall have credit not only for the quantity but quality of this product. Affluent in everything that contributes to the wealth and prosperity of a State, in our tobacco, crude and manufact- Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 161 ured, which is without a superior, if it has an equal, in all the world, we have an unx'"ailing source of revenue that alone is capable in time of raising her to the first rank in the galaxy of progressive States in this Union. It is but a few years, twenty-seven, as a matter of fact, since the first bright North Carolina leaf, as now known in trade and commerce, ■was timidly placed upon the market, and in the compara- tively short interval that has elapsed since its advent, it has become known and esteemed in each of the four quarters of the globe. To Capt. Abishai Slade, of Caswell county, alone belongs the honor of discovering the process by which the dark brown leaf was converted into the superb " Golden Yellow," or " Bright Leaf," a most extraordinary and valuable pro- cess ; one which has lifted many an humble hard-struggier with poverty into positions of competency and comfort; for it fascinates and excites the buyer as if he could not pay too much for this beautiful semblance of the product of the mine. And all this treasure is almost exclusively in pos- session of our State. Until recently it was confined to the narrow belt running from south-east to north-west — embra- cing portions of the counties of Warren, Granville, Orange, Durham, Person, Caswell, Alamance and Rockingham, and reaching a little way over into Virginia. Now that area has been extended by the addition of some of the extreme eastern counties, and of the middle counties of Stokes and Forsyth, of the western counties of Catawba, Iredell and McDowell, and the trans-montane counties of Buncombe, Madison, Haywood, Henderson, Yancey and Transylvania. AREA OF tobacco. The U. S. Census of 1880 places the product of leaf tobacco in this State for the year 1879 at 26,986,213 pounds. There has been considerable increase since, both in area and pounds, but the following are the latest collective figures the writer has been able to obtain : Acres. Pounds. Acres. Alamance. . . . i,6SS 695,013 Beaufort. . . . 17 Alexander. . . 28 11,799 Bertie 2 Alleghany. . , 8 2,049 Bladen .... 6 Anson II 4,880 Brunswick . . 7 Ashe 6o 11,064 Buncombe. . .. 947 Pounds. 5,263 554 1,040 2,502 475,428 162 History of Durham. Acres. Pounds, Burke 58 20,079 Cabarrus 12 3.239 Caldwell 75 25,334 Carteret . I 303 Caswell 10,174 4,336,664 Catawba 49 26,380 Chatham 141 49,837 Cherokee 42 8,411 Chowan I 398 Clay 25 5,771 Cleveland 23 5,122 Columbus 15 3,866 Craven 6 2,732 Davidson 484 260,538 Davie 1,205 633,339 Duplin 16 4,655 Edgecombe 3 550 Forsyth 1,693 822,788 Franklin 118 58,932 Gaston. 7 2,180 Gates 3 620 Graham 4 1,095 Granville 8,941 4,606,358 Greene 8 1,955 Guilford 910 422,716 Halifax ... 21 8,487 Harnett 32 9,51° Haywood 100 39,5i6 Henderson 29 4,087 Hertford 7 2,160 Hyde 4 517 Iredell 465 242,714 Jackson 21 4, 801 Johnston 36 12,881 Jones I 250 Lenoir 45 13,500 Lincoln 15 6,085 McDowell 100 30,541 Macon 46 9,I54 Madison 1,626 807,911 Acres. Pounds. Martin i 211 Mecklenburg. . 10 2,291 Mitchell 77 29,647 Montgomery.. 54 I4,370 Moore 70 15,724 Nash '27 7,562 Northampton . 36 20,484 Onslow 2 730 *Orange 2,323 1,178,732 Pamlico 12 l,520 Pender 3 690 Perquimans... i 400 Person 5,768 3,012,387 Pitt 3 59S Polk 4 931 Randolph 45 11,101 Richmond .... 6 1,305 Robeson 2 577 Rockingham . . 9,332 4,341,259 Rowan 216 115,251 Rutherford..., 38 12,908 Sampson 28 14,352 Stanly 8 1,735 Stokes 4,690 2,131,161 Surry 2, 136 905,250 Swain 11 1,166 Transylvania. . 10 3,853 Union g 3,467 *Wake 239 94,354 Warren 1,759 992,256 Washington ... 4 685 Watauga 23 7,2io Wayne 198 102,970 Wilkes no 33,211 Wilson 17 8,745 Yadkin 425 177,595 Yancey 84 33,898 Total 57,208 26,986,213 From this exhibit it appears that of the ninety-six coun- ties in the State eighty-seven grew tobacco in 1879, though some of them respectively but a small quantity. There are no statistics showing the quantity actually produced annually in the State, but the large warehousemen and other compe- tent judges estimate it at about 60,000,000 pounds. The *The county of Durham since formed of portions of Orange and Wake. Dur- ham and Wake will this year produce over 2,000,000 pounds. Wake hitherto has paid very little attention to the production of tobacco, her chief product having been cotton. Some of the best tobacco lands in the State lie In this county. Efforts are being made to establish a market at Raleigh, the capital of the State. Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 163 finest tobacco in this State, as in others, is grown only in a few counties. HOW the tobacco trade is conducted. All of the tobacco grown in North Carolina that is not conveyed from the northern farms to Danville and other nearer Virginia markets for sale, is sold on open break in the various markets of the State. The custom of selling in this manner prevails, as our readers know, in Maryland, Vir- ginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri. It is one which commends itself to both sellers and buyers, as it yields to the farmers all that their products bring, less warehouse charges, and to the latter it gives op- portunity for purchasing at first hands and seeing what they buy. The vast warehouses where the breaks are es- tablished are the tobacco growers' havens. To them they go, as they go to their homes, feeling assured that there they will receive fair treatment. Most of the warehouses have attached to them apartments designed and reserved espe- cially for the uses of the farmers and their teams. To a person unaccustomed to the sight, it is interesting to see the growers in and about the warehouses, as among them every variety of the genus homo may be met — the lively, the dull, the rich, the poor, the white, the black ; men with one acre, men with thousands of acres, and men with no acres at all except what they hire. But with the warehousemen, the dealers and the manufacturers, these are the men who are increasing the wealth of the " Old North State " at a rate that is absolutely astonishing. Into wagons of various sizes and forms, but mostly those drawn by two horses or mules ; wagons that are high at the rear and less high at the front ; that have canvas coverings for roofs, oat bins at the backs, and tool boxes on the sides — into wagons of this description the growers pack their precious crops of tobacco when they are ready for sale, assorting them as well as they can, and start away for the markets. Five, ten, twenty, sixty miles they come to the warehouses, sleeping safely in their wagons on the way, so orderly and law-abiding are the people of. the State as a rule ; and in an hour or two after their arrival they are on 'their way home with the money their crops have brought in their pockets. In the busy seasons hundreds of them arrive daily in the princi- 164 History op Durham. pal markets. Driving up to the doorways of the ware- houses, they unload their crops according to the classifica- tions they have made. The various classes or piles are weighed and then placed in order along the long floors of the warehouse. Some piles weigh but a few pounds and some several hundred pounds, but on each pile a card is placed bearing the name of the warehouse, number of the pile, the farmer's name, the price the pile brings when sold, the number of pounds and the buyer's name, all of which are entered in the warehousemen's books. The expedition with which sales are effected in the ware- houses is remarkable, the auctioneers passing from pile to pile followed by the buyers, at the rate of almost two to the minute. Thousands of pounds of tobacco thus change hands in a few minutes. Farmers can reject bids when the prices do not equal their expectations without charge, and obtain free storage for tobacco withdrawn until it is again offered for sale. Immediately at the conclusion of the sales, the sellers or farmers receive their pay from the warehouse- men, less the charges. The charges are as follows : 10 cents per 100 pounds for weighing, and 10 cents for fractional parts of 100 pounds. Auction fees are 25 cents per pile for piles less than 500 pounds, and 50 cents per pile for piles weighing from 500 to 1,000 pounds, and $1 per pile for piles weighing 1,000 pounds and over. Commissions 3 per cent. Brokerage charges are 75 cents per hundred for buying and packing, and 2h per cent, on net amount of bill, which is equivalent to about one cent a pound. The cost to a farmer to sell his tobacco is estimated at about five cents a pound,- which is a small item considering the average range of prices he receives. Excepting Sundays and the holidays, the warehouses in Durham are open for business every day in the year, thougli Mondays and Saturdays are regarded as easy or off-days. When the auction sales are concluded, the buyers imme- diately convey their purchases to the prizing houses, so as to leave the floors of the warehouses free for succeeding daily operations, and it is in these establishments that the real work of preparing the tobacco for market is done. There every leaf and bundle is examined, graded and classified according to a precise and uniform formula, and the goods are packed in tierces and hogsheads, ready for shipment wherever wanted. Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 165 So rapid has been the development of trade, that one may see farmers and tradesmen on the breaks who have rivsen from comparative poverty to comparative opulence in a few years. Lands that could have been bought a dozen years ago for two or three dollars an acre, cannot now be had for less than hundreds of dollars per acre, and some cannot be purchased at all, so much has tobacco increased the value of everything in the localities where it is grown and sold. Tobacco and its influence upon the prosperity of the people of the tobacco belt, is the one common topic of observation everywhere, just as it has long been in the to- bacco districts of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and other Northern States. Notwithstanding the appreciation in the value of lands under tobacco culti- vation, as much as immigration will be likely to demand for many years, and as good as the best, can be procured at prices within the means of the most ordinary laboring man. It is so all through the State. Within the area of territory embracing the thriving towns of Durham, Henderson, Ox- ford, Winston and Reidsville, all of which are in the cele- brated Piedmont District, thousands upon thousands of acres of the very best tobacco, cotton, grain, fruit and wood lands in the world are still available to all honest and in- dustrious immigrants at reasonable prices. CULTURE AND CUEING OP TOBACCO. The following facts are gleaned mainly from the tobacco portion of the 10th Census, advance sheets of which were kindly furnished the author by the Commissioner at Wash- ington. The very highest authorities have been sought both in this State and Virginia, and the facts herewith sub- mitted may be relied on as accurate. In this State the de- velopment of the fine tobacco interest displays one of the most remarkable transitions in the history of agriculture. Its growth was first begun in this State by two brothers, Eli and Elisba Slade, of Caswell county, upon a ridge between two small tributaries of the Dan river. The soil was thin and sandy and, in comparison with the river bottoms, was of little value. About 1852 or 1853 the Slades grew, by chance, as they supposed, a small crop of yellow tobacco. As it grew year after year, its peculiarities were attributed to special methods of culture and curing. They communicated 11 166 History of Durham. their methods to all inquirers, and it was soon found that soil was the chief element, although care in the modes of cultivation and curing was also found to be necessary to the production of the best qualities. From the plantation of the Slades, its growth extended over. Caswell county, and along the same ridge into Pittsylvania county, Virginia. This covered almost tlie entire area of yellow-tobacco cul- ture before the civil war, when the production of tobacco was almost entirely suspended. The war increased the man- ufacture of tobacco in the North, where no tobacco suitable for plug or wrappers was grown, and at its close attention was called to the fitness of the North Carolina yellow leaf for this purpose. The price rose with the demand, and the production extended to other counties, especially to Person, Granville and Rockingham. Granville outstrips all com- petitors, although many other counties have entered the lists, from Buncombe and Madison, in the west, where it is grown on the slope of the Alleghanies, 3,000 feet above sea- level, to the coast belt about Goldsboro', 200 feet above the ;sea — a vertical range of 2,800 feet, and a climatic range •equivalent to about eight and a half degrees of latitude. "While yellow leaf may have been raised in Virginia in small •quantities, this may be taken as an accurate sketch of the origin and spread of the new product in North Carolina and in the contiguous counties of Virginia. After the war the cheap and abundant production of shipping tobacco in the West and the reduction of the price below the cost of production in North Carolina militated, with the demand for fine tobacco, to diminish the growth of the heavy tobacco and to extend widely the production of fancy leaf, which reaches its highest perfection in the cen- tral belt, of which the city of Durham is the main outlet. There are, broadly and generally staled, two varieties of soil in North Carolina: a gray, sandy, light soil, with a yel- low, sandy-clay subsoil, suited to yellow leaf and the various types of fine tobacco, and a dark loam, a rich, unctuous, heavy soil, with a red clay subsoil, suited especially to the cereals and to a heavy dark or red tobacco. The change in the growth of tobacco has been from one of these to the other. Shipping leaf is still grown, however, both as an in- dustr}^ upon soil selected for it, and as an incident to at- tempts to raise fine tobacco upon lands not suited to its production. Sometimes a part of the same field will offer Tobacco Interests of North Qarolina. 167 both kinds of soil and grow both fine and heavy tobacco. The production of shipping leaf is not regarded as profita- ble, and planters generally endeavor to raise the fine leaf, so that this is the only branch of tobacco culture worthy of especial notice. Alongside the decline in wealth in old areas of prosperity there are other instances in the South of the growth of thrift and wealth in communities which were poor before the war, but no other section presents such wonderful changes. Comfortable farm-houses have taken the places of rude log-cabins, excellent and convenient barns and out- houses exhibit the new thrift, and new life has been infused into all classes and into both races. The distinctive feature of this phenomenon is that it has brought into requisition, as most profitable, the poorest soils in the State, and wrought its improvements on the poorest farming classes. It has also enhanced the value of such lands until they actually sell for more than the most fertile bottom lands, and the spec- tacle has actually been witnessed of a contention between counties as to which could show the most poor land. The effect of this is practically to increase largely the wealth- producing power of the State, breaking down the ordinary economic distinctions between sterile and fertile lands. The amount of this enhancement cannot be given with even ap- proximate accuracy, because nothing definite can yet be known as to the area of fine tobacco lands, the continued value of poor lands depending also on the stabiiit}'- of the demand for such tobacco. VARIETIES of TOBACCO. Slight differences in nomenclature, local names, and the uncertain use of descriptive adjectives make it difiicult to reach absolute accuracy in treating of the varieties of to- bacco cultivated. The Orinoco, popularly called in some localities " Iron Oak," is a widely grown plant, of which at least three vari- eties are reported — the Yellow, the White-stem, and the Little or Sweet Orinoco. The Yellow Orinoco is early, ma- tures well, becomes bright on the hill, and has a broad, heavy leaf of a fine, silky texture. The White-stem Orinoco grows brighter and whiter on the hill than most varieties, and is more easily cured the desired color. The fiber is 168 History of Durham. also white. Silky Pryor has a long, sharp-pointed leaf, and grows thin on the stalk, with a leaf very tough and pliant when cured, which can be handled drier than any other variety. The Bullock has a broad, smooth leaf, with no ruffle on the stem. It stands heat well in curing. The leaves are far apart on the stalk, and it bears few suckers, often not more than. four or five to the plant; nor do suck- ers start from below the surface of the hill. On account of the space between the leaves, a hand can sucker one-third more of this variety than of any other. The Gary makes a good sample, has a round leaf, and yellows well on the hill. Virginia Seed-Leaf and Tally are also grown to some extent. The Yellow Orinoco has largely the preference among plan- ters, the Gooch and the Bull-face coming next, and perhaps the Yellow Pryor next to them, and the Little or Sweet Ori- noco, the Blue Pryor, the Adcock, the Mann, and the Cun- ningham, are extensively cultivated. One general truth is established: that soil adapted to coarse shipping to- bacco will not produce fine tobacco with any variety, and vice versa. All varieties cure dark brown or red when grown on red- elay soils with heavy dark or brown top soil, but incline to brighter and lighter hues on sandy, gray soil, with yellowish subsoil, and cure from bright red to mahogany and fine yel- low. On all fresh lands, except the very best fancy tobacco soils, all varieties are somewhat lighter and brighter than on old lands. This is especially the case with those lands which will only produce shipping leaf after the first or sec- ond year. Such is the effect of soils, that the purity of any variety can only be preserved by procuring seed from the soil which produces its original, and most perfect type. This is a rule, however, of very little practical value until experiments shall have determined the entire subject of adaptability, and even then the purity of any given variety can only be maintained by great care. The seed-plants must be remote from any other variety to avoid the intermixture of pollen by insects, and the seed is to be selected from the crown^ that alone reproducing the same plant. Seeds from the lower and side shoots grow plants resembling those coming from seeds of suckers ; indeed, the side shoots are but suckers. Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 169 TOBACCO SOILS. In determining the question as to what constitutes fine tobacco lands, or what element is fatal to the growth of yellow leaf, the inquir}'' must embrace the important matter of drainage. Tobacco is a plant which delights in a dry, warm soil, requiring comparatively little moisture, and in no respect do these lands differ more widely from others than in thorough drainage. While such lands are very miry in wet weather, so that it is difficult to drive a wagon or even to ride over them, the top soil is always dry and warm. There is a difference of opinion as to new lands. In the western counties, where the growth of tobacco is quite re- cent, new land is almost altogether planted, but in the older tobacco counties planters have learned to conserve their old lands and to raise upon them tobacco of the best quality b}'' the judicious use of fertilizers, and no longer depend upon clearing. All agree, however, that a very fine quality of leaf is grown on new lands. Some lands will produce a fair fancy wrapper one or two seasons, and never after. It is also generally agreed that the first crop is very fine and most easily cured, but lacks the body and uniformity of texture and color of the second year's growth on the best tobacco lands. Fertilizers are applied upon new as well as upon old lands. In the older tobacco counties cases are given where tobacco has been grown upon land for twenty years in suc- cession without decrease in yield or deterioration in quality, but always Vv'ith the aid of manure. Such lands appear to possess permanent qualities, which need only the addition of fertilizers and manures, and it is believed that with proper care and rotation most of them can be kept up indefi- nitely.* Old fields of the proper soil, which have been Vv^orn out and abandoned make, when cleared of their new growth, the best tobacco lands. They are generally overgrown with * It is unquestionably true tliat the mechanical condition of the soil and the absence of certain iaorganic elements have more to do with the production of fine tobacco than a supply of plant food. Tliis soil is, indeed, a sponge, Avliich receives and retains just fertilizers enou<-!;h to bring the plant to tlie proper size, when they become exhausted, and the plant goes inio a gradual decline, growing more and more yellow and more and more delicate in tissue, until it is cut. Too much manure will destroy tlio line qualities of the leaf, impairing its color and increasing its coarseness. 170 History of Durham. pines, with an undergrowth of whortleberry, chincapins, and other bushes, the pines growing to two feet in diameter in about twenty-five years. About fifteen or twenty years are required for the resuscitation of old worn-out lands. One field was planted in corn in 1850, and the yield was so poor that the fence was removed. In 1876 it was cleared of its pine growth and planted in tobacco, which brought 50 cents a pound for the whole crop. This field has been cultivated in tobacco for five successive 3'ears, and the last crop was better than the first. The land was treated the first year with 200 pounds of a commercial fertilizer, and has since received yearly applications of stable manure and fertilizer in the drill, A great many farmers are of opinion, however, that the lands are exhaustible and require years of rest, and assert that, although the first crops on old fields reclaimed are better than when first cleared, a great falling off occurs after the second crop, the soil wearing out much more rap- idly than in the first instance. "These old pine fields, when they have a gray, sandy soil and a yellow subsoil, are the best of tobacco lands. A man selected a few acres which had grown up in " bald-faced Spanish oaks," scrub hickory, chincapin, and sourwood, all indicative of very poor lands, and the crop raised sold for 50 cents a pound at the barn door. When the soil is of the right kind, old fields which have lain for years in " broom- sedge" or broom-grass {Andropogon scoparius) grow the very finest tobacco, while they are almost worthless for other crops. This " sedge " is turned under in the fall before frost, and tobacco is planted the next spring. A southern exposure is generally sought for fine tobacco. This soil is drier and warmer, and the plant matures earlier. The rich, black soils of northern slopes will not produce fine tobacco, while a few yards off, on the other slope, the finest may be grown. Reports show a general average of 33 per cent, of preferred tobacco soils cultivated, and the proportion of new lands is reported at 45 per cent. In Buncombe and Madison counties, in the west, where tobacco culture has been re- cently introduced, the proportion of new lands is 80 per cent., and the general average proportion of uncleared lands adapted to the plant is given as 58 per cent. Since fine to- bacco lands are precisely those which farmers would avoid Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 171 clearing for other crops, this is probably too low rather than too high an estimate. PREPARATION OF THE SOIL. In the preparation of tobacco lands, methods vary with the character of the soils, old " sedge" lands, clover fallows and stubble lands requiring more plowing than land last cultivated in corn or tobacco. New ground is cohered twice or oftener, and is cleared of roots and trash ; lot lands are plowed in autumn or in early winter, to obtain the help of the winter frosts in reducing the soil to fine tilth, are again plowed early in the spring, and a third time before planting. Turning plows are used to a depth of from 2 to 5 inches, the object being to invert the upper soil as deeply aspossible without exposing the subsoil. If the land is trashy, or not in thorough tilth, it is dragged with a heavy harrow after the last plowing. It is then bedded up by throwing from two to four furrows together with a turning-plow, and the hills are laid off from 2| to 3 feet, 3 inches apart and patted on the top, so as to compact the soil where the plant is to be set. Hilling is strongly recom- mended by the best planters, especially in wet seasons, affording better drainage and protection against all the wet- weather diseases of tobacco. Hills present a flat surface of from 10 to 15 inches in diameter, and are made when the ground is in good order for working. If too dry, it will require too much rain to moisten them sufficiently ; if too wet, they will bake. In new ground the hills may be made in March or April* in old ground they are to be made late enough to avoid danger of growing up in weeds or grass before planting, not earlier than the first of May. Listing or bedding up by 3 or 4 furrows of a turning-plow saves labor in making hills. There is a wide difference of opinion and of practice as to the proper distance between plants, varying from 2| by 2 ft. 3 ins. to 3 ft. 3 ins. by 3 ft. 3 ins. Many hold that noth- ing is gained in aggregate w^eight, while something is lost in length, breadth, and body by crowding closer than 3 feet 3 inches apart each way. Hills are generally made by meas- uring or stepping off one row and placing the hills of the 172 History of Durham. next opposite the center of the space between those in the first, and so on, in quincunx order. TOBACCO FERTILIZERS. Both commercial fertilizers and home-made manures are used : of the former, special tobacco fertilizers and Peruvian guano; of the latter, chieflj' stable manure. Stable manure is used in connection with numerous commercial fertilizers: guano, superphosphates, and special compounds prepared for tobacco. In the eastern tobacco counties no attempt is made to raise tobacco without fertilizers and manures ; in the west- ern counties planters are farming a virgin soil and using very little manure; and the policy of clearing new to re- place old lands promises to go on until it has wrought the ruin it has elsewhere. It is generally agreed that upon most lands in the west two crops can be raised without manure, and this is generally the limit. Tlie use of fertilizers is said to yellow the crop in the hill as well as to increase the yield, and they are applied broad- cast in the hill and in drills. The practice of placing them in the drills possesses advantages every way. The most approved method is to apply stable manure in the winter. A furrow is opened, in which it is placed, according to the character of the soil, and a furrow is thrown over it. In the spring the center of this is divided with a buU-tongue or shovel-plow, and the commercial fertilizer is placed in the new furrow with the stable manure, a bed being thrown over this by three or four furrows with a turning-plow. In this way the soil of the bed becomes thoroughly per- meated by the fertilizer and manure, and upon this bed the hills are made at the proper time, the object being to place both the manure and the fertilizer so that the plant will receive the stimulus from the very start. Both commercial fertilizers and barn-yard manures areapplied according to the soil, and this must be done, after long experience, with great care and judgment. Too much will injure the qual- ity and the texture or may cause firing ; too little may leave the plant small, lean, and poor; the object being to use enough to make eight or ten plants yield a pound of fine tobacco when cured. Quantities applied are variously re- ported, as from 50 to 500 pounds per acre, and when no Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 173 home-made manure is used, the amount of commercial fer- tilizer is very nearly doubled. Peruvian guano has been generally abandoned in raising fine tobacco. Most of the fertilizers used are manufactured especially for fine tobacco under various names and brands, and most of them are said to be rich in ammonia, soluble phosphates and potash. Much attention has been paid to home-made manures, stable manure being generally used and preferred to all others, and giving best results when used in combination with commercial fertilizers— the latter starting the jUant and giving quick growth; the former finishing the growth, giving body and maturity. Size may be attained without manure by the use of fertilizers alone, but not bod3^ Some planters make their own fertilizers by treating bone dust with sulphuric acid, and composts are also made of muck and stable manure. Ashes are also used, and by some guano "is considered especially applicable to new land. SEED-BEDS. The soil selected for the seed bed is as fine as flour, ^^ith the least possible admixture of coarse sand and gravel, in- clined to be moist, but not wet, and thoroughly drained. The sowing is done sometimes as early as December 1, and again as late as the 15th of April, but January and February are preferred. Usually the plants appear about the first of March if the sowing has been timely, and are sufficiently well grown for transplanting by the first week in May. Plants are ready for setting out when the leaves are about 3 inches long and the width of three fingers, but for old grvound the plants should be larger, and leaves 5 or 6 inches long. TRANSPLANTING TOBACCO. Planters generally agree that the 10th of May is soon enough to begin transplanting, and that successive plant- ings are desirable, in order that tlie crop may not all mature at once. Later than the 10th of June is not looked upon with favor by the best planters. Planting is sometimes done as late as the first of August, but never with expecta- tion of more than very moderate returns. If set out too early, the plants are likely to be damaged by cold, and to 174 History of Durham. be deprived of the dews of August and September ; if too late, they may not mature properly before frost. In general, planters wait for rain in order to transplant, though crops of seventy acres have been successfully planted by making artificial seasons. CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO. As soon as the plant has rooted and begun to grow, which is shown by the color, and is usually within five or six days, the turn-plow is run, with the bar next the plant, thus barring oft' the soil. The hill is then cleared of weeds with a hoe, and a little fresh earth is drawn to the plant. An excellent authority opposes the use of the plow unless the rows have become very foul, and recommends breaking the crust of the hill with the hoe and drawing loose earth around the plant until it has covered the hill to a breadth of 12 inches. This is probably the better way, but it is too tedious and costly for general practice. About a week after the first plowing the earth is thrown to the plant by the plow, and a broad, flat hill is made with the hoe. A third plowing is given before topping, and the hoe hands follow, hilling up well v/ith a high hill. Unless grass and weeds are very prolific, this will be cultivation enough, Boih the turning-plow and the bull-tongue are used, the former being preferred when the rows are foul. The cultivation is shallow, and the subsoil is but little stirred, and cultivation is avoided after topping unless the weeds and grass require the hoe. The plowing is often done with a cotton sweep, which is growing in favor, and cultivation is pushed rapidly by the best planters. In shipping leaf cultivation is continued until August, but in fine tobacco, beginning with plow or hoe when the plant has commenced growing, it is continued about once in ten days until the 10th or 15th of July. PRIMING, TOPPING, AND SUCKERING OF TOBACCO. At the last hoeing, as a general rule, the bottom leaves are primed off. When it is possible, all plants for fine tobacco are topped by the last of July, or at latest by the 10th of August. There is, however,- the greatest diversity of opinion as to both priming and topping. The general Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 175 "rule as to priming, however, is from 4 to 6 inches, while the range in topping up to the last of July is usually from ten to fourteen leaves. Ten may be taken, however, as the number approved most widely, as measuring that which can be easily matured with the greatest weight and desired texture and color. Planters who adopt a standard of ten, top as high as twelve leaves when the plant is gross, or go below that if it appear that ten cannot be properly matured. Topping is usually done at intervals of a week, and at each successive topping fewer leaves are left, so as to make all plants set out at the same time ripeu together. The season and the character of the plant have much to do with the topping, but the best authorities assert that those who are tempted to go beyond ten leaves, except with very gross plants, lose in body, oil, and toughness, and gain nothing in weight, texture, or color. Some planters top even as high as twenty leaves on strong land, holding that low top- ping makes the plant coarse and the fibers large. One planter advises topping high in dry weather and low in wet weather, on the ground that if the plant be topped low in dry weather and rains follow, it will be sur- feited with moisture, and the top leaves will grow large and the bottom leaves fall off. If dry weather succeeds wet, the plant having been topped high and the supply of moisture ceasing, the growth is checked, the plant is not filled out, and the leaf grows thin and papery. Perhaps the best rule given as to priming is to allow the tips of the bottom leaves at maturity to hang well clear of the ground. Suckers are pulled off when too or three inches long, and every week, as they appear, until the plant is cut, usually from three to four times. There are two weeks between suc- cessive crops of suckers. The usual time between planting and topping is about six weeks, but this is so dependent on the season that the time may be from forty to sixty days. The time between topping and cutting is from six to ten weeks, varying ac- cording to season and according to soil, gray lauds matu- ring the plant earlier than red lands. The variation on account of soil is given at as much as four weeks, and the plant will stand longer on strong land than on thin land. The method of cultivation also has an influence on the time, shallow culture ripening the plant earlier than deep cul- ture. The time of maturing is also affected by the quality 176 History of Durham. and the quantity of fertilizer used, and the variation in time of cutting, from the last of August to the 15tli of October. RIPENING TOBACCO. Ripening is indicated b}' the leaf becoming sleek, the fuzz disappearing, and the appearance of dappled yellow spots, called "graining." Dappled leaves make a mahogany leaf when cured; uniform grayish-green color (mellon-apple green), when cut, indicates the finest leaf. Poor tobacco, without body, has a smooth, lifeless yellow, improper ripen- ing, due to wet seasons, renderiiig it almost impossible to attain the desired color. The plant will not ripen well in wet seasons, rendering it almost impossible to attain the desired color. The plant will not ri[)en well in wet seasons, especially when rain follows drought, but it is not injured by rain after it is ripe. It may begin a new growth, but will ripen again in u few days. Cool nights and heavy dews thicken the plant, and cause it to mature rapidly, with good body. CUTTING OF TOBACCO, Tobacco is always cut thoroughly ripe, unless it is neces- sary to sacrifice quality to escape total loss from frost. There is a difference of opinion as to the effect of rain or dew, almost all asserting that it does no harm to cut even when wet with rain or dew ; yet one of the best authorities on the subject declares that the least water on the leaf spoils the color in drying. When the plants are fully ripe, each cutter takes two rows, a stick-carrier walking between two cutters, holding a stick. The plants are split down the center of the stalk and cut, and six to eight plants are placed astride the stick; another hand takes two sticks at a time to the wagon; and a third hand keeps the stick-carrier supplied. The plants are as- sorted in the field, so that those only of a uniform color and ripeness shall be cut and cured together, and the tobacco is placed at once in the wagon, if possible, without exposure to the sun, and without allowing it to wilt or to lie upon the ground. It is desirable that the plants shall be stiff and open, so that the hot air can circulate freely among the leaves, and is never scaffolded before housing. Cutting is done on Monday and Tuesda}^ so as to cure Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 177 by Saturda}' , or it is cut on Friday and Saturday, postpon- ing the curing till Monday, from the rigid regard for the Sab- bath and its universal observance by all classes, although the planters suffer serious inconvenience and expense in the cutting season when the weather on Monday is unfavorable for outdoor work. Twelve hands will fill a barn of 600 pounds' capacity in two days ; but this is excellent work, and the last loads will not be gotten in until after nightfall. The sticks are 4J feet long, and are placed at a distance of from 8 to 10 inches apart on the tier poles, but never less than 8 inches, for fear of sweating or " house-burn." TOBACCO-BARNS. For fine tobacco, curing-barns are builtof logs, small and tight, from 16 to 22 feet square. The larger size has the merit of economy, while lb-foot barns have the approval of the larger number of planters. The comparative housing capacity is about as 4 to 7, the smaller holding 352 sticks, the larger 650, one foot apart. If 16 feet, the barn is di- vided by five sets of tier poles into four equal compart- ments; if 20 feet square, six sets of tier poles divide the barn, including, in both cases, the joists, and exclusive of the collar-beams. A slope to the east is used, if possible, that the furnace may open on that side, prevailing winds being from the west in the curing season. When, as is generally the case, more than one barn is needed, the barns are grouped together for convenience, but not nearer than 100 feet, on account of danger from fire. An inclination of 2 feet in 20 will be found advan- tageous in arranging the furnaces. The reason assigned for the use of log instead of frame barns is, that the latter, even though they be ceiled, cannot be heated sufTiciently. The ground sills are of oak, well underpinned, and on these the pen, 20 feet scjuare, is built of logs about 6 inches in di- ameter, notched down closely. At the height of 5 feet a set of six tier poles, generally of pine, and 4 inches in diame- ter, is laid horizontally, resting upon the northern and southern walls, the two outside polls lying against the east and west walls. The first tier is only used in hanging and hoisting; the next is laid on in the same way, three logs above; and so on to the top, when the sixth is laid, serving 178 History of Durham. also as joists, and resting upon the plates. If the roof is framed, the rafters are raised directly above and in line with the joists or last tier, and the collar-beams are nailed to the rafiers, giving one and a half more tiers in the roof. Cabin roofs are usually built — that is, each gable is built up with logs of decreasing length, with their ends beveled, the tong side down, to the last and shortest, which is notched in the centre for the ridge pole of the roof. Each end of the gable log is laid upon a roof pole, which extends the full length of the barn, and by the shortening of these logs the roof poles form on both sides the slant of the roof, which is crowned by the ridge pole. Into these roof poles the collar- beams are let in the cabin roof. The walls for a barn 20 feet square, when completed, contain about twenty logs each, [)lates included, and are about 16 feet high. The cracks are then closely chincked and daubed with mud, to whiclA lime enough has been added to make it adhere well, and doors 4 feet square are cut in the north or south side and are provided with very closely -fitting shutters. THE FLUES. The Smith patent is the one most commonly used. Fur- naces are built, if the barn is properly located, on the east side; and, if the ground is rightly inclined, only one log need be sawed out, which is done 4 inches from the corner next to both the north and the south walls. 'The arch is of brick or fire-proof stone, 5 feet long, projecting externally 18 inches. The walls are built of brick, two bricks thick, and 2 feet apart, 18 inches high, 4 inches from the walls of the barn, the space being filled with dry earth, and the space between the two carefully filled up to the first log. A covering is then made over the external arch, running the length of the barn, and an ash-bed is dug out in front of the opening of each arch. The iron flue pipes are let in about 6 inches from the floors of the arches, and the cracks are stopped with clay. In order to give the greatest heat- ing capacity, the flues are built one foot from the north, the west, and the south walls, and, as a protection against fire, when this is done a thin wall is built between the pipes and the ground sills, running from where the pipe joins the fur- nace 6 feet along the flue, the distance to which the pipes are heated red. The pipes are made of No. 24 iron, except Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 179 the two joints that enter the furnaces, which are of 18-inch iron, and are from 12 to 15 inches in diameter, Tlie pipe is elevated gradually about 1 inch in 2 feet, and runs con- tinuously from both flues along the north and south walls and the west wall. In the centre of the pipe, along the westrwall, which lies horizontal, and 1 foot from the wall, the return pipe makes a y, and conducts the draught through the center of the barn back to the east wall, rising gradually, so as to make the perpendicular distance between the points where the pipes leave the furnaces and that where the return pipe comes out through the wall about 18 inches. A short elbow joint in a small chimney receives the return pipe on the outside. From two to three cords of dry wood suflices for one cur- ing. Barns thus constructed, with flues complete, cost from $50 to $75 each ; packing-houses, about $200 each. With barn and flues properl}^ constructed, fires are always the re- sult of carelessness, and yet about one barn in twenty is re- ported as lost by fire. CURING of tobacco. The process of curing tobacco by fire is the most difficult and delicate in the whole course. Experience alone will make a curer of fine tobacco, and that only of one who possesses nice judgment, excellent powers of observation and care. A trifling inattention may, at a critical moment, reduce a barn of the finest yellow tobacco to the lower grades. If the fires are allowed to die out o-r decline after the leaf is cured, sap remaining in the stalks or stems will diffuse itself through the leaf and mar the color irremediably in twenty-four hours; and, on the other hand, too much heat will cause sweating, which will, unless checked by speedy ventilation, both injure the color and impair the body and texture. In order to prevent this, it is necessary to use a thermometer, hung level with the tails of the plants on the lowest tier, and, to guard the degree of heat by con- stant care, to watch day and night, with frequent inspection of the plants, generally selecting some one plant as a guide, but not by any means omitting general inspection. curing tobacco by charcoal. In curing by charcoal, as soon as the crop is housed in a 180 History of Durham. barn 20 by 20 feet square four rows of fires are built, four fires in a row, 1|- bushels to the sixteen fires. The entire process requires from three to four entire days. About 100 bushels of charcoal, at 4 cents per bushel, are allowed to 800 pounds of tobacco. FLUE-CURING. Since curing by flues promises very soon to supersede all other methods, this process is more particularly described. The ('Uiy difference between that and charcoal-curing is in the manner of applying heat. Two distinct stages are re- cognized in curing: yellowing with a damp heat at a low temperature, which is generally dO^, or, when the tobacco is very light and yellow, 100°; but if the weather is very cool, 80°. The second is the drying, which may be divided into curing the leaf and curing tiie stalk. Yellowing. — This is done at 90°, or at 80° if the weather be cool, in from eighteen to thirty-six hours, until the desired color is attained. Drying or curing is then effected by the following man- agement of temperature: 95° for two hours, 100° for two hours, 105° for two hours, 110° for two hours, 115° for two hours, 120° for six hours, 130° for two hours, 140° for two hours, 150° for two hours, and 160° for twenty-four hours, the last temperature being kept up until the stalks and stems are dried. This table is for tobacco not gross and very yellow when cut, and to be modified with judgment. If the tobacco is gross and of a gray color, four hours in- stead of two should be taken to each stage from 100° to 120°. The Ragland Method. — This method is for medium to- bacco. Ripe tobacco only is to be cut, and is then placed five to seven plants on a stick 4 feet long and from 10 to 12 inches apart on the tier poles. Steaming or yellowing is done at 90° from eighteen to forty-eight hours, according to char- acter of tobacco. When yellowed, the heat is raised from 90° to 95° in from one to two hours, from 95° to 100° in two hours, from 100° to 105° in two hours, from 105° to 110° in from one to three hours, from 110° to 116° in two hours, and from 115° to 120° in two hours, at which the leaf is cured in from four to eight hours. The stalk is cured by a temperature advancing from 120° to 175°, at about 5° Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 181 an hour, keeping the temperature at 175° until the stalk is thoroughly cured. TREATMENT OP TOBACCO APTER CUEING. When the stalk is cured thoroughly dry the fires are allowed to die out. There is a wide difference of opinion as to the after treatment. It is agreed that the plants cannot be safely stripped in the moist, warm weather which fol- lows the curing season, because of the danger of loss of color. The plant comes from the drying barn always with a little greenish tinge. In the after treatment this fades away, and it takes on a solid bright yellow, uniform throughout. The crop is allowed to remain with fires out and doors open for thirty-six hours, until it can be handled. Some, however, recommend throwing wet straw on the flues, which is kept moist, and the tobacco thus is steamed at a safe tempera- ture, to bring it at once into "order" for removal. It is then " bulk,ed down " in the packing-house on the sticks, butts out, in square piles. This improves the color and straightens out the leaves, rendering them smooth and neat in appearance. Many farmers allow it to lie in bulk for only three or four days and then rehang it, crowding very closely, to prevent injury to the color from atmospheric- changes. On the other hand, the best opinion favors more- permanent bulking down, in such order that it can be handled without breaking, the leaf soft and stem hard.. Those who thus bulk down rehang, to come in order for stripping. After it is stripped, it is tied in hands of six to twelve leaves: bright wrappers, six; fillers, eight; smokers, ten to twelve, when it is by some rehung and crowded closely, but, according to the best practice, it is bulked down on sticks, heads out, each grade by itself, and carefully cov- ered with carpets, to exclude light, the colors being very sensitive to light as well as to air. In this condition the color is fixed, and after two months in bulk it is no longer subject to change. Fine tobacco is packed in tierces of from 350 to 800 pounds, each grade by itself, or it is sold loose at the barn or carried loose to market, where it is placed in piles and sold at auction. Dealers buy enough of each grade to fill a. cask, when they prize lightly and ship to the various mar- kets. 12 182 History of Durhaal 1 It is sometimes necessary in very small crops to sell loose, because the quantity of each j^rade is not sufficient to fill a cask ; but to i)ack in casks or boxes before taking to market avoids risks in handling. Sometimes, though rarely, it is put up by farmers in casks or boxes, being usually packed by mere hand pressure. The period for stripping, assorting, packing, and market- ing is generally from October to August, and the unstripped crop of one year may be on hand until the next. Ma3MS probabl}^ the season most favored. The spring sweat comes in May if bulked or packed ; if not, it will come later, after which it is bulked down and packed. This sweat sweetens the tobacco, if its condition is dry ; if too moist, it is injured in flavor and in color, and has the effect to redden a bright tobacco and brighten a dark leaf. If the tobacco is very moist and the sweat excessive, "funking" to some extent occurs, the injury being estimated at about 5 per cent., which can only be avoided by bulking in good order. Nat- ural seasons are used for stripping and packing.. Some ex- periments have been made with steam or warm air, but not -enough as yet to determine their value. ASSORTING TOBACCO. When the tobacco is kept bulked down on the stalk until the stripping season it is necessary to hang up as much as can be stripped in a day to " order " for stripping, that is, to absorb humidity enough to handle without breakage; but, to avoid the danger of a possible change of color, it is not allowed to become too soft. An assorter then strips off from each plant one or two leaves, to be tied by a boy as lugs or common smokers, and from one to three of the next leaves for smooth lugs or fancy smokers. These are tied into hands of eight or ten leaves by the assorter. The remainder of the leaves is then cast together in a pile, to be assorted into the various higher grades of leaf and tips. All the leaves of each grade must be uniform, and every bruised, worm-eaten, or injured leaf excluded from the best grades. So particu- lar are the best planters, that the assorting-houses are con- structed with a window to the north, that a uniform light may fall upon the leaf all day, increase or decrease in the intensity of the light making it very difficult to keep up the narrow line between the finer grades. Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 183 GRADES OF TOBACCO, Fine tobacco is variously graded by different planters and in different counties in from four to ten grades. The best average prices round are obtained by those who exercise most fully a delicate discrimination, which results, when the crop presents a great variety, in a large number of grades. The attempt to make the fine carry coarse and in- ferior leaves results in loss to the planter and benefits only the rehandler. It is to be understood, however, that the grading is to be determined by the character of the crop. Wiien assorted into six grades the proportion of the various grades in each crop is about as follows : 1st, one thirteenth ; 2d, one-tenth ; 3d, two-sevenths bright mahogany ; 4th, two- tenths dark mahogany; 5th, one-fifteenth bright lugs; 6th, rest of the crop. Bright wrappers are sometimes classed in grades 1, 2, 3, and 4, beside tips, which are sometimes suitable for wrap- pers. Lugs are generally divided into two grades : sand lugs and smooth, clean lugs. Sometimes a third grade is made, called wrapping lugs, composed of larger and better leaves than the other two, and made of inferior wrapping leaf and the best lugs. First-grade wrappers are used on the best brands of chewing tobacco, and the rest on lower brands, and are bought by all the best manufacturers in the United States and Canada. Tips are thicker, have more body, and make first-class fillers. Tobacco commanding the highest price has a very large leaf, bright yellow and ma- hogany or a clear, whitish yellow, of good body, with fine texture, toughness, and elasticity, an oily appearance, small stems and fibers, and no holes or spots. Body, size and color are indispensable for the very best. Thin, papery tobacco, easily torn, brittle, inelastic, and lifeless, will not bring the best prices, no matter how fine the color. VALUE OF different GRADES. Estimates from a number of counties are given — in some cases two from one county — as the best way to illustrate the wide range in the prices. These are for 100 pounds, except where otherwise stated : Madison. — Average around $8 to $20. 184 History op Durham. Buncombe. — Common lugs, $6 to $8; medium lugs, $8 to $10; good fillers, $8 to $10; common wrappers, $10 to $15; medium wrappers, $15 to $25; fine wrappers, $25 to $50; extra wrappers, $50 to $80; small lots, exceedingly fine, $2 50 per pound. Wilkes.— Common lugs, $2 to $4 ; good lugs, $4 to $6; bright wrappers, $15 to $40. Yadkin. — Fillers, $3 ; smokers, $6 ; dark wrappers, $10 ; bright wrappers, $16; nondescript, $2. Forsytli.—^iJiih grade, lug fillers, $2 to $7 ; fifth grade, bright smoking lugs, $8 to $20; fourth grade, lower grade fillers, $5 to $7 ; third grade, best fillers, $10 to $15; second grade, wrappers, $25 to $40; first grade, best bright wrap- pers, $40 to 'S80. Warren. — Shipping lugs, $2 to $4; dark nondescript, $4 ; shipping leaf, $5 to $6; dark wrappers, $10; bright fillers, $8; sweet sun-cured fillers, $10; bright smokers, $12; bright wrappers, $30 ; fancy wrappers, $80 to $100. Alamance.— \)&t\^ lugs, $4 to $6; dark fillers, $4 to $7; good fillers, $7 to $18; good red wrappers, $18 to $30; com- mon smokers, $6 to $8; good smokers, $8 to $12; fancy smokers, $12 to $25; common yellow, $15 to $25 ; good yel- low, $25 to $50 ; faixcy yellow, $50 to $75 ; extra yellow, $80 to $90 ; extra fine, $90 to $150 ; small choice lots, $3 per pound. Haywood.— Y'lYsi grade, $100 to $200 ; second, $50; third, $30; fourth, $20; fifth, $10; sixth, $5; seventh, $4; eigh'th, $3, Rockingham. — Common grades, $3 to $6; good fillers, $6 to $12; bright leaf, $15 to $30 ; fine wrappers, $30 to $80. From the same county : First grade, $50 to $70 ; second, $30 to $40 ; third, $12 to $20 ; fourth, $8 to $10 ; fifth, $6 to $8; sixth, $4 to $6. Gra?imWe.— Trash, $3 to $10; good lugs, $10 to $16; green tips, $8 to $15; dark mahogany, $10 to $15 ; bright mahogany, $25 to $50 ; bright tips, $25 to $50; fourth grade, $30 to $75 ; third grade, $60 to $75 ; second grade, $60 to $80 ; first grade, $90 to $100. Dwr/iam.— Trash, $4 to $10 ; lugs, $10 to $18 i dark ma- hogany, $12 to $22; bright mahogany, $25 to $50; bright leaf, $30 to 60; fine wrappers, $40 to $80; extra fine fancy wrappers, $1.50 to $3.00 ; fillers, $10 to $25. Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 185 VALUE of lands — COST OF PRODUCTION, ETC. Granville and Rockingham counties may be taken as fairly typical as to the character of the product, value of lands, cost of production, etc. Want of transportation fa- cilities, nearness or remoteness of markets, and the cost of fertilizers as affected by freights, would alter some of the figures given if applied to other counties. Granville county. — The price of the best lands is about an average of $42 per acre; yield, 600 pounds. Inferior lands are worth $5 to $7 ; yield, 500 pounds of inferior tobacco. The rental value is one-fourth of the crop, or, for best lands, $25 in money per acre. Wages, by the day, for field hands, 50 cents and board; by the year, $100 to $150 without board, or $80 with board. Estimated cost on the best soils, $10 to $12.50 per hundred pounds. In the northern part of this county a considerable amount of red, coarse shipping tobacco is raised, which greatly reduces the average price for the county. Estimate of crop of fine tobacco for one man : Rent, 2 acres $ 10 00 Labor,six months 50 00 Board of laborer, six months 42 00 Horse and feed 10 00 Use of wagon and plow 3 50 Use of barn and packing-house 3 00 Firing-wood, 9 loads, at $1 9 00 Fertilizers 15 00 Hauling to market 2 00 Total cost for 2 acres $154 50 Product, 1,200 pounds, at 35 cents 420 00 Profit $265 50 Cost per hundred pounds..' $12 87| Profit per hundred pounds 22 12| Inspection and selling cost $1 to $1.50 per 100 pounds. When sold loose, the crop is placed in piles of separate grades upon the floor of the warehouse and sold by auction, and 186 History of Durham. 2i per cent, commission and 25 cents a pile, auctioneer's fee, are charged. The piles in weight range from 8 or 10 pounds to 800 or more. The following accounts of sales show the cost of marketing in Granville, as well as the pro- portions of grades and range of prices in a good crop : SALES OF 1,127 POUNDS. 54 pounds, at 88 cents $ 47 52 149 pounds, at67| cents. 100 57 97 pounds, at 80 cents , 77 00 228pounds,at 67^ cents 153 90 90 pounds, at 60 cents 54 00 84 pounds, at 51| cents.... 17 51 167 pounds, at 841 cents. .. 57 61 808 pounds, at 40 cents 123 20 $681 91 Charges 22 31 Netproceeds $609 60 Tlie usual average in Granville does not exceed $150 to the hand, but there are frequent instances of profits of ^500 or more. From two to two and a half acres are planted to the hand, and the cost of production is diminished b}^ such increase of crop as will employ a full set of tools and keep the team bus3\ Rockingham county. — Price of good tobacco lands, $10 to $25 per acre; yield of such lands with manure, 500 pounds. Inferior lands are worth %o to ^7, and yield with manure 500 pounds of inferior tobacco. The rental is one- fourth of the crop. Wages by the day: Men, 40 cents; women 25 cents with board. Skillful tobacco hands com- mand from %\b to $24 per annum more than ordinary farm laborers, and double what they could get in the shipping- tobacco regions. The cost of production decreases going west, and this may be regarded as about the average cost of growing to- bacco in North Carolina. An account of sales of a small crop is given, which shows the proportion of grades, range of prices, and cost of marketing tine tobacco in this county: Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 181 152 pounds, at 10^ cents $ 15 96 224 pounds, at 12 cents 26 88 286 pounds, at 30 cents 85 80 37 pounds, at 53 19 61 699 pounds. $148 25 CHARGES. Warehouse $0 70 Auction fees 85 Commission, 2 j4 per cent 3 70 $ 5 25 Net proceeds $143 00 The following statement shows the production, acreage, 3''ield per acre, value of the crop in famers' hand or in pri- mary markets, value per pound, and value per acre of the tobacco crops of North Carolina for the years 1876 to 1879, inclusive, only the figures for 1879 being fiora the census returns; 6 «; "6 6 G u ^ u rt '—' "^ CJ to ■S ^-^ O^fX p. 3 c! Ph < >* > > > Pounds. Pounds. Cents. 1876 20,351,152 43,672 466 $2,849,161 14.00 $65 24 1877 22,819,790 46-571 490 2,567,226 11.25 55 12 I87S 21,801,525 46,885 465 3,270,229 15.00 69 75 1879 26,986,213 57.208 472 3,805,056 14.10 66 61 It will be observed that the quantity produced each year varies less than in most of the States producing tobacco. This is due, in part, to the practice among farmers of making artificial " seasons " by watering the hills when the weather continues at planting time. In this way they never fail to get a crop planted. It will also be observed that the value per acre is very low. This arises from the fact that fully three fifths of the product is of a very inferior brown nondescript leaf, bring- ing very low prices. No idea can be gained from this tab- ular statement of the profits of grown yellow tobacco on soils well adapted to its production. The value of the pro- duct upon suitable soils often reaches $250 to $400 per acre. It is possible that the average price returned in the sched- 188 History of Durham. ules is too high ; but the average of all grades in the mar- ket at Danville for the year ending September 30, 1880, was $11.38 per hundred pounds, and it is generally conceded that the finest tobacco, and that which brings the highest prices in that market, is grown in North Carolina. It is therefore believed that the prices given in the schedules are very nearly correct. It seems best to make a distinction between the bright- yellow tobacco region proper and that section of the Pied- mont district, which, while entitled to be placed within the area of " bright-yellow " production, is especially charac- terized by its "mahogany tobacco." SOIL ANALYSES. Silica, soluble . Silica, insoluble Alumina Oxide of iron . . Lime Magnesia Potash Soda Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid. Chlorine Organic matter Water 1. 2.67 89.00 2.40 0.24 0.23 o.io 0.04 0.00 0.04 O.OI 0.02 4.90 0.40 1.24 91.96 1.24 0.52 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.00 0.04 0.03 O.OI 4-15 0.80 S. 4-35 90.35 1.22 0.42 0.20 0.76 0.06 0.00 trace, trace. 0.02 2.50 0.30 4. 1. 10 96. [O 0.71 0.65 0.13 0.14 0.07 0.00 trace. trace. O.OI 2.40 0.20 5. 0.67 76.88 12.46 3-57 0.51 0.33 0.16 0.45 0.09 0.02 trace. 4.60 1.07 6, 3.84 77.06 6.97 4.07 0.10 0.29 O.II 0.00 0.05 trace. 0.06 6.65 1. 10 The first three of these repersent the bright tobacco soils of the first district, the first from Sampson county, the second from Wilson, and the third from Columbus. They are just such soils as produce the bright yellow tobacco, and represent a large proportion of the lands of the district. No. 4 is from one of the most famous of the bright-yellow tobacco localities in the southeast corner of Person county. The sample was taken from a farm, part of whose product was sold at $2 per pound. It was taken one foot deep (as all the others) in the forest adjoining the field where the fine " fancy bright " had been raised. The growth is post oak and white oak of moderate size, hickory, dogwood, sour- wood, and a few pines. The soil is sandy and gravelly, of a light-gray color, and the subsoil is of the same texture, but yellowish in color. The rock is quartzose, feldspathic, slaty gnesis. Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 189 No. 5 is from the bright tobacco section of Catawba county, in the Piedmont district, in the town of Hickory. The growth is medium to small-sized oak. blackjack, sourwood and pine; the soil yellowish gray, a little sandy ; the sub- soil yellowish brown, sandy. No. G is from Mitchell county. It does not represent the precise variety of soils on which the fine tobacco of that county is produced. It is very much like the last in color and texture, but is much poorer. The growth is chestnut, Span- ish oak, post oak, sourwood, and laurel (kalmia). These last two soils resemble more the mahogany-tobacco soils of Henry and Franklin counties, in Virginia. These are all virgin soils, and therefore contain a much higher percentage of humus than ordinary cultivated bright tobacco soils, this element being subject to very rapid diminution on account of the sandy and porus texture of the soil, and of course but a small percentage of it is in an available condition. All of these soils would be classed as poor from the anal- ysis. The low percentage of clay and of iron is also nota- ble, except the last two, which are not bright-tobacco soils. CHAPTER 11. Extra Important Information. Seed Beds — Insect Enemies op the Tobacco Plant — Diseases op the Plant — The Bonsack Cigarette Machine. The following facts have been gleaned from the very high- est authority, at considerable expense, and may be relied upon as accurate. They will be found of great benefit to plant- ers and others interested in the " weed." We are indebted mainly to Major Ragland and John Ott, Esq., of Virginia, and the Commissioner of Census, at Washington, D. C, for 190 History of Durham. important information, and we desire here to tender our thanks for tiie same. Seed Beds. The methods of prej^aring seed beds are substantially the same in North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and other Southern tobacco-growing States, such variations as exist depending altogether on local conditions. The site for a plant-bed most usually preferred is that having a southern or southeastern exposure, that it may have the genial and fructifying warmth of the sun in early spring, so that the plants ma^^ be set out before the hot weather of summer. If the bed can be located near a stream, fogs will quicken the germination of tlie seed and the growth of the plants. Probably the best possible loca- tion-is on a gently-sloping hill, on the north side of a run- ning stream, but sufficiently elevated to be above any dan- ger from overflows. In such situations plants are often two weeks in advance of those in beds prepared on level laud. The timber growth may be of any kind that denotes fertility of soil. In Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee a dark-colored, almost a black, soil is preferred, because it is more readily warmed b}' the rays of the sun, and retains the heat much longer than lighl-colored soils. For the same reason a slight intermixture of gravel will be of advantage. In North Carolina, although many planters prefer a black soil, free from sand or gravel, the majority of fine tobacco- growers choose a sandy soil, such as that in which the plant is to be grown to maturity. In Virginia, except where wood for the purpose is scarce, in North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and in man}' tobacco districts in other States, the practice of burn- ing over the seed-beds is general. Tii^e burning is not slight, as in the Connecticut valley, where this appears to be done simply to destroy the seeds of weeds and grass, but the soil is burnt until it shows a reddish tinge. Several methods of burning are practiced. In all cases the wild growth is first cut off with an axe and not dug up. Leaves and trash, are carefully raked off from the bed space. If the intention is to burn with logs, skids or poles are laid down four feet apart, and a layer of logs and smaller wood, four or five feet wide, is built upon the skids, the object being to Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 191 keep the wood from resting on the ground, so that the heat may have full play upon tlie surface of the soil. The fires being set, they are kept burning for two hours or more, when the whole layer is moved forward by hooks, so as to cover another space of the intended seed-bed; and this is kept up until a plat is burned as large as desired. Another method is to lay down brush and bits of wood atone end of the bed space until the {.)ile is five or six feet high. Against this pile brush from tree tops is placed in a position nearly vertical, inclining against the foundation sufficiently to prevent its falling back on the bed ; and this is continued until the full space intended for the plant bed is covered. A platform of wood is then put on top of the brush, and the fire set on the windward side. Still another plan is some- times adopted, which saves the hard labor of covering the brush with heavy wood. After a width of 8 feet of the bed space has been covered with brush placed in a nearly ver- tical position, logs or sticks of wood 8 feet long are set on end, le.ming against the brush. Eight feet more of brush is followed by another layer of wood, and so on until the whole space is covered. When fired, the brush burns out quickly, but not before it has set the wood on fire, which, falling all in one direction, covers the whole surface with hotly-burning wood. Old broken rails, thrown aside in resetting fences, and old logs from dilapidated buildings are preferred, because they are thoroughly seasoned and burn freely. AVhen the bed has cooled off it is generally dug up with grub hoes or worked lightly and closely with a colter plow. The ashes should be left on the bed, and in working the soil it should be reversed as little as possible. All grubs, roots, and large stones should be removed, and the surface soil should be worked thoroughly and carefully several times with hoes or rakes until it is perfectly light and mel- low. When in proper condition marks are made four feet apart to regulate the sowing of the seed. About one large heaping tablespoonful is enough to sow one hundred square yards. The seed is mixed with ashes or plaster, one half of the mixture being sown as evenly as possible over the entire bed, when the other half is sown in the same way. This is in order to secure a more equal distribution of the seed. The bed is then tramped or rolled, and finally covered with light brush — the smaller branches of dogwood, 192 History of Durham. oak, gum, or sassafras — not thick enough to exclude the sunlight, but sufficient to protect the plants from frosts and the chilling and drying effects of the March winds. The brush also serves to keep the bed moist. Some care is re- quired to put the brush upon the bed properly. The butt ends of the first layer sliould be hiid on the ground outside the bed, the soft brush resting upon the bed, those of the second layer resting upon the bushy part of the first, and so on until the bed is covered by successive layers. In this way the thick, heavy ends, wiiich would interfere seriously with the growth of the young plants, are kept above the surface of the bed. A covering of this kind will protect the plants against very hard freezing. In Wisconsin and in northern Illinois marsh or prairie hay is used, just enough to mitigate the severity of the rays of the sun and prevent the drying of the surface by winds until the plants start to grow, which requires a i)eriod of two or three weeks^ when the hay is removed. The cov'ering of brush is generally allowed to remain upon the bed until the plants are nearly large enough to set out, but it may be necessary to remove it temporarily, in order to pick off any leaves or other trash which the winds are apt to drive upon the beds. To prevent the accumulation of leaves upon a bed prepared in or near a forest wicker fences, built of brush interwoven between sticks driven into the ground, have been found ver}' efficient. Trenches dug across the upper end of the bed and along the sides prevent flood-water from sweeping over the sur- face. Heavy rains are sometimes very injurious, washing the seeds from a portion of the surface and depositing them in depressions. It is the usual custom to defer manurial applications un- til the plants are up and well started. Lfquid manures are frequently used at this stage. A tight barrel, half filled with cow dung, is placed near the bed, water is added to fill the barrel, the mixture is stirred until it is a semi-liquid mass, and this is sprinkled on the bed with an old broom. Some prefer a solution of guano, a gallon of this fertilizer being mixed with a barrel of water and sprinkled upon the plants. These applications may be repeated one or more times with decidedl}' good results. Land plaster has proven to be a good application, giving a deep green color to the plants, indicating vigorous and healthy growth. Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 193 A hundred methods are practiced or suggested to prevent the ravages of the flea-beetle, but only one plan has proven really effective — to cover the bed closely with canvas or unbleached cotton cloth. A frame is first made around the bed of planks 8 or 10 inches high, care being taken to close every crevice between the planks and the ground, A few wires may be stretched across, the better to hold up the clotli, which is stretched over the frame and closely tacked upon the edges. In place of the wires, a small quantity of light brush thrown upon the bed will help sustain the weight of the cloth, A better plan would be to construct a number of smaller frames, of proper width and not more than 6 or 8 feet in length, upon which the cloth may be stretched and neatly fastened, a sufficient number of these frames being provided to cover the intended plant-bed. Such frames, with their covering, could be removed when no longer needed and stored for future use. If the cloth is treated with a single coat of white lead and oil, such as is used for the first coat of outside work on wood, it will last several seasons with ordinary care. Still another plan may be found more economical. The frames may be made and properly braced by cross-pieces let in flush with the upper edges of the planks. The cloth or canvas may be some three inches longer and wider than the frames, and hemmed upon the edges, and eyelet holes may be worked along the edges, two feet or less apart, in which cords may be fastened by which to stretch the cloth and tie it down closely over the frames to nails, hooks, or wooden pegs driven into the outer faces of the frame planks, three or four inches below the upper edges. Other devices will suggest themselves to the intelligent farmer, by which he can make the cloth cov- ering effective, easily handled, and economical. When the plants are nearly large enough to be set out this protecting cover should be taken off in the morning for two or three days and replaced in the afternoon, that the plants may be gradually hardened by exposure to the direct rays of the sun and better fitted for transplanting. It often happens that a dry season occurs after the first drawing of plants, and those that remain on the bed cease to grow, turn yellow, and perhaps die. One or two planks and a lew blocks of wood should be provided. A block on each side of the bed will support a plank, upon which the person drawing the plants should stand. Nothing injures 194 History of Durham. a plant-bed so much as compacting it when wet, and as plants are almost always drawn when the soil is wet no pains should be spared to prevent treading upon or other- wise compressing the bed. If from any cause the plants begin to turn yellow and wither away shade must be pro- vided by building over the bed a low arbor of green boughs and watering the surface copiously. This will almost al- ways give new vitality to the enfeebled plants. A practice of many good planters is to resow the beds with about half the quantity of seed originally used as soon as the first plants appear, so that if the first plants are destro3'ed in any manner the seed last sown will be under- going the process of germination and a second crop of plants will be assured. In Tennessee and in North Carolina plant-beds may be prepared and sown at any time from the first of November until the first of April. Prepared while wet or frozen, a plant-bed rarely does well. Beds are usually burned in February or March ; but if the burning is done in the fall, when the soil is dry, less fuel is needed, and the prepared bed may be left to the meliorating influences of the winter freezing, to be sown in the early spring. Many good farm- ers sow the fall burned beds as soon as prepared, but there is some risk in so doing. Heavy rains and melting snows are apt to wash or drift the seeds, and so disturb their uni- form distribution. One of the best tobacco growers in the South says that a rod of land well burned in the fall will furnish as many good plants as twice the area burned in February or March. . In some parts of Virginia and Maryland, and in districts where w'ood and brush are scarce, farmers have succeeded in growing good plants upon plats of clean soil without burning by the use of guano, raked into the surface, or as a top dressing, applied at the time of sowing the seed, about 40 pounds per hundred square yards. Others select a standing bed, one that has produced plants well, in a warm location, neither too wet nor too dry; colter over the bed after the planting season is past and before any grass or weeds have gone to seed upon the plat; cover with straw, leaves, or brush with the leaves on, or with all of them, so thick as to completely hide the surface and prevent vege- table growth. A bed is thus made ready for burning at some dry time from November to January, or later, which Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 195 is done by simply applying a torch. By this method a standing plant-bed can be annually prepared which, if heavily manured, will become better each succeeding j^ear. In Pennsylvania, New York, the New England states, and in Ohio, burning is rarely practiced, and then only so far as may be thought necessary to destroy weed and grass s(>eds in the upper surface soil. The same seed-bed is used for successive years, kept clear of grass and weeds throughout the year and heavily enriched by an addition of fresh loam from the woodlands, composts of stable manures thoroughly rotted, and so handled that no foreign seeds capable of ger- mination are left therein, and frequently top-dressings of good commercial fertilizers are used. The most successful growers in Ohio and in New York use manures from the hog-pen, as not only the richest, but as most likely to be free from noxious seeds. In the New England states seed- beds are enriched with guano, castor pomace, well-rotted stable manure, the refuse of the fiah oil factories, or some one of the numerous manufactured fertilizers. In most of the northern states it is a very common practice to sprout the tobacco seed Lefore sowing. The seeds are mixed with dark, rich loam, or, what is better, as in Wisconsin, with finely-pulverized rotten wood from the hollow of an old stump or log, and placed in a pan or a dish in a warm place and kept moderately damp b}^ frequent sprinkling with tepid water. The seeds germinate tinder such conditions in about two weeks, and are sown as soon as danger of frost is passed. Another plan is to spread the seeds very thinly upon a piece of dampened cotton cloth and cover them with another cloth, but of wool; the two are made into a loose roll, the woolen cloth outside. This roll is kept in a warm place, dipped in tepid water every day, and the white germs appear in from four to six days. In northern Illinois simi- lar cloths are kept moist and warm in a pan of earth, of which there is a layer above as well as below the cloths. Great care is necessary in all these forcing processes. Some- times the soil of the plant-bed is too wet, or otherwise not in proper condition when the seeds are ready, and when a delay of a day or two may render the sprouted seeds useless. The prudent man provides against such danger by prepar- ing several lots of seed at intervals of several days. The most common error in sowing tobacco seed, both north and south, is in using too much seed. Tobacco seeds 196 History of Durham. are exceedingly small, an ounce containing about 340,000 seeds. One large, well-developed tobacco plant will produce seed enough to grow plants to set 10 acres certainly, and, should all of them germinate and grow, enough to set out 100 acres. Crowded plants must struggle for existence, are never strong and vigorous, and bear transplanting badly; those that have room enough to grow thriftily will have a thick tuft of roots, a low, stocky top, and a vigorous consti- tution, growing off quickly when transplanted. It is far better economy to increase the size of the bed than to at- tempt to produce a large number of plants by thick seeding. A bed of 100 square yards will usually furnish plants enough to set G or 7 acress; sometimes a bed of this size will produce enough to set 10 acres. No tobacco-grower ever regrets having a surplus of plants, for in that case he can select the best and set out his whole crop early. On new land very small plants may be set, and at any time immediately after the late frosts without risk. For old lands plants should be a little more advanced than such as can be safely planted upon new lands, but as the season advances larger plants are required for both old and new lands.* INSECT ENEMIES OF THE TOBACCO PLANT. From the first appearance of the minute seed-leaves in the plant-bed until the tobacco is cut and hung in the barn the patience and watchfulness of the farmer are taxed to guard against the depredations of insects. Among the earliest to appear, often attacking the plants and destroying them so early as to make the planter doubt whether the seed had even germinated, are the " garden fleas," sometimes called "snow fleas" and "spring-tails" {Smynthums horiensis). When viewed from the upper side (dorsal view), the most conspicuous divisions are a large head and an abdomen perfectly smooth and plump, without any segmental cross lines. The thorax seems confluent with the abdomen. Beneath- are some transverse wrinkles, indicating segmental divisions. The antennsse are three- fourths as long as the body, elbowed about the middle, and are composed of nine joints, six very short and three very long. Projecting from the posterior of the abdomen is a cone-shaped process, composed of three distinctly marked Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 197 segmental lines, that appear to be a caudal termination of the body. On the lower side of the abdomen, and near its end, is a forked member (a spring-tail), which lies folded up against the under side and reaches as far forward as the head, in which lies its leaping power. Its feet, six in num- ber.are united apparently to the front of the abdomen, which, from a ventral view, exhibits a rudimental sternum, com- pensating for the absence of the thorax usual in insects. This insect has neither wings nor wing covers, and from a top view might be mistaken for a small, black spider by a novice if he did not know that a spider has eight feet, and that the head and thorax are confluent, instead of the the* rax and abdomen. These insects are capable of bearing a low temperature, and are frequently found upon the surface of the snow, from whence comes the name of " snow flea." Tobacco-growers complain of these pests under the name of " black fly," " black spider," etc. Their larval and pupal histories seem to be unknown. They are found in all the states of the Atlantic coast, but have not been observed in. the interior. They appear as far north as Lancaster county,, Pennsylvania, during the months of May and June, but by the first of July they have disappeared, and nothing more is seen of them until the following spring. As a remedy flour of sulphur has been highly recommended. These insects are very delicate in their structure, and cannot be taken between the fingers without crushing them. As it is evident that the first stages of their development must be passed underground and not far below the surface, it is suggested that where tobacco-beds are not burned the soil be prepared early, thoroughly pulverized, and copiousl}' drenched with scalding water three or four times in as many days before the seed is sown. From all parts of the United States come reports that the flea-beetle is the most persistent and most dreaded enemy of the young tobacco plants. Several species of these insects are well known to every farmer and gardener from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. The cabbage Ilea [Haliica striolata) is found in North Carolina and Tennessee in the latter part of March or early in April, sometimes in immense numbers, in the newly-planted cotton fields, feeding upon the seed- leaves of the young plants. Dr. Rathoon, of Pennsylvania, describes two species of the genus Epitrix, family Halticice,. as follows : The Epitrix aucumerh is black all over, except 13 198 History of Durham. the antennae and the feet. The thorax is thickly punctured, and the wing covers conspicuously striated and punctured between the sins&. The Epitrix pubescenes is slightly more oblong, and not quite so convexed as the former, but other- wise is about the same size. The whole of the body beneath is of a dull-black color, including also the posterior thighs. The feet, the antennae (which are slightly serrated along the anterior margin), and the whole of the dorsal or upper part of the body, are of a honey -yellow color, except about a third of the middle portion of the wing covers, which is a dusky black. The thorax is of a much brighter color than the other upper portions of the body, and the eyes are very black, their composite character being more distinct than in the first-named species; and except the thorax, the upper and lower part of the whole body is pubescent. This pu- bescence is conspicuous in rows between the stride of the wing covers and along the margins of the abdominal segments. 'Jhis species is the most troublesome to the young cotton ;and cabbage plants of the middle Southern States. They ;also attack the seed-leaves of beans and other leguminous plants, but appear to have an especial fondness for tobacco. These insects are about one-sixteenth to one tenth of an inch Aw length. The above-named and other species of the Halticans feed • on a. variety of plants. The sweet potato, cabbage, beet, turnip, radish, horseradish, common nettle, and the James- town weed are all infested by one or the other and often by the same species of this omnivorous family. When dis- turbed, the flea-beetles leap off the plants and hide them- selves quickly in the dry soil or under small clods. Various solutions, poisonous or simply distasteful to these insects, have been used with successful results. Ashes, slaked lime, and soot, dusted upon melon, cucumber, potato, and turnip plants, and applied in the morning, when the dew is on the plants and while the beetles are sluggish, are effectual in most instances. Of various plans to keep them from tobac- co-beds probably the only certain protection is to cover the seed-bed with cloth, as suggested heretofore. Transplanted into the field, the tobacco plant is exposed to the attacks of other insects. The greasy cut-worm usually cuts off the plant just beneath the surface of the soil without cutting the top at all. When these worms are disturbed, (they immediately coil themselves into a ring. They do not Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 199 like the sunlight^ and during the day bury themselves in the lower soil in the vicinity of the plant. When grown, they are from 1| to 1| inches long. They bury themselves beneath the soil to pupate. The pupa is three-fourths of an inch in length, of a shining or glossy light-brown color, and the anterior margin of the segments is dark brown. The anal segment is armed with two very small spines or points, by the assistance of which it pushes itself toward the sur- face about the time the moth is evolved. This moth is com- monly called the Lance Rustic, from the dark-brown, lance- shaped spots on the anterior wings, which are a light brown in color. The hind wings are lustrous and whitish in color, with a grayish margin. The antennae of the females are filamental or threadlike; but in the male, along the inner margin near the base, they are more or less pectinated. The body of the largest specimens is three-fourths of an inch in length, and the wings expand If inches from tip to tip. Cut-worms are largely preyed upon by hymenopterous and other parasites, and there is no better or safer remedy than hand-picking while they are yet in the larval state, dis- criminating in favor of the parasites when seen and known. Toads, lizards, snakes, and moles are all very useful in keep- ing these worms in check, and should be protected, except- ing, of course, poisonous snakes. The cut-worms, in vari- ous stages of development, may be found in the earth dur- ing the entire winter, too torpid to feed until the return of warm weather. This accounts for their appearance and their advanced physical condition so early in the season. When cut-worms exist in large numbers, as in grass or clover sod or in fields not cleanly cultivated, fall or winter plowings, to expose as much as possible the upper soil to the severe freezings of midwinter, are absolutely necessary to secure a good stand of tobacco; but no matter how hard the frosts, nor how often the ground is plowed, some of the worms will survive, making daily inspection of the newly- planted field indispensable for an even stand of plants. Wire-worms do not attack the leaf, but bore into the stems of the plants at the surface of the ground and work their way upward. After the tobacco gets a fair start in growth, nothing is seen of these worms for the remainder of the season. They are the larvse of " click-beetles," or " ham- mer-bugs" {Elateridoe). These worms are sometimes very numerous. In April and early in May, sometimes as late 200 History of Durham. as the first of June, some of these species are very destructive in the corn-fields, especially upon lands which have been lying out for some years; but they are rarely troublesome in well-cultivated fields. In Ohio, Pennsylvania, and perhaps farther northv>^ard, the Heliothis armigera (the southern boll-worm, or corn- worm) is sometimes found feeding upon the seed-leaves of young tobacco plants, but south of 35° these worms are rarely known to attack tobacco plants, since they find more appropriate food in abundance. Some reliable authorities state that in the earlier stages of growth in the field, tobacco plants have been at- tacked by the Epilachma borealis (northern lady bird). This insect is shaped like the common " box turtle," is of a lemon- yellow color, spotted all over with black, and when caught in the hand emits a few drops of a clear yellow fluid of un- pleasant odor. It is nearly as large as the Colorado potato beetle, but rather more hemispherical, and the larva, pupa, and imago are often found together on the same plant. They are usually found upon pumpkin, melon, and cucumber vines. The larva is a short, convexed slug, of a uniform bright yellow color, covered all over with short, bristly hairs, and has a pair of very black eyes. It undergoes all its transformations on the plants it infests, and the pupa is suspended by the adhesion of the caudal extremity. This species and several others of the same family hibernate be- neath the rough outer bark of the wild cherry, and some- times upon the apple trees in neglected orchards. These insects, as well as some others hereafter mentioned, are rarely found upon tobacco plants except near trees of shrub- bery or close to fences. Tree crickets {Q^anthus niveus) are often found upon to- bacco plants in Tennessee, North Carolina and other south- ern tobacco regions in July and August, and in Pennsylva- nia and farther north in August. Though usually found on trees, these crickets show a decided partiality for tobacco, perforating the tender top leaves about the time they are expanding. It does not kill the leaf nor arfest its growth, but the holes increase in size. Although these holes are circular when first made, they become oblong as the leaves lengthen, and always in the longitudinal direction of the leaf. These crickets, when young, either leap away or hide among the leaves when approached, but after their wings Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 201 are fally developed they can both leap and fly to a consid- erable distance. The male tree cricket is nearly white, sometimes tinged with green; the wings lie flat on the back, one lapped over on the other; the legs are all long and slen- der, the posterior pair much the longest, and formed for leaping; the antennse are very long and thread-like, and are generally thrown backward when the animal is at rest. The female is more robust and shorter in the body; the wings are short and deflexed, and her color is various shades of green and brown. Her legs and antennae are also shorter than those of the male, and at the end of the abdo- man she is provided with a sword-like ovipositor. She per- forates the raspberry and blackberry canes, as well as the tender branches of other shrubbery, with this instrument, and deposits her eggs therein, where they remain all winter and hatch in the spring. Tobacco cultivators have noticed that these insects are most abundant on tobacco growing under or near trees. Clean culture, and the clearing up of fence corners and neglected spots about the tobacco fields, will do much to prevent injury by crickets. Various species of grasshoppers, especially the meadow grasshopper {Orchilemnm vulgare), sometimes feed upon the tobacco plant, eating the leaves of the newly-set plants while in a wilted condition", but the injury from this source is slight, and rarely occurs with any but late plantings. Several species of hemiplerous insects puncture tobacco plants. These insects are true bugs, and are not provided with mandibular organs. They do not eat the plant nor cut holes in it, but are provided with a sharp proboscis, with Vv'hich they pierce the plant and suck out its juices. One of these, the Phytocoris linearis, is a small gray insect about a quarter of an inch long, having generally a con- spicuous yellowish V-shaped mark on the back, occupying that part called the scutellum. This bug is found upon the potato, and has been observed in Tennessee upon parsnip, tomato, and late cabbage plants. The Euschistus pundiceps is a much larger insect than that last described, and is ca- pable of greater injury. It belongs to the family Scutellari- doe, distinguished by a triangular lobe that extends from the base of the thorax downward on the wing covers. This in- sect is half an inch long and three-eighths of an inch across at the broadest part. Above, it is of a yellowish color, and closely punctured darkly, giving it a grayish hue; below, 202 History of Dueham. it is a light greenish yellow. It has a longer and more slen- der proboscis than the species that prey upon other insects; otherwise it might easily be confounded with them, and no doubt frequently is. It also lacks the thoracic spines; but these are very variable in their development, and not always a safe distinguishing characteristic. These bugs are found on mulleins, thistles, and other weeds, and have also been found upon tobacco plants in several localities, feeding upon the sap of the leaves, but it is doubtful whether any great injury can be charged to their account. The ordinary ob- server is apt to mistake the purpose for which many insects visit various plants. The spined tree-bug {Podisiis spinosus), the large tree-bug {Podisus cynicus), the Stiretrus diana (a plant bug of a purple-black color, with red or orange marks on the thorax and scutellum), and the Stiretrus fimhriatus, the ground colors of which are orange or yellow, with black markings, are sometimes found upon or in the immediate neighborhood of tobacco plants. These bugs should not be destroyed, unless upon careful examination they are found actually feeding upon the juices of the leaves, as it is more than probable that their presence is beneficial, rather than injurious. From the early part of June until the sharp frosts destroy their food in the fall, the larvse of the sphinx moths infest the tobacco. In Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri both the Sphinx Carolina and the Sphinx quin- quemaculata are found, and they are both reported as found in the tobacco fields as far north as latitude 41° 30^ South of latitude 35° only the *S'p /ana; ca?'o/ma has been observed. Tlie larvae of these two Sphingidce are so well known to all tobacco growers as to need no description here. They have always been regarded as the most inveterate eneraies oi the to- bacco plant, and, despite plans adopted for their destruc- tion, tlie horn-worms seem to be as numerous as ever. In some seasons there are comparatively few in certain localities, but it has been noticed that the fields of such districts are often visited late in July or August of the next year by a "heavy shower" of horn-worms. Com- parative immunity for one season too often causes the farmer to neglect the destruction of the late brood of worms left upon the suckers which spring up after the crop is harvested, large numbers puDatingand hibernating, pro- tected by the forgotten and neglected trash of the tobacco Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 203 field. Catching the moths with ingeniously-contrived traps, poisoning them with sweetened cobalt dropped into the bloom of the Jamestown weed, or killing them with pad- dles as they hover about the tobacco plants after sunset, are all practiced. Recently, a.s in Tennessee, porcelain imita- tions of the blossom of the Jamestown weed have been in- troduced. These are fastened upon sticks, set up at short distances apart throughout the tobacco field, and are supplied with a few drops of poisoned sirup. They are clieap, will last with ordinary care a lifetime, and are highly recom- mended by planters who have used them. A knowledge of the transformations of these insects will enable the obser- vant farmer to do much to reduce their numbers, and if it were p(jssible to secure prompt measures throughout a con- siderable section of country, or even by the growers of a large neighborhood, much disagreeable labor might be saved. The moth deposits an egg of a sea-green color, not larger than a mustard seed, upon the surface of the leaf. Tliis egg gradually assumes a cream color, and from it, in due time, a tiny worm issues, not larger than a horse hair, and about one-eighth of an inch in length. The process of hatching embraces from twenty -four to thirty-six hours, de- pending upon the condition of the weather. The worm begins to eat immediately, making first a small hole in the leaf, through which it passes in hot weather to the under side, and occasionally the eggs are there deposited by the moth. This worm, though voracious, does little damage for four or five daj's. Its power of destruction increases ex- ceedingly with each day, and this makes it highly impor- tant to go over the field often in search of them. When the horn-worm has attained full size it stops eating, comes down from the plant, and usually burrows into tlie ground close to its last feeding place, but not unfrequently crawls away some distance to find soil sufficiently soft to enable it to get some inches below the surface. Here it becomes quiescent, casts off its larva skin, and as-umes its pupal form. It is now oval in shape, four times as long as it is thick, about 1 J inches in length, and the hard, glossy envelope is of a bright chestnut color. The forward end is prolonged into a long, tube-like appendage, bent backward and firmly attached to the chest, forming a loop like a pitcher-handle, this tube ensheathing the tongue, which is 204 History of Durham. so remarkably developed in the perfect moth. Only under peculiar circumstances are these pupse found at a greater depth than may be reached by deep plowing. A further means of reducing the number of these insects is therefore by fall or winter plowing the tobacco fields. It must be said, however, that even if every egg, worm, moth, and chrysalid in a given neighborhood were destroyed, high winds, or even the lighter breezes of the summer evenings, bring other moths many miles. The tobacco grower should instruct those in his employ not to destroy any horn-worm found with the cocoons of the parasite Microgaster congre- gata attached to its body. These cocoons are white, of a regular oval form, a little more than an eighth of an inch long and about one-sixteenth of an inch broad, and resem- bles small grains of rice. From ten to a hundred of these cocoons are found upon a single horn-worm. The worm so infested may be removed from the tobacco plant, but should be handled carefully and placed where the cocoons may not be injured, so that the parasites may hatch undisturbed. The flies which issue from the cocoons are black, with clear, transparent wings and legs of a bright tawny color, the hue of beeswax, with the hind feet and the tips of the hind shanks dusky. The testimony of all tobacco growers points to the one conclusion about insect enemies. No methods of f)reven- tion or destruction can justify a single's day's neglect to search for and destroy cut-worms about newly-set plants and the eggs and larvse of the sphinx moth upon the ex- panded leaves throughout the season. DISEASES OF THE TOBACCO PLANT. The tobacco plant is subject to certain diseases, few in number, however, and rarely resulting in very serious dam- age. Unfavorable seasons, too wet or too dry, often reduce the yield and impair the value of the product; but dis- eases, properly so called, seldom affect more than a few plants, or perhaps a smaller portion of a field. Reports from widely separated districts mention the same diseases, all of which result from deficiencies in the soil or its prep- aration, or from peculiarities of the seasons during growth. A disease known in New England as " brown rust," and in the South as "firing "and "field-fire," prevails to some ex- tent every year. It appears in very wet or very dry weather, Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 205 and reports concur in the opinion that it is causer] by violent changes from one extreme to the other. A plethoric plant with the supply of moisture suddenly cut off, and a lean plant forced by excessive moisture to rank growth — a leaf perishing in spots for lack of sustenance, and another from the opposite cause — present variable conditions, developing " rust " or " fire." This disease is not so prevalent in some districts as formerly, which is attributed by some planters to the substitution of new for old varieties ; but it is more probably due to planting upon a different character of soil, or to more thorough drainage and improved culture. Some- times, though rarely, the entire plant is involved, drooping and withering through excessive humidity. This is the " black fire," a strictly wet-weather disease. In dry weather the plant sometime parches up, as if scorched. In uniform, ordinary seasons it does not appear. Injudicious use of heating manures is assigned as sometimes tiie cause of ■firing, and undoubtedly does occasionally produce " red " or dry-weather firing. Thorough drainage is regarded as the best preventive of this and its kindred diseases. "Fieuching," derived from the French friser {to curl), oc- cursalmostexclusivelyupon cold, stiff uplandSjhaving a close and stiff clay subsoil. During a wet season it is very prev- alent upon clayey lands, and is sometimes found upon sandy soils in small basins during excessively rainy weather. Tliis disease renders the plant worthless when it has pro- gressed to any considerable extent. The effects are first seen in the buds of the plant, which become of a yellow color. The leaves afterward become thick and fleshj'^, have a semi-transparent or honey-colored appearance, and often curl around the edges downward, sometimes jjrowing in long, narrow strips, with ragged outlines. When cured, the leaves are dull and lifeless in color, and very brittle. No remedy for the disease has been found. It is sometimes arrested by close plowing, or by giving the plant a vigor- ous pull, so as to break the tap root, but the only preven- tive measure is to avoid planting upon a soil not properly underdrained, either naturally or artificially. "Walloon," or " water-loon," is of very common occur- rence, and is closely akin to " frenching." The leaves, in- stead of curving over in graceful outlines, stick up like a fox's ears, whence the disease is known in some sections of the country as " fox-ears." When tobacco is thus attacked, 206 History of Durham. it becomes rough and thick, and is unfitted for any but the most inferior purposes. Excessive tenacity of the soil or defective drainage are causes of the disease. *' Hollow-stalk " and "sore shin" rarely occur, except when the plants have been overflowed, and then mostly upon old lands. Some planters attribute " hollow stalk " to an insect feeding upon tlie pith of the lower stalk, or to the after effects of an attack by the wire-worm upon the young plant; others think it the effect of a bruise or a wound upon the stem of the young plant. The two names above given are descriptive of different appearances of the same disease. Jt is most probably produced by excessive absorp- tion of water by the pitli of the stalk while partially sub- merged and subsequent exposure to high a degree of temper- ature. It is not reported as occurring upon such lands as are never flooded b}' rain water, nor has it been observed upon soils well underdrained or overlying a porous subsoil. There is no remedy for it, and unless the plants are cut as soon as it appears they become worthless. The affected plant presents very much the same appearance as if nearly severed from the stalk, withering slowly without ripening. " Frog-eye," or " v^rhite speck," sometime occurs in tobacco thoroughly ripe. This disease, if it is such, is of rare oc- currence, and is little understood. In Florida white specks are a sure indication of fine texture in the leaf, and this " frog-eye" appearance was at one time much esteemed. This particular marking seems to result from conditions of soil or climate, or from bolh, and some varieties are more frequently affected than others. "White veins "occur in the cured product. By some they are believed to be caased by long-continued dry weather before and after cutting; by others they are ascribed to any check in the growth of the plant, whether for lack of manures, from deficient cultivation, drought, bad seed, or too much water. Some think they are caused by the ab- sence of some soil constituent. All that can be said is that they do occur, very much to the injury of the leaf for wrapping purposes. As a general rule the product from a field well prepared, well fertilized, and well cultivated, planted in good season, properly topped and kept free of suckers, will show when cured very few white veins. " Leprosy" is a name given to a fungoid mold which is occasionally found upon cured tobacco hanging in the barn Tobacco iNTEREsxb of North Carolina. 207 durinj^ warm, moist winters. This mold affected a large por- tion of the crop of 1880 in the Ohio River valley, especially in southern Illinois, and in the lower Ohio River districts of Kentucky. This fungous plant increases with amazing rapidity wherever the spores find congenial lodgment, and even sound, dry tobacco is sometimes infected and seriously damaged. This disease, although not a new one, is imper- fectly understood. Appearing to a serious extent only in weather congenial to its development, and propagated from spores which have escaped detection in badly kept barns or tobacco-sheds, too many planters look upon it as of obscure or doubtful origin, or as an inevitable concomitant of un- favorable atmospheric conditions. The remedy is preven- tion. Thorough cleansing of the tobacco barns, stripping, assorting and packing rooms, and the careful destruction, by burning, of all trash and dirt which accumulate about the premises, will secure well- handled tobacco against " lepros}^," and perhaps other diseases of fungous origin. THE BONSACK CIGARETTE MACHINE. As this remarkably ingenious invention marks a new era in this branch of tobacco manufacture, its introduction in our midst is worthy of notice here, as an important item in the manufacturing industries of Durham. That it will prove of vast benefit to the manufacturer has already been demonstrated beyond perad venture. But its effect upon another class of our fellow-citizens will be anything but gratifying to the true philanthropist. Thousands of girls, boys, men and women, and among them worthy orphans, widows, and decrepit old age, will be thrown out of employ- ment, many of whom are, to a large extent, disqualified for the prosecution of other industrial pursuits. There are scores of widows wholl}' dependent upon the pittance earned by their children in the cigarette factories. The shock may be temporary, but it will nevertheless be a severe one. This machine was set at work in Durham, for the first time, April 30, 1884. It is unquestionably the most mar- velous piece of machinery in North Carolina, and one of the most remarkable in the whole world. A description is imj)ossible without a diagram, but the story of its inven- tion is interesting. The inventor is now only 22 years of age, and is a son of Mr. Bonsack, of Bonsack Station, in Vir- ginia. Six or seven years ago some one remarked in his 208 History of Durham. hearing that all cigarettes were made by hand, and that the inventor of a successful machine would make a fortune. He went to work, and after many experiments and im- provements he completed the complicated machine about a year ago. One was put to work in Allen & Ginter's factory at Richmond. It woi'ked successfully, ajid Mr. Bonsack had others built. He has had the latest and best ones made in Paris. The machines at work here were man- ufactured in Paris. The tobacco is fed in on a slowly-moving belt, which draws it between rollers. A system of rollers and belts pre- pares it for a long ho[)per, which becomes nearly as narrow at the bottom as a cigarette is thick. From the bottom of this hopper or funnel steel belts take the tobacco and carry it along. At a proper place the paper, an endless line of it, comes u[) under the tobacco and goes through a tube which shapes it round. Just before it enters the tube the edge runs by a paste-applying instrument. Then the tube forces it into a perfect roll, and the paste secures it. It goes on then to a circular knife, wh.ich clips the endless cigar- ette into pieces just the proper length, and the pieces fall out down a tube at the rate of fiom 200 to 212 per minute. The paper unrolls fiom an endless coil under the machine. Before it reaches the tobacco a nanoe or brand can be printed along the slip at the proper intervals to mark every ci- garette. Messrs. W. Duke Sons & Co. were the first to put the ma- chine in operation in this State, and the Blackwell Tobacco Co. were the next. Mr. Bonsack does not sell the machines, but [)Uts them up, has his own men to run them, and charges about two-thirds the cost of making by hand for ihe work they do. At this rate of charges, the profit, it is said, on every da}^ it runs, is about $36. A rapid cigarette-maker, by hand, can make 2,500 a day. One of these machines makes (running only ten hours) 120,000 a day, or as many as forty-eight hands. At last, therefore, a mechanical problem of long stand- ing has been solved ; and it will cause a revolution in cigar- ette manufacture. Mr. Bonsaak has fourteen machines now — seven in America aud seven in Europe. The in- ventor is an interesting and unassuming young man, yet without a beard. He looks even younger than twenty-two, Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 209 but has a nervous, quick and business manner. Not often in the history of the invention of machinery lias a greater or more sudden stroke of good fortune been hit. And there are not many machines in the world that are more compli- cated or work more beautifully. :e=»..^:est i"V". The Tobacco Interests of Virginia. CHAPTER I. Richmond — Sketches of Leading Tobacco Manufac- turers — Leaf Dealers — Cigar and Cigarette Man- ufacturers — Manufacturers of Plug and Smoking Tobacco. As this chief city of the Southern States is largely repre- sented in the advertising department of this volume, spe- cial and detailed notice is esteemed appropriate and just. And, en passent, we desire to tender our thanks to Messrs. John Ott, the efficient and courteous secretary of the South- ern Fertilizer Company; Addison & Allison, extensive fer- tilizer manufacturers and dealers; Chas. Watkins, agent for G. Gber Sons Fertilizer Co. ; and the officers and mem- bers of the Tobacco Exchange for courteous treatment and useful information ; also to Mr. W. D. Chesterman, from whose pamphlet, entitled "Guide to Richmond and the Battle Fields," we have obtained important information. The population of the city in 1870 was 51,038 ; in 1880, 64,670, or, in round numbers, 65,000, of which the whites numbered 38,000 and the colored people 27,000. Manches- ter, separated from Richmond by the James river, has a population of 6,500. In 1880 there were in operation 702 manufacturing establishments, employing 10,932 hands, and their sales amounted to $24,704,892, an excess over the 210 History of Durham. year previous of $1,218,243. The value of real property was §29,000,000; personal property, $10,000,000. Tobacco was the leading item entering into manufactures, and iron and grain next. Exports, $2,328,742; imports, $45,457. Num- ber of arrivals of steamers, 590; of sailing vessels, 1,060. The river is navigable from Richmond to the sea (124 miles') for vessels drawing 16 feet of water. The chief trade organizations are the Tobacco Exchange, the Corn, Flour and Cotton Exchange, the Chamber of Commerce, the Stock Exchange and the Commercial Club, the last a great institution for the entertainment of visiting merchants and business men. LEAF DEALERS. Austin & Booe, 14th, between Main and Carey streets. Allen & Shafer, Carey, between 12th and 13th streets. John Booker, 310, E Carey street. F M Boy kin, 13 S 10th street. Jas. Byrd, 6th and Carey streets. C R Barksdale, Tobacco Exchange. W A Braggs, Columbus Block. E D Christian, Tobacco Exchange. E T Crump & Co., Columbus Block. Cockran & Co., 1210 E Carey street. Carter & Ryland, Columbus Block. J C Carpenter, 1452 E Franklin street. Carr & Dickinson, Crenshaw Warehouse. J M Conrad, 1211 E Carey street. Wm E Dibrel & Co., 1410 E Carey street. R H Dibrel, 1204 E Carey street. F H Dean, 1015 Basin Bank. A B Eddins. John Enders, 1321 E Carey street. Eggerston & Co., Tobacco Exchange. Ellison & Bro., 28th and Main streets. Fisher & Wise, Carey, between 13th and 14th streets. W D Gibson, 113 S 6th street. L M Griffin, Crenshaw's Warehouse. J P George & Co., 13 S 10th street. Thos H. Gunn, Crenshaw's Warehouse. B C Gray, Tobacco Exchange. J J Gregory, 102 Shockhoe Slip. Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 211 J T Gray, 1321 E Carey street. Grant & Gilliam, 1115 Basin Bank. Wm Hatcher, Shockhoe Slip. Geo A Ilaynes, 13 S 13th street. CD Hill, 1412 E Carev street. Wm H Jones, 109 S rith street. L Levy, 1319 E Carey street. C D Langhorn, 107 S 12lh street. F Libermuth, 1106 E Carey street. C Millhiser, 3 S 12th street. W K Martin & Co., Shockhoe Slip. W R Mallory, Columbus Block. R, C Morton, Shockhoe Slip. H Martin, Agent, Shockhoe Slip. P H Moore, 1309 E Carey street. E M Moore, 1209 E Carey street. T D Neal, Tobacco Exchange. E O Notting, 1310 E Carey street. Norvell Leak & Co., 1015 Basin Bank. A Osterloh, Sliockhoe Slip. Palmer & Hartshooke, 1321 E Carey street. Thos M Rutherford, 7th and Arch streets. Skinke & Archer, Crenshaw's Warehouse. M T Smith & Co., Columbus Block. Strause & Bernard, 107 S 12th street. Thos J Spencer, 102 S 13th street. Silas Shelburn, 1209 E Carey street. Sublit & Carey, 113 S 12th street. R B Sommerville, 1105 Basin Bank. Staples & Blair, Basin Bank. Scott & Clark, 7 21st street. Sublit B Fitzgerald, 1017 Basin Bank. Strause & Raab, 107 S 12th street. W D Tiderman, 1301 E Main street. W D Tompkins & Bro., Basin Bank. Tyler & Jones, 105 S 12th street. G. N Thompson, 2600 E Main street. F P Thornton, 9th and Arch streets. Thornton & Victor, 2201 E Carey street. H B Toller van cfc Co. J N Vaughn, 320 S 10th street. T C Williams, 7th and Arch streets. P S Wormley, 21 and Carey streets. 212 History of Durham. Garrett F. Watson, 15 S 21st street. C & E Wortham, 18 S 13th street. H M Wortham, 21 15th street. J J Wilson & Co., 1304 E Carey street. Geo N Wooldrige, 121 N 17th street. Chas Watkins & Co., 1412 E Carey street. J M Wise, Crenshaw's Warehouse. CIGARS AND CIGARETTE MANUFACTURERS. Allen & Ginter, 7th and Carey streets ; C M Angel, J N Atkinson, Horace Blackman &, Co.; Mrs M E Boyden, C H Brovvn, S Britton, Boucher Bros., Branch & Bugg, John Boucher, Jacob Bier, Mrs Fred Bosher, D H Brotherton, Wm E Cree, C Carreras, J C Donnella& Co.,Grissett & Bro., J W Hollerand, J R Gill, J Hernandeze, W J Hennings, Gerrard Haske, Hewitt & Son, John Krouse, T C Krup, F F Langus, C C Leftwich, Libcrmuth & Millhizer, Little & Mclndo, Otto Moella, Louis F Myers, Geo Myers, G W Meagl'^ & Bro., Geo Neaglesman, G Onorato, Pace & Sizer, Wm H Perkins, Henry Pie, Geo Prelock, E T Pinkleton & Co., F J Riley, Wm L Roberts, H Rosenburg, Rowe & Bro., Mrs Caroline Slante, Jos Steindecker, Thos Shea, Thos Street, W H Sutton, C C Salamone, Jacob Simon & Co., Wm J Ty- ler, Thomas & Bro., Virginia Trading cfc Manufacturing Co., Solomon Wise, John Wickhut, P Whitlock, E B Wyatt, R Waggoner, Wm A Walker, C R Wilhelm. MANUFACTURERS OF PLUG AND SMOKING TOBACCOS. Pace & Sizer, R N Vaughn, P Gregory & Co., Dibrell & Co., William C Thomas, E T Pinkleton, Allen & Ginter, T W Pemberton & Co., Talbott's Manufacturing Company, Myers Bros. & Co., P Whitlock, Whren & Fluk, Lawrence LoTTiER, L H Frayson & Co., A B Wells, Agent; J G Dill, Pace's Tobacco Company, James Lee Jones, Virginia Manu- facturing and Trading Company, Yarborough & Son, Butler & Wilson, Sullivan & Earley, CuUingsworth & Ellison, Sal- mon & Hancock, Hargrove & Co., T C Williams & Co., J A L Moore, C W Spicer, P H Mayo & Bro., S A Ellison &Co., Laras & Bro., J N Boyd & Co., Horace Blackmer & Co., Hicks, Brumhild & Co., Charles Early & Co., T T Mayo, J Wright & Co., Alexander Cameron & Co., Charles Watkins Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 213 & Co., R A Patterson, P Whitlock, W A Blankinship, Lamp- ken, Whitlock & Co. Factories. LAWRENCE LOTTIER. The '' Banner Tobacco Works " were founded in 1835, by Mr. Lawrence Lottier, Sr., father of the present proprietor, and are not only one of the five largest tobacco factories of Richmond, but also of the tobacco world. Upon the death of the founder, in 1849, he was succeeded by his son, who was scarcely more than a boy in years. But he proved more than equal to the weighty responsibilities thus prematurely devolving upon him, for he not only maintained the high position which the works had even at that early day achieved, but built the business up to its present great raog- nitude. The works occupy a massive and handsome brick building, 120x133 feet in dimensions, and four stories high, with a basement the full size, and is equipped with all the most improved machinery and appliances used in the manu- facture of tobacco, which is operated by a fifty-horse power steam engine. An average force of four hundred hands is kept employed and the daily product is about fifteen thou- sand pounds of manufactured tobacco. This includes all' kinds of navy and spun roll, the navy being the leading article of manufacture. It is a favorite article with lovers of the " weed " everywhere, and the brand is standard in every part of the United States. No sketch of this great enterprise would be complete without a word concerning its proprietor, whose name is so widely known. By birth he is a descendant of an old family who emigrated from France to Virginia during the last century. Mr. Lottier has alwaj^s been identified with the interests of his State, and occupies an honorable place in its history. He is still fresh and vigorous, scarcely appear- ing to have passed the meridian of life. No one who meets him would suppose he had conducted a great industry for over thirty years. But business cares seem to rest lightly upon him. He is broad and liberal in his ideas, courteous, generous and kind to all. He is, in a word, a fair, type of a true Virginia gentleman. U 214 History op Durham. PACE & SIZER. The business was established in 1865, by Mr. R. W. Oli- ver. Was purchased by the present proprietors in 1883, and is now one of the largest and best equipped smoking tobacco and cigarette factories in Richmond. Manufacture the fol- lowing well established brands of cigarettes and smoking, tobacco : " Purity," "Raleigh," " Favorite" and "Powhatan," among otiiers, but these are their favorite brands of smoking tobacco, cigarettes and cut plug. The brands of this firm are rapidly eliciting public favor, and the business of the factory has already been more than doubled under the effi- cient management and industry of the present proprietors. The " Favorite " cigarette, especially — which bears a fine picture of our great southern chieftain. Gen. Robert E. Lee — which is as yet in its infancy, is so rapidly winning favor- :.able receptions that the firm find tliemselves taxed to their lUtmost capacity to supply the demand. The " Raleigh " brand — cut plug — is also commanding large sales. It not only affords a very pleasant smoke, but lasts longer in the pipe than the granulated smoking, leaving no nauseating sediments in the bottom of the pipe. In fact, all their brands. are manufactured from the best qualities of A^irginia tobacco. ALLEN & GINTER. At the southeast corner of Gary and Seventh streets may be found the celebrated Cigarette Works of Allen & Ginter. The labor here is performed by whites exclusively, includ- ing several hundred girls, who handle the cigarettes with a deftness and dispatch truly remarkable. This firm are the pioneers and leaders in this rapidly growing brancii of the tobacco business here, and on the fragrance of their " Rich- mond Gem " has been v/afted the fame of Richmond to all parts of this continent, to most parts of Europe, and beyond to far distant lands. This house has no merely local fame, its goods are known and appreciated wherever the fragrance of the weed in silvery clouds floats upon the breeze. The bright and sweet Virgini-a leaf is unexcelled for cigarettes, and this firm have spared no pains or expense in securing the best the market affords, and emplo}^ only the best skill and most approved appliances. Although the firm is so widely known as cigarette manufacturers, they do not con- fine tiiemselves to that branch alone, but extensively man- .ufacture smoking tobacco of the choicest brands. Tobacco Interests op Virginia. 215 A. M. LYON & CO. This enterprise was established in 1830 b}'- ^Ir. William B;irrett, who was succeeded by Mr. John K. Childrey, who in tarn was succeeded by the present proprietors. In 1883 the old factory was destroyed by fire, and immediately re- built. The new building is four stories above ground, is steam heated and provided with every appliance for the manufacture of tobacco on the largest scale and in the most economical manner. In the basement are located the en- gine, boiler, etc. Upon the ground floor is the office, and in the rear of this is the press room, with a long row of the powerful hydraulic presses which convert the yielding leaf into a mass almost as compact as stone. In the second story is the twist room, where a large force are busily engaged in making lumps, twist, etc., and here, too, is the lump drying room, where the manufactured tobacco is placed preparatory to packing, especially when it is to be exported, as the least particle of moisture is ruinous to goods intended for ocean transit. Upon the third floor is the smoking tobacco de- partment with its great cutters for transforming the golden leaf into beautiful granulated for pipe and cigarettes; and here, too, is the leaf room, where skillful hands are busy assorting and manipulating the weed. In the upper story the leaf is shaken out, dried (in a large steam room), dipped and otherwise manipulated, and on the top of the building (which commands a magnificent view of the city and sur- roundings) the fine sun-cured tobaccos are exposed in fine weather. All grades and styles of bright and dark chewing are turned out here, the capacity being about 2,000 pounds per day, while of fine smoking about one-half this amount is produced. This house has long enjoyed a high reputa- tion for the excellence of its goods as well as for the cour- tesy and integrity of its members, audits wares find a ready sale, not only in the United States, but even in far Australia, where Barrett's Crown and Barrett's Anchor are standard brands. The firm use for export good fine Virginia and Carolina leaf, and for the fine navies, which are a specialty, W'hite Burley is principally used. Of the members of this old firm it is scarcely necessary for us to speak. Wherever American tobacco is used their brands are favorably known, and to the trade the firm are not less favorably known as experienced toba€Conists and 216 History of Durham, courteous, enterprising and reliable gentlemen — gentlemen who have hosts of friends and well-wishers, who will rejoice to hear that the house is driven to its fullest capacity to keep pace with the orders which are pouring in from all quarters. They were awarded the highest prizes for two successive years by the Virginia Fair. p. H. MAYO & BROTHER. This large tobacco factory was established in 1830 by the late Robert A. Mayo, and soon attained, and has since main- tained, a leading position in the domestic and foreign to- bacco trade. The Mayo family, of which the present senior proprietor is a worthy offspring, have occupied for more than 150 years the old Powhatan House, the home of the famous Indian chief, Powhatan, the father of Pocahontas. The present firm are in every respect worthy successors of their eminent predecessor. Their brands of tobacco stand unsurpassed for excellence of quality, as their wide popu- larity and immense sales attest. The factory has an impos- ing and handsome front of 200 feet on Seventh street, be- tween Gary and Main, four to five stories high, forming a hollow square, and is constructed of brick. The offices of the company — which are handsomely furnished — occupy a central front position in the building. They use none but the most approved machinery and appliances. The principal brands are the " Navys." They were the originators of the o'orld-renowned " Navy Tobacco," put up for the U. S. Government, and have almost indisputable supremacy among the trade and all lovers of a fine article of chewing tobacco. The firm is now composed of P. H. Mayo and Thomas Atkinson, both of whom are thoroughly trained and edu- cated in all the ramifications of the business. They em- ploy several hundred of the most skillful operatives — not only those educated in the manufacture of tobacco, but me- chanics of every kind necessary to make and keep in per- fect order their vast and magnificent machinery. The public display made by this firm of their manufac- tured goods in all styles of their bright, dark and sweet Na- vies attracted marked attention and admiration from the many thousand visitors to the Exhibition Hall in Philadel- phia in 1876, Richmond in 1881 and Boston in 1882. At Tobacco Interests op Virginia. 217 the latter place their exhibit was gotten up at an enormous cost, being 50 feet long and 12 high, and was a remarkable representation of skill and workmanship in the multifari- ous varieties and manipulations of tobacco, from the grow- ing plant to rich panels and other devices of spun and plug tobacco, requiring a thread of spun tobacco thirteen miles in length. The conception of the design of a fort and fleet, all made by them of tobacco of all kinds, shades and shapes, was a fitting and novel association with the firm and their origin of navy tobacco ; and so artistic was the execution of the work in all of its minutest details of handsome signs, columns, guns, ship monitors, &c., that the whole justly de- served and received most favorable delineations and com- ments from the leading journals of Boston and other cities. It is almost impossible to give an adequate idea of this won- derful piece of workmanship, so intricate in its variegating parts, the beautiful and harmonious blending of colors and kinds, all worked into marvelous shapes and designs — the whole must be seen and critically examined to be understood and properly appreciated. CHAPTER II. Brief History op the Types of Tobacco Produced in Virginia and Maryland — Quality op Tobacco — Soils. " Dark Shipping " was the original and prevalent type of tobacco among the planters of Virginia and Maryland. For many years the laws regulating production, especially those passed by the Colonial Assembly, requiring all products failing in quality and soundness to be burned, were rigidly enforced. All tobacco was raised for export, the only market, and the price being uniform, whether for sale or as a cir- culating medium, inspection was necessary to insure uni- formity of grade. INSURE YOUR DWELLINGS WITH J. SOUTHGATE & SON. 218 History of Durham. With a virgin soil of great fertility, the planter who did his work well was amply repaid. Its cultivation was coin- menced by the colonists in the historic town of Jamestown, in James City county, and John Rolfe prodaced the first to- bacco exported from the colony. Captain John Sraith describes the soil of tidewater "\^ir- ginia as he saw it in 1607: "The vesture of the earth in most places doth manifestly prove the nature of thesoyle to be lusty and very rich." The culture of tobacco rai)idly spread as the colonists built houses and cleared lands, the tobacco-patch often tak- ing precedence of the corn-field, and its production being carried to such an excess as seriously to threaten subsis- tence of the colonists, the colonial legislatures of Virginia and Maryland passed sumptuary laws that "every person planting one acre of tobacco shall plant and tend two acres of corn." As tobacco grows better on new soil than corn or other crops, it was the first to utilize the fresh cleared land. New soil produces a finer and better flavored article than old land ; therefore thousands of acres of forest were annually cleared. Thus extensive areas in Virginia and Maryland were early denuded of forest growth, and the continued cul tivation of tobacco for many years on the same lands without manure greatly impoverished the soil; for a Virginian never thinks of reinstating or manuring his land with econ- omy until he can find no more new laud to exhaust or wear out" (William Tatham, Historical Essay on the Culture of To- bacco: London, 1800). Tobacco raised on cow-penned land was considered of only second quality, and was sold accordingly. Tatham states that tobacco at first was cultivated continuously for twentv years on the same land, and describes the spots selected for seed-beds as those preferred at the present day — " rich, moist, fine soils, with sunny exposure." The "fly" was a trouble then, as now; and the remedy then practiced was "to sow mustard around the border of the plant-bed, and as the flv prefers the mustard to the tobacco plants the latter will es- cape injury." But of late years this irrepressible insect takes more kindly to the tender tobacco plants, and plan- ters find it hard work to coax or to drive them off. The primitive mode of harvesting tobacco in Virginia INSURE YOUR LIFE WITH J. SOUTHGATE & SON. Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 219 was "to pull the leaves from the stalks as they ripen and bang them on cords, to be dried in the sun and air " (Rev. Hugh Jones, Present State of VlrginiQ, 1724). In after time they split the stalks and hung the plants astraddle of sticks, as is now generally practiced in Virginia. The early planters cured their crops mostly in the sun and air. "In March or April the tobacco was conveyed to the storehouse and dried with fire. * * * Salt was used in passing tobacco through the sweat." In time "smoke was considered a prime agent in keeping tobacco sound. * * * Small, smothered fires were used, made of bark and rottdn wood." The fires were increased from year to year until log fires were built in three rows upon the barn floors, which dried out the green tobacco in from three to five days. The firing process prevailed generally in both Virginia and Maryland, and was kept up for along series of years. Maryland finally abandoned it ; but in the dark shipping district of Virginia it is still the mode practiced, except that less fire is now used than formerly. After the close of the war of 1812-'14 the demand for col- ored tobacco for export caused a change in the process of curing in both Virginia and Maryland. After being cut and hung upon sticks, the tobacco was either placed upon scaffolds in the sun to yellow and then housed, or it re- mained several days in the house, without fire, until it had yellowed sufficiently to receive the heat without curing dark. Many planters in the two states learned to cure a beautiful piebald or spangled leaf, which commanded high prices in Richmond and in Baltimore. In the former city it was called " piebald ;" in the latter, " spangled." Open wood fires constituted the only mode of curing by artificial heat until about the year 1828 or 1829, when flues were first used in Virginia, Dr. Davis G. Tuck, of Halifax county, being the originator of the flue constructed inside the barn, for which he obtained a patent. This plan, however, was adopted by but few planters, and soon fell into disuse. About this time began the use of charcoal as fuel for cur- ing tobacco, enterprising planters in Halifax and Pittsylva- nia counties, Virginia, and in Caswell county. North Caro Una, being among the first to substitute it for wood. The results were such as to induce others to adopt the new pro- cess, and thus it spread from farm to farm throughout 220 History of Durham. neighborhoods, and afterward from State to State, until it has extended over a wide area of the tobacco belt. Meanwhile improvements were made upon flues, mainly since 1865, which justified their substitution for charcoal open fires in the yellow tobacco belt of Virginia and North Carolina. Charcoal is now but little used. Flues are con- structed either of brick, stone, or mud walls, or by digging ditches in the floor of the barn, and some are wholly of iron, furnaces and pipes, and these are generally patented. A number of patent flues are used, some of which greatly economize fuel and perform admirably, and where the sav- ing of fuel is an object they are to be preferred. A cheap flue is constructed by cutting ditches in the floor of the barn from 15 to 18 inches wide and as deep as nec- essary and covering them with sheet iron, as recommended for the stone or brick flue. A better one is made of mud walls, covered with sheet iron. The mud walls are built by placing two wide boards from 12 to 14 inches apart and packing moist clay between them, 'beating it down hard, in position and arrangement similar to the walls of stone, and covering with sheet-iron. Upon firing the flues the boards are burned away and the dirt walls are hardened. If the clay is of proper quality, such as is fit for making tolerably good bricks, these walls will last a long time. It is necessary with the ditch or mud-wall flue to attach furnaces of stone, brick, or iron. QUALITY OF TOBACCO IN VIRGINIA. There are five distinct qualities of tobacco produced in Virginia, viz: Dark Shipping. Red and Colored Shipping, Sun and Air cured Fillers, Bright Yellow Wrappers, Smokers and Fillers, and Orange and Mahogany Flue-cured Manufacturing. These are severally characterized by pecu- liarities of color, quality, body, and flavor, the result of soil influence and variety, modified by curing and management. Dark Sliipping. — Of this there are four grades of leaf and two of lugs, clashed as follows: 1. Dark, rich waxy leaf, English ; 2 Nutmeg and mahogany leaf, English and Con- tinental ; 3. Dark red leaf, English and Continental ; 4. Dull red leaf; 5. Long lugs; 6. Short lugs. Dark Shipping tobacco is generally raised on rich lots, and is cured with open wood fires. The English, French, Tobacco Interests op Virginia. 221 Germans, Spanish and Italians take the bulk of this to- bacco, with a growing preference for that cured without smoke. It is produced more or less all over the tobacco belt of Virginia, but the bulk of it is raised south of the James river and east of the Blue Ridge. Red and Colored Shipping. — Like the foregoing, this to- bacco is produced more or less all over tlie tobacco region of the State. The region producing most of this tobacco consists of the following : Norlheast of the region just de- scribed, Dinwiddle, Chesterfield, Goochland, and Fluvanna, with Rockbridge and all the counties west of the Blue Ridge do^vn to the Kentucky and Tennessee lines, except Montgomery, which is classed in the yellow district. This tobacco is divided into three grades: 1. Bright spangled, 2. Mahogany; 3. Cherry red; and is generally cured with open wood fires, a method which greatly detrac-ts from its worth. The red and mahogany wrappers of this and the dark tobacco, if fine, sell well, notwithstanding the smell of smoke. Sun and Air-Oired Fillers — These include all that is cured without artificial heat, whether by the sun or by air, or by both. The counties raising this tobacco mainly are Caro- line, Hanover, Louisa, and Spotsylvania. Their product is eagerly sought after by manufacturers, is never' in oversup- ply, and those long accustomed to iis use prefer it to all others, even to the White Burley. Brigld Yellow has many grades, the finest, smoothest, and brightest leaves being rated as wrappers: 1. Fancy; 2, Fine; 3. Medium, running 0, 00, 000, etc., according to quality and color; 4. Fillers, several grades. Lugs are graded as follows: Fancy Smokers, Fine Smokers, Medium Smokers, Common Smokers, Bright Lug Fillers, and Com- mon Lug Fillers. Instances are on record of its first grades jiaving been sold for $3 and $4 per pound, and to sell at the highest average, or to obtain the highest price, is an honor sought by the best planters of tlie yellow belt. Fine cured Fillers. — These are known as Henrv county fillers, being produced niainly in Henry county and in por- tions of Franklin and Patrick counties. This tobacco is divided into fillers and wrappers, according to size, color, and quality, and is mostly manufactured into plug chewing. 222 History of Durham. It is characterized by its tough, rich, silky leaf, and sweet flavor, due to the soil, the varieties cultivated (Sweet Ori- noco and Flannagan), and the peculiar mode of curing by flues, both walls and tops of stone, and slow firing until the leaf is dried. VIRGINIA SOILS. The soils of Virginia are as varied as the rocks they over- lie. A geological survey of the State was made by Professor William B. Rogers in the years from 1835 to 1840. It is necessary to notice carefully only the soils of the tobacco area. The Tidewater Region. — This is Tertiary, and its soils are principally alluvials — sand and clay. Tobacco was once cultivated over the greater part of this district, but it has long ago given place to crops more suited to its soils or to the choice of their owners. The Middle Country. — This is the great tobacco-producing area of the Slate, bounded on the north by the Rappahan- nock, on the east by Tidewater, on the south b}' North Carolina, and on the west by Piedmont. It is an extended rolling plain, greatly diversified by hills and vales, forests and streams. Its geology is primary ; its rocks azoic, many containing mineral elements that by decomposing greatly enrich the soil, such as granite, gneiss, syenite, hornblende, mica schist, micaceous, talcose, and argillaceous slates and shales, and the sedimentary rocks of the Jurassic and Tri- assic formations. The soil varies in depth on the hills and plains from 2 to 8 inches, while along the rivers and creeks they are much deeper, in some places practically inexhaus- tible. The usual depth of forest soils is from 4 to 5 inches, with a subsoil rich in mineral elements. The tobacco soils proper are the rich bottoms and clay-loam lots for shipping, and thin, gray, light soils, fertilized, for manufacturing. This district produces about seven-eighths of the tobacco of the State, and of ever}^ grade heretofore described, except the flue-cured manufacturing grown in Henry and adjoin- ing counties. Piedmont. — Like the Middle division, this is in the primary region ; but here the metamorphic rocks differ considerably from those of middle Virginia. The gneiss is coarser and darker in color. The hornblende and iron pyrites form Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 223 largo belts of red soil, called the "red-land district." Here is found more greenstone (e|)idote), and where this abounds the soil is richer, but is not better a(]apted to the manufact- uring grades of tobacco The belts of limestone which traverse portions of this district are overlaid by soils rich and admirably suited to grasses and the cereals, but they produce a coarse staple of tobacco, not much in demand, even at low pi-ices. Tlie tobacco soils of this division are the low grouiKis and red-clay lots for shipping, and the gray uplands, sandy and slaty, for manufacturing. The chief tobacco-producing counties of this district form a line along the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge southward from Madi- son, and in elude Henry county. Blue Ridge. — This district forms the border between the Transition and Fossiliferous, and partakes somewhat of the character of both. Gneissoid sandstones, epidote, granite, syenite, slates, and shales abound in the eas't, while the western fiank of the Blue Ridge is composed of the rocks of the Cambrian, Potsdam, Sandstone, and Primal. The abundance of epidote accounts for the great fertility of the soils of this division. The gray sandy slopes and ridges are the best tobacco lands. The tobacco counties of this district are Floyd, Car- roll, and Grayson. Tlie Valley and Appalachia. — In this district are included all the remaining counties of the State west of the Blue Ridge, southwest from Rockbridge, and in the northeast, some of these counties producing but little, but all capable of growing, to more or less extent, a good type of tobacco. The lighter soils are the better, but the arenaceous soils of the mountain slopes and foothills are preferred. The limestone belt is an extensive one, rich and well adapted to general farming. The poorer siliceous soils, notably in Poor Valley, in Washington and Lee counties, are growing a fine article of brights, but the south and southeastern slopes of the mountains also produce desirable manufacturing grades. While the above are classed in the red and yellow ship- ping district, there are extensive areas in most of these coun- ties well adapted to produce the bright yellow type, as is being demonstrated by individual planters every year. TAKE AN ACCIDENT POLICY WITH J. SOUTIIGATE AND SON- 224 History of Durham. ADDENDA ET ERRATA. Thb Durham Light Infantry — The Durham Female Seminary. The adage, '■ Old men for counsel, 3'oun^ men for war," finds illustration in the lar^e number of military organiza- tions throughout this Republic of ours. The Southern youth is a soldier born. His ancestors have set the example, their brave deeds have had a tendency to inflame the mind, and, climatic influences being favor- able, there is no reason why he should not be what he is. North Carolina, though [)roud of her citizen soldier}', has not, so far, done what she could to foster this manly, noble spirit in her sons. We believe her failure in this respect is inexcusable and damaging. Give usa laudable State pride and our sister States will regard us in a very different light from what they do now. We are glad to know the military officers are at work on this point. Within the past two 3'ears their labors have brought forth good results, and if they do not weary in well doing, the many volunteer com- panies of North Carolina, which have heretofore barel}' sub- sisted by personal sacrifice of time and money, will bask in the sunshine of the so much deserved, long looked for pros- perity. For one, the Durham Light Infantry would shout, " Roll on the glorious epoch." This company wasorgai^ized August G, 187S, with a mem- bership of forty, rank and file. J. F. Freeland was elected Captain, J. 11. Southgate, First Lieutenant, and .J. C. Angier, Second Lieutenant. In October following, J. H. Southgate re- signed, and W. L. Wall was elected to fill the vacancy. It was fully uniformed and equipped soon after its organiza- tion. The uniform was of gray cloth, swallow-tail coats, with three rows of N. C. State buttons in front, and no trim- ming except on the tail of the coat ; the stripes on the pants were black. Black felt hats, with black plumes, were worn. Six years have made many changes in the organization, as might have been expected. Several of the first " forty " Addenda et Errata. 225 have long since left Durham, others have resigned, and a few have " ordered arms " for the last time on earth. A short reference to some of the mile-stones in the com- pany's history cannot fail to be interesting to, at least, the former and present members of the body, wherever these lines may reach them. "The boys" will remember the 4th of July, 1879, in Winston. Indeed, how could they forget the glad scenes of that day — the marching, the music, the concourse of people; Salem Square at night, with its tiiou- sand colored lights; its velvet carpet of green grass; its stately poplars and elms, with their soft luxuriant foliage — a fairy land, in fact, and chivalrous youth and maidenly beauty were its occupants that night. But, should memory fail them as to these, the remembrance of the warm recep- tion and gracious hospitality of the Winston Light Infantry would ever remain green — a joy, a lasting charm. PRESENTATION OF FLAG. In the fall of 1879 the sincere interest felt by the ladies of Durham prompted them to donate to the company a handsom.ely embroidered silk flag, which could not have cost less than one hundred and seventy-five dollars — in every sense an appropriate gift — and so long as the love of home and the innocent ones there remain, so long will this beauti- ful ensign be honored even at the cost of the last ruddy drop. The presentation ceremonies took place at the Grand Cen- tral Hotel. Mrs. J. B Whitaker, in a graceful and appro- priate speech, tendered the flag, responded to by Lieutenant G. E Webb. The 20th May, 1880, was truly a celebration day in the history of tiie Durham Light Infantry. The Orange Guards of Hillsboro, Winston Light Infantry and Danville Greys were the guests of the Company, and everything that could be done was done to make their stay pleasant. The troops were quartered in thu west wing of the then W. T. Black- well & Co.'s large brick factory. The programme was such as is usual on similar occasions — marching, parading, ora- tions, and the like. At night the large brick warehouse, now owned and occupied by Capt. E. J. Parrish, presented a scene which has never before nor since been duplicated in Durham. A table groaning under all the delicacies and substantials which the barbecuer, the grocer and the skilled 22G History of Durham. housewife could furnish, extended from one end of the building to the other, a distance of two hundred and twenty- five feet. Around this table were seated the visiting mili- tary, a large number of prominent men from diiFerent parts of the State and a host of Durhamites. If this was not a feast, we never saw one; if people were not happy that night, we do not know what it is to manifest happiness, lu an hour's time the feast was over and then followed music and eloquence, each in its turn. Among the speakers were Gen. Cox, Hon. John Manning and Judge Fowle. Fair women, brave men, soft music, thrilling eloquence and a rich feast were features of an evening, wiiich closed a day long to be remembered by the boys. YORKTOWN. More than a year elapsed before the Company engaged in another celebration. In October, 1881, with forty-two men in full dress uniform, it went to the Yorktown Centennial Celebration of American liberty. A long description of this notable trip, with its pleasures and delights, can be made short by quoting one clause which is the property of the men in common: " Grandest event in the Company's history." It may be well to note a few changes which have taken place in the Company's management within the past two years. In May, 1882, Capt. Freeland resigned. J. C. Angier, First Lieutenant, took command, and in August following was elected Captain. He served one year a'.;ceptably. In August, 1883, E. J. Parrish, a prominent citizen of the town, was elected Captain ; John C. Angier, First Lieuten- ant; W. A. Gattis, jr.. Second Lieutenant; G. E. Webb, Second Junior Lieutenant. In February, 1884, Lieutenant Angier resigned, and W. A. Gattis was elected First Lieu- tenant in his place, and James H. Southgate, Second Lieu- tenant. So that the commissioned officers at present are:' E. J. Parrish, Captain ; W. A, Gattis, Jr., First Lieutenant: J. H. Southgate, Second Lieutenant; G. E. Webb, Second Junior Lieutenant. The uniforms are gotten up in handsome style, and of best material. The personnel of the Company comprise some of our most cultivated and influential citizens. INSURF IN THE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY. Addenda et Errata. 227 THE DURHAM FEMALE SEMINARY. This valuable addition to the educational facilities of Durham was established in January, 1882, and Mrs. M. E. Mahoney, an accomplished educator, chosen Principal. The buildinc^, located on Mangum street, was erected by Mr. A. M. Rigsbee. The school is one of high standing, and is in a flourishing condition. It is one of the attractive and fixed institutions of Durham, which is remarked with unfeigned pride and pleasure. The charges per term of twenty weeks are as follows : Primary English, ^ Preparatory English, [ ©innn Collegiate English, (" ^^^-^^ Latii., J Music on Piano 20.00 "Organ 20.00 " Guitar 15.00 Use of Instrument 5.00 Vocalization (Voice Training) „ 10.00 Incidentals 1.00 Board per Month, including Fuel and Lights... 12.00 Vocal Music, Calisthenics and Free Hand Writing, Free. The next session begins Monda3% September 3d. Parents are advised to board their daughters in the S^uninary. Regular hours of study, recreation, retiring and risinj^, are observed. Oversight and direciion of the studies in prep- aration are given. Special care is taken to guard the morals and improve the manners of those who board in the Seminary. ERRATA. BLACKWELLS DURHAM TOBACCO FACTORY. On page 110, under head " M. E. McDowell & Co.," in lines 4 and 5, strike out "Agents in Philadelphia," and insert in lieu thereof, "Agenis in the United States." In lines 18 and 10, strike out the words "and other places," and insert "Atlanta and New Orleans." 228 History of Durham. BIOGRAPPIICAL SKETCHES. On page 138, sketch of James Southgate, third line, in- stead of " English parentage," read " English descent." Same sketch, page 139, in line 14, strikeout "second to none in the State," and insert in lieu thereof, " among the fore- most tigencies of the State." TOBACCO FACTORIES. On pnge 115, sketch of Z. I. Lyon & Co , in first line in- stead of " firm is." read "firm luas." In line 4, strike out all, from the word " Durham " down to and including *' 1867," and insert iii lieu thereof the following: "Mr. Lyon did business for Mr. J. R. Green in 1865-'66. In 1868 he pur- chased an interest in the celebrated Bull brand. During the same year — " On page 184, bottom line, in the Dur- Irun qiiotations for fancv wrapj)ers, instead of " §1.50 to ^3.00," read " $150 to $300." 'S ^ Briggs Building, Ealeigh, N. C, —DEALERS IN— DWARE. ;b 8 -^ ^ ^ /: k; £2 m H H Pi ft BREECH-LOADINB 60N MATERIALS, FISBITO TACK'E, &G. TAKE A SEMI-TONTINE POLICY IN THE EQUITABLE, Durham Business Directory. 229 r=»..i^:EST "^^ Durham Business Directory. Abbreviatioiid. V3 ..v.. east a south w west a north ae........ ..w, ...... .w...... northeast se..... southeast ss south side ns north side opp opposite es east side THE CITY GOVERNMENT FOR 1884 Mayor. — J. F. Freeland. Cl&i±—W. E. Foster. Treasurer. — G. C. Farthing. City Weigher.— S. T. Morgan. Chief of Police. — Paul A. Brown. Assistant Police. — A. J. Faucett. Commissioners. — Eugene Morehead, Thomas D. Jones, R. W. Thomas, W. H. Rowland and T. S. Christian. Street Commissioner — William Maynor. COUNTY OFFICERS FOR 1884. Sheriff.—^. R. Blacknall. Superior Court Clerk — W. J. Christian. Register of Deeds. — J. C. Wilkerson. Treasurer. — J. R. Blacknall. County Attorney. — R. C. Strudwick. County Surveyor.. — A. M. Leathers. Commissioners. — W. A. Jenkins, chairman, G. A. Barbae, W. K. Parrish, C. B. Green and J. G. Latta. INSURE YOUR PROPERTY WITH J. SOUTHGATE & SON. 15 230 History op Durham. TOBACCO BOARD OF TRADE. Officers. — Alexander Walker, President, R. F. Webb, Vice-President. Albert Kramer, Secretary and Treasurer. Blackwell, W. T. Blackwell & Goodson, Burton, Robert Carr, Julian S. Cooper, W. R. Cox, A. B. Dalby, Edward Day, W. A. Duke Sons & Co., W. Faucett, R. T. Gattis, W. A. Green, Lucius Hazel, J. B. Jones, Thomas D. Jones, R. H. Kramer, Albert Lockhart, J. S. Lyon, T. B. Lyon, Z. I. Lyon, R. E. Mosely, T. B. Morris & Sons' M'f g Co. Osborn, W. H. Parrish, E. J. Peay, T. L, Pinnix, J. T. Pogue & Son, E. H. Reams, H. A. Reams, I. M. Rowland, M. A. Seav, E. E. Smith, L. T. Smith, John W. Smith, R. K. Stokes, A. H. Umstead & Co., A. H. Walker, John W. Walker, M. A. Watkins, Dr. J. L. Webb, R. F. TOBACCO FACTORIES. Blackwell's 'Durham Tobacco Co — Depot street, southwest -of N. C. R. R. depot. W. Duke Sons & Co. — Railroad, above Hillsboro street. R. F. Morris & Sons' Manufacturing Co. — Railroad street, near depot. R. T. Faucett— southeast of " Old Sitting Bull " Factory. James Y. Whitted, South street. Z. I. Lyon—" Old Sitting Bull " Factory. Seigel Brothers — South of Railroad, near Lyon's factory. E. H. Pogue & Son — S. Depot street, below the Blackwell Eactory. TOBACCO WAREHOUSES. The Reams Warehouse — Corner of Depot and Main streets. THE "TRAVELERS,"' OF HARTFORD, insures against accidents. 1 ? ALEX. H.STEPHENS. Alkxandke H. Stephens, Ex-Governor of Georgia, writes: I have been for over twenty years a constant smoker. 1 find in Blackwell's Durham that true ex- cellence found in no other brand — uniformity ; every package being the same. I can smoke it at all times, day and night, with im- punity; it acts as a mild and pleas- ant stimulant, always quiets my nerves, and in no way disagrees with me. It is a great comforter, apure, sweet and mild smoke. ■^^^'^Z^ii^t^^-^.t^^^ The Standard of the World. BLACKWELL'S DURHAM SMOKIN& TOBACCO. Rev. W. H. MILBURN fiiV. W. II. MiLBURN, D.I)., thf famous Dliud preuchLT, wrilus : New York, April 3d, 1884 For ten or twelve years I have used Blacicvt'ell's Durham Smok- ing Tobacco, and found it the most satisfactory of all 1 have tried. I gave Thomas Carlyle a pound of it, as we often smoked together, and he warmly praised it. I have found no tobacco on either continent that compares with it. Yours truly iy5 The Standard of the World. Durham Business Directory. ^31 The Parrish Warehouse — Corner of Parrish and Mangum streets. The Banner Warehouse — Main, between Green and Man- gum streets. • CIGAR AND PLUG TOBACCO FACTORIES. Since the greater portion of this book has passed through the press, two new manufacturing enterprises have been es- tablished in Durham — one Cigar, and one Plug Tobacco Factory — the former by Messrs. E. J. Clark & Co., the latter by Mr. Jas. Y. Whitted, formerly of Hillsboro. These gen- tlemen are experienced manufacturers in their line, and have wisely selected Durham, the El Dorado of the South, as a basis for future operations and success. Success? With proper business sagacity and push, no enterprise ever fails in Durham, and these gentlemen possess an ample amount of both. We have known Mr. Clark for many years, and we take pleasure in bespeaking for him that abundant suc- cess which he richly deserves. The Cigar Factory is lo- cated on Main street and the Plug Factory on Factory street. DURHAM WATER WORKS. A survey has been made, and at a distance of four miles from Durham an abundance of good spring water can be had with an elevation of sixty-five feet. The gentlemen engaged in this project have ample means and the energy and business tact to make a success of it. Durham has long felt the need of more water power and the supply from these springs, we learn, will be ample to supply a town of ten thousand inhabitants. BANKING HOUSES. The Bank of Durham — William T. Blackwell, President ; P. A. Wiley, Cashier; W. S. Haliburton, Teller. Parrish, between Church and Mangum streets. Morehead Bank — Eugene Morehead, President ; W. M. Morgan, Cashier; W. W. Avery, Teller. Main, between Mangum and Depot streets. J. SOUTHGATE & SON ISSUE TORNADO and CYCLONE POLICIES. 282 History of Durham. POST OFFICE. D. C. Mangum, Postmaster; salary, $1,300. The office now ranks third class. Main, between Mangum and Church streets. DURHAM COTTON MANUFACTURING CO. This company was organized in the spring of 1884, by the election of J. A. O'Dell, President; W. H. Branson, Sec- retary and Treasurer. Stockholders — Julian S. Carr, W. B. O'Dell, and J. M. O'Dell. The factory will be completed about October 1st, 1884, one and a half miles east of the N. C. R. R. depot, on the southside of the railroad, on what is known as the Barbee land. The work of laying bricks was commenced in the latter part of May, 1884. Size of build- ing, 148 feet 4 inches by 74 feet 4 inches. Smoke stack of brick and stone, 17 feet 19 inches at base and 139 feet high. THE DURHAM WOOLEN AND WOODEN MILLS CO. This company was also organized in the spring of 1884. Officers — John C. Angier, President; Samuel T. Morgan, Secretary and Treasurer. Julian S. Carr, M, A. Angier, Eu- gene Morehead, A. H. Stokes and Jas. R. Blacknall, Stock- holders. The factory will be completed the latter part of September, 1884, and will be located about one mile east of the N. C. R. R. depot, on ns. railroad, also on the Barbee land. REVENUE OFFICE. George L. Tinker, Deputy ; Post Office Building. Re- ceipts for 1883 were $618,444.34. NEWSPAPERS. "The Durham Tobacco Plant," (weekly)— C. B. Green, Editor. Democratic in politics. Subscription price, $1.50 per annum. Main, between Depot and Mangum streets. •' The Church Messenger," (weekly) — E. N. Joyner, Editor. Episcopal. Subscription price, $1.50 per annum. Main, between Mangum and Church streets. " The Durham Recorder," (weekly)— E. C. Hackney, Ed- itor. Democratic. Subscription price, $1.50 per annum. Main, between Church and Mangum streets. " The Daily Reporter "— D. W. Whitaker, Editor. Neu- The Largest Companies are Represented by J. Southgate & Son. Durham Business Directory. 233 tral in politics. Subscription price, $4.00 per annum. "Plant" Building. " The Truth," (monthly)— Josiah Turner, Editor. His- torical and literary. Subscription price, $1.50 per annum. DRUGGISTS. R. W. Thomas & Co., ne. cor, of Main and Depot streets. R. Blacknall & Son, se. cor. of Main and Depot streets. A. G. Carr & Co., ss. Main, between Church and Mangum streets. G. B. Montague, ss. Main, between Church and Mangum streets. N. M. Johnson, Mangum street, opp. Parrish Warehouse. PHYSICIANS. Doctors R. W. Thomas, A. G. Carr, W. J. H. Durham, T. S. Vickers, J. H. Cook, A. F. Cain, N. M. Johnson, L. W. Bat- tle, E. B. Utley and J. B. Guuter. BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. Durham Commandery, No. 3, Knights Templars. — Jas. South- gate, Eminent Commander ; L. W. Battle, Generalissimo; Ed. J. Parrish, Captain General ; John L. Markham, Excel- lent Prelate ; J. F. Freeland, Senior Warden ; W. L. Wall, Junior Warden ; J. S. Carr, Treasurer ; J. W. Blackwell, Re- corder ; C. C, Taylor, Standard Bearer; Geo. S. Scruggs, Sword Bearer ; L. T. Smith, Warden, protem. ; J. D. Wilbon, Sentinel. Royal Arch Chapter, No. 48. — James Southgate, High Priest ; J. C. Wilkerson, King ; E. Dalby, Scribe ; W. L. Wall, Capt. Host; Robert Holloway, Royal Arch Captain; John L. Markham, Principal Sojourner ; J. R. Gattis, Treasurer; C. C. Taylor, Secretary ; Geo. S. Scruggs, Master 3d Vail ; J. W. Blackwell, Master 2d Vail ; John D. Wil- bon, Master 1st Vail ; T. B. Smith, Guard. Durham Lodge, F. A. M., No. 352.— W. L. Wall, Worship- ful Master ; C. C. Taylor, Senior Warden ; J. W. Black- well, Junior Warden ; William H. Rogers, Treasurer ; James Cotton Mill Insurance a Specialty with J. Southgate & Son. 234 History of Durham. Southgate, Secretary ; H. N. Snow, Senior Deacon ; J. F. Freeland, Junior Deacon ; A. Mohsberg and Wm. Maynor, Stewards; T. B. Smith, Tyler. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Trinity (Methodist)— 'Head of Church street. Rev. T, A, Boone, pastor. Preaching every Sunday at 11 o'clock a. m. and 7 o'clock p. m. Sunday School at 9^ o'clock. Young men's prayer- meeting at 3 o'clock p. m. Baptist {Missionary) — Rev. C. Durham, pastor. Preach- ing every Sunday at 11 o'clock a. m. and 7 o'clock p. m. Sunday School at 9| o'clock. Young men's prayer meeting at 3 o'clock p. m. Mangum street. Presbyterian — Rev. H. T. Darnall, pastor. Preaching every Sunday at 11 o'clock a. m. and 7 o'clock p. m. Sunday School at 9| o'clock. Main street. St. Philip's (Episcopal) — Services every Sunday at 11 a.m. and 7 p. m. Sunday School at 10 a. m. Rev. John Husk, Rector. Main street. Primitive Baptists — Liberty street. Preaching once a month. No pastor. COLORED CHURCHES. Baptist Church. — S. Railroad street, opp. Redmond's Grove. Rev. F. H. Wilkerson, pastor. Methodist Church. — Fayetteville street, Hayti.* Rev. W. Cook, pastor. Primitive Baptist. — South Railroad street. Rev. Luke Webb, pastor. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. Methodist Female Seminary, next to Trinity M. E. church. Mrs. Julia R. Williams, Principal. Teachers— Misses Lessie Southgate, Addie Hoi man and Mrs. L. C. Lipscomb. Durham Female Seminary, Mangum street. Mrs. M. E. Mahoney, Principal. (See sketch in Addenda.) Durham Graded School — Main street, opposite the Duke Factory. Prof. E. W. Kennedy, Superintendent. Teach- ers — Profs. Thomas J. Simmons and C. L. Dowell, Misses Lula Freeland, Bessie Fanning, Dora Fanning, Eva Cox and Mrs. S. T. Morgan. *A large portion of the city settled almost entirely by the colored people. Durham Business Directory. 235 ATTORNEYS AT LAW. Messrs. Manning & Manning, E. C. Hackney, C. B. Green, W. W. Fuller, T. M. Argo, R. C. Strudwick and John M. Moring. COLORED SCHOOLS. Ledger Public School, Hayti. Miss — Ledger, Super- intendent. Hack Road Public School — James Whitted, Superin- tendent. GENERAL MERCHANDISE. G. C. Farthing, Main and Depot streets. Assistants. — J. R. Patterson, Bookkeeper; Thos. B. Farthing, W. S. Farthing and J. R. Proctor, Clerks. W. Halliburton, ss. Main, between Mangum and Church streets. W. K. Styron & Son, Main street, opposite Post OfiEice. A. M. Rigsbee, ne. corner Main and Mangum streets. As- sistants. — W. H. Proctor, Bookkeeper ; S. A. Dickson and S. J. Lewter, Clerks. W. G. Gates, Main street. J. H. Berry and A. H. Woods, Clerks. JOHN L. MARKHAM, dealer in heavy and fancy gro- ceries, dry goods, notions. Also agent for the most popular fertilizers, se. cor. Main and Mangum streets. Assistants — W.E.Foster, Bookkeeper; H. H. Markham, J.W.Jones, J. J. Thaxton, G. W. Barnes, R. R. Puryear, A. G. Elliot, Freeland Markham and H. P. Markham, Clerks; R. S. Ross, Storage House Manager ; Richard Daniel, Porter. Rogers & Co — Plant Building, Main street. W. D. Hen- don, Clerk. J. W. Tatum, ss. Main street. W. H. Moore and C. H. Umstead, Clerks. S. E. Watts, ss. Main street. R, R. Moore, Clerk. 0. B. Foushee, Stokes Building. T. J. Winston, Clerk. G. 3. & W. M. Rogers, cor. Parrish and Mangum streets. Assistants. — J. J. Bernard, Bookkeeper ; S. M. D. Parrish, W. M. Clayton, C. R. Cross and A. L. Wiggins, Clerks ; Alex. Morgan, Porter. Dwellings and Farm Property Insured by J. Southgate & Son. 236 History op Durham. T. Y. Monk & Co., Rigsbee Block, ss. Main street. W. L. Cooper, Bookkeeper ; W. G. W. Terry and J. B. Bernard, Clerks. W. Mangum & Son, Mangum, between Railroad and Main streets. Rawl's N. Y. Cash Store, Main street. S. R. PERRY, dealer in heavy and fancy groceries, and general merchandise. John C. Bailey, Bookkeeper ; Frank M. Carlton, Clerk. W. M. O'Daniel & Son, corner Church and Main streets. INSURANCE COMPANIES. The following companies are represented by J. Southgate & Son, Durham, N. C: Connecticut, of Hartford, Connecticut. City of London, of London. Equitable Life Assurance Society, of New York. Fire Association, of Philadelphia. Germania, of New York. German American, New York. Georgia Home, of Columbus, Georgia. Hartford, of Hartford. London Insurance Company, of London. London & Lancashire, Liverpool. Niagara, of New York. North Carolina Home, Raleigh, North Carolina. North British & Mercantile, of London. Northern Association Co., of Aberdeen and London. New York Home. Phoenix Association Company, of London. Phoenix Association Company, of Hartford, Connecticut. Phenix Insurance Company, of Brooklyn, New York. Royal Insurance Company, of England. Rochester German, of Rochester, New York. Scottish Union and National, of London. Underwriters, of New York. Travelers' Accident, of Hartford, Connecticut. Virginia Home, of Richmond. Virginia Fire and Marine, of Richmond. The following companies are represented b}'' J. J. Mackay, Durham, N. C: Liverpool Life Insurance Company. A POLICY IN THE EQUITABLE GIVES THE BEST INDEMNITY. Durham Business Directory. 237 Insurance Company of North Carolina. Mutual Reserve Company of North Carolina. Liverpool, London and Globe. Lyon Insurance Company. North Western, of Milwaukie. The Penn Mutual. HOTEL AND BOARDING HOUSES. Hotel Claiborn, corner Railroad and Depot streets, A. J. Rutjes, proprietor. Mrs. P. J. Anglea, Main street. J. W. Watts, Main street. C. G. Younger, Main street. J. M. Baucom. " J. P. Bradshaw, s. of Depot. RESTAURANTS. J, G. Vickers, old post oflBce corner. Maggie Bush, Railroad street, near depot. F. P. Clapps, es. Mangum, near Railroad street. Alice Crenshaw & Co., Mangum, near Railroad street. DRY GOODS. A. Mohsberg, n. Main street. E. Goldstein, ss. Main ; D. Kaufman, Bookkeeper. H. Mohsberg, ss. Main ; Simeon Fleishman, Bookkeeper. C. Summerfield & Co., Duke Building, ss. Main. Em- ployees— W. W. Kivett, F. Freeland, L. Marks and T. H. Lyon. Jacob Levy, ss. Main. Employees — J. C. Bowers, Frank Hunter and Julius Michael. R. M. Mclntire, ns. Main. Employees — W. B. McGary and Charles Styron. O. E. Rawls, ns. Main ; W. L. Franklin and Edgar Rawls, Clerks. MILLINERY. Mrs. A. M. Smith, Robinson Block, ns. Main. Assistants — Misses Mamie Smith, Julia Albright and Bettie Albright. Mrs. John S.Mesley — formerly Lougee &Mesley— ns.Main. Misses McCarty & Tyler, Stokes Building, ns. Main. NO CO-OPERATIVE Insurance can be had of J. SOUTHGATE & SON. 238 History of Durham. COMMISSION MERCHANTS. S. T. MORGAN, Mangura street, dealer in Farmer's Sup- plies and Fertilizers ; Fred. D. Fanning, Bookkeeper, and W. C. Thaxton, Clerk. Webb & Parker, Mangum street, General Commission Merchants. INSURANCE AGENCIES. JAMES SOUTHGATE & SON, cor. Main building, Rigsbee and Mangum ; Wm. H. McKabe, Policy Clerk and Bookkeeper, and W. J. Holloway, Assistant Clerk. J. J. MACKAY, Tatum Building. N. Main ; Charles Mc- Gary, Assistant. STONE AND MARBLE WORKS, R. J. Rogers, Proprietor, ss. Main, between Depot and Green streets. Employees — J. B. Whitaker, J. C. Smith, C. H. Hulin, George Evans and Frank Dave. SOUTHERN EXPRESS COMPANY. John L. Markham, Agent. OflBce — corner Main and Man- gum streets. FURNITURE DEALERS. B. L. DUKE & CO., ss. Main street. D. M. Carlton, Book- keeper, and John Laws, Jr., Clerk. M. C. Herndon & Co., ns. Main street. FERTILIZER COMPANIES. DURHAM BULL FERTILIZER COMPANY. S. T. Morgan, President; Eugene Morehead, Vice-President and Treasurer; E. E. Thompson, Superintendent Factory, and Fred. D. Fanning, Bookkeeper. Home Fertilizer, Upshur Guano.Teruvian Guano, ALLI- SON & ADDISON STAR BRAND, Southern Fertilizer Co., Anchor Brand. ONLY GENUINE INSURANCE CAN BE HAD OF J. Southgate & Son. Durham Business Directory. 239 G. OBER & SONS CO., Patapsco, Pacific, Zills and Grap- lin, Piedmont, Norfolk Fertilizer and Insecticide. HARDWARE DEALERS. C. C. TAYLOR, ns. Main. A choice and complete hard- ware line — stoves, &c. ROBERTSON, LLOYD & CO. Mangum, between Rail- road and Main streets. A full line of best goods. G. E. Lougee, Main street. HARNESS AND SADDLERY. Richard Dowdy, Mangum street. Work executed with promptness and unexcelled efficiency. Levi Houston, ss. Main street. J. D. Wilbon, bet. Main and Depot streets. BOOKSTORE AND STATIONERY. DIKE BOOKSTORE— James Dike, proprietor, nw. cor. of Main and Mangum streets. Assistants — Wm. M. Mahoney, H. J. Darnall, Misses Alice K. Rawls and E M. Harden. SASH, DOOR AND BLIND FACTORIES. WILLIAM MANGUM, Green street, in rear of Banner Warehouse. P. J. MANGUM, Railroad street, below Pine. WILKERSON, CHRISTIAN & CO., junction of Railroad and Green streets. WATCHMAKERS AND JEWELERS. S. F. Gardner, ns. Main, between Church and Mangum streets. C. F. Postley, ss. Main, between Church and Mangum streets. UNDERTAKERS AND CABINET MAKERS. Willis Mangum, Church, one door below Main and De- pot streets. W. R Howerton & Bro., Mangum street. P. J. Mangum, Railroad street, below Pine. NO SHODDY INSURANCE ISSUED BY SOUTHGATE & SON. 240 History of Durham. 1 JOB PRINTING OFFICES. J. B. Whitaker, Jr., nw. cor. of Main and Mangum streets. Bronze work a specialty. H. E. Seeman, Post Office Building,Main, between Church and Mangum streets. LIVERY AND EXCHANGE STABLES. A. A. SEARS, Main, between Depot and Green streets. ALLEN JONES & CO. Located just in the rear of Lyon's Tobacco Factory. W R. HERNDON, rear of Howerton's Carriage Shop. CARRIAGE AND WAGON FACTORIES. R. T. Howerton & Bro., n. Mangum street. Henry Seeman & Son, ns. Railroad street. BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS. T. S. CHRISTIAN, T. C. Oakley and John A. Bivius. STEAM AND GAS FITTERS. C. J. O'Brien & Co., the old Kemper corner. MERCHANT TAYLOR. CHAS. H. LEWELLIN, corner Main and Church sts. DENTIST. Dr. L. B. Henderson, Rooms over Dr. Carr's Drug Store, Main street. HERBALIST. Dr. Chas. Grayson, Railroad street, near N. C. Depot. PHOTOGRAPHERS. C. W. RocHELLE, ss. Main, between Church and Mangum streets. All work neatly and handsomely executed. H. Murphey, ss. Main, between Depot and Mangum street. TAKE NO INSURANCE BUT THE VERY BEST. Durham Business Directory. 241 FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP. Blount & Hankg, Railroad street, above Depot. McMannen & Carrington, Cora Street Smut and Screen- ing Machine Works. TONSORIAL ARTISTS. Wright & Merritt, ss. Main, one door from Mangum street. Assistants. — H. Terrell, Jas. Y. Allen and W. Wright. H. W. Brown, Mangum street. Jas. W. Murchison, corner Main and Mangum streets. Assistants. — Virgil Reid and Spot Sanford. CANDY FACTORY. J. H. Gresham, Barbee Building, ss. Main, near Church street. BLACKSMITH SHOPS. HENRY SEEMAN & SON, Railroad, near Church CHARLES HOLLOWAY, Railroad street, adjacent Messrs. Seeman & Son. HUCKSTERS AND MEAT VENDERS. J. T. Watts, Mangum street. B. J. Odens, John Paschall, " BRICKYARDS. No. 1 — South of Baptist church. W. A. Watson, Mana- :ger and Contract Agent. Manufacturing at present writing for Durham Woollen Mills and Court House. No. 2— Southeast of Durham. Wm, H. Smith, Manager. Manufacturing at this writing 1,500,000 for W. Duke Sons & Co.'s new Tobacco Works. No. 3 — Thr^e and a quarter miles west of Durham on the N. C. Railroad. R. G. Fitzgerald, Manager. ASSESSMENT INSURANCE IS A WASTE OF MONEY. 242 History of Durham. No. 4— East of Durham, on N. C. Railroad. G. W. Long, Manager. Making brick for the Cotton M'f 'g. Co., main building and tenement houses. No. 5— West of Durham, on the Chapel Hill road. R. B. Fitzgerald, Manager. Orders in hand for 2,000,000 bricks. No. 6 — East of Durham, on the Oxford road. D. Z. O'Brien, Proprietor. No. 7— Southeast of city. W. H. & C. E. J. Goodwin, Proprietors. No. 8 — South street, at city limits. B. W. Matthew, Pro- prietor. LIQUOR DEALERS. D. A. Barnwell, dealer in Wines, Whiskeys, Cigars, etc. Keeps also a Billiard Table. S. R. Carrington, corner Depot and Mangum streets. J. T. Mallery— "Old Chunk"— Parrish, near Depot street. J. B. Gooch, Mangum street, near Railroad. JAMES DIKE, A. M. On the banks of the Kennebec, in the City of Bath, Maine, the subject of our sketch was born, on the 27th day of June, 1848. His father, the Rev. Samuel F. Dike, D. D., gave him the advantages of the best educational training, from the time he was old enough to attend school, till h'e graduated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., at the age of twenty-one. On leaving college, he engaged in teaching, and had every grade of experience from the rustic district school to an important position in the Boston Latin School, the oldest institution of learning in the United States, being founded in 1635. In 1876, Mr. Dike married Miss E. J. Loring, daughter of Mr. B. T. Loring, a merchant of Bos- ton, Mass. While teaching, Mr. Dike's health became impaired through overwork, and he was obliged to give up his duties temporarily. The School Committee of -Boston, in appre- ciation of his services, presented him with one thousand dollars and six months' vacation, that he might regain bis strength. At the close of this period, Mr. Dike undertook his duties, but again breaking down he resigned his posi- PROVIDE AGAINST ACCIDENTS by Insuring with J. SOUTHGATE & SON Durham Business Directory. 243 tioD. Desiring to avoid the harshness of a northern win- ter, Mr. Dike, with his wife, came South to spend a few weeks. Under the influences of the change of climate, he improved in health so rapidly, that he shortly looked about for some occupation that would enable him to remain for a length of time and reap the full benefit of the climate. Having lived among books all his life, it naturally occurred to him to open a bookstore, as most congenial to his tastes. He opened a store in Greensboro, N. C , whither he had first gone, and placed upon the shelves $90 worth of goods, ob- tained on credit from two of the town merchants. One not to be forgotten day, his sales reached a total of 25 cents, and this was after standing in the store more than ten hours, without making one sale. Nevertheless his business grew, and at the end of the year, he removed with his family to Durham, N. C, as a wider field seemed to be opened. The only store he could find for rent was a large wooden build- ing, not favorably located for business. At various times Mr. Dike moved his store, bettering his position as far as possible. Last December a store-room was prepared for him in the new brick building on the corner of Main and Mangum streets. This location is unsurpassed in Durham, and it has been said by travellers that his bookstore is one of the handsomest and best arranged in the State, Mr. Dike has been in Durham about seven years, and in all that time has striven hard to place before the people a selection of books of the highest literary merit, and has sternly set his face against corrupting literature. It has not been possible to keep as full an assortment of books as might be done in a larger community, but every facility has been offered to the people to obtain promptly any book published in any city. A varied line of stationery and artistic goods form a part of his stock. It is no small advantage that the town has had these privileges from its early growth, and it is to be hoped that only good results may f jTIow from the earnest efforts that have been made. THE WHITTED TOBACCO WORKS. Mr. Whitted is a gentleman of extensive experience in Provide against Accidents by insuring with J. SOUTHGATE & SON. 244 History of Durham. the manufacture of plug, twist and granulated smoking tobaccos. Engaged in the manufacture of tobacco at Hills- boro in the year of 1859, and is a pioneer of this great in- dustry of the State. To the industry and wisdom of such men as Mr. Whitted may justly be attributed the gratifying position North Carolina is assuming in the tobacco interests of America. As a tobacco producing and manufacturing State, in point of quantity, North Carolina has few superiors, and in point of quality, she is second to none. Mr. Whitted continued the manufacture of plug, twist and granulated smoking tobaccos until April, 1861, when he enlisted in the Confederate service, being assigned to the 27th N. C. S. Troops. f*articipated in nearly all the hard fighting in Virginia. Accompanied General Lee on his famous raid into Maryland, and was severely wounded in September, 1863, during the terrific engagement at Sharps- burg. Although disabled for active field duty he remained with his command, performing light duties, until the close of hostilities, when he returned home, and once more en- gaged, in 1867, in his manufacturing enterpise. His various brands have gained much celebrity and are used through^ out the Union. His principal brands of plug and twist are— ''Ambrosia," "Old North State," "Walter Raleigh," "Nat. Macon," "Favorite," and "Ain't it Nice," and of granulated smoking tobaccos — "Harry Lee" and "Rising Star." These goods are made of the very best material, and are guaranteed to be free of drugs and all injurious concomitants, hence their great reputation and increasing patronage. In May, 1884, Mr. Whitted moved his factory to Durham^ where he is now prosecuting his business with great vigor and success. His factory is located on Factory street, about two hundred yards from the railroad depot, and is amply furnished with all the necessary modern appliances, which are of the best quality. Mr. Whitted is an enterprising, in- dustrious and affable gentleman, and we bespeak for hinj an abundant success. INQUIRB ABOUT CTCLONB IHSURANCE BcY ^TRITINQ TO J. SOUTHGATB & SOW. Advertisemepts. 245 CHAS. H. LEWELLIN, MERCHANT T AILO R ! Keeps ill stock the finest line of goods for Geutlemen's Wear ever exhibited in this section, and is prepared to make them up in the niost satisfactor}^ and elegant styles, equal to any Tailor North or ISouth. Cheap as the Cheapest. Will continue business in des[)ite of opposition, and will do all he can to please his patrons. Roberson Block Corner, Durham, Jf, C. ROYAL INS. COMPANY (Of Liverpool.) Assets, - - ■ $4,187,679. J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents. Durham, N. C. T. M. ARGO, ATTORXEY-AT-LAW, RALEIGH, N. C. Practices in the State and Federal Courts, and specially in Durham, Wake, Orange and Alamane counties. 16 OLD CHUNK! Clay Street, Durham, N. C, dealer in Pure Whiskies aud Braudies I Copper Distilled, from one to thirteen years old. MANUFACTURED AND SOLD exclusively by himself. He is shipping it by Ex- press all over the different States for Medical purposes. All who buy once buy again. J. T. MALLERY, Proprietor. J. M. BAUCOM, DURHAM, >. C, Has jnst fitted up and am- ply furnished a First -Class Boardiug^ Hoase, on South Street. His table will always be furnished with The BestjJhe Market Affords. 1^" He also has for sale on reasonable terms, a very Desirable Farm, in the Southern part of Dur- ham county, nine miles from the city of Durham. NORTH BRITISH AND MERCANTILE (of LONDON.) ASSETS, - - $3,264,426. J. Southgaie & Son, Agts., Durham, N. C. 246 History of Durham, The Old Travelers' Accident Ins. Co., OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT: ASSETS, $7,435,987. J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents. . Durham, N. C. C. V/. ROCHELLE, PH8T^0GRAP?11(^ AND (LMim ARTIST, opposite Post-Officc, Main St., Durham, N. C, Copying- niul enlarging a S[)eciality. Bear in inind that ROCH'ELLE'6 is leading Gallery, and that he intends to make it First Class in every respect. ^^^n MANNING & MANNING, A-ttorneys at Law, DURHAM, N. C. f^All business promptly attended to.^ News and Observer, DAILY AND WEEKLY, RALEIGH, N. C. The Leading Democratic Journal OF KOKTII CAROLINA. Important Market Rej)oits, Statistics and General In- telligence from all p.arts of the World. S. A. ASHE, Ed- itor." Sabserif>tion : Daily $7.00 Jier annum ; Weekly $2.00 per annum. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT RALEIGH, N. C. Democratic in Politics. • Devoted to the Material, Moral and Eilueational Interests of NiM'th Carolina. R A. SHOTWELL, Editor and PnorRiETOR. Subscription, - - - - 12.00 per annum. Adaertisements. 247 Sitting Bull THE ORIGINAL Dnrtuaiu Long- Cat, AND POGUE'S JURHAl CI&ARETTES, Manufactured by E. H. Pogue & Son, Durliam, N. C. Imrtf ©p€ Wiwm> Emm^ ©o®^ HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, ASSETS, - $4,541,239. ^ J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents, Durham, N. C. kiiiiw Remington Standard, TYPE- WRITERS. ^'rm^ Every iMerchant, Lawyer, Book- Keeperand Minister should have one. Seiul for Gircuhir. MORTON W. REED, Agent, Durliam, N. C. Equitable Life Assurance Society OF NEW YORK: ASSETS, $53,030,581. Wrote more tlian Eighty one Millions of New Business during year 1SS3. J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents, Durham, N. C. 248 History of Durham. R H. MAYO & BRO., Tobacco Manufacturers, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. [Established in 1830 by Robt. A. Mayo.] ORIGINATORS OF NAVY TOBACCO, OF WHICH THEY MAKE A SPECIALITY IN ALL SIZES AND COLORS. DURHAM, N. C, Dealer in Leaf Tol)acco. [Estalished iu 1875.] 1^^ Prompt attention given to all orders and satisfaction guaranteed. °^ll NEW YORK UNDERWRITERS' AGENCY, HANOVER AND CITIZENS,' Assets, - $3,699,794. J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents, Durhatn, N. C, Advertisements. 249 LONDON AND LANCASHIRE (Of Liverpool.) Assets, - - - $1,398,546. J. SOUTHGATE & SONS, Agents, Durham, N. C. PHGENIX INS. COMPANY OF Hartford, Conn., Assets, - - - $4,435,000. J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents, Durham, N. C. The Tobacco Plant, DURHAM, N. C. [Established in 1872.] A sterling Democratic and Trade Weekly Newspaper, devoted to the best interests of North Carolina. Largest circulation of any paper in middle Caro- lina. Subscription $1.50 per year. Advertising terms liberal. C. B. GREEN, Editor and JProjn'ietor. Fire Association of Philadelphia, ASSETS, REPRESENTED BY J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Durham, N. C. $4,279,676. BOOKS! BOOKS! North Carolina Headquarters AT lla^i rm^ i, Book ©tore, RALEIGH, N. C. We can supply all your wants at Lowest Prices. 250 History of Durham. J. K. CHILDREY. A. M. LYON. Nos. 1434 and 1436, cor. Cary and 15th Streets, , S .1- -J TOBACCO MAjYUFACTURIjYG COMPAJfY ALL GRADES Plug, Twist and Smoking Tobaccos. CLOTH OF GOLD, PEACH BLOSSOM, BEST OF ALL, ANCHOR, SUNNY SOUTH, SULTANA, GLEANER, BIRD IN HAND, FLORA BELL, &c. 1 m m "^'M % Jt^'JldWi k mn E^ DURHAM, N. C. Leaf Tobacco Broker All orders, of whatever grade, promptly filled and Sa-tisfa-ction. O-^ULara-i^teed.- Deals Exclusively in the Celebrated Tobacco grown in the "Golden Belt of North Carolina." Advertisements. 251 LAW. LOTTIER, Manufacturer. Durham, Silver Coin |S CO ^\ d 12; AND Brands of Plug Tobacco, also of the latest success Riclimond, Virginia. p School Books of every kind on hand, or promptly supplied to order. .Story Books, Magazines and Newspapers, Hymn Books and Pocket Bibles, Children's Toy Books, Family Bibles, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias. Writing Paper in various styles, such as Legal Cap, Bill Cap, Foolscap, Let- ter and Ladies' Note Paper. .Albums, Scrap Boolis, Papeteries, Ink, Pencils, Pens, &c , &c. Paper Bags at wholesale. In our Music Department We can furnish any article from a Violin String to a Piano or a Church Organ. Violins, Guitars, Accordeons, Banjos. 1;^^A superior lot of Violin, Guitar and Banjo Strings just received at low Prices. 252 History of Durham. THE SEARS' AND EXCHAIfGE STABLES. MR. A. A. SEAES, The popular and courteous Proprietor, settled in Durham in the year 1S6S, and attended school two years. In 1S70 he engaged in the manufacture of Smoking' Tobacco, In co-pa rtnersliip with Mr. T. B. Mor- ris, their only brand being " The Star." He continued in this business until 1S72, when he opened liis Livery and Exchange Stables, which are certainly the MOST COMPLETE in all their departments of any Estab- lishment of the kind in the State. .6®=- The Stables are situated on Main, between Depot and Green streets, Darhain, N. C. YOUNG ER'S Boardiug- and Lodging House, Main Street, bet. Church and Mangura, Durham, N. C, on the European Plan. Ji^"* Tables always supplied with the Best the Market affords.=^H Transient board $1.00 per day, including lodging. C.G. YOUNGER, I Proprietor. \ B. L. DUKE & CO.'S IS HEADQUARTERS For all kinds of FURNITURE and Undertaker's Supplies, 1^^ Call and examine qual- ity and prices. DurJiam, N. C. NORTHERN ASSURANCE CO., OP ABERDEEN AND LONDON, ASSETS, $1,296,426. J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents, Durham, N. C. SUPERIOR WORK ! CHARLES HOLLAWAY OPENED A First-Class Blacksmith SJiop On Railroad St., Durham, in 1878, and ever since has been turning out First-Class work At Reasonable Prices. Best Temperer in Durham. Advertisements. 25^ R. T. HOI7I7SRTOM d^ BRO.^ Keep constantly on hantl a choice stock of UNDE RTAKER'S GO ODS. The Carriage TlpTlfHitTJlPTlt ^^ complete in all its details and only the and Buggy UujJttl llliUill l/ery Best Materia/ Used. RBPAIRING A SI»ECIA1,XY. Prompt attention paid to all orders. All worls: executed with dispatch and In the most skillful manner. LLEi\i, JONES & CO., CORNER PINE AND COBA STREETS,, DURHAM, N. C, HAVE FITTED UP FIRST CLASS LIVERY AND EXCg°SANGE STABLES, P'or the accommodation of the public, at very moderate prices. Their Livery is unexcelled In all its details. All orders tilled with promptness and dispatch. Orders respectfully solicited and entire satisfaction guaranteed. MAIN STREET, DURHAM, N. €., DEALERS IN Heavy and Fancy Groceries, Dry Goods, Boots and Shoes, and General Merchandise. ALSO A CHOICE STOCK OF Crockery, Cutlery, Etc. The OSdest Merchant in Durham. Offers his Professional Services to the citizens of Durham and surrounding country. SU1|GE[[Y i DlSEjlSES OF CHILDI|EN A SPECI/\LTT, Prompt attention ^iven to all calls whether in or out of the city. Office at G. B. Montague's Drug Store, Main between Church and Mauguni Streets. 17 254 Advertisements. ^ ■ R B DEALER IN BRY MODS, STAPLE AND FANCY GROCERIES, nz) xj" IK 23: ..A^ Hiv^ , isr. c, I have a large and varied assortment of Canned Goods, Bacon, Lard, Meal, Flonr, Pickles, Cof- fee and Sugar. In fact you will find at my store everything usually kept in a first class Dry Goods and Grocery Store. In matter of price we cannot be undersold. Al! good-s promptly delivered free, and guaranteed as to quality and price S. R. PERRY, Durham, N. C. Established in 1874. RAILROAD SyiEET BELOW PINE, MANUFACTURER OP P in, uiiuui: OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS All work executed with promptness and in the most workmanlike manner. REPAIRING A SPECIALTY. Also all kinds of work usually executed by IFirst Class "ITDa-a-ertalsers a,ia.d. CaToiaaet ^^^a-lcers- Satisfaction guaranteed. C. J. O'Brien. Robert Dymott. p JJ C, J. O'BRIEN & CO,, Old Kemper Corner, Durham, N. C, MBERSiSTEAilEASFlTTEBS. First Class Workmen and laterial ALL ORDERS FILLED WITH Promptness, Neatness and Dispatch. Sotis faction in Every Respect Guaranteed. Advertisements. 255 BS T AB L I S II E D IN 1 H ,3 7 . FOR FINE BRIGHT TOBACCO and ALL CROPS USE G. Olier & Sis Coipaiiy's ^ssnal MMUFACTUKED AT BALTIMORE, MI)., BY G. Ober ti Sons Company^ BALTIMORE, Md., Feln'uary 1st, 188-1.— We desire to extend our most hearty coiigratiUatio::s to tlie jirowers (.)f 15right 1'obnceo— not only on account ol thC liresent lii^h prices of their st;iplc, but, ibr the t)right promise of future rewar.t to tliose who grow (ji >0D, FINu;. and FANCY Tobacco. The Internal Ui.'venue Departmcntof tlie United States shows th;tt for ilie past five years tlie produc- tion of Tobacco in tlie United stales has not equalled consumption in the Stales and exports; as a conswjuenee the Tobacco markets of the world are gr-'atlj' re- duced in stocks; jjartlcnlarly is this the case with BRIGHT TOBACt O, wnich lias grown in favor year by year the worM over. 'Pis even said that one vrho has once used the FLUE-OUIJKD BRIGHT TOBACCO of Virginia and Noith Carolina becomes so attached to its delicate flavor that, lie can neve l]e induced to use any other when that is obtainable. Indeed, there is no other staple crop grown that now holds out sui-li promise of profit. With these flatleiing pros- pects for the future, it behcioves every grower of YELLOW TORACCO to make every pound he can, and to be sure to secure an OLD, HELIABIjE, and TKIEI) Fertilizer. The almost nnparalellcd success that has attended the use of our Fertilizer in the past, shows that it is just the food required for growinu; GOOD, FINE, and FANCY BRIGHT TOBACCO. It is made only from the best mate- rial, and is rich in Soluble Bliosphate, Ammonia, and Potash, beautifully and unil^ormly combined; fine, dry, and in prime condiiion for drilling, and HAS NO SUPERIOR, if an equal, for the production of Hriglit Yellow Tobacco, and equals any Fertilizer lor the various other crops grown in Virginia and North Carolina. esxchahge:, M ui M] • In rear of Hov^'erton's Carriage Shop, A First Class and Complete Livery Line. An experience of many years in handling and managing horses, has given him a practical knowledge in his line nnsurpassc-d hy any man in the State. All Orders are Atleiulcd to v,\\\\ Proiisptness mul Disjtjiteh. Employs only such Assistants as are th roushly versed in the business. 256 e Advertisements. a d Factory Street, Durham, M. C, MANUFACirREKS OF ALL GRADES OF m itc a:sd fine gb aides of Mated mm m ALL GOODa GUAllANTEED First Class in Every Respect Fi S A SPECIALTY. --»^2a3-,*^