ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 
 
 Andeison's Manual of General History. 
 
 Bfing an Outline History of the Work! from tlie Creation to the Pres- 
 ent Time. Fully iliiistraleil with Maps. Uv Jojin J. ANDEiisox, A.M., 
 Lute Principal of Grammar Sciiool No. 31, New York City — Author of a 
 (irammar Stliool History of tlic United States, nndof a Pictorial School 
 History of the United Slates. 1 vol. 12n»o. 420 pages. 
 CiiARACTEUisTic FEATtniES. — 1. The Utcsl aiilhorilics liavc 'jeen consalted; and the 
 y nrratlve, which l« written with clenrnefs ami conclncncss, in brought down to the prci«- 
 ciil time. 2. Uiilnip'-rtant matters are entiruly onilited, or ouly iiicideutally alhidcd to. 
 .'i. The book is supplied with twenty-three maps, several of which are elegantly colored ; 
 and on these the location of evcrj- important place mentioned is accurati^ly thowu. and 
 the ."Hcccssive revolutions in the diiTerent nations of Europe and Asia clearly del:ncate<l. 
 4. The pronunciation of all the proper names is ac( urately given in connection with the' 
 namee as they occur; and a pronouncing Index l^ added, by which the wholfe subjrct may 
 be reviewed by tojjics. 5. The plan affords frequt-nt and systematic reviews, both ac- 
 cording to the chronology and by topics. 
 
 CoLLEoK or THE CiTY OF New York, Keu) York, March 21. MfS). 
 
 "From such examination as I have l)een able to give the Manual of Qeneral History, 
 
 by John .1. Anderson, A.M., I have formed th« following oj)lnlon as to Its merits. Its jilan 
 
 is comprehensive and judicious. The details arc carefully chosen, and piesenlcd with 
 
 clearness iiiid accuracy. SuperllnouB iind tedious matter io cxcliKlcd ; yet nothing of 
 
 ' .'~ e. \\. the same 
 rk for the more 
 ;o be committed 
 t appears to me 
 worthy of nraise 
 ork of a highly 
 rsons I heartily 
 ITllON, 
 ' New i'of/fc." 
 n., in the Penn- 
 
 impoi'tanc 
 time, i wo 
 ample and 
 to meraor 
 to be snpe 
 for its coin 
 iiiielliu'ent 
 recommem 
 
 From Pro! 
 
 "In a T 
 whole IIlsl 
 ofllce in th 
 possible in 
 thousands 
 historical ] 
 pire, that ( 
 live. We 
 FYom Prof 
 
 J LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.J 
 
 J7/,c//A577 
 
 i 
 
 { UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. J 
 
 Istory) gives the 
 hnson's term of 
 9 as probably Is 
 mention of the 
 raiin;; the chief 
 the lioman Em- 
 ire very iiistruc- 
 
 ire, Wanhinylon 
 
 "It lev. .J ..-.- „ J --J,- - -ppears to know 
 
 how to teach and what to teach. His combination of geography with liiBtorical teaching 
 is necessary, and he seeina to give pix)per weight, but not ..ndue place to chronology," 
 Frorn R. M. Lusiiek, State Svperintendent of PMif Instruction, Iji., and Agent for the 
 Ptabody Kdu'cational Fund. 
 
 "This Manual is one of the bi^st compilations I have ever seen, and it certainly must 
 ctriTI a reform in the teaching of liision- in high schools mid academies. The maps and 
 ctronolo;.'ical ncapliulatlons in the bctly of the work are an invaluable feature." 
 fYotn Prof. Thomas Emehson, IMncipal lllgli-Sdiool, Wobum, .Vast. 
 
 " Your Manual of General History ha* already been introduced into our High-School, 
 and subjected to the only real test of the merits of a l)ook— daily use in the class-room. 
 It is the best compend of general history I have yet seen. In the general division of the 
 suliV-ct in the choice, and arrangemc nt of the details, in the clearness and simnlitity of 
 the laii''uage, in the omission <rf the endless and uninteresting minuliie with which many 
 iext-b(>7)ks"on this subject are cumbered, you have been hi'dilv successful. I'nlike most 
 conipeiids of history, thr narrative is well connected and phasing, thereby attracting 
 rather than repelling the student. Nor are the maps among the hast valuable features of 
 the l>ook You have fully recognized the principle that the study of History and Ceog- 
 
 niphy should go hand in "hand It is extremely gratifying to find a book that 
 
 furnishes the pupil with the leadiiiz facts of history in so altruiive a manner, and leaves 
 to iLe wacher so largt; an opportunity for oral instruction." 
 
 Published by Clark & Maynard. 5 Barclay St., New York. 
 
ANDERSOIST'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 
 
 A School History of. England. 
 
 Illustrated with Maps. By John J. Andekson, A.M., Author of a 
 
 Grammar School History of the United States, a Pictorial School History of 
 
 the United States, a Manual of General History, etc., etc. 12mo. 302 pages. 
 
 Price $1,60. 
 
 1.— One of the aims of the anther is to give not only the political and military history 
 
 ! of the country, but also to show its progress from time to time in civilization. 2.— The 
 
 I pronuuciation of proper names is given in connection with the names as they occur. 
 
 I 3.— In addition to the maps with the text, the work contains six finely engraved and 
 
 beantirully colored historical maps, showing the geographical changes in the country at 
 
 di/fuient periods in its history. 4. — An Appendix contains an exposition of the leading 
 
 fer.tares of the English Constitution, and a geographical and historical account of the 
 
 Bdtish PoBsessions. 5. — The worlt is fully supplied with Chronological and Genealogical 
 
 Tables, Biographical Notes, Suljjects topically arranged by means of Review Qneations 
 
 and a Pronouncing Index. 6.— The volume embraces only 300 pages, and may therefore 
 
 • he easily completed in one or t\?o school terms. 
 
 From The Christian Union (Rev. Henry Ward Bkecher, Editor). 
 
 With an accurate perception of the essential events of history, and a power of con 
 cise statement that amounts to a gift, Mr. Anderson, without making his history color 
 Jess, has made it briei ; and without either presupposing historical knowlcdge'on the 
 part of young persons, or overwhelming them with the customary details that are cer- 
 tain to fie forgotten, he has succeeded in drawing the course of events in broad, large 
 outlines that we should think likely to endure in the pupil's memory. So admirable, 
 indeed, is the book in this respoct, that it would prove of no small service to students 
 of greater maturity than those for whom it is designed, either in settling the relative 
 bjyring and proportion of what they have read disconnectedly, or as a framework upon 
 wliich to rear thu fuller narratives of special histories. In the detailed execution of his 
 vork, also, Mr. Anderson has embodied many features of great utility — chronological 
 and genealogical tables, maps showing the political divisions of Great Britain at difter- 
 ent periods since the Itomiii Invasion, marginal dates calculated to keep the sequence 
 of events before the pupil's mind, in a word, all those appliances to whose neglect is 
 largely due the usual unproductiveness of historical study at school. We have rarely 
 seen a text-book that seemed to fulfill its purpose more efficiently than this. 
 From The Liberal Christian. 
 
 We think this the best school history we have seen. In less than three hundred 
 pages we have a clear, intelligible account, extending from the earliest period of which 
 anything is really known of the histoiyof Great Britain down to the present time. The 
 student using this book will necessarily become well acquainted with the geography of 
 the country, as there is a system of Progressive Maps, showing the divisions of the coun- 
 try at dilfereiit periods of its history. * * * * There are many things told in an in- 
 cidental way of the biography of the most distinguished men of the country, which will 
 very much tend to excite a wish for additional reading and knowledge. A pretty 
 thorough examination of the work leads us to the opinion that its excellence leaves 
 little to be desired in a school history. If we could have had such a book at the right 
 time, in our schooldays, it would have saved us a great deal of valuable time. 
 Fivm Prof. Eben S. Stearns, Principal of the Robinson Female Seminary, Exeter, N. H. 
 
 Prof. Anderson's Uistory of England seems to me, as the result of a close examina- 
 tion, eminently adapted to the school-room. Conscious, ajiparently, that a compend of 
 history must, from the nature of the case, exclude much ot narrative and interesting 
 detail, the author has, with remarkable skill and judgment, seized upon the most salient 
 points and presented them in such appropriate and forcible language, and so happily, 
 • hut the student is beguUed through the driest abstractions. In this concise, yet vivid, 
 miurer. all that is essential to a general knowledge of English history is oftered for study 
 within limits which can be readily compassed by the circumstances of most schools and 
 seminaries. The well drawn maps connecting geography with history, the carefully 
 arranged chronological tables with which the work abounds, and the pronunciation of 
 proper names constitute also distinctive and most valuable features. The introduction 
 of dates, of course not to be dispensed with, has been so arranged as not to interfere 
 with the narrative, or to unncessarily burden the student's memory. Certainly, no other 
 work of the kind, which I have ever examined, has impressed me so favorably as this ; 
 and I shall be much disappointed if it does not so commend itself to teacners as to 
 speedily obtain the very highest place among text-books. 
 
 Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, New York. 
 
AMD 
 
 M K y: I 
 
 ('oIuiIilxiN HU3 
 
 i^ SuMStitvaUvr 
 
 Tortitqas /' , : • * 
 
 HAVANA 
 
 Cv ^ 
 
 
^6 6 3 <t! 
 
 THE 
 
 United States Readei 
 
 EMBRACING 
 
 Selections from Eminent Amcr-ican Historians, 
 Orators, Statesmen and Poets, 
 
 EXPLANATORY OBSERVATIONS, NOTES, Err. 
 
 THE WHOLE ARRANGED SO AS TO FORM A 
 
 COMPLETE CLASS -MANUAL 
 
 OP 
 
 United States History, , cgi) 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED A 
 
 VOCABULARY OF DIFFICULT WORDS AND A BIOGRAPHICAL 
 INDEX OF AUTHORS. 
 
 By JOHN J. ANDERSON, A. M., 
 
 Avihor of a '• Grammar School HiHorij of (he United StaiesC^ a ^'- Pic/m'ial School 
 
 IRstori/ of the United States,"' a '■'Mairaal of General History,'''' a ''History 
 
 of England,'" " The Historical Reader,''' etc., etc. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 CLARK & MAYNARD, PLTBLISIIERS, 
 
 5 Barclay Sireet. 
 
 1872. 
 
 O 
 
Anderson's Historical Series. 
 
 1. Introductory Scliool llixfory of the United 
 
 SlaU>M. Illiisinili-d Willi maps. 1!).") pp. lOmo. 
 
 Ttli^' work, tlionirh arranfrcfl on tlic catcclu-ticiil plan, may b" "-ead &r a coiitiniioui' 
 niirialivi', tlie text liavini: licen fully written l)ofi)ri! tlie qiiCFtions were pr('|)ari'<l. 
 It is iiwioNEi) roil ci.asj'E? of advanced as ■well as lowek oradks. in wiiirii 
 
 5NI.Y a VKUV nitlKP orTI.INE OK THE IIISTOUV OP TIIE COUNTRY FKOM ITS DIS- 
 'lOVEnT TO TUE PRESENT TIME IS TAUGHT. 
 
 2. Common Keliool IIiMtory of the United States. 
 
 Illiistnitcfl witJi maps. .3,")0 pj). Kimo. 
 
 'Piiis work is more cateclicticiil than the preceding, since flic answers are more 
 iiidopendent 01 each other. Desiuned for lauok oiiaded schools. 
 
 .t. diramniar ^elio(»l lli«>tory of the United State<«. 
 
 With one soiii's of nin))-' showing' the loratioii of ilie plarcs referred to; and another, 
 ohowing the progress of the country in its territorial acquipiiiuns and political 
 divisions. £32 pp. IGnio. 
 
 This work is on the narrative plan, with a set of qnestions for topical review at 
 the end of the sections. It ■will meet all the wants op oradei) schools and 
 academies. 
 
 4. Pictorial School History of the United »itate$i. 
 
 Fully illustrated with miii>s, portraits, vifjuettes, &c. 401 pp. 12ino. 
 
 This work is also on the narrative plan, but more cinainstantial in its staleineuts 
 than the prccedinir. DEsiiiNED for iiiau-scuooLs and academies. 
 
 *»• Each of the above-named works contains the Di'Claration of Independeuce, 
 and the Constitution of the llniic'd States, with questions and explanations; and, in 
 the Grammar School History, will also be found Washington's Farewell Address. 
 
 5. .'\ ITIanual of Cienerai IliNl4»ry. 4in pp. i2mo. iiius- 
 
 tnited with mii])-^. shovvin;; ilir ihanj,'es in the politieal divisions of the wo;!-.i, and 
 Hiviii'' t.'ie loeatioii of important places. Various tables of chronolo'ry and cuiilem- 
 poraneoiiH events are also given, with a complete pronouncing iudex. Dksigneu 
 
 FOR Ct^ASSES OF advanced GRADE. 
 
 6. A School History 4»f Kn^land. 300 pp. 1^10. illus- 
 trated with m .)i-. sliDwiiii,' the tjuo^'iaoliical tliaii;;es in the country at ill fle rent 
 periods. ('hronoloi.'ical and geiieal<igic:al tables are (,'iveu ; also a coinpliie pro- 
 tioiincing index. Desioned for classes op advanced grade. 
 
 7. AnderNon'N Blo^iNN Ancient History, illustrated with 
 
 colored niajis and a chart. 41.") pp. I'Jino. Desujnkd fok classes of liioii oradk. 
 
 l-^ff~ One of the leading aims in all of AndcivoiCs Ilistofits is to connect the gtoara 
 '}iiij with Ihechronolixjij. 
 
 8. The Historical Render, cmbracin;: selections In prose and vers.- 
 from i-tandard writers in .Xncient mid Modern History : with a Vocabulary of difticub 
 or iiiiustial words, and a Geographical and Biographical Index. 12tno. 
 
 CLARK & MAYNAKD, Publishers, 
 
 Ni:W YORK. 
 
 £ntcr«(l iiiTorduig to Act iif Coiibtchb, In tlio your 187.', lyr J<>iiN J. Andlrson, id tlio otlioc 
 of tliu Lllinirlau uf Cuiit;it'H!i, at Wiuililiigi D. 
 
 Eq 
 
 ,\ 
 
 Ks-AA 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The general jjJan of tliis work corresponds very nearly with 
 that of the Histoeical Eeader, recently presented to the 
 public; and its objectj^like that work, is to teach history so as 
 to cultivate, at the same time, the taste of the pnpil for histori- 
 cal reading and study, and to afford in connection therewith, 
 appropriate materials for reading-lessons and exercises in elo- 
 cution. 
 
 It is quite often a subject of complaint among intelligent 
 educators, that the materials of most of the reading-books in 
 use supply to so small an extent the means of imparting useful 
 information, or of instilling a taste for the perusal of instructive 
 books. Their desultory character has, without doubt, a ten- 
 dency to prevent this result. 
 
 In the present work,*a sufficient variety of composition, it is 
 believed, is supplied to afford every necessary exercise in elocu- 
 tion; while the subject-matter is connected, from beginning to 
 end, not only by notes and observations, but by a continuous 
 text, so as to form a succinct narrative of all the great events 
 in our history. It is thus not only a Reading-Book, but a 
 complete History of the United States. 
 
 The selections are chiefly from the most emihent historians 
 
2 Preface. 
 
 (with few exceptions, America)}) ; also from the illustrious 
 orators and statesmen who have, by the splendor of their genius 
 and patriotism, shod a peculiar lustre upon our annals. Some 
 of the great events are still further iUustrated by choice 
 extracts, chiefly from the most illustrious of the American 
 poets, all having a tendency to infuse into the mind of the 
 Youthful student a warm patriotic Sentiment, as well as to 
 impress deeply upon his memory the history of the events 
 referred to in these beautiful and spirit-stirring verses. 
 
 Xor is it the smallest consideration, that the pupil, by the 
 use of such a compilation as this, of necessity acquires a knowl- 
 edge of the best writei"s, and is enabled, after discontinuing its 
 use, or in connection with it, to arrange for himself a proper 
 course of historical reading ; since the author has been careful 
 to insert in connection with the pieces the names of their wri- 
 ters, as well as the works from which they haA'c lx?en extracted. 
 
 The text of the history is brief and direct, and, in order tliat 
 the original and selected matter may be at once distinguished, 
 has been printed in smaller type, though, it is l)elieved, suffi- 
 ciently conspicuous to be easily and conveniently legible. The 
 author has used no questions, but has arranged the matter in 
 brief jmragraplis \\\i\\ prominent headings, indicating at once 
 the events described. Tliis arrangement seemed to be better 
 adapted to the plan of topical study and recitation, which in 
 the author's judgment has, especially in liistory, very many 
 advantages. The model of anahisis will supply further aid to 
 teachers in the proper method of conducting recitations. 
 
 Tiie Progressive Mapx which have been inserted, particularly 
 
Preface. 3 
 
 that illustrating the Territorial Growth of the nation, will be 
 found of great value, not only in teaching the geographical 
 position of the places referred to in the text and selections, but 
 also by presenting the great features of the nation's progress 
 and development at different periods. The Vocabulary of Dif- 
 ficult Words, and the Biographical Index of Autliors, will also 
 be found very useful appendages to a work of this character. 
 
 The author submits this work to the impartial examination 
 and trial of his fellow- teachers, confident that it will prove a 
 valuable addition to the ordinary means of teaching history, in 
 bringing the pupil's mind in communion with the masterpieces 
 of so many gifted writers ; and that, even where a simple com- 
 pilation is used, this work will perform an important service 
 as an auxiliary. 
 
 New York, May, 1873. 
 
ALPHABETICAL L^DEX OF AUTHORS, 
 
 With refcrcnccfl to the pages contaiuin^ selections from eacb. 
 
 Page 
 
 Allen 1-13 
 
 Armstrong 2H 
 
 Baillle 12 
 
 Bancroft 23, 07, 107 
 
 Beach 357 
 
 Bellows 372 
 
 Brodhead ill, TO 
 
 Bryant 10'* 
 
 Campbell M 
 
 Clark »13 
 
 Clay 281 
 
 Cooper... 27(i, 30."j 
 
 De Cliastellux 178 
 
 Dnptnnc 4">1 
 
 Est van :i")3 
 
 Everett 82, 86. 90 
 
 Franklin 22r, 
 
 Garden 200 
 
 Gillett 2&4 
 
 Grahame 44, 73, 74, 127 
 
 Greeley 2;n, .340 
 
 Greet 
 
 .181 
 
 Grimshaw 1.3,3 
 
 Gnizol 241 
 
 Hamilton 202, 20(1, 221 
 
 Hawthorne 130 
 
 Headlcy 208, 290 
 
 Ilemans 51 
 
 Ilildrelh 38, 2^^ 
 
 Holmea, A ICS 
 
 Holmes, O. W 141,280 
 
 Hooper 818 
 
 Hopkinson 2-14 
 
 Ir^•ing 20, 26, 79, 90, IW, iMO 
 
 Jackson 315 
 
 Jay 2*4 
 
 Jefferson 254 
 
 Key 293 
 
 Lee 199 
 
 Lcvasseur 308 
 
 r.KGK 
 
 Lincoln 348, 365 
 
 Loiipfellow 81, 194,231 
 
 Lossing 1 15 
 
 Lynns 326 
 
 •Mackenzie 204, 3.'0 
 
 Mackintosh 230 
 
 Mansfield 327, .'aS 
 
 Mar^llall 248 
 
 Mason 246 
 
 Ma X cy 1 39 
 
 Mirabeati 235 
 
 'Son 257 
 
 Ome 174 
 
 Palfrey 59 
 
 Parker 179, 311 
 
 Parkman 30. 3«, 123 
 
 Parton 151, HtO, 2;jl, 295 
 
 Pieri>onl 05, 149 
 
 Pollard 309 
 
 Prescoft 17,27 
 
 Putnam .'501 
 
 liamsay 190, 220 
 
 Randall 100, 252 
 
 Read 30ft 
 
 Ripley 323 
 
 Robertson 14 
 
 Southcy £7 
 
 Story 378 
 
 Sparks 118,145, 222 
 
 Sumner ^509 
 
 Sweet »n 
 
 Tinihs 261 
 
 Washington 213, 218 
 
 Webster, Noah.. IJOI 
 
 Webster, Daniel 150, 307, 3:J'.» 
 
 Whiti icr 211, a32, 359, 378 
 
 Willis 205 
 
 Winthrop 8J6 
 
 Wirt 312 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Section I. — Discoveeies and Explorations. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Discovery of America (11); Analysis (11). 
 
 First Voyao-e of Columbus Baillie. 13 
 
 Liuidiug of Columbus Robertson. 14 
 
 Other Discoveries and Voyages (17). 
 
 Maritime Enterprise iu the 15tli Century Prescott. 17 
 
 Character of Columbus Irving. 20 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci (23); Tlie C'abots (2.3). 
 Discovery of Florida Bancroft. 23 
 
 Expedition of Balboa (2'i). 
 Discovery of the Pacific Ocean Irving. 26 
 
 De Ayllon's Expedition (27); Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (27). 
 Boldness of Cortez Prescott. 27 
 
 Expedition of Narvaez (30). 
 Expedition of De Soto Parkman. 30 
 
 E.'-.plorations by the French (33) ; Settlement of Florida (33). 
 
 Discovery of Lake Champlaiu Parkman. 34 
 
 The American Indians . . . , Iliidreth. 38 
 
 Section II. — Colonial History. 
 
 Sir Hnmphrey Gilbert's Voyage (44) ; Voyage of Amidas and Bar- 
 low (44); First Attempts at Sctt'ement in Virginia (44). 
 
 Settlement of Jamestown Oraliame. 4:4 
 
 Pocahontas . . = Ilemans. 51 
 
 Virginia under the Second Charter (.52) ; Third Cliarter (52); Dissolu- 
 tion of the Company (53). 
 
 The Cultivation and Use of Tobacco Gamphell. 53 
 
 The Navigation Act (55); Bacon's Rebellion (56) ; Subsequent History 
 (56) ; Massachusetts (56) ; Explorations of New England (.56) ; 
 The Puritans (57); Voyage of the Mayflower (57). 
 
 Landing of the Pilgrims Soutliey. 57 
 
 Settlement of Plymoutli Palfrey. 59 
 
 The Pilgrim Fatiiers Pierpont. 65 
 
 History of Plymouth (66); Massachusetts Bay Colony (60); Rhode 
 Island (67). 
 
 Roger Williams and the Settlement of Providence Bancroft. 67 
 
 Rhode Island Plantation (71); New Hampsbire (71); Connecticut 
 (71); Connecticut Colony (71); Saybrook Colony (71); Pequod 
 War (72); New Haven Colony (72); Union of the Colonies (72); 
 The Charter Oak (72). 
 
 The New England Confederacy Grahame. 73 
 
6 Contents. 
 
 PAOK. 
 
 Eliot's Efforts to convert the Indians GraJiame. 74 
 
 Persecution of the Quakers (78); Kin;,' Philip'u War (7!l). 
 
 Dcatli and CliuractL-r of King Philip Trring. 79 
 
 The Indian Hunter LvnrjfeUoip. 81 
 
 Coinaije in Massachusetts Krcretl. 83 
 
 Arbitrary Conduct of Cliarles II. (85); Kin? William's War (85) ; Salem 
 Witchcriift (86). 
 
 Witchcraft in Massachusetts Everett. 85 
 
 Queen Aniie'.s War (89); King George's War (90). 
 
 . The Pilirriins Everett. 90 
 
 New York (91); Discovery of the Hudson River (91). 
 
 Voyage of the Ilalf-Moon Brodhead. 91 
 
 Colonization of the Country (95); Governor:? of New Netherlands (96). 
 
 Character of Peter Stuy vesant Irvinrj. 90 
 
 Conquest of New Netherlands by the English Brodhead. 99 
 
 First Eii;,'lish Governor (106); Negro Plot (106); Subsequent History 
 (lOfi); New Jersey (106); Maryland (lOT); Setllcnicnt of St. 
 Mary's (107). 
 Coinmenrcincnt of Colonization in Maryland Bancroft. 107 
 
 Sub.senufnt History of the Colony (110); Pennsylvania (110); Grant 
 to William Penh (110); Foundinirof Philadelphia (110); Treatment 
 of the Swedes (110) ; Subsequent History (111). 
 
 Penn's Treaty with the Imlians Anon. Ill 
 
 Delaware (112): Conquest of the Dutch (112); Subsequent History 
 (113); North and SotTii Cauoi.ina (U3); Georgia (113); Grant 
 to Oglethorpe (113); War with the Spaniards (114). 
 
 Section III. — The Fuencii and Indian War. 
 
 Causes of the War (114); Washington's Mission (114). 
 
 Incidents of Washington'.s .Jonrncy. homing. 115 
 
 Events of 1754(117); Events of 17.55 ft 18); Braddock's Expedition 
 (118). 
 
 Defeat of Braddock Sparks. 118 
 
 Other Expeditions of 17.55 (121); Event.sof 1756 (122); Events of 1757 
 (12J); Events of 17.58 (122); Events of 1759 (123). 
 
 Taking of Quebec and Death of Wolfe Parkmnn. 123 
 
 Events of 1760. and Close of the War (127). 
 State of the Colonies in 17G5 Grahame. 127 
 
 Section IV. — The American Revolution. 
 
 Causes (133). 
 The Stamp .\ct Grimshaw. lIi'S 
 
 Effect of its Passage (135); Other Measures of Taxation (135). 
 The Hoston Massacre JIawt/ionw. 136 
 
 Tax upon Tia(1.38); Bo.ston Port Bill (139); First General Congresa 
 (i:^!); Minute Men (i:Ct). 
 
 The First American Congress Majcy. 139 
 
 Events of 1755 (140). 
 
 Battle of Lexington 0. W. Holmes. 141 
 
 Capture of Ticonderoga Ethan Allen. 143 
 
 Second Continental Congress (145). 
 
Contents. 7 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Appointment of General Washington Sparks. 145 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill (149). 
 Warren's Address Pitrponi. 149 
 
 Conduct of Lord Dunmore (150); Invasion of Canada (150). 
 
 Montgomery's Attack on Quebec Parton. 151 
 
 Evacuation of Canada (153) ; Events of 17~6 (153); Evacuation of Bos- 
 ton (153); Repulse of the British from Charleston (154); Declara- 
 tion of Independence (154). 
 
 Independence Bell Anon. 154 
 
 Speech of John Adams Webster. 156 
 
 The Declaration of Independence Jefferson. 160 
 
 Debate in Congress on the Declaration Randall. 160 
 
 Keadiug of the Declaration to the Army Penn. Journal. 167 
 
 Battle of Long Island Holmes. 168 
 
 Retreat of Washington (173); Battle of Trenton (173): Battle of 
 Princeton (174). 
 
 Washington at Princeton Miss G. F. Orne. 174 
 
 Arrival of Lafayette (175). 
 
 First Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. Pi3?2.;i. Jour. 176 
 
 Battle of Brandy wine (177); Battle of Germantown (177); Burgoyne's 
 Expedition (177). 
 
 Surrender of Burgoyne De Ghastellux. 178 
 
 Washington at Valley Forge Theodore Parker. 179 
 
 Life at Valley Forge Oeo. W. Greene. 181 
 
 Events of 177S (184); Evacuation of Philadelphia (184). 
 
 Battle of Monmouth Irving. 184 
 
 Attack on Rhode Island (189); Massacre of Wyoming (189); Capture 
 of Savannah (189); Events of 1779 (190) ; Battle of Chemung (190); 
 Paul Jones's Victory (190). 
 
 Paul Jones's Naval Battle Parton. 190 
 
 Repulse of the Americans at Savannah»(194). 
 
 Pulaski's Banner Longfellow. 194 
 
 Events of 1780 (195); Taking of Charleston (195); Partisan Warfare in 
 the South (195). 
 
 Marion's Brigade Ramsay. 196 
 
 Song of Marion's Men Bryant. 199 
 
 Marlon, Sumter, and Piclceus H. Lee. 199 
 
 Arnold's Treason (201). 
 
 Execution of Major Andre Alexander Hamilton. 203 
 
 Andre's Last Request Willis. 205 
 
 Benedict Arnold Garden. 206 
 
 Events of 1781(207); Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Troops (207); Meas- 
 ures of Relief (208); Battle of theCowpens (208); Retreat of Mor- 
 gan and Greene (208); Battle of Guilford Court-House (208); 
 Battle of Hobkirk's Hill (208); Battle of Eutaw Springs (209), 
 
 Character of (General Greene Hamilton. 209 
 
 Siege of Yorktown, and Surrender of Cornvrallis (211), 
 
 Yorktown WMttier. 211 
 
 Expedition of Arnold (219); Close of the Revolution (212); Difficulties 
 at the Close of the M'ar (21;2) ; Proposal of Colonel Nicola (213). 
 
8 Contents. 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Washington's Reply to Colonel Nicola 213 
 
 Newbury Addresses (214). 
 
 Address to tiie Army 214 
 
 Washiui^ton's Address \^^ the Officers of the Army 218 
 
 Disbaiidment of the Army (2«)); Retirement of Wasliiugton (220). 
 
 Washington Resigning his Commission Bammy 220 
 
 Eminent Statesmen of the Revolution Sparks. 222 
 
 Mount Vernon liev. Wm. Jay. 224 
 
 Weakness of tlie Confederacy (2il); Adoption of tlie Conetitution 
 (224). , 
 
 Insufficiency of the Confederation IlamUton. 225 
 
 Motion for Praj'ers in the ('(mvention Franklin. 22G 
 
 Election of President and Vice-President (228) . 
 
 Section V. — The Xatiox. 
 
 Inauguration of Washington Uildrcth. 228 
 
 The Launching of the Ship Longfelloic. 231 
 
 Wasliiii-tons Administration (283); Additional States (233); Death of 
 
 FraiikliM C^Vi). 
 
 Last Hours of Dr. Franklin Birion. 234 
 
 Eulogy on Franklin Mirabeau. 235 
 
 Character of Franklin MackintoKh. 236 
 
 Franklin and Washington Greeley. 237 
 
 Ilarmnr's Expedition (2.3«); St. Clair's Expedition (2.30V. Wayne's 
 
 Expedition (2;Wt: Tronble with the French Minister (2:J9); 
 
 Whiskey Insurrection (2H;t); Jays Treaty (2:?.l). 
 
 Washington at ]\Iount Vernon Irving. 240 
 
 The Retirement of Washington Ouizot. 241 
 
 John Adams's Administration ('244) ; Trouble with France (844). 
 
 Hail, Cohunhia Ilopkinson. 244 
 
 Death of Washington (24fi). 
 
 Triljule to Washington Mason. 246 
 
 Character of Washington Marshall. 248 
 
 Removal of the Capital (251). 
 
 The Election of Jefferson Randall. 252 
 
 Advice to the Nation Jefferson. 254 
 
 Admission of Ohio (25<i); Pnrchase of I.onisiana (256); ^Var with 
 Tripoli aru); Duel between Hamilton and Burr (257). 
 
 Eulogy on Hamilton i^r. Nott. 257 
 
 Rt-election of JenVrson (260): Burr's Subsequent History (260); Trou- 
 ble with Eneland (200) ; .Mlair of the Chesapeake and Leopard 
 (2">1); The Embargo Act (261). 
 
 Steam Navigation. . . Timhs. 261 
 
 King Cotton Robt. Mackenzie. 204 
 
 Madison's Administration (26T); War of 1812 (267): Little Belt and 
 President (2<i7) ; Battle of Tippecanoe (207); Surrender of Detroit 
 (26S). 
 
 Battle of (iiieenstown J- T. Ileadley. 268 
 
 Capliue of the Guerrinc l>y llie Coustitulion Cooper. 276 
 
Contents. 9 
 
 PAGE . 
 
 Other Naval Victories (280); Career of the Constitution (-JSO). 
 Old Ironsides O.W. Holmes. 280 
 
 American Privateers (281) ; Opposition to the War (281). 
 
 Necessity of the War of 1812 Eenry Glay. 281 
 
 Campaign of 1813 (286); Perry's Victory (286); Battle of the Thames 
 (287); Defeat of the Creeks (287); Campaign in Canada (287); 
 Naval Actions (288); Campaign of 1814 (289); Ross's Expedition 
 (290). 
 
 Burning of Washington /. T. Headley. 290 
 
 Attack on Baltimore (293). 
 
 The Star-Spangled Banner J^ey. 293 
 
 The Flag of Washington F. W. Oillett. 294 
 
 Surrender of the Essex (295); Seizure of Pcnsacola (295); Expedition 
 against New Orleans (295). 
 
 Battle of New Orleans Parton. 295 
 
 Hartford Convention (.300). 
 
 Objects of the Hartford Convention ISfoali Webster. 301 
 
 Treaty of Peace with England (303); War with Algiers (.303); Monroe's 
 Administration (304); War with the Seniinoles (.304); Cession of 
 Florida to the United States (304); New States (301) ; Missouri 
 Compromise (.305). 
 
 Death of Commodore Decatur Cooper. 305 
 
 Monroe Doctrine (307); Visit of Lafayette (3)7). 
 
 Address to Lafayette i Webster. 307 
 
 Lafayette at Mount Vernon ' Levasseur. 308 
 
 Death and Character of Lafayette Sumner. 309 
 
 JohnQuincy Adams's Administration (311). 
 
 Death of Jolin Adams. Theodore Parker. 311 
 
 Adams and Jefferson Wirt. 312 
 
 The American System (314) ; Jackson's Administration (314) ; Black 
 Hawk War (314) ; Nullification (314). 
 
 Proclamation to South Carolina Jackson. 315 
 
 War with the Seminoles (317) ; Captivity of Osceola (317). 
 Osceola Lucy Hooper. 318 
 
 V^an Biiren's Administration (319) ; Rebellion in Canada (310) ; Har- 
 rison and Tyler's Administration (320); Annexation of Texas (320). 
 
 Texas ' Eobt. Mackenzie. 320 
 
 Polk's Administration (.322) ; War with Mexico (322). 
 Battle of Resaca de la Palma B. 8. Bipley. 323 
 
 Taking of Matamoras and Monterey (325). 
 The Martyr of Monterey Rev. J. G. Lyons. 326 
 
 General Kearney's Expedition (.327). 
 March of Colonel Doniphan Mansfield. 327 
 
 Conquest of California (331) ; Battle of Buena Vista (.332). 
 The Angels of Buena Vista Whittier. 332 
 
 General Scott's Expedition (3.33) ; Occupation of Mexico (333). 
 American Conquest of Mexico Mansfield. 333 
 
 Treaty of Peace with Mexico (335) ; Taylor's and Fillmore's Admin- 
 istrations (336) ; Admission of California (336). 
 Eulogy on Zachary Taylor R. C. Winthrop. 336 
 
1 o Contatis. 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Euloiry on John C. Calhoun Webster. 339 
 
 Death of Henry Clny (341). 
 
 Oratory of lU-iiry Clay S. N. Street. 341 
 
 Death of Daniel Wehster (343). 
 
 Eulogy on Daniel Webster Clark. 343 
 
 rierc-cV Administration (341» ; Civil War in Kansas (.345) ; Buchanan's 
 Adininistratiun (315) ; Brown's Raid (;i45) ; Election of Abrahani 
 Lincoln (345) ; Hostilities at Ctiarlcston (345) ; Ordinances of Se- 
 cession (;J46). 
 
 Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Greeley. 346 
 
 The Constitution and the People Lincoln. 348 
 
 Capture of Fort Sumter (350) ; Uprising of the North (."JSO) ; Conduct 
 of the Slave States (:J50) ; Movements of the National Array (:}50). 
 
 Bethel Duganne. 321 
 
 Battle of Bull Run (^oi) ; War in Missouri (-352) ; Union Naval Vic- 
 tories (;i52). 
 
 The Merrimac and the Monitor Estnhi. 353 
 
 The Last Broadside Eliz. T. P. Beach. 357 
 
 Battli" of Shiloh (3%K) : Capture of Ne-v Orleans (358) ; Defeat of Mc- 
 Clcllan (;{o8) ; Invasion of Maryland (3^9). 
 
 Barbara Frietchie WMttier. 359 
 
 History of Our Flag Rev. A. P. Putnam. 361 
 
 Battle of Fredericksburi,' (.3(54) ; Emancipation Proclamation (:iM) ; 
 Battle of Chancellorsville (304) ; Battle of Gettysburg (364). 
 
 National Ccinctery tit Gettysburg Lincoln. 365 
 
 Capture of Vicksburg, etc. (3t)5) ; Operations of Grant, Sherman, 
 and Thomas (3(50); Grant's Campaign in Virginia (300) ; Opera- 
 tions in the Shenandoah Valley (300). 
 
 ■ Sheridan's Hide Head. 366 
 
 Destruction of the Alabama (3CS) ; Victory l)y Admiral Farragut 
 (368); Victories of Sherman (.308); Occupation of Richmond (IJOS). 
 
 Evacuation of Richmond Pollard. 369 
 
 As.uassination of Abraham Lincoln (3T1). 
 
 United States Sanitary Commission U. W. Btllows. 372 
 
 Johnson's .\(lministration (37(>) ; .\bolition of Slaverj- (370); Recon- 
 struction (:i70) ; Impeachment of the President (3771; Grant's 
 Administration (377) ; Chicago Fire (377). 
 
 Chicago Wiittier. 378 
 
 The Future of the IJepublic Story. 379 
 
 Territorial Growth of the United States (381); Civil Progress of the 
 Nation (3&t). 
 
 Chronological Table 391 
 
 Vocabulaiy 399 
 
 Biographical Index of Authors 405 
 
The United States Reader. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 Discoveries a^d Exploratiojs^s. 
 
 Discovery of Ainerica. — Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of 
 America, was born in the city of Genoa (jen'o-ah), Italy. At an early age he 
 manifested a fondness for the sea, and the most of his life, previous to its great 
 event, was passed on the waters of the Mediterranean, and the west coast of 
 Africa ; and he even made a voyage toward Greenland, passing beyond the island 
 of Iceland. 
 
 In those days, when navigation was yet in its infancy, the usual route to 
 India — the country in the southeast part of Asia, with the adjacent islands — 
 was by way of Egypt and the Red Sea, the passage around the southern ex- 
 tremity of Africa being then unknown. Columbus, believing the earth to be 
 round, concluded that by sailing westward he would sooner reach India than by 
 taking this route. This conception he determined to realize, being influenced 
 by the conviction that he was commissioned by Heaven to carry the Gospel to 
 the heathen of unknown lands. 
 
 His first application for aid was to the government of Genoa : it was refused. 
 After applying, without success, to the mouarchs of England and Portugal, he 
 was assisted by Isabella,* Queen of Spain, and he set sail from Palos (pah'los), 
 at the mouth of the river Tinto, in that country, with a fleet of three vessels. 
 The first land which he saw, after a voyage of ten weeks, was one of the 
 Bahama Islands, called by the natives Guanahani {gwaJi-nak-hah'ne), by him 
 San Salvador [Holi/ Saviour), now sometimes known as Cat Island (October, 
 1492). 
 
 IS" [The 2irominciation and meaning of the words marked (') are given in the Vo- 
 cabulary at the end of the volume.] 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 Columbus, his early life— How prompted to the enterprise— His equipment— First 
 land discovered— Date. 
 
 * " Queen Isiibella wus one of the purest spirits that ever ruled over the destinies of a nation. Had 
 she been spared, her benignant vigilance would have prevented many a scene of horror in the colo- 
 nization of the New World, and might have softened the lot of its native inhabitants. As it is, her 
 fair name will ever shine with celestial radiance in the dawning of its histoty."— Irving. 
 
12 The United States Reader. [1492. 
 
 First Voyage of Columbus. — Joditna Baillie. 
 
 1. What did the ocean's waste supply 
 To soothe the mind or please the ej'e? 
 
 The lisini^ morn through dim mist i)reakiug, 
 The flickered east witli purple streaking; 
 The mid-day cloud through tiiin air flying, 
 With deeper blue the blue sea dyeing; 
 Long ridgy waves their white manes rearing, 
 And in the broad gleam disajipearing; 
 The broadened, blazing suu declining. 
 And western waves like lire-floods shining; 
 The sky's vast dome to darkness given, 
 And all the glorious host of heaven! 
 
 2. Full oft upon the deck — while others slept — 
 To mark the bearing of each well-known star, 
 That shone aloft or on the horizon"' far. 
 
 The anxious Chief his lonely vigil kept. 
 The mournful wind, the hoarse wave breaking near, 
 The breathing groans of sleep, the plunging lead, 
 The steersman's call, and his own stilly tread. 
 Are all the sounds of nigiit that reach his eiir. 
 
 3- But soon his dauntless sold, which nought could bend. 
 Nor hope delayed nor adverse fate subdue, — 
 With a more threatening danger must contend 
 Than storm or wave— a lierce and angry crew ! 
 " Dearly," say they, " may we those visions rue 
 Which lured us from our native laud, — 
 A wretched, lost, devoted band. 
 Led ou by hope's delusive gleam. 
 The victims of a madman's dream ! 
 Nor gold shall e'er be ours, nor fame. 
 Not even the remnant of a name. 
 On some rude-lettered stone, to tell 
 Ou what strange coast our wreck befell. 
 For us no requiem*' shall be sung. 
 Nor prayer be said, nor passing knell 
 In holy cliureh be rung." 
 
 4. To tlioughts like these all forms give way 
 Of duty to a leader's sway ; 
 
1492.] Discoveries and Explorations. 13 
 
 Arid, as he moves, — oh ! wretched cheer ! 
 
 Their muttered curses reach his ear. 
 
 But idl undaunted, firm, and sage, 
 
 He scorns their threats, yet tlms he soothes their rage : 
 
 *' That to some ueuriug coast we bear. 
 
 How many cheering signs declare ! 
 
 Wayfaring birds tlie blue air ranging. 
 
 Their shadowy line to blue air changing, 
 
 Pass o'er our heads in frequent flocks; 
 
 While sea-weed from the parent rocks, 
 
 With fibry roots, but newly torn, 
 
 In wreaths are on the clear wave borne. 
 
 Nay, has not e'en the drifting current brought 
 
 Things of rude art, by human cunning wrought? 
 
 Be yet two days your patience tried, 
 
 And if no shore is then descried. 
 
 E'en turn your dastard prows again. 
 
 And cast your leader to the main." 
 
 3. And thus a while, witli steady hand. 
 He kept in check a wayward band. 
 Who but with half-expressed disdain. 
 Their rebel spirit could restrain. 
 So passed the day, — the night, — the second day, 
 With its red setting sun's extinguished ray. 
 
 6. Dark, solemn midnight coped the ocean wide. 
 When from his watchful stand Columbus cried, 
 " A light, a light !" — blest sounds that rang 
 
 In every ear. At once they sprang 
 
 With haste aloft, aud, peering bright. 
 
 Descried af;xr the blessed sight. 
 
 " It moves ! It slowly moves, like ray 
 
 Of torch that guides some wanderer's way ! 
 
 Lo ! other lights, more distant, seeming 
 
 As if from town or hamlet streaming ! 
 
 'Tis land ! 'Tis peopled land ! Man dwelleth there ; 
 
 And thou, O God of heaven, hast heard thy servant's prayer !" 
 
 7. Returning day gave to their view 
 The distant shore and headland blue 
 Of long-sought land. Then rose on air 
 Loud shouts of joy, mixed wildly strange 
 
14 Tlic United States Reader. 11492. 
 
 With voice of weeping and of prayer, 
 
 Expression of their blessed cluinge 
 
 From death to life, from fierce to liind, 
 
 From all that sinks to all that elevates the mind. 
 
 8. Those who, b}' faithless fear ensnared, 
 Had their brave chief so rudely dared, 
 Kow, with keen self-upbraidinu^ stung, 
 With every manly feeling wrung, 
 Repentant tears, looks that entreat, 
 Are kneeling humbly at his feet : 
 "Pardon our blinded, stubborn guilt! 
 O, henceforth make ns what thou wilt ! 
 Our hands, our hearts, our lives are thine, 
 Thou wondrous man, led on by power divine !" 
 
 9. Columbus led them to the shore 
 Which ship had never touched before; 
 And then he knelt upon the strand 
 To thuidv the God of sea and land; 
 And then, with mien and look elate, 
 Gav(! welcome to each toil-worn mate. 
 And lured, with courteous signs of cheer. 
 The dusky natives gathering near. 
 
 Who on them gazed with wondering eyes, 
 As missioned spirits from the skies. 
 And then did he possession claim 
 In royal Isabella's name. 
 
 Landing of Columbus. — Jiobei'tson. 
 
 1. As soon as the sim arose, all their boats were manned and 
 armed. They rowed toward the island with their colors dis- 
 l)layed, with warlike music, and other martial pomp. As they 
 approached the coast, they saw it covered with a multitude of 
 people, whose attitudes and gestnres expressed wonder and 
 astonishment at the strange objects which i)resented themselves 
 to their view. Columbus was the first European who set foot 
 in the New "World whicli he had discovered. 
 
 2. lie landed in a rich dress, and with a naked sword in his 
 hand. His men followed, and kneeling down, they ail kissed 
 the ground which they had so long desired to see. They next 
 
1492.] Discoveries and Explorations. i5 
 
 erected a crucifix," and prostrating themselves before it, returned 
 thanks to God for conducting their voyage to such a happy 
 issue. They then took solemn possession of the country for the 
 crown of Castile and Leon, with all the formalities" which the 
 Portuguese were accustomed to observe in acts of this kind, in 
 their new discoveries. 
 
 3. The Spaniards, while thus employed, were surrounded by 
 many of the natives, who gazed, in silent admiration, upon 
 actions which they could not comprehend, and of which they 
 did not foresee the consequences. The dress of the Spaniards, 
 the whiteness of their skins, their beards, their arms, appeared 
 strange and surprising. The vast machines in which they had 
 traversed the ocean, that seemed to move upon the water with 
 wings, and uttered a dreadful sound resembling thunder, ac- 
 companied with lightning and smoke, struck them with such 
 terror, that they began to respect their new guests as a superior 
 order of beings, and concluded that they were children of the 
 sun, who had descended to visit the earth. 
 
 4. The Europeans were hardly less amazed at the scene now 
 before them. Every herb, and shrub, and tree, was different 
 from those which flourished in Europe. The soil seemed to be 
 rich, but bore few marks of cultivation. The climate, even to 
 the Spaniards, felt warm, though extremely delightful. The 
 inhabitants appeared in the simple innocence of nature, entirely 
 naked. Their black hair, long and uncurled, floated upon their 
 shoulders, or was bound in tresses around their heads. They 
 had no beards, and every part of their bodies was perfectly 
 smooth. Their complexion was of a dusky copper-color, their 
 features singular, rather than disagreeable, their aspect gentle 
 and timid. 
 
 5. Though not talk they were well-shaped and active. Their 
 faces, and several parts of their body, were fantastically" painted 
 with glaring colors. They were shy at first through fear, but 
 soon became familiar with the Spaniards, and with transports 
 of joy received from them hawks- bells", glass beads, or other 
 baubles, in return for which they gave such provisions as they 
 had, and some cotton yarn, the only commodity of value that 
 
1 6 The United States Reader. (1492. 
 
 they could produce. Toward evening, Columbus returned to 
 his ship, accompanied l)y many of the islanders in their boats, 
 which they called canoes ; and though rudely formed out of the 
 trunk of a single tree, they rowed them with surprising dex- 
 terity 
 
 6. Columbus employed the next day in visiting the coasts of 
 the island ; and from the universal poverty of the inhabitants, 
 he perceived tiiat this was not the rich country for which he 
 sought. But, conformably to his theory concerning the dis- 
 covery of those regions of Asia Avhich stretched toward the 
 cast, he concluded tliat San Salvador was one of the islts which 
 geographers described as situated in the great ocean adjacent to 
 India. Having observed that most of the people whom he had 
 seen wore small plates of gold, by way of ornament, in their nos- 
 trils, he eagerly inquired where they got that precious metal. 
 
 7. They i)ointed toward the south, and made him compre- 
 hend, by signs, that gold abounded in countries situated in that 
 (|uarter. Thither he immediately determined to direct his 
 course, in full confidence of linding there tliose opulent regions 
 which had been the object of his voyage, and would l)e a recom- 
 pense for all his toils and dangers. He took along with him 
 seven of the natives of San Salvador, that, by aeciuiring the 
 S))anish language, they might serve as guides and inter})reters ; 
 and those innocent people considered it as a mark of distinction 
 wliiii they were si-lected to accompany him. 
 
 8. He saw several islands, and touched at three of the largest, 
 on which he bestowed the names of St. Mary of the Concej)tion, 
 Fernandina, and Isabella. He inquired everywhere for gold, and 
 tjie signs that were uniformly made by way of answer, con- 
 liinied him in the opinion that it was brought from the south. 
 He followed that course, and soon discovered a country which 
 ajipeared very extensive, not perfectly level, like those which he 
 had already visited, but so diversified with rising grounds, hills, 
 rivers, woods, and ])lains, that he was uncertain whether it 
 might prove an island, or a part of the continent. The natives 
 of San Salvador, whom he had on board, called it Cuba : Co- 
 luml)us gave it the name oi Juana. 
 
 I 
 
1506.] Discoveries and Exploratio7is. ij 
 
 ANALYSIS. -II. 
 
 1. Appearance of the New World. 2. Conduct of the Spaniards on landing. 3. Be- 
 havior of the natives. 4. Feelings of the Europeans— The climate. 4,5. Description 
 of the natives. 6. Further proceedings of Columbus— Belief as to the nature of his 
 discovery— Gold. 7, 8. Further voyages and explorations— Cuba. 
 
 Other Discoveries and Voyages. — Columbus continued his explo- 
 rations among the islands, discovering Hayti, which he named Hispaniola 
 (Little Spain), on the 6th of December following. Thence, he sailed on his 
 return to Spain, which he reached in March (1493). He was received by his 
 sovereigns (Ferdinand and Isabella) with great pomp and rejoicing, and the 
 fame of his successful expedition soon spread over Europe, exciting very great 
 astonishment and curiosity. 
 
 Columbus made three other voyages to the New World, in the first of which, 
 as well as in the one just described, his discoveries were confined to the islands 
 between North and South America; but in his third voyage, in 1498, he dis- 
 covered the mainland, at the mouth of the River Orinoco, in South America; 
 and in the fourth and last, he examined the coast of Darien. He still, how- 
 ever, believed that the lands which he had discovered were a portion of eastern 
 Asia, instead of a new continent ; and in this conviction he died, thus remaining 
 in ignorance of the real grandeur of his discovery (1506). 
 
 Maritime Enterprise in the 15th Century. — PrescoU. 
 
 1. The improvemeuts which took place in the art of naviga- 
 tion, the more accurate measurement of time, and, above all, 
 the discovery of the polarity" of the magnet, greatly advanced 
 the cause of geographical knowledge. Instead of creeping 
 timidly along the coast, or limiting his expeditions to the nar- 
 row basins of inland waters, the voyager might now spread his 
 sails boldly on the deep, secure of a guide to direct bis bark 
 unerringly across the illimitable/ waste. The consciousness of 
 this power led thought to travel in a new direction ; and the 
 mariner began to look with earnestness for another path to the 
 Indian Spice-islands than that by which the Eastern caravans 
 had traversed the continent of Asia. 
 
 2. The nations on whom the spirit of enterprise, at this 
 crisis, naturally descended, were Spain and Portugal, placed, 
 as they were, on the outposts of the European continent, com- 
 manding the great theatre of future discovery. Both countries 
 felt the responsibility of their new position. The crown of 
 
The United States Reader. 
 
 Portugal was constant in its efforts, through tlie fifteenth 
 century, to find a passage round tlie southern jjoint of Africa 
 into the Indian Ocean ; though so timid was the navigation 
 that every fresh headland became a formidable barrier; and 
 it was not till the latter part of the century, that the adven- 
 turous Diaz passed quite round the Stormy Cape, as he 
 termed it, but which John the Second, witii happier augui-y', 
 called the Cape of Good Hope (U8G). 
 
 3. But, before Vasco de Gama had availed himself of this 
 discovery to spread his sails in the Indian .seas (1497), Spain 
 entered on her glorious career, and sent Columbus across the 
 western waters. The object of the great navigator was still 
 the discovery of a route to India, but by tlie west instead of 
 the east. He had no expectation of meeting with a continent 
 in his way; and, after repeated voyages, he remained in his 
 original error, dying, as is well known, in the conviction that 
 it was the eastern shore of Asia which he had reached. 
 
 4. It was the same object which directed the nautical* en- 
 terprises of those who followed in the admiral's track ; and the 
 discovery of a strait into the Indian Ocean was the burden of 
 eveiy order from the government, and the design of many an 
 expedition to different points of the new continent, which 
 seemed to stretch its leviathan*' length along from one pole to 
 the other. The discovery of an Indian passage is the true key 
 to the maritime*' movements of the fifteenth and the first half 
 of the sixteenth centuries. It was the great leading idea that 
 gave the character to the enterprise of the age. 
 
 5. It is not easy at this time to comprehend the impulse 
 given to Europe by the discovery of America. It was not the 
 gradual acquisition of some l)order territory, a province, or a 
 kingdom, that had been gained, but a Mew World that was now 
 thrown open to the European. The races of animals, the 
 mineral treasures, the vegetable forms, and the varied aspects 
 of nature, man in the different phases" of civilization, filled the 
 mind with entirely new sets of ideas, that changed the habitual 
 current of thought and stimulated it to indefinite conjecture. 
 
 C. The eagerness to explore the wonderful secrets of the new 
 
1521.] Discoveries and Exploitations. 19 
 
 hemisphere became so active, that the principal cities of Spain 
 were, in a manner, depopulated", as emigrants thronged one 
 after another to take their chance upon the deep. It was a 
 world of romance that was thrown open ; for, whatever might 
 be the luck of the adventurer, his reports on his return were 
 tinged with a coloring of romance that stimulated still higher 
 the sensitive fancies of his countrymen^ and nourished the 
 chimericaF sentiments of an age of chivalry^ They listened 
 with attentive ears to tales of amazons which seemed to realize 
 the classic legends'' of antiquity, to stories of Patagonian giants, 
 to flaming pictures of an El Dorado", where the sands sparkled 
 with gems, and golden pebbles as large as birds' eggs were drag- 
 ged in nets out of the rivers. 
 
 7. It would seem to have been especially ordered by Provi- 
 dence that the discovery of the two great divisions of the 
 American hemisphere should fall to the two races best fitted to 
 conquer and colonize them. Thus the northern section was 
 consigned to the Anglo-Saxon race, whose orderly, industrious 
 habits found an ample field for development under its ct)lder 
 sides and on its more rugged soil ; Avhile the southern portion, 
 with its tropical" joroducts and treasures of mineral wealth, held 
 out the most attractive bait to invite the enterprise of the 
 Sjianiard. 
 
 8. Under the pressure of that spirit of nautical enterprise 
 which filled the maritime communities of Europe in the six- 
 teenth century, the whole extent of the mighty continent, from 
 Labrador to Terra del Fuego, was explored in less than thirty 
 years after its discovery ; and in 1521, the Portuguese Maghel- 
 lan, sailing under the Spanish flag, solved the problem of the 
 strait, and found a westerly way to the long-sought Spice-isl- 
 ands of India, — greatly to the astonishment of the Portuguese, 
 who, sailing from the opposite direction, there met their rivals, 
 face to face, at the antipodes". But while the whole eastern 
 coast of the American continent had been explored, and the 
 central portion of it colonized, even after the brilliant achieve- 
 ment of the Mexican conquest, — the veil was not yet raised 
 that hung over the golden shores of the Pacific. — History of 
 tlie Conquest of Peru. 
 
20 The United States Reader. 
 
 Character of Qo\yi.m\sx\a.— Irving. 
 
 1. The conduct of Columbus was characterized by the gran- 
 deur of his views, and the magnanimity' of his spirit. Instead 
 of scouring the newly-found countries, like a grasping adven- 
 turer'' eager only for immediate gain, as was too generally the 
 case with contemporary' discoverers, he sought to ascertain their 
 soil and productions, their rivers and harbors: he was desirous 
 of colonizing and cultivating them ; of conciliating and civil- 
 izing the natives; of building cities; introducing the useful 
 arts; subjecting everything to the control of law, order, and 
 religion ; and thus of founding regular and prosperous empires. 
 
 2. In this glorious plan, he was constantly defoatfd by the 
 dissolute rabble which it was his misfortune to command ; with 
 whom all law was tyranny, and all oider restraint. 'I'hey 
 interrupted all useful works by their seditions''; provoked the 
 peaceful Indians to hostility ; and after they had thus drawn 
 down misery and warfare upon their own heads, and over- 
 Avhelmed Columbus with the ruins of the edifice he was build- 
 ing, they charged him with being the cause of the confusion. 
 Well would it have been for Spain, had those who followed in 
 the track of Columbus possessed his sound policy and liberal 
 views. The New World, in such cases, would have been settled 
 by pacific colonists, and civilized by enlightened legislators; 
 instead of being overrun by desperate adventurers, and desolated 
 by avaricious conquerors. 
 
 3. Columbus was a man of quick sensibility, liable to great 
 excitement, to sudden and strong iini)ressions, and powerful 
 impulses. lie was naturally irritable" and impetuous, and 
 keenly sensible to injury and injustice; yet the (juickness of 
 his temper was counteracted by tlie benevolence and generosity 
 of his heart. The magnanimity of his nature shone fortli 
 through all the troubles of bis stormy career. Though contin- 
 ually outraged in his dignity, and braved in the exercise of his 
 command; though foiled in his ])lans, and endangered in his 
 person by the seditions of turbulent and worthless men, and 
 that too at times when suffering under anxiety of mind and 
 
Discoveries ajid Exploitations. 21 
 
 anguish of body sufficient to exasperate'' the most patient, yet 
 he restrained liis valiant and indignant spirit, by the strong 
 power of his mind, and brought himself to forbear and reason, 
 and even to supplicate : nor should we fail to notice how free 
 he was from all feehng of revenge, how ready to forgive and 
 forget, on the least sign of repentance and atonemenf. He 
 has been extolled for his skill in controlling others; but far 
 greater praise is due to him for his firmness in governing him- 
 self 
 
 4. His natural benignity'' made him accessible to all kinds of 
 pleasurable sensations from external objects. In his letters and 
 journals, instead of detailing circumstances with the technical'' 
 precision of a mere navigator, he notices the beauties of nature 
 with the enthusiasm'' of a poet or a painter. As he coasts the 
 shores of the New "World, the reader participates in the enjoy- 
 ment with which he describes, in his imperfect but picturesque'' 
 Spanish, the varied objects around him ; the blandness" of the 
 temperature, the purity of the atmosphere, the fragrance of the 
 air, "full of dew and sweetness," the verdure of the forests, the 
 magnificence of the trees, the grandeur of the mountains, and 
 the limpidity'' and freshness of the running streams. 
 
 5. New delight springs up for him in every scene. He extols 
 each new discovery as more beautiful than the last, and each 
 as the most beautiful in the world; until, with his simple earn- 
 estness, he tells the sovereigns, that, having spoken so highly 
 of the preceding islands, he fears that they will iiot credit him, 
 when he declares that the one he is actually describing sur- 
 passes them all in excellence. 
 
 6. In the same ardent and unstudied way, he expresses his 
 emotions on various occasions, readily aflFected by impulses of 
 joy or grief, of pleasure or indignation. When surrounded 
 and overwhelmed by the ingratitude and violence of worthless 
 men, he often, in the retirement of his cabin, gave Avay to bursts 
 of sorrow, and relieved his overladen heart by sighs and groans. 
 When he returned in chains to Spain, and came into the pres- 
 ence of Isabella, instead of continuing the lofty pride with 
 which he had hitherto sustained his injuries, he was touched 
 
22 The Uniicd States Reader. 
 
 with grief and tenderness at her sympathy, and burst forth into 
 sobs and rears. 
 
 7. Jle was devoutly pious ; religion mingled with the whole 
 course of his tiioughts and actions, and shone forth in his most 
 private and unstudied writings. Whenever he made any great 
 discovery, he celebrated it by solemn thanks to God. The 
 voice of prayer and melody of praise rose from his ships when 
 they first beheld the New World, and his first action on land- 
 ing was to prostrate himself upon the earth and return thanks- 
 givings. Every evening, the Sulve liegina" and other vesper' 
 hymns were chanted by his crew, and masses were performed 
 in the beautiful groves bordering the wild shores of this heathen 
 land 
 
 8. He was decidedly a visionary,' but a visionary of an un- 
 common and successful kiiul. Tlie manner in which his 
 ardent imagination and mercurial' nature was controlled by a 
 powerful jiulgment, and directed by an acute sagacity, is the 
 most extraordinary feature of his character. Thus governed, 
 his imagination, instead of exhausting itself in idle fiights. lent 
 aid to his judgment, and enabled him to foiin conclusions at 
 which connnoii minds could never have arrived, nay, which 
 they could not perc'lve when i)ointed out. 
 
 9. To his intrlltctiial vision it was givi-n to n-ad tlif signs 
 of the limes, and to trat-c. in thi' conjectures and ivvcries of 
 l)ast ages, the indications of an unknown world; as sooth- 
 •sayers'' were said to read predictions' in the stars, and to fore- 
 tell events IVoin the visions of the night. '* His soul," observes 
 a Sjianish writer, "was siii)erior to the age in wliich he lived. 
 For him was reserved the great enterj)rise of traversing that 
 sea wliich luid given rise to so many fables, and of deeii)hering 
 the mystery' of his time." 
 
 10. Willi all the fervor (»f his imagination, its loudest dreams 
 fell short of the reality. He died in ignorance of the real gran- 
 deur of his discovery. Until his last breath, he entertained the 
 idea that he had merely o])ened a new way to the old nnirt of 
 ojjiilent" commerce, and had discovered some of the wild regions 
 of the east. He supi)osed Hispaniola to be the ancient Ophir 
 
1498.] Discoveries and Explorations. 23 
 
 whicli had been visited by the ships of Solomon, and that Cuba 
 and Terra Firma "were but remote parts of Asia. 
 
 11. What visions of glory would have broken upon his mind 
 could he have known that he had indeed discovered a new 
 continent, equal to the whole of the old world in magnitude, 
 and separated by two vast oceans from all the earth hitherto 
 known by civilized man ! And how would his magnanimous 
 spirit have been consoled, amidst the afflictions of age and the 
 cares of penury"", the neglect of a fickle public, and the injustice 
 of an ungrateful king, could he have anticipated the splendid 
 empires which were to spread over the beautiful Avorld he had 
 discovered; and the nations, and tongues, and languages which 
 were to fill its lands with his renown, and revere and bless his 
 name to the latest posterity"' ! — Life and Voyages of Cohimbus. 
 
 Amerigo Vesjnicci. — In 1499, the year after Columbus disoovered 
 the continent, Amerigo Vespucci (ah-ml-r2'g:) ves-pooi'chS), an Italian naviga- 
 tor, visited the eastern coast of South America, and, in 1501, made a second 
 voyage to the same regions. He prepared accounts of these two voyages, 
 which were published in Europe, in which he claimed to be the first European 
 that had landed on the western continent. In consequence of the claim set up 
 by him, as well as from the feet that his were the first published accounts of the 
 newly discovered country, it was called America. 
 
 Tlie Cabofs, — In 1497, about one year before Columbus discovered the 
 continent, and two years previous to Amerigo's visit, John Cabot and his son 
 Sebastian, while sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of England, dis- 
 covered the coast of Labrador, and thus were the first to discover the continent 
 of America. In a second voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot in 1498, the coast, 
 from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay — some say to Florida — was explored : land- 
 ings were made in several places, and natives were seen, clad in the skins of 
 beasts, and making use of copper. These achievements of the Cabots, the dis- 
 covery and explorations, proved of momentous importance, especially to En- 
 gland, as, by reason of them, that country based her claim to all the region from 
 Labrador to Florida. 
 
 The Discovery of Florida. — Bancroft. 
 
 1. Juan Ponce de Leon {pon'-thd da Id-oii') was the discov- 
 erer of Florida. His youth had been passed in military service 
 in Spain ; and during the war in Granada {gran-aW dah) he had 
 shared in the wild exploits of predatory"" valor. No sooner had 
 
 2 
 
24 I he United States Reader. [isii. 
 
 the return of tlie lirst voyage across tlie Atlantic given an as- 
 surance of a Xew "World, than he iiastened to participate in the 
 dangers and the fruits of adventure in America, lie Avas a 
 fellow-voyager of Columbus in his second expedition. In the 
 wars of Ilispanlola he had been a gallant soldier ; and Ovando 
 had rewarded him with the government of the eastern province 
 of that island. 
 
 2. From the hills in his jiiri.-^diciion'', he could Ix-hokl, 
 across the clear waters of a placid'' sea, the magnificent vegefa- 
 tion of Porto Kico, which distance rendered still more admira- 
 hle, as it Avas seen through the transi)arent atnios])here of the 
 tropics. A visit to the island stimulated the cupidity" of 
 avarice, and Ponce aspired to the government. He obtained 
 the station: inured" to sanguinary" war, he was inexorably" 
 severe in his administration. He oppressed the natives; he 
 amassed wealth. But his commission as governor of Porto 
 Kico conllicted Avith the claims of the family of Columbus; 
 and policy, as well as justice, reciuired his removal. Ponce was 
 displaced. 
 
 3. Yet, in the midst of an archipelago", and in the vicinity 
 of a continent, Avhat need was there for a bravo soldier to pine 
 at the loss of i)ower over a Avild though fertile island ? Kg<i had 
 not tempered the love of enterprise: he longed to advance his 
 fortunes by the coiKjuest of a kingdom, and to retrieve a reputa- 
 tion Avhich Avas not without a blemish. Besides, the veteran" 
 soldier. a\ hose cheeks had been furroAved by hard service as- 
 Avell as l»y years, had heard, and had believed the tale, of a 
 fountain Avhich possessed virtues to renoAate the life of those 
 Avho should bathe in its stream, or to give a perpetuity" of youth 
 to the happy man avIio should drink of its ever-floAving waters. 
 
 4. So universal Avas this tradition", that it Avas credited in 
 Spain, not by all the people and the court only, but by those 
 Avho Avere distinguished for virtue and intelligence. Nature 
 Avas to discover the secrets for Avhich alchemy" had toiled in 
 vain, and the elixir" of life was to flow from a perpetual foun- 
 tain of the NeAv World, in the midst of a country glittering 
 Avith gems and gold. 
 
1512.] Discoveries and Explorations. 2 5 
 
 5. Ponce embarked at Porto Rico, with a squadron" of three 
 ships, fitted out at his own expense, for his voyage to fiiiry- 
 hmd. He touched at Guan ah ani ; he sailed among the Baha- 
 mas; but the laws of nature remained inexorable''. On Easter 
 Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida, land was 
 seen. It was supposed to be an island, and received tlie name 
 of Florida, from the day on Avhich it was discovered, and from 
 the aspect of the forests, which were then brilliant with a 
 profusion of blossoms, and gay with the fresh verdure of early 
 spring. 
 
 6. Bad weather would not allow the squadron to approach 
 hmd : at length the aged soldier Avas able to go on shore, in the 
 latitude of thirty degrees and eight minutes ; some miles, there- 
 fore, to the north of St. Augustine. The territory was claimed 
 for Spain. Ponce remained for many weeks to investigate the 
 coast which he had discovered, though the currents of the gulf- 
 stream, and the islands, between which the channel was yet 
 unknown, threatened shipwreck. 
 
 7. He doubled Cape Florida; he sailed among the Tortugas; 
 and, despairing of entire success, he returned to Porto Eico, 
 leaving a trusty follower to continue the research. The Indians 
 had everywhere displayed a determined hostility. Ponce de 
 Leon remained an old man ; but Spanish commerce acquired a 
 new channel through the Gulf of Florida, and Spain a new 
 province, which imagination could esteem immeasurably rich, 
 since its interior was unknown. 
 
 8. The government of Florida was the reward which Ponce 
 received from the king of Spain ; but the dignity was accom- 
 panied with the onerous' condition, that he should colonize 
 the country which he was appointed to rule. Preparations in 
 Spain, and an expedition against the Caribbee Indians, delayed 
 his return to Florida. When, after a long interval, be pro- 
 ceeded Avith tAvo ships to take possession of his province, and 
 select a site for a colony, his company was attacked by the 
 Indians Avith implacable' fury. 
 
 9. Many Spaniards Avere killed; the survivors Avere forced to 
 hurry to their ships ; Ponce de Leon himself, mortally wounded 
 
26 The United States Reader. [isia. 
 
 by an arrow, rehiniod to ('ul)a to dio. So emkcl the aclven- 
 tiircr. wlio liad covotod iinineasurable wealth, and had hoped 
 for }xriK'tual yoiitli. 'JMie discoverer of Florida had desired 
 imniorlaliiy on earth, and gained its shadow.— ///iYo/v/ r;/' Mc 
 I 'n Hcd Sidles. 
 
 Expedition of JUilboa.—ln ir.l3, Balho.i,* the {,'ovcnior of the 
 Sjmnish colony at tlie Istlimiis of Daricn, the first colony cstahlishcil on tin- 
 American continent, -while crossinf; the isthmns, gained the i^iimmit of a 
 mountain from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. After falling upon his 
 knees and thanking God for the privilege of being the discoverer of this great 
 ocean, he descended to the sea-shore and took possession of the whole coast 
 in the name of the Spanish crown. 
 
 Discovery of the Pacific Ocean.— /rr/>j,r/. 
 
 1. This Avas indeed one of the most sublime diseoveries that 
 had yet been made in the Xew AVorld, and must have opened a 
 boundless field of conjecture to the wondering Spaniards. The 
 imagination delights to pictnre forth the splendid confusion of 
 their thoughts. Was this the great Indian Ocean, studded with 
 precious islands, abounding in gold, in gems, and spices, and 
 bordered by the gorgeous cities and wealthy marts of the East? 
 Or was it some lonely sea, locked up in the eml)races of savage, 
 uncultivated continents, and never traversed l)y a bark, e.xcept- 
 ing the light pirogue" of the savage? 
 
 2. The latter could hardly be the case, for the natives had 
 told the Spaniards of golden realms, and populous, and pow- 
 erful, and luxurious nations upon its shores. Perhai)S it might 
 be bordered by various people, civilized in fact, though differing 
 from Europe in their civilization ; avIio might have peculiar 
 laws and customs, and arts and sciences; who might form, as 
 it were, a world of their own, intercommnning by this mighty 
 sea, and carrying on comnieree l)etween their own islands and 
 continents; but who might exist in total ignorance and in- 
 dependence of the other hemisphere. — Companions of Cohunbuti. 
 
 • Vasco Niinex de Bnlboa wn« born in Spnin. In 1475. Hnvinc been supencrtcd In the Kcivernorahip 
 of the colony nt Dnrien. nnd arterwnrd charged by the new Rovenior with the design of ninkinROtlier 
 discoverieii without niithority he vrnn tried and found K"i"y- Althongh he persisted that he wa« un- 
 justly condemned, he waa beheaded in conformity with the aentence, iu 1517. 
 
1519.] Discoveries and Explorations . 27 
 
 De Ayllon^s Expedition. — About the time of Dc Leon's defeat 
 in Florida, Dc Ayllon {d'l ile-yone), a Spanish adventurer, was engaged in 
 an enterprise having for its object the procuring of a large number of Indians 
 to work the plantations and mines of Sr. Domingo [do-mmj'gj). At a place 
 in the southern part of South Carolina, a great number of natives were treach" 
 erously captured ; but the undertaking proved unsuccessful, for of the two ves- 
 sels employed, one was lost while on the return to St. Domingo, and many of 
 the captives in the other sickened and died. 
 
 It was not many months after this unprofitable speculation that De Ayllon 
 obtained the appointment as governor of Chicora {che-Io'rah), the name given 
 to that part of Carolina which he had visited, and he wasted his fortune in fit- 
 ting out an expedition to conquer the country. Thg issue of this second enter- 
 prise was likewise disastrous : one of his ships, the largest and best, was 
 stranded and lost ; many of his men were killed by the natives, in revenge for 
 the treachery which he had previously been guilty of; and he himself barely 
 succeeded in making good his escape. 
 
 Discover}/ and Conquest of Mexico. — In 1.517, Cordova, a 
 Spanish navigator, sailed from Cuba and discovered the northern coast of Yu- 
 catan. Upon his return he gave such a favorable account of the civilization and 
 riches of the people whom he had seen, as to awaken a keen desire among the 
 Spaniards to undertake their conquest. Accordingly the governor of Cuba 
 sent an expedition under the direction of Grijalva (gre-hnhl'vah), the result of 
 which was very satisfactory. Grijalva, after an exploration of the southern 
 coast of Mexico, returned with a large amount of treasure, obtained by traf- 
 ficking with the natives. 
 
 The governer then, determining to conquer the Mexicans and get possession 
 of their Avealth, sent an expedition, consisting of eleven vessels and more than 
 six hundred armed men, under the command of Cort'ez. Cortez landed, in 
 1519, near Vera Cruz (vu'rah Icroose), and was at once met by friendly deputa- 
 tions from Montezuma {vion-tn-thoo' niah), the Mexican emperor. By perse- 
 verance and a course of falsehood and duplicity, he succeeded in reaching the 
 city of Mexico, the Indian capital ; and by strat.igem and boldness, and with 
 the aid of Indian tribes opposed to the Mexican rule, finally completed the 
 conquest of the people, and Mexico became a province of Spain in 1521. 
 
 Boldness of Cortez. — Prescott. 
 
 1. There were timid spirits in the camp on whom Cortez 
 conkl not rely, find who, he feared, might spread the seeds of 
 disaffection"' among tlieir companions. Even the more resolute, 
 on any occasion of disgust or disappointments hereafter, might 
 falter in purpose, and, getting possession of the vessels, abandon 
 the enterprise. This was already too vast, and the odds were 
 
28 The Utiited States Reader. [i6i9. 
 
 too formidiible, to authorize expt'Ctjition of success with dimi- 
 nution of numbers. Experience showed that this was always 
 to be apprehended, while means of escape were at liand. The 
 best chance for success was to cut off these means, lie came to 
 the daring resolution to destroy the fleet, Avithout \.\w know- 
 ledge of his army. 
 
 2. When arrived at Cemi)oalla, he communicated liis dt-sign 
 to a few of his devoted adherents, who entered wai'mly into his 
 views. Through them he readily persuaded the pilots, by means 
 of tliose goldtn arguments which weigh more than any other 
 witli ordinary minds, to make such a report of the condition 
 of the fleet as suited his purpose. The ships, they said, were 
 grievously racked by the heavy gales they had encountered ; and, 
 what was Avorse, the worms had eaten into their sides and Ixjt- 
 toms until most of them were not sea-worthy, and some, 
 indeed, could scarcely now be kept afloat. 
 
 3. Cortez received the communication with surprise; ''for 
 he could well dissemble," observes Las Casas, with his usual 
 friendly comment, "when it suited his interests." "If it bo 
 so," ho exclaimed, '• we must make the best of it : Heaven's 
 will be done I" He then ordered five of the worst conditioned 
 to be dismantled, their cordage, sails, iron, and whatever was 
 movable, to be brought on shore, and the ships to be sunk. A 
 survey was made of the others, and, on a similar rejwrt, four 
 more Avere condemned in the same manner. Only one small ves- 
 sel remained. 
 
 4. "When the intelligence reached the troops in Cempoalla, it 
 caused the deejiest consternation''. They saw themselves cut 
 off" by a single blow fnjin friends, family, and country! The 
 stoutest hearts quailed before the prospect of being thus aban- 
 doned, on a hostile shore, a handful of men arrayed against a 
 formidalile' emi)ire. When the news arrived of the destruction 
 of the five vessels first condemned, they had acquiesced in it as 
 a necessary measure, knowing the mischievous activity of the 
 insects in tiiese tropical seas ; but, Avhen this was followed by 
 the loss of the remaining four, suspicions of the truth flashed 
 on their minds. They felt they were betrayed. Murmurs, at 
 
1519.] Discoveries and Explorations. 29 
 
 first deep, swelled louder aud louder, menacing open mutiny. 
 "Their general,"' they said, "had led them like cattle to be 
 butchered in the shambles''." The affair wore a most alarming 
 aspect. In no situation was Cortez ever exposed to greater 
 danger from his soldiers. 
 
 5. His presence of mind did not desert him at this crisis. 
 He called his men together, and, employing the tones of per- 
 suasion rather than authority, assured them that a survey of 
 the ships showed that they were hot fit for service. If he had 
 ordered them to be destroyed, they should consider, also, that 
 his was the greatest sacrifice, for they were his property — all, 
 indeed, he possessed in the world. The troops, on the other 
 hand, would derive one great advantage from it, by the addition 
 of a hundred able-bodied recruits, before required to man the 
 vessels. But, even if the fleet had been saved, it could have 
 been of little service in their present expedition ; since they 
 would not need it if they succeeded, while they would be too 
 far in the interior to profit by it if they failed. 
 
 6. He besought them to turn their thoughts in another direc- 
 tion. To be thus calculating chances and means of escape was 
 unworthy of brave souls. They had set their hands to the work ; 
 to look back, as they advanced, would be their ruin. They had 
 only to resume their former confidence in themselves and their 
 general, and success was certain. " As for me," he concluded, " I 
 have chosen my part. I will remain here, while there is any 
 one to bear me company. If there be any so craven as to shrink 
 from sharing the dangers of our glorious enterprise, let them go 
 home, in God's name. There is still one vessel left. Let them 
 take that aud return to Cuba. They can tell there how they 
 have deserted their commander and their comrades, and pa- 
 tiently wait till we return loaded with the spoil of the Aztecs." 
 
 7. The politic'' orator had touched the right chord in the 
 bosoms of the soldiers. As he spoke, tlieir resentment gradually 
 died away. The faded visions of future riches and glory, rekin- 
 dled by his eloquence, again floated before their imaginations. 
 The first shock over, they felt ashamed of their temporary dis- 
 trust. Their enthusiasm for their leader revived, for they felt 
 
2,0 The United States Reader. . [isas. 
 
 tliut under liis baimor only tliey could hope for victory ; and, as 
 lie concluded, they testified the revulsion' of their feelings by 
 making the air ring ■with their shouts, *• To Mexico! To 
 Mexico!*' 
 
 8. The destruction of his lleet Ijy C'oilez is, perhaps, the 
 most remarkable passage in the life of this remarkable man. 
 History, indeed, affords examples of a similar expedient in 
 emergencies somewhat similar: but none where the chances 
 of success were so precarious', and defeat would be so disastrous. 
 Had he failed, it might well seem an act of madness. Yet it 
 was the fruit of deliberate calculation. He had set fortune, 
 fame, life itself, all upon the cast, uiul niu.^t a1)ide the is.sue. 
 There was no alternative in his mind, l)ut to succeed or perish. 
 The measure he adopted greatly increased the chance of success. 
 But to carry it into execution, in the face of an incensed and 
 desperate soldiery, was an act of resolution that has few paral- 
 lels in history. — lIistor>/ of the Conquest of Mexico. 
 
 TJjcpedition of Nai'Vaez. — In 1J2S, Niiivac/. (mir-vaU'eth), liavinp 
 been appoiiiteil governor of Florida hy tlic Spanr-li sovert-ij^n, sailed from Cuba 
 to eoni|aer and possess the country. 'I'lie atteinj)! provc<l most disastrous; 
 for, of the three lumdred men who landed in Fl(jrida and penetrated the wild 
 regions, only four, after years of wandering, siieeeeded in reaehing a Spanish 
 settlement in Mexico. 
 
 Expedition of De Soto. — I'arhnian. 
 
 1. Hrrn'ando Di; Soto had been the comi)anion of Pizarro in 
 the cou(iuest of Peru. He had come to America a needy 
 adventurer, with no other fortune tliau his sword and target; 
 but his exploits had given him fame and fortune, and he 
 appeared at court with the retinue' of a nolileman. Still his 
 active energies could not endure repo.^e, and his avarice and 
 ambition goaded him to fresh enterprises. He asked and ol)- 
 taiiu'd licrinission to conciuer Florida. 
 
 2. While this design was in agitation, Cabeya dc Vaca, one 
 of those who had survived the expedition of Narvaez, appeared 
 in Spain, and for purposes of his own si)read abroad the mis- 
 chievous falsehood, that Florida was the richest country yet 
 
1539.] Discoveries and Explorations. 31 
 
 discovered. De Soto's pl.ans were embraced with enthusiasm. 
 Nobles and gentlemen contended for the privilege of joining 
 his standard: and, setting sail with an ample armament'', he 
 landed at the Bay of Espiritu Santo, now Tampa Bay, in 
 Florida, with six hundred and twenty chosen men, — a band as 
 gallant and well appointed, as eager in purpose, and audacious 
 in hope, as ever trod the shores of the New World. 
 
 3. The clangor'' of trumpets, the neighing of horses, the 
 fluttering of pennons", the glittering of helmet and lance, 
 startled the ancient forest with unwonted greeting. Amid this 
 pomp of chivalry, religion was not forgotten. The sacred 
 vessels and vestments, with bread and wine for the Eucharist^ 
 were carefully provided; and De Soto himself declared that 
 the enterprise was undertaken for Grod alone, and seemed to be 
 the object of His especial care. These devout marauders'' could 
 not neglect the spiritual welfare of the Indians whom they had 
 come to plunder; and besides fettei's to bind and bloodhounds 
 to hunt them, they brought priests and monks for the saving 
 of their souls. 
 
 4. The adventurers began their march (1539). Their story 
 has been often told. For month after month, and year after 
 year, the procession of priest sand cavaliers^ cross-bowmen, 
 arquebusiers'', and Indian captives laden with the baggage, still 
 wandered on through wild and boundless wastes, lured hither 
 and thither by the ignis-fatuus^ of their hopes. They traversed 
 great portions of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, everywhere 
 inflicting and enduring misery, but never approaching their 
 phantom" El Dorado. At length, in the third year of their 
 journeying, they reached the banks of the Mississippi (1541), a 
 hundred and thirty-two years before its second discovery by 
 Marquette. One of their number describes the great river as 
 almost half a league wide, deep, rapid, and constantly rolling 
 down trees and drift-wood on its turbid'' current. 
 
 5. The Spaniards crossed over at a point above the mouth of 
 the Arkansas. They advanced westward, but found no treas- 
 ures, nothing, indeed, but hardships, and an Indian enemy, 
 furious, writes one of their officers, '• as mad dogs." They heard 
 
 0* 
 
32 Tha United States Reader. [i64a. 
 
 of a country toward thi- iiortli wlicre maize could not be cnlti- 
 vated, because the vast herds of wild cattle devoured it. They 
 penetrated so far, that they entered tlie range of the roving prai- 
 rie tribes ; for, one day, as they pushed tl^eir Avay Avith difficulty 
 across great plains covered with tall, rank grass, they met a 
 band of savages, who dwelt in lodges of skins sewed together, 
 subsisting on game alone, and wandering perpetually from 
 place to place. Finding neither gold nor the South Sea, for 
 both of which they had hoped, they returned to the banks of 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 6. De Soto, says one of tiiose who accompanied him, was a 
 "stern man, and of few words." Even in the midst of reverses, 
 his will had been law to his followers, and he had sustained 
 himself tiirough the depths of disappointment with the energy 
 of a stubborn pride. But his hour was come. He fell into 
 deep dejection, followed by an attack of fever, and soon after 
 died miserably. To preserve his body from the Indians, his 
 followers sank ir at midnight in the river, and the sullen waters 
 of the Mississippi buried his aml)ition and his hopes. 
 
 7. Tiie adventurers were now, with few exceptions, disgusted 
 with the enterprise, and longed only to escape from the scene 
 of their miseries. After a vain attempt to reach Mexico by 
 land, they again turned back to the Mississippi, and labored, 
 with all the resources which their desperate necessity could sug- 
 gest, to construct vessels in wliich they might make their way 
 to some Christian settlement. Their condition was most for- 
 lorn. Few of their horses now remained alive : their baggage 
 had been destroyed at the burning of the Indian town of Ma- 
 vila, and many of the soldiers were without armor and without 
 we!ii)(»ns. In ]>laee of the gallant array which, m(»re than three 
 years before, had left the harbor of Fspiritu Santo, a comi)any 
 of sickly and starving men were laboring among the swampy 
 forests of the ^lississij)])!, some clad in skins, and some in mats 
 woven from a kind of wild vine. 
 
 8. Seven brigantines' were finished and launched; and trust- 
 ing their lives on board these frail vessels, they descended the 
 Mississippi, running tlie gauntlet" between hostile tribes who 
 
[1565. Discoveries and Exploitations. 33 
 
 fiercely attacked tliem. Eeacliing the Gulf, though not with- 
 out the loss of eleven of their number, they made sail for the 
 Spanish settlement on the Kiver Panuco, where they arrived 
 safely, and where the inhabitants met tliem with a cordial wel- 
 come. Three hundred and eleven men thus escaped Avith life, 
 leaving behind them the bones of their comrades strewn broad- 
 cast through the wilderness. — Pioneers of France in the Neiu 
 World 
 
 Explorations hy the French. — In 1524, Ven-azzani {vTi-rat-Uak'ne), 
 a Florentine navigator, while sailing in the service of France, explored the 
 coast of North America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland (new' fund-land). 
 To the whole region thus explored he gave the name of New France, a name 
 which was afterwards restricted to the territory of Canada, and so retained 
 while that country remained in the possession of the French. 
 
 No other explorations were made by the French until 1534. In that year 
 and the following, James Carticr* (car-te-u') made two successful voyages, dis- 
 covered the river St. Lawrence, explored its banks, and took possession of the 
 whole country in the name of his king. Though Carticr and the Lord of Ro- 
 bcrval [ro-bare-val'), some years after, undertook to colonize Canada, the French 
 effected no permanent settlement until one was made on the site of Quebec, in 
 1608, by Champlain. 
 
 This was not, however, the first settlement made by the French in America, 
 Port Royal (now Annap'olis, in Nova Scotia) having been settled thi'ee years 
 previously (1605). This was the principal settlement in Acadia, a territory 
 claimed by the French, and embracing, at that time, New Brunswick, Nova 
 Scotia, and adjacent islands. 
 
 Settlement of Florida. — TheFrcnch Protestants, or Huguenots, as 
 they were called, desiring to ha^■c in America a place of refuge, with the fiermis- 
 sion of King Charles, and aided by the celebrated Coligny {ko-Uen-ye'), made 
 two attempts to establish a colony — one at Port Royal entrance, Cai'olina, in 
 1562, and the other on the banks of the St. John's River, Florida, in 1564. The 
 settlers of 1562 built a fort, to which they gave the ni;me of Carolina, in honor 
 of Charles ( Carolus, in Latin), their king. Twenty-six men were left to keep 
 possession of the country, while the others, with John Ribault {i\-by), their 
 commander, returned to France for re-enforcements ; but the promised aid not 
 arriving, the colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land. 
 
 Spain, thinking that the settlement on the St. John's was an encroachment 
 on her rights, commissioned Melendez (mH-len'dtth) to destroy it. After lay- 
 ing the foundation of St. Augustine (1565) Melendez proceeded against the 
 
 * Cartier was born iit St. Malo, France, in 1191. The time of liis death is not known, thouijh it is 
 supposed he lived to an advanced age. 
 
34 ^^<^ U)iited States Reader. [16O8. 
 
 Huguenots, wlioin he surprised and massucrcd. In revenge, ])c Gourgues 
 {'jOOKj), of Franco, two years afterward surprised the Spanisli forts on the St. 
 John's, and hung two hundred captives cpon the trees. 
 
 Discovery of Lake Champlain. — I'arLmtfn. 
 
 1. Duriug tlie autumn (IGOS), a young chid' fruni the banks 
 of the tlien unknown Ottawa, had been at Quebec ; and. anuized 
 at what he saw, liad begged Cbamphiin to join him in the 
 spring against his enemies. Tht?se enemies were a formidable 
 race of savages, the Iroquois, or Five Confederate Nations, 
 dwellers in fortified villages within limits now embraced l)y tlie 
 State of Xew York, to whom was afterwards given the fanciftil 
 name of '• Romans of the New World," and who even then were 
 a terror to all the surrounding forests. Conspicuous among 
 their enemies were their kindred, the tribes of the Ilurons, 
 dwelling on the lake which bears their name, and allies of Al- 
 gonquin bands on the Ottawa. All alike were tillers of the soil, 
 living at ease, when compared to the famished Algonquins of 
 the lower St. Lawrence. 
 
 [To tliis request, Champlain, wliosc syiirit was singularly hold and adven- 
 turous, and who seems to have had an insatiable desire for exploration, acceded. 
 Accordingly, during the month of May, 1G09, he set out with his Indian allies 
 on the war-path. From Quebec they sailed up the St. Lawrence to the Sorcl, 
 sometimes called the Kichclicu or St. .John, which they entered and ascended. 
 The narrative is thus continued by Parkman.] 
 
 2. Again the canoes advanced, the river widening as they 
 went. Great islands ap^ioared, leagues in extent, and channels 
 where ships might float, and broad reaches of expanding water 
 stretched between them, and Champlain entered tlie lake which 
 preserves his name to posterity. Cumberland Head Avas passed, 
 and from the o])ening of the great channel Ijctween Cirand Isle 
 and the main, he could look forth on the wilderness sea. Edged 
 with woods, the tranquil flood spreail southward l)eyond the 
 sight. 
 
 3. Far on the left, the forest ridges of the Green ^Mountains 
 were heaved against the sun, patches of snow still glistening 
 on their tops ; and on the right rose the Adirondacks, haunts. 
 
1609.] Discoveries and Exploitations. 35 
 
 in these later years, of amateur'' sportsmen from counting-rooms 
 or college-halls, nay, of adventurous beauty, with sketch-book 
 and pencil. Then the Iroquois made them their hunting-ground ; 
 and beyond, in the valleys of the Mohawk, the Onondaga, and 
 the Genesee, stretched the long line of their five cantons, and 
 palisaded'' towns. 
 
 4. At night they were encamped again. The scene is a 
 familiar one to many a tourist" and sportsman ; and, perhaps, 
 standing at sunset on the peaceful strand, Champlain saw what 
 a roving student of this generation has seen on those same shores, 
 at that same hour, — the glow of the vanished sun behind the 
 western mountains, darkly piled in mist and shadow along the 
 sky; near at hand, the dead pine, mighty in decay, stretching its 
 ragged arms athwart the burning' heaven, the crow perched on 
 its top like an image carved in jet; and aloft, the night-hawk, 
 circling in its flight, and, with a strange whirring sound, diving 
 through the air each moment for the insects he makes his prey. 
 
 5. The progress of the party was becoming dangerous. They 
 changed their mode of advance, and moved only in the night. 
 All day they lay close in the depths of the forest, sleeping, 
 lounging, smoking tobacco of their own raising, and beguiling 
 the hours with the shallow banter and jesting with which 
 knots of Indians are wont to amuse their leisure. At twilight 
 they embarked again, paddling their cautious way, till the east- 
 ern sky began to redden. Their goal was the rocky promontory 
 where Fort Ticonderoga was long afterward built. 
 
 6. Thence, they would pass the outlet of Lake George, and 
 launch their canoes again on that Como of the wilderness, whose 
 waters, limpid as a fountain-head, stretched far southward, 
 between their flanking mountains. Landing at the future site 
 of Fort William Henry, they would carry their canoes through 
 the forest to the river Hudson,* and descending it, attack, 
 perhaps, some outlying town of the Mohawks. In the next 
 century, this chain of lakes and rivers became the grand high- 
 way of savage and civilized war, — a bloody debatable ground, 
 linked to memories of momentous conflicts. 
 
 * DiscoveieJ tbe same year (1609), by Henry Hudson ; previously ciUed the Shutenmc. 
 
36 The United States Reader. (icoo. 
 
 7. Tlie allies were spared so long a progress. On the morn- 
 ing of tlie twonty-niiith of July, after paddling all night, they 
 hid, as usual, in the forest on the western shore, not far from 
 Crown Point. The warriors stretched themselves to their 
 slumbers, and Champlain, after walking for a time through the 
 surrounding woods, returned to take his repose on a pit of 
 spruce-boughs. Sleeping, he dreamed a dream, wherein he 
 l)eheld the Iroqnois drowning in the lake; and, essaying to 
 rescue them, he was told by his Algonquin friends that they 
 were good for nothing, and had better be left to their fate. 
 Now, he had been daily beset, on awakening, by his superstitious 
 allies, eager to learn about his dreams; and, to this moment, 
 his nnbroken slumbers had failed to furnish the desired prog- 
 nostics'. The announcement of this auspicious' vision hlled 
 the crowd with joy, and at nightfall they embarked, flushed 
 with antiei})ated victories. 
 
 8. It was ten o\!lock in tlie evening when they descried dark 
 objects in motion on the lake before them. These were ailotilla 
 of Iro(^n()is canoes, heavier and slower than theirs, fur they were 
 made of oak-bark. Each i)artysaw the other, and the mingled 
 war-cries pealed over the darkened water. The Iroquois, who 
 were near the shore, having no stomach for an aquatic battle, 
 landed, and making night hideous with their clamors, began to 
 barricade'' themselves. Champlain conld see them in the woods, 
 laboring like beavers, hacking down trees with iron axes taken 
 from the Canadian tribes in war, and with stone hatchets of 
 their own making. 
 
 9. The allies remained on the lake, a bowshot from the 
 hostile barricade, their canoes made fast together by })oles lashed 
 across. All night they danced with as much vigor as the frailty 
 of their vessels would permit, their throats making anu'uds for 
 the enforced restraint of their limbs, it was agreed on l)oth 
 sides that the tight should be deferred till daybreak; but, 
 meanwhile a commerce of abuse, sarcasm, menace, and boasting 
 gave increasing exercise to the lungs and fancy of the combat- 
 ants, — "'much,'' says Chamjjlain, "like the besiegers and be- 
 sieired in a beleajjuered' town." 
 
1609.] Discoveries and Explorations. 37 
 
 10. As day approached, he and his two followers put on the 
 light armor of the time. Champlain Avore the doublet'' and 
 long hose then in vogue. Over the doublet lie buckled on a 
 breastplate, and probably a back-piece, while his thighs were 
 protected by cnisses^ of steel, and his head by a plumed casque''. 
 Across his shoulder hung the strap of his bandoleer'', or aramu- 
 nition-box ; at his side was his sword, and in his hand his 
 arquebuse''. which he had loaded with four balls. Such was the 
 equipment of this ancient Indian fighter, whose exploits date 
 eleven years before the lauding of the Puritans at Plymotith, 
 and sixty-six years before King Philip's War. 
 
 11. Each of the three Frenchmen was in a separate canoe ; 
 and, as it grew light, they kept themselves hidden, either by 
 lying at the bottom, or covering themselves with an Indian 
 robe. The canoes approached the shore, and all landed without 
 opposition, at some distance from the Iroquois, whom they pres- 
 ently could see filing out of their barricade, tall, strong men, 
 some two hundred in number, of the boldest and fiercest war- 
 riors of North America. They advanced through the forest 
 with a steadiness which excited the admiration of CUiamplain. 
 Among them could be seen several chiefs, made conspicuous 
 by their tall plumes. Some bore shields of wood and hide, and 
 some were covered with a kind of armor made of tough twigs 
 interlaced'' with a vegetable fibre supposed by Champlain to be 
 cotton. 
 
 12. Tlie allies, growing anxious, called with loud cries for 
 their champion, and opened their ranks that he might pass to 
 the front. He did so, and, advancing before his red compan- 
 ions-in-arms, stood revealed to the astonished gaze of the 
 Iroquois, who, beholding the warlike apparition'' in their path, 
 stared in mute amazement. But his arquebuse was leveled ; 
 the report startled the woods, a chief fell dead, and another by 
 his side rolled among the bushes. Then there arose from the 
 allies a yell, which, says Champlain, would '• have drowned a 
 thunder-clap,'' and the forest was fail of whizzing arrows. 
 
 13. For a moment the Iroquois stood firm, and sent l)ack 
 their arrows lustily ; but when another and another gunshot 
 
38 The United States Reader. [I609. 
 
 came from tlie thickets on their flank, they broke and fled in 
 uncoil trollalilc terror. Swifter than lionnds, the allies tore 
 thrcugli tiie bushes in pursuit. Some of the Iroquois were 
 killed, more Mere taken. Camp, canoes, provisions, all were 
 abandoned, and many weapons fiuni]: down in the panic 
 flight. The arquebuse had done its work. The victory was 
 
 complete 
 
 14. Thus did New France rush into collision with the re- 
 doul)tcd warriors of the Five Nations. Here was the biirin- 
 ning, in some measure, doubtless, the cause, of a long suite of 
 murderous conflicts, bearing havoc and flame to generations 
 yeturiborn. Champlain had invaded the tiger's den ; and now, 
 in smothered fury, the patient savage would lie, biding his day 
 of blood. — Pioneers of France in the \(W Waihl. 
 
 The American Indians. — Ilildveth. 
 
 1. At the ))criud of Furoi)uan discover}', this vast and un- 
 known country, lying as yet in a state of nature, hardly modi- 
 tied at all by the hand of man, was tliinly inhabited by a i)ecu- 
 liar race, known to Europeans under the general luune of 
 Indians — a name which still commemorates' the error of 
 Oolum1)us in mistaking America for a part of India. 
 
 2. Presenting human society under its simjilest and most 
 inartificial forms, these aboriginal'' inhabitants were divided into 
 a great number of petty tribes, dwelling together in little vil- 
 lages of huts, made with the boughs of trees, and covered with 
 mats nigeniously woven. These villages, by way of defence, were 
 sometimes surrounded by a rude palisade of trees or brushwood, 
 or placed on some little islet in the midst of a morass\ For 
 convenience of fishing, they were often built on inlets of the sea, 
 or near the falls of some river. Each village had chiefs of its 
 own, who were often hereditary''. The* petty tribes Avere gener- 
 ally united into confederacies'' of greater or less extent, with 
 sujjerior chiefs exercising a certain authority over the whole. 
 
 3. Neighboring confederacies sometimes spoke languages rad- 
 ically distinct ; yet the dialects' of all the tril)es north of the 
 Ciulf of .Mexico, and south of Hudson's Bay, from the Atlantic 
 
Discoveries and Explorations. 39 
 
 to the Eocky Mountains, are thought by philologists'" capable, 
 with few exceptions, of being reduced under live general heads. 
 
 4. The most widely-diffused of these five languages, called 
 the Algonquin, after one of the tribes of Canada, from whom 
 the French missionaries first learned it, is exceedingly harsh 
 and guttural'', with few vowels, and words often of intolerable 
 length, occasioned by complicated grammatical forms — a Avhole 
 sentence, by means of suffixes" and affixes^ being often ex- 
 pressed in a single Avord. This character, indeed, is common 
 in a greater or less degree, to all the American languages, serv- 
 ing to distinguish them, in a remarkable manner, from the 
 dialects of the Old World. 
 
 5. Tribes of Algonquin speech extended from Hudson's Bay 
 southeast beyond the Chesapeake, and southwest to the Mis- 
 sissippi and Ohio. They inclosed, however, several formidable 
 confederacies, the Hurons, the Iroquois {ee'ro-quah), the Eries, 
 and others settled around Lakes Erie and Ontario, and occupy- 
 ing all the upper waters of the western tributaries of the Ches- 
 apeake, who spoke a different language, less guttural and far 
 more sonorous", called the Wyandot, after a tribe inhabiting 
 the north shore of Lake Erie. 
 
 6. The CkeroJcee' is peculiar to a confederacy of that name, 
 occupants for centuries of the southern valleys of the great 
 Alleghany chain, from whence they have been but lately ex- 
 pelled. The common name of Mohilian includes the kindred 
 dialects of the Choctaws, the Chickasaws, the Creeks or Mus- 
 cogees, the Appalachees, and Yemassees,— ancient inhabitants 
 of the valley of the Lower Mississippi, and thence, by the 
 southern foot of the Alleghanies, to the Savannah and beyond 
 it. Compared with the northern languages, the Cherokee and 
 Mobilian are soft and musical, abounding Avith vowels, thus 
 indicating the long-continued influence of a southern climate. 
 Tlie number of syllables in the Cherokee is very limited — a 
 circumstance of which an uninstructed but ingenious member 
 of that tribe recently availed himself to invent a syllabic alpha- 
 bet, by means of which the Cherokee is written and read with 
 great facilitv. 
 
40 The United States Reader 
 
 1. Of the ancient state of the wandering tribes of the prairies 
 ■west of the Mississijipi little is kni>\vii ; l>iit tiie Daro'ltdi or 
 Siovx (soo), still sjMjken in a grt-at variety of dialects, lias been, 
 jirobably for centuries, the prevailing language of that region. 
 The C'(if(iwb<(S. who have left their name to a river of Carolina, 
 and who once occupied a wide adjacent territory; the Uchces, 
 on the Savannah, subjects of the Creeks ; the Xatchcz, a small 
 confederacy on the Lower Mississippi, in the midst of the Choc- 
 taws, ajjpear to have spoken peculiar languages; and, no doubt, 
 there were other similar cases. Of the dialects west of the 
 liocky Mountains hardly anything is known. 
 
 8. It is from their languages only that some faint trace may 
 be obtained of the derivation and wandering of the American 
 tribes. Other monuments they had none. Tiieir sole records 
 were a few rude drawings on skins or bark, or, among some 
 tril)eSj belts of beads made of shells, and used to commemorate 
 their treaties. Of any period beyond the memory of tiieir old 
 men. they knew absolutely nothing. They had. indeed, some 
 vague traditions, important, if we had them in a pure version, 
 not however for their historical cliaracter, but as illustrating 
 the ideas of the Indians, and the process by which legends are 
 everywhere formed. But these traditions, early modified by 
 suggestions borrowed from the white men, come to us so colored 
 by {\\Q fancies and preconceived'' o])inions of those who report 
 them, as to lose a great part of the value they might otherwise 
 have had 
 
 9. War was esteemed among the Indians, as it has been 
 among communities far more civilized, the most honorable, 
 glorious, and worthy of employments. The i-ank or compara- 
 tive estimation ol" the chiefs greatly depended on the numl)er 
 of enemies they had slain in battle. Their warlike si)irit was 
 little, or not at all, stimulated by hopes of conquest or plunder. 
 It was the fury of hatred or revenge, the restless spirit of enter- 
 prise, still more the desire of honor and distinction, that stirred 
 up the warriors to deeds of blood. On their return from a suc- 
 cessful expedition, they expected to be met and escorted back 
 to the village amid the plaudits of the women and children, 
 
Discoveries and Explorations. 41 
 
 bearing with tliem tlie captives taken, and the scalps of the 
 slain stretched on poles — obscure rudiments of Avhat the 
 Romans called a triumph. 
 
 10. In their primitive'" state, pitched battles or general engage- 
 ments were unknoAvn among the Indians. Surprise was the 
 great point of their tactics. As the warriors were obliged to 
 carry their provisions on their backs, or to support themselves 
 by hunting, their war parties were seldom numerous. Yet 
 their ardor was great. To reach^ some distant village, they 
 crossed mountains, swam rivers, and endured the utmost ex- 
 tremities of hunger and fatigue. But, though capable of mo- 
 mentary efforts of great vigor, these children of impulse had not 
 the pertinacity, nor perseverance, nor fixed purposes, of civilized 
 life. Bursts of passionate activity were followed by long intervals 
 of indolence. Until they learned of the white man to make war 
 on a larger scale, it was the utmost ambition of their warriors 
 to steal into the enemy's country, to take a few scalps, and to 
 make a few prisoners with the If^ast possible loss to themselves ; 
 after which they long remained quiet, unless excited by some 
 retaliatory^ inroad, or some fortuitous" encounter. 
 
 11. In the first fury of a successful attack, the women and 
 children of the hostile village were sometimes indiscriminately 
 massacred; but, in general, their lives were spared, and they 
 were received by adoption into the families of their captors. 
 The hostile warrior, if taken prisoner, was reserved for a hor- 
 rid dea.th, being tortured with all the ingenuity of savage ha- 
 tred, and burned at the stake by a slow fire. The women and 
 children joined in these torments, and the flesh of the victim 
 was sometimes eaten. Such, at least, was the custom of the 
 Iroquois, the most war-like and ferocious of all the North 
 American tribes ; but there is little trace of such cruel prac- 
 tices among the Indians of the Atlantic coast. 
 
 12. It was a point of honor Avith the dying warrior to endure 
 these torments without the slightest flinching or indication of 
 pain, shouting out his death -song from among the flames, and 
 taunting with his latest breath tlie unskillfulness of his tor- 
 mentors. Yet, even in the midst of these horrors, humanity 
 
42 The United Slates Reader. 
 
 sometimes regained dominion. Among the torturing crowd 
 some one saw, or tliouglit he saw, in the unhajipv victim of 
 hate, a rejjenil>lance to some relative who had peri:jhed in bat- 
 tle. Claimed to supply the place of that relative, the prisoner 
 Avas ado])t(.'d on the spot as son or brotiier, and was expected to 
 evince his gratitude, and to ratify his adoption, by forgetting 
 forever his native tribe and all his former connections. 
 
 13. Next to war, it was thought most honorable to excel in 
 hunting and iishing. These pursuits, chief resources for food 
 and clothing, were followed, each in its season, with patience, 
 assiduity, and no little skill. The Indians applied all their sa- 
 gacity to the knowledge of wood-craft, which they carried to a 
 high degree of perfection. They could trace their game or their 
 enemy by the slightest indication — grass bent, leaves trampled, 
 or twigs broken. Inferior to Europeans in strength and in 
 capacity to perform regular labor, to which they were unaccus- 
 tomed, their activity, powers of endurance, and acuteness ot 
 sight and hearing, were extraordinary. 
 
 14. (Juided Ijy the stars and sun, and supported by a little 
 j)arc]ied corn pounded and moistened with water, they per- 
 formed, with unerring sagacity, immense journeys through the 
 woody or grassy wilderness. The habits of almost all the tribes 
 were more or less migratory". They knew little or nothing of 
 the comforts of a settled habitation. They seemed always un- 
 easy, always on the point of going somewhere else. Their fre- 
 ([ucnt journeys iiad traced, in many i)laces, trails or footpaths 
 through the woods or across the prairies. It was their custom 
 to kindle small fires, by which the grass and underwood were 
 consumed. Except among the swamps and rocky hills, the 
 forests thus acquired an open and park-like appearance. . . 
 
 15. Such was the state of the aboriginal'' population when 
 North America first became known to Europeans. Yet there 
 exist renuxrkable i)roofs, scattered through the whole extent of 
 the Valley of the Mississippi, of the foi-mer occupation of that 
 region by a far more numerous,* and, in some respects, a dif- 
 
 • It in computeil that the totnl Indinn popuUtloD oust of t'.io Alleglianies, at no time since the dis- 
 covery of America, exceeded 300,000. 
 
Discoveries and Explorations. 43 
 
 fereut people. These memorials consist of embankments of 
 eai'tb and stone, exhibiting nndeniable evidences of design and 
 labor, sometimes of very great extent. Some of them, along 
 the brows of hills or the precipitons" edges of ravines, inclosing 
 a greater or less space of table-land, were evidently intended as 
 Avorks of defense. Others, still more nnmerons, extensive, and 
 elaborate'', seem most probably to have been connected with re- 
 ligions ideas. 
 
 16. Occnpying often the fertile bottoms at the jnnction of 
 rivers (sites selected for towns by the present inhabitants), 
 they present in some places cnrions basso-relievos', birds, beasts, 
 reptiles, and even men ; bnt more generally, in the Valley of 
 the Ohio, inclosnres of various sorts, often curiously compli- 
 cated, perfect circles, and perfect squares, and parallel lines of 
 great extent, the embankments being from five to thirty feet 
 high, and the inclosnres from one to fifty, and often a hundred 
 or two hundred, and sometimes four hundred acres in extent. 
 Other classes of monuments, often connected with these just 
 mentioned, but often separate, and increasing in number 
 toward the south, are conical and pyramidal'' structures, from a 
 few yards to a thousand or two thousand feet in diameter, and 
 from ten to ninety feet high, sometimes terraced like the Mexi- 
 can teoeallis.* Some of these mounds were evidently for sepul- 
 chral'' purposes, and others apparently mounds of sacrifice. 
 
 17. Connected with these ancient monuments have been 
 found remnants of pottery, weapons and utensils of stone, axes 
 and ornaments of copper, but nothing which affords any deci- 
 sive evidence of a state of civilization superior to that of the 
 present Indians. Yet the extent and number of these earth 
 erections, of which there are but few traces east of the Alle- 
 ghanies — the most populous region of North America when 
 it first became known to Europeans — evince the combined 
 labor of many hands, of a sort of which no traces appeared 
 among the tribes found in possession by Europeans. — Histonj 
 of the United States. 
 
 Teocal'H, meaning House of God. is a term applied to ttie pyramidal buildings erected for religious 
 purposes by the ancient inhabitants of Mexico. 
 
SECTION TI. 
 
 COLOX lAL 1 1 LSTOKY. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Sir JTuiuphrey Gilbert's I'oiiat/c.—ln 1583, Sir Hnniphi-ey Gil- 
 bert saik'd iVoin Kiiu'liuHi. iindir a |(:itent ),'r!UitL-il In- Queen Elizabeth. His de- 
 sign was to take possession ottiie northern ])arts ol' America, and found a colony 
 in Xcwfonndland. He landed on the island, but, in conserincnce of disasters, 
 no attempt at settlement was mude. On the return to England, one of tlie ships, 
 that in which Gilbert sailed, foundered, and all on board ])evished. 
 
 Voyage of Ant iff as and Bavloir. — Sir Walter Raleigh (raw'le), not 
 disheartened by the sad fate of his step-brother, Ciilbcrt, obtained from Elizabeth 
 an ample patent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, under the command of Ami-das 
 and Barlow. The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands 
 in Pain'li-co and Albemarle Sounds, took ])osscssion of the country in the name 
 of their sovereign, and, after tralhcking witli the natives, returned to England. 
 
 So glowing an account did Amidas and Barlow give of the country which 
 they had seen, that Elizabeth declared the event to be the most glorious in her 
 reign, and, as a memorial of her unmarried state, named the region Virginia. 
 Upon Kaleigli slu- lonlerred the honor of krighiliood. 
 
 First Attempts tit Settlement in Jlrf/inia. — Two unsuccess- 
 fill attempts were afterward made to establish a colony on Koanokc Island 
 (1385-7) ; and an attempt farther north was made by Burtholomew Ciosiiold, 
 who discovered Cape Cod (1G02), but failed to cft'ect a settlement. Man'iii 
 Prinff the following year explored the coast and large rivers of Maine. In 1G06, 
 King James I. divide<l the territory claimed by the English into Xoith and 
 South Viifilnia, granting the former to the riymojith Company, the latter to 
 the London Company. The first peimnnent settlement unilci' this grant was 
 made at Jamestoirn, in 1607, by an expedition Kent out by the London Com- 
 pany. This expedition was commanded by Captain Christopher Newport. 
 
 Settlement of Jamestow^n. — Grahamc. 
 
 1. Aftkk tlie liipsc ura liuiulivd ami Leii yoars IVoiu tin' dis- 
 covery of tlic continent by Cabot, and twenty-two yeai-rf aiii'i' 
 its first occupation by Haleigh, was the nnmber of English 
 colonists limited to a Imndred and five; and this handful of 
 
1607.] Colonial History. 45 
 
 men undertook the arduous tusk of peopling a remote and un- 
 cultivated land, covered with woods and marshes, and inhabited 
 only by tribes of savages and beasts of prey. Under the sanc- 
 tion of a charter which bereaved Englishmen of their most 
 valuable rights, and banished from the constitution of American 
 society the tirst principles of liberty, were the foundations laid 
 of the colonial greatness of England, and of the freedom and 
 prosperity of America. From this period, or at least very 
 shortly after, a regular and connected history ensues, of the 
 progress of Virginia and New England, the two eldest-born 
 colonies, whose example in'omoted the rise, as their shelter pro- 
 tected the weakness, of the others which Avcre successively 
 planted and reared. 
 
 2. Newport and his squadron, pursuing, for some unknown 
 reason, the wider compass taken by the first navigators to 
 America, instead of the less circuitous'' track that had been 
 recently ascertained, did not accomplish their voyage in a 
 shorter period than four months; but its termination was ren- 
 dered peculiarly fortunate by the effect of a storm, which 
 defeated their purpose of landing and settling at Roanoke, and 
 carried them into the Bay of Chesapeake (April, 1607). 
 
 3. As they advanced tlirough its waters, they easily perceived 
 the advantage that would be gained by establishing their set- 
 tlement on the shores of this spacious haven, replenished" by 
 the tributary'' floods of so many great rivers, which fertilize the 
 soil of that extensive district of America, and, affording com- 
 modious inlets into the interior parts, facilitate their foreign 
 commerce and mutual communication. 
 
 4. Newport first landed on a promontory'' forming the south- 
 ern boundary of the bay, which, in honor of the Prince of 
 Wales, he named Cape Henry. Thence, coasting the southern 
 shore, he entered a river which the natives called Powhatan, 
 and explored its banks for the space of forty miles from its 
 mouth. Impressed with the superior convenience of the coast 
 and soil to which they had been thus happily conducted, the 
 adventurers unanimously" determined to make this the place 
 of their abode. They gave to their infant settlement, as well 
 
46 The United States Reader. 
 
 as to the neighboring river, the name of their king ; and James- 
 town retains the distinction of being the oldest existing habi- 
 tation of the EngHsh in America. 
 
 5. But the dissensions that broke out among the colonists 
 soon threatened to dei)rive them of all the advantages of their 
 fortunate territorial position. Their animosities were inflamed 
 by an arrangement, wliieh, if it did not originate with the king, 
 at least betrays a strong allinity to that ostentatious'' mystery 
 and driftless artifice which he affeeled as the perfection of 
 l)olitical dexterity. The names of the provincial council were 
 not communicated to the adventuivrs when they departed from 
 England; bur tiie commission wliich contained tliem was in- 
 glosed in a sealed packet, which was directed to be opened 
 within twenty-four hours after their arrival oi\ the coast of 
 Virginia, when the councillors were to be installed in their oflBoe, 
 and to elect their own president. 
 
 6. The disagreements incident to along voyage had free scope 
 among men unaware of the relations they were to occupy toward 
 each other, and of the subordination" which their relative and 
 allotted functions might imply; and when the names of the 
 council were proclaimed, the disclosure was far from affording 
 satisfaction. Captain Smith, whose superior talents and spirit 
 excited the envy and jealousy of his colleagues", was excluded 
 from a seat in the council, which the commissiou authorized 
 him to assume, and even accused of traitorous designs, so un- 
 proved and iniprobabli', that none less believed the charge than 
 the jiersons who preferred it. 
 
 7. The privation of his counsel and services in tiie dillicul- 
 ties of their outset, was a serious loss to the colonists, and might 
 have been attended with ruin to the settlement, if his merit 
 and generosity had not been superior to their mean injustice. 
 The jealous suspicions of the individual who Avas elected presi- 
 dent restrained the use of arms, and discouraged the construc- 
 tion of fortifications ; and a misunderstanding having arisen 
 with the Indians, the colonists, unprepared for hostilities, suf- 
 fered severely from one of the sudden attacks characteristic of 
 the warfare of these savages. 
 
1607.] Colonial History. 47 
 
 8. Newport had been ordered to return Avith the ships to 
 England; and, as the time of his departure approached, the 
 accusers of Smith, with aflfected clemency, proposed that he also 
 should return with Newport, instead of abiding a criminal 
 prosecution in Virginia. But, hajipily for the colony, he scorned 
 so to compromise his integrity ; and, demanding a trial, was 
 honorably acquitted, and took his seat in the council. 
 
 9. The fleet was better victualled than the magazines of the 
 colony; and while it remained with them, the colonists were 
 permitted to share the plenty enjoyed by the sailors. But 
 when Newport set sail for England, they found themselves 
 limited to scanty supplies of unwholesome provisions ; and the 
 sultry heat of the climate and moisture of a country overgroAvn 
 with "vv^ood, co-operating"' with the defects of their diet, brought 
 on diseases that raged with fatal violence. Before the month 
 of September, one half of their number had miserably perished ; 
 and among these victims was Bartholomew Gosnold, who had 
 planned the expedition, and materially contributed to its accom- 
 plishment. 
 
 10. This scene of suffering was embittered by internal dis- 
 sensions. The president was accused of embezzling' the public 
 stores, and finally detected in an attempt to seize a pinnace'', 
 and escape from the colony and its calamities. At length, in 
 the extremity of their distress, when ruin seemed to impend, 
 alike from famine and the fury of the savages, the colonists 
 obtained a complete and unexpected deliverance, which the 
 piety of Smith ascribed to the influence of God, in snspending 
 the passions, and controlling the sentiments and purposes of 
 men. The savages, actuated by a sudden and generous change 
 of feeling, not only refrained from molesting them, but gratu- 
 itously brought them a supply of provisions so liberal, as at 
 once to dissipate their apprehensions of famine and hostility. 
 
 11. Resuming their spirit, the colonists now proved them- 
 selves not wholly uninstructed by their misfortunes. In seasons 
 of exigency' merit is illustrated, and the envy that pursues it 
 is absorbed b}'' deeper interest and alarm. The sense of com- 
 mon and urgent danger promoted a willing and even eager 
 
 3 
 
48 The United States Reader. [1607. 
 
 submission to a man whose talents were most likely to extri- 
 cate' liis companions from the difficulties with which tliey were 
 encompassed. Every eye was now turned on Smith, and with 
 universal acclaim his fellow-colonists devolved on him the 
 authority which they had formerly shown so much jealousy of 
 his acquiring. 
 
 12. This individual, whose name will be forever associated 
 with the foundation of civilized society in America, was de- 
 scended from a respectable family in Lincolnshire, and born to 
 a competent fortune. At an early age, his lively mind was 
 deeply smitten with the spirit of adventure that prevailed so 
 strongly in England during the reign of Elizabeth ; and yield- 
 ing to his inclination, he liad passed through a great variety of 
 military service, with little i)ecuniary' gain but iiigh reputation, 
 and with the acquisition of an experience the more valuable 
 that it was oljtained without exhausting his ardor or tainting 
 his morals. 
 
 13. The vigor of his constitution had preserved his health 
 unimpaired amid the general sickness; the undaunted mettle 
 of his soul retained his spirits unbroken and his judgment 
 unclouded, amidst the general misery and dejection; and his 
 adventurous zeal, which once attracted the reproach of over- 
 weening" ambition, was now felt to diffuse an animating glow 
 of hope and courage among all around him. A strong sense 
 of religion predominated" over tlie well-proportioned qualities 
 of his mind, refreshed his confidence, extended and yet regu- 
 lated his views, and gave dignity to liis character and consist- 
 ency to his conduct. 
 
 14. Assuming the direction of tlie affairs of the colonists, he 
 promptly adopted the only policy that could save tliem from 
 destruction. Under his directions, Jamestown was fortified by 
 such defences as were sufficient to repel the attacks of the sav- 
 ages; and by dint of great labor, which he was always the fore- 
 most to partake, its inhabitants were provided with dwellings 
 that afforded shelter from the weather, and contributed to 
 restore and preserve their health. Finding tlie supplies of the 
 savages discontinued, he put himself at the head of a detach- 
 
1607.] Colonial History. 49 
 
 ment of his people, and penetrated into the interior of the 
 country, where, by courtesy and liberality to the tribes whom 
 he found well-disposed, and vigorous retribution" of the hostil- 
 ity of such as were otherwise minded, he succeeded in procur- 
 ing a plentiful stock of provisions. 
 
 15. In the midst of his successes, he was surprised during an 
 expedition by a band of hostile .savages, who, having made him 
 prisoner, after a gallant and nearly successful defense, prepared 
 to inflict on him the usual fate of their captives. His genius 
 and presence of mind did not desert him in this trying emer- 
 gency^ He desired to speak with the sachem or chief of the 
 tribe to which he was a prisoner ; and presenting him with a 
 mariners compass, expatiated" on the wonderful discoveries to 
 which this little instrument had contributed, — descanted'' on 
 the shai^e of the earth, the extent of its lands and oceans, the 
 course of the sun, the varieties of nations, and the singularity 
 of their relative terrestrial" positions, which made some of them 
 antipodes" to the others. With equal prudence and magnanim- 
 ity, he refrained from any expression of solicitude for his life, 
 which would have infallibly" weakened or counteracted the 
 effect which he studied to produce. 
 
 16. The savages listened to him with amazement and admi- 
 ration. They had handled the compass, and, viewing with 
 surprise the play of the needle, Avhich they plainly saw, but 
 found it impossible to touch, from the intervention" of the glass, 
 were prepared by this marvellous object for the reception of 
 those sublime and interesting communications by which their 
 captive endeavored to gain an ascendency over their minds. 
 
 17. For an hour after he had finished his discourse, they re- 
 mained undecided; till, their accustomed sentiments reviving, 
 they resumed their suspended purpose, and, having bound him 
 to a tree, prepared to dispatch him with their arrows. But a 
 deeper impression had been made on their chief; and his soul, 
 enlarged for a season by the admission of knowledge, or sub- 
 dued by the influence of wonder, revolted from the dominion 
 of habitual barbarity. This chief bore the harsh and uncouth 
 appellation" of Opechancanough, — a name which the subsequent 
 
5o The United States Reader. 11607. 
 
 history of the province "vvas to invest with no small tci'ror and 
 celebrity. 
 
 18. Holding up the compass in his hand, he gave the signal 
 of re])rieve ; and Smith, though still guarded as a prisoner, 
 was conducted to a dwelling, where he was kindly treated and 
 plentifully entertained. But the strongest impressions pass 
 away, while the influence of habit remains. After vainly 
 attempting to prevail on tlieir captive to betray the English 
 colony into their hands, the Indians referred his fate to Pow- 
 hatan, the emperor or principal sachem of the country, to whose 
 presence they conducted him in triumphal procession. 
 
 19. This prince received him witli much ceremony, ordered a 
 plentiful repast to be set before him, and then adjudged him to 
 sufler death by having his head laid on a stone and beaten to 
 pieces with clubs. At the place appointed for his execution, 
 Smith was again rescued from impending destruction by the 
 interposition'' of Pocahontas, the favorite daughter of the king^ 
 who, finding her first entreaties in deprecation of the captive's 
 fate disregarded, threw her arms around him, and passionately 
 declared her determination to save him or die Avith him. Her 
 generous humanity prevailed on the cruelty of her tribe ; and 
 the king not only gave Smith his life, but soon after sent him 
 back to Jamestown, where the beneficence of Pocahontas con- 
 tinued to follow him with supplies of provisions, that delivered 
 the colonists from famine.* 
 
 20. After an absence af seven weeks, Smith returned to 
 Jamestown, barely in time to prevent the desertion of the 
 colony. His associates, reduced to the number of thirty-eight, 
 impatient of further stay in a country where they had met 
 with so many discouragements, and in which they seemed fated 
 to re-enact the disasti-rs of Roanoke, were preparing to abandon 
 the settlement; audit was not without the utmost difficulty, 
 and alternately'' employing persuasion, remonstrance, and even 
 
 • Recent rcsenrclics have rotiUeJ in tlirowliig very grem iliscreilit upon tills romnntic »tory of 
 Pociiliontas ; iiiui it is now cciierally viewed as a highly exaggeruted Htiiteiueiit of what reiiUy c>c- 
 ciirred, for while Smith rehited the story of his adventures soon after his return to England, it was 
 somo yean before he mentioned this incident at all. 
 
1607.] Colonial History. 5i 
 
 violent iuterference, that Smith prevailed on them to relinquish 
 their design. 
 
 21. The provisions that Pocahontas sent him relieved their 
 present wants ; his account of the plenty he had witnessed 
 among the Indians renewed their hopes ; and he endeavored, 
 by a diligent improvement of the favorable impressions he had 
 made on the savages, and by a judicious regulation of the in- 
 tercourse between them and the colonists, to promote a coali- 
 tion'' of interests and a reciprocation"^ of advantages between the 
 two races of people. His generous efforts were successful ; he 
 preserved a steady and sufficient supply of food to the English, 
 and extended his influence and consideration with the Indians, 
 who began to respect and consult their former captive as a 
 superior being. — Colonial History of tlte United States. 
 
 [Pocahontas was subsequently married to John Eolfe, a young Englishman, 
 and three years afterward accompanied her husband to England, where she was 
 an object of general interest and attention, and was presented at court. While 
 about to return to her native land, she suddenly died (March, 1617), learing a 
 son, from whom are descended some well-kncftvn families in Virginia. The 
 marriage of Pocahontas proved of great importance to the colonies, since it had 
 the effect of establishing a lasting peace with Powhatan, as well as with the 
 poweiful tribe of the Chickahominies. These peaceful relations were undis- 
 turbed until the death of Powhatan, in 1622.] 
 
 Pocahontas. — Henians. 
 
 [The following lines are a part of a poem, by Mrs. Hemans, entitled the 
 " American Forest Girl," upon the subject of Smith's singular escape from the 
 doom pronounced by the savage chief, in accordance with the statement made 
 by himself some years after his return to England.] 
 
 She had sat gazing on the victim long, 
 Until the pity of her soul grew strong ; 
 And, by its passion's deepening fervor swayed, 
 Even to the stake she rushed, and gently laid 
 His blight head on her bosom, and around 
 His form her slender arms to shield it wound 
 Like close Liannes ; * then raised her glistening eye 
 ' And clear-toned voice, that said, " He shall not die !" 
 " He shall not die !" — the gloomy forest thrilled 
 
 • LUmnes ile-an'), or Lin'iinn, is a terra applied by the French colonists to the climbing and twining 
 plants which abound in tropical forests. 
 
52 The United States Reader. [leos. 
 
 To that sweet souud. A sudden wonder fell 
 
 On the fierce throng : and heart and liand were siilkd, 
 
 Struck down as by tlie wliisper of a spell. 
 
 Tlicy gazed ; their dark souls bowed before the maul, 
 
 She of the dancing step in wood and glade! 
 
 And, as Iier cheek flushed through its olive hue, 
 
 As her black tresses to the nighl-wind flew, 
 
 Something o'ermaslered them from that young mien — 
 
 Something of heaven in silence felt and seen ; 
 
 And seeming, to their child-like faith, a token 
 
 That the Great Sphlt by her voice had spoken. 
 
 They loosed the bonds that held their captive's breath ; 
 From his pale lips they took the cup of death ; 
 They quenched the brand beneath the cypress tree ; 
 " Away," they cried, '• young stranger, thou art free !" 
 
 Vir(j\nxa under the Second Cltarfer. — Tlie London Company, 
 not having realized tlicir expeetations of profit from the Janiesiowii eolony, 
 sought and obtained a second charter, in 1609, and conferred u])on Ix)rd 
 Delaware, a nobleman distinguished for liis virtues, the apj)oiiitment of 
 governor for life. Three commissioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers (smwi- 
 erz), who had been appointed -to administer the atfairs of the colony till the 
 arrival of Delaware, were dispatched to America with a fleet of nine vessels, 
 and more than tivc hundred emigrants. While on the passage a severe storm 
 dispersed the lle.t. One of the vessels (that bearing the commissioners) was 
 wrecked on the Berinu'da Islands, and another foundered ; the others reached 
 the James River in s:ifety. Consiilering that no person had wt anivcd who 
 was entitled to supersede him, Snnth maintained his position as pix-sident. until, 
 having been severely injured i)y an exi)losion of gunpowder, he returned to 1-ai- 
 gland forsiugieal aid. 
 
 No sooner had Snuth fairly departed than the colonists gave themselves up to 
 idleness and vice. The Indians became hostile, the honors of famine ensued, 
 and in less than six months not more than sixty of the five huntbvd persons 
 whom he had left in the colony remained. This period, cxtendin^^ over the first 
 half of IGIO, was long remembered as the " starving time." 
 
 In conse((uenec of their destitution and gloomy prosj)ccts, tlic colonists de- 
 termined to seek safety among the En;.disli fishermen at Newfoundland. In four 
 vessels they end)arked ; ])Ut, just as they were drawing near the mouth of the 
 river, Ixjrd Delaware ap])eared with emi;,'rants and sujiplies, and ]>ersuaded them 
 to return. The new administration was a wi-se one, and under it the colony 
 prospered. In conscfiueiiee, however, of ill liealth, Delaware was soon com- 
 pelled to return to Kngland. He was succee led in ofiiee by Sir Thomas Gates. 
 
 27iif(l Clidrtcr. — New settlements were made in the vicinity of James- 
 town ; and, notwithstanding the strictness of the laws, the colony continued 
 
1624. J Colonial History. 5 
 
 o 
 
 to prosper. With a view to greater privileges, the London Company obtained 
 their third charter, in 1612. A remarkable feature of the new charter allowed 
 the Company to hold meetings for the transaction of business, thns giving to 
 that body a democratic form of government. 
 
 Dissolution of the CouiiHiny. — The affairs of the colony caused 
 frequent meetings of the London Company, which were largely attended. The 
 freedom of speech manifested on such occasions displeased the king, James I., and, 
 under the pretext that the disasters to the colony were the result of bad govern- 
 ment, he dissolved the Company. Thus Virginia became, in 1624, a royal province. 
 
 The Cultivation and Use of Tobacco. — Campbell, 
 
 1. In 1615, twelve different commodities bad been sbipped 
 from Virginia ; sassafras and tobacco were now (1624) the only 
 exports. Dnring the year 1619, the company in England im- 
 ported twenty thousand pounds of tobacco, the entire crop of 
 the preceding year. James I. endeavored to draAv a " preroga- 
 tive'' " revenue from what he termed a pernicious'' weed, and 
 against which he had published his " Counterblast ;" but 
 he was restrained from this illegal measure by a resolution of 
 the House of Commons. In 1607, he sent a letter forbidding 
 the use of tobacco at St, Mary's College, Cambridge. 
 
 2. Smoking was the first mode of using tobacco in England ; 
 and when Sir Walter Ealeigh first introduced the custom 
 among people of fashion, in order to escape observation he 
 smoked privately in his house (at Islington), the remains of 
 which were till of late years to be seen, as an inn, long known as 
 the Pied Bull. This was the first house in England in which 
 it was smoked, and Raleigh had his arms emblazoned there, 
 with a tobacco-plant on the top. 
 
 3. There existed also another tradition'' in the Parish of St, 
 Matthew, Friday- street, London, that Raleigh was accustomed 
 to sit smoking at the door in company with Sir Hugh Middle- 
 ton. Sir Walter's guests were entertained with pipes, a mug of 
 ale, and a nutmeg; and on these occasions he made use of his 
 tobacco-box, which was of cylindrical" form, seven inches in 
 diameter and thirteen inches long; the outside of gilt leather, 
 and within a receiver of glass or metal, which held about a 
 pound of tobacco. A kind of collar connected the receiver 
 
54 The United States Reader 
 
 with tlie case, and on every side the box was pierced with 
 holes for the pipes. This relic was preserved in the museum 
 of Kalph Thoresby of Leeds, in 1710, and, about 1843, was added, 
 by the late Duke of Sussex, to his collection of the smoking 
 utensils" of all nations 
 
 4. The peers engaged in the trial of Iho Eavls of Essex and 
 Southampton, smoked much wliiK" they deliberated on their 
 verdicts It Avas alleged against Sir Walter Raleigh, that he 
 used tobacco on the occasion of the execution of the Earl of 
 Essex, in contempt of him ; and it was perhaps iu allusion to 
 this circumstance, that when Kuleigh was passing through Lon- 
 don to Winchester, to stand his trial, he was followed by the 
 execrations"' of the populace, and pelted with tobacco-pipes, 
 stones, and mud. On the scaflold, however, he protested that 
 during the execution of Essex he had retired far oflf into the 
 armory, where Essex could not see him. although he saw Essex, 
 and shed tears for him. Raleigh used tobacco on the morning 
 of his own execution. 
 
 5. As early as the year J 010, tobacco was in general use iu 
 England. The manner of using it was partly to inhale the 
 smoke and blow it out through the nostrils, and this was 
 called ''drinkiug tobacco," and this practice continued until the 
 latter part of the reign of James L Li 1014, the number of 
 tobacco-houses in or near London was estimated at 7,000. In 
 1020 was chartered the society of tobacco-pipe makers of 
 London ; ihcy bore on their shields a tobacco-plant iu full 
 blossom. 
 
 6. Tiie '* Counterblast against Tobacco," attributed to James 
 L, if in some parts absurd and puerile^ yet is not without u 
 good deal of just reasoning and good sense; some fair hits are 
 made in it, and those who have ridiculed that production might 
 find it not easy to controvert some of its views. King James, 
 in his Counterblast, does not omit the opportunity of express- 
 ing his hatred toward Sir Walter Raleigh, in terms worthy of 
 that desi)icable momirch. He continued his opjiosition to to- 
 bacco as long as he lived, and in his ordinary conversation 
 oftentimes argued and inveighed' agaiust it. 
 
Colonial History. "b^ 
 
 7. The Virginia tobacco, in early times, was imported into 
 England in the leaf, in bundles, as at present ; the Spanish or 
 West Indian tobacco, in balls. Molasses or other liqnid prepa- 
 ration was used in preparing those balls. Tobacco was then, as 
 now, adulterated in various ways. The nice retailer kept it in 
 what were called lUij-pots, that is, white jars. The tobacco was 
 cut on a marble block : juniper-wood, Avhich retains fire well, 
 was used for lighting pipes ; and among the rich, silver tongs 
 were employed for taking up a coal of it. Tobacco was some- 
 times called the American Silver- weed 
 
 8. The amount of tobacco imported in 1619 into England, 
 from Virginia, being the entire crop of the preceding year, was 
 twenty thousand pounds. At the end of seventy years, there 
 were annually imported into England more than fifteen mil- 
 lions of pounds of it, from which was derived a revenue of up- 
 wards of £100,000. In April, 1621, the House of Commons 
 debated Avhether it was expedient to prohibit the importation 
 of tobacco entirely; and they determined to exclude all save 
 from Virginia and the Somer Isles. It was estimated that the 
 consumption in England amounted to one thousand pounds 
 per diem. This seductive' narcotic'' leaf, which soothes the 
 mind and quiets its perturbations", has found its way into all 
 parts of the habitable globe, from the sunny tropics to the snowy 
 regions of the frozen pole.* Its fragrant smoke ascends alike to 
 the blackened rafters of the lowly hut and the gilded ceilings 
 of luxurious wealth. — History of the Colony of Virginia. 
 
 TJie Navigation Act. — The celebrated " Navigation Act," which se- 
 cured to English ships the monopoly of the carrying trade with England, and 
 seriousjy abridged the freedom of colonial commerce, was passed by Parliament 
 in 1651. It wa^ not at first enforced against Virginia ; but after its re-enact- 
 ment in 1660, with new provisions, it was rigorously executed, despite the re- 
 monstrances of the colonists. In 1673, Charles II., of England, granted to 
 Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, " all the dominion of land and 
 water called Virginia," for the term of thirty-one years. 
 
 In addition to this lavish grant, and the oppressiveness of the " Navigation 
 Act," the colonists were restricted in the elective franchise' ; were required to 
 
 * The use of tobacco, however, is neither to be encouraged nor commended. The '■ Cnunterblast " 
 was, perhaps, themost sensible of all King.Iames's productions 
 
 3* 
 
56 The United States Reader. [ic84. 
 
 conform to the doctrines and rituals" of the Church of England ; and the taxes 
 levied were unequal and oppressive. They wanted but an excuse for appearing 
 in iirins, and it was soon found in the inva>ion made by the Susqnelianna In- 
 dians. Tiie invaders penetrated Virjrinia from the north, and carried desulation 
 and death to many a lonely piaiitatiun. 
 
 Bacoil^s Jicbeffion. — The people, knowinj; Governor Berkeley 's meas- 
 ures for defense to be very inctHcient, demanded permission to arm and protect 
 themselves ; but, being refused, they united ostensibly to repel the Indian inva- 
 ders; and thus a struggle for ])Opular liberty broke out in 1 670, known as 
 Bacon's Rebellion. Nathaniel Bacon, from whom the movement took its name, 
 was at once pointed out as the leader. His social position was good, and he was 
 elofjueiit and courageous. 
 
 With a Ibree of live liundred men lie marched against the Indians, whom he 
 met and defeated ; and though Berkeley issued a ])roelamation declaring those 
 in arms rebels, no notice was taken of the fulmination''. The success against 
 the Indians inspired the insurgents with confidence. They made demands 
 which Berkeley consented to grant ; but it soon becoming evident that he was 
 acting treacherously, a desultory*' civil war broke out, in the course of which 
 Jamestown was burned to the ground. 
 
 Just as the success of the rebellion seemed to be established, and plans in 
 respect to a new government were about to be adopted, Bacon suddenly died. 
 The governor then pursued vigorous measures, and, regaining his former 
 power, caused twenty-two of the insurgents to be hanged. Fines, im]>risun- 
 ments, and con fiscal ion s''' disgraced his administration until he was recalled by 
 the king, in lOTT. 
 
 Subsequent /l"/.s^Oi'//. — Berkeley's successor was Lord Culpepper, to 
 whom and the Earl of Arlington the country had been granted in 1G73, as pre- 
 viously stated. Virginia then became a proprietary government. Culpepper 
 continued to rule until 1684, when, in consecpience of his mismanagement, the 
 king revoked the grant made to him and Arlington, and deprived him of his 
 office. Virginia thus became a royal province again, and so remained till the 
 Revolution. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 From its selllement, in 1620, to the union of New England Colonies, in 1643. 
 Expfovfttion of New Englmul. — Captain Smith, who had performed 
 so creditable a part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 1614, 
 for the purpose of trade and discovery in America. He examined the shores 
 from the IVnobseot River to Cajie Cod, and ])repai-ed a map of the country, to 
 which he gave the name of New Kngland. The original Plymouth Company 
 having been su])erscded by another, called the Coumil of I'lymouth, the king, 
 James I., grante<l to the latter, in 1G20, all the territory between the fortieth and 
 forty-eighth i):u:illels of noriii latitude, exteiuling from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific. 
 
1620.1 Colonial History. 5/ 
 
 The Puritans. — The first permanent settlement in New England was 
 made by a small band of pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who 
 fled from their own country to seek an asylum' from religious persecution. 
 These people belonged to a class known in England as Puritans,* from the 
 strictness of their religious practices and doctrines. 
 
 They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence they removed to Ley- 
 den (li'den). At Leyden they lived eleven yeai's in great harmony, under the 
 pastoral care of John Robinson ; but, from various causes, they became dissatis- 
 fied with their residence, and desired to ])lant a colony in America, where they 
 might enjoy their civil and religious rights without molestation. After much 
 solicitation, they obtained a grant of land from tiie London Com])anv. 
 
 As many as could be accommodated embarked on board a vessel called the 
 Speedwell. The ship sailed to Southampton, England, Avhere she was joined 
 by another ship, called the Mayflower, with other Pilgrims from London. 
 The two vessels set sail, but had not gone far before the Speedwell was found 
 to need repairs, and they entered the port of Dartmouth {darl' muth) , England. 
 A second time they started, but again put back — this time to Plymouth, Avhere 
 the Speedwell was abandoned as nnseaworthy. 
 
 Voyage of the Blayfloiver. — The Mayflower finally sailed alone, with 
 one hundred and one passengers, the most distinguished of whom were John 
 Carver, William Brewster, Miles Standish, William Bradford, and Edward 
 Winslow. After a boisterous passage, they reached Cape Cod Baj^ ; and, though 
 they had originally designed to seek a landing in the vicinity of Hudson River, 
 they determined to attempt a settlement at this place, in consequence of the late- 
 ness of the season, and the great fatigue which they had already undergone in 
 so long a voyage. 
 
 Landing of the Pilgrims. — Southey. 
 
 1. Days pass, winds veer, and favoring skies 
 Change like the face of fortune ; storms arise; 
 Safely, but not within lier port desired, 
 The good ship liei?. 
 Where the long sandy Cape 
 Bends and embraces round. 
 As with a hjvcr's arm, the sheltered sea, 
 
 A haven she hath found, 
 From adverse gales and boisterous billows free. 
 
 * Tlie name Puritans was first given to Uiose wlio, (lurino; the reif;n of Elizabeth, refused to confonu 
 to the litiiigy and ceremonies of the Churcli of England, on the ground tliat the Church required 
 further reformation, abandoning all merely traditional practices and doctrines, and following the "pure 
 word of God. '" The name was afterward given, in derision, not only to such, but to all who were pecu- 
 liarly strict and serious in religious matters. The Puritans included several sects, as the Presbyterians 
 and the Brownists, or Independents, who were opposed alike to Episcopacy and Presbyterianisni. The 
 Pilgrim Fathers were of this latter class. 
 
58 The Uyiiteci States Reader. 
 
 2. Now strike your sails, 
 
 Ye toil-Tvorn mariners, and talvC your rest 
 Loug as the fierce nortlnvest 
 
 lu that wild lit prevails, 
 Tossing the waves uptorn wilii Iraotic sway. 
 
 Keep ye within the bay, 
 
 Contented to delay 
 Your course till the elemental madness cease. 
 And heaven and ocean are again at peace. 
 
 3. How gladly there. 
 
 Sick of Uie uncomlurtable ocean. 
 The impatient passengers approach the shore; 
 Escaping from the sense of endless motion, 
 To feel firm earth beneath their feet once more ; 
 To J)reathe again the air 
 With taint <if liilije'' and cordage undefiled. 
 And drink of living springs, if there they may. 
 And with fresh fruits and wholesome food repair 
 Their spirits, weary of the watery way. 
 
 4. And oh ! how beautiful 
 The things of earth appear 
 To eyes that, far and near. 
 For man}' a week have seen 
 
 Only the circle of tlie restless sea! 
 
 With what a fresh delight 
 They gaze again on fields and forests green, 
 
 Hovel, or whatsoe'er 
 May bear the trace of man's industrious hand; 
 
 How grateful to their sight 
 
 The shore of shelving sand. 
 As the light boat moves joyfully to land ! 
 
 5. Woods they beheld, and huts, and i)ilcs of wood, 
 
 And many a trace of toil. 
 But not green fields or pastures. 'Twas a land 
 
 Of jiines and sand ; — 
 
 Dark pines, that, from the loose and sparkling soil. 
 
 Rose in tiieir strength aspiring : far and wide. 
 
 They sent their searching roots on eveiy side. 
 
 And tluis, by depth and long extension, found 
 
 Firm hold and grasp within that treacherous ground 
 
1620.J Colonial History. 59 
 
 So had they risen and flourished ; till the earth, 
 Unstable as lis neighboring ocean there, 
 Like an unnatural mother, heaped around 
 Their trunks its wavy furrows white and high, 
 And stifled thus the living things it bore. 
 Half buried thus they stand, 
 Their summits sere and dr}% 
 Marking, like monuments, the funeral mound ; 
 As when the masts of some tall vessel show 
 Where, on the fatal shoals, the wi'eck lies whelm'd below. 
 
 6. Such was the ungenial eai'th ; nor was the air 
 Fresh and delightful there ; 
 A noisome taint upon the breath it bore ; 
 For they who dwelt upon that sandy shore, 
 Of meadows and of gardens took no care. 
 They sow'd not, neither did they reap : 
 The ocean was their field, their flocks and herds 
 
 The myriad moving armies of the deep ; 
 The whale their mighty chase, whose bones bestrew'd 
 The sandy margin of that ample bay. 
 And all about, in many a loathly heap. 
 The off'al and the reeking refuse lay. 
 Left there for dogs obscene^ and carrion birds a prey. 
 
 A JSfeio England Tale. 
 
 Settlement of Plymouth. — Palfrey. 
 
 1. The narrow peninsula, sixty miles long, which terminates 
 in Cape Cod, projects eastwardly from the mainland of Massa- 
 chusetts, in shape resembling the human arm bent rectangu- 
 larly'' at the elbow and again at the wrist. In the basin inclosed 
 landward by the extreme point of this projection, in the road- 
 stead of what is now Province town, the Mayflower dropped 
 her anchor at noon on a Saturday near the close of autumn. 
 The exigencies of a position so singular demanded an organiza- 
 tion adequate'' to the preservation of order and of the common 
 safety, and the following instrument was prepared and signed : 
 
 2. " In the name of God, amen. We, whose names are un- 
 derwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King 
 James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and 
 Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc., having undertaken, 
 
6o Tiic United States Rcade}'. LI620. 
 
 for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, 
 and honor of our king and country, a voyage, to plant the 
 first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these pres- 
 ents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and one 
 another, covenant and coml)ine ourselves together into a civil 
 body politic, for our better ordering and preservation, and 
 furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof do 
 enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordi- 
 nances, acts, constitutions, and ofliices, from time to time, as 
 shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general 
 good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission 
 and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed 
 our names, at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of 
 the reign ofour sovereign lord. King James, of England, France, 
 and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of [Scotland the lifty-fourth, 
 Anno Domini 1G20.'' 
 
 3. Such was the beginning of the colony of Plymouth. To 
 the end of its separate history, it continued to be an luiml>le 
 community in numbers and in wealth. When four years had 
 passed, the village consistedof only thirty-two cabins, inhabited 
 by a hundred and eighty persons. Tlie government of the 
 company was prescril)ed by the majority of voices, and admin- 
 istered by one of its members, with another for his assistant. 
 It was not so much a commonwealth as a factory, of which the 
 head bore the title of governor. 
 
 4. Six years later, it numbered three hundred ])ersons; live 
 years after this, it had added two hundred more: and, at the 
 end of its life of seventy years, its i)opulation, scattered througii 
 several towns, had probably not come to exceed eight thousand. 
 It is on account of the virtue displayed in its institution and 
 management, and of the great consequences to which it ulti- 
 mately led, that the Colony of Plymouth claims the attention 
 of mankind. In any other view its records Avould be unat- 
 tractive. The building of log hovels, the turning of sand- 
 heaps into corniields, dealings with stupid Indians and with 
 overreaching partners in trade, anxious struggles to get a liv- 
 ing, and, at most, the sufferings of men, women, and children. 
 
1620.] Colonial History. 6i 
 
 Avasting under cold, sickness, and ftimine, feebly supply, as the 
 staple of a history, the place of those splendid exhibitions of 
 poAver, and those critical conflicts of intrigue'' and Avar, Avliich 
 fill the annals of great empires. 
 
 5. But no higher stake is played for in the largest sphere, 
 than the life of a body politic ; nor can the most heroic man 
 be moved by any nobler impulse than the sense of patriotic 
 and religious obligation; nor is the merit of that constancy, 
 Avhich makes no account of sacrifice and suffering, to be esti- 
 mated by the size of the theatre on Avhich it is displayed. 
 And the homely story of the planters of Plymouth Avill not 
 fail to have interest for those readers Avho are able to discrimi- 
 nate AV'hat is most excellent in human nature from its adjuncts'", 
 or for such as delight to trace the method of Providence, in 
 educing'' results of the largest benefit to mankind, from the 
 simple element of devotion to right and duty in lowly men. 
 
 6. At the time of the adoption of the compact for a goA'ern- 
 ment. Carver AA^as chosen governor of the company. In the 
 afternoon, "fifteen or sixteen men, Avell armed," Avere sent on 
 shore to reconnoitre'', and collect fuel. They returned at even- 
 ing, reporting that they had seen neither person nor dAvelling, 
 but that the country Avas Avell Avooded, and that the appearance 
 as to soil AA^as promising. 
 
 7. Having kept their Sabbath in due retirement, the men 
 began the labors of the Aveek by landing a shallop'' from the 
 ship and hauling it up the beach for repairs, Avhile the Avomen 
 Avent on shore to Avash clothes. While the carpenter and his 
 men Avere at Avork on the boat, sixteen others, armed and pro- 
 visioned, with Standish for their commander, set off on foot to 
 explore the country. The only incident of this day Avas the 
 sight of five or six savages, Avho, on their approach, ran aAvay 
 too swiftly to be overtaken. At night, lighting a fire and set- 
 ting a guard, the party bivouacked", at the distance, as they sup- 
 posed, of ten miles from their A'essel. 
 
 8. Proceeding southAvard next morning, they observed marks 
 of cultivation ; some heaps of earth Avhich they took for signs of 
 graves, and the remains of a hut, Avith a ''great kettle, Avhich had 
 
62 The United States Reader. 11620. 
 
 been some ship's kettle." In a heap which they opened they found 
 two baskets containing four or live bushels of Indian corn, of 
 wliicli they took as much as they could carry away in their pock- 
 ets and in the kettle. Further on, they saw two canoes, and " an 
 old fort or palisade, made by some Ciiristians," as they thought. 
 
 9. The second night, which was rainy, they encamped again 
 witl) more precautions than before. On Friday evening, having 
 lost their Avay meanwliilc, and been amused by an accident to 
 Bradford, who was caught in an Indian deer-trap, they returned 
 to their friends, "both weary and Avelcome, and delivered in 
 their corn into tlie store to 1)e kept for seed, for they knew not 
 how to come by any, and therefore were very glad, proposing, 
 so soon as they could meet with any of the inhabitants of that 
 place, to make them large satisfaction." 
 
 10. Tlie succeeding week was spent in putting their tools in 
 order and preparing timber for a new boat. During this time, 
 which proved to be cold and stormy, much inconvenience was 
 experienced from having to wade "a bow-shot" through the 
 shallow water to the shore; and many took ''coughs and colds, 
 which afterward turned to scurvy." On ^Monday of the week 
 next following, twenty-four of tlie colonists, in the shallop, 
 which was now refitted, set out for an exploration along the 
 coast, accom})anied by Jones, the shipmaster, and ten of liis 
 people, in the long-boat. That day and the following night 
 they suffered from a cold snow-storm, and were compelled to 
 run in to the shore for security. 
 
 11. The next day brought them to the harbor to which the pre- 
 ceding journey by land had l)een extended, now named Viy them 
 Cold Harbor, and ascertained to have depth of twelve feet of water 
 at ilood-tide. Having slept under a shelter of pine-trees, they 
 proceeded to make an examination of the spot as to its fitness 
 for their settlement: in doing which, under the snow-covered 
 and frozen surface, tliey found another parcel of corn and a 
 bag of beans. These spoils they sent back in the shallop with 
 Jones and sixteen of the party, who were ill, or worn out with 
 exposure and fatigue. Marching inlaiul five or six miles, they 
 found a grave with a de])osit of personal articles, as " bowls, 
 
1620.] Colonial History. 6 
 
 o 
 
 trays, dishes," "a knife, a pack-iieedle," "a little bow," and 
 some "strings and bracelets of fine white beads." Two wig- 
 Avams" were seen, Avliich ajijieared to have been recisntly in- 
 habited. Eetnrning to their boat in the evening, the party 
 hastened to rejoin their friends. 
 
 12. The question was discussed whether they should make a 
 further examination of the coast, or sit down at the harbor 
 which had been visited. The land about it had been under 
 cultivation. The site appeared healthy and convenient for 
 defense, as well as for taking whales, of which numbers were 
 daily seen. The severity of the winter season was close at 
 hand, and the delay, fatigue, and work of further explorations 
 were dreaded. But, on the whole, the uncertainty as to an 
 adequate supply of water, with the insufficiency of the harbor, 
 which, though commodious for boats, was too shallow for 
 larger vessels, was regarded as a conclusive objection, and it 
 was resolved to make a further examination of the bay. The 
 mate of the Mayflower had told them of Agawam, now Ips- 
 Avich, as a good harbor, Avitli fertile land, and facilities for 
 fishing ; but, as things stood, it Avas thought too distant for a 
 visit. 
 
 13. As soon as the state of the Aveather permitted, a party of 
 ten, including Carv^er, Bradford, and others of the principal men, 
 set oflP with eight seamen in the shallop, on Avhat proved to be 
 the final expedition of discovery. The severity of the cold was 
 extreme. " The Avater froze on their clothes, and made tliem 
 many times like coats of iron." Coasting along the cape in a 
 southerly direction for six or seven leagues, they landed and 
 slept at a place Avhere ten or tAvelve Indians had appeared on 
 the shore. 
 
 14. The Indians ran aAA^ay on being approached, and at night 
 it was supposed that it Avas their fires Avhich appeared at four 
 or five miles' distance. The next day, Avhile part of the company 
 in the shallop examined the shore, the rest, ranging about tlie 
 country, where are now the toAvns of Wellfieet and Eastham, 
 found a burial-place, some old AvigAvams, and a small store of 
 parched acorns buried in the ground ; but they met Avith no 
 
64 The Untied States Reader. [icao. 
 
 inhabitants. 'V\\q Ibllowing morning, at daylight, they had jnst 
 ended their jjrayers, and were preparing breakfast at their eanip 
 on tiie beach, when they heard a yell, and a llight of arrows fell 
 among them. The assailants turned out to be thirty or forty 
 Indians, who, being fired upon, retired. Neither side had been 
 harmed. A numljer of the arrows were picked up, "some 
 whereof were hejuled with brass, others with hart's horn, and 
 others with eagles' claws."' 
 
 15. Getting on board, they sailed all day along the shore in a 
 storm of snow and sleet, making, by their estimate, a distance 
 of forty or fifty miles without discovering a harbor. In the 
 afternoon, the gale having increased, their rudder was disabled, 
 and they had to steer with oars. At length the mast was car- 
 ried away, and they drifted in the dark with a lluod-tide. With 
 difficulty they brought up under the lee of a "small rise of 
 land."' Here a part of the company, suffering from wet and 
 cold, went on shore, though not without fear of hostile neigh- 
 bors, and liLilitcd a lire by wincli to pass the inclement night. 
 In the morning, " they found themselves to be on an island,* 
 secure from the Indians, where they might dry their fctuff, fix 
 their pieces, and rest themselves; and this being the last day of 
 the week, they prepared there to keep the Sabbath." 
 
 16. "On Monday they sounded the harbor, and found it fii 
 for shipping, and marched also into the land, and found divers 
 corn-fiehls and little running brooks, a place, as they supposed, 
 fit for situation; ... so they returned to their ship again with 
 this news to the rest of the people, which did much comfort 
 their hearts.'" Such is the record of that event which has nuule 
 the twenty-second of December a memorable day in the calen- 
 dar.! — Histonj of New England. 
 
 * Clark' H Inhinil, in PlyiiKiiilli Hnrbnr, Kiiid to liiive been aflcrwiird bo nnmed from the mate of the 
 Uayftoirrr. Some aiitlxirs H'vc 101 as the number of tlie Miii/Jtuirrr'n piisscncers . 
 
 + By the ohi stylo of reckonini; it wiis Dec 11 When the prnctice of celebrntinu the nnnivenwrj- 
 lit Plymouth beciui, in 1769. eleven (lays were erroneously added to (he recorded date, to accomraodnte 
 it to the (!re(;orinii (.tyle. which liad been adopted in England in 17.'>2 In IC-JO, however, the derange- 
 ment of the calendar only amounted to Irn days, and consequently the landinp; described in the text 
 occurred on the "Jlst of December. Mr. Palfrey remarks, in this coimection that "an attempt ha» 
 been made within a few years to substitute the true allowance of ten days : but the ticenly-tfcond day 
 of December has taken a firm hold on the local thought and literature, which the tirmlu-firti will 
 itcarcely displace." 
 
Colonial History. 65 
 
 The Pilgrim Fathers. — Pierpont. 
 
 1. The Pilgrim Fatliers — where are they? 
 
 The waves that brouglit them o'er 
 Still roll in the bay and throw their spray, 
 
 As they break along the shore ; 
 Still roll in the bay, as they rolled that day 
 
 AVhen the Mayflower moored below, — 
 When the sea around was black with storms, 
 
 And white the shore with snow. 
 
 2. The mists that wrapped the Pilgrim's sleep 
 
 Still brood upon the tide ; 
 And the rocks yet keep their watch by the deep, 
 
 To stay its waves of pride. 
 But the snow-white sail that he gave to the gale, 
 
 When the heavens looked dark, is gone ; — 
 As an angel's wing, through an opening cloud, 
 
 Is seen, and then withdrawn. 
 
 3. The Pilgrim exile — sainted name ! — 
 
 The hill whose icy bi'ow 
 Rejoiced when he came, in the morning's flame. 
 
 In the morning's flame burns now ; 
 And the moon's cold light, as it laj^ that night 
 
 On the hillside and the sea. 
 Still lies where he laid his houseless head ; — 
 
 But the Pilgrim — where is he? 
 
 4. The Pilgrim Fathers are at rest ; 
 
 When summer's throned on high, 
 And the world's warm breast is in verdure dressed. 
 
 Go stand on the hill where they lie. 
 The earliest ray of the golden day 
 
 On that hallowed^' spot is cast ; 
 And the evening sun, as he leaves the w^orld, 
 
 Looks kindly on that spot last. 
 
 5. The Pilgrim spirit has not fled : 
 
 It walks in noon's broad light ; 
 And it watches the bed of the glorious dead. 
 With the holy stars, by night. 
 
66 The United States Reader. [I635. 
 
 It watches the bed of the brave who have bled, 
 
 And shall guurd this ice-bound shore, 
 Till the waves of the bay, where the .Mayflower lay. 
 
 Shall foam and freeze no more. 
 
 Ilifitorif of I*fi/niOllth. — The fust winter was very severe, and in less 
 than five months nearly onelialf of that Pilgrim band died from the elfect of ex- 
 posure and privations, (jovernor Carver and his wife being among the num- 
 ber. William Bradford was thereupon eleeted to till the vaeaney, and during 
 thirty years was aetive and eon>picu()us in the history of the eolony. 
 
 In 16:il, a treaty of friendship was made with Massasoit (mas-sa-soit'), ehiet 
 of tlie Wampanoags (icom-pa-nu a(js), that was saeredly observed for more than 
 thirty years. Canonieus (ka-non'i-kus), chief of the Narragansetts, kept the 
 colonists in fear for a while, but the decisive course of Bradford eventuallyv com- 
 pelled him to sue for peace. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay Colony. — In the mean time, other influences 
 were at work to extend the range of settlements. A company composed of gen- 
 tlemen who were interested in the fisheries and trade of New England, having 
 purchased a tract of land, sent out an expedition of a hundred persons, under 
 the charge of John Endieott. These reached Salem in I6:i8, and made a settle- 
 ment, thus laying the foundation of the JNIassachusetts Bay Colony. The pro- 
 prietors soon after obtained a charter from the king, under the incorporatedv title 
 of" The Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay, in New England." 
 
 Accessions were rajjidly made to the new colony, and settlements at Charles- 
 town and other places were made. An important change took place in 1629, 
 by which the goverinnent of the company was transferred from London to New 
 England. This induced men of fortune and intelligence to become interested, 
 among whom was John Winthrop * who was afterward elected governor, and 
 who set sail for the colony in the beginning of Ajjril, 1C30. Winthrop was ac- 
 companied by about three hundred families, mostly Puritans, who settled at Bos- 
 ton and adjacent places, in 1G30. 
 
 The banishment of Koger Williams, in 1G35, was an event not only impor- 
 tant in itself, but also on account of the principle it enunciated". Though a 
 Puritan, Williams denounced the re]iu:ious intolerancev practised in New Eng- 
 land ; for which, as well as for certain opinions which he held touching civil 
 matters, he was banished. Nor was this the only lianishment. A Mrs. Hutchin- 
 son,t who ])er>isted in holdin-r meetings of her own sex, and promulgating pecu- 
 liar views, was also driven into exile. _^ 
 
 • John Winthrop was born in Oroton. county orSuffolk, Eniflnnd, in 158S. Tic WM reeiectea 
 povernor of M»s-.iKhiisctls every year until \(A\. With llie oxcciilicm of two or iliroe yeiirs he WM 
 nflerwnrcl deputy governor or povernor until his denlh, wliicl> occurrecl in 1649. 
 
 + Mrs. Anno Hutchinson, upon beins sentenced to bimisliment. at first went to Rhode Inliind. 
 Atter the death of her hubhnnd. which occurred In 1612. five years later, slio removed with Icr cliil- 
 dren to New Xelhcrlauds Tlie Indians and the Dutch were then at war. and. in an attack made by the 
 former, her house was set on fire, and she and all her family, except one child, either perished In iha 
 flames or wore massacred by the snvnpes. 
 
Colonial History. 67 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Roger Williams, and the Settlement of Provi- 
 dence. — Bancroft. 
 
 1. At a time when Germany was the battle-field for all 
 Europe in tlie implacable'' wars of religion ; when even Hol- 
 land was bleeding with the anger of vengeful factions ; when 
 France was still to go through the fearful struggle with bigotry" ; 
 when England was gasping under the despotism" of intolerance"; 
 almost half a century before William Penu became an Ameri- 
 can proprietary" ; and two years before Descartes {cla-kart') 
 founded modern philosophy on the method of free reflection, — 
 Roger Williams asserted the great doctrine of intellectual lib- 
 erty. It became his glory to found a state upon that principle, 
 and to stamp himself upon its rising institutions in characters 
 so deep that the impress has remained to tlie present day, and 
 can never be erased witliout the total destruction of the work. 
 
 2. The principles wliicli he first sustained amidst the 
 bickerings" of a colonial parish, next asserted in the general 
 court of Massachusetts, and then introduced into the wilds on 
 Narragansett Bay, he soon found occasion to publish to the 
 world, and to defend, as the basis of the religious freedom of 
 mankind ; so that, borrowing the rhetoric employed by his an- 
 tagonist" in derision, we may compare him to the lark, the 
 pleasant bird of the peaceful summer, that, "affecting to soar 
 aloft, springs upward from the ground, takes his rise from 
 pale to tree," and at last, surmounting the highest hills, utters 
 his clear carols through the skies of morning. 
 
 3. He was the first person in modern Christendom to assert 
 in its plenitude" tlie doctrine of the liberty of conscience, the 
 equality of opinions before the law ; and in iis defense he 
 was the harbinger" of Milton, the precursor" and the superior 
 of Jeremy Taylor. For Taylor limitc^d his toleration to a few 
 Christian sects; the philanthropy" of Williams compassed the 
 earth : Taylor favored partial reform, commended lenity, ar- 
 gued for forbearance, and entered a special plea in behalf of 
 
68 The United States Reader. [I635. 
 
 each tolerable sect; Williams would permit persecution of no 
 opinion, of no religion, leaving heresy' unharmed by law, and 
 orthodoxy un]irotectcd by the terroi's of i)enal'' statutes. 
 
 4. Taylor still clung to the necessity of positive regulations 
 enforcing religion and eradicating error; he resembled tlie 
 poets, Avho, in their folly, first declare their hero to be invulner- 
 able", and then clotiic him in earthly armor: Williams was 
 willing to leave Truth alone, in her own panoply of ligiit, be- 
 lieving that if, in the ancient feud between Truth and Error, 
 the emiiloyment of force could be entirely abrogated'. Truth 
 would have much the l)t'st of the l)argain. 
 
 5. It is the custom of mankind to award high honors to the 
 successful inquirer into the laws of nature, — to those who ad- 
 vance the bounds of human knowledge. We praise the man 
 who first analyzed" the air, or resolved water into its elements, 
 or drew the lightning from the clouds ; even though the dis- 
 coveries may have been as much the fruits of time as of gen- 
 ius. A moral principle has a much wider and nearer influ- 
 ence on human hajipiness; nor can any discovery of truth be of 
 more direct benefit to society, than that Avhich establishes a 
 perpetual religious peace, and spreads tranquillity through 
 every community and every bosom. 
 
 6. If Copernicus is held in perpetual reverence because, on 
 his death-bed, he pnl)lished to the world that the sun is the 
 centre of our system; if the name of Kepler is preserved in the 
 annals of human excellence for his sagacity in detecting the 
 laws of the planetary motion; if the genius of Newton has 
 been almost adored for dissecting a ray of light, and 
 weighing heavenly bodies as in a balance, — let there be for 
 the name of Rogor Williams at least some humble ]>lace among 
 those who have advanced moral science, and made themselves 
 the benefactors'' of mankind. . . . 
 
 7. Winter was at hand [when sentence of exile Avas pro- 
 nounced against him]; Williams succeeded in obtaining per- 
 mission to remain till Spring; intending then to begin a plan- 
 tation on Narragansett Bay. But the affections of the people 
 of Salem revived, and could not be restrained; they thronged 
 
163 6.] Colonial History. 69 
 
 to Ins house to hear him whom they were so soon to lose for- 
 ever ; it begun to be rumored that he could not safely be al- 
 lowed to found a new state in the vicinity; "many of the peo- 
 ple were much taken with the apprehension of his godliness;" 
 his opinions were contagious"; the infection spread widely. 
 
 8. It was therefore resolved to remove him to England in a 
 ship that was just ready to set sail. A warrant Avas accordingly 
 sent to him to come to Boston and embark. For the first time 
 he declined the summons of the court. A pinnace'' was sent 
 for him ; the officers repaired to his house ; he was no longer 
 there. Three days before he had left Salem, in winter snow 
 and inclement'' weather, of which he remembered the severity 
 even in his late old age. '' For fourteen weeks, he was sorely 
 tost in a bitter season, not knowing what bread or bed did 
 mean." Often in the stormy night he had neither fire, nor food, 
 nor company; often he wandered without a guide, and had no 
 house but a hollow tree. 
 
 9. But he was not Avithout friends. The same scrupulous 
 respect for the rights of others which had led him to defend 
 the freedom of conscience, had' made him also the champion of 
 the Indians. He had already been zealous to acquire their 
 language, and knew it so well that he could debate with them 
 in their own dialects During his residence at Plymonth, he 
 had often been the guest of the neighboring sachems"'; and 
 now, when he came in winter to the cabin of the chief of 
 Pokanoket, he was welcomed by Massasoit ; and '' the barbarous 
 heart of Canonicns, the chief of the Xarragansetts, loved him 
 as his son to the last gasp." " The ravens," he relates with 
 gratitude, " fed me in the wilderness." And in reqnitaP for 
 their hospitality, he was ever, through his long life, their friend 
 and benefactor; the apostle" of Christianity to them, without 
 hire, without weariness, and without impatience at their idol- 
 atry; — the guardian of their rights; the pacificator, when 
 their rude passions were inflamed; and their nnflinching ad- 
 vocate and protector, whenever Europeans attempted an inva- 
 sion of their soil. 
 
 10. He first pitched, and began to build and plant at Seekonk. 
 
Tiie United States Reader. [lesT. 
 
 But Seekonk Avas found to be witliin the patent of Plymouth ; 
 on the other side of the water, tlie country opened in its unap- 
 propriated'' beauty, and there he might hope to establish a 
 community as free as the other colonies. "That ever-honored 
 Governor Winthrop," says Williams, '-privately wrote to me to 
 steer my course to the Xarragansett Bay, encouraging me from 
 the freeness of the place from English claims or patents. I 
 took his prudent motion as a voice from God." 
 
 11. It was in June that the lawgiver of Rhode Island, with 
 five comi)anions, embarked on the stream; a frail Indian canoe 
 contained the founder of an independent state and its earliest 
 citizens. Tradition has marked the spring near which they 
 landed ; it is the parent spot, the first inhabited nook of Rhode 
 Island. To express his unbroken confidence in the mercies of 
 God, Williams called the place Providence. '-'I desired/' 
 said he, "it might be for a shelter for persons distressed for 
 conscience." 
 
 12. In his new abode, Williams could have less leisure for 
 contemplation and study. " My time," he observes of himself, — 
 and it is a sufficient a])ology for the roughness of his style, as 
 a writer on morals, — "was not spent altogether in spiritual 
 labors; but, day and night, at home and abroad, on the land 
 and water, at the hoe, at the oar, for bri-ad." In the course of 
 two years he was joined by others, who fled to his asylum. The 
 land which was now occupied by AVilliams was within the ter- 
 ritory of the Narragansett Indians ; it was not long before an 
 Indian deed from Canouicus and Miantonomah made him the 
 undisputed possessor of an extensive domain. — Ilistory of llir 
 United States. 
 
 niioffc Isfand rianfaffon— Charter.— In 1637, William Cod- 
 fiiiifjton, who had been subjected to ielif,Mons persecution in Boston, aeeepted 
 an invitation from Williams, punhascd from the Indians the island of Rhode 
 Island,* and settled there. Rather than admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by 
 Plvmouth, Williams went to En;,dand, and obtained a charter, whereby the two 
 
 • It (the IslHndi " was bo called from a fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes." Another 
 authority, says," That In consequence of the reddish appearance of Ihc l.sland, it was soon known 
 amonB tie Dutch (of New Netherlands) as Roode, or Red Island From this is derived the name of 
 the Island and State." 
 
1635.] Colonial History. 71 
 
 settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1644, under one government, as the 
 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 
 
 After Charles II. ascended the throne of England, Rhode Island, in 1663, 
 obtained a new charter. When Andros assumed the government of New En- 
 gland, the management of affairs under the charter was, for the time, necessarily- 
 suspended ; but directly after he was seized and sent to England, as elsewhere 
 stated, the charter became the fundamentab' law of the colony, and was the only 
 constitution of the State till 1842. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 The Council of Plymouth, in 1620, obtained a grant of laud including the 
 whole of what is now known as New England. In 1622, a portion of this grant, 
 extending from the Merrimac to the Kennebec, was ceded by the council to 
 Ferdinand Gorges {gor'jes) and John Mason, two of its most active members. 
 Gorges and Mason called the territory whicli they thus obtained Laconia, and, 
 in the spring of 1623, sent over emigrants, who made settlements at Little Har- 
 bor, near Portsmouth, and at Dover. These were the first settlements in New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 In 1629, the Rev. John Wheelwright and others, evidently not considering the 
 grant to Gorges and Mason as of much value, purchased of the Indians all the 
 territory between the Merrimac and Piscataqua. In the same year. Mason ob- 
 tained from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, of the country which Wheel- 
 wright had purchased, and to this he gave the name of New Hampshire.* 
 
 The different settlements of New Hampshire in time came to be governed by 
 different proprietors ; but the people, believing their interests would be promoted 
 by a change, in 1641 formed a union, and placed themselves under the protection 
 of Massachusetts. This privilege was enjoyed for a period of nearly forty years, 
 when, in 1680, the two colonies were separated by order of the king, and New 
 Hampshire became a royal province. 
 
 The district of New Plampshire was several times connected with !llassachu- 
 setts, — the first from 1641 to 1680, as previously stated ; but, in 1741, it became 
 a separate province, and so continued till the Revolution. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Connecticut Colony ^— In 1630, the Council of Plymouth ceded the 
 " soil of Connecticut" t to the Earl of Warwick ; and this grant the following 
 year was transferred to Lord Sa^'-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others. As the 
 Dutch, at the time, laid claim to the territory thus ceded, they built a fort on the 
 Connecticut, where Hartford now stands, to prevent the English from making 
 any settlements in that section. 
 
 Saybrook Colony. — The structure was hardly completed when Cajjtain 
 
 * Mason had been governor of Portsmouth, Hampshire County, England. Hence the name. 
 f This State derives its name from its chief river, the Connecticut, a name given to it by the In- 
 dians, and signifying in their language T!ie Long Riier, 
 
72 The United States Reader. ii687. 
 
 Holmes (hrimz) and a. company from Plymouth sailed up the river. Thoujrh 
 menaced by the Dutch, the Knjili>h passed the fort unhurt, and commenced the 
 settlement of Connecticut, by ereetinj: in that year, 1C33, a tradin;,'-house at 
 Windsor (icin'zir). Important additions were made to this, called the Connec- 
 ticut Colony, by two large emigrations from Massachusetts — the second con- 
 ducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 1636. 
 
 Settlement of Sayb rook.— Toward the close of 163.'), John Winthrop, 
 son of the Massachusetts governor, acting under a commission from the proprie- 
 tors of Connecticut, built a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut River. A colony 
 was also established there, which, in honor of Lord Say-and-Seal, and Lord 
 Brooke, was called Saybrook. 
 
 Peqttod IVnr. — About this time difficulties with the Indians commenced. 
 The IV({uods (pc'kwodz), a warlike tribe inhabiting the soiitheastcrn part of Con- 
 necticut, having committed many acts of hostility, PLirtford, Windsor, and 
 Wetherslield, in 1637, imited in declaring war against them. C'aptain Mason, 
 with a force of colonists aniL friendly Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, 
 burned their fort and wigwams, killed more than si.x hundred of their number, 
 and conii)]i-tily broke them >ip as a trii)e. 
 
 3Vjr lift veil Colony, — A third colony was established in Connecticut, in 
 1638, called the New Haven Colony. The land was bought of the Indians ; and, 
 under the guidance of Theophilus Eaton and the Rev. John Davenj)ort, a colony, 
 remarkable for the religious spirit that marked its laws, was planted and flourished. 
 
 Union of the Colonies. — In 1639, the people of Hartford, Windsor, 
 and Wcthersficld, finding their settlements beyond the limits of Massachusetts, 
 met at Hartford, and united in forming a government for themselves. The col- 
 ony of Saybrook maintained its separate existence until 1644. By its annexa- 
 tion'^ in that year to the Connecticut Colony, only two colonics remained, which 
 were united in 1665, under a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles II. 
 of England. 
 
 TJie Chfll'tet' Ook. — Sir Edmund Andros, who was afterward royal gov- 
 ernor of New England, in 1687 ajjpeared before the Coimecticut Assembly, in 
 session at Hartford, and demanded the surrender of the charter. A discussion 
 at once arose, which was protracted till evening, when tho charter was brought 
 in and laid upon the table ; but just as Andros was stepping forward to take it, 
 the lights were suddenly extinguished. When the candles were relighted, the 
 document could not be found. It had been carried away and hid in the hollow 
 of a tree, which was aftenvard known as the Charter Oak. 
 
 Andros, although unable to procure the charter, assumed the government, 
 which he admiiiisf red till he was seized at Boston and sent to England, in 1689, 
 to bo tried on a charge of maladministration of the public affairs. The charter 
 was then taken from its hiding-place, and Connecticut again assumed her 
 position as an independent colony. 
 
 The Charter Oak was held in great veneration, and was carefully i)resen-ed 
 till 1856, when it was laid prostrate by a violent storm. 
 
1043.] Colo7iiaL History. 73 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 From the Union of the New England Colonies in 1643, to the French and Indian 
 
 War. 
 
 The New England Confederacy. — GraJtame. 
 
 1. Alarmed by the frequent indications of fickleness", dis- 
 like, and furious passion of the Indians, and ascertaining by dint 
 of inquiry that they had recently proposed and entertained the 
 plan of a general conspiracy against the colonists, the authorities 
 of Massachusetts conceived the defensive project of providing, 
 by a mutual concert of the colonies, for the common danger 
 which they might expect to encounter at no distant day, when 
 the savages, instructed by experience, would sacrifice their 
 private feuds to combined hostility against a race of strangers, 
 whose progressive advancement seemed to minister occasion of 
 increasing and incurable jealousy to the whole Indian race. 
 
 2. Having composed, for this j^urpose, a plan which was 
 framed in imitation of the bond of union between the Dutch 
 provinces, and which I'eadily suggested itself to some leading 
 personages among the colonists, who had resided with the 
 Brownist congregation in Holland, they communicated it to 
 the neighboring settlements of New Plymouth, Connecticut, 
 and New Haven, by which it was cordially embraced. These 
 four colonies accordingly entered into a league of perpetual 
 confederacy, offensive and defensive (May 19, 1G43). 
 
 3. The instrument of confederation between them announced 
 that their respective inhabitants had all come into tliese parts of 
 America with the same errand and aim, to advance the Chris- 
 tian religion, and enjoy the liberty of their consciences with 
 purity and peace. It was stipulated'', that the confederates 
 should thenceforth be distinguished by the title of the United 
 Colonies of New England; that each province should remain a 
 separate and distinct: municipal" association, and retain inde- 
 pendent jurisdiction within its own territory; that in every 
 war, offensive or defensive, each of the confederates should 
 furnish its quota of men, money, and provisions, at a rate to be 
 
74 The United States Reader. [i646. 
 
 fixed from time to time, in proportion to the population of the 
 respective communities ; that a council, composed of two com- 
 missioners from each province, should be annually convoked 
 and empowered to deliberate and decide on all points of com- 
 mon concern to the confederacy ; and that every resolve sanc- 
 tioned by the approbation of six of the commissioners, should 
 be binding on all the associated provinces. 
 
 4. Every province renounced the right of protecting fugitive 
 debtors or criminals from the legal process of the particular 
 community which they mii,'lit have wronged and deserted. The 
 State of Rhode Island, which was not included in this confed- 
 eracy, petitioned a few years after to be admitted into it ; but 
 her request was refused, except on the condition, Avhicli she 
 declined, of merging her separate existence in an incorporation 
 with the colony of New Plymouth. Thus excluded from the 
 benefit of the federal union, and in a manner dissociated from 
 the other states, the inhabitants of Rhode Island and Provi- 
 dence endeavored to proinote their separate security by concili- 
 ating the friendship of the Indians ; and the humane and cour- 
 teous policy which the purpose taught them to pursue, proved 
 remarkably successful. — Culouial Ilisionj of the United States. 
 
 Eliot's Efforts to Convert the Indians. — Grahame. 
 
 1. AViilLE tlie people at large were progressively extending 
 their industry, and subduing by culture the rudeness of desert 
 nature, the ministers of religion, with earnest zeal, aspired to 
 an extension of tlieir peculiar sphere of usefulness; and at a 
 very early period entertained designs of redeeming to the do- 
 minion of piety and civility the neglected wastes of human life 
 and character that lay stretched in savage ignorance and idola- 
 try around them. John Eliot, one of the ministers of Roxbury, 
 a man whose large soul glowed with the intensest flame of holy 
 charity, was deeply penetrated with a sense of this duty, and 
 for some time had been laboriously qualifying himself to over- 
 come the preliminary' difficulty by which its performance was 
 obstructed, lie had now by diligent study attained such ac- 
 quaintance with the Indian language as enabled him not only 
 
1646.J Colonial History. 7^ 
 
 to speak it with fluency, but to facilitate the acquisition of it to 
 others, by tlie construction and publication of a system of 
 Indian Grammar. 
 
 2. Having completed his preparatory inquiries, he began, in 
 the close of this year (October, 1G46), a scene of pious labor, 
 which has been traced with great interest and accuracy by the 
 ecclesiastical historians of New England ; and still more mi- 
 nutely, we may believe, in that eternal record where alone the 
 actions of men obtain their just, their final, and everlasting 
 proportions. It is a remarkable feature in his long and arduous 
 career, that the spirit and energy by which he was supported 
 never incurred the slightest abatement, but, on the contrary, 
 manifested a steady and continual increase. He confidently 
 relied on its unfailing endurance ; and always referring it to 
 divine infusion, felt assured of its derivation from a fountain 
 incapable of being wasted by the most liberal communication. 
 
 3. Everything he saw or knew occurred to him in a religious 
 aspect; every faculty, and every acquisition that he derived 
 from the employment of his faculties, was received by him as a 
 ray imparted to his soul from that supreme source of sentiment 
 and intelligence which was the object of his earnest contempla- 
 tion and continual desire. As he was one of the holiest, so was 
 he also one of the happiest and most beloved of men. When 
 he felt himself disabled from preaching by the infirmities of old 
 age, he proposed to his parishioners of Eoxbury to resign his 
 ministerial salary; but these good people unanimously declared 
 that they would willingly pay the stipend^ for the advantage 
 and honor of having him reside among them. His example, in- 
 deed, was the most valuable part of his ministry among Chris- 
 tians; his life, during many years, being a continual and mani- 
 fest effusion of soul in devotion to God and charity to mankind. 
 
 4. The mild, persuasive address of Eliot soon gained him a 
 favorable audience from many of the Indians ; and having suc- 
 cessfully represented to them the expediency^ of an entire 
 departure from their savage habits of life, he obtained from the 
 General Court a suitable tract of land adjoining to the settle- 
 ment of Concord, in Massachusetts, where a number of Indian 
 
70 The United States Reader. [iGtr. 
 
 families began, under his counsel, to erect fixed habitations 
 for themselves, and wliere they eagerly received his instruc- 
 tions, bi)th spiritual and secular''. It was not lonj^ before a violent 
 opposition to these innovations was excited by the powwows, or 
 Indian priests, who threatened death, and other inflictions of 
 the vengeance of their idols, on all who should embrace Chris- 
 tianity. Tlie menaces and artifices of these persons caused 
 several of the seeming proselytes to draw back, but induced 
 others to separate themselves entirely from the society and 
 converse of the main body of their countrymen, and court the 
 advantage of a closer association with that superior race of men 
 Avho showed tlicmselves so generously willing to ditfuse and 
 communicate the capacity and benefits of their own improved 
 condition. 
 
 5. A considerable number of Indians resorted to tiie land 
 allotted to them by the provincial government, and exchanged 
 their wild and barbarous liabits for the modes of civilized life and 
 industry. Eliot was continually among them, instructing, anima- 
 ting, and directing them. They felt his superior wisdom, and saw 
 him continually and serenely happy; and there was nothing in 
 his exterior condition that indicated sources of enjoyment from 
 which they were necessarily debarred'. On the contrary, it was 
 obvious that of every article of merely selfish comfort he was 
 willing to divest himself, in order to communicate to them a 
 share of what he esteemed the only true riches of an immortal 
 being. The women in the next settlement learned to spin ; 
 the men to dig and till the ground ; and the children were in- 
 structed in the English language, and taught to read and write, 
 or, as the Indians expressed themselves, to get news from the 
 2)aper, and mark their thour/Jifs on if. 
 
 6. As the numbers of domesticated' Indians increased, they 
 built a town by the side of Charles River, wliich they called 
 Natick, and they desired Eliot to frame a system of municipal' 
 government for them. He directed their attention to the 
 counsel that Jethro gave to Moses; and, in conformity Avith it, 
 they elected fur tiieniselves rulers of hnndreds, of fifties, and of 
 tens. The provincial government also established a tribunal, 
 
1664.] Colonial History. 'j'j 
 
 which, without assuming jurisdiction over them, tendered the 
 assistance of its judicial mediation to all who might be willing 
 to refer to it the adjustment of their more difficult or important 
 controversies. In endeavoring to extend their missionary influ- 
 ence among the surrounding tribes, Eliot and the associates of 
 his labors (men like-minded with himself), encountered a vari- 
 ety of success, corresponding to the visible varieties of human 
 character, and the invisible predeterminations of the divine will. 
 
 7. Many persons expressed the utmost abhorrence and con- 
 tempt of Christianity ; some made a hollow profession of 
 willingness to learn, and even of conviction, — with the view, 
 as it afterward proved, of obtaining the tools and other articles 
 of value that were furnished to every Indian who proposed to 
 embrace the habits of civilized life. In spite of great dis- 
 couragement, the missionaries persisted; and the difficulties 
 that at first mocked their efforts seeming at length to vanish 
 under an influence at once mysterious and irresistible, their 
 labors were crowned Avith astonishing success. The character 
 and habits of the lay colonists promoted the efficacy of these 
 pious exertions, in a manner which will be forcibly appreciated 
 by all who have examined the history and progress of missions. 
 Simple in their manners, devout, moral, and industrious in 
 their conduct and demeanor, they enforced the lessons of the 
 missionaries by demonstrating their practicability and benefi- 
 cial effects, and exhibited a model of life, which, in point of 
 refinement, was not too elevated for Indian imitation. . . . 
 
 8. Eliot had occasionally translated and printed various ap- 
 proved theological'' dissertations' for the use of the Indians; 
 and at length, in the year 16G4, the Bible was printed, for the 
 first time, in one of the native languages of the New World, at 
 Cambridge, in Massachusetts. This, indeed, was not accom- 
 plished without the assistance of j^ecuniary contributions from 
 tlie mother country. The colonists had zealously and cheer- 
 fully co-operated with their ministers, and assisted to defi-ay 
 the cost of their charitable enterprises; but the increasing 
 expenses threatened at last to exceed what their narrow means 
 were competent to afford. 
 
78 The United States Reader. [i665, 
 
 9. Happily, the tidings of tliis great work excited a kindred 
 spirit ill the piirent state, where, in tlie year 1G49, tliere was 
 formed by act of parliament, a Society for j^ropagating" the 
 Gospel in Neio England, whose co-operation proved of essential 
 service to the missionary cause. This society, dissolved at the 
 Eestoration'', was afterward re-established by a charter from 
 Charles II., obtained by the exertions of the pious Richard 
 Baxter, and the inilucnce of the illustrious Robert Boyle, who 
 thus approved himself the benefactor of New England as well 
 as of Virginia. 
 
 10. Supported by its ample endowments'', and the liberal con- 
 tributions of their own fellow-colonists, the American mission- 
 aries exerted themselves with such energy and success in the 
 work of converting and civilizing the savages, that, before the 
 close of the seventeenth century, there were collected in the 
 ])rovince of Massachusetts more than tliirty congregations of 
 Indians, comprising upward of three thousand persons, re- 
 claimed from a gross barbarism and degrading superstition", 
 and advanced to the comfort and respectability of civilized 
 life, and the dignity and happiness of worshippers of the true 
 God. There were nearly as many converts to religion and 
 civility in the islands of Massachusetts Bay; there were several 
 Indian congregations in the Plymouth territories; and among 
 some of the tribes that still pursued their wonted style of rov- 
 ing life, there was introduced a considerable improvement in 
 civil and moral habits. Several Indians received education at 
 Harvard College; from Avhich, in the year IGC"), one of their 
 number obtained the degree of Bachelor of Arts. — Colonial 
 History of the United States. 
 
 Persecution of the Qltakers. — Tn l((r>f»ii serious trouble commenced, 
 Krowinpfout of tlie arrival in that year of a iiuml)er of Quakers from Eni,'huKl. 
 They had heen represented as a jieople of peculiar opinions and conduct, and 
 conse(|iu'ntly they were persecuted. Many were l)anished, four were executed, 
 and others were wliipped or cast into prison. The great severity of the meas- 
 ures at last i)rodueed a reaction in ]»uhlic feelin^r ; ""d, after five years of trouble, 
 the Quakers were allowed to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. 
 
 King riiilip's ir«r.— During the life of Massasoit, the treaty of friend- 
 
1676.] Colonial History. 79 
 
 ship between him and the people of Plymouth was faithfully kept; but, after 
 his death, Philip, commonly known as King Philip, his son and successor, made 
 war upon the colonists. It became evident to the Indians that the spreading 
 settlements were fast breaking up their hunting-grounds ; and they saw too, in 
 the growing power of the whites, their own inevitable^ extinction. Besides, 
 they were burning to avenge personal wrongs. 
 
 Nothing short of a union of the New England tribes for the extermination' of 
 the colonists, it was thought, could arrest the tide against them ; and Philip, so 
 it was alleged, was the leading spirit in plotting the combination. It is related 
 that a converted Indian, who had been sent as a missionary among his people, 
 was the pi'incipal informer against Philip. This man was found murdered. The 
 execution by the whites of three Indians, convicted of the murder, may be con- 
 sidered as the immediate cause of the war. 
 
 The first attack was made by Philip, in 167.5, upon the people of Swan'zey, 
 as they were returning, one Sunday, from church. Although a treaty of peace 
 had been made with the Narragansetts, they joined in the war against the 
 English. A strong force was sent against the Indians ; and, in an immense 
 swamp in the southern part of Rhode Island, they were defeated with great loss. 
 Yet they continued their depredations" till the death of Philip, which occurred 
 in 1676, he being shot by one of his own tribe. 
 
 Death and Character of King Philip. — Irving. 
 
 1. With a scanty band of followers, who still remained true 
 to his desperate fortunes, the unhappy Philip wandered back 
 to Mount Hope, the ancient dwelling of his fathers. Here he 
 lurked about, like a spectre", among scenes of former power and 
 prosperity, now bereft of home, of family, and friends. There 
 needs no better picture of his destitute and piteous situation 
 than that furnished by the homely pen of the chronicler'', who 
 is unwarily enlisting the feelings of the reader in favor of the 
 hapless warrior whom he reviles. "Philip," he says, "like a 
 savage wild beast, having been hunted by the English forces 
 through the woods, above a hundred miles backward and for- 
 ward, at last was driven to his own den upon Mount Hope, where 
 he retired, with a few of his best friends, into a swamp, Avhich 
 proved but a prison to keep him fast till the'messengers of death 
 came by divine permission to execute vengeance upon him." 
 
 2. Even in this last refuge of desperation and despair, a sul- 
 len grandeur gathers round his memory. We picture him to 
 
 ourselves seated among his care-worn followers, brooding in 
 
 4* 
 
8o The Ujiited States Reader. [i676. 
 
 silence over his blasted fortunes, and acquiring a savage sub- 
 limity from the wildness and dreariness of his lurking-place. 
 Defeated, but not dismayed — crushed to the earth, hut not 
 humiliated — he seemed to grow more haughty beneath disaster, 
 and to experience a fierce satisfaction in draining the last dregs 
 of bitterness. 
 
 3. Little minds arc tamed and subdued by misfortune, but 
 great minds rise above it. The very idea of submission awak- 
 ened the fury of Philip, and he smote to death one of his ful- 
 lowers, who proposed an expedient of peace. The brother of 
 the victim made his escape, and in revenge betrayed the retreat 
 of his chieftain. A body of white men jind Indians were im- 
 mediately dispatched to the swamp where Philip lay crouched, 
 glaring Avith lury and despair. Before he was aware of their 
 approach, they had begun to surround him. In a little while 
 he saw five of his trustiest followers laid dead at his feet; all 
 resistance was vain ; he rushed forth from his covert, and made 
 a headlong attempt to escape, but was shot through tiie heart 
 by a renegade' Indian of his own nation. 
 
 4. Sucli is the scanty story of the brave but unfortunate King 
 Philip; persecuted while living, slandered and dishonored when 
 dead. If, however, we consider even the prejudiced anecdotes 
 furnisbed us by his enemies, we may perceive in them traces 
 of amiable and lofty character sufficient to awaken symi)athy 
 for his fate, and respect for his memory. We find that, amidst 
 all the harassing cares and ferocious passions of constant war- 
 fare, he was alive to the softer feelings of connubial' love and 
 paternal' tenderness, and to the generous sentiment of friend- 
 ship. The captivity of his '' beloved wife and only son"' is men- 
 tioned with exultation as causing him poignant misery; the 
 death of any near friend is triumphantly recorded as a new 
 blow on his sensibilities ; but the treachery and desertion of 
 many of his followers, in whose affections he had confided, is 
 said to have desolated his heart, and to have bereaved him of 
 all further comfort. 
 
 5. He was a jiatriot attaelied to his native soil — a jn-ince true 
 to his subjects, and indignant of their wrongs — a soldier daring 
 
Colonial History. 
 
 in battle, firm in adversity, patient of fatigue, of hunger, of 
 every variety of bodily suffering, and ready to perish in the 
 cause he had espoused''. Proud of heart, and with an untama- 
 ble love of natural liberty, he preferred to enjoy it among the 
 beasts of the forest, or in the dismal and famished recesses of 
 swamps and morasses, rather than bow his haughty spirit to 
 submission, and live dependent and despised in the ease and 
 luxury of the settlements. With heroic qualities and bold 
 achievements that would have graced a civilized warrior, and 
 have rendered him the theme of the poet and the historian, he 
 lived a wanderer and a fugitive in his native land, and went 
 down, like a lonely bark foundering amid darkness and tempest 
 — without a pitying eye to weep his fall, or a friendly hand to 
 record his struggle. — Sketch Booh. 
 
 The Indian Hunter. — Longfelloiv. 
 
 1. When the summer harvest was gathered in, 
 And the sheaf of the gleaner grew white and thin, 
 And the ploughshare was in its furrow left, 
 Where the stubble land had been latelj^ cleft. 
 
 An Indian hunter, with unstrung bow, • 
 
 Looked down where the valley lay stretched below. 
 
 He was a stranger there, and all that day 
 
 Had been out on the hills — a perilous way ; 
 
 But the foot of the deer was far and fleet. 
 
 And the wolf kept aloof from the hunter's feet ; 
 
 And bitter feelings passed o'er him then, 
 
 As he stood by the populous haunts of men. 
 
 2. The winds of autumn came over the woods, 
 As the sun stole out from their solitudes, 
 
 . The moss was white on the maple's trunk, 
 And dead from its arms the pale vine shrank ; 
 And ripened the mellow fruit hung, and red, 
 Where the trees withered leaves around it shed. 
 The foot of the reaper moved slow on the lawn. 
 And the sickle cut down the yellow corn ; 
 The mower sung loud by the meadow side, 
 When the mists of evening were spreading wide ; 
 And the voice of tlie herdsman came up the lea, 
 And the dance went round by the greenwood tree. 
 
82 The United States Reader. 
 
 3. Theu the hunter turned away from that scene. 
 Where the home of his fathers once had been, 
 And heard, by the distant and measured stroke. 
 That the woodman hewed down the giant oak; 
 And burning tlioughts flashed over his mind, 
 Of the white man's faitli and love imkind. 
 The moon of tlie harvest grew high and bright, 
 As her golden liorn pierced the cloud of white,— 
 A footstep was heard in the rustling brake, 
 Where the beech oversiiadowcd the misty lake, 
 And a moaning voice, and a plunge from the shore — 
 And the hunter was seen on the hills no more. 
 
 4. When years had passed on, by that still lake side 
 The lisher looked down through the silver tide, 
 And there, on the smooth yellow sand displayed, 
 A skeleton wasted and white was laid ; 
 
 And 'iwas seen, as the waters moved deo|) and slow. 
 That the hand was still grasping a hunter's bow. 
 
 Coinage in Massachusetts. — Everett. 
 
 1. Among tliu indicaLiuiis iiui only of the comnu-rciiil pros- 
 j)erity of the colony, but of the reliance which the colonial 
 
 government felt in the good-will of tiie ruling powers at home, 
 we may mention that the colony of Massachusetts Aveut so far 
 as to establish a mint for the coinage' of silver (1G52). There 
 was no currency, ])efore this time, except the European coins 
 Avhich may have found their way across the Atlantic, unless 
 v.'e choose to give the name of currency to the wampnm, or 
 wamjynmjyeafjo (as it is more properly called), of the Indians. 
 As this actually served the purpose of coin among some of the 
 native tribes, and the use of it was borrowed from them by the 
 settlers, it may merit a moment's notice. 
 
 2. This currency ajjpears to have been first in use among the 
 Indians of the Mohawk and other western tribes, who were 
 more advanced in civilizati(m than our Xew England Indians, 
 who received it from them. PecKje was the name of the sub- 
 stance, which was of two kinds — black and white. Wampum, 
 or ivompiun, is the Indian word for wit He; and as the white 
 kind was the most common, wampumpmye got to be the com- 
 
Colonial History. 83 
 
 mon name of this substance, which was nsually abbreviated 
 into ivampum. 
 
 3. The hisick peage consisted of tlie small round spot in the 
 inside of the shell, which is still usually called in this neigh- 
 borhood by its Indian name of quahog. These round pieces 
 were broken away from the rest of the shell, brought to a 
 smooth and regular shape, drilled through the centre, and 
 strung on threads. The wh'itQ peage was the twisted ends of 
 several small shells, broken off from the main part. These por- 
 tions of shell, thus strung, were worn as bracelets and neck- 
 laces, and wrought into belts of curious Avorkmanship. They 
 thus possessed an intrinsic value with the natives, for the pur- 
 poses of ornament; and they were readily taken by them in 
 exchange for their furs. 
 
 4. When wrought into belts they had an extensive use 
 among the Indian tribes, as presents at the negotiation'' of 
 treaties ; and for this purpose they were wrought in such a way 
 as to furnish a guide to the memory in retaining and transmit- 
 ting the traditions of the tribe. They were originally, there- 
 fore, a mere article of merchandise, as, in fact, is also the case 
 with gold and silver; but being, for the reasons named, es- 
 teemed of value generally by the Indians, they Avere made use 
 of by the Dutch in New York as a currency. The Indians of 
 Block Island learned the use of them from the Dutch ; the 
 Narragansetts, from the Block Islanders, and the English set- 
 tlers, from them. 
 
 5. As soon as they began to be used as currency, they ac- 
 quired a conventional'' value. Six of the white beads, or three 
 of the black ones, made an English penny, and a fathom length 
 was rated in the gross at five shillings sterling. The process of 
 coining was, as we have seen, exceedingly simple. Roger Wil- 
 liams, in describing the quahog, calls it "a little thick shell- 
 fish, which the Indians wade deep and dive for ; and after they 
 have eaten the meat there (in those which are good), they break 
 out of the shell about half an inch of a blttck part of it, of 
 wliich they make their Suckauhock or black money, which is to 
 them precious." 
 
84 The United States Reader. 
 
 6. Tliis currency may be comi)arecl with the cowries, or small 
 shells, used by the native races of Africa, for the same purpose. 
 When the commissioners of the United Colonies, in lG4o, made 
 peace with the Narragansetts, they imposed upon them, among 
 otlier conditions, a fine of two thousand fathoms of wampum. 
 The Indians considered this as a very heavy burden ; and it was 
 not till after the lapse of five years, and sending several times 
 to demand it, that the whole was jjuid up, . . . 
 
 7. But this currency was, of course, too rude to answer the 
 purposes of an extensive commerce. The trade of New England 
 was, as I have observed, very considerable at this period, and 
 especially with the "West Indies. A portion of the returns was 
 made in bullion'. The West India seas, at this time, also 
 swarmed with pirates or buccaneers; and as there was no cus- 
 tom-houses and no Court of Admiralty in Xew England, it is 
 greatly to be feared that some part of the spoils, made by these 
 freebooters, found a market in this part of the country in the 
 form of silver bullion. 
 
 8. The growing trade of tlie inhabitants rendering a currency 
 desirable, and the material being supplied in themanneralluded 
 to, the General Court took into their hands, without the least 
 scruple, this l)rauch of tlie prerogativi', and took order for the 
 erection of a mint, and the coining of shillings, sixpences, and 
 threepences. At first it was directed that the coins should have 
 nothing but the letters N. E. on one side, and the Roman nu- 
 merals XII., VI., and III., 011 the other; but it was soon after 
 ordered, by the General Court, that the shillings should have, 
 on one side, a pine-tree, with the word ^lASATV.SETS around 
 it ; and on the other the words NEW ENGLAND, AN. DOM., 
 running around the exterior; and in tlie inner circle, the year 
 1052 and the Iloman numeral XII. Altiiough this coin con- 
 tinued to be struck for many years, the date of 1G52 was never 
 changed upon the shilling. The shillings of this coinage are 
 occasionally still (in 1833) met with in circulation ; but those 
 of the lower denominations are much more rare. . . . 
 
 9. An amusing anecdote of this currency is contained in the 
 nieiuoirs of Thomas Ilollis, to the following efl'ect: " .Sir Thomas 
 
1689.] Colonial History. 85 
 
 Temple, brother of Sir WilJiam Temple, resided several years in 
 Xew England during the commonwealth. After the Eestoration, 
 when he returned to England, the king sent for him, and dis- 
 coursed with him on the state of affairs in Massachusetts, and 
 discovered great Avarmth against that colony. Among other 
 things, he said they had invaded his prerogative by coining 
 money. Sir Thomas, who was a real friend to the colony, told 
 his majesty that the colonists had but little acquaintance with 
 law, and that they thought it no crime to make money for their 
 own use. In the course of the conversation, Sir Thomas took 
 some of the money out of his pocket, and presented it to the 
 king. On one side of the coin was a i)ine-tree, of that kind 
 Avhich is thick and bushy at the top. Charles asked Avhat tree 
 that Avas. Sir Thomas informed him it Avas the royal oak Avhich 
 preserved his majesty's life. This account of the matter brought 
 the king into good humor, and disposed him to hear what Sir 
 Thomas had to say in their favor, calling them ' a parcel of 
 honest dogs.'" — Anecdotes of Early Local History. 
 
 Arhitrary Conduct of the King. — The opposition which Massa- 
 chusetts had shown to the " Navigation Act," and other obnoxious laws of 
 Parliament, displeased the king, Charles II., and he declared her charter void. 
 His death occurring not long after, his successor, James II., pui-sued the same 
 arbitrary policy, and, in 1686, deprived Massachusetts of her charter govei-nment. 
 In the same year, Andros was appointed royal governor of New England. 
 These proceedings on the part of King James rendered him so unpopular, 
 that, when the news of the English Revolution and of his dethronement 
 reached Boston, in 1689, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and his officers, 
 whose tyranny had made them odious to the people, were seized and sent to 
 England, when the New England colonies established their former modes of 
 government. 
 
 King WilUani^s War. — James fled to Erance, and "William, Prince 
 of Orange, and Mary, his wife, the eldest daughter of James, were called to 
 the English throne as king and queen of- that country. The cause of the 
 fugitive king was espoused by the French monarch ; and this, principally, led 
 to a contest between the two powers, known as King AfVilliam's War, in which 
 the respective colonists became involved. 
 
 An expedition, fitted out by Massachusetts, commanded by Sir William 
 Phipps, captui-ed Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia, and secm-ed a large 
 amount of booty. A second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, for the 
 conquest of Canada, proved a failure. These were the most important events 
 
86 The United States Reader. H692. 
 
 of the contest in America. The war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick 
 (riz'u-irk), in 1G97, a peiioil of about eight years. The chiims to territory in 
 America remained as before the war. 
 
 Salem fVitehcraft. — Durinp; the war, Kins; William, refusing to restore 
 to Massachusetts tlic charter which James II. liad taken away, granted a new 
 one, which united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia in a royal 
 government. Upon Phipps was conferred the office of governor. 
 
 One of the first acts of the new governor was the formation, in 1692, of a 
 court to try certain persons who, because of their real or supposed strange con- 
 duct, were accused of practising witchcraft. Most of the inhabitants of Salem 
 and vicinity, where the accused parties lived, believed the accusations to be true; 
 and, before tiie delusion was dispelled, twenty persons were put to death, more 
 than fifty were tortured or frightened into confessing themselves guilty, and 
 many sufl'ered imprisonment. 
 
 Witchcraft in Massachusetts. — Everett. 
 
 1. Of the memorable incidents of tlie earlier period of the 
 Massachusetts history, the fatal delusion relative to Avitchcraft 
 is among the most celebrated. The extent to which this delu- 
 sion proceeded in Salem has given a prominence to the tragical 
 occurrences which took place there; but whatever reproach 
 attaches to its prevalence, must be shared by other portions of 
 Massachusetts. In point of fact, it is well known that no ex- 
 clusive reproach can with justice be cast upon auy part of Xew 
 England, on account of a delusion winch equally prevailed in 
 the most enlightened countries in Europe, and received the 
 countenance of the most learned and intelligent men and up- 
 right magistrates. . . . 
 
 2. As early as 1045, the first suspicion of Avitchcraft arose at 
 Springfield, on Connecticut River. Several persons were sup- 
 posed to be under an evil hand, and, among the rest, two of the 
 ministers children ; and great pains were taken to prove the 
 fact against some persons charged with the crime, but without 
 success. The first execution for witchcraft in New England 
 took place in Charlestown, in 1G48. The name of the sufl'erer 
 was Margaret Jones. Xo detailed account is preserved of her 
 imputed ntisdemeanors', nor of the facts by which they were 
 pretended to be proved. Governor Winthrop informs us, in his 
 Journal, that she was proved to have such a malignant touch, 
 
1655.J Colonial History. 87 
 
 that whosoever she touched, man, woman, or child, with any 
 affection of displeasure, was presently taken with deafness, vom- 
 iting, or other violent pains or sickness. 
 
 3. The poor woman, it seems, was a medical practitioner in 
 a small way; and one of the proofs of her Avitchcraft was that, 
 though she used simple medicines, her patients got well. Her 
 husband seems to have shared her bewitching powers. Shortly 
 after her execution, he endeavored to procure a passage to Bar- 
 badoes, in a vessel of three hundred tons, which lay at anchor 
 off Charlestown, bound for that island, with one hundred and 
 eighty tons of ballast in her hold, and eighty horses on board. 
 The owners of the vessel refused to take the husband of a witch 
 as a passenger; and it was immediately observed that this ves- 
 sel, without any visible cause, began to roll, as if, according to 
 the words of the historian, it would have turned over. 
 
 4. This phenomenon", continuing, was reported to the magis- 
 trates then sitting in Boston, and being by them imputed to 
 the diabolical'' agency of Jones, a warrant was issued to appre- 
 hend him. As the officer was passing over the ferry with his 
 warx'ant, and the vessel was still rolling violently, some one in 
 the ferry-boat jestingly asked the officer Avhether he "who could 
 tame men, could not tame the vessel ? " He replied that he had 
 that in his pocket which would perhaps tame the vessel and 
 keep it quiet, and exhibited the warrant for arresting Jones. 
 At this moment the vessel ceased rolling, and righted herself, 
 after having been violently in motion for twelve hours. Jones 
 was apijrehended and thrown into prison, and from that time 
 the ship '•' never moved in that kind any more." It does not 
 appear, however, that Jones was executed. About the same 
 time, it is stated that a woman was executed at Cambridge, and 
 another at Dorchester, for the crime of witchcraft; but no par- 
 ticulars — not even the names of the parties — are preserved. 
 
 5. In 1655 a most extraordinary case of imputed witchcraft 
 occurred in Boston, — the victim, Mrs. Ann Hibbins. Her hus- 
 band, who died the year before, had been the colony agent in 
 England, had for several years filled the office of assistant, and 
 was a merchant of note in Boston. In the latter part of his 
 
88 Tiie United States Reader. [less. 
 
 life he met with heavy misfortunes, among others with the loss 
 of five hundred pounds by the carelessness of a shipmaster. 
 These misfortunes appear to have been felt with ix'culiar sever- 
 ity by his wife. According to Hutchinson, "they increased the 
 natural crabbedness of his wife's temper,'' discomposed her 
 mind, and made her turbulent and discontented. 
 
 6. Her strange and unusual carriage raised a cry against her. 
 Her behavior brought her under church censures, and caused 
 her to be excommunicated"'; and this probably not improving 
 the quality of her temper, recorded by the historian, she fell at 
 last under the suspicion of being a witch, and as such was 
 brought to trial. The jury found her guilty; but the magis- 
 trates, who, at that period, acted as judges, refused to accept 
 the verdict. But the poiiular fanaticisnr was not, in this man- 
 ner, to be defrauded of its prey. The case went to tlie General 
 Court, popular clamor prevailed, she was declared guilty by the 
 deputies, and executed, — a violation of the forms of justice not 
 less detestable tluin of its substance. 
 
 7. It is to the credit of the magistrates that they had rejected 
 the verdict of the jury ; and there were not wanting otliers in 
 the community who accounted her innocent, and who under- 
 took to trace the marks of an offended Providence against those 
 who were forward in bringing her to trial. IShe was a member 
 of the first church in Boston ; and though she was excommu- 
 nicated from its fellowship, Mr. Xorton, the minister, appears 
 to have thought her innocent of witchcraft. He declared at 
 his own table, some years afterward, in the presence of a com- 
 pany of friends, that "the wife of a magistrate had been hanged 
 as a witch, because she had more wit than her neighbors," 
 
 8. On being asked to explain his meaning, he said that Mrs. 
 Hibbins had seen two persons, who had persecuted her, talking 
 together in tiie street, and had guessed they were talking of 
 her. This happened to be the fact, and was set down as a 
 proof positive that she was in league with the devil. She was 
 confined for some time in prison ; made a will, disposing of her 
 estate: appointed some of the principal gentlemen of the colony 
 the executors"' of her will, and expressed ti)e hope that they 
 would see herdecentlv buried. She was executed in .lune. lOoG. 
 
1692.] Colonial History. 89 
 
 9. Other similar cases occurred between this period and the 
 year 1692, when the great tragedy was enacted at Salem, — the 
 last occasion on which blood was shed under the influence of this 
 cruel fanaticism. But as late as 1720, an instance of pretended 
 witchcraft occurred at Littleton, in this State, differing in 
 nothing but the absence of a tragical close from the Salem 
 delusion. The parties pretending to be bewitched afterward 
 removed to Medford, and the whole fraud Avas detected and 
 exposed by the confession of the chief agent, mainly by the 
 sagacious interference of the Rev. Mr. Turell of that place, 
 whose interesting account has been preserved, and is well 
 worth perusal. 
 
 10. In contemplating this sorrowful page in the history of 
 our ancestors, we must bear in mind that, as I have already 
 intimated, no peculiar reproach attaches to them. They acted, 
 on this occasion, upon principles which all professed, and in 
 which the sincere in all parts of Christendom reposed an un- 
 doubting faith. Circumstances have given to these melancholy 
 transactions an unfortunate notoriety. It has attracted the 
 public attention, both in this country and Europe, partly for 
 the reason that this, and the persecution of the Quakers, stand 
 out in dark relief on the annals of New England. In the older 
 countries of the world, the most dreadful tragedies — the horrors 
 of the Inquisition, the Sicilian Vespers, the massacre of St. 
 Bartholomew's eve, the fires of Smithfield — are hardly signal- 
 ized in the long line of strange and cruel incidents which fill 
 the annals of Europe down into the eighteenth century. For 
 ages there seems to have been no sense of the worth of human 
 life ; no mercy for human suffering. Before we undertake, in 
 the self-sufficiency of a greatly improved age, to reflect upon 
 the errors of our fathers, we should carefully consider in what 
 our superiority over them in these matters consists, and then 
 inquire from what it proceeds. — Anecdotes of Early Local 
 History. 
 
 Queen Anne^S War. — Upon the death of James II., which occurred 
 in France, the French monarch acknowledged his son King of England. This 
 
90 The United Slates Reader. [i7-»8. 
 
 tended to produce a spirit of resentment in England, where the crown had 
 previously boon siettlcd upon Anne, the second dauglitcr of James. While tlie 
 English were makinj^ preparations for war, Kini; William died, and Anne 
 became Queen of England. The interference of France in the succession to the 
 English crown, in connection with other causes, led to a war between Enpland 
 on the one side, and France and Sjjain on the other, which is known in America 
 as Queen Anne's War; but in Europe, is called the War of the Spanish iSuc- 
 cession. Hostilities were commenced in 1702. 
 
 The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from Massachusetts, after an 
 unsuccessful attempt three years before, was the most important event of the 
 war in America. The name of the place was changed to Annapolis, in honor 
 of the English queen, and Acadia was annexed to the British realm. The con- 
 tost continued about eleven years, being terminated by the treaty of Utrecht 
 (u'lreLl) in 1713. 
 
 King Georye^s War, — A peace of nearly thirty years followed, which 
 was broken, during the reign of George II., by Kimj Geonje's War. This con- 
 test had its origin in European disputes, rel.iting, j)rinci])ally, to the kingdom 
 of Austria, and was therefore known in Euro])e as the War of the Austrian 
 Succession. 
 
 War having been declared between England and France in 17-14, the colonists 
 soon became involved. The most important event of the struggle in America 
 was the taking of Louisburg iloo'is-hiirt/), a fortress erected by the French, and 
 which, from its strength, was called the Gilmdtar of America. 
 
 The capture of this place was ert'ected in 1745, by a force, mostly of New 
 England troops, under William Pepperill, aided by an English fleet commanded 
 by Commodore Warren. The contest between the two nations was terminated 
 by the treaty of Aix-lu-Chapelle (Okes lali sha-pel' ), in 1748, by which all ac- 
 quisitions of territory made during the war were mutually restored. 
 
 The Tilsrims.— Everett. 
 
 [Extract from a speecli delivered by Edward Everett, in 1845, on the anni- 
 versary of the Landing of the Pilgrims.] 
 
 I DO not niciin, ^Ir. President, to indulge in extravagant 
 eulogy^ I am not blind to the imperfections of the Pilgrims. 
 I mourn especially that they did not recognize in others the 
 rights which they asserted for themselves. I deplore their faults, 
 though (he faults of the age. I am grieved that in pursuing 
 the simplicity and purity of the Gospel, they could not have 
 imbibed more of its lovely meekness. But so oft(^n as I revert 
 to this painful contemidation, I am checked by the doubt, 
 whether tliis great work could have been done by softer instru- 
 
1609.] Colonial History. 91 
 
 ments. I doubt whether we have a right, living as we do in 
 ease and hixury, to take for granted that this heavy burden 
 could have been borne by more delicate frames and gentler tem- 
 pers. '•' By their fruits ye shall know them.'' Not by the 
 graceful foliage which dallies with the summer breeze, not by 
 the flower which fades away with tlie perfume which it scatters 
 on the gale — but by the golden, perfect fruit, in which the mys- 
 terious life of the plant is garnered up, which the genial" earth 
 and the kindling sun have ripened into the refreshment and 
 food of man, and winch, even when it perishes, leaves behind it 
 the germs of continued and multiplying exuberance''. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Discovery of the Hudson River. — Henry Hudson, an English 
 navigator, while sailing in the service of " The Dutch East India Company," 
 in 1609, discovered the river which now bears his name. His object was to find 
 a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean ; in pursuance of which he sailed up 
 the river to the head of ship navigation, and, in a small boat, continued his ex- 
 plorations some miles further. The vessel in which this voyage was made was 
 called the Half-Moon. 
 
 Voyage of the Half -Moon. — Brodhead, 
 
 1. After trying in vain to find an opening to the westward, 
 he put about, and passing the southern headland, which he now 
 perceived was the one which Gosnold had discovered in 1602, 
 and named "Cape Cod," he stood off to sea again toward the 
 southwest. In a fortnight Hudson arrived off the mouth of 
 Chesapeake Bay, which he recognized as " the entrance into 
 King's Eiver in Virginia, where our Englishmen are." But 
 the temptation to meet his old friend Smith, who, disgusted 
 with the distractions in the colony at Jamestown, and maimed 
 by accidental wounds, was preparing to return to England, did 
 not divert Hudson from the great object of his voyage. Con- 
 tenting himself with a few soundings, he stood again to sea, 
 and passing northwest along the coast of Maryland, he ran into 
 a " great bay with rivers "—afterward called " South Eiver," 
 and "Newport May," by the Dutch, and " Delaware," by the 
 English — where the Half-Moon anchored. 
 
92 The United States Reader. [leoo. 
 
 2. Finding the navigation so difficult, tliat " he that will 
 thoroughly discover this great bay must liave a small pinnace 
 that must draw but four or five feet of water, to sound before 
 him," Hudson stood out to sea again, and, running northward 
 several days along a low sandy coast, with " broken islands," 
 arrived, on the evening of the 2d of September, in sight of the 
 " high hills*' of Xavcsinck, then, as now, "a very good land to 
 fall in with, and a pleasant land to see.*' The next morning 
 he sailed onward until he came to " three great rivers," the 
 most northerly of which he attempted to enter, but was pre- 
 vented by the "very shoal bar before it." So, sending his boat 
 before him to sound the way, he went in past Sandy Hook, and, 
 on the evening of the 3d of September, 1009, anchored the 
 Half-Moon in the bay, where the waters were alive Avith fish. 
 
 3. For a week Hudson lingered in the lower bay, admiring 
 the "goodly oaks "which garnished the neighboring shores, 
 and holding frequent intercourse with the native savages of 
 Monmouth, in New Jersey. The Half-Moon was visited in re- 
 turn by the wondering Indians, who flocked on board the strange 
 vessel, clothed with mantles of feathers and robes of fur, and 
 adorned with rude copper necklaces. Meanwhile, a boat*s crew 
 was sent to sound the river which opened to the northward. 
 Passing through the Narrows, they found a noble harbor, with 
 " very good riding for sliips." A little further on, they came 
 to "the Kills, between Staten Island and Bergen Neck,"' a nar- 
 row river to the westward, between two islands. The lands on 
 both sides were " as pleasant with grass and flowers and goodly 
 trees as ever they had seen, and very sweet smells came fruni 
 them." 
 
 4. Six miles up this river, they saw "an open sea," now 
 known as Newark Bay. In the evening, as the boat was re- 
 turning to the ship, the exploring party was set upon by two 
 canoes full of savages; and one of the English sailors, John 
 Coleman, was killed by an arrow shot in his throat. The next 
 day Hudson buried, upon the adjacent beach, the comrade who 
 had shared the dangers of his polar adventures, to become the 
 first European victim of an Indian weapon in the placid waters 
 
1609.] Colonial History. 93 
 
 he had now reached. To commemorate the event, Sandy 
 Hook was named " Coleman's Point." The ship was soon 
 visited by canoes full of native warriors ; but Hudson suspect- 
 ing their good faith, took two of the savages and "put red 
 coats on them," while the rest "svcre not suffered to approach. 
 
 5. Cautiously sounding her way through the lower bay, the 
 Half-Moon at length "went into the river" past the Narrows, 
 and anchored near the mouth of the Kills in " a very good har- 
 bor for all winds." The native savages came at once on board, 
 "making show of love;" but Hudson, remembering Coleman's 
 fate, "' durst not trust them." The next morning, twenty-eight 
 canoes, " made of single hollowed trees," and crowded with men, 
 women, and children, visited the yacht. But none were suf- 
 fered to come on board, though their oysters and beans were 
 gladly purchased. In the afternoon, the Half-Moon ran six 
 miles further up ; and the crew were enraptured by the loveli- 
 ness of the surrounding country. " It is as beautiful a land as 
 one can tread upon," said Hudson, " and abounds in all kinds 
 of excellent ship-timber." 
 
 6. The first of Europeans, Hudson now began to explore the 
 great river which stretched before him to the north, opening, 
 as he hoped, the way to Eastern seas. Slowly drifting upward 
 with the flood-tide, he anchored one night just above Yonkers, 
 in siglit of "a high point of land, which showed out" five 
 leagues off to the north. The next daj^, a southeast wind car- 
 rying him rapidly up Tappan and Haverstraw Bays, and be- 
 yond the " strait" between Stony and Verplanck's Points. Hud- 
 son sailed onward through the majestic pass guarded by the 
 frowning Donderberg, and at nightfall anchored his yacht near 
 West Point, in the midst of the sublimest scenery of the " Mat- 
 teawan * Mountains. 
 
 7. The next morning was misty until the sun arose, and the 
 grandeur of the overhanging highlands was again revealed. A 
 fair south wind sprung up as the weather became clear ; and 
 while the Half-Moon was getting under way, the two savages 
 who had been detained captives on board at Sandy Hook, 
 
 * The Indian name of the Highlands. 
 
94 The United States Reader. [1609. 
 
 watching their opportunity, leaped out of a porthole and swam 
 ashore, scornfully deriding the crew as the yacht sailed onward. 
 A bright autumnal day succeeded the misty morning. Run- 
 ning sixty miles up along the varied shores which lined the 
 deep channel, and delighted every moment with the ever-chang- 
 ing scenery and the magnificent virgin forests which clothed 
 the river-banks with their gorgeous autumnal hues, Hudson 
 arrived, toward evening, opposite the loftier " mountains which 
 lie from the river's side," and anchored the Half-Moon near 
 Catskill landing, where ho, found a " very loving people, and 
 very old men." 
 
 8. The friendly natives flocked on board the yacht, as she 
 remained lazily at anchor, the next morning, and brought the 
 crew *'ears of Indian corn, and pumpkins, and tobacco," which 
 were readily bought '' for trifles." In the afternoon, Hudson 
 went six miles further up tin; river, and anchored one night 
 near the marshes which divide the channel, opposite the flour- 
 ishing city which now bears his name. Early the next morn- 
 ing he set sail again, and, slowly working his way through the 
 shoaling channel and among the "small islands" which embar- 
 rassed navigation, anchored, toward evening, about eighteen 
 miles further up, between Schodac and Castleton. Here the 
 Half-Moon remained at anchor all the next day. . . . 
 
 9. With the flood-tide, on the following morning, the Half- 
 Moon '• ran higher up, two leagues above the shoals." and an- 
 chored in deep water, near the site of the present city of Albany. 
 The people of the country came flocking on board, and brought 
 grapes and pumpkins, and beaver sind otter skins, which Avere 
 purchased for beads, knives, and hatchets. Here the yacht lin- 
 gered several days. The carpenter went ashore, and made a new 
 foreyard, while Hudson and his mate, " determined to try some 
 of the chief men of the country, whether they had any treach- 
 ery in them," took them down into the Half-Moon's cabin, and 
 "gave them so much wine and aqua vita^, that they were all 
 merry." An old Indian, stupefied with drink, remained on 
 board, to the amazement of his simple countrymen, who "could 
 not tell how to take it." The traditions of the aborigines" yet 
 
1609.] Colonial History. 95 
 
 preserve the memory of this first revei, wliich was followed, the 
 next day, by another visit from the reassured savages, one of 
 Avhose chiefs, addressing Hudson, '"made an oration, and showed 
 him all the country round about." 
 
 10. Everything now seemed to indicate that the Half-Moon 
 had reached the head of ship navigation. The downward cur- 
 rent was fresh and clear, the shoaling channel was narrow and 
 obstructed; yet Hudson, unwilling, perhaps, to abandon liis 
 long-cherished hope, dispatched the mate, with a boat's crew, to 
 sound the river higher up. After going "eight or nine" leagues 
 further — probably to some distance above Waterford — and iind- 
 ing "but seven feet water, and inconstant soundings," the ex- 
 j)loring party returned late at niglit, and reported that they had 
 " found it to be at an end for shipping to go in." Hudson now 
 reluctantly jorepared to return. His ascent of the river had 
 occupied eleven days; his descent consumed as many more. . 
 
 11. The yacht" anchored over night "on the other side of the 
 river," in the bay, near Hoboken. Hard by his anchorage, and 
 upon "that side of the river that is called Manna-hata," Hud- 
 son noticed that "there was a cliff that looked of the color of a 
 white green." Here lie lay wind-bound the next day, and " saw 
 no people to trouble" him. The following morning, just one 
 month after his arrival at >Sandy Hook, Hudson weighed anchor 
 for the last time, and coming out of the "great mouth of the 
 great river," into which he had " run so far," he set all sail, ftnd 
 steered off again into tlie main sea. — Historn of JSfcw York. 
 
 [Hudson reached the shores of Enghiiid m November of the same yeir, and wiis about to proceed 
 to Holland, when he was detained by the English povernraent, jealous of the advantages which the 
 Dutch had gained by the important discovery he had made. It was several months before the Half- 
 -Mocm was permitted to return home. Hudson made his fourth voyage in 1610. While in Hudson Bay, 
 a mutiny occurrhig among his men, he, with eight who remained faithful to him, was put into an open 
 boat and abandoned. Two ships were afterward sent from England to make search for him, but no 
 tidings of the bold navigator could ever be gained,! 
 
 Colonization, of the Country. — The Dutch, claimint;: that Hudson's 
 iliscoveries gave them a title to the country, in 1614 built a fort on Man-hat^tan 
 Lsland. Their claim to territory included the whole region from Cape Cod to 
 the southern shore of Delaware Bay. This became known as New Neth'er- 
 lands, though the name was more generally applied to only that part actually 
 in possession of the Dutch. 
 
 The colonization of the country did not commence until 1623. In that year, 
 
 5 
 
96 The United Stales Reader. [I647. 
 
 under the auspices of a new organization, known as "The Dutch West India 
 Company," two settlements were made — one on Manhattan Island, called New 
 Amsterdam, and the other at All)any, called Fort Oranj^'c. The company, to 
 eneoura};e emi^^ration, offered a lar^e tract of land and certain privilcjies to every 
 imli\ iilual who woukl form a settlement of fifty ])er5ons. 
 
 Governors of New Xefherf a mis.— The lirst Dutch povemor was 
 Peter Min u-its ; the second, Woiu'er Van Twil'ler ; the third, Sir William 
 Kieft {kt(/l); and the fourth and last, I'eter Stuyvesant (s//'re «i»(/). Kiilt, 
 who was haught}- and unscru])ulous, involved the colony in a strife with the 
 .Swedes on the Delaware, and the English <in the Connictieut. He also, by his 
 unjust and inhuman conduct, brought on a disastrous war with tiie Indians. 
 The rule of Stuy vesant was vigorous, though often arbitrary. He conciliated'' the 
 Indians, settled the disputes with the jjcople of Connecticut in relation to the 
 western boundary of that colony, and gained by conquest the Swedish territory 
 on the banks of the Delaware River (1G47-64.) 
 
 Character of Peter Stuy vesant. — Irving. 
 
 [The following amusing sketch of tin- character of Governor Stuyvesant is 
 extracted from " Knickerbocker's History of New York," by Washington Ir- 
 ving. Although the striking traits of the character as represented correspond 
 to the reality, the whole description is rather a playful satire than an authentic 
 delineation.] 
 
 1. Peter Stuyvesant Avas the last, and, like the renowned 
 AVoutor Van Twiller, the best of our ancient Dutch governors, 
 Wouter having surpassed all who preceded him, and Pieter or 
 Piet, as he wtis socially called by the oltl Dutch burglu'r,-:, who 
 were ever prone to familiarize names, having never been equal- 
 led by any successor. Ilf was, in fiict, the very man fitted by 
 nature to retrieve Ihe desperate fortunes of his beloved prov- 
 ince, had not the fates, tliose most potent and unrok-ntiug of 
 all ancient spinsters', destined tht-ni to inrxtricable' confusion. 
 
 2. 'I'o say merely that he was a hero would be doing him 
 great injustice: he was, in truth, a combination of heroes; for 
 he was of a sturdy. ru\vl)oned make like Ajax Telamon, with a 
 l»air of round ."^houldcrs that Hercules would have given his 
 iiide for (meaning his lion's hide), when he undertook to ease 
 old Atlas of his load. He was, moreover, as Plutarch describes 
 C'oriolanus, not only terrible for the force of his arm. but 
 likewise of his voice, which sounded as though it came out of 
 
Colonial History. 97 
 
 a barrel ; and, like the self-same warrior, he possessed a sover- 
 eign contempt for the sovereign people, and an iron aspect, 
 which was enough of irself to make the very bowels of his ad- 
 versaries quake with terror and disma^^ 
 
 3. All tliis martial excellency of appearance was inexpress- 
 ibly heightened by an accidental advantage, with which I am 
 surprised that neither Homer nor Virgil have graced any of 
 their heroes. This was nothing less than a wooden leg, which 
 was the only prize he had gained in bravely fighting the battles 
 of his country, but of which he was so proud, that he was often 
 heard to declare he valued it more than all his other limbs put 
 together; indeed, so highly did he esteem it, that he had it gal- 
 lantly enchased and relieved with silver devices, which caused 
 it to be related in divers histories and legends that he wore a 
 silver leg, 
 
 4. Like that choleric warrior Achilles {a-Jcil'leez), he was 
 somewhat subject to extempore bursts of passion, which were 
 rather unpleasant to his favorites and attendants, whose per- 
 ceptions he was apt to quicken, after the manner of his illustri- 
 ous imitator, Peter the Great, by anointing their shoulders 
 with his walking-staff. Though I cannot find that he had read 
 Plato, or Aristotle, or Hobbe, or Bacon, or Algernon Sydney, 
 or Tom Paine, yet did he sometimes manifest a shrewdness aud 
 sagacity in his Jiieasures that one Avould hardly expect from a 
 man who did not know Greek, aud had never studied the an- 
 cients. 
 
 5. True it is, and I confess it with sorrow, that he had an un- 
 reasonable aversion to experiments, and was fond of governing 
 his province after the simplest manner; but then he contrived 
 to keep it in better order than did theerudite"" Kieft, though he 
 had all the philosophers, ancient and modern, to assist and 
 perplex him. I must likewise own that he made but very few 
 laws, but then again he took care that those few were rigidly 
 and impartially enforced; and I do not know but justice, on 
 the whole, was as well administered as if there had been vol- 
 umes of sage acts and statutes yearly made, and daily neglected 
 and forgotten. 
 
'98 The United States Reader. 
 
 6. He was. in fact, the very reverse of his predecessors", 
 being neither tranquil and inert", like Walter the Doubter, nor 
 restless and fidgeting, like William tho Testy; but a man, or 
 rather a governor, of such uncommon activity and decision of 
 mind, that he never sought nor accei)ted the advice of others; 
 depending bravely upon his single head, as would a hero of yore 
 upon his single arm, to carry him through all dithculties and 
 dangers. To tell the simple truth, he wanted nothing more to 
 complete him as a statesman than to think always right, for no 
 one can say but that he always acted as he thought. 
 
 7. He was never a man to flinch when he found himself in a 
 scrape; but to dash forward through thick and thin, trusting, 
 by hook or by crook, to make all things straight in the end. 
 In a word, lie possessed in an eminent degree that great quality 
 in a statesman, called perseverance by the polite, but nicknamed 
 obstinacy by the vulgar, — a wonderful salve for official blun- 
 ders, since he who perseveres in error without flineiiing gets the 
 credit of boldness and consistency; while he who Avavers in 
 seeking to do what is right gets stigmatized' as a trimmer. 
 
 8. This much is certain, and it is a maxim well worthy the 
 attention of all legislators'", great and small, who stand shaking 
 in the wind, irresolute which way to steer, that a ruler who 
 follows his own will pleases himself, while he who seeks to sat- 
 isfy the wishes and whims of others runs great risk of ]ileasing 
 nobody. There is nothing, too, like i)utting down one's foot 
 resolutely, when in doubt, and letting things take their course. 
 The clock that stands still points right twice in the four-and- 
 twenty hours, while others may keep going continually, and be 
 continually going wrong. 
 
 9. Xor did this magnanimous quality escape the discernment 
 of the go(jd people of Niew Nederlands ; on the contrary, so 
 much were they struck with the independent will and vigorous 
 resolution displayed on all occasions by their new governor, 
 that they universally called him Uard-Kitppuj VicL or Peter 
 the Hcadstronfi — a great compliment to the strength of his 
 nnderst^xnding. 
 
 10. If from all that I have said thou dost not gather, worthy 
 
1664.1 Colonial History. 99 
 
 reader, that Peter Stuyvesant was a tough, sturdy, yaliant, 
 weather-beaten, mettlesome, obstinate, leathern-sided, lion- 
 hearted, generous-spirited old governor, either I have written 
 to but little purpose, or thou art dull at drawing conclusions. — 
 Knickerbocher's History of New York. 
 
 Conquest of New Netherlands by the English. 
 Brodhead. 
 
 1. English jealousy had grown with the increasing commerce 
 of Holland, and a rupture with the Dutch appeared to be near 
 at hand. . . . The farmers of the revenue had complained that 
 traders to Virginia, New England, Maryland, and Long Island 
 were constantly conveying great quantities of tobacco to the 
 neighboring Dutch plantations, the customs on which '-would 
 amount to ten thousand pounds per annum or upward; '' and 
 the plantation Board had taken measures to put the British 
 Acts of Navigation and Trade "carefully in execution." The 
 brother of Governor Berkeley, too, coveted New Jersey. 
 
 2. To accomplish all objects at one blow, England now de- 
 termined boldly to rob Holland of her American jDrovince. 
 The king accordingly sealed a patent granting to the Duke of 
 York and x\lbany a large territory in America, comprehending 
 Long Island and the islands in its neighborhood — his title to 
 which Lord Stirling had released — and all the lands and rivers 
 from the west side of the Connecticut Eiver to the east side of 
 Delaware Bay. This sweeping grant included the whole of New 
 Netherlands and a part of the territory of Connecticut, Avhicli, 
 two years before, Charles had confirmed to Winthrop and his 
 associates. 
 
 3. The Duke of York lost no time in giving effect to his 
 patent. iVs Lord High Admiral, he directed the fleet. Four 
 ships, the Guinea, of thirty-six gans ; the Elias, of thirty ; the 
 Martin, of sixteen ; and the William and Nicholas, of ten, were 
 detached for service against New Netherlands, and about four 
 hundred and fifty regular soldiers, with their officers, w^re em- 
 barked. The command of the expedition was entrusted, to 
 Colonel Eichard Nicolls, a faithful Eoyahst, who had served 
 
lOO The United States Reader. 11664. 
 
 under Tiirenne with JaiiK-s, and liad luen niadi- ono of tlie 
 gentlemen of his bed-chamber. 
 
 4. NieoUs was also appointed to be the Duke's deputy-gov- 
 ernor, after the Dutch possessions should have been reduced. 
 With Xicolls were associated Sir Kobert C'arr, Colonel George 
 C'artwright, and Samuel Maverick, as royal commissioners, to 
 visit the several colonies in New England. These commission- 
 ers were furnished with detailed instructions; and the IVcw 
 England governments were required by royal letters to "join 
 and assist tliem vigorously " in reducing the Dutch to subjec- 
 tion. A month after the de})arture of the squadron, the Duke 
 of York conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret all 
 the territory between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, fntm 
 Cape May north to forty-one degrees and forty minutes of lati- 
 tude, hereafter to be called by the name or names of Nova 
 Ctvsarea {scz-ali-re'ah), or New Jersey. 
 
 5. Intelligence from Boston that an English expedition 
 against New Netherlands had sailed from Portsmouth was soon 
 communicated to Stuyvesant by Captain Thomas Willett : and 
 the burgomasters'' and schepens' of New Amsterdam were sum- 
 moned to assist the council with their advice. . . . 
 
 6. When the truth of Willett's intelligence became contirmed, 
 the council sent an express to recall Stuyvesant from Fort 
 Orange. Hurrying back to the capital, the anxious director 
 endeavored to redeem the time which had been lost. The 
 municipal authorities ordered one-third of the inhabitants, 
 without exception, to labor every third day at the fortifications ; 
 organized a permanent guard: forbade the brewers to malt any 
 grain; and called on the provincial government for artillery 
 and aunnunition. Six ]iieces. beside the ftiurteen previously 
 allotted, and a thousand pounds of powder, were accordingly 
 granted to the city. The colonists around Fort Orange, plead- 
 ing their own danger from the savages, could afford no heli> ; 
 but the soldiers at Esopus [now Kingston] were ordered to come 
 down, after leaving a small garrison' at the Konduit.* 
 
 7. In the meantime, the English squadron had anchored just 
 
 * The Rondttit, • (inkll fort ; heacc the nHoie Rondout. 
 
1664.] Colonial History. lOi 
 
 below the Xtirrows, in Nyack Bay, between New Utrecht and 
 Coney Island. The month of the river was shut up; commu- 
 nication between Long Island and Manluittan, Bergen and 
 Achter Cnl, interrupted ; several yachts, on their way to the 
 South River, captured ; and the block-house on the opposite 
 shore of iStaten Island seized. Stuyvesant now dispatched 
 Councilor De Decker, Burgomaster Van der Grist, and two 
 Domines Megapolen'sis, with a letter to the English comman- 
 ders, inquiring why they had come, and why they continued at 
 Nyack without giving notice. 
 
 8. The next morning, which was Saturday, Nicolls sent 
 Colonel Cartwright, Captain Needham, Captain Groves, and 
 Mr. Thomas Delavall, up to Fort Amsterdam, with a summons 
 for the surrender of " the town situate on the island, and com- 
 monly known by the name of Manhattoes, with all the forts 
 thereunto belonging." This summons was accompanied by a 
 proclamation declaring that all who would submit to his ma- 
 jesty's government should be protected "in his majesty's laws 
 and justice," and peaceably enjoy their property. Stuyvesant 
 immediately called together the council and burgomasters, but 
 would not allow the terms offered by Nicolls to be communi- 
 cated to the people, lest they might insist on capitulating. 
 
 9. In a short time, several of the burghers'' and city officers 
 assembled at the 8tadt-Iiuys [State-House]. It was determined 
 to prevent the enemy from surprising the town; but, as opinion 
 was generally against protracted resistance, a copy of the En- 
 glish communication was asked from the director. On the follow- 
 ing Monday, the burgomasters explained to a meeting of the 
 citizens the terms offered by Nicolls. But this would not suffice ; 
 a copy of the paper itself must be exhibited. Stuyvesant then 
 went in person to the meeting. " Such a course," said he, 
 '• would discourage tlie people." All his efforts, however, were 
 vain ; and the director, protesting that he should not be held 
 answerable for " the calamitous consequences,"' was obliged to 
 yield to the popular will. 
 
 10. Nicolls now addressed a letter to Winthrop, avIio, with 
 other commissioners from New England, had joined the squad- 
 
I02 The United States Reader. [i664. 
 
 roil, iuitboriziiig him to us.suie JStuyvfSuiit tliat, if Mauliiittau 
 should l»L' dc'livc'ivcl up to the king, "tiny people IVoiii the 
 Xetherlaiuls may freely come and plant there, or thereabouts; 
 and such vessels of their own country may freely come thither, 
 and any of them may as freely return home in vessels of their 
 own country.'' Visiting the city under a flag of truce, Win- 
 throj) delivered this to Stuyvesant outside the fort, and urged 
 him to surrender. The director declined ; and, returning to 
 the fort, he opened Nicolls' letter before the council and burgo- 
 masters, who desired that it should be communicated, as "all 
 which regarded the public welfare ought to be made public." 
 
 11. Against this Stuyvesant earnestly remonstrated; and, 
 finding that the burgomasters continued firm, in a fit of pas- 
 sion he " tore the letter in pieces." The citizens, suddenly ceas- 
 ing their work at the palisades, hurried to the Stadt-IIuys, and 
 seut three of their number to the fort to demand the letter. In 
 vain the director hastened to pacify the burghers, and urge 
 them to go on with the fortifications. " Complaints and 
 curses " were uttered on all sides against the company's mis- 
 governnient; resistance was declared to be idle ; "the letter! 
 the letter!" was the general cry. To avoid a niuiiny. Stuyve- 
 sant yielded, and a copy, made out from the collected fragments, 
 was handed to the burgomasters. 
 
 12. \\\ answer, however, to NlcoUs' summons, he submitted 
 a long justification of the Dutch title; yet, while protesting 
 against any breach of the peace between the king and the 
 States General, "for the hinderance and prevention of all 
 dillerences, and the si)illing of innocent blood, not only in 
 these parts, but also in Europe," he oft'ered to treat. "Long 
 Island is gone and lost ; " the capital " cannot hold out long," 
 was the la»t dispatch to the " Lords Majors " of New Nether- 
 lands, which its director sent off tliat night " in silence through 
 llell-gate."' 
 
 13. Observing Stuyvesant's reluctance to surrender, Nicolls 
 directed Cai)taiu Hyde, who commanded the squadron, to re- 
 duce the fort. Two of the ships accordingly landed their troops 
 just below Breuckelen [Brooklyn], where volunteers from New 
 
1664.] Colonial History. 103 
 
 England jmd the Long Island villages had already encamped. 
 The other two, coming up with full sail, passed in front of 
 Fort Amsterdam, and anchored between it and Nutten Island 
 [Governor's Island]. Standing on one of thealigies of the for- 
 tress — an artilleryman Avith a lighted match at his side — the 
 director watched their approach. At this moment, the two 
 Domines Megapolensis, imploring him not to begin hostilities, 
 led Stuy vesant from the rampart, who then, with a hundred of 
 the garrison, Avent into the city to resist the landing of the 
 English. 
 
 14. Hoping on against hope, the director now sent Council- 
 or De Decker, Secretary Van Ruyven, Burgomaster Steenwyck, 
 and Schepen Cousseau, with a letter to Nicolls, stating that, 
 though he felt bound " to stand the storm," he desired, if pos- 
 sible, to arrange an accommodation. But the English com- 
 mander merely declared, "' To-morrow I will speak with you at 
 Manhattan." " Friends," was the answer, " will be welcome, if 
 they come in a friendly manner." "I shall come with ships 
 and soldiers," replied Nicolls ; " raise the white flag of peace at 
 the fort, and then something may be considered." 
 
 15. When this imperious message became known, men, wo- 
 men, and children flocked to the director, beseeching him to 
 submit. His only answer was, " I would much rather be car- 
 ried out dead." The next day, the city authorities, clergymen, 
 and the offlcers of the burgher-guard, assembling at the Stadt- 
 Huys at the suggestion of Domine Megapolensis, adopted a 
 remonstrance to the director, exhibiting the hopeless situation 
 of New Amsterdam, on all sides " encompassed and hemmed in 
 by enemies," and protesting against any further opposition to 
 the will of God. Besides the schout, burgomasters, and schep- 
 ens, the remonstrance was signed by Wilmerdonck and eiglity- 
 five of the principal inhabitants, among whom was Stuyvesant's 
 own son, Balthazar. 
 
 16. At last the director was obliged to yield. Although there 
 were now fifteen hundred souls in New Amsterdam, there were 
 not more than two hundred and tifty men able to bear arms, 
 besides the one hundred and fifty regular soldiers. The people 
 
104 The United States Reader. [icg4. 
 
 had at k'ncrth refused to be called out. and llie regular troops 
 Were ahvaily heard talking of " where booty is to be found, and 
 where the young women live who wear gold chains.'' 
 
 17. The city, entirely open along both rivers, Avas siuit on the 
 northern side by a breast-work and palisades, which, though 
 suflicient to keep out the savages, afforded no defense against a 
 military siege. There were scarcely six hnndred pounds of 
 serviceable powder in store. A council of war had reported 
 Fort Amsterdam untenable; for, though it mounted twenty- 
 four guns, its single wall of earth, not more than ten feet high 
 and four thick, was almost touched by the i)rivate dwellings 
 clustered around, and was commanded, witliin a i)istol-shot, by 
 liilis on tlie north, over which ran the " Ileereweg," or Broadway. 
 
 18. Upon the faith of Xicolls* promise to deliver back the 
 city and fort, '-'in case the difference of the limits of this prov- 
 ince be agreed upon betwixt his majesty of England and the 
 High Miffhtv States General," Stuvvesant now commissioned 
 Councilor John de Decker, Captain Nicholas Varlett, Doctor 
 Samuel Megapolensis. Burgomaster Cornclis Steenwyck, old 
 Burgomaster Oloff Stevensen van Cortlandt. and old Schepen 
 Jacques Cousseau, to agree upon articles with the English com- 
 mander or his representatives. Nicolls, on his part, aj)pointed 
 Sir Robert Carr and Colonel George Cart wright, John "Win- 
 throp and Samuel Willys of Connecticut, and Thomas Clarke 
 and John Pynchon of Massachusetts. '* The reason why 
 those of Boston and Connecticut were joined," afterward ex- 
 plained the royal commander, "was because those two colonies 
 should hold themselves the more engaged with us, if the Dutch 
 liatl been over-confident of their strength." 
 
 19. At eight o'clock the next morning, which was Saturday, 
 the commissioners on both sides met at Stuyvesant's " bouwery." 
 and arranged the terms of capitulation". The only difference 
 which arose was resjjectjng the Dutch soldiers, whom the En- 
 glish refused to convey back to Holland. The articles of capit- 
 ulation i)romised the Dutch security in their property, customs 
 of inheritance, liberty of conscience, ami church discipline. 
 The piincii)al officers of Manhattan wore to continue for the 
 
1664.] Colonial History. io5 
 
 present unchanged, and the town was to be allowed to choose 
 deputies, with " free voices in all public affairs." 
 
 20. Owners of property in Fort Orange might, if they 
 pleased, " slight the fortifications there," and enjoy their houses 
 "as people do where there is no fort." For six mouths there 
 Avas to be free intercourse with Holland. Public records were 
 to be respected. The articles, consented to by Nicolls, were to 
 be ratified by Stuyvesant the next Monday morning at eight 
 o'clock, and within two hours afterward, the '" fort and town 
 called New Amstei'dam, upon the isle of Manhattoes,"' were to 
 be delivered up, and the military officers and soldiers were to 
 " march out with their arms, drums beating, and colors flying, 
 and lighted matches." 
 
 21. On the following Monday morning at eight o'clock, Stuy- 
 vesant, at the head of the garrison, marched out of Fort Am- 
 sterdam with all the honors of war, and led his soldiers down 
 the Beaver Lane do the water-side, whence they were embarked 
 for Holland. An English corporal's'-guard at the same time 
 took possession of the fort; 'and Mcolls and Carr, with their 
 two companies, about a hundred and seventy strong, entered 
 the city, while Cartwright took possession of the gates and the 
 Stadt-Huys. The New England and Long Island volunteers, 
 however, were prudently kept at the Breuklen ferry, '"'as the 
 citizens dreaded most being plundered by them." The English 
 flag was hoisted cm Fort Amsterdam, the name of which was 
 immediately changed to " Fort James."" 
 
 22. Nicolls was now proclaimed by the burgomasters deputy- 
 governor for the Duke of York ; in compliment to whom he 
 directed that the city of New Amsterdam should thenceforth 
 be known as "New York." To Nicolls" European eye the 
 Dutch metropolis, with its earthen fort inclosing a windmill 
 and a high flag-staff, a prison, and a governors house, and a 
 double-roofed church, above which loomed a square tower, its 
 gallows and whipping-post at the river's side, and its rows of 
 houses which hugged the citadel, presented but a mean appear- 
 ance. Yet, before long, he described it to the duke as " the 
 best of all his maiestv's toAvns in America,'" and assured his 
 
io6 The United States Reader. [i738. 
 
 royal higlini'ss that, Mitli proiJi-r management, "within live 
 years tiie stai)le' of America will be drawn hither, of which the 
 brethren of Boston are very sensible." — History of the State 
 of Xcic York. 
 
 First English Governor. — NicoUs was the first English governor. 
 The name of tlie ])rovincc, as well as that of New Amsterdam, was chan^'ed to 
 New York; and Fort Oranj^e received the name of Albany. In 1673, during 
 a war between England and Holland, the Dutch ivgained their former ])ossos- 
 sions ; but after a period of fifteen months, returned them to the En^li>h. 
 Andros was then appointed govurnor. 
 
 Negro l*lot. — In 1741, several incendiary^' fires occurred in the city of 
 New York, and :i house was robbed by slaves. Witnesses testified that the ne- 
 groes had consjjired to burn the city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a gov- 
 ernment of their own. An intense excitement followed ; and before it was 
 allayed more than thirty ])ersons, condemned as having been engaged in the 
 alleged i)lot, were executed, and others were transjjorted. A plot of some kind 
 there may have been, though it is certain the accounts of it were greatly exag- 
 gerated, and many innocent persons suffered. 
 
 Sllhsef/uenf Ilistorg. — The history of New York during the next few 
 years, and till the eoniinencement of the French and Indian War, contains no 
 events of much importance. During King George's War, which commenced in 
 1744 anil continued nearly four years, the Indians, in alliance with the French, 
 made frequent incur.-ions into the territory between Albany and Crown Point, 
 and a number of skirmishes took place ; but in the great final struggle for terrl- 
 torv between England and France, which had its beginning in 1 754, New York 
 took no inconsiderable part. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 TiiF, Dutch, who included New Jersey in the jjrovince of New Netherlands, 
 established a trading-post at Berpen as early as 1622 ; but the colonization of the 
 country did not commence till 1664, when a settlement was made at KlizuUth- 
 toivn (now ElizalM'th) by emigrants from Long Island. 
 
 Previous to this, however, this ])orlion of New Netherlands had been sold by 
 the Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir (ieorge Carteret, and was named 
 New Jersev in honor of the latter, who had been governor of the island of Jersey 
 in the English ("hannel. Berkeley's interest in the jnovince having been sold, 
 and afterward assigned to William Penn and other Quakers, the whole territory 
 was divided inf) two portions, Carteret taking the eastern, known as East Jer- 
 sey, and the Quakers taking the westerii. known as West .lensey. In 1682, 
 New Jersey became the exclusive propc^- of Quakers, "William Penn and 
 eleven of his brethren having in that year purchased the eastern division. In 
 1702, it was given up by the ])roprietors, and formed, with New York, a royal 
 province, and thus conliniicd till 1738, when it became a separate province. 
 
1634.] Colonial History. 107 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Charter, — By the second charter granted to the London Company, the 
 limits of Virginia embraced all the territory which afterward formed the states 
 of^Iaryland, Virginia, and North Carolina; bnt, by the dissolution of the com- 
 pany in 1624, the whole region bccame_lhe property of the crown. In 1631, 
 William Clay'borne obtained a license from Charles I. to traffic with the In- 
 dians ; and, under this authority, a trading-post was established on an island in 
 Chesapeake Bay, and another at the mouth of the Susquehanna. 
 
 Influenced by a desire to provide an asylum for Catholics, then persecuted in 
 England, Sir George Cal'vert, a Roman Catholic nobleman, whose title was 
 Lord Baltimore, applied for a charter to establish a colony in America. The 
 king, Charles I., readily agreed to make the grant, but before the document re- 
 ceived the royal seal, Calvert died. It was then issued to Ce'cil Calvert, son of 
 Sir George, who, by the death of his father, inherited the title of Lord Baltimore. 
 
 This charter was the most liberal one, in every respect, that had thus far 
 been granted by the English Crown, for by it equality in religious rights and 
 civil freedom were guaranteed to all emigrants. The province was called Mary- 
 land, in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of the king. 
 
 Settlement of St. Mary^s. — The first body of emigrants sent by Lord 
 Baltimore consisted of about two hundred persons, mostly Roman Catholics. 
 They arrived in 1634, and at once commenced a settlement, which they antici- 
 pated would become a great city, calling it St. Mary's. Leonard Calvert, 
 brother of the proprietor, was the first governor. 
 
 Commencement of Colonization in Maryland. 
 Bancroft. 
 
 1. Ok Friday, the 22d of Novemljer, with a small but favor- 
 ing gale, Tjeonard Calvert, and about two hundred people, most 
 of them Roman Catholic gentlemen and their servants, in the 
 Ark and the Dove, a ship of large burden, and a pinnace, set 
 sail for the northern bank of the Potomac. Having stayed by 
 the way in Barbadoes and St. Christopher, it Avas not till Feb- 
 ruary of the following year [1G34] that they arrived at Point 
 Comfort, in Virginia; where, in obedience to the express let- 
 ters of King Charles, they were welcomed by Harvey with 
 coui'tesy and humanity. Clayborne also appeared, but it was 
 as a prophet of ill-omen, to terrify the company by predicting 
 the fixed hostility of the natives. 
 
 2. Leaving Point Comfort, Calvert sailed into the Potomac; 
 
io8 The United States Reader. 11034. 
 
 and, with the pinnace, asccMuU'd tlu* stream. A cross was ]>lanted 
 on an island, and llie conntry claimed for Christ and for En- 
 gland. At abont forty-seven leagues above the mouth of the 
 river, he found the village of Piscataqna, an Indian settlement, 
 nearly opposite Mount Vernon. The chieftain of the tribe 
 would neither bid liim go nor stay : "" he might use his own dis- 
 cretion.'' It did not seem safe for the English to plant the 
 first settlement so high up the river; Calvert descended the 
 stream, examining, in iiis barge, the creeks and estuaries'' nearer 
 the Chesapeake; he entered the river which is now called St. 
 Mary's, and which he named St. George's; and, about four 
 leagues from its junction Avith the Potomac, he anchored at the 
 Indian town of Goacomoco. 
 
 3. The native inhabitants, having suffered from the su])erior 
 power of the Susqueiiannas. who occupied the district between 
 the bays, had already resolved to remove into places of more 
 security, in the interior; and many of them had begitn to mi- 
 grate before tlie Englisii arrived. To Calvert, the spot seemed 
 convenient for a i)lantation ; it was easy, by presents of cloth 
 and axes, of hoes and knives, to gain the good-Avill of the 
 natives, and to purchase their rights to the soil which they 
 were preparing to abandon. They readily gave consent that 
 the English should immediately occupy one-half of their town, 
 and, after the harvest, should become the exclusive tenants of 
 the whole. Mutual promises of friendship and peace were 
 made ; so that, upon the twenty-seventh of March, the Catho- 
 lics took quiet possession of the little place; and religious 
 liberty obtained a home, its only home in the wide world, at 
 the hiinil)le village which bore the name of St. Mary's. 
 
 4. 'i'lirce days after the landing of Calvert, the Ark diul llti' 
 /)o/r anchored in the harljor. Sir Jolin Harvey snon arrived 
 on a visit ; the native chiefs, also, came to wiicome or to watch 
 the emigrants, and were so well received that they resolved to 
 give i)erpetuity to their league of amity with the English. 
 'J'he Indian women taught the wives of the new-comers to 
 make bread of maize; tlie warriors of the tribes instructed the 
 liiintsnu'ii lidw I'ieli wci-e the forests of America in iianir. lunl 
 
1634.] Colo7iial History. 109 
 
 joined them in the chase. And, as the season of the j^ar in- 
 vited to the pnrsnits of agricnltnre,. and the English liad come 
 into possession of ground already subdued, they were able, at 
 once, to possess cornfields and gardens, and prepare the wealth 
 of successful husbandry''. 
 
 5. Virginia, from its surplus produce, could fni-nish a tem- 
 porary'' supply of food, and all kinds of domestic cattle. No 
 sufferings were endured ; no fears of want were excited ; the 
 foundation of the colony of Maryland was peacefully and hap- 
 pily laid. Within six months, it had advanced more than Vir- 
 ginia had done in as many years. The proprietary continued, 
 with great liberality, to provide everything that was necessary 
 for its comfort and protection, and spared no cost to promote 
 its interests; expending, with the aid of his friends, upward 
 of forty thousand pounds sterling. 
 
 6. Bat far more memorable'' was the character of the Mary- 
 laud institutions. Every other country in the world had per- 
 secuting laws; through the benign administration of the gov- 
 ernment of that province, no person professing to believe in 
 Jesus Christ was permitted to be molested on account of re- 
 ligion. Under the munificence'' and superintending mildness 
 of Baltimore, the dreary wilderness was soon quickened with 
 the swarming life and activity of prosperous settlements; the 
 Koman Catholics, who wei"e oppressed by the laws of England, 
 were sure to find a peaceful asylum in the quiet harbors of 
 the Chesapeake; and there, too, Protestants were sheltered 
 against Protestant intolerance. 
 
 7. Such were the beautiful auspices under which Maryland 
 started into being; its prosperity and peace seemed assured; 
 the interests of its people and its proprietary were united; and 
 for some years its internal peace and harmony were undisturbed 
 by domestic faction. Its history is the history of benevolence, 
 gratitude, and toleration. Everything breathed peace but 
 Clayborne. Dangers could only grow out of external causes, 
 and were eventually the sad consequences of the revolution in 
 England. — History of the United States. 
 
i io The United States Reader. [1715. 
 
 Subsequent History of the Colon]/.— C\tiy\yoruc, who had refused 
 to siiliiiiit to tlic autliority of tlic ;,'ovcnior, in 1C45 incited a rtbtllion, which 
 compelled Calvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. After the governor 
 resumed his office, the Assembly enacted a law known as the " Toleration Act," 
 which secured the free exercise of religious ojjinions to all persons professing 
 lieiief in Jesus Christ. Thus did the right promised by the charter receive the 
 sanction of law. 
 
 During the supremacy^' of Cromwell in England, Parliament appointed com- 
 missioners to administer the government of the colony. The Protestants gain- 
 ing a majority in the Assembly, the Catholics were deprived of their rights as 
 citizens, and an act was passed declaring them not entitled to the ]>roteetion of 
 the laws. A civil war between the Catholics and the Protestants followed. 
 After Cromwell's death, the rights of Lord Baltimore were restored to him. 
 
 Upon the death of Cecil Calvert, his son Charles became the proprietor of the 
 province, of which he retained possession until deprived of it by King ^Villiam, 
 in 1691. In ITl.'i the proprietor's rights were restored to his infant heir, the 
 fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland remained a proprietary government from 
 thartimc till the Revolution. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Grant to Williatn, J'eJiJi.— Actuated by a desire to found a colony 
 where civil and religious liberty might l)e enjoyed, and where the peo|)lc might 
 dwell together in jieace, William Pcnn* oi)tained from Charles IL a tract of land 
 west of the Delaware. The domain thus granted was called Pennsylvania.! 
 From the Duke of York, Pcnn also obtained a grant of Delaware, then called 
 " The Territories," or " The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware." 
 
 Founding of Philadelphia. — I*enu-s Treat j/.— Though small 
 settlements of Sw(;des had been ))reviously made within the limits of both I'enn- 
 sylvania and Delaware, the jtermanent settlement of the former dates from 
 the founding of Philailelphia in 1GS2, by Pcnn. After several conferences with 
 the Indians, he met them beneath the wide-.^preading elm, at a ])lace now called 
 Kensington, a ])art of Pliiladelphia, where he made his famous treaty with tlic 
 " red men," and ]>aid liiem (or their lands. This treaty was " never sworn to 
 and never broken." 
 
 Treatntent of the Swedes. — To the Swedes on the Delaware, Penn 
 gave assurance that they should not be molested in their religion or laws. The 
 wisdom of his course toward the Swedes and Indians, as well as of his govemnicnt 
 
 • William I'enn, tlic founder of Peiins.vWnnlH, whs the son of an lilnKlioh iidniirul, who left, nl 
 his deiith. n In.pe cstHto to his tiuii. Hnd a eonsldcrahle cliiini upon the f"*'*"""*"! for money iid 
 vnnced by him to carry on several important expeditions, when the flniinccs of En;,'land wore ex- 
 bau&tvd. Ilo L'liily iiiilir.iccd llif ruliijioii of the Quakers, who were then a new sect in En^jl.uid 
 
 + The word «iy;r'i means a wood or forest. William Penn, thinkinR that »j//rri/ii,i would bo un 
 appropriate name for a land covered with forest, ■ugi;eated it for bis territory. The prefix f <fi(i was 
 put to the word, In honor, as the kinj; said, of Pcnn's father. 
 
1718.] Colonial History. iii 
 
 in general, was soon apparent ; for the colony had a more rapid and peaceful 
 growth than any other in America. 
 
 Subsequent History, — Upon the death of Penn, which occurred in 
 England in 1718, he left liis American possessions to his sons. They adminis- 
 tered the government, most of the time by deputies, tintil the Revolution, when 
 their claims were purchased by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Penn's Treaty with the Indians. 
 
 1. William Pexn took the utmost care to protect the Indians 
 in their rights, and to prevent the encroachments of white men. 
 For this purpose he ordered all goods sold to the Indians to be 
 first tested ; that wrongs done to Indians sliould be punished 
 as those done to white men ; and that all differences should be 
 settled by twelve men, six planters, and six Indians. These 
 stipulations in favor of the poor natives will forever immortal- 
 ize"' the name of William Penn ; for, soaring above the preju- 
 dices and customs of other adventurers, who considei^ed them 
 a lawful prey, whom they might defraud at pleasure, he con- 
 sidered them as brethren, rational beings, who, in proportion 
 to tlieir ignorance, were entitled to his fatherly protection and 
 care. 
 
 2. Soon after his arrival, he had a meeting with the Indians 
 to confirm the treaty; for his scrupulous morality did not per- 
 mit him to look upon the king's patent as sufficient to estab- 
 lish his right to the country, without purchasing it by fair and 
 open bargain of the natives, to whom only it properly belonged. 
 Kear the city of Philadelphia there was an elm-tree of a pro- 
 digious size, to which tlie leaders on both sides repaired. Penn 
 appeared in his iisual dress, and, on his arrival, he found the 
 sachems and their tribes assembling. They were seen in the 
 woods as far as the eye could reach, and looked frightful, both 
 on account of their number and their arms. The Quakers 
 were unarmed, and but a handful in comparison. 
 
 3. When the sachems were all seated, William Penn is said 
 to have addressed the chief of them in the following words : 
 "The Great Spirit, who made us and thee, and who rules in 
 heaven and earth, knows that I and my friends have a hearty 
 desire to live in friendship with thee, and to serve thee to the 
 
112 The United States Reader. ti664. 
 
 utmost of our ])o\ver. It is not our custom to use liostilo weap- 
 ons against our fellow-creatures, for which rea-oii we have 
 come unarmed. Our ohject is not to do injury, and thus ])ro- 
 A'oke the Tireat Spirit, hut to do good. AVe are now met on the 
 hroad pathway of good faith and good will, so that no advan- 
 tage is to be taken on either side.*' 
 
 4. 1'lie great elm-tree, under which this treaty was made, 
 became celelu'ated on that acctjunt, and when the British wt-re 
 quartered near it. during the war of American Inde})endence. 
 their general so respecteil it, that, when his soldiers were cut- 
 ting down every tree for firewood, he j)laced a sentinel under it, 
 that not a branch of it might be touched. A few years ago it 
 Avas blown down, when it was sjilit into wood, and nniny cups, 
 bowls, and other articles made of it, to be kept as memo- 
 rials. 
 
 5. As to the roll of iiarchment containing the treaty, it was. 
 shown to Governor Keith at a conference in 1732, about forty 
 years after it was signed : and a resi)ectable missionary informs 
 us, that, between the years ITTOand 1780, the Indians minutely 
 related to him what had passed between William Penn and 
 their forefathers. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Settlement. — The settlement of Debwarc may he said to have lind its 
 ori;,Mn in tlio desire of Gus-ta'vus Ailolphn", tiie rcnownccl kin<; of Sweden, to 
 found a free colony in tlic New World for all perseeiited Christians. His death 
 ( oceurrinf; before the projeet was undertaken, a delay of several years followed ; 
 hut finally a eharter was jrranted hy the troverninent of that eountry to the 
 Swe<lish West India Company. In Ifi.'JS, a hody of euiii:ranis, sent out by the 
 eonipany imder.thj' eare of Minuits, a former governor of New Netherlands, 
 arrived at Cape Ilen-lo pen. Havin;: purchased of the Indians all the lands 
 from the ea|)e to tlie falls in the Delaware, at Trenton, they comincneed a settlo- 
 ment on Christi-an'a Creek, tiear the ]iresent site of Wilniin;,'ton. To the 
 eountry tiius purchased was driven the name of New Sweden. 
 
 Can quest ttf/ the Uuteh. — Other .settlements were formed, but the one 
 on Tin'i-eum Island, a few miles below rhilatlelphia, was made the capital. 
 The Dutch, rcfrardiu}; these settlements as intrusions upon their territory of 
 New Netherlands, Governor Stuyvesant proceeded a^;ainst the Swedes, in 1655, 
 and subjected them to the authority of Holland, which government retained 
 possession of the country till 16G4. 
 
1733.] Colonial History. 113 
 
 Stlhsequent History. —T>m'm<^ tlie period from 1664 to 1682, Delaware,* 
 beins claimed by the Duke of York, formed a part of the province of New York. 
 By the grant to Penn, in 1682, it was united to Pennsylvania; and although 
 the settlers in " The Territories" became dissatisfied with Pcnn's government, 
 and were granted an Assembly of their own, Pennsylvania and Delaware con- 
 tinued under one governor until the Revolution. 
 
 NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Setttenients. — The earliest attempts to settle North Carolina, as before 
 described, were made by parties sent by Raleigli in 1585 and 1587. More than 
 sixty years later, probably in 1650, emigrants from Virginia made a settlement 
 upon the Cho-wan' River, near the present village of E'den-ton. 
 
 In 1663, a vast territory, south of Virginia, was granted by Charles II. to 
 Lord Clar'en-don and seven other noblemen of England ; and, in the same year, 
 a government was instituted over the settlement on the Chowan, which was 
 called " The Albemarle County Colony." Two years later a second colony was 
 planted in North Carolina. A company from Barbadoes [bar-ba doz) selected a 
 place near Wilmington, and there established " The Clarendon County Colony." 
 It having been discovered that the settlement on the Chowan was outside of the 
 limits of the domain granted to Clarendon and associates, a new grant was made 
 to the same parties, by which the boundaries were extended so as to embrace the 
 country from Virginia to about the middle of Florida. 
 
 SoiltJi Carolina. — In 1670, a colony, known as " The Carteret County 
 Colony," was planted on the western bank of the Ashley River ; but this, in 
 consequence of not being well located for commercial facilities, was removed, 
 ten years after, to the junction of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus the 
 foundation of Charleston was laid. In 1729, Carolina! was sold to the King 
 of England, and separated into North and South Carolina. Erom that time 
 till the Revolution they were royal provinces. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Grant to Oglethorpe. — Though Spain claimed the territory of Geor- 
 gia as a part of Florida, the English king, George II., disregarded the claim ; 
 and, in 1732, granted to a corporation, consisting of James Oglethorpe (oV//- 
 thorp) and twenty other trustees, for twenty-one years, all the country between 
 the Savannah and the Altamaha [al-ta-ma-haw'). In honor of the king it was 
 called Georgia. The object of the trustees was to provide an asylum for their 
 destitute countrymen, the grant being " in trust for the poor." 
 
 Settlement. — The first settlement was made in 1733, at Savannah. The 
 
 * Delaware bay .ind river were so named in honor of Lord Delaware {de-la-ware) ; wlience the name 
 of the State. 
 
 + The Huc-iienots made a settlement at Port Royal entrance, Carolina, in 1562, and built a fort 
 which they called Caroline, in honor of Charles IX. (Carolus. in Latin) of France. (See p. 33.) 
 
1 14 ^ ^^^ United States Reader. [1753. 
 
 colony made ra])id increase in nninbcrs; but, owing to the poverty and idle 
 haliils of the settlers, as also to the inij)()lilie re;r"lati<)ns of the trustees, tiie 
 bn;.'ht antieipations of plenty and comfort whicli had* bcrn entertained were nor, 
 for a time, realized. 
 
 ^^ or with the SjKtuiartls. — Tn consequence of the claim to territory 
 set up by Spain, hostilities took place between the English settlers and their 
 Spanish neighbors. Owing, however, to the bravery and skill of Oglethorpe, 
 the result was favorable to the English. The trustees governed till 1752, when, 
 wearied with their troublesome charge, they surrendered their charter to the 
 crown, and Giorgia became a royal province. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 The Fre^sxii and Ixdiax War. 
 
 Causes ofth-e jrw**.— Although the boundaries between the British ami 
 French possessions in America had been, for more than a quarter of a century, 
 a subject of dispute, the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, made in 174S, left them still 
 undelined. 
 
 The English, basing their title upon the discovcrigs made by the f 'abots, laid 
 claim to all the territory from Newfoundland to Florida, extending from the At- 
 lantic to the I'acilic. The Frencii claimed all the interior portion adjacent to 
 the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi and their tributaries, uj)on the ground 
 that they had explored and occu|)ied it ; and, the better to secure this claim, 
 they erected forts at various j)laces through the region. 
 
 In consequence of these conflicting claims, a war broke out between England 
 and her colonies, assisted to some extent by the Indians, on the one side, 
 and France and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the other. 
 This is known as " The French and Indian War." It was thus a contest for 
 territory and dominion in America. 
 
 IVash i ngtoil^s 3Iissiotl, — The French having seized three British tra- 
 ders, and also built forts on the land of the Ohio Company, an association 
 formed under a royal grant, to trade with the Indians, Governor Dinwiddie, 
 of the Virginia Colony, selected George Washington, then a young man of 
 about twenty-two, to carry a letter to the French Coninnindant, remonstrating' 
 against these aggressive" acts. This was the first puldic service of importance 
 pertbrmed by Washington. 
 
 He set out on his mission in October,! T.'i.T, from Williamsburg, flien the capital 
 of Virginia. Ills journey of four hundred miles, more than halt of it through a 
 

 REA'^tiLUTlOX 
 
1753.] Colonial History. ii5 
 
 ■wilderness inhabited by hostile Indians, was perilous and difficult ; but he com- 
 pleted it in safety, returning after an absence of eleven Aveeks, during which he 
 had encountered the severest hardships amid snow, icy floods, and savage ene- 
 mies. The answer of St. Pierre (pe-are), the French commandant, was not, 
 however, satisfactory to the governor. He stated that he was acting under the 
 orders of Duquesne {da-lcane' ) , governor of Canada, and refused to quit the 
 territory. The following incidents will give some idea of the kind of perils en- 
 countered by Washington during this journey. 
 
 Incidents of Washington's Journey. — Lossing. 
 
 1. The horses were so emaciated and jaded, that it was 
 doubtful whether they could ever cross the mountains. The 
 provisions and other luggage were to be transported on their 
 backs ; and, to lighten their burden as much as possible, Wash- 
 ington, Gist, and the interpreters determined to proceed on foot, 
 confiding them to the direction of the servants. Washiugton 
 put on an Indian walking-dress, and continued with them three 
 days, when, finding that there was no probability of their get- 
 ting home in any reasonable time, that the beasts became less 
 able to travel every day, that the cold increased very fast, and 
 that the roads were becoming much worse by a deep snow, con- 
 tinually freezing, he determined to proceed in advance, the near- 
 est way, through the woods. 
 
 2. Leaving the rest of the party, with the luggage, in charge 
 of Van Braum, therefore, with money and directions to provide 
 necessaries from place to place, and orders to go on as rapidly 
 as he could, he tied a heavy watch-coat close about him, 
 and, with gnn in hand, and a knapsack containing provis- 
 ions and his papers ou his shoulders, left the cavalcade^ ac- 
 comjjanied only by Mr. Gist, who was equipped in the same 
 manner. 
 
 3. Abandoning the beaten path, they directed their way 
 through the woods so as to cross the Alleghany near Shanno- 
 pinstown, two or three miles above the intersection of that 
 river with the Monongahela. Washington's own account of 
 the hardships and dangers which succeeded is modest and sub- 
 dued, but extremely interesting. The narrative of Mr. Gist is 
 
ii6 Tlic United States Reader. [itss, 
 
 in this part more ample, but perfectly consistent with that oi' 
 his leailcr. 
 
 4. ''I Avas unwilling." writes the guide, "that he should 
 undertake sueh a march, who had never been used to walking 
 before this time; but, as he insisted on it, we set out with our 
 packs, like Indians, and travelled eighteen miles. That night 
 we lodged at an Indian cabin, and the major was much fatigued. 
 It was vi-ry cold: all the small streams Avere frozen, so that we 
 could hardly get water to drink.'' At two o'clock the next 
 morning, they were again on foot, and pressed forward until 
 they struck the southeast branch of Beaver Creek, at a place 
 called Murderingtown. tiu- .^cene, probably, of some Indian 
 massacre. 
 
 5. "Here," jiroceeds Mr. Gist, '• we met with an Indian. 
 whom I thought I had seen at Joncaire's, at Venango, when 
 on our journey up to the French fort. This fellow called me 
 by my Indian name, and pretended to be glad to see me. He 
 asked us several questions, as, how came we to travel on foot, 
 when we left Venango, where we parted from our horses, and 
 when they would be there. Major AVashington insisted upon 
 travelling on the nearest way to the forks of the Alleghany, 
 We asked the Indian if he could go with us, and show us the 
 nearest way. lie seemed very glad, and ready to do so ; ui)on 
 which we set out, and he took the major's pack. 
 
 6. "We travelled (piite briskly for eight or ten miles, when 
 ilie major's feet grew very sore, and he very weary, and the 
 Indian steered too much northeastwardly. The major desired 
 to encamp, upon whicli the Indian asked to carry his gun : l)ut 
 he refused that, and then the Indian grew churlish, and pressed 
 us to keep on, telling us there were Ottawa Indians in these 
 woods, and that they would scalp us if we lay out; but to go 
 to his cal)in and we should be safe. 
 
 7. " I thought very ill of the fellow, but did not care to let 
 the major know I mistrusted him. But he soon mistrusted 
 him as much as I. The Indian said he could hear a gun from 
 his cabin, and steered us more northwardly. We grew uneasy, 
 and then he said two whoops might be heard from his cabin. 
 
1754.] Colonial History. \ij 
 
 We went two miles farther. Then the major said he would 
 stay at the next water, and we desired the Indian to stop at 
 the next water; but before we came to water we came to a clear 
 meadow. 
 
 8. "It was very light, and snow Avas on the ground. The 
 Indian made a stop, and turned about. The major saw him 
 point his gun toward us, and he fired. Said the major, 'Are 
 you shot ? ' ' No,' said I ; upon which the Indian ran forward 
 to a big standing white oak, and began loading his gun, but we 
 were soon with him. I would have killed him, but the major 
 would not suffer me. We let him charge his gun. We found 
 he put in a ball; and then we took care of him. Either the 
 major or I always stood by the gnus. We made him make a fire 
 for us by a little run, as if we intended to sleep there. 
 
 9. "I said to the major, 'As you will not have him killed, 
 we must get him away, and then we must travel all night ;' 
 upon which I said to the Indian, 'I suppose you were lost, and 
 fired your gun.' He said he knew the way tc his cabin, and it 
 was but a little way. ' Well/ said I, ' do you go home ; and as 
 we are much tired, we will follow your track in the morning.' 
 Pie was glad to get away. I followed him, and listened until 
 he was fairly out of the way, and then we went about half a 
 mile, when we made a fire, set our compass, and fixed our 
 course and travelled all night. In the morning we were on the 
 head of Piney Creek." There is little reason to doubt that it 
 was the intention of the savage to kill one or both of them. — 
 Life of Wasliington. 
 
 Events of 1754. — At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
 rivers, the Oliio Company commenced the construction of a fort; and a body 
 of troops, of which Wasliington became the commander, was sent to protect 
 the works. Before, however, he had time to reach the place, a party of French 
 and Indians suddenly appeared and took possession. The works were then 
 completed, and called Fort Duquesne. 
 
 Receiving intelligence of the disaster, and that a strong force was marching 
 to intercept him, Wasliington fell back, and took a position at a place called 
 the Great Meadows. Here word came to him that a small detachment of the 
 French had advanced to within a few miles of his position, where they were 
 skulking, evidently with hostile intent. With the determination of forestalling 
 
ii8 The United States Reader. [1755. 
 
 their design, he snllied forth, came upon tliem by surprise, nn<l, in tlic contest 
 that followed, 28ih of May, 1754, killed or captured all hut one. 
 
 In little more than a month after, a force of fifteen hundred French and 
 Indians, commanded by Dc Villiers (vil-le-ure), made an attack upon a small 
 fort which Washington had constructed and named Fort Necessity. A brave 
 defense of ten hours was made, but, on the morning of the 4th of Julv, Wash- 
 ington was compelled to surrender, though upon condition that he and the 
 garrison should be permitted to return to Virginia. 
 
 Evenfx of lliiii. — Four expeditions, on the part of the English, were 
 planned for 1755; namely, against Nova Scotia, Crown Point, Fort Niagara, 
 and Fort Duquesnc. The one against Nova Scotia was commanded bv Col. 
 Moncktou (mouk-'tun). Two forts there were captured in June; a beautiful 
 and fertile country was reduced to a solitude; and the inhabitants bv thousands 
 were driven on board the English ships, and scattered among the colonists of 
 New England and other places. 
 
 Bradtfoch's Tlxpcditiou. — Gen. Brad dock, who liad been sent to 
 America as commander-in-iliief of the royal forces, headed the expedition 
 against Fort Ducpiesne. Disregarding the suggestions of Wa.-hington, who was 
 acting as his aid-decamp, he fell into an ambush of French and Indians, July 
 the 9th, when within a few miles of the fort, and was defeated with great loss, 
 he himself being mortally wounded. 
 
 Defeat of Braddock. — Sparks. 
 
 1. On tlie Htli of. July, ilio (ieneral arrivi-d with his division, 
 all in excellent liealtli and spirits, at the junction of tlx- Vou- 
 ghiogany and Monongahela river.s. At this place Colonel 
 Washington joined the advanced division, being but partially 
 recovered from a severe attack of fever, which had been the 
 cause of his remaining behind. The officers and soldiers were 
 now in the highest spirits, and (irm in the conviction that 
 they should, within a few hours, victoriously enter the walls of 
 T)uquo,';ne. 
 
 2. The steep and rugged grounds on the north side of the 
 Monongahela prevented the army from marching in that direc- 
 tion : and it Avas necessary, in ajiiiroaching tlu' fort, now about 
 fifteen mili'S distant, to ford the river twice, and march a part of 
 the way on the south side. Early on the morning of the 9th, 
 all things Avere in readiness, and the whole train i)assed through 
 the river, a little l)elow the mouth of the Yougliiogany {i/oji-ho- 
 <;a'we), and proceeded in perfect order along the southern margin 
 
1755.] Colonial History, 119 
 
 of the Monongahela. Washington Avas often heard to say, during 
 liis life-time, that the most beautiful spectacle he had ever beheld 
 Avas the display of the British troops on this eventful morning. 
 Every man was neatly dressed in full uniform, the soldiers 
 were arranged in columns and marched in exact order, the sun 
 gleamed from their burnished arms, the river flowed tranquilly 
 on their right, and the deep forest overshadowed them with 
 solemn grandeur on their left. Officers and men were equally 
 inspirited with cheering hopes and confident anticipations. 
 
 3. In this manner they marched forward till about noon, 
 when they arrived at the second crossing-place, ten miles from 
 Fort Duquesne. They halted but a little time, and then began 
 to ford the river and regain its northern bank. As soon as 
 they had crossed, they came upon a level plain, elevated but a 
 few feet above the surface of the river, and extending north- 
 ward nearly half a mile from its margin. Then commenced a 
 gradual ascent, at an angle of al)out three degrees, which ter- 
 minated in hills of a considerable height at no great distance 
 beyond. The road from the fording-place to Fort Duquesne 
 led across the plain and up this ascent, and thence proceeded 
 through an uneven country, at that time covered with 
 Avood. 
 
 4. By the order of march, a body of three hundred men, 
 under Colonel Gage, made the advanced party, Avhich Avas 
 immediately folloAved by another of two hundred. Next came 
 the General, Avith the columns of artillery, the main body 
 of the army, and the baggage. At one o'clock the whole 
 had crossed the river; and almost at this moment, a sharp 
 firing was heard upon the advanced parties, Avho Avere now 
 ascending the hill, and had got forward about a hundred yards 
 from the termination of the plain. A heavy discharge of 
 musketry Avas poured in upon their front, Avhich was the first 
 intelligence they had of the proximity'' of an enemy ; and this 
 was suddenly folloAved by another on their right flank. They 
 were filled Avith the greatest consternation, as no enemy Avas in 
 sight, and the firing seemed to proceed from an invisible foe. 
 They fired in their turn, hoAvever, but quite at random, and 
 
 6 
 
I20 The United States Reader. [175-.. 
 
 obviously without effect, as tlie enemy kept up a discharge in 
 quick and continued succession. 
 
 5. The General advanced speedily to the relief of these de- 
 tachments; but. l.)et()re he could reach the spot which tln-y 
 occujjied, they gave way and IVll back upon the artillery' and 
 the other columns of the army, causing extreme confusion, and 
 striking the whole mass Avith such a panic, that no order could 
 afterwards be restored. The (Jcneral and the officers behaved 
 Avith the utmost courage, and used every effort to rally the 
 men, and bring them to order, but all in vain. In this state 
 they continued nearly three hours, huddling together in con- 
 fused bodies, firing irregularly, shooting down their own 
 officers and men, and doing no perceptible harm to the enemy. 
 The Virginian provincials were the only troops who seemed to 
 retain their senses, and they behaved with a bravery and 
 resolution worthy of a better fate. 
 
 6. They adopted the Indian mode, and fought, each man for 
 himself, behind a tree. This w-as prohibited by the (ieneral, 
 who endeavored to form his men into platoons and columns, 
 as if they had been manceuvring^ on the plains of Flanders. 
 ^Meantime, the French and Indians, concealed in the ravines 
 and behind trees, kept up a deadly and unceasing discharge of 
 musketry, singling out their objects, taking deliberate aim, and 
 producing a carnage almost unparalleled in the annals of 
 modern warfare. More than half of the whole army, which 
 had crossed the river in so proud an array only three hours 
 before, were killed or wounded, the General himself had 
 received a mortal wound, and many of his best officers had 
 fallen by his side 
 
 7. When the battle was over, and tin- remnant of Hnid- 
 dock's army had gained, in their flight, the opposite bank of 
 the river. Colonel Washington was dispatched by the General 
 to meet Colonel Dunbar, and order forward wagons for the 
 wounded with all possible speed. Hut it was not till the 11th, 
 after they had reached Gist's plantation, with great difficulty 
 and much suffering from hunger, that any arrived. The 
 General was at first brought off in a tumbril : he was next put 
 
17 55.] Colonial History. 121 
 
 on horseback, but, being unable to ride, was obliged to be car- 
 ried by the soldiers. They all reached Dunbar's camp, to 
 which the panic^ had already extended, and a day Avas passed 
 there in the greatest confusion. The artillery was destroyed, 
 and the public stores and heavy baggage were burnt, by whose 
 order was never known. 
 
 8. They moved forward on the IStli, and that niglit 
 General Braddock died, and was buried in the road, for the 
 purpose of concealing his body from the Indians. Tlie spot is 
 still pointed out, within a feAV yards of the j)resent National 
 Road, and about a mile west of the site of Fort Necessity at 
 the Great Meadows. Captain Stewart, of the Virginia forces, 
 had taken jiarticular charge of him from the time he was 
 wounded till his death. On the 17th the sick and wounded 
 arrived at Fort Cumberland, and were soon joined by Colonel 
 Dunbar, with the remaining fragments of the army. The 
 French sent out a party as far as Dunbar's camp, and destroyed 
 everything that was left. Colonel Washington, being in very 
 feeble health, proceeded in a few days to Mount Vernon. — Life 
 of Wasliington. 
 
 Other Expeditions of 1755. — The expedition against Niagara was 
 also a failure. Gov. Shir'ley, why commanded it, advanced as far as Oswego ; 
 but the defeat of Braddock para]_yzed^ his efforts, his Indian allies deserted, and 
 finally the enterprise was abandoned. Leaving garrisons for two new forts 
 which had been commenced, Shirley i-eturncd to Albany. 
 
 To Gen. Johuson had been confided the expedition against Crown Point. 
 He was preceded by Gen. Ly'man, who, at the "carrying place" between the 
 Hudson and Lake George, constructed Fort Edward. Johnson advanced as far 
 as the head of the lake, and, while encamped there, his Indian scouts brought 
 word that two thousand French and Indians were marching to attack Fort Ed- 
 ward. Dicskau [de-es-ko'), commanding this force, had made his way from 
 Montreal. 
 
 Losing no time, Johnson sent Col. Williams witli twelve hundred men, two 
 hundred of whom were Indians, to intercept the enemy. But Dieskau changed 
 his plan. As he approached the fort, Sept. 8th, his Indian allies, fearful of its 
 cannon, refused to proceed. Then, taking another direction, to surprise the 
 army at tlie lake, he drew the forces of Williams into an ambush, and routed 
 them with fearful slaughter, pursuing the fugitives to Johnson's camp. 
 
 From behind a breastwork of trees, Johnson fired upon his assailants ; but 
 
122 TJic United States Reader. [1758. 
 
 he receiving a wounil early i" tiie action, the defense was continued by Lyman, 
 and finally turned into an attack. The French and their allies wen" defeated; 
 and Die.-kau, incural)ly wounded, was made a prisoner. Johnson, after civcting 
 Fort William Henry, retired to Albany. 
 
 Kvt'Uts of t7'^(i» — 'Jhe Marquis dc Montcalm (/hohZ-Av/h/), Dieskau's 
 fcucccssor, in August, 1756, made an attack upon Oswego, and comi>ellcd tlie 
 English, numbering fourteen Imndrcd men, to surrender. A large amount of 
 .'itorcs and money also fell into the hands of the victor. Incited by French 
 emissaries', the Indians of the Ohio committed great desolation ; but Col. 
 Armstrong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittanning (kit-tan ning), 
 their chief town, and destroyed it by (ire. 
 
 Events of 1757- — I" the beginning of August, 1757, Montcalm, with 
 nine thousand men, two thotisand of whom were Indians, laid siege to Fort 
 William Henry. I"orsi.K days its commander, Col. Monroe, kept up a vigorous 
 defense, trusting to receive aid from Gen. Webb, wlio, at the time, was in com- 
 mand of a large force at Fort Edward, only fifteen miles oH". At length, learn- 
 ing that no assistance would be sent, and being without ammunition*', he was 
 compelled to surrender on the 9th, capitulating that his men should have a safe 
 escort to Webb's quarters. Notwithstanding the stipulation, the English had 
 liardlv left the fort before the Indian allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope of 
 ])lunder, attacked them, and massacred a large number. The fort was soon 
 afterward demolished. 
 
 Erents of 1758. — Upon the death of Braddock, which occurred four 
 days after his defeat in 1755, the general command devolved upon vShirley. 
 Shirley was soon succeeded by Lord Lou'don, and he, in turn, by Gen. Ab'er- 
 crom bic. With the celebrated William Pitt, afterward Lord Chatham, at the 
 head of the British government, ]neparations to carry on the war were made 
 with great vigor. Three expeditions were planned for 1758; one, under Gen. 
 Amherst (am'crst), against I>ouisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, against 
 Fort Ticonderoga; and a third, under Gen. F'orbes, against Fort Duquesnc. 
 
 On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered, after a desperate resistance of 
 more than forty days, during which two officers, Wolfe and Montgomery, 
 greatly distinguished themselves by their bravery. St. John's Island, now 
 Prince Edward's, as well as the island of Cape Breton {hril'un), fell into the 
 hands of the British. 
 
 Abercrombie, making his way northward, sailed down Lake George, and, 
 debarking near its outlet, commenced a march through the forests toward Ticon- 
 deroga, then commanded by Montcalm. In a conflict which took place, July 
 Gth, between advanced bodies of the contending parties, Lord Howe, an officer 
 greatly beloved, was slain. Two days after, an unsuccessful assault upon the 
 fort was made in full force, the assailants losing nearly two thousand men in 
 killed and wounded. 
 
 During this year, a detachment of .^bercrombie's army crossed Lake Ontario 
 and cajitured Fort Frontenac, on the northeast shore, and with it several vessels 
 
1759. Colonial History. 123 
 
 and a vast amount of military stores. Fort Diiquesne was also captured, and 
 its name changed to Fort Pitt, in honor of the illustrious orator and statesman, 
 William I'itt. 
 
 Events of 1750. — The great ohject of the campaign of 1759 was the 
 reduction of Canada. Gen. Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst, who 
 had succeeded Abcrcrombie as commander-in-chief, was to reduce Ticondcroga 
 and Crown Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe ; and Gen. Prideaux (prid'o) 
 was to capture Niagara and Montreal, and then join Amher.st. 
 
 Prideaux reached Niagara in July, but, during the siege of the place, was 
 killed. Johnson, having succeeded to the command, defeated a relief force of 
 French and Indians, and compelled the besieged to surrender. Instead, how- 
 ever, of proceeding to Montreal, he made his way to Albany. Amherst reached 
 the vicinity of Ticondcroga, when the French abandoned both it and Crown 
 Point without striking a blow. He went into winter-quarters at the latter place, 
 and thus failed to co-operate with Wolfe. 
 
 With eight thousand men Wolfe ascended the St. Lawrence, and landed his 
 army upon the isle of Orleans. On the 31st of July, he made a daring though 
 unsuccessful attempt npon the French intrenchments at Montmorenci, near 
 Quebec. Not discouraged by the disaster,- the English effected a landing at 
 night about two miles above the city, and climbing the steep banks of the river, 
 by daybreak, on the following morning, September 13th, stood on the Plains 
 of Abraham in battle array. 
 
 Taking of Quebec, and Death of Wolfe.— Farkman. 
 
 1. The eventful night of the twelfth [September, 1759] was 
 clear and calm, with no light but that of the stars. Within 
 two hours before daybreak, thirty boats, crowded with sixteen 
 hundred soldiers, cast off from the vessels, and floated down- 
 Avard, in perfect order, with the current of the ebb tide. To 
 the boundless joy of the army, Wolfe's malady had abated, and 
 he was able to command in person. His ruined health, the 
 gloomy prospects of the siege, and tlie disaster at Montmorenci, 
 had oppressed him with the deepest melancholy, but never im- 
 paired for a moment the promptness of his decisions, or the 
 impetuous energy of his actions. 
 
 2. He sat in the stern of one of the boats, pale and weak, 
 but borne up to a calm height of resolution. Every order had 
 been given, every arrangement made, and it only remained to 
 face the issue. The ebbing tide sufRced to bear the boats 
 along, and nothing broke the silence of the night but the 
 
124 ^'^ United States Reader. [1759. 
 
 .iiurgliii",' i)f ilie river, and the low voice of Wolfe as he repeated 
 lu liie otticers about him the stanzas of Gray's " Elegv in a 
 Country Churchyard,'* whicii had recently appeared, and which 
 he had just received from England. iVrhaps, as he uttered 
 those strangely appropriate words, 
 
 "The paths of glory lead but to the grave," 
 
 the shadows of his own approaching fate stole with mournful 
 prophecy across his mind. '• Gentlemen," he said, as he closed 
 his recital, "I would rather have written tiiose lines than take 
 Quebec to-morrow." 
 
 3. 'i'hey reached the landing-place in safety — an indentation" 
 in the shore about a league from the city, and now bearing the 
 name of Wolfe's Cove. Here a narrow^ inith led up the face of 
 the heights, and a French guard was posted at the top to 
 difend the pass. By the force of the currents, the foremost 
 boats, including that which carried Wolfe himself, were borne 
 a little below the spot. The General was one of the first on 
 shore. He looked upward at the rugged heights that towered 
 above him in tlie gloom. "You can try it," he coolly observed 
 to an ollieer .standing near him. "but I don't think you'll get 
 up.- 
 
 4. At the point where the Highlanders landed, one of their 
 captains. Donald Macdonald. was climbing in advance of his 
 men, when he was cliallenged by a sentinel, lie replied in 
 French, by declaring that he had been sent to relieve the 
 guard, and ordering the soldier to withdraw. Before the latter 
 was undeceived, a crowd of Highlanders were close at hand, 
 while the steps below were thronged by eager climbers, dragging 
 themselves up by trees, roots, and bushes. The guard turned 
 out, and made a brief but l)rave resistance. In a moment they 
 were cut to pieces, dispersed, or made prisoners: while men 
 after men came swarming up the height, and quickly formed 
 upon the ])lains above. Meanwhile, the vessels had dropped 
 downward wiili ilie current, and anchored oiipo.site the land- 
 iiig-l»laee. Tlie ninaining troops were disembarked, and with 
 the dawn of dav the whole were brouirht in safetv to the shore. 
 
1692.] Colonial History. i25 
 
 5. The sun rose, and from the ramparts of Quebec the 
 astonished people saw the Plains of Abraham glittering with 
 arms, and the dark red lines of the English forming in array 
 of battle. Breathless messengers had borne the evil tidings to 
 Montcalm, and far and near his wide-extended camp resounded 
 ■with the rolling of alarm-drums and the din of startled prepara- 
 tion 
 
 6. It was nine o'clock, and the adverse armies stood motion- 
 less, each gazing on the other. The clouds hung low, and, at 
 intervals, warm, light showers descended, besprinkling both 
 alike. The coppice^ and cornfields in front of the British 
 troops were filled with French sharpshooters, who kept up a 
 distant, spattering fire. Here and there a soldier fell in the 
 ranks, and the gap was filled in silence. 
 
 7. At a little before ten, the British could see that Montcalm 
 was pre^Daring to advance, and in a few moments all his troops 
 appeared in rapid motion. Tliey came on in tliree divisions, 
 shouting after the manner of their nation, and firing heavily 
 as soon as they came within range. In the British ranks, not 
 a trigger was pulled, not a soldier stirred; and their ominous 
 composure seemed to damp the spirits of tlie assailants. It 
 was not till the French were within forty yards that the fatal 
 word was given. At once, from end to end of the British line, 
 the muskets rose to the level, as if with the sway of some great 
 machine, and the whole blazed forth at once in one crasliing 
 explosion. Like a ship at full career arrested with sudden 
 ruin on a sunken rock, the columns of Montcalm staggered, 
 shivered, and broke before that wasting storm of lead. 
 
 8. The smoke, rolling along the field, for a moment sliut out 
 the view; but when the white wreaths were scattered in the 
 Avind, a wretched spectacle was disclosed — men and officers 
 tumbled in heaps, columns resolved into a mob, order and 
 obedience gone; and when the Britisli muskets were levelled 
 for a second volley, the masses were seen to cower and shrink 
 witli uncontrollable panic. 
 
 9. For a few minutes, the French regulars stood their ground, 
 returning a sharp and not ineffectual fire. But now, eclioing 
 
126 The United States Reader. ii7.>y. 
 
 cheer on cheer, redoubling volley on volley, trampliug the dy- 
 ing and the dead, and driving the fugitives in crowds, the 
 British troops advanced, and swept the field before them. The 
 ardor of the men burst all restraint. They broke into a run, 
 and, witli unsparing sUiughter, chased the ilving multitude to 
 the very gates of Quebec. Foremost of all, the light-footed 
 Iligldanders dashed along in furious jnirsuit, hewing down the 
 Frenciimen with their broadswords, and slaying many in the 
 very ditch of the fortifications. Xever was victory more quick 
 or more decisive. 
 
 10. In the short action and pursuit, the Frenchmen lost fifteen 
 hundred men, killed, wounded, and taken. Of the remainder, 
 some escaped within the city, and others fled across the St. 
 Charles, to rejoin their comrades wlio had been left to guard the 
 camp. The pursuers were recalled by sound of trumpet ; the 
 broken ranks were formed afresh, and the Englisli troops wilii- 
 drawn beyond reach of the cannon of Quebec. Bougainville, 
 with liis detachment, arrived from the upper country, and, hov- 
 ering about tlu'ir rear, threatened an attack : but when he saw 
 what greeting -was prepared for him, he abandoned his purpose, 
 and withdrew. Townshend and Murray, the only general officers 
 who remained unhurt, passed to the liead of every regiment in 
 turn, and thanked tlie soUliers for the bravery tiiey had shown ; 
 yet the triumph of the victors was mingled with sadness, as the 
 tidings went from rank to rank that Wolfe had fallen. 
 
 11. In tlie heat of the action, as he advanced at the head of 
 the grenadiers of Louisburg, a bullet shattered his wrist; but 
 he wrapped liis handkerchief about the wound, and showed no 
 sign of pain. A moment more, and a l)all pierced his side. 
 Still he pressed forward, waving his sword and cheering his 
 soldiers to the attack, when a third shot lodged deep within his 
 breast. lie paused, reeled, and staggering to one side, fell to 
 the earth. Brown, a lieutenant of tlie grenadiers, Henderson, 
 a volunteer, an officer of artillery, and a jirivate soldier, raised 
 him together in their arms, and bearing liiiu to the rear, laiil 
 him softly on the grass. 
 
 12. They asked if he would have a surgeon ; but he shook his 
 
1765.] Colonial History. 127 
 
 head, and answered, that all was over with him. His eyes closed 
 with the torpor of approaching death, and those around sus- 
 tained his fainting form. Yet tliey could not withhold their 
 gaze from the wild turmoil before them, and the charging ranks 
 of their companions, rushing through the fire and smoke. '' See 
 how they run," one of the officers exclaimed, as the French fled 
 in confusion before the levelled bayonets. "Who runs?" de- 
 manded Wolfe, opening his eyes like a man aroused from sleep. 
 "The enemy, sir," was the reply; "they give way everywhere." 
 "Then," said the dying general, "tell Colonel Burton to march 
 Webb's regiment down to Charles River, to cut off their retreat 
 fi'om the bridge. jSTow, God be praised, I die in peace," he 
 murmured; and turning on his side, he calmly breathed his 
 last. Almost at the same moment fell his great adversary, 
 Montcalm, as lie strove, with useless bravery, to rally his shat- 
 tered ranks. — Conspiracy of Pontiac. 
 
 Events of 17 (iO, and Close of the TFar.—De Levi, Montcalm's 
 successor, made extensive preparations for the recovery of Quebec. He 
 marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 
 1760, was fought one of the most desperate battles of the war. At length the 
 English, after losing a thousand men, fell back ; and the opportune^ arrival of a 
 British fleet, some days after, compelled the French to retreat. Amherst pro- 
 ceeded against and invested Montreal. The governor, unable to resist, signed 
 a capitulation, by which not only that city but the whole of Canada was surren- 
 dered to the English. 
 
 The war between France and England continued until 176.3, when a treaty 
 of peace was signed at Paris, by which France ceded to Great Britain all her 
 American possessions east of the Mississippi, and north of the Iberville {i'her-vil) 
 River, in Louisiana. At the same time, Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 
 
 State of the Colonies in 1765. — Gvahame. 
 
 1. The war which had just so triumphantly closed, exercised 
 during its continuance a mischievous influence on the popula- 
 tion and prosperity of the American provinces, Avhich, however, 
 the vigor and virtue of their excellent constitutions, aided by 
 the happy result of the contest, enabled them very speedily to 
 surmount. In the commencement of the war, the successes of 
 the French and the ferocious ravages of the Indians tended to 
 
 G* 
 
128 The United States Reader. ti^os. 
 
 repress the flow of emigration from Europe to America ; aiul, 
 during the whole of its continuance, the sacrifice of life and re- 
 sources, yielded to military exigence, and inflicted hy hostile rage, 
 diminished the means and the activity of domestic increase. 
 
 2. But the progressive growth of America, though impeded? 
 was by no means arrested during this war. In every instance 
 in which materials fur judgment can be obtained, we find the 
 various States more wealthy and populous at the period of the 
 treaty of Paris, than at the preceding date of the treaty of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. From Virginia, in the year 1758, there were ex- 
 ported seventy thousand liogsheads of tobacco, — •' the largest 
 quantity of this produce," says Jefferson, '• we exported fruni 
 the colony in a single year." 
 
 3. The population of this province is said to have amounted, 
 in 1763, to one hundred and seventy thousand persons, of whom 
 one hundred thousand were slaves. Burnaby, an English gentle- 
 man and scholar, who visited the Xurth American colonies in 
 1759 and 17G0, and afterward published an account of his trav- 
 els, remarks that the progress of arts and sciences had been 
 very sliglitand scanty in Virginia, where tlie college of William 
 and Mary was yet tiie only established seminary' of education, 
 and by no means fulfilled the designs of its founders. This 
 writer expressed his conviction that no considerable town would 
 arise in Virginia for some centuries 
 
 4. Massachusetts containod, in the year 17G3, a population 
 of at least two hundred and forty-one thousand i)ersons, of 
 whom five thousand two hundred were slaves; Canm-elicut. 
 one hundred and forty-five thousand five hundred, of whom 
 four thousand five hundred were slaves; and Rhode Island, 
 upwards of forty thousand, of whom four thousand six hun- 
 dred were slaves. The i)0])ulation of New Hampshire at this 
 period has not been distinctly noted; but in the year 1707 it 
 is said to have amounted to flfty-two thousand seven hundred 
 persons. Of the population of Maine no notice has been trans- 
 mitted. These numbers are certainly too low; and more 
 credit is due to the compubition of Dr. Stiles, who assigns to 
 the Avhole of New England, at this period, a population of 
 u])ward.s of five hundred tliousand souls. 
 
1765.] Colo7iial Histo7'y. 129 
 
 5. The States of New England were more eager to increase 
 their popuhition than to publish the details of its progressive 
 growth. In the year 1763, the Britisli ministers, who were 
 intent npon schemes of rendering the resources of America 
 directly tributary to the revenue of the parent state, instructed 
 the governor of Massachusetts to obtain for them an accurate 
 census of the number of inhabitants of this province. In com- 
 pliance with their wish, the governor proposed to the Assembly 
 to enact a law requiring every parish and district to ascertain 
 and report the amonnt of its population. 
 
 6. But this measure was opi^osed with strong manifestations 
 both of patriotic jealousy and of Puritan prejudice. Many 
 persons entertained a suspicion (which the frame of their 
 temper would have led them to infer from slighter grounds) 
 that some sinister" design of British tyranny and encroachment 
 was couched under the proceeding; and not a few opposed it 
 Avith religious scruples, and assimilated it to King David's 
 unhallowed and calamitous policy in number ing the people of 
 Israel. After being postponed from session to session, the 
 proposed law was reluctantly passed by a small majority of the 
 Assembly; and executed, most probably, with little diligence 
 or exactness 
 
 7. The conquest of the French dominions, and the reduction 
 of the hostile Indians, which communicated a new energy to the 
 principle of increase in all the British colonies, was beneficial 
 in an especial degree to New England. In New Hampshire, 
 more particularity, this advantage was speedily and strikingly 
 apparent. For many years the frontiers of this province had 
 been, with little intermission, a scene of suffering and danger, 
 from the incursions" of the Indian allies of France. At the 
 conclusion of the war, many of the inhabitants of New Hamp- 
 shire were enabled to return from savage captivity to their 
 homes, and friends who had long been separated were restored 
 to each other's society. 
 
 8. The general joy was heightened by the consideration that 
 Canada would no longer be a source of terror and distress. 
 Relieved from this scourge. New Hampshire began to expand 
 
130 The United States Reader. [i765. 
 
 with liappy vigor in the extension of settlements and the nml- 
 tiplieiition of its people. From the peace of Paris may be 
 dated the flourisliing state of this province, which till then was 
 circnmscribed" and stinted in its growth by the continual 
 pressure of danger from a savage enemy. But now that the 
 land had rest, its frontiers'' were rapidly peopled and extended, 
 both l)y internal increase, and by copious emigration from the 
 other States of New England; and the territory, in particu- 
 lar, subsequently distinguished by the name of Vermont, and 
 whose original cultivation we have already remarked, began to 
 fdl apace with inhabitants. 
 
 9. Proportioned to its replenish men t% unfortunately, M-as 
 the warmth of the controversy in which Xew Hampshire and 
 New York urged their rival pretensions to the government of 
 this territory. The colonists of Vermont, who Avould probably 
 have submitted with little opposition to the jurisdiction of 
 New York, were provoked to the most violent and determined 
 resistance of this pretension by the chiims for heavy fines and 
 quitrents whicli Avere blended with it. Encouraged by two 
 leaders of ardent and daring spirit, Ethan Allen and Seth War- 
 ner, l)oth natives of Connecticut, a numerous body of the colo- 
 nists, with arms in their hands, rejected the mandates, and defied 
 the menaces of the government of New York; and though the 
 Assembly of this jjrovince enacted a decree of outlawry against 
 Allen and Warner, its j)Ower was unavailing'' to carry the 
 sentence into effect, or to overcome the opposition which these 
 adventurers promoted. The controversy was conducted with 
 a virulence unfriendly to civilization and humanity; ])ut it 
 proved eventually serviceable in a high degree to the political 
 interests, of America by educating a i)r()uii)t and vigorous 
 spirit of self-defense among the growing population of ^'er- 
 niont 
 
 10. Shortly after the conquest of Canada, there was dis- 
 covered, at the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, a valuable 
 whale-fishery, which had bt-en unknown to the French. Its 
 resources were nuide tributary to the people of New England 
 with such prompt and progressive vigor of appro])riation, that in 
 
1765.] Colonial History. 131 
 
 the year 1761 ten New England ships, and in 1763 no fewer 
 than eighty, were profitably employed in this adventure. . . 
 
 11. No fewer than five printing-presses were at this time 
 maintained in constant employment at Boston. Within the 
 limits of the old Plymouth territory, which was now annexed 
 to this province, there still remained upward of nine hundred 
 Indians. In the island of Nantucket, about three hundred 
 and fifty of this race were still to be found. In Duke's County 
 in the same province, there remained about three hundred In- 
 dians ; and at Natick only thirty-seven of the Indian inhabit- 
 ants survived. Nearly one thousand Indians continued to 
 occupy lands within the territory of Connecticut. In the 
 months of September and October, 1760, more than one hun- 
 dred bears were killed in one district of the County of 
 Hampshire, in Massachusetts. The manufacture of sugar and 
 molasses from the juice of the maple-tree was first introduced 
 into New England in the year 1765. 
 
 12. Of the population and condition of Maryland at the 
 2:)resent j^eriod, no memorial'' has been preserved. The proprie- 
 tary authority still subsisted in the family of Lord Baltimore ; 
 and though it was not exercised with that sordid'' and illiberal 
 policy which provoked so much dislike against the kindred in- 
 
 "stitution in Pennsylvania, it seems to have been regarded Avith 
 little respect or aflFection 
 
 13. North Carolina, in the year 1763, is reported to have 
 contained about ninety-five thousand white inhabitants. The 
 contentment and prosperity of the people of this jarovince had 
 suffered a much greater abatement from the extortion" and in- 
 justice practised by Governor Dobbs and other administrators 
 of British authority, than from their share, comparatively a 
 small one, of the calamities of the late Indian wars. Amidst a 
 great deal of genuine American virtue and happiness, North 
 Carolina contained a more numerous body of indigent and 
 discontented freemen than existed in any or perhaps all of the 
 other British settlements. Education was generally neglected ; 
 the laws and the executive officers enjoyed little influence or 
 respect ; and it was difficult among tliis people to recover pay- 
 ments of debts, or to obtain satisfaction for injuries. 
 
132 The United States Reader. [i765. 
 
 14. Soutli Carolina, "whieli luul contiuiied to advanci' in 
 •rrowtii, notwithstanding the i)ivssure of llie war, n-apcd an 
 ample and immediate siiare of the advantages resulting fi"om 
 the peace of I'aris. In eonsetjuenee of an act of its Assembly, 
 which appropriated a large fund to the payment of bounties to 
 industrious laborers from Great Britain and Ireland, and to 
 all foreign Protestaiits resorting to the i)rovince within three 
 years and forming settlements in its interior districts, vast 
 numbers of emigrants from Germany, England, Scotland, 
 and especially Ireland, eagerly embraced the prospect and be- 
 came citizens of the Kew World in South Carolina. . . In 
 17G5, the province contained one hundred and thirty thousand 
 iidiabitants, of whom ninety thousand were slaves. 
 
 15. In none of the British colonies were the advantages 
 attendant on the treaty of Paris more speedily or strikingly 
 manifested than in Georgia. This young provincial communit}', 
 destitute of commercial credit, and peculiarly exposed to hostile 
 molestation, had hitherto exi)crienced but a feeljle and languid 
 progress ; but from the present jjeriod it advanced, with sudden 
 and surprising rapidity, in wealth and population. The British 
 merchants, considering the colony securely establisiied and 
 likely to attain a ilourishing estate, were no longer backward in 
 extending credit to its planters, and freely supplied them with" 
 negroes, and with the produce of the manufactures of Britain. 
 
 16. In 1703, the exports of Georgia consisted of 7,000 barrels 
 of rice, 9,033 pounds of indigo, and 1,250 bushels of Indian 
 corn, which, together with silk,* deer and beaver skins, naval 
 stores, provisions, and timber, amounted in value to £27,021 
 sterling; while in 1773, the ^jrovince exported staple commodi- 
 ties to the value of £124,077 sterling. The valuable plant, sago, 
 whose nutritious" and antiscorbutic* properties had been re- 
 marked l)y Bowen, a traveller in China, was, by the same en- 
 terprising observer, discovered in Georgia, whence he imported 
 it into Britain, and introduced its use about the year 17GG. — 
 Colonial History of the United States. 
 
 Ill 1759. ii|iwar'i of lO.OOU lbs. weight of raw silk was stored in Snvannali for exportntion. 
 
SECTION lY. 
 The American Reyolittiof. 
 
 Cntises. — The expenses which Great Britain had incurred in the French 
 and Indian War greatly increased her national dett; and the Biitish ministry, 
 asserting that this had been done in defending their American possessions, pro- 
 posed to lessen the burden by taxing the colonies. In pursuance of tliis propo- 
 sition, the Stamp Act was passed in 1765 ; the effect of which was to excite a 
 great storm of indignation throughout the colonies, the people of which opposed 
 all measures of taxation, on the ground that they had no representatives in the 
 British Parliament. 
 
 The Stamp Act. — Grimsliaiv. 
 
 1. At the time of that disastrous warfare, in which Wash- 
 ington rose upon the ruins of the incautious Braddock, resolu- 
 tions had passed the British Parliament for laying a stamp- 
 duty in America; hut they were not followed immediately hy 
 any legislative act. The declaratory opinion of that hody met 
 with no opposition on either side of the Atlantic; because the 
 '• omnipotence of Parliament"' was then a familiar phrase; hut, 
 afterward, when the mearsure was examined, it was better un- 
 derstood, and constitutional objections were urged by many 
 sagacious statesmen, both in England and America. 
 
 2. But, notwithstanding the powerful reasons offered against 
 this unjust and hazardous experiment, George Grenville, im- 
 pelled by a i^artiality for a long-cherished scheme, in the follow- 
 ing year, 1765, again brought into the House of Commons this 
 unpopular bill, and succeeded in its enactment. By this, the 
 instruments of writing in daily use amongst a commercial peo- 
 ple Avere to be null and void, unless executed on paper or 
 parchment stamped Avith a specific duty. Law documents and 
 leases, articles of apprenticeship and contracts, protests and 
 bills of sale, newspapers and advertisements, almanacs and 
 pamphlets, — all must contribute to the British treasury. 
 
134 ^^^ United States Reader. [i765. 
 
 3. Wheu tho measure was examined, Charles Townsliend 
 delivered a speech in its favor, in concluding which, he said, 
 '•Will these Americans, children planted by our care, nourished 
 by our indulgence, till they are grown up to a degree of strength 
 and opulence, and protected by our arms; — will they grudge 
 to contribute their mite to relieve us from the weight of that 
 heavy burden under which we lie?" 
 
 4. '* They, planted by your care ! '' replied Colonel Barre : 
 " No ; they were planted by your oppressions. They fled from 
 tyranny to an uncultivated, inhosi)itable'' country, wliere they 
 exjiosed themselves to all the hardships to which human nature 
 is liable; and, amongst others, to the cruelty of a savage foe 
 the most subtle, and, I will take it upon me to say, the mosi 
 furmidable, peoi)le on the face of this earth. And yet, actuated 
 by principles of true English liberty, they met all hardships 
 with pleasure, compared with what they had suffered in their 
 own country, from the hands of those that should have been 
 their friends. 
 
 5. '"They, nourished by your indulgence ! They grow up by 
 your neglect. As soon as you began to extend your care, that 
 care was displayed in sending persons to rule them, in one de- 
 partment and another, who were, perhaps, the deputies" of dep- 
 uties to some members of the house ; sent to spy out their lib- 
 erties, to misre})resent their actions,* and to jirey upon their 
 substance; men whose behavior, on many occasions, has caused 
 the blood of those sons of freedom to recoil witiiin them : men 
 jiromoted to the highest seats of justice — some, who, to my 
 knowledge, were glad, by going to a foreign country, to escape 
 their being brought to the bar of a court of justice in their own. 
 
 6. "They, protected by your arms! They have nobly taken 
 up arm.-; in your defense, have exerted a valor amidst their con- 
 stant laborious industry, for the defense of a country whose 
 frontier was drenched in blood, while its interior yielded all its 
 little savings to your emolument'. And, believe me. that the 
 same spirit of freedom which actuated these people at first will 
 accompany them still : — but, prudence forbids me to exjdain 
 myself further. 
 
1765.] American Revolution. 135 
 
 7. " God knows, I do not, at this time, speak from any mo- 
 tives of party heat. I dehver the genuine sentiments of my 
 heart. However superior to me, in general knowledge and ex- 
 perience, the respectable body of this house may be, yet, I claim 
 to know more of America than most of yon ; having seen that 
 country, and been conversant with its people. Tliey are, I be- 
 lieve, as truly royal as any subjects the king has; but a people 
 jealous of their liberties, and who will vindicate them, if ever 
 they should be violated. But the subject is too delicate : I will 
 say no more." 
 
 8. The night after the bill passed, Dr. Franklin wrote to Mr. 
 Charles Thomson, "The sun of liberty is set; you must light 
 up the candles of industry and economy." — Mr. Thomson an- 
 swered : " I was apprehensive that other lights would be the 
 consequence, and I foresee the opposition that will be made." — 
 History of England. 
 
 Effect of its Passage, — The first burst of opposition appeared in the 
 L2gislature of Virginia, where Patrick Henry* distinguished himself by his bold 
 eloquence. Afterward, a more formidable opposition was shown, Mdien, upon 
 the recommendation of the Massachusetts Assembly, a Colonial Congress, in 
 which nine colonies were represented, was held in New York. Of this Con- 
 gress, Timothy Ruggles, of Massachusetts, was elected President; and, after 
 mature deliberation, a Declaration of Rights, a Petition to the King, and a 
 Memorial to Parliament, were adopted. 
 
 When the day came on which the Stamp Act was to go into effect, there 
 were no officials courageous enough to carry it into execution ; and, besides, all 
 the stamps had been concealed or destroyed. Business continued to be con- 
 ducted without stamps, and the colonial merchants agreed to import no more 
 goods while the obnoxious measure remained a law. A change in the British 
 ministry occurring, the act was repealed in 1766. 
 
 Other Pleasures of Taxation. — The next year the attempt to tax 
 the colonies was renewed, by the passage of- an act levying duties on glass, 
 paper, tea, etc. This measure met with decided opposition from the colonists, 
 particularly in Boston, to which General Gaget ordered two regiments, to over- 
 
 * Patrick Henry was born in Virginia in 1736, and died there in 1799, the ye.-ir of Washington's 
 death. His early life was not promising, but after his admission to the bar (17fiD), he bec.ime in a 
 short time wonderfully successful as a pleader, and was soon regarded as the most gifted orator and 
 political thinker in America. He was, in succession, a member of the Virginia House of Buriresses, 
 delegate to the "First Continental Cougresi," colonel of a Virginia regiment, and governor of Vir- 
 ginia during a large part of the Revolution, and again after its close. 
 
 t Thomas Gage was the last royal governor of Massachusetts. He was an active officer during 
 the French and Indian War and served with Washington during Braddock's campaign. 
 
I x6 The United States Reader. [1770. 
 
 awe the inhiibitiints (1770). This greatlv exaspenitcd tlic people, and led to 
 the affray called the '" Boston Massacre," in which the soldiers lircd upon the 
 populace, kiilinj^ three men, and wounding others (1770). 
 
 The Boston Massacre. — llnn'thovne. 
 
 1. It Wiis now the 3d of Murcli, ITTO. The sunset music of 
 the British ix'ginicnts wiis iieard, as usual, (liroughout the town. 
 The shrill life and rattling drum awoke the echoes in King- 
 street, while the last ray of sunshine was lingering on the cu- 
 ])ola of the town-house. And now all the sentinels were jiosted. 
 One of them marched up and down before tlie custom-house, 
 treading a short jxith through the snow, and longing for the 
 time when he would be dismissed to tke warm fnvside of the 
 guard-room. 
 
 2. In the course of the evening there were two or three 
 sliglit commotions, which seemed to indicate that trouble was 
 at hand. Small parties of 3'oung men stood at the corners of 
 the streets, or walked along the narrow pavements. Squads of 
 soldiers, who Avere dismissed from duty, passed by them, shoul- 
 der to shoulder, Avith the regular step which they had learned at 
 the drill. AVhenever these encounters took place, it appeared to 
 be the object of the young men to treat the soldiers with as 
 much incivility as possible. 
 
 3. "'I'urn out, you lobster-backs!" one would say. ''Crowd 
 them off the sidewalks!" another would cry. "A red-coat has 
 no right in Boston streets.'' "Oh, you rebel rascals!" perhaps 
 the soldiers would reply, glaring fiercely at the young men, 
 '•Some day or other we'll make our way through Boston 
 streets at the point of tiie bayonet ! " 
 
 4. Once or twice such disjjutes as these brought on a 
 scullle; which i)assed off, however, without attracting mucli 
 notice. About eight o'clock, for some unknown cause, an 
 alarm-bell rang loudly and hurriedly. At the sound, many 
 people ran out of their houses, supposing it to be an alarm of 
 lire. But there were no flames to be seen, nor was there any 
 snull of smoke in the clear, frosty air; so that most of the 
 townsmen went back to their own firesides. Others, who were 
 younger and less i)rudent, remained in the streets. 
 
17T0.] American Revolution. 137 
 
 5. Later in the evening, not far from nine o'clock, several 
 young men passed down King-street, toAvard the custom- 
 house. When they drew near the sentinel, he halted on his 
 post, and took liis musket from his shoulder, ready to present 
 the bayonet at their breasts. ''Who goes there?" he cried, 
 in the gruff tones of a soldiers challenge. The young men, 
 being Boston boys, felt as if they had a riglit to walk in their 
 own streets without being accountable to a British red-coat. 
 They made some rude answer to the sentinel. There was a 
 dispute, or perhaps a scuffle. Other soldiers heard the noise, 
 and ran hastily from the barracks" to assist th^ir comrade. 
 
 6. At the same time many of the toAvnspeople rushed into 
 King-street, by various avenues, and gathered in a croAvd 
 about the custom-house. It seemed wonderful how such a 
 multitude had started up all of a sudden. The wrongs and 
 insults which the people had been suffering for many months 
 now kindled them into a rage. They threw snowballs and 
 lumps of ice at the soldiers. As the tumult grew louder, it 
 reached the ears of Captain Preston, the officer of the day. 
 He immediately ordered eight soldiers of the main guard to 
 take their muskets and follow him. They marched across the 
 street, forcing their way roughly through the crowd, and 
 pricking the townspeople with their bayonets. 
 
 7. A gentleman (it was Henry Knox, afterward general of 
 the American Artillery) caught Captain Preston's arm. " For 
 heaven's sake, sir," exclaimed he, " take lieed what you do, or 
 there will be bloodshed !"' "Stand aside!" answered Captain 
 Preston, haughtily; ''do not interfere, sir. Leave me to 
 manage the aflFair." Arriving at the sentinel's post, Captain 
 Preston drew up his men in a semicircle, with their faces to 
 the crowd. When the people saw the officer, and beheld the 
 threatening attitude with which the soldiers fronted them, 
 their rage became almost uncontrollable. 
 
 8. '' Fire, you lobster-backs ! " bellowed some. " You dare 
 not fire, you cowardly red-coats," cried other. " Rush iipon 
 them," shouted many voices. " Drive the rascals to their bar- 
 racks ! Down with them ! Down with them ! Let them fire. 
 
o 
 
 8 TJic United States Reader. 11770. 
 
 if they dare !" Amid the uproar, the soldiers stood glaring at 
 the people with the fierceness of men whose trade was to shod 
 blood. 
 
 9. Oil, Avhat a crisis had now arrived I I"p to this very 
 moment tlie angry feelings between England and America 
 might have been paeifKd. England had but to stretch out 
 tile hand of reconciliation, and acknowledge that slie had 
 hitherto mistaken her rights, but would do so no more. Tiien 
 the ancient bonds of brutherlioud would again have been knit 
 together as firmly as in old times. But, should the king's 
 soldiers shed one drop of American blood, then it Avas a 
 qiuirrel to the death. Never, never would America rest satis- 
 fied, until she had turn down royal authority, and trampled it 
 in tlie dust 
 
 10. •• Fire, if you dare, villains I" hoarsely shouted the people, 
 while the muzzles of the muskets were turned upon them; 
 "you dare not fire!" Tliey appeared ready to rush upon ilu; 
 leveled bayonets. Captain Preston waved his sword, aiul 
 uttered a command wliich could not be distinctly lu-ard amid 
 the uproar of shouts that issued from a hundred throats, liut 
 his soldiers deemed that lie had spoken the fatal mandate, 
 "Fire!" The flash of their muskets lighted up the street, 
 and the report rang loudly between the edifices. 
 
 11. A gush of smoke overspread the scene. It rose heavily, 
 as if it were loath to reveal the dreadful spectacle beneath it. 
 Eleven of the sons of New England lay streteiied upon the 
 street. Some, sorely wounded, were struggling to rise again. 
 Others stirred not, nor groaned, for they were past all pain. 
 Blood was streaming upon the snow; and that iniri>le stain, 
 in the midst of King-street, though it melted away in the 
 next day's sun, was never forgotten nor forgiven by the people. 
 
 Tux upon Tcil^ etc. — The opjiosiiiuii to the revenue measures induced 
 rarliaimnt to revoke all tlie duties laid in 17G7, except that of threepence per 
 pound on tea; hut, as the jieoplc were contendin;^ a<;ainst the inimi/ilc of 
 " taxation without representation," and not against the amount of taxes im- 
 posed, the concession was not sati>faetorv. 
 
 The tea for New York and l'hiladel])hia was sent hack ; that for Charleston, 
 
1774.] American Revolution. 139 
 
 being stored in damp cellars, perished. At Boston a party of men, since 
 known as the "Boston Tea Party," disguised as Indians, boarded the ships on 
 a moonlight night in December, 1773, broke open the chests of tea, and emptied 
 their contents into the -water. 
 
 Boston Port Bill. — For the purpose of punishing the Bostonians, 
 Parliament passed the Boston Port Bill, which prohibited all intercourse with 
 Boston by water, and removed the custom-house to Salem. But the people of 
 Salem generously refused to thrive at the expense of their neighbors, and the 
 wharves of that town were offered for the vise of the Boston merchants, free 
 of charge. 
 
 First General Congress, etc. — A general Congress, known as 
 " The First Continental Congress," with Peyton Randolph,* of Virginia, as 
 president, met at Philadelphia, iu September, 1774. All the colonies, except 
 Georgia, were represented. After due deliberation, a Declaration of Rights 
 was made ; the suspension of all commercial intercourse Avith Great Britain 
 ]-ecommended ; and addresses were voted to the king and the people of Great 
 Britain and Canada. 
 
 Minute 3fen. — A conflict with Grcxit Britain seemed inevitable. The 
 men in Massachusetts capable of bearing arms were daily trained in military 
 exercises, and pledged to take the field at a minute's notice, — hence their name 
 of " Minute Men." Military measures were also adopted in other colonies, and 
 a general determination was manifest to resist, even with arms, the new oppres" 
 sions attempted to be imposed by Great Britain. 
 
 The First American Congress. — Maxcy. 
 
 1. The interposition of Divine Providence was eminently 
 conspicuons in the first general Congress. What rnen! what 
 patriots! what independent, heroic spirits! Chosen by the nn- 
 hiased people, — chosen, as all pnblic servants ought to be, with- 
 out favor and without fear, — what an august assembly of sages \ 
 Rome, in the height of her glory, fades before it. 
 
 2. There never was, in any age or nation, a body of men, 
 who, for general information, for the judicious use of the results 
 of civil and political history, for eloquence and virtue, for 
 true dignity, elevation, and grandeur of soul, could stand a 
 comparison with the first American Congress ! See what the 
 people will do when left to themselves, to their unbiased good 
 
 * Peyton Randolph was born in Virginia, in 1723. As stated above, he was the president of "The 
 First Continental Congress." He was also elected president of the second Congress, held at Phila- 
 delphia in the following year, but political duties calling him to Virginia before the close of its ses- 
 sion, he was succeeded in the position by John Hancock, of Massachusetts. His death was sudden, 
 occurring at Philadelphia, toward the close of October, 1775. 
 
140 The United States Reader. [1775. 
 
 sense, ami to tlieir true interests! The ferocious fJaul would 
 liiive droitpeil his sword ut the hall-door, and have lied, thun- 
 derstruck, as from an assembly of gods ! 
 
 3. Whom do I l)ehold? — A Hancock, a Jefferson, an Adams, 
 a Henry, a Lee, a Jhitledge! Glory to your immortal spirits! 
 On you depend the destinies of your country; the fate of three 
 millions of men, and of the countless millions of their posterity" ! 
 Shall these be slaves, or will you make a noble stand for liberty, 
 against a power whose triunii)hs are already coextensive with 
 the earth; whose legions trample on thrones and sceptres; 
 whose thunders bellow on every ocean ? How tremendous 
 the occasion! How vast tlic responsibility! 
 
 4. The president and all the meml)ers of tliis august assembly 
 take their seats. Every countenance tells the miglity struggle 
 within. Every tongue is silent. It is ii pause in nutnn-, — that 
 solemn, awful stillness, which precedes the earth(puike and 
 tornado ! At length Demo.sthenes arises, — he only is adequate 
 to the great occasion, — the Virginian Demosthenes, the mighty 
 Henry! "What dignity! What majesty! Every eye fastens 
 upon him. Firm, erect, uiuhiunli'd. he rolls on the mighty tor- 
 rent of his eloquence. 
 
 5. \\'hat a picture does he draw of the horrors of servitude 
 and the charms of freedom ! At once he gives the full rein to 
 all his gigantic powers, and pours his own heroic spirit into the 
 minds of his auditors ; they become as one man — actuated by 
 one soul; and the universal shout is "Liberty or Deatli ! " 
 This single speech of this illustrious man, gave an impulse 
 which probably decided the fate of America. 
 
 [This Congress prepared nnd issnnd ppvernl State paper?, which showed fn"ent polit- 
 ical wicdom, as well as consummate statesmanship. The Earl of Chatlmm, in the 
 House of Lords, pronounced the following euloiriiim lipon it anil its mcmhers : "I 
 jniist declare and avow lliat in all my readin;; and study of history,— (and it has been my 
 favorite study— I have read Thucydides, and have sltidit>d and admired the master States 
 of the woi-lcl)— that, for solidity of reasoniii<;, force of sajiacily, and wisdom of conclu- 
 sion, under such a complication of circumstances, no untioii or body of men can stand 
 in preference to the General Congress at Philadelphia."] 
 
 Events of 17 7''*.— Battle of Lexinffton.— On tlie night of the 
 18th of April, 1775, Gen. Gape dispatched ei<:ht hundred troops, under Col. 
 Smith and Major Pitcairn {pit'lcame), to destroy some military supplies which 
 
17 75.] Americaji Revolution. 141 
 
 the Americans had collected at Concord, a town in Massachusetts, about sixteen 
 miles from Boston. 
 
 The patriots of Boston, having had a suspicion of such a movement, were 
 on the alert. By preconcerted signals, the alarm was given, and when the 
 British reached Lexington,* early on the following morning, April 19th, about 
 seventy of the militia were drawn up under arms. The king's troops fired upon 
 them, killing and wounding several. Then was shed the first blood of the 
 Revolution. At Concord some of the supplies were destroyed; but the militia 
 beginning to assemble, a skirmish took place, in which several were killed on 
 both sides. On their way back to Boston, the British were re-enforced at Lex- 
 ington ; but during their retreat, as far as Charlestown, the Americans pursued, 
 keeping up a constant and destructive fire upon them. Tiie loss of the British 
 during the day was over two hundred : that of the patriots was about ninety. 
 
 Battle of Lexington. — O. W. Holmes. 
 
 Slowly the mist o'er the meadow was creeping, 
 
 Bright ou the dewy buds glistened the sun, 
 When from his couch, while his children were sleeping, 
 Rose the bold rebel and shouldered his gun. 
 
 Waving her golden veil 
 
 Over the silent dale. 
 Blithe looked the morning on cottage and spire ; 
 
 Hushed was his parting sigh, 
 
 While from his noble eye 
 Flashed the last sparkle of liberty's fire. 
 
 On the smooth green where the fresh leaf is springing, 
 
 Calmly the first-born of glory have met ; 
 Hark ! the death-volley around them is ringing ! 
 Look ! with their life-blood the yotmg grass is wet ! 
 Faint is the feeble breath, 
 Murmuring low in death, 
 "Tell to our sons how their fathers have died;" 
 Nerveless the iron hand, 
 Raised for its native land. 
 Lies by the weapon that gleams at its side. 
 
 Over the hill-sides the wild knell is tolling, 
 From their far hamlets the yeomanry^ come ; 
 
 As through the storm-clouds the thunder-burst rolling, 
 Circles the beat of the mustering drum. 
 
 * Lexington, the scene of the first encounter between the British iind Americans in the Revo- 
 lutionary contest, is situated about ten miles northwest from Boston, and seven miles east from 
 Concord. At the time of the encounter the town contained about seven hundred inhabitants. 
 
142 Tkc United Slates Reader. 11 664. 
 
 Fast on the soldier's path 
 
 Darken the waves of wrath, 
 Lon_£^ have lliey frjitliered, and h)ud shall they fall ; 
 
 Ke 1 f^lares the musket's flash, 
 
 Sharp riiip^-s thu ritJc's crash, 
 Blazing and clani,'ing from thicket and wall. 
 
 Gaily tlic plume of the horseman was dancing. 
 
 Never to shadow his cold brow again ; 
 Proudly at morning the war-steed was prancing; 
 Keeking and panting he droops ou the rein ; 
 
 Pale is tiie lii) of scorn, 
 
 Voiceless the trumpet horn. 
 Torn is the silken-fringed red cross on high ; 
 
 Many a belted breast 
 
 Low on the lurf shall rest, 
 Ere the dark hnnleis the herd have passed by. 
 
 Snow-girdled crags where the hoarse wind is raving, 
 
 Rocks where the weary tioods murmur and wail, 
 "NVilds where the fern b}' the furrow is waving, 
 Reeled with the echoes that rode on the gale ; 
 
 Far as (he temi)est thrills 
 
 Over the darkened hills. 
 Far !is the sunsiiine streams f)ver the plain. 
 
 Roused by the tyrant band, 
 
 Woke all the mighty land. 
 Girded for battle, from mountain to main. 
 
 Green be the graves where her martyrs are lying ! 
 
 Shroudless and tombless they sunk to their rest, — 
 While o'er their ashes, the starry fold Hying 
 
 Wrajis the proud eagle they roused from his nesL 
 
 Borne on her Isorthern pine, 
 
 Long o'er the foaming brine 
 Spread her broad banner to storm and to sun ; 
 
 Heaven keep her ever free. 
 
 Wide as o'er land and sea 
 Floats the fair emblem her heroes have won ! 
 
1T55 American Revolution. 
 
 h: 
 
 Capture of Ticonderoga. — Ethan Allen. 
 
 1. Ever since I arrived at the state of manhood, and ac- 
 quainted myself with tlie general history of mankind, I laave felt 
 a sincere passion for liberty. The history of nations doomed to 
 perpetual slavery, in consequence of yielding up to tyrants their 
 natural-born liberties, I read with a sort of ijhilosophical horror ; 
 so that the first systematical and bloody attempt, at Lexington, 
 to enslave America, thoroughly electrified my mind, and fully 
 determined me to take part with my country. And, while I 
 was wishing for an opportunity to signalize myself in its behalf, 
 directions were privately sent to me from the colony (now State) 
 of Connecticut, to raise the Green Mountain Boys, and, if possi- 
 ble, with them to surprise and take the fortress of Ticonderoga. 
 
 2. This enterprise I cheerfully undertook; and, after first 
 guarding all the several passes that led thither, to cut off all 
 intelligence between the garrison and the country, made a forced 
 march from Bennington, and arrived at the lake opposite to 
 Ticonderoga, on the evening of the 9th of May, 1775, with two 
 hundred and thirty valiant Green Mountain Boys ; and it was 
 with the utmost difficulty that I procured boats to cross the 
 lake. However, I landed eighty-three men near the garrison, 
 and sent the boats back for the rear-guard, commanded by Col- 
 onel Seth Warner ; but the day began to daAvn, and I found 
 myself under the necessity to. attack the fort before the rear 
 could cross the lake ; and, as it was deemed hazardous, I har- 
 angued the officers and soldiers in the manner following : 
 
 3. ''Friends and fellow-soldiers: You have, for a number of 
 years past, been a scourge and terror to arbitrary power. Your 
 valor has been famed abroad, and acknowledged, as appears by 
 the advice and orders to me from the General Assembly of Con- 
 necticut, to surprise and take the garrison now l^efore us. I 
 now propose to advance before you, and in person conduct you 
 through the wicket-gate ; for Ave must this morning either quit 
 our pretensions to valor, or possess ourselves of this fortress in 
 a few minutes ; and, inasmuch as it is a desperate attemj)t, 
 which none but the bravest of men dare undertake. I do not 
 
144 ^^^ United States Reader. 11775. 
 
 urge it on any one contrary to his will. You that will uiuler- 
 take voluntarily, poise your firelocks/' 
 
 4. The men being at this time drawn up in three rank?, each 
 poised his firelock. I ordered them to face to the right, and, at 
 the head of the centre file, marched them immediately to the 
 wicket-gate aforesaid, where I found a sentry posted, who in- 
 stantly snap[)ed his fusee'' at me. I ran immediately toward l.ini, 
 and he retreated through the covered way into the parade within 
 the garrison, gave a halloo, and ran under a bomb-prooP. ^ly 
 party, who followed me into the fort, I formed on the ])arade in 
 such a manner as to face the two l)arracks, which faced each other. 
 
 5. The garrison being asleep, except the sentries, we gave 
 three huzzas, which greatly surprised them. One of the 
 sentries made a pass at one of my officers with a charged 
 bayonet, and slightly wounded him. My first thought was to 
 kill \\\\\\ with my sword; but, in an instant, I altered the 
 design and fury of the blow to a slight cut on the side of the 
 head, upon which he dropped his gun, and asked quarter, 
 which T readily granted him, and demanded of him the place 
 where the commanding officer slept. 
 
 6. He showed me a pair of stairs in the front of a barrack, 
 on the west part of the garrison, whicli led up to a second story 
 in said barrack, to which I immediately repaired, and ordered 
 the commander, Captain de la Place, to come forth instantly, 
 or I would sacrifice the whole garrison ; at which the captain 
 came imnu'diately to the door witli his breeches in his hand, 
 when I ordered him to deliver me the fort instantly. He 
 a.sked me by what authority I demanded it ; I answered him, 
 "In the luniic of the (ireat Jehovah, (ind the Continentat 
 ( '<))>f/ret<s.^' 
 
 7. The authority of the Congress being very little known at 
 that time, he l)egan to speak again; but 1 interrnptcd liiiii, 
 and, with my drawn sword over his head, again demanded an 
 immediate surrender of tiie garrison ; with which he tlun 
 complied, and ordered his men to be forthwith paraded without 
 arms, as he had given up the garrison. In tiie meantinus 
 some of my officers had given orders, and in consequence 
 
1775.] American Revolution. 145 
 
 thereof, sundry of the barrack doors were beat down, and 
 about one-third of the garrison imprisoned, which consisted of 
 the said commander, a Lieutenant Feltham, a conductor of 
 artillery, a gunner, two sergeants, and forty-four rank and 
 file; about one liundred pieces of cannon, one thirteen-inch 
 mortar", and a number of swivels". 
 
 8. This surprise was carried into execution in the gray of 
 the morning of the lOtli of May, 1775. The sun seemed to 
 rise that morning with a superior lustre; and Ticonderoga 
 and its dependencies smiled to its conquerors, who tossed 
 about the flowing bowl, and wished success to Congress, and 
 the liberty and freedom of America,— iVftrr«/f/fe of his own 
 Captivify. 
 
 Second Continental Congress. — The second Continental Congress 
 had assembled at Philadelphia on the very day of the capture of Ticonderoga 
 (May lOtli). That body decided to raise an army of 20,000 men, and appointed 
 Washington commander-in-chief. 
 
 The Appointment of General Washington. — Sparks, 
 
 \. These preliminary" arrangements being finished, the 
 next thing was to appoint a commander-in-chief of the Ameri- 
 can armies. This was a task of more delicacy and difficulty 
 than might at first be supposed. Many considerations were to 
 be weighed, besides the pei'sonal qualifications of any individual 
 for that high station, either as to character, abilities, or mili- 
 tary skill. 
 
 2. In the first place, it was essential that he should be accep- 
 table to all the colonies, and particularly to such as, from their 
 position and extent, would be compelled to take the largest 
 share in the war. Otherwise, local jealousies and discontents 
 might spring up, which would defeat the best-laid schemes, 
 and possibly ruin the cause. Next, there were officers in the 
 country, older in years than Colonel Washington, who had 
 acquired a reputation in the last war, and whose services 
 would be necessary. 
 
 3. To pass over sucli as would be thought by themselves or 
 their friends to have higher claims, on the score of former 
 
146 The United States Reader. [itts, 
 
 rank and standing, a point on which military men are always 
 so sensitive, might be a hazardous experiment. Besides, the 
 troops already in the field were wholly from the New England 
 provinces, and it was uncertain how far they would be recon- 
 ciled to the appointmi.-nt of a commander Irom the South, with 
 whom no one among them had a personal acquaintance, and 
 who could not be supposed to understand their habits, feelings, 
 and prepossessions^ General Ward, who had hitherto been at 
 the head of the army by the appointment of Massachusetts, 
 and whose command was cheerfully acquiesced'' in by the other 
 New England colonies, was an officer of experience and ability, 
 and it was questionable in wlnil light an attempt to supersede 
 him might be viewed. 
 
 4. These difficulties were deeply felt by the members of 
 Congress, and examined in all their bearings. Nor had they 
 come togetlier without previously pondering the subject, and 
 ascertaining, as far as they could, the views of men of influence 
 in different places. From the first Congress they had gone 
 home with most favorable impressions of the character and 
 talents of Colonel Washington. All the world acknowledged 
 his military accomi)lishments, intellectual resources, courage, 
 coolness, and control over the minds of others. Five years' 
 experience, in a responsible and arduous service, had afforded 
 ample proofs of these qualities. 
 
 5. It was fortunate, also, that political motives conspired to 
 fix the choice on him in preference to any other person. Vir- 
 ginia was poAverful in wealth and numbers, and doubly so in 
 its men of brilliant parts, Avho had espoused the cause of the 
 continent with a spirit and resolution Avhieh had nowhere else 
 been surpassed. To take the commander of the American 
 armies from that province was a dictate of policy, which the 
 wise and prudent would not overlook, and none but the 
 narrow-minded could di.s:i])prove. 
 
 6. It should be said, to the credit of the New England dele- 
 gates, that they were among the foremost to propose, and the 
 most zealous to promote, the appointmentof Colonel Washington. 
 As the contest had begun in Massachusetts, the inhabitants of 
 
 J 
 
17 75.] Afnericaii Revolution. 147 
 
 which had been the chief sufferers, and as the existing army 
 was mostly raised there, it could not have been thought an ex- 
 travagant assumption, had that colony aspired to the honor of 
 furnishing a commander-in-chief. But, happily for America, 
 the patriots of that day rose far above the sordid aims of 
 selfishness and party rivalships. 
 
 7. While the discussions were going on in Congress respect- 
 ing military ^^reparations, Mr, John Adams, one of the delegates 
 from Massachusetts, moved that the army, then besieging the 
 British troops in Boston, should be adopted by Congress as a 
 Continental army ; and, in the course of his observations en- 
 forcing this motion, he said it was his intention to propose for 
 the office of commander-in-chief a gentleman from Virginia, 
 who was at that time a member of their own body. His re- 
 marks were so pointed, that all present perceived them to apply 
 to Colonel Washington, who, upon hearing this reference to 
 himself, retired from his seat and withdrew. 
 
 8. When the day for the appointment arrived, the nomination 
 W'as made by Mr. Thomas Johnson, of Maryland. The choice 
 was by ballot ; and, on inspecting the votes, it was found that 
 Colonel Washington was unanimously elected. As soon as the 
 result was ascertained, the House adjourned. On the conven- 
 ing of Congress the next morning, the president communicated 
 to him officially the notice of his appointment, and he rose in 
 his place and signified his acceptance in a brief and appropriate 
 reply. 
 
 9. After expressing his thanks for the signal honor done him 
 by Congress, and his concern, " from the consciousness that his 
 abilities and military experience might not be equal to the ex- 
 tensive and important trust,' he added : " lest some unlucky 
 event should happen, unfavorable to my reputation, I beg it 
 may be remembered by every gentleman in the room, that I 
 this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think my- 
 self equal to the command I am honored with." 
 
 10. Before the election it had been voted that five hundred 
 dollars a month should be allowed for the pay and expenses of 
 the general. On this point he said: "I beg leave to assure 
 
148 The United States Reader. [1775. 
 
 the Congress that, as no pecuniary" consideration could have 
 tempted mo to accept this arduous emjdoymeut, at tlie expense 
 of my domestic case and hapi)iness, 1 do not wish to make any 
 profit froni it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses. 
 Those, I doubt not, they will discharge; and that is all I 
 desire." 
 
 11. In a letter to his wife on this occasion, his sentiments are 
 uttered with the same frankness, the same self-distrust, and under 
 circumstances which prove them to have flowed from his heart. 
 "You may believe me," said he, " when I assure you in the most 
 solemn manner, that, so far from seeking this appointment, I 
 have used every endeavor in my power to avoid it, not only from 
 my unwillingness to part with you and the family, but from a 
 consciousness of its being a trust too great for my cai)acity, and 
 tliat I should enjoy more real happiness in one month with 
 you at home, tlian I have the most distant prospect of finding 
 abroad, if my stay were to be seven times seven years. 
 
 12. "But as it has been a kind of destiny that has thrown 
 me upon this service, I shall hope that my undertaking it is 
 designed to answer some good purpose. You might, and I 
 suppose did, perceive, from the tenor of my letters, that I was 
 a})})rehensive I could not avoid this appointment, as I did 
 not pretend to intimate when I should return. That was the 
 case. It was utterly out of my power to refuse this appoint- 
 ment, without exposing my character to such censures as would 
 have reflected dishonor upon myself, and given pain to my 
 friends. This, I am sure, could not and ought not to l)e i)leas- 
 ing to you, and must have lessened me considenildy in my own 
 esteem. I shall rely, therefore, confidently on that Providence 
 whicli has hitherto preserved and been bountiful to me." 
 
 13. 'I'lie ai)])ointment was made on tlie loth of June. Four 
 days afterward, he received his commission from the president 
 of Congress, in which he Avas declared to be commander-in- 
 chief of all tlie forces then raised, or that should be raised, in 
 the United Colonies, or that should voluntarily offer their service 
 for the defense of American liberty. The members of Con- 
 gress pledged themselves, by a unanimous resolve, to maintain, 
 
1775.] Americaji Revolution. 149 
 
 assist, and adhere to him, with their lives and fortunes, in the 
 same cause, 
 
 14. Four major-generals and eight brigadiers were likewise 
 appointed for the Continental army. To the former rank were 
 chosen Artemus Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler {shi'ler), 
 and Israel Putnam; to the latter, Seth Pomroy, Kichard Mont- 
 gomery, David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John 
 Thomas, John Sullivan, and Nathaniel Greene. To these was 
 added Horatio Gates, as adjutant-general, with the rank of 
 brigad ier. — L ife of Wasli in g ton. 
 
 Battle of Bunher Hill. — As it was evident that the British meditated 
 offensive operations, Colonel Prescott was sent, on the evening of the 16th of 
 June, with a detachment of one thousand men, to fortify Bunker Hill; but, 
 on attaining the heights, he concluded to fortify Breed's Hill instead, this being 
 nearer to Boston. The British, on the following morning, discovering the 
 redoubt, commenced a cannonade upon it ; and, this failing, three thousand 
 men, under General Howe, were sent to dislodge the patriots. 
 
 Twice did the British approach within a few rods of the redoubt, but each 
 time were repulsed with heavy loss. Clinton arriving, the third charge was 
 more successful ; since the Americans had exhausted their ammunition and 
 were forced to retreat. The severest loss of the Americans was the brave and 
 patriotic General Warren.* This determined, and for a time successful, resist- 
 ance on the part of the American soldiers was so encouraging that it had all 
 the effect of a triumph.t 
 
 Warren's Address. — John Fierpont. 
 
 Stand ! the ground's your own, my braves ! 
 Will ye give it up to slaves ? 
 Will ye look for greener graves ? 
 
 Hope ye mercy still ? 
 What's the mercy despots feel ? 
 Hear it in that battle-peal ! 
 Read it on yon bristling steel ! 
 
 Ask it — ye who will. 
 
 * Gen. Joseph Wnrren was born in Massachusetts in 17il ; graduated at Harvard College, studied 
 medicine, became a physician in Boston, and was one of the most earnest and eloquent leaders in re- 
 sisting the unjust measures of tlie British Government. His loss was sincerely lamented by his 
 oounti-yraen. 
 
 + Bunker Hill monument, an obelisk two hundred and twenty-one feet high, erected in commemora- 
 tion of the battle, now stands on the spot where the redoubt was built on Breed's Hill. Its corner-stone 
 was laid by General Lafayette, on the 17th of June, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. An 
 immerse concourse of persons was present on the occasion, including nearly two hundred revolution- 
 ary soldiers and forty surviving patriots of the battle, and President John Quincy Adams, with his 
 entire cabinet. Daniel Webster delivered the oration. 
 
i5o The United States Reader. 11775. 
 
 Fear ye foes who kill for liire ? 
 Will yc to your homes retire ? 
 Look behiud you ! They're afire ! 
 
 And, before you, see 
 Who huve done it! — From the vale 
 On they come !- and will ye (luail ! — 
 Leaden rain and iron hail 
 
 Let their welcome he ! 
 
 In the God of battles trust ! 
 Die we may — and die we must; 
 But, oh, where can dust to dust 
 
 Be consigned so well, 
 As where heaven its dews shall shed. 
 On the martyred patriot's bed, 
 And the rocks shall raise tlieir head. 
 
 Of his deeds to tell? 
 
 In their ragged regimentals 
 Stood the old Continentals, 
 
 Yielding not, 
 When the grenadiei-s were lunging, 
 And like hail fell the plunging 
 Cannon shot; 
 When tlie files 
 Of the Isles 
 From the smoky night encampment bore the banner of the rampant 
 
 I'nicorn ; 
 And grummer, grummer, grummer, rolled the roll of the drummer 
 Tlirough the morn. — Mac Master. 
 
 Conduct of Lord Unntnore. — Lord Dnnmorc, the governor of 
 Virginia, took a decided course against the patriots ; hut, owing to the activity 
 of I'litrick Henry and others, he was conipellcd to make compensation for a 
 quantity of ])owder which he had seized. Some months later, a force of Tories 
 and negroes which he had collected attacked a body of Virginians near Nor- 
 folk ; hut the assailants were repulsed with great loss. In revenge, Dunmore, 
 on the fust day of the new year, reduced Norfolk to ashes. 
 
 Ini'(tsion of Canada. — To prevent the use of Canada by the British 
 as a place of rendezvous and siipply, an invasion hy two forces was determined 
 upon. Accordingly, Gen. Schuyler,* commamling one, was sent by the way 
 of Lake Cliamiilaiu ; while the other, under Gen. Arnold, took the route by 
 the Kennebec lliver. Schuyler ])rocccded but a short distance when, sickness 
 
 • Philip ScliiiylDr was burn nt Albiiiiy. New York, in 1733. He was eDgngrd in ihe French and 
 Indian WHr, and HccoinpRnied Sir William Johnson in 1756. Uis death occurred nt Albany, in 1804. 
 
1775.] American Revolution. i5i 
 
 compelling him to return, the next in command, Gen. Montgomery,* gained 
 possession of Fort Chambly [shamble), St. John's, and Montreal, and then 
 moved against Quebec. 
 
 Arnold, having performed a tedious march through the wilderness, effected a 
 junction of his force with that of Montgomery's, and, with the latter officer in 
 the chief command, Quebec was besieged for three weeks. Finally, it was 
 resolved to make an assault upon the city, notwithstanding the fearful strength 
 of its fortifications. 
 
 Montgomery's Attack on Quebec. — Farton, 
 
 1. The attack, it was agreed at the council of war. slioiild talce 
 place at night, and in a snow-storm. By the 20th of December 
 the preparations were complete, and nightly the little army 
 awaited the signal, and the sentinel watched the heavens for 
 signs of the gathering storm. The weather was bitterly cold ; 
 the small-pox was making fearfnl ravages among the troops; 
 there was no hope of an alleviation' to their sufferings but in 
 capturing the fortress-crowned heights above them. 
 
 2. The last night of the year 1775 had come ; and a brilliant 
 moon, when the patriot army retired to rest, was flooding with 
 light the fields of snow, the ice-batteries, the town, and the 
 lofty citadel. No one expected to be aroused that night by the 
 familiar signal. But, at midnight, the heavens became sud- 
 denly overcast, and a northeasterly snow-storm, of unusual 
 violence, came driving over the scene. The general was 
 roused. At a glance he saw that the hour had come, and 
 gave the order for the troops to get under arms. 
 
 3. Burr assisted in communicating the order to the divisions, 
 and soon had his storming-party in readiness to move. By 
 personal inspection, by the touch of his own hand, he assured 
 himself that the men under his immediate direction were 
 equipped as he had determined they should be on the decisive 
 night. By two o'clock the men had been carefully inspected, 
 and were ready to march to the points whence they were to 
 assault the town. 
 
 4. About nine hundred men answered to their names that 
 
 * Richard Montgomery was boru in Ireland, in 1736. In 1775, he was a representative from New 
 York in the Continental Congress. 
 
102 The United States Reader. [1775. 
 
 morning. Thoy were divided into four parties, only two of 
 Avhich were designed to fight; the others were to distract the 
 garrison by feints at places remote from the scene of serious 
 attack. One of the. fighting parties was led hy Arnold ; the 
 other, in spite of the remonstrances of Burr and others of the 
 general's family, was commanded by Montgomery, whose 
 towering form app:.ared at the head of the column. At four 
 o'clock the divisions had reached their designated posts. At 
 five the signal of attack was given, and the chilled soldiers, 
 impatient to move, began the ascent through the snow-drifts, 
 and in the teeth of the storm. 
 
 5. Captain Burr marched side by side with his general at the 
 head of the division, as it hurried along the St. Lawrence to 
 the defenses under Cape Diamond. These were well known to 
 the vigilant aid-de-camp\ First, the attacking party came 
 upon a row of pickets, which the general, with his own hands, 
 assisted to cut away. Pushing on through the snow and 
 darkness, they reached, a few paces beyond, a second row of 
 pickets, behind which was a square, two-story block-house, 
 loop-holed above for musketry, and pierced below for two 
 twelve-pounders, which, cliargod with grape, commanded the 
 narrow gorge up which an enemy must advance. 
 
 6. It was not till the Americans had begun to remove the 
 second row of pickets that the Britisli guard became aware of 
 the presence of an enemy. Delivering one ineffectual fire, 
 they fled to the block-house, and, communicating their terror 
 to the party within, who were mostly sailors and militia, the 
 whole body fled without once discharging the cannon. But 
 their panic, unfortunately, was not perceived by the Americans, 
 and a delay, short but fatal, occurred. 
 
 7. Masses of ice, left on the winter subsidence" of \\w river, 
 obstructed the ascent, and several minutes elapsed before a suf- 
 ficient number of men could clam])er over these and form 
 within the second picket to at tuck tli.- l)lock-house. In 
 smoothing the pathway, the general himself tugged at the 
 great blocks of ice with furious em-rgy. At length, two hun- 
 dred men were formed in column. The general was at its head, 
 as bi-fon-. Burr was ;it his side. 
 
1776.] American RcvoliUion. 153 
 
 8. Two other aids, an orderly sergeant, and a French guide, 
 completed the group in advance. "Push on, brave boys, 
 Quebec is ours," cried Montgomery, as the column began to 
 move up the ascent. On they marched to within forty paces 
 of the block-house. At that moment, a sailor who had fled 
 from his post, surprised that the Americans did not advance, 
 ventured back to discover the reason. Through one of the 
 port-holes of the block-house he saw the advancing party, and 
 turned to run away again ; but as he turned, he performed an 
 act which decided the fortunes of the day, and gave Canada 
 back again to Britain. He touched off one of those grape- 
 charged cannon. 
 
 9. Forward fell the majestic form of Montgomery, never to 
 rise again. Down went two of his aids, mortally wounded. 
 The orderly sergeant, too, never saw daylight again. Every 
 man that marched in front of the column, except Captain 
 Burr and the guide, was struck down to death by the discharge 
 of that twelve-pounder. The day was just dawning, and the 
 soldiers were soon aware of the whole extent of the catastrophe. 
 The column halted and wavered. The command fell into 
 incompetent hands. Priceless minutes were lost in those 
 consultations by which cowardice loves to hide its trepidation. 
 . . . . The enemy returned to the block-house, and opened 
 tire on the assailants. The retreat soon became a precipitate 
 and disorderly retreat. — Life of Aaroji Burr. 
 
 Evacuation of Canada. — Arnold, though wounded, took command 
 of the troops that had eflf'ected a retreat, and, in an encampment a short distance 
 from Quebec, passed a rigorous winter. In the spring. Gen. Wooster arrived 
 and took the command ; and he, in turn, was succeeded by Gen. Thomas. By 
 the middle of June, 1776, the Americans had abandoned one place after another, 
 and entirely evacuated Canada. 
 
 Events of 1770. — Evacuation of iJos^o».— Washington, who 
 had arrived at Cambridge about three weeks after his appointment as com- 
 mander-in-chief, and had there taken command of the army, determined to 
 drive the British from Boston ; but no plan of operations was fully determined 
 upon before the early part of March, 1776. Then, in one night, intrenchments 
 were thrown up on Dor'ches-ter Heights, which completely commanded the 
 city and harbor of Boston. 
 
1 54 The United States Reader. [ittb. 
 
 Gen. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the conininnd, being unable to dis- 
 lodge tlie Americans, informally agreed to evacuate the city wiihout setting fire 
 to it, upon condition that, while doing so, his army should not be molested 
 from the batteries on the heights. Accordingly, on the 17th of March, 1776, 
 the Britit^h troops, accompanied by fifteen hundred faniilics of loyalists, em- 
 barked on board the ships in the harbor, and sailed for Halifax. 
 
 licpulse of the British from Charleston. — General Clinton, at 
 the head of an expedition, set out to attack New York, but finding that 
 Washington had sent General Lee thither with a force to protect the city, he 
 sailed further south, and was joined by Sir Peter Parker and Lord Cornwallis 
 with a fleet and troops from England. The whole force then proceeded against 
 Charleston. 
 
 The people of Charleston had made preparations against an attack, by erect- 
 ing a fort of palmetto-wood on Sullivan's Island, which commanded the channel 
 leading to the town. This was garrisoned by live hundred men, under Col. 
 Moultrie (mole'tre). On the morning of the 28th of June, the fleet approached 
 Sullivan's Island ; but, after a conflict of nine hours, during which Clinton was 
 defeated in an attempt to reach the island, the ships, much shattered, di-ew off, 
 and afterward sailed to the North. 
 
 Declaration of Independence. — In the meantime, Congress, then 
 in session at Pliihulelj)liia, was preparing to declare a separation of the political 
 relations existing between Great Britain and the colonies. A resolution to that 
 effect having been offered by Kichard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 7th of 
 June, was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July. Two days after, 
 Thomas Jefll-rson, of Virginia, in behalf of a committee of five members, 
 presented a document which he had ])repared ; and then, Jnly 4th, 1776, 
 this document, the Declakation ok Independence, was unanimously 
 adopted by Congress. 
 
 Independence Bell. — July 4th. 1776. — Anon. 
 
 When it was certain that thu Declaration oi' Independence 
 would be adopted by Congress, it was resolved to announce the 
 event by ringing tlio old State-House bell, which bore the in- 
 scri])tion : '' Proclaim lil)erty to the land : to all the inhabitants 
 thereof!" The old bellman, accordingly, placed his little son 
 at the door of theOiall, to await the instruction of the door- 
 keeper when to ring; and, when the word was given, the little 
 patriot-scion rushed out, and, flinging up his hands, shouted 
 aloud, " 7?/;/.7 .' Kino! RIXG!" 
 
me.] American Revolution. i55 
 
 1. There was tumult in the city, 
 
 In the quaint old Quakers' town, 
 And the streets were rife with people, 
 
 Pacing restless up and down ; — 
 People gathering at corners. 
 
 Where they whispered each to each, 
 And the sweat stood on their temples, 
 
 "With the earnestness of speech. 
 
 2. As the bleak Atlantic currents 
 
 Lash the wild Newfoundland shore. 
 So they beat against the State-House, 
 
 So they surged against the door ; 
 And the mingling of their voices 
 
 Made a harmony ]:)rofound. 
 Till the quiet street of Chestnut 
 
 Was all turbulent with sound. 
 
 8. " Will they do it ?" " Dare they do it ?" 
 
 " Who is speaking ?" " Wliat's the news ?" 
 " What of Adams V" '■ What of Sherman ?" 
 
 " Oh, God grant they won't refuse !" 
 " Make some way there !" " Let me nearer 1" 
 " 1 am stifling !" " Stifle, then ! 
 When a nation's life's at hazard, 
 We've no time to think of men 1" 
 
 4. So they beat against the portal, 
 
 Man and woman, maid and child ; 
 And the July sun in heaven 
 
 On the scene look'd down and smiled ; 
 The same sun that saw the Spartan 
 
 Shed his patriot blood in vain. 
 Now beheld the soul of freedom 
 
 All unconquer'd rise again. 
 
 5. See ! See ! The dense crowd quivers 
 
 Through all its lengthy line, 
 As the boy beside the portal 
 
 Looks forth to give the sign I 
 With his small hands upward lifted. 
 
 Breezes dallying with his hair, 
 Hark! with deep, clear intonation, 
 
 Breaks liis young voice on the air. 
 
1 56 The United States Reader. [i776. 
 
 f). Hush'd the people's swellinir nuirimir, 
 
 List the hoy's stroiiir, joyous cry! 
 " Ring! " he slioiits, " Kixr. ! Grandpa, 
 
 Ring ! On, Ring fou Libkuty !" 
 And straiji;ht\vay, at tlie sii^nal, 
 
 The oKl beUman lilts his hand, 
 And sends the good news, making 
 
 Iron music through the land. 
 
 7. How they shouted ! What rejoicing! 
 
 IIow the old bell shook the air, 
 Till the clang of freedom rallied 
 
 The calm, gliding Delaware ! 
 How the bonfires and the torches 
 
 lUimied the night's repose, 
 And from lUr. flames, like Phaniix, 
 
 Fair Lil)erty arose ! 
 
 8. That old bell now is silent, 
 
 And liush'd its iron tongue, 
 But the spirit it awakened 
 
 Still lives, — forever )-oung. 
 And while we greet the sunlight, 
 
 On the fourth of each July, 
 We'll ne'er forget the bellman. 
 
 Who, twixt tiie eartii and sky, 
 Rung out Ouu Independknce : 
 
 Which, |)k'ase God, Hftall never die ! 
 
 Speech of John Adams. — M'ebster. 
 
 [Jolin Adain.s \v;i- iho most iirDininent advocato of tlie Declaration of Independence 
 ill Con<?res!». Tin- followintr speech, tliouLrh not tliat wliioh lie delivered (for no report 
 of it is extuiil), eiiiliodies tliosientimeutsi and some of the exjiressions which lie is known 
 to have uttered on the occusion of the consideration and final passajje of the Declaration. 
 It forms a part of Daiiii'l Webster's great oration in enlogy of Adams and Jefferson, pro- 
 nounced ou the ad of Aiignst, 1826.] 
 
 I. Sink or swim, live or die, survive or jx-risli, I give my 
 hand and my iK-art to tliis vote. It is true, indeed, that in the 
 beginning we aimed not at independence. l?u( -there's a 
 Divinity which sliape.s our ends." The injustice of Enghmd 
 has driven us to arm.s; and. blinded to her own interest for our 
 good, she lias obstinately persisted, till independence is now 
 
1776.] Ame7'ica7i RevohUion. 167 
 
 AV'ithin our grasp. We have but to reach forth to it, and it is 
 ours. 
 
 2. Why, then, should we defer the Dechiration ? Is any man 
 so weak as now to hope for a reconcihation with England, 
 which shall leave either safety to the country and its liberties, 
 or safety to her own life and honor ? Are not you, sir, who sit 
 in that chair ; is not he, our venerable colleague" near you ; are 
 you not both already the proscribed"" and predestined^ objects 
 of punishment and vengeance ? Cut off from all hope of royal 
 clemency, what are you, what can you be, while the power of 
 England remains, but outlaws ? 
 
 3. If we postpone independence, do we mean to carry on, 
 or give up, the war ? Do we mean to submit to the measures 
 of Parliament^ Boston Port Bill and all ? Do we mean to 
 submit and consent that we ourselves shall be ground to 
 powder, and our country and its rights trodden down in the 
 dust? I know we do not mean to submit. We never shall 
 submit. Do we intend to violate that most solemn obligation 
 ever entered into by men, that plighting'' before God, of our 
 sacred honor to Washington, when putting him forth to incur 
 the dangers of war, as well as the political hazards of the 
 times, we promised to adhere to him, in every extremity, with 
 our fortunes and our lives ? 
 
 4. 1 know there is not a man here who Avovild not rather see 
 a general conflagration"' SAveep over the land, or an earthquake 
 sink it, than one jot or tittle of that plighted faith fall to the 
 ground. For myself, having, twelve months ago, in this place, 
 moved you, that G-eorge Washington be appointed commander 
 of the forces raised, or to be raised, for defense of American 
 liberty, may my right hand forget her cunning, and my tongue 
 cleave to the roof of my mouth, if I hesitate or Avaver in the 
 support I give him. 
 
 5. The war, then, must go on. We must fight it through. 
 And if the war must go on, Avhy put off longer the Declaration 
 of Independence? That measure will strengthen us. It will 
 give us character abroad. The nations will treat with us, 
 which they can never do while we acknowledge ourselves sub- 
 
i58 The United States Reader. iittg. 
 
 jects in arms against our sovereign. Nay, I maintain that 
 England licrself "vvill sooner treat for peace with us on the 
 footing of independence, than consent, by repealing her acts, 
 to acknowli'dge that her whole conduct toward us has been a 
 course of injustice and oppression. 
 
 6. Her pride will be less wounded by submitting to that 
 course of things which now predestinates our independence, 
 tlian by yielding the points in controversy to her rebellious 
 subjects. The former she would regard as the result of for- 
 tune ; the latter she would feel as her own deep disgrace. 
 Why, then, why then, sir, do we not as soon as possible change 
 this from a civil to a national war? And since we must fight 
 it through, why not put ourselves in a state to enjoy all tlie 
 benefits of victory, if we gain the victory? 
 
 7. If Ave fail, it can be no worse for us. But we shall not 
 fail. The cause will raise up armies; the cause will create 
 navies. The people, the people, if we are true to them, will 
 carry us, and will carry themselves, gloriously through this 
 struggle. I care not how fickle other i)eople have been found. 
 I know the people of these colonies, and I know that resistance 
 to British aggression is deep and settled in their hearts, and 
 cannot be eradicated''. Every colony, indeed, has expressed its 
 willingness to follow, if we but take the lead. Sir, the Decla- 
 ration will insjnrc the people with increased courage. 
 
 8. Instead of a long and bloody war for the restoration of 
 privileges, for redress of grievances, for chartered immunities^ 
 held under a British king, set before them the glorious object 
 of entire independence, and it will breathe into them anew the 
 breath of life. Kead this Declaration at the head of the army; 
 every sword will be drawn from its scabbard, and the solemn 
 vow uttered to maintain it or to perish on the bed of honor. 
 Publish it from the pulpit; religion will approve it, and the 
 love of religious liberty will eling around it, resolved to stand 
 with it ur fall with it. Send it to the public halls; proclaim it 
 there; let them hear it who heard (he first roar of the enemy's 
 cannon ; let them see it who saw their brotliers and their sons 
 fall tin the field uf Bunker Hill and in the streets of Lexing- 
 
1776.] American Revolution. iSg 
 
 ton and Concord, and the very walls will cry out in its sup- 
 port. 
 
 9. Sir, I know the uncertainty of human affairs ; but I see, 
 I see clearly through this day's business. You and I, indeed, may 
 rue it. We may not live to the time Avhen this Declaration 
 shall be made good. We may die ; die colonists; die slaves; die, 
 it may be, ignominiously", and on the scatFold. Be it so. Be it so. 
 If it be the pleasure of Heaven that my country shall require 
 the poor offering of my life, the victim shall be ready at the 
 appointed hour of sacrifice, come when that hour may. But 
 while I do live, let me have a country, or at least the hope of a 
 country, and that a free country. 
 
 10. But whatever' may be our fate, be assured, be assured 
 that this Declaration will stand. It may cost treasure, and it 
 may cost blood ; but it will stand, and it will richly compen- 
 sate for both. Through the thick gloom of the present, I see the 
 brightness of the future, as the sun in heaven. We shall make 
 this a glorious, an immortal day. When we are in our graves, 
 our children will honor it. They will celebrate it with thanks- 
 giving, with festivity, with bonfires and illuminations. 
 
 11. On its annual return they will shed tears, copious, gush- 
 ing tears, not of subjection and slavery, not of agony and dis- 
 tress, but of exultation, of gratitude, and of joy. Sir, before 
 God, I believe the hour is come. My judgment approves this 
 measure, and my whole heart is in it. All tliat I have, and all 
 that I am, and all that I hope, in this life, I am now ready to 
 stake upon it ; and I leave off as I begun, that, live or die, 
 survive or perish, I am for the Declaration. It is my living 
 sentiment, and, by the blessing of God, it shall be my dying- 
 sentiment. Independence now and Indepen'dence forever.* 
 
 * The old State-House, in Philadelphia, where Congress met, is still standing. It is generally 
 known by the name of Independence Hall, though the room in which the Declaration of Independence 
 was adopted and signed, received at first that appellation. The building was erected in 1735,but its bell- 
 tower was not put up until 1750. A bell which was imported from England, expressly for the tower, 
 was found cracked upon its arrival, and thereupon it was recast in the city of Philadelphia, and raised 
 to its place in 1753. This is the bell spoisen of in the preceding selection as " Independence Bell." 
 
i6o The United States Reader. 
 
 The Declaration of Independence. 
 
 [The Committee appointed by Coiigrcfs to draw up in proper form a Declaration 
 of the Independence of tlie Amc-rican colonies', consisted of Tlmnias Jefferson, John 
 Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Uo;,'er Sherman, and Robert R. LIvinirston. The Decla- 
 ration adopted was written by Thomas Jefl'ersou.] 
 
 A Declaration by the liepresentatives of the United States of 
 America in Congress assembled, July ^th, 1770. 
 
 Whex, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
 for one i)eoi)le to dissolve tlie political bands which have con- 
 nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers 
 of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws 
 of nature and of nature's (Jod entitle them, a decent respect to 
 the oi)inions of mankind requires that they should declare the 
 causes which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
 created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with 
 certain unalienable'' rights; that among these are life, liberty, 
 and the pursuit of happiness. Tiiat to secure these rights, 
 governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
 powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any 
 form «jf government becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
 the right of tlie people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute 
 a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, 
 and organizing its powers in such form, as to tliem shall seem 
 most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
 indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should 
 not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accord- 
 ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more 
 disposed to suffer, while evils are suiferable, than to right 
 themselves by abolishing the f<n*ms t<i which they are ac- 
 customed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
 tions", pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design 
 to reduce tht-m under absolute despotism", it is their right, it 
 is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new 
 guards for their future security. Sueli has been the patient 
 
American Revohition. i6i 
 
 sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity 
 which constrains them to alter tlieir former systems of govern- 
 ment. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a 
 history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in 
 direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over 
 these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid 
 world : 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
 necessary for the public good.* 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
 and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation 
 till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he 
 has utterly neglected to attend to them.f 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
 large districts of peojjle, unless those people would relinquish 
 the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inesti- 
 mable'' to them, and formidable to tyrants only-J 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
 uncomfortable, and distant from the depository" of their public 
 records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
 with his measures.§ 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- 
 posing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of 
 the people. || 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
 cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, in- 
 capable of annihilation'', have returned to the people at large 
 
 * That is, laws passed by the Colonial Assemblies, in relation to commerce, finance, etc. 
 
 \ Some of the Provincial governors endeavored to conciliate the Indian tribes by treaties of al- 
 liance and other measui-es ; but the king, fearing that the colonists would thus acquire too much 
 strength, and be less dependent upon the British crown, instructed the governors to desist from all 
 such measures till his consent sliould be given; and failed subsequently to give such consent. 
 
 % In 177-1, a bill was passed which took the government of Massachusetts out of the hands of the 
 people, vesting the nomination of judges, etc. in the crown. It also abridged the privilege of popu- 
 lar election. The people then demanded the passage of laws for the "accommodation of large districts 
 of people," but were told that they must first " relinquish the right of representation in the legis- 
 lature." 
 
 § Thi.s has reference to the passage of the Boston Port Bill, by which the Custom-House, Courts, 
 etc., were removed to Salem ; while the public records were kept at Boston. 
 
 II The Colonial Assembly of Massachusetts, in 1768, invited by circular the other Assemblies to join 
 it in opposing the urgent measures of Great Britain, and was dissolved for so doing. Other Assem- 
 blies were dissolved for similar reasons, and in the same arbitrary manner. 
 
i62 The United States Reader 
 
 for their exercise; the state remaining, in the meantime, ex- 
 posed to all the danger of invasion IVom withont, and convnl- 
 sions within.* 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; 
 for that purpose, obstructing the laws for the naturalization of 
 foreigners ; refusing to i)ass others to encourage tliL-ir migration" 
 hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of 
 lands.f 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing 
 his assent to laws for establishing judiciary' powers.J 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the ten- 
 ure" of their offices, and the amount and payment of their sal- 
 aries.§ 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
 swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
 stance.|| 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
 without the consent of our legislatures.!" 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and 
 superior to, the civil power.** 
 
 He has-combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction 
 foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; 
 giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation :ff 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ;JJ 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for 
 
 * This was the case in rejrard to tlio Assemblies oX New York and Massacliusetts, wlilch were dis- 
 solved by royal authority, and Dot permitted to re-assemble for set'cral months, the States in the mean- 
 time bein(; in great peril of" invasion from tvilhout. and convulsions within." 
 
 + The kinj; dreaded the increasing power of the colonies, as well a.n the advance of democratic 
 ideas in them. The Herman inimi|;ration was especially checked by obstacles and discounigeuienti. 
 
 X By the Act of 1774, Massachusetts was deprived of its own Judiciary, the judges beinc appointed 
 b.v the kin^. 
 
 S The salaries or the judges were paid under the royal authority, from moneys obtained from the 
 people 
 
 I The passage of the Stamp Act, and the other similar acts, gave rise to the appointment of 
 swarms oT tax-collectors, etc. 
 
 1 The armies employed in the French and Indian War were continued in the colonies alter the 
 treaty of 17IJ3. 
 
 ** Thus Cieneral Gage, a military commander, was made governor of Massachusetts; and the mili- 
 tary were employed to enforce the Boston Port Bill. 
 
 ff The Board of Trade was created to act independently of colonial legislation, and almost absolute 
 power was conferred on the king. 
 
 tt Large forces were levied and sent over by vote of the English I'nriiament. to control the iuhnbi- 
 tants. 
 
Americcui Revolution. 163 
 
 any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of 
 these states ;* 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ;f 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent; J 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by 
 jury;§ 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
 offences; II 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbor- 
 ing province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and 
 enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example 
 and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into 
 these colonies ;^ 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
 laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our govern- 
 ments ;** 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
 invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatso- 
 ever, ff 
 
 He has abdicated' government here, by declaring us out of 
 his protection, and waging war against us.Jt 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
 toAvns, and destroyed the lives of our people.§§ 
 
 * In 1768, some mariners were tried in Annapolis, Md., for the murder of two citizens, and in the 
 face of clear proof of their guilt were acquitted. Similar instances occurred in other places. 
 
 t Such had been the result of the Navigation Acts. The British navy was also employed to break 
 up the colonial trade with the I'Vench and Spanish West Indies. 
 
 :j: Such as the Stamp duties, the tax on papar, punters' colors, tea, etc. 
 
 § In trials for violatious of the revenue laws, under the Commissioners of Customs, the accused 
 were not allowed the benefit of a jury. 
 
 II Persons charged with riot, resistance to the magistrates, might, by a law passed in 1771, be trans- 
 ported to Great Britain or other places, for trial. 
 
 1 The law of 1771 (referred to on p. 162), abolished the popular legislature in Canada, and ap- 
 pointed royal officers to make laws for the province, except to raise taxes. This gave the British a 
 firm holdof Canada, and enabled them to use it to advantage against the colonies during the Revolution; 
 lieuce the efforts of Congress to gain possession of that province in 1775. 
 
 ** This was done in the case of the judiciary of Massachusetts, already referred to. Other officers 
 besides judges were made dependent on the crown, in opposition to the chartered rights of the people. 
 ft After tlie dissolution of the colonial legislatures, before mentioned, several of the governors pre- 
 sumed to legislate arbitrarily for the colonies, giving to their proclamations the force of laws. 
 
 XX The king, in 1775, declared the colonies in open rebellion; and he sanctioned the acts of the 
 governors in employiug Indian warfare against them. He also employed German mercenaries to war 
 against them. In the.se acts he abdicated the proper functions of government, and placed the colonies 
 beyond the pale of his protection. 
 
 §§ These acts were performed by the uaval commanders. Oharlestown was burned by the British 
 fleet. 
 
164 The Untied Slates Reader. 
 
 He is, at tliis time, transporting large armies of foreign mer- 
 cenaries" to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyr- 
 anny already begun, with circumstancesof cruelty and perfidy*' 
 scarcely jiaralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally un- 
 worthy the head of a civilized nation.* 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the 
 high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the 
 executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves 
 by their hands. f 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us. and has 
 endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the 
 merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
 undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and condi- 
 tions.J 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for 
 redress, in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have 
 been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose char- 
 acter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, 
 is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British breth- 
 ren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts 
 made by their Legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- 
 tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstiinces of 
 our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their 
 native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by 
 the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations. 
 Avhich would inevitably' interrupt our connections and corre- 
 spondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice 
 and consanguinity'. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the ne- 
 cessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we 
 hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
 
 • This id covered. In n ceneral wny, in the nrticio already referred to. 
 
 f The crews of American ships cuptnred by the Kritish. were, by Act of Psrliaraent, treated not 
 an prisoners ot war, Imt as Klurm, and were iniprensed into the kind's service. 
 
 % Dunmore, in Virginia, endeavored In excite the slaves to rise againiit their masters The In- 
 dians were, under instructions from the British ministry, instigated by several of the colonial giiTer- 
 nors to attack the colonists. Dreadtul massacres were the consequence 
 
America7i Revolution. 
 
 i65 
 
 America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Su- 
 preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
 do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of 
 these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United 
 Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 States ; that they are absolved" from all allegiance'' to the British 
 crown, and that all political connection between them and the 
 state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and 
 that, as free and independent States, they have full power to 
 levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, 
 and to do all other acts and tilings which independent States 
 may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with 
 a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mu- 
 tually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our 
 sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by tli2 
 following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 Josiah Bartlett, 
 William Whipple, 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 Samuel Adams, 
 John Adams, 
 Robert Treat Paine, 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Stephen Hopkins, 
 William Ellery. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 Roger Sherman, 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 William Williams, 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 New To7-k. 
 William Floyd, 
 Philip Livingston, 
 Francis Lewis, 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 Neiv Jersey. 
 Richard Stockton. 
 John Witherspoou, 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 John Ilart. 
 Abraham Clark. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Robert Morris, 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Morton, 
 George Clymer, 
 James Smith, 
 George Taylor, 
 James Wilson, 
 George Ross. 
 
 Delaware. 
 Caesar Rodney, 
 George Read, 
 Thomas M'Keau. 
 
 Maryland. 
 Samuel Chase, 
 William Paca, 
 
 Thomas Stone, 
 
 Charles Carroll, of CarroUton- 
 
 Virginia. 
 George Wythe, 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison. 
 Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton . 
 
 North Carolina. 
 William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 John Penn. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 Edward Rutledge, 
 Thomas Heyward, Jr., 
 Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia. 
 Button Gwinnett, 
 Lyman Hall, 
 George Walton. 
 
i66 The United Slates Reader. [ittg. 
 
 Debate in Congress on the Declaration. 
 il. S. RandaU. 
 
 1. ''The Great Charter" did not pass that body without en- 
 countering a fiery ordeal'. The steadiness and force of the 
 resistance it encountered, Mr. Jefferson afterwards comi)ared to 
 "the ceaseless action of gravity weighing upon us by night and 
 by day." He did not attempt to say a word for it himself, 
 thinking "it a duty to be on that occasion a passive auditor of 
 the opinions of others, more impartial judges than lu' could be 
 of its merits or demerits."' 
 
 2. But this passiveness does not appear to have entirely em- 
 braced his feelings. Several passages in his writings show that 
 he felt with natural sensibility the sharp attack on both the 
 matter and form of his intellectual progeny'. In one of these 
 he says: "During the debate I was sitting by Dr. Franklin, 
 and he observed that 1 was writlting a I if fie under tiie acrimo- 
 nious" criticisms of some of its parts; and it was on that occasion 
 that, by way of comfort, he told me the story of John Thomp- 
 son, the hatter, and his new sign." * 
 
 3. lint the calm pulse kept pretty good time! The pocket 
 account-book, the meteorological" table, etc., all show that the 
 usual precise routine of matters was neither overlooked nor 
 disturbed during the three days of the galling debate. Jolm 
 Adams was the great champion of the Declaration on the floor, 
 indulging- in none of the milk-and-honey criticisms of his 
 Pickering letter (about the "personality" of George III., a 
 
 ♦ The foUowinK Is the inriclent, ns related by Franklin: " When I was njoiimeyman printer, one of 
 my companions, an apprentice hatter, having served out his time, was about to open shop liimselt 
 His first concern was to have a handsome sign-hoard, with a proper inscription. He comp<'«ed it In 
 these words; ' John Thompson. Hatter, mtkef anil tellt It tt» for rr.vli) mnnf!/.' with a figure of n hst 
 ■ubjoincd; but ho ihuught he would submit it to his Triends for their amendments The first h? 
 showed it to, thouglu the word hitUrr tautologons, because followed by the words ■ nn'.r« hnl.'..' which 
 showed he w.is a Iritter. It w.is struc't out. The next observed that the word 'inn/.v.,' might as well 
 be omitted, bccnnso his customers would not care who made the h^its If good and to their mind, 
 they would buy, by whomsoever made. He struck it out. A third said he thought the words 'for 
 ready money ' were useless, as it was not the custom of the place to sell on credit. Every one who 
 purchased expected to pay. They were parted with, and the Inscription now stood. '.Tohn Thompson 
 sells hats ' ' Selh hats !' says his next friend ; ' why, nobody will expect j ou to give them away ; what 
 then is the use of that word *' It was stricken out, and ' hats ' followed it, the rather as there was 
 one painted on the board. So the inscription was reduced ultimately to ' John Thompson,' with the 
 figure of a hat sut^oined." 
 
1776.] American Revolution. 167 
 
 tyrant, etc.), but lighting fearlessly for every word of it — and 
 Avith a power to which a mind masculine and impassioned in 
 its conceptions — a will of torrent-like force — a heroism which 
 only glared forth more luridly at the approach of danger — and 
 a patriotism whose burning throb was rather akin to the feeling 
 of a parent fighting over his offspring than to the colder senti- 
 ment of tamer minds, lent limitless sway. 
 
 4. The meed of praise to the principal defender comes appro- 
 priately from the author of the Declaration. No other pen has 
 done, and all other pens have not done, half so much as Jeffer- 
 son's, to impress the public mind with the magnitude of John 
 Adams's splendid services — with the glorious display of his, in 
 some respects, pre-eminent'" abilities, on that memorable occa- 
 sion. His written tributes to Mr. Adams are numerous and 
 glowing; and that "he was the Colossus in that debate," was 
 a tribute he never withheld from him during the sharpest rival- 
 ries or ensuing alienations. 
 
 5. Collect all the instances of John Adams's faults and foibles, 
 and occasional insanities almost, and grave political errors, to 
 be found in truthful record, and then expunge all the memo- 
 rials of his great and good deeds and private virtues, except 
 from the writings of Jefferson ; and, from the latter alone, the 
 reader who has a heart would turn away from the dark strokes of 
 the picture, and exclaim, in the language of one of Mr. Jefferson's 
 descendants, " Glorious old John Adams." — Life of Jefferson. 
 
 Reading of the Declaration to the Army. 
 
 (Pennsylvania Journal of July 17, 17T0.) 
 
 1. This afternoon (July 10) the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence was read at the head of each brigade of the Continental 
 Army, posted at and in the vicinity of New York. It was 
 received everywhere with loud huzzas, and the utmost demon- 
 strations of joy; and to-night the equestrian" statue of 
 George III., which Tory pride and folly raised in the year 1770, 
 has, by the Sons of Freedom, been laid prostrate in the dirt — 
 the just desert of an ungrateful tyrant I 
 
1 68 The United Slates Reader. [177g. 
 
 2. The lead wherewith the monument was made is to be rmi 
 
 into Inillets, to assimihite'^ with the brains of our infatuated" 
 adversaries, who, to gain a peppcr-eorn, have h)st an eni{)ire. 
 A gentleman who was present at tliis oniiiions fall of leaden 
 majesty, looking baek to the original's hoiieful beginning, perti- 
 nentl}"* exclaimed, in the language of the Angel to Lucifer,* 
 
 " If thou bccst he ; hut, O liow fallen ! how cliaiiLied ! " 
 
 3. A few hours before the Declaration was read, the light 
 dragoon regiment of Connecticut troops arrived in the city, and 
 ])ar;uled on horseback through the streets, making a noble and 
 martial a]ipoarance. Nothing could be more agreeable or ani- 
 mating to all the true friends of their country, than the sight of 
 this corps, which is composed of the substantial yeomanry of a 
 virtuous sister State, Some of them assisted, in their present 
 uniforms, at the first reduction of Louisburg; and their '* lank, 
 lean cheeks and Mar-worn coats," are viewed with more venera- 
 tion by their lionest countrymen, than if they were glittering 
 nabobs from India, or bashaws'" with nine tails. 
 
 Battle of Long Island. — ITolnies. 
 
 1. It had early occurred to Washington, that the central 
 situation of New York, with the numerous advantages attend- 
 ing the possession of that city, would render its reduction an 
 object of the first importance to the British. Under this im- 
 pression, before the enemy evacuated'' Boston, he had detached 
 General Lee from Cambridge, to put Tiong Island and New York 
 into a posture of defense. Soon after the evacuation, he followed, 
 and fixed his In'adquarters in Xew York, where the greater 
 part of the troops rendezvoused^ A part of the residue M'as 
 left in ^lassachusetts ; and about two or three thousand were 
 ordered to Canada. 
 
 2. At the oi)ening of the campaign. Congress iirsiituted a 
 flying camp, to consist of an intermediate corps, between regu- 
 lar soldiers and militia ; and called for ten thousand men from 
 the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware, to be in 
 
 • More correctly, o( Siiliui to Beelzebub. See Millou's " Parodist Lost," Book I. 
 
17T6.] American RevohUion. 169 
 
 constant service to the first day of the ensuing December; and 
 for thirteen thousand eight hundred of the common militia 
 from Massacliiisetts, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. 
 
 3. The command of the British force, destined to operate 
 against New York, was given to Admiral Lord Howe, and his 
 brother, Sir William ; who, in addition to their military pow- 
 ers, were appointed commissioners for restoring peace to tlie 
 colonies. General Howe, after waiting two months at Halifax 
 for his brother and the expected re-enforcements from England, 
 sailed with the force which he had previously commanded in 
 Boston ; and, directing his course toward New York, arrived 
 on the 25tli of June, off Sandy Hook. Admiral Lord Howe, 
 with pai"t of the re-enforcements from England, arrived at 
 Halifax soon after his brothers departure ; and, without drop- 
 ping anchor, followed and joined him on the 12th of July at 
 Staten Island. 
 
 4. General Clinton arrived there about the same time, with 
 the troops brought back from the expedition against Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina; Commodore Hotham also appeared there, 
 with the re-enforcement under his escort ; and in a short time 
 the army amounted to about twenty-four thousand men, En- 
 glish, Hessians, and Waldeckers. The royal commissioners, be- 
 fore they commenced military operations, attempted to effect a 
 reunion between the Colonies and Great Britain. Lord Howe 
 announced his paciiic powers to the principal magistrates of the 
 several colonies. He promised pardon to all who, in the late 
 times, had deviated from their allegiance, on condition of their 
 speedily returning to their duty; and, in case of their compli- 
 ance, encouraged their expectation of the future favor of the 
 sovereign. 
 
 5. Hi his declaration he observed, " That the commissioners 
 were authorized, in his majesty's name, to declare any province, 
 colony, colinty, district, or town, to be at the peace of his ma- 
 jesty; and that due consideration should be had to the meri- 
 torious services of any who should aid or assist in restoring 
 the public tranquillity ; that their dutiful representatives should 
 be received, pardons granted, and suitable encouragement to 
 
I70 The United States Reader. [ittg. 
 
 such as would promote the measures of legal government and 
 peace; in pursuance of his majesty's most gracious purposes." 
 The matter and the form of these pacilicatory" proposals wore 
 too exceptionable to be for a moment seriously regarded. 
 
 6. The British forces waited so long to receive accessions from 
 Ilaliiax, South Carolina, Florida, the West Indies, and Europe, 
 that the month of August -was far advanced before they were 
 in a condition to open the campaign. The iirst and second 
 divisions of German troops, under General De Heister, amount- 
 ing to about nine thousand, arrived at l\v\\ York on the 12th of 
 August; and one hundred of the English guards joined the 
 armv of General Howe. The British commanders, having 
 resolved to make then* first attempt on Long Island, landed 
 their troops, estimated at about twenty-four thousand men, at 
 Gravcsend Bay, to the right of the Narrows. 
 
 7. The Americans, to the numbea of fifteen thousand, under 
 Major-Gonei-al Sullivan, were posted on a peninsula between 
 Mill Creek, a little al)0ve Red Hook, and an eli)ow of East 
 River, called Wliaale])oght [ivuUa-hout) Bay. Here they had 
 erected strong fortifications, whieli were separated from New 
 York by East River, at the distance of a mile. A line of en- 
 trenchment from the Mill Creek inclosed a large space of 
 ground, on which stood the American camp, near the village 
 of Brooklyn. This lino was secured by abatis'", and fianked 
 by strong redoul)ts. 
 
 8. The armies were separated liy a range of hills, covered 
 with a thick wood, which intersect the country IVom west to 
 east, terminating on the east near Jamaica. Through these 
 hills there were three roads ; one near the Narrows, a second on 
 the Flatbush road, and a third on the Bedford road ; and 
 these were the only passes from the south side of the hills to 
 the American lines, excepting a read which led to Jamaica, 
 round the easterly end of the hills. General Putnam, agree- 
 ablv to the instructions of General "Washington, had detached 
 a considerable part of his men to occupy the woody hills and 
 passes ; but in the performance of this service there appears to 
 have been a deficiency, eitiier of skill or of vigilance. 
 
1776.] American Revolution. 171 
 
 9. When the whole British urmy was landed, the Hessians, 
 under General De Heister, composed the centre at Flatbush ; 
 Major-General Grant commanded the left wing, which extended 
 to the coast; and tlie principal army, under the command of 
 General Clinton, Earl Percy, and Lord Cornwallis, turned 
 sliort to tlie right, and approached the opposite coast at Flat- 
 land. The position of the Americans havi]ig been reconnoitred. 
 Sir William Howe, from the intelligence given him, determined 
 to attempt to turn their left flank. The right wing of his army, 
 consisting of a strong advanced corps, commanded by General 
 Clinton and supported by the brigades under Lord Percy, 
 began, at nine o'clock at night on tlie 26th ol" August, to move 
 from Flatland ; and, passing through the New Lots, arrived on 
 the road that crosses the hills from Bedford to Jamaica. 
 
 10. Having taken a patrol, they seized the pass, without 
 alarming the Americans. At half after eight in the morning, 
 the British troops, having passed the heights and reached Bed- 
 ford, began an attack on the left of the American army. In 
 the centre, General De Heister, soon after daylight, had begun 
 to cannonade'' the troops which occupied the direct road to 
 Brooklyn, and which were commanded by General Sullivan in 
 person. As soon as the firing toward Bedford was heard, De 
 Heister advanced and attacked the centre of the Americans, 
 who, after a warm engagement, were routed and driven into the 
 woods. 
 
 11. The firing toward Bedford giving them the alarming 
 notice that the British had turned their left flank, and were 
 getting completely into their rear, they endeavored to escape to 
 the camp. The sudden rout of this party enabled De Heister 
 to detach a part of his force against those who were engaged 
 near Bedford. There also the Americans were broken and 
 driven into the woods ; and the front of the British column, 
 led by General Clinton, continuing to move forward, inter- 
 cepted and engaged those whom De Heister had routed, and 
 drove them back into the woods. There they again met the 
 Hessians, who drove them back on the British. Thus alter- 
 nately chased and intercepted, some forced their Avay through 
 
172 The United Slates Reader. [ittg. 
 
 the enemy to the lines at l^rooklyn ; several saved themselves 
 ill the coverts of the woods; but a great part of the detacii- 
 ment was killed or taken. 
 
 12. The left eolunui, led by General Grant, advancinix from 
 the Narrows along the coa.st, to divert the attentiuii of the 
 Americans from the principal attack on the right, had aboiit 
 midnight fallen in with Lord (Stirling's advanced guard, 
 (Stationed at a strong pass, and compelled them to relinquish it. 
 As they were, slowly retiring, they were met on the summit of 
 the hills about break of day by Lord Stirling, "who had been 
 directed, witii the two nearest regiments, to meet the British 
 on the road leading from the Narrows. Lord Stirling having 
 posted his men advantageously, a furious cannonade com- 
 menced on both sides, whicli continued several hours. 
 
 13. Tile firing toward Brooklyn, where the fugitives were 
 pursued by the British, giving notice to Lord Stirling that the 
 enemy had gained his rear, he instantly gave orders to retreat 
 across a creek near the Yellow Mills. The more effectually to 
 secure the retreat of the main l>i)dy of the detaciiment, he 
 determined to attack in jK-nson a British corps under Lord 
 Connvallis, stationed at a house somewhat above the place 
 where he proposed to cross th(! creek. 
 
 14. With about four Imndred men, drawn out of Smallwood's 
 regiment for tliat puri)o.se, he made a very sjjirited attack, and 
 brought u[) this small corps several times to the charge, with 
 confident expectations of dislodging Lord Cornwallis from his 
 jio.-t. But, the force in his front increasing, and General Grant 
 now advancing on his rear, he was compelled to surrender 
 himself and his brave men prisoners of war. This bold at- 
 tempt, however, gave opportunity to a large part of the detach- 
 ment to cross the creek, and effect an escape. 
 
 15. The enemy encamped in front of the American lines ; and, 
 on tlie succeeding night, broke ground within si.x hundred yards 
 of a redoubt'' on the left. In tiiis critical state of the Americ.in 
 army on Long Lsland : in front a iiunierous and victorious 
 enemy, with a formidable train of artilliry ; the fleet indicating 
 an intention to force a passage into East liiver to make some 
 
1776.] A^neincaii Revolutiofi, 173 
 
 attempt on ISTew York ; the troops lying without shelter from 
 heavy rains, fatigued and di.s[)irited; it was determined to 
 withdraw from the island; and this difficult movement was 
 effected with great skill and judgment, and with complete 
 success.* — Annals of America. 
 
 Hetveat of If'ashinffton^—lnMenced by his officers, Washington 
 retreated to the northern part of New York Island, and then to White Plains. 
 Here a partial engagement, to the disadvantage of the Americans, took place on 
 the 28th of October, when they withdrew to North Castle. Instead of follow- 
 ing, the British general turned his attention to the forts on the Hudson. 
 
 Leaving one detachment, under Lee,t at North Castle, another, under Colonel 
 Magaw, at Fort Washington, and a third, under General Heath, at Peekskill, 
 Washington crossed the Hudson and entered New Jerse}'. On the 16th of 
 Novemlier, the British attacked Fort Washington, and, although they were 
 successful, the victory cost them a thousand men. The loss to the Americans 
 in the number of troops surrendered was also very heavy. To the number of 
 six thousand, with Lord Cornwallis in command, the enemy crossed the Hudson, 
 and took possession of Fort Lee, which the Americans had abandoned on their 
 approach. Closely pursued by Cornwallis, Washington retreated through New 
 Jersey, and, on the 8th of December, crossed the Delaware with his diminished 
 and disheartened army. Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon after 
 adjoui'ned to Baltimore. 
 
 Battle of Trenton. — A feeling of despondency, occasioned by the many 
 disasters, prevailed among the pati-iots. This was dispelled by a bold enterprise 
 accomplished by Washington. On Christmas night, he crossed the Delaware, 
 and, on the following morning, December 26th, attacked a body of Hessians 
 stationed at Trenton. Rahl, their commander, was mortally wounded, about 
 thirty were slain, and nearly a thousand taken prisoners. The Americans lost 
 only four men, two of whom fell in the battle, and two were frozen to death. 
 This victory restored confidence to the Americans, while it startled and mortified 
 the British. 
 
 Washington recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners ; but, encouraged by 
 his success and finding his army strengthened by recent recruits, he again 
 crossed the river, and took post at Trenton, resolved to act on the offensive. 
 This was a bold movement, for the enemy were assembled in great force at 
 Princeton, only ten miles distant. 
 
 * This retreat was accomplished during a thick fog, about midnisht of the 29th. Washington, as 
 far as possible, inspected everything himself. From the commencement of the action on the 27th 
 until the troops were safely .icross the East River, he never closed his eyes, and was almost constantly 
 on horseback. His wisdom and vigilance, with the interposing favor of Divine Providence, saved 
 the army from destruction. 
 
 + Charles Lee was born in England, in 1731. He was with Braddock in the battle of ths Monon- 
 g.ihela, and with .A.bercrombie in the assault on Ticonderoga. He afterward served in the Russian 
 army. His death occiiired at Philadelphia, in 1782. 
 
174 ^^^^ United States Reader. [1770. 
 
 El'eilfs of 1777.— l*<lttl(' of i'r/iire^o/i.— Washington's whole 
 force, oil tliu 1st c>f Janumy, 1777, did not exceed live thousand men. 
 Cornwallis reached 'rr.iitun on the following afternoon, and, aitli(iu.:h hartied, 
 with serious loss, in his atteini)ts to cross tiie stream running through 
 the town, tclt sure of being able the next morning to capture tiic entire 
 army of the Americans. The fjosition of the latter was critical; but a bold 
 expedient was adopted by Washington. Leaving his camp-fires burning, 
 so as to deceive Cornwallis, he marclicd by a circuitous route toward 
 Princeton, intending to surprise tlie enemy at that place. At sunrise, January 
 3d, the van of his lorces encountered, near Princeton, a division o( the British 
 troops already on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the American militia 
 gave way ; but Washington coming up with a select corps, turned the tide of 
 battle and routed the enemy. The loss of the British in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the j)atriots did not exceed 
 fliirty, but General Mercer, one of their best officers,* was among the mortally 
 woiiiuled. 
 
 Washington at Princeton. — Miss ('. F. Orne. 
 
 TiTK Assuui)ink| was choked with dead between us and the foe. 
 
 We had mowed their ranks before our j^uns, as ripe grain is laid low ; 
 
 But we were few, and worn and spent — many and strong were they, 
 
 And they waited but the morning dawn to fall upon their prey. 
 
 We left our camp-fires burning, (hat their ruddy, gleaming light 
 
 Might hide IVom Lord Cornwallis our hurried march by night. 
 
 While fiery Erskinc frelted at his leader's fond delay, 
 
 All silently and swifll}' we were marching on our \\i\\. 
 
 For the British troops at Princeton our little force was bound, — 
 
 We tracked with bare and lileeding feet the rough and frozen ground; 
 
 All night we hastened onward, and we spoke no word of !)lainf. 
 
 Though we were chilled with bitter cold, with toil and fasting faint ; 
 
 We hailed with joy the sunlight, as o'er the hills it streamed, 
 
 And through the sharp and frosty air on the near homesteads beamed. 
 
 We were weary, we were liungi'v ; before ns lay good cheer. 
 
 And right gladly to the hearth-fires oiu' eager steps drew near. 
 
 But sudden, on our startled sight, long lines of bayonets flash; 
 
 The load's aglow with scailet coats! The British on us dash! 
 
 • Hugh Mercer was born in .<^cotlKnd about 1720. He ttnilicd medicine, became n phytlcinn. and 
 wan H snrRPon's assistant in itie Scotch army in llic battle of CiiHoden (1740). Eniiirratins to 
 America, lie rcsidcil in Viririniii nntil 1755. wben ho |oinod Braddnok's exiicdillon. and was severely 
 >.ouniled at the battle of the MonnncaheU. His funeral, which took place in Pbilndelpbia, was 
 iittrndeil hy 30.003 persons. 
 
 ♦ The name of the stream running throiigh the city of Trenton. 
 
1776.] Aniei'ican Revohdion. ijS 
 
 The smoke-wreaths from our volleys meet; then hand-to-hand the fight ; 
 Proud, gallant Mercer fulls ; our hues are wavering in flight ! 
 " Press on ! " cries Mawhood, " by St. George ! the rebel cowards fly, 
 We'll sweep their ranks before our charge, as storm-winds sweep the sky." 
 
 They burst with bold and sudden spring as a lion on the prey, 
 
 Our ranks of worn and weary men to that fierce rush gave way. 
 
 Black was that bitter moment, and well-nigh all was lost. 
 
 But forth there sprang a god-like form between us and the host. 
 
 The martyr-fires of freedom in his flaming glances burned. 
 
 As his awful countenance sublime upon tlie foe he turned ; 
 
 And, reining up his gallant steed, alone amid the fight. 
 
 Like an angel of the Lord he stood to our astonislied sight ! 
 
 And instantly our wavering bands wheeled into line again, 
 
 And suddenly from either side the death-shots fell like rain. 
 
 All hearts stood still, and horror-struck was each averted eye ; 
 
 For wlio could brook that moment's look, or who could see him die ? 
 
 But when the smoke-clouds lifted, and still we saw him there, 
 
 Oh, what a mighty shout of joy filled all the startled air ! 
 
 And tears fell like the summer showers from our bravest and our best. 
 
 As dashing up with fiery pace around him close they prest. 
 
 A moment's hand-grasp to his Aid, that told the tale of hours, 
 
 " Awaj' ! briug up the troops," he cried, " the day is wholly ours." 
 
 " Now, praised be God !" from grateful lips the fervent prayer uprose, 
 
 And then, as with an eagle's swoop, we bui'st upon our foes. 
 
 And " Long live Washington !" we cried, in answer to his shout, 
 
 As still he spurred his charger on amid the flying rout. 
 
 They broke their ranks before our charge ; amain they wildly fled ; 
 
 Stiff on the slopes, at Princeton, they left their hapless dead. 
 
 No more a band of wearj^ men, we followed in his track. 
 
 And bore, with stern, resistless force, the British lion back. 
 
 Our toilsome march, our sleepless nights, cold, hunger — what were thej' ? 
 
 We broke the yoke of foreign power on that eventful day. 
 
 The great heart of our leader went on before us then. 
 
 And led us forth to wield the strength of more than mortal men ; 
 
 The pulses of that noble heart a nation's life concealed, 
 
 But fate refused the sacrifice whose offer won the field. 
 
 C. C. Haven's Historic Manual. 
 
 Arrival of Lafayette. — Early in 1776, Congress sent Silas Deane to 
 France to solicit aid. Deane was afterwards joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthur 
 Lee. Though France hesitated to extend the aid solicited, the Mnrquis de 
 
 8* 
 
1/6 The United States Reader. [1776. 
 
 Lafayeitc (l(ihfd-etl')^ and other ritizcns of tliat country acted <.f neix)usly. At 
 liis own cxjunse. Lafayette fitted out a vessel, and, in the sf)rin^ of 1777, 
 arrived in America. He joined the array as a volunteer without |)ay, but was 
 soon after a])iHiinted a niajor-j,'eneral. 
 
 First Anniversary of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 [As cdebniti'd in Pliiliulflphia, July ■1th. 1777. This account is extracted from tlio 
 Pennsylvania Journal, one of tlic newspapcis of the tiaie.] 
 
 1. (July 5.) — Yk.stkkdav. being the lir.st anniversary of the 
 Inile])C'ndonce of the United States of America, was celebrated 
 in Philadelpliia witli deiiiunstration.s of joy and festivity. 
 About nf)on all the armed ship.s and galleys in the river were 
 (iiawn ui> l)efore the city, dressed in the gayest manner, with 
 the colors of the United States and streamers dis])layed. 
 Atone o'clock, the yards being ]>roi)erly uianned, they began 
 the celebration of the day by a discharge of thirteen cannon 
 from each of the ships, and one from each of the thirteen gal- 
 ley .>•, in honor of the thirteen United States. 
 
 2. In tiie afternoon an elegant dinner was ])rovided for Con- 
 gress, to which were invited the President and the sujjrenie 
 executive council, the speaker of the Assembly of the State, 
 the general othcers and colonels of the army, and strangers of 
 eminence, and the members of the several continental boards 
 in town. The Hessian band of music, taken in Trenton the 
 twenty-sixth of December last, attended and heightened the 
 festivity with some line performances suited to the joyous oc- 
 casion ; while a cori)S of British deserters, taken into the 
 service of the continent by the State of Georgia, being drawn 
 up before the door, tilled up the intervals with /"c^m: dcjoic"'. 
 
 3. After dinner, a number of toasts were drank, all bretithing 
 Independence tind a generous love of liberty, and commemo- 
 i-ating the memories of those brave and worthy patriots who 
 gallantly exposed tlu'ir lives, and fell gloriously in defense of 
 freedom and the righteous cuusc of their countrv. Each toast. 
 
 • The Miirqiiiii do Liirnyotte wan bi>rn in Franco, of an^nulent nnd diKtiiitcuUliod fiimily. in 1757. 
 Ho will In tlii» biitllen of Brnnd.vwinc. Monnuintli, nud Vorklown, oiid w.is i\ mehilior nf fl\o court tli«t 
 tr;cJ Aiidru ail u spy. IIo died iu PBriK, in 1831. 
 
i^?T6. American RevoliUion. 177 
 
 was followed by a discharge of artillery and small-arms, and a 
 suitable piece of music by the Hessian band. 
 
 4. The glorious Fourth of July was reiterated three times, 
 accompanied with triple discharges of cannon and small-arms, 
 and loud huzzas that resounded from street to street through 
 the city. Toward evening, several troops of horse, a corps of 
 artillery, and a brigade of North Carolina forces, which was in 
 town on its way to join the grand army, were drawn up in 
 Second Street, and reviewed by Congress and the general 
 oflicers. 
 
 5. The evening was closed with the ringing of bells, and at 
 night there was a grand exhibition of fireworks (which began 
 and concluded with thirteen rockets) on the commons; and the 
 city was beautifully illuminated. Everything was conducted 
 with the greatest order and decorum, and the face of joy and 
 gladness was universal. 
 
 Thus may the Fourth of July, that glorious and ever memo- 
 ral)le day, be celebrated through America by the sons of freedom 
 from age to age, till time shall be no more. Amen and Amen! 
 
 Battle of Brandyivine^ etc. — Washington's army was encamped at 
 Morristown during the eariy part of 1777 ; but in the spring ho took up a 
 position at Middlebrook. General Howe, failing to draw Washington into an 
 engagement in New Jersey, conveyed his troops, by means of" the fleet of his 
 brother. Lord Howe, to Chesapeake Bay, at the head of which they disembarked, 
 and marched toward Philadelpliia. At Chad's Ford, on Brandywine Creek, 
 their passage was disputed by Washington ; but the latter was defeated with 
 considerable loss (Sept. 11). Two weeks afterward, Philadelphia fell into the 
 hands of the British. 
 
 JBattle of Gerniantotvn, etc. — Learning that strong detachments of 
 the British army had been dispatched for the reduction of Forts Mifflin and 
 Mercer, on the Delaware, a few miles below Philadelphia, Washington made a 
 vigorous attack upon the main body of the British, stationed at Germantown ; 
 but, although at first successful, he was finally repulsed (Oct. 4). Forts Mifflin 
 and Mercer were soon afterwards captured by the British, though not without a 
 contest in which they met with severe loss (Nov.). 
 
 Ulifgoyne^fy Expedition. — In the meantime, General Burgoi/ne, with 
 an army of ten thousand men, British and German troops, Canadians and In- 
 dians, invaded the State of New York from Canada, with the design of effecting 
 a junction with another army from the city of New York, so as to cut off 
 
178 Tke United States Reader. 11777. 
 
 Washington's communication with the eastern States. At first, Burgoyne met 
 witli some success, cajturing Ticondcroga, and compelling the American forces 
 to retreat to the Mohawk ; but a detachment of his army having been defeated 
 &i Bcnniiujton (Auj^ust IC), the Americans, under General 6'a/e5,* advanced to 
 Bem'is Ilei'jiits, where a severe battle was fought, by which Burgoyne found his 
 march to All)any effoctually checked (Sept. 19). 
 
 A few weeks afterwards, a second battle occurred near the scene of the pre- 
 vious one, and the British were driven back (Oct. 7). In this battle, called the 
 Battle ofSimitoijii, Benedict Arnold, who afterwards turned traitor, greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself. It was soon followed by the surrender of Burgoyncf to 
 General Gates, at Saratoga (Oct. 17). Clinton, in the meantime, had ascended 
 the Hudson as Air as Forts Clinton and Montgomery, and captured both I'orts ; 
 but instead of hastening to the co-operation of Burgoyne, he sent an expedition 
 to devastate the country. The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing 
 of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and other places ; and 
 Clinton's expedition, after burning Kingston, returned to New York. 
 
 Surrender of Burgoyne. — Be Cliasfellux. 
 
 1. Let us now compare the situation of General Burgoyne 
 collecting his trophies and publishing his insolent manifesto' 
 at Ticonderoga, with that in which he now stood, when, van- 
 (pii-^lied and surrounded, as he was, by a troop of peasants, not 
 a place was left him even to discuss the terms of supplication. 
 
 2. I confess, when I was conducted to the spot where the 
 English laid down tlieir arms, and to that where tiicy filed oflf 
 before Gates's army, I could not but partake of the triumph of 
 the Americans, and at the same time admire their magna- 
 nimity; for the soldiers and officers beheld their presumptuous 
 and sanguinary enemies pas.s, without offering the smallest 
 insult, without suffering an insulting smile or gesture to escape 
 them. 
 
 3. This majestic silence conveyed a very striking refutation 
 of the vain declarations of the English general, and seemed to 
 attest all tiie rights of our allies to the victory. Chance alone 
 
 * Horatio Gntes was born in England, in nX. He was an officer in Braddock's expedition, in I7&5, 
 and was severely wounded in tlie buttle oFthe .MonongiilieU. Alter the Revulutionnry War, be resided 
 on an estate wliicli ho owned in Viri;inlit. nntil 1790 He tben removed to New Yurk, where he died 
 in 1806. 
 
 t John Bargoyne was horn in Knglaud, about 1730. Atter his surrender to Gates he returned to 
 Enicland, being then a privinner on parole, where ho was coldly received in Parliament, of which body 
 lie was A member. He died in Ix>udon, in 1792. 
 
1777.] Afnerican Revolution, 179 
 
 gave rise to an allusion with which General Burgoyne was very 
 sensibly affected. It is the custom, in England and in America, 
 on approaching any person for the first time, to say, I am very 
 liaiypy to see you ; General Gates chanced to make use of this 
 expression in accosting General Burgoyne. "I believe, you 
 are," replied the General ; '' the fortune of the day is entirely 
 yours." 
 
 4. General Gates pretended to give no attention to this 
 answer, and conducted Burgoyne to his quarters, where he 
 gave him a good dinner, as well as to the principal of the En- 
 glish ofiicers. Everybody ate and drank heartily, and seemed 
 mutually to forget their misfortunes, or their successes. — Jotir- 
 •nal of Travels in North America. 
 
 Washington at Valley Forge. — Th. Parker. 
 
 \. During the winter of 1777-8, Washington went into win- 
 ter quarters at Valley Forge. What a terrible time it was for 
 the hopes of America! In 1776, he had an army of forty- 
 seven thousand men, and the nation was exhausted by the 
 great effort. In 1777, it was less than twenty tliousand men. 
 Women who had once melted their pewter plates into bullets, 
 could not do it a second time. 
 
 2. At Valley Forge, within a day's march of the enemy's 
 headquarters, there were not twelve thousand soldiers. That 
 winter they lay on the ground. So scarce were blankets, 
 that many were forced to sit up all night by their fires. At 
 one time, more than a thousand soldiers had not a shoe to 
 their feet. You could trace their march by the blood which 
 their naked feet left in the ice. At one time, more than one- 
 fourth of all the troops there are reported as " unfit for duty, 
 because barefoot or otherwise naked." Washington offered a 
 prize for the best substitute for slices made of untanned hides! 
 
 3. Even provisions failed. Once there was a famine in the 
 camp, and Washington must seize provisions by violence, or 
 the army wotild die. He ordered the Pennsylvania farmers to 
 thresh out the wheat and sell it to him, or he would take it 
 and pay them only for the straw. Chngress was disheartened. 
 
i8o The United States Rexdcr. [1777. 
 
 The men of ability staid at Ijome, and Aveaklinc^s took their 
 jdace. For some time tiiere were only twenty-one momhers, 
 and it was diflicnlt to assemble a quorum of States for busi- 
 ness. 
 
 4. Tories abounded. There were cabals against Washington 
 in the army. ]\Iiniin, Conway, Gates, Pickering, Schuyler, 
 were hostile; and thoy found almndant supi)()rt in Congress. 
 Samuel Adams* distrusted AVa.shin<r(oii. So, too, did John 
 Adams. James Lovell, of Massacluisetts, and Richard Henry 
 Lee, of Virginia, were not more friendly, and far less honorabk'. 
 I: is not wholly to be wondered at. 
 
 5. Within a year, WasliiiiLrton had lost New York and its 
 neighborhood — lost Philadeliihia and all the strongholds around 
 it. He had gained but one victory worth naming — that at 
 Trenton. In the meantime. Burgoyne, an able soldier, with an 
 admirable army, had walked into a traj) on the North J{iver, 
 and had Iteen taken by Gates and the northern army, who 
 were most of them militia of Xew England. It is not won- 
 derful that nu-n doul)ted, and thought that the sellish, mean- 
 spirited, and loud-talking General Conway would do l)etter than 
 the modest Washington to command the army. 
 
 6. Samuel Adams wanted democratic rotation in ollice. that 
 the general should be hired by the year! If he had not been 
 possessed of great wealth, and cared for nothing, I think 
 W^ashington's command had come to an end before 1TT8. But 
 Dr. Franklin was on the other side of the sea; and, with con- 
 summate art, he had induced the French court to favor Amer- 
 ica with contributions of money and of arms, and, after the 
 surrender of liurgoyne, to acknowledge the indepemlence of 
 the United States, and to make an open treaty of alliance, fur- 
 nishing America with money and men, artillery and stores. 
 Then, first, America began to up lift her droojting lu'ad. — His- 
 toric Americans. 
 
 * Siitnue) AdRDis WM bom In Boston, in 1722. Ho and Julin Adiimi were related, having the Mine 
 (;rcntf;nindrather, innkin;; thorn Hocond rouhlnii. Ilu wasuiie of tbo siKneni uf the Ut-cluratiou oflu- 
 d?ppni:once. His death occurred in Boston, iu 1803. 
 
1777] Anierica7i Revolution. i8i 
 
 Life at Valley Totc^q.—Gco. W. Greene. 
 
 1. But even Valley Forge had its recreations, " Several gen- 
 eral officers are sending for their wives,"' writes Lafayette to his 
 own, '•' and I envy them, not their wives, but the happiness of 
 being where they can see them." Mrs. Greene (wife of General 
 Greene) had joined her huslDand early in January, bringing 
 with her her summer's acquisition, a stock of French, that 
 quickly made her little parlor the favorite resort of foreign 
 otfieers. 
 
 2. There was often to be seen Lafayette, not yet turned of 
 twenty-one, though a husband, a father, and a major-general ; 
 graver somewhat in his manners than strictly belonged either 
 to his years or his country; and loved and trusted by all 
 — by Washington and Greene especially. Steuben, too, was 
 
 .often there, wearing his republican uniform, as, fifteen years 
 before, he had worn the uniform of the despotic Frederick ; as 
 deeply skilled in the ceremonials" of a court as in the manccu- 
 vring of an army ; with a glittering star on his left breast, that 
 bore witness to the ftiithful service he had rendered in his 
 native Germany ; and revolving in his accurate mind designs 
 which were to transform this mass of physical strength, which 
 Americans had dignified with the name of army, into a real 
 army, which Frederick himself might have accepted. 
 
 3. He had but little English at his command, as yet ; but at 
 his side there was a mercurial" young Frenchman, Peter Dupon- 
 ceau {dn-2)onrfso), who knew how to interpret both his graver 
 thoughts and the lighter gallantries with which the genial old 
 soldier loved to season his intercourse with the wives and 
 daughters of his new fellow-citizens. As the years passed, 
 away, Duponceau himself became a celebrated man, and loved 
 to tell tlie story of these checkered days. 
 
 4. Another German, too, De Kalb, was sometimes seen there ; 
 taller, statelier, graver than Steuben, with the cold, observant 
 eye of the diplomatist, rather than the quick glance of tlie 
 soldier ; though a soldier, too, and a brave and skillful one ; 
 caring very little about the cause he had forsaken his noble 
 
1 82 Tlie United States Reader. 11777. 
 
 chateair and lovL-ly wife to fi<?ht lor, but a great deal about the 
 promotion and decorations which his good service here was to 
 win him in France ; for he had made himself a Frenchman, and 
 served the King of France, and bought him French lands, and 
 married a French wife. 
 
 5. Already before this war began, he had come hither in the 
 service of France to study the jn'ogress of tlie growing discon- 
 tent ; and now he was here again, an American major-general, 
 led partly by the ambition of rank, partly by the thirst of dis- 
 tinction, but much, too, l)y a certain restlessness of nature and 
 longing for excitement and action, not to be wondered at in 
 one who had fought his way up from a butlership to a barony'. 
 
 6. lie and Steuben had served on opposite sides during the 
 Seven Years' War, though born, both of them, on the same 
 bank of the lihine; and tiiough, when Steuben first came, 
 De Kalb was at Albany, yet in ^May they must have met more 
 tiian once. How did they feel toward each other, the soldier 
 of Frederick and the soldier of Louis? If we had known more 
 about tiiis, we should have known better, perhaps, why Lafay- 
 ette, a fast friend of De Kalb, speaks of the "methodic medio- 
 crity" of Steuben, and Steuben of the "vanity ami presump- 
 tion *' of the young major gvnenil. 
 
 7. [Many other foreign otticers of })resent or subsequent, 
 distinction were also in the same circle.] Kosciusko* was in 
 the nortli, but Poland iiad still another representative, — the 
 gallant Pulaski, who had done good service during the last 
 campaign, and who, the very next year, was to lay down liis 
 life ibr us at the siege of Savannah. 
 
 8. Washington, too, and his wife were often seen in this 
 evening circle, — not the grave, cold Washington of some books, 
 but a human being, who knew how to laugh heartily and smile 
 genially; and the courtly Morris and the brilliant Keed were 
 there ; and Charles Carroll, who was to outlive them nearly all ; 
 and Knox, whom Greene loved as a brother; and Hamilton and 
 
 • Thnddeim Koiciiisko, n Polish patriot, wua bora nbout 1755 He wns with Oatea in the two 
 battles or Slillwnter. nnd siihiicqiiently diittlncnisliod liiiuseir lu nn ncUutniit of \VHshini;ton. Hit 
 dciith. wliich uccuricil in .Switzerland, in IMI7, was caused by n ThII rrom his horse over n precipice. 
 
1777.J American Revolution. 183 
 
 Laurens, as often as their duty would permit; and Wayne, and 
 Varnuni, and Sullivan, and many others of whom history tells, 
 with some of whom she has kept no record; all eqnally glad to 
 escape, for a while, from stern dnties and grave cares, to a 
 cheerful fireside and genial conversation. 
 
 9. There was no room for dancing in these narrow quarters ; 
 but next winter, at Morristown, we shall find a good deal of it, 
 and see Washington dancing four hours with Mrs. Greene 
 without once sitting down. There were no cards, either. All 
 games of chance had been prohibited early in the war; and 
 American ofiicers, even if they had had the means and inclina- 
 tion, had no opportunity to ruin themselves, as the officers of 
 Howe's army Avere ruining themselves at Philadelphia this very 
 winter. 
 
 10. But there was tea or coffee, and pleasant conversation 
 always, and music often, no one who had a good voice being 
 allowed to refuse a song. Few could give more interest to a 
 story, or life to an anecdote, than Mrs. Greene, and no one in 
 those evening circles could excel her in adapting her subject 
 and manner to the taste and manner of the immediate listener. 
 And thus, again, somewhat of the gentleness of domestic life 
 was shed over these stern scenes of war, and somewhat of its 
 cheerfulness brought into these narrow dwellings ; of them- 
 selves " no gayer," writes Lafayette, '• than a dungeon." 
 
 11. Out of doors, all was more like a dungeon still; for the 
 bleak hills shut them in on one side, the frozen river on the 
 other. Out of the cold, white snow rose the leafless forest, 
 dark and spectral ; and the wind swept in fierce gusts down 
 the valley, or sighed and moaned around the thatched roofs of 
 the huts. From the huts themselves came few signs of life, 
 but the smoke that swayed to and fro over the chimneys at the 
 will of the blast, and the shivering sentinels at the officers' 
 doors, and now and then, as you passed along, a half-naked 
 soldier peering from a door, and muttering, in an ominous 
 undertone, " No bread, no soldier." 
 
 12. If you ventured within, hungry nakedness met you on 
 the threshold, or a foul and diseased air repelled you from it. 
 
184 The United States Reader. t»778. 
 
 Ill tlie streets, you would meet parties of soldiers yoked together 
 to little earriages of their own contriving, and dragging their 
 wood and i)rovi.sioiis from the storehouse to their huts. Therj 
 were regular parades, too, at guard-mounting; and sometimes 
 grand parades, in wliich you would see men half naked ludding 
 their rusty firelocks with hands stiffened with cold, and officers 
 shielding themselves from the cold in a kiiul of dressing-gown 
 made out of an old blanket or faded bed-quilt, — Life of Xa- 
 i lilt n id Greene. 
 
 Events of 177 8. — AUiauce with Fraiu-e. — The sr.cccss of the 
 Aincricims at Saratoga decided the negotiations wliieh hail heen set on foot in 
 1 776. rranec acknowledged tlie indepen<lence of the United States, and, mainly 
 througli ttic efforts of Dr. Franklin, an alliance was concluded between tlie two 
 nations. The French government at once fitted out a scjuadron, of which 
 Count D'Kst.iing {tles-luni/')'^ wan given the command, and, alx)Ut the middle 
 of Aiiril, the fleet sailed for Anicriea. 
 
 Erfir nation of Phittnlelphid. — In the meantime, Oen. IIowc having 
 resigned his command, Gen. Clinton was appointed liis successor ; and the 
 British government, fearing for the safety of their army at Philadelphia, ordered 
 Clinton to proceed to New York. In July D'Estaing arrived in Delawai-e Bay, 
 but not in time to capture the British fleet, as Lord Howe had sailed a few days 
 before. On the 18th of .lune, Clinton evacuated PhiLidelphia, and commenced 
 his march through New Jersey to New York. The Americans gave jmrsuit ; 
 and at Mon'mouth, on the 28th, a severely contested battle was fought. 
 
 Battle of Monmouth. — Iwinfj. 
 
 1. E.\UTA' in the morning, Washington received an express 
 from Dickinson, informing him that the enemy were in mo- 
 tion, lie instantly sent orders to Lee to push forward and 
 attack them, uuless there should i)e powerful reasons to the 
 contrary, adding, that he was coming on to supi)ort him. For 
 that i)urpose he immediately set forward with his own troops, 
 ordering them to throw by their knapsacks and blankets, 
 
 2. Knyi)hausen, with the British vanguard, had begun about 
 daybreak to descend into the valley between Monmouth (Jourt 
 House and Middletown. To give the long train of wagons 
 and pack-horses time to get well on the way, Sir Henry Clinton, 
 
 • riiiirlpK Hector, Count D'RiitHin;:, wiw iiiiiitivo of Friince. boiii In 1729. He wan a memlicrnflho 
 Atmrniblyor Nntnlilps in tlie KrcucU Kevoliition , but, lulling uuiler tlio Buspicion of the Terrorists, 
 wus gulllutiiied in 1791. 
 
irjs.j American Revolution. i85 
 
 with his choice troops, remained in camp on the heights of 
 Freehold until eight o'clock, when he likeAvise resumed the 
 line of march toward Middletown. 
 
 3. In the mean time Lee, on hearing of the early movement 
 of the enemy, had advanced with the brigades of Wayne and 
 Maxwell, to support the light troops engaged in skirmishing. 
 The difficulty of reconnoitering a country cut up l)y woods and 
 morasses, and the perplexity occasioned by contradictory reports, 
 embarrassed his movements. Being joined by Lafayette, with 
 the main body of the advance, he had now about four thousand 
 men at his command, independent of those under Morgan and 
 General Dickinson. 
 
 4. Arriving on the heights of Freehold, and riding forward 
 with General Wayne to an open place to reconnoitre, Lee 
 caught sight of a force under march, but partly hidden from 
 view by intervening woods. Supposing it to be a mere cover- 
 ing party of about two thousand men, he detached Wayne with 
 seven hundred men and two pieces of artillery, to skirmish in 
 its rear and hold it in check; while he, with the rest of his 
 force, taking a shorter road through the woods, would get in 
 front of it, and cut it off from the main body. He at the 
 same time sent a message to Wasliington, apprising him of this 
 movement and of his certainty of success. 
 
 5. Wasliington, in the mean time, was on his march with 
 the main body, to support the advance, as he had promised. 
 The booming of cannon at a distance indicated that the attack 
 so much desired had commenced, and caused him to quicken 
 his march. Arrived near Freehold church, where the road 
 forked, he detached Greene with part of his forces to tlie right, 
 to flank the enemy in the rear of Monmouth Court-House, 
 Avhile he, with the rest of the column, would press forward by 
 the other road. 
 
 6. Washington had alighted while giving these directions, 
 and Avas standing with his arm thrown over his horse, when a 
 countryman rode up, and said the CJontinental troops were re- 
 treating. Washington was provoked at what he considered a 
 false alarm. The man pointed, as his authority, to an Ameri- 
 
]86 The United Stales Reader. [itts, 
 
 can fifer, who just then caniL- up in l)reathless affright. 'Wv 
 fifiT was ordered into custody to prevent his spreadini,^ an alarm 
 among the troojis who wi-re advancing, and was threatened with 
 a flogging sliould lie repeat the story. 
 
 7. Springing on his iiorse, Wasliington liad moved forward 
 hut a short distance when he met other fugitives, one in the garb 
 of a soklier, wlio all concurred in the report. He now sent 
 forward Colonels Fitzgerald and Harrison, to learn the truth, 
 while he himself spurred i)ast Freehold meeting-house. Be- 
 tween that edifice and the morass beyond it, he met Grayson's 
 and Patton's regiments in most disorderly retreat, jaded with 
 heat and fatigue. Riding up to the officer at their head, 
 AVashington demanded wliL-ther the whole advance corps were 
 retreating. The officer believed they were. 
 
 8. It seemed incredible. There had been scarce any firing; 
 Wasliington had received no notice of the retreat from Lee. 
 He was still almost inclined to doubt, when the heads of several 
 columns of tiie advance began to appear. It was too evident — 
 the whole advance was falliug back on the nuiin body, and no 
 notice had been given to him. One of the first officers that 
 came up was ('•>loutl Slirivi-, at the head of his regiment; 
 Washington, greatly surprised and alarmed, asked the meaning 
 of tills retreat. The colonel smiled significantly — he did not 
 know — he had retreated by order. There had been no fighting 
 excepting a slight skirmish with the enemy's cavalry, which 
 had been repulsed. 
 
 9. A suspicion flashed across Washington's mind, of wrong- 
 headed conduct on the part of Lee, to mar the plan af attack 
 adopted contrary to his counsels. Ordering Colonel Shreve to 
 jnarch his men over the morass, halt them on the hill beyond 
 and refresh them, he galloped forward to stop the retreat of the 
 rest of the advance, his indignation kindling as he rode. At 
 the rear of the regiment he met Major Howard; he, too, 
 could give no reason for the retreat, but seemed ]>rovoked at 
 it — declaring that he had never seen the like. Another 
 officer exclaimed, with an oath, that they were flying from a 
 shadow. 
 
IT 78.] American Revolution. 187 
 
 10. Arriving at a risirig ground, AVashington beheld Lee ap- 
 proaching with the residue of his command, in full retreat. By 
 this time he was thoroughly exasperated. "What is the mean- 
 ing of all this, sir ? " demanded he, in the sternest and even 
 fiercest tone, as Lee rode up to him. Lee for a moment was dis- 
 concerted, and hesitated in making a reply, for Washington's 
 aspect, according to Lafayette, was terrible. " I desire to know 
 the meaning of this disorder and confusion," was again de- 
 manded, still more vehemently. 
 
 11. Lee, stung by the manner more than the words of the 
 demand, made an angry reply, and provoked still sharper 
 expressions, which have been variously reported. He attempted 
 a hurried explanation. His troops had been thrown into con- 
 fusion by contradictory intelligence; by disobedience of orders ; 
 by the meddling and blundering of individuals ; and he had 
 not felt disposed, he said, to beard the whole British army with 
 troops in such a situation. 
 
 12. "I have certain information," rejoined ^Washington, 
 " that it was merely a covering party." 
 
 " That may be, but it was stronger than mine, and I did not 
 think proper to run such a risk." 
 
 " I am very sorry," replied Washington, " that you under- 
 took the command, unless you meant to fight the enemy." 
 
 " I did not think it prudent to bring on a general engage- 
 ment." 
 
 " Whatever your opinion may have been," replied Washing- 
 ton, disdainfully, " I expected my orders would have been 
 obeyed." 
 
 13. This all passed rapidly, and, as it were, in flashes; for 
 there was no time for parley. The enemy were within a quarter 
 of an hour's march. Washington's appearance had stopped tlie 
 retreat. The fortunes of the day were to be retrieved, if pos- 
 sible, by instant arrangements. These he proceeded to make 
 Avith great celerity. The place was favorable for a stand ; it 
 was a rising ground, to which the enemy could approach only 
 over a narrow causeway. The rallied troops were hastily formed 
 upon this eminence. Colonels Stewart and Eamsey, with two 
 
1 88 The United States Reader. (itts. 
 
 batteries, were stationed in a covert of woods on their left, to 
 protect them and keep the enemy at l)ay. Colonel Oswald was 
 posted lor the same purpose on a heiglit, witli two tield-pieces. 
 The promptness with which everythijjg was done showed the 
 effects of the Baron Steuben's discipline 
 
 14. A warm cannonade by Oswald, Stewart, and Kamsey, had 
 the desired effect. The enemy were brought to a stand, and 
 Washington had time to gallop back and bring on the main 
 body. This he formed on an eminence, with a wood in the 
 rear and the morass in front. 'I'he left wing was commanded 
 by Lord Stirling, who had with him a detachment of artillery 
 and several field-pieces. General Greene was on his rigiit. 
 
 15. Lee jiad maintained liis advanced position with great 
 spirit, but; was at length obliged to retire. lie brought off his 
 troops in good order, across a causeway whicli traversed the 
 morass in front of Lord Stirling. As he had promised, he was 
 the last to leave the ground. Having formed iiis men in a line, 
 l)eyond the morass, lie rode up to Washington. '• Here, sir, are 
 my troops," said he ; " how is it your pleasure I should dispose 
 of them?" Washington saw that the jjoor fellows were ex- 
 hausted by marching, countermarching, hard fighting, and the 
 intolerable heat of the weather: he ordered Lee, therefore, to 
 re})air with them to the rear of Englishtown, and to assemble 
 there all the scattered fujritives he mijjiit meet with 
 
 16. The enemy at length gave way, and fell back to the 
 ground which Lee had occupied in the morning. Here their 
 flanks were secured ])y woods and morasses, and their front 
 coukl only be approached across a narrow causeway. Not- 
 withstanding the difficulties of the position, Washington 
 prepared to attack it; ordering General Poor, with his own 
 and the Carolina l)rigade, to move round upon their right, anil 
 General Woodford on their left ; while tiie artillery should gall 
 them in front. 
 
 17. Before tiiese orders could be carried into effect, the day 
 was at an end. Many of the soldiers had sunk upon the 
 ground, overcome by fatigue and the heat of the weather; 
 all needed repose. The troops, therefore, which had been in 
 
1778.] Americaji Revolution. 1S9 
 
 the udvance, wej-e ordered to lie on their arms 011 the ground 
 they occupied, so as to be ready to make the attack by day- 
 break. Tiie main army did the same, on the field of action, 
 to be at hand to support them. Washington lay on his 
 cloak at the foot of a tree, with Lafayette beside him, talking 
 over the strange conduct of Lee; whose disorderly retretit had 
 come so near being fatal to the army. — Life of Washiugton. 
 
 Hesult of the Battle. — During the night, Clinton silently retreated, 
 leaving in his deserted camp only a few wounded officers and privates, whom 
 he was unable to carry with him on his hurried march. At daybreak his army 
 was beyond pursuit. The loss of the British in the battle and by desertions 
 during the march, amounted to fifteen hundred men. The patriots lost more 
 than two hundred, many of whom fell from the excessive heat and fiitigue of 
 the day. 
 
 End of I^ee^s Career. — Lee's pride having been wounded by the 
 rebuke which he had received, he addressed two disrespectful letters to Wash- 
 ington. For this disrespect and his conduct on the battle-field, he was tried by 
 a court-martial, found guilty, and sentenced to be suspended from command 
 for one year. He, however, never rejoined the army, but, just before the close 
 of the war, died in Philadelphia. 
 
 Attack on Rhode Island. — A combined attack by D'Estaing and 
 Gen. Sullivan was planned for the expulsion of the British from Rhode Island, 
 where, under Gen. Pig'ot, they had established a military depot. Tempted by 
 the hope of a victory, D'Estaing sailed from Newport to meet Lord Howe, who 
 had heard of Pigot's danger and hastened to his relief; but a furious storm 
 having disabled the two fleets just as they were about to engage, he returned to 
 Newport, and soon after departed for Boston, to repair his ships. 
 
 Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, withdrew to the northern part of the 
 island ; and, being followed by the enemy, an engagement took place, August 
 29th, resulting in a loss of over two hundred on each side, and in the repulse 
 of the British. Learning that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of 
 Pigot, Sullivan gained the mainland just in time to avoid being intercepted by 
 Clinton. 
 
 Massacre of Wlfoniing. — Early in July, a large force of torics and 
 Indians, under Col. John Butler, entered the valley of Wy-o'ming, Pennsyl- 
 vania, spread desolation in every direction, and slaughtered a body of in- 
 habitants who had marched against them. In November, a party of the same 
 mixed character fell upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, New York, and 
 killed or carried into captivity many of the settlers. 
 
 Cajiture of Savannali. — Toward the close of the year, Clinton sent 
 an expedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. Col. Campbell, its 
 commander, proceeded against Savannah, then defended by a small force under 
 
19^ ^ii^e United States Reader. [1779. 
 
 Gen. Robert Howe, and, on tlie 29th of December, made an attack. The 
 Americans were deflated with great loss, and, in consequence, Savannah fell 
 into tlie liands of the British, and was retained by them till 178.3. 
 
 Events of 177 !K— lie-capture of Stouy i*oi/if.— Washington, 
 desirin<; to re-capturc Stony Point, New York, which had been taken a short 
 time j)reviously, planned an attack to l)c conducted by Wayne.- At midnijiht, 
 on the 13th of July, the Americans, in two columns, forced their way into the 
 fort from opposite sides, and, meetinjj: in the centre of the works, the },Mrri^on 
 surrendered at discretion. The entire loss of the patiiots in this brilliant suc- 
 cess, achieved at the point of the bayonet and without liriug a gun, was 
 fifteen killed and eighty-three wounded. The enemy lost upward of six hun- 
 dred in killcil and jirisoncrs. 
 
 linttle of (7ienntn(/. — Sullivan, who had been sent against the Indians 
 of western New York, to check their depredations and avenge the "Massacre 
 of Wyoming," was completely successful. He defeated a body of Indians and 
 tories in the battle of Chemung (s/ie-mun^'), August 29th, and then destroyed 
 forty Indian villages, and a vast amount of corn. 
 
 Paul Jones's I'irfori/. — In September an obstinate engagement took 
 place off the eastern coast of England, between a small squadron of French 
 and American vessels, commanded by Paul Jones.t and two British frigates. 
 It lasted from seven till after ten at night, when both frigates sniTcndered. 
 
 Paul Jones's Naval Battle. — rarton. 
 
 1. Fir^f Hour. — CoMMoiiuKt JoNK.s. liiuling that lie liad an 
 enemy of superior force on his hantl.s, nsecl all his art to gain 
 an advantage over the Serapis (the British vessel) in point of 
 position, so as to rake lier. But Captain Pearson of the Sera))is 
 being as good a sailor as himself, and having a better ship and 
 a better-trained crew, not only balked this design, l)ut gave the 
 Bon Homme Richard (JonCs's ship) some raking fires. Jones 
 soon saw that his only chance for an equal fight was to close 
 with his adversary, and ll<xht ir out, muzzle to muzzle and 
 hand to hand. 
 
 2. His first attempt to close failed, from the defective training 
 of his crew, his Malays understanding neither English nor 
 
 • Anthony Whydc wnn bom Kt Wnjiiei>bormigh, Thester Tounty, Pennsylvunla, in 1745 In ITW, 
 dnrinR WHsliinRton'i ndminiKlrnlinn. lii> defealpd tlie Indians In the battle of tlie Manniec, Ohio. 
 During Ilie Revolutinn he n-n!i Itnown as "Mad Anthony." He died at Presque Isle, now Erie, 
 In 1796, while on his way from the west. 
 
 t John Paul .tones was horn in Scotland, in 17<7. When the American Revolotion broke out he 
 waa in Virginia. Or. Franklin aided him in France to lit out the fleet. Ui« name was John I'lnil, 10 
 which, for some nnknown renson. he added Jones. Alter the Revolution he entered the Rutsiui 
 naval service He died at Paris, in poverty and neglect, in 1792 
 
1779.] American Revohition. 191 
 
 iiaTigation. He ran liis bowsprit on board the Serapis, but in 
 such a manner that he could not bring a gun to bear. 
 
 " Have you struck ? " shouted an officer on board the English 
 ship. 
 
 "I have not begun to fight," replied Commodore Jones. 
 
 He backed off; but the Serapis, wearing round "upon her 
 heel," ran her jib-boom into the mizzen rigging of the Bon 
 Homme Richard. 
 
 3. Jones instantly lashed the bowsprit of the enemy to his 
 own mizzen-mast ; and, in another minute or two, the two ves- 
 sel's swuug round alongside of each other, the stern of one to 
 the bow of the other, the yards and rigging all entangled, the 
 muzzles of the one touching the side of the other, the end of 
 the main-yard of the American ship being directly over the 
 main-hatchway of the Serapis. 
 
 4. Not a moment too soon had Commodore Jones closed 
 with his powerful adversary. It was eight o'clock when the 
 ships came together, and the action had lasted just an hour. 
 By that time, though the Serapis had suffered no very serious 
 damage, the Bon Homme Richard had received eighteen shots 
 below the water ; had four feet of water in her hold ; was leaking 
 as fast as her pumps could clear her ; had had four guns burst ; 
 had every gun on the side next the enemy silenced, except two 
 nine-pounders on the quarter-deck; and had lost a hundred 
 men in killed and wounded. Some officers had abandoned 
 their posts, many more were disabled ; and all figliting on the 
 decks seemed at an end. 
 
 5. The ship, in fact, was beaten ; it was the indomitable'' 
 heart of John Paul Jones, supported by a few gallant spirits 
 beloAV and aloft, that was not conquered. In the tops, he re- 
 ceived efficient aid, particularly in the main-top, where Lieu- 
 tenant Stack commanded a most expert, vigilant, and daring- 
 body of sailors and marines 
 
 6. Second Horir. — Brilliant moonlight. The commodore 
 being now" the only officer left on the quarter-deck, rallied the 
 men that still had fight in them, and shifted over one of the 
 nine-pounders on the other side of the deck, to the side next 
 
 9 
 
192 The United States Reader. [1779. 
 
 tlie Seru])is. The rest of the action Mas fought with the three 
 niiK'-i)oiuulcTS and tlie musketry in the tops; not a gun below, 
 nor a gun forward of the (juarter-deck, was fired after the shijJS 
 closed. Jones himself handled the nine-pounders. One of 
 them he charged with round-shot, and pointed it continually 
 at the main-mast of the Serapis; the others, tilled with grape 
 and canister, swept the enemy's deeks with most destructive 
 effect ; wliile from the to))S rained a murderous fire of musketry. 
 
 7. The commander of the Herapis relied chiefly upon his 
 lower-deck guns, and poured l)rt)adside after broadside into the 
 battei-ed old hulk of the Bon Homme Kiehard, hoping to sink 
 her. Both ships repeatedly caught fire; and "the scene,'' as 
 CajUain Jones observes, '• was dreadful beyond the reach of 
 language.'' But the terror on board the Bon Iloninie IJiehard 
 Avas water, not fire ; for it soiui began to be doul)tful if she 
 could l-e kept afloat long eiu)ugh to light the action fairly out. 
 Towards nine, one of her pumps being shot away, and the car- 
 penter crying out the ship must go down, a panic arose among 
 the group near the pumps, and the ^runner ran aft to strike the 
 flag. 
 
 8. ''Fortunately for me," says Jones, "a cannon-ball had 
 done that before;'' Avhich the gunner perpeiving, he shouted, 
 "QuartersI quarters I" in the tone of a man who thinks his 
 sliip is sinking. •* Do you call for quarter?" shouted Capttiin 
 Pearson. '• Xo," rei)]ied Jones, with savage emphasis. The 
 answer was unheard in the noise of the battle, and Captain 
 Pearson ordered a i)arty to board. 
 
 9. On mounting the bulwarks of the Bon Ilomme T\ichard, 
 the boarders were mot by a vigorous charge of pikemon. who 
 had been stationed along the deck for the jiurpose, under cover 
 of the bulwarks. The l)oarders returned to their guns, and 
 the battle was renewed with redoubled fury. At the moment 
 of the i>anic on l)oard the American ship, a petty oflRcer had set 
 at liberty the four hundred and fifty prisiniers confined beloM', 
 meaning to give them a chanee for tlieir lives; and, before 
 they could be again secured, one of them, the cajitain of a 
 twenty-gun ship taken a day or two before, leaped into a port- 
 
17T9.] American Revolution. 193 
 
 hole of the Serapis, and told Captain Pearson that if he could 
 but hold out a few minutes longer, the enemy's ship must 
 sink. This news, equal to a reinforcement of two hundred 
 men, gave new heart to the brave commander of the Serapis. 
 
 10. And so the battle raged another hour, Jones being well 
 seconded by the best of his crew, and efficiently aided by some 
 of the volunteers. Even his purser, Mr. Matthew Mease, most 
 nobly fought on the quarter-deck ; and when, at last, he was 
 wounded in the head so seriously that it was afterward tre- 
 panned in six places, he only remained below long enough to 
 have it bound with a handkerchief, and then returned to his 
 gun. 
 
 11. A yonng Parisian, named Baptiste Travallier {trali-val'- 
 ya), a friend of the Chaumonts {slio-monrj'), amused the band 
 of fighting men on the quarter-deck. One of the sailors call- 
 ing for wadding, young Travallier took off his coat and thrust 
 it into the muzzle of the gun. Soon after, the ship catching 
 fire, he took off his shirt, and dipping it into water, used it 
 '•with great dexterity" to extinguish tlie flames ; and fought 
 the rest of the action in a cool undress of trousers and shoes. 
 
 12. Third Hour. — The sharpshooters in the tops of the Bon 
 Homme Eichard, aided by the commodore's grape and canister, 
 had, by the end of the second hour of the battle, killed, wounded, 
 or driven below, most of the men on the deck of the Serapis, 
 and every man above the deck. Emboldened by this, the 
 sailors in the main-top of the American formed aline along the 
 main-yard, the end of which hung directly over the enemy's 
 main hatchway. 
 
 13. A cool and daring sailor, seated at the end of the yard, 
 dropped hand-grenades into the hatchway. One of these ex- 
 ploding in a heap of cartridges, they blew up with appalling 
 effect. Twenty men were instantly blown to pieces ; forty 
 more were disabled, and, as some report, forty more were 
 slightly wounded. Tlie ship was set on fire in half a dozen 
 places at once, nor was the fire extinguished until the next day. 
 Thus, Avhile one ship was tlireatened with one element,-the 
 other had to contend with another; and the question was. 
 
194 ^^^^ United Slates Reader. [1779. 
 
 which was likely to gain the faster, the water in the hold of 
 the Richard, or the JSre between the decks of the Serapis. . . 
 14. The End of it. — Scottish grit carried the day on this 
 occasion against English pluck. At half-past ten, when the 
 combat had lasted three hours and a half, Captain Pearson 
 ordered his flag to be struck. — Life of Franklin. 
 
 Hepulse of the Amcrirfnis at S(iV)(tuiah.—lx\ Scptcmlicr, 1779, 
 D'Estainj^ aiipeaivil Ix-foro Suvaiiiuili, aii<l prepared to co-operate with CJencral 
 Lincoln, then coninianding the American Corccs in tlic South, in an ellbrt to 
 regain possession of the city. On the 9th t)f October, after a .siege of aJwut 
 thrce weeks, an assault was made, but the allied forces were repulsed witii the 
 loss of about a thousand men. Among those who fell w.is the gallant Count 
 Pulaski. General Lincoln, receiving no further aid from D'Estaing, was then 
 obliged to abandon the siege, and he retired with his little army to Charleston. 
 
 Pulaski's Banner. — LongfeUoiv. 
 
 [Connt Pnlnski. a hravc I'nlisli olViccr. ciitcTcd the American sc^^•icc in 1777 ; and, after 
 the battle of the Brandywinc, in which he commanded the cavalr>', was made a br jjadier. 
 This api>ointment he swm resijjned. to command an independent corps, which he raised 
 in IJaltimore in 177S. It was on this occasion tliat lie was presented with the celebrated 
 buTiner of crimson silk, by the Moravian ninis of liethlehem, in Pennsylvania. This 
 banner he y;allantly bore throuL;h many a conflict until he fell at Savannah. The follow- 
 ing beautiful poem commemorates the presentation of the banner.] 
 
 WiiEN the dying flame of day 
 
 Through the chancel shot its ray, 
 
 Far the gliininering taper shed 
 
 Faint light on lite cowled head, 
 
 And the censer burning swung. 
 
 Where before the altar hung 
 
 That proud banner, which, with pra5-er, 
 
 Had been consecrated there ; 
 And the nuns' sweet hymn was beard the while, 
 Sung low in the dim, mysterious aisle : 
 
 " Take thy banner. May it wave 
 Proudly o'er the good and brave, 
 Wiien the battle'.s distant wail 
 Breaks the Sabbath of our vale ; 
 "When tlie claiionV music thrills 
 To the hf/arts of the.se lone hills; 
 When I lie spear in conflict shakes, 
 And the strong lance, shivering, breaks. 
 
1780.] American Revolutio7i. iqS 
 
 " Take thy banuer; and, beneath 
 The war-cloud's encircling wreath, 
 Guard it— till our homes are free; 
 Guard it — God will prosper thee I 
 In the dark and trying hour, 
 In the breaking forth of power, 
 In the rush of steeds and men, 
 His right hand will shield thee then. 
 
 " Take thy banner. But, when night 
 
 Closes round the ghastly fight, 
 
 If the A^anquish'd warrior bow. 
 
 Spare him — by our holy vow ; 
 
 By our prayers and many tears ; 
 
 By the mercy that endears ; 
 
 Spare him — he our love hath shared ; 
 
 Spare him — as thou would'st be spared. 
 
 " Take thy banner ; and, if e'er 
 
 Thou should'st press the soldier's bier, 
 
 And the muffled drum should beat 
 
 To the tread of mournful feet. 
 
 Then this crimson flag shall be 
 
 Martial cloak and shroud for thee." 
 And the warrior took that banner proud, 
 And it was his martial cloak and shroud. 
 
 [The banner was saved by Pulaski's lieutenant, and was taken to Baltimore. It was 
 subsequently deposited in Peale's Museum ; and, in 1844, was presented to the Maryland 
 Historical Society, in whose possession it still remains.] 
 
 Events of 1780. — Taking of Charleston. — The principal mili- 
 tary oijcrations of 1780 were carried on in the Carolinas. Clinton, with a fleet 
 commanded by Ar'buth-not, having sailed from New York to the South, ap- 
 peared before Charleston in February, and, on the 1st of April, commenced a 
 regular siege. The forces defending the city were commanded by Lincoln. 
 While the siege was in progress, an American corps, stationed at Monk's Corner, 
 to keep open a communication between the city and the interior, was surprised 
 by Col. Tarleton (tarl'iun) and put to flight. On the 12th of May, after a 
 heroic defense of about forty days, Lincoln surrendered ; and six thousand pris- 
 oners fell into the hands of the British. 
 
 Partisan Warfare in the Sonth. — Clinton, believing South Caro- 
 lina to be subdued, sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis to carrj' the war 
 into Nortli Carolina and Virginia; but Generals Sumter* and Marion, and 
 
 * Tliomiis Sumter w.is born in South Carolina, about 1734. During thellevolution he took an 
 active and able part as one of the partisan leaders at the South. The qualities of bravery, determi- 
 
196 The United States Reader. [itso. 
 
 other patriot leader:!, by their partisan warfare, still kept alive the spirit of 
 freedom at the South. Sumter met with a repulse at Hocky Mount, but at 
 Hanging Rock, only a week after, he gained u decided victory. 
 
 Marion's Brigade.— JiV//«.sYf//. 
 
 1. General Fk.vncis Marion was born at "Winyard, in 
 1733. His grand fatlier was a native of Languedoc, and one of 
 the many Protestants who fled from France to Carolina, to 
 
 avoid persecution on account qf religion On 
 
 the formation of a regular army in 1775, to defend his native 
 province against Great Britain, he was appointed a captain in 
 the second South Carolina regiment, and had gradually risen 
 to the rank of colonel before Charleston full. 
 
 2. Fortunately for his country, he had fractured liis log and 
 retired from the garrison, which prevented his being made a 
 prisoner of war. After the surrender, he retreated to Xorth 
 Carolina. On the approach of General Gates, lie advanced 
 with a small party through the country toward the Santee. 
 On his arrival there, he found a number of his countrynuii 
 ready and willing to put themselves under his command, to 
 which he had been appointed by General Gates. TJiis corps 
 afterward acquired the name of Mario)Cs BrUjade 
 
 3. In a few days after taking the command. General Marion 
 led his men across the Pedee at Post's Ferry, to disperse a large 
 party of tories, commanded l)y Major Gainey, collected between 
 Great and Little Pedee. He surprised them in their cami), 
 and killed one of their captains and several privates. Two of 
 liis own party were wounded. Major James was detached at 
 the head of a volunteer troop of horse to attack their horse. 
 He came up with them, charged, and drove them into Little 
 Pedee.' swamp. 
 
 4. Marion returned to Post's Ferry, and threw up a redoubt 
 on the east bank of Pedee. to awe the toi'ies, still numerous in 
 that neigh l)orhood. While thus employed, he heard of the 
 
 nntion, iind checrralnem. which he exhibited, endeared him tu bis fnllnwera, who bestowed upon liim 
 tlio sobriquet of the " Cnrolinu (iameOocic." Fort Sumter, in CbarlcBton Uarbor, whs so nuracJ in 
 bonor ol him. Uis death occurred in South CaruUna, in 1S3:2. 
 
1780.] American Kevolution. 197 
 
 defeat of Gates, at Camden, August l(3t]i, 1T80. Without 
 communicating the intelligence, he immediately marched for 
 Nelson's Ferry, on the Santee, in the hope of intercepting some 
 of the prisoners on their way to Charleston. Near Nelson's, he 
 •\vas informed of a party on their way down, and found by his 
 scouts that the British had stopped at the house on the main 
 road on the east side of Santee. 
 
 5. The general waited till near daylight next morning, and 
 then divided his men into two divisions. A small party under 
 Colonel Hugh Hori'y (the bosom-friend of General Marion) 
 was directed to gain possession of tlie road at the entrance of 
 the swamp, and the main body, led by himself, was, by a cir- 
 cuitons route, to attack the British in the rear. Colonel Horry, 
 in taking his position, had advanced in the dark too near to a 
 sentinel, who fired upon him. In a moment he, with his little 
 party, rushed up to the house, found the British arms piled 
 before the door, and seized upon them. 
 
 6. Thus, by a party of sixteen American militia, was a 
 British guard of thirty-two men taken, and one hundred and 
 fifty prisoners released. Colonel Horry had one man wounded. 
 However, the news of the defeat of Gates, which now became 
 public, damped all joy for the complete success of this well- 
 conducted attack. On the same day. General Marion marched 
 back for his old position on the Pedee. On the way, many of 
 his militia, and, with the exception of two, the whole of the 
 regulars released from the enemy, deserted. But, by the exer- 
 tions of the general and liis officers, the spirits of the drooping 
 began to revive. 
 
 7- About the 14th of September, 1780, when Marion had 
 under his command only one hundred and fifty men, he heard 
 of the approach of Major Weyms from the King's Tree, at the 
 head of a British regiment and Harrison's regiment of tories. 
 Major James was instantly despatched at the head of a party 
 of volunteers to reconnoitre, and with orders to count the 
 enemy. On his return a council of war was called. The 
 British force was reported to be double that of Marion's, 
 Gainey's party of tories in the rear had always been estimated 
 
19^ ^'^t^ United Slates Reader. ii78o. 
 
 at five huiulred mon. Under tlioso discouraging circumstances, 
 tlio liiu' of march was directed back toward Lyucli's Creek. 
 
 8. Tiiis was a most trying occasion. Men were called upon 
 to leave their i)roperty and their iamilies at the discretion of an 
 irritated and relentless enemy. About half of Marion's party 
 left him ; Colonels Peter and Hugh Ilorry, Colonels John Er- 
 wiu and John Baxter, Major John Vanderhorst, Major John 
 James, Major Benson, and about sixty others, continued with 
 their general. Captain James, with ten chosen men, was left 
 to succor the distressed and to convey intelligence. 
 
 9. The next morning. Marion arrived at his redoubt; and at 
 sunset the same evening turned toward North Carolina, and 
 soon reached the eastern bank of Drowning Creek, in that 
 State. ^lajor James obtained leave to return at the head of a 
 few volunteers, and General ^[arion continued on to the White 
 Marsh, near the source of the Waccamaw. In a little time the 
 major returned with intelligence of the depredations and 
 house-burnings committed by Weyms. ^Many of Marion's party 
 wore reduced from easy circumstances to poverty. . . . 
 
 10. In all these marches. Clarion and his men lay in the 
 oi>en air, with little covering, and Avith little other food than 
 sweet potatoes and meat, mostly without salt. Though it was 
 in the unhealthy season of autumn, yet sickness seldom oc- 
 curred. The general fared worse than his men: for his baEfffasre 
 having caught lire by accident, he had literally but" half a 
 blanket to cover him from the dews of the night, and but lialf 
 a hat to shelter him from the rays of the sun. . . . 
 
 11. After liie return of (Jencral Greene* to Carolina, in ITSl, 
 Marion aited under his orders: and the exploits of his brigade, 
 no longer acting by itself, make a part of the general history of 
 the Revolutionary War. — Ilisfonj of South ('(troUna. 
 
 * Niithuiiel Greene wiu born uf Quaker parents, at Warwick, Rhode Island.ln 1742. He aided, at 
 the besiiinini; of tht> Revolution, in driviiij; tlie British fmni Ronton, and lie to..k n distin- 
 guished part 111 tlie liitltlos of Trenton, rrim-eton, Brandywino. lierinantown. and Qiinkrr llill : and 
 commanded inllie liattles of IJuilfoni I'ourt House. niil)kirk's llill. and Eiitiw Spring* He dieil of 
 "sun-stroke," in Geonria, near Savannah, in ITS6. On the Sth of Anpn<>t of that .rear. Con irress 
 adople<l the followine resolntinn: "That a monument be erected to Nathaniel Creene. Esq.. at the 
 seat of the Kcdrral covernnipnt. with the follow! ne inscription: .<«cred to the memorv of Nathaniel 
 Greene. Esq . a n itive of the .>»late of Rhixle Island, who died on the 19tli of June. I7S'^; late mi\)or- 
 iceneriil in the service of the United States, and commander of their army in the Southern Depoit- 
 inent. etc."' 
 
1780.] American Revolution. 199 
 
 Song of Marion's Men. — Bryant. 
 
 1. Ottr band is few, but true and tried, our leader frank and bold; 
 The Biilisli soldier trembles when Marion's name is told ; 
 Oar fortress is the good greenwood, our tent the cypress-tree ; 
 We know the forest round us, as seamen know the sea. 
 
 We know its walls' of thorny vines, its glades of reedy grass, 
 Its safe and silent islands within the dark morass. 
 
 2. Woe to the English soldiery that little dread us near ! 
 
 On them shall light at midnight a strange and sudden fear; 
 When, waking to their tents on fire, they grasp their arms in vain, 
 And they who stand to face us are beat to earth again ; 
 And they who fly in terror deem a mighty host behind, 
 And hear the tramp of thousands upon the hollow wind. 
 
 3. Then sweet tlie liour that brings release from danger and from toil 1 
 We talk the battle over and share the battle's spoil ; 
 
 The woodland rings with laugh and shout, as if a hunt were up. 
 And w<:iodland flowers are gathered to crown the soldier's cup. 
 With merry songs we mock the wind that in the pine-top grieves, 
 And slumber long and sweetly on beds of oaken leaves. 
 
 4. Well knows the fair and friendly moon the band that Marion leads — 
 The glitter of their rifles, the scampering of their steeds. 
 
 'Tis life to guide the fiery barb across the moonlit plain ; 
 'Tis life to feel the night-wind that lifts his tossing mane. 
 A moment in the British camp — a moment, and away 
 Back to the pathless forest before the peep of day. 
 
 5. Grave m^n there are by broad Santee, grave men with hoary hairs, 
 Their hearts are all with Marion, for Marion are their prayers. 
 And lovely ladies greet our band with kindliest welcoming. 
 With smiles like those of summer and tears like those of spring. 
 For them we wear these trusty arms, and lay them down no more, 
 Till we have driven the Briton forever from our shore. 
 
 Marion, Sumter, and Pickens. — H. Lee. 
 
 1. Mariox was about forty-eight years of age, small in 
 stature, hard in visage, healthy, abstemious, and taciturn. 
 Enthusiastically wedded to the cause of liberty, he dee[)ly 
 deplored the doleful condition of his beloved country. The 
 common weal was his sole object; nothing selfish, nothing 
 mercenary, soiled bis chai-acter. Fertile in stratagem, he 
 
 9* 
 
200 The United States Reader. 
 
 struck unperccivcd ; and, retiring to those liidden retreats 
 selected by himself, in the morasses of the Pedee and the Black 
 EiverH, he placed his corps not only out of the reach of his foe, 
 hut often out of the discovery of his friends. 
 
 2. A rigid disciplinarian", he reduced to practice the justice 
 of the heart; and during the difficult course of warfare through 
 "which he passed, calumny itself never charged him with 
 violating the rights of person, property, or humanity. Never 
 avoiding danger, he never rashly sought it ; and acting for 
 all around him as he did for himself, he risked the lives of 
 his troops only when it was necessary. Never elated with 
 prosperity, nor depressed by adversity, he preserved an ecpia- 
 nimity which won the admiration of his friends, and exacted 
 the respect of his enemies. The country from Camden to the 
 sea-coast, between Pedee and Saiitee Rivers, was the theatre of 
 his exertions. 
 
 3. Sumter was younger than ]\Iarion, larger in frame, better 
 fitted in strength of body to the toils of war, and. like his 
 compeer, devoted to the freedom of his country. His aspect 
 Avas manly and stern, denoting insuperable firmness and lofty 
 courage. lie was not over-scrupulous as a soldier in his use 
 of means, and apt to make considerable alloAvances for a state 
 of war. Believing it warranted by the necessity of the case, 
 he did not occupy his mind with critical examinations of the 
 equity of his measures, or their bearings on individuals, but 
 indiscriminately pressed forward to his end — the destruction of 
 his enemies and the liberation of his country. 
 
 4. In his military character he resemljled Ajax. relying 
 more upon the fierceness of his courage than upon the results 
 of nnrelaxing vigilance and nicely adjusted combination. De- 
 termined to deserve success, he risked liis own life and the lives 
 of his associates without reserve. Enchanted with the sjilendor 
 of victory, he would wade in torrents of blood to attain it. 
 This general drew about him the hardy sons of the upper and 
 middle grounds: brave and determined like himself, familiar 
 witii difliculty. and fearless of danger. He traversed the region 
 between Canidtii and Xinety-Six. 
 
1780.] American Revolution. 201 
 
 5. A third gentleman followed their example. Andrew 
 Pickens, younger than either of them, inexperienced in war 
 witli a sound head, a virtuous heart, and a daring spirit, joined 
 in the noble resolve to burst the chains of bondage riveted upon 
 the tAvo southern States, and soon found himself worthy of 
 being ranked with his illustrious precursors. This gentleman 
 was also promoted by the governor to the station of brigadier- 
 general; and, having assembled his associates of the same 
 brave and hardy cast, distinguished himself and his corps, in 
 the progress of the war, by the patience and cheerfulness with 
 which every privation Avas borne, and the gallantry with which 
 every danger Avas confronted. The country between Ninety-six 
 and Augusta received his chief attention. 
 
 6. These leaders Avere ahvays engaged in breaking up the 
 smaller posts and intermediate communications, or in repairing 
 losses sustained by action. The troops which followed their 
 fortunes, on their own or their friends' horses, Avere armed Avith 
 rifles, in the use of Avliich they had become expert; a small por- 
 tion only, Avho acted as caA^alry, being provided Avith sabres. 
 When they ai3proached an enemy, they dismounted, leaving 
 their horses in some hidden spot, to the care of a few of their 
 comrades. Victorious or vanquished, they flew to their horses, 
 and thus improved victory or secured retreat. 
 
 7. Their marches Avere long and toilsome, and they seldom 
 partook of food more than once a day. Their combats Avere 
 like those of the Parthians, sudden and fierce, their decisions 
 speedy, and all their subsequent measures equally prompt. With 
 alternate fortunes they persevered to the last, and greatly con- 
 tributed to that success which Avas the first object of their 
 efforts. — Memoirs of the- War in the Southern Deixirtment of 
 the United States. 
 
 Arnold's Treason.— The year 1780 is particularly memorable for the 
 "Treason of Arnold." In 1778, after the British had evacuated Philadelphia, 
 Arnold was put in command of that city. Here he lived at an expense beyond 
 his income, and, to meet the demands of his creditors, appropriated public 
 funds to his own use. Charges were preferred against him, and, in conformity 
 with the decision of the court, he -was reprimanded by Washington. He felt 
 
 9* 
 
202 The United States Reader. htso. 
 
 the discrracc, ami iletermined to wreak his venfjcancc. Having secured the com- 
 mand of West Point, he offered, by means of a correspondence which lie had 
 carried on several months, to betray it into the hands of Clinton. Major An dre, 
 aid-de-camp to Clinton, was sent to linish the plan of treason and adjust the 
 traitor's reconij)ense. Andre proceeded up the Hudson, and, at a place six miles 
 below West Point, met Arnold, and completed the barjjain. 
 
 Instead of returning by water, as had been ])reviously arranged, Amlre was 
 compelled by circumstances to cross to the cast side of the Hudson and proceed by 
 land. When near Tarrytown, he was stopj)ed by tiuee niilitianien, — Paulding, 
 Williams, and Van Wart, — who conducted him to North Castle, the nearest 
 military station of the Americans. The comnuinder at North Cattle, having 
 no suspicion of Arnold's base design, wrote to that officer, informing him of 
 the arrest of Andre. The traitor, startled and alarmed upon reading the letter, 
 escaped on board the British sloop-of-war Vulture, the vessel which had been 
 intended for Andre's return, and took refuge in New York. Andre was con- 
 veyed to Tappan, a village on the west side of the Hudson, opposite Tarrytown, 
 and was there tried by a court-martial, found guilty, and, agreeably to the laws 
 and usages of nations, executed as a spy. Arnold was made a brigadier- 
 general in tlie British service. 
 
 Execution of Major Andre. — Alexander Ilamilton. 
 
 1. Never, perhaps, did any man stifrcr dcatli uiih more 
 justice, or deserve it less. The first step he took ufter his cap- 
 ture, was to write a letter to General Washington, conceived in 
 terms of dignity without insolence, and apology without 
 meanness. The scope of it was to vindicate himself from the 
 imputation of having assumed a mean character for treacher- 
 ous or interested purposes ; asserting that he had been involun- 
 tarily an impostor; that, contrary to his intention, which was 
 to meet a i)erson for intelligence on neutral ground, he had 
 been betrayed within our posts, and forced into the vile con- 
 dition of an enemy in disguise ; soliciting only that to what- 
 ever rigor policy might devote him, a decency of treatment 
 might be observed due to a person, wlio, though unfortunate, 
 had been guilty of nothing dishonorable. 
 
 2. His request was granted in its full extent; for, in tlie 
 whole progress of the affair, he was treated with the most 
 scrupulous delicacy. When l)rought before the board of officers, 
 he met witJ) every marK of indulgence, and was required to 
 
1780.] American Revolution. 203 
 
 answer no interrogatory which would even embarrass his feel- 
 ings. On his part, while he carefully concealed everything 
 that might implicate others, he frankly confessed all the facts 
 relating to himself, and, npon his confession, without the 
 trouble of examining a witness, the board made their report. 
 
 3. The members were not more impressed with the candor 
 and firmness, mixed with a becoming sensibility, which he dis- 
 played, than he was penetrated with their liberality and polite- 
 ness. He acknowledged the generosity of the behavior toAvard 
 him in every respect, but particularly in this, in the strongest 
 terms of manly gratitude. In a conversation with a gentle- 
 man who visited him after his trial, he said, he flattered himself 
 he had never been illiberal; but, if there were any remains of 
 prejudice in his mind, his present experience must obliterate 
 them. 
 
 4. In one of the visits I made (and I saw him several times 
 during his confinement), he begged me to be the bearer of a 
 rec^uest to the general, for permission to send an open letter 
 to Sir Henry Clinton. " I foresee my fate," said he, " and 
 though I pretend not to play the hero, or to be indifferent 
 about life, yet I am reconciled to whatever may happen, con- 
 scious that misfortune, not guilt, has brought it npon me. 
 There is only one thing that disturbs my tranquillity. Sir 
 Henry Clinton has been too good to me ; he has been lavish of 
 his kindness; I am bound to him by too many obligations, and 
 love him too well to bear the thought that he should reproach 
 himself, or others should reproach him, on the supposition of 
 my having conceived myself obliged, by his instructions, to run 
 the risk I did. I would not, for the world, leave a sting in his 
 mind that should embitter his future days." 
 
 5. He could scarcely finish the sentence, bursting into tears 
 in spite of his efibrts to suppress them, and with difficulty col- 
 lecting himself enough afterward to add: "I wish to be permit- 
 ted to assure him, I did not act under this impression, but 
 submitted to a necessity imposed upon me, as contrary to my 
 own inclinations as to his orders." His request was readily 
 complied with ; and he Avrote the letter annexed, with which I 
 
204 The United States Reader. [i78o. 
 
 dare say you will bo as much pleased as I am, both for the senti- 
 mcMit.* and diction. 
 
 6. WIk'II his sentence Avas announced to him, he remarked, 
 that since he was to die. there was still a choice in the mode, 
 which would make a material difference to his feelings: and he 
 would be hap])v, if possible, to be indulged with a professional 
 death. lie made a second application by letter, in concise, but 
 persuasive terms. It was thought that this indulgence, being 
 incompatible" with the customs of war, could not be granted; 
 and it was, therefore, determined, in both cases, to evade an 
 answer, to spare the sensations which a certain knowledge of 
 the intended mode would inflict. 
 
 7. In going to the i)lace of execution, he bowed familiarly as 
 he went along, to all those with whom he had beeu acquainted 
 in his confinement. A smile of comjjlacency expressed the 
 serene fortitude of his mind. Arrived at the fatal spot, he 
 asked, with some emotion: "Must I then die in tliis manner?'' 
 He was told it had been unavoidable. '• I am reconciled to mv 
 fate," said he, '* but not to the mode.'' Soon, however, recol- 
 lecting himself, he added : '" It will be but a momentary pang ;"' 
 and springing upon the cart, performed the last offices for him- 
 self with a composure that excited the admiration and melted 
 the hearts of the ])eholders. 
 
 8. Upon being told the final moment was at hand, and asked 
 if he had anything to say, he answered: '• Nothing, but to re- 
 quest you will witness to the world that I die like a brave 
 man." Among the extraordinary circumstances that attended 
 him, in the midst of his enemies, he died universally regretted 
 and universally esteemed. 
 
 9. There was sonu>thinrr sinjjularlv interesting in the charac- 
 ter and fortunes of Andre. To an excellent understanding, 
 well improved by education and travel, he united a peculiar 
 elegance of mind and numners, and the advantage of a i)leas- 
 ing person. 'Tis said he ])ossessed a pr<'tty taste for the fine 
 arts, and had himself attained some proficiency in poetry, 
 music, and ])aintiiig. His knowhidge ai)peared without osten- 
 tation, and embellished by a diffidence that rarely accompanies 
 
1780.] Ame7Hcan -Revolution. 2o5 
 
 so many talents and accomplishments, which left you to sup- 
 pose more than appeared. 
 
 10. His sentiments were elevated, and inspired esteem; they 
 had a softness that conciliated affection. His elocution was hand- 
 some ; his address easy, polite, and insinuating. By his merit, 
 he had acquired the unlimited confidence of his general, and 
 w\as making a rapid progress in military rank and reputation. 
 But in the height of his career, flushed with new hopes from 
 the execution of a project the most beneficial to his party that 
 could be devised, he was at once precipitated from the summit 
 of prosperity, and saw all tlie expectations of his ambition 
 blasted, and himself ruined. — Letter to Laurens. 
 
 Andre's Last Request. — Willis. 
 
 [The request of Andre to Washiugton, to be permitted to die the death of a soldier, not 
 of a spy, is beautifully expressed iu the following lines by N. P. Willis.] 
 
 It is not the fear of death 
 
 Tliat damps my brow ; 
 It is uot for another breath 
 
 I aslv thee now ; 
 I can die with a lip unstirr'd, 
 
 And a quiet heart — 
 Let but this prayer be heard 
 
 Ere I depart. 
 
 I can give up my mother's look — 
 
 INIy sister's kiss ; 
 I can think of love — yet brook 
 
 A death like this ! 
 I can give up the young fame 
 
 I burned to win ; 
 All but the spotless name 
 
 I glory in. 
 
 Thine is the power to give, 
 
 Thine to deny, 
 Joy for the hour I live, 
 
 Calmness to die. 
 By all the brave should cherish. 
 
 By my dying breath, 
 I ask that I may perish. 
 
 By a soldier's death. 
 
2o6 Tlie United States Reader. [i78i. 
 
 Benedict Kxxio\<ii.—Gardvn. 
 
 1. That trcaclierv creates its own ininishment, and, to the 
 detestation of the wurlcl, adds the inward agony '* that passeth 
 show," is strikingly exempHtied in tlie history of tlie apostate' 
 Arnold. What were the resnlts of his desertion? The fair 
 fame acqnired l)y his early exertions as a patriot-soldier Avas 
 blasted. Children that had learned to lisp his deeds of gallant- 
 ry, now shuddered with abhorrence at his name. 
 
 2. Execratt'd' l)y his former friends, proscribed by his coun- 
 try, reluctantly obeyed, and by the meanest sentinel held in the 
 meanest contempt, his life was a constant scene of apprehen- 
 sion, misery, and remorse. A cloud hung over his fortunes 
 that shaded his countenance with the gloom of desjjair, and 
 betrayed the increasing agonies of his guilty heart. That such 
 was the state of his mind is clear, from his anxiety to learn 
 from others what they supposed his fate would be should he 
 fall into the haiuls of his countrymen. 
 
 3. While commanding the predatory" expedition on the 
 shores of Virginia, — a service peculiarly suited to his character, 
 — it is stated that, on one occasion, when some danger appeared 
 of his being taken, he asked an officer near him, " What treat- 
 ment, think you, sir,' am I to look for, should the- rebels make 
 me their prisoner?'' '-I have no doubt,*' rejdied the officer, 
 "though my frankness may offend, but that they will cut otf 
 the leg that was wounded in storming the British lines at 
 Saratoga, and bury it with the honors of war ; but, having no 
 respect for the rest of your body, they will giblx^t it." 
 
 4. The contempt that followed liini tlirouirh life is further 
 illustrated by the speech of the present Lord Lauderdale, who, 
 perceiving Arnold on the right hand of the king, and near his 
 person, as he addressed his Parliament, declared on his return 
 to the Commons, "that however gracious the language he had 
 heard from the throne, his indignation could not but be greatly 
 excited, beholding, as he had done, his Majesty supported by a 
 traitor." And on another occasion, Lord .Surrey, since Duke 
 of Isorfolk. rising to speak in the House of Commons, and 
 
1781.] American Revohition. 207 
 
 perceiving Arnold in the gallery, sat down with precipitation^, 
 exclaiming, "I will not speak while that man (pointing to 
 him) is in the House." 
 
 5. I myself witnessed a remarkably strong proof of it. Sit- 
 ting in a coflfee-house, at Cowes, in 1792, with a British officer 
 of high distinction, he purposely turned the conversation on 
 tlie blessings of the Americans, declaring, with earnestness, 
 that he believed them haj^pier and more to be envied than any 
 people in the world. A stranger Avho sat near, and who ap- 
 peared intent on these encomiums", rose hastily and left the 
 room; when my companion said, "I perceive that 3"0u are 
 unacquainted with the traitor, once the pride of your army : 
 the man who has just retired is Benedict Arnold. The lan- 
 guage which I used must have appeared extravagant. I spoke 
 of America with enthusiasm, to make him feel his degrada- 
 tion ; as no one, in my opinion, so highly deserves execration." 
 
 6. It must ever be lamented, that, while so generous and 
 high-spirited a soldier as Andre paid the penalty of the treason-, 
 the traitor should live to enjoy pecuniary recompense and 
 command ; — I cannot say lionor, for, from the moment of his 
 apostasy", he sunk into the most profound abyss of infamy. 
 The very services required of him showed the opinion of the 
 commander-in-chief. What was the object in Virginia ? Plun- 
 der. What at New London ? Bedruction. He Avas an adept 
 at both, and foiled not to add to the black catalogue of his 
 former atrocities.* 
 
 JEvenfft of 17Sl.—3Iutiny of the Pennsylvania Troops, 
 
 — During the winter of 1780-1, great dissatisfaction existed among the troops 
 of Washington's army, because they had not been paid for several months, and 
 were not provided with sufficient clothing and provisions. This feeling in- 
 creasing among the Pennsylvania troops, owing to a dispute about the term of 
 their enlistment, they left their camp at Morristown, on the first day of 1781, to 
 seek redress of Congress. On the march toward Philadelphia they were over- 
 taken by two emissaries^ of Clinton, whom they seized and conducted to Gen. 
 Wayne, to be treated as spies. At Princeton they were met by a committee 
 
 * Benedict Arnold was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1740. After tlie ReTolution he was 
 engaged in business for a time at St. John's, New Brunswick. He died in obscurity, at London, in 
 1801. 
 
2o8 The United States Reader. [i»8i. 
 
 of ConjjiTss, who satisfied their pressing wants, and thus suppressed the rcvolt- 
 Tliis mutiny, and another among the New Jersey troops, whieh was speedily 
 qia-llcd hy military power, quickened Congress to act for the relief of the 
 army. 
 
 Measures of Jielief. — lioherf Jlorris. — Taxation was resorted 
 to, an agent was sent to Europe tor aid, and other measures wei"c adopted. 
 Kobert Morris, who had been ajtpointed su])erintendent of the national treasury, 
 was very active in the discharge of his duties; and, by the financial aid which 
 he rendered, enabled Congress to ])rosccute the war. Upon his recommenda- 
 tion, the Bank of North America was established at a later period ; and this 
 institution proved of great service during the rest of the contest. 
 
 liattle of the Cou'jtcns. — Gates, in consequence of his defeat at 
 Sanders Creek, was superseded in the command by Gen. Greene, who at once 
 sent Gen. Morgan* to check the devastations of the British in South Carolina. 
 At the Cow'jKjns, on the 17th of January, Tarleton overtook Morgan; but, 
 after a severe battle, the British were comjiletcly routed, losing about eight 
 hundred men, while the loss of the Americans did not exceed thirty. 
 
 liefreat of Moi-f/au and Greene. — Morgan, after his victory, 
 hurried ofV iu a northeasterly din cti(m ; and Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarle- 
 ton's defeat, started iu i)ursuit, and reached the Catawba, at evening, on the 
 29th, just two hours after the Americans liad forded the river. He halted, 
 intending to cross in the morning, but, during the night, a heavy rain set in, 
 and, by daybreak, the stream was so swollen as to be imjjassable. Here, on the 
 cast side of the Catawba, Greene came to the aid of Morgan, and, taking the 
 command, continued the retreat. At the Yadkin tlie Americans were again 
 favored by a rain-storm; and, after they crossed the Dan, Cornwallis gave up 
 the pursuit. 
 
 liattle of Guilford ('ourt-ITouse.—\n a few days Greene recrosscd 
 the Dan into North Carolina. Keceiving re -enforcement, which increased his 
 army to over four thousand men, he no longer avoided a battle. At Guilford 
 (f/hir/unl) Conrt-House, where lif* had taken a position, he was attacked on the 
 15th of March. The result, though unfavorable to the Americans, left Corn- 
 wallis in such a disabled condition, that, three days after, he retreated from the 
 fielil of victory, taking the road to Wilmington. 
 
 liattle of iritlthirh's II iff.— Greene rallied his forces, and for several 
 days })ursue(l Cornwallis; but not being able to overtake him, advanced into 
 South Carolina to attack the enemy at Camden. At Hohkirk's Hill, ("<> 
 miles from that place. Lord Rawdon partly surprised him on the 2.')th of Aiirii. 
 The struggle was waged with varied fortune; but at length, a regiment of the 
 Americans breaking, the patriots were forced to retreat. 
 
 • Daniel Morunn was born in New Jersey, In 1736 He was with Braddnck in the expedition of 
 175.'), perfiinniiiK the hiiiiiMediities ofteiimster. At the hro:ikint; out of tlio Revolution, he Joined 
 Wiishinfctnn, nt CiimhridBe, witli a ri lie corps. He accompanied Arnold across the wilderness to 
 Quebec, and participated in the attempt to capture that city. In the battle of Beniis Heights ho 
 took a distinguished part. His death occurred in 1802, at Winchester, Virginia. 
 
i?8i.] A^nerican Revohdion. 
 
 >09 
 
 Battle of Eutaw Springs.— Close of the Cam2migu.— The 
 
 battle of Eutaw {u'tmc) Springs, fought on the 8th of Scptcmher, between 
 Greene and Stuart, closed the contest in the Carolinas. This was a desperate 
 engagement, and at one time victory seemed certain for the Americans ; btit 
 the British rallying, Greene drew otF his troops, taking with him about five 
 hundred prisoners. The enemy decamped during the night. In this battle, 
 which may be said to have closed the contest in South Carolina, both parties 
 claimed the victory. Washington considered it a victory for the Americans, as 
 the advantage, without doTibt, was on their side. 
 
 Thus ended certainly the most brilliant campaign of the war, — a campaign 
 which, although decided success was not fully attained by the Americans, was 
 of inconceivable value to their cause, and in which, without doubt, more skillful 
 generalship was displayed by their commander, than was exhibited in any other 
 continuous series of operations during the entire war. 
 
 Character of General Greene. — Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 1. As a man, the virtues of Xathaniel Greene are admitted ; as 
 a patriot, he holds a place in the foremost rank ; as a statesman, 
 he is praised ; as a soldier, he is admired. But in the two last 
 characters, especially in the last but one, his reputation falls far 
 below his desert. It required a longer life and still greater op- 
 portunities, to have enabled him to exhibit, in full day, the vast 
 — I had almost said the enormous — ^powers of his mind. 
 
 2. The termination of the American war — not too soon for 
 his Avishes, nor for the welfare of his country, but too soon for 
 his glory— put an end to his military career. The sudden 
 termination of his life cut him off from tbose scenes which the 
 progress of a new, immense, and unsettled empire could not 
 fail to open to the complete exertion of that uhiversal and per- 
 vading genius which qualified liim not less for the senate than 
 for the field. 
 
 2. General Greene, descended from reputable parents, but, not 
 placed by birth in that elevated rank which, under a monarchy, 
 is the only sure road to those employments that give activity 
 and scope to abilities, must, in all probability, have contented 
 himself with the humble lot of a private citizen, or, at most, 
 with the contracted sphere of an elective officer in a colonial 
 and dependent government, scarcely conscious of the resources 
 of his own mind, had not the violated rights of his country 
 
2IO The Utiitcd States Reader. [irsi. 
 
 called liiiii to act a part on a more splendid and more ample 
 theatre. 
 
 4. Happily for America, he hesitated not to obey the call. 
 The vigor of his genius, corresponding with the importance of 
 the prize to be contended for, overcame the natural moderation 
 of his temper; and though not hurried on by enthusiasm, 
 but animated by an enlightened sense of the value of free gov- 
 ernment, he cheerfully resolved to stake his fortune, his hopes, 
 his life, and his honor, npon an enterprise of the danger of 
 which he knew the wliole magnitude, — in a cause which was 
 worthy of the toils and the blood of heroes. 
 
 5. The sword having been appealed to at Lexington as the 
 arbiter of the controversy between (Jreat Britain and America, 
 Greene shortly after marched, at the head of a regiment, to join 
 the American forces at Cambridge, determined to abide. the 
 awful decision. He was not long there before the discerning eye 
 of tlie American Fabius* marked him out as the o])ject of his 
 confidence. His abilities entitled him to a pre-eminent share 
 in tlie councils of his chief. lie gained it, and he preserved it, 
 amidst all tlie checkered varieties of military vicissitude, and 
 in defiance of all the intrigues of jealous and aspiring rivals. 
 
 6. As long as the measures which conducted us safely through 
 the first most critical stages of the war shall be remembered with 
 a])pr()bati()n ; as long as the enterj)rises of Trenton and Prince- 
 ton shall l)e regarded as the dawnings of that bright day which 
 afterward broke forth with such resplendent lustre; as long as 
 tlu' almost magic operations of the remainder of that memoraVde 
 Avinter, distinguished not more by these events than liy the ex- 
 traordinary spectacle of a powerful army straitened within nar- 
 row limits by the phantom of a military force, and never per- 
 mitted to transgress those limits with impunity, in which skill 
 supplied the place of means, and disposition was the substitute 
 for an army; as long, I say, as these operations shall continue to 
 be the o])jects of curiosity and wonder, so long ought the name 
 of Greene to be revered by a grateful country. — Eulojiiini before 
 the Society of Cinciiniati. 
 
 • WsshingtoD wai so called on account of bU cautious Keaeralship. 
 
1781.] American Revolution. 211 
 
 Sierje of Yorktoivn.— Surrender of Cormvallis. — The opera- 
 tions of Cornwallis in Virginia were very distressing to the patriotic inhabitants, 
 as Lafiiyette, in consequence of the inferiority of liis forces, was unable to make 
 a stand against the enemy. In August, Cornwallis concentrated his forces at 
 Yorlvtown, and at once began to strengthen his position by fortifications. In 
 the meantime Washington had made pi-eparations by which a large force of 
 French troops, co-operating with another of Americans, was to make an attack 
 for the recovery of New York. On learning, however, that a French fleet would 
 soon arrive in the Chesapeake, Washington was induced to change his design, 
 and proceed against Cornwallis. Yorktown was accordingly soon invested with 
 a large land-force, while the French fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse (gras), 
 blockaded the York and J-ames Rivers. On the 9th of October, the allied 
 armies commenced a cannonade so heavy, that in a day or two most of the 
 works of the British were demolished. At length, on the 19th, finding his 
 position untenable, and seeing no prospect of relief, Cornwallis '■•" surrendered 
 the place, with more than seven thousand soldiers, to Washington, and his 
 shipping and seamen to De Grasse. 
 
 Yorktown. — Whittier. 
 
 From Yorktown's ruins, ranked and still, 
 Two lines stretch f;ir o'er vale and hill : 
 Who curbs his steed at head of one ? 
 Hark ! the low murmur : Washington ! 
 Who bends his keen, approving glance 
 Where down the gorgeous line of France 
 Shine knightly star and plume of snow ? 
 Thou too art victor, Rochambeau ! f 
 
 The earth which beai-s this calm array 
 Shook witli the war-charge yesterday ; 
 Ploughed deep with hurrying hoof and wheel, 
 Shot down and bladed thick with steel ; 
 October's clear and noonday sun 
 Paled in the breath-smoke of the gun ; 
 And down night's double blackness fell, 
 Like a dropped star, the blazing shell. 
 
 Now all is hushed : the gleaming lines 
 Stand moveless as the neighboring pines ; 
 While through them, sullen, grim, and slow. 
 The conquered hosts of England go : 
 
 * After the Revolution he was appointed to an important command in India, where he inaugu- 
 rated a series of victories by which the British authority there was Onally established. He died in 
 India, in 1805. 
 
 t Count Rochambeau (j j-shong-bo') commanded the French troops in the siege. 
 
212 The United States Reader. [i78i. 
 
 O'Hara's brow hclics his ilrc-ss, 
 Gay Taiieton's troop ride bannerless : 
 Shout, from thy firt'd and wasted homes, 
 Thy scourge, Vir;;inia, captive comes! 
 
 Nor thou alone: with onegUtd voice 
 Let all thy sister States rejoice; 
 Let Freedom, iu wlialever clime 
 She waits with sleepless eye her time, 
 Shouting from cave and mountain wood, 
 Make glad her desert solitude, 
 AVliilo tiiey who hunt iier quail with fear: 
 The New World's chain lies broken here. 
 
 I 
 Expedition of Arnold. — In the mcnn time Arnold had been despatched, 
 
 by Clinton, on an expedition against New London, in the hope that Washington 
 would tJHis be diverted from his design upon Connvailis and Yorktown. Fort 
 Griswoid, by whieli the town was defended, made a brave defense, but was 
 finally carried by assault. Col. Led yard, its eommander, was murdered with his 
 own sword, after yielding it u|), and many of tlie garrison were also slaughtered. 
 The town was reduced to ashes. 
 
 Close of the Jlevolntion. — The surrender of Cornwallis caused great 
 rojoic-ings tiuoiiglioiit tlic United States, being considered a death-blow to the 
 war. The elieet in England was as might have been anticipated. Public 
 opinion became so decidedly opposed to the further prosecution of hostilities, 
 that, upon the formation of a new ministry, negotiations were entered into for 
 the establishment of peace. A convention of commissioners from the two 
 countries met at Paris, four of whom, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John 
 Jay, and Henry Laurens, represented the United States, and, on the 30tli of 
 Xovember, 1782, they signed a preliminary treaty. A cessation of hostilities 
 was j>roclaimed in the American army on the 19th of April, 1783, the eighth 
 anniversary of the battle of Lexington ; and, on the 3d of Sei>toml>cr, 
 a dcfmitivc treaty of peace was signed at Paris. By the terms of this treaty, 
 Great Britain acknowledj^ed the inibpendcncc of the United States, conceded 
 boundaries extending to the great lakes on the north and the Mississippi on the 
 west, as well as an uidimitcd right to fish on the banks of Newfoimdland. Flor- 
 ida \v;\>, at the same time, given back to Spain. 
 
 DiJiieidties tit the Close of the ff'ar. — The close of the war fouiui 
 the national treasury empty ; the States were unable to respond to the call of 
 Congress for money, and the resources obtained by foreign loans were nearly 
 exhausted. The government was, accordingly, imable to meet the just claims 
 made u])on it, and the consequence was general discontent, particularly among 
 the officers and privates of the army. Through the influence of Washington, 
 these discontents in the army were soothed, and arrangements were made 
 by which Congress granted live years' whole pay to the officers, instead of, 
 
ITS 1.1 American Rcvolnlion. 2i'i, 
 
 as by resolution passed in 1780, half pay for life. Tonr months' whole pay 
 was granted to the soldiers, in part Lquidation of their claims. During this 
 period the headquarters of Washington was at Newburg. (See Newburg Ad- 
 dresses, p. 214.) 
 
 Proposal of Colonel Nicola. — It was at this place that an event oc- 
 curred, which, while it gave great pain as well as alarm to Washington, served 
 to illustrate more forcibly than any other incident cotild have done, the virtue, 
 magnanimity, and disinterested patriotism, for which his character is so remark- 
 able. Colonel Nicola was the usual medium employed by the officers and sol- 
 diers to convey to the commander-in-chief their troubles, their complaints, and 
 their desires. In May, 1783, this officer addressed a letter to him, complaining 
 of the then condition of the army and the country, and the unsatisfactory pros- 
 pect of improvement and relief through the action of Congress, and expressing 
 the opinion that a republican form of government was insecure and unreliable, 
 and that the English form of government was more stable, and preferable on 
 other accounts. This celebrated letter ended thus : " It will, I believe, be un- 
 controverted, that the same abilities which have led us, through difficulties 
 apparently insurmountable, to human power, to victory and glor^- — those quali- 
 ties that have merited and obtained the universal esteem and veneration of an 
 army — would be most likely to conduct and direct us in the smoother paths of 
 peace. Some people have so connected the idea of tyranny and monarchy, as 
 to find it very difficult to separate them. It may, therefore, be requisite to give 
 the head of such a constitution as I propose, some title apparently more moderate ; 
 but, if all other things were once adjusted, I believe strong arguments might be 
 produced for admitting the title of King, which I conceive would be attended 
 with some national advantage." The following was Washington's reply, proba- 
 bl\^, in view of the conduct of other distinguished men in the world's history, the 
 most to be admired of all his utterances : 
 
 Washington's Reply to Colonel Nicola. 
 
 Sir: With a mixture of great surprise and astonisliment. I 
 have read with attention the sentiments you have submitted to 
 my perusal. Be assured, sir, no occurrence in the course of 
 this war has given me more painful sensations than your infor- 
 mation of there being such ideas existing in the army as you 
 have expressed, and which I must view with abhorrence and 
 reprehend with severity. For the present, the communication 
 of them will rest in my own bosom, unless some further agita- 
 tion of the matter shall make a disclosure necessary. I am much 
 at a loss to conceive what part of my conduct shouM have given 
 encouragement to an address which to me seems big with the 
 
214 ^^ United States Reader. [i78i. 
 
 greatest mischiefs that can befall my country. If I am not de- 
 ceived in the knowledge of myself, you could not have found a 
 person to Avliom your schemes are more disagreeable. At the 
 same time, in justice to my own feelings, I must add, that no 
 man possesses a more serious wish to see ample justice done to 
 the army, than I do; and as far as my power and influence, in 
 a constitutional way, extend, they shall be employed to the ut- 
 most of my abilities to effect it, should there be any occasion. 
 Let me conjure you, then, if you have any regard for your 
 country, concern for yourself or posterity, or respect for me, to 
 banish these thoughts from your mind, and never communicate, 
 as from yourself or any one else, a sentiment of the like nature. 
 I am etc. 
 
 Newhurg Addresses. — In March, 1783, before Conj^rcss had taken any 
 satisfactory action in rchition to thcchiiins of the army, anonymous addresses were 
 cireuhitcd.wiih tlic view apparently to inflame the minds of the soldiers, and lead to 
 such violent action on their part as would have compelled a compliance with their 
 demands. The author of these addresses was Major John Armstrong, Jr., a 
 young officer, who served as aide-de-camp to General Gates ; and it afterwards 
 appeared that his only object was to quicken Congress to do justice to the sol- 
 diers. Had it not been for the wisdom and tact of Washington, however, their 
 circulation might have led to the most disastrous conseijuences. The following 
 is the lirst of these addresses : 
 
 Address to the Army. 
 
 1. A FELLOW-SOLDIER, wliose interests and affections bind him 
 strongly to you, whose past sufferings have been as great, and 
 whose future fortunes may be as desperate, as yours, would beg 
 leave to address you. Age has its claims, and rank is not with- 
 out its pretensions to advise; but although unsupported by 
 both, he flatters himself that the plain language of sincerity 
 and experience will neither be unheard nor unregarded. 
 
 2. Like many of you, he loved private life, and left it with 
 regret. He left it, determined to retire from the field with the 
 necessity that called him to it, and not till then — not till the 
 enemies of liis country, the slaves of power and the hireling?; 
 of injustice, were compelled to abandon their schemes, and ac- 
 
17S1.1 American Revolution. 2i5 
 
 knowledge America as terrible in arms as she had been humble 
 in remonstrance. With this object in view, he has long shared 
 in your toils and mingled in your dangers — he has felt the cold 
 hand of poverty without a murmur, and has seen the insolence 
 of wealth without a sigh. But too much under the direction 
 of his wishes, and sometimes weak enough to mistake desire 
 for opinion, he has, till lately, very lately, believed in the justice 
 of his country. He hoped that, as the clouds of adversity scat- 
 tered, and as the sunshine of peace and better fortune broke in 
 upon us, the coldness and severity of government would relax^ 
 and that more than justice, that gratitude, would blaze forth 
 upon those hands which had upheld her in the darkest stages 
 of her passage from impending servitude to acknoAvledged 
 independence. 
 
 3. But faith has its limits, as well as temper; and there are 
 points beyond which neither can be stretched without sinking 
 into cowardice or plunging into credulity. This, my friends, I 
 conceive to be your si uition— hurried to the very verge of 
 both, another step Avould rnin you forever. To be tame and 
 unprovoked, when injuries press hard upon you, is more than 
 weakness; but to look up for kinder usage without one manly 
 effort of your OAvn, would fix your character, and show the 
 Avorld how richly you deserve those chains you broke. To 
 guard against this evil, let us take a view of the ground upon 
 which we noAV stand, and from thence carry our thoughts for- 
 ward, for a moment, into the unexplored field of expedient. 
 
 4. After a pursuit of seven long years, the object for which 
 we set out is at length brought within our reach. Yes, my 
 friends, that suffering courage of yours was active once ; it has 
 conducted the United States of America through a doubtful 
 and bloody war — it has placed her in the chair of independence, 
 and peace returns again to bless — Avhom ? A country willing to 
 redress your wrongs, cherish your worth, and reward your ser- 
 vices? A country courting your return to private life with 
 tears of gratitude and smiles of admiration ? Longing to 
 divide with you that independency which your gallantry has 
 given, and those riches which your swords have preserved ? Is 
 
 10 
 
2i6 The U^tited States Reader. [itsi. 
 
 this till' case? Or is it. ratlur, a country that tramples upon 
 your rights, disdains your cries, and insults your distresses? 
 
 5. Have you not more than once suggested your wishes, and 
 made known your wants to Congress (wants and wishes which 
 gratitude and policy should have anticipated, rather than have 
 evaded), and have yo<i not lately, in tlie meek language of 
 entreating memorials, begged from their justice what you could 
 no longer expect from their favor? How have you been 
 answered ? Let the letter w hich you are called upon to con- 
 sider to-morrow make reply! 
 
 6. If this, then, be your treatment, while the swords you 
 Wear are necessary for the defense of America, what have you to 
 expt'Ct from peace, when your voice shall sink, and your strength 
 dissipate l)y division — when those very swords, the instruments 
 and companions of your glor}-, shall be taken from your sides, 
 and no remaining mark of military distinction be left but your 
 wants, infirmities, and fears? Can you then consent to be the 
 only sufferers by this revolution, and, retiring from the field, 
 grow old in i)overty, wretchedness, and contempt ? Can you 
 consent to wade through the vile mire of dependency, and owe 
 the miserable remnant of that life to cliarity. which has hith- 
 erto been spent in honor ? ^ 
 
 7. If you can, ^^:y, and carry with you the jest of tories and 
 the scorn of whigs; the ridicule, and, what is worse, the pity of 
 the world I Go, starve and be forgotten I But if your spirits 
 should revolt at this, if you have sense enough to discover, and 
 spirit sutlicient to oppose tyranny, under whatever garb it may 
 assume — whether it be the plain coat of republicanism or the 
 splendid rol)e of royalty; if you have yet learned to discrim- 
 inate l)etween a people and a cause — between men and princi- 
 ples— awake, attend to your sit nation, and redress yourselves I 
 
 S. If the jiresent moment be lost, every future effort is in 
 vain: your tiireats then will l)e as empty as your entreaties 
 now. I would advise you. therefore, to come to some linal 
 opinion of what you can bear and what you will suffer. If 
 your determination be in any proportion to your wrongs, 
 carry your appeal from the justice to the fears of government. 
 
1781.] American Revolution. 217 
 
 Change the milk-and-water style of your last memorial. As- 
 sume a bolder tone, decent but lively, spirited, and determined; 
 and suspect the man Avho would advise you to moderation, and 
 longer forbearance. Let two or three men, who can feel as 
 well as wa-ite, be appointed to draw up your last remondrance 
 (for I w^ould no longer give it the suing, soft, unsuccessful 
 epithet of memorial). Let it represent, in language that will 
 neither dishonor you by its rudeness, nor betray you by its 
 fears, what has been promised by Congress, and what has been 
 performed; — how long and how patiently you have suffered, 
 how little you have asked, and how much of that little has 
 been denied. 
 
 9. Tell them, that though you w^re the first, and would wish 
 to be the last, to encounter danger, — though despair itself can 
 never drive you into dishonor, it may drive you from the field ; 
 that the wound, often irritated and never healed, may at length 
 become incurable, and that the slightest mark of indignity 
 from Congress now must operate like the grave, and part you 
 forever; that, in any political event, the army has its alterna- 
 tive, — if peace, that nothing shall separate you from your arms 
 but death ; if war, that, courting the auspices and inviting the 
 direction of your illustrious leader, you will retire to some yet 
 unsettled country, smile in your turn, "and mock when their 
 fear cometh on," But let it represent, also, that should they 
 comply with the request of your late memorial, it would make 
 you more happy, and them more respectable ; that while the 
 war should continue, you would follow their standard in the 
 field, and that when it came to an end, you would withdraw 
 into the shade of private life, and give the world another 
 subject of wonder and applause — an army victorious over its 
 enemies — victorious over itself. 
 
 [The address was accompanied by a call for a meeting of the general and 
 field officers of the army, to " consider the late letter from our representatives in 
 Philadelphia, and what measure (if any) should be adopted, to obtain that 
 redress of grievances which they seem to have solicited in vain." This call and 
 address led to the publication of an order from Washington, disapproving of 
 " such disorderly proceedings," and summoning the officers to assemble at a 
 
2i8 The United States Reader. [irsi. 
 
 stated lime, to honr tlic n'|H>rt of tlu- Comniitteo of the Armv to Coi\};r«'ss. In 
 jimsiianco of this mil, u inoctiii<r was hold, and then' was a full attcndani-c of 
 oftiiiMs. The following is an extract from the address delivered by Washington 
 on iliat iH'ension.] 
 
 Washington's Address to the Officers of the Army. 
 
 1. As 1 was amont; tlu' tirsi who oinharkotl in the cause of 
 our common country; as 1 liavo never left your side one 
 moment, Init wluii culled from y()U on jnililic duty; as 1 have 
 been the ctuistant compani(U\ and witness of your distresses, 
 and not amouij the last to feel and acknowledge your merits; 
 a< 1 have ever considered my own military reputiition as 
 insejiarahly connected with that of tlu' army; as my heart luis 
 ever e.\pand»'d with jt»y when I have heard its praises, and my 
 indignation has arisen when the month of detraction has been 
 opened against it — it can scarcely be supposed, at this last stage 
 of the war, that I am inditterent to its interests. 
 
 2. But how are they to be promoted? The way is plain, 
 say? the anonymous addresser. "If war continues, remove 
 into the unsettled country; there establish yoursi'lves, and 
 leave an ungrateful country to defend itself" But whom are 
 they to ilefeiul? Our wives, our children, our farms, and 
 other property which we leave behind us? Or, in this state of 
 hostile separation, are we to take the twi> lirst (the latter 
 cannot be removed) to perish in a wilderness, with hunger, 
 cold, and nakedness? 
 
 3. "If ]ieace takes place, never sheathe your swonls," says he, 
 "until you have obtained full ami amj^le justice." This dread- 
 ful alternative of either deserting our country in the extremest 
 hour of her distress, or turning our ju*ms ag-ainst it — which 
 is the apjiarent ol^ject, unless Congress can be comjielled into 
 instant compliance. — has something so shocking in it, that 
 humanity revolts at the idea. My God! what can this writer 
 have in view by recommending such measures? Can he be a 
 friend to tlu- army ? Can he be a friend to the country ? 
 Eatlier, is he not an insidious foe? Some emissary, pcrhaj)s, 
 from New York, plotting the ruin of both, by sowing the seeds 
 
1781.] American Revolution. 219 
 
 of discord and separation between the civil and military ])owers 
 of the continent,? 7\nd what a compliment docs he pay to 
 our understandings, when he recommends measures, in either 
 alternative, impracticable in their nature 
 
 4. Thei'e mi;fht, gentlemen, be an impropriety in my tak- 
 ing notice, in this address to you, of an anonymous production ; 
 but the manner in which that performance has been intro- 
 dnced to the army, the effect it was intended to have, together 
 with some other circumstances, will aBi})ly justify my observa- 
 tions on the tendency of tluit writing. With respect to the 
 advice given by the author, to snsp<.'ct the man who shall re- 
 commend moderate measures and longer forbearance, I spurn 
 it, as every man who regards the liberty and reveres the justice 
 for which wo contend, undoubtedly must; for, if men are to be 
 precluded from offering their sentiments on a matter Avhich 
 may involve the most serious and alarming consequences that 
 can invite the consideration of mankind, reason is of no use to 
 us; the freedom of sjieech may be taken away, and, dumb and 
 silent, we may be led like sheep to the slaughter 
 
 5. Let me request you to rely on the plighted faith of your 
 country, and place a full confidence in the purity of the inten- 
 tions of Congress, that, previous to your dissolution as an army, 
 they Avill 'cause all your accounts to be fairly liquidated, as 
 directed in the resolutions which were published to you two 
 days ago, and that they will adopt the most effectual measures 
 in their power, to render ample justice to you for your faithful 
 and meritorious services. And let me conjure you, in the name 
 of our common country, as you value your own sacred honor, 
 as you respect the rights of humanity, and as you regard the 
 military and national character of America, to express your ut- 
 most horror and detestation of tlie man who wishes, under any 
 specious pretenses, to overturn the liberties of our country, and 
 Avho Avickedly attempts to open the flood-gates of civil discord, 
 and deluge our I'ising empire in blood. 
 
 6. By thus determining and thus acting, you will ])iir.sue the 
 plain and direct road to the attainment of your wi.shes; you 
 will defeat the insidious designs of our enemies, who are com- 
 
2 20 The United States Reader. [i78i. 
 
 polled to resort from ojxmi force to secret artifice; you will give 
 one more distinguished proof of unexampled patriotism and 
 ]nitient virtue rising superior to tlie i)ressure of the most com- 
 plicated suflferings; and you will, by the dignity of your con- 
 duct, afford occasion for posterity to say, when speaking of the 
 glorious example you have exhibited to numkind, "Had this 
 day been wanting, the world liad never seen the last stage of per- 
 fection to which human nature is capable of attaining." 
 
 [After reading this address, Washington immediately retired, and left the officers to 
 tlii'ir free deliber.itions. At the close of a very brief conference, they iinanimouply adopted 
 resolutions, thanking their comniauder for the course he had pursued, and adoptiug the 
 views which he had expressed. General Gales presided over this interesting meeting. 
 A statement of all these proceedings was transmitted to Congress, and entered in full 
 on its journals.] 
 
 iy\»hand-mcnt of the Avnnj. — In conformity with pcnoral orders of 
 Congress, the army was disbanded on the 3d of November, 1 783 ; and on the 
 2.5th of the same month, Sir Guy Carleton, who had succeeded Sir Henry 
 Clinton, evacuated New York. After the retirement of the British from the 
 city, Washington met his officers there, and, " with a heart full of love and 
 gratitude," took leave of them. 
 
 lictireiucnt of Wdshington. — Wasliington then repaired to Anna- 
 polis, where Congress was in session, and, on the 23d of Decemlior, 1783, 
 resigned to that body his commission as comninnder-in-chief. He then hastened 
 to his home at Mount Vernon, where, in the retirement of private life, he hoped 
 to spend the remainder of his days. 
 
 Washington Resigning his Commission. — Bamsay. 
 
 1. The hour now a]>proaehed in which it became necesstiry 
 for the American chief to take leave of his officers, avIio had 
 been endeared to liim by a long series of common sufferings 
 and dangers. This was done in a solemn manner. The officers 
 having previously assembled for the purpose. General Washing- 
 ton joined them, and, calling for a glass of wine, thus addressed 
 them : '• With a heart full of love and gratitudi', I now take 
 leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may 
 be as pr()S])rrous and hapin' as your former ones have been 
 fflorious and ]ionoral)le.'' Having drank, he added, '"I cannot 
 come to each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged to 
 you if each of you will come and take me by the hand." 
 
 2. General Knox, being next, turned to him. Incapable of 
 
1781.] The RevolMtion. 221 
 
 utterance, Washington grasped his hand, and embraced him. 
 The officers came up successively, and he took an affectionate 
 leave of each of them. Not a word was articulated on eitlier 
 side. A majestic silence prevailed. The tear of sensibility 
 glistened in every eye. The tenderness of the scene exceeded 
 all description. 
 
 3. When the last of the officers had taken his leave, Wash- 
 ington left the room, and passed through the corps of light- 
 infantry to the place of embarkation. The officers followed in 
 a solemn, mute procession, with dejected countenances. On 
 his entering the barge to cross the North River, he turned 
 toward the companions of his glory, and by waving his hat 
 bid them a silent adieu. Some of them answered this last siff- 
 nal of respect and affection with tears ; and all of them gazed 
 upon the barge which conveyed him from their sight, till they 
 could no longer distinguish in it the person of their beloved 
 commander-in-chief, 
 
 4. The army being disbanded, Washington proceeded to 
 Annapolis, then the seat of Congress, to resign his commission. 
 On his way thither, he of his own accord delivered to the 
 comptroller of accounts in Philadelphia an account of the ex- 
 penditures of all the public money he had ever received. This 
 was in his own hand-writing, and every entry was made in a 
 very particular manner. Vouchers were produced for every 
 item, except for secret intelligence and services, which amounted 
 to no more than £1,982 10s. sterling. The whole which, in the 
 course of eight years of war, had passed through his hands, 
 amounted only to £14,479 18s. 9d. sterling. Nothing was 
 charged or retained for personal services ; and actual disburse- 
 ments had been managed with such economy and fidelity, that 
 they were all covered by the above moderate sum. 
 
 5. After accounting for all his expenditures of public money 
 (secret service money, for obvious reasons, excepted), with 
 all the exactness which established forms required from the 
 inferior officers of his army, he hastened to resign into the 
 hands of the fathers of his country the powers with which 
 they had invested him. This was done in a public audience. 
 
222 The United States Reader. [i78i. 
 
 Congress received him as the fouiuk-r and guardian uf the 
 republic. 
 
 6. Wliile he appeared before them, tliey silently retraced the 
 scenes of danger and distress through which they had passed 
 togetlier. Tiiey recalled to mind the blessings of freedom and 
 peace purchased by his arm. They gazed with wonder on their 
 fellow-citizen, who appeared more great and worthy of esteem 
 in resigning his power than he had done in gloriously using 
 it. Every heart was big with emotion. Tears of admiration 
 and gratitude burst from every eye. The general sympathy was 
 felt by the resigning hero, and wet his cheek with a manly 
 tear 
 
 7. His own sensations, after retiring from public business, 
 are thus expressed in his letters: '•! am just beginning to expe- 
 rience the ease and freedom from public cares, which, however 
 desirable, it takes some time to realize; for, strange as it may 
 seem, it is nevertheless true, that it was not until lately I could 
 get the better of my usual custom of ruminating, as soon as I 
 woke in the morning, on the business of the ensuing day; and 
 of my surprise on finding, after revolving many things -in my 
 mind, that I was no longer a public man, or had anything to 
 do with public transactions. 
 
 8. '• I leel as I conceive a wearied traveller must do, who, 
 after treading many a painful step with a heavy burden on his 
 shoulders, is eased of the latter, having reached the haven to 
 wliicli all the former were directed, and from his housetop is 
 looking back, and tracing with an eager eye the mi-anders by 
 which he escaped the quicksands and mires which lay in his 
 way, and into which none but the all-powerful Guide and 
 Dispenser of human events could have prevented his falling.'' 
 — Life of Washington. 
 
 Eminent Statesmen of the Revolution. — Sparhs. 
 
 1. Tin: acts of the Revolution derive dignity and interest 
 from the character of the actors, and the nature and magnitude 
 of the events. It has been remarked, that, in all great jxtlitieal 
 revolutions, men have arisen possessed of extraoniiiiary endow- 
 
1781.] The RevohUion. 223 
 
 ments, adequate to the exigency of the time; and no period 
 has been adorned with examples more illustrious, or more per- 
 fectly adapted to the high destiny awaiting them, than that of 
 the American Eevolntion. 
 
 2. Statesmen were at hand, who, if not skilled in the art of 
 governing empires, were thoroughly imbued with the principles 
 of just government, intimately acquainted with the history of 
 former ages, and, above all, with the condition, sentiments, 
 and feelings of their countrymen. The eloquence and the in- 
 ternal counsels of the old Congress were never recorded ; we 
 know them only in their results ; but that assembly, with no 
 other power than that conferred by the suffrages of the people, 
 with no other influence than that of their public virtue and 
 talents, and without precedent to guide their deliberations, un- 
 supported, even by the arm of law or of ancient usages, — that 
 assembly levied troops, imposed taxes, and, for years, not only 
 retained the confidence and upheld the civil existence of a 
 distracted country, but carried through a perilous war under 
 its most aggravating burdens of sacrifice and suffering. 
 
 3. Can we imagine a situation in which were required higher 
 moral courage, more intelligence and talent, a deeper insight 
 into human nature and the principles of social and political 
 organization, or, indeed, any of those qualities which consti- 
 tute greatness of character in a statesman ? See, likewise, that 
 work of Avonder, the Confederation, a Union of independent 
 States, constructed in the very heat of a desolating war, but 
 with a beauty and strength, imperfect as it was, of which the 
 ancient leagues of the Amphictyons, the Achgeans, the Lycians, 
 and the modern confederacies of Germany, and Switzerland, 
 afford neither exemplar'' nor parallel! 
 
 4. Happy was it for America, happy for the world, that a 
 great name, a guardian genius, presided over her destinies in 
 war, combining more than the virtues of the Roman Fabius 
 and the Theban Epaminoudas; and compared witli whom, the 
 conquerors of the world, the Alexanders and Caesars, are but 
 pageants crimsoned with blood, and decked with the trophies 
 of slaughter, — objects equally of the wonder and of the execra- 
 
 10* 
 
2 24 'I^f^^ United States Reader. [itst. 
 
 tioii of niuiikind. The liero of America was tlie conqueror 
 only of his country's foes, and the liearts of his countrymen. 
 To the one, lie was a terror; and, in the other, he gained an 
 ascendency, supreme, unrivalled, — the tribute of admiring grati- 
 tude, the reward of a nation's love. — Life of WasJiiiif/(on. 
 
 Mount Vernon. — iter. Win. Jay. 
 
 Tiii:uK dwelt llic ]\Iaii, the llower of human kind, 
 Whose visai^e mild bespoke his noble mind ; 
 There dwelt the Soldier, who his sword ne'er drew 
 But in n righteous cause, to Freedom true; 
 There dwelt the Hero, who ne'er fought for fame, 
 Yet gained more gloiy than a Ca-sar's name; 
 There dwelt the Statesman, who, devoid of art, 
 Gave soundest counsels from an upright heart ; 
 And oh, Columbia, by thy sons caressed. 
 There dwelt the Fatiier of the realms he blessed, 
 Who no wish felt to make his mighty praise, 
 Like other chiefs, the means himself to raise; 
 But there retiring, breathed in pure renown, 
 And felt a grandeur that disdained a crown. 
 
 Weakness of the Confederacff, — It was found that, by the Arti- 
 cles OF CoNFKDKRATiON', undcr whicli the United States had existed since 
 1781, Congress had no power to raise money and pay the debts incurred h\ the 
 war. Tlie individual States were therefore called upon for funds ; but their 
 efforts to raise them by direct taxation produced great opjwsition, especially 
 in Massachusetts, where it grew to an open insurrection, known as Shays's 
 Rebellion. Tiiis, however, was suppressed in 1787. 
 
 Adoption of the Constifation. — This ivhcllimi and other circum- 
 stances coi)vinci<l the people that a more powerful general government was needed. 
 Accordingly, a natiomil convention was held at I'iiiladelphia, with Washington 
 as ])resident, and after four months' deliberation, the Coxstitition was 
 adopted, September 17th, 1787. After being ratified l)y the re<piisite numlwr 
 of States, though not without great opposition, it went into operation on the 
 4th of March, 1789. 
 
 Insufficiency of the Confederation.— i/fM«/7^ow. 
 
 1. One of the most palpable defects of the subsisting confeder- 
 ation, is the total want of a sanction" to its laws. The United 
 States, as now (1787) composed, have no powers to exact obedi- 
 ence, or punish disobedience to their resolutions, either by pecuni- 
 
nsn.] The Revolutioit. 22S 
 
 ary mulcts'', by a suspension or divestiture"^ of privileges, or by 
 any other constitutional mode. There is no express delegation of 
 authority to them to use force against delinquent members; 
 and if such a light should be ascribed to the Federal head, as 
 resulting from the nature of the social compact between the 
 States, it must be by inference and construction, in the face of 
 that part of the second article, by which it is declared, '-'that 
 each State should retain every power, jurisdiction, and right, 
 not expressly delegated to the United States in Congress 
 assembled." 
 
 2. There is, doubtless, a striking absurdity in supposing that 
 a right of this kind does not exist; but we are reduced to the 
 dilemma'' either of embracing that supposition, preposterous'' as 
 it may seem, or of contravening or explaining away a provision, 
 which has been of late a repeated theme of the eulogies of those 
 who oppose the new Constitution ; and the want of which, in 
 that plan, has been the subject of much plausible animadver- 
 sion'' and severe criticism. 
 
 3. If we are unwilling to impair the force of this applauded 
 provision, we shall be obliged to conclude, that the United 
 States afford the extraordinary spectacle of a government 
 destitute even of the shadow of constitutional power to enforce 
 the execution of its own laws. It will appear, from the speci- 
 mens which have been cited, that the American Confederacj'^, 
 in this particular, stands discriminated from every other in- 
 stitution of a similar kind, and exhibits a new and unexampled 
 phenomenon" in the political world. 
 
 4. The want of a mutual guaranty'' of the State Governments 
 is another capital imperfection in the Federal plan. There is 
 nothing of this kind declared in the Articles that compose it; 
 and to imply a tacit guaranty from consideration of utility, 
 would be a still more flagrant departure from the clause which 
 has been mentioned, than to imply a tacit power of coerciou" 
 from the like considerations. The want of a guaranty, though 
 it might in its consequences endanger the Union, does not so 
 immediately attack its existence, as the want of a constitutional 
 sanction to its laAvs. 
 
2 26 riu- United Statts Reader. [i»8t. 
 
 5. Without ii i^uaniiity. tlio assistanoo to bo derived from the 
 Union ill ivpollin^; thoso domostic daugors whit-h may somo- 
 tmu'S tluvatni tlio oxistom-e of the IStato Constitutions, must 
 lu' ivnouiu'od. Usurpation' may roar its orost in ouch State, 
 and tram|)lo u{)on tlio liberties of the people; while the Na- 
 tional (lovernment eould legally do nothing more than behold 
 its onoroaehments with indignation and rogrot. A sueeessful 
 faetion may oreet a tyranny on the ruins of ordi-r and law, 
 wliilo no sueeoreouKl i-onstitntionally be alfordnl l>y \\w Union 
 to the friends and supportors of the (Jovernment. 
 
 6. The temiH'Stuous situation from wliieh Massaehusetts has 
 seareely emerged, evinees ilial dangi-rs of this kind are nut 
 merely speeulative. Who ean iletermine what might have been 
 the issue of her late eonvnlsions, if the maleonlent^j* had been 
 headed by a C'jvsiir or by a Cromwell ? Who can prediet what 
 eiVeet a despotism, established in ^rassaehnsetts. would have 
 upon the liberties of New Hampshire i>r lUiode Island, of 
 Coiuiectieut tu" Now York? — The Ftdfralittt. 
 
 Motion for Prayers in the Convention. — Fran kf in. 
 
 [Tho followiiv^addivs* was ilollvorcd by Or. Kriiikliii in ilio (.'onstltiitional Convi-u- 
 Uoii of 17S7.] 
 
 1. Mij. PHKSinEN'T: The small jn-ogress wo have made after 
 four or the weeks' close attendance and continued reasonings 
 with one another; our dilfoivnt sonliments on almost every 
 t|uestion, several of the last j>rv>dueing as many noes as ayes, 
 are. methinks. melancholy proofs of the imperfection of the 
 human understanding. Wo, indeed, seem to feel our own want 
 of }>olitieal wisdom, since we have been running all about in 
 search of it. Wo have gone baok to anoient history for models 
 of government, and examined the different forms of those 
 republics whioh. having been formed with the seeds of their 
 own dissolution, now no longer exist. And we have viewed 
 motlern states all around Europe, but find none of their consti- 
 tutions suitable to our circumstances. In this situation of this 
 assembly, groping, as it were, in the dark, to lind political 
 truth, and scarce able to distinguish it when presented to us, 
 
1T87.J The Revolution. 227 
 
 how has it happened, sir, that we have not hitherto once 
 thought of humbly applying to the Father of Lights, to illu- 
 minate our understandings? In the beginning of the contest 
 with Great Hritain, when we were sensible of danger, we had 
 daily pi-uyors in tliis room for divine protection. Our prayers, 
 sir, Averc licard, and they were graciously answered. 
 
 2. All of us who were engaged in the struggle mu.st have 
 observed freqiu;nt instances of a superintending Providence in 
 our favor. To that kind Providence Ave owe this happy oppor- 
 tunity of consulting in peace on the means of establishing our 
 future national felicity. And have Ave now forgotten that 
 j)owerful P'rieud, or do Ave imagine that we no longer need His 
 assistance ? 
 
 3. I have lived, sir, a long time; and the longer I live the 
 more convincing proofs I see of this truth — that God governs 
 in the, affairs of men. And if a sparroAV cannot fall to the 
 ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can 
 rise without his aid? We have been assured, sir, in the Sacred 
 AV'ritings, that "except the Lord build the house, they laVjor in 
 vain Avho build it." 
 
 4. I firmly believe this; and I also belicA'c that, Avithout His 
 concurring aid, Ave shall succeed in this political building no 
 better tlian the builders of Jiabel ; Ave shall be divided by our 
 little, partial, local interests; our projects Avill be confounded; 
 and Ave ourselves shall become a reproach and a by-Avord down 
 to future ages. And, Avliat is Avorse, mankind may hereafter, 
 from this unfortunate instance, despair of establishing govern- 
 ments by human Avisdom, and leave it to chance, Avar, and 
 conquest. 
 
 5. I therefore beg leave to move, that henceforth, prayers, im- 
 ploring the assistance of Pleaven, and its blessing on our delib- 
 erations, be held in this assembly every morning before Ave 
 proceed to business ; and that one or more of the clergy of 
 this city be requested to oflUciate in that service. 
 
 " The motion was evaded by an adjoarnment. It was feared, accordinj^ to Madison, 
 lest, prayer.-j for the flr.-'t time, at that late day, micjnt alarm the public, by giving an im- 
 pression tliat matters were already daporate" —Jlildret/i. 
 
2 28 Tlic United States Reader. [i789. 
 
 Election of President and Vice- President, —The first elec- 
 tion for President of the United States resulted in the choice of Georpc 
 Wnshiiigton, wlio received the whole number of electoral votes. At the s:une 
 time John Adams, of Massachusetts, was elected Vice-President. . New York 
 was then the capital ; and in that city Wasiiiiipton appearerl before the fir^t 
 constitutional Congress, and was inaugurated on ihe 30th of April, 1789. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 The ]SrATio:N'. 
 
 Inauguration of Washington. — Ilildreth. 
 
 1. From the moment it liad bec<jme certain that the Consti- 
 tution was to go into etTect, Washington had been very warmly 
 pressed by numerous correspondents not to decline that post, 
 for which he was so singularly qualified by the choice and the 
 confidence of tiie entire nation. The general e.xix^ctation that 
 he would be i)resident had contributed not a little to calm 
 down tiio excitement against the now Constitution, a'^ul to give 
 to its friends so decided a [)redominance' in the choice of mem- 
 bers of the first Congress. Fortunate, indeed, it was for the 
 nation to possess, at this crisis of its fate, a man not only fit to 
 fill tlie ofHce of jiresident, but one in whose fitness the whole 
 people were agreed 
 
 2. Washington desired to proceed to New York in the most 
 private manner, but the flow of veneration and gratitude could 
 not be suppres.sed. Having been entertained at a jniblic din- 
 ner by his neighbors of Alexandria, he was welcomed to 3Iary- 
 land by a collection of citizens assembled at Georgetown. At 
 the frontier of Pennsylvania he was met by a large escort, 
 headed Ijy Milllin, recently elected president of that State, to 
 whom it thus again fill, to be the instrument of paying honors 
 io the man he had once wronged. A magnificent recei)tion 
 and a splendid entertainment were jirepared at I'liiladelphia, 
 
1789.] The Natioji. 229 
 
 where the Executive Council, the trustees of the University, 
 the judges of the Supreme Court, the officers of the Cin- 
 cinnati,* and the mayor and common council of the city, 
 hastened to wait on the president elect with their congratula- 
 tions. 
 
 3. Ascending the left bank of the Delaware, Washington 
 crossed the next day into New Jersey. The people of Trenton 
 remembered the battles fought in their neighborhood twelve 
 years before, and if his reception at other places was more 
 splendid, nowhere was it so graceful and touching. On the 
 bridge across the Assumpink, which flows through the toAvn 
 into the Delaware — the same bridge across which Washington 
 had retreated before Cornwallis's army on the eve of the battle 
 of Princeton — a triumphal arch had been erected, supported on 
 thirteen pillars, twined with evergreens, flowers, and laurel. 
 
 4. Beneath this arch, which bore for inscription " The De- 
 fender of the Mothers will be the Protector of the Daughters," 
 Avere assembled a party of matrons, mixed with young girls 
 dressed in white, and holding baskets of flowers in their hands. 
 As Washington approached they began to sing a little ode pre- 
 pared for the occasion : 
 
 Welcome, mighty chief, once more ; 
 Welcome to this grateful shore ; 
 Now no mercenary foe 
 Aims again the fatal blow, 
 Aims at thee the fatal blow. 
 
 Virgins fair and matrons grave, 
 Those thy conquering arm did save, 
 Build for thee triumphal bowers ; 
 Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers ! 
 Strew your hero's way with flowers. 
 
 Suiting the action to the words, they ended the chant in strew- 
 ing their flowers before him. 
 
 * The " Society of the Cincinnati " was an association formed by some of the officers of the army 
 a short time before it was disbanded, at Newburg, in 1783. Its objects were, to cultivate friendship 
 among themselves, to commemorate the events in which they had been engaged in the great struggle 
 just closed, to promote the cause of free government in the country, and to afford benevolent assist- 
 ance to such of their members as mitjht need it. Washington was elected the first president. 
 
230 The United States Reader. [itso. 
 
 5. Having crossed New Jersey, Washington was received at 
 Elizabethtown Point early in the morning, in accordance with 
 a previous arrangement, by a committee of both Houses of 
 Congress, with wiiom were Jay, .Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 
 Gent-ral Knox, Secretary of War, Samuel Osgood, Arthur Lee, 
 and Walter Livingston, Commissioners of the Treasury, and 
 Ebenezer Hazard, Postmaster-General, then heads of depart- 
 ments, still continuing to act under their ai)])ointnicnts from 
 the Continental (Congress, until new arrangements could be 
 nuide. 
 
 6. A barge splendidly fitted up, and manned by thirteen 
 pilots in white uniforms, had been jirovided to convey the 
 president to New York ; and quite a naval procession was 
 formed out of a multitude of other boats and barges. After a 
 voyage of several hours, the approach to New York was wel- 
 comed by artillery salutes from the battery and the ships in the 
 harbor. At the landing-place at the foot of Wall-street, ap- 
 propriately decorated for the occasion. Governor Clinton was 
 in waiting, with the principal State officers and those of the 
 city corporation, and a vast concourse of citizens. 
 
 7. A procession, headed by a numerous detachment of the 
 city militia, having been formed under a salute of cannon, the 
 president elect was escorted to the house lately occupied by the 
 President of the Continental Congress, and which the new 
 Federal Congress had ordered to be fitted up for his reception. 
 Thence he proceeded to Governor Clinton's, where he was enter- 
 tained at dinner. Tiie evening closed with a Ijrilliant dis])lay 
 of fireworks. 
 
 8. As the new Federal Hall was not yet entirely finished, a 
 week elapsed before preparations were completed for administer- 
 ing to the president elect the oath of office. The place selected 
 for that purpose was the outer gallery or balcony of the Senate 
 Chamber,* visible for a long distance down Broad-street, which 
 it fronted, thus affording opportunity to witness the ceremony 
 to a large number of eager spectators. At nine o'clock all the 
 
 • The I'nltecl Stntcs Trcmnry building now occupies the »lt«. 
 
I'S'so.] The Nation. 231 
 
 chu relies in the city were opened for prayer and religious 
 services. A little after noon, the president elect left his house, 
 escorted by the city cavalry, and attended by a committee of 
 Congress and the heads of departments in carriages, followed 
 b}^ the two or three resident foreign ministers, and by a long 
 procession of citizens. 
 
 9. Having entered the Senate Cliamber, where the two Houses 
 were assembled to receive him, he was conducted to an elevated 
 seat at tlie head of the room. After a momentary silence, all 
 being seated, the vice-president rose and stated to the president 
 elect that all was ready for the administration of the oath, 
 whenever he was prepared to receive it. Upon this intimation, 
 Washington proceeded to the balcony, followed by the senators 
 and representatives. The oath Avas administered by the Chan- 
 cellor of New York, Robert R. Livingston, Jay's predecessor as 
 Secretary for Foreign AflFairs. As he finished the ceremony, he 
 exclaimed aloud, " Long live Ceorge Washington, President of 
 the United States!" to which the assembled multitude re- 
 sponded in long and enthusiastic shouts. — History of the 
 United States. 
 
 The Launching of the Ship. — LongfeUotv. 
 
 [In these lines the poet graphically describes the launching of a ship, to which he 
 compares the commencement of oiir national government — the completion of the 
 Union— the launching of the Ship of State.] 
 
 All is finished! and at length 
 
 Has come the bridal day 
 
 Of beaut}^ and of strength. 
 
 To-day the vessel shall be launched ! 
 
 With fleecy clouds the sky is blanched, 
 
 And o'er the bay, 
 
 Slowly, in all his splendors dight'' 
 
 The great sun rises to behold the sight 
 
 The ocean old, — centuries old, 
 Strong as youth, and as uncontrolled, 
 Paces restless to and fro, 
 Up and down the sands of gold. 
 
232 The United States Reader. [i789. 
 
 His boating bearl is not at rest ; 
 
 And far and wide, 
 
 "Witii ceaseless flow, 
 
 His beard of snow 
 
 Heaves with the heaving of his breast. 
 
 He waits impatient foi- his biide. 
 
 There she stands, 
 
 AVitii lier foot upon the sands. 
 
 Decked with flags and streamers gay, 
 
 In honor of her marriage-da)', 
 
 Her snow-white signals fluttering, blending, 
 
 Round her like a veil descending, 
 
 Ready to be 
 
 The bride of the gray old sea. 
 
 Then the Master, 
 
 With a gesture of command, 
 
 Waved his hand ; 
 
 And at the woid. 
 
 Loud and sudden there was heard. 
 
 All around them and below, 
 
 The sound of hammers, blow on blow, 
 
 Knocking awa^- the shores and spurs. 
 
 And see ! she stirs! 
 
 She starts, — she moves, — she seems to feel 
 
 The thrill of life along her keel. 
 
 And spurning with her foot the ground. 
 
 With one exulting, joyous bound 
 
 She leaps into the ocean's arms ! 
 
 And lo ! from the assembled crowd 
 
 There rose a shout prolonged and loud. 
 
 That to the ocean seemed to say, 
 
 "Take her, O bridegroom, old and gray; 
 
 Take her to thy protecting arms, 
 
 Witii all her youth and all her charms." 
 
 Sail forth into the sea, O ship ! 
 
 Through wind and wave, right onward steer! 
 
 The moistened ej'e, the trembling lip. 
 
 Are not the signs of doubt or fear.. 
 
 Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State ! 
 Bail on, O Union, strong and great! 
 
1^89.] The Nation. 233 
 
 Humanity, with allits fears, 
 With all its hopes of future j^ears, 
 Is hauging brcatliless on thy fate! 
 We know what Master laid thy keel, 
 What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel, 
 Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, 
 What anvils rang, what hammers beat, 
 In what a forge, and what a heat. 
 Were shaped the anchors of thy hope. 
 
 Fear not each sudden sound and shock; 
 
 'Tis of the wave, and not the rock ; 
 
 'Tis but the flapping of the sail. 
 
 And not a I'ent made by the gale. 
 
 In spite of rock and tempest roar, 
 
 In spite of false lights on the shore, 
 
 Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea; 
 
 Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee. 
 
 Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears. 
 
 Our faith triumphant o'er our fears. 
 
 Are all with thee — are all with thee. 
 
 Washington's Ailininistratiou. — The First Cabinet. — Con- 
 gress having created three executive departments, — of State, Treasury, and War, 
 — the heads of which were to form the President's cabinet, Washington ap- 
 pointed Thomas Jell'erson of Virginia, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton 
 of New York, Secretary of the Treasury; and Henry Knox of Massachusetts, 
 Secretary of War. Hamilton, by his wise measures and judicious management, 
 placed the public tinances in a good condition ; and, upon his recommendation, 
 the debts of the States, contracted during the war, were assumed by the general 
 government. 
 
 Additional States. — Washington's administration began with only 
 eleven States in the Union, Rhode Island and North Carolina not having ratified 
 the Constitution. These States, however, soon ascertained that their interests 
 required that they should not keep aloof from the national compact, and they 
 accepted its provisions; North Carolina, in November, 1789, and Rhode Island 
 in June, 1790. In 1791, Vermont* was admitted, being the first new State. 
 Kentuckyf became a State in 1792, and Tennessee| in 1796. 
 
 Death of FranJiUn.— Among the notable events of this period was the 
 death of Benjamin Franklin— the philanthropist, patriot, and philosopher 
 
 * Vermnnt derived its name from its principal range of mountains. The word is from the French 
 words, vert, green, and mnnt.t, mountains. 
 
 t The Indians called the region Kentucky, because it had been the scene of savage warfare, the 
 word, }{fiitucl:y, meaning the dark (ind MooiJy ground. 
 
 t " The name of Tennessee is derived from Taunassee (meaning, river of the big bend), the Indian 
 name applied to the Little Tennessee River." 
 
2 34 ^'^ United States Reader. ' [itso. 
 
 (April 17th, 1790). This ilJuiitriuiis man was born at Boston in 1706, and, 
 consequently, at his death, was eighty-four years of aj^c. lie was the son of a 
 tallow-chandler, and in his aiitoljioj;ra})hy he thus speaks of his early occupa- 
 tions : " At ten years of age I was called home to assist my father in his 
 occupation, which was that of a soap-boiler and tallow-chandler, — a business 
 to which he had served no apprenticeship, but which he embraced on his arrival 
 in New England, because he found his own, that of dyer, in too little re(piest to 
 enable him to maintain his family. I was accordingly employed in cutting the 
 wicks, filling the moulds, taking care of the shop, carrying nies:«ages, etc." 
 Allusion has already been made to his connection with some of the most im- 
 portant events of the history of the country. His services as an ambassador to 
 Trance during the Revolution were peculiarly eftective and valuable. 
 
 Last Hours of Dr Franklin.— P«/fo«. 
 
 1. Ills anguish was such, at times, that a groau escaped 
 liim, for which lie would offer a kind of apology to those who 
 stood around his bed. lie said he feared lie did not bear 
 his pain as he ought, and that, no doubt, liis present sufferings 
 were designed to wean him from a world in which he M-as no 
 longer competent to act his part. To a clerical friend who wit- 
 nessed one of his paroxysms, and was about to retire, he said, 
 " Oh, no ; don't go away. These pains will soon be over. They 
 are for my good ; and, besides, what are the pains of a moment 
 in comparison with the pleasures of eternity ? " 
 
 2. He had a i)icture of Christ on the Cross placed so that he 
 could conveniently look at it as he lay in bed. " That," he 
 Avould say, " is the picture of One who came into the world to 
 teach men to love one another." His anguish was not con- 
 tinuous; there were hours in which he conversed cheerfully 
 w itli his friends, and attended to the requests of visitors. Kine 
 days before he died, he wrote a letter of some length to Mr. 
 Jefferson, in wliich he gave certain information desired by 
 Jefferson respecting our northeastern boundary, as defined in 
 the negotiations at Paris in 1T83. The letter is written with 
 all his wonted clearness and obliging fullness of di'tail, showing 
 memory and other faculties of mind still unimpaired. 
 
 3. Five days before his death, the pain in the chest, the 
 cough, and the difficulty of breathing, suddenly ceased. His 
 
1790.] The Nation. 2^5 
 
 family hoped now that the crisis was passed, aud that he would 
 recover ; but he was not himself deceived. He insisted on get- 
 ting up that his bed might be made, in order, as he said, that 
 he might '• die in a decent manner." His daughter said that 
 she hoped he would get well, and live many years. " I hope 
 not," he replied 
 
 4. Some one advising him to change his position so that he 
 might breathe easier, he said, "A dying man can do nothing 
 easy." These were the last of his words that have been recorded. 
 He soon sunk into a lethargy from which he never revived. At 
 eleven o'clock at night, April 17, 1790, surrounded by his 
 family and nearest friends, he quietly expired, aged eighty-four 
 years, three months, and eleven days. 
 
 5. His last look, it is recorded, was cast upon the picture of 
 Christ. He died with. his eyes fixed upon it. His countenance 
 recovered, at once, all its Avonted serenity aud benignity, and 
 he lay like a good old man in a gentle slumber. To use the 
 ancient language, he had fallen asleep in Jesus, and rested in 
 hope of a blessed immortality. — Life and Times of Benjamin 
 Franliin. 
 
 Eulogy on Franklin. — 3Tirabeau. 
 
 [The following address was delivered by Mirabeau, then the leader of the National 
 Assembly in Paris, on the announcement of the death of Franklin (June 11, 1790).] 
 
 1. Frais'KLIN" is dead! The genius that freed America and 
 poured a flood of light over Europe, has returned to the bosom 
 of the Divinity. The sage Avhom two worlds claim as their 
 own — the man for whom the history of science and the history 
 of empires contend with each other — held, without doubt, a 
 high rank in the human race. 
 
 2. Too long have political cabinets taken formal note of the 
 death of those who were great only in their funeral panegyrics'". 
 Too long has the etiquette" of courts prescribed hypocritical 
 mourning. Nations should wear mourning only for their bene- 
 factors. The representatives of nations should recommend to 
 their homage none but the heroes of humanity. 
 
 3. The Congress has ordained, throughout the United States, 
 
236 The United States Reader. [1790. 
 
 a mourning of one month for the death of Franklin, and, at 
 tliis moment. America is paying the tribute of veneration and 
 gratitude to one of the fathers of lier Constitution. Would it 
 not become us, gentlemen, to join in this religious act, to bear 
 a part in this homage, rendered, in the face of the world, both 
 to the rights of man, and to the i)hilosopher who has most 
 contributed to extend their sway over the whole earth ? 
 
 4. Antiquity would have raised altars to this mighty genius, 
 who, to the advantage of mankind, compassing in his mind 
 the heavens and the earth, was al)le to restrain alike thunder- 
 bolts and tyrants. Europe, enlightened and free, owes at least 
 a token of renl'embrance and regret to one of the greatest men 
 who have ever been engaged in the service of philosophy and of 
 liberty. I propose that it be decreed that the National Assem- 
 bly, during three days, shall wear mourning for Benjamin 
 Franklin. 
 
 [Several, among thcni Lafayette, sprang at once to second the proposal, and it was 
 carried immediately by acclamation.] 
 
 Character of Franklin. — ?Inc1iintosh. 
 
 1. The cause of the Americans in France owed part of its 
 success to the peculiar character, as well as extraordinary 
 talents, of their agent at Paris, Benjamin Franklin. Bred a 
 printer, he had raised himself to a respectable station by the 
 most ingenious industry and frugality; and, having acquired 
 celebrity by his philosophical discourses, he had occupied a 
 considerable office in the colonies at the commencement of the 
 disturbance. 
 
 2. This singular man long labored to avert a rupture ; and, 
 notwithstanding his cold and cautious character, he shed tears 
 at the prospect of separation ; l)ut he was too wise to deliberate 
 after decision. Having once made his determination, he ad- 
 hered to it with a iirmness which neither the advances of En- 
 gland nor the adversity of America could shake. lie considered 
 a return to the ancient friendship as impossible, and every con- 
 ciliatory proposal as a snare to divide America, and to betray 
 her into absolute submission. 
 
1790.] 
 
 The Nation. 237 
 
 3. At Paris he was preceded and aided by his philosophical 
 fame. His steady and downright character was a singularity 
 which the accomplished diplomatists'' of France had not learned 
 how to conquer. The simplicity of a republican, a Presbyte- 
 rian, and a printer, transported at the age of seventy to the 
 most polished court of Europe, by amusing the frivolous and 
 interesting the romantic, excited a disposition at Versailles 
 favorable to his cause. 
 
 4. Early accustomed to contemplate infant societies and un- 
 cultivated nature, his mind was original and independent. He 
 derived neither aid nor encumbrance from learning, which en- 
 slaves every mind not powerful to master and govern it. He 
 was, therefore, exempt from those prejudices of nation and age 
 which every learned education fosters. Eeared in colonies 
 struggling into existence, when necessity so often calls out 
 ingenious contrivance, he adapted even philosophical experi- 
 ment to the direct convenience of mankind. 
 
 ,5. The same spirit is still more conspicuous in his moral and 
 political writings. An independence of thought, a constant 
 and direct reference to utility, a consequent abstinence from 
 whatever is merely curious and ornamental, or even remotely 
 useful, a talent for ingeniously betraying vice and prejudice 
 into an admission of reason, and for exhibiting their sophisms' 
 in that state of undisguised absurdity in which they are ludi- 
 crous, with a singular power of striking illustration from homely 
 objects, would justify us in calling Franklin the American 
 Socrates. — Life of Sir James Maclcintosli. 
 
 Franklin and Washington. — Greeley. 
 
 1. I THINK I adequately appreciate the greatness of Washing- 
 ton ; yet I must place Franklin above him as the consummate 
 type and flowering of human nature under the skies of colonial 
 America. Not that Washington was born to competence and 
 all needful facilities for instruction, so that he began respon- 
 sible life on vantage-ground that Franklin toiled twenty 
 arduous, precious years to reach : I cannot feel that this fact 
 has undue weight with me. 
 
2^8 The Ujiited States Reader. [itoo. 
 
 2. I rcalizo tliat tliere are elements ofdignity, of grandeur, in tlie 
 character of Waahington for which that of Franklin affords no 
 parallel. But when I contemplate the immense variety and 
 versatility' of Franklin's services to his country and to mankind 
 — when I think of him as a writer whose first effusions com- 
 manded attention in his early boyhood — as the monitor 
 and teacl^n' of his fellow-journeymen in a London printing- 
 office — as, almost from the outset, a prosperous and influential 
 editor, when journalism had never before been a source of 
 power — as taking his place naturally at the head of the postal 
 service in America, and of the earliest attempts to form a 
 practical confederation of the colonies — when I see him, never 
 an enthusiast, and now, nearly threescore-and-ten, renouncing 
 office, hazarding fame, fortune, everything, to struggle for the 
 independence of his country — he having most to lose by failure 
 of any American — his onh* son a bitter loyalist — he cheer- 
 fully and repeatedly braving the dangers of an ocean swarming 
 with enemies, to render iiis country the service as ambassador 
 which no other man could perform — and finally, Avhen more 
 than eighty years old, crowning a life of duty and honor by 
 heljjing to frame that immortal Constitution which made us 
 one nation forever — I cannot place Franklin second to any 
 other American. 
 
 3. lie could not have done the work of "Washington — no. 
 other man could; but then he did so many admirable things 
 wliieli Washington had too sound judgment even to attempt. 
 And, great as Washington was. he was not great enough to 
 write and print, after ho had achieved power and world-wide 
 fame, a frank, ingenuous confession of his youthful follies and 
 sins, for the instruction and admonition of others. Many a man 
 can look calmly down the throats of roaring cannon who lacks 
 the courage and true philanthropy essential to those called to 
 render this service to mankind. — Lciturc on Self-Madc Men. 
 
 ITartnar^s l£jcpr(lifion against the Indians. — In the summer 
 of 1790 an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Oliio. Wash- 
 ington at first used pacific means ; but, tiicsc failing, he sent an expedition, 
 under Gen. Hurmar, against the hostile tribes. Harmur destroyed several of 
 
1797.] The Nation, 239 
 
 their villages, but, in two battles, near the present village of Fort Wayne. In- 
 diana, he was defeated with severe loss. 
 
 Ht. Claires Expedition.— In the following year, St. Clair marched 
 against the Indians ; but, while encamped at a place in the western part of Ohio, 
 he was surprised and defeated, with the loss of six hundred men. During the 
 war, Kentucky, which had been previously claimed by Virginia, was admitted 
 into the Union; and, in the same year, 1792, Washington was again elected 
 president. Adams was also re-chosen vice-president. 
 
 Wayne's Ea'pedition.—GQw. Wayne was finally sent against the In- 
 dians. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Mau-mee', and gained 
 a complete victory. This success, followed up by vigorous measures, compelled 
 the Indians to sue for peace; and, in 1795, a treaty was made at Greenville, 
 Ohio, by which a large tract of territory was ceded to the United States. 
 
 Trouble with the French 3Iinisfer. — When France, during her 
 great revolution, declared war against England, a large part of the people of 
 this country were in favor of helping their old ally of the Revolution. M. 
 Genet (zhe-nd'), the French minister in the United States, presuming upon the 
 feeling in favor of his country, began to fit out privateers in American ports to 
 cruise against British vessels. Washington, deeming it best to preserve a posi- 
 tion of strict neutrality between the two countries, demanded his recall, and 
 another minister was sent in his place. 
 
 Whisky Insurrection. — The first measure adopted by the United 
 States government for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was the law of 
 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. It met with considerable opposition, 
 especially in the Western j^art c-f Pennsylvania, where, in 1794, the resistance 
 grew to an open rebellion, known as the Whisky Insurrection. Upon the 
 approach of a force sent by Washington, the insurgents yielded. 
 
 Jay's Treaty. — It was not long after the making of the treaty of 1783, 
 at the close of the Revolution, before the American and British governments 
 began to accuse each other of violating its stipulations. To avert a war, which 
 seemed inevitable, John Jay* was sent as a special envoy to England, where, 
 in 1794, a treaty was made. This new treaty met with considerable opposition 
 in the United States, because its provisions were regarded as being too favorable 
 to the English ; but it was at length ratified. 
 
 IFashiufffon's Successor. — Washitigton, having declined a nomina- 
 tion for a third term, John Adams was elected to succeed him ; and the new 
 president was inaugurated at Philadelphia, on the 4th of March, 1797. Wash- 
 ington then retired to the quietude of his home at Mount Vernon.t 
 
 ' John Jay was born in the city of New York, in 1715. In 1789, when Washington became Presi- 
 dent of the United States, so exalted was liis opinion of Jay^s honesty .and fitness, that he tendered 
 liim a choice of tlie offices in his gift. Jay jireferred the bencli, and, consequently, was the first Chief- 
 Justice of the United States. His death occurred in 1.S29, at Bedford, Westchester Co., New York. 
 
 t Mount Vernon , the home of Washinprton and the place of his burial , is situated on the western 
 bank of the Potomac, fifteen miles below Washington city. The place, comprising the mansion, the 
 tomb, and two hundred acres of the original estate, was sold, in 1858, by John A Washington, a 
 nephew of George Washington, to the " Ladies' Mount Vernon Association," for $200,000. " It is 
 the design of the Association to hold it in perpetuity as a place of public resort and pilgrimage." 
 
 11 
 
240 TJie United States Reader. [1797. 
 
 Washington at Mount Vernon. — Irvitiff. 
 
 1. Ills ollicial career heiiij; tenninatctl, Washington set off 
 for Mount Vernon, aecoini)anied by Mrs. Washington, her 
 grand-daughter Miss Nelly Custis, and George Washington 
 Lafayette (son of the maniuis), with his preceptors. Of the 
 enthusiastic devotion manifested toward him wherever he 
 passed, he takes the following brief and characteristic notice: 
 "The attentions we met with on our journey were very flatter- 
 ing, and to some, whose minds are differently formed from mine, 
 would have been highly relished ; but I avoided, in every instance 
 Avhere I had any previous notice of the intention, and could, 
 by earnest entreaties, prevail, all parade and escorts." 
 
 2. He is at length at Mount Vernon, that haven of repose to 
 which he had so often turned a wistful eye, throughout his 
 agitated and anxious life, iind where he trusted to pass quietly 
 and serenely the remainder of !iis days. He finds himself, how- 
 ever, " in tlie situation of a new beginner; almost everything 
 about him required consideral)le repairs, and a house is imme- 
 diately to be l>uilt for the recej)tion and safe-keeping of his 
 military, civil, and private papers.'' '• In a word," writes he, 
 "I am already surrounded by joiners, masons, and painters; 
 and such is my anxiety to be out of their hands, that I have 
 scarcely a room to put a friend into, or to sit in myself, without 
 the music of hammers and the odoriferous'' scent of paint." 
 
 3. Still he is at Mount Vernon; and, as the Spring opens, 
 tlie rural beauties of the country exert their sweetening influence, 
 fn a letter to his friend Oliver Wolcott, who, as Secretary of 
 the Treasur}', was still acting on '' the great theatre," he adverts 
 but briefly to public affairs. ''For myself," adds he, exult - 
 ingly, '' iiaving turned aside from the broad walks of political 
 into the narrow paths of private life, I shall leave it with those 
 whose duty it is to consider subjects of this sort, and, as every 
 good citizen ought to do, conform tt) whatsoever the ruling 
 powers shall decide. 
 
 4. "To make and sell a little fltjur annually, to rejiair houses 
 
1797.] The Nation. 241 
 
 going fast to ruin, to build one for the security of my papers 
 of a public nature, and to amuse myself in agricultural" and 
 rural pursuits, will constitute employment for the few years I 
 have to remain on this terrestrial'' globe. If, also, I could now 
 and then meet the friends I esteem, it would fill the measure, 
 and add zest to my enjoyments ; but, if ever this happens, it 
 must be under my own vine and fig-tree, as I do not think it 
 probable that I shall go beyond twenty miles from them." 
 
 5. And again, to another friend he indulges in pleasant an- 
 ticipations: ".Retired from noise myself and the responsibility 
 attached to public employment, my hours will glide smoothly 
 on. My best wishes, however, for the prosperity of our country 
 will always have the first place in my thoughts \ while to repair 
 buildings and to cultivate my farms, which require close atten- 
 tion, will occupy the few years, perhaps days, I may be a 
 sojourner here, as I am now in the sixty-fifth year of my pere- 
 grination' tlirough life." — Life of Wasldngtoii. 
 
 The Retirement of Washington. — Gitizot, 
 
 1. "Washizstgtox did well to withdraw from public business. 
 He had entered upon it at one of those moments, at once diffi- 
 cult and favorable, when nations, surrounded by perils, summon 
 all their virtue and all their wisdom to surmount tliem. He 
 was admirably suited to this position. He held the sentiments 
 and opinions of his age without slavishness or fanaticism. 
 The past, its institutions, its interests, its manners, inspired him 
 with neither hatred nor regret. His thoughts and his ambition 
 did not impatiently reach forward into the future. The society 
 in the midst of which he lived, suited his tastes and his judg- 
 ment. He had confidence in its principles and its destiny, but 
 a confidence enlightened and qualified by an accurate, instinc- 
 tive perception of the eternal principles of social order. 
 
 2. He served it with heartiness and independence, with that 
 combination of faith and fear which is wisdom in the afi'airs 
 of the world, as well as before God. On this account, especially, 
 he was qualified to govern it ; for democracy requires two things 
 for its tranquillity and its success : it must feel itself to be 
 
242 The United States Reader. [1797. 
 
 trusted and yet restrained, and must believe alike in the genu- 
 ine devotodness and the moral superiority of its leiiders. On 
 these conditions alone can it govern itself while in a process of 
 development, and hope to take a place among the durable and 
 glorious forms of human society. It is the honor of the 
 American people to have, at this period, understood and ac- 
 cepted these conditions. It is the glory of Washington to have 
 been their interpreter and instrument. 
 
 3. lie did the two greatest things which, in politics, man can 
 have the privilege of attempting. He maintained, by peace, 
 that iiulepondence of his country which he had acquired by 
 Avai-. lie founded a free government, in the name of the prin- 
 ciples of order, and by re-establishing their sway. Wiien he 
 retired from public life, both tasks were accomplished, and he 
 could enjoy the result. For, in such high enterprises, the 
 labor which they have cost matters but little. The sweat of 
 any toil is dried at once on the brow where God places such 
 laurels. 
 
 4. lie retired voluntarily and a conqueror. To the very last, 
 his policy had prevailed. If he had wished, he could still have 
 ke})t the direction of it. His successor was one of his most 
 attached friends, 6ne whom he had himself designated. Still 
 the epoclr was a critical one. lie had governed successfully 
 for eight years — a long period in a democratic state, and that 
 in its infancy. For some time, a policy opposed to his own had 
 been gaining ground. American society seemed disposed to 
 make a trial of new patiis, more in conformity, perhaps, with 
 its bias. Perhaps the hour had come for Washington to quit 
 the arena. His successor was there overcome. Mr. Adams 
 was succeeded l)y Mr. Jefferson, the leader of the opposition. 
 Since that time the democratic party has governed the United 
 States.* 
 
 5. Is this a good or an evil ? Could it be otherwise ? Had 
 the government continued in the hands of the federal Jiarty, 
 would it have done better? Was this possible? What have 
 been the consequences, to the United States, of the triumph of 
 
 * This was written during Van Buren's administratioD. 
 
1797.] The Nation. 243 
 
 the democratic party? Have they been carried out to the end, 
 or have they only begun ? What changes have the society and 
 constitution of America undergone, what have they yet to 
 undergo, under their influence? Tliese are great questions; 
 difflcult, if I mistake not, for natives to solve, and certainly 
 impossible for a foreigner. 
 
 6. However it may be, one thing is certain ; that which 
 Washington did— the founding of a free government, by order 
 and peace, at the close of the Eevolution — no other policy 
 than his could have accomplished. He has had this true 
 glory — of triumphing so long as he governed ; and of render- 
 ing the triumph of his adversaries possible, after him, without 
 disturbance to the State. 
 
 7. More than once, perhaps, this result presented itself to his 
 mind without disturbing his composure. " With me a pre- 
 dominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our 
 country to settle and juature its yet recent institutions ; and to 
 proceed without interruption to that degree of strength and 
 consistency which is necessary to give it, humanly speak- 
 ing, the command of its own fortunes." The people of the 
 United States are virtually the arbiters of their own fortunes. 
 Washington had aimed at that liigh object. He reached his 
 mark. Wlio has succeeded like him ? Who has seen his own 
 success so near and so soon? Who has enjoyed to such a 
 degree, and to the last, the confidence and gratitude of his 
 country ? 
 
 8. Still, at the close of his life, in the delightful and honor- 
 able retirement at Mount Vernon which he had so longed for, 
 this great man, serene as he was, was inwardly conscious of a 
 slight feeling of lassitude and melancholy; a feeling very 
 natural at the close of a long life employed in the affairs of 
 men. Power is an oppressive burden ; and men are hard to 
 serve, when one is struggling virtuously and strenuously against 
 their passions and their errors. Even success does not efiace 
 the sad impressions to which the contest has given birth, and 
 the exhaustion which succeeds the struggle is still felt in the 
 quiet of repose. . . . Washington deserved and enjoyed both 
 
244 The United States Reader. [i798. 
 
 success and repose. Of all great men, he was the most vir- 
 tuous and the most fortunate. In this world God has no 
 lii^dier favors to bestow. — Esmij on Wasliiiifjton. 
 
 John Adams's Administrtitiim. — Troubles with France. — 
 
 Tlie neutral ])osition taken by the United States in the war between France and 
 Eno^Iand gave offense to the former govennnent ; and "Jay's Treaty," which 
 had been ratified in 1795, by the Ameiican Senate, considerably anginented the 
 unfriendly feeling. This was boldly made manifest by the act of the French 
 government, in authorizing depredations to be committed u]x^n the comnxTce 
 of the United States, and in ordering our Minister, Mr. I'inckney, to leave 
 France. 
 
 One of the first acts of President Adams was to convene Congress in extra 
 session, to consider these outrages. Three envoys were sent to France, with 
 authority to adjust all difiicultics ; but the French government refused to receive 
 them, and even ordered two of them to quit the country. This insult excited 
 great indignation in the United States ; and Congress at once adopted measures 
 lor putting the country in a state of defense by authorizing a standing army 
 and a naval armament, and appointed Washington commander-in-chief of the 
 entire land-forces. 
 
 Hostilities at sea soon afterward commenced. In one case, an American 
 schooner was taken, and, in another, a French frigate was captured by the 
 United States frigate Constellation. The decided stand taken by the Americans 
 had its effect upon the French government ; and overtures of peace wen.' made, 
 which resulted in a treaty, concluded in 1800, with Napoleon Bonaparte, who 
 had become First Consul of France. 
 
 Hail, Columbia.— //o/>A/Hsoii. 
 
 [The national ode, "• Hiiil, t'liluiiiMa,"' wiiscimiposcd in ITilS, during the troubles with 
 France, l>y Josepli iTopkiii^on, tlu- son of one ol tlie bij.'iK'1-s of ilie Doclai'ation. nnd 
 Bub^equeiitly a United States jud;,'i.' in IV'nn^^.vlvuiiia. The follo\vin<; account of the 
 circuiustanccs attcudiii^ iiij cuniposiiiuu was given by himself, a few months before his 
 death, ill 1S42.] 
 
 I. This song was written in the summer of 1798, wlien war 
 with France was thought to he inevilahlc. Cons^rcss was then 
 in session in l'hiladf]})liia, delibei^ating ui)on that important 
 subject, and acts of hostility had actually taken place. The 
 contest between England and France was raging, and the peo- 
 ple of the United Slates were divided into parties for the one 
 side or the other, some thinking that policy and duty required 
 us to espouse the cause of republican France, as she was called, 
 while others were for connecting ourselves with England, under 
 
i798.] The Nation. 24.8 
 
 the belief that she was the great conservative power of good 
 jn-inciples and safe government. 
 
 2. The violation of our rights by both belligerents^ was forc- 
 ing us from the just and wise policy of President Washing- 
 ton, Avhieh was to do equal justice to both, to take part with 
 neither, but to preserve a strict and honest neutrality between 
 them. The prospect of a rupture with France was exceedingly 
 offensive to the portion of the people who espoused her cause; 
 and the violence of the spirit of party has never risen higher, 
 I think not so high, in our country, as it did at that time upon 
 til at question. 
 
 3. The theatre was then open in our city. A young man 
 belonging to itj whose talent was as a singer, was about to take 
 his benefit. I had known him when he was at school. On this 
 acquaintance, he called on me one Saturday afternoon, his 
 benefit being announced for the following Monday. His pros- 
 pects were very disheartening; but he said that if he could get 
 a patriotic song adapted to the tune of the '• President's March," 
 he did not doubt of a full house ; that the poets of the theatrical 
 corps had been trying to accomplish it, but had not succeeded. 
 I told him I would try what I could do. He came the next 
 afternoon, and the song, such as it is, was ready for him. 
 
 4. The object of the author was to get np an American spirit, 
 which should be independent of, and above, the interests, pas- 
 sions, and policy of both belligerents, and look and feel exclu- 
 sively for our own honor and rights. No allusion is made to 
 Fi-ance or England, or the quarrel between them, or to the 
 question which was most in fault in their treatment of ns. Of 
 course, the song found favor with both parties, for both were 
 Americans ; at least, neither could disavow the sentiments and 
 feelings it inculcated. Such is the history of this song, which 
 has endured infinitely beyond the expectation of the author, as 
 it has beyond any merit it can boast of, excejDt that of being 
 truly and exclusively patriotic in its sentiments and spirit. 
 
 [Tlielast stanza, in its allusion to Wasiiingtou, is particularly impressive.] 
 
 Behold the chief who now commands. 
 Once more to serve his country stands — 
 
246 The United States Reader. 11799. 
 
 The rock ou wiiich the storm will beat, 
 
 Tlie rock on wliicii the storm will beat; 
 But armed in virtue, firm and true, 
 nis hopes are fixed on heaven and you. 
 
 When hope was siukini; in dismay, 
 
 And i^loom obscured Columbia's day, 
 
 His sturd}' niind, from danjjjer free, 
 
 Resolved on death or liberty. 
 Firm — united, etc. 
 
 Death of IVoshingfon, — Wa<liin'.,'t<)n did not live to see the troubles 
 with France terminated : lie died, after a brief illness of a few hours, at Mount 
 Vernon, .on tlie I4th of December, 1799. His death was universally lamented 
 as a national bereavement, and cf^remonics of the most solenui and impressive 
 character were observetl by Con;;rcss, before whom General Henry Lee, of Vir- 
 ginia, delivered an eloijiient funeral oration (Dec. 26). 
 
 Tribute to Washington. — Mason. 
 
 [Extract from a eulogy oti Wa^liinjjton, by John M. Ma8ou,D.D.] 
 
 1. The deiilli of Washingtuii, Atnericaus, hiis revealed tlie 
 extent of our lo.s.><. It lias given us the final proof that we 
 never mistook him. Take his affecting instrument, and read 
 the secrets of his soul. Kead all the power of domestic virtue. 
 Read his strong love of letters and of liberty. Read his fidelity 
 to republican principles, and his jealousy of national character. 
 Read his devotedness to you in his military betjuests to near 
 relations. ''These swords,'' — they are the words of Washington, 
 — '•these swords are accompanied with an injunction not to 
 unsheathe them for the purpose of shedding blood, except it be 
 for self-defense, or in defense of their country and its riglits; 
 and, in tliC latter case, to keep them unsheathed, and prefer 
 falling with them in their hands to the relinquishment thereof." 
 
 2. In hisa(-ts, Americans, you have seen the man. In the com- 
 plicatrd cxcL'llence of clKiracter, he stands alone. Let no future 
 IMuturcli ai tempt the iiii(|iiity of piirallrl. Let no soldier of 
 fortune, let no usurping coiniiieror, let not Alexander or t'a>sar, 
 let not Cromwell or Bonaparte, let none among the dead or 
 living, appear in the same picture with W'AsiiiNciTo.v ; or let 
 them appear as the shade to his light. 
 
 3. On this suliject, my countrymen, it is for others to 
 
1799.] The Nation. 247 
 
 speculate, but it is for us to feel. Yet, in proportion to 
 the severity of the stroke, ought to be our thankfulness 
 that it was not inflicted sooner. Through a Ions: series of 
 years has God preserved our Washington a public blessing; 
 and now, that he has removed him forever, shall we pre- 
 sume to say, " What doest thou ? " Kever did the tomb 
 preach more powerfully the dependence of all things on the 
 Most High. The greatest of mortals crumble into dust the 
 moment He commands, Return, ye children of men. Washing- 
 ton was but the instrument of a benignant God. He sickens, 
 he dies, that we may learn not to trust in men, nor to make 
 flesh our arm. But though Washington is dead, Jehovah lives. 
 God of our fathers ! be our God and the God of our children ! 
 Thou art our refuge and our hope; the pillar of our strength; 
 the wall of our defense, and our unfading glory. 
 
 4. Americans ! this God who raised up Washington, and gave 
 you liberty, exacts from you the duty of cherishing it with a 
 zeal according to knowledge. Never sully, by apathy or by 
 outrage, your fair inheritance. Risk not, for one moment, on 
 visionary theories, the solid blessings of your lot. To you par- 
 ticularly, youth of America ! applies the solemn charge. In 
 all the perils of your country, remember AVashington. The 
 freedom of reason and of right has been handed down to you 
 on the point of tlie hero's sword. Guard with veneration the 
 sacred deposit. The curse of ages will rest upon you, youth 
 of America! if ever you surrender to foreign ambition or 
 domestic lawlessness the precious liberties for which Washington 
 fought and your fathers bled. 
 
 5. I cannot part with you, fellow-citizens, without urging the 
 long remembrance of our present assembly. This day we wipe 
 away the reproach of republics, that they know not how to be 
 grateful. In your treatment of living patriots, recall your love 
 and your respect of Washington. Let not future inconsistency 
 charge this day with hypocrisy. Happy America, if she gives 
 an instance of universal principle in her sorrows for the man 
 "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his coun- 
 trymen ! " 
 
 11* 
 
248 The United States Reader. [1799. 
 
 Character of Washington. — Mavshall. ■ 
 
 1. Gknekai- A\'asiiixgtox wa:; raili<-'r above tliL' common size. 
 His frame was robust, and his constitution vigorous. His 
 figure created in the l)eliolder the idea of strength united with 
 manly gracefulness. His manners were rather reserved than 
 free; though on all proper occasions he could relax sufficiently 
 to show how highly he was gratified by the charms of conver- 
 sation, and the pleasures of society. His person and whole 
 deportment exhibited an unaffected and indescribable dignity, 
 unmingled with liaughtiness, of which all who approached him 
 were sensible ; and the attachment of those who possessed his 
 friendship and enjoyed his intimacy, though ardent, was always 
 respectful. 
 
 2. His temper was humane, benevolent, and conciliatory; 
 but there was a quickness in his sensibility to anything appar- 
 ently offensive, which experience had taught him to watch and 
 to correct. In tlie management of his private affairs, he ex- 
 hibited an exact yet liberal economy. His funds were not 
 wasted on capricious and ill-examined schemes, nor refused to 
 beneficial, though costly improvements. They remained, 
 therefore, competent to that expensive establishment which his 
 reputation, added to a hospitable temper, had, in some measure, 
 imposed upon him; and to those donations whieii real distress 
 had a right to claim from opulence. 
 
 3. He had no pretensions to that vivacity which fascinates, 
 or to that wit which dazzles and frequently imposes on the un- 
 derstanding. More solid than biilliant, judgment rather than 
 genius constituted the prominent feature of his character. 
 AVithuut making ostentatious professions of religion, he was a 
 sincere believer in the Christian faith, and a truly devout man. 
 
 4. As a soldier he was brave, enterprising, and cautious. 
 That malignity which has sought to strip him of the higher 
 qualities of a general, has conceded to liim personal courage, 
 and a tiiiuness of resolution whidi danger could not appal nor 
 difficulties shake. But candor must allow him greater and 
 higher endowments. If his military course does not abound 
 
i'?09.] TJie Nation. 249 
 
 with splendid achievements, it exhibits a series of judicious 
 measures adapted to circumstances, which probal^ly saA'ed his 
 country. 
 
 5. Placed, witliout having studied tlie theoi-y or being taught 
 in the school of experience the jiractice of war, at the head of 
 an undisciplined, ill-organized multitude, which vvas impatient 
 of the restraints, and unacquainted with the ordinary duties, 
 of a camp, without the aid of officers possessing those lights 
 which the commander-in-chief was yet to acquire, it would 
 have been a miracle, indeed, had his conduct been absolutely 
 faultless. But, possessing aii energetic and distinguished mind, 
 on which the lessons of experience were never lost, his errors, 
 if he committed any, were quickly repaired ; and those mea- 
 sures which the state of things rendered advisable were seldom, 
 if ever, neglected. 
 
 6. Inferior to his adversary in the numbers, the equipment, 
 and in the discipline of his troops, it is evidence of real merit 
 that no decisive advantages were ever obtained over him, and 
 that the opportunity to strike an important blow never passed 
 away unused. He has been termed the American Fabius; but 
 those who compare his actions with his means, will perceive 
 as much of Marcellus as of Fabius in his character. 
 
 7. In his civil administration as in his military career, am- 
 ple and repeated proofs were exhibited of that practical good 
 sense and of that sound judgment, which is perliaps the most 
 rare, and is certainly the most valuable quality of the human 
 mind. Devoting himself to the duties of his station, and pur- 
 suing no object distinct from the public good, he was accus- 
 tomed to contemplate at a distance those situations in which 
 the United States might probably be placed ; and to digest, 
 before the occasion required action, the line of conduct which 
 it would be proper to observe. 
 
 8. Taught to distrust first impressions, he sought all the 
 information which was attainable, and heard, without preju- 
 dice, all the reasons which could be urged for or against 
 particular measures. His judgment was suspended until it 
 became necessary to determine; and his decisions, thus ma- 
 
2 5o The United Slates Reader. ii79tt. 
 
 turely made, were seldom, if ever, to be shaken. His conduct, 
 therefore, was systematic, and the great objects of his adminis- 
 tration were readily jjursui'd. 
 
 9. Respecting, as the lirst in a free government must ever 
 do, the real and deliberate sentiments of the people, their gusts 
 of passion passed over without ruffling the smooth surface of 
 his mind. Trusting to the rellecting good sense of the nation, 
 he had the magnanimity to ])ursue its real interests in oppo- 
 sition to its temporary prejudices ; and. in more instances than 
 one, we find him committing his Avhole popularity to hazard, 
 and pursuing steadily the course dictated by a sense of duty, in 
 opposition to a torrent wiiiL-h would have overv.helmed a man 
 of ordinary firmness. 
 
 10. In speculation, he was a real republican, devoted to the 
 constitution of his country, and to that system of equal politi- 
 cal rights on which it is founded. But, between a balanced 
 republic and democracy, the difference is like that between 
 order and chaos. Real liberty, he thought, was to be preserved 
 only by upholding the authority of the laws, and maintaining 
 the energy of government. Scarcely did society present two 
 characters, which, in his opinion, less resembled each other 
 than a patriot and a demagogue. 
 
 11. No man has ever appeared uyxm the theatre of human 
 action whose integrity was more incorruptible, or whose princi- 
 ples were more perfectly free from the contamination of those 
 selfish and unworthy passions whieli find their nourishment in 
 the conflicts of party. His ends were always upright, and his 
 means always pure. He exhibits the rare example of a poli- 
 tician to whom wiles were absolutely unknown. In him was 
 fully exemplified the real distinction between wisdom and cun- 
 ning, and the truth of the maxim that *" honesty is the best 
 policy." 
 
 12. Neither the extraordinary partiality of the American 
 peoi)le, the extravagant praises Avi)icli were bestowed upon him, 
 nor the inveterate opposition and malignant calumnies which he 
 encountered, had any visible influence on his conduct. The 
 cause is to be looked for in the texture of his mind. In him. 
 
isoo.] The Nation. 25 1 
 
 that innate and unassuming modesty which adulation Avould 
 have offended, which the voluntary plaudits of millions could 
 not betray into indiscretion, and which never obtruded upon 
 others his claims to superior consideration, was happily blended 
 with a high and correct sense of personal dignity, and with a 
 just consciousness of that respect which is due to station. 
 Without exertion, he could maintain the happy medium be- 
 tween that arrogance which wounds, and that facility which 
 allows the office to be degraded in the person wlio fills it. 
 
 13. It is impossible to contemplate the great events which 
 have occurred in the United States, under the auspices of Wash- 
 ington, without ascribing them, in some measure, to him. If 
 we ask the causes of the prosperous issue of a war, against the 
 successful termination of Avhich there were so many probabil- 
 ities, — of the good which was produced, and the ill which was 
 avoided, during an administration fated to contend with the 
 strongest prejudices that a combination of circumstances and 
 of passions could produce, — of the constant favor of the great 
 mass of his fellow-citizens, and of the confidence which to the 
 last moment of his life they reposed in him, — the answer will 
 furnish a lesson well meriting the attention of those who are 
 candidates for political fame. 
 
 14. Endowed by nature with a sound judgment, and an ac- 
 curate, discriminating mind, he feared not that laborious atten- 
 tion which made him perfectly master of those subjects on 
 which he was to decide ; and this essential quality was guided 
 by an unvarying sense of moral right, which would tolerate 
 the employment of those means only that would bear the most 
 rigid examination ; by a fairness of intention which neither 
 sought nor required disguise ; and by a purity of virtue wiiich 
 was not only untainted, but unsuspected. — Life of Washington. 
 
 Removal of the Caixitol, etc. — Few events of interest occurred 
 during the remainder of Adams's administration. During the summer of ISOO, 
 the national Capital was removed from Philadelphia to Washington, a location 
 selected, it is said, hv Washington himself. The District of Columbia — a tract 
 ten miles square — had been ceded to the United States by Maryland and Virginia 
 in 1790 ; and the city was laid out the next year. The building of the Capitol was 
 
252 The bftiled States Reader. [isoi. 
 
 not commenced till two years later. Duriiijj the same year (1800), the terri- 
 tory situated between the western frontier of Georgia and the Mississijipi River 
 was orLraiii/etl hy Congress as the Mississippi Ttrritonj. 
 
 John Adains's Successor. — Toward the close of Adams's adinini>tra- 
 tioii of four years, a fierce struggle took place between the two great parties of the 
 day — Federal and Republican — in relation to the presidential succession. Upon 
 counting the electoral votes it was found that no candidate had the requisite 
 majority ; therefore the election went to the House of Representatives, by whom 
 Jefferson was chosen pre:>ident, and Aaron Burr, of New York, vice-president. 
 
 The Election of JeSerson.—Handaf/. 
 
 (The election of Thomas JetTcrson by the House of Representatives was accomplished 
 after a titriig2;lc unpai-alleled in the political history of the country. The balloting com- 
 menced on the 11th of February, and was continued until the ITth, (18J1), when, on the 
 thiity-sixth ballot, ten States voted for Jeflcrson, four (New England) for Burr, and two 
 (Delaware and South Ciirolina) cast blank ballots. Previous to tliis there had been eight 
 States for Ji'trerson. si.\ for Burr, and two (Vermont and Maryland) were divided. On the 
 flr^t ballot ttf ly-four nieniburs voted for Burr, and fifty-one for Jefferson ; but the latter had 
 the gre;iter number of States.] 
 
 1. Two \vet'k.s more woiikl litive ended the constitutional 
 government. In the event of interregnum'' and anarchy% what 
 hopes would there have been for the authors of the evil ? In 
 Marvliind, where the Presidential vote had been balanced, the 
 republicans had carried the legislature elected since the acting 
 members of Congress. New Jersey, nearly halanced in the 
 present House, had been triumphantly swei)t by the republican.s 
 in the last Congressional elections. The popular majority in 
 Pennsylvania was large. Xew York had been carried by the 
 same party. The southern and western States were over- 
 whelmingly republican. 
 
 2. Nor were election statistics'' any real tc-^t of ri'lative 
 Btrength. During that week of dread suspense, as mail after 
 mail sjjread the intelligence of the scene going on at the capi- 
 tal, the light snow never wasted under the sun of June as 
 wasted away the Federal party. Tiie jieople west and south of 
 the Hudson, with almost united voice, declared the conduct of 
 the Federal members of Congress a most gross, dangerous, and 
 wanton violation of the spirit of our Constitution and system 
 of government. Astonishment, alarm, and j'age swept like 
 succeeding waves over the laud. If the effect was less appar- 
 
1801.] The Nation. 253 
 
 ent on the compact federal masses of New England, there, too, 
 it had weakened that party most seriously, and created a for- 
 midable minority. 
 
 3. And the republicans were fortunately situated for the 
 crisis in some incidental particulars. The two great central 
 States which held the capital wedged between them — contain- 
 ing more population than all New England, and considerably 
 upwards of one-fourth of the entire population of the Union — 
 were not only strongly republican, but they had executives as 
 well adapted to such an emergency as if it had been foreseen, 
 and had formed the especial ground of their selection. 
 
 4. For intellectual and executive ability, combined with iron 
 will and that high energy which always takes the initiative" 
 when contest is unavoidable. Governor McKean [of Pennsyl- 
 vania] probably had not his superior in the United States. 
 Governor Monroe [of Virginia] was of milder frame, but Avas 
 as resolute a inaii as there was on earth when his judgment 
 bade him act. He had military experience; he had the pro- 
 found love and confidence of his people. When either of these 
 executives unfurled the banner of his State against a usurpa- 
 tion, there would be left no minority in that State. 
 
 5. It would be vain to deny that both parties had the arbi- 
 tration of arms distinctly in contemplation as the sequel to a 
 usurpation, or to settle, if necessary, the anarchy of an inter- 
 regnum. We find Porcupine's Gazette abounding in extracts 
 from Federal newspapers, exhorting their partisans to stand firm 
 and defy the threats of the Kepublicans, declaring that any 
 member of their party '•' would consecrate his name to infamy" 
 who should " meanly and inconsistently lend his aid to promote 
 Jefierson's election."' One Federal statistician", after enumerat- 
 ing the Massachusetts militia, declaring that Connecticut and 
 New Hampshire are united almost to a man, and that at least 
 half the citizens of eleven other States are "ranged under the 
 Federal banner in support of the Constitution," wishes to know 
 "what could Pennsylvania, aided by Virginia," do under such 
 circumstances ? . . . . 
 
 6. The president-elect was anxious that the ceremonies of his 
 
2 54 ^'<^ United States Reader. [isoi, 
 
 inaugunition should be as few and simple as practicable ; but 
 the feelings of his friends who had flocked to the capital, would 
 not permit him to go unattended to the Senate Ciiamlier to 
 take the oath of oftiee. An English eye-witness thus describes 
 his appearance on the occasion : " His dress was of plain cloth, 
 and he rode on horseback to the cai)itol without a single guard 
 or servant in his train, dismounted without assistance, and 
 hitched the bridle of his horse to the palisades.'' On his enter- 
 ing the Senate Chamber, Burr, who had already taken the oath 
 of oflHce, gave up his chair, and took his seat on the right. On 
 the left sat the Chief-Justice. Two imposing and usual figures 
 on such occasions were absent — the late President and the late 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives. Mr. Adams had made 
 an abrupt and ungi-aceful departure from the city early in the 
 morning. — Life of Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 Advice to the Nation. — Jefferson. 
 
 [The following is an extract from tlie Inanjniral Adilresp, delivered by Thomas Jeffer- 
 Bon on assuming the Presidential chair, March 4ih,lS01.] 
 
 1. During the contest of opinion through which we have 
 passed, the animation of discussion and of exertions has some- 
 times worn an aspect which might impose on strangers tin used 
 to think freely and to speak and write what^they think ; but this 
 being now decided by the voice of the nation, announced accord- 
 ing to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course, arrange 
 themselves under the will of the law, and unite in common 
 efforts for the common good. All, too, will bear in mind this 
 sacred principle, that though the will of tiie majority is in all 
 cases to prevail, that will, to be rightful, must be reasonable; 
 that the minority possess their equal rights, which e<[ual laws 
 must protect, and to violate Avhich woiiKl be oppression. 
 
 2. Let us then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one 
 mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and 
 affection without which liberty and even life itself are but 
 dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from 
 our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so 
 long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little, if we counte- 
 
1801.] The Nation. 255 
 
 nance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable 
 of as bitter and bloody persecutions. 
 
 3. During the throes and convulsions of the ancient Avorld, 
 during- the agonizing spasms of infuriated man, seeking 
 through blood and slaughter his long-lost liberty, it was not won- 
 derful that the agitation of the billows should reach even this 
 distant and peaceful shore ; that this should be more felt and 
 feared by some, and less by others; that this should divide 
 opinions as to measures of safety. But every difference of 
 opinion is not a difference of principle. We are all republicans 
 — we are all federalists. If there be any among us who Avoiild 
 wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its republican form, 
 let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with 
 which error of opinion may be tolerated svhen reason is left free 
 to combat it. 
 
 4. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a repub- 
 lican government cannot be strong; that this government is 
 not strong enough. But Avould the honest patriot, in the full 
 tide of successful experiment, abandon a government which 
 has so far kept us free and firm, on the theoretic and visionary 
 fear that this government, the world's best hope, may by possi- 
 bility want the energy to preserve itself? I trust not. I be- 
 lieve this, on the contrary, the strongest government on earth. 
 I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the 
 laws, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet in- 
 vasions of the public order as his own personal concern. Some- 
 times it is said that man cannot be trusted with the govern- 
 ment of himself. Can he then be trusted with the government 
 of others ? Or have we found angels in the form of kings to 
 govern him ? Let history answer this question. 
 
 5. Let us, then, with courage and confidence pursue our own 
 federal and republican principles, our attachment to our union 
 and representative government. Kindly separated by nature 
 and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter 
 of the globe ; too high-minded to endure the degradations of 
 the others; possessing a chosen country, with room enough for 
 our descendants to the hundredth and thousandth generation ; 
 
2 56 The United States Reader. [1802. 
 
 entertuiniiig a due sense of our equal rights to the use of our 
 own faculties, to the acquisitions of our industry, to honor and 
 conlidence from our fellow-citizens, resulting, not fi'om birth, 
 but from our actions and their sense of them ; enlightened by 
 a benign religion, professed, indeed, and practised in various 
 forms, yet all of them including honesty, truth, temperance, 
 gratitude, and the love of man; acknowledging and adoring 
 an overruling Providence, which by all its dispensations i)roves 
 that it delights in the iiappiuess of man here and his greater 
 happiness hereafter ; with all these blessings, what more is 
 necessary to nnike us a happy and jn'osperous peojjle? 
 
 6. Still one thing more, fellow-eitizens — a wise and frugal 
 government, which shall restrain men from injuring one an- 
 other, which shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their 
 own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take 
 from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the 
 sum of good government, and this alone is necessary to close 
 the circle of our felicities. 
 
 Jcffer^on'^s Administration. — Admission of Ohio. — In 1802 
 the Ohio Tcnitorv, wliich luul previously formed tlie eastern ])art of tlie North- 
 west Territory, atlo])ted a State government, and was admitted into the Union 
 as tlic Stiitf of Ohio.* Tliis made seventeen States heloiij,'inf^ to the Union. 
 
 I'nrrlmse of JjOnisiand. — In 1803 a most important .iddition was 
 made to tlie national do^nain of the United States, by the ])urehasc of an im- 
 mense tract of land \\ut<i prineii)aliy between tlie Mississippi Hiver and the 
 Koeky Mountains, and called by the Freiuh Louisiana, after one of their kings 
 (Louis XIV.). This territory was jiurchased from the French government, at 
 the head of which was Najiokon Bonaparte, for the sum of fifteen millions of 
 dollar.<;. One of the most important advantaj^es secured by this purchase, and 
 Ihat for which it was chiefly made, was tlie free navijj:ation of the Mississippi 
 River to the Gulf of Mexico. Considerable opposition was made to the ratiliea- 
 tion of the. treaty by which the cession was obtained, particularly from the 
 Federalists, on the ground that the Constitution gave no power to annex foreign 
 territory; and Jefferson himself considered that he had transcended the litnits 
 of the Constitntiim ; others, liowevcr, took different ground, and tlic treaty was 
 ratified. Louisiana was afterward divided into two territories, called respect- 
 ively the Territory of New Orleans and the District of Louisiana. 
 
 * Tbc Ohio River was so called by tbo IiidiiiDs, the word !ii(;nir\ing btauli/ul. 
 
1803.] The Nation. 2SJ 
 
 War with Tripoli.— In the same year, 1803, Commodore Preble 
 (preh'el) was sent against the pirates of the Barbary States, who were constantly 
 committing dcprcLlations upon the commei'ce of the United States. One of his 
 vessels, the frigate Philadelphia, while reconnoitering the enemy's fortification in 
 the harbor of Tripoli (fn)jWe), struck on a rock, and was captured, her crew 
 being made slaves. 
 
 The recapture of the frigate being considered impracticable, her destruction 
 was determined upon. Accordingly, on the night of February 15, 1804, Lieu- 
 tenant Decatur (cli-kilur), in a small vessel, with about eighty companions, 
 entered the harbor, boarded the Philadelphia, killed or drove into the sea every 
 one of the Tripolitau crew, and, after setting the frigate ou fire, escaped without 
 losing a man. 
 
 About a year later, Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United States, concerted an 
 expedition with Hamet, the exiled though rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli. 
 He marched from Egypt across the desert, and captured Der'ne ; but, in the 
 midst of his successes, a treaty of peace was concluded between the bashaw and 
 Mr. Lear, American Consul-General. 
 
 Duel between Hainiltoii and Burr.— In ISO-t (July 12), occurred 
 a duel between Alexander Hamilton * and the vice-president, Aaron Burr,t in 
 which Hamilton was mortally wounded. The challenge came from Burr, who 
 had been informed that Hamilton had publicly made remarks which reflected 
 upon his character, and demanded, in an offensive way, that they should be 
 withdrawn. This was refused by Hamilton. The meeting took place at 
 Hobokcn ; Hamilton discharged his pistol in the air, but Burr took deliberate 
 aim, and his antagonist fell. The death of Hamilton occurred the next day, 
 and was universally lamented ; while Burr was obliged to flee from the storm 
 of indignation which his act had produced. 
 
 Eulogy on Hamilton. — Dr. Nott. 
 
 [From a discourse delivered in Albany, July, 1S04.] 
 
 I. THAT I possessed the talent of eulogy, and that I might 
 be permitted to indulge the tenderness of friendship, in paying 
 the last tribute to the memory of Hamilton ! that I were 
 capable of placing this great man before you ! Could I do this, 
 
 * Hamilton was born in the Island of Nevis. West Indies, in 1757- At the apre of thirteen, he was 
 sent to New York to be educated. He was one of the first to take up arms at the bejrinning of the 
 Revolution, and, as captain of an artillery eonjpany, performed a creditable part in the battle of Long 
 Island. B.v his activit.v and intelligence he attracted the attention of Washington, and, after the 
 battles of Trenton and Princeton, in which he took part, he accepted an invitation from the cora- 
 manderinchief to take a place on liis staff as aid-de-carap. He afterward participated in the battles 
 of Brandywine, tiermantown, and Monmouth. 
 
 + Btirr was born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1756. In 1775, he was engaged in the expedition 
 against Canada, and .accompanied Arnold upon his toilsome march through the wilderness. He was 
 in the battles of Quebec and Monmouth. His death occurred at Staten Island, N. Y., in 1836. 
 
2 58 The United States Reader. [I804. 
 
 I should furnish you with an argument, the most practical, 
 the most plain, the most convincing, except that drawn from 
 the mandate of God, tiiat was ever furnished against duelling 
 — that horrid pnrctice which has, in an awful moment, robbed 
 the world of such exalted worth. But I cannot do this; I can 
 only hint at the variety and exuberance of his excellence. 
 
 2. The Man, on whom nature seems originally to have im- 
 pressed the stamp of greatness ; wliose genius beamed, from the 
 retirement of collegiate life, with a radiance which dazzled, 
 and a loveliness which charmed the eye of sages. The Hero, 
 called from his se(iuesrered retreat, Aviiose first appearance in 
 the field, though a stripling, conciliated the esteem of Washing- 
 ton, our good old father. Moving by whose side, during all tiie 
 perils of the Kevolution, our young chieftain was a contributor 
 to the veteran's glory, the guardian of his person, and the co- 
 partner of his toils. 
 
 3. The Conqueror, who, sparing of human blood, when vic- 
 tory favored, stayed the uplifted arm, and nobly said to the 
 vanquished enemy, '' Live !" The Statesman, the correctness 
 of wliose principles and the strength of whose mind are 
 inscril}ed on the records of Congress, and on the annals of the 
 council-chamber; whose genius impressed itself on the Consti- 
 tution of his country; and whose memory, the government, 
 illustrious fabric, resting on this basis, will i)erpetuate while it 
 lasts; and, shaken by the violence of party, should it fall, which 
 may Ileaven avert, his prophetic declarations will be found 
 inscribed on its ruins. 
 
 4. The Counsellor, who was at once the pride of the bar and 
 the admiration of the court; Avhose apprehensions were as 
 cpiick as lightning, and whose dt-velopnient of truth was lu- 
 minous as its path; whose argument no change of circum- 
 stances could embarrass; whose knowledge appeared intuitive; 
 and who, by a single glance, and with as much facility as the 
 eye of an eagle passes over the landscape, surveyed the whole 
 field of controversy ; saw in what way truth might bo most 
 successfully defended, and how error must be approached ; and 
 who, without ever stopping, ever hesitating, by a rapid and 
 
1801.] The Nation. 269 
 
 manly march, led the listening judge and tlie fascinated juror, 
 step by step, through a delightsome region, brightening as he 
 advanced, till his argument rose to demonstration, and elo- 
 quence was rendered useless by conviction ; Avhose talents were 
 employed on the side of righteousness; whose voice, whether 
 in the council-chamber or at the bar of justice, was virtue's 
 consolation ; at whose approach oppressed humanity felt a 
 secret rapture, and the heart of injured innocence leapt for 
 
 joy. 
 
 5. Where Hamilton was — -in whatever sphere he moved, the 
 friendless had a friend, the fatherless a father, and the poor 
 man, though unable to reward his kindness, found an advocate. 
 It was when the rich oppressed the poor, when the powerful 
 menaced the defenseless, when truth was disregarded, or the 
 eternal principles of justice violated — it was on these occasions 
 that he sometimes soared so high and shone with a radiance 
 so transcendent, I had almost said, so " heavenly, as filled those 
 around him with awe, and gave to him the force and authority 
 of a prophet." 
 
 6. The Patriot, whose integrity baffled the scrutiny of inqui- 
 sition ; whose manly virtue never shaped itself to circum- 
 stances ; who, always great, always himself, stood amidst the 
 varying tides of party, firm like the rock which, far from land, 
 lifts its majestic top above the waves, and remains unshaken 
 by the storms which agitate the ocean. The Friend, who 
 knew no guile — whose bosom was transparent and deep ; on 
 the bottom of whose heart was rooted every tender and sympa- 
 thetic virtue ; whose various worth opposing parties acknowl- 
 edged w^hile alive, and on whose tomb they unite, with equal 
 sympathy and grief, to heap their honors 
 
 7. He yielded to the force of an imperious custom; and 
 yielding, he sacrificed a life in which all had an interest — and he 
 is lost — lost to his country, lost to his family, lost to us. For 
 this act, because he disclaimed it and was penitent, I forgive 
 him. But there are those whom I cannot forgive. I mean not 
 his antagonist, over w^hose erring steps, if there be tears in 
 Heaven, a pious mother looks down and weeps. If he be capa- 
 
26o The United States Reader. [isos. 
 
 ble of feeling, he sufiers already all that humanity can suffer. — 
 suffers, and. wherever he may fly. will puffer — with the poignant 
 recollection ol" having taken the life of one who was too magnani- 
 mous, in return, to attempt his own. Ilail ho known this, it must 
 have paralyzed his arm while it pointed at so incorruptible a 
 bosom the instrument of death. Does he know this now, his 
 heart, if it be not adamant, must soften — if it be not ice, it 
 
 must melt 
 
 8. Approacli, and behold, while I lift from the sepulchre its 
 covering! Ye admirers of his greatness, ye emulous of his 
 talents and his fame, approach, and behold him now I How 
 pale! How silent! No martial bands admire the adroitness 
 of his movements; no fascinated throng weep, and melt, and 
 tremble, at his eloquence. Amazing change! a.>hroud — acofhn 
 — a narrow subterraneous cabin — this is all that now remains 
 of Hamilton! And is this all that remains of him \ During 
 a life so transitory, what lasting monument, then, can our 
 fondest hopes erect 'i 
 
 lie-elerfioii of fTcfferson. — Thoma« Jeffirson was rc-olcctcd president 
 in 1805; but Bnrr, luivinir lo"^! all ])(>litical influence by ills connection with the 
 duel just referred to, was succeeded as vice-president in" George Clinton, of New 
 York. 
 
 Jiurv^M Suhseqifenf JTistovy. — After his retirement from the vice- 
 presidency, Burr made a Journey to the southwest, and there his conduct sub- 
 jected him to strange suspicion. He made considerable progress in the or- 
 ganization of an expedition which, it was alleged, was designed for the invasion 
 of Mexico. His ultimate purpose, it was further alleged, was to establish an 
 empire which should embrace one or more of the southwestern States of the 
 Union. 
 
 By fu'der of the president of the United States he was arrested, taken to 
 Richmond, Virginia, and there tried on a charge of treason. The trial was a 
 protracted one; hut, under a ruling of the court, which did not involve the 
 determination of the guilt or innocence of the accused, he was aciuitted. He 
 was, however, believed to be guilty of a design to dismember the Union, with 
 the view to establish an independent state west of the Alleghauies, with him- 
 self at its head. He subsequently had no connection with the public allairs of 
 the cotintry. 
 
 Trouhfes irifh 'EiHfland, — Tlie wars in Europe, growing out of the 
 French revolution, continued during .Tefl'erson's administration. That between 
 England and France, though it at first proved profitable to the American ship- 
 
1809.] The Natio7t. 261 
 
 ping interests engaged in the carrying trade between the ports of the two hostile 
 nations, resulted in the adoption of measures injurious to our commerce. To 
 annoy and cripple her adversary, England declared the whole northern coast 
 of France in a state of blockade. Napoleon retaliated by the " Berlin Decree," 
 in which he pronounced the British Islands m a state of blockade. But the 
 crowning grievance was the " right of search," asserted by Great Britain, under 
 which claim American vessels were boarded, and all sailors of English birth 
 found on board, were impressed as subjects of the king. 
 
 Affaiv of the Chesapeake and Leoitard. — An event occurred, 
 in June, 1807, which occasioned great excitement throughout the country. The 
 frigate Chesapeake, when off the capes of Virginia, was fired into by the British 
 frigate Leopard. The American vessel, being unprepared for action, struck her 
 colors, after having twenty-one of her crew killed or wounded. Four alleged 
 desertci-s were then transferred to the Leopard, three of whom, it was afterward 
 proved, were native Americans. 
 
 This outrage provoked the president to issue a proclamation forbidding 
 British armed vessels to enter the ports or waters of the LTnited States. Al- 
 though the act of the Leopard was not approved by the British government, 
 no reparation was made till four years afterward. 
 
 TJie Eiiiba rffO Act. — In consequence of the policy of the two European 
 nations, so destructive to our commerce. Congress passed the Embargo Act, 
 forbidding American vessels to leave the ports of the United States. As this 
 act not only failed to produce any change in the policy of the two powers at 
 war, but was ruinous in its effects upon the shipping interests, it became very 
 unpopular, and was repealed — a law, prohibiting all intercourse with those coun- 
 tries, being substituted for it. 
 
 tTeffei'SOii^s Siiecessor. — Thomas Jefferson was succeeded on the 4th 
 of March, 1809, by James Madison of Virginia. 
 
 Cotton Cidtuve and Steam Navic/ation. — Among the most 
 important sources of advancement in material prosperity during the administra- 
 tion of Jefferson, were the improvements in steam navigation and the cultivation 
 of cotton. The former was brought to a practical success by Robert Fulton, 
 in 1807. 
 
 Steam Navigation. — Tlmbs. 
 
 I. In 1778, tlie notorious Thomas Paine, the republican, pro- 
 posed in America the propulsion of vessels by steam. Paine, 
 at one period, employed himself much in mechanical specula- 
 tions. In 1787, he submitted to the Academy of Sciences at 
 Paris a plan for the construction of iron bridges, which he after- 
 ward explained in a letter printed in Rotherham. He published 
 four or five treatises — on iron bridges, the yellow fever, the 
 building of ships of war, etc. 
 
262 The United States Reader. tisor. 
 
 2. The enterprising spirit of the Americans was not likely to 
 suffer them to be wanting in efforts to bring that to pass which 
 had caused so much sensation on this side of the Atlantic, and 
 which, even at that time, promised such immense results. Ac- 
 cordinfflv, we find that two individuals, named Rumsev and 
 Fitch, were engaged in active rivalry in the United Statis, 
 in applying the steam-engine to the propulsion of vessels. 
 
 3. The latter of these two gentlemen, as early as 17S3, was 
 occupied in the construction of a boat which he afterward con- 
 trived to move with ])addles, by the aid of a steam-engine, on 
 the Delaware ; and, in 1785, he had so far completed his design, 
 that he presented a model of his apparatus to Congress. lie 
 wac encouraged l)y tlie sujiport of several wealthy men, wlio 
 provided the means for his experiments, and was so sanguine of 
 success, as to express his firm conviction that the ocean would 
 ultimately be crossed by steam-vessels — a declaration which, 
 wiieii it was made, must have ap])eared to be little else than the 
 notion of a visionary, hut whieh many of Fitch's generation 
 have lived to see so woiulerfnlly realized. 
 
 4. Ivumsey, his rival, was also backed by a company ; and, 
 in 1784, succeeded in the construction of a boat, a model of 
 which, in that year, he exhibited to General Washington. This 
 vessel was about fifty feet long, and was carried along the 
 Potomac by means of a stream of water, which, with a pump 
 worked by a steam-engine, entered at the bow and was carried 
 out at the stern, the reaction of the water being the propelling 
 agent. 
 
 5. The Ijoiler only held about five gallons, and the fuel ct>n- 
 sumed was about six bushels of coal in twelve hours. Yet, with 
 this imperfect apparatus — when the boat was loaded with three 
 tons weight, besides the engine, which was about a third of a 
 ton nu)re — Kumsey succeeded in attaining a rate of three or 
 four miles an hour. lie afterward came to England, and, l)y 
 the assistance of some capitalists, built another vessel, which 
 was tried on the Thames in the month of February, 1793 ; 
 and in several trials made afterward, one attained a speed, 
 against wind and tide, of upward of four miles an hour. . . 
 
180T.1 The Nation. 263 
 
 6. Chancellor Livingston liaying supplied the means, a ves- 
 sel was launched upon the Hudson, by Eobert Fulton, early in 
 the spring of 1807. Fulton thus described to a friend the dis- 
 heartening circumstances under which the construction of the 
 first steamboat — nicknamed by the Americans "Fulton's 
 Folly" — was patiently persevered in by himself. He records as 
 follows : " When I was building my first steamboat at New 
 York, the project was viewed by the public with indifference 
 or with contempt, as a visionary scheme. My friends, indeed, 
 Avere civil, but they were shy. They listened with patience to 
 my explanations, but with a settled cast of incredulity on their 
 countenances. Never did a single encouraging remark, a bright 
 hope, a warm wish, cross my path. Silence itself was but 
 politeness veiling its doubts or hiding its reproaches." 
 
 7. Fulton's biographer describes the trial : " Before the boat 
 had made the progress of a quarter of a mile, the greatest unbe- 
 liever Avas converted, and Fulton Avas received Avith shouts and 
 acclamations of congratulation and applause. The vessel, Cler- 
 tnont, made the first A'oyage from New York to Albany, 145 
 miles, at the average rate of five miles an hour, stopping some 
 time at Clermont to take in water and fuel. The Avhole prog- 
 ress up the Hudson Avas a continued triumph." 
 
 8. The vessel is described as having the most terrific appear- 
 ance. The dry pine-Avood fuel sent up many feet above the 
 flue a column of ignited vapor, and Avhen the fire Avas stirred, 
 tremendous shoAvers of sparks. The wind and tide Avere ad- 
 verse to them, but the crowds saAv Avith astonishment the vessel 
 rapidly coming toAvard them ; and Avhen it came so near that 
 the noise of the machinery and paddles Avas heard, the creAV, in 
 some instances, shrunk beneath their decks from the terrific 
 sight; while otliers prostrated themselves, and besought Provi- 
 dence to protect them from the approach of the horrible 
 monster Avliich Avas marching on the tide, and lighting its path 
 by the fire that it vomited. 
 
 9. But the Clermont soon had a competitor. Within a few 
 AA'eeks, Mr. Stevens, of Hoboken, launched a steam-vessel, which, 
 as she could not ply on the waters of the Hudson, in consequence 
 
 12 
 
264 The United States Reader. 
 
 of the exelu^ivt' patent of Fulton and Livingston, ho took round 
 to the Dehiware ; and this was the first steamer that over 
 braved the tides of ocean. — llislonj of Wonderful Inventions. 
 
 King Cotton.— ^»«W. Mackenzie. 
 
 1. "When" Europeans first visited the southern parts of North 
 America, they found in abundant growth there apUmt destined 
 to sucli eminence in the future history of the world as no other 
 member of the vegetable family ever attained. It was an unim- 
 l)ortant-looking plant two or three feet in height, studded with 
 pods somewluit larger than a walnut. In the aiii)ropriate sea- 
 son these pods opened, revealing a wealth of soft, white fibre, 
 embedded in wiiich lay tlie seeds of the plant. 
 
 2. This was Cotton. It was not unknown to the Old World. 
 The Romans used cotton fabrics before the Christian era. India 
 did so from a still more remote period, but the extent to which 
 its use had been carried Avas trivial. Men clothed themselves as 
 best they might, in linen or woolen cloth, or simjjly in the skins 
 of the beasts whicli they slew. The time was now at hand 
 Avheii an ami)ler provision for their wants was to be disclosed to 
 them. 
 
 3. Socially and politically, cotton has deei)ly influenced the 
 course of liuman affairs. The mightiest conquerors sink into 
 insignificance in presence of King Cotton. The English Ix-gan 
 to cuhivate a little cotton very soon after their settlement in 
 America. But it was a difficult crop for them to handle. The 
 plants grew luxuriantly. When autumn came the opening jwds 
 revealed a most satisfactory opulence. The quantity of cotton 
 l)roduced excited the wonder of the planters. But the seeds of 
 the plant adhered tenaciously to the fibre. Before the fibre 
 could be used the seeds had to be removed. 
 
 4. This was a slow, and therefore a costly, process. It was as 
 much as a man could do in a day to separate one pound of cot- 
 ton from the seeds. Cotton could never be abundant or cheap 
 while this was the case. But in course of time, things cami' to 
 pass in England wliich made it indispensable that cotton should 
 be both abundant and cheap. 
 
The Nation. 265 
 
 5. In 1768, Richard Arkwriglit invented a machine for spin- 
 ning cotton, vastly superior to a,nything hitherto in use. Next 
 year, a greater than he — James Watt— aunonnced a greater in- 
 vention — his steam-engine. England was now ready to begin 
 her great work of weaving cotton for the world ; but where was 
 the cotton to be found? 
 
 6. Three or four years before Watt patented his engine and 
 Arkwriglit his spinning-frame, there was born in a New England 
 tarmhouse a boy whose work was needed to complete theirs. 
 His name was Eli Whitney. Eli was a born mechanic. It was 
 a necessity of his nature to invent and construct. As a mere 
 boy he made nails, pins, and walking-canes by novel processes, 
 and thus earned money to support himself at college. In 1792 
 he went to Georgia to visit Mrs. Greene, the widow of that 
 General Greene who so troubled Lord Cornwallis in the closing 
 years of the war. 
 
 7. In that primitive society, where few of the comforts of civ- 
 ilized life were yet enjoyed, no visits were so like those of the 
 angels as the visits of a skillful mechanic. Eli constructed 
 marvellous amusements for Mrs. Greene's children. He over- 
 came all household difficulties by some ingenious contrivance. 
 Mrs. Greene learned to wonder at him, and to believe nothing 
 was impossible for him. 
 
 8. One day, Mrs. Greene entertained a party of her neigh- 
 bors. The conversation turned upon the sorrows of the 
 planter. That unhappy tenacity with which the seeds of the 
 cotton adhered to tlie fibre was elaborately bemoaned. With 
 an urgent demand from England for cotton, with boundless 
 lands which grew nothing so well as cotton, it was hard to be 
 so utterly baffled. 
 
 9. Mrs. Greene had unlimited faith in her friend Eli. She 
 begged him to invent a machine which, should separate the 
 seeds of cotton from the fibre. Eli was of northern upbringing, 
 and had never even seen cotton in seed. He walked in to 
 Savannah, and there, with some trouble, obtained a quantity of 
 uncleaned cotton. He shut himself in his room, and brooded 
 over the difficulty which he had undertaken to conquer. 
 
266 The Utiiied States Reader. 
 
 10. All that winter Eli labored, devising, hammering, Ijuild- 
 ing up, rejecting, beginning afresh. He had no help. He 
 could not even buy tools, but had to make them witii his own 
 hands. At length his machine was completed, rude-looking, 
 but visibly effective. Mrs. Greene invited the leading men of 
 the State to her house. She conducted them in triumph to 
 the building in which the machine stood. The owners of un- 
 profitable cotton-lands looked on, Avith a wild flash of hope 
 lighting up their desponding hearta Possibilities of untold 
 wealth to each of them lay in that clumsy structure. The 
 machine was put in motion. It was evident to all that it could 
 perform the work of hundreds of men. Eli had gained a great 
 victory for mankind. In that rude log-hut of Georgia, Cotton 
 was crowned King, and a new era was opened for America and 
 the world. 
 
 11. Ten years after Whitney's cotton-gin was invented, a 
 huge addition was made to tiie cotton-growing districts of 
 America. In 1803, Europe enjoyed a short respite from the 
 mad Napoleon wars. France had recently accpiired from Spain 
 vast regions bordering on the Gulf of ^lexieo. and stretching 
 far up the valley of the Mississippi, and westward to the 
 Pacihc. It was certain that peace in Europe would not last 
 long. It was equally certain that when war was resumed 
 France could not hold these possessions against the fleets of 
 England. America wished to acquire, and was willing to pay 
 for them. It was better to sell to the Americans, and equii> 
 soldiers with the price, than wait till England was ready to 
 conquer. Napoleon sold, and America added Louisiana to her 
 vast possessions. 
 
 12. Mark well these two events — the invention of a machine 
 for cheaply separating the seeds of cotton from the fibre, and 
 the purchase of Louisiana from the French. Out of those two 
 events flows the American history of the next half century. 
 Not any other event since the War of Independence, not ;.ll 
 other events put together, have done so much to shape and 
 determine the career of the American people. — United States 
 of America. 
 
1812.] The Nation. 267 
 
 Madison's Administration. — War of 1812.— The fourth 
 President of the United States, James Madison of Virginia, was inaugurated at 
 Washington, on the 4th of March, 1809, at a crisis in the aifiiirs of the nation 
 wliich required, on the part of the administration, the utmost caution, prudence> 
 and resolution. 
 
 Affair between the Little Belt and the President. — In 
 May, 1811, an affair occurred Avhich tended to increase the ill feeling which 
 then existed between Great Britain and the United States. The British sloop- 
 of-war Little Belt, while cruising off the coast of Virginia, fired into the Ameri- 
 can frigate President ; but her fire was returned with such heavy broadsides, 
 that, in a few minutes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded. 
 
 Battle of Tippecanoe. — About the year 1804, the Indians on the 
 western frontiers, incited by British emissaries and influenced by the appeals of 
 Tecumseh,* one of their boldest and most active warriors, began to form a 
 confederacy against the people of the United States. A brother of Tecumseh, 
 known as the " Prophet," who, by his predictions and promises, had acquired 
 great influence over the tribes along the Wabash, was a leading agent in the busi- 
 ness of bringing about an alliance. 
 
 General Harrison, governor of the Indian territory,marched (in 1811) towards 
 the western frontier and approached Tippecanoe, the town of the Prophet, situ- 
 ated at the junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, in the present 
 State of Indiana. The Prophet, in the absence of Tecumseh, at once proposed 
 a conference, to take place the next day, and requested the Americans to encamp 
 for the night at a place which he designated. Harrison, suspecting treachery, 
 ordered his troops to sleep on their arms. This proved a fortunate precau- 
 tion, for, early on the following morning (Nov. 7th,), the Indians made a 
 furious attack upon the American camp; but, after a desperate and bloody con- 
 test of two hours, they were repulsed. This battle ruined the plans which 
 Tecumseh had formed ; and his next attempt against the Americans was through 
 the alliance which he formed with the English, in 1812. 
 
 War declared against Great Britain. — The United States 
 had endeavored to induce the British government to abrogate its " Orders in 
 Council," and to negotiate terms for suspending the impressment of American 
 seamen, but in vain. That government absolutely refused, and nothing remained 
 but war. Accordingly, in June, 1812, the President of the United States, in 
 conformity with an act of Congress, issued a proclamation declaring war against 
 Great Britain ; and preparations were at once made for raising a large army. 
 General Dearborn, of Massachusetts, an officer who had served with credit in 
 the Revolution, was appointed commander-in-chief. Before hostilities actually 
 commenced, the British government had revoked its " Orders in Council," but 
 the " right of impressment " was still insisted upon. 
 
 * Tecumseh, or, as the name is sometimes written, Tecumtha, was a chief of the Shawnee Indians. 
 He was born on the banks of the Scioto River, iu Ohio, about 1770. The " Prophet's" name was 
 Elkswatawa. 
 
268 The United States Reader. [is 12. 
 
 First Tlvents of the ll'dr. — At the time of tlic declaration of war. 
 General Hull, the ;.'Overnor o( Michijj;an Territory, was mareliing with two 
 thousand men from Ohio to Detroit, his purpose being to accomplish the reduc- 
 tion of the hostile Indians of the northwest. In anticipation of the war with 
 En^jland, he had been invested with discretionary power to invade Canada. 
 Learning, while on the march, that war had been declared, he crossed the De- 
 troit Iliver, with the avowed intention of attacking Fort Maiden; but, in- 
 stead of at once proceeding, lie encamped at Sandwich, eighteen miles distant, 
 and thus gave the enemy an opportunity to prepare for defense. In the mean 
 time, Fort Mackinaw, an American post situated on an i^land at the outlet of 
 Lake Michigan, was surprised by a force of British and Indians, and captured 
 before the irarrixjii had even lieard of the declaration of war. 
 
 Siii't'cudcr of J}('tr<tit. — A detachment which Hull had sent to con- 
 A-oy a supply-train for liis arnjy, was met near IJrownstown (Aug. 5tl)) and 
 utterly defeated ; but four days later, a second detachment, under Colonel Mil- 
 ler, encountered and routed the enemy. In the meantime Hull, after nearly a 
 month's idleness in Canada, recrossed the river, and took post at Detroit. To 
 this place he was, in a few day:, followed by General Brock,, commanding 
 thirteen hundred British and Indians. The Americans were confident of vic- 
 tory in the battle which seemed about to take place, yet, to their great indigna- 
 tion, Hull ordered the white flag to be shown, in token of submission (Aug. IG). 
 By this net, not only Detroit, r>ut the whole territory of Michigan, passed into 
 the IuukU of the enemy. 
 
 Trittl of Hull. — Hiiirs conduct, two years after, underwent examina- 
 tion by a court-martial, and thoughhe was acquitted of treason, the court pro- 
 nounced him guilty of cowardice, and he was sentenced to be shot ; but, in 
 consideration of his age and revolutionary services, the sentence was remitted 
 by President Madison. Hull's* conduct was severely criticised at the time, as 
 •well as in after years ; but a series of letters which he published in 1824, and a 
 volume which appeared at a still later period, together fonm a complete vindica- 
 tion of his surrender, as regards either the charge of treason or cowaitUcc. 
 
 Battle of Queenstown. — j. T. Ileadley. 
 
 I. 'J'lu: iiurthi'Vii army, minibering between eight and ten 
 thousand .soldiers, was principally concentrated at two points. 
 One pm-tion was encamped near PUittsbnrg and Greenbush, 
 commanded by General Dearborn in person; the other, at 
 Lewistown, was nnder the direction of General Stephen \'aii 
 Rensselaer, of the New York militia, "while one thousand live 
 
 • Willinm Hull wus bom In r<innoctlciil, In 1753. TTe wna in the bcittles of White Plains, Tren- 
 ton, rrincetiin. neiniH lleJKliI". .^iirntcKn. Miinnii>utli. nn<l ittuny Poiut ; nud in all of them tuiii^ht 
 with couriib'e. His dciitli occurred iu MassachuBCtls, iu lt£U. 
 
1812.] The N'ation. 269 
 
 hundred regulars, under General Smythe, lay at Buffalo, a few 
 
 miles distant. There Avere a few troops stationed also at Og- 
 densl)urg, Sackett's Harbor, and Black Kock. 
 
 2. The discontent produced by Hull's surrender, and the 
 loud complaints against the inaction of the northern army, to- 
 gether with the consciousness that something must be done to 
 prevent the first year of war from closing in unmixed gloom, 
 induced General Van Eensselaer to make a bold push into Can- 
 ada, and by a sudden blow attempt to wrest Jamestown from 
 the enemy, and there establish his winter quarters. The cut- 
 ting out of two English brigs from under the guns of Fort 
 Erie, by Lieutenant Elliot, with some fifty volunteers, created 
 an enthusiasm in the American camp, of which General Van 
 Eensselaer determined to avail himself 
 
 3. The command of the expedition Avas given to his cousin, 
 Colonel Solomon Van Eensselaer, a brave and chivalric officer, 
 Avho, on the 13tli of October, at the head of three hundred 
 militia, accompanied by Colonel Chrystie Avitli three hundred 
 regular troops, prepared to cross the river. It Avanted still an 
 hour to daylight Avheii the tAVo columns stood in battle array 
 on the shore. Through carelessness, or inability to obtain 
 them, there Avere not sufficient boats to take all over at once, 
 and they Avere compelled to cross in detachments. The boat 
 Avhich carried Colonel Chrystie being badly managed, Avas SAvept 
 aAvay by the current, and finally compelled to re-land on the 
 American shore. This gallant officer was Avounded Avhile thus 
 drifting in the stream, yet soon after he made another attempt 
 to cross, and, succeeding, led his troops nobly until the close of 
 the action, 
 
 4. Colonel Van Eensselaer, having effected a landing, formed 
 on the shore and marched forAvard. Tlie Avhole force at this 
 time did not exceed one hundred men. These, hoAVCA'er, Avere 
 led up the bank, Avhere they halted to wait the junction of the 
 other troops, that kept arriving, a feAv boat-loads at a time. 
 But daylight noAV having daAvned, the exposed position of this 
 detachment rendered it a fair mark for the enemy, who imme- 
 diately opened their fire upon it. In a few minutes every com- 
 
270 The United States Reader. [is 12. 
 
 missioiK'cl ottioer Avtis either killed or wounded. Colonel V:m 
 Rensselaer, linding that the bank of the river afforded vitv 
 little shi'lter, determined, with the handful under him, to storm 
 the heights. But he had now received four wounds, and was 
 compelled to surrender the command to Captains Ogilvic and 
 Wool, who gallantly moved forward, and carried the fort and 
 heights. 
 
 5. The enemy were driven into a strong stone house, from 
 wliicli they made two unsuccessful attempts to recover the 
 ground they had lost. Brock, flushed with the easy victory he 
 had gained over Hull, rallied them l)y his presence, and, while 
 attempting to lead on the grenadiers of the 49th, fell mortally 
 wounded. This, for a tinie, gave the Americans undisturbed 
 possession of the heiglits, and great efforts were made to bring 
 over other troops. General Van Rensselaer, after the fall of his 
 cousin, crossed and took the command, but hastening back to 
 urge on the embarkation of the militia, it devolved on General 
 AVads worth. 
 
 6. Daylight had seen this brave little band form on the 
 shores of the river under a galling fire; the morning sun glit- 
 tered on their bayonets from the heights of Queenstown, and 
 the victory seemed won. The day so gloriously begun would 
 have closed in brighter effulgence, had not the militia on the 
 farther side refused to cross over to the assistance of their 
 hard-pressed comrades. A stone house near the bank, defended 
 by two light pieces of artillery, still played on the boats that 
 attempted to cross; and the Americans on the Canada side, 
 having no heavy artillery, were unable to take it. 
 
 7. The firing from this, ami stion after the appearance of a 
 large body of Indians on the field of battle, so frightened the 
 militia, that neither entreaties nor threats could induce them 
 to embark. Through utter want of orderly management, half 
 of the twenty boats had been destroyed or lost ; still it Avas not 
 the lack of means of transportation that held them back, but 
 conscientious scruples about invading an cnemtfs terriforif. 
 Attempting to mask their cowardice under this ridiculous jdea, 
 they stood and saw the dangers thicken aroimd their comrades 
 
1812.] The Nation. 271 
 
 who had relied on their support, Avithout making a single effort 
 to save them from destruction. 
 
 8. Lieutenant-Colonel Scott, by a forced march through mud 
 and rain, had arrived at Lewistown with his regiment at four 
 o'clock in the morning, just as the troops were embarking. 
 Pie begged permission to take part in the expedition, but the 
 arrangements having all been made, his request was denied. 
 He therefore planted his guns on the shore and opened his fire 
 upon the enemy. But seeing how small a proportion of the 
 troops were got across, and perceiving also the peril of Van 
 Rensselaer's detachment, his young and gallant heart could not 
 allow him to remain an idle spectator; and, taking one piece 
 of artillery, he jumped into a boat with his adjutant, Roach, 
 and pushed for the opposite shore. 
 
 9. Wadsworth immediately gave the command of the troops 
 to him, and his chivalric bearing and enthusiastic language 
 soon animated every heart with new courage. Six feet five 
 inches in height and in full uniform, he presented a conspicuous 
 mark for the enemy and a rallying-point to the troops. Had 
 his regiment been with him, Queenstown would have" been a 
 second Chippewa. 
 
 10. Considerable reinforcements, however, had arrived, swell- 
 ing the number to six hundred, of whom three hundred and 
 fifty were regular troops. These, Scott, assisted by the cool 
 and skillful Captain Zitten, soon placed in the most command- 
 ing positions, and waited for further reinforcements. Just 
 before, a body of five hundred Indians, whom the firing had 
 suddenly collected, joined the beaten light-troops of the English. 
 Encouraged by this accession of strength, the latter moved 
 again to the assault, but were driven back in confusion. 
 
 11. Still the enemy kept up a desultory engagement. On 
 one occasion, the Indians, issuing suddenly from the forest, 
 surprised a picket of militia, and following hard on their flying 
 traces, carried consternation into that part of the line. Scott, 
 who was in the rear, showing the men how to unspike a gun, 
 hearing the tumult, hastened to the front, and rallying a few 
 platoons'', scattered those wild warriors with a single blow. But 
 
 12* 
 
272 The Ujiited States Reader. [1812. 
 
 ■\vliile the clay was wearing away in this doubtful manner, a 
 more formitlable foe appeared on the field. 
 
 B2. General Siieatfe, commanding at Fort George, had heard 
 tlie firing in the morning; and, a littk' later, the news of tlie 
 death of Brock was brought him. His forces were immediately 
 put in motion : and, soon after mid-day, the little band that 
 had from day-daAvn bravely breasted tlie storm, saw from the 
 heights they had so bravely won, a column, eiglit hundred and 
 fifty strong, approaching the scene of combat — not in haste or 
 confusion, but with the slow and measured tread of disciplined 
 troops. These few hundred Americans Avatched its progress 
 with uiulauiitcd hearts, and turned to catch the outlines of their 
 own advancing regiments, but not a bayonet Wiis moving to 
 tlieir help. 
 
 13. At this critical moment news arrived of the shameful 
 mutiny that had broken out on the opposite shore. The en- 
 treaties of Van Eensselaer, and the noble examjile of Wiidsworth, 
 and the increasing peril of their comrades, were wholiy 
 unavailinff — not a soul would stir. - This sealed the fate of the 
 American detachment. A few hundred, sustained by only one 
 j)iece of artillery, against the thirteen hundred of the enemy — 
 their number when the junction of thefidvancing column with 
 the remaining troops and the Indian allies should be etfected — 
 constituted hopeless odds. 
 
 1-1. General ^'an Rensselaer, I'rom the opposite shore, saw this, 
 and sent word to Wadsworth to retreat at once, and he would 
 send every boat he could lay hands on to receive the fugitives. 
 He, however, left everything to the judgment of the latter. 
 Colonels Chrystie and Scott, of the regulars, and Mead, Strahan, 
 and Allan of the militia, and officers Ogilvie, Wool, Totten,and 
 Gibscui, McCliesney, and others, presented a noble yet sorrowful 
 group, as they took council over this message of the com- 
 mander-in-chief. Their case was evidently a hopeless one, yet 
 they could not make up their minds to retreat. 
 
 15. Colonel Scott, mounting a log in front of his troops, 
 harangued them in a strain worthy of the days of chivalry. 
 He told them their condition was desperate, but that Hull's 
 
1812.] The Natio7i. 273 
 
 surrender must be redeemed. " Let us then die," he exclaimed, 
 '■arms in hand. Our country demands the sacrifice. The ex- 
 ample Avill not be lost. The blood of the slain will make heroes 
 of the living. Those who follow will avenge our fall, and our 
 countr3''s wrongs. Who dare to stand?" A loud "All!" 
 rang sternly along the line. In the meantime General Sheaffe 
 had arrived, but instead of advancing immediately to the at- 
 tack, slowly marched his column the whole length of the 
 American line, then countermarched it, as if to make sure that 
 the little band in front of him was the only force he had to 
 overcome. 
 
 16. All saw at a glance that resistance was useless, and retreat 
 almost hopeless. Tlje latter, however, was resolved upon ; but 
 the moment the order was given to retire, the whole broke in 
 disorderly flight toward the river. To their dismay, no boats 
 were there to receive them, and a flag of truce was therefore 
 sent to the enemy. The messenger, however, never returned; 
 another and another shared the same fate. At last Scott tied 
 a white handkerchief to his sword, and, accompanied by Cap- 
 tains Totten and Gibson, crept under one of the precipices, 
 down the river, till he arrived where a gentle slope gave an easy 
 ascent, when the three made a push for the road, Avhich led 
 from the valley to the heights. 
 
 17. On the way they were met by Indians, who, firing on them, 
 rushed forward with their tomahawks, to kill them. They 
 Avould soon have shared the fate of the other messengers, but 
 for the timely arrival of a British officer, with some soldiers, 
 Avho took them to General Sheafi"e, to whom Scott surrendered 
 liis Avhole force. Two hundred and ninety-three were all that 
 survived of the brave band Avho had struggled so long and so 
 nobly for victory. Several hundred militia, however, were 
 found concealed along the shore, who had crossed over, but 
 skulked away in confusion. The entire loss of the Americans 
 in this unfortunate expedition, killed and captured, was about 
 one thousand men. General Van Eensselaer, disgusted with 
 the conduct of the militia, soon after sent in his resignation. 
 
 18. Brock Avas buried the folloAving day, " under one of the 
 
274 ^^^ United States Reader. [I812. 
 
 bastions of Fort George;" uud, iit the request of Scott, then ;i 
 prisoner, niinute-guns wcrelired from Fort Niagara during tlie 
 funeral ceremonies. Above the dull roar of the cataract, the 
 minute-guns of friends and foes pealed over the dead, as, with 
 shrouded banners, the slowly-marching column bore him to his 
 last resting-place. Cannon that but a few hours before had been 
 exploding in angry strife on each other, now joined their peaceful 
 echoes over his grave. Such an act was ciiaracteristic of Scott, 
 who, fierce and fearless in battle, Avas chivalrous and kind in 
 all his feelings. 
 
 19. While a prisoner in an inn at Niagara, Scott was told 
 that some one wished to see the " tall American." He immedi- 
 ately passed through into the entry, Avhen to his astonishment 
 he saw standing bel'ore him two savage Indian chiefs, the same 
 who had attempted to kill liiin when he surrendered himself a 
 prisoner of war. They wished to look on the man at whom 
 they had so often lired with a deliberate aim. In broken En- 
 glish, and by gestures, they inquired where he was hit, for they 
 believed it impossible that out of fifteen or twenty shots not 
 one had taken effect. The elder chief, named Jacobs, a tall, 
 powerful savage, became furious at Scott's asserting that not a 
 ball had touched him, and seizing his shoulders rudely, turned 
 him round to examine his back. 
 
 20. The young and fiery colonel did not like to have such 
 freedom taken with his person by a savage, and. hurling him 
 fiercely aside, exclaimed : " Off, villain ! you fired like a squaw." 
 '•We kill you now," was thcfiuick and startling reply, as knives 
 and tomahawks gleamed in their hands, Scot,t was not a man 
 to beg or run, though either would have been preferable to tak- 
 ing his chances against these armed savages. Luckily for hiui, 
 the swords of the American ollicers who had been taken i)ris- 
 oners were stacked under the staircase, beside which he was 
 standing. 
 
 21. Quick as thought, he snatched up the largest, a long 
 sabre, and the next moment it glittered unsheathed above his 
 head. One lea]) backward, to get scope for play, and he stotxl 
 towering even above the gigantic chieftain, who glared in sav- 
 
1812.] The N^ation. 276 
 
 age hate upon him. The Indians wei'e in the wider part of the 
 hall, between the foot of the stairs and the door, while Scott 
 stood farther in, where it was narrower. The former, there- 
 fore, could not get in the rear, and Avere compelled to face their 
 enemy. They manoeuvred to close, but at every turn that 
 sabre flashed in their eyes. The moment they should come to 
 blows, one, they knew, was sure to die ; and although it was 
 equally certain that Scott would fall under the knife of the 
 survivor before he could regain his position, yet neither Indian 
 seemed anxious to be the sacrifice. 
 
 22. While they thus stood watching each other, a British 
 officer chanced to enter, and, on beholding the terrific tableau^ 
 cried out, " The guard ! " and at the same instant seized the 
 tallest chieftain by the arm, and presented a cocked pistol to 
 his head. The next moment the blade of Scott quivered over 
 the head of the other savage, to protect his deliverer. In a few 
 seconds the guard entered with leveled bayonets, and the two 
 chieftains Avere secured. One of them Avas the son of Brant, 
 
 "of Revolutionary notoriety. 
 
 23. The prisoners Avere all taken to Quebec, whence they 
 Avere sent in a cartel" to Boston. As they Avere about to sail, 
 Scott, Avho Avas in the cabin of the transport, hearing a noise 
 on deck, Avent up to ascertain the cause, and found that the 
 British officers were separating the Irishmen, to exclude them 
 from mercy due to the other prisoners, and have them taken .to 
 England and tried for treason. TAventy-three had thus been set 
 apart Avhen he arrived. Indignant at this outrage, he peremp- 
 torily"" ordered the rest of the men to keep silent, and not 
 ansAver a question of any kind, so that neither by their replies 
 nor voice could they give any evidence of the place of their 
 birth. He then turned to the doomed twenty-three, and de- 
 nounced the act of the officers, and declared most solemnly that 
 if a hair of their heads Avere touched he Avould avenge it, even 
 if he Avere compelled to refuse quarter in battle. 
 
 24. Soon after he reached Boston, he Avas sent to Washington, 
 and in a short time Avas exchanged. He then drcAV up a report 
 of the Avhole affair to the Secretary of War, and it Avas pre- 
 
276 The United States Reader. tisia. 
 
 sented tlie same day to Congress. The result -was the j)assage 
 of an act of retaliation" (March 3d, 1813). — History of the 
 Second War icit/i Eiujland. 
 
 Naval Events. — The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean during 
 1812 were as decided as their reverses on the hind. Tiierc were five important 
 naval hattles, in every one of which the Americans were victorious. Tlie first 
 was the capture (Au<^. 13tii) of the sloop Alert, hy the frijrate Essex, Captain 
 Porter. Six days after, the frigate Constitution, Captain Hull, captured the 
 Guerrierre {rjure-e-ure'), after an action of ahout forty minutes. 
 
 Capture of the Guerriere by the Constitution. 
 
 Cooper. 
 
 1. Ix the meanwhile, the Constitution was not idle. Remain- 
 ing at Boston a short time, Captain Hull sailed again on the 
 2d of August, standing along the land to the eastward, in the 
 hope of falling in with some of the enem3''s cruisers, that were 
 thought to be hovering on the coast. The ship ran down, near 
 the land, as far as the Ray of Fiindy, without seeing anything, 
 Avhen she Avent olf Halifax and Cape Sable, Avilh the same want 
 of success. Captain Hull now determined to go farther east, 
 and he went near the isle of Sables, and thence to the mouth of 
 the Culf of St. Lawrence, to intercept vessels bound to Halifax 
 or Quebec. 
 
 2. Here two prizes, of little value, were taken and burned. 
 On the morning of the loth, five sail were made, one of which 
 was a sloop-of-war. The Constitution followed a ship, which 
 turned out to be an Englisliman, already a prize to an Ameri- 
 can privateer. This vessel had been si)oken by the slooi)-of-war, 
 but the ai)pearance of the Constitution prevented her recai)ture. 
 A brig was next chased to leeward, and proved to be an Ameri- 
 can, with a prize-crew on board. She was retaken, and sent in. 
 The remainder of the vessels escaped. 
 
 3. The Constitution next stood to the southward, and on the 
 19th, at two P.M., in lat. 41°41', long. 55° 48', a sail was made from 
 the mast-heads, bearing E.8.E., and to leeward, though the dis- 
 tance prevented her character from being discovered. The 
 Constitution imniediatelv made sail in chase, and at three, the 
 
1812.] The Nation. 277 
 
 stranger was ascertained to be a ship on the starboard tack, 
 under easy canvas, and close-liauled. Half an hour later, she 
 was distinctly made out to be a frigate, and no doubts were en- 
 tertained of her being an enemy. The American ship kept 
 running free until she was within a league of the frigate to lee- 
 ward, when she began to shorten sail. By this time, the enemy 
 had laid his main-topsail aback, in waiting for the Constitution 
 to come down, with everything ready to engage. 
 
 4. Perceiving that the Englishman sought a combat, Captain 
 Hull made his own preparations Avith the greater deliberation. 
 The Constitution, consequently, furled her top-gallant-sails, and 
 stowed all her light stay-sails and flying-jib. Soon after, she 
 took a second reef in the top-saiLs, hauled up the courses, sent 
 down royal yards, cleared for action, and beat to quarters. At 
 five, the chase hoisted three English ensigns, and immediately 
 after she opened her fire at long gun-shot, wearing^ several times, 
 to rake and prevent being raked. The Constitution occasion- 
 ally yawed'' as she approached, to avoid being raked, and she 
 fired a few guns as they bore, but her object was not to com- 
 mence the action seriously, until quite close. 
 
 5. At six o'clock the enemy bore up and ran off, under his 
 three top-sails and jib, with the wind on his quarter. As this 
 was an indication of a readiness to receive his antagonist in 
 a fair yard-arm and yard-arm fight, the Constitution imme- 
 diately set her main-top-gallant-sail and foresail, to got along- 
 side. At a little after six, the bows of the American frigate 
 began to double on the quarter of the English ship, when she 
 opened with her forward guns, drawing slowly ahead, with her 
 greater way, both vessels keeping up a close and heavy fire, as 
 their guns bore. 
 
 6. In about ten minutes, or just as the ships were fiiirly side 
 by side, the mizzen-mast of the Englishman was shot away, 
 when the American passed slowly ahead, keeping up a tremen- 
 dous fire, and luffed" short round on her bows, to prevent being 
 raked. In executing this manoeuvre, the ship shot into the 
 wind, got sternway, and fell foul of her antagonist. While in 
 this situation, the cabin of the Constitution took fire from the 
 
278 The United States Reader. 11812. 
 
 close explosion of the forward guns of the enemy, who obtainc-il 
 a .small, but monuntarv advantagt-' from lii.s position. The 
 good conduct of ^Ir. lloifinaii, who commanded in the cabin, 
 soon repaired thi.s atfident, and a irun of the enemy's, that 
 threatened further injury, was disatjled. 
 
 7. As the vessels touched, both ])artics prepared to board. 
 The English turned all haiuis up from below, and mustered 
 forward, with that object, while Mr. Morris, the first lieutenant', 
 with his own hands endeavored to lash the ships together. 
 Mr. Alwyn, the master, and Mr. Bush, the lieutenant of the 
 marines, were upon the taffrail'' of the Constitution, to be ready 
 to spring. Both sides now suffered by the closeness of the 
 musketry; the English much the more, however. ^Ir. Morris 
 was shot through the body, the bullet fortunately missing the 
 vitals. Mr. Alwyn was wounded in the shoulder, and Mr. Bush 
 fell dead l)y a bullet through (he head. It being found impos- 
 sible for either party to board, in the face of such fire, and with 
 the heavy sea that Avas on, the sails were filled, and just as th' 
 Constitution shot ahead, the foremast of the enemy fell, carry- 
 ing down with it his mainnuist, ami leaving him wallowing 
 in the trough of the sea, a helpless wreck. 
 
 8. The Constitution now hauled aboard her tacks, ran off a 
 short distance, secured her nuists, and rove new rigging. At 
 seven, she wore round, and taking a favorable position for rak- 
 ing, a jack, that had been kei)t ilying on the stump of the 
 mizzen-mast of the enemy, was lowered. Mr. George Cam})l)ell 
 Kead, the third lieutenant, was sent on board the prize, and 
 the boat soon returned with the report that the captured vessel 
 was the Guerrierc, 38 guns. Captain Dacres, one of the shij'- 
 that had so lately chased the Constitution, off New York. 
 
 9. The Constitution kei)t Avearing to remain near her prize, 
 and at two a.m. a strange sail Avas seen closing, Avhen sh>' 
 cleared for action; but at three the stranger stood off. A I 
 daylight, the ollieer in charge hailed, to say that the Guerrier.' 
 had four feet of Avater in her hold, and that there Avas danger 
 of her sinking. On receiving this information. Captain Hull 
 sent all his boats to remove the prisoners. Fortuiuitely, the 
 
1812.] The Nation. 279 
 
 weather was moderate, and by noon this duty was nearly ended. 
 At three p.m. the prize-crew was recalled, having set the wreck 
 on fire, and in a quarter of an hour she blew up. Finding his 
 ship filled with wounded prisoners, Captain Hull now returned 
 to Boston, where he arrived on the 30th of the same month. 
 
 10. It is not easy, at this distant day, to convey to the reader 
 tlie full force of the moral impression created in America by 
 this victory of one frigate over another. So deep had been the 
 effect produced on the public mind by the constant accounts 
 of the successes of the Englisli over their enemies at sea, that 
 the opinion, already mentioned, of their invincibility on that 
 element, generally prevailed ; and it had beeu publicly pre- 
 dicted that, before tlie contest had continued six months, Brit- 
 ish sloops-of-war would lie alongside of American frigates with 
 comparative impunity. Perhaps the only portion of even the 
 American population that expected different results Avas that 
 which composed the little body of officers on whom the trial 
 would fall ; and they looked forward to the struggle with a 
 manly resolution, rather than with a very confident hope. 
 
 11. But the termination of the combat just related far ex- 
 ceeded the expectations of even the most sanguine. After 
 making all proper allowance for the difference of force, which 
 certainly existed in favor of the Constitution, as well as for the 
 excuses that the defeated party freely offered to the world, men 
 on both sides of the Atlantic, who were competent to form in- 
 telligent opinions on such subjects, saw the promise of many 
 future successes in this. The style in which the Constitution 
 had been handled; the deliberate and yet earnest manner in 
 which she had been carried into battle ; the extraordinary 
 execution that had been made in a short time by her fire ; the 
 readiness and gallantry with which she had cleared for action, 
 so soon after destroying one British frigate, in which was 
 manifested a disposition to meet another, united to produce a 
 deep conviction of self-reliance, coolness, and skill, that was of 
 infinitely more weight than the transient feeling which might 
 result from any accidental triumph. — Naval History of the 
 United States. 
 
28o Tke United States Reader. [is 12. 
 
 other Naval Victories. — In Octolxr tlie sloop Wasp, Captain Jones, 
 captiiiiil tlic Frolic ; hut starei-ly liiul tlie prize i)fen taken pos-?ession of, when 
 an Kn<:li>h ship of 74 guns hove in sight, and captured Ijoth vessels. 
 
 Just one week after (Oct. 25th), the frigate United States, Commodore 
 Decatur, after an action of nearlv two hours, west of the Canary Islands, com- 
 pelled the Macedonian to surrender. A little more than two months later, the 
 Constitution, then commanded hy Commodore Bainbridge,* gained her second 
 victory, in the capture of the Java. The action took jdace off the coast of 
 Brazil (Dec. 29:h), and lasted nearly two hours. 
 
 The Constitution. — The gallant Constitution, or "Old Ironsides," as 
 she was airocti(Ji):itely called in the navy, continued in active service during 
 this war. Cooper remarks, " In the course of two years and nine months, this 
 ship had been in three actions, had been twice critically chased, and had cap- 
 tured five vessels-of-war, two of which were frigates, and a third frigate-built. 
 In all her service, as well before Tripoli as in this war, her good fortune was 
 remarkable. She never was dismasted, never got ashore, or scarcely ever 
 suffered any of the usual accidents of the sea. Though so often in battle, no 
 very serious slaughter ever took ))lacc on board her. One of her commanders 
 was wounded, and four of her lieutenants had been killed, two on her own 
 decks, and two in the Intrepid ; but, on the whole, her entire career had been 
 that of what is usually called a ' lucky ship.' Her fortune, however, may 
 perhaps be explained in the simple fart, that .she had always been well com- 
 manded. In her two last cruises, she had probably possessed as fine a crew as 
 ever manned a frigate. They were princi|)ally New En;;land men, and it has 
 been said of them, that they were almost qualified to fight the sliip without her 
 officers." 
 
 Old Ironsides.— O. Jr. Holmes. 
 
 [Tlic followiii;; linos were called fortii by a rumor that the frigate Constitution wa8 
 about to be broken up as unfit for service.] 
 
 1. Ay, tear her tattered ensign down ! 
 
 Long has it waved on high. 
 And many an eye has danced to see 
 
 That banner in the sky : 
 Beneath it rung the batlle-shout, 
 
 And luust the cannon's roar; 
 The meteor of the ocean-uir 
 
 Shall sweep the clouds no more. 
 
 • Willinm BHinhriilce wni bom in Princeton, N. J., in 1774. In 1803 he wns in command or the 
 frigtito riiiliidelpliia wlion thnt vessel Htniclc on A roclc nnd wu cnptiired in tlie bnrlior oT Tripoli. 
 Be nnd hiii crew, of more than three hundred persons, were taken prisoners by the Tripolitans uud 
 tield in captivity nineteen months. He died iu I'biladclpbia, in 1813. 
 
1812.] The Nation. 281 
 
 3. Her deck, once red with heroes' blood, 
 
 Where knelt the vanquished foe, 
 When winds were hunyiug o'er the flood, 
 
 And waves were white below, 
 No more shall feel the victor's tread, 
 
 Or know the conquered knee; 
 The harpies of the shore shall pluck 
 
 The eagle of the sea. 
 
 3. Oh, better that her shattered hulk 
 
 Should sink beneath the wave ; 
 Her thunders shook the mighty deep, 
 
 And there should be her grave. 
 Nail to the mast her holy flag, 
 
 Set every threadbare sail, 
 And give her to the god of storms — 
 
 The lightning and the gale. 
 
 Operations of 'AmeHcau Privateers. — In the belief that the 
 navy of the United States would be entirely destroyed or captured by that of 
 England, it had been decided, at the beginning of the war, to lay up our ships 
 to save them. But, happily, that policy was soon departed from. American 
 privateers^, too, scoured tlie ocean, and British commerce suffered in every direc- 
 tion. During the year 1812, more than three hundred vessels, with not less 
 than thi-ee tliousands prisoners, besides valuable cargoes, were taken by the 
 Americans. 
 
 Opjiosition to the War. — The war was unpopular with very many, 
 particularly the Federalists, who thought that the administration could have 
 avoided it ; and that it greatly imperilled the interests and safety of the country 
 without any corresponding advantage. In Februaty, 1813, a resolution offered 
 in the House of Representatives to raise twenty additional regiments in order 
 to prosecute tlie war, met with considerable opposition. Henry Clay, then a 
 member of the House, however, sustained the administration and defended the 
 policy of the war with all his characteristic eloquence. The following is an 
 extract from his great speech on that occasion. 
 
 Necessity of the War of 1S12.— Henry Clay. 
 
 I. This war was declared because Great Britain arrogated to 
 herself the pretension of regulating our foreign trade, under the 
 delusive name of Eetaliatory Orders in Council — a pretension 
 by which she undertook to proclaijn to American enterprise, 
 " thus far shalt thou go, and no farther " — orders which she 
 
282 The United States Reader. [is 12. 
 
 refused to revoke, after the alleged cause of their enactment 
 had ceased ; because she persisted in the practice of impress- 
 ing American si-amon ; because she had instigated the Indians 
 to commit hostilities against us; and because she refused in- 
 demnity lor her past injuries upon our commerce. 
 
 2. I throw out of the (piestion other wrongs. The Avar, in 
 fact, was announced, on our i)art, to meet the war which she 
 was waging on her part. So undeniable were tiie causes of 
 the war, so powerfully did they address themselves to the feel- 
 ings of the whole American peoi)le, that when the bill was 
 l)ending before this House, gentlemen in the ojiposition, al- 
 though provoked to debate, would not, or could not, utter one 
 syllaljle against it 
 
 3. I have no hesitation in saying that I have always con- 
 sidered the impressment of American seamen as much the 
 most serious aggression. But, sir, how hate those Orders at 
 last been repealed? Great Britain, it is true, has intimated a 
 willingness to suspend their practical operation, but she still 
 arrogates to herself the right to revive them upon certain con- 
 tingencies, of which she constitutes herself the sole judge. 
 She temporarily waives the use of the rod, but she suspends it, 
 in tcrrorcin, over our heads. 
 
 4. Sup{)osing it to be conceded to gentlemen, that such an 
 appeal of the Orders in Council as took place on the twenty- 
 third of June last, exceptionable as it is, being known before 
 the war was proclaimed, would have preventeil it, does it follow 
 that it ought to induce us to lay down our arms without the 
 redress of any other injury of which we complain? Does it 
 follow, in all cases, that that which would in the first instance 
 have prevented the war, would also terminate it? V>\ no 
 means. It requires a strong and powerful ell\)rt in a nation 
 prone to peace as this is, to burst through its habits, and en- 
 counter the dillicnlties and privations of war. .Such a nation 
 ought but seldom to embark in a Ix'lligerent contest; but when 
 it does, it should ix' for obvious and essential rights alone, ami it 
 should firmly resolve to extort, at all hazards, their recognition. 
 
 5. The War of the Revolution is an example of a war begun 
 
1S12.] The Nation. 
 
 for one object and prosecuted foi- another. It was waged, in its 
 commencement, against the right asserted by the parent coun- 
 try to tax the Colonies. Then, no one thouglit of absolute 
 independence. The idea of independence was repelled. Sub- 
 sequently, the British government would have relinquished the 
 principle of taxation. The founders of our liberties saw, however, 
 that there was no security short of independence, and they 
 achieved that independence. 
 
 6. When nations are engaged in war, those rights in contro- 
 versy, which are not acknowledged by the treaty of peace, are 
 abandoned. And who is prepared to say, that American seamen 
 shall be surrendered as victims to the British principle of 
 impressment? And, sir, what is this principle ? She contends 
 that she has a right to the services of her own subjects ; and 
 that, in the exercise of this right, she may lawfully impress 
 them, even although she finds them in American vessels, upon 
 the high seas, without her jurisdiction. 
 
 7. Now, I deny that she has any right, beyond her jurisdic- 
 tion, to come on board our vessels, upon the high seas, for any 
 otlier purpose than in the pursuit of enemies, or their goods, or 
 goods contraband" of war. But she further contends that her 
 subjects cannot renounce their allegiance" to her, and contract 
 a new obligation to other sovereigns. I do not mean to go into 
 the general question of expatriation". If, as is contended, all 
 nations deny it, all nations, at the same time, admit and prac- 
 tice the right of naturalization. Great Britain herself does 
 this. Great Britain, in the very case of foreign seamen, im- 
 poses, perhaps, fewer restraints upon naturalization than any 
 other nation. 
 
 8. Then, if subjects cannot break their original allegiance, 
 they may, according to universal usage, contract a new allegi- 
 ance. AVhat is the effect of this double obligation ? Undoubt- 
 edly, that the sovereign, having pre-possession of the subject, 
 would have the right to the services of tiie subject. If he 
 return within the jurisdiction of his primitive sovereign, he 
 may resume his right to his services, of which the subject, by 
 his own act, could not divest himself. But his primitive sov- 
 
284 The United States Reader. [is 12. 
 
 ereiirn can Imve no right to go in quest of him, out of liis own 
 jurisdiction, into the jurisdiction of another sovereign, or upon 
 the high seas, where there exists either no jurisdiction, or it is 
 prc-])ossessed by the nation owning the ship navigating them. 
 
 9. But, sir, tiiis discussion is altogether useless. It is not to 
 the British jirinciple, ot)jectionable as it is, tiiat we are alone to 
 look; it is to her practice, no matter what guise she puts on. 
 It is in vain to assert the inviolability of the obligation of alle- 
 giance. It is in vain to set up the plea of necessity, and to 
 allege tliat she cannot exist without the impressment of licr 
 seamen. The naked truth is, she comes, by her press-gangs, 
 on board of our vessels, seizes oxtr native as well as naturalized 
 seamen, and drags them into her service 
 
 10. We are told, by gentlemen in the opposition, that govern- 
 ment has not done all that was incumbent on it to do, to avoid 
 just cause of complaint on the })art of Great Britain; that, in 
 particular, the certificates of protection, authorized by the Act 
 of 179G, are fraudulently used. Sir, government has done toti 
 much in granting those paper protections. I can never think 
 of them without being shocked. They resemble the passes 
 which the master grants to his negro-slave: "Let the bearer, 
 Mungo, pass and repass without molestation.'' 
 
 11. What do they imply ? That Great Britain has a right 
 to seize all who are not provided with them. From their very 
 nature, they must be liable to abuse on both sides. If Great 
 Britain desires a mark by which she can know her own sub- 
 jects, let her give them an ear-mark. The colors that float 
 from the mast-head should be the credentials of our seamen. 
 There is no safety to us, and the gentlemen have shown it, but 
 in the rule that all who sail under the flag (not being enemies) 
 are protected by the flag. 
 
 12. It is impossible that this country should ever abandon 
 the gallant tars who have won for us such splendid trophies^ 
 Let me suppose that the genius of Columbia should visit one 
 of them in the ()i)i)n'ss()r's prison, and attemi)t to reconcile him 
 to his forlorn and wretched condition. tSJie would say to him, 
 ill the language of gentlemen ou the other side, "Great Britain 
 
1812.] The Nation. 2 85 
 
 intends you no harm; she did not mean to impress you, but 
 one of her own subjects. Having taken you by mistake, I will 
 remonstrate, and try to prevail upon her, by peaceable means, 
 to release you ; but I cannot, my son, light for you." 
 
 13. If he did not consider this mere mockery, the poor tar 
 would address her judgment, and say : " You owe me, my 
 country, protection ; I owe you, in return, obedience. I am no 
 British subject; lam a native of old Massachusetts, where lived 
 my aged father, my wife, my ch ildren. I have faithfnlly discharged 
 my duty. Will you refuse to do yours ? " Appealing to her 
 passions, he Avould continue : " I lost this eye in fighting under 
 Truxton, with the Insurgente ; I got this scar before Tripoli ; I 
 broke this leg on board the Constitution, when the Guerriere 
 struck." If she remained still unmoved, he would break out 
 in the accents of mingled distress and despair: 
 
 "Hard, bard is my fate! Once I freedom enjoyed, 
 Was as happy as liappy could be ! 
 Ob ! bow liard is my fate, bow galling tbese cbains ! " 
 
 I will not imagine the dreadful catastrophe" to which he would 
 be driven by an abandonment of him to his oppressor. It will 
 not be, it cannot be, that his country Avill refuse him protec- 
 tion 
 
 14. An honorable peace is attainable only by an efficient 
 war. My plan would be, to call out the ample resources of the 
 country, give them a judicious direction, prosecute the war 
 with the utmost vigor, strike wherever we can reach the enemy, 
 at sea or on land, and negotiate the terms of a peace at Quebec 
 or at Halifax. We are told that England is a proud and lofty 
 
 .nation, Avhich, disdaining to wait for danger, meets it half-way. 
 Haughty as she is, we once triumphed over her ; and, if we do 
 not listen to the counsels of timidity and despair, we shall 
 again prevail. In such a cause, with the aid of Providence, we 
 must come out crowned with success; but if we fail, let us fail 
 like men, lash ourselves to our gallant tars, and expire together 
 in one common struggle, fighting for feee trade and sea- 
 
 MENS' RIGHTS. 
 
286 The United Stales Reader. w%\i. 
 
 Cumpa'ujn of 18 Vi.— Winchester's Defeat. — For the cam- 
 
 paiirn of 1813 three annios were raised. Tliat of the West, near the licad of 
 Lake ICrie, was eomnianded hy General Harrison ; tliut of the Centre, between 
 Lakes Erie and Ontario, hy General l)earl>orn ; and that of the North, near 
 Lake Champhiin, hy General Hampton. The leading object of the army of 
 tlie West was to recover Michigan and avenge the defeat of Hull. A division 
 of the army, composed mostly of Kentuckians, commanded by General Winches- 
 ter, reached tlie Mauniee, whence a detachment was sent forward, whidi drove a 
 body of British and Indians from Frenchtown. Winchester soon after arrived, 
 nnd was attacked (Jan. 22d) by fifteen hundred British and Indians, under 
 General Procter. The Americans made a brave defense; but Winchester, who 
 had been made a prisoner, agreed upon a capitulation, though at the time lie 
 was in tlie liands of the enemy, and his troops surrendered upon condition that 
 they should be protected. But Proctor failed to keep his jjromisc, and many of 
 the wounded Americans were murdered by his savage allies. 
 
 SU'f/e of Foi't Jleif/s. — Harrison, who was at the rapids of the Maumcc 
 when the news of Wincliestcr's defeat reached him, selected a position for de- 
 fense, and there built Fort Meigs (}ne;jz). On the 1st of May, a large force of 
 British and Indians aiipcared before the place, and at once commenced a siege. 
 Four days after, General Clay '■■ arrived with twelve hundred Kentuckians, and 
 successfully attacked the besiegers ; but Proctor continued operations until the 
 9tli, when, deserted by his Indian allies, he made a disorderly retreat. 
 
 Defense of Fort Stephenson. — His next important move was 
 against Fort Stephenson, then garrisoned by one liundred and fifty men, under 
 the comu'and of Major Croghan {kidg'an)\,a young man not twenty-two years 
 old. Croghan had but one cannon, a six-pounder. A cannonade was directed 
 against the Ibrt until a breach was made, when the enemy (Aug. 2d) attempted 
 to carry the place by assault ; but they were met by a volley of musketry and a 
 discharge from the six-pounder with .such terrible efTcct, that, panic-struck, they 
 fled in confusion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number killed or 
 wounded. 
 
 I'errif's J'ietory on Lahe Erie. — During the summer, an American 
 and an English squadron were fitted out on Lake Erie — the former commanded 
 by Commodore Perry, J and the latter hy Commodore Barclay. They met 
 (Sept. 10th) near the western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fought battle 
 of four hours took place, resulting in a brilliant victory to the Americans, every, 
 vessel of the enemy having surrendered. In dispatching information of his tIc- 
 
 * Green CUy \rn« hnm in Vircfiiln, in 1757. After his snrceu in driving the British nnd Indinns 
 from Fort MeiRs. lie win left In rnmmnnd there, nnd prepared to defend the fort when it wiis ft second 
 time thrca'eneil. lie died in 1826. 
 
 + Gc'iirge t'rojrliHn wns l)orn in Kentiic1<y, In 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe nnd Fort 
 Meigs (Miiy 5), and served with Taylor in Mexico. His death occurred in New Orleans, in 1819. 
 
 t Oliver Hazard Perry was born at Newport, R. I., in 1785. He died in 1819, near Port .Spain, 
 Island of Trinidad, of yellow fever, contracted while he was engaged on government service up the 
 Orinoco River, in South America. 
 
1813.] The Nation. 287 
 
 tory to Harrison, Perry wrote : " We have met the enemy and they are ours." 
 The consequences of the victory were higlily important. The Americans estab- 
 lished their naval supremacy on Lake Erie, Detroit was evacuated by the Brit- 
 ish, and the Indians of Michigan were intimidated. 
 
 Battle of the Thames. — Heath of Tecum seh.—Ranison, see- 
 ing- his opportunity for success, crossed the lake in Perry's fleet, and landed near 
 Fort Maiden. But the fort was deserted, and Proctor and Tecumseh were in 
 full retreat. Harrison followed in eager pursuit, and, on the 5th of October, 
 overtook the enemy at a place on the Thames {temz). The Americans charged, 
 breaking the lines of the British, and soon compelling them to surrender ; but 
 the contest with the Indians was more obstinate. At length Tecumseh * fell, 
 and the savage warriors tied. The war on the western frontier was terminated. 
 
 3Iassacre at Fort 3Iijns.—Jn the spring of 1813, the Indians of 
 the South were visited by Tecumseh, and persuaded by him to take up arms 
 against the whites. Accordingly, on the last day of August, fifteen hundred 
 Indian warriors surprised Fort Minis, on the Alabama Kivcr, and massacred 
 nearly three hundred men, women, and children. 
 
 Defeat of the Ct'eek Indians. — This sanguinary attack aroused the 
 whole South, and a large force, under Generals Jackson and Coffee, marched 
 into the country of the Creeks, to avenge the deed of hoiTor. Several victories 
 were gained over them in quick succession ; till, at length, a thousand warriors, 
 with their women and children, made a final stand at Tohope'ka, or, as the 
 whites called it, the Horse-Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa River, where they had 
 established a camp, skillfully fortified. Here, on the 27th of March, 1814, they 
 were attacked by a force of three thousand men, under Jackson. The doomed 
 Creeks, being hemmed in on all sides by their assailants, fought with the enei'gy 
 of despair, and not till almost six hundred of their number were slain did the 
 battle cease : their defeat Avas complete. 
 
 Campaign in Canada. — Toward the latter part of April, 1813, 
 General Dearborn, commanding the Army of the Centre, left Sackctt's Harbor, 
 in Commodore Chauncey's (chahn'se's) fleet, crossed Lake Ontario, and pro- 
 ceeded to attack York, now Toronto. On the 27th, the troops landed, led by 
 General Pike, and were carrying everything before them, when the enemy's 
 magazine exploded, mortally wounding Pike, and making sad havoc among 
 his men. After a moment's panic they moved on, and were soon in possession 
 of the town. Just one month later (May 27th), the fleet, with Dearborn and his 
 army, appeared off Fort George. The British made but a brief defense of the 
 place, and then fled. A detachment under Generals Chandler and Win'der, 
 sent in pursuit, was unsuccessfully attacked on the night of the 6th of June, 
 though both generals Avere made prisoners. 
 
 » Tecumseh was in the 44th year of his age. He was five feet ten inches high, of a fine form and 
 well-proportiimed limbs. His carriage was erect and lofty. His eloquence was nervous, concise, im- 
 pressive, figurative, and saicastic. His words, however, were generally few, but always directly to 
 the purpose. His ruling maxim was to take no prisoners, neither giving nor accepting quarter. 
 
 13 
 
288 The United States Reader. [isis. 
 
 Attiirh ou SarJceff's Ilarbtn'. — The British in Canada, on Ix-infr in- 
 f'orincil tliat Dtarliurii, with a large body of troops, had sailed frotn Satkett's 
 Iliirhor, sent a tiioiisand nun across the lake to attack tiic jdacc. General I'rc- 
 vost', the commander, efl'ccted a hindin;^ ; but was met (May 29th) by a small 
 body ul' re;riihnv aTid some militia, under (ieneral Brown, And repulsed. 
 
 Ini'ffsion of (.'(HKItld, — Dearljorn,' liavin;,' resi^rned his command, was 
 succeeded by General Wilkinson, and a plan for the invasion of Canada was 
 soon devised, by which the Anny of the Centre, under Wilkinson, and the Army 
 o/" /Ae A'b;-//*, under lIami)ton, were to form a junction on the St. Lawrence, 
 and proceed a<rainst Montreal. 
 
 Jiatf/c of C/ii'i/sfrr's VieUI. — In passing down the St. Lawrence, 
 "Wilkinson landed a detachment near Williamsburg, to cover the descent of the 
 Hect. On the 11th of November, a .severe though indecisive engagement took 
 ])lace, known as the battle of Chrysler's (kris'lcrs) Field, in which the Ameri- 
 cans were the greater suHerers. Wilkinson jiroceeded some distance further, 
 but, Hampton failing to cooperate with him, the design against Montreal was 
 abandoned. 
 
 TJh' Hornet ami the Veaeoeli. — Though the American seamen, 
 during 1813, were Tiot uniformly successful, their gallantry continued to be 
 the theme of admiration. The sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, 1 en- 
 countered the British brig Peacock, off the coast of Guiana ((jeah'mih), and ni 
 fifteen minutes compelled her to strike her colors (Feb. 24 ih). The captured 
 vessel sunk in a few minutes after, carrying down with her nine of her own crew 
 and three of the Hornet's. 
 
 The Chesapeake and the Shannon, — On his return to the United 
 States, Lawrence was ])romoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, 
 then lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 1st, the British frigate 
 Shannon, Cajitain Broke, appcarcil off the liarbor to meet the Chesapeake. 
 Though the American vessel had imperfect equipments, and an ill-assorted 
 crew, while the British ship had a select crew and was in the best possible con- 
 dition, Lawrence still felt imjielieil to go out and engage her. Toward evening 
 the two vessels met. and a terrific contest of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence 
 was mortally wounded in the early part of the action, but his last injunction as 
 he was borne below was, " Don't give up the ship." The Chesapeake, after 
 having all her superior oflRcers either killed or wounded, was boarded by the 
 enemy, and her flag hauled down. 
 
 The Anjuft and the Pelicein.— The bri^ Argus, Captain Allen,t 
 
 • Henry Dpnrbiini wiis born In New Iliimpshirc, in 17.51. ITc Wrt.1 In the brittle nf niinker HiM, 
 wi\» witb Arnold in the expedition tlirniiirli tlic wilderness of Maine, nnd pnrticipiiled in tlie buttle of 
 (Quebec, where ho wiis taken prisoner. Heinj; exchiiniied, he served under (iiites in the Noriherii 
 citnipiii|;n , and did (,'""d ►ervico nt tlie liiittle of Mnnnionth. in .'Jullivim's expedition ll|;Hin^t th<; In- 
 diHns, and in the snccessrul operations before Vorklown. He died in MHnsHchnsettH, in IS29. 
 
 t .Limes Lawrence w,is liorn in lliirliiiKton , New .Jersey, in I7S1. Me was one o( Decatur's party 
 that boarded and destroyed the fri;;nte I'hiladelphia in the harlior of Tripoli in 1S03. 
 
 } Wilhani Henry Allen was liorii ill Rhode Island, in 1781 Ho was the first lieutenant of tho 
 Irlcate fniled .Stjites, when that vessel captured the Macedonian. 
 
1814.] The Nation. 289 
 
 made a daring cruise in the waters about England, capturing a large number of 
 vessels. While in the English Channel, Allen fell in with the brig Pelican ; 
 and, in the action which ensued, and which resulted in the capture of the Argus, 
 ■was raortaH_7 wounded. 
 
 The Enterprise and, the Boxer. — Fortune next favored the Ameri- 
 cans. Off the coast of Maine (Sept. 5th), the brig Enterprise, Lieutenant Bur- 
 rows, met the British brig Boxer, Captain Blythe, and, after an action of forty 
 minutes, captured her. Both commanders fell in the engagement, and their 
 bodies were buried sid« by side, at Portland, with the honors of war. 
 
 Cainpaif/n of 1814. — Second Invasion of Canada. — During 
 the winter of 1813-14, the army of Gen. Wilkinson* was quartered at French 
 Mills. Early in 1814, a detachment under General Brown was sent to Sackett's 
 Harbor; and, toward March, the main body removed to Plattsburg. In the 
 same month (March), Wilkinson marched into Canada, but being repulsed at 
 La Colle, he returned to Plattsburg, and was soon after superseded iu the com- 
 mand by Gen. Iz'ard. 
 
 Brown did not remain long at Sackett's Harbor, but, having been appointed 
 to the command of an army on the Niagara frontier, he hastened to carry out 
 the views of the Secretary of War for another invasion of Canada. On the 3d 
 of July his advance, consisting of two brigades under Generals Scott and Eip- 
 lev, crossed the Niagara, and captured Fort Erie without a struggle. , 
 
 Battles of Chipitewa and Lundy-s Lane. — The Americans, 
 ivith Brown in command, pushed forward along the western bank of the river, 
 and, at Chipi^ewa [chip' pe-waio) on the 5th, gained a brilliant victory over the 
 enemy, under Gen. Ri'all. The British retired to the shores of Lake Ontario, 
 and there were re-enforced by Gen. Drummond, who took the command. 
 
 Drumraond marched against the Americans, and, on the 25th, the battle of 
 Lundy's Lane, the most obstinate of the war, occurred. Scott, who led the ad- 
 vance, bravely contended against superior numbers, until the arrival of Brown ; 
 but, it soon becoming evident that a battery which the enemy held on a height, 
 and which swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the Americans be de- 
 feated. Col. Miller was asked if he could take it. He promptly answered, " I'll 
 try, sir." He did try, and was successful. Three times the British attempted 
 to regain their lost battery, but were repulsed at every assault. Finally, at 
 midnight, after a contest of six hours, they withdrew, each party losing about 
 eight hundred men. Brown and Scott being severely wounded. Gen. Ripley 
 conducted the army to Fort Eric, where Gen. Gaines soon after took command. 
 
 Battles of Plattsbiirfj and Lake Chamjilain.— General Ma- 
 comb {ma-komU) had been left at Plattsburg by General Izard, with a small 
 force consisting of a few hundred men. In September, Sir George Prevost, at 
 
 * James Wilkinson was born in Maryland, in 17.57. He served in Cannda under Arnold, in 1776, 
 and on tlie staff of Gates, in 1777. During Washington's administration, he was engaged on the 
 northwestern frontier against the Indians, and commanded one of the divisions of Wayne's army in 
 the battle of the Maumee. He subsequently was governor of the Louisiana territory, and an active 
 agent iu exposing the plans of Burr, iu 1806. He died in Mexico, in 1825. 
 
290 The Uniicd States Reader. 11814. 
 
 the huad of fourteen tliousaml men, ninrclied nirainst Macomb, and, at the same 
 time, tlie British fleet on Lake Cliamplaiii, ooinmaiukd l)y Commodore Down! •, 
 sailed to attack the American fleet under Comniodorc Macl)onou<;li.* The 
 battles of Phittsburg and Lake Ciiamplain took |ilace on the 11 th. While the 
 British, from their batteries, commenced the one on the huid, their fleet en<;aj^ed 
 ^lacDononi^h's vessels, which were at anchor in the bay of Plattsbiirp. In a 
 little more than two hours MacDonough gained a complete victory. The hre from 
 the iand-hatterics then slackened, and, at nijj:htfal], Prevost made a hasty retreat, 
 liaviu;:; lost in killed, wounded, and desertions, about twenty-live hundred men. 
 
 lioss'^s Krpedifion.—Ciiptnre of Wa sit iiigf on. — During the 
 
 greater part of 18U, the whole Atlantic seaboard was locked up by British 
 cruisers, from which descents were often made upon small towns. About the 
 middle of Au;;ust, a squadron of the enemy arrived in Chesapeake Bay, bring- 
 ing a large body of troojjs, commanded by General Ross. This force, it was 
 evident, was intended to strike a heavy blow at some of the important cities. 
 
 Ross, with five thousand men, landed at Benedict, on the Patuxent River, 
 but met with no o])])osition. An American flotilla, under Commodore Barney ,f 
 was burnt to ])revent its falling into the hands of the British. Ross then pr- 
 eceded to ^\'asIlington by way of Bladenshnrg, when- be met with some opjiosi- 
 tion from the militia under General Winder. He reached Washington on the 
 24th of August ; and, after burning the public buildings and committing n 
 great destruction of property, hastily retreated to the shipping in the Patii.Nent. 
 
 Burning of Washington. — J. T. Ileadley. 
 
 1. CocKBURN X and Ross, leaving the main army to repose 
 it-self, took a body-guard, and rode into Wasliington. Xo resist- 
 ance was offered — a single shot only was fired, Avhich killed the 
 horse of General Koss. The house from which it issued was 
 formerly occupied l)y ^Ir. Gallatin. In a few momeuts it was in 
 llames. Hairing in front of the Capitol, they fired a volley at 
 the edifice and took possession of it in the name of tlie king. 
 
 2. The troops were then mai'ched in. and entering the Hall 
 of Representatives, piled together cliairs, desk.s, and wliatever 
 was combustible, and applied the torch. The flames passing 
 
 • Tliomii!! .Miirt)onnii|;li was born in New Ciiiillc Co., Delnwnrp, in ITS."?. He was one < f Dccntiir's 
 party wliicli lioiiriled iind deiitroyed the rri);nte rbilndelphin in tlie liiirbor ofTripuli, in 1803. He died 
 at sea, in 1815. 
 
 t .loslinii B«niey was bom in Rnltimoro. in 17W. Though he was but a yonth at the beginning of 
 the Revohition, he was appointed maiiter'ii mate in a sloop oT-war. in which vessel he aided in captur- 
 ing the town of New Providence, on one of the Bahama Islands. He was engaged in several naval 
 enterprises, and was three times made prisoner. His death occurred at Pittsburg, Ph.. In IS18. 
 
 % Rcaradmiral Cockburn commanded a part «r the British fle«t; but the chief command uf tho 
 naval force was held by Sir Alexander Cochrane, as Vice-admiral. 
 
1814.] The Nation. 291 
 
 from room to room, soon wraj)ped the noble library, and burst- 
 ing forth from the windows leaped to the roof, enveloping the 
 whole edifice in lire, and illuminating the country for miles 
 around. The house of Washington and other buildings were 
 also set on fire. The remaining British force, lighted by the 
 ruddy glow that illuminated the landscape and road along 
 which tliey were marching, entered the city to assist in the 
 work of destruction. 
 
 3. In the mean time, the navy-yard was set on fire by order of 
 the Secretary of War, mingling its flames and explosions Avith 
 the light and roar of the burning Capitol. The gallant officer 
 in command of it had offered to defend it, but was refused per- 
 mission. Whether the refusal was discreet or not, one thing is. 
 certain, the enemy could have accomplished no more than the 
 destruction of the matevrials collected there, and it was not 
 worth while to save them the labor. 
 
 4. The Capitol being in flames, Ross and Cockburn led their 
 troops along Pennsylvania Avenue to tlie President's house, a 
 mile distant, and soon the blazing pile beaconed back to the 
 burning Capitol. The Treasury building swelled the conflagra- 
 tion ; and, by the light of the flames, Cockburn and Ross sat 
 down to supper at the house of Mrs. Suter, whom they had 
 compelled to furnish it. Pillage and devastation moved side 
 by side through the streets ; while, to give still greater terror 
 and sublimity to the scene, a heavy thunder-storm burst over 
 the city. From the lurid bosom of the clouds leaped flashes 
 brighter than the flames below, followed by crashes that drowned 
 the roar and tumult Avhich swelled up from the thronged 
 streets, making the night wild and appalling as the last day of 
 time. 
 
 5. While these things were transpiring in the city, the Presi- 
 dent and his Cabinet were fleeing into Virginia. Durino- tlie 
 battle of Bhidensburg, Mrs. Madison had sat in the Presidential 
 mansion, listening to the roar of cannon in the distance, and 
 anxiously sweeping the road with her spy-glass, to catch the 
 first approach of her husband, but saw instead, "groups of 
 military, wandering in all directions, as if there was a lack of 
 
292 The United States Reader. [is 14. 
 
 amis or of spirit, to lii,'lit for their own firesides." A carriarrc 
 stood waiting at the door, tilled with pUtte and other vahiables, 
 ready to leave at a moment's warning. The Mayor of the city 
 waited on her, urging her to depart ; but she bravely refused, 
 saying she would not stir till she heard from her husband. 
 
 (i. At length, a note from him, in pencil-marks, arrived, 
 bidding her llee. Still delaying, till she could detach a portrait 
 of Washington, by Stuart, from the wall, her friends remon- 
 strated with her. Finding it would take too long to unscrew 
 the painting from the walls, she seized a carving-knife, and 
 cutting the canvas out, hurried away. At Georgetown she met 
 her husband, who, with his Cabinet, in trepidation and alarm, 
 was en route for Virginia. Just as the flames were kindling in 
 the Capitol, the President, llr. Monroe, Mr. Kush, Mr. Mason, 
 and Carroll, were assembled on the shores of the Potomac, 
 where but one little boat could be found to transport them. 
 
 7. Desponding and sad, they were rowed across in gloom, a 
 part at a time, and, mounting their horses, rode hurriedly and 
 sadly away. Mrs. Madison returned toward Georgetown, 
 accompanied by nine troopers, and stopped ten miles and a half 
 from the town. Trembling from the anxiety and fright of the 
 day — se})arated from her husband, now a fugitive in tiie dark- 
 ness — oppressed with fears and gloomy forebodings, she sat 
 down by an open window, and through the tears that streamed 
 from her eyes, gazed forth on the ilames of the burning city, 
 and listened with palpitating heart to the muffled shouts and 
 tumult that rose in the distance. Before daylight, she. with 
 her lady companions, started for a place of rendezvous" ap- 
 pointed by her husband, sixteen miles from Georgetown. 
 
 8. The 25th of August dawned gloomily over the smoulder- 
 ing city, and the red sun, as he rolled into view, looked on a scene 
 of devastation and ruin. From tlu-ir drunken oi"gie.s", negroes 
 and soldiers crawled forth to the light of day, roused by the 
 reveille'' from the hill of the Capitol, and the morning-giin that 
 sent its echoes through the sultry air. — Second War with 
 Eiujland. 
 
.1814.] The Nation. 293 
 
 Attack on Haiti more. — Koss next piocccded against Baltimore. On 
 
 tlic 12th of September, lie landed his troops at North Point, several miles from 
 the city, while sixteen of the enemy's ships sailed up the Patapsco to bombard 
 Fort McHenry. Oa his mareh, Ross was killed in a skirmish, and the progress 
 of the troops was then disputed for more than an hour by a body of militia 
 under General Strick'er. Next day the enemy encamped near the defenses of 
 the city, to await the movements of the fleet. The bombardment of Fort Mc- 
 Henry commenced on the morning of the 13th, and continued till ne.ar the 
 following morning, but without making any serious impression. General 
 Brooke, Koss's successor, seeing no prospect of success against the city, em- 
 barked his troops, and the whole force of the enemy withdrew. 
 
 The Star-Spangled Banner. — Kcif, 
 
 [Francis S. Kev, the author of this national ode, acconipniiiod by a Mr. Skhiner, had 
 been sent with a Hag of truce to the Brilisli ticet to obtain the release of some prisoners 
 taken in Wasliingtoii. He was obU^^ed to await the bombardment o( Fort McHenry; 
 and all night long, he and his companion watched from the deck of their vessel, with 
 thu deepest anxiety, thu terrific scene. The bombardment ceasiul during the iiiL'lit, and 
 it was uncertain whetlier the fort had surrendered or not; when, however, "Mjy the 
 dawn's early light," they saw that "our flag was still there." they luiew tlint the attack 
 had failed ; and Key, in the enthusiasm of tlie moment, took an old letter from his 
 pocket, upon which he wrote most of this celebrated song. Jt was completed as soon 
 as he reached Baltimore, and being circulated through the city, was sung with patriotic 
 fervor by the inhabitants, becoming soon afterwards one of tlie national songs of the 
 country.] 
 
 On, say, can you sec, by tlie dawn's early light. 
 
 What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? 
 Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, 
 
 O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming : 
 And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 
 Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there : 
 Oh, say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? 
 
 On that shore dimly seen through th" mists of the deep, 
 Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, 
 What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, 
 
 As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now discloses? 
 Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam. 
 In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : 
 'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner; oh, long may it wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 
 
 And where are the foes who so vauntingly swore 
 That the havoc of war, and the battle's confusion, 
 
 A home and a country should leave us no more? 
 Tlieir blood has washed out their foul footstep.s' pollulioa ; 
 
294 '^^^^ United States Reado'. \\%\\. 
 
 No refuge could save the hireling and slave 
 From the tenor of flii^ht, or the gloom of the grave: 
 And the Slar-Spaiigled Banner in triiimi)li doth wave 
 O'er the laud of the free and tlie home of the brave! 
 
 Oh, thus be it ever, wiicn freemen shall stand 
 
 Between their loved homes and the war's desolation ! 
 Blest with victor^' and ])eaee, may tlie heaven-rescned land 
 
 Praise the Power that iiath made and preserved us u nation! 
 Then conquer we must, wiien our cause it is just, 
 And this be our motto, " In God is our trust ; " 
 And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave 
 O'er the laud of the free and the home of tlie brave ! 
 
 The Flag of Washington.— /Mr. auutt. 
 
 1. Deau banner of mj- native land ! ye gleanung, silver stars, 
 Broail si)f)tless ground of jmrity, crossed wilii your azure bars — 
 Clasped by the iiero-lallier's hand — watched over in his miglit, 
 Througii battle-hour and day of peace, bright morn ami moonless nigiit, 
 Bcranse, within your clustering folds, he knew you surely bore 
 Dear Freedom's hope for human souls to every sea and shore! 
 
 O precious Flag ! beneath whose folds such noble deeds are done — 
 The dear old Flag ! the starry Flag ! the Flag of AVashington ! 
 
 2. Unfurl, bright stripes — shine forth, dear stars— swing outward to the 
 
 breeze — 
 Go bear 5'our message to the wilds — go tell it on the seas, 
 Thai poor men sit within your shade, and rich men in their pride — 
 That beggar-boys and statemcn's sons walk 'neatii you, side by side 
 You guard tlie schooMiouse on tiie green, tlie church upon the hill, 
 And fold your preeicnis blessings round tlie cabin by the rill, 
 "While weary hearts from every land beneath tlie shining sun. 
 Find work, and rest, and home beneath the Hag of Washington. 
 
 3. And never, never on the earth, however brave they be, 
 
 Sliall friends or foes Iiear down this great, proud standard of the Free, 
 Though the)' around its stalf may jiour red blood in rushing waves, 
 And build beneath its starry folds great pyramids of graves: 
 For God looks out, with sleepless eye, upon liis children's deeds, 
 And sees, through all their good and ill, their sufferings and their 
 
 needs ; 
 And he will watch, and he will keep, till human rights are won, 
 The dear old Flag ! the starry Flag ! the Flag of Washington ! 
 
1815.] The Nation. 295 
 
 Surrender of the Essex. — During 1814, the Americans were gener- 
 all_v victorious on the ocean ; yet the frigate Essex, Captain Porter,® after a suc- 
 cessful cruise of more than a year, was attacked in the harbor of Valparaiso 
 (vahl-pah-ri'so), March 28th, by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. 
 Tlic conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. 
 
 Seizure of Peitsaeola bjj fjaelisoii. — During the summer, the 
 authorities of Pensacola, tlien a Spanish port, allowed the British to take pos- 
 session of their forts and fit out expeditions against the United States. General 
 Jackson, being in command at Mobile, marched to Pensacola at the head of 
 three thousand men ; and, negotiations failing, seized the town and compelled 
 tlie British to leave. He then returned to Mobile, whence, learning that the 
 British were preparing to invade Louisiana, he hastened to put New Orleans 
 in a condition of defense. 
 
 ExpeditioH against New Orleans. — Toward the middle of De- 
 cember, a British squadron entered Lake Borgne (6o)-h), carrying twelve thou- 
 sand troops, commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham (yxJj'H-am), the first object 
 of the expedition being to capture New Orleans. On the 14th, a flotilla of 
 American gunboats was compelled to surrender; and, on the 23(1, Jackson made 
 a spirited though ineffectual attack upon an encampment of the enemy's van- 
 guard. On the 28th, and again on the first day of the new year, the British were 
 unsuccessful in cannonading the iutrenchments which Jackson had thrown up 
 four miles from the city. 
 
 Battle of NeiV Orleans. — On the 8th of January, 1815, the British 
 made a general advance against the American iutrenchments ; but volley after 
 volley was poured upon them with such terrible effect, that they were compelled 
 to flee. Pakenham was slain, and two thousand of his men were killed, wounded, 
 or taken prisoners. The Americans lost only seven killed and six wounded. 
 
 Battle of NeTV Orleans. — Farton. 
 
 1. At one o'clock on the morning of this memorable day 
 (January 8th, 1815), on a couch in a room of the McCarty 
 Mansion-house, General Jackson lay asleep, in his worn uni- 
 form. Several of his aids slept upon the floor in the same 
 apartment, all equipped for the field, except that their sword- 
 belts were unbuckled, and their swords and pistols laid aside. 
 A sentinel paced the adjacent passage, sentinels moved noise- 
 lessly about the building, which loomed up large, dim, and 
 
 * Dnvid Porter was born in Boston, Mass., in 1730. When the frigate Philadelphia was captured 
 by the Tripnlitans, in 1S03, Porter was made captive and held nineteen months In 1824, he com- 
 manded an expedition against the pirates of the West Indies. He subsequently entered the service 
 of Mexico, as commander-in-chief of her naval forces ; but, in 1829, returned to the United States. 
 At the time of his death, which occurred at Constantinople, in 1813, he was resident minister of the 
 United States in that city. 
 
 13 
 
 * 
 
296 The Uiiited States Reader. [is is. 
 
 silent in the foggy night, among the darkening trees. Most 
 of those who slept at all that night were still asleep, and there 
 Avas as yet little stir in either camp to distnrb their slumbers. 
 
 2. Dreaming of their Scottish hills and homes, their English 
 fields and friends, may have been many brave Britons in their 
 cold and wet bivouac. tardy science, Oersted {ur'stcd), O 
 ^Morse, Cyrus Field, why were you not ready with your Oceanic 
 Telegraph then, to tell those men of both armies, when they 
 woke, that they were not enemies, but friends and brothers, and 
 send them joyful into each other's arms, not in madness against 
 each other's arms? The ship that bore this blessed news Avas 
 still in mid-ocean, contending with its Avintry winds and waves. 
 IIow much Avould have gone differently in our history if those 
 tidings had arrived a few weeks sooner! But it was not to be. 
 This light, it was the decree of Providence, was to be fought 
 out 
 
 3. The suspense was soon over. Daylight struggled through 
 the mist. About six o'clock both columns were advancing at 
 the steady, solid, British pace to the attack ; the Forty-Fourth 
 nowhere, straggling in the rear Avith the fascines' and ladders. 
 The column soon came up Avith the American outposts, who at 
 first retreated slowly before it, but soon quickened their pace, 
 and ran in, bearing their great ncAvs, and putting cA'ery man in 
 tlie Avorks intensely on the alert ; each commander anxious for 
 the honor of lirst getting a glimpse of the foe, and opening fire 
 upon him. 
 
 4. Lieutenant Spotts, of battery number six, was the first 
 man in tiie American lines Avho descried through the fog the 
 dim, red line of General Gibbs's advancing column, far away 
 down the plain, close to the forest. The thunder of his great 
 guns broke the dead stillness. Then there Avas silence again ; 
 for the shifting fog, or the altered position of the enemy, con- 
 cealed him from vieAv once more. The fog lifted again, and 
 soon revealed both divisions, Avhich, Avitli their detached com- 
 panies, seemed to cover two-thirds of the plain, and gave the 
 Americans a repetition of the splendid military spectacle Avhich 
 thev had witnessed on the :28th of December. Three cheers 
 
1815.] TJie Nation. 297 
 
 from Carroll's men; three cheers from the Kentuckians behind 
 them ; cheers continued from the advancing column, not 
 heard yet in the American lines. 
 
 5. Steadily and fast the column of General Gibbs marched 
 toward batteries numbered six, seven, and eight, Avhicli played 
 upon it, at first with but occasional effect, often missing, some- 
 times throwing a ball right into its midst, and causing it to 
 reel and pause for a moment. Promptly were the gaps filled 
 up ; bravely the column came on. As they neared the lines, 
 the Avell-aimed shot made more dreadful havoc, " cutting great 
 lanes in the column from front to rear," and tossing men and 
 parts of men aloft, or hurling them far on one side. 
 
 6. At length, still steady and unbroken, they came Avithin 
 range of the small-arms, the rifles of Carroll's Tennesseans, the 
 muskets of Adair's Kentuckians, four lines of sharpshooters, 
 one behind the other. General Carroll, coolly Avaiting for the 
 right moment, held his fire till the enemy Avere Avithin two 
 hundred yards, and then gave the Avord — Fire ! At first, Avitli 
 a certain deliberation, afterAvards in hottest haste, ahvays with 
 deadly efiect, the riflemen plied their terrible Aveapon. 
 
 7. The summit of the embankment Avas a line of spurting 
 fire, except Avhen the great guns shoAved their liquid, belching 
 flash. The noise Avas peculiar, and altogether indescribable ; — 
 a rolling, bursting, echoing noise, never to be forgotten by a 
 man that heard it. Along the Avhole line it blazed and rolled ; 
 the British batteries showering rockets over the scene, Patter- 
 son's batteries on the other side of the river joining in the 
 hellish concert. Imagine it ; ask no one to describe it. Our 
 Avords Avere mostly made before such a scene had become possible. 
 
 8. The column of General Gibbs, moAved by the fire of the 
 riflemen, still advanced, Gibbs at its head. As they caught 
 sight of the ditch, some of the officers cried out, '• Where are 
 the Forty-Fourth ? If Ave get to the ditch, Ave have no means 
 of crossing and scaling the lines ! " — " Here come the Forty- 
 Fourth !" shouted the general; adding, in an undertone, for 
 his own priA'ate solace, that if he lived till to-morroAV, he Avould 
 hang Mullens on the highest tree in the cypress-Avood. 
 
298 Tlie United States Reader. tisis. 
 
 9. Keas.su red, these heroic men again pressed on, in the face 
 of that murderous, shiuglitering lire. But this could not hist, 
 A\'ith half its numbers fallen, and all its commanding officers 
 disabled except the general, its i)ath\vay strewed with dead and 
 Avounded, and the men falling ever faster and faster, the column 
 Avavered and reeled (so the American riflemen thought) like a 
 red ship on a temi)estuous sea. At about a hundred yards 
 from the lines, the front ranks halted, and so threw the column 
 into disorder, Gibbs shouting in the madness of vexation for 
 them to re-form and advance. There was no re-forming under 
 such a fire. Once checked, the column could not but break 
 and retreat in confusion 
 
 10. Just as the troops began to falter. General Pakenham 
 rode up from his post in the rear, toward the head of the 
 column. Meeting parties of the Forty-Fourth running about, 
 distracted, some carrying fascines, others tiring, others in head- 
 long flight, their leader nowhere to be seen, Pakenham strove 
 to restore them to order, and to urge them on the way they 
 were logo, "For shame!" he cried bitterly; ''recollect that 
 you are British soldiers. This is the road you ought to take,"' 
 j)ointing to the flashing and roaring scene in front. 
 
 11. ]iiding on, he was soon met by General Gibbs, who said, 
 ** I am sorry to have to report to you that the troops will not 
 obey me. They will not follow me." Taking off his hat. General 
 Pakenham spurred his horse to the very front of the wavering 
 column, amid a torrent of rifle-balls, cheering on the troops by 
 voice, by gesture, by cxam])le. At that moment a ball shat- 
 tered his right arm, and it fell powerless to his side. The next, 
 his horse fell dead upon the field. 
 
 12. His aid. Captain McDougal, dismounted from his bhick 
 Creole pony, and Pakenham, apparently unconscious of his 
 dangling arm, mounted again, and followed the retreating 
 column, still calling upon them to halt and re-form. A few 
 gallant spirits ran in toward the lines, threw themselves into 
 the ditch, plunged acro.ss it, and fell scrambling u]) the sides of 
 the soft and .•slippery breastwork. 
 
 13. Once out <fl" the reach of lho.se terriljle rifles, the culunin 
 
1815.] The Nation. 299 
 
 halted, and regained its self-possession. Laying aside their 
 heavy knapsacks, the men prepared for a second and more 
 resolute advance. They were encouraged, too, by seeing the 
 superb Highlanders marching up in solid phalanx" to their sup- 
 port, with a front of a hundred men, their bayonets glittering 
 in the sun, which had then begun to pierce the morning mist. 
 Now for an irresistible onset ! 
 
 14. At a quicker step, with General Gibbs on its right, Gen- 
 eral Pakenham on the left, the Highlanders in clear and im- 
 posing view, the column again advanced into the fire. Oh ! the 
 slaughter that then ensued ! There was one moment, when 
 that thirty-two pounder, loaded to the muzzle with musket- 
 balls, poured its charge directly, at point-blank range, right 
 into the head of the column, literally levelling it with the 
 plain ; laying low, as was afterwards computed, two hundred 
 men. The American line, as one of the British oflBcers re- 
 marked, looked like a row of fiery furnaces. 
 
 15. The heroic Pakenham had not far to go to meet his 
 doom. He Avas three hundred yards from the lines when the 
 real nature of his enterprise seemed to flash upon him, and he 
 turned to Sir John Tilden and said : " Order up the reserve." 
 Then, seeing the Highlanders advancing to the support of 
 General Gibbs, he, still waving his hat, but waving it now with 
 his left hand, cried out: " Hurrah! brave Highlanders!" 
 
 16. At that moment a mass of grape-shot, with a terrible 
 crash, struck the group of which he was the central figure. 
 One of the shots tore open the general's thigh, killed his horse, 
 and brought horse and rider to the ground. Captain McDou- 
 gal caught the general in his arms, removed him from the 
 fallen horse, and was supporting him from the field, Avhen a 
 second shot struck the wounded man in the groin, depriving 
 him instantly of consciousness. He was borne to the rear, and 
 placed in the shade of an old live-oak, which still stands; and 
 there, after gasping a few minutes, yielded up his life without a 
 word, happily ignorant of the sad issue of all his plans and 
 toils. 
 
 17. A more painful fate was that of General Gibbs. A few 
 
300 The Uriited States Reader. risis. 
 
 moments after Pakenliam fell, Gibbs received his death-wound, 
 and was carried off the liL-ld, writliiii^ in acjony, and uttering 
 fierce inipr(.'cationrf. lie lingered all that day and the succeed- 
 ing night, dying in torment on the morrow. Nearly at the 
 same moment, General Keane was painfnlly wounded in the 
 neck and thigh, and was also borne to the rear. Colonel Dale, 
 of the Highlanders, fulfilled his prophecy, and fell at the head 
 of his regiment. 
 
 18. The lliglilanders, under Major Creagh, wavered not, but 
 advanced steadily, and too slowly, into the very tempest of 
 General Carroll's fire, until they were within one hundred yards 
 of the lines. There, for cause unknown, they halted and stood, 
 a huge and glittering target, until five hundred and f(jrty-four 
 of their nunil)er had fallen, tiien broke and lied, in horror and 
 amazement, to the rear. The column of General Gibbs did not 
 advance after the fall of their leader. Leaving heaps of slain 
 behind them, they, too, forsook the bloody field, rushed in utter 
 confusion out of the fire, and took refuge at the bottom of wet 
 ditches and behind trees and bushes on the borders of the 
 swam}) 
 
 19. The whole was like a dream. How long a time, does the 
 reader think, elapsed between the fire of the first American gun 
 and the total rout of the attacking columns ? Ttcent ij-five 
 minutes ! Not that the American fire ceased, or even slackened 
 at the expiration of that period. The riflemen on the lefr, and 
 the troops on the right, continued to discharge tlieir weapons 
 into the smoke that hung over the plain for two hours. But in 
 the space of twenty-five minutes, the discomfiture of the enemy 
 in the open field was complete. The battery alone still made re- 
 sistance. It required two liours of a tremendous cannonade to 
 silence its great guns, and drive its defenders to the rear. — Life 
 of Andrew Jackson. 
 
 The Iftfi'tford Convention. — A liirgc number of citizens of the 
 United States, htloiifiinn; to tlic Federal pnrty, had been ojijiosed to tlie war 
 from its vcrj* commencement, and tliey continiied to oppose its ])roseciition till 
 the close. These ])ersons were mostly residents of New Enj^land. They re- 
 garded the war as unnecessary and impolitic; the losses, too, which they were 
 
1815.] The Nation. 301 
 
 sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not -without influence upon 
 them. 
 
 For the purpose of considering their grievances, and devising means of re- 
 dress, a convention was held at Hartford, Connecticut, in December, 1814. 
 Thefiiends of President Madison and of the war loolied upon this assemblage 
 of delegates, commonly known as the " Hartford Convention," as a treasonable 
 body ; but their doings were, to say the least, harmless, their principal act being 
 the adoption of a document Avhich presented a statement of grievances, and re- 
 commended several amendments to the Constitution. After three weeks of 
 secret session, the convention adjourned. 
 
 Objects of the Hartford Convention. — Noali Webster. 
 
 1. Few transactions of the Federalists, during the early 
 periods of our government, excited so much the angry passions 
 of their opposers as the Hartford Convention — so called — dur- 
 ing the presidency of Mr. Madison. As I was present at the 
 first meeting of tlie gentlemen who suggested such a conven- 
 tion ; as I was a member of the House of Representatives in 
 Massachusetts when the resolve was passed for appointing 
 delegates, and advocated that resolve ; and, further, as I have 
 copies of the documents, which no other person may have 
 preserved, it seems to be incumbent on me to present to the 
 public the real facts in regard to the origin of the measure, 
 which have been vilely falsified and misrepresented. 
 
 2. After the war of 1812 had continued two years, our public 
 affairs Avere reduced to a deplorable condition. The troops of 
 the United States, intended for defending the sea-coast, had 
 been withdrawn to carry on the war in Canada; a British 
 squadron was stationed in the Sound to prevent the escape of a 
 frigate from the harbor of New London, and to intercept our 
 coasting trade ; one town in Maine was in possession of the 
 British forces ; the banks south of New England had all sus- 
 pended the payment of specie ; our shipping lay in our harbors, 
 embargoed, dismantled, and perishing; the treasury of the 
 United States Avas exhausted to the last cent ; and a general 
 gloom was spread over the country. 
 
 3. In this condition of affliirs, a number of gentlemen in 
 Northampton, in Massachusetts, after consultation, determined 
 
302 The United States Reader. [isis. 
 
 to invite some of tlie principal inliahitunt^of the three counties 
 on the river, formerly composing the old county of Hamj>shire, 
 to meet and consider Avhether any measure could he taken to 
 arrest the continuance of the war, and provide for the puVdic 
 safety. 
 
 4. ^lany town-meetings were held, and with great unanimity 
 addresses and memorials wt>re transmitted to tiie General 
 Court, tlien in sessii»n ; hut, as commissioners had heen sent to 
 Europe for the purpose of negotiating a treaty of peace, it was 
 judged advisahle not to have any action ui)on them till the 
 result of the negotiation sliould he knt>wn. But during the 
 following summer no news of peace arrived ; and. the distiv.sses 
 of the country increasing, and the sea-coast remaining defense- 
 less, Governor Strong summoned a special meeting of the 
 Legislature in Octoher, in which the petitions of the towns 
 were taken into consideration, and a resolve was passed ap- 
 pointing delegates to a convention to he held in Hartford. 
 The subsequent history of that convention is known by their 
 report. 
 
 5. The measure of resorting to a convention for the purpose 
 of arresting the evils of a had administration, roused the 
 jealousy of the advocates of the war, and called forth the 
 bitterest invectives. The convention was represented as a 
 treasonable combination, originating in Boston, for the purpose 
 of dissolving the Union. But citizens of Boston had no con- 
 cern in originating the proposal for a convention ; it was wholly 
 the iM'oject of people in old Hampshire county. — as respectable 
 and }>atriotic republicans as ever trod the soil t)f a free country. 
 
 6. The citizens who lirst assembled in Northami)ton, con- 
 vened under the authority of the Bill of Ri^Jifs, which declares 
 that the peojile have a right to meet in a peaceable manner and 
 consult for the public safety. The citizens had the same right 
 then to meet in convention as they have now; the distresses of 
 the cotintry demanded extraordimiry measures for redress; the 
 thought of dissolving the Unimi never entered into the head 
 of any of the jirojectors. or of the members of the convention ; 
 the gentlemen who composed it, for talents and patriotism. 
 
1815.] The Nation. 303 
 
 have never been surpassed by any assembly in the United 
 States; and ?jeyond a question the appointment of the Jlartford 
 Convention liad a very favorable effVet in hastening the con- 
 clusion of a treaty of peace. 
 
 7. All the reports which have been circulated respecting the 
 evil designs of that convention, I know to be the foulest mis- 
 representations. Indeed, respecting the views of the disciples 
 of Washington and the supporters of his policy, many, and 
 probably most, of the people of the United States in this gen- 
 eration, are made to believe more falsehood than truth. I speak 
 of facts within my own personal knowledge. We may well say, 
 with the prophet, " Truth is fallen in the street, and equity 
 cannot enter," 
 
 8. Party spirit produces an unwholesome zeal to depreciate 
 one class of men for the purpose of exalting another. It be- 
 comes rampant in propagating slander, which engenders 
 contempt for personal worth and superior excellence ; it blunts 
 the sensibility of men to injured reputation ; impairs a sense 
 of honor; banishes the charities of life ; debases the moral sense 
 of the community ; weakens the motives that prompt men to 
 aim at high attainments and patriotic achievements ; degrades 
 national character, and exposes it to the scorn of the civilized 
 world. — Sketches of American Policy. 
 
 Treaty of Peace between tlie United States and England. 
 
 — In February, 1815, the joyful tidings reached the United States that a treaty 
 of peace had been signed at Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814. The two 
 great points of dispute — the encroachments ufx>n American commerce, and the 
 impressment of American seamen — were left untouched by the treaty. The 
 omission, however, was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of the 
 Euroj^ean war, all encroachments upon American commerce ceased ; and, by the 
 great success ot the American navy, the impressment question was effectually 
 disposed of. 
 
 War with Algiers. — In 1795, a treaty was made with Algiers, in which 
 it was stipulated that an annual tribute should be paid to that fiower, to secure 
 American vessels from seizure by the Algerines. The tribute was accordingly 
 paid until 1812, when the Algerines, believing that the Americans, because of 
 their war with the English, would not be able to protect their commerce, resumed 
 their old practice of piracy against United States vessels. After peace with Eng- 
 land was established, a naval force, commanded by Commodore Decatur, was 
 
304 The C)iitcd States Reader. [I820. 
 
 sent to the Mcditeiranean. Decatur captured the largest fripatc in the Algeriiie 
 nav}-, anil another vessel with more than five hiimlred prisoners, and then appeared 
 hefurc Al^ijiers. Theterritiotl Dc-y was compelled to lilieratc the AnKiican prisoners 
 then in his hands, and relim|ui»h all eUiim to tribute from the United States lor 
 the future. Decatur also made satisfaetcn y treaties with Tunis and Trijioli. 
 
 \('U' Stfltt'S. — During; Madison's administration two States were added to 
 the Union : I^)ui.-iana, previously tlie Territory of Orleans, in 1812; and In- 
 diana, lurmerly a jiart of tlic Xnrllnvi-st Tcniiory, in 1810 
 
 Monroe's Affiniiiisfi'afioii. — ComUfion of the Coiintrtj. — 
 James Monroe, of \'irfriiiia, Madison's successor in the j)residcncy, was inaujjn- 
 rated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and his administration commenced under 
 very favorable circumstances. \Vc were at peace with all forei;:n fwv.ers; our 
 commerce rode every sea ; and the strife at home, between the two great politi- 
 cal parties. Democrats and Federalists, had entirely ceased. 
 
 War with the Seminoles. — Toward the close of 1817, the Scminoles 
 {sein i-iio/z) of I'lorida, joined by other Indians, commenced depredations on 
 the frontier settlements of Georgia. At first Gen. Gaines, and, afterward. Gen. 
 Jackson, was sent against them. Being convinced that the Indians had been 
 instigated to hostilities by ])ersons in Florida, Jackson marched into that prov- 
 ince, though, at the time, it belonged to Spain ; seized the fort at St. Mark's ; 
 hung two instigators of tiie war, both British subjects; and .<ent the authorities 
 of Pensacola to Havana. Jackson's invasion of Florida, a territory iK-longing 
 to a nation at peace with the United States, ami his summary proeeeilings in 
 the prosecution of the war, were condemnetl by many persons ; but they were 
 approved l)y the I'resideiit and Congress. 
 
 Cession of Floriihi to the United States. — This having led to 
 difficulties 'oetween the governments of Spain and the United States, a treaty 
 was finally made in 1819, by whii h Florida was ceded to the United States, but 
 Spain did not surrender possession of the Territory until 1821. 
 
 3'eM' States. — In 1817, the Mississippi Territory, endjiacing the present 
 States of Alabama and Mississippi, was divided, and the western j)ortion ad- 
 mitted into the Union as the State of Mississippi. Illinois, which, up to IStX), 
 was a part of the Northwest Territory ; and then, till 1809, formed with Indiana 
 the Indiana Territory ; and subsequently, by itself, was the Illinois Territory ; 
 became a State in 1818. Alabama* was admitted in 1819. In 1820, Maine,f 
 which had up to that time been a district of Massachusetts, was organized as a 
 State, and admitted into the Union. 
 
 • The territory now known ng Alnbnmn wn« orlginnlly n psrt of OeorKln. Fn 1798, all tlie rcpion 
 cotiiprisiiiK tlie preiieiil .><liites of Alnbumu iind Mississippi wns organized as tlie Territory of Missia- 
 bippi. Ill 1817. its western puriioii hceanie the State nf Mississippi, wliile tlicotlier part continued to 
 be the Territory of Alalmnia until its ndinissinn as u Stale. The word .Mississippi is of Indian origin, sig- 
 uifyinK. according to »i>mo writers, the Gre^^il Hirer, according tn others, the Crr.it father of ir.it.r». 
 Tlie word Alabama it also of Indian oriKin, «i),'iiUyinK Hfrt wt riH. 
 
 + Authors are not agreed with regard to the derivation of the name of thin State. The prevailiiiB 
 opinion Is. that Maine wms so cilled in roinpliinent to lleiirirlla .Maria, wile of Churlca I. of linglund, 
 who, it wan siipposod, owned the province of Maine, iu Kraiico. 
 
1820.] The Nation. 3o5 
 
 jyiissoui'i Compromise. — The most important event during Monroe's 
 administration was the controversy preceding the admission of Missouri into 
 tlie Union. The States of the North opposed its admission as a slave-State, 
 while those of the South favored such admission. In Congress the debate was 
 long and violent ; but at length, in 1820, a bill known as the " Missouri Compro- 
 mise " was passed, by which it was declared that, with the exception of Missouri, 
 slavery should be prohibited in the territory of the United States north of the 
 parallel 36° 30', and west of the Mississippi. Under this compromise, Missouri, 
 with a constitution permitting slavery, was admitted into the Union in 1821. 
 
 Death of Commodore Decatur. — Cooper, 
 
 1. But a few months after the death of Perry,* the navy ex- 
 perienced another severe loss, the attending circumstances of 
 which were so melancholy as to affect the entire nation with 
 painful emotions. The event which thus awakened general 
 regret and grief was the death of Commodore Stephen Deca- 
 tur, occasioned by a wound received in a duel with Commodore 
 James Barron. The latter had been suspended from the ser- 
 vice for five years, in consequence of his conduct in connection 
 with the attack of the Leopard on the Chesapeake in 1807. 
 
 2. During his suspension he engaged in mercantile business, 
 and remained away from his country throughout the war with 
 Great Britain. On liis return, and some time after the close of 
 the war, he sought a command accordino- to his rank in the 
 navy. Commodore Decatur opposed his application, and ex- 
 pressed his opinion very freely respecting Barron's absence 
 during the war, and his subsequent conduct. Reports, as usual 
 in such a case, incorrectly representing Decatur's language and 
 feelings, were conveyed to Barron's ears, and led to a corre- 
 spondence between them, which was opened by Barron in June, 
 1819, and continued at intervals for several months, and up to 
 the time of their hostile meeting. 
 
 3. The course of this correspondence evinced increased exas- 
 peration of feeling on both sides; Decatur still reiterating his 
 opinion that Barron had rendered himself unworthy of his 
 station in the navy, and of the privilege of honorable service ; 
 and Barron, while defending himself against Decatur's severe 
 
 * See note on page 286. 
 
3o6 The United States Reader. [i820. 
 
 charges, refusing to explain to his antagonist the real cause of 
 his remaining abroail, while his country was engaged in a war 
 to so great an extent maritime in its character. It afterward 
 appeared that pecuniary embarrassment was the real reason of 
 Barron's singular conduct. 
 
 4. Had this been known, the generous Decatur would have 
 been the last person to taunt a fellow-officer who had already 
 endured so much as Barron had. The correspondence, how- 
 ever, led to a challenge from Barron to Decatur; both yielding 
 to the bloody and barbarous maxims of a most fallacious code 
 of honor, which, they admitted, was repulsive to their moral 
 sentiments and better feelings. Commodore Elliot was selected 
 by Barron as his second, and Commodore Bainbridge appeared 
 on behalf of Decatur. 
 
 5. The arrangements having been very quietly made, the par- 
 ties met early on the morning of the 5i'2d of March, 18"20, be- 
 tween Washington and Bladenslnirg, near the latter place. 
 When they had taken their positions, and were ready to fire, 
 Barron said to Decatur: "I hope, on meeting in another world, 
 we will be better friends;" and Decatur replied, '•! have never 
 been your eneni}', sir." Commodore Bainbridge gave the word 
 to fire, and both pistols went off at the same instant. The 
 two antagonists fell, Barron being severely wounded in the 
 hip, and Decatur having received a mortal wound in the ab- 
 domen. 
 
 6. As they lay ui)on the ground, Decatur exclaimed: ''I am 
 mortally wounded, at least, I believe so, and I wish I had fallen 
 in defense of my country." Barron, also considering his 
 wound mortal, remarked that he " forgave his enemy from the 
 bottom of his heart." Decatur was then removed to his resi- 
 dence in AVashington, and lingered in great agony until half- 
 past ten o'clock in the evening, when he expired. 
 
 7. He was Init forty-one years of age, and had spent twenty- 
 two years of his life in the naval service, his warrant as a 
 midshipman bearing the date of April 30th, 1798. Without 
 detracting from the high merit of other officers, there were cer- 
 tain very favorable circumstances in the history of Perry and 
 
1S25.] The Natio7i. 307 
 
 Decatur, which rendered them peculiar favorites with the entire 
 nation ; and their death, occurring in the very prime of their 
 days, and with attending incidents of a very aggravating char- 
 acter, was felt with universal and keen regret and sorrow. — 
 Naval History of the United States. 
 
 Monroe Doctrine. — An important event of Monroe's administration 
 was the recognition of the independence of tlie South American republics. In 
 his annual message of 1823, Monroe declared that the American continents " are 
 henceforth not to be considered as subject to future colonization by any Euro- 
 pean power." This is known as the " Monroe Doctrine." 
 
 Visit of Lufciyette. — In the summer of 1824, Lafayette arrived on a 
 visit to this country, as a guest of tlic nation. His tour through the States 
 was everywhere. signalized by tokens of respect from a grateful people. 
 
 Address to Lafayette. — Webster. 
 
 [Extract from an oration delivered by Daniel Webster at the laying of the comer- 
 stoue of Bunker Hill monumeut, June 17, 18'2.5; on which occasion the ceremony was 
 performud by Lafayette, and the orator, during the course of his address, thus apos- 
 trophized the distitiguished guest of the natiou.] 
 
 1. SiK, we are assembled to commemorate the establishment 
 of great public principles of liberty, and to do honor to the 
 distinguished dead. The occasion is too severe for eulogy of 
 the living. But, sir, your interesting relation to this country, 
 the peculiar circumstances which surround you and surround 
 ns, call on me to express the happiness Avhicli v/e derive from 
 your presence and aid in this solemn commemoration. 
 
 2. Fortunate, fortunate man ! With what measure of devo- 
 tion will you not thank God for the circumstances of your 
 extraordinary life! You are connected with both hemispheres 
 and with two generations. Heaven saw fit to ordain that the 
 electric spark of liberty should be conducted, through you, 
 from the New "World to the Old ; and we, who are now here to 
 perform this duty of patriotism, have all of ns long ago received 
 it in charge from our fathers to cherish yonr name and your 
 virtues. You will account it an instance of yonr good fortune, 
 sir, that you crossed the seas to visit us at a time which enables 
 you to be present at this solemnity. 
 
 3. You now behold the field, the renown of Avhich reached 
 you in the heart of France, and caused a thrill in your ardent 
 
3o8 The United States Reader. [I825. 
 
 bosom. You see the lines of the little redoubt thrown up by 
 the incredible diligence of Prescott; defended, to the hist ex- 
 tremity, by his lion-hearted vulor ; and within which the 
 corner-stone of our monument has now taken its position. 
 You see where Warren fell, and where Parker, Gardner, 
 McCleary, Moore, and other early patriots fell with him. Those 
 Avho survived that day, and whose lives have been prolonged to 
 the present hour, are now around you. Some of tliem you 
 have known in the trying scenes of the war. Behold I they 
 now stretch forth their feeble arms to embrace you. Behold I 
 thev raise their trembling voices to invoke the blessing of God 
 on you and yours forever. 
 
 4. Sir, you have assisted us in laying the foundation of this 
 structure. You have heard us rehearse, with our feeble com- 
 mendation, the names of departed patriots. Monuments and 
 eulogy belong to the dead. We give them this day to Warren 
 and his associates. On other occasions they have been given 
 to your more immediate companions in arms, to Washington, 
 to Greene, to Gates, to Sullivan, and to Lincoln. We have 
 become reluctant to grant these, our highest and last honors, 
 further. We would gladly hold them yet back from the little 
 remnant of that immortal band. Serus in ccelum rcdras. 
 [Late may you return to the skies.] Illustrious as are your 
 merits, yet far, oh, very distant be the day when any inscrip- 
 tion shall bear your name, or any tongue pronounce its eulogy I 
 
 Lafayette at Mount Vernon.— icrrtsseifr. 
 
 [From an account by Lnfnyfttc'i> cecrctary.] 
 
 1. After a voyage of two hours, the guns of Fort Washington 
 announced that we were approaching the last abode of the 
 Father of his Country. At this solemn signal, to which the 
 military band accompanying us responded by military strains, 
 we went on deck, and the venerable soil of Mount Vernon was 
 before us. At this view, an invtduntary and spontaneous 
 movement made us kneel. We landed in boats, and trod upon 
 the ground so often trod by the feet of Washington. 
 
IS 25.] The Nation. 309 
 
 2. A carriage received General Lafayette, and the other 
 visitors silently ascended the precipitous" path which conducted 
 to the solitary habitation of Mount Vernon. In re-entering 
 beneath this hospitable roof, winch had sheltered him when the 
 reign of terror tore him violently from his country and family, 
 George Lafayette felt his heart sink within him, at no more 
 finding him whose paternal care had softened his misfortunes ; 
 while his father sought with emotion for everything which re- 
 minded iiim of the companion of his glorious toils. 
 
 3. Three nephews of General Washington took Lafayette, his 
 son, and myself, to conduct us to the tomb of their uncle ; our 
 numerous companions remained in the house. In a few 
 minutes the cannon, thundering anew, announced that Lafayette 
 rendered homage to the ashes of Washington. Simple and 
 modest as he was during life, the tomb of the citizen-hero is 
 scarcely perceived among the sombre C3^presses by which it is 
 surrounded. 
 
 4. A vault slightly elevated and clodded over, — a wooden 
 door without inscriptions, — some withered and green garlands, 
 indicate to the traveller who visits the spot, where rest in peace 
 the iiuissanf'arms which broke the chains of his country. As 
 we approached, the door was opened. Lafayette descended 
 alone into the vault, and in a few minutes after reappeared, 
 with his eyes overflowing with tears. He took his son and me 
 by the hand, and led us into the tomb, where, by a sign, he in- 
 dicated the coffin. We knelt reverentially, and rising, threw 
 ourselves into the arms of Lafayette, mingling our tears with his. 
 
 Death and Character of Lafayette.— 5*««jjei'. 
 
 1. The time was now at hand Avhen Lafayette's great career 
 was to close. Being taken ill, at first with a cold, the Chamber 
 of Deputies inquired of his son after his health ; and upon the 
 next da}^ May 20, 1834, he died, at the age of seventy-seven. 
 The ruling passion was strong to the last. As at the beginning, 
 so at the end, he was all for freedom ; and the last lines traced 
 by his hand, which he rose from his deathbed to write, attest 
 his joy at that great act of emancipation'' by which England, 
 
3IO The United States Reader. 
 
 at an exjx'iise of a hundred million dollars, had given freedom 
 to eight hundred thousand slaves. 
 
 2. '* Nobly,*' he writes — and these Avere the last words of your 
 benefactor — "nobly has the public treasure been employed." 
 And these last words, speaking from the tomb, still sound in 
 our ears. Such was Lafayette. At the tidings of his death, 
 there was mourning in two luniispheres; and the saying of 
 Pericles {pcr'i-kieez) was again fultilled, for the whole earth was 
 the sepulchre of the illustrious man. 
 
 "Not to those chambers wlure the miglity rest, 
 Since their foumlation came a nobler guest; 
 Not eV-r was to the liowers of bliss conveyed 
 A purer spirit, or a fairer shade." 
 
 3. Judge him by what he did throughout a long life, and 
 you must confess his greatness. Judge him by the principles 
 of his life, and you must bend with reverence before him. In 
 all history he stands alone. There is no one who has done so 
 much for human freedom. In youth showing the iirmness of 
 age, and in age showing the ardor of youth ; trampling upon 
 the prejudices of birth, upon the seductions of power, upon the 
 blandishments of wealth, setting aside the favor even of that 
 people whom he loved so well; whether jilaced at the height of 
 worldly ambition, or plunged in the vaults of a dungeon, al- 
 ways true to the same principle. 
 
 4. Great he was, indeed; not as an author, although he has 
 written what we are all glad to read ; not as an orator, although 
 he has spoken often and well ; not as a soldier, although always 
 brave, and often working miracles of genius; not as a states- 
 man, although versed in government, and intuitively' perceiving 
 the relations of men and nations ; — not on these accounts is he 
 great: but he is great as one of the world's benefactors, who 
 possessed the largest measure of that greatest gift of God to 
 man — the genius of beneficence. And great he is as an ex- 
 ample, which, so long as history endures, shall teach all — the 
 author, the orator, the soldier, the statesman, — all alike to 
 labor, and, if need be, to suffer, for human right. The fame of 
 
1826.] The Nation. 311 
 
 sucli a character, brightening with the advance of civilization, 
 can find no limit excei)t in earthly gratitude. — Oration on La- 
 fayette. 
 
 John Quincij Adams's Administration. — Election and 
 Inouffliration. — Four candidates were put in nomination to succeed Presi- 
 dent Monroe, and the consequence was that none of them had a majority of the 
 electoral votes. The election then went to the House of Representatives, for 
 the second time, Jefferson having been thus elected, in 1801 ; and John Quincy 
 Adams was chosen the sixth President of the United States. His inauguration 
 took place at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1825. 
 
 Death of Adams and Jefferson. — On the fiftieth anniversary of 
 American Independence, July 4tli, 1826, occurred the death of the two venerable 
 ex-presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. As this remarkable coin- 
 cidence took place more than a year after the commencement of the tenth presi- 
 dential term, John Adams lived to see his son president. When it is recollected 
 that Adams and Jefl'erson wei-e members of the committee that framed the De- 
 claration of Independence ; that both signed that important document; that 
 both had been foreign ministers, vice-presidents, and presidents of the United 
 States ; and that each had lived to a venerable age, the coincidence of their 
 deaths is indeed remarkable. 
 
 Death of John Adams. — Theodore Barker. 
 
 1. Able-bodied, able-minded, Mr. Adams gradually faded 
 away. His hearing decayed, his eyes failed him, his hands were 
 tremulous ; but still the brave old soul held on, making the 
 most of the wreck of life now drifting alone to the Islands 
 of the Blessed. Independence Day, the great day of his life, 
 drew near. It was its fiftieth anniversary. The Nation was to 
 keep its solemn Jubilee, grateful to God and to his servants here 
 below, for the blessings of the smiling and happy land. 
 
 2. A few days before the time, the town orator asked him for 
 a " sentiment " to suit the approaching occasion. The old man, 
 in his ninety-first year, infirm, feeble, and mortally sick in his 
 bed, answered, "Independence Forevee!" The day came 
 and found him living, but fast losing his hold upon earth. 
 "Thomas Jefferson still survives," said the old man — his co- 
 adjutor and his rival, yet his friend. These were his last 
 words. 
 
 3. Soon after, while the land rang with cannons jubilant 
 
 14 
 
312 The United States Reader. [i826. 
 
 over liis great deed, he passed onward, and ceased to be mortal. 
 Jefferson had gone an hour or two before. How fortunate the 
 occasion of his death ! His son was then president of this 
 miglity nation ; ant) on its fiftieth l)irtb-day, cahiily, quietly, 
 be shook off the worn-out body, and, following his sentiment, 
 went forth to " Independence Fokeveu." — llidoric Ameri- 
 cans. 
 
 Adams and JefiFerson.— Jf /^ -^ 
 
 1. The scenes whicii have been lately jjussing in our country 
 are full of moral instruction. Tbey hold uj) ii» the world a 
 lesson of wisdom, by Avhicli all may profit. In tlie structure 
 of their cbaracters ; in the course of tlieir action ; in tbe 
 striking coincidences which marked their bigh career; in the 
 livL'S and in tbe deaths of tbe illustrious men wbose virtues 
 and Services we have met to commemorate ; and in tbat voice 
 of admiration and gratitude wbicb lias since burst with one 
 accord from the millions of freemen who people these United 
 States, — there is a moral sublimity which overwhelms the mind, 
 and hushes all its powers into silent am:izement ! 
 
 2. The European, who should have heard the sound without 
 apprehending the cause, would be apt to incpiire, " What is the 
 meaning of all this? AVbat had these men done to elicit this 
 unanimous and sjilendid acclamation ? Why has the whole 
 American nation risen up, as one man, to do them honor, and 
 offer to tlicm this enthusiastic homage of the heart? Were 
 they mighty warriors ; and was the peal that we liave heard, 
 the shout of victory ? Were they great commanders, returning 
 from their distant conquests, surrounded with the spoils of 
 war; and Avas this the sound of tlieir ti-iumjibal proct-ssion ? 
 Were they covered with martial glory in any form ; and was 
 this tbe noisy wave of the multitudes, rolling back at their ap- 
 proach ? " Nothing of all this : no ; tbey were peaceful and aged 
 ])atriots, who, having served Ih'ir country together through 
 tlieir long and useful lives, bad now sunk tofjetlier to tbe tomb. 
 
 3. Tliey bad not fought battles ; but they had formed and 
 moved the great machinery of Avhich battles were only a small 
 
1826.] The Nation. 313 
 
 and comparatively trivial consequence. They had not com- 
 manded armies; but they had commanded the master-springs 
 of the nation, on which all its great political as well as mili- 
 tary movements depended. By the wisdom and energy of their 
 counsels, and by the potent mastery of their spirits, they had 
 contributed pre-eminently to produce a mighty revolution, 
 which has changed the aspect of the world. 
 
 4. And this, be it remembered, has been the fruit of intel- 
 lectual exertions, — the triumph of mind! AVhat a proud testi- 
 mony does it bear to the character of our nation, that it is able 
 to make a proper estimate of services like these ; that, while in 
 other countries the senseless mob fall down in stupid admira- 
 tion before the bloody wheels of the conqueror — even of the con- 
 queror by accident, — in this, our people rise with one accord 
 to pay homage to intellect and virtue ! This is a spectacle of 
 which we may be permitted to be proud. It honors our 
 country no less than the illustrious dead. And could these 
 great patriots speak to us from the tomb, they would tell us 
 that they have more pleasure in the testimony which these honors 
 bear to the character of their country, than in that which they 
 bear to their individual services. 
 
 5. Jefferson and Adams were great men by nature; not 
 great and eccentric minds, ^"'shot madly from their spheres" to 
 affright the world and scatter pestilence in their course ; but 
 minds whose strong and steady lights, restrained within their 
 proper orbits by the happy poise of their characters, came 
 to cheer and gladden a world that had been buried for ages in 
 political night. They were heaven-called avengers of degraded 
 man. They came to lift him to the station for which God 
 had formed him, and to put to flight those idiot superstitions, 
 with which tyrants had contrived to inthrall his reason and 
 his liberty. 
 
 6. That Being, who had sent them upon this mission, had 
 fitted them pre-eminently for his glorious work. He filled their 
 hearts with a love of country, which burned strong within 
 them even in death. He gave them a power of understanding 
 which no sophistry" could baffle, no art elude; and a moral 
 
^ 
 
 14 The United States Reader. [issa. 
 
 heroism whicli no clangors could appul. Cureless of themselves, 
 reckless ol" till personal consequences, trampling underfoot that 
 petty ambition of office and honor which constitutes the master 
 passion of little minds, they bent all their mighty powers to 
 the task for wiiieh tliey had been delegikted — the Ireedom of 
 their beloved country, and the restoration of falKii man. 
 
 7. They felt that tiii-y were apostles of human liberty; and 
 well did they fultill their high commission. They rested not 
 until they had accomplished their work at home, and given 
 such an impulse to the great ocean of mind, that they saw the 
 waves rolling on the furthest shore before they were called to 
 their reward; and then left the world, hand in hand, exulting, 
 as they rose, in the success of their labors. — Oration on Adams 
 and Jefferson. 
 
 The American System. — The subject of ilomcstic manufactures en- 
 gaged a large share of tlie president's attention. In 1828, a taritf-hiw was 
 passed, based upon tlic i)rincij)le of protecting home manufactures, by imposing 
 heavy duties upon imported articles of the same kinil. This policy, known 
 as tiie American System, liad its friends and opponents then as it has now. 
 
 TJferfion of Amlvetv Jitckson. — Toward the close of the presiden- 
 tial tinn, the contest for the succcsvion was carried on with great bitterness of 
 party feeling. Adams was a candidate for a second term, but was defeated by 
 Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. .It>lin C. (Talhoun, of South Carolina, then viie- 
 l)re>idi'nt, having been elected four years before, was again chosen l«> that ofliee. 
 
 Jarhsoii's Admiuistiat ion.— Veto of the United States 
 Jtank. — Jackson's inauguration took place on the 4th of March, 1829. In 
 his first anninil message to Congress, the new president took ground against 
 the renewal of the charter of the United States Bank. Notwithstanding the 
 objection, Congress, in 18.32, passed a bill to re-charter it, but Jackson vetoed 
 the bill, and the bank consequently ceased to be a national institution when the 
 charier expired. 
 
 Jlfiiel: Ifail'k Urn: — Tn 1P.12, the northwest frontier sufTered from 
 Indian hostilities. Ulaek Hawk, the most noted of the savages, and from whom 
 the contest that followed to<»k its name, was taken prisoner. After a detention 
 of sonje months, during which he was conducted through Washington and 
 other cities, for the puqjosc of convincing him that nsistancc to the ))Ower 
 ol" the whites was useless, he was allowed to rejoin his jK'ople. The Indians 
 finally gave up a lare:e tract of territory and removed further west. 
 
 yalli/ieation. — The tariff-law of 1828 caused dissatisfaction among the 
 people of the cotton-growing States ; and when, in 1832, an net was pa-^sod im- 
 posing additional duties on foreign goods, the feeling was greatly increased. A 
 
1832.] The Nation. 3i5 
 
 convention in South Carolina declared the tariff-acts unconstitutional, and 
 therefore null ; and proclaimed; that, if any attempts were made to collect the 
 duties, the State would secede from the Union. Jackson acted with prompt- 
 ness and firmness. He sent General Scott to Charleston, and issued a procla- 
 mation against the " nullifiers," an extract from wiiich is given below. A " com- 
 promise bill," providing for the gradual reduction of the duties, was otfered by- 
 Henry Clay, and passed bj' Congress. It was accepted by Calhoun, Hayne, 
 and the other South Carolina leaders, and thus quiet was restored. 
 
 Proclamation to South Carolina. — Jackson. 
 
 1. Fellow-citizexs of my native State! let me not only 
 admonish yon, as the first magistrate of onr common country, 
 not to incur the penalty of its laws, but let me use the influ- 
 ence that a father would over his children, whom he Saw rush- 
 ing to certain ruin. In that paternal language, with that 
 paternal feeling, let me tell yon, my countrymen, that you are 
 deluded by men Avho either are deceived themselves, or wish to 
 deceive you. Mark under what pretenses you have been led on 
 to the brink of insurrection and treason on which you stand ! 
 Look back at the acts which have brought you to this state! — 
 look forward to the consequences to which they must inevitably 
 lead! 
 
 2. And something more is necessary. Contemplate the con- 
 dition of that country of which yon still form an important 
 part ! Consider its government, uniting in one band of com- 
 mon interest and general protection so many different States ; 
 giving to all their inhabitants the proud title of American 
 citizens ; protecting their commerce, securing their literature 
 and their arts, facilitating their intercommunication, defending 
 their frontiers, and making their name respected in the remot- 
 est parts of the earth ! 
 
 3. Consider the extent of its territory; its increasing and 
 happy population ; its advance in the arts which render life agree- 
 able, and the sciences which elevate the mind! See education 
 spreading tlie light of religion, humanity, and general informa- 
 tion into every cottage in this wide extent of our teri'itories and . 
 States! Behold it as the asylum where the wretched and the 
 oppressed find a refuge and support ! 
 
3i6 Tiic United States Reader. [i832, 
 
 4. Look on this picture of happiness and honor, and say, 
 '"We, too, are citizens of America! Carolina is one of these 
 proud States. Iler arms have defended, lier best blood has 
 cemented this happy Union I" And then add, if you can, 
 ■without hornn- and remorse, *• This haiii)y Union we \vill dis- 
 solve; this picture of peace and prosperity we will deface; 
 this free intercourse we will interrupt; these fertile fields we 
 Avill deluge with blood; tlie protection of that glorious fltig 
 we renounce ; and the very name of Americans we discard! *' 
 
 5. And for what, mistaken men 1 For wliat do you throw 
 away these inestimable blessings? For what would you exchange 
 your share in the advantages and honor of the Union? For 
 the dream of a separate independence ; — a dream interrupted by 
 bloody conflicts with your neighbors, and a vile dependence on 
 foreign power? If your leaders could succeed in establishing 
 a separation, what would be your situation ? Are you united 
 at home ? Are you free from tlie apprehensions of civil discord, 
 with all its fearful consequences? Do our neighboring repub- 
 lics, every day suffering some new revolution, or contending 
 with some new insurrection, — do they excite your envy? 
 
 G. Hut tlie dictates of a high dutv <)hlige me sulemnlv to an- 
 nounee that you cannot succeed. The laws of the United 
 States must be executed. I have no discretionary j)ower on 
 the subject: my duty is emphatically pronounced in the Con- 
 stitution. Those who told you that you might peaceably pre- 
 vent their execution, deceived yon; they could not have been 
 deceived themselves. They know that a forcible opjwsitioa 
 could alone prevent the execution of the laws; and they know 
 that sticli opposition must be repelled. Their object is dis- 
 union ; but be not deceived by names: disunion by armed force 
 is treason ! 
 
 7. Are yon really ready to incur its guilt? If you are, on the 
 heads of the instigators of this act be the dreadful eonsrcjuences, 
 — on their heads be the dishonor ; but on yours may fall the 
 punishment ; and on your unhappy State will inevitably fall 
 all the evils of the conllict you force upon the government of 
 your country. 
 
1835.] The Nation. 317 
 
 8. But there is yet time to show that the descendants of the 
 Pinckneys, tlie Sumters, the Rutledges, and of the thousand other 
 names Avhich adorn the pages of your Eevolutionary history Avill 
 not abandon that Union, to support which, so many of them 
 fought, and bled, and died. I therefore adjure you, as you honor 
 their memory ; as you love the cause of freedom, to which they 
 dedicated their lives; as you prize the peace of your country, 
 the lives of its best citizens, and your own fair fame, — to retrace 
 your steps. 
 
 9. Snatch from the archives'" of your State the disorganizing 
 edict of its convention : bid its members to reassemble and 
 promulgate the decided expressions of your will to remain in 
 the path which alone can conduct you to safety, prosperity, 
 and honor: tell them, that compared to disunion, all other evils 
 are light; because that brings with it an accumulation of all: 
 declare that you will never take the field, unless the star- 
 spangled banner of your country shall float over you ; that you 
 will not be stigmatized when dead, and dishonored and scorned 
 Avhile you live, as the authors of the first attack on the Consti- 
 tution of your country! — its destroyers you cannot be. 
 
 10. Fellow-citizens, tlie momentous case is before you. On 
 your undivided support of the government depends the decision 
 of the great question it involves, whether our sacred Union shall 
 be preserved, and the blessings it secures to us as one people shall 
 be perpetuated. No one can doubt that the unanimity Avitli 
 which that decision will be expressed, will be such as to inspire 
 new confidence in republican institutions ; and that the pru- 
 dence, the wisdom, and the courage, which it will bring to 
 their defense, will transmit them unimpaired and invigorated'' 
 to our children. 
 
 War ivith the Setninoles. — Caj^tiviff/ of Osceola. — Toward 
 the close of 1835, the Seminoles became hostile, in consequence of an attempt 
 to remove them to lands west of the Mississippi, in accordance with a treaty 
 which had been made with some of the chiefs, but which others did not con- 
 sider binding. Osceola {os-e-o'/ali), their most noted chief, having, in his op- 
 position, used threatening language. Gen. Thompson, the government agent, put 
 him in irons ; but, by feigning penitence and making promises, he soon obtained 
 his liberty. 
 
3i8 The United States Reader. tissT. 
 
 Atrocities of the Iinlia lis.— On the 28th of l)cccml)or, Osceola, re- 
 solvc'il u])()ii vcDfii'unci-, iipproiuliiil a house in \vhicli 'riioin|».>ion and otlicrs 
 wei-e dininjr, and, making a sudden attaek, killed five of tlie party, ineludinj^ 
 Thompson. On the same day. Major Dade, while mareliiiig with more than a 
 liundred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was atti'ckcd, and, with his 
 whole force cxce])t four men, was massacred. 
 
 Defeat of the Indians, — A number of battles were foupht during the 
 following year ; but in none could the Americans claim a decided victory. In 
 October, 1837, Osceola appeared in the American camp with a flag of truoe, when 
 Gen. Jessup seized the chief, and sent him to Fort Moultrie. Two months later, 
 Col. Taylor, afterward President of tiie United States, defeated the Indians 
 near Lake 0-kee-cho'bee, in the most desperate battle of the war; and though 
 they continued hostile till 1842, they never again rallied in large force. 
 
 Osceola. — Liiei/ Hooper. 
 
 Not on the battlc-fiekl, 
 As •\vhcn thy thousand warriors Joy'd to meet thee, 
 
 Sounding tlie fierce war-cry. 
 
 Leading thcni forth to die, — 
 Not thus, not thus we greet thee. 
 
 But in a hostile camp, 
 Lonely amidst thy foes, 
 
 Thine arrows spent, 
 
 Thy brow unbent, — 
 Yet wearing record of thy people's woes. 
 
 Chief! for thy memories now, 
 "While the tall palm against tiiis quiet sky 
 
 Ilcr branches waves, 
 
 And the soft river laves 
 The green and tlower-crowned banks it wanders by; 
 
 While in this g(dden sun 
 The burnished ritlc gleamcth with strange light, 
 
 And sword and spear 
 
 liest harmless here, 
 Yet flash with startling radiance on the sight; 
 
 AVake they thj' glance of scorn. 
 Thou of the folded arms ami aspect stern, — 
 
 Thou of the deep low tone. 
 
 For whose rich music gone. 
 Kindred and friends alike may vainly yearn? 
 
1837.] The Nation, 319 
 
 Woe foi" the trusting hour ! 
 Oh, kingly stag ! no hand hath brought thee down ; 
 
 'Twas with a patriot's heart, 
 
 Where fear usurped no part, 
 Thou earnest, a noble offering, and alone ! 
 
 For vain yon army's might, 
 While for thy band tlie wide plain own'd a tree, 
 
 Or the wild vine's tangled shoots 
 
 On the gnarl'd oak's mossy roots 
 Their trysting-place miglit be ! 
 
 Woe for thy hapless fate ! 
 Woe for thine evil times and lot, brave chief ! 
 
 Thy sadly-closing story, 
 
 Thy short and mournful glory, 
 Thy high but hopeless struggle, brave and brief ! 
 
 Woe for the bitter stain 
 That from our country's banner may not part ! 
 
 Woe for the captive, woe ! 
 
 For burning pains and slow 
 Are his who dieth of the fever'd heart. 
 
 Oh ! in that spirit-land. 
 Where never yet the oppressor's foot hath past, 
 
 Chief, by those sparkling streams, 
 
 Whose beauty mocks our dreams, 
 May that high heart have won its rest at last ! 
 
 Van Buren's Administration. — Inauguration. — Martin Van 
 Buren, of New York, who succeeded Jackson in the presidency, was inaugu- 
 rated on the 4th of March, 1837. He served only one term. 
 
 3Ion€f(iry JRevolution. — Soon after his inauguration, a revolution in 
 monetary affairs took place, which produced great distress in all branches of 
 business throughout the country. Merchants failed, commerce and manufac- 
 tures were prostrated, and the crash was finally consummated by the suspension 
 of specie payments on the part of the banks. 
 
 Rebellion in Canada, — In the latter part of 1837 a rebellion broke 
 out in Canada, which enlisted tlie sympathies and engaged the active co-opera- 
 tion of many citizens of the United States. A proclamation issued by the 
 president, forbidding interference in the affiiirs of Canada, together with the 
 decided measures of the British authorities, had the effect intended, and the 
 attempt at insurrection was suppressed. 
 
 14* 
 
320 The United States Reader. [i84i. 
 
 Harrison's ami Tf/fcr's Atfiniiiisf ration. — Van Bureii's suc- 
 cessor in otlicc was William IIiiiiv llariiMin, nf ( )liii>, tlu' " hero of Tippecanoe 
 and the Thames." The cabinet of the new j)resident was judiciously cliosen, 
 and the people anticipated for him a successful administraiion ; but, on tlic 4th 
 of April, 1841, just one month after liis inauguration, he died ; and the vice- 
 president, John Tyler, on taking the oath of office two days after, became 
 president. 
 
 Annexation of Texas. — A proposition for the admission of Texas 
 into the Union caused an excited discussion throughout tiie country during the 
 closing montlis of Tyler's administration. Those who objected to an increase 
 of the slave-power in the government, opposed the i)roposition ; while those who 
 favored such increase, advocated it. Three days before the expiration of his 
 term of office, the president signed a bill for the annexation of Texas to the 
 United States. 
 
 Texas. — Jiobert Mackenzie. 
 
 1. The decaying energies of Spain were .s:(irely wa.'^ted 1)y the^ 
 wars wliicli Napoleon Ibrcetl upon her. Invaded, conquered, 
 occupied, fought for during years by great armies, Spain issued 
 from the struggle in a state of utter exhaustion. It was impos- 
 sible that a country so enfeebled could maintain a great colonial 
 dominion. Xot long after the Battle of Waterloo, all her Ameri- 
 can dependencies chose to be independent, and Spain could do 
 nothing to prevent it. Among the rest, Mexico won for her- 
 self the privilege of self-government, of which she has thus 
 far proved herself so incapable. 
 
 2. Lying between the Mississippi and the Rio Grande, was a 
 vast wilderness of undefined extent and uncertain ownership, 
 Avhich the United States, with some hesitation, recognized as 
 belonging to Mexico. It was called Texas.* The climate was 
 genial ; tlie soil was of wondrous fertility. The United States 
 coveted this fair region, and offered to buy it from Mexico. 
 Her offer was declined. 
 
 3. The great natural wealth of Texas, combined with the 
 almost total ab.sence of government, was a powerful attraction 
 to the lawless adventurers who abounded in the southwestern 
 
 • "Lii Ilnrpe, In n letter d»te(l Nnnonlto (emlern Texa«^ July 8, 1719, calU the country the pro- 
 vince of Ln* Trkut; nnd thin i* tlie first mention of the name in any published work*. It may have 
 been the iippellntion ut some petty triho ut Indians living in eastern Texas." 
 
1841.] TJie Nation. 321 
 
 States. A tide of yagrant blackguardism streamed into Texas. 
 Safe from the grasp of justice, the murderer, the thief, the 
 fraudulent debtor, opened in Texas a new and more hopeful 
 career. Founded by these conscript fathers, Texan society 
 grew apace. In a few years, Texas felt herself strong enough 
 to be independent. Her connection with Mexico was declared 
 to be at an end (1836). 
 
 4. The leader in this revolution was Samuel Houston (Jieics'- 
 ton), a Virginian of massive frame — energetic, audacious, un- 
 scrupulous,^in no mean degree fitted to direct the storm he 
 had helped to raise. For Houston was a Southerner, and it was 
 his ambition to gain Texas for the purpose of the slave-owners. 
 Mexico had abolished slavery. Texas could be no home for 
 the possessor of slaves till she was severed from Mexico. 
 
 5. When independence was declared, Texas had to defend her 
 newly-claimed liberties by the sword. General Houston headed 
 the patriot forces, not quite four hundred in number, and imper- 
 fectly armed. Santa Anna came against them with an army of 
 five thousand. The Texans retreated, and, having nothing to 
 carry, easily distanced their pursuers. At the San Jacinto {jali- 
 sin'to), Houston was strengthened b}' the arrival of two field- 
 pieces. He turned like a lion ujion the unexpectant Mexicans, 
 whom he caught in the very act of crossing the river. He 
 fired grapesliot into their quaking ranks. His unconquerable 
 Texans clubbed their muskets — they had no bayonets— and 
 rushed upon the foe. The Mexicans fled in helpless rout, and 
 Texas Avas free. The grateful Texans elected General Houston 
 president of the republic which he had thus saved. 
 
 6. No sooner was Texas independent than she offered to join 
 herself to the United States. Her proposals were at first de- 
 clined ; but the South warmly espoused lier cause, and urged 
 lier claims. Once more Xorth and South met in fiery debate. 
 Slavery had already a sure footing in Texas. If Texas entered 
 the Union, it w^as as a slave-State. On that ground the South 
 avowedly urged the annexation; on that ground the North 
 resisted it. 
 
 7. " We all see," said Daniel Webster, "that Texas will be a 
 
322 The United States Reader. [1845. 
 
 slave-holding country; and I frankly avow my nnwillinfrness 
 to do anything which shall extend the slavery of the African 
 race on this continent, or add another slave-holding State to 
 the Union." "The South," said the legislature of Mi?sissi])pi, 
 speaking of slavery, "does not possess a blessing with which 
 the affections of her people are so closely entwined, and whose 
 value is more higlily ajjprociated. By the annexation of Texas, 
 an equipoise of inlluence in the halls of Congress will he secured, 
 which will furnish us a permanent guarantee of protection." 
 
 8. It was the battle-ground on which all the recent great 
 battles of American political history have been fought. It 
 ended, as such battles at that time usually did, in Southern 
 victory. In March, 1845, Texas was received into the Union. 
 The slave-power gained new votes in Congress, and room for a 
 vast extension of the slave-system. — History of the United 
 Slates. 
 
 I*o7k*s Ad m hi int ration. — War irlth Mexico.— T\\q\'» suc- 
 cessor in office was James K. Polk, who was inaujjfiiratcU on ttie 4th of March, 
 1845. His administration continued during only one term, but it was an event- 
 ful one. On the 4th of July, 1845, the Legislature of Texas approved the 
 " Annexation Bill " passed by the United States Congress, and, by this act of 
 approval, Texas became one of the United States. 
 
 Capture of T/iornfoii^s J'artij. — For the protection of the new 
 State, General Taylor proceeded, by order of President Polk, to the Hio (irandc 
 (re'ograhn'dri) op])ositc Mat-a-mo'ras where he erected a fort, which was 
 afterward named Fort Brown. Learning that the Mexicans weiv as.sembling 
 troops at a point higher up the river, Taylor sent Ca])taiu Thornton, with sixty- 
 three dragoons, to reconnoitre. This little force was attacked (April 26th, 
 184G), and, after a loss of sixteen men, was compelled to suiTcnder. 
 
 Ihiftlesof Palo Alto and liesaea dela Pal ma.— The Ucxkans, 
 in large force, having crossed (he Rio Grande, for the purpose, as was suj)])Osed, 
 of moving against Point Isabel, where the Americans had established a de])ot 
 of supplies, Taylor marche<l to the relief of that place. After putting the 
 Point in a good state of defense, he set out on his return to the river. His 
 progress was disputed at Palo Alto (pah'lo alil'to) and liesaea de la Palma 
 (riisah'kah da kihfKihl mnli)* by General Arista {ulirces lah) ; but in both battles 
 the Mexicans were defeated with severe loss. In the first (May 8th), the Mexi- 
 
 * I'alo Altn, II SpaiiJHh term, iiii;i>!r>'iiig " lull timber." Rcmicit do la I'lilmn is also n Spanish 
 terra, an(| signifies "a ravine of pulm-trees.' 
 
1846.] The Nation. 323 
 
 cans numbered six thousand men, while the Americans consisted of but twenty- 
 three hundred. Tlie loss of the former exceeded five hundred. That of the 
 latter was scai-cely fifty, but among their mortally wounded was the brave Major 
 King'gold. 
 
 The battle of Resaca de la Palma took place on the following day (May 9th). 
 The action was commenced on both sides by the artillery ; but the Mexican guns, 
 well-aimed and rapidly discharged, were holding the Americans in check, when 
 Captain May was ordered to silence them. At the head of his dragoons he 
 charged with great fury, killed or dispersed the gunners, aud captured General 
 La Vega {l.ah vd'gah). 
 
 Battle of Resaca de la Palma. — JR. S. JRipley. 
 
 1. General Arista had been re-enforced during the morning 
 by nearly two thousand infantry and a strong body of cavalry. 
 His infantry occnpied the northern crest of Eesaca de la Palma, 
 which ravine is crossed by the mainroad from Point Isabel to 
 Matamoras, at a point some four miles from the latter place. 
 The general outline of the ravine is an irregular curve, of which 
 the convexity is given to the south. The road running toward 
 the south crosses the i"avine about the centre of its length. 
 Three guns on the northern crest defended the point of passage, 
 and tAvo on each side of the road south of the ravine supported 
 the first battery with a flank and cross fire. 
 
 2. Along the southern crest was posted a second line of infant- 
 ry ; and the cavalry, which were necessarily unable to act, was 
 in strong masses to the rear. The position and disposition 
 of the Mexican forces were exceedingly strong against an enemy 
 advancing by the road ; and the thick growth of chaparral" ren- 
 dered such an advance the one most probable, if not absolutely 
 necessary. But the same cause rendered a complete view of the 
 operations impracticable, and made any action at the point one 
 of detail on both sides, with the advantage, however, of a 
 knowledge of locality on the part of the Mexicans, not possessed 
 by their enemy. 
 
 3. McCall's and Smith's skirmishers pressed forward on the 
 left and right, driving the Mexican troops of the first line from 
 their positions at the northern extremities of the ravine. 
 Ridgely's guns were planted at a point on the riglit of the path. 
 
324 The United States Reader. [i846. 
 
 ■within thrcp liundrecl yards of the Mexican artillerv, and thence 
 oi)ened a lively lire; it was briskly returned Iruin thu Mexican 
 advanced battery ; but the chaparral prevented accurate aim, 
 and the consequent full effect of artillery on either side. 
 
 4. The iiflh regiment and the left wing of the fourth, de- 
 ployed' as skirmishers, "were sent into action on the left; while 
 the third, with the right wing, displayed on the right, and sup- 
 ported the advanced parties; these troops pressed on through 
 the thicket, and the action became general. The nature of the 
 ground prevented the use of any other artillery than Ilidgely's 
 battery; there was no position in which a line could be arrayed, 
 nor Avas it attempted. 
 
 5. The enemy's shot fi'll thick and fast from his ])ositions on 
 the crest of the ravine, and each captain and subaltern" led his 
 command as an independent body. All Avas apinirently in con- 
 fusion ; but, confident in tlie courage and discipline of those 
 around tlicm, there Avas a general liarmony in the attack : none 
 thought of retreat; and, Avith loud shouts, each small jiarty of 
 the American troops pressed vigorously forAvard, and the fire of 
 small-arms Avas incessant. 
 
 6. "While the action continued in this manner, the Mexican 
 artillery continued its fire upon the advancing American troops, 
 although that of the advanced battery had slackened under the 
 quick discharges of Ridgely's guns. To finish the action as 
 soon as possible, by its capture, General Taylor sent Captain 
 May's squadron of dragoons directly against it. May stai-ti-d 
 doAvn the road at a gallop, in obedience to his order, and i)ulling 
 up for a moment, as he passed Ridgely's position, the latter 
 poured in a discharge of canister'. Avhich drcAV the Mexican fire 
 in rojjly. 
 
 7. -May CDniinucd his course, and, though his command Avas 
 in confusion, rode over the Avhole l)attery. The Mexican in- 
 fantry, however, from the second line, drove him, and the six 
 null Avhoni lie was able to rally from his Avhole squadron, back 
 under a seven; lire; but he carried Avith him General de la 
 Vega, Avho had been entangled in the melee' and taken prisoner. 
 Ridgely had, nK-anwliilr. followed at a gallop, and unlinibercd" 
 
1846.] The Nation. 325 
 
 on the northern crest, ready to defend the position without in- 
 fantry support; but, although much exposed, the fear of injur- 
 ing the dragoons prevented his firing. 
 
 8. When the action had fairly commenced, Gen. Taylor had 
 sent orders to Lieutenant-colonel Belknap to advance one 
 regiment from the guard of the train, and at this time he led 
 the eighth infantry into action. Moving down the road in 
 column at a charging pace, the eighth, joined by a portion of 
 the fifth, which had beat through to the ravine on the left of 
 the road, crossed the ravine, secured the guns, and, pushing 
 into the chaparral, after a severe struggle drove the enemy from 
 the vicinity. 
 
 9. The battle was won ; but still, in small parties, the Mexi- 
 cans disputed the American advance, until their last gun, Avhich 
 had been in position to their left, was captured, and their camp 
 entered by the fourtli iu fan try, and then the rout began. Kerr's 
 squadron of dragoons, Duncan's and Eidgely's batteries, the 
 artillery battalion, and the light companies under Captain C. F. 
 Smith, were sent on the track of the fugitives. 
 
 10. Following closely in pursuit, they dispersed the routed 
 Mexican army, driving its broken masses into the chaparral 
 and beyond the Rio Grande. As the advance of the pursuing 
 forces came in sight of the Mexican batteries at Matamoras, 
 these opened fire. The American guns of Fort Brown also com- 
 menced firing on the upper ferry, at which the fugitives were 
 crossing ; but night coming on, rendered it impossible to dis- 
 tinguish friend and foe, and the cannonade ceased on both sides. 
 The pursuing forces occupied the former American camp on the 
 banks of the Rio Grande, but for the night the main army re- 
 mained on the field of battle. — War with Mexico. 
 
 TaMug of 3Iafamoras and 3Iont€rey. — During the most of 
 
 Taylor's absence from the fort on the Rio Grande, a period of nearly eight days, 
 it had been subjected to a bombardment from the enemy's batteries at Matamo- 
 ras. The garrison made a successful defense, though their heroic commander. 
 Major Brown, was mortally wounded by the bursting of a shell. On the 18th 
 of May, Taylor took possession of Matamoras, and in August he marched to 
 attack Monterey (mon-td-ra), a city strong in its natural defenses, and then gar- 
 
326 The Ufiiied Siaies Reader. [i846. 
 
 risoncd by ten thousand troops under Gen. Ampudii\ (ampoo' dS-oh). After a 
 series of assaults, in which Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant 
 Ben'ice, Monterey capitulated (Sept. 24th j, and Taylor agreed to an amiistice. 
 
 The Martyr of Monterey.— AVr. j. G. Lyons. 
 
 [" While I was Ftationcd with our left wins in one of the forts. I eaw a Mexican 
 woman bu.<ily engaged in carrying,' bread and water to the wounded men of both ainjies. 
 I saw the minisiLTiu'^ angel raise the head of a wounded man, give him water au.i food, 
 and tlien bind up his ghastly wound with a handkerchief she took from licr own head. 
 After having exhausted lier fupplies, slie went back to her liouse, to get more bread and 
 water fur others. As she was returning on her mission of mercy, to comfort other 
 wounded persons. I heard the report of a gnn, and saw the poor innocent creature fall 
 dead. I tliink it was an accidental shot that struck her. I woidd not l)e willin;: to 
 believe otherwise. It made me sick at lieart ; and, turning from the scene, I involun- 
 tarily raised my eyes toward heaven, and thought. Great God! in this war f Passing the 
 spot the next day, I saw her body still lying there, with the l)read l)y her side, and the 
 broken gourd, with a few drops of water in it,— eml)lems of hor errand. We buried her; 
 and while we were digging her grave, cannon-l)alls flew around us like hail." — LtlUr to 
 the ''Louisville Courier," dated Monterey, October 17, 1S47.] 
 
 The strife was stern at Monterey, 
 
 When those high towers were lost and won; 
 And, pealing through that mortal fray, 
 
 Flash'd the strong battery's vengeful gun ; 
 Yet, heedless of its deadly rain, 
 
 She stood, in toil and danger first, 
 To bind the bleeding soldier's vein, 
 
 And slake the dying soldier's thirst. 
 
 She found a pale and stricken foe. 
 
 Sinking in nature's hist eclipse, 
 And on the red earth kneeling low, 
 
 She wet his parch'd and fever'd lips; 
 When, thick as winter's driving sleet, 
 
 The booming shot and flaming shell 
 Swept with wild rag(! that gory street. 
 
 And she — tlie good and gentle — fell. 
 
 They laid her in her narrow bed— 
 
 Tlie foemen of her land and race ; 
 And sighs were breath'd and tears were shed 
 
 Above her lowly resting-place. 
 Ay! glory's crimson worshippers 
 
 Wept over her unkindly fall, 
 For deeds of mercy such as hers 
 
 Subdue tlie lieart and eyes of all. 
 
1846.] The Nation. 327 
 
 To sound her worth were guilt and shame 
 
 In us, who love but gold and ease ; 
 They heed alike our praise or blame. 
 
 Who live and die in works like these. 
 Far gi-eater than the wise or brave, 
 
 Far happier than the fair or gay. 
 Was she who found a mart3'r's grave 
 
 On that red field of Monterey. 
 
 General Kearney's Exjyedition. — In an expedition which set out 
 from Leavenworth (June, 1846), General Kearney {kar'ne) entered Santa Fe and 
 gained possession of the whole of New Mexico witliout opposition. After or- 
 ganizing a government, he left the main body of his army under Colonel Don'i- 
 phan, and crossed the continent to California 
 
 March of Colonel Doniphan. — 3Iansfield. 
 
 1. I]sr the interval between the conquest of New Mexico by 
 Kearney and the march of Scott from Vera Cruz, there oc- 
 curred, in the northern provinces of Mexico, one of those grand 
 military adventures which convert the realities of history into 
 the brilliant and enticing scenes of romance. This was the 
 march of Colonel Doniphan's corps through the wild and un- 
 known regions of northern Mexico. 
 
 2. When the American army under Kearney had reached 
 Santa Fe, it was already nine hundred miles from the point of 
 its departure. The greater part of this distance had been passed 
 over vast prairie-plains, over arid deserts, in the valleys of 
 streams, where no town or habitation was seen, and over hills 
 like the Raton, from whose lofty summit no signs of civiliza- 
 tion could be seen, and the distant horizon was limited only by 
 the towering peaks of the Eocky Mountains. 
 
 3. At Santa Fe, there was but little real interruption to this 
 wilderness prospect. New Mexico contained 50,000 square 
 miles, but only 100,000 inhabitants. The states of Chiliuahua 
 (che-tvah'wah), Durango, and Coahuila (co-ah-ioee'Iah), below, 
 scarcely contained a greater population in proportion. Here 
 and there a Mexican town appeared, and at intervals spots of 
 beautiful culture, of vineyards and fruits ; but, for the most 
 
o 
 
 28 Ike United States Reader. [I847. 
 
 part, there were uninhabited regions, unknown to the Ameri- 
 c:in.«. and almost untnxklcn by travellers. 
 
 4. In tlu' early i)ar( of December, Colonel Doniphan left Santa 
 Fe with ei<rht hundred men, in three divisions, destined for Clii- 
 huahua. The object of the expedition was to join General Wool 
 in the heart of northern Mexico. Wool, as has been detailed, 
 marched with what was called the Army of the Centre, from 
 San Antonio de Bexar for Chihuahua. The latter point he 
 never reached; but Colonel Don ii)han now supposed him either 
 at Chihuahua or on his route. 
 
 5. Donijihan, accordingly, marched south to form a junction. 
 On tiie 21st of December, his corps reached Bracito {brah-se'to), 
 and the troops Avere dispersed getting wood, wlien a large force 
 of the enemy, supposed to be a thousand strong, appeared in 
 sight. The Americans immediately formed in line. The Mexi- 
 cans were composed of lancers and infantry. A Mexican officer 
 rode out on a fine charger, displaying a black flag. Their col- 
 umns immediately charged, and were received by the Ameri- 
 cans with a well-directed fire of rifles. This determined the 
 engagement. The Mexicans fled. Doniphan then pursued 
 liis march at his leisure. 
 
 6. On the JiTth of December, Doniphan's corps entered Kl 
 Paso del Norte without opposition. This is a considerable town 
 on the Rio del Xorte, or ratlier the TJio Grande, the former being 
 the name of that river in New Mexico. This town contains about 
 five thousand inhabitants; but there are about eleven thousand 
 settled along the river for twenty-five miles. It is on the road 
 to Chihuahna, and at one of the crossings of the Rio Grande. 
 
 7. Here Colonel Doniphan was compelled to wait for re-en- 
 forcements, and also to hear from General Wool. The Ameri- 
 cans were surrounded with a hostile poi)ulation, and continually 
 expecting an attack. One who was j)rcsent writes, '• Here we 
 liave spent a month in anxiety, drudgery, and toil." Nothing, 
 however, was heard from Wool ; and it was long before re-en - 
 fDrcenu'iits arrived. At length, on the 1st of February, Captain 
 Weightinan arrived with artillery, ami Doniplian's command 
 was increased to the amount of about nine hundred men. 
 
1847.] Tlie Nation. 329 
 
 8. In the latter part of February, he set out from El Paso, 
 and on the 23d the American forces were at Carmen, one hun- 
 dred miles from Chihuahua. In the mean time, General Here- 
 dia, Avho commanded the Mexican forces at Cluhuahua, hav- 
 ing heard of the approach of the American army, dispatched 
 General Conde withi eight hundred cavalry to watch the Ameri- 
 cans. On the 21st, General Heredia himself took position, with 
 additional troops, near the Sacramento River, and waited the 
 approach of Colonel Doniphan 
 
 9. On the 28th of February, the American army discovered 
 the enemy entrenched near the Ranclio Sacramento, on the 
 river Sacramento. The position was a very strong one. It 
 Avas in a valley about four miles in width, having a range of 
 mountains on each side. The Rio Sacramento and Arroyo 
 Seco both crossed the valley here ; and the main road to Chi- 
 huahua, pursuing the valley, crosses the Sacramento at the 
 Rancho Sacramento. 
 
 10. The Mexican intrenchments were on a ridge between 
 these streams, and completely commanded the road. Their 
 right rested on the Cerro Fryoles {fre-yo'les), with high precip- 
 itous sides, on which was a battery commanding the surround- 
 ing country and the pass leading to Chihnahua, through the 
 Arroyo Seco. On their left was the Cerro Sacramento, a pile 
 of immense volcanic rocks, surmounted by a battery which 
 commanded the main road to Chihuahua. 
 
 11. A passage was found practicable across the Arroyo Seco, 
 within reach of the enemy's fire; and the American column, 
 having reached the ground between the Seco and the Sacra- 
 mento, commenced deploying toward the table-land occupied 
 by the Mexicans. The column of General Conde's cavalry, 
 opposed to the American right, now commenced a charge, which 
 was returned by the fire of the artillery-battery, consisting of 
 six pieces, under the command of Major Clark. At the third 
 fire, the enemy's cavalry gave way and dispersed. They fell 
 back to the Mexican camp, and rallied behind a redoubt. This 
 the Americans attacked with artillery. Captain Weightman 
 rapidly advancing with two howitzers", supported by Captain 
 
30 
 
 o T/ie United Slates Reader. [is-t?. 
 
 Reed's company of horse, and then hy Lieutenant-Colonel Mit- 
 chell, delivering his fire with great effect, the enemy were 
 driven from the redoubt. 
 
 12. The Mexicans were pursued toward the mountains by 
 Lieutenant-Colonel ^fitehell, Lieutenant-Colonel Jackson, and 
 Major Gilpin, accompanied by AVeightman, Avith his section of 
 howitzers. In the mean time, the Mexicans had carried their 
 cannon to the Cerro Sacramento, to cover their retreat. The 
 fire of the American artillery soon silenced these, and the 
 Rancho Sacramento was then attacked. At length the Iklex- 
 icans were driven from this last position, and the victory was 
 complete. The Mexicans lost one hundred men and ten pieces 
 of artillery. 
 
 13. Colonel Doniphan and his little army entered the city 
 of Chihuahua, the fruit of this victory, in divisions, on the 1st 
 and 2d of March. This town is the cajntal of one of the most 
 important States of Mexico, and contains more than forty 
 thousand inhabitants. It lies on a branch of the Conchas 
 River, two hundred and fifty miles south of El Paso. On the 
 east lies the Rio Grande, and on the west the lofty summits of 
 the Sierra Madre. The country is diversified with mountains 
 and vales. 
 
 14. The army passed rugged cliffs of basaltic' rock on one 
 side, and, on the other, fields rich with the finest wheat. In the 
 clear atmosphere of this elevated region, the mountain-tops 
 would seem, in the distance, blue as the skies above; or, near 
 by, would darkly frown in the cold, gray aspect of its granite 
 rock. Chihuahua, too, is the centre of rich and various mines. 
 Not more than twelve miles from it are silver mines, supposed 
 to be the richest in Mexico. These mines are generally owned 
 by private companies, composed of English or Spanish pro- 
 prietors. 
 
 15. At ChihualiuM, in this rrch country and pleasant climate, 
 tlie army of J)oni])lian rested in the bright days of spring. 
 They had departed so far from the American lines of intelli- 
 gence, as to be ignorant of the situation or place of the American 
 forces. The expedition had been planned with the idea that 
 
1847.] The Nation. 331 
 
 the corps of Douiphan would find the army of Wool at Chi- 
 huahua; but that army was not there. AVool had encountered, 
 beyond Monclova, the lofty ridges of the Sierra Madre, and been 
 compelled to change his course to the south, and eventually to 
 Saltillo {scM-teel'yo). 
 
 16. After waiting in vain for any appearance of Wool, and 
 having remained six weeks at Chihuahua, the army at last took 
 its line of march. Colonel Doniphan moved his corps from 
 Chihuahua in three divisions, on the 25th, 26th, and 28th of 
 April. Marching southwardly through Cerro Gordo, Mapimi, 
 {inali-pe'me), and Parras, they reached Saltillo, three hun- 
 dred and fifty miles further, on the 22d of May, 1847. Ee- 
 maiuiug but three days, on the 25th of May they marched 
 to Monterey. Pursuing their journey with rapid step, they 
 descended the Eio Grande, navigated the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 arrived at New Orleans on the 15th of June. 
 
 17. Here the volunteers were mustered out of the service of 
 the United States, embarked on steamboats, and were soon 
 returned to their homes in Missouri. In a little more than 
 a year, this corps of volunteers, mustered from private life, had, 
 by land and by water, — over mountain-tops and sandy plains, — 
 in snow, and in rain, and in hot deserts, — amidst the homes of 
 civilization and the wilds of savages, — -amidst the fires of battle, 
 the sports of the camp, and the adventures of the wild wilder- 
 ness, pursued their unchecked career for five thousand miles ! 
 — History of the 3fexican War. 
 
 Conquest of California. — Before the breaking out of the war, Cap- 
 tain Fremont' was sent to make western explorations. After suffering great 
 hardships, he made his way into California,® then a department of Mexico. 
 Learning that Gen. Cas'tro, the governor of the province, was mustering a force 
 to come against him, he took a position on a mountain-peak, thirty miles east 
 of Montere)-, where, in March, 1846, he built a fort and hoisted the American 
 flag. But the governor made threats instead of attacks. Taking a northern 
 route, Fremont passed through the valley of the Sacramento, but was over- 
 taken by an order from Washington, directing him to protect the interests of 
 
 * "A romance was published in Spain, in 1510, in which the word Californi.i, applied to an imaginary 
 island, for the first time occurred. Cnrtez had read the book, it is supposed, wlien he sailed along 
 the west coast of Mexico, in l.i35, and supposing he was in the region of the island, called the country 
 California.'" The word, it is supp< sed, was derived from the word Calif. 
 
332 TJie United States Reader. [iss?. 
 
 the United States in Cnliforniii. Uutniciiif; liis steps, lie found Castro already 
 niarcliiiii^ a;;ainst the Anicriean settlements on tiie Saeramento. The settlers 
 floekcd to his standard with such alaeritv, that he soon found himself able to 
 confront the Mexicans, whom he defeated in several skirmishes, and finally 
 compelled to retreat toward the southern part of the province. On the 5th of 
 July, 1846, California was declared to be independent. 
 
 A few days later. Commodore Sloat, commanding the Pacific fleet, having 
 received information that hostilities had commenced on the Kio Grande, took 
 possession of Monterey. Toward the latter part of the month. Commodore 
 Stockton superseded Sloat in command ; and, with Fremont's co-operation, in 
 a few months gained ])ossession of the whole of Calilornia. Kearny arrived and 
 took i)art in the linal battle (Jan. 8th, 1S47). 
 
 Jldtth' o/' Jilicntl f'isfd. — General Taylor had been deprived of a large 
 portion of his best troops, in order to su))])ly General Scott with the rc(iuisite 
 forces to ])roceed on the expedition which had been decided on at Washington, 
 against the Mexican ca))ital. In this condition, his force of less than five thou- 
 sand men was attacked at Buena Vista (htm'iialt ires'ttilt), by an army nearly 
 four limes as large, nnder Santa Anna ; but, after a contest which lasted from 
 morning till night, the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field (Feb. 
 23d, 1847). 
 
 The Angels of Buena Yista.— Whiff icr. 
 
 [\ letter-writer from Mexico slates, iliat, at tiie terrible flglit of Buena Vista, 
 Mexican women were seen liovcring near the field of dcatli, for the puiposc of 
 giving aid and succor to tlie wounded. One poor woman was surrounded I)y the maim- 
 ed and sunVring of holh nrniiis. ministeiiiii; to the wiints of Americans as well as 
 Mexicans, with impartial tci;deriie8s. The foMowing are the concluding stanzas of 
 Vhittiers beautiful poem, bearing the above title.] 
 
 " Look forth once ntotT, Ximcna!" " Like a cloml before the wind 
 UoUs the battle down the mountains, leaving blood and death behind; 
 Ah ! they plead in vain for mercy ; in the dust the wounded strive ; 
 Hide your faces, holy angels! Oh, thou Christ of God, forgive! 
 
 " Sink, O Night, among thy mountains ; let thy cool, gray shadows fall ; 
 Dying brothers, fighting demons — drop (hy curtain over all ! 
 Through the (ptickening winter twilight, Avide apart the battle rolled; 
 In his sheath the sabre rested, and the cannon's lips grew cold. 
 
 " But the holy Mexic women still their holy task pursued, 
 
 Through that long, dark night of sorrow, worn, and faint, and lacking 
 
 food ; 
 Over weak and suffering brothers with a tender care they Inmg, 
 And the dying foeman blessed them in a strange and Northern tongue. 
 
 " Not wholly lost, O Father, is this evil world of ours; 
 
 Upward through its blood ami ashes spring afresh the Eden flowers; 
 
184'?.] The Nation. 333 
 
 From its smoking bell of battle, Love and Pity send their prayer, 
 And still thy white-winged angels hover dimly iu our air ! " 
 
 General ScoWs Exjieditioti.— Taking of Vera Criiz.— On the 
 9th of March (1847), Scott landed his army of twelve thousand men near Vera 
 Cruz, and, on the 22d, aided by the fleet, he opened so destructive a fire upon 
 thecity and fortress of San Juan de Ulloa {san whahn da ool-yo'ah), that, on the 
 27th, both places were compelled to surrender. 
 
 Battle of Cerro Gordo. — The march toward the interior was com- 
 menced on the 7th of April, but, at the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo (sar-ro 
 (jor'do), Scott found Santa Anna prepared to resist his advance. On the morn- 
 ing of the 18th, a daring assault was made uyjon the works of the enemy; and 
 before noon the whole were in possession of the Americans. Besides losing their 
 artillery, the Mexicans had one thousand of their number killed or wounded. 
 
 Occupation of Puebla. — On the next day, the Americans entered Jala- 
 pa {hah-lali pull) ; further on they took without opposition the strong castle of 
 Perote (pd-rb'td) ; and, on the 15th of May, they occupied the ancient and 
 populous city of Puebla {poo-u'hlah). Here they halted nearly three months for 
 re-enforcements, and then resumed their march, reaching Ayotla [ah-yotlah), a 
 town fifteen miles from the city of Mexico. 
 
 Occujfafion of Mexico. — Finding that the direct route thence was 
 strongly fortified, and anxious to spare the livesof his men, Scott turned south- 
 ward, and encamped about ten miles from the capital. The approaches to the 
 city of Mexico were guarded by batteries at Contreras (co;i-<r«Va/(s) and San 
 Antonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco (choo-roo-hoos'ko) and Chapul- 
 tepcc {rhah-pool-ta-pek'). All these places were taken in succession, after severe 
 conflicts, the American soldiers showing the greatest perseverance and daring. 
 The last of them was taken by assault on the 13th of September; and Santa 
 Anna and his army fled from the capital during the night succeeding. The 
 next morning. General Scott, at the head of the American troops, made a tri- 
 umphal entry into the city. The Americans were subsequently attacked from 
 the housetops by the Mexican populace, but in a few days every disturbance was 
 quieted. 
 
 American Conquest of Mexico. — 3Iansfield. 
 
 1. On the morning of the 18th of September all was quiet. 
 Mexico, the capital of the ancient Aztecs, the seat of the 
 Spanish-American empire in America — had passed from Aztec 
 and from Spaniard to tlie Anglo-American — the Northman of 
 the Goths, the Saxon of Germany, the Englishman of America 
 — the same bold, hardy, energetic, ingenious, invincible, ambi- 
 tious, and adventurous being, whose genius the forms of civil- 
 
334 ^/^^ United States Reader, [I847. 
 
 ization cannot coufino, and to whose dominion continents are 
 inadequate. 
 
 2. In what hour of time, or limit of space, shall this man of 
 the moderns — this conqueror over land and seas, nations and 
 governments — find rest, in the completion of his mighty prog- 
 ress? Commencing his march in the cold regions of Scandi- 
 navia, no ice cliilk-d his lilood — no Avilderness delayed his steps 
 — no laljor wearied his industry — no armies arrested his march 
 — no empire subdued his jwwer. Over armies and over empires 
 — over lands and over seas — in heat, and cold, and wilderness, 
 and flood — amidst the desolations of death and tiie decays of 
 disease — this Northman has moved on in might and majesty, 
 steady as the footsteps of Time, and fixed as the decrees of 
 Fate! 
 
 3. IIow' singular — how romantically strange is this — his wild 
 adventure and marvellous conquest in the valley of valleysl 
 How came the Northman and the Moorish Celt here to meet, 
 and here to battle, in this Xortli-American valley ? Look at it ! 
 Inquire! Ask yourself how they came here! Are they the 
 citizens, by nature, of this continent? Are they the aborigines 
 of these wild and wonderful forests? Never! lIow came they, 
 then, to be contending for the lands and groves of those whose 
 children they are not ? 
 
 4. In the beginning of the sixteenth centur}', Hernando 
 Cortez landed on the coast of Mexico, and, at the head of 
 Spanish troops, marched on to the conquest of Mexico, over 
 whose effeminate" inhabitants the Spaniard has, for three hun- 
 dred years, held undivided dominion. Not nuuiy years after, 
 the Anglo-Saxon landed on the coasts of the northern Atlantic. 
 He, too. marched on to conquest. The native citizens of the 
 forest disappeared before him. Forests, mountains, and In- 
 dians, were ineffectual to oppose him. From the banks of the 
 St. Lawrence to the Sabine of Texas, he is a conqueror over 
 nature. 
 
 5. In the south the natives die, or become slaves to the 
 Spaniard. In the north, they fade and perish before the Anglo- 
 American. The one spreads his empire from the Gulf of Mex- 
 
1818.] The Natio7i. ^^5 
 
 OvD- 
 
 ico to the far shore of Ciilifornia ; the other, from the hills of 
 >St. Francis to the mountains of Oregon. Both extend over 
 breadths of land and pov/er of resonrces unknown to the 
 widest empire of antiquity. Egypt and her millions, with the 
 famed Valley of the Kile, fade before the broad magnificence, 
 the mighty growth of these American empires ! Even the ter- 
 rible and far-seeing eagles of Rome grow dizzy and dim in their 
 sight, as they look down from the summits of history upon 
 these continental nations — these colossal giants of the modern 
 world ! 
 
 6. And now, this Spaniard and this ISTorthman meet, in bat- 
 tle panoply", in this valley of volcanoes, by the ancient graves 
 of nnknown nations, on the lava-covered soil where nature 
 once poured forth her awe-inspiring flames, and the brave Tlas- 
 calan once sung of glory and of greatness ! Three centuries 
 since, these warrior-nations had left their homes beyond the 
 wide Atlantic. Two thousand miles from each other, they had 
 j^lanted the seats of their empire ; and now, as if time, in the 
 moral world, had completed another of its grand revolutions, 
 they have met in mortal conflict. 
 
 7. Like the Eagle and the Vulture, who had long pursued 
 difierent circles in the heavens, and long made prey of the weak 
 tenants of the air, their circles have been enlarged till they 
 cross each other. They shriek ! Tliey fight ! The victorious 
 eagle bears the vulture to the earth, and screams forth through 
 the clouds his triumphant song ! Has the bold bird received 
 no wound ? Has no blood tinged the feathers of his wing ? Is 
 there no secret flow of life from the portals of his heart? Will 
 he continue to look, with unblenched eye, on the blazing glories 
 of the sun? Hid in the eternal decrees of God is the life of 
 nations ; and not till He has drawn away the curtains of time, 
 will mortals know the secrets of His will in the government of 
 nations. — Hhtorij of the Mexican War. 
 
 Treaty of Peace with Mexico.— On the 2d of rebrnary, 1848, a 
 treaty of peace was signed, by Avhich all the territory north of the Rio Grande, 
 together with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquished to the 
 United States. On the part of the United States, it was agreed that $15,000,000 
 
 15 
 
■;^6 The United States Reader. tisso. 
 
 00 
 
 slioultl be paid for the territory ae jiiired, and tlmt debts due from Mexico to 
 Ameriiiui citizens, .imountinf^ to .>.*}, 0(10,000, should be assumed. Peace was 
 jinxlainieil t)y I'lesident I'olk, on tlie 4lli of July, 1848. 
 
 7Vf///oi-'.s and Fillmore's Adininiafrafionn. — Jiiaiif/nra- 
 fion «/' T(f!//or. — Polk's successor in the presidency was Gen. Zachary 
 Taylor, the hero who had achieved such brilliant victories in the war with Mex- 
 ico. His inauguration took place on the 5th of March, 1849, the 4th being 
 Sunday. 
 
 JJisrorrri/ of (Sold in i'(i/i/'oi-iii<t. — During the early part of 
 1848, gold began to be found in California in large (piaiilities. The news at 
 once spread with wonderful rapidity, and thousands of emigrants from all parts 
 of the world rushed tliither. So rapidly did the territory become populated, that 
 in the fall of 1849 there was a sutlicient number of settlers there to con.<tituie 
 a State; anil an application for adnlis^ion into the Union was con.scipRiitly 
 made. 
 
 Admission of California. — Draf/i of Tai/Ior. — The applica- 
 tion met with violent opposition from the .southern States, becau.se the Consti- 
 tution of the projjosed State excluded slavery ; but a compix)misc having been 
 effected through the efforts of Henry Clay, California was admitted as a free 
 State (Sei)t. 9, 18.50). Meantime, Gen. Taylor died (Jtdy 9, 1830), and was 
 succeeded by the vice-i)resident, Millard Fillmore. 
 
 Cont promise Measures of 1S.'>0. — The compromise measures 
 adopted by Congress, .simultaneously with the admission of California as a free 
 State, consisted of four acts, wliich provided ff»r the organization of territorial 
 governments for New Mexico and Utah ((/oo'/«/(), without mention of slavery ; 
 the establi.-«liment of the boundary of Texas; the alxdiiion of the slave-trade in 
 the District of Columbia ; and the surrender to their masters of slaves escaping 
 to free States — tliis last bill being known as the " Fugitive Slave Law." 
 
 Eulogy on Zachary Taylor. — R, C. Winthrop. 
 
 [From u speech delivcrod in the Hdusc of Ivcpivscntntivps, July 10. !8."A tlic day 
 eucccediuir tliat on wliicli the siihjcct of Ihi;* hi-aiuiful iinrt iinpiessivc euloiry expired. 
 Gcneriil 'Piiylor's !ast words werecon>isteiit with his character— "1 am not afraid to die ; 
 1 have done my duty."'] 
 
 1. Mit. Spkakfh. — A ino.<t momentous and my-^tcrioiis Pi-ovi- 
 donce lui.s hc-i-n maiiifostt'd in onr mid.st. At a moment when 
 the destinies of om- country seemed to be inseparably associated 
 with the character and conduct of its chief executive magi.s- 
 trate. that m;igi.sti-ale lias been summoned from his po.st, l)y 
 the only messenger who.se mandates ho might not have defied, 
 and has been withdrawn forever from the sphere of hnmtin ex- 
 isteuce. And, us we now behold him, borne away by the hand 
 
1850.] The Nation. 337 
 
 of God from our sight, we can hardly repress the exclamation 
 which was addressed to the departing prophet of old : " My 
 father, my father, the chariot of Israel, and the horsemen 
 thereof !'' 
 
 2. I hazard nothing, sir, in saying, that the roll of our chief 
 magistrates, since 1789, illustrious as it is, presents the name 
 of no man who has enjoyed a higher reputation with his con- 
 temporaries, or wlio will enjoy a higher reputation with pos- 
 terity, for some of the best and noblest qualities which adorn 
 our nature, than Zachary Taylor. 
 
 3. His indomitable courage, his unimpeachable honesty, his 
 Spartan simplicity and sagacity, his frankness, kindness, mod- 
 eration, and magnanimity, his fidelity to liis friends, his gen- 
 erosity and humanity to his enemies, the purity of his private 
 life, the patriotism of his public principles, will never cease to 
 be cherislied in the grateful remembrance of all just men and 
 all true-hearted Americans. As a soldier and a general, his 
 fixme is associated with some of the proudest and most thrilling 
 scenes of our military history. He may be literally said to 
 have conquered every enemy he has met, save only that lad 
 enemy, to which we must all, in turn, surrender. 
 
 4. As a civilian and statesman, during the brief period in 
 which he has b(>en permitted to enjoy the transcendent honoi'S 
 which a grateful country had awarded him, he has given proof 
 of a devotion to duty, of an attachment to the Constitution 
 and the Union, of a patriotic determination to maintain the 
 peace of our country, which no trials or temptations could 
 shake. He has borne his faculties meekly, but firmly. He has 
 been "clear in his great office." He has known no local par- 
 tialities or prejudices, but has proved himself capable of 
 embracing his whole country in the comprehensive affections 
 and regards of a large and generous heart. 
 
 5. But he has fallen almost at the threshold of his civil career, 
 and at a moment when we were looking to him to render essential 
 services to the country. Certainly, sir, he has died too soon for 
 everybody but himself. We can hardly find it in our hearts to 
 repine, that the good old man has gone to his rest. We would 
 
338 The United States Reader. [isso. 
 
 not disturb the repose in which the brave old soldier slecjjs. 
 His part in life had been lonfj and faithfully i)erfurmed. In 
 his own last words, ''he had always done iiis duty, and he was 
 not afraid to die." But our regrets for ourselves and for our 
 country are deep, strong, and unfeigned. '• He should have 
 died hereafter." 
 
 6. Sir, it was a fit and beautiful circumstance in the close 
 of such a career, that his last oflicial appearance was at the 
 celebration of the birthday of our national independence, and, 
 more especially, that liis last public act was an act of homage 
 to the memory of liiin, whose example he had revered and fol- 
 lowed, and who, as he himself so Avell said, "was, by so many 
 titles, the Father of his country." 
 
 7. And now, Mr. Speaker, let us hope that this event may 
 teach us all hoAv vain is our reliance upon any arm of flesh. 
 Let us hope that it may impress us with a solemn sense of our 
 national, as well as individual dependence on a higher than 
 human power. Let us remember, sir, that " the Lord is King, 
 be the people never so impatient ; that He sitteth between the 
 Cherubim, be the eartli never so unquiet." 
 
 8. Let u.s, in language whic'.i is now liallowed to ns all, as 
 having been the closing and crowning sentiment of the brief 
 but adiniral)le inaugural address with which this iliustriuiis 
 patriot opened his presidential term, and which it is my priv- 
 ilege to read at this moment from the very copy from which 
 it was originally read by himself to the American people, on 
 the oth day of March, 1849, — let us, in language in which " he, 
 being dead, yet speaketh " — 
 
 9. " Let us invoke a continuance of the same protecting care 
 which has led us from small l)eginnings to the eminence we 
 this day occupy ; and let us seek to deserve that continuance 
 by prudence and moderation in our councils; by well-directed 
 attempts to assuage the bitterness which too often marks un- 
 avoidable differences of ojiinion : by the ]U'omulgation and 
 practice of just and lilieral ])iineii)les ; and by an enlarged 
 patriotism, whicli shall aeknowledge no limits but those of our 
 own wide-jjiread Republic."' 
 
1850.] The Nation. 3 3 9- 
 
 Death of John C. Calhotin.— In the same year, 1850, the death of 
 John C. Calhoun occurred. This distinguished man was born in South Caro- 
 lina, in 17S2. He was for six years a representative in Congress ; for a number 
 of years was a United States Senator ; was Secretary of War in Monroe's 
 Cabinet ; and was twice elected Vice-President of the United States. In 1845, 
 while Secretary of State in Tyler's Cabinet, he was " the author of the annexa- 
 tion of Texas." 
 
 Eulogy on John C. Calhoun. — Webster. 
 
 1. Me. President, I hope the Senate will indulge me in 
 adding a very few Avords to what has already been said. My 
 apology for this is the very long acquaintance which has sub- 
 sisted between Mr. Calhoun and myself. We were of the same 
 age. T made my first entrance into the House of Representa- 
 tives in May, 1813. I there found Mr. Calhoun. He had 
 already been a member of that body for two or three years. I 
 found liim then an active and efficient member of the assem- 
 bly to which he belonged, taking a decided part, and exercising 
 a decided influence, in all its deliberations. 
 
 2. He was a man of undoubted genius and commanding 
 talent. All the country and all the world admit that. His mind 
 was both perceptive and vigorous. It Avas clear, quick, and 
 strong. Sir, the eloquence of Mr. Calhoun, or the manner 
 of his exhibition of his sentiments in public bodies, was part 
 of his intellectual character. It grew out of the qualities of 
 his mind. It was plain, strong, terse, condensed, concise ; some- 
 times impassioned, — still always severe. Eejecting ornament, 
 not often seeking far for illustration, his power consisted in 
 the plainness of his propositions, in the closeness of his logic, 
 and in the earnestness and energy of his manner. 
 
 3. These are the qualities, as I think, which have enabled 
 him, through such a long course of years, to speak often, and 
 yet always command attention. His demeanor as a senator is 
 well known to us all ; is appreciated, venerated, by us all. Iso 
 man was more respectful to others ; no man carried himself 
 with greater decorum ; no man with superior dignity. I think 
 there is not one of us but felt, when he last addressed us from 
 his seat in the Senate — his form still erect, with a voice by no 
 
340 The United States Reader. [isso. 
 
 means iiulictiting siu-h u dogive of pliy-sical weakness as did 
 in fact possess liim, with clear tones, and an impressive, and I 
 may say an im])osing, manner, — wlio did not feel that he 
 might imagine that we saw before us a senator of Kome, 
 ■when Kome survived. 
 
 4. Sir, I have not. in puldic nor in private life, known a more 
 assiduous i)erson in the discharge of his a})i)ropriate duties. I 
 luive known no m;in wlio wasted less of life in what is called 
 recreation, or emi)loyed less of it in any pursuits not connect- 
 ed with the immediate discharge of his duty. lie seemed to 
 have no recreation but the pleasure of conversation with his 
 friends. 
 
 5. There was a charm in his conversation not often found. 
 He delighted, especially, in conversation and intercourse with 
 young men. I suppose that there has been no man among us, 
 who had more winning manners, in such an intercourse and 
 such conversation, with men comparatively young, tlian Mr. 
 Calhoun. I ])elieve one great power of his character in gen- 
 eral, was his conversational talent. I believe it is that, as 
 ■well as a consciousness of his high integrity, and the greatest 
 reverence for his talents and ability, that has made him so 
 end^'iired an ol)ject to the peojjle of tiie State to which he belonged. 
 
 tf. M r. President, he had the basis, the indispensable basis, of 
 all high character; and that was unspotted integrity, unim- 
 ])eached honor. If he had aspirations, they were high, and 
 honorable, and noble. There was nothing groveling, or low, 
 or meanly selfish, that came near the head or the heart of Mr, 
 Calhoun. However, sir, he may have differed from others of 
 us in his political oi)inion> or his political principles, those 
 principles and those opinions will now descend to posterity 
 under the sanction of a great name. 
 
 7. lie has lived long enough : he has done enough; and he 
 has done it so well, so successfully, so honorably, as to connect 
 himself for all time Avith the records of his country. He is 
 now a historical character. Those of us who have known him 
 here will tind that he has left ujiou our minds and upon our 
 hearts a strong and lasting impression, of his person, his char- 
 
1852.] The Nation. 341 
 
 acter, and his public perfurmaiices, which, while we live, will 
 never be obliterated. 
 
 8. We shall, hereafter, I am sure, indulge in it as a grateful 
 recollection, that we have lived in his age; that we have been 
 his cotemporaries ; that we have seen him, and heard him, and 
 known him. "We shall delight to speak of him to those who 
 are rising up to fill our places. And, when the time shall 
 come that we ourselves shall go, one after another, in succes- 
 sion, to our graves, we shall carry with us a deep sense of his 
 genius and character; his honor and integrity; his amiable 
 deportment in private life; and the purity of his exalted 
 patriotism. — Speccli in the U. S. Senate. 
 
 Death of Henry Clay. — This illustrious statesman and orator died at 
 Washington, on the 29tli of June, 1852, in the 76th year of his age. For fer- 
 vid and impassioned eloquence he has had few equals in the history of the 
 country. The compromise measures of 1850, as already stated, were earnestly 
 advocated by him as the means of saving the country from the peril of disunion 
 and civil war. Unhappily, his efforts to prevent the latter subsequently proved 
 unavailing. 
 
 Oratory of Henry Clay. — S. N. Sweet. > 
 
 1. It is generally believed that Greece and Rome produced 
 
 the greatest orators the world has ever seen; but it seems to 
 
 me that some of the moderns are equal, if not superior, to 
 
 the most renowned orators of ancient times. All who have 
 
 had the pleasure of listening to Henry Clay, have had a good 
 
 opportunity to 
 
 " Hear and learn the secret power 
 Of harmony, in tone and numbers." 
 
 2. In the spring of 1836, the Avriter heard Mr. Clay address 
 the Senate of the United States four hours on the Land Bill ; 
 and it appears to me that he was distinguished for those rhetor- 
 ical qualities by means of which Demosthenes, Cicero, and 
 Pericles immortalized tlieir names. It is a truth, equally pro- 
 claimed by the voice of antiquity and of modern times, tliat 
 the orator must stand or fall by his delivery. Mr. Clay's most 
 excellent elocution was the principal part of his eloquence. In 
 
342 The Utiited States Reader. [issa. 
 
 coDcliuliiig the great speecli adverted to, he said: "I sliall soon 
 lie cold and lifeless in the grave," in such a pathetic manner, 
 that most of his hearers, including the leading members of the 
 Senate, were in tears, llis intonations of voice, and his ges- 
 tures, were such 
 
 "As skill ami i^rarcfiil iiatmv might suggest, 
 To a prolirient of the tragic seune." 
 
 3. Heaven, indeed, seems particularly to have fitted Mr. 
 Clay's physical, mental, and moral faculties for a statesman and 
 orator. lie did not acquire a collegiate education, nor was he 
 the less eloquent on that account. Mr. Fowler, a distinguished 
 writer in the city of New York, well observes: '• Elo([iience can 
 never be dug u}) among Latin rubbish or Grecian mythology'.'' 
 
 4. It is ecpuilly true that it can never be written. It must be 
 fdt and sjxjken. It has also been truthfully said, that " thoughts 
 are in the brain, like flowers in their native soil ; but on paper 
 they are like exotics'' in the greenhouse, probably maintaining 
 a dwarf existence, but ofteuer killed by transplanting.'' By 
 dispensing with notes, and ibllowing the suggestions of im- 
 agination and emotion, the immortal Clay was enabled to 
 
 " Snatch a grace beyond the reach of art." 
 
 5. Although he was capable of speaking, and that, too, most 
 eloquently, on the impulse of the moment, he did not often 
 appear before an audience, unaided by the advantages of pre- 
 meditation and study. It does not ibllow that a train of thought 
 which is prepared, must be written. President Wayland, of 
 Brown Universit}', expresses the opinion, in his discourse on 
 the " A])ostolic Ministry," that " the value of written discourses 
 has been, in this country, greatly overrated. Speaking an un- 
 written train of thought, is, by for, the noblest and most effective 
 exercise of mind, provided the labor of preparation, in a written 
 and unwritten train of thought, be the same."' 
 
 0. It is iiopcd thai tlK- days of eloqutMice are not passed, but 
 are yet to come. It cannot, however, reasonably lie anticipated, 
 that any age or country will ever ])ro(I uce a more graceful, im- 
 pressive, aiul (■ai)tivating speaker than lli-nry Clay. 
 
1852.] The Nation. 343 
 
 " He, on whose name each distant eye shall gaze, 
 The miglity sea-mai-k of those troubled daj's ; 
 He, grand of soul, of genius uncontined, 
 Born to delight, instruct, and mend mankind ; 
 Clay ! in whose breast a Roman ardor glowed, 
 Whose copious tongue with Grecian richness flowed." 
 
 Death of Daniel Webster. — "Webster, the third of the great Amer- 
 ican triumvirate^ (Calhoun, Clay, Webster), expired but a few months after the 
 death of his distinguished compeer. Clay (Oct. 24, 1852). President Fillmore, 
 in his messnge to Congress in the following December, tluis alluded to this 
 event: " Within a few weeks the public mind has been deeply affected by the 
 death of Daniel Webster, filling, at his decease, the office of Secretary of State. 
 His commanding talent, his great political and professional eminence, his well- 
 tried patriotism, and his long and faithful services in the most important public 
 trusts, have caused his death to be lamented tlu'oughout the country, and have 
 earned for him a lasting place in onr history." 
 
 Eulogy on Daniel Webster. — ClarJc. 
 
 1. Daniel Webster was great in all the elements of his char- 
 acter: — great in original mental strength ; great in varied and 
 vast acquirements ; great in quick and keen perception ; great 
 in subtle, logical discrimination; great in force of thought; 
 great in power of intense and rigid analj'sis ; great in rare and 
 beautiful combination of talent ; great in abilit}" to make an 
 effort to command his powers ; great in range and acuteness of 
 vision, for he could see like a prophet. Hence his decision of 
 character; his bold, manly, independent thought; his whole 
 sovereignty of mind. 
 
 2. No man, probably, ever lived, who could calculate, with 
 such mathematical certainty, the separate effect of human 
 actions, or the intricate, combined, and complicated influence 
 of every movement, social, political, or personal. He could 
 define and determine the very destiny of influence. Tiiis is the 
 key to the problem" of his greatness, an explanation to the 
 miracle of his power. We are proud of his greatness, because 
 it is American — wholly American ! The very impulses of his 
 heart Avere American. 
 
 3. The spirit of American institutions had infused itself into 
 his life — had become a part of his being. He was proud of his 
 
 15* 
 
344 ^^^ United States Reader, i8S4. 
 
 country; proud of her commerce; proud of her manufactures: 
 proud of her agriculture; proud of lur institutions of art ami 
 science ; and proud of lier wealth, her resources, and her labor ; 
 and all in turn were ]iroud of him. Ilis patriotism was not 
 hounded by the narrow limits of sectional interest nor hemmed 
 in by state lines, nor regulated and biased by local policies. It 
 was as broad as his country. He knew a North and a South, 
 an East and a West ; but he knew them only as one, — '• One 
 and inseparable! "' 
 
 4. As a forensic^ orator, I know of no age, past or present, 
 which can boast his superior. lie united the boldness and en- 
 ergy of the Grecian, and the grandeur and strength of the 
 lioman, to an original simplicity which neither Grecian nor 
 Roman possessed. lie did not deal in idle declamation and lofty 
 expression ; his ideas were not embalmed in rhetorical embel- 
 lishments, nor buried up in the superfluous tinselry of meta- 
 phor and trope. He clothed them for the occasion ; and, if 
 the crisis demanded, they stood forth naked in all their native 
 majesty, and with a power which would not bend to the passion, 
 but only stooped to conquer the reason. 
 
 5. Su])lime. indeed, it was to see that giant mind, when roused 
 in all its grandeur, sweep over the fields of reason and imagi- 
 nation, bearing down all opposition, as with the steady and 
 resistless power of the ocean-billows; to see the eye, the brow, 
 the gesture, the whole man, sj)eaking with an utterance too sub- 
 lime for language, — a logic too lofty for speech. 
 
 Piefce*s Aflitfiiiisfraftoti. — Koiisas-XebrasJcff Tiill. — Dur- 
 ing the admiiiistnitioii ol' Fiaiikliii I'icnt', wlio siu-cicdctl to tlie pre>iilriH'y on 
 tlic 4tli of Maicli. 1853, tlic conlrovursy k'tweeu the slavehoUliii<j; ami iiou- 
 slavelioldiiifr sections of tlie Union was rcnewctl, the one hv'mg in favor of and 
 the otlier opposed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the United 
 States. This fresh outbreak had its orif;in mainly iii the introdnetion, in Con- 
 gress, of what is known as the " Kansas-Nehraska IJili." By the "Missouri 
 Compromise Bill," jjassed in 1820, slavery was prohihited in all the territory 
 bou;,'ht of Franee (in 1803^. north of the southern boundary of Missouri — Mis- 
 souri excepted. By the " Kansas-Xeliraska Bill," whieh Con<rress passed in 
 1854, this prohibition was repealeii, and the two territories of Kansas* and Ne- 
 braska were duly organized. 
 
 * Tlio uiuue KuuKus, suid to slt,niir> aiiioK-y voter, wu thnt of n tribe of Indians. 
 
1861.] The Nation. 345 
 
 Civil War in Kansas. — No sooner had this bill passed than emigrants 
 from both sections of the Union began to ponr into Kansas, those from the 
 North being determined to make it a free State, while those from the South 
 were eqnally resolved the other way ; and with such undue zeal was the strife 
 carried on, that frequent collisions took place, in which blood was sometimes 
 shed. While these things were in progress, Pierce was succeeded in ofKce by 
 James Buchanan of Pennsylvania. 
 
 SucJianan's Adininistyation. — InaugHvatiou. — Keiv 
 States. — Tlie inauguration of Buchanan took place on the 4th of March, 
 1857. During his administration of four years, three States — all free — were 
 added to the Union: Minnesota was admitted in 1858; Oregon, in 1859; and 
 Kansas, in 1861. 
 
 Slavertj Question. — Broivn's Haid. — The slavery question con- 
 tinued to be the prominent topic of discussion ; and an event, which occurred 
 in the fall of 1859, and which created intense excitement throughout the coun- 
 try, not only gave increased impulse to the discussion, but greatly aggravated 
 the feeling then prevailing at the South against the North. This was "John 
 Brown's raid." Brown's object was the liberation of slaves. With that in view, 
 he and twenty-one associates seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, for the pur- 
 pose of making it a I'endezvous ; but the movement was a total faihire. Those 
 engaged in it were overpowered by state and national troops ; thirteen of their 
 number were killed, two escaped, and the rest, including Brown, were tried and 
 hung. 
 
 Election of Abraham Lincoln. — As Buchanan's term of office 
 drew toward its close, no less than four candidates were- nominated to succeed 
 him ; and after an exciting canvass, in which the slavery question was the all- 
 absorbing one, the election resulted in favor of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate 
 of the Republican party. 
 
 Action of South Carolina. — When it became known that the party 
 opposed to the further extension of slavery had been successful, and that Lin- 
 coln would be the next president, public meetings were held in South Carolina 
 to bring about a secession of that State from the Union : and, on the 20th of 
 December, 1860, an ordinance of secession was passed by a state convention 
 held in Charleston. 
 
 Hostilities at Charleston.— S\x days after, Major Anderson, com- 
 manding at Fort Moultrie, withdrew his force of eighty men from that fort, 
 and established iiiniself at Fort Sumter, a ])lace of greater security. This being 
 regarded by the South Carolinians as a hostile act, they at once seized the custom- 
 house at Charleston, as well as other property belonging to the general gov- 
 ernment, and began to make preparations to drive Anderson from his new posi- 
 tion. The steamer, Star of the West, sent from New York with sui)plies r.nd 
 re-enforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston, January 10th, 1861 ; 
 but, being fired upon by batteries which had been erected and manned by 
 authority of South Carolina, she was compelled to put back. 
 
34^ The United States Reader. [isei. 
 
 Onlhinnces of Secession. — Durini^ the month of January, five of 
 tlic sla\i'-Si:itcs, — Mississippi, Florida, Alabaina, (ii-orj^ia, and Ix)uisiana, — 
 followiii^r tlie lead of Soutli Carolina, passed secession ordinances ; and, on tlic 
 first of February, Texas did the same. 
 
 Fuiiher Acts of the Secessionists.— On the 4th of February, a 
 Conj^ress, composed of delef,'ates from all these States, except Texas, met at 
 Montgomery, and, four days after, organized a government by the adoption 
 of a " Provisional Constitution," assuming the title of the "Confederate States 
 of America." On the 'Jth, this Congress elected Jefferson Davis " President of 
 the Confederacy;" and, on the 18th, Texas iK'ing represented, he was duly 
 inaugurated. 
 
 Forts, arsenals, navy-yards, custom-houses, and other property belonging to 
 the general government, within the boundaries of these States, were seized by 
 state authority for the Confederacy. Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, which had 
 been saved by Lieut. Slemmer, with Fort Sumter, and the forts at the southern 
 extremity of Florida, alone remained in the possession of the United States. 
 In such a sad and distracted condition were the affairs of the country when 
 Abraham Lincoln entered u])on the oflice of president. 
 
 LINCOLN'S AD]HINISTRATION. 
 The Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. — Greeley. 
 
 1. TiiR 4th of Maicli. ISfJl, tlioiigh its early inoniing liatl 
 been eloiuly and chilly, \va.s a rrniarkahly hright and genial day 
 at Washington. To the children of hiir.sh New England, it 
 seemed more like May than March. p]\'pectations and threats 
 of convnlsion had rather increa.sed than lessened the throng, 
 "wherein all sections of the un.^eceded States were liberally re[)- 
 resented ; though tlte Federal District, and the adjacent coun- 
 ties of Maryland and \'irginia, doubtless supplied l)y far the 
 larger share of it. 
 
 2. Menaces that the presidentelect would never be permitted 
 to take the oath of otiicc — that he would be assassinated in the 
 act, if no other mode of preventing it should promise success — 
 had been so freely and loudly made, that apprehensions of some 
 concerted attempt at violence or tumult were widely enter- 
 tained and fully justilied. Lieutenant-General Scott had taken 
 the fullest military itreeautions that his limited force of regu- 
 lars — jierhaps one thou.^^and in all — would jiermit ; and there 
 was a c()iisideral)le mustir of uniformed militia. The proces- 
 
^T^^J 
 
1861.] The Nation. 347 
 
 sion, partly civic, which escorted the retiring and incoming 
 presidents, who rode in the same carriage to the Capitol, was 
 quite respectable — unusually so for that non-enthusiastic, and, 
 as yet, strongly pro-slavery metropolis. 
 
 3. The Senate had been sitting through most of the preced- 
 ing forty-eight hours, though this was Monday, and barely con- 
 cluded the labors of the session in time to allow vice-president 
 Breckenridge to resign the Chair in a few courteous words, and 
 take his seat on the floor as a member, while vice-president 
 Hamlin left the floor to take the Chair with as little parade — 
 the two thus exchanging places. This done, and several new 
 Senators besides Mr. Breckenridge having been sworn in, the 
 space in the chamber allotted for this occasion to the Embas- 
 sadors of Foreign Powers (" Dixie"* not included) was promptly 
 filled by the diplomatic body in full-dress ; the magnates blazing 
 with stars and orders. Soon, the Justices of the Supreme Court 
 entered in a body, and the assemblage rose in silent homage, 
 and stood till they were seated. 
 
 4. The remaining space on the floor Avas now filled to its 
 utmost capacity by members of the House, just adjourned ; and 
 it was soon afterward announced that the presidential party 
 had entered the edifice. On its appearance, the whole assem- 
 blage proceeded to the magnificent and spacious eastern portico 
 of the Capitol, on which a platform had been erected, and in 
 front of which a considerable space had been cleared, and was 
 held by the military. 
 
 5. The president elect was barely introduced to the vast 
 concourse by Colonel Edward D. Baker, Senator from Oregon, 
 and received with cheers from perhaps a fourth of the thirty 
 thousand persons confronting him. Silence having succeeded, 
 Mr. Lincoln unrolled a manuscript, and, in a firm, clear, pene- 
 trating voice, read his inaugural address. — The American Con- 
 fiict. 
 
 * The term Dixie, applied to the South, is supposed to be derived from the geographical line, 
 drawn by Mason and Dixun, which separated the free from the slave-holding States. Negro melo- 
 dies, suDg in all parts of the country, have given a wide currency to the name. 
 
348 The United States Reader. [isei. 
 
 The Constitution and the People. — Lincoln, 
 
 [From Ilio Inuugurul Addrt'^;*, March -Ith, Itiiil.] 
 
 1. Tins country, with its institutions, belongs to the people 
 "vvlio inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of tiie exist- 
 ing government, they can exercise their constitutional right of 
 amending, or their revolutionary right to dismembt'r or over- 
 throw it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact that many wortiiy 
 and ])atriotic citizens are desirous of having the luitional 
 Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of 
 amendment, I fully recognize the full authority of the people 
 over the whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes 
 prescribed in the instrument itself; and I should, under ex- 
 isting circumstances, favor, rather than oppose, a fair oi)i>ortu- 
 uity's being afforded the jieople to act u\)on it. 
 
 2. I will venture to add, that to me the convention mode 
 seems preferal)le, in that it allows amendments to originate 
 with tiie people themselves, instead of only permitting them to 
 take or reject propositions originated by others not especially 
 chosen for the purpose, and which might not be precisely such 
 as tliey would wish either to accept or refuse. I understand 
 that a jiroposed amendment to the Constitution (which amend- 
 ment, however, I have not seen) has passed Congress, to the 
 effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with 
 the domestic institutions of States, including that of per- 
 sons held to service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have 
 said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of ])articular 
 amendments, so far as to say, that, holding such a provision to 
 be now implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its 
 being made express and irrevocal>le. 
 
 3. The chief magistrate derives all his authority from the 
 people, and they have conferred none upon him to fix the 
 terms for the sejjaration of the States. The people themselves, 
 also, can do this if tln-y choose; but the executive, as such, 
 has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer the pres- 
 ent government as it came to his hands, and to transmit it, 
 
1861.] The Nation. 349 
 
 unimpaired by him, to his successor. Why should there not be 
 a patient confidence in the ultimate justice of the people ? Is 
 there any better or any equal hope in the world ? 
 
 4. In our present differences, is either party without faith of 
 being in the right? If the Almighty Kuler of nations, with 
 His eternal truth and justice, be on your side of tlie North, or 
 on yours of the South, that truth and that justice will surely 
 prevail by the judgment of this great tribunal — the American 
 people. By the frame of the government under which we live, 
 this same people have wisely given their public servants but 
 little power for mischief, and have with equal wisdom provided 
 for the return of that little to their own hands at very short 
 intervals. While the people retain their virtue and vigilance, no 
 administration, by any extreme wickedness or folly, can very 
 seriously injure the government in the short space of four years. 
 
 5. My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and Avell upon 
 this whole subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by takhig 
 time. If there be an object to hurry any of you, in hot haste, 
 to a step which you would never take deliberately, that object 
 will be frustrated by taking time; but no good object can be 
 frustrated by it. Such of you as are now dissatisfied still have 
 the old Constitution unimpaired, and, on the sensitive point, 
 the laws of your own framing under it; while the new admin- 
 istration will have no immediate power, if it would, to -change 
 cither. 
 
 6. If it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the 
 right side in the dispute, there is still no single reason for pre- 
 cipitate action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a 
 firm reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken this favored 
 land, are still competent to adjust, in the best way, all our 
 present difficulties. In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow- 
 countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil 
 war. The government will not assail you. You can liave no 
 conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You can 
 have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government; 
 Avliile I shall have the most solemn one to '• preserve, protect, 
 and defend it." 
 
35o The United States Reader. tisci. 
 
 7. I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We 
 must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it 
 must not break, our bonds of affection. Tlie mystic chords of 
 memory, stretching from every battle-field and patriot-grave to 
 every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, 
 will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as 
 surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. 
 
 Capture of Fort Sumter. — The assurair-e of the prc-^ident that 
 there was no dis])usitiou on tlie part of tlie new administration to interfere with 
 the vested eonstitutional nj;lits of any of the States, had no effeet wliatcver 
 upon tlie Southern leaders. Regarding their dut}' to the general government 
 as secondary to the obligation they owed to their respective States, they organ- 
 ized an army, and ordered Gen. Beauregard {hdre-gard) to reduce Fort Sumter. 
 Accordingly, on the morningof the 12th of April, the first shot was tired upon the 
 fort. After.a bomlnirdment of thirty-four hours, the defense being but feeble, 
 in consequence of the suiallness of the garrison and the poor supply of ammu- 
 nition, Anderson was couipelled to capitulate. On the following day (A])ril 
 14th) he departed with his commaiul, and sailed for New York. 
 
 Lprishtff oftlte \ort/i. — The news of this event ])rodiiccd an almost 
 uncontrullable e.\fiienu lit tliruiighout the country ; and the president's procla- 
 mation, issued on the 1.5tli, calling for tioojis, was responded to at once by all 
 the free States. A Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to defend the na- 
 tional ca]>ital, was attacked (April 19tli) in Baltimore by a mob of Southern 
 sympathizers. Two of the soldiers were killed and a number wounded. 
 
 CoiKturf of t/ie Since- St at en. — With the exception of Delawixre, not 
 one of the slave-States arrayed itself ])romi)tly and decidedly on the side of the 
 Union. Before June, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, 
 passed secession ordinances. Virginians seized the armory at Harper's Ferry 
 and the navy-yard at Norfolk, both places having been abandoned by the 
 Union officers in charge, after a large part of the ])roperty contained tlieixiii liad 
 been destroyed. 
 
 Morenieufs of the \atiouaI .irun/. — It can hardly be said 
 that the national government inadi' any otleiisive movement before the 24th of 
 May. Then Gen. Scott, commanding the Union army, sent troops into Vir- 
 ginia ; and Arlington Heights, opposite Washington, as well as the town of 
 Alexandria, were occupied. Some days after (June 10th), a force was sent by 
 Gen. Butler, commanding at Fortress Monroe, to capture a body of Confederate 
 troops posted at Little Bethel, a village on the North side of the James river. 
 During the night, two of the Union regiments fired on each other by mistake ; 
 and the Confederates, being thus made aware of their aj)j)roach, escaped. The 
 Union troops tlien pushed on, and were severely repulsed in an attack upon the 
 Confederate works at Bi>' Bethel. 
 
1861.] The Nation. 361 
 
 Bethel. — A. J. II. Duffanne. 
 
 We mustered at midnight, in darkness we formed, 
 And the whisper went round of a fort to be stormed ; 
 But no drum-beat had called us, no trumpet we heard, 
 Aud uo voice of command, but our colonel's low word, — 
 
 " Column ! Forward ! " 
 
 And out, through the mist and the murk of the moon, 
 From the beaches of Hampton our barges were borne ; 
 Aud we heard not a sound, save the sweep of the oar, 
 Till the word of our colonel came up from the shore, — 
 
 "Column! Forward!" 
 
 Through green-tasselled cornfields ou)' columns were thrown, 
 And like corn by the red scythe of fire we were mown ; 
 While the cannon's fierce plougliings new-furrowed the plain, 
 That our blood might be planted for Liberty's grain, — 
 
 " Column ! Forward ! " 
 
 Oh ! the fields of fair June have uo lack of sweet flowers. 
 But their rarest and best breathe no fragrance like ours ; 
 And the sunshine of June, sprinkling gold on the corn, 
 Hath no harvest that ripeneth like Bethel's red morn, — 
 
 " Column ! Forward ! " 
 
 When our heroes, like bridegrooms, with lips and with breath 
 Drank the first kiss of Danger, and clasped her in death ; 
 And the heart of brave Winthrop® grew mute with his lyre. 
 When the plumes of his genius lay moulting in fire, — 
 
 "Column I Forward !" 
 
 Where he fell shall be sunshine as bright as his name, 
 And the grass where he slept shall be green as his fame ; 
 For the gold of the Pen and the steel of the Sword 
 Write his deeds — in his blood — on the laud he adored, — 
 
 " Column I Forward ! " 
 
 And the soul of our comrade shall sweeten the air. 
 And the flowers aud the grass-blades his memory upbear; 
 While the breath of his genius, like music in leaves, 
 With the c(u-n-tassels whisper, and sings in the sheaves, — 
 
 " Column ! Forward ! " 
 
 * Major Theodore Winthrop fell while cheering on his men aud was left on the battle-field. 
 Lieutenant Greble was also killed in this battle. 
 
352 
 
 The United States Reader. tisea. 
 
 litttflc of lillU Jilin. — Tlie CoiifL<lcnite army, to the numlKT of about 
 one liiiiiilrcd tlioiisand men, oeeupied a line tliroui;li Virj^iiiia, from Harper's 
 Ferry to Norfolk ; their stron,i,'est |>o»ition beiii;; on tlie road from Washington 
 to Hiehmond, at a place called Manassas Junction. Kiehmond was then the 
 capital of the Southern Confederacy, the transfer fiom Montgomery having 
 been decided upon in May. About the middle of July, a large army, com- 
 manded by Gen. McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates, under Beaure- 
 gard, at Manassas Junction. On the 18th, a conflict took place near Centreville. 
 On the 21st, occurred the battle of Bull Run, a desj)erateconHict, in which more 
 than forty thousand men were engaged. At length the Confederates, being 
 largely re-enforced, prevailed ; and the Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in dis- 
 order toward Washington. The Uniyn lo-s reached nearly three thousand men, 
 while that of the Confederates did not much exceed half that number. 
 
 3ffCfellait*s Ariuf/.— ff'ar in Missouri. — General McClellan 
 was then called to take the chief conimaml, General Scott having resigned on ac- 
 count of physical infirmities; and an immense army was collected at Washing- 
 ton, with the ])urposc of invading Virginia, and capturing Kichmon<l. This 
 army did not set out until April, 1862. Meanwhile, an active warfare ha 1 been 
 carrietl on in Missouri, with varying success. 
 
 Union ytn-ftf J'icforics. — The Federal navy had been greatly in- 
 creased, and, by means of it, strong positions were wrested from the Confed- 
 erates. Two coast expeditions — one to North Carolina, and the other to S'luth 
 Carolina — were completely successful. In the first. Commodore Stringham 
 and General Butler, commanding a naval and military force, captured the 
 Confederate forts at Hatteras Inlet. In the second. Commodore Dn-pont', with 
 a fleet of about fifty vessels, captured the Ibrts at Port lioyal entrance. 
 
 Capture of Confederate Com ni issioners.— On the sea an event 
 occurred in November, which ])roduced great excitement both in the United 
 States and Great Britain. Ca])tain Wilkes (in'lh), in command of the frigate 
 San Jacinto, intercepted an Engli>h steamer, and took from her Messrs. Mason 
 and Sli-deir, Confederate conimissioners to Europe ; but as the seizure was con- 
 trary to the rights of neutral vessels, and the British government resented the 
 act as illegal, the two prisoners were given uj). This affair tended to make 
 still less amicable the relations which, at the time, existed between the United 
 States and England ; for, before the last of the States that passed secession 
 ordinances joined the Confederacy, Queen Victoria (May 1.3th, 1861) had ac- 
 knowledged the South as a belligerent jiower ; and France, soon after, pursued 
 the same course. 
 
 Capture of Forts Ifenri/ antf J Yon el son. —hx February (1862), 
 Commodore Foote, ctiniinauijiiig a licet of giinbnats, sailed U|t the Tennessee, 
 and, on the 6th, reduced Fort Henry. Bowling Green was soon after aban- 
 doned. On the 16th, (ieneral Grant, with the co-operation of the fleet, eflft-cted 
 the imjKirtaiit cajHure of Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland, with sixteen thou- 
 
1862.] The Nation. 353 
 
 sand prisoners. The Confederates thereupon evacuated Columbus and Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 Other Union Victories. — An important success, meanwhile, attended 
 the efforts of the Unionists on the Atlantic coast. A land and naval expedition, 
 sailing from. Hampton Roads, under General Burnside and Commodore Golds- 
 borough, captured lloanoke Island (Feb. 8th). This success was followed by 
 the destruction of the Confederate flotilla at Elizabeth City, by the capture of 
 that and other places, and by a victory gained by Burnside at Newbern. An 
 expedition fitted out at Port Royal captured Fort Pulaski. 
 
 The Main Merrhnac, or Virginia.— The Merrimac, which had 
 been sunk at Norfolk by the Union commander there at the beginning of the 
 war, had been subsequently raised by the Confederates, cut down almost to the 
 water's edge, covered with a plating of iron, and named the Virginia. On the 
 8th of March * she steamed out from Noifolk to Hampton Roads, and destroyed 
 the United States vessels Cumberland and Congress. The night set in, and it 
 was anticipated that next day all the national vessels in the vicinity of Fortress 
 Monroe would be destroyed. But, during the night, the Monitor, a newly in- 
 vented floating battery, commanded by Lieutenant Worden {wur'den), arrived 
 from New York, and on the following day encountered the Virginia. After 
 a contest of several hours, the latter, in a disabled condition, returned to Norfolk. 
 
 The Merrimac and the Monitor. — Estvan. 
 
 [The author of the work from which this piece is an extract, was a colouel of cavalry 
 in the Confederate army.] 
 
 1. Great activity was now observable on board the enemy's 
 two frigates [Cumberland and Congress]. Their ports opened, 
 and their formidable guns showed their angry mouths, as if in 
 defiance of the approaching foe. As soon as our vessels had 
 got within range, all the gunboats kept some distance astern, 
 and the Merrimac passed on steadily by herself. As soon as 
 she got alongside of the Congress, she fired a broadside into her, 
 which was immediately replied to by that frigate, and by all 
 the land batteries as well, but with literally no effect, for the 
 shot glided harmlessly off" the Merrimac's iron sides like so 
 many hailstones. 
 
 2. Thus unhurt, she steamed toward the Cumberland, without 
 taking the slightest notice of the fire directed upon her by the 
 unfortunate ship Avhich she had doomed to destruction. When 
 
 * On the same day, General Curtis, ably seconded by General Sigel, defeated the Confederates 
 uuUer Van Doru, at Pea Ridge, Arkansas, after three days' hard fightiug. 
 
354 The Untied States Reader. [I862. 
 
 within forty yards of the Cumberland, the crew of the Merrimac 
 could distinctly hear the orders that were given on board that 
 frigate, and the reniiirks made by her crew, '• What is this com- 
 ing? What can she be about?" 
 
 3. The commander of the Merrimac now raked the Cumber- 
 land's decks with an enormous cylinder shell, and this fearful 
 missile dealt tremendous havoc amongst her crew. The Mer- 
 rimac then swept round in a half circle, running her pointed 
 beak straight into the sides of the Cumberland. The captain 
 of that frigate, meanwhile, directed a heavy lire upon the Mer- 
 rimac from every gun which could be brought to bear upon 
 her at such close quarters ; the shots, however, glanced harm- 
 lessly off the deck and sides of this sea-monster, which contin- 
 ued its course, and the Merri mac's sharp ])oint was soon buried 
 in the frigate's stalwart hull. A stunning crash is heard, and 
 the next minute the maf^nificent friijate is seen ret-linir about 
 like a drunken man. Iler brave captain, unwilling to yield, 
 continues his fire in spite of the desperate condition of the ship. 
 
 4. Gradually the ship settles down deeper and deei)er in 
 the water, and the waves are seen jjouring in at the portholes; 
 once more she rises and vomits forth fire on her assailant, and 
 then, finally heeling over, the fineship sinks to rise no more, car- 
 rying a large number of her ill-fated crew along with her. She 
 went down noiselessly, her brave crew emulating her in this 
 respect by meeting their fate without uttering a cry. For a 
 few moments after she sank, the waters were disturl)ed where 
 she had but so lately been riding in all the pride of conscious 
 strength, and then settled calmly over her. 
 
 5. The destruction of this splendid ship, witli so many of 
 her crew, in broad daylight and the calmest wiather. in the 
 midst of this beautiful hay, must have caused a jtanie among the 
 remainder of the enemy's squadron. Nevertheless, the Congress 
 kept her ground, and ]irepared to defend the honor of her flag 
 against the red()ul)table iron-clad. Tlie ^It-rrimac now steered 
 straight for that frigate ; but her career was presently checki-d 
 by getting into shoal water. Her captain, judging that it 
 would be imi)racticable for him to get any closer to the Cou- 
 
1862.] The Nation. 355 
 
 gress, then opened a heavy lire upon that ship. Ere long the 
 Merrimac's projectiles pierced through the frigate's wooden 
 ■walls, and caused such destruction on board that her com- 
 mander was obliged to strike his flag and surrender. 
 
 6. Captain Buchanan then ceased firing, and signalled the 
 gunboat Beaufort, ordering Lieutenant Parker, her command- 
 er, to go on board the Congress and receive her flag, and to 
 bring away all the officers and. crew. Captain Smith and Lieu- 
 tenant Prendergast, of the Congress, in reply to this latter 
 summons, requested permission to remain on board their ship, 
 in order to take care of the wounded, which was readily granted 
 by Captain Buchanan. 
 
 7. At this juncture, however, the land batteries most inju- 
 diciously again opened fire tipon the gunboat Beaufort, and 
 although no casualty ensued therefrom. Captain Buchanan 
 was so incensed that he ordered red-hot shot to be fired into the 
 Congress to effect her total destruction. Just about this time, 
 however, he was struck on the foot by a Minie bullet, and was 
 obliged to hand over the command to his first lieutenant, Jones, 
 to Avhom he gave stringent orders to sink the unfortunate 
 Congress. The lieutenant executed this command to the 
 letter ; and, in spite of all the eff'orts • of the enemy's frigate 
 Minnesota, and of the Eoanoke and Lawrence, to assist their 
 stricken consort, the Congress was utterly destroyed. 
 
 8. Meanwhile, a feeling of prodigious excitement pervaded 
 the crowd of spectators on shore. Two of the enemy's formi- 
 dable frigates had already been destroyed by our iron scourge, 
 and the next day, no doubt, she would effect the demolition of 
 the enemy's remaining ships. Our sanguine people already in- 
 dulged in pleasant anticipations of a re-opened intercourse with 
 Europe. So certain, indeed, did many feel of the realization of 
 their hopes, that they at once set about taking measures for 
 the opening of the port preparatory to various mercantile spec- 
 ulations. They complacently dilated, too, upon the consequen- 
 ces that might be expected to ensue from the triumphal 
 progress of the Merrimac to Washington, not doubting that 
 she would destroy everything in her way thither. Probably 
 
356 The United States Reader. [i862. 
 
 but few wore composed enough to sleep that night. Thousands, 
 indeed, encamped on the shores of the bay, eagerly awaiting 
 the dawn of day and the recommencement of tlie naval battle. 
 
 9. The day broke at last, and discovered an enormous assem- 
 blage of people awaiting the coming event in eager expecta- 
 tion. The enemy's frigates Roanoke and Lawrence had sought; 
 protection under the guns of Fort Monroe, but the colossal 
 frigate Minnesota still lay quietly at anchor in the bay. Along- 
 side of her, however, was to be seen a curious little craft of no 
 particular form, resembling more a capsized whaler than any- 
 thing else. By and by, the Merrimac steamed out into the bay 
 toward her antagonist, amidst the vociferous cheers of the 
 thousands collected on the shores. 
 
 10. Captain Buchanan had sent his gunboats Jamestown and 
 Yorktown ahead to reconnoitre the strange-looking little craft. 
 They apj)roaclied her with the utmost caution, and. as they 
 gradually drew near, she fired two shots at them from the 
 enormous guns that now peeped from the turret on her deck, 
 by way of welcome or warning; they received the comj)liment 
 in the latter sense, and hastily retreated. The ^lerrimac now 
 put on full steam, and bore down on her little enemy with tlio 
 object of running her beak into her so as to sink her by sheer 
 weight. 
 
 11. She had already got to within thirty yards' distance, and 
 was preparing for the fatal thrust, when the Monitor twisted 
 suddenly round, like a fish, and at the same moment discharged 
 one of her heavy guns point blank at the Mt-rrimao, to let her 
 km^w that she had now to encounter a foe as formidable as herself. 
 The ^Icrriniac then slowly ranged alongside her diminutive 
 antagonist, and both opened lire with ordnance of a more di-- 
 striictive character than had ever before been employed in 
 naval encounters; 100 and 120 pound Armstrong and other 
 equally powerful guns, discharging their fire at a distance of 
 one hundred and fifty yards. But it was to little purpose, the 
 balls glancing off equally from the iron sides of both siiips. 
 
 This useless cannonade continued for more than two 
 hours, when another attempt was made by the Merrimac to 
 
1862.] The Nation. 357 
 
 run down her enemy ; but the Monitor again skillfully avoided 
 the intended shock, and managed, moreover, to send a shell 
 through one of the port-holes of her antagonist, spreadiiig death 
 and destruction among the crew. Tlie Merrimac now continued 
 her fire with redoubled fury, but it was steadily replied to ; and 
 the commander of tlie Merrimac, seeing the impossibility of 
 seriously damaging his opponent, at last veered round, and 
 steamed a^vay toward Norfolk, leaving the Monitor in possession 
 of the waters wliich had been the scene of this unparalleled 
 conflict, — War-Pictures from the South. 
 
 The Last Broadside.— £^/5:«6e//* T. F. Beach. 
 
 [Thefc verses were written to commemorate the lieroi^^iii of the crew of the *' Cum- 
 berland," who bravelj' fired a last broadside while the ship was siidiing, in answer to the 
 gallant hero, Lieutenant Morris, who shouted : " Shall we give them a broadside as she 
 goes? "] 
 
 Shall we give them a broadside, my boys, as she goes ? 
 
 Shall we send yet another to tell. 
 In irou-tongned words, to Columbia's foes, 
 How bravely her sons say Farewell? 
 
 Ay ! what though we sink 'neath the turbulent wave, 
 
 'Tis with DUTY and right at the helm ; 
 And over the form should the fierce waters rave, 
 
 No tide can Ihe spirit o'erwhelm ! 
 
 For swift o'er the billows of Charon's dark stream 
 
 We'll pass to the immortal shore, 
 Where the waters of life in brilliancy beam, 
 
 And the pure float in peace evermore. 
 
 *' Shall we give them a broadside once more, my brave men ?" 
 
 " Ay ! Ay ! " was the full, earnest cry ; 
 " A broadside ! A broadside ! we'll give them again ! 
 
 Then for God and the Right nobly die! " 
 
 *' Haste ! Haste ! " — for amid all that battling dia 
 Comes a gurgling sound fraught with fear, 
 As swift flowing waters pour rusliingly in ; 
 Up ! up ! till her port-holes they near. 
 
 No blanching ! — no fiiltering ! — still fearless all seem ; 
 
 Each man firm to duty doth bide ; 
 A flash ! and a " Broadside ! " a shout ! a careen ! 
 
 And the Cumberland sinks 'neath the tide! 
 
358 The Uitited States Reader. [isea. 
 
 The " Stiir-SpaiigU'd Banner " still floating above ! 
 
 As a beacon upon tlie dark wave! 
 Our Ensign of Gli>ry, proud streaming in love, 
 
 O'er the tomb of the " Loyal and Brave ! " 
 
 Bold hearts ! niiglity spirits ! " tried gold " of our land ! 
 
 A halo of glory your meed ! 
 All honored, the noble-soulcd Cumberland band ! 
 
 So true in Columbia's need ! 
 
 }'h-fori<s on the Mississijtj)i. — The Union forces at the West, under 
 General rojie, were victorious in March, tukin;; New Madrid. Again they 
 were victorious (April "tli), co-oiicrating with Fuotc's gutihoat fleet iu the cap- 
 ture of Island No. 10, with six thousand prisuners. The gunbf)ats then de- 
 sccndi^d the Mississipjii, defeatin<:; the Confederate fleet, near Fort Pillow. On 
 the 6th of June, Commodore Davis, Foote's successor, gained a victory over 
 the Confederate fleet at Memjihis, the town in consequence falling into his 
 hands. 
 
 Hatfle of Shiloh. — Gen. Grant, after his victory at Fort Donclson, pro- 
 ceeded up the Tennessee. On the morning of the 6th of April, his army, while 
 encamped at Sliiloh (shV/o), near Pittsburg Landing, was suddenly attacked l)y 
 Gen. A. S.Johnston's army; and, altera contest which raged till near night- 
 fall, the Union troops were driven to the river, where the gunlxjats aiiled them 
 to keep the enemy in check. Gen. Johnston was killed. The arrival of re- 
 cnforcemcnts under Gen. Buell, enabled Grant to assume the offensive on the 
 following day, and the Confederates, commanded by Beanro<;ard, were driven 
 toward Corinth. The forces engaged in this battle, on both sides, numl)cred 
 more than a hundred thousand men ; and the losses were severe, being not less 
 than twenty thousand.* 
 
 Capture of ^'eiv Offcans. — In Louisiana, the Union cause met with 
 a success of great importance. This was the capture of New Orleans, on the 
 25th of April. The Union fleet, commanded by Far'ra-gut and Portcf, ascended 
 the Mississippi, bombarding and then running past the Confederate forts. The 
 city was reached, and Gen. Butler, taking formal possession, placed it under 
 martial law. 
 
 Defeat of General Meflellail. — These great victories were counter- 
 balanced hy the ill success of .McClellan, who had attempted to reach Uiebmond 
 by the peninsula between the York and James Kivers.t Ilavinc^ arrived within 
 n short distance of the city, be was suddenly attacked, at Fair Oaks, liy the Con- 
 federates, where a liloody hut indeci>ive contest took |)Iace (May 31). A move- 
 ment of McClellan's to change his base of oj)erations to the James Uiver, 
 
 * Rniermns {rmr'kintiln) cnmmnndins n diviainn or Grunt's nrmy, defeated the Coofcdoriites in 
 the l.ntlle nf I-ultH (Sept 19i. nnd In tlin hnltlenf Corinth (Oct. i) 
 
 t Ttie hattlo of Wiiliuiubburg was fuugbl duriue llio march (May SX 
 
1862.] The Nation. 369 
 
 brought on a series of destructive battles, lasting- through seven days (June 25- 
 July 1), the result of which was to leave the Union array in a very weakened 
 condition. In these conflicts the contending armies numbered together not less 
 than two hundred thousand men ; and their joint losses amounted to at least 
 thirty thousand. 
 
 Invasioti of 3Iari/laiid. — llcClellan superseded. — Taking 
 advantage of the weak condition of the Union army, the Confederates, under 
 Gen. Lee, marched- toward Washington ; but were confronted by the forces of 
 Gen. Banks and Gen. Pope. These were defeated, the latter in the second bat- 
 tle of Bull Run (Aug. 29th and SOth) ; and Lee crossed the Potomac into Mary- 
 land. Meanwhile, McClellan had been recalled from the James, and having 
 assumed the command of the army in Maryland, defeated Lee, in the battle of 
 South Mountain and in the greater conflict of Antietain {aii-fe'tam) (Sept. 17). 
 Lee at once withdrew across the Potomac ; but McClellan made no pursuit, and 
 in November was superseded by Burnside. 
 
 Barbara Frietchie. — Whittier. 
 
 [It was during this invasion of Maryland, at the town of Frederick, in that State, that 
 the mterestlng incident described in the following poem, by Whittier, occurred. It illus- 
 trated very impressively the affection at that period universally evinced by the loyal 
 citizens of the Republic, for the national flag.] 
 
 Up from the meadows rich with coru, 
 Clear in the cool September morn, 
 
 The cluster'd spires of Frederick stand, 
 Green-wall'd by the hills of IVIarylaud. 
 
 Round about them orchards sweep, 
 Apple and peach-tree fruited deep, 
 
 Fair as a garden of the Lord, 
 
 To the eyes of the f^imish'd rebel horde, 
 
 On that pleasant morn of the early Fall, 
 "When Lee march'd over the mountain wall, 
 
 Over the mountains winding down. 
 Horse and foot, into Frederick town. 
 
 Forty flags with their silver stars, 
 Forty flags with their crimson bars, 
 
 Flapp'd in the morning wind : the san 
 Of noon look'd down, and saw not one. 
 
 Up rose old Barbara Frietchie then, 
 Bow'd with her fourscore years and ten ; 
 16 
 
360 The Uniied States Reader. [i862. 
 
 Bravest of all in Fredt-rick town, 
 
 She took up the lla;: the int'ii haul'cl clown ; 
 
 In her attic wimlow the staff she set, 
 To show that one heart was loyal yet. 
 
 Up the street came the rebel tread, 
 Stonewall Jackson ridinj,^ ahead. 
 
 Under his sloucli'd hat, left and riirht, 
 He glanced ; the old flag met his sight : 
 
 "Halt!" — the diist-brown ranks stood fast; 
 "Fire!"— out idjized the rirte-l)last. 
 
 It shivered the window, pane and sash ; 
 It rent the banner with seam and gash. 
 
 Quick, as it fell, from the broken staff 
 Dame Barbara suatcheil the silken scarf; 
 
 She leaned far out on the window-sill. 
 And shook it forth with a royal will: 
 
 " Shoot, if 3-ou must, this old gray head, 
 But spare j'our country's flag ! " she said. 
 
 A shade of sadness, a blush of shame, 
 Over the face of the leader came ; 
 
 The nobler nature within him stirred 
 To life, at that woman's deed and word: 
 
 "Who touches a hair of yon gray head 
 Dies like a dog ! March on ! " he said. 
 
 All day long through Frederick street 
 Sounded the tread of marching feet ; 
 
 All day long that free flag toss'd 
 Over the heads of the rebel host. 
 
 Ever its torn folds ro.se and fell 
 
 On the loyal winds that loved it well ; 
 
 And Ihniugli the hill-gaps, sunset light 
 Shone over it with a warm good-night. 
 
 Barbara Frietehic's woi-k is o'er, 
 
 And the rebel rides on his raids no more. 
 
TJie Nation. 361 
 
 Honor to her ! and let a tear 
 
 Fall, for her sake, on Stonewall's bier. 
 
 Over Barbara Frietchie's grave, 
 Flag of Freedom and Uuiou, wave ! 
 
 Peace, and order, and beauty, draw 
 Round thy symbol of light and law ; 
 
 And ever the stars above look down 
 On thy stars below in Frederick town ! 
 
 History of Our Flag.~Uer. A. P. Putnam. 
 
 [From a discourse delivered at Roxbiiry, Mass.] 
 
 1, The history of our glorious old flag is of exceeding inter- 
 est, and brings back to us a throng of sacred and thrilling 
 associations. Tlie banner of St. Andrew was blue, charged 
 witli a white altier or cross, in the form of tlie letter X, and 
 Vv'as used in Scothind as early as the eleventh century. The 
 banner of 8t. George was wliite, charged with the red cross, and 
 Avas used in England as early as the first part of the fotirteenth 
 century. By a royal proclamation, dated April 12, 1700, these 
 two crosses were joined together tipon the same banner, form- 
 ing the ancient national flag of England. 
 
 2. It was not until Ireland, in 1801, was made apart of Great 
 Britain, that the present national flag of England, so well 
 known as the Union Jack, was completed. But it was the 
 ancient flag of England that constituted the basis of our Amer- 
 ican banner. Various other flags had indeed been raised at 
 other times by our colonial ancestors. But they were not par- 
 ticularly associated with, or, at least, were not incorporated into 
 and made a part of tlie destined '' Stars and Stripes." 
 
 8. It was after Washington had taken command of the first 
 army of .the Revolution, at Cambridge, that (January 2, 1776) 
 he unfolded Ijefore them the new flag of thirteen stripps of 
 alternate red and white, having upon one of its corners the red 
 and white crosses of St. George and St. Andrew, on a field of 
 blue. And this was the standard which was borne into the city 
 
362 The United States Reader. 
 
 of Boston wlien it was eYuciiati.'d by the British troops, iiud avus 
 entered by the American army. 
 
 4. Uniting, as it did, the flags of Enghmd and America, it 
 showed that the colonists Avere not yet prepared to sever the tie 
 that bound them to the motiier-country. By that union of 
 flags, they claimed to be a vital and substantial part of the 
 empire of Great Britain, and demanded the rights and privi- 
 leges which such a relation implied. Yet it was by these thir- 
 teen stripes that they made known the union also of the thirteen 
 colonies, the stripes of white declaring the purity and innocence 
 of their cause, and the stripes of red giving forth deliance to 
 cruelty and opposition. 
 
 5. On the 14th day of June, 177G, it was resolved by Con- 
 gress, "That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen 
 stripes, alternate red and white, and the Union be thirteen 
 white stars in the blue field.'' This resolution was made public 
 September 3, 177G, and the flag that was first made and used in 
 pursuance of it was that which led the Americans to victory at 
 Saratoga. Here the thirteen stars were arranged in a circle, as 
 we sometimes see them now, in order better to express the union 
 of the States. 
 
 6. In 1T04, tliere liaving been two more new Slates added to 
 the Union, it was voted that the alternate stripes, as Avell as the 
 circling stars, be fifteen in number, and the flag, as thus altered 
 and enlarged, was tiie one wliieh was borne through all the con- 
 tests of the war of 18r2. But it was thought that the flag 
 would at length become too large if a new stripe should be 
 added with every freshly-admitted State. It Avas therefore 
 enacted, in 1818, that a permanent return should be made to 
 the original number of thirteen stripes, and that the number 
 of stars sliould henceforth correspond to the growing number 
 of States. 
 
 7. Thus the flag would symbolize the Union as it might be 
 at any given period of its history, and also as it was at the very 
 hour of its birtii. It was at the same time suggested that these 
 stars, instead of being arranged in a circle, should be formed 
 into a single star — a suggestion which we occasionally see 
 
The Nation. 363 
 
 adopted. In fine, no particular order seems now to be observed 
 with respect to the arrangement of the constellation. It is 
 enough if only the whole number be there upon that azure field 
 — the blue to be emblematical of perseverance, vigilance, and 
 justice, each star to signify the glory of the State it may repre- 
 sent, and the whole to be eloquent forever of a Union that 
 must be "one and inseparable." 
 
 8. What precious associations cluster around our flag ! Not 
 alone have our fathers set up this banner in the name of God 
 over the well-won battle-fields of the Kevolution, and over the 
 cities and towns which they rescued from despotic rule ; but 
 think where also their descendants have carried it, and raised it 
 in conquest or protection! Through what clouds of dust and 
 smoke has it passed — what storms of shot and shell — Avhat 
 scenes of fire and blood ! Not only at Saratoga, at Monmouth, 
 and at Yorktown, but at Lundy's Lane and New Orleans, at 
 Buena Vista and Chapultepec. It is the same glorious old flag 
 which, inscribed with the dying words of Lawrence, "Don't 
 give up the ship," was hoisted on Lake Erie by Commodore 
 Perry just on the eve of his great naval victory — the same old 
 flag which our great chieftain bore in triumph to the proud city 
 of the Aztecs, and planted upon the heights of her national 
 palace. Brave hands raised it above the eternal regions of ice 
 in the Arctic seas, and have set it up on the summits of the lofty 
 mountains of the distant West. 
 
 9. Where has it not gone, the pride of its friends and the 
 terror of its foes? What countries and what seas has it not 
 visited? Where has not the American citizen been able to 
 stand beneath its guardian folds and defy the world? With 
 ■what joy and exultation seamen and tourists have gazed 
 upon its stars and strijoes, read in it the histor}'' of their nation's 
 glory, received from it the full sense of security, and drawn 
 from it the inspirations of patriotism ! By it, how many have 
 sworn fealty to their country I 
 
 10. What bursts of magnificent eloquence it has called forth 
 from Webster and from Everett! What lyric strains of poetry 
 from Drake and Holmes ! How many heroes its folds have 
 
364 The United States Reader. [iscs. 
 
 covered in death ! How nuiny have lived for it, and liow many 
 liave died for it! IIow many, living and dying, have said, in 
 their cnthnsiastic devotion to its honor, like that young wonndt-d 
 sufferer in the streetsof Baltimore, '' Oh, the ilag! the Stars and 
 Stripes ! " and, Avherever that flag has gone, it has been the herahl 
 of a better day — it has beeji the pledge of freedom, of justior, 
 of order, of civilization, and of Christianity. Tyrants only 
 have hated it, and the enemies of mankind alone have trami>led 
 it to the earth. All who sigh for the triumph of truth and 
 righteousness love and salute it. 
 
 Tift f fie of Vrcdevirh-shitrff. — Ltd hy GcntM-al Burnsklc, thtir ncw 
 coiiini;iii(l('r. ilie Union army ciosscil the liaijpaliaiinofk, the desi>;n bi-iiig to 
 niairli aj^aiii st Uiclmiond by tlic miitc from FrtHieriiksbiirg. Ficdt'ritksbiirj? was 
 taken (Dec. 12tli), but, after a disastrous attempt to carry tiie works behind the 
 city, the river was reerossed. 
 
 Emancipation I*roctaniafion. — <)n the first of January, isfi.3, 
 President Lincoln issued liis memorable proclamation, declaring free all the 
 slaves within the borders of the States at war with the general government. 
 By this measure more than three millions of slaves were declared free. On the 
 same day Gal'ves-ton was taken ; and the naval force l)efi)re the place was cap- 
 tured, destroyed, or dispersed by the Confederates. 
 
 liatfle of f'hanccf/orsri//c'.—ii»vuMc having, at his own nqnest, 
 been relieved of the command of tlic-Arniy of the Potomac, was succ.'eded by 
 Gen. Hooker, who, toward the latter part of Apnl, crossed the Kapi>ahannock, 
 and, encountering I.#e (May 3d and 4th) at C'hancellorsville, was disastrously 
 defeated, losing more than eleven thousand men, in killed and wounded. 
 He then reerossed the river. In this battle, the Confederate army lost its most 
 brilliant general, Thomas J. Jackson, commonly known as " Stonewall Jack- 
 son," » who, toward the close of the action, was mortally wounded, it is said, by 
 the firc of his own men, being, with his statV and escort, mistaken, in the dark- 
 ness, for a company of Union cavalry. 
 
 Second Inrasion of Ma I'jila nd .— Battle of Gettysburg.— 
 On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered nearly a hundred thousand 
 men, began a northward movement; and Hooker followed the invaders into 
 Maryland, where (June 28th) his command was transferred to Gen. Meade. 
 At Gettysburg [riet'liz-Uiirq), Pennsylvania, one of the most important conflicts 
 of the war took place during the first three days of July. IjCC was finally de- 
 feated, and his army being reduced one-third, he made a rapid retreat. t 
 
 • He received tlils nnme «t tlio flrkt bHtlle of Bull Ilun. from liis firmness nnd Intrepidity wlicn 
 defcHl scorned imminent, ime of the rmir-ilerulo Beiicriils exclaiming, " Here 8tiind!i Jiickson like a 
 tlime van, an'l liere let us conquer nr die ' " 
 
 + The hnltle of Gettysbiiri; is nenerBlly re^Hrded as the Kre»teft of the wiir. Il wms a " turnins 
 pnliit" 111 tlie lung cuuflict between tUc .Vorth iiud the South. 
 
1863.] The Nation. 365 
 
 National Cemetery at Gettysburg. — Lincoln. 
 
 [Ouo of the most interesting events of the year 18(53 was the inauguration of the Na- 
 tional Cemetery at Gettysbnr<j (Nov. 19). It took place in the presence of a vast con- 
 course of visitors, and an oration was dehvered by Edward Everett. The brief address 
 of President Lincoln, on that occasion, was especially admired for the touching pathos of 
 its sentiment and the simple beauty of its diction. Of all his utterances, this is doubt- 
 less the most expressive of the purity and loftiness of his character.] 
 
 1. FouRSCOEE and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth 
 upon this continent a new nation, conceived in hberty, and ded- 
 icated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now, 
 we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, 
 or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. 
 We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We ha\e come 
 to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-jdace for 
 those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. 
 
 2. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. 
 But, in a larger sense, we cannot hallow this ground. The 
 brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have conse- 
 crated it ftir above our power to add or detract. The world 
 will little note, nor long remember, what we say here ; but it 
 can never forget Avhat they did here. 
 
 3. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the 
 unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so 
 nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to 
 the great task remaining before us; that from these honored 
 dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they 
 gave the last full measure of devotion ; that we here highly re- 
 solve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this 
 nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom ; and that 
 government of the people, hy the people, and for the people, 
 shall not perish from the earth. 
 
 Union Victories in the South. — In the mean time, General Grant, 
 having gained a series of victories over the Confederate forces in the south- 
 Avest, succeeded in taking Vicksbnrg, after a siege of several months (July 4th) ; 
 and Port Hudson having soon afterward surrendered to Gen. Banks, the Missis- 
 sippi was completely opened. Gen. Rosecrans, who, in the beginning of the 
 year, had gained an important victory over a large Confederate army under 
 
3 
 
 66 T/ie United States Reader. [i864. 
 
 Gen. Bia??, nt Mtir'frccsl)o-ro (Jnn. 2, 186.3), wms attacked near Chick-a-mau'- 
 ga Creek by Braj:;;, antl compelled to fall back (Sept. 20.) The timely arrival 
 of Hooker and Grant, the latter of whom took the command, enabled the Union 
 army to gain a decided victory, after a three days' conflict ; and Bragg was 
 driven back into Georgia (Nov. 25). 
 
 Operations of (irunt^ Shermau, and Thomas.— dn. Grant, 
 
 having been a]i])ointeil comniandcr-in-ciiicf of all the armies of the Union, ar- 
 ranged, in the spring of 1865, two campaigns — one against Kichmond, under 
 his own direction, and the other against Atlanta, under (len. Sherman. The 
 latter, by a series of masterly movements, compelled the Confe<leratfs to retreat, 
 and finally succeeded in taking Atlanta (Sept. 2), which having destroyed, he 
 made his memorable march through Georgia to the sea-coast, and occupied 
 Savannah (Dec. 21). Meanwhile, Gen. Thomas, who had Iwen left by Sherman 
 w ith a considerable force in Tennessee, attacked the Confederate army under 
 Hood, and, after a battle of two days, routed it with great slaughter (Dec. 15). 
 
 Grant's Canipaif/n in Virtfinia. — In Virginia, Gen. Grant had 
 in the mean time encountered the Confederate army under Lee; and after a 
 series of terrific battles, compelled it to retreat toward Richmond ; but Grant, 
 having transferred his army to the south bank of the j\imes, Ix;e, whose move- 
 ments had been conducted with consummate skill, occupied Petersburg, and thus 
 compelled the Unionists to lay siege to that city (.June). 
 
 Operations in the. Slwnan<l<tah I'atfef/,-— The valley of the She- 
 nandoah Hivcr was the scene of fre(pient and severe conflicts. During the siege 
 of Petersiiurg, Lee detached twenty thousand men, under Gen. Early, to invade 
 Marylaiul. Having defeated the Union forces under Cien. Wallace, he crossed 
 the I'otomac and threatened Washington and Baltimore. Grant hurried oHT 
 troops for the defense of Washiugion, and a strong force was organized for 
 Sheridan, who relieveil Hunter from command. On the lOtli of Sepiemlwr, 
 Sheridan attacked and routed Early near Winchester ; and, three days after, at 
 Fisher's Hill, he routed the Confederates again. Just a month after his victory 
 at Winchester, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were suddenly attacked and 
 driven from the field, he, at the time, being absent. Arriving at this critical 
 time, he arranged his lines, repulsed an attack, assailed in return, and, for tho 
 third time, routed Early's army. This incident is poetically described in the 
 following lines. 
 
 Sheridan's Ride. — Read, 
 
 Up from the South at break of day, 
 Bringing to Winclie.ster fresh tlismay, 
 The afTriglited air with a slnuldcr bore, 
 Like a herald in liAst^ to llie ehieflain's door, 
 The terrible grumble, and rumble, and roar, 
 Telling the battle was on once more, 
 And Sheridan twenty miles awfiy. 
 
1864.1 The Nation. 367 
 
 And wider still those billows of war 
 Thundered along the horizon's bar ; 
 And louder yet into Winchester rolled 
 The roar of that red sea uuconti'olled, 
 Making the blood of tlie listener cold. 
 As he thought of the stake in that fiery fray, 
 And Sheridan twenty miles away. 
 
 But there is a road from Winchester town, 
 
 A good, broad higliway leading down ; 
 
 And there, througli the flush of the morning light, 
 
 A steed as black as the steeds of night 
 
 Was seen to pass, as with eagle flight, 
 
 As if he knew the terrible need ; 
 
 He stretched away with his utmost speed ; 
 
 Hills rose and fell ; but his heart was gay, 
 
 With Sheridan fifteen miles away. 
 
 Still sprung from those swift hoofs, thundering South, 
 TJie dust, like smoke from the cannon's mouth, 
 Or tiie trail of a comet, sweeping faster and faster, 
 Foreboding to traitors the doom of disaster. 
 The heart of the steed and the heart of the master 
 Were beating like prisoners assaulting their walls. 
 Impatient to be where the battle-field calls ; 
 Every nerve of the charger was strained to full play, 
 With Sheridan only ten miles away. 
 
 Under his spurning feet the road 
 
 Like an arrowy Alpine river flowed. 
 
 And the landscape sped away behind 
 
 Like an ocean flying before the wind ; 
 
 And the steed, like a bark fed with furnace ire. 
 
 Swept on, with his wild eyes full of fire. 
 
 But lo ! he is nearing his heart's desire ; 
 
 He is snuffing tlie smoke of the roaring fray, 
 
 With Sheridan only five miles away. 
 
 The first that the general saw were the groups 
 
 Of stragglers, and then the retreating troops; 
 
 What was done ? what to do ? a glance told him both, 
 
 Tlien, striking his spurs, with a terrible oath, 
 
 He dashed down the line, 'mid a storm of huzzns, 
 
 And the wave of retreat checked its course there, because 
 
 The sight of the master compelled it to pause. 
 
368 The U7iitcd States Reader. \\%%\. 
 
 With foam and witli dust tlio black charirer was gray; 
 By the Uasli of his rye, and the rod nostril's play, 
 He seemed to the whole great army to say, 
 " I have brought you Sheridan all the way 
 From Winchester, down to save the day." 
 
 Hurrah ! hurrali for Sheridan ! 
 Hurrah! hurrah for horse and man ! 
 And when their statues are placed on high. 
 Under the dome of the Union sky — 
 The American soldier's temple of fame — 
 There, with the glorious general's name, 
 Be it said, in letters both bold and bright, 
 
 " Here is the steed tiiat saved the day. 
 By carrying Sheridan into the light 
 
 From Winchester, twenty miles away !" 
 
 Destruction of the Atabanm. — The Confederates, by means of 
 English-built privateers, sailing uiuier liie Confederate flag, succeeded in destroy- 
 ing a large number of American merchantmen. Serames, in the Alatiama, 
 resumed * his career of destruction, luring vessels by hoisting the Britisii flag ; 
 but the Alabama was at last met (June 19) by the Kcarsarge (ke ai-saij). Cap- 
 tain Winslow, and, alter a short contest, was sunk. 
 
 Vit'tory bjf Ailiniral Fiirraijitt. — Of all the achievements of the 
 army or navy of the United Staii's during the war, none were more brilliant 
 than that of Admiral Farragut in Mobile Bay (Aug. r)tli). He succeeded in 
 passing Forts Morgan and Gaines, at the entrance of the bay, and then gaine<l 
 a complete victory over the Confederate fleet. The two forts were afterwards 
 ea))tured. 
 
 Occupation of JVitminf/ton. — The active operations of 1865 began 
 with the reduction of Fort P'islier, the main defense of Wilmington. This was 
 accomplished (January l.")th) by ei<;ht thousand men, under General Terry, 
 aided by Admiral Porter's fleet. About a month before, Butler had made a 
 demonstration against the fort, but deeming the works too strong to be carried 
 by his fon-c, returned to Fortress Monrrie. Wilmington was occupied by the 
 Federal troops a few days after the capture of the fort (Feb. 22d). 
 
 Victories yaincd bij Sherman. — Slurman, liaving halted at Sa- 
 vannah only long ciiough to relit his army, was again in motion by the 1st of 
 February. On the ITtli he captured Columbia, compelling the Confederates, 
 by this achievement, to evacuate Charleston. He next entered North Carolina, 
 fought and defeated General Hardee (March IGtli), and, four days later, gained 
 a victory over General J. Iv Johnston. 
 
 Occupation of Jiichniontf.— Surrender of Lee.—C)n the 2yth 
 of March (1 86.')) the final movement of the national forces, which Gen. Grant had 
 
 * lie bad preriuusl^r cominaDded the stcumer Sumter, and captured u grciil mniiy vesaole. 
 
IS 65.] The Nation. 369 
 
 gathered around Richmond comriienced ; and, after ten days' marching and fight- 
 ing, the campaign was ended. On the 3d of April, both Petersburg and Rich: 
 raond were occupied by the nation's victorious troops. The retreating army 
 was hotly pursued by Sheridan ; and, on the 9th, Lee, overtaken and surround- 
 ed, surrendered to Grant near Appomattox Court-House. 
 
 Evacuation of Richmond. — Pollard. 
 
 [When Lee found that his position' at Petersburg was no longer tenable, he immedi- 
 ately sent a telegram to Davis in Richmond, containing very nearly the following words : 
 " My lines are broken in three places, Richmond must be evacuated this evening." This 
 occurred on Sunday, April 2d, and the dispatch reached Mr. Davis while he sat in church, 
 where it was handed to him amid the fearful silence and appreliension of the congrega- 
 tion. The Confederate President hurried from tlio church, and a rumor was immediately 
 circulated that the city was to be aljandoned. Tlie following description is from E. A. 
 Pollard's Southern Hisionj of the War.} 
 
 1. Men, women, and childreu rnshed from the churches, 
 passing from lip to lip news of the impending fall of Eichmond. 
 And yet it was difficult to believe it. To look np to the calm, 
 beautiful sky of that spring day, unassailed by one single noise 
 of battle ; to watch the streets unvexed by artillery or troops, 
 stretching away into the quiet, hazy atmosphere, and believe 
 that the capital of the Confederacy, so peaceful, so apparently 
 secure, was in a few hours to be the prey of the enemy, and to 
 be wrapped in the infernal horrors of a conflagration ! 
 
 2. It was late in the afternoon Avhen the signs of evacuation 
 became apparent to the incredulous. Wagons on the streets 
 were being hastily loaded at the departments with boxes, trunks, 
 etc., and driven to the Danville depot. Those who had deter- 
 mined to leave with the fugitive government looked on with 
 amazement ; then, convinced of the fact, rushed to follow the 
 government's example. Vehicles suddenly rose to a premium 
 value that was astounding; and ten, fifteen, and even a hun- 
 dred dollars, in gold or Federal currency, was offered for a con- 
 veyance. 
 
 3. Suddenly, as if by magic, the streets became filled with 
 men, Avalking as though for a wager, and behind them excited 
 negroes with trunks, bundles, and luggage of every description. 
 All over the city it was the same — wagons, trunks, bandboxes, 
 and their owners, a mass of hurrying fugitives, filling the streets. 
 
3/0 The U7iited States Reader. [ises. 
 
 Tlie banks were all open, and depositors were as busy as bees 
 removing their specie deposits ; and the directors were equally 
 active in getting off their bullion. Hundreds of thousands of 
 dollars of paper-money were destroyed, both State and Con- 
 federate. 
 
 4. Night came : and with it came confusion worse confounded. 
 There was no sleep for human eyes in Kichmond tluit niglit. 
 The City Council had met in the evening, and resolved to de^ 
 stroy all the liquor in the city, to avoid the disorder consequent 
 on the temjitation to drink at such a time. About the hour of 
 midnight the work commenced, under the direction of com- 
 mittees of citizens in all the wards. Hundreds of barrels of 
 liquor Were rolled into the street, and the heads knocked in. 
 Tlie gutters ran willi a li([Uor-freshet, and the fumes filled and 
 impregnated the air. Fine cases of bottled liquors were tossed 
 into the street from third-story Avindows, and Avrecked into a 
 thousand pieces. 
 
 5. As the work progressed, some straggling soldiers, retreat- 
 ing through the city, managed to get liold of a quantity of the 
 liquor. From that moment, law and order ceased to exist. 
 Many of the stores were pillaged: and the sidewalks were en- 
 cumbered with broken glass, where the thieves had smashed the 
 windows in tlieir reckless haste to lay hands on the plunder 
 within. The air was filled with wild cries of distress, or the 
 yells of roving pillagers, 
 
 6. But a more terrible element was to appear upon the scene. 
 An order had been issued from General Ewell's headquarters, to 
 tire the four principal tobacco warehouses of the city— namely, 
 the public warehouse, situated at the head of the basin, near 
 the Petersburg railroad depot; Shockoe warehouse, situated 
 near the centre of the city, side by side with the (Jallego Hour- 
 mills ; Mayo's warehouse ; and DebrelTs warehouse, on Cary- 
 street, a square below Libby prison. 
 
 7. Late in the night, Mayor Mayo had dispatched, by a com- 
 mittee of citizens, a remonstrance against this reckless military 
 order, which plainly put in jeopardy the whole business portion 
 of Richmond. It was not heeded. Nothing was left for the 
 
1S65.] The Nation. 371 
 
 citizens Init to submit to tlie destruction of tlieir property. The 
 warehouses were fired. The rams on the James River were 
 blown up. The Richmond, Virginia, and another one were all 
 blown to the four winds of heaven. The Patrick Henry, a 
 receiving-ship, was scuttled. Such shipping, very little in 
 amount, as was lying at the Richmond wharves, was also fired, 
 save the flag-of-truce steamer Allison. The bridges leading out 
 of the city were also fired, and were soon wrapped in flames. 
 
 8. Morning broke upon a scene such as those who wit- 
 nessed it can never forget. The roar of an immense conflagra- 
 tion sounded in their ears ; tongues of flame leaped from street 
 to street; and in this baleful glare were to be seen, as of demons, 
 the figures of busy plunderers, moving, pushing, rioting, through 
 the black smoke, and into the open street, bearing away every 
 conceivable sort of plunder. The scene at the commissary 
 depot, at the head of the dock, beggared description. Hun- 
 dreds of government w^agons were loaded with bacon, flour, and 
 whiskey, and driven off in hot haste to join the retreating 
 army. 
 
 9. Thronging about the depot were hundreds of men, women, 
 and children, black and white, provided with capacious bags, 
 baskets, tubs, buckets, tin pans, and aprons; cursing, pushing, 
 and crow^ding ; awaiting the throwing open of the doors, and 
 the order for each to help himself. About sunrise, the doors 
 were opened to the populace ; and a rush that almost seemed to 
 carry the building off its foundation was made, and hundreds 
 of thousands of pounds of bacon, flour, etc., were soon swept 
 away by a clamorous crowd. 
 
 Close of the It'ar. — The surrencler of Lee was soon followed by that 
 of the other Confederate generals, and the great insurrection was at an end, 
 having been crushed by a series of the most persevering and gigantic efforts ever 
 put forth by any nation. Through all disasters and discouragements, the 
 patriotic and high-minded president had resolutely striven to save the integrity 
 of the country, and had won the esteem and affection of all by his conscientious 
 devotion to this noble cause. 
 
 Assassin ft f ion of the President, — Having been re-elected president 
 in the fall of 1 864, he had served but a few weeks of his second term, when, in 
 
372 The Uftiied States Reader. [isei. 
 
 less than one week after I^ec's surrender, he was assassinated hy a desjicrado 
 nctinjr in sympatliy with tlie Confederate cause (April 14). Tlie intelligence of 
 this sad event filled every loyal heart throughout the land with sorrow and di>- 
 niay, and for several weeks all the great cities throughout the North weredrajMid 
 in badges and emblems of mourning. The funeral cortege was followed by hun- 
 dreds of thousands of the citizens of the republic, as it wended its way from the 
 capital to Si)ringfield, the former home of the deceased president, — thcneefortli 
 to he rciidercd sacred as lii> Imrial-plac'. 
 
 United States Sanitary Commission. — Dr. Bellows. 
 
 [The efforts pat forth 1)y the Xortli to captain tlic Union cause in this great conflict 
 were not conflncd to the Government or the army in the liuhi. The patriotism and 
 philanthropy of the people themselves, and particularly of the women, wcix' cplcndiilly 
 ilhistrateil by the organized measures taken to pnstain the soldiers, by ministering, in the 
 most clliciont mannur. to their necessities. Of these or;,'anizations, the Chri-tian and 
 Sanitary Commissions de-ei-ve particular mention. The litter, especially, \va< th'.- most 
 mairniflcentin its design and the most effective in its results. Foremost in theorgani/ation 
 of this mii;hty engine of mercy, and taking the lead in its beneficent opcnitions, was 
 Kev. Henry W. Bellows, D.D., of New York City. Through his enli^'htened !indlari;c- 
 hearted polii-y, and by his tact, judgment, and address, this powerful instrumentality 
 was enabled to carry into effect its vast echuaieof patnoiisiii and humanity.] 
 
 1. In April, 18G1. at the very opening of tlie war, the women 
 of New York city and tlie neighboring towns were organized 
 into an as.sociation called "The Women's Central Association," 
 to reduce to system and energy the scattered and almo.-st frantic 
 desires and efforts of the American women to aid in preparing 
 soldiers for the exposures of the field. 
 
 2. A committee went to Washington, as the representatives 
 of this association, to confer with the Medical Bureau and the 
 Government, upon the most efticient method of rendering this 
 aid. They discovered such a want of largeness of view in the 
 Medical Jhireau, and so little preparation against the perils of 
 sickness and wounds, that they were seized Avitli the conviction 
 that only a national niovemeiit, uniting the women of the 
 Avhole country in a coiniuon organization, which should have 
 the countenance and srmi-ollicial support or acceptance of the 
 Government, with a freedom of its own not accorded to official 
 bureaux, could meet the case. 
 
 3. Mindful of what the Sanitary Commissions of England 
 liad done in the Crimea and in China, they resolved to attemi)t 
 the same thing, although under totally different conditions. 
 They proposed to the Government to appoint a Sanilary Com- 
 
The Nation. 373 
 
 mission, to supplement the labors and duties of the Medical 
 Bureau, and be the channel of the chanty, nursing, and solici- 
 tude of the people at home for the soldiers in the field. 
 
 4. The idea met with little favor. It was resisted by the 
 Medical Bureau, the War Department, and the Cabinet, as 
 likely to breed jealousy, to introduce conflicting elements, to 
 mix up irresponsible with official duties, and to be regarded as 
 intrusive and oflensive by the. military authorities. But so 
 great was the pressure of all sorts of local Societies of Eelief, 
 that the Government soon saw that its only choice was between 
 one great nuisance, and a thousand small ones ; that possibly 
 the Sanitary Commission might not be as bad as it looked, and 
 that, in any case, while it was plainly dangerous to chill the 
 people's enthusiasm by denying a regular vent to it, the Sani- 
 tary Commission would pi-obably show, in a six months' trial, 
 how troublesome and useless it was, and then be got rid of 
 Avithout censure. 
 
 5. By steady pressure, the committee persuaded the Govern- 
 ment to accept their idea, and the Commission was authorized, 
 and began existence, June 10th, 18C1 — but only on condition 
 that^he committee would select their fellow-laborers in it, and 
 take charge of the Avork. The Sanitary Commission was to 
 have free access to the anny, hospitals, and field; the right of 
 sanitary inspection of camps, and the general duty of advising 
 the Medical Bureau, and all army officers, in Avhat pertained to 
 the health and comfort of the soldiers. 
 
 6. It organized Avith a board composed partly of civilians, 
 medical men, and men of general experience, from various parts 
 of the country, and partly of military men in the army. This 
 Board opened its central office in apartments furnished by the 
 Government at Washington. It had from ten to twenty hired 
 medical men, whom it employed as inspectors, or heads of de- 
 tachments for the distribution of relief, Avho Avere placed Avith 
 eA^ery army-corps on the Avhole field, from the beginning to the 
 end of the Avar. These skilled men had each his force of assist- 
 ants, his sanitary-tent, and his continually re-enforced snppiy 
 of medicines, clothing, and soldiers' comforts. 
 
374 ^/'^ United States Reader. 
 
 7. Necessary teams were eitlier owned by the Commission, or 
 iuiiiished by the Government ; and from great sub-central 
 depots at Louisville, New Orleans, Washington, Frederick, 
 and a dozen other j)laces, they ti'ansported the sui)i)lies con- 
 stantly accumulated there to the army. The railroads and 
 the Quartermaster's dei)artment always did their best to 
 forward sanitary stores. But it requirud a jjrodigious foresight 
 to know just wliere they were likely to be most needed; and as 
 the very business of the Commission was to be where the gov- 
 ernment su])plies might fail; to have ready what they kicked; 
 to supplcnu-nt their dc-fects, or to guess better where battles 
 and sickness would occur — little help could be derived from 
 government iulornuilion. 
 
 8. The Commission had its own sources of intelligence, and 
 its own outlook, and usually acted upon its own independent 
 judgment, both as to the neighborhood where to be and as to 
 the kind of relief it should supply. This field and relief work 
 involved inspection of camps; opening of houses for stragglers 
 and i)eople turned prenuiturely from the army hospitals, to give 
 out on their way to their regiments; relief in food and cloth- 
 ing to men who had lost their knapsacks and their rig^it t«> 
 rations by the fortunes of war; and a continued visitation of all 
 army hospitals, regimental or general. The Sanitary Commis- 
 sion was the people's attorney, with its ears open to every just 
 comi)laint, its hand open to every real want of the poor soldier. 
 AikI it meant to be everywhere, where a single Union reginuiit 
 was found, from Mason and Dixon's line to Florida and 
 Texas. 
 
 9. It followed up the army when it advanced, and allowed 
 no corjis to move without its deputies, fully provided with relief, 
 medical and sanitary. An average of two thousand soldiers 
 Avere every night in its houses — who would have been tentless 
 and homeless but for its extra providence. It had steamboats 
 converted into floating hospitals, whereon the army lay near 
 navigable streams. It brought home thousands of woundt'd in 
 this manner from the James River and the Pamunkey, under the 
 tenderest care. It was on ibur-lifihs of all the seven huniheil 
 
TJic Nation. ^75 
 
 0/ 
 
 and odd battle-fields, or bloody skirmishes of the war, and often 
 was on hand Avhen the medical stores of the army were lost or 
 inaccessible. It had its nurses and relief agents, wherever they 
 were needed, and in precise proportion to the need. It accepted 
 volunteers, but preferred hired agents, selected for merit and 
 skill, and under rigid discipline. 
 
 10. But whence came the money and stores to meet this 
 tremendous outlay ? From the home organization of the Sani- 
 tary Commission. It endeavored, and with almost perfect suc- 
 cess, to bring all the States of the north into one fellowship of 
 labor. Branches, like the original stock — the Women's Central 
 Association of New York, which became a branch only, after 
 tl)e Sanitary Commission was started — were planted in all the 
 loyal States, and over seven thousand local relief societies became 
 tributaries to them. The fingers of all the homes in the north 
 and west moved as with one motion, in preparing garments, 
 food, and canned fruits ; the farmers sent forward potatoes and 
 onions; the local societies forwarded them to the branches. 
 
 11. These hundreds of boxes, containing the strangest collec- 
 tion of articles, dry-goods and groceries, books and clothing, 
 were overhauled, assorted, marked, repacked, and forwarded to 
 Louisville or Washington, the western and eastern centres of 
 supply. Held there, catalogued and re-assorted, they furnished 
 a never-failing reservoir of nameless articles of clothing, food, 
 and comforts — which, under the direction of the Secretary-in- 
 chief (the admirable Frederick L. Olmsted, being the one 
 who originally shaped the internal administration, Avhich 
 Avas never seriously changed), were sent out to the relief agents 
 at their several stations, on or near the fields of coming battles. 
 
 12. The constancy, method, order, and business-like skill, 
 with which these branches and local societies were conducted, 
 not only redound to the patriotism and ability of the American 
 people, but went far to develop unknown powers of usefulness, 
 self-reliance, and administrative talent in thousands of women, 
 and thus enriched the nation in all the departments of life. 
 Nothing in the Avay of public reforms ever did as much to 
 teach woman her rights and duties, her dignity, and her 
 
376 The United States Reader. [isgt. 
 
 capacity for the public service, a,^ the Sanitary Commission. 
 
 It was the spiritual birtliphico to hundreds of womcMi, who 
 knew themselves and their dignity and duty in life from the 
 awakening produced, and the opportunity alfurdcd. liy that 
 service. 
 
 13. The money necessary to support this expensive arm of 
 the public service, — the woman's arm, stretched out full of pity 
 and help to the soldier in the Held — her liusband, brother, son — 
 was supplied by the people, through gnat fairs, in Philadel[)hia. 
 New York, Brooklyn, Boston, Chicago, and elsewhere ; and 
 through the si)ontaneous gifts of the people, who in all ways 
 poured about five millions of dollars into the treasury of the 
 Commission. Nearly a million and a half of this sum was the 
 magnilicent offering of the Pacific coast, and especially of Cali- 
 fornia. To this, fifteen million dollars' Avorth of stores of all 
 kinds, by a moderate estimate, entrusted to the Sanitary Com- 
 mission, must be added. The Covernment i)robably furnished 
 it in steamers, transportation, rent, rations, and facilities, five 
 millions' worth more; so that twenty-five million dollars would 
 not exceed the amount of which the Sanitary Commission 
 Were the trusted almoners in the war. 
 
 JoJiHson^s Afhnhiisfrfifion. — .Xnprkw .Tohnson of Tennessee, the 
 vice-))resiik'nt, Mireecdod Al)ialiain Lincoln, beinj; inaiifruratod on the 15th of 
 April. He retained, without chanj:e, the cabinet of his predecessor. The as- 
 sassin of the lamented president eluded pursuit until the 26th. when, bavinj; been 
 tracked to his liidin<^-placc and refusing to surrender, he was shot. JefVerson 
 Davis, after abandoning Richmond, fled to Georgia, where he was captured. 
 He was then conveyed a prisoner to Fortress Monroe ; but, after a long confine- 
 ment, was released (1807). 
 
 AntiU'stjf. — Abolition of Sftrrrri/, — On the 20th of April, Presi- 
 dent John.'^on issued a proclamation removing restrictions on commerce in tlie 
 South ; and, a month later, he addressed a proclamation of anmesty to all 
 those who had been concerned in the war against the Union, excepting certain 
 specilied classes of ^iers<ms. A resolution of C^ongress, ])ro))osing an amend- 
 ment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery, having l)een aj)])roved by three- 
 fourths of the States, slavery was declared constitutionally abolished on the 
 18lli of Dcccmucr. 
 
 liecottst met ion , — A Kcconstruciion Act was pas.<cd by Congress, not- 
 withstanding the veto of the President, March 2d^l867, and two Su] plemcntary 
 Reconstruction Acts were also passed, in like manner. Under these acts, the 
 
1S71.] The A^atioji. 
 
 0/ / 
 
 states recently at war with tlie general government were, one after another, 
 restored to their original positions in the Union. 
 
 Kew State and Tevritory. — During the 3-ear 1867, Nebraska* was 
 admitted into the Union, and the territorial jwssessions of the United States 
 were very much enlarged by the addition of Alas'ka, formerly known as Rus- 
 sian America. Tliis vast tract of land was purchased of Russia, the price paid 
 being $7,200,000, in gold. 
 
 Impeachment of the Pvesixlent. — The President having removed 
 Edwin M. Stanton from his position as Secretary of War, without the consent 
 of the Senate, that body passed a resolution notifying the president " tliat, under 
 the Constitution and laws of the United States, he had no power to remove the 
 Secretary of War and designate any other officer to perform the duties of that 
 office." On the 24th of February, a resolution impeaching the president was 
 adopted by the House of Representatives, and articles of impeachment were 
 subsequently presented to the Senate. The trial was long and tedious, and 
 resulted in the acquittal of the accused, although only one vote was wanting 
 to complete the two-thiids majority required to convict him. 
 
 A}HeiKlmenf to tJie Const it tit ion. — The Fourteenth Amendment, 
 which had been proposed by Congress, guaranteeing ecpial civil rights to all 
 persons, born or naturalized in the United States, was declared adopted on the 
 28th of July, 1868, having been ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of 
 all the States. 
 
 Grant^s A(f ministration, — Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, having 
 been duh' elected, was inaugurated as president on the 4th of March, 1869. 
 Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana,' became, at the same time, vice-president. Virginia, 
 Mississipiji, and Texas, not having com])lied with the " reconstruction " require- 
 ments of Congress, did not participate in the presidential election. 
 
 Iteconstraction Completed. — During the first year, however, of the 
 administration, these three States, having finally complied with the requirements 
 of Congress, were restored to all their rights as States, and the "Reconstruction 
 of the Union" was thus fully consummated. 
 
 Amendment to the Constitution. — The Fijieenth Amendment to 
 the Constitution, guaranteeing to all citizens of the United States the right of 
 suffrage, without regard to " race, color, or previous condition of servitude," 
 was declared adopted, March 30, 1870. 
 
 Chicago Fire. — In October of the following year (1871), the most de- 
 structive fire in the history of this country occurred at Chicago. About eighteen 
 thousand buiUlings were destroyed, and over one hundred thousand persons 
 were, in consequence, rendered homeless and destitute. Within ten days after 
 the conllagration, more than five million dollars were subscribed, in this country 
 and Europe, for the relief of the sutFerers. 
 
 * Tlie word is of Indian origin, ne, signifying water, and l7ra$ka, wide or shallow ; and, being 
 at first applied to the Platte River (which runs through the State), was afterward used as the name of 
 the territory, and subsequently of the state. 
 
37^ The United States Reader. 
 
 Chicago. — Whittier. 
 
 Men said at vnspeis : '• All is well ! " 
 
 In one wild niijlit the rily fill; 
 
 Fell shiini's of prayer ami marts of gain 
 
 Before the fuMV hurricane. 
 
 On threescore spires had sunset shone, 
 
 Where ghastly sunrise looked on none. 
 
 Men clasped each others' hands, and said, 
 
 " The City of the West is dead ! " 
 
 Brave hearts who fought, in slow retreat, 
 
 The fiends of fire from street to street, 
 
 Turned powerless to the blinding glare, 
 
 The dumb defiance of despair. 
 
 A sudden impulse thrilled each wire 
 
 That signalled round that sea of fire ; 
 
 Swift words of cheer, warm heart-throbs came; 
 
 In tears of pity died the flame. 
 
 From East, from West, from South and North, 
 
 The messages of hope shot forth. 
 
 And underneath the severing wave 
 
 The world, full-handed, reached to save. 
 
 Fair seemed the old, but fairer still 
 
 The new, the dreary void shall fill 
 
 With dearer homes than those o'erthrown, 
 
 Fur love shall lay each corner-stone. 
 
 Rise, stricken citj- ! From thee throw 
 The ashen sackcloths of thy woe; 
 And biiild, as to Amphion's strain. 
 To songs of cheer, thy walls again ! 
 How shrivelled in thy hot distress 
 The primal sin of selfishness ! 
 How instant rose, to take thy part, 
 The angel in the human heart! 
 
 Ah ! not in vain the flames lliat tossed 
 
 Above thy dreadful holocaust' ; 
 
 The Christ again has preached through thee 
 
 The Gospel of humanity 1 
 
 Then lift once more thy towers on high, 
 
 And fret with spires the western sky, 
 
 To tell that God is yet with us. 
 
 And love is still miraculous! 
 
The Nation. 379 
 
 The Future of the Republic. — Story. 
 
 1. When we reflect on what lias been, and is, liow is it pos- 
 sible not to feel a profound sense of the responsibilities of this 
 Republic to all future ages ? What vast motives press upon us 
 for lofty efforts! What brilliant prospects invite our enthu- 
 siasm ! What solemn warnings at once demand our vigilance, 
 and moderate our confidence ! 
 
 2. The Old World has already revealed to us, in its unsealed 
 books, the beginning and end of all its own marvellous 
 struggles in the cause of liberty. Greece, lovely Greece, " the 
 land of scholars and the nurse of arts," where sister republics, 
 in fair processions, chanted the praises of liberty and the gods — 
 Avhere, and what is she ? For two thousand years the oppres- 
 sor has bound her to the earth. Her arts are no more. The 
 last sad relics of her temple are but the barracks of a ruthless 
 soldiery: the fragments of her columns and her palaces are in 
 the dust, yet beautiful in ruin 
 
 3. Where are the republics of modern times, which clustered 
 around immortal Italy ? Venice and Genoa exist but in name. 
 The Alps, indeed, look down upon the brave and peaceful 
 Swiss in their native fastnesses; but the guaranty of their 
 freedom is in their weakness, and not in their strength. The 
 mountains are not easily crossed, and the valleys are not easily 
 retained. The country is too poor for plunder, and too rough 
 for valuable conquest. . ... 
 
 4. We stand, the latest, and, if we fail, probably the last, ex- 
 periment of self-government by the people. We have begun it 
 under circumstances of the most auspicious nature. We are in 
 the vigor of youth. Our growth has never been checked by the 
 oppressions of tyranny. Our constitutions have never been 
 enfeebled by the vices or luxuries of the Old World. Such as 
 we are, we have been from the beginning — simple, hardy, intel- 
 ligent, accustomed to self-government and self-resjDect. 
 
 5. The Atlantic rolls between us and any formidable foe. 
 Within our own territory, stretching through many degrees of 
 latitude and longitude, we have the choice of many products, 
 
380 The United States Reader 
 
 and many means of independence. The government is mild. 
 The Press is free. Religion is free. Knowledge reaches, or 
 may reach, every home. What fairer prospect of snccess could 
 be presented ? AVhat means more adequate to accomplisli the 
 sublime end ? What more is necessary, than for the peojjlc to 
 preserve what they themselves have created? 
 
 6. Already has the age caught the spirit of our institutions. 
 It has already ascended the Andes, and snuffed the breezes of 
 both oceans. It has infused itself into the life-blood of Europe, 
 and warmed the sunny jdaiiis of France, and the lowlands of 
 Holland. It has touched the philosojihy of Germany and the 
 north, and, moving onward to the south, has opened to Greece 
 the lessons of her better days. 
 
 7. Can it be that America, under such circumstances, can 
 betray herself; that she is to be added to the catalogue of repub- 
 lics, the inscription of whose ruin is, " They Avere, but they are 
 not?" Forbid it, my countrymen; forbid it. Heaven ! I call 
 npon you. Fathers, by the shades of your ancestors, by the dear 
 ashes which repose in this precious soil, by all you are, and all 
 you hope to be, — resist every project of disunion : resist every 
 encroachment npon your liberties: resist every attempt to fetter 
 your consciences, or smother your public schools, or extinguish 
 your system of public instruction. 
 
 8. I call upon you, Motliers, by that which never fails in 
 woman — the love of your offspring, — teach them, as they climb 
 your knees, or lean on your bosoms, the blessings of liberty. 
 Swear them at the altar, as with their baptismal vows, to 
 be true to their country, and never to forget or to forsake her. 
 I call upon you, Young Men, to remember whose sons you are, 
 — whose inheritance you possess. Life can never be loo short, 
 which brings nothing but disgrace and oppression. Death 
 never comes too soon, if necessary in the defense of the liberties 
 of your country. I call upon you. Old IVIen, for your counsels, 
 and your prayers, and your benedictions. ^lay not your gray 
 hairs go down iu sorrow to the grave, with the recollection 
 that you have lived in vain. May not your last sun sink in 
 the west npon a nation of slaves. — Centennial Address. 
 
The Nation. 381 
 
 Territorial Growth of the United States. 
 
 1. Original Territort/. — The territory of the Republic, at tlie close 
 of the War of the Revolution, was bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the 
 Mississippi River, tlie Great Lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico. Such were 
 the limits conceded by the treaty with Great Britain (September 3d, 1783); 
 but from the region lying within them, the Spanish province of Florida 
 must be excluded, as well as that part of the present State of Louisiana 
 which lies east of the Mississippi, in delining the original domain of the 
 United States. Out of that domain many new States have been formed, 
 and to it large accessions of new teriitory have been made. 
 
 2. Vermont. — This was the first of the new States. It was formed 
 from territory which had been claimed by New York and New Hamp- 
 shire, the former founding its claim on the grants made by Charles II. to 
 the Duke of York ; the latter, on the colonial charter which it received 
 at the commencement of its existence. New Hampshire was the most 
 active in the settlement of the tei'ritoiy, her governor, during a period of 
 eight years (from 1700 to 1768), having made more than a huudred township 
 grants within its limits. These were subsequently known as the " New 
 Hampshire Grants." Before the Revolution, however. New York suc- 
 ceeded in obtaining jurisdiction over the whole territory, through a decision 
 of the king, to which the governor of New Hampshire assented. But 
 the settlers refused to acknowledge the sway under which they were thus 
 arbitrarily placed, and continued their resistance until 1791 ; when. New 
 York having relinquished her claim on the payment to her of $30,000, 
 Vermont was admitted into the Union, making the number of States four- 
 teen. 
 
 3. The Northwest Territory.— The western portion of several 
 of the thirteen original States extended to the Mississippi River ; their 
 colonial charters, indeed, named the Atlantic Ocean as their eastej'n 
 boundary, and the South Sea [the Pacific] as their western ; but their 
 limits were restricted by the Treaty of 1783. One after another, these 
 States surrendered their western territories to the general government ; 
 and, in 1787, the region north of the Ohio River was organized under the 
 name of the Northioest Territory. From this territory five States have 
 been successively formed : Ohio, in 1803 ; Indiana, in 181G ; Illinois, in 
 1818; Michigan, in 1837; and V^iscondn, in 1848. 
 
 4. The Southwest Territory. — The region south of the Ohio, 
 although never oi'ganized under one territorial government, was gener- 
 ally known as the Southicest Territory. From it have been formed four 
 States: 7ie«<?w/i;^ (previously a part of Virginia), in 1792; Tennessee 
 (previously a part of North Carolina), in 1796 ; Mississippi, in 1817; i.nd 
 Alabama, in 1819 (both the latter being previously a part of Georgia), 
 
382 The United States Reader. 
 
 5. J/cf//*e.— Maine, iu 178:3, was a district of Massachusetts, having 
 been pnicliascd in 1077, Cioni the heirs of Gorges and Mason. Thus it 
 remained till 18"20, when it was organized and admitted as a State, iu 
 coulormily with the formally expressed will of its iuhabiUmts. 
 
 6. The Loulaiaiia I'urchase.—Tlnnv^h the Spaniards, under 
 De Soto, were the lirsl to discover the ^lississippi River, they made no 
 attempts to explore it. This was first f.ccomplished by the French, who 
 traversed its entire length, and occupied certain portions of its valley on 
 both sides, giving to tlu; whole region the name of iMumana, iu honor 
 of their King, Louis XIV. At the close of the French aud Indian War 
 (17G:J), France ceded to Great Britain all her American possessions east 
 of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, having in the jjreced- 
 iug year ceded to Spain all her possessions west of the Mississippi and 
 south of the lijcrvillc. The latter tewitory was retroceded to France iu 
 1800; and three years later (1803), was purchased by the United States 
 for $15,000,000. From this vast region, which extended from the Mis- 
 sissippi River to the Rockj'^ Mountains, besides the State of Louimuui 
 (admitted in 1812), have been formed Miasouri (1831), Arkansas (18:JG), 
 Iowa (184G), Minnesota (1858), Kansas (18G1), Nebraska (18G7), aud the ter- 
 ritories of Colorado, Wyominfj, Montitna, and Dakota, together with a 
 reservation for the Indians, known as the Indian Territori/. 
 
 7. Florida. — This was a Spanish province up to 17G3, when it was 
 ceded to Great Britain in exchange for Cuba, which the English had 
 recently taken from Spain. By the treaty of 1783, the province was 
 given back to Spain, to which it continued to belong till 1819, when it 
 was ceded to the United Slates, on condition that the latter country 
 would pay the claims of American citizens against Spain, to the amount 
 of $5,000,000. Owing, however, to a delay on the part of Sjiain to ratify 
 the treaty, the title to the territory was not acc^iired by the United States 
 till 1821. 
 
 8. Oregon. — The entire region west of the Rocky Mountains, extend- 
 ing fiom latitude 42" to about 51°, was long known as Oregon.* It was 
 claimed by the United States, because, among other reasons, its principal 
 river had been discovered by Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Bos- 
 ton, in 1792 ; and because, during the administration of Jefferson, it was 
 explored by Captains Lewis and Clark, who commanded an overland 
 expedition sent out by the United States Government. If, previous to 
 1819, Spain had possessed any title to this regi(m, she abandoned it in 
 that year; since, by a clause in the treat}' ceding Florida, she relinquished 
 all her "rights, claims, and pretensions" to such territory. 
 
 0. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1840, when, by trealv, the 
 
 • A writer of note says tlmt tlie imiuo Orn/oii whs probably invented by Ciiptiiin fiirver. wlm 
 nimle «n early cxplnriition of tlic reitiim. Anollier writer pives it as his npinion tbiit ilie imnie wiis 
 dui'ivfd Iroiu the Siiunisli vreyunu, wild siigo, wUicb gruws iu ifreat abaudaucti oa tlio I'uuUic cousl. 
 
The N'ation. 38; 
 
 boundary -line between the possessions of the two nations was fixed at the 
 49th parallel, thus settling a controversy which had lasted several years, 
 and which, at one time, threatened to produce a war between the two 
 countries. The region thus tinally yielded to the United States, was first 
 organized as a territory, under tlie name of Oregon (admitted in 1859) ; 
 but now includes the Stfite of Oregon, and the Territories of Washington 
 and Idaho. 
 
 10. Texas. — Tliis State was once a part of the Republic of Mexico ; 
 but, becoming dissatisfied with the Mexican rulers, the people revolted, 
 and, in 1836, set up an independent government. In 1845, Texas was an- 
 nexed to the United States. 
 
 11. California. — The war with Mexico gave to tlie United States 
 a vast region between Texas and tlie Pacific Ocean, which had previously 
 belonged to the Mexican Republic. The conquest of this region having 
 been eff'ected during the war, its possession was confirmed by the treaty 
 of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, made in 1848, as well as b}' a subsequent treaty, 
 known as tlie '" Gadsden Treaty," made in 1853. B3' tlie terms of the 
 fii'st treaty, the United States agreed to pay to Mexico $15,000,000, and to 
 assume debts due from her to American citizens to tlie amount of $o,000,- 
 000. By the terms of the second treaty, the United States paid an addi- 
 tional sum of $10,000,000, iu order to secure a more southerly boundaiy. 
 From the region thus acquired from Mexico have been formed the States 
 of California (1850) and Nevada (1864), and the Territories of New Mexico, 
 Arizona, and Utah. 
 
 12. Alaska.— The Territoiy of Alaska, formerly known as Russian 
 America, was ceded to the United States, by Russia, in 1867, for $7,300,- 
 000. The name of Alaska having been given to it in the treaty, it has since 
 retained it. 
 
 13. Thus has the national domain increased from time to time, spread- 
 ing from one ocean to the other, and gradually enfolding within its em- 
 brace every district of country that lay as an obstacle to the mighty 
 march of its destiny. That "league of love" which first only clasped 
 within its folds an empire of thirteen shter States, with an area of 800,000 
 square miles, has been found sufficiently expansive to permit tiie em- 
 brace of a vast realm of thirty-seven States, and ten Territories ; including 
 altogether an area of more than 3,000,000 square miles. 
 
 " O God ! look down upon the land which thou hast loved so well, 
 And grant that in unbroken truth her children still may dwell ; 
 Nor while the grass grows on the hill, and streams flow through the 
 
 vale. 
 May they forget their fathers' faith, or iu their covenant fail ! 
 God keep the fairest, noblest land that lies beneath the sun — 
 Our country, our whole country, and our countiy ever one ! " 
 
 17 
 
384 The United States Reader. 
 
 Civil Progress of the Nation. 
 
 1. Poittihition.— Vhv first Ct-nsiis,— ;li:it of 17110,— showed a total 
 populaiiiMi in llic tliiilL-eii Stali-s, ami the territory on each sido of the 
 Oliio Hivcr, of less tlian four ii)iHioiis(:5,921,:52()). In the Northwest Terri- 
 tory the population was so small that no return was made; in the territory 
 south of the (^hio, the numher of inhahitanta was about ;}7,000. The 
 city of Philadelphia, then the lari,'cst city of the Union, contained only a 
 l)opulation of 43.525, that of New York beinir more than 10.000 less (:]:'>,- 
 131); Cincinnati, settled in 1788, was hut a small hamlet (in 1S05 its popula- 
 tion was only 500) ; Boston contained only about 18,000 iidiabitants ; and 
 New Orleans, then a French settlement, less than 8,000. The great west- 
 ern cities of the present daj' were scarcel}' dreamed of 
 
 2. Tlie ])opuiation of the Union, as shown by the Census of 1S70, 
 is nearly forty millions (38,017,94!)). There are fourteen cities, the popu- 
 lation ofeacli of which exceeds 100,000, .•ind seven in winch the popula- 
 tion is in excess of 250,000. The ]\Ietropolis contains nearly one million 
 of inhabitants, having grown, during our national existence, to that 
 astonishing figure, from the small number mentioned above; while 
 Cincinnati has grown from 500, in 1805, to more than 21(i,000. Chicago, 
 ■which, in 1831, contained only about a dozen families, before the great lire 
 of 1871 had a population of 2!»S,0()0. St. Louis, a small trading-village in 
 1803, when it came muler the United Stales Government, now cont.iins 
 about 313,000 jieople, and is tlie fourth city of the Union, being exceeded 
 only by New York, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn. 
 
 3. Comnit'i'ce. — The eomniereial ])rogress of the country has kept 
 pace with the vast increase in its poi)ulati(ni, and the amazing growth of 
 its cities. In 1700, the total e.x|)orts from all the ports of the United 
 States amounted to about twenty millions of doUai-s, and the imports 
 somewhat less ; in 1870, the amount of exports was over five hundred 
 millions; and the imports amounted to about six millions more than the 
 export.s. About two-thirds of all the imports of tin; United States arrive 
 in New York, and about forty per cent, of all the exports arc shijiped 
 from that port. 
 
 4. The tonnage of the United States has increased from 271,377, in 
 17!)(), to 4,253,149, in 1870; while the number of American vessels (re- 
 irisicred or enroUeil) has increased during the same period to 29.015, of 
 wiiich ;il)oul 3,.500 were steam-vessels. This is considerably less than the 
 numl)er reported previous to the Civil War, the total tonnage in 1802-3 
 being more than 5,000,000. The vast increase in pojiulalion on the 
 borders of the Great Lakes, and along the great navigable rivers, has led to 
 the establishmeut of an inland and domestic tnulc, of greater proportions 
 
The Nation. 385 
 
 than the foreign commerce hnmense as that is. The chief items of this 
 trade are coal and lumber; but the cereals also constitute a considerable 
 part. 
 
 5. 3Ianufactiires. — During the Colonial period, the manufacturing 
 industry of the American people was repressed by penal statutes, the 
 selfish policy of the British government dictating agricultural pursuits for 
 the purpose of benefiting the commerce of the mother-country. Hence, 
 a fi-ee market was opened to all the agricultural products, including tiie 
 raw materials of manufocture; and sometimes bounties were offered to 
 stimulate still further their production. This policy was peculiarly fitted 
 to inci'ease the prosperity of the Southern Colonies, while those of the 
 North were scarcely able to subsist. 
 
 6. When, therefore, the nation commenced its existence, the manufac- 
 turing interests were of very little importance ; indeed, they had scarcely 
 commenced to be developed. Before the war of 1813, nothing was ac- 
 complished on a great scale in this direction ; the embargo, however, 
 gave a great stimulus to this interest. Since that period, an amazing ex- 
 pansion has been reached in every department of manufactui'es, but 
 especially in those of cottons, woollens, and iron, — the three great 
 staples, in the first of which this country is now exceeded by Great 
 Britain alone. The principal seats of this mauufactui'e are in IMassachu- 
 setts, Rhode Island, Ponnsylv<mia, Connecticut, and New York. 
 
 7. The general use of furnaces, stoves, etc., for heating purposes, the 
 innumerable applications of niacliinery, as a substitute for human labor, 
 and for the propulsion of land-carriages, as well as for the purposes of 
 navigation, render the iron manufacture of great' importance in this 
 country; and, accordingly, it has developed into vast proportions. Its 
 kindred department, mining — particularly of coal and iron — has, of 
 course, kept equal pace with it. 
 
 8. SJiip-bnilding.— The first vessel built in New England was 
 built in Medford, Massachusetts, for Governor Wiuthrop. She was 
 launched on the fourth of July, 1631, and was called the " Blessing of the 
 Bay," — a name which indicated, in anticipation, the great benefits which 
 that section of our country was to experience from this depai'tment of 
 industry. Up to the commencement of the Civil War (18G1) this branch 
 of labor was among the most flourishing in the country ; but tlie opera- 
 tions of Confederate cruisers, aided, as they were, by British influence and 
 support, liad the efi'ect to paralyze this, as well as every other branch of 
 industry dependent upon navigation. 
 
 9. Printing and Booh-iniblishing . — Under our system of free 
 government and free schools, the various pursuits connected with the 
 printing and publication of newspapers, books, etc., have reached a con- 
 dition of great activity and extent. The wide spread demand for informa- 
 
l86 The United States Reader. 
 
 tiou has stiuiuluted the application of science and art \o ibis brauch ut' 
 industry to the hii^hest dei^ree. The processes in use lor tlie purpose a 
 century ago would he, at the present time, eorr.paratively vahieless. One 
 of the eailiest inventions for imiiroving the old printinu'^-iiress was the 
 Columbian piess, invented hy (Jeorge Clynier of Philadelphia, in 1818; 
 and, more recently, the powerful cylinder i)resses constructed by Hicliard 
 ^I. Iloe, of New Yorli, have rendered it possible to lieep pace willi the 
 daily demand for newspapers and books. By tl»e cylinder press worked 
 by steam, in connection with the stereotype process, as many as 40,000 
 impressions of a newspaper can be taken in an hour. 
 
 10. Af/ririflfure. — This, the leadinfj pursuit of our country' during 
 its entire history, lias made vast and rapid strides, botli in processes and 
 results, since the commencement of our naiional union. The great de 
 iiiand for labor has furnished very strong ir.diaenjents for the invention 
 and use of labor-saving machiner}' and implements, and the ingenuiiy 
 of the American people has been strikingly illustnited by its innume- 
 rable achievements in this direction. Of these, the cultivator, the mow- 
 ing machine, the reaper, the horse rake, the threshing machine, etc., are 
 examples. Steam has been applied to the working of many of these 
 implements; and, in this way, the work of one man is often made more 
 effective than that of a hundred a century ago. 
 
 11. In the northern sections of the country, the chief staples are the 
 cereal grains, maize, wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., together with potatoes 
 and hay ; in the South, cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco take the lead. 
 The increa.se in the production of these various articles since the forma- 
 tion of our government has been am:izing. In 1790, the cotton raised 
 amounted to less than ioO.OOO pounds; while in 1>:*G0, just previous to 
 the great Civil War, the quantity cultivated reached the extraordinary 
 amount of more than 2,000.000,000 pt>unds, or nearly 4,000,000 of bales. 
 In 1870, the crop amounted to a little over one billion and three quarters 
 of pounds (1.707,000,000 lbs.). Mississippi occupies the first place as a 
 cotton-growing State. 
 
 12. Canals.— In 1827, Edward Everett thus spoke of the internal 
 improvements of that period : " A system of internal improvements has 
 been commenced, which will have the effect, when u little further dt;- 
 veloped, of crowding within a few years the i>rogress of generations. 
 Already, Lake Champlain from the north and Lake Erie from the west 
 have been connected with Albany. The Delaware and ChesaiK-ake Bays 
 have been united. A canal is nearly tinished in the upper part of New 
 Jersey, from the Delaware to the Hudson, by which coal is already dis- 
 patched to our market. Another route is laid out, across the same Slate, 
 to connect New York by a railroad with Philadelphia. A water com- 
 munication has been opened, by canals, half way from Philadelphia to 
 
The Nation. 387 
 
 Pittsburg. Considerable progress is made, both ou tlie railroad and the 
 canal, which are to unite Baltimore and Washington with the Ohio 
 Eiver. A canal of sixty miles in length is open, from Cincinnati to 
 Dayton, iu the State of Ohio ; and another, of more than three hundred 
 miles in extent, to connect Lake Erie with the Ohio, is two-thirds com- 
 pleted." 
 
 13. The various enterprises here alluded to have all been completed. 
 The Grand Erie Canal, in the State of New York, was opened in 1824 
 but not entirely completed till 1825. This magnificent public improve- 
 ment owed its success to the genius of De Witt Clinton,* and contributed 
 iu a very great degree to make New York city what it is at present — the 
 great emporium of the country. It is 363 miles in length, and was first 
 estimated to cost $5,000,000. Since its completion, in 1825, it has been 
 considerably enlarged. The total length of canals in the United States, 
 in 1854, was nearly 5,000 miles ; but since that period few undertakings 
 of this kind, of any magnitude, have been commenced, their use as a 
 means of communication having been supei-seded by tlie construction of 
 railroads. Extensive river improvements have also been accomplished 
 iu many parts of the countrJ^ 
 
 14. Railroads. — The first great internal improvement in this 
 country w^as the Pliiladelphia and Pittsburg Turnpike, which was 
 completed near the close of the last ce^ntuiy. The Cumberland Road, 
 subsequently called the Grenli National Road, had its origin in an appro- 
 priation of $30,000 by Congress, in 1806, for the construction of a road 
 over the Alleghany mountains, from Cumberland, in Maiyland, to the 
 Ohio River. Other appropriations for the construction of this road were 
 made from time to time ; and in 1820 it had been completed to Wheeling, 
 at an expense of $1,700,000. Subsequently it was extended to Spring- 
 field, Ohio, and partially undertaken in Indiana and Illinois ; but being 
 superseded by railways, it was never completed to the extent at one time 
 contemplated. 
 
 15. The first railroads constructed in the United States were the Quincy 
 Railroad, used to transport granite from the quarries of Quincy, Massa- 
 chusetts (1826), and tlie Mauch Chunk Raih'oad, for the conveyance of 
 (•oal from the mines at that place to tlie Lehigli River in Pennsylvania 
 (1827). The rapid construction of railroads in every part of the country 
 since that time presents a verj^ striking evidence of the activity and 
 enterprise of the people, and the civil progress of the nation. 
 
 16. Iu 1848, the number of miles of completed railways amounted to 
 6,000; in 1860, this had increased to nearly 31,000, the construction and 
 
 * De Wilt Clinton was born in Marcli, 1769, and was the son of General James Clinton, of Orange 
 County, New York. He was mayor of tlie city of New York ten years ; and was elected governor of 
 the State in 1817, and again in 1820 and 1826. His death occurred in February, 1828. 
 
388 The United States Reader. 
 
 equipment of wiiidi cost more than one billion of dollars ($1,151,500,280). 
 In 1870, it had fnrllier inercased to more than 5:^,000. 
 
 Of all the enterprises of this character, tiie Paritic Railroad is the most 
 stupendous. This road extends from Omaha in Nebraska to San Fran- 
 cisco, and connects witli tht- great lines from the east, briuL'ing the irriat 
 eastern cities 'vvilhin a week's joiirne)' from San Francisco. It is l,Oi;J 
 miles long between the two points above mentioned. This great under- 
 taking was completed in ISOD. Otiier railrf>ads arc also in contemjilation 
 across tlie western part of the country to tiie Paeitic Ocean. The North- 
 ern Pacific, already commenced, has its eastern terminus at Lake 
 Superior (I)ululh) and its western at Puget's Sound, in Washington 
 Territory. 
 
 17. Thus arc the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans bound together by an 
 ir<m band, by means of which, in connection with the Trans- Pacific lines 
 of steamships, Cidna, India, and Japan are brought within a few weeks' 
 travel of the great American marts, and the rich products of tiiose 
 realms are poured into them in boundless profusion. New sources of 
 enterprise and wealth are also developed in our own country by tlu? 
 same means, and additional incentives offered for settlement in the 
 wild and uncultivated, but richly endowed, regions of our widely-e.v- 
 tended domain. 
 
 18. Telegraphs, — The demand for the rapid communication of in- 
 telligence was by no means supplied by tlip locomotive and railroad ; 
 and the agency of electricit}' has been brought in to suiiplement the 
 deficiencies of steam. The invention of the electromagnetic teleirrajih is 
 due to Prof. Morse, w ho, in 1844, erecteil the first line, between Ballimon; 
 and Washington, a distance of forty miles. This line was extended 
 northward, through Piiiladelphia and New York, to Boston, in 184.1. 
 From this comparatively small beginning a vast system of telegraphic 
 lines has been constructed, by means of which all the great centres of 
 trade and population in the world have been brought into instiutaneous 
 communicatifin. In 1850, the length of telegraph lines in the United 
 States was 2iJ,281 miles; in 1854, it had increased to 41,392 miles ; and in 
 1858, to more than 50,000 miles. At the present time it cannot be less 
 than 100.000 miles. 
 
 11>. Atlautic Tele ffra ph. —Tha first successful Bubmarihe telegraph 
 was laid in I80I, across Dover Strait, connecting Dover and Calais. 
 Three unsuccessful attempts to establish a telegraphic cable across the 
 Atlantic Ocean were made in 1857, 1858, and 1805. In the first and last 
 of these, the cable jiarteil and was i)arlially lost ; in the second, it was 
 laid, but almost imnu'diately failed to convey signals. A fourth atti'inpi, 
 in IHGti, jn-oved entirely successful. The success of this gigantic enter- 
 prise, persisted in under so many iliseouraL;;enienls, was largely ilue U> the 
 
The Ahition. 389 
 
 untiring energy of C3'rus W. Field. Tlie successful cable of 1866 was 
 made in England, and laid by the Great Eastern, the largest steam-vessel 
 ever constructed. She was built in London, and made her first trip in 
 iS.jO. The Atlantic cable is about 2,000 miles long, and contains no less 
 tlian 25,000 miles of copper-wire in the conductor, 35,000 miles of iron 
 wire in the outside covering, and upward of 400,000 miles of strar.ds of 
 hemp ; more than enough in all to go twenty-four times round the world. 
 Its strength is sufficient to bear a strain of nearly twenty-eight tons. 
 
 20. Education. — The establishment of Common Schools, in which 
 all classes could be educated, has been a distinguishing feature in the 
 civil progress of the country. Several of the States have inserted in their 
 Constitutions articles requiring the maintenance of public schools. In 
 New England, the principle has been ever avowed and sustained, that it 
 is the right and duty of government to provide the means for the instruc- 
 tion of the youth of all classes of society in the elements of learning. 
 Other States have adopted this priuciple. In Massachusetts, by statute 
 enacted in 1647, " each town, consisting of fifty householders, was directed 
 to maintain a school to teach their children to I'ead and write, and eveiy 
 town of one hundred families was to maintain a grammar-school to fit 
 youth for college." In the e;-rly history of Connecticut, similar laws 
 were passed. 
 
 21. It has been uniformly a part of the laud system of the United 
 States to provide for public schools. In ths organization of territories 
 and the admission of States, the condition has often been imposed, that 
 a part of each township should be permanently apjilied for the use or 
 support of such schools. In nearly all the States there is a large fund 
 devoted to the support of common schools, under provisions of State law. 
 The special instruction of teachers has become a prominent feature in the 
 educational systems of most of the States. Several of the States have a 
 Normal School fund. In most of the Slave-States, popular education was 
 greatly neglected; but since the close of the Civil War, strenuous efforts 
 have been made in many of" the southern States to provide the means of 
 educating all classes, including the children of the freednieu. The High 
 Schools and Colleges of the country have also attained a high rank for 
 scholarship and efficiency of education. 
 
 22. Literature. — During the colonial period, America gained no 
 prominence in any department of literary effort, except, perhaps, that of 
 theology^ religious disputation almost absorbing the intellectual energies of 
 the age. Jonathan Edwards, by the publication of his masterly " Trea- 
 tise on the Will," at once secured for himself the respectful attention of 
 thinkers in the mother country ; several of his sermons were republished 
 in England. This distinguished man died in 1786. Since that time 
 American literature has been enriched by many works of genius in al- 
 
390 The United States Reader. 
 
 most cvi-ry dcpaitniL'iit. In oratory, iio nation can claiiii to have sur- 
 l)assed llie Unitt'd States; and llic speeches ol Webster, (May, and Everett 
 will ever remain as monuments of the literaiy culture, as well as clear- 
 ness and power of reasoning, of those distinguished nieu. These are but 
 the briijld stars in a cluster of very brilliant uames. 
 
 23. Irving's writings were the first to make American literature ]K)i>- 
 ular abroad ; their genial spirit, inimitable humor, and elegant style 
 attracliijg all classes of readers. In hisloiy, indcpendentlj- of what has 
 been done to illustrate specially the annals of every part of our own 
 country by a host of worthy writers, the works of Bancroft, Ilildreth, 
 Prescott, and Motley have given our literature a high rank. In fiction. 
 Cooper won for hiuiscH l)y his "Leather-stocking Tales," a very decided 
 pre-eminence; but Hawthorne, as a literary artist, is doubtless decidedly 
 superior. Paulding, Simm, Kenned}', Neal, Brown, and Poe, occupy 
 conspicuous places in this field of literary effort. 
 
 24. The effusions of American poets have deservedly obtained very 
 high commendation and favor. These writers tire a legion in number; 
 and in this brief sketch, even a partial (numeration is itiipossible. Hal- 
 leck, Willis, Longfellow, Whittier, Bry:.nt, liave, however, won for them- 
 selves a conspicuous place in the popular esteem. James R. Lowell and 
 Oliver W. Holmes, as humorous poets, have also attained a wide reputa- 
 tion. The two most i)n)lific branches of American literature are educa- 
 tional works and journalism, in both of which the country has attained a 
 rank which, without doubt, will compiu'c favorably with that of any 
 other nation. 
 
Chronological Table. 391 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 English. 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 tj 1493. The West Indies were discovered by Columbus. 
 {>,1497. North America was discovered by the Cabots. 
 fi 1498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot. 
 {Ij South America was discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1499. South America was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 
 
 1512. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon. 
 
 1513. The Pacific Ocean was discovered by Balboa, 
 tj 1517. Yucatan was discovered by Cordova. 
 
 ^ 1520. Tlie coast of Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 
 s,1531. Mexico was conquered by Cortez. 
 a 1524. Coast of North America explored by Verrazzani. 
 {Ij 1528. Florida was explored by Narvaez. 
 
 1534. The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 
 
 1541. The Mississippi was discovered bj^ De Soto. 
 
 — Colonial History. 
 
 1563. The Huguenots attempted to colonize Carolina. 
 . 1564. The second Huguenot colony was begun in Florida, 
 •g 1565. Florida was settled at St. Augustine, b}'^ Spaniards. 
 •« 1579. West coast of North America explored by Drake. 
 ;S 1584. The Carolina coast explored by Raleigh's expedition. 
 W 1585-7. Raleigh made two attempts to colonize Carolina. 
 1602. The ]\Iassacluisetts coast was explored by Gosnold. 
 
 1606. The London and Plymoutli Companies received charters. 
 
 1607. The Loudon Company jilanted a ct)lony at Jamestown. 
 .1609. The Hudson River was discovered by Hudson. 
 
 yj 1614. The New England coast was explored by Smith, 
 g New York was settled by the Dutch. 
 
 ^ 1620. Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia. 
 Plymouth was settled. 
 1623. New Hampshire was settled. 
 
 17* 
 
392 Chronological 7 able. 
 
 1^- 10:50. Boston was settled by the Massachusetts Bay colony. 
 « H>:!:!. ConiK'Cliciil was sellled at Windsor. 
 " U>;)4. Maryland was settled at St. Clary's. 
 J3 Ifio.j. Saybrook (2d colony iu Connecticut) was settled. 
 
 1G3C. Providence (1st colony in Rhode Island) was settled. 
 
 1G38. The Swedish colony in Delaware was established. 
 New Haven (3d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 
 
 1643. Four New Eni^land colonics formed a Union. 
 
 g ICoO. North Carolina was sctlicd on the Chowan. 
 c|l05I. Pariianicnt iiassed tlie " Naviiration Act." 
 t*10.j5. New Sweden (Delaware) conquered by the Dutch. 
 '^lOoG. The " Persecution of Quakers" in Massachusetts. 
 
 lOOo. The "jfrant of Carolina was made to Clarendon and others. 
 
 1(JG1:. New York was taken by the English from the Dutch. 
 New Jersey was settled at Elizabeth. 
 *-* KiG.j. The Connecticut colonies united under one charter. 
 _* 1070. South Carolina was settled on the Ashley. 
 « lOTo. Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
 Q 1075. King Pliilip's War in New England. 
 
 1G83. Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia) was settled. 
 — Delaware was granteil by the Duke of York to Penn. 
 
 M 1GS9. King William's War bci^an in America. 
 ^ lO'.K). Port Royal (Nova Scotia) cajitured by the English. 
 E 10!»-3. Plymouth was united with Massachusetts. 
 ^ 10'.»7. The " Treaty of Ryswick " ended tlie war. 
 • 1702. Queen Anne's War began in America. 
 g 1710. Port Koyal captured (2d time) by the English. 
 < 17i;5. The " Treaty of Utrecht " ended the war. 
 
 172!». Carolina separated into North and South Carolina. 
 
 1732. Washington was born in Virginia. 
 .1733. Oeorgia was settled at Savannah. 
 ^ 1744. King George's War began in America. 
 g3l74."). Loui.sl)urg was taken (1st time) by the English. 
 2 174.S. TIk; " Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle " ended the war. 
 ^17r)4. The French and Indian War began in America. 
 
 17.M. Braddock was defeated al the ^lonongahela. 
 
 1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to the French. 
 
 1758. Abercrombie was defeated at Ticcnuleroga. 
 Louisburg was taken (2d time) by the English. 
 
 1759. Wolfe defeated Montcalm before Quebec. 
 1700. Montreal was surn'udered to the English. 
 1703. The " Treat v of Paris " ended the war. 
 
Chronological Table. 39; 
 
 Revolutionary History. 
 
 Qeovcje III. teas Kiivj of England from 1760 to 1820. 
 
 1765. Parliament passed the Stamp Act Mai'cli 8. 
 
 The Colonial Congress met in New York Oct. 7. 
 
 1766. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act March 18. 
 
 1767. A bill taxing tea, glass, paper, etc., was passed June 2t). 
 
 1773. The tea in Boston harbor was thrown overboard Dec. 16. 
 
 1774. Tiie First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia Sept. 5. 
 
 1775. The war commenced with the battle of Lexington April 19. 
 
 Allen and Arnold captured Ticonderoga May 10. 
 
 Washington was elected commander-in-chief. June 15. 
 
 The battle of Bunker Hill June 17. 
 
 Montgomery was defeated and slain at Quebec Dec. '.M. 
 
 1776. Boston was evacuated by tlie British troops March 17. 
 
 The British were repulsed at Fort Moultrie, Charleston. . , .June 28. 
 
 Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence July 4. 
 
 The Americans were defeated on Long Island Aug. 27. 
 
 Washington was defeated at White Plains Oct. 28. 
 
 The British captured Fort Washington Nov. 10. 
 
 Washington took a thousand prisoners at Trenton Dec. 26. 
 
 1777. Washington gained a victory at Princeton Jan. 3. 
 
 Burgoyne commenced his invasion of New York June 16. 
 
 Fort Schuyler was besieged by St. Leger Aug. 3. 
 
 Stark defeated Baum at Bennington •. Aug. 10. 
 
 Howe defeated Washington at the Brandywine Sept. 11. 
 
 Battle of Beniis Heights, or First Battle of Stillwater Sept. 19. 
 
 The British entered Philadelphia Sept. 26. 
 
 The British defeated the Americans at Germantown Oct. 4. 
 
 Battle of Saratoga, or Second Battle of Stillwater Oct. 7. 
 
 Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates .Oct. 17. 
 
 1778. France acknowledged the Independence of the U. S Feb. 6. 
 
 The British, under Clinton, evacuated Philadelphia June 18. 
 
 Washington defeated Clinton at Monmouth June 28. 
 
 The battle and massacre at Wyoming July 3, 4. 
 
 Sullivan defeated the British at Quaker Hill, R. I Aug. 29. 
 
 Tories and Indians massacred people at Cherry Valley. . . .Nov. 11. 
 Campbell captured Savannah Dec. 29. 
 
 1779. The Americans, under Wayne, captured Stony Point July 15. 
 
 Paul Jones gained a victory off the coast of England Sept. 2.3. 
 
 D'Estaing and Lincoln were repulsed at Savannah Oct. 9. 
 
 1780. Lincoln surrendered Charleston to Clinton May 12. 
 
 Cornwaliis defeated Gates at Sanders Creek Aug. 16. 
 
394 Chronological Table. 
 
 1780. Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the British. 
 
 Andre was executed a.s a spj-, at Tappan Oct. 2. 
 
 Ferguson was defeated and slain at Kind's ^lountain Oct. 7. 
 
 1781. The Pennsylvania troops revolted Jan. 1. 
 
 Morgan defeated Tarleton at the Cowpens Jan. 17. 
 
 Coruwallis pursued Morgan and Greeni? Jan., Feb. 
 
 The Articles of Confederation were ratified by the States. 
 
 Cornwallis defeated Greene at Guilford Courl-IIouse March 1.5. 
 
 Rawdon defeated Greene at lIol)kirk's Hill April 2."i. 
 
 Arnold made an expedition against New London Sept. 6. 
 
 The battle of Eutaw Springs Sept. 8. 
 
 Cornwalli.s surrendered at Yorktown Oct. 19. 
 
 1783. A definitive treaty of peace; was signed at Paris Sept. 3. 
 
 The American army was disbanded Nov. 3. 
 
 New York was evacuated by the IJritisii Nov. 25. 
 
 Washington resigned his commission to Congress Dec. 23. 
 
 1787. Shays's Rebellion occurred in ^lassacliusetts. 
 
 Couveuliou of delegates adopted Constitution of U. S Sept. 17. 
 
 National History. 
 
 1789. George Washington was inaugmateil President April 30. 
 
 1790. The Indians defeated Ilarmar near Fort Wayne Oct. 17, 22. 
 
 1791. The United States Bank was established at Philadelphia. 
 
 Vermont was admitted into the Union March 4. 
 
 Indians defeated St. Clair in western part of Ohio Nov. 4. 
 
 1792. Kentucky was admitted into the Union June 1. 
 
 1793. Dilliculties with France. 
 
 1794. Wayne defeated tlie Indians on the Maiunee Aug. 20. 
 
 The Whi-ske}' Insurrection in Pennsylvania occurred. 
 
 1795. Jay's treaty with (Jreat Britain was ratified June 24. 
 
 1796. Tennessee was admitted into the Union lune 1. 
 
 1797. John Adams was inaugurated President March 4. 
 
 1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, Virginia Dec. 14. 
 
 1800. The city of Washington became the capital of the United States. 
 A treaty of peace was concluded with France Sept. 30. 
 
 1801. Tiiomas Jeffei-son was inaugm-ated President March 4. 
 
 Tripoli declared wwx against tiie United States lune 10. 
 
 1802. Ohio was admitted into the Union Nov. 29. 
 
 1803. Tl\e " Louisiana Purchase" was made April 30. 
 
 Commodore Preble was sent against Tripoli. 
 
 1804. Decatur tleslroyed the frigate Philadelphia Fel). 15. 
 
 Hamilton and Burr fought a duel Jnly H. 
 
 1805. A treaty of peace was concluded with Triiioli Jnne 3. 
 
Chronological Table. 396 
 
 1807. The fiigate Leopard attacked U. S. frigate Chesapeake. . . .June 23. 
 
 Congress laid an embargo on American ships Dec. 22. 
 
 1809. James Madison was inaugurated President March 4. 
 
 1811. The U. S. frigate President defeated the Little Belt May 16. 
 
 Harrison gained a victory at Tippecanoe Nov. 7. 
 
 1812. Louisiana was admitted into the Union April 8. 
 
 Second War with England. 
 
 United States proclaimed war against Great Britain June 19. 
 
 Fort Mackinaw was surrendered to the British July 17. 
 
 Hull surrendered Detroit to Brock Aug. 16. 
 
 American frigate Constitution took the Guerriere Aug. ll). 
 
 The Americans were defeated at Queenstowu Oct. 18. 
 
 American frigate United States took the Macedonian Oct. 25. 
 
 The American frigate Constitution took the Java Dec. 29. 
 
 1813. The Americans captured York (now Toronto) April 27. 
 
 Harrison and Clay defeated Proctor at Fort Meigs May 5. 
 
 Brown repulsed the British at Sackett's Harbor May 29. 
 
 The British frigate Shannon took the Chesapeake June 1. 
 
 C^oghan repulsed the Britisli at Fort Stephenson Aug. 2. 
 
 Creek War began by the massacre at Fort Mims Aug. 30. 
 
 Perry gained his victory over Barclay on Lake Erie Sept. 10. 
 
 Harrison defeated Proctor at the battle of the Thames Oct. 5. 
 
 Battle of Williamsburg, or Chrysler's Field Nov. 11. 
 
 1814. The battle of Tohopeka ended the Creek war March 27. 
 
 Brown defeated the British at Chippewa July 5. 
 
 Battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater July 25. 
 
 Ross entered Washington and tired public buildings Aug. 24. 
 
 MacDonough defeated the British on Lake Champlain Sept. 11. 
 
 Macomb defeated the British at Plattsburg Sept. 11. 
 
 The Americans repulsed British fleet at Fort McHenry. . .Sept. 13. 
 
 The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Bowyer Sept. 15. 
 
 Jackson compelled the British to leave Pensacola Nov. 7. 
 
 The delegates to the Hartford Convention met Dec. 15. 
 
 The treaty of peace was signed at Ghent Dec. 24. 
 
 1815. Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans Jan. 8. 
 
 Congress declared war against Algiers March 2. 
 
 1816. Bank of the U. S. was re-chartered for twenty years April 10. 
 
 Indiana was admitted into the Union Dec. 11. 
 
 1817. James Monroe was inaugurated Pi'esident March 4. 
 
 Mississippi was admitted into the Union Dec. 10. 
 
 1818. Jackson marched against the Seminoles March. 
 
 Illinois was admitted into the Union Dec. 3. 
 
;96 Chronological Table. 
 
 1819. Sp.iiii ccck'd Floriila to \\w United Slates. 
 
 Al:i)i:iiii;i was adiiiittcMl into the Union Dec. 14. 
 
 1820. The '" Missomi Compronii-^e Bill " was passed March 3. 
 
 Maine was admitted into tiie Union March 15. 
 
 1821. Missouri was admitted into the Union Aug. 20. 
 
 1824. Lafayette visited the United States Aiiir. 15. 
 
 1825. John Quincy Adams was ijiaugurated President March 4. 
 
 182(5. John Adams and Thomas Jeffeison died July 4. 
 
 1829. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated President 3Iarch 4. 
 
 1882. The IJlari< Hawk War. 
 
 Soulli Carolina declared the doctrine of Nullification Nov. 24. 
 
 18S(). Arkansas was admitted into the Union June 15. 
 
 18:37. Michigan w;is admitted into tiie Union Jan. 20. 
 
 Martin Van Huren was inaugurated President March I. 
 
 1841. William Henry Harrison was inaugurated President March 4. 
 
 Tlie death of President Harrison April 4. 
 
 John Tyler was inaugurated President April (5. 
 
 1842. The Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island. 
 
 1845. Florida was admitted into the Union March 3. 
 
 James K. Polk was inaugurated President March 4. 
 
 Texas was admitted into the Union Dec. 29. 
 
 War with Mexico. 
 184G. Taylor defeated tlie .Mexicans at Palo Alto :May 8. 
 
 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Resaca de la Palma May 9. 
 
 Taylor cros.sed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras May 18. 
 
 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at ^lonterey Sept. 24 
 
 Doniphan defeated the .Mexicans at IJracito Dec. 25. 
 
 Iowa was admitted into tiie Union Dec. 28. 
 
 1847. Taylor defeated the Mexican.s at Bucna Vista Feb. 23. 
 
 Doiiil»lian defeated the Mexicans at Sacramento Feb. 28. 
 
 Tlie .Mexicans surrendered Vera Cruz to Scott March 27. 
 
 Scott defeated the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo .\pril 18. 
 
 Scott entered tiic city of Mexico Sept. 14. 
 
 1848. A treaty wiis made between the U. S. and Mexico Feb. 2. 
 
 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union May 29. 
 
 1849. Zachary Taylor was inaugurated President March 5. 
 
 1850. The d<-ath of President T.aylor occurred July 9. 
 
 Millard Fillmore was inaugurated President July 10. 
 
 California was admitted into the Union Sept. 9. 
 
 1853. F'ranklin Pierce was inaugurated President March 4. 
 
 1854. Congress passed iIk- Kansas-Nebraska Bill May 31. 
 
 1857. James Buchanan was inau^iirated President March 4. 
 
 1858. Miunesola was admitted into the Union May 11. 
 
Chronological Table. 397 
 
 1859. Oregon was admitted into the Union Feb. 14. 
 
 John Brown made a raid into Virginia Oct. 16. 
 
 Great Civil War. 
 
 1860. South Carolina passed a secession ordinance Dec. 20. 
 
 1861. Mississippi (.Jan. 9), Florida (.Jan. 10), Alabama (Jan. 11), 
 
 Georgia (Jan. 19), Louisiana (Jan. 26), Texas (Feb. 1), 
 Virginia (April 17), Arkansas (May 6), Tennessee (May 
 7), and North Cai'olina (May 20), passed secession ordi- 
 nances. 
 
 Kansas was admitted intothe Union Jan. 29. 
 
 The " Southern Confederacy " was formed Feb. 
 
 Lincoln was inaugurated Pi'esident of the United States. .March 4. 
 
 The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter April 12, 13. 
 
 Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports. , April 19. 
 
 Volunteer troops were attacked in Baltimore April 19. 
 
 England (May 13), France (June 10), Spain (June 17), and 
 Portugal (July 29), acknowledged the Confederate 
 States as belligerents. 
 
 Union troops were repulsed at Big Bethel June 10. 
 
 The Union army was routed at Bull Run July 21. 
 
 A Union force captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet Aug. 29. 
 
 Lexington, Mo., was surrendered to the Confederates Sept. 20. 
 
 A Union force captured forts at Port Royal entrance Nov. 7. 
 
 The Confederates were victorious at Belmont .Nov. 7. 
 
 Mason and Slidell were taken from a British steamer Nov. 8. 
 
 1863. Fort Henry was captured by a fleet of U. S. gunboats Feb. 0. 
 
 Fort Donelson was captured by the Unionists Feb. 16. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated at Pea Ridge March 8. 
 
 Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac March 9. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victory at Shiloh April 7. 
 
 Fort Pulaski was surrendered to the Unionists April 11. 
 
 New Orleans was captured by the Unionists April 25, 
 
 The battle of Fair Oaks May 51, June 1. 
 
 Mempliis surrendered to the Unionists June 6. 
 
 "The Seven days' contest before Riclimond" June 25-July 1. 
 
 Battles between Manassas and Washington Aug. 23-30. 
 
 The Confederates, under Lee, invaded Maryland Sept. 5. 
 
 Lee's army was defeated at Antietam Sept. 17. 
 
 The Unionists -were victorious at luka Sept. 19. 
 
 The Confederates were repulsed at Corinth Oct. 4. 
 
 The Confederates gained a victory at Fredericksburg Dec. 1.3. 
 
 1863. Lincoln issued tlie Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1. 
 
o 
 
 98 Chronological Tabic. 
 
 The Confederates captured Galveston Jan. 1. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victor}- at ^lurfreesboro Jan. 2. 
 
 The Unionists were defeated at Chanceliorsvillc May 3. 
 
 West Virginia \vas admitted into tlie Union June 20. 
 
 Lee made his second invasion of Maryland June 21. 
 
 The Union army was vic'.orious at Gettysltiirg July 3. 
 
 Vickshurg was surrendered to the Unionists July 4. 
 
 Port Hudson was surrendered to the Unionists July 8. 
 
 The great riot in New York luly 13-lG. 
 
 The Confederates were victorious at Chiekamauga Sei)t. 20. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victory at Chattanooga Nov. 25. 
 
 1864. The Unionists were defeated at Glustee Feb. 20. 
 
 Grant was appointed Lieutenant-General .March 3. 
 
 The battle of the Wilderness May 5, C. 
 
 Sherman began his march against Atlanta May 7. 
 
 The l)attles near Spottsylvania May 9-21. 
 
 The Kearsarge met and sunk the Alal):iina June I'J. 
 
 The Confederates, under Early, invaded ^laryland July 4. 
 
 Chambersburg was sacked and partly burned July 30. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victory in Mobile Bay Aug. 5. 
 
 Sherman captured Atlanta Sept. 2. 
 
 The Unionists were victorious at Cedar Creek Oct. 10. 
 
 Nevada was admitted into the Union Oct. 31. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victor}' at Nashville Dec. 10. 
 
 1865. Union troops and fleet captured Fort Fisher Tan. 15. 
 
 Sherman captured Columbia Feb. 17. 
 
 riiarkst(m was occupied by Union troops Feb. 18. 
 
 Wilmington was captured by Union troops Feb. 22. 
 
 The Freedmen's Bureau Bill became a law ^larch 3. 
 
 Union troops occupied Petersburg and Richmond April 3. 
 
 Lee surrendered to Grant April 'J. 
 
 President Lincoln was assassinated XyxW 14. 
 
 Andrew Johnson was inauginated President .Vpril 15. 
 
 1867. Nebraska was admitted into tiie Uniim ..March 1. 
 
 Alaska was purcha.sed for $7,200,000 June 20. 
 
 1868. The House of Representatives impeached Pres. Johnson.. .P\'b. 24. 
 
 The president was acquitted .May 26. 
 
 The Fourteenth Amendment was declared adopted July 28. 
 
 1869. Ulysses S. Grant was inaugurated President ^larch 4. 
 
 1870. The Fifteenth Amendment was declared adopted Feb. 22. 
 
 1871. The Great Fire of Chicago Oct. 7, 8, 9. 
 
YOCABIJLARY 
 
 OF DIFFICULT AND UNUSUAL WORDS. 
 
 Ab'a-tis. Branches of trees sharpened 
 ;ind turned outward for defense. 
 
 Ab'di-cate.. To give up (as, an office). 
 
 Ab-o-rla,-'i-iies (-rij'e-neez). The first 
 inhabitants of a country. 
 
 Ab-o-rig-'i-iial. Firist ; primitive. 
 
 Ab'ro-gate, To repeal ; to annul. 
 
 Ab-solve'. To clear from blame or 
 guilt. 
 
 Acquiesce' {ac-kwe-es'). To yield as- 
 sent to. 
 
 Ac-ri-iiio'ni-oiis. Full of bitterness ; 
 severe. 
 
 Adequate. Equal to ; sufficient. 
 
 Adjunct. Something joined to; an 
 appendaire. 
 
 Ad-ven'tur-er. One who lives by bold 
 and hazardous undertakings. 
 
 Affix. Something attached to; a sylla- 
 ble joined to a word. 
 
 Ag-gress'ive. Assailing; disposed to 
 attacU. 
 
 Ag-ri-cult'ur-al. Pertaining to farm- 
 ing oriillMge. 
 
 Ald-de-caiup idd'e-kawnq). One who 
 attends on a military officer to convey 
 his orders. 
 
 Al'che-iny. Chemistry as understood 
 and practised in former times, one of 
 its chief objects being to change the 
 dommon metals into gold. 
 
 Al-le'45ia,iice {-jance). Obligation of a 
 subject; loyalty. 
 
 Al-le-vi-a'tion, Act of lessening; miti- 
 gation. 
 
 Al-ter'Hate-ly. By turns ; one after 
 the other. 
 
 Am-a-teur' (-tfir). Aloverof any science 
 or art; not a professor. 
 
 Am-niu-ni'tion. Military stores, as 
 powder, balls, etc. 
 
 An'a-I yz<?» To separate into component 
 parts. 
 
 An'a r-cliy. Want of government ; con- 
 fusion. 
 
 Ani'inad-ver''«ion, Unfavorable com- 
 ment ; censure. 
 
 An-iiex-a'tlon. Act of joining to ; 
 union. 
 
 Au-iii-Iii-la'tion. Act of destroying ; 
 redticiuLT to nothing. 
 
 An-tag'o-iiist. Ah opponent. 
 
 An-ti|>'o-des. Those who live on op- 
 posite sides of the earth. 
 
 An-tiscor-bu'tic. Curing or prevent- 
 ing- the scurvy. 
 
 A-pos'ta-sy. A falling from one's pro- 
 fession or faith. 
 
 A-pos'tate. One guilty of apostasy. 
 
 A-pos'tle. One sent to preach the gos- 
 pel. 
 
 Ap pa ri'tion. An appearance of a 
 preternatural character; a ghost. 
 
 Ap-pel-Ja'tioii. A name; a title. 
 
 Aquic ViiJE. Latin phrase, meaning 
 icuter of lire ; brandy. 
 
 Ar-cl»i-pel-a'go (ar-ke-pel'a'go). A sea 
 crowded with islands ; a large group 
 of islands. 
 
 Ar'cliives (ar'kives). Records; place 
 for records. 
 
 Ar'ma-meMt. A land or naval force. 
 
 Ai-'que-bu!!>e (ar'kwe-bus). A hand-gun. 
 
 Ar-que-bus-ier'. A soldier armed with 
 ■ n arquebuse. 
 
 Ar-tll'le-ry. Weapons of war; troops 
 that manage cannon, etc. 
 
 As-slni'i-Iate. To make similar to. 
 
 A-sy'lum. A refuge ; a charitable in- 
 stitution. 
 
 A-toneinent. Satisfaction for crime ; 
 expiation. 
 
 Au'gu-ry. Foretelling events by signs 
 or omens. 
 
 Aus-pi'cious. Having omens of suc- 
 cess : favorable. 
 
 Ban-do-leer'. A small case for powder. 
 Bar'o-iiy. The territory or dignity of a 
 
 baron. 
 Bar-rl-cade'. An obstruction formed 
 
 hurriedly against an attack. 
 Bar'raoks. Buildings for soldiers to 
 
 lodue in. 
 Ba-salt'lc (ba-zauiCic). Consisting of a 
 
 grayish-black stone. 
 Ba-sliaw', A Turkish governor or 
 
 viceroy. 
 Bas'so-Be-liev'o (Italian). Sculpture 
 
 in which the figures partly stand out 
 
 from a plane surface. 
 Be-leag'uer (be-le'ger). To besiege ; to 
 
 lilocU up. 
 Bel-lia'e rent. Waging war. 
 Ben-e-rac'tor. One who does good,— 
 
 who confers a benefit. 
 Be-nig'ni-ty. Gooduessof heart ; kind- 
 ness. 
 
400 
 
 Vocabtilajy. 
 
 |{i<-k'«-i- iii^H. Qiiani-N ; contention!". 
 Ili^;<>lr}'. Blind zeni in fuvor ur iiny 
 
 ji.'ii'tu'iiiar liiTtrinc or I'iiilh. 
 l<il:;e. Thr lirniidi-r^t piirt of a cliip'f 
 
 iHiitoni : lo sprini; u leak. 
 Biv'oiiuf (//(('/(H/Xi. I'atii'ing the nifjht 
 
 III I III' iipi'ii air. a.-i soldiers. 
 llliiiMrii<-«8. .Mildni')?-- : tortnei'9. 
 Uoiii-bard'iiioiit. An attack with 
 
 l>i>iiili> (lai'i,'u iron i<lu-ll8 tided with 
 
 )io\\(li'n. 
 Boiiib'proor. Socurp a<;ainst boTibs : 
 
 a i>latL- of rufnge in a, fort, against 
 
 hoiillis. 
 
 Kriz'iiii'liit^* A small brig, or two- 
 
 I^M^Il■(l Vl-SI'l. 
 
 Bullion t/jiiU'i/ttn). Uncoined silver or 
 
 -old. 
 
 Biir:;li'er (bwff'er). An inhabitanl of a 
 liiiiixli, or corporate town ; a citizen. 
 
 Bur u'o-iiiaM'tcr. A magi:^trate in a 
 JJiucli city. 
 
 Caii'lN-tor. A ^-niall box for te.i, cofTco, 
 powder, etc. Abbreviation of CauMtr- 
 .-/itit ; a charge for cannon, consisting of 
 bullets, etc., inclosed in a canister or 
 case. 
 
 C'aii-iton-ade'. An ai^suult with can- 
 non. 
 <'a-i>il ii-Iato. To yield ou expressed 
 
 cdnclitioiis. 
 «'ar tt-r. An agreement for the exchange 
 
 (if pri-ioners. 
 <'asqiio Kv/.vX'K A helimt. 
 <'a-lsiM'tro-|>lic. The termination of nn 
 
 event : a i .il.iiiiity. 
 Cav al cade'. A procession on horse- 
 back. 
 <'a»'allcr' {-leer). An armed horseman ; 
 
 a kiii'.'lit. 
 CcrO'iiio'iil-al. Ontward form or rite. 
 Clia|> ur-ral' (n/uiii-). A thicket of ever- 
 
 •_'reeii o:iks. 
 C'lia-loaii {Khat-to'). A castle, or coun- 
 
 liy se:il. 
 
 C'lil m«>r i-cnl (ki-). Fanciful; imagi- 
 
 iiin y : unreal. 
 f"lilv'al-ry. Knighthood; heroic advcn- 
 
 C'liron'li'lcr. A narrator of events; a 
 hi^loriaii. 
 
 C'Ir-cu 1-tuufi. Round about ; not di- 
 rect 
 
 Clr'oum Ncrlbo, To inclose witliin 
 li.xeil liiiiii''. 
 
 Claii'Kor yk'ttng'gor). A loud, shrill 
 siiuiiil : clani;. 
 
 riar i'Oii. .\ kindof trumpet, of a shrill, 
 
 cle.ir toee. 
 
 Co-airtioii. Union; alliance; confed- 
 
 eraev. 
 <'o «'r«*loii, foinpulsion ; restraint. 
 t'olira^e. Act of coining; money 
 
 (•Hilled. 
 
 <'orioHuuc. A partner in the same 
 
 (itlic- : Mil as-iiciate. 
 <'o I«>!»'m:iI. IIii^'i-: gigantic. 
 <'uiii iiiriii'o-ratc. To celebrate with 
 
 I >r. 
 
 Coii-<-li'i ate. To gain the favor of; to 
 
 gain by couccsisiou. 
 
 Con-frd'or-a-oy, A leairne, or mntnal 
 
 a'jrecinent. 
 Con tlM'ca'tioii. Trinsferring to tho 
 
 siiit.- .'i-i a peialty ; foileitiire. 
 <'<>ii-<la-irra lioii. M\ extensive Are. 
 <'oii-iiirltl-al. I'eriaiiiirg to marriage. 
 ('oil-*iSiii-u;ulll'l-t)'. lielulionship by 
 
 blood .11' liirlli. 
 C'oii'hleriia'tlou. Amazement; cx- 
 
 ees.-ive aiaiin. 
 
 roii-la'Kl oiiN. Communicated by con- 
 
 laii : inri-ciiinis. 
 
 C'oii-leiii porary. Kxisiing at the 
 same lime. 
 
 i'on'tru baud. I'lilawful ; forbid- 
 den. 
 
 Coii'Veil'tioii-al. .Agreed on by com- 
 pact : eiistoiiiiiiv. 
 
 *'«> «»l» «'r ate. 'I'o work with others. 
 
 <'«>!• pi«'e. .\ Wood of small growth. 
 
 <'or |>o-i'iil. .\\i inferior military ofli- 
 cer. nexi below a serL'cant. 
 
 <'i'u fi-lix. A represeiituiionof ourLord 
 nil llie ero'S. 
 
 <'uli»so ikii is), .\riiior for the tlii:;h. 
 
 <'u |ild'i-ty. Intense desire of tjain. 
 
 ('y-liii'drl-cal. Having tlie form of a 
 cylinder; long, and uniformly circu- 
 lar. 
 
 De bar'. To bar out; to exclude 
 
 De bark-a'tion. Act of putting on 
 
 shore ; laiulilig. 
 Dc-el'iilier. 'J'o exjilain what is written 
 
 ill cipher ; to unfold. 
 Deploy'. To unfold; to open out the 
 
 tlivisioiis ol" an army. 
 De-pop ii-late. To dispeople; to lay 
 
 waste. 
 DepoH l-to-ry. .\ place for depositing 
 
 Dep-re-da'tloii. Robbiti;: 
 
 laying 
 
 Dep'ii ty. One appointed to act for 
 another. 
 
 DeN-ouiit'. To sing; to discourse at 
 iMPje. 
 
 DeM'po-lisiii. Absolute power; tyr- 
 anny. 
 
 Dew'ui lo-ry. Without method; uncoii- 
 
 Dl a bol'l-eal. Relating to the devil; 
 de\llish ; wirked. 
 
 Dialect. .\ form of language peculiar 
 to a paiiicular district or locality. 
 
 DItfllt c/i/f). Dri'ssed; adorned. 
 
 Dineiil-ma. A choice between iwodifll- 
 ciillie^; perplexity. 
 
 Drp!o'iiia-tlHt. Unc skilled as an am- 
 bassador. 
 
 DlM-al'lee tioii. Want of aflV-ction ; 
 • li-liUe. 
 
 DiM-ol-pllii a'rl a 11. One skilled in 
 dix'ipliiie.- -ill training or instruction. 
 
 DlN'Ner-ta'tlon. A discourse; a trea- 
 
 li-e. 
 
 Di-vewt'l tiire. The surrender of prti- 
 
 prny. 
 Do-iiieM'ti-eate. To uccomiuodatn to 
 
 the lioiix-: to tame. 
 Doub let ct'ifj'U/). A thing doubled ; a 
 man's inner garment. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 401 
 
 E-diicc'. To draw out ; to extract. 
 Ei-feiM'i-iiaie, Womanish; tender; 
 
 weak. 
 E-lab'o-rate To finish with labor and 
 
 sicill. 
 El Uo-ra'do (Spanish). A country rich 
 
 in 'iio\A. 
 E-lix'ir. A tincture ; an extract. 
 E-maii-ci-pa'liou. A setting free from 
 
 slavery. 
 Em-bez'zle. To appropriate to one"s 
 
 own u^e property held in trust. 
 E-nier'sie«-cy^ Pressing necessity. 
 Ein'is-sa-r.v. One sent on a mission. 
 £-iiiol'U'inent. Profit from an office 
 
 or ^iniployiiient. 
 Eu-co'iui-uiu. Formal praise; pane- 
 gyric. 
 En-dow'ment. Gift of a permanent 
 
 fund; gift of nature; talent. 
 En-tliu'isi-asin. Ardent or excessive 
 
 zeal. 
 E-nuii'cl-ate. To utter distinctly ; to 
 
 declare. 
 Ep'ocli. Time of an important event, 
 
 used for recltoniiig dates; an era. 
 E-ques'tri-au. Pertaining to horse- 
 
 manshi|). 
 E-rad'i-cate. Torootont; to abolish. 
 E'ru-dite. Learned ; well read. 
 Es-iu-a'ry. Arm of the sea in which 
 
 the tide rises. 
 Espouse'. To marry; to assume the 
 
 defense of. 
 Et'i-qiiette {-Tiei). Forms of civility ; 
 
 ceremoii}'. 
 Ea'clia-rlst. The sacrament of the 
 
 Lord's supper. 
 Eu'lo-jjy, A speech or writing in praise 
 
 of any per?oii. 
 E-vac'u-ate. To make empty ; to quit. 
 E-veii'tu-al-ly. In the event; finally. 
 Ex-us'per-aie. To make angry ; to 
 
 provoke. 
 Ex-coin-niu'ni-cate. To exclude from 
 
 church communion. 
 Ex'e-crate. To curse. 
 Ex-ec'H-tor, One who carries a will 
 
 into eft'ect. 
 Ex-eni'plar. A copy or pattern; a 
 
 model for imitation. 
 Ex-i-geu'cy, Pressing necessity. 
 Ex-ot'ie. Foreign : a foreign plant. 
 Ex-p_.'tl-aie(-s/ie-a<e}. To enlarge upon 
 
 in discourse. 
 Ex-pa-tri-a'tion. Act of quitting; re- 
 nouncing one's native country. 
 Ex-pe'di-en-cy., Fituess; propriety. 
 Ex-ter-mi-na'tion. Utter destruc- 
 tion. 
 Ex-tor'tion. Unlawful exaction. 
 Ex'tri-cate. To free from difficulty ; to 
 
 disentangle. 
 Ex-u'ber-aijce, Great abundance. 
 
 Pa-nat'i-cism. Religious frenzy. 
 
 Faii-tas'ti cal-ly. Whimsically; fanci- 
 fully. 
 
 Fascine (fasi-seen'). A bundle of sticks 
 used in fortification. 
 
 Feu de jole {fuh de jwah). Firing of 
 guns in token of joy. Plural, feux. 
 
 FIclt'le-iiess. Changeablenessof opin- 
 ion or i)iir|)ose ; incoustauc3'. 
 
 Fo reii'sic. Relating to public assem- 
 blies. 
 
 For-mari-ty, Observance of forms ; 
 cerMuony. 
 
 For'niid-a-ble. Apt to excite fear; 
 dreadful. 
 
 For-tu'ltous. Accidental; happening 
 by chance. 
 
 Frau'cliise (fran'chiz). A political 
 right or privilege. 
 
 Free'boot-er, A plunderer. 
 
 Frig'ate. A ship of war, next in size to 
 a ship of the line. 
 
 Front'ier. The border of a country. 
 
 Ful-mln-a'tioii. Denunciation of cen- 
 sure ; explosion. 
 
 Fuii-da-meiit'al. Pertaining to the 
 foundation ; essential. 
 
 Fusee'. A firelock, or gun. 
 
 Gar'rl-sou. A body of soldiers iu charge 
 
 of a fort. 
 Gaiiiit'let. An iron glove. 
 Cie'iil-al. Productive; cheerful or gay. 
 Ciu»r'au-ty. To warrant; a surety. 
 Out'tur-al. Pertaining to the throat. 
 
 Hal'Iofv. To make sacred or holy. 
 Har'biii-ger. That which indicates 
 
 coming evil; a precursor. 
 Hawk'S'bells. Bells used iu falconry, 
 
 to fasten on the foot of the hawk. 
 He-red'i-la-ry. Descending by inher- 
 itance. 
 Her'e-sy. Error in religious faith or 
 
 doctrine. 
 Hol'o-eaust. A whole animal used in 
 
 a l)uriit-oftering. 
 Ho-ri'zou. The circle which bounds 
 
 our view. 
 Hoiv'It-zer. A short gun mounted on 
 
 a can iage. 
 Hus'baitd-ry. Farming; tillage. 
 
 Ignis Fatuus (Latin). A meteor seen 
 in I he night over marshy ground, and 
 leading 'travellers astray ; anything 
 deceptive. 
 
 Ig-no-iiiiu'i-ous. Disgraceful. 
 
 IMim-i-ta'ble. Unbounded. 
 
 Ini-iuor'lal-ize. To make enduring 
 or immortal. 
 
 Im-mu'ni-ty. Freedom from obligation; 
 special exemption. 
 
 Im-pla'ca-ble. Not to be appeased or 
 satisfied. 
 
 In-au'gii-rate. To induct into office 
 with appropriate ceremonies. 
 
 In-cen'di-a-ry. One who maliciously 
 sets fire to a house ; producing sedition. 
 
 In-cleiii'ent. Harsh ; severe. 
 
 In-coiii'pat'i-ble. Inconsistent with. 
 
 Iii-cor'por-ate. Tounitewith; toform 
 into a body. 
 
 Tn-oiir'ofori. Inroad; invasion. 
 
 Iii-deii'ta'tioii. A cut; a notch. 
 
 Iii-doiai'I-ta-b!e. Not to be subdued; 
 unconauerable ; uniamable. 
 
 Iii-er>'. AVithout power to move ; inact- 
 ive; sluggish. 
 
402 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 In-eN'ti-iiia-ble. Too valuable forc^ti- 
 
 iniii 11)11 ; iiivuhiuble. 
 Ill ev i IH-I>le. Nut to be avoided ; tiu- 
 
 avoiilabU-. 
 Ill-ex o ra ble. Not to be moved by 
 
 riilicaty ; iiiiyii'ldiiiLr. 
 Iii-ex'trl-cuble. Nut to be discntan- 
 
 k'lo.l. 
 lii-ltiril'ble. Incapable of error; un- 
 
 Iii-Tai ii-a-trd. Inspired with an cx- 
 
 tniviii,'iiiit pas^sion. 
 Iii-lioh'pit-ablf. AflbrdingDOtihclter 
 
 to >tianL'ci> ; repulsive. 
 Ill I'ti-a-tivc. lniruducin<;; an intru- 
 
 (lllilDiy ^tl•p. 
 
 Iii-tcr-luov'. To weave or plait toge- 
 
 ihLT. 
 Iii-ter-|>o fii'tioii. Act of placing bc- 
 
 IWfrli. 
 
 lii-ter-rctf'iiiini. Tlu'tiinea throne is 
 
 vacant bet ween two siicce!»sive reigns. 
 Iii-tervcii'tiou. A coming between; 
 
 mediation. 
 Iii-torer-anoc. Want of foibearanc c 
 
 toward oilieis of diflerent religion:- 
 
 views from ouibclveij; dispotiitiou to 
 
 !>( T-eciite. 
 lu-ti-l;j:iie' [in-h'eeg'). Plot; secret ma- 
 
 iKi'in re. 
 In-tii'l-tivc-ly. Fly immediate knowl- 
 
 eilL'e: witliniit reasonin;;. 
 lii-iirc'. ']'(> lml)ituate: to familiarize. 
 Iii-voIkIi li/i-ra'). To exclaim ugaiue>t ; 
 
 1(1 een^ure. 
 Iii-vla;'o-ratc. To strengthen. 
 Ill viii'ei ble. Not to Ix' coi](|iiered. 
 Iil-viil'iiei''a-blc. Incapable of being 
 
 wijuiided ; seciiic from injury. 
 Ir'rI-ta bic. Easily i)rovoketi. 
 
 Jii-di'oi-a-ry. Pertaining to courte of 
 
 justice ; iiody ol' judges. 
 Ju-riN-dlc'tioii. Legal authority. 
 
 IjO'cpnd. A fable; myth: an inscrip- 
 tion. 
 
 IjPK I« la'tor (/</'-). A law-giver. 
 
 Le-vi'atliaii. A large sea-animal. 
 
 liieii tenant (loo-). An ollicer second 
 in rank : a deputy. 
 
 fjiiii pitl'i-ty. Cfearness. 
 
 Iiiifl'. To turn the head of a ship toward 
 tile wind. 
 
 ITIaK iiaiiiiiii-ly. Greatness of mind ; 
 
 t;enero^ily. 
 ITIareuii-tciit. A diss.'itistled per^^on ; 
 
 diseciiuented with th<' government. 
 ITIaiiM'e*t'to. A public and olUciul dcc- 
 
 laralii'ii. 
 ITIa-ii«rii vre. A dexterous movement; 
 
 a slratai;iMn. 
 ITIa-r.i iid'er. A rover in quest ofbooty 
 
 or plinider. 
 Mari-tiiiio i-tim). Perlnining to or 
 
 borderlngon the fca ; marine. 
 Mc-lee' {.nulla'). A confused fight or 
 
 sen me. 
 iTIeiii Or-a-blc. Worthy of beinL' re- 
 membered or mentioned; illustrious; 
 
 celebrated. 
 
 ITIc-in<»'ri-aI. That which prepcrves the 
 
 ieinend)ranie of anything. 
 ITIer'ce-iia-ry. To be obtained or hired 
 
 for utoney ; vcnul. Jltranaries, hired 
 
 troops. 
 IVer-eii'rI-al. Pertaining to quicksilver; 
 
 easily excited ; sprightly. 
 ine-lc or-o-losT'le-al. Pertaining to 
 
 meteorology, the science of utinospheric 
 
 changes. 
 inr^fra'tloii. C'hiniseof residence from 
 
 one eoiiiiiiy to another. 
 ITIi ura-to ry. Wandering: nomadic. 
 i?Ii>>-deiueuii'or. Aiisbehavior ; aa 
 
 otleiiee. 
 
 ITIo-rasH'. A marsh; a swamp. 
 
 Jflor'lar. A cannon for throwing bombs. 
 
 millet. To fine; a line. 
 
 Mu-iiie'l-pal. Belonging to a corpora- 
 tion or eily. 
 
 ITIii-iiir leeiiee. Liberality; gencros- 
 i t > . 
 
 ITIn'ti iiy. A revolt in the navy or army. 
 
 Myn ter-y. Sonuthing that cannot be 
 understood or explained. 
 
 Myiliol'o jjy. 'be fables relating to 
 the liealheii deities. 
 
 Narcotic. Producing sleep. 
 
 Nat iirul-ize. To iinest with Ihepriv- 
 
 ileiies of a n:itive ciiizt n. 
 Nau'tl-eal. Pertaining to ships or sail- 
 No so'tl-a-tion. Transaction of busi- 
 ness ; a treaty. 
 Non-eon lorni'lNt. One who refuses 
 to conform to the established religion. 
 
 Ob-Kccne'. Offensive; disgusting. 
 Odoriferous. Giving scent; fta- 
 
 i.'iinit. 
 Oner «»ii«. Rurdensome. 
 0|> poi' Iiiiie'. Seasonable. 
 0|» II lent. Wealthy; rich. 
 Or d«' al. A foiinal and severe trial. 
 Or'jfleK. ifir'Jrf:\ Frantic revels. 
 Oiv-ien'hl-bly. Apparently. 
 ON'teii la'lloiiN. Showy; pompous. 
 O-ver-weeii liiK' Vain; conceited. 
 
 Pa-ell"ieu-to-ry. Tendiiig to make 
 
 peace. 
 
 Pail'Miidc'. A defense formed by poles 
 or slakes driven into the ground. 
 
 Pan-e-ayrlc. A laudatory speech ; a 
 eulojy. 
 
 Paii'le. .\ sudden friu'ht ; an alann. 
 
 I*a n 'o-pl y , (."oniplete armor lor ilefense. 
 
 Par'a-lyze. To deprive of sense and 
 
 fe.-lili-. 
 
 Pa r I la- men t. The h-gislalnre of Great 
 
 Itiitain, consisting of Lords and Cuni- 
 
 nioM-i. 
 Pa ter iial. Pertaiinng to a fathiT. 
 P«'-eii III a ry. Kelaiiiig to money. 
 Pe iial. Kelaiiii^' to punishment. 
 Penii-ry. K.\iivine poverty. 
 Per e url-iia tloii. Travelling about; 
 
 foieiLrn Inivel. 
 Pcr'eiiip'torlly. In the manner of a 
 
 eoiiimand ; positively. 
 Peril dy. Ureach of faith ; treachery. 
 
Vocabiilarv 
 
 40: 
 
 Pernicious. Hurtful 
 
 l*er-pe-iu'i-ty. liulefmite duration ; 
 stability. 
 
 Per'ii-iient-ly. To the puipoj^e ; ap- 
 l)riiprialcly. 
 
 Per-tur-ba'tioii. Disturbance; dis- 
 quiet of mind. 
 
 Pliu'laiix. A compact body of infantry. 
 
 Plian'tona. An apparition ; a vision. 
 
 I'liase. An api»earance. 
 
 Plie-iiotn'c-iioii. An appearance ; any- 
 thing rciiiarlial)le. 
 
 Plli-laii'tliro-py. The love of man- 
 kind. 
 
 Pllilol'o-sist. One skilled in language, 
 and the .weience piTtaining to it. 
 
 Pic-tii-i"e!»qiie' (-resk). Like a picture. 
 
 Piii'iiace. A ship's boat. 
 
 Pi-ro^'iie (i,erC(j). A canoe formed from 
 a tree. 
 
 Placid. Peaceful ; calm. 
 
 Pla-tooin'. A square body of mus- 
 keteer-. 
 
 Pl*'n'i-l«ide. Fullness. 
 
 Pli<»lit. I o LMve as surety ; to pledge. 
 
 Po-iiir'i-ty. Tendency to the pole; hav- 
 ing poles. 
 
 Pori-ilc. Prudent ; artful. 
 
 Pos-ier i-ty. Descendants ; succeeding 
 generations. 
 
 Pre-ca'ri-ous. Uncertain ; depending 
 on anothrr's will. 
 
 Pre cip-i-la'tioii. Headlong haste; 
 r.i^hn''ss. 
 
 Pi*e-ci|>'i-toiis, Steep; headlong. 
 
 Pre-coii-ceived'. Conceived before- 
 hand. 
 
 Pre-ciirs'or. A forerunner ; a harbin- 
 ger. 
 
 Preda-to-ry. Subsisting on plunder. 
 
 Pred-eccss'or. One who piecedes 
 another i ■ an ottice. 
 
 Pre-des'liiie. To decree or appoint 
 In-forehand. 
 
 Prediction. A foretelling ; a prophe- 
 cy. 
 
 Pre-doni'i-iiate. To have superior in- 
 lluiMice ; In i)revail. 
 
 Pre-ein'i neiit. E.xcellent above others. 
 
 Pre-Ii'iri'i-iia-rj', Introductory. 
 
 Pre-pos-ses'siiiji:, Preconceived opin- 
 ion in favor of anything. 
 
 Pre pos'ter-otis. Absurd; perverted. 
 
 Pre-rog: a-tive. A peculiar privilege. 
 
 Prini'l-tive. Fir.-^f ; original. 
 
 Pri-va teer'. A private armed ship. 
 
 Pro-flc'ieii-cy i-fi.-h-)- Advancement. 
 
 Pron-'e-ity Kpruj-). Offspring. 
 
 Prog-iios'lic. Foreshowing; Progvos- 
 /kv, >-ii;iis. 
 
 Proiii'oii-to-ry. A high and rocky 
 ea) e. 
 
 Pro-iiiiir:ia'e. To publish. 
 
 Prop a liiate. To e.xtend ; to diffuse. 
 
 Pro-prie-ta-ry. A possessor in his 
 own right ; an owner. 
 
 Pro-scribe'. To set down as con- 
 demnril ; to outlaw. 
 
 Prox-ini'i-ty, Nearness; being adja- 
 cent. 
 
 Pn'er-il • t-m. Childi.^h : boyish. 
 
 Pu-is'*iiiil. Powerful. 
 
 Py-rani'i-dal. Having the form of a 
 
 pyramid. 
 
 Ke-cip-ro-ra'tion, Mutual exchange. 
 
 Kec-oii-noi'lre. To view or survey for 
 mili'ary purposes. 
 
 Rec-taii sii-lar. Having right angles. 
 
 Ke-doubt (re-douV). A lorlifteation. 
 
 Ke-nioii'8tratc. To exhibit reasons 
 airaiust. 
 
 Keu'dez-vons. An appointed meeting. 
 
 Keii'e-j>adc. One who deserts to the 
 enemy. 
 
 Re-plen'isli. To fill again. 
 
 Ke'qui-eni. A hymn snngover thedead. 
 
 Ke-qui'tal. Eecompense ; return. 
 
 He-tal'i-ate. To return like for like. 
 
 Ket'1-iiue. A train of attendants. 
 
 ICet-ri-bu'tioii. Keturn ; recompense; 
 jiunishuient. 
 
 Re-veil'le {re-val'ya). Soldier's morn- 
 ing call. 
 
 Re-vul'sion. Turning or drawingback. 
 
 Rit'u-al. lielating to'church service; a 
 book of religious rites. 
 
 Sa'cliein. The chief of an Indian tribe. 
 
 S^ilve Regiiia. A Latin phrase mean- 
 ing //wi/, Queen. ' The first words of a 
 Latin hynni. 
 
 Saiic'tioii. Confirmation: that part of 
 a law wliicli <;ives authority to enforce 
 it l)y n penalty. 
 
 Sangiiiii-a-ry. Attended with blood- 
 si led ; eager to shed hlood. 
 
 Scliep'eii. A Dutch magistrate. 
 
 Secular. Worldly; not spiritual. 
 
 Se ditioii. Tunnilt ; insurrection. 
 
 Se-duct'ive, Enticing; misleading. 
 
 Scni'i iia-ry. A place of education ; a 
 school. 
 
 .Se-purcltral, Relating to a sepulchre 
 or tomb. 
 
 Slaal'lop. A boat with two masts. 
 
 8iiain'blcs. A fltsh-market; a butchery. 
 
 Siu'is-ler. On the left hand ; unlucky. 
 
 Sonorous. Emitting a loud, clear 
 soimil. 
 
 Sootli'say-er. A fortune-teller. 
 
 Sopli'isni. A specious argument; a 
 fallacy. 
 
 Sopli'iw ti'y. Deceptive reasoning. 
 
 Sordid. Base; mean. 
 
 Spec'tre. An apparition : a ghost. 
 
 Spinster. An unmarried woman. 
 
 Sqiiadfiii.. A body of troops ; a divi- 
 sion of a licet. 
 
 Sta'ple. 'i'he principal production of a 
 country ; cliief 
 
 Sta-tls'tici. A collection of facts exactly- 
 slated in numbers, generally in relation 
 to the strength and resources of a 
 nation. 
 
 Stitt-is-ti'clan. One versed in statistics. 
 
 Sti»''nia-tlze. To mark with disgrace 
 or reproach. 
 
 Sti'iieiid. Settled pay ; wages. 
 
 Siip'u late. To agree by settled tenns. 
 
 Sub'Hl-tfrii. An officer under the rank 
 of ciptain. 
 
 Sub-si'dence. Sinking down; settle- 
 ment. 
 
404 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 Sub or-<1i iia'lion. Siibjociion ; iii- 
 
 fiTloiily ol lillik. 
 
 ^>ll^ lix. A ^yllJl1l|l• aiiiu'XMl to a word. | 
 Sn |U'r hcdc'. 'I o iimko void; to M.'t ; 
 
 .-i.ii^. ; 
 
 Sii-|>f r-wti-tioii. Falsi' ri'li^'inn or wor- 
 ^lli|) : lii'lii r III tliin<,'!< iinprnbublu uiid | 
 sii|ii rii:iiiii':il. I 
 
 Su-prciii'ii t-y. The hi^-licsit rnnk and 
 
 iiiilluii'Uy. I 
 
 'ri«l»l«'air [IfiMo'^. A p'ctiiri-; rcprp- 
 -1 iii.iiioii R-si-iiiljliii^ a |iiitiiic. I 
 
 Tiill' rull. The upitcrniost rail of a 
 -lii|i's Mrrn. I 
 
 To«-li'iif-<-al. lVrt;iiiiiiii,'t()n particular 
 ;irl. I 
 
 Teiii'po ra-ry. For a time; not per- 1 
 
 IIKIIK'lil. J I 
 
 Triinre. Miimicr of holding property. | 
 Tf-<> <-ail li. Il'iisi' of (ioil ; naniu of u , 
 
 Mi\("IM iiMiiplc. I 
 
 Tt-r-rfj* ifl al. IV-rtaininij to the earth. 
 Tlic-4» !«><:' ical. I'l'rtainiiij; to ih'o- I 
 
 lii::_v. ur ilii; !-ti<ncc which treats of the 
 
 hciii^ .'ind Jilliihutcs of (iod. 
 Toil I'lxat. One who travels forpleasnre. 
 'I'l'si di'tloii. Ural truui-inission orfuctE> 
 
 lo po>i,Tity. 
 Tri mil vir-ato. An asi^ociation of 
 
 Ilm 
 
 nil II. 
 
 'rril> II la-ry. Paying tribute. 
 
 'l"r«» |ill>. Si)ineih'intr taken in battle, 
 
 ii->(l M> ;i ineini^riMl I'T victory. 
 Tr«»|»'*"<'"'- ^^'ilhi^ the tiopic8;in the 
 'i orrid Zuuc. 
 
 'I'lir hid. Thick : muddy. 
 
 'I' II III (iril, A kind uf basket.' 
 
 Ull-a'Iien-a-ble. Not tobe tnm.sferred; 
 
 in ilii-n.'ible. 
 I^-iia Ei'i-iiioiiw. .'Nu'reein;; in opinion. 
 i;ii-ii|t |>i-<> prl-a-ti'd. Nut ufsigued to 
 
 a |i:ini(iil.ir nsr. 
 I'll a- Villi ills;* Of no avail; incflTect- 
 
 IKll. 
 
 I'll d4> lilod'. Tnstained ; nncorrnptcd. 
 I II iial loited. I'lilioly : prolane. 
 I'll liiii bi'i*. id take ut]' the limbers, 
 
 Ol- .-hulls. 
 
 I'll par .1 1 It-led. Without an equal. 
 I' Kiir pa lion. I'lihiwliil cei^uru or 
 
 pn->. -,lol,. 
 
 U-leii'Mil. An ini-tntinent foranyiise; 
 a vessel. ^ 
 
 Vpr'diot. Tbr- decision of a jury. 
 ^'(M-Mu-lil i'ly. 'I'lie faeuliy ot easily 
 
 tiiriiiiij.' to In w siih'iects. 
 Vo!»'p«'r. The evening star; the cven- 
 
 i I '_'. 
 Vet«'r-aii. One lonjr e.\eici?ed in any 
 
 piiifessioii or eniployiiieiit. 
 Vij*'ioii-a-ry. An enihiisiasi ; adreaincr. 
 
 ■\Voa r. To chanirc the conrce of a vessel. 
 Wi:; waiii. An Indian hut. 
 
 Va<-lit (yot). A pleasure-boat. 
 Vji \\ , 'I i> deviati- from the conrse. 
 'k'fo'iiiaiiry. The body of yeomen ; of 
 
 ouuersor freeholders. 
 
BIOGEAPHICAL USTDEX OF AUTHOES. 
 
 [Eiubraciug the various authors from whose writings selections have been made for the 
 
 Eeader.] 
 
 Allen {Ethan), celebrated as a patriot uoni'ral during the first j'car of theRcvohitionnry 
 War, was bora iu Connecticut in 1745. Aftei' his bold exploit in the capture of Fort 
 Ticonderoga, in 1775, he was defeated in an attack on Montreal, and was made 
 prisoner, and sent to England in irons. He was never engaged in active military- 
 service afterwai-d. He died in Vermont, in 1789. He publislied a number of contro- 
 versial pamphlets, and a narrative of liis observations during his captivity. 
 
 Bail lie {Joanna), distinguished as a poetess and dramatist, was born in Scotland in 
 1762. Her dramas have a very high order of merit for the smoothness and regularity 
 of their style, the originality of their plots, and the graphic force with whicli the 
 characters aie brought out. Tlie tragedies of Cmmt Basil and De Montfovt have 
 l)epn especially admired. Miss Baillie died in 1851. 
 
 Baucrolt (George), one of the most eminent of American historians, was born at 
 Wm-cester, Mass., in the year 1800. He early manifested remarkable taleni, gradu- 
 ating at Han'ard College with the highest honors at the age of seventeen. The 
 publication of his great work, "The History of the United States," was commenced 
 in 18-31, and is still unfinished. Mr. Bancroft has filled several important political 
 office?, having been Secretary of the Navy under President Polk, and having, as 
 Minister-Plenipotentiary to Great Britain, represented the United States from 1846 
 to 1849. He is now (1872) Minister-Plenipotentiary at Berlin. 
 
 Bellows {Henry Wdtney, D.D.), an eminent American clergyman, was born in Boston 
 in 1814, and graduated at Harvard College in 1832. Sis years afterward, he was 
 ordained pastor of the First Congregational (Unitarian) Church, in the city of New 
 York. He was the chief originator of the "Christian Inquirer," a Unitarian news- 
 paper commenced in New York in 1846; and, until 1850, was the principal contribu- 
 tor to its columns. His publications consist chiefly of pamphlets and discourses, all 
 of which show high culture and extensive attainments. Dr. Bellows is a fluent and 
 eflective speaker, and a popular lecturer. He is at present (1872) pastor of the parish 
 over wliich he was first ordained, his congregation now occupying the edifice kuown 
 as "All Souls' Church." He is also the editor of the " Liberal Chr'stian." 
 
 Brodliead {John Romeyn), was born in Philadelphia in 1814 ; was Secretary of 
 Legation at the Hague in 1830, and subsequently agent of the State of New York to 
 procure historical documents in Europe. In 1846 ho was appointed Secretary of 
 Legation, under George Bancroft, at the Court of England. His principal literary 
 work is the " History of the State of New York,"— a performance of great merit and 
 research. 
 
 Bryant {\M.Uic;Tn Ciillen), the distinguished American poet, was boin in Massachusetts 
 in 1794. His poetic geniiis was very early displayed, his verses written at the age of 
 ten being considered worthy of publication. His poetry is of a very high order, both 
 as to sentiment and expression. As a man he is universally esteemed for his active 
 beneficence, unbending integrity, and Ivindliness of disposition. 
 
 Campbell ( Charles), was born at Petersl)urg, Va., in 1807. His principal publication 
 is the " History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia," containing an 
 
4o6 Biographical Index of AutJiors. 
 
 outline iianalive of tlic eveiils" from the fl^^'t discovery and settlement of the country 
 down to tile surrender of Cornwullis', in 1781. It ix a work of failiiftil nceumcy. 
 
 Clark (LouU Gwjlord), was born in Oiisco. X. Y., iu 1810. He obtained a very hisli 
 reputation for literary ability by his editorship of the Knickerbocker Maijazxne , which 
 was* commenced in \%M. His contribution-' comprised In the Editor'tn Table were 
 peculiarly rich in humor and genial fancy. In 1853 he publiehcd a collecfion of these, 
 under the titl'? of ' Knick-knarks from an Editor's Table.' His twin-brother, WHli» 
 GaylorU Clark, also occupied a disiin<;uished place in the circle of American wriicrp, 
 and enriched the pages of bis brother's magaziue with his contribtilions. 
 
 Cooper {James Fenimore), the distinguished Americiin novelist, was bom in 17^9. 
 At the age of sixteen he entered the navy as a midsbipninn, and followed the life 
 of a Failor for six years. His writings are very nunierons, including the "Leather- 
 stocking Tales," and other novels, and the "Naval History of the United States." 
 In liis description of the sea, and the various incidents of a sailor's life, as well as 
 of the Indians and their savage manners, no author can claim any comparison with 
 f'ooper. His death occuired in 1851. 
 
 Dusrniinc {Auguntine J. II.), bom in 1823, in Boston, is the author of many popular 
 compositions, both in prose and verse. The latter are characterized by much enertry 
 of expression and fertility of imagination, as well as an intense sympathy with truth, 
 freedom, and humanity. Mr. Dugaune is, at present, the editor of the "New York 
 Republican." 
 
 Everett {Edward), the celebrated orator and statesman, was horn in Massachucetts 
 in 1791. and died in Ifitil. His s))eeches were remarkable for their elab >rate finish, 
 peculiar elegance of style, and justness of sentiment ; while his delivery was exceed- 
 ingly dignified and graceful. Mr. Everett was for ten years a member of Congress, 
 and for four successive years Governor of Massachusetts. He was also Secretary of 
 State, and Minister to the Court of Great Britain. 
 
 Garden {Alexander, M.D.), bom in Edinburgh in 1730, but a resident of Charleston, 
 S. C, from n.'JOtonSS ; was the author of various medical treatises, and aconiribut<ir 
 to scientific and literary journals. Ho died in 1791. 
 
 Gralianie {Juine."), a Scotch writer of some eminence. Ilis principal work is the 
 "Colonial Hi-tory of the I'liited States," which was published in 1827. This work 
 has been generally commended, aliliough some of its statements have been called in 
 question. Mr. Grahamc died in 1812, at the age of fifty-one. With regard to him 
 Josiah Quincy remarks, " To .\mcricans, in all future times, it cannot fail to be an 
 Interesting and gratifying circiimsiance, that the foreigner who first undertook to 
 write a complete history of their republic, from the earliest period of the colonial 
 settlements, was a Briton, eminently qualified to appreciate the merits of its found- 
 ers, and at once so able and so willing to do justice to them." 
 
 Greeley {Horace), one of the most distinguished journalists of this country, was 
 born in New Hampshire in 1811, and commenced life as a printer. The \ew York 
 Tribune, which was commencfd by him in 1811. has been for several years one of 
 the leading journals of the United Str.tes. Mr. Greeley's style is vigorous and pun. 
 gent, and his writings abound in useful information, addressed to the practiced 
 common-sense of the reader. His most extensive work is the " American Conflict. " 
 in which he gives, with considerable fullness, the events of that great stnigL'le be- 
 tween the two sections of the country, together with the political and social causes 
 that led to it. 
 
 Greene {George Washington), bom in Rhode Island In 1811, n grandson of General 
 Nathaniel (;reene. of Hevolutioiiiiry celebrity, is the author of a "Life of General 
 Greene, ' first published as a portion of " Sparks's American Biography,".-ub.seqiieiitly 
 much enlarged. He has also publishid several historical and leographical works, ng 
 well as an edition of Addison's works, and contributed many papei-s on historical 
 and critical subjects to the North American SevUw, Knickerbucker Maga:iiu, etc. 
 
Biographical Index of Authors. 407 
 
 Grimslia'nr {William), a native of Ireland, was born in 1782, emigrated to America in 
 1S15, and lived for many years near Philadelphia. He was the author of the " History 
 of England," the " History of France," and other elementary historical manuals, of 
 considerable value for their general accuracy and judicious selection of material. 
 He died in 1852. 
 
 Guiizot {Francois Pierre Guillaume), a distinguished French historian and statesman, 
 was born at Nimes in 1787. His most noted works are the History of Civilization 
 in France, the General Histoi'y of Civilization in Europe, and Lectures on Modern 
 History. He held several important government otlices, among them Minister of 
 Public Instruction, and Minister of the Interior, under Louis Philippe. After tlie 
 Revolution of 18J8, he escaped to England ; and subsequently published several 
 works of great interest and merit, among them, "Memoirs to Serve for the History 
 of My Times." in 1837, he was intrusted by the government of the United States 
 witli the task of writing a history of Washington ; and Ms work, entitled " The Life, 
 Correspondence, and Writings of Washington," published in Paris in 1839-40, pro- 
 cured him the lienor of having his portrait placetl in the chamber of the House of 
 Representatives in Washington. His style is characterized by correctness, vigor, 
 and brilliancy. 
 
 Hamilton (Alexander), was particularly distinguished as a statesman ; but his pub- 
 lished writings show the same intellectual vigor and fertility as were evinced by his 
 political measures. His essays contained in the Federalist are models of reasoning 
 as well as composition. A carefully prepared edition of his works has been pub- 
 lished by his son, John C. Hamilton. 
 
 Hawthorne (Nathaniel), was born at Salem, Massachusetts, about 1807. His numer- 
 ous writings show fine culture and great originality of genius. The Scarlet Letter, 
 as a highly-wrought Action, composed with the most artistic finish, has no superior 
 in the language. The most noted of his other works are Mosses from an Old Manse, 
 the House of the Seven Gables, Twice-told Tales, and the Marble Faun, all of which 
 are compositions of distinguished merit. He also wrote many educational works, in 
 which he displayed a happy facility in adapting the style and treatment to the capac- 
 ity of young minds. 
 
 BEeadley {Rev. Joel Tyler), one of the most popular writers of the time, was born in 
 Delaware County, New York, in 1814. His principal historical works are Napoleon 
 and his Marshals, Washington and his Generals, Life of Oliver Cromwell, and History 
 of the Second War betiveen England and the United States. These works are chiefly 
 distinguished for their melodramatic descriptions and brilliancy of style, but in re- 
 spect to accuracy of statement have been sharply criticised. Mr. Headley has also 
 published many other works, of considerable literary excellence. 
 
 Heiuans {Mrs. Felicia D.), a celebrated English poetess, was bom in Liverpool in 
 1794, and very early showed remarkable talent for poetical composition, publishing 
 her first volume of poems in her fifteenth year. Her subsequent writings, which are 
 very numerous, are characterized by great beautj', both of sentiment and expression. 
 Her death occurred in Dublin in 18-35. 
 
 Hlldretli (Richard), a distinguished American writer and journalist. His chief work 
 is a "History of the United States," which is especially valuable for its accuracy and 
 directness of statement, its dignified but unpretending style, and the fullness of its 
 information in regard to the political history of the country. This work was pub- 
 lished between 1849 and 1855. 
 
 Holmes (Abiel, D.I).), born in Connecticut in 1763 ; graduated at Yale College, and 
 subsequently was pastor of a church in Cambridge, Mass., for forty years. As an 
 author he is chiefly known by the "Annals of America," a work of considerable 
 industry and research, first published in 1805. It relates clearly and concisely, in the 
 order of occurrence, the chief events in the history of the countrj', from its discovery, 
 in 1492, to the year of publication. An enlarged edition was issued in 182(j. Dr. 
 Holmes died in 1837. 
 
 18 
 
4o8 BiograpJiical Index of Authors. 
 
 Holmcii (Olirer Wendell M.D.), son of Abicl Holmes, was born at Cambridge. Mass., 
 in IbO'J. f,'ra(liiatcd at Harvard University in 182'.l, and comnn-nced the practice of 
 medicine in Boston in Iftjti. He lia;* attained a very wide popularity a!< a poet, on 
 account of tlie brilliancy of liis style, the ricline!*!i and geniality of his humor, and the 
 shrewdness and sound sense of his observations. His satire is playful, but exceed- 
 ingly pungent and effective. His contributions to the Atlantic Monlhlij have been 
 characterized, in a remarkable degree, by their raciness, wit, and originality. The 
 medical publications of Dr. Holmes have also been highly commended. 
 
 Hooper (Lucy), a young poetess of unusual promise, who died in 1841, at the age of 
 2,">. She was born in Xewburyport, Massachusetts, but for several years before her 
 death resided in Brooklyn, N. Y., where she wrote those conipo-iiions by which her 
 literary reputation was attained. In \i^i'i, appeared her Itxrlical Jiemains, with a 
 memoir by John Keese ; and ia 1S48, her complete Pottical Works. It was of her 
 that U. T. Tuckerman wrote, 
 
 " And thou art gone I sweet daughter of the lyre, 
 Whose strains we hoped to hear thee waken long; 
 
 Gone — as the stars in morning's li;;ht expire, 
 Gone— liko the rapture of a passing song ! " 
 
 HopkliiHon (Joseph), son of Francis Hopkinson, who was one of the signers of the 
 Diclarai ion of Independence, and eminent as a lawyer and politician. Joseph was 
 born in I'hiladelpliia, in ITTO, and became distinguished for his l^gal attainments and 
 eloquence as an advocate. lie was a judge (yf the District Court of the United Slates ; 
 and, at the time of his death, in 1812, was President of the Academy of Fine Arts, as 
 well as Vice-president of the American Philosophical Society. As a writer, he ia 
 chiefly known as the author of the popular national song, " Hail. Columbia." 
 
 Irvin;; (Washington), the illustrious American author, was born in New York City, in 
 17S.J. Ho at llrst devoted himself to legal studies, which he soon abandoned for the 
 more congenial pursuits of literature. His first writings consisted of contributions 
 to \\iQ Horning Chronicle, a journal edited by his brotlier, Peter Ir\'ing. " Salma- 
 gundi " ajjpeaied in 1S07, a series of amusing articles, ]>artly written by himself, 
 James K Paulding, and his brothers, Peter ai'.d William. The production which 
 first gave him a decided reputation was the famous " History of New York, by Died- 
 rich Knickerbocker," published in 180!>. ' This is a work of inimitable humor, and 
 was read with the greatest delight on both sides of the Atlantic. Sir Walter Scott 
 enthusiastically admired it. The "Sketch Book" was published in London, and 
 greatly enhanced the author's reputation. It contains some of the most beautiful 
 and touching i)ieces of composition in the language. He also published "Life and 
 Voyages of Columbus," "The Alhambra," " Bracebridi,'e Hall," "Life of Washing- 
 ton," and many other popular works. Irving's style is remarkable for its ele::ancc 
 and copiousness; while the purity of his sentiments, his sympathy with mankind, 
 his geniality and kindliness, his innocent an<l pliiyful satire, nii.xed with the pathetic, 
 make his writings an inexhaustil)le fountain of intellectual enjoyment. He died 
 at Ills residence, Snnnysidc, a charming si)ot on the banks of the Hudson, Novem- 
 ber 28th, la'jJt, universally loved and esteemed for his artlessness and benevolence 
 of character, and honored, not only for his genius, but for the virtues by which it 
 was adorned. 
 
 ,Jay {Hiv. William), pn pmjnent dissenting clergyman of the city of Bath, in England, 
 and the author of several religious piibljrations of considerable value and merit. A» 
 B preacher, he ac(|uirc() great pclitbrily, Sliorldail styling him the "most natural 
 orator he had ever heard." He died in 1851, iit llie lulvaiiood at''! *'f ^^■ 
 
 JTcflcrMon {Thom(i.\), was born in 171.3, and died in 182B. Hu ha* Ix'en styled the 
 "Sajje of Monticello," from the place of his residence. As an author, Uo in chiefly 
 
Biographical Index of AiUho7'-s. 409 
 
 distinguished for the composition of the Declaration of Independence, which was 
 adopted by Congress nearly as it was presented by him. In relation to this, Mr. 
 Webster, in his great oration of 1820, remarlied, "None of the changes made in it 
 by the other members of the committee, or by Congress, altered the tone, the frame, 
 the arrangement, or the general character of the instrument. As a composition, the 
 Declaration is Mr. Jefferson's." Mr. Everett, in this connection, most justly and 
 forcibly remarks, " To have been tlie instrument of expressing, in one brief, decisive 
 act, the concentrated will and resolution of a whole family of States ; of unfolding, 
 in one all-important manifesto, the causes, the motives, and the justification of this 
 great movement in human affairs ; to have been permitted to give tlie im^iress and 
 peculiarity of his own mind to a charter of public right, destined — or, rather, let me 
 say, already elevated— to an importance, in the estimation of men, equal to anything 
 human, ever borne on parchment, or expressed in the visible signs o( thought, - tliis 
 is the glory of Thomas Jefferson." The " Notes on Virginia," is the best known of 
 Mr. Jefferson's formal publications. It was first published in Paris, in 17S3; but 
 numerous editions have been since issued from the American press. It treats of the 
 civil condition, as well as natural characteristics, of the State, with considerable 
 fullness, and in an interesting, instructive, and thoughtful manner. 
 
 Key (Francis Scoll), the son of an officer in the American army during the Revolution, 
 was born in Maryland in 1772. He at first practiced law in that State, but after- 
 ward removed to Washington, D. C, where he served as district-attorney. A volume 
 of his poems was published in 1859. His most popular composition is the " Star- 
 Spangled Banner," published in 1814. Many of his other poems, however, possess 
 considerable merit. His death occurred in 1843. 
 
 l.ee (Henry), a native of Virginia, born in 1756, was Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant 
 of the Putnam Legion, during the Revolutionary war. In 1786 and in 1799 he served in 
 Congress ; and in 1792 was elected governor of his native State, in every position ac- 
 quiring an honorable distinction. He died in 1818. His chief writings were an Ora- 
 tion on George Washington, and Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of 
 the United States, the latter published in 1812. 
 
 ILongfellow (Henry Wadsworih), one of the most distinguished of the American 
 poets, was born in Portland, Maine, in 1807, and was graduated at Bowdoin College in 
 1S25, in wliich institution he subsequently performed the duties of Professor of 
 Modern Languages. He afterward held the position of Professor of Belle-Lettres in 
 Harvard College, till 185.3. His chief poems are Evangeline and Hiawatha ; but many 
 of liis minor pieces are very widely popular, as the Psalm of Life, Excelsior, Voices of 
 the Night, etc., etc. His prose writings are also quite numerous, and liave been greatly 
 admired. Hyperion, a romance, abounds in picturesque description, and is written 
 in a chaste and beautiful style. Longfellow's peculiar traits are artistic finish in 
 composition, beauty of imagery, and great tenderness of feeling ; while his sym- 
 pathies with every phase of humanity are genuine and heart-felt. Good-sense and 
 justness of sentiment pervade all his writings. 
 
 Liossiiig (Benson ./.), an American writer and artist, chiefly distinguished for his efforts 
 to illustrate ai'd popularize tlie history of the United States. For this purpose his 
 " Field-Book of the Revolution " is a most admirable and valuable work. Mr. Los- 
 sing is the author of manj' other works in American history, of no iucousideral)le 
 merit. 
 
 Mackenzie (Robert), was born near Dundee, Scotland, in 1823, of which city he is 
 now a resident. He is extensively engaged in the linen manufacture, and has large 
 commercial relations wiih this country, which he has frequently visited. During 
 tlie Civil War, he wrote a little book, enlitled "America and her Army," regarding 
 which, Mr. Seward, then Secretary of State, thus expressed himself, " The book is so 
 geniall)' written, and yet with so nnich of truth and reason, that it can well be ac- 
 cepted by our countrymen, as a compensation for the columns of reproach which 
 
4 1 o Biographical Index of Autlioj's. 
 
 have been ponred upon us by the enemies of freedom and humanity in England." 
 His chief publication is, however, "The United States of America: A History," 
 which is written in a pleasant, t^jiirited, and picturesque style, and evidently with a 
 most zealous interest in the Ciiuse of truth and freedom. 'I'lic oliject of the ;iuihor in 
 its composition was, to di^pel the ignorance and correct the inconceivable mistakes 
 ■which prevail in England, in relation to this country. This work was published in 
 
 ]s:o. 
 
 mackintosh (Sir JanieA, one of the most distinguished philosophers of modern 
 times, was born near Iiiv<rncss, Scotland, in 1705. \\m not only acqiured fame for the 
 depth and soundness of his views in political, moral, and mental philosophy, but wa'^ 
 deservedly illustrious as an essayist and hi^torian, as well as for his extensive legal 
 attainments. He was the author of Vindicue GatUde. a work written in defense of 
 the Fn'ucli Uevolntion. in reply to the Reflect tons on (he French Utioliitioii, by Edmund 
 Burke; a HMory of England, which he left uullnished ; a lAisertation on (he Prcij- 
 ress of Eihical PhUoiKiphy.fmA various miscellaneous essays, contributed pnncipally 
 to the Edinburgh Review. During eight years of his life hu held the office of Re- 
 corder of Bombay, in India. His de ith occurred in ia3i. The Life of Sir James 
 Muckin/osh, written by his son, is a hi^dily interesting and instniclive work. 
 
 ITIaiiHlield (Edward D.) was born in 1S<J1, and graduated at the United States Mili- 
 tary Academy, at West Point, in 1819. He is the author of several works, chief 
 among which are the Life of General Scotl. and the Jlislory of Uie Mexican ^Yar. He 
 also ]>llbli^hcd, in 1850, a work entitled Auitrican Education. 
 
 marsliall (.John, LL.D.), Chief-Justice of the United States, from ISOl to the time of 
 his death, in 18.')o. He was born in 1755, and served asan officer in the Hevolutionary 
 War. His claims to authorship rest on nis Life of Washington, a work valuable for 
 the accuracy of its statements, and the simplicity and perspicuity of its style. It has 
 been, however, superseded by later publications, particularly those of Jared Sparks 
 and Wa-hii gton Irving, who have given us more interesting details, in order to judge 
 rightly the character of tli<,' K.itlicr of his Country. 
 
 Itlasuii (./o/((( .1/., D.I).), a very eloquent American divine, wa.i born in the city of New 
 York in 1770, and gnidiiated at Columbia College in that city. He commenced pas- 
 toral duties in 17!)i, and continued them with occasional intervals till his death, in 
 1829. He was greatly esteemed for his piety and erudition, and as a pulpit orator, 
 had very few equals. His writings principally consist of sermons, addresses, and 
 miscellaneous essays. 
 
 Maxcy (.Jonathan, D.D.), bom in Massachusetts in HCkS. and graduated at Brown Uni- 
 vei>ity. I'i-ovid<'nce, of which he was president fnim ]7!)J to 1802, and president of 
 Union College, Schenectady, till 18)4, when he became i)resident ol the College of 
 South Carolina. Hi* writing's consist chiefly of sermons and addresses, which 
 display considerable scholarship and literary culture. He died in 1820. 
 
 mirabcaii dlonore O.R., Comtede), the most inHueniial of the jjopiilar leaders in the 
 NatiiMi.d -Assembly at the commencement of the French Revolution, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished for his eloquence and address. In his early years he manifested an un- 
 controllable temper, and indul'jed in every kind of vicious excess. As a |>unishinent 
 for a guilty inlri;.'ue, he was closely iniprisoned at Vinccnncs for nearly four years 
 Here he emi>loyed liiinself in literary labors, by which he was enabled to supply his 
 necessities. Alter his release, he subsisted chielly by literary labor, and still led a 
 very profligate life. His political pamphlets were peculiarly able and efTective. 
 When the States-general were convened, he souirht an election by the nobles, but 
 being refused, he purchased a draper's shop, and becomin'.' a candidate to the Third 
 Estate, was triumphantly elected. He died in 17'Jl, in the foriy-second year of his 
 age, and was interred with great jxunp in the •' Pantheon" at Paris. 
 
 Nott (Eiipha/et, I). />., LI.,.D.). one of the most eloquent of .\morican divines, is pnrticn- 
 larly distinguished by his labors in behalf of L'nion College, Schenectady, of which 
 
Biographical Index of Authors. 4 1 1 
 
 institution he was elected president in 1804, and continued in lliat office for over 
 forty years. His published sermons and addresses are splendid productions, written 
 in a fascinating, brilliant style, adorned with every rhetorical grace. His eflbrts in 
 behalf of temperance were very earnest and effective. 
 
 Oriie (Miss Caroline F.), an American poetess, born in Massachusetts. She wrote and 
 published several volumes of poems, many of which have considerable merit. 
 
 Palfrey (John Gorhcmi), was born in Boston, in l^Qfi, and educated at Harvard Uni- 
 versity, in which institution he was afterward appointed Professor of Sacred Litera- 
 ture. His lectures on the Evidences of C'hnstianity and on the Hebrew Scriptures, as 
 well as his numerous literary, historical, and political discourses, have buen highly 
 commended. His great work, the " History of New England," the first volume of 
 which was published in 1858, has been universally approved, and admired for its 
 thorough appreciation of the Pmitan character, its accuracy of statement, and the 
 purity and dignity of its style. 
 
 Parker (Rev. Theodore), was boru at Lexington, Mass., in 1812, graduated at the 
 theological school in Cambridge, and settled in Roxbury, as minister of a Unita- 
 rian church. He subsequently became distinguished for the fluency and eloquence 
 of his public lectures and addresses, in which he displayed a remarkable pungency 
 of satire, and an intense humanitarian spirit. His anti-slavery efforts were 
 particularly vigorous and persistent. The boldness with which he advanced 
 his peculiar views in religion, gave great offense to very many, and his theolog- 
 ical writings have drawn upon him considerable bitter animadversion and censure. 
 He was undoubtedly a man of great intellectual power, and a most kindly and phil- 
 anthropic spirit. Hisdeath occurred at Florence, Italy, in 1860. 
 
 Parknian (Francis), a native of Boston, where he was born in 1823. After gradu- 
 ating at Harvard, in 1844, he traveled upon the western prairies, in order to obtain 
 a knowledge of the manners and character of the Indians. His Consjnracy of Pon- 
 tiac is, by the testimony of Bancroft, "an uncommonly meritorious work." It is 
 written in a lively style, and abounds in picturesque descriptions, and graphic de- 
 lineations of Indian life and character. France and England in North America, 
 a Series of Historical Nai'ralives, including an account of the Huguenots in Florida, 
 Samuel Champlain, and the Jesuits in North America, has been warmly commended 
 by critics on both sides of the Atlantic. No historical course of reading can be 
 complete that excludes these charming volumes. 
 
 Parton (James), was born in England, in 1822, but has resided in New Yorlc since 
 1820. Ho has written several excellent biographies, oi Horace Greeley (1855), Aaron 
 Burr (1857), Andreio Jackson (1860), Benjarnin Franklin (1864), besides General 
 Butler in New Orleans (18152). His contributions to various literary periodicals 
 are very numerous. Mr. Parton's style is forcible, and most of his writings, par- 
 ticularly the '"Life and Times of Aaron Burr," and the "Life of Franklin," have 
 acquired very considerable popularity. 
 
 Plerpont (Rev. John), was born in nS5, at Litchfield, Conn., graduated at Yale 
 College, and settled in Boston as a Unitarian clergyman. He afterwards had the 
 pastoral charge of a congregation in Troy, and sul>sequently in Medford, Mass., 
 where he died in 1866. His poems are characterized by smoothness and regularity of 
 versification, and considerable spirit and energy. Of these the longest is the Airs 
 of Palestine, which, when first published, received considerable praise. Mr. Plerpont 
 also compiled a series of Reading Books, which were formerly in very extensive use. 
 
 Pollard (Edward A.), was formerly editor of the Richnwnd Examiner. He publish- 
 ed various works in relation to the Civil War, written from a Southern standpoint. 
 In 180t), appeared The Lost Cause; a New Southern History of the War of the 
 Confederates; and subsequently other works on topics connected with the same 
 general subject. Mr. Pollard's style is copious and vigorous ; and the earnestness 
 with which he writes makes his works interesting to all classes of readers. 
 
412 BiograpJiical Index of Authors. 
 
 Prcwcott {William II.), a (lictingiiishcd American hii'toriaii, was born in Salem, 
 Mas-., ill 17%, fiiiil \V!is tlie ;ri-inid(;i)n of Colonel Prescott, of revolutionary fame. 
 His ]>riiici|>ul works are tlie " History of Fi-rtliimnil and Isalu-lln," '• Tlio Coii- 
 quesl of .Mf.xifo," '-Tlic Comiiiest of Peru,"' and llie '" llislory of the rei^Ti of Phil- 
 i]) II." The last-inciitioned work he did not live to fliiish, dying in 18.")!(. These 
 various productions constitute a splendid contribution to Eni:lish literature. The 
 materials for tlieir composition were collected with the most laborious research, 
 and have been arranged with very great judgment and skill, while their stylo 
 is a model for elegance and correctness. Though in amticnt circuinstancei?, and 
 nflectcd from early manhood with blindness. Mr. Prescntt labored in Lis literary 
 iiiulcrtakiiigs with indel'iitigablc industry, and accomplished a task biyoiid the 
 l)owers of most men in tlie eiijoyiiieut of every faculty. His high moral worth, 
 amiable disposition, and geniality of manners, won for him the esteem of a very 
 large circle of friends. 
 
 RaniNay [David, M.D.), was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in 17-19. After 
 graduating at the College of New Jersey, he studied medicine, and commenced prac- 
 tice in Charleston, South Carolina, where he resided during the rcmaindfr of his 
 life. He was for several years i\~Hi-t>) a member of Congress, and during one year 
 its i>resident. His death was caused by a pistol-shot wound, received in the streets 
 of Charleston, in 1815. In 1785, he publislied his Hiifori/ of Vie Heroin I ion in 
 South Carolina ; and five years afterward, the IIMoiy of (lie American Herolulion, 
 which was received with universal cumraendatiou. His Life of Wufhington ap- 
 peared in 1807, and the HiMonjof South Carolina, in 1800. lie was also the author of 
 several other works. As a historian, he was diligent in research, and his narmtive 
 is characterized by accuracy and impartiality, and is expressed in a simple and 
 elegant style, 
 
 Randall (I/ennj S., LL.D.), is the author of several agricultural works, but best 
 known by his Life of Th(,inati , /if ernm , ii\\\t]MHd in 1857. This work is valuable 
 for ilscDhscieiMious research, and the skillful use which the author has made of 
 tli<.' important materials ])laced in his hands by the descendants of the illustrious 
 subject of the memoir. In other respects, it can claim no unusual credit, cither for 
 style or attractiveness. Mr. Uandall was Secretary of State and Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction in the State of New York, in 1^51. 
 
 Read ('/'. litichanan), an artist and poet, was born in Pennsylvania, in 18.?2. He is the 
 aiiihorof several volumes of poetry, some of which have been received with de- 
 cided approbation. His short poem, entitled " Sheridan's Hide," became univer- 
 sally ])opular throughout the North, immediately after its publication. Mr. Tiick- 
 erinaii remarks of him, " He has an innate sense of beauty and the irrepressible tem- 
 ))er of genius, a gieat command of lanirnage. a vivid fancy, and a musical ear." 
 
 Ripiey (ItOKwdl S.), a native of Ohio, graduated at West Point in 18.'W. Ho wrote a 
 Ilixtorij of the War nith Mexico, which was imblislied in 1849. It is the work 
 of a soldier, and describes with iiniiartial accuracy the operations and situations of 
 the opposing armies duriiij; each of the campaigns of that conflict. 
 
 RobertHoii ( iViltiain), a cxdebrated historian, was born in Scotland, in 1721, and 
 educated at the I'liiversiiy of ICdinburgh. His '• History of Scotland " was piil)- 
 lislied in 17.')9, and received with favor and applause. In 17()0. appeared his " His- 
 tory of Charles V.," u work of great interest and value, ami, in 1777. the " History 
 of America." In all these works. Kobertson displayed great fkill in the arrange- 
 ment and general treatment of his subjects, and iini)artiality andaccuraey in his 
 statements. Their style has a clearness, ease, and dignity, which give to them a 
 peculiar charm. He died in 179J. 
 
 Soiitlioy i/lottrr/^ a celebrated Knglish poet, was born in Bristol, in 1774. and died in 
 IS It. One of his first publi-hed poems, was " Wat Tyhr," a production which, after 
 he had changed his political opinions, he would gladly have suppressed. Its energj-. 
 
Biographical Index of Authors. 413 
 
 and bold vindication of liberal sentiments and popular freedom, however, make it 
 perhaps, in England, the most generally popular of his writings. His other produc- 
 tions include '• Thalaba," "Joan of Arc," and various other poems, most of which 
 show considerable fluency of expression, refinement of taste, and liveliness of 
 fancy; but are deficient in spirit, vigor of imagination, and power of invention, 
 which are the characteristics of poetic genius. Southey received a pension from the 
 English government in 1807, and subsequently was made Poet-Laureate. His prose 
 writings are also quite numerous. 
 
 Sparks {Jared, LL.D.), was born in Connecticut, in 17S9. His father was a poor 
 farmer. He was apprenticed to a carpenter, but his love of books overcame all 
 obstacles, and through the assistance of friends he was enabled to prepare for admis- 
 sion into Harvard College, from which he gi-aduated in 1815. He subsequently became 
 a Unitarian clergjnian, and wrote several works on theological subjects. His fame, 
 however, depends upon his publications in relation to Washington and the history 
 of the Revolution ; for which he will ever receive the gratitude of posterity. His 
 American Biography includes the life of sixty eminent personages, eight of which 
 were written by the editor himself. Mr. Sparks died at Cambridge in 1S66. 
 
 Story {Joseph, LL.D.), the eminent American jurist, was born in Massachusetts, in 
 17T9. He was admitted to the bar in 1801, served several years as a member of the 
 legislature of his native State, and in 1811 was appointed by President Madison 
 associate-justice of the Supreme Court, which ofHce he continued to fill till his 
 death, in 1845. His legal treatises have had a very high reputation both in this 
 country and England. Lord Brougham pronounced him " the first jurist living." 
 His miscellaneous writings are also quite numerous. 
 
 Sunnier (Charles, LL.D.), the distinguished American orator, statesman, and scholar, 
 was born in Boston, in 1811, and graduated at Harvard College in 1830. He studied 
 law under Judge Story and commenced to practice law in Boston ; he was soon 
 highly distinguished for his legal attainments. In 1851, he succeeded Daniel Webster 
 as United States Senator, and still occupies that position. He was, for many years, 
 conspicuous for the courage and eluquence with which he opposed the institution of 
 slavery. His orations and speeches are finished specimens of composition and 
 rhetoric, and abound in illustrations culled from every department of literature. 
 His sentiments, while in many respects quite extreme, are always guided by a high 
 standard of moral principle, and are never relaxed to serve any object of temporary 
 expediency. His legal publications arc numerous, and have gained him very high 
 respect as a jurist. 
 
 Sw^eet (Samuel N.), tlie author of several works on elocution, upon which he was an 
 attractive end popular lecturer. His treatise on Practical Elocution, was published 
 in 1839, and commanded a very extensive sale. He was the author of several other 
 educational works. 
 
 Tlmbs (.John), a popular writer of Great Britain. His Hist07'y of Wonderful Inventioiis 
 is an interesting and valuable compilation. He is also the author of the Year-Book 
 of Facts, and other works, pertaining to the liistory of the useful arts and the prog- 
 ress of scientific knowledge. 
 
 Webster (Daniel), the celebrated American statesman and orator, was born in New 
 Hampshire, in 1782. After graduating from Dartmouth College, he studied law, 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1805. In 1813, he became a representative in Con- 
 gress, and from that time until his death, in 185"2, was almost uninterruptedly in 
 the public service, as a member of Congress or a cabinet officer. In 1842, while 
 Secretary of State, under President Tyler, he negotiated the treaty with England, 
 by which the northeastern boundary question was settled. His great orations may, 
 it has been thought, claim a favorable comparison with even the most brilliant of 
 ancient times. 
 
 Webster (Xoah, LL.D.), the author of the Armrican Dictionary, was born in Con- 
 
414 Biographical Itidcx of AutJiors. 
 
 necticut, in 1758, and graduated with ronfiderablc honor at Yaie College, in 1778. 
 lie was at flrct a school-lcaclicr, at Goshen, in Xew Yoilc, and while tliiis engaged, 
 comi)ilc<l liis SjifUiiHj-liook. which he |)ul)lislied at Unriford, in 17ftJ. lie soon afliT- 
 ward i)iil)lishc(l an Knrjlish Grdiniiiar. Tlic Spclliiig-Booli has i)ii)bal)ly lu-cn Ihe 
 nlo^t widi'ly circulated l)oolv ever piilili.'-lud in tiii- cimntry. In 17H4. lie i)iil>lisliid 
 Sketchen of Amtricaii Policy, a political woriv of coiii-idciable interest and nurit. In 
 17!t3, he started a daily paper in New York, which still continues to he pnhlished. 
 as tlie CotnmtrcUd Advertiser. He commenced the Diitionar)' in 1S(I7, and spent 
 twenty years in its compilation. Tliis work has ever been recognized as a monu- 
 ment of the industry and learning of its compiler: it has nnden;one numerous 
 additions and iniprovemenls. and is now very extensively recognized us alTording 
 the best guide to the correct orthography, ortho('i>y, and etymology of the lan- 
 guage. In some respects, the Dictionary of Dr. Worcester diflcrs from this work; 
 and in New England, particularly, the latter is generally preferred and followed as 
 an authority. Dr. Webster died in 1813. 
 
 Wliittlcr (^0/1/1 G.I, the distinguished-American poet, was bom near Ilaverhill, in 
 •Massachusetts, in 1808. He was quite jjrominent for his cfTorts in behalf of anti- 
 slavery, and many of his most energetic poems were composed in this interest. 
 Many gf his compositions arc remarkable for their bold denunciation of wrong; 
 but others are nuirked by a pathos, tenderness, and delicacy of sentiment not 
 exceeded by any other American p.iet. 
 
 WilliN (Xathanid P.), an American writer and journalist, was bom in Maine, in ISOG. 
 lie graduated from Yale College, where he had already won considerable reputation 
 as a poet. Ills most admired writings arc "Letters from Under a Bridge," "Ink- 
 lings of Adventure," and the " Sacred Poems." In connection with George P. 
 Morris he edited for many years the JFome Journal, a periodical distinguished 
 for lis literary merit. He died at Idlewild, a romantic retreat near Newburgh, 
 in lSti7. 
 
 Wliithrop {liobfH C). was born in Boston, and graduated at Harvard College, In 
 1S28. He was for tnany years a member of the House of Representatives in Wa>h- 
 iiiglon, and Speaker of the House, from Dc'ceniber. 18-17, to March. 18-19. He has 
 attained a very high reputation both as a speaker and a writer. 
 
 %VIrt ( iri//((7m», was born in Maryland, in 1772. He commenced to practice law In 
 Virginia, in 179J, and soon acquiri'd a high reputation for his legal attainments and 
 skill as an advocate. He subsequently entered political life, and filled several oflices 
 with credit. In ISlC, he was apjiointed by President Madison, I'nited States Attor- 
 ney for Virginia, and subseqnciilly, by President Monroe, Attorney-General of the 
 United States. He died in 1831. His cliief iMiblicalions are The Jliitish Spy. a 
 series of very inten'sting letters; and the I.ifr of Patrick Henry, the longest of his 
 literary i)roducllons, published in 1817. He wrote with great accuracy and elegance ; 
 and spoke with a power and eloiiiience that coininunded the immediate attention of 
 his audience. As a public and jirufessiouul man, he deserves to be ranked among the 
 best the country has produced. 
 
ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 
 
 PRACTICAX, BOOKS BY A PRACTICAl. TEACUEB. 
 
 A Grammar-School History of the United States. 
 
 By JouN J. Anderson, A.M., late Principal of Grammar School No. 
 31, New York City; Author of a Manual of General Ilistor}-, A Picto- 
 rial School History of the United States, etc., etc. Illustrated with 
 more than 40 Maps. ICmo. 258 pages. 
 
 Characteristic Features.— 1. The narniMve 1» written with great clearnecs aud 
 ronciHt-ncss, aud is broiisht down to the present time. 2. Unimportant matters are en- 
 tirely omitted, or only incidentally alluded to. 3. The history and the geography are 
 taught together. 4. The book is ftiUy supplio.l with Maps, and the location of every 
 place mentioned is accurately chowii. 5. All the proper names arc accurately pronounced 
 in connection wilh the names as they occur. 6. The pian alTonis frequent and systematic 
 reviews by topics. 7. Two entirely different sets of questions run through the book. 
 8. It contains the Constitution of the United States, wilh full explanations aud class- 
 exercises. 9. It contains Washington's Farewell Address. 10. It contains, at the close 
 of the book, a complete resume of the whole history, arranged for topical study and 
 rucitaiion. 11. It contaius but 2(i0 pa';es. 12. It is sold at a moderate price. 
 
 The publishers believe that teacfie'S who are tired of the cuinbenotne liistorios of our 
 country now largely in use, and desire a book with which they can produce satis/artory 
 results, will Jind that this work will exactly meet their wants. 
 
 Depahtment op Public Instiicction, 
 
 Sii})erintenilent's Office, City of Neio York. 
 
 *' I have carefully examined Anderson's Histories, adopted by the Board of Education, 
 and used in the Public Schools of this city, aud cheerfully coniiueud them to the favi>rable 
 reirard of teachers and School ofllcors, as well adapted to the |)urposes of instrjction in 
 this branch of study, i»iid as excellent and comprehensive compcndiums of the leadiug 
 events of history." S. S. RAND.-\LL, Sup't of Schools. 
 
 "Anderson's nietorics have been in use in the Grammar Schools of this city from the 
 date of their publication, and, as far as I know, have given the highest degree of satisfac- 
 tion. They are written in a clear, concise style, are unusually accurate, and abound in 
 exercises which only a practical teacher could have constructed, and which make them 
 invaluable Clans Manuals. They can scarcely fail to prove acceptable wherever practi- 
 caUv tried." llKNRY KLDDLE, Ass't Sup'l qf Schools. 
 
 From Fifty-seven Principals of Grammar Schools in Uic City of New York. 
 '• We are using .\nderson's Histories in our schools with complete success. For class- 
 room instruction they are, we believe, superior to any other works on the aabject with 
 which we are acquainted." 
 
 Department op 1*ubuc Instrcction, 
 
 Su])erintendenCf Qpi.'e, Brooklyn. 
 "This is to certify that I nm well acquainted with .Sudcrson's Histories, they having 
 been in the Public Schools of this city auring the last three years. After having seen u 
 variety of works on the subject triod liere, I am conlident that .Xndeuson's are decidedly 
 the best for class-room instruction. They L'ive the teacher just the aid he needs to 
 produce satisfactory results, and I therefore give them my unqiialilled recommendation." 
 
 J. W. BUl.KLEY, Sup'tof SchooLi. 
 " Mr. Anderson has, I think, found the golden mean in nearly every feature that should 
 characterize a judicious school history." 
 
 JAMES CKUIKSHANK, AssH Sup'l of ScliooU. 
 
 From ttu Prttunpats of the Oramrnar Schooln in the City of Brooklyn. 
 
 " It gives us pleasure, after using Anderson's Histories in our schools during the last 
 
 two years, to say llial we like lliein. The plan of instruction, combining the geography 
 
 w'.ih the chronology of the narrative, is one which gives the hooks a decided suoeriorily 
 
 ov<*r the works of other authors ou the subject. They have our hearty commendai ion." 
 
 riBLisHE!) T(Y CLAKK & MAYNARD, New Yokk. 
 
ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 
 
 Anderson's Pictorial School History of the United States. 
 
 By John J. Anderson, A. M., Late Principal of Grammar School 
 No. 31, New York City; Author of a Grammar School and other 
 Histories of the United States, and of a Manual of General History. 
 Beautifully illustrated with about two hundred maps, portraits, vignettes, 
 etc. With an appendix containing the Constitution of the United 
 States, with questions and explanations, and the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. 12mo. 400 pages. 
 
 The distinctive features of this work are:— let. A Bystem of maps, with map qnestiona 
 and references, combining the geography with the chronology, thus teaching by the eye 
 as well as the ear, and consequently making the impression upon the memory more last- 
 ing. 2d. A second set of questions differing entirely from the first. These, by associat- 
 ing facts belonging to the same class or train of events, require answers of a topical 
 character, and thus compel ihe student to review his lessons with thoughtfulnesB. 
 
 From the Hon. H. H. Van Dtck, former Superintendent of Public Instruction for the 
 State of New York. 
 " The books comprising Anderson's Series of School Histories have been in my pos- 
 session during the last six months. I have examined them with considerable care, and 
 find them works of decided merit. There is a directness, clearness, and conciseness in 
 the statements, and an admirable method connected with the chronological and geogra- 
 phical features of the narrative, that commend them to my judgment. To the instructor 
 who aims at thoroughness in the knowledge imparted to his pupils of our country's 
 history, these books are certainly invaluable. I recommend them without reservation." 
 
 From C. B. Parsons, D. D., LL.D., Chairman of Committee of Examination and Control 
 of Public Schools, liouisville, Ky. 
 "I have carefully examined the 'Pictorial History of the United States,' by John J. 
 Anderson, and unhesitatingly pronounce it the best of its kind that has fallen under my 
 observation. Its remarkable comprehensibility, so concisely given, " multum in pai^o," 
 with its excellent arrangement of adaptation to the purposes of instruction, cannot fail 
 to recommend it to general use. I most cordially approve of its introduction into our 
 schools." 
 
 From Eev. J. M. Anderson, Principal of Ohio Female College, College Hill, Ohio. 
 "The book stands well the most careful scnitiny. I am particijjarly pleased with the 
 fairness of its statements as to the results of battles, etc. The history of our country is 
 rich enouf^h in great deeds to warrant the historian in telling the whole truth, and 
 nothing but the truth, as to her reverses and misfortunes. Without truth, histoi-y is a. 
 delusion and a snare. In point of method, clearness, and succinctness of narration, 
 also, I regard this book as incomparably the best manual of the kind that has appeared. 
 None but.a praciical and experienced teacher could have produced such a model class- 
 book. We shall lose no time in introducing it into this Institute." 
 
 From Miss Jane A. Bartholoitew, tJie well-known teacher of History in the Connecticut 
 State Noiinal School. 
 " In respect to symmetry of plan, proportionate arrangement of matter, correctness, 
 clearness, and conciseness of statement, and in variety of explanatory information, it is 
 superior to any other text-book in United Stales history used here. The seals of the 
 States and miniature maps are valuable additions to the book ; while the charts and 
 questions for review, condensiug gradually, as they do, its whole contents, meet a want 
 which many teachers have neither the means nor ability to supply." 
 
 PUBIilSHED BT 
 
 NEW YOBK.