Pi •?3 I mill Hill Hill mil "i»>i""-"^ ^ . » 021 486 924 A Hollinger Corp. pH 8.5 BULLETIN of the Some Educational and Legislative Needs of South Carolina Mill Villages ISSUED QUARTERLY BY THE UNIVERSITY No. 24 PARTS January, 191 COLUMBIA, S. C. Second-Class Mail Matter CONTENTS: PAGE Some Educational and Legislative Needs oi South Carolina Mill Villages 3 What Religious Denominations and Colleges are Doing in South Carolina lor the Mill Village Populations 16 What the State Colleges and Institutions are Doing for the Mill Village Populations 20 Sund ries. Practical Courses Suggested ior Mill Men and Boys Night Classes 24 iw i W i y Copies of this address or of my addresses THE SOUTH CAROLINA COTTON MI and THE SOUTH CAROLINA COTTON MILL V will be gladly sent on request. THOMAS F. PARKE (ireeuvi Some Educational and Legislative Needs of South Carolina Mill Villages By THOMAS F. PARKER, President of the Monaghan Mills, greenville, s. c. In substance an address on this subject delivered at the University of South Carolina to the Faculty and Student Body on January 18th, 1911. Some Educational and Legislative Needs of South Carolina Mill Villages By THOMAS F. PARKER At no other time in its history has South CaroHna made such rapid progress towards plenty and distinction as in the last few years. Great changes are taking place rapidly and we must be on the alert to apply old principles to new issues that we may use each new opportunity and avoid new dangers. The two most powerful industrial agencies in the recent development of our State are agriculture and the manufacture of cotton. With agricultural prosperity, agricultural education is being pushed to a remarkable extent; by Nation and State, by individuals, by the Southern Railway, by the Cotton Seed Crushers Association, by the rural improvement as- sociation, by corn, cotton and tomato expositions, and in innumerable other ways. The farm co-operative demon- stration work alone is spending in South Carolina in twelve months $29,000.00, and the Peabody Board has appropriated for rural education during a like period $6,200.00. A State law now requires that elementary agriculture shall be taught in the schools of the State. Our General Assembly in 19 10 by joint resolution ap- pointed a commission to make necessary investigations and report at this session upon the advisability of establishing agricultural schools and experimental stations in the State. This commission recommends among other things that ; "Whereas there are a numl^er of forces now at work in South Carolina to improve the agricultural methods and conditions of the Commouiwealth among which may be named Clemson College, with its agricultural courses, its extension work, farmers' institute work, rural school work, and its experiment station, and the station's bulletins; the State Department of Agriculture, Commerce and Indus- tries, with its many branches of work in office and field; the United States Farm Demonstration Work, carrying its instruction to the farmer and the farm home; the boys' corn club, and the girls' tomato club work, under the jont direction of the farm demonstration work and the County Superintendents of Education ; and the United States Office of Farm Management; the courses of agri- culture and school gardening at Winthrop College and at the University of South Carolina; the distribution of Government bulletins on school agriculture by the State Supervisor of rural schools ;" etc. Therefore, that there should be created a State Com- mission on Agricultural Education which should be specifically charged with the making and execution of general plans for Agricultural Education in South Caro- lina ; that special courses, designed to prepare teachers, for the teaching of the subject of agriculture in the elementary schools should be offered by Clemson College, Winthrop College, and the State University; and that a summer nor- mal school for the agricultural instruction O'f teachers should be held at Clemson College each vacation season ; that an appropriation should be made by the General Assembly for the support of elementary and secondary schools which undertake in a satisfactory manner to introduce agriculture into their curriculums; that teachers who have prepared themselves to teach agriculture and who have proper cre- dentials should receive from the State's appropriation a small compensation in addition to the salary paid by the district trustees. Admitting that agriculture is still the greatest industry of this State, and highly improving the manner in which Agricultural Education is now being promoted among our people, I ask in all earnestness if South Carolina should not also at the same time seek to provide adequate industrial and vocational education for all its people in- cluding its manufacturing" population. The pay rolls of the mills each year add to the State's wealth approximately $12,000,000.00, their dividends add approximately $3,500,000.00, and their taxable values are about $25,000,000.00. (or about one-tenth of the State's total taxable values.) The mills also pay into the State Treasury a franchise tax of about $25,000.00 per annum; and consume eighty per cent, of the amount O'f cotton raised in the State. In thirty years they have doubled the average daily wage of their operatives, and indirectly have caused the same advance in the wages of all unskilled white workers in the State by offering employment at the increased price to all the unemployed. The collecting of the less prosperous of South Caro- lina's rural population into villages and their discipline and training in regular habits in our coarse goods cotton mills should only be the first step towards greater manufactur- ing activity and greater prosperity. Our cotton mills and cotton mill villages should Ije places where operati\'es are preparing for many kinds of industries requiring higher skill ; we are only beginners, and our eyes should be firmly fixed on the possibilities of the future and not too much on the past. Each advance must be but a temporary resting place unless we are to be laggards in the race upon which we have entered. The State cannot allow its manufactur- ing development to limit itself to any one kind of manu- facturing; it would be suicidal for its manufacturing to confine itself to coarse goods cotton mills which all the world over pay the minimum wage to industrial operatives because their labor is unskilled. Di\ersified manufactur- ing- requiring greater skill, or the making of finer goods would double or quadruple the State's total pay roll and the earnings of its individual operatives. The times are calling for education and legislation and new lines. If we aspire to be leaders we should act. It must not be forgotten that the State's Educational In- stitutions exist primarily for the benefit of the State, and that South Carolina's rank in the industrial world of the next generation depends largely upon the instruction she gives her younger operatives, and upon their environments in her mill villages. Adequate industrial and vocational schools for her boys, dignifying labor and producing efficiency, and the improAement of mill village conditions, are necessary if she is to attain to industrial eminence. Our operatives, homogenius. English speaking, bone of our bone, flesii of our flesh, sometimes connected with our best families, are the material from which a high class of industrial workers can be made. Nowhere else in the United States is there as good a class so accessible to in- struction, only needing the proper kind of education to develop the highest efficiency. Tliey are a marked contrast to the mixed operatives of many nationalities, habits and tongues to be found today in the industrial com- munities of other sections. Though South Carolina has great cause for jM-ide in the rapidity with which she has built her cotton mills, and in their standard of construction and equipment, and in the way in which their managements have collected together and utilized to the great profit of all concerned our un- employed people; yet true it is that she has not an equal cause for pride in her cotton mill village conditions, or in the educational facilities that the State and other institu- tions and individuals are offering her textile workers. Especially is tliis so if her 150 villages are considered and not only a selected one of some 20 of her best which is almost invariably done when this subject is mentioned. So rapid has l)een the development of manufacturing in this State, and so little interest has been shown in the education of its mill village population that to the ])resent we have made no provision for their special needs, but they must either use a system of education and studies prepared for the agricultural population or go without any. This oversight permeates practically the entire edu- cational system of the State. The University of South Carolina is almost the only exception. Clemson College, South Carolina's agricultural and mechanical college, with its income approximating $250,- 000.00 per annum, has a struggling textile department to the maintenance of which some $6,000.00 is apportioned. It is not suited in any respect for the vocational training of mill boys ; it does not attract them ; but small per- centage of its graduates work permanently in mills in any capacity. As a college it sets out to impart a liberal edu- cation and expert textile knowledge to a class more favor- ed socially and financially than mill people. Thoug'h the colleg'e is not situated in a mill center, which is the natural location for the textile education of mill operatives, it could undertake for textile workers extension work, in- stitute work, and school work, similar to such work which it has undertaken during the last few years for the agricultural population. Winthrop College is near mills, Init only its kinder- garten department has to the present time interesed it- self in mill people. Though these conditions, as before stated, are to a certain extent due to the fact that manufacturing on a large scale is new to this State there is no reason for them to continue. Why should we not ha\e a State Supervisor of mill village schools? And why could these schools not give some industrial training? Why should there not l)e created a State Commission on industrial and vocational training similar to the one proposed for agricultural education, with an adequate appropriation for conducting its work? What is wanted for mill men and boys is vocational instruction adapted to local needs gnven in congenial sur- roundings which shall increase their earning capacity and make them more efficient operatives, also helping them to become overseers and superintendents. This instruction might be given in night classes near the mills so that pupils while staying at home could earn a living during the day and practically apply at their work the theoretical instruction which they receive. Some of the studies which interest South Carolina mill men and boys are "group courses ;" English ; mill calculations of speeds, drafts, etc., etc. ; mechanical and free hand drawing; textile designing; practical courses in electricity and steam engineering, etc., etc. On account of the antecedents of these people the instruction should be largely individual and especially adapted to the need of each student, be he young or old, starting with the alphabet if necessary. Elementary com- mon school instruction is often necessary with these people as a preparation for vocational studies. Such individual instruction requires a large number of teachers in propor- tion to students but does not call for any special equip- ment other than ordinary school rooms. Another great need of mill villages for the education of the rising generation is properly conducted nursery kindergartens. Kindergartens may be of doubtful l)enefit to children of educated and refined parents, and are not adapted on account of the youth of the children to the needs of a scattered agricultural population, but they are unquestionably of the greatest benefit in commencing the education of children who have otherwise around them only the influences of mill village homes, and they can be made very accessible to such children living as they do in thickly settled villages. It should also be borne in mind that these children stop going to school at 12 years of age. Our present State law does not allow any State funds to l)e used for this purpose. It is very desirable to teach the boys of our agri- cultural population practical agricultural knowledge and habits, but is it not equally important to teach all our girls to cook and sew? Mill village girls are specially in need of such training because they cannot learn these things at home. It may be argued that such instruction costs money, but it would be money well invested. Every year we are more prosperous, and this will continue if among other necessary precautions we wisely educate our people. It has been estimated that South Carolina's cotton crop this year will sell for $96,000,000.00 which, it may be mentioned, it considerably less than the annual sale of cotton mill goods now manufactured by its mills. There is no wiser way to spend some of this money than, on education. Important as is the development of our industrial classes for the State, there is still another ground upon which I place my present appeal to you for the 150,000 of your fellow citizens who comprise our mill village popula- tion. The world has never followed cold reasoning. Before, we learned how to think very well, we felt pretty accurately. The men in this audience who will act on what I am saying are those who feel human needs and have a personal sympathy for their less fortu- nate fellows. Friends! 150,000 of South Carolina's need- iest sons and daughters ask of you the opportunity to help themselves. They ask of you who have had opportunities in the past to share the results of these with them. They ask that you give them of your time, thought and under- standing; they do not want and would not accept charity; their great need is mental stimulus and guidance and educational facilities; they compose the poorest of our white population and when coming to the mills left their homes and friends, and found themselves landless and almost penniless, surrounded by conditions entirely new. All that they brought with them was their power to labor, and their friends are few. It is upon them that slavery and war and reconstruction have most heavily said their blighting hands. From lack of past advantages and op- portunities they often have to learn even the most ele- mentar_y rules of living and behavior, which would ordi- narily be taken for granted as our common heritage. It is for this reason, and not from mental incapacity or choice, that they do not mingle with our towns' people, and that they are sometimes hard to teach. All South Carolina mill villages have a church, school and doctors, but as a rule these are inferior, and the in- fluences in some mill villages are far from what they should be; while accessory religious, educational and wel- fare agencies in villages, paid for by South Carolina sources other than the mill corporations and the villagers are conspicuous by their absence or their inadequacy, though our towns can no longer plead the poverty which in the past alone justified the mill \illage neglect that has existed. Few persons realize the actual educational conditions wliich pertain in mill villages or liow little has been done to reach the hearts and minds of these people; though the mill companies often build the school houses and con- tril)ute to the salaries of the mill village public school teachers, even then only a small percentage of these receive in South Carolina over $360.00 per annum (or a little more than the average mill operative, who, including children 12 years of age, receives $1.10 per day, or about $330.00 per annum) in marked contrast to mill foreman of departments who receive as a rule from $1,000.00 to $1500.00 per annum, or to mill superintendents who re- ceive luuch more. In many mill villages the school buildings and teach- ing force are altogether too small for the population. For instance, if a village with a kindergarten and two teachers, which are suitable for a population of 800, should increase its population to four or five thousand the building or its teaching force w^ould probably not be increased. It is not uncommon for a school teacher with a salary approximat- ing that of an average mill hand to teach fifty or many more poorly graded pupils (I have heard of one such 10 teacher with 90 pupils) and these teachers are usually without the instruction or control of any educational supervision worth mentioning. There is a great opportunity to educate by night classes those mill villages adjacent to towns from which ] believe many college professors or city teachers or ex- perts in various lines of work could be enlisted according to their ability tO' instruct night classes in branches needed by mill boys and girls instead of allowing many of our brightest mill men to be denied educational advantages, or for lack of home opportunities to use expensive and un- satisfactory correspondence schools located in distant States such as Illinois or Pennsylvania, and to allow our girls to grow up lacking in much needed instruction. There is also much other teaching called for in mill villages besides the night courses, which must be done through employed experts. Trained district ' nurses in addition to relieving sickness and saving lives can do a wonderful educational work by house visits, loan closets and health clubs ; kindergarten nurseries caring for chil- dren from three to six years of age are splendidly adapted to the needs of a mill village ; nowhere can settlement work be more effective, reaching out as it does with its teaching and helpful influences to the individual homes; educational gatherings with illustrated stereopticon slides and with good speakers brought from without the mill village com- munity exercise a most marked influence. There are also effective means which can be employed to establish much needed sympathetic relations between the villages and the towns ; the Winthrop College kindergarten is doing some fine work of this character. The mill school build- ings sometimes with small changes and additions can be used to great advantage for night classes or as social centers. I have been told by prominent men and women that they would be very glad to do such work in mill villages if it was organized; and if they were invited to do it by H the mill presidents whom they have been led to suppose would resent their initiating any educational or philan- thropic movement in their villages unless invited by them so to do. While it may be true, as has been asserted to me, that there are some mills which in varying degrees are willing for their operatives to remain shiftless, ignorant and dependent, recognizing no oblig'ation to change these conditions and believing that such labor is low priced and easily controlled, and which therefore find plausible rea- sons for objecting to outsiders interesting themseh'es in stu(l3^ing or bettering their conditions; yet such mills are few and the large majority of the mill villages are what the neighboring communities and their educational insti- tutions have willingly let them remain, for in the last analysis the condition of mill villages is dependent on pub- lic effort and public opinion. It would be a blight, most far reaching and insidious, on the future prosperity of our State, and destructive to our Democratic institutions if we had in oiir mill villages even in a remote degree a system resembling the feudal system, where the people's home life is under the domination of the omployer; and I refuse to believe that such exists anywhere in South Carolina. It is unfortunately true, however, that there is a very general tendency among all classes of our people to throw the whole responsibilty for the education and welfare of the village population on the mill President and the mill corporations where it only partly belongs. How can leading denominations and educational in- stitutions satisfactorily explain to themselves the presence of 150,000 of the most need}^ of our white population in mill villages adjacent to our towns without more organized effort on their part to help them than their records show? In mill villages there is a splendid opening for in- stitutional churches through which town congregations could do a noble work. Has there been an adequate effort to furnish for 12 the villagers competent leaders, teachers, deaconesses, trained nnrses, trained kindergartenders or trained instruc- tors of cooking and sewing? Is the church justified in confining its work with these people almost entirely to spiritual and denominational teachings as though they had only souls and not minds and bodies ? The small number of prominent preachers in South Carolina who interest themselves practically and at personal sacrifice in the mill population or its problenis is very noticeable, as is also the incapacity of the workers who are usually furnished. Special preparation and a special call- ing are needed for a competent mill village worker, but should such men not be hunted for and when found should they not receive high respect and financial support? It would be amusing- if it were not so pathetic to hear how many persons when asked to contribute time or money to educate the mill village population express the fear of "pauperizing them." In fact one is almost led by interested parties to believe that the greatest danger threatening our village population is that of being "pauper- ized;" and the danger is only theoretic as there is in South Carolina mill village conditions absolutely nothing upon which to base such a fear. To me it is a very sad spectacle to see in South Caro- lina a strong tendency to keep through neglect the mill people in an inferior class or caste, and to blame them for not mingling with others when it is their antecedents and lack of past opportunities which compel them to stay apart, and which they are unable to free themselves from except by a very slow process or till helped to do so by others. It is only our lack of sympathy and understanding that makes us unconscious of these fetters and how to break them. Before closing I wish to say a few words concern- ing legislation affecting mill villages. The best way to prevent some kinds of class legislation is by destroying the class lines through education. It would be a great 13 mistake to think that the majority of our mill people have inherited traits which will prevent them being good, efficient citizens; on the contrary cliildren in the average mill school are average South Carolina children as to ability, (but below the average in general education and training) and the kind of men and women they become depends on the education and environments given them by the citizens of our State. We are fortunate in South Carolina in having had on the whole good and conservative legislation. There is in my opinion however some legislation which would affect mill people wdiich is nuich needed. Among which I would mention a law to make education compulsory; a law recpiiring marriage licenses and registration (to reduce the number of desertions) ; a law preventing chil- dren marrying (as too many do at present) ; a law requir- ing the registration of births and deaths; and most of all an employers' accident indemnity law modeled on the Ger- man law, upon wliich latter I will dwell at more length as such a law is new to many of us, and is receiving a great deal of attention at the present time throughout the United States. The German law is a system of compulsory insurance to which both employees and employers contribute. Every injured German workman, no matter how he was injured, whether by his own fault or by the fault of his employer, draws a regular weekly pension either from the sickness insurance fund or from the accident insurance fund until he is able to go to work again. The difference between the German situation and the South Carolina situation is the difference between that modern, scientific, peace making device called "compulsory insurance," and that mediaeval, unscientific, strife breed- ing contrivance called "employers' liability." The weapons of "compulsory insurance" are safety devices and convalescent homes; the weapons of "em- ployers' liability" are lawyers, judges and instructions to juries. 14 "Germany pays its injured, superannuated, and other pensioners something like $126,000,000.00 a year, of this sum the workmen furnish one-half. American manufac- turers spend about as much as this total out of their own pockets, but only thirty per cent of it ever reaches the injured. On the one hand the remedy for sightless eyes, maimed bodies and helpless widows and hungry children is long, expensive litigation, on the other it is prompt and continuous medical service, and a regular, weekly income." "In eleven years, from 1894 to 1905, the Employers' Liability Companies of America took $99,959,076.00 in premiums from American employers. How much did they pay out in compensation to injured workmen? Just $43,599,498.00. or 43 per cent, of what they took in, and of this sum about one-third went to pay the lawyers of the injured parties. Seventy per cent for expenses! thirty per cent, for compensation ! It would take an ingenious man to devise a more wasteful system." x\nd the laws of our State should change this system which is ours. If you are interested, these statements and much more on this subject can be found in a much quoted article en- titled "Pensioners of Peace," which appeared in Every- body's Magazine, October, 1908. 35 APPENDIX "A" What Religious Denominations and Colleges are doing in South Carolina for a mill village population of 150,000 people with funds and workers derived from sources mostly other than the mills and villages. This list seeks to give complete information of all such work done in the State. The villages suffer as much from the in- efficienc}' of the workers who are sent, and from the lack of constructive methods in handling the situation as they do from the smallness of the amounts spent on them. BAPTIST DENOMINATION. Mission Board gave in 12 months (1909) to sup- plement preacher's salaries $6,380.00, and supported in whole or in part 13 women misionaries at a cost of $5,150.00. Three evangelists were employed at a cost of $3,000.00, who devoted a part of their time to mill vil- lages. The mill village churches, however, contribute a considerable sum to the general church objects, the amount of which could not be ascertained. To the writer's surprise he found that at his mill the appropriation from the mission board to the Baptist village church in 1909 was $225.00; its membership was 245. The amounts con- tributed by it were as follows: pastor's salary $400.00; missions $135.60; orphanage $60.00; old preachers $8.18; poor $6.04; incidentals $115.37; Total $725.19; subscribed to Furman University to be paid in five annual installments $150.00; the appropriation from the board for 1910 was $100.00, and the contributions of the church were as follows: Foreign Missions, $50.00; Home Missions, $35.00; State Missions, $30.00; Orphanage through Sun- 16 day School, $50.00; the Poor in Village, $20.00; Visiting Ministers, $27.00; Aged Ministers, $10.00; Ministerial Education, $3.00; Current Support Furnian University, Sj.oo; Pastor's Salary $400.00; Incidentals, $86.00; Total, $718.00; Subscription to Southern Baptist Theological Seminary to be paid in five annual installments, $137.50. Fitniian Ujiivcrsity has offered one year's free tui- tion to a mill boy as a reward for good work in a Y. M. C. A. night classes ; some of its students teach in a mill Sunday School ; its President and several of its professors, on request, occasionally give popular lectures in mill vil- lages; one of its professors teaches regularlv in a mill Y. M. C. A. night class. Greenville Female College : The Y. \\'. C. A. con- ducts a Sunday mill afternoon club in co-operation with a mill Y. W. C. A. The club does mission study; four girls have undertaken this work, two coming out each Sunday. The Kindergarten Department of G. F. C. supplies, without charge, teachers for Camperdown Mill Kinder- garten and city poor, and sends assistants to sex'cral mill kindergartens. All kindergarten teachers are urged to join the story telling and game league. A loan liljrarv is being started for the future use of all kindergarten teachers. The Coiiuie-Ma.vzi'ell Orphanage is boarding, clothing and educating a total of 230 children. Of these, sixtj are mill children. EPISCOPAL DENOMINATION. At Olympia Mills, Columbia, S. C, there is a brick church and a parish-house, containing amusement hall and medical dispensary : a clergyman and deaconesses are in charge; cost of maintenance about $1500.00 per annum, which is principallv paid by Trinity Church, Columbia, S. C. For the Graniteville, Bath, Lang'ley and Clearwater Mills 17 there is a church and a school-house ; night classes are taught; a clergyman and a deaconess have been in charge at a cost of about $1500.00 per annum. At the Charleston Bagging Factory, there is main- tained a night school and missions, and at a Spartanburg mill and at Ninety Six there are missions. At Calhoun Falls Mill there is a chapel and regular services are held. The Orphanage Department of the Church Home at Yorkville, S. C, has seventy children in the orphanage, which are being boarded, clothed and educated. Of these, 25 are from mill villages. LUTHERAN DENOMINATION. The Olympia Mills has a resident minister at a cost of $700.00 per annum. Till this year, the Olympia Mills have been the only mill work. The Newberry Mill church is helped to the extent of $500.00. Newberry College offers one scholarship in each of the two mill villages to that student (boy or girl) in the mill school who makes the highest average mark of scholarship. A scholarsliip means full tuition for four years. Only one of the scholarships is being utilized this session. A number of the students teach in the two mill Sunday Schools. METHODIST DENOMINATION. Board of Missions gave in 12 months to supplement mill preacher's salaries $6,050.00. and supports five dea- conesses and helpers in whole or in part at a cost of $1,475.00. For the erection of church buildings there was given $705.00. Mill village churches have regular and special assess- ments for missions and other church purposes outside of the mill villages, which aggregate a considerable amount. The writer could not ascertain this amount, but he found that the Methodist church in his mill village with 104 members, received in 1910 from the Home Mission Board $150.00, and contributed as follows: Pastor's Salary, $250.00; Presiding Iilder, $31.25; Missions, Con- ference Claims, etc., $140. 4r), a total of $421.71. The Cohimbla District pays $150.00 towards the sup- port of a woman heli>er at Langley. The Spartanburg Churches support a deaconesses at Spartan Mills. At Wofford College, ten students teach in night classes at the mills without financial compensation. The demand for these night classes is growing; professors give lectures in mill villages. Epivorth Orphanage boards, clothes and educates 43 mill children. PRESBYTERIAN DENOMINATION. Bethel Presbytery maintains three missions: one in Chester and two in Rock Hill ; the three preachers give their entire time : three Sabbath Schools are kept up, cost $1900.00. Charleston Presbytery maintains a mission to opera- tives at Graniteville, cost $600.00. Enoree Presbytery maintains three missions to opera- tives at Spartanburg, Laurens and Greenville, cost $718.00. At Clinton; First Presbyterian Church has built a chapel at Lydia Cotton Mills and employs a pastor to preach twice monthly to mill people, and a woman worker. The Thornzvell Orphanage is boarding, clothing and educating 43 mill children. The Presbyterian College of South Carolina, at Clin- ton, S. C, has one student a Superintendent of a mill Sab- bath School and three others teach in the school ; the midweek mill prayer meeting is frequently attended and conducted by the college students. Chicora College ga\e last year one free scholarship to a young woman from the mills. This was used last vear, but is not being used this year. 19 "B" //7/a/ ilic State Colleges and Institutions are doing for the mill village populations. CLEMSOX AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Had in 19 lo, a student body of 653. Of these aljont 35 were regular textile course students and six special two year textile course students. UNIVERSrrY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. The LIniversity offers an "A, B." course for social and religious workers. Some students and one of the faculty teach in mill Sunday Schools ; several students teach in mill night schools; one of the students assists in popular lectures at mills; several professors have given popular lectures at mills; one professor gives gymnasium instruction two nights weekly at a mill Y. M. C. A. ; several students from the mill villages have been given positions in the University to assist them get an education ; the President of the L'f^niversity in person has cordially invited the mill people to attend the University courses of popular lec- tures, concerts, etc., and has had conditions in mill villages presented concretely to the student body by competent speakers ; an alumunus has been for years the very suc- cessful principal of the Olympia Mills Schools. CONVERSE COLLEGE. Members of the College Faculty and students from time to tiine have taught in the mill Sunday Schools, and have occasionally assisted in church w'ork. WINTHROP COLLEGE. Normal & Industrial departments and Practice Home do no special work for mill people. 20 The Kindergarten Department, Miss Macfeat, Prin- cipal, maintains a l