rinss PTl \GZ& Rook VJA^^-^ Cop}Tigh( X^ COP\'RIGHT DEPOSIT. ^clijStec'sE practical 2Dictionarp A PEACTICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE GIVING THE CORRECT SPELLING, PRONUNCIATION AND DEFINITIONS OF WORDS BASED ON THE UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY OF NOAH WEBSTER, LL.D. ^^ WITH AN APPENDIX COMPRISING A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF BIBLICAL, CLASSICAL, MYTHOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL PROPER NAMES ; ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING ; ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING ; METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, WITH • CONVERSION TABLES EDITED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D. President of Yale College BY DORSEY GARDNER WITH NEARLY FIFTEEN HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS CHICAGO THE REILLY & BRITTON CO. SPRINGFIELD, MASS. : G. & C. MERRIAM CO. 1906 LIBRARY of CONGRESS Two CoDies Received JUN 27 »906 _--Oopy right Entry CLASS iA XXc. No. Copyright, 1884, By G. & C. MERRIAM & CO. Copyright, 1906, Bt G. & C. MERRIAM CO. Web. Prac. Diet. Electrotyped by H. O. Houghton and Company, 15— PEEFAOE. The purpose of this volume is to supply, in as compact a form as "fe consistent with clearness, the orthography, pronunciation, and meaning of all English words wliich are liliely to be en- countered by the general reader or the student. Words of an exclusively technical or scientific nature are in general omitted, — both to reserve space for the adequate treatment of words in general use, and because the limited class of persons who desire information of this kind would in any case refer to encyclopedias or glossaries devoted to an especial field. Although the book is small, it will be found to contain a more copious vocabulary and fuller definitions of the essential words, than many dictionaries of greater bulk. The illustrations, which have been proftisely used wherever they could aid the imderstanding of the subject, will be found in many cases to afford a clearer explanation than could be given by the use of words. Arrangement of Words. — The great condensation of the book is due in part to the exclusion of definitions of derived words, which are in fact self-explanatory as soon as the root-word is thoroughly defined. For instance, under the vocabulary word Blame (p. 38), Blamable is de- fined, but not Blamableness or Blamably ; Blameless, but not Blamelessly or Blameless- ness ; Blameworthy, but not Mameworthiness : the words, however, are given ; also their pronunciation is invariably indicated by accents, or by respelling when necessary ; so also is the part of speech, by the conventional signs uniformly employed. — But the principal saving of space is due to the system of referring words, formed upon a common prefix, to the first of these words which occurs alphabetically ; explaining there the prefix fully and once for all. For example, the inseparable prefix In-, having a negative force, is fully accounted for in its regular alphabet- ical place ; its euphonic changes (into i- before gn- ; il- before I- ; im- before m and p ; and ir- before r-) are described ; and then reference is made to the five vocabulary words under which, 8ucti formatives are grouped : viz. : — Ignoble, covering 13 words, and occupying | of a column. niandable, covering 20 words, and occupying | of a column. Immaculate, covering 132 words, and occupying 3 columns. Inability, covering 415 words, and occupying lOJ- columns. Irrational, covering 34 words, and occupying 1| columns. Total 614 words, occupying 14| columns. In the Unabridged Dictionary the corresponding words, as ascertained by measurement, fill 147" of its much ampler columns ; and — by reason of the strictly alphabetical arrangement of that work — extend over 65 pages ( words of different derivation being of course intermingled with them), as against 7 J pages of Wis volume. Another similar economy, which has effected the saving of much space, is illustrated by the following entry (p. 32) : — Be-, prefix, has sometimes an intensive force, as besprinkle. Prefixed to nouns or adjectives, it often has the meaning to make, and transforms them into verbs : thus Bedim, Befool, mean to make dim, to make a fool of. Sometimes it has the meaning of by, as Beside. For words beginning ■with Be- not foim.d in this vo- cabulary, see the original word : thus, for Bedaub, Bedim, etc., see Daub, Dim, etc. A like saving has been effected in the case of many of these prolific prefixes. Thus, Se-, with its form Red-, having been accounted for (p. 335), the generality of words sb constructed aro: IV PREFACE. disposed of by the note : " It may be prefixed to almost any verb and many substantives, the word so formed being usually self-explanatory." Still, when a diEEerence in either pronunciation or meaning has taken place, both forms are given and defined : for instance, Rec^ollect' and Re- collect' are combined in a single paragraph (p. 337), as being of identical derivation ; but their widely divergent meanings are adequately defined ; while their primitive meaning is left to be sought under Collect. System of Grouping. — A saving similar to that made by associating words having the same prefix has been accomplished by consolidating into one paragraph words derived from the same root, provided they have the same initial letter. Thus, under the noim Air (p. 10) are given, first, the direct derivatives, the verb, To Air, the noun Airing, adjective Airy, adverb Airily, noun Airiness ; then follow, alphabetically, the derived compounds — viz. : Alr'batll, -bed, -bladder, etc., — of which there are 16 ; and the result is that 21 words are adequately accounted for in 42 lines, although a space equal to 5 of these lines is given to an illustration showing the construction of an Air-pump ; whereas the corresponding words occupy just 200 lines of the broader columns of the Unabridged. Again, under Water (p. 499), this book covers 49 words in 190 lines, or about 2 Columns, including 6 illustrations ; while in the Unabridged the word and its deriva- tions fill 7| columns, or 837 lines. — It must be explained, however, that, while words of identical etymology have been thus systematically grouped, great care has been taken to indicate the dif- ference between words having the same spelling and pronunciation, but a different etymology. Thus, on page 399, there are 4 separate paragraphs headed Sound, both the meaning and origin of these words and their derivations being totally distinct. There are also 3 entirely different words, Smack (p. 392), yet of the same pronunciation. This point is dwelt upon because, in many elaborate dictionaries, words from totally different sources and of dissimilar meanings have been grouped as if they were of identical origin — which is hopelessly confusing to a student of the language. — It should, however, be understood that only words having the same initial letter are thus associated ; but reference is made to cognate words, if they begin with a different prefix or oompound, so as to show their common origin, however widely they may be separated alphabeti- cally. For instance, the paragraph Stand (p. 410) includes 20 words and phrases which fall al- phabetically under stand- ; and these fill but 55 lines, or about two thirds of a column. To trace out the significance of this group of allied words, the student should examine each of them, with its derivatives. For example, in the case of Stand, its derivatives Understand, Under- standing, etc., are grouped among the 67 words associated under the leading word Under; as are Withstand, etc., under With. By this system many pages have been saved in the aggregate. While words have been thus grouped in accordance with their etymologies, the etymologies themselves have necessarily been omitted, in order to secure the extreme brevity of the work. Those who desire the etymologies will find them given, with a fullness not sought in much "bulkier works, in the slightly larger Condensed Dictionary of the English Language, of which the present volume is an abridgment. Pronunciation. — The marks indicating pronunciation have been made as few and as simple as is consistent with clearness and precision. The leading word of each paragraph is respelled pho- netically ; but subsequent words within the paragraph are respelled only in instances where the pronunciation changes, or where for any reason it might be doubtful.* — An unmarked vowel, followed by a consonant in the same syllable, is short (as am, end, in, odd, sun) : an unmarked vowel forming a syllable by itself, or ending a syllable, is long, or has its name sound (as a, be, ■di-al, no, fu-el, by) ; but a, not under the accent, forming or ending a syllable, has a brief sound of a in. far, or in some cases a brief sound of long a in fate. Vowel sounds which are not thus ex- plained by their position, also the sounds of such consonants as have more than one sound, are marked in accordance with the key-line at the foot of each two adjoining pages. The diacritical marks there employed are self-explanatory, with the exception of that which designates the nasal sound illustrated in the key-line by the French word 6on&on. This n indicates that the preceding vowel is nasal, but care should be taken that the back part of the tongue is not pressed against the palate as is done in producing the English ng. For example, in making the French sound * Where alternative pronunciations are given for the leading word, the choice between them is understood to apply to the subsequent words in the paragraph, unless these are otherwise marked. For instance, in the paragraph Retroact (p. 348), the pronunciation of the first two syllables of all words in the paragraph may he either re^tro- or rSt^ro-. PREFACE. Y ON we may proceed as if about to say ong (as in song), but stop before the souud ng is produced* Similarly the other French nasal vowels can be produced. For the sake of brevity, the second part of a compoimd word in the body of a paragraph is nofc respelled, if its true pronunciation is given in its alphabetical place in the vocabulary : thus, in the paragraph Sheep (p. 379), the compounds Sheep-walk, Sheep's-eye, are presumed to require no respelling, since the few persons unaware of the pronunciation of the second word in the com- pound can seek it in its own place in the vocabulary. But in cases where there is a deviation, from the soimd of the original word, this is indicated by respelling, — as in House^^ife, under the vocabulary word House (p. 183). — In the large class of verbs and verbal adjectives spelled alike and terminating in -ate (as Degenerate, Dltlicate, Elaborate), the attempt has not been made to mark the different quantity of the a in the final syllable, which is always given its long sound, as found in the verb ; but, in fact, it has a less prolonged sound in the adjectives, derived adverbs, and abstract nouns — approximating or falling into that of short e. The editor's thanks are due to Mr. Zenas W. Bliss, of The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., for many valuable suggestions and criticisms made while the book was passing through the press under his critical eye. The Api>endi2E' — After the conclusion of the vocabulary, there is given an Appendix, which contains : — I. A Pronouncing Vocabulary of Biblical, Classical, Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Proper Names. II. Abbreviations used in Writing and Printing. III. Arbitrary Signs used in Writing and Printing. IV. Metric System of Weights and Measures. Most of these sections require no explanation. But of the one devoted to proper names — in- cluding those which occur in Biblical, Classical, Egyptian, Hindoo, Modern, and Norse history and literature — the editor may explain that, after much inquiry, he was unable to find that such a collection had ever been made. Accordingly, starting upon the foimdation of the Classical and Biblical vocabularies of Webster's Unabridged, and gathering from a variety of sources the names which occur in other literatures, he formed the consolidated Pronouncing Vocahulary of Proper Names (pp. 521-620). In this, the origin and pronunciation of all proper names which the reader is likely to encounter are indicated by the same system of marking employed in the body of the book. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WOEK. ■a adiective. ■abbr abbreviated. •abl ablative. ace accusative. adv adverb. Agric Agriculture. Alg Algebra. Am., Aiiier America, American. Anat Anatomjr. Antiq Antiquities. .oor aorist. a A formerly used as a charm, .„„.„. t^. „ arranged in the form of a '^,^//,*^^ ° , trians^le abkacada Abrade, a-brad', v. t. To '*'.^„V.*^/ ° rub or wear off. —Abra'- A„.„ dant, n. That which abeac abrades; esp. powder used in grinding and polishing. — Abra'sion, -zhun, n. A rubbing or scraping oif ; substance worn oil: by attrition. A B R A A B K A B A by using fewer words ; to deprive, cut off ; —with of. {Math.) To reduce to a more simple expression. — Abridgement, n. A shortening or diminution ; restriction ; a work abridged or epitomized ; sum- mary; synopsis. Abroach, a-broch', adv. Broached ; letting out liquor ; in a state to be diffused. Abroad, a-brawd'', adv. At large ; unconfined; out of a house or other inclosure; in foreign countries. Abrogate, ab'ro-^at, v. t. To annul by an authori- tative act ; to abolish ; revoke ; repeal. — Abroga'- tion, n. Act of, etc. — Ab'rogative, -tiv, a. Tend- ing to, etc. Abrupt, ab-rupf, a. Broken ; steep ; sudden ; un- connected.— Abrupfly, ac/i'. — Abrup-'tion, n. A sudden breaking otf ; violent separation of bodies. — Abrupfness, n. Steepness ; suddenness ; great haste. Abscess, abe'ses, n. A collection of pus or purulent matter in an accidental cavity of the body. Abscind, ab-sind', v. t. To cut off. — Abscission, -sizh'un, n. A cutting off. {Rhet.) A figure of speech, by which the speaker stops abruptly, as sup- posing the matter sufficiently understood. Absciss, ab'sis, n.; pi. Abscisses, ab'sis-ez. Ab- scissa, -sis'sa, »i. ; pi. Lat. Absciss.i^:, -sis'se, Eng. Abscis'sas, -saz. (Geom.) One ol tlie elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes. Abscond, ab-skond', v. i. To secrete one's self; to decamp ; — used esp. of persons, evading legal pro- cess. — Abscond'er, n. One who, etc. Absent, ab'sent, a. Withdrawn from, or not pre.sent in, a place: inattentive to what is passing. —Ab'- sence, n. A being absent; want; inattention to tilings present. — Ab'sently, «<;/«;. In an absent manner: with the thoughts elsewhere. —Absent', v. t. To take or withdraw to such a distance as to pi-event in- tercourse. — Absentee', n. One who absents himself from his country, office, post, duty, etc., esp. a land- holder who lives away from his estate. — Absentee'- ism, n. State or habit of an absentee. -Absenfer, n. One who absents himself. Absinthe, ab'sinth, n. A cordial of brandy tinc- tured with wormwood. Absolute, ab'so-lut, a. Freed from any limitation or condition; uncontrolled; arbitrary; unlimited; un- conditioned; finished; perfect: total; complete.— Ab'solutely, adv. In an absolute manner : posi- tively ; arbitrarily. — Ab'soluteness, n. -Quality of being absolute ; completeness; arbitrary power. — Ab'solutism, n. Absolute government or its prin- ciples.— Ab'solutist, n. An advocate of absolutism. — Ab'solutist'ic, a. Belonging to absolutism. Absolve, ab-solv', v. t. [absolved (-solvd'), -solv'- iNc;.] To set free or release from, as from obligation, debt, responsibility, penalty, etc. ; to exonerate, ac- quit. — Absolu'tion, n. (Civ. Law.) An acquittal. (Rom. Cath. Church.) A remission of sin. — Absol- utory, a. Absolving. — Absolv'er, w. One who, etc. — Absolv'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Absolv'- atory, a. That absolves. Absorb, ab-sbrb', v. t. [absorbed (-s6rbd''), -sorb- iNQ.) To drink in, suck up, imbibe as a sponge. Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; ABSTAIN ACCIDENT swallow up, or overwhelm ; to engross whollv. — Absorb'able, a. Capable of being, etc.— Absorb'ent, a. Sucking up ; imbibing. — n. A sub.stance or a bodily organ which absorbs. — Absorp'tion, n. Act or process of being absorbed and made to disappear; engrossment or occupation of mind. — Absorp'tive, -tiv, a. Havijig power to absorb. — Absorptiv'ity, n. AbBtaJn, ab-stan', v. i. [abstained (-stand'^), -stain- ing.] To forbear, or refrain, voluntarily ; esp. from indulgence of passions or appetites. ~v.t. 1 o hinder; to withhold from. — Ab'stinence, n. The act or practice of abstaining. — Ab'stinent, a. Re- fraining from indulgence; temperate. Abstemious, ab-ste'ml-us, a. Sparing in the free use of food and strong drinks; temperate. — Abste'^mi- ously, adv. — Abste'miousDess. n. Absterge, ab-sterj', v. t. [absterged (-sterjd'), -STEKGING.] To make clean by wiping; to cleanse by lotions, etc. — Abster''geiit, a. Serving to cleanse; detergent. — Absterse'', -sters'', v. i. To cleanse by ■wiping. — Abster'sion, -shun, n. Act of, etc. — Abster''sive, -siv, a. Having the quality of cleans- ing. Abstract, ab-strakt', v. t. ■ To draw from or separate ; to epitomize or reduce; to purloin. — Ab'stract, a. Distinct from something else; separate; withdrawn from the concrete, or from particulars ; difficult ; abstruse; refined. —w. A summary, or epitome; an abridgment. — Abstracfed, p. a. Separated: absent in mind. —Abstractedly, Ab'stractly, arfv. By it- self; in a separate state. — Abstract'edness, n. State of being abstracted. — Abstrac'tion, n. Act of ab- stracting or separating, or state of being separated; act of considering separately what is united in a complex object; an abstract or theoretical notion; a purloining. — Abstract'^ive, a. Having the power of abstracting. — Ab'stractness, n. State of being abstract. _ Abstruse, ab-stroos', a. Midden ; hard to be under- stood. — Abstruse'ly, rtt/v. Not plainly; darkly.— Abstruse' ness. n. Absurd, ab-serd', a. Obviously inconsistent with reason or common sense ; foolish ; preposterous ; ridiculous. — Absurd^ity, n. Anything absurd. — Absurd 'ness, «. — Absurd'ly, adv. Abundance. See under Abound. Abuse, a-buz'', v. t. [abused (-buzdOi abusixg.] To make ill use of; to misuse: to treat rudely; to maltreat; to revile. — Abuse, a-bus', n. Ill use; a corrupt practice or custom ; rude language ; re- proach: insult. — Abu'sive, -siv, a. Employing or containing abuse: scurrilous; opprobrious ; nusap- plied. — Abu'sively, adv. — Abu'siveness, n. Abut, a-buf, v. i. To terminate or border; to be contiguous. — Abufment, n. That on which a thing abuts. iArch.) The solid support of a bridge, etc., at the end. — Abut'tal, n. The butting or boundary of land. Abyss, a-bis'', n. A bottomless gulf; hell, or the bot- tomless pit. — Abysmal, a-biz'mal, a. Bottomless; unending. — Abyssal, -bis'al, a. Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss. —Abys'sic, a. (,GeoV) Pert, to an abyss, esp. to strata wliich formed the bottom of a deep sea. Acacia, a-Ka'shT-a, n. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs, usually with thorns and pinnate leaves. Acacio, a-ka'shY-o, n. A heavy wood of the same family with the red mahogany. Academy, a-kad'e-mT, n. A garden near Athens (named from Academus) where Plato taught; hence, Plato's school of philosophy ; a kind of higher school or seminary ; an institution for the promo- tion of art or science. — Academ'ic, -ical, a. Of or relating to a higher institution of learning. — Aca- dem'ic, n. A follower of Plato; a student in a col- lege, university, etc. — Academ^ics, n. (Met.) The Platonic philosophy. — Academ'ically, adv. — Ac'- ademi''cian, -mish''an, n. A member of an acad- emy, or learned society, esp., of the French Acad- emy. Acaleph, ak-'a-lef, n. (Zool.) A radiate marine animal; a jelly-fish; a sea-nettle; — so called from its sting- ing power. Acuithus, a-kan''thu8, n. ; pi. Eng. Acanthuses, Lat. Acanthi. {Arch.) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of the acanthus, as in Corinthian capitals. (Bot.) A genus of iierbaceous prickly I)lants. — Acantbaceous, -tha'shus, a. Armed with prickles, as a plant. — Acan ' thocar'poua, -kar'pus, a. (Bot.) Acanthus. Having the fruit covered with spines. — Acan'tho- ceph-'alan, -sef 'a-lan, n. (Zo'61.) A .species of intes- tinal worm, having its proboscis armed with sjiines. — Acan^'thopod, n. (Zool.) A species of iiisi ct hav- ing spinv legs. — Acanthopodious, -po'df-us, a. (Bot.) Having spinous petioles. — Acanthop'teryg'- ious, -te-rij-'T-us, a. Thorny-finned, — applied to an order of fishes. Acatalectic, a-kat-a-lek'tik, a. (P7-os.) ISTot defective; — said of a verse \\itich has the complete number of syllables. Acataleptic, a-kat-a-lep'tik, a. Incapable of being certainly comprehended. Acauline, a-kaw'lin, Acau'lous, -lus, a. Having no stem, but flowers resting on tlie ground. Accede, ak-sed', v. i. To agree or assent; to become a party, by agreeing to terms of a treaty or conven- tion. — Access, ak-ses' or ak-'ses, n. A coming to ; near approach ; admittance ; the wav by which a thing may be approached; increase; addition. — Ac- ces'sory, -sary, a. Accompanying ; connected as a subordinate. — n. Something connected as a sub- ordinate. (Law.) One who is implicated in a felo- nious offense, though not present at its perpetration. [The spelling accessanj is generally preferred in the law sense.] — Accessorial, -so'rl-al, a. IPert. to an accessory. — Acces'sorily, adv. — Acces'soriness, n. — Acces'sible, a. Easy of access or approach. — Acces'sibil'ity, ?;. — Acces'sion, -sesh'un, n. Act of accedingand becoming joined; increase; tliat which is added. (Law.) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner has a right to certain additions or improvements. Act of arriving at a throne, an office, or dignity. (Med.) The commencement of a disease. Accelerate, ak-sel'er-at, v. t. To quicken the motion or action of-; to hasten, expedite. — Acceleration, -a'shun, n. A hastening. — Accel'erative, -tiv, Ac- ceKeratory, a. Quickening. — Accelerator, -ter, n. One who, or that which, etc. Accent, ak'sent, n. Superior force of voice upon one or more syllables of a word : a mark used in writing to indicate this stress; a peculiar modulation of the voice. (Miis.) A slight stress upon a tone to mark its position in the measure. (Math.) A mark upon a letter or number, to distinguish magnitudes of similar kind, but differing in value. — Accent, ak-senf, v. t. To express or note the accent of; to pronounce or mark with, etc. — Accent'ual, a. Re- lating to, etc. — Accent 'uate, v. t. To mark or pro- nounce with, etc.; to bring prominentl3' into notice; to make conspicuous. — Accentua'tion, n. Act of placing accents in writing, or of giving accent to them. (Eccl.) Pitch and modulation of the voice in reading parts of the liturgy. Accept, ak-sepf, v. t. To receive with a consenting mind ; to admit and agree to. (Com.) To receive as obligatory, and promise to pay. — Accepfable, a. Worthy, or sure of being accepted ; pleasing to a receiver ; agreeable ; welcome. — Accept'' ableness, -abil'ity, n. — Acceptably, adv. — Acceptance, n. Favorable reception. (Cbm.) An assent and enMgement to pay a bill of exchange when due; the bill itself when accepted. (Law.) An agreeing to the act or contract of anotlier. — Accepfant, n. One who accepts. — Accepta'^tion, n. Aleaning or sense. — Accept'er, n. A person who accepts, esp. one who accepts a bill of exchange. Access. See under Accede. Accident, ak'sT-dent, n. An unexpected event; cas- ualtj'; contingency, pi. (Gram.) Tlic properties and qualities of the parts of speech. (Log.) An unes- sential property or quality. — Accidental, a. Hap- sJin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNbox, chair, get. ACCIPITER ACETIC peninj by chance, or unexpectedly ; casual ; non- essential ; fortuitous ; contingent ; incidental. — h. A casualty. (3/(«.) A sharp, flat, or natural, oc- curring not at the commencement of a piece of mu- sic as trie signature, but before a particular note. — Accident 'ally. adv. — Ac'cidence, n. A book con- taining the rudiments of grammar. Accipiter, ak-sip''l-ter, n. A rapacious bird, as an eagle, hawk, etc.— Accip'itrine, -trin, a. Pert.^o, etc. Acclaim, ak-klam', v. t. [acclaimed (-klamd'), -CLAIMIXG.] To meet with applause ; to salute. — Acclaim'', Acclama'tion, -ma'shun, n. A shout of assent or approbation. — Acclam^atory, a. Express- ing applause. Acclimate, ak-kli'mat, Accli'matize, v. t. [acclima- tized (-tizd), -Tizixo.] To habituate to a climate not native. — Accli'matable, a. Capable of being acclimated. — Acclima'tion, -cli'matiza'tion, n. Process of becoming, or state of being, etc. Acclivity, ak-kliv'I-tl, n. A slope, considered as ascending. — opp. to declivity; rising ground. — Ac- clivous, -kli'vus, a. Rising with a slope. Accommodate, ak-kom'mo-dat, v. t. To render fit, or correspondent; to adapt; to furnish with something needed; to reconcile. — Accorn'modating, a. Afford- ing accommodation ; helpful. — Accom'moda''tion, n. Act of fitting, or state of being fitted; whatever sup- plies a want; adjustment of differences; reconcilia- tion. (Com.) A loan of money. —Accommodation note. One given by the maker to accommodate the re- ceiver, who is to provide for it when due. — train. One which stops at minor or way stations, making less speed than express trains. Accompany, ak-kura'pa-nT, v. t. [accompanied (-kum''pa-nid), -nyixq.] To go with as companion or associate. (Mas.) To perform the accompajiiment. — Accom-'paniment, n. Something that accom- panies; an addition by way of ornament. (Mas.) A part performed byinstruments accompanying voices; also, the harmony of a figured bass. — Accom'panist, n. (Mas.) The performer who takes the accompany- ing part. Accomplice, ak-kom''plis, n. A co-operator or asso- ciate. (Law.) An associate in a crime. Accomplish, ak-kom'plish, v. t. [accomplished (-plisnt), -PLISHING.] To finish, complete, bring to pass, fulfill, realize. — Accom'plished, -plisht, p. a. Complete and perfected; esp., complete in acquire- ments. — Accom^plishment, n. Act of accomplish- ing ; acquirement ; attainment. Accompt, ak-kownf. See Account. Accord, ak-kQrd', n. Concurrence of opinion, will, or action; consent; harmony of sounds; concord; spontaneous motion. (Law.) An agreement be- tween parties in controversy, which bars a suit. — V. t. To make to correspond ; to harmonize ; to concede. — v. i. To be in accordance ; to agree. (Mus.) To agree in pitch and tone. — Accord'ance, n. Agreement. — Accord'ant, a. Corresponding ; consonant ; agreeable. — Accord'antly, adv. — Ac- cord'ing, p. a. In harmony with; suitable. — Ac- cord^ingly, adv. In accordance with. Accordion, ak-kor''dT-un, n. A small keyed -wind instrument, with me- tallic reeds. Accost, ak-kosf, v. t. To address ; to speak first to. — Accost'abla, o. Easy of access ; af- fable. Accouchement, ak-koosh- Accordion. mox', n. Delivery in child-bed. — Accoucheur, ak- koo-sher'', n. A man who assists women in child- birth ; a man-midwife. — Accoucheuse, -shez', n. A midwife. Account, ak-kownf, n. A reckoning; a statement of debts and credits; a statement of reasons, causes, grounds, etc.; a relation or description; importance; reason; consideration; sake. — v. t. To reckon or compute; to hold in opinion; to estimate. — v. i. To render a relation of particulars; to constitute a reason; to render reasons or answer for. — Account- able, a. Liable to be called to account and to suffer punishment ; amenable ; responsible. — Account'- abil'ity, -ableness, n. State of being, etc. — Ac- count'ant, n. One who keeps, or is skilled in, ac- counts. — Account current. A statement showing the Dr. and Cr. sides of a business transaction. Accouple, ak-kup'l, v. t. To join together; to couple. Accouter, Accoutre, ak-koo'ter, v. t. [accouteked or -COUTKED (-koo'terd), -terijjg or -trino (-koo'- tring).] To furnish with dress, equipage, or equip- ments, esp. those of a soldier. — Accou'terments, -trements, n. pi. Dress ; equipage ; trappings ; esp. for militarv service. Accredit, ak-kred'it, v. t. To give trust or confidence to; to receive, as an envoy, and give him credit and I rank; to send with credentials; to procure credit I for. [ Accretion, ak-kre-'shun, n. An increase, esp. the in- crease of organic bodies by the internal accession of ! parts; increase by accession externally; growing I together of parts naturally separate. — Accrescence, I -kres'ens, 71. Gradual growth. — Accres'cent, a. In- I creasing. — Accre'tive, -tiv, a. Growing by accre- tion. _ Accrue, ak-kroo', v. i. [accrued (-krobd''), -Ceuing.] To increase; to arise; to be added, as increase, profit, or damage. — Accru'ment, n. Accumulate, ak-ku'mu-lat, v. t. To heap up in a mass; to collect or bring together. — v.i. To grow to a great size, number, or quantity; to increase greatly. — Accu'mu-la'tion, n. Act of accumula- ting; state of being accumulated; that which is ac- cumulated ; mass ; heap. — Accu'mulative, -tiv, a. Causing accumulation ; cumulative. — Accu'mula- tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, etc.; esp. pow- er, etc., in machinery. Accurate, ak'ku-rat, a. In careful conformity to truth, or to a standard, rule, or model; correct; pre- cise. — Ac'curately, ady. — Ac'curacy. -ra-sl, -rate- ness, -rat-nes, n. Precision resulting from care; cor- rectness. Accurse, ak-kers', v. t. [accursed (-kersf), accurs- IJJG.J To devote to destruction; to imprecate evil upon; to curse. —Accursed, p. p. a. (part. pron. ak-kersf, a. ak-kers'ed.) Doomed to destruction or misery; worthy of a curse; detestable; execrable. Accuse, ak-kuz", v. t. [accused (-kuzd'), -cusing.] To charge with a crime, offense, or fault; to arraign ; censure; impeach. —Accusation, -za'shun, n. Act of, etc. ; that of which one is, etc. — Accu'sative, a. Pro- ducing or containing, etc. (Gram.) Applied to the case of nouns, on which the action of a verb termi- nates or falls. — Accu'satively, adv. — Accu'satory, . a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Accus'er, n. Accustom, ak-kus'tum, v. t. [accustomed (-kus'- tumd), -TOMING.] To make familiar by use; to habituate or inure. — Accus'tomary, a. Usual; cus- tomary. — Accus'tomarily, adv. Ace, as, n. A single point on a card, die, etc.; the card or die so marked ; a very small degree; a trifle. Aceldama, a-seKda-ma, n. A field purchased with the bribe which Judas took ; hence called the field of blood. Acephalous, a-sef 'a-lus, a. Without a head ; headless. (Bot.) Having the style spring from the base, instead of the apex. (Pros.) Deficient at the beginning, as aline of poetry. —Aceph'alan, ?j. (Zool.) A mol- lusk. Acerb, a-serb', a. Sour with bitterness. — Acerb'ity, -itude, n. Sourness of taste, with bitterness and astringency ; harshness of manners. Aceric, a-ser''ik, a. Pertaining to, or obtained from, the maple; as, aceric acid. Acescent, a-ses''ent, a. Turning sour; readily becom- ing tart or acid. — Aces'cence, -cency, n. Acetic, a-set'ik or-se'tik. a. (Chem.) Composed of four parts each of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Aceticjicid is the pure acid of vinegar. — Acetate, as'e-tat, Ac'etite, -tit, ?i. A salt formed by acetic acid united with a base. — Ace'tous, -tus, a. Sour; causing acetification. — Acefify, v. t. or i. [aceti- fied (-iid), -FYING.] To turn into acid or vinegar. — Acefifica'tion, n. — Acetim'eter, n. An instrument for ascertaining the strength of vinegar, etc.— Acetylene, a-sgfl-len, m. (Chem.) A colorless gas, consisting of two atoms of carbon and two of hydro- gen, with a peculiar, tmpleasant odor. It is formed by the action of water on calcium carbide. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; Qdd, tone, 6r ; ACHE ACULEATE Ache, ak, i-. i. [ached (akt>, achixg.] To have, or be in, continued pain; to be distressed. — n. Continued pain, opp. to sudden twinj^es or spasmodic pain. Achieve, a-chev', v. t. fAcniEVEU (-cbevd''), achiev- ing.] To carry on to a tiiial close ; to complete, ac- complish, realize. — Achiev'able, a. — Achiev'ance, n. — Achieve ''ment, n. Act of achievinfr : accom- plishment; a great or heroic deed: leat. {Her.) An escutcheon or ensign armorial. — Achiev'er, n. Achromatic, ak-ro-mat'ik, a. (Opt.) I'ree from color; not showing color, from the decompo-sition of light. — Achro'inatism, «. State of being achromatic. — Achro'inatiza''tion, n. Act of rendering, etc. ; dep- rivation of color. — Achro'inatopsy, 71. Inability to distinguish colors; color-blindiiess: Daltonism. Acicalar, a-sik'u-ler, a. Slender, like a needle; needle- shaped. — Acic^ularly, adv. — Acic'ulate, -ulated, a. Acicular. Acid, a.s'id, n. A sour substance. (CJtem.) A sub- stance having the properties of combining with alkalies and alkaline oxides, and of reddening most blue vegetable colors, and usually with a strong, sharp taste. — a. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste ; tart. — Acid'ity, Ac'idness, 71. Quality of being, etc. — Acid'ify, v. t. [acidified (-fid), -fy- IXG.] To make acid; esp. to convert into an acid, by chemical combination. — Acid'ifi'able, a. — Acid'- ifica'tion, «. — Acidific, a. Producing acidity.— Acid'ifl'er, n. {Chem.) A principle necessary to produce acidity. — Acidim''eter, n. An instrument for ascertaining the strength of acids. — Acid^ulous, a. Slightly sour ; sub-acid ; sourish.— Acid'ulate, V. t. To make slightly acid. — Acid'ulent, a. Some- what acid; sour; cross. Acierage, a'ser-ej, »i. A process of coating a metal plate with iron by means of voltaic electricity; steel- ing. — A'cerate, v. t. To convert into steel. Aciniform, a-sin'I-form, a. formed like a cluster of grapes or a grape-stone; full of small kernels. Acknowledge. ak-noKej, ?>. t. [acknowledged (-ejd), -EDGING.] To own, avow, admit; to recognize; to own with gratitude; to own, etc., in a legal form; to concede, confess, allow. — Acknowledgment, n. Act of, etc.; .something given or done in return for a favor; a declaration of one's own act, to give it legal validity. Aclinic, a-klin'ik, a. Without inclination ; — said of the magnetic equator, on which the magnetic needle is horizontal. Acme, ak-'me, n. The highest point; crisis. Acolyte, ak''o-lIt, -lyth, -lith, n. A companion ; asso- ciate. (Ast)'on.) An attendant star. {Eccl. Hist.) An inferior church servant. Aconite, ak'o-nit, n. Wolf's-bane, a poison. Acorn, a'kern, n. The .seed or fruit of an oak. Acotyledon, a-kot'l-le'don, n. A plant having no seed- lobes, or cotyledons. — Acotyledonous, -lerKo-nus, a. Having either no seed-lobe^ or such as are indistinct. Acoustic, a-kow'stik or -koo'stik, a. Pert, to liear- ing, or to the doctrine of sounds. — Acou'stics, n. The science of sounds. — Acou'stically, adv. — Acoustician, -tijih''an, w. One versed in, etc. Acquaint, ak-kwanf, v. t. To make familiar; to com- municate notice to ; to apprise ; to inform. — Ac- quaint-'ance, w. State of being acquainted; familiar knowledge; a person or persons well known. — Ac- q^uaint'anceship, w. Familiarity ; fellowship ; in- timacy. Acquiesce, ak-wY-es'. ?'. r. [acquiesced f-wY-est'). -E.SCING (-es^ing).] To rest satisfied; to concur, as- sent, comply. — Acquies'cent, a. — Acquies'cence, -cency, n. Silent assent. Acquire, ak-kwir', v. t. [acquired C-kwird'), -quir- ing.] To gain, usually by one's own labor or exer- tions; to attain, earn, win. — Acquir''able, a. — Ac- quire''ment. Acquisition, -zish^un, n. Act of acquir- ing; thing acquired ; attainment; gain. — Acquisi- tive, -kwiz'T-tiv, a. Disposed to make acquisitions. — Ac^uis'itively, adv. — Acqtus'itiveness. w. State of being acquisitive. (Phren.) The organ supposed to give rise to this desire. [See Phrenology.] Acquit, ak-kwif, v. t. To set free; to release, esp. from an obligation, accusation, suspicion, etc.; to clear, absolve ; (reflemvehi) to bear or conduct one's seK. —Acquitment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. I — Acfiuit'tal, n. (iajc.) Deliverance from a charge- by a jury or court.— Acquiftance, m. Acquitment; a writing wliich is evidence of a discharge; a receipt in full. Acre, a'ker, n. A piece of land containing icn square rods, or 4.';;,o60 square feet. — Acreage, a'ker-ej, n. A sum total of acres. — Acred, a'kerd, a. Possessing acres; landed. Acrid, ak'rid, a. Of a biting taste ; sharp ; harsh. — Ac'ridness, Acrid'ity, n. A sharp quality ; pun- gency. —Ac'rimony, Ac'ritude, n. Quality- of cor- roding or dissolving; sharpness: seveiity ; asperity, tartness. — Acrimo'nious. a. — Acrimo'iiiously, adv. Acritochromacy, ak'rl-to-kro'ma-sl, n. inability to distinguish between colors ; color-blindness : Dal- tonism. Acroamatic, ak'ro-a-mat'ik, Acroafic, a. Jleant onlj' to be heard; oral: abstruse. Acrobat, ak'ro-bat, w. One who practices higli vault- ing, rope-dancing, etc. — Acrobat'ic, a. Acrogen, ak'ro-jen, m. A kind ot cr.vptogamous plant, which increases by^rowth at the'extremity, — such as ferns, etc. — Acrogenous, a-kroj^'e-nus, a. Acronycal, a-kron'ik-ul, a. {Astron.) Kising at sun- set and setting at sunrise, as a star, — opp. to cos- mical. Acropolis, a-krop'o-lis, n. The higher part of a Gre- cian cit}-; the citadel or castle; esp. tlie citadel of Athens. Across, a-kros', pi-ep. From side to side of; quite over; in a direction opposed to the length of. —adv. From side to side; crosswise, [a, on. and o-oss.j Acrostic, a-kros'tik, n. A composition, usually' in verse, in which the first or the last letter of every line, or of every word, read collectively, form a name or sentence. — a. Of or pert, to, etc. — Acros'- tically, adv. Acrotism, ak'ro-tizm, n. {Med.) A defect of pulsa- tion. Act, V. i. To exert power: to he in action or motion ; to behave or conduct; to demean one's self. — v. t. To perform, esp. on the stage ; to feign ; to assume the office or character of. — 71. That which is done or doing; deed; a decree, edict, law, judgment, etc.; any instrument in writing to verily facts ; one of the principal divisions of a play ; a state of reality, or real existence, "as opposed to a possible existence; a state of preparation. — Acfing, p. a. Discharging the duties of another. — n. The performance of an assumed part. — Action, ak'shu.n, ??. Exertion of power, or the effect of power exerted; motion pro- duced; agency ; thing done ; a deed ; conduct ; de- meanor; series of events forming the subject of a play, poem, etc. (07-at.) Gesticulation. (Law.) A suit or process. (Com.) A share in the stock of a company. (Paint. Sf Scidp.) The position of the sev- eral parts of the body. (3iil.) An engagement be- tween troops. — Ac'tionable, a. (Law.) Liable to a suit. — Actionably, adv. — Ac'tionary, -tionist, n. (Com.) A stock holder in a company. — Act'ive, -iv, a. Having the power or quality of acting: eogaged inaction; energetic; busy; practical. ((Sirtm.) Ex- pressing action or transition of action from an ageiit to an oDJect. — Act'ively, adv. — Acfiveness, Ac- tiv'^ity, n. — Actor, akfer, n. One who acts; esp. on the stage. — Act^ress, n. A female actor — Act'ual, a. Existing in act; real: carried out. — opp. to poten- Hal, virtual, theoretical, etc.; existing at present.— Act'ually, adv. — Actuality, Act'^ualness, n. — Act'ualist, n. One who considers actually existing facts or conditions, — opp. to ideaJixf.— Acfualize, ?). t. To make actual. — Acfualiza'tion, ?i. — Acf- uary, n. A. registrar; a manager of a joiut-stnck com- pany, esp. of an insurance company. — Acf^uate. v. t. To put into action; incite to action. — Actua- tion, n. » Actin'iform, a. Having a radiated form. Actinism, ak'tin-izm, n. A property in the solar rays which produces chemical changes, as in photog- ranhy. — Actin^ic, a. Of or pertrto, etc. — Actin'o- graph, -graf, n. An instrument for recording varia- tions in the actinic force of sunlight. — Actinom''- eter, n. An instrument for measuring the intensity of i^ctinic rays. Aculeate, a-kil'le-at, a. (Hot.) Having sharp points; siin, cube, full ; moon, idbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. ACUMEN ADMIT Aculeate Stem pointed; — used of prickles fixed in the bark, opp. to thorns growing from the wood. Acttmen, a-ku'men, n. Quickness of perception or discernment : penetration of mind ; acuteness ; perspicuity. —Acu'inihate, v. t. To render sharp or keen. — v' i . To end in a sharp point. — a. Having a long, tapering point. — Acu'minous, a. Acumi- nate. — Acu''mina''tion, 7i. A sharpening ; termina- tion in, etc. Aeupression, ak''u-pres^h'un, Acupres'sure, -presh'er, n. {Stiiy.) Tlie arresting of hemorrhage from an arterv, etc.. by passing a needle tiiroughtne wounded vessel. —Acupuncture, -punk'chu!-, w. {Med.) The introduction of needles into the living tissues for 'remedial purposes. Acute, a-kuti^, a. Sharp at the end ; pointed ; having nice discernment: shrewd; having quick sensibility; high or shrill. (Med.) Having sj'mptoms of sever- ity, and coming speedily to a crisis, — opp. to chronic. — Acute'ly, adc. — Acute'ness, ii. Adage, ud'ej, n. A saying which Jias obtained credit by long use; maxim:' proverb; aphorism. [F.J Adagio, a-da'jo, a. Qfiis.) Slow ; moving leisurely and gracefully. — n. A piece of slow music. [It. J Adamant, ad'a-mant, n. A stone imagined to be of impenetrable hardness ; — hence a diamond or other very hard .substance. Adam's-apple, ad'amz-ap-'pl, ??. A species of citron, also o£ banana: the projection formed by the thy- roid cartilage in tlie neck. Adapt, a-dapt'. v. t. To make fit or suitable ; to suit; adjust; attune. — Adapt'able, o. Capable of being adapted. — Adapta'tion, ??. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. —Adapt'er, »?. One wlio adapts. (Chem.) A receiver with two necks : an adopter. Add, ad. i-. t. To join or unite, as one sum to another; to subjoin, annex.— Ad'dible, -dable, a.— Ad'ditive, -tiv, a. Addiblc— Ad'der, n. One who or that which adds : an adding machine, abacus^ — Addi- tion, -dish''un, n. Act of artdinff; thing added; in- crease; augmentation. {Maih.) The branch of arith- metic which treats of adding numbers. (Mus.) A dot beside a note sliowina: that its sound is to be lengthened one half. (Laiv.) A title annexed to a man's name. — Addi'tional. a. Added ; more. — Addi'tionally, adv. — Adden'dum, n. ,- pi. Adden'- DA, -da. A thing to be added; an appendix. Adder, ad'der, n. A venomous serpent. Addict, ad-dikf, v. t. To apply habitually; to ac- custom; to devote. Addle, ad'dl, «. Putrid; corrupt; producing nothing; barren. — v. t. To make addle, corrupt, or morbid. Address, ad-dres'', r. i. [addhessed (-drest''), ueess- ING.J To prepare or make ready; to direct words or discourse to; to apply to by speech, petition, etc.; to direct in writing, as a letter; to woo. (Com.) To consign to another, as agent or factor. — ii. A formal application, speech, discourse, etc. ; manner of speak- ing; skill; dexterity; tact; direction of a letter, or the name, title, and residence of the person ad- dressed. In plu., attention in the way of courtship. Adduce, ad-dus', v. t. [adduced (-dust'), -DucrsG.] To bring forward, quote. — Addu'cent, Adduc'tive, a. Bringing forward or together. — Adduc'tion, n. Act of, etc. Adept, a-dept', a. Well-skilled; completely versed; proficient, —n. One who is adept in any art. Adequate, ad'e-kwat, a. Equal, proportionate, or cor- respondent^ fully sufficient; requisite. Adhere, ad-her', v. i. [adhered (-herd'), -heeixg.] To stick fast or cleave; to become united; to be at- tached, abide by. — Adher'ence, n. Quality or state of adhering ; steady attachment. — Adher'ent, a. United with or to ; sticking. — n. One who cleaves to or supports some person or cause; partisan; fol- lower. — Adher'ently, adr. — Adhesion, -he'zhun, w. Act or state of sticking; the force with which distinct bodies adhere when their surfaces are brought m contact. — Adhesive, -he'siv, a. Sticky; tenacious, as glutinnu:* substances. Adieu, a-du', adv. Good-by; farewell. Adipose, ad'T-pos, Ad'ipous. -pus, a. Pert, to, or consisting of , animal fat; fatty. — Ad'ipocere, -ser, n. A soft, unctuous, waxy substance, into which animal flesh is changed by immersion in water or spirit, or by burial in moist places. Adit, ad'it, 71. A horizontal or inclined entrance into ainine; adrift: passage; approach. Adjacent, ad-ja'sent, a. Lying near to; contiguous, not touchins- — Acya'cency, «. State of being, etc. j Adjective, ad'jek-tiv, //. (Gram.) A word used with a substantive, to describe, limit, or define it. or to denote .some property of it. — Ad'jectively, adv — Adjectival, -ti'val or ad'jek-tiv-al, a. Pert, to, etc. Adjoin, ad-join', v. t. [adJoi.ved (-joind'), -joining. J To join or unite to. — v. i. To be contiguous, in con- tact, or very near. — Adjunct, ad'junkt, n. An ap- pendafje; a colleague.— a. Added; united. — Ad- juncfly, ac?v. — Adjunc'tion, Ji. Act of joining; thing joined. — Adjunc'tive, -tiv, a. Joining ; tend ing to join. — n. One who, or that which, etc. — Ad- junc'tively, adv. Adjourn, ad-jern', v. t. [adjourned (-jernd'),,-jouRN- ING.] To put off to another time; to postpone; de- fer; prorogue. — v. i. To suspend business for a time ; to close the session of a public body. — Ad- journ'ment, n. Act of adjourning ; postponement; the interval during which business is suspended Adjudge, ad-juj', v. t. [adjudged (-jujd'), -judging.] lo award or decree: to sentence. — Adjudgement, n. — Adjudicate, ad-joo'di-kat, v. t. To try and de- termine; to adjudge. — Adju'dica'tion, n. Act of ad- judicating; sentence; judgment; decision. Adjunct. See under Adjoin. Adjure, ad-joor', v. t. [adjured (-joord'), -juring.] lo charge, command, or entreat solemnly, as if under oath. — Adjura'tion, n. Act of adjuring; the form of oath. — Adjur'er, n. One who, etc. Adjust, ad-jusf, v. t. To make exact or conforma- ble ; to fit, set right. — Adjust'able, a. — Adjust'- ment, n. Act of, etc.; arrangement: settlement. Adjutant, ad'jrW-tant, n. A military ofHcer who as- sists the commanding officer in issuing orders, keeping records, etc. ; a large species of stork, found m India. — Ad'jutancy, /!. Office of_an adjutant. — Adjutor, -joo'- ter, n. A helper. — Ad-ju'trix, n. A female helper. — Ad'- juvant, a. Helping. — n. An assistant. (^Med.) A rem- edy. Admeasure, ad-mezh^ur, v. f. [admeasured (mezh'urd), -measueing.J To take" the dimensions of; to apportion. Administer, ad-min'is-ter, v. t. [administered (-terd), -tee- ing.] To manage ; to dis- pense; to give or tender. (Laio.) To settle, as an estate. — V. i. To contribute; to bring aid. To perform the office of administrator. — Admin'iste'rial, a. Pert, to admistration. — Admin'istrahle, a. Capable of being, etc. — Admin'istra'tion, w. The act of ad- ministering; the executive part of the government; distribution ; the persons collective!}' intrusted with executing laws and superintending public affairs. (Law.) iVlanagement of the estate of one deceased. — Admin'istra'tive, -tiv, a. Administering. — Ad- min'istra'tor, n. — Admin'istra'torship, n. Office of, etc. — Admin'is-tra'trix, n. A woman who ad- ministers. Admiral. ad'niT-ral, n. A naval officer of the highest rank; the ship which carries him. — Ad'miralship, n. Office of, etc. — Ad'miralty, n. The body of otficers who manage naval affairs. Admire, ad-mir', v. t. [admired (-mird'), -miring.] To regard with wonder or surprise, mingled with approbation, reverence, or affection; to estimate or prize highly. — v. t. To wonder; to marvel. — Ad- mir'er, n. One who admires; a lover. — Ad'mirable, -niT-ra-bl, a. Worthy of admiration; rare; excellent. — Ad'mirably, arfr. — Ad'mira'tion, n. Wonder; esp. wonder mingled with esteem, love, etc. Admit, ad-mit', v. t. To grant entrance to; to receive Adjutant. am, fame, far, p»ss or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve. term ; In, ice ; 8dd. tone, or s ADMIX AERATE as true; to concede; to be capable of.— Admit 'tedly, adv. Confessedly. — Admiftance, n. Act of ad- mitting. (Law.) The giving possession of projierty. — Admis'^sible, -sT-bl, a. Worthy of being admitted. — AdmiB'sibil'ity, n. Quality of, etc. — Admis'sive, -siv, a. Conceding. — Admission, -mish'un, n. Act of admitting; permission to enter; access; the grant- ing of a position not fully proved. Admix, ad-miks', v. t. To mingle with something else. — Admix'' ture, -chur, n. A mixing ; what is mixed. Admonish, ad-mon'ish, v. t^ [admoxisiied (-isht), -isiiiXG.] To reprove gentlj'; to counsel against wrong ; to instruct, advise. — Admon'isher, Ad- moni'tion, -nish'un, n. Gentle reproof; advice. — Admon'itive, -T-tiv, -itory, a. Containing admoni- tion. Adnascent, ad-nas'ent, a. Growing to or on some- thing else. Ado, a-dob', n. Bustle; trouble; labor; difficulty. Adobe, a-do''ba, n. An unburnt, sun-dried brick. [Sp.] Adolescent, ad-o-les'cnt, a. Growing; advancing from childhood to maturity. — Adoles'^cence, -ens, n. Youth ; the years from 14 to 25 in men, and 12 to 21 in women. Adopt, a-dopf, v. t. To select and take as- one's own when not so before. — Adopfer, n. One who adopts. ( Cliem.) A receiver with two necks. — Adop'tion, n. Act of J or state of being, etc. ; receiving as one's own what is not natural. (Theol.) Man's acceptance, . through God's grace, on justilitation by faitli. Adwre, a-dor', V. f. [adored (a-dord''), . adoring.] To worship with profound reverence; to love intensely. — Ador'er, n. A worshiper; a lover. — Ador'able, a. — Adora'tion, n. Worship paid to a divine being; homage to one in high esteem. .Adorn, a-dSrn', v. t. [adorned (a-d6rnd''), adou>h:?g.] To render beautiful; to decorate, embellish, set-off, ornament. — Adorn'ment, n. Ornament; embellish- ment. , Adrift, a-drift', a. or adv. Floating at random. Adroit, a-droif, a. Possessing or exercising skill or dexterity; ready in invention or execution; expert; clever. — Adroit'ly, adv. — Adroifness, n. Adulation, ad-u-la'shun, n. Servile flattery; syco- phancy. — Ad'ula'tor, -ter, n. A servile flatterer. — Ad'ulatory, a. Adtilt, a-dulf, a. Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and strength. — w. A person or thing irrown to maturity. Adulterate, a-duKter-at, v. t. To debase or make im- pure hy admixture of baser materials; to contam- inate; to corrupt. — a. Tainted with adultery; de- based. — Adul'tera'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. — Adul'terant, n. One who, or that which, etc. — Adul'tery, M. Violation of the m-irriage-bed. (Script.) Violation of one's religious covenant. — Adul'terer, n. A man guilty of adultery. —AdTU'- teress, n. A woman, etc. — ^ Adul'terine, -tn or -in, a. Proceeding from adultery. — n. A child born in, etc. — Adul'terous, a. Pert, to, or guilty of, etc. Advance, ad-vans', v. t. [adva.vced (^-vansf), -vajt- CING.] To bring forward ; to raise in rank ; to ac- celerate the growth or progress of ; to help on ; to offer or propose; to supply beforehand; to pay for others, in expectation of re-imbursement. — v. t. To move forward; to improve; to rise in rank, etc. — n. Act of advancing; approach; improvement. (Com.) Additional price or profit; a tender; an olfer; a fur- nishing of something before an equivalent is re- ceived; money or goods thus furnished. — a. Be- fore in place or time ; — used for advanced, as, an adi'awce-guard. — Advanced, -vanst', p. p. Pro- gressive; imbued with novel ideas. — Advance'ment, n. Act or state of, etc.; improvement; promotion; payment in advance. — Advan'cer, ?i. A promoter. Advantage, ad-van'tej, n. Anv state, condition, etc., favorable to some desired end; superioritj' of state, or that which gives it; benefit; profit. — v. t. [ad- vantaged (-ta]d), -TAGiNG.] To benefit, to pro- mote. — Advantageous, -ta'jus, a. Being of, or furnishing, etc.; profitable; beneficial. — Advanta'- geously, adv. — Advanta'geousness, n. Advent, ad'vent, n. A coming; approach; esp. the coming of Christ ; a season of devotion including four Sundays before Christmas. — Adventitious, -tish'us, a. Added extrinsically: casual. (Bot.) Out of the usual place. — Adventi'tiously, adv. — Ad- ven'tive, -tiv, a. Accidental; adventitious. — Ad- ven'tual, -chu-al, a. Pert, to the season of Advent- Adventure, ad-'ven'chur, n. Hazard ; risk ; cliance ;. an enterprise of hazard ; a remarkable occurrence; a thing sent to sea at the sender's risk. — v. t. Iad- VENTUKEi) (-churd), -XLRIXG.] To put at hazard; to- risk; to run the risk of attempting. — ?•. i. To try' the chance ; to dare.— Adven'turer, n. One who, etc. — Adven'turesome, -sum, a. Incurring hazard; bold. — Adven'turotis, a. Inclined to adventure; daring; attended with risk. — Adven'turously, adv.—&A~ ven'turousness, n. Adverb, ad'verb, n. (Gram.) A word modifying the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb. — Adver'bial, a. Relating to or like, etc. — Adver'- bially, adv. — Adver'bialize, v. t. To give the force or form of, etc. Adverse, ad'vers, a. Acting in a contrary direction ; conflicting; unfortunate. — Ad'versene'ss, n. — Ad- ver'sity, n. An e\'T^nt or series of events attended with misfortune; alfliction; distress. — Ad'versary, n. One who is opposed; antagonist; foe. —a. Ad- verse ; antagonistic. — Adver'sativer -tiv, a. Not- ing opposition or antithesis between connected prop- ositions; — applied to the conjunctions but, however, yet, etc. — n. An adversative word. Advert, ad-vert', v. i. To turn the mind or attention ; to regard, observe. — Adver'tence, ?i. Attention;, consideration. — Adver'tent, a. Attentive; heedful. Advertise, ad-ver-tiz', v. t. or t. [advertised (-tizd'), -TISIXG.] To inform ; to make known througn the press. — Advertisement, -ver'tiz-ment, or -ver-tiz'ment, n. Information ; public notice- through the press. — Advertiser, -tiz'er, n. Advise, ad-viz'. v. t. [advised (-vizd'), -vising.] To counsel; to give information to; to apprise; to ac- quaint, consult. — )•. I. To delibei-ate ; to weigh or consider. — Advis'able, o. Fit to be advised; ex- pedient. — Advis'ably, adv. — Advis'ableness, n. Fitness ; propriety. — Advis'edly, adr. With full knowledge; purposelj'. — Advis'edness, n. Deliber- ate consideration. — Advise'ment, n. Counsel ; con- sultation; consideration. — Advis'er, n. One who, etc.; a counselor. — Advi'sory, a. Having power to advise; containing advice. — Advice, ad-vis'', n. An opinion offered, as worthy to be followed; sug- gestion; information as to the state of affairs t coun- sel; intelligence. Advocate, ad'vo-kat, n. One who pleads a cause ; esp. one who pleads tlie cause of another before a tri- bunal. — V. t. To plead in favor of; to maintain by argument ; to defend, support, vindicate. — Ad'vo- cacy, -ka-sT, Advoca'tion, n. Act of, etc.; interces- sion. Advowson, ad-vow'zun, n. (Eng. Law.) The right of presenting or nominating to a vacant benefice. — Advowee, -vow-e', or Advow'er, n. One who^ presents, etc. Adz, Adze, adz, n. A carpenter's tool for chipping. .Sdile, Edile, e'dil, n. An officer in ancient Rome who cared for public buildings, streets, public spectacles, etc. .Sgis, e'jis, n. A shield, esp. Mi- nerva's shield ; anything that pro- tects. .Solian, e-o'lt-an, a. Pert, to ^olia or ^olis, in Asia Minor ; pert, to ^olus, god of the winds; pert, to, or produced by, the wind. — .Solian. attachment. A contrivance for con- verting a pianoforte into a wind in- strument. — iEolian harp. A box on whicii are stretched strings, on which the wind produces musical notes. — .£olic, e-oKik, a. Pert, to .lEolia. .Son, Eon, e'on, n. A great, indefinite, or infinite, space of time. Aerate, a'er-at, v. t. To impregnate or combine with carbonic acid gas; to supply with commonair or with oxygen. — Aera'tion, n. Act or process of, etc.; exposure of soil to the action of the air. — Aerial^ a-e'r1!-al, a. Pert, to the air, or atmosphere ; consist- Adz. siin, cQbe, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. AERIE 8 AGARIC ing of, inhabiting or frequenting, or existing in, the air ; high ; lofty. — A''erifonn, a. Having the form ■of air, as gas. — A'erify, -fi, v. t. To cliduge into an aeriform state. —A'erogram, n. A message sent by wireless telegraphy. — A'erolite, n. A stone falling from, etc. ; meteoric stone. — A'erom''eter, n. An instrument for measuring the weight or den- sity of gases.— A'erom''etry, ?i.— A'eronaut',— nawt, n. An aerial navigator ; balloonist. — A'eronaufic, n. Pert, to, etc. — A'Sronaufics, ?;. Science or art of sailing in a balloon.— A'erophyte'', -lit, n. A • pla.nt deriving support from air. — A'eroplane, n. A flying machine, or a plane for experiments on flying, which floats in the air only when propelled through it. — A'erostat'ic, a. Pert, to, etc. [bird of prey. I Aerie, e'rt or a'ri, n. The nest of an eagle or other) Esthetic, Esthetic, es-thet''ik, a. Pert, to jesthetics. — .Ssthet'ics, n. sing. The theory or philosophy of taste ; science of the beautiful in nature and art. Afar, a-far'^, adv. At a great distance; remote. ASable, af'^fa-bl, a. Ready to converse ; easy of ac- cess ; courteous ; complaisant ; condescending. — Affably, adv. — Affabil'ity, n. Quality of being, etc.; urbanity; civility. Affair, af-far', n. Business of any kind ; esp. public business. {Mil.) An engagement of troops. Affect, af-fekf, v. t. To act upon ; to produce a change in ; to influence, imitate, put on a pretense of. — Affecta'tion, n. Assumption of what is not natural; false pretense. — Affect'^ed, p. a. Assum- ing or pretending to possess, etc. ; assumed artifi- cially. (Alg.) Compounded ; containing different powers of the imknown quantity (written also Ad- jected). — Affect'^edly, adv. In an affected manner. — Affect ''edness, ?t. — Affect'er, m. — Affect-'ing, p. a. Having power to move the passions; pathetic. — Affect'lngly, adv. — Affec'tion, n. An attribute, C[uality, or property, inseparable from its subject; inclination of the mind toward a particular object; love; attachment. {Med.) Disease. — Affec'tionate, a. Having or proceeding from, etc. ; tender; fond ; warm-hearted. — Affec'tionately, adv. — Affec'- tioned, -shund, a. Inclined ; disposed ; affected. — Affect''ive, -iv, a._ Affecting, or exciting emotion. Affettuoso, af-fet-too-o^zo. {Mus.) A direction to ren- der notes soft or affecting. -adtJ. Tenderly. [It. J Affiance, af-fi''ans, n. Plighted faith; marriage con- tract; trust; confidence. —I'. <. [affianced (-anst), -AXCING.] To betroth ; to pledge fidelity in mar- riage, promise marriage to, give confidence to, trust. — Affi.''ancer, n. One who makes a marriage contract between parties. — AfB.'ant, n. (Law.) One who makes affidavit. — Affida'vit, n. (jLaw.) A declara- tion , signed and made upon oath. Affiliate, af-fiKT-at, v. t. To adopt as a son, receive into fellowship ; to ally ; to receive into a societj' as a member. {Law.) To assign an illegitimate child to the father. — AffiPia'tion, n. Adoption; as- sociation in the same family or society; assignment of an illegitimate child to the father. Affinage, af^fin-ej, ?i. A refining of metals. [F.] Affinity, af-fin''T-tI, n. Relationship by marriage; close agreement; conformity; connection. {Chem.) That attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between particles, and forms compounds. Affirm, af-ferm'', v. t. [affirmed (-fermd''), -fiem- IXG.] To confirm, estahlish, or ratify; to assert posi- tively, aver. — v. i. To declare positively. {Law.) To promise, before a magistrate or tribunal, to tell the truth, under pain of perjury. — Affirma''tion, n. Act of, etc. ; that which is asserted ; ratifica- tion. {Law.) Declaration by one conscientiously unable to make oath.— Affirm'ative, -tiv, a. Affirm- ing, — opp. to negative; confirmative; ratifying. — n. A word expressing assent; an affirmative propo- sition; that side of a question which affirms or maintains, — opp. to negative. — Affirm''atively, adv. — Affirm'^er, n. Affix, af-fiks', v. t. [affixed (-fixf), -fixing.] To add at the end; to attach or connect; to fix or fasten in any manner; to annex. —Affix, af'flks, n. A syl- lable or letter joined to the end of a word; a suffix. — Afflxion, -fik'shun, w. Act of affixing; addition. — Affixture, -fiks-'chur, n. That which is, etc. Afflatus, af-fla-'tus, n. ' A breath or blast of wind ; communication of divine knowledge; the inspira- tion of a poet. — Affla'^tion, 72. A breathing on. Afflict, af-flikt'', V. t. To strike down; to overthrow; to give continued pain ; to cause to suffer dejection ; to trouble, harass. — Afflicfer, n. — Afflict'ing. a. Causing pain ; grievous ; distressing. — Affliction, -flik'^shun, n. Cause of continued pain, state of being afflicted; sorrow; adversity. — Afflict'^ive, -iv, a. Giving or^ausing, etc. — Afflicfively, adv. Affluent, af'floo-ent, a. Wealthy; plentiful. — n. A stream flowing into a river or lake. — Affluence, -ens, -ency, n. Abundance, esp. of riches; opulence. — Af- fluently, adv. — Afflux, af ''fluks, Affluxion, -fluk''- shun, n. Act of flowing to; that which flows to. Afford, af-ford'', V. <. To yield or produce; to give, grant, sell, or expend, with profit or without loss; to impart ; confer. Affray, af-fra'', n. {Law.) Fighting -in a public place, causing fear; a tumultuous assault ; quarrel; brawl. Affreight, af-fraf, v. t. To hire, as a ship, to trans- port goods or freight. —Affireight'ment, n. The en- gagement or chartering, etc. Affright, af-frit'', v. t. To impress with sudden fear: to appall, shock, alarm. — n. Sudden and great fear; terror. — Affrighfedly, adv. Affront, af-frunf, /;. Any reproachful or contemptu- ous action; oft'ense. — v. t. To otf end by manifest- ing disrespect; to insult, provoke, outrage. — Af- front'er, n. — Affronfive, -iv, a. Abusive, insult- ing. — Affiront'ingly, adv. Afield, a-feld', adv. To, in, or on the field; out of the way. Afire, a-fir'_, a. or adv. On fire. Aflame, a-flam', adv. In flames; glowing with light. Afloat, a-flof, adv. In a floating state; passing from place to place; unfixed; without guide or control. Afoot, artSbV, adv. On foot; in action; in a condition for actioji. Afore, a-for'', adv. or prep. Before. — Afore'going, a. Going before; foregoing; previous. hand, ac/i?. Beforehand; before. men'tioned, -shund, adv. Spoken of or named before. — rthought, -thawt, a. Premeditated. — time, adv. In time past; of old. Afoul, a-fowK, a. or adv. Not free; entangled. Afraid, a-frad', a. Struck with fear or apprehen- sion; timid. Afresh, a-fresh', adv. Anew; over again. Afrit, af-rif, Afrite, -ref , Afreet', n. {Moham. Myth.) A powerful evil jinnee or demon. Afront, a-frunf, adv. In front. Aft, aft, adv. or a. {Naut.) Astern, or toward the stern ; abaft. — Fore and aft. From one end of the vessel to the other. After, aff er, 7)rep. Behind in place; later in time; moving toward from behind; in pursuit of; in im- itation of; according to the influence of; in relation to. — adv. Subsequently. — a. Later; subsequent. {Naut.) More aft. — Aft'ermost, -most, a. Hindmost. — Afferward, -wards, -wurdz, adv. In later or_suc- ceeding time ; subsequently. — Aft'er-birth, -berth, n. The placenta, cord, and membranes inclosing the fetus, which come away after delivery. — clap, n. An unexpected subsequent event. crop, 7i. A second crop. damp, n. Choke-damp; carbonic acid gas following the explosion of fire-damp in mines. — glow, n. A kind of second twilight, some- times following sunset. math, n. A second crop of grass in the same year; rowen. — noon', n. Time from noon to evening. pains, n. pi. Pains after delivery, caused by the after-birth, or by clots. — -piece, n. A piece performed after a play. — sails, 71. pi. {Naut.) The sails on the mizzen mast and its stays. — state, n. The future life. — -thought, -thawt, n. Something thought of after an act; later thought or expedient. Aga, a'ga, n. A Turkish commander or chief officer. Again, a-gen', adv. Another time; once more; in re- turn; back. —Again and again. Often; repeatedly. — Against, a-gensf, jorep. Abreast of; opposite to; m opposition to ; in preparation for. Agape, a-gap', adv. Gaping, as with wonder. Agaric, ag'a-rik, n. {Bot.) A family of fungi, includ- ing mushrooms ; an excrescence growing on the trunk of trees, used for tinder, in dyeing, and in medicine; am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r j AGATE 9 AID M^ 1^^ A.irave. touchwood. —Agaric mineral. A deposit of carbon- ate of lime. Agate, a»'et, n. A precious stone, variety of quartz. (Print.) A kind of type, larger than pearl and small- er than nonpareil; —in England called rub>/. ^^^ This line is printed in the type called agate. — Agatine, -tin, a. Pert, to _^ or resembling, agate. — Ag'- atize, -tiz, 1-. t. Fagatized (-tizd), -Tizixo.J To con- vert into, etc. — Ag'aty, -tt, a. Of the nature of, etc. Agave, a-ga've, n. A genus of plants ; the American aloe, or century plant, from the juice of which the liq- uoT jpulque is made. Age, aj, n. Whole duration of a being; the part ot one's life previous toa given time ; the latter part of life; legal maturity ; a particular pe- riod of time in history; the people of a particular pe- riod; hence, a generation : a century: era. — v. i. To grow -:■:. old: to show marks ot age.'" — Aged, a'jed, a. Ad- vanced in age; old; ancient. — n.231. Old persons. — Agedly, a-'jed-ir, acZi'. Like an aged person. Agendum, a-jen-'dum, w.; jjZ. Agex''da, -da. Some- thing to be done; a memorandum-book ; a ritual or liturgy. [L.] Agent, a''jent, n. A person or thing that acts or has power to act ; one intrusted with the business of an- other ; a substitute ; a deputy ; a factor ; an active power or cause. — A'^gentship, 7i. The office of an agent; agency. — A'gency, a'jen-sY, m. Quality or state of, etc. ; instrumentality ; office or duties of, etc. ; bureau of, etc. Agglomerate, ag-glom'er-at, v. t. To wind into a ball ; to gather into a mass. — v. i. To collect into a ball. — A^glom'era'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Agglutinate, ag-glu''tT-nat, v. t. To glue or cause to adhere ; to unite by causing adhesion. — Agglu'ti- na'tion, n. Act of uniting, or state of being united. — Agglu'tina'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to unite. — Agglu''- tinant, a. Uniting. — n. A viscous adhesive sub- stance. Aggrandize, ag'^gran-diz, t'. <. [aggkandized (-dizd), -DiziXG.] To enlarge; to make great or greater in power, rank, honor, etc.; to augment; exalt; in- crease. — Aggrandizement, -gran^'diz-ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ag'grandi'zer, n. One who, etc. Aggravate, ag'gra-vat, v. t. To make worse, more severe, more enormous ; to enhance; to give an ex- aggerated representation of; to provoke or irritate; to tease. — Aggravation, -va'shun, n. Act of, or that which, etc. ; exaggerated representation ; provoca- tion ; irritation. Aggregate, ag'gre-gat, v. t. To bring together : to collect into a sum or mass ; to accumulate, pile. — a. Formed by parts collected. (Law.) United in one bod}' corporate. — n. An assemblage of par- ticulars; sum total; lump. — Aggrega'tion, M. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Ag -gregative, -tiv, a. Causing aggregation ; collective. — Ag'grega'tively, adv. — Ag'gregator, -ter, n. One who, etc. Aggress, ag-gres*^, v. t. [aggkessed (-gresf), -gress- IXG.] To make a first attack ; to begin a quarrel. — n. Attack. — Aggression, -gresh'un, n. First at- tack; act leading to controversy; invasion; encroach- ment. — Aggres'sive, -siv, a. Tending to, etc. — Ag- gres''sively, adv. — Aggres'siveness, n. — Aggres'- sor. -ser, n. _ Aggrieve, ag-grev'', V. t. [AGGRiEfED(-grevd''), -griev- ing.] To give pain to ; to afflict ; to oppress or in- jure ; to harass. Aghast, a-gast', a. or adv. Struck with amazement; stupefied with sudden fright or horror. Agilo, aj^'il, a. Quick of motion; nimble; lively; brisk. — Ag'ileness, Agility, a-jiKt-tX, n. Quality of being, etc. Agitate, aj'T-tat, v. i. To move with a violent irreg- ular action : to shake ; to disturb or excite ; to dis- cuss earnestly; to consider on all sides ; to revolve, debate. — Agita'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; perturoation of mind ; discussion. — Agita'- tive, -tiv, a. Having power or tendencj' to, etc. — Agita-'tor, -ter, h. Aglow, a-glc^, adv. Hot; briglit with warmth: glowing. Agnail, ag^'nal, n. Inflammation round a nail; a whit- low. Agnate, ag^'nat, a. (Laiv.) Related on the father's side. — 71. A male relation by the father's side. — Agna-'tion, n. Descent in the male line. — Agna'tic, a. Pert, to, etc. Agnomen, ag-no''men, a. A name added, among the Romans, in celebration of some exploit. [L.] Agnostic, ag-nos'tik, a. Professing ignorance ; in- volving no dogmatic assertion ; leaving undeter- mined. — n. One who, etc. — Agnos'ticism, 7i. The condition of neithetjaffirming nor denying, on the score of ignorance. ( Theol.) Tlie doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity can be neither asserted nor denied, proved nor disproved, because of the limits of the human mind, or of the insufficiency of evidence, — opp. to atlieism and to theism; also,' the belief of a Christian sect of the third century, that God did not know all things. Ago, a-go'', adv. or a. Past; gone. Agog, a-gog', a. or adv. Highly excited by eagerness alter an object. Agoing, a-go^mg,p.nj'. In motion: going: ready to go. Agony, ag''o-nT, n. Pain that causes writhing or con- tortions of the body, like those in athletic contests ; , anguish ; pang. — Ag''onist, n. One who contends for the prize in public games. — Ag'^onism, -nizm, n. Contention for, etc. — Agonist'^ic, -ical, a. Re- lating to prize-fighting, or to bodily or mental con- test. — Ag''onize, v. i. [agoxized (-nizd), -xizixg.J To writhe with agony; to suffer anguish. — v. t. To distress; to torture. -^Ag''onizingly, adv. Agrarian, a-gra'rl-an, a. Relating or tending to equal division of lands. (Bot.) Growing wild. — n. One who favors ejjual division of property. Agree, a-gre', v. i. [agreed (-gied'), agreeixg.} To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action ; to yield assent, come to terms, resemble. (Gram.) To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. — Agree'able, a. Suitable; in pursuance or accord- ance ; pleasing ; ready to agree. — Agree'abil'ity, Agree'ableness, n. Qualitj^ of being, etc. — Agree''- ably, adv. — Agree'ment, n. A state of, etc. ( Gram.} Concord of one word with another in gender, num- ber, etc. (Zaiv.) Union of ininds in a thing done or to be done ; a bargain, compact, or contract. Agriculture, ag^'rl-kul-chur, ?i. Tne art or science of cultivating the ground ;" tillage ; husbandry. — Ag- ricuKtural, a. — Agricul'^turist, n. One skilled in, etc. Agrimony, ag'rl-mo-ni, n. A wild plant having yel- low flowers. Agrin, a-grin'', adv. In the act of grinning. Agriology, ag-ri-oKo-ji, n. The comparative study of human customs, esp. of men in their natural state. Agrostis, a-gros'*tis, n. (Bot.) A genus of grasses^ Dent-grass; red-top. Aground, a-grownd''. adv. On the ground ; stranded. Ague, a^'gu, n. Chilliness; an intermittent fever, at- tended oy alternate cold and hot fits. —A'guish, a. Ah, a, interj. An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, contempt, joy, pain, etc.— Aha, a-ha', intery. An exclamation expressing triumph, contempt, or simple surprise. Ahead, a-hed'', arf?!. Farther forward: onward. Ahoy, a-hoi', interj. A sailor's call to attract attention. Ahull, a-huK, adv. With the sails furled, and the helm lashed on the lee side. ' Aid, ad, v. t. To support, by furnishing means to effect a purpose or prevent evil ; to assist, succor, befriend. — n. Help; the person or thing that aids; an aid-de-camp. — Aid'ance, n. Assistance. — Aid-de- camp, ad'dg-kaN, n. ; pi. Aids-de-camp, adz- (Mil.y One who assists a general officer in his military" duties. [F.] — Aid'er, n. — Aid'ful, -ful, a. stln, cube, fyll ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, then, boNbox, chair, get. AIL 10 ALFALFA 4iil, al, V. t. [AILED (aid), AILING.] To affect with pain, physical or mental ; to trouble. — v. i. To feel pain; to be troubled. — Ail, Ail'ment, n. Slight disease; indisposition; pain. Ailantos, a-lan-'tus, n. A genus of trees, native of India and China; — commonly, but improperly, spelt ailanthus. Aim, am, v. i. [aimed (amd), aiming.] To point with a missive weapon; to direct the intention or pur- pose. — V. t. To direct or point, as a weapon; to di- rect to a particular object. — n. The pointing or directing to an object, with a view to hit or affect it; the point to be hit, or affected; intention; direc- tion; end; endeavor. — Aimaess, a. — Aim''lessly, adv. Air, kr, n. The fluid we breathe; the atmosphere; a gas, as, fixed air ; a light breeze ; look or mien. (Mus.) A melody or tune.— n.?jL An affected, vain manner. — v. t. To expose to the air ; to ventilate. — Air'ing, n. Exposure to air; an excursion in the open air. —Airy, ar'i, a. Pert, to, made of, or re- sembling air; high in air ; exposed to the air; un- substantial; frivolous; livelj^ (Paint.) Having the light and aerial tints true to nature. — Air'tly, adv. In an airy manner; gayly. — Air'iness, n. Openness to the air ; levity ; gayety. — Air'bath, n. An ar- rangement for drying substances in air of any de- sired temperature. bed, n. An air-tight bag, in- flated, and used as a bed. bladder, n. An organ in fishes, containing air, by which their buoyancy is regulated. brake, ?i. {Much.) A contrivance for stopping the motion of car-wheels by the use of •compressed air. — brick, n. An iron box of the size of a brick, built into walls for ventilation. — -cells, n. pi. Cavities for air in the leaves, stems, etc., of plants ; minute bronchial cells, in animals ; air- sacs. — drain, n. A space round the walls of a build- ing, to prevent dampness. — gun, n. A gun discharged by the elastic force of air. hole, n. An opening for air; a hole produced by a bubble of air. — plant, n. A plant apparently nourished by air only; an ■epiphyte. — -poise, -poiz, n. An instrument for ascer- taining the weight of the air. — pump, n. A ma- ■chine for exhausting the air from vessels. — sacs, n. pi. Heceptacles for air in the bodies of birds, which com- municate with the lungs, . . and render the body spe- Air-pump. ciflcally lighter. — shaft, n. A passage for air into a mine. — -tight, a. Impermeable to air. — trunk, n. A ventilating shaft, opened from the ceiling to the roof. — vessels, n. Vessels in plants or animals, which convey air. Aisle, il, n. {Arch.) The wing of a building; a lateral division of a church, separated from the nave by piers; a passage in a church, etc., into which pews or seats open. — Aisled, ild, a. Having aisles. Ajar, a-jiir', ado. Partly open, as a door. Akimbo, a-kim'bo, a. With elbow bent outward. Akin, a-kin', a. Related by blood; allied by nature. Alabaster, aKa-bas-ter, n. {Min.) A compact variety of sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture. — a. Pert, to, or resembling, etc. Alack, a-lak'', Alackaday, a-lak'a-d'a, interj. Excla- mations expressive of sorrow. Alacrity, a-lak'rt-tt, n. Cheerful readiness; ardor; liveliness; promptitude. Alamode, al-a-mod', adv. According to the mode or fashion. — ?!. A thin, glossy, black silk. [F.] Alarm, a-larm', n. A summons to arms; a notice of approaching danger; surprise with fear or terror; ap- prehension ; a mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from sleep. — v. t. [alarmed (a-larmd'), alarming.] To call to arms for defense; to fill with apprehension ; to disturb. — Alarm'ingly, adv. — Alarm''ist, 71. One who excites alarm. — Alarm''-bell, n. A bell that gives notice of danger. clock, n. A clock made to ring at a particular hour. — -gauge, -gaj, n. A contrivance applied to boilers to show when the steam is too strong or water too low. post, n. A place to which troops repair in case of alarm. — -watch, ?i. A watch that can be set to Albatross. Although; be it so; notwith strike at a particular hour. — Alarum, a-la'rum, n. Same as Alarm; — applied to a contrivance attached to a clock for calling attention. Alas, a-las', interj. An exclamation expressive of sor- row, pity, concern, or apprehension of evil. Alb, aib, n. An ec- clesiastical V e s t- ment of white lin- en. Albatross, aKba- tros, n. A very large web-footed sea-bird of the Southern Ocean. Albata, al-ba'ta, n. ' German silver, an alloy of copper, zinc (or tin), and nickel. Albeit, awl-be'it, conj. standing. Albelen, aKbe-len, n. A fish of the trout species. Albertype, aKber-tip, n. A picture printed from a gelatine plate prepared by means of a photographit negative. Albigenses, aFbT-jen'sez, n. pi. A party of reformers, who separated from the church of Rome in the 12th century ; — so called from AIM, in Languedoc. Albino, al-bi'no, n. ; pi. Albi'nos. A person or ani- mal having preternatural whiteness of skin, flaxen hair, and pink iris. Albion, aKbl-un, n. A poetic name of England. Albugineous, al-bu-jin-'t-us, a. Pertaining to the white of an egg, and hence to the white of the eye. Album, al'bum, n. A blank book, for the insertion of autographs, photographs, literary memorials, etc. Albumen, al-bu'men, w. {Bot.) Nourishing matter found in seeds. (Physiol.) A substance existing nearly pure in the white of egg, and its chief com- ponent. Alburnum, al-ber''num, n. The white and softer part of wood next to the bark; sap-wood. Alcaid, al-kad', n. In Spain, the governor of a castle, fort, or the like; a jailer or warden. Alcalde, al-kaKde, n. In Spain, a magistrate or judge. Alcedo, al-se^'do, >?. A perching bird; kingfisher. Alchemy, aKke-mi, n. Occult chemistry; an ancient science which aimed to transmute base metals into gold, find the universal medicine, etc. — Alchem'ic, a. Relating to alchemy. — Alchem^ically, adv. — Al'^chemlst, n. One versed in, etc. — Alchemist''- ical, a. Alcohol, aKko-hol, n. Pure or highly rectified spirits, ardent spirits in general. Alcoran. See Koran. Alcove, al^'kov or al-kov', n. A recess, or part of a room, separated from the rest by a partition. Alder, awl'der, n. A tree or shrub of several vari- eties. Alderman, awVder-man, n.; pi. Al'der-men. A mag- istrate or officer of a city or town corporation. Ale, al, n. A liquor made from malt by fermentation; an English country festival, so called from the liquor drunk._ Alee, a-le', adv. (Naut.) On the side opposite to the side on which the wind strikes. Alembic, a-lem'bik, n. A chemi- cal vessel, formerly used in dis- tillation. Alert, a-lerf, a. Watchful ; vigi- lant ; moving with celerity. — Upon the alert. Upon the watch. — Alert'ly, adv. — Alert'ness, n. Briskness ; watchfulness ; promptitude; nimbleness. Alewlfe, al'wif, n. ; pi. Ale-'wives, -wivz. An American fish resembling a herring. Alexandrine, al'egz-an'drin, n. A verse of twelve syl- lables, or six iambic feet; — so called from a French poem on the life of Alexander. Alfalfa, al-fal'fa, n. A perennial plant, allied to clover. Alembic. Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, f Sre ; Snd, eve, tgrm 5 th. Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r t ALGA 11 ALLOPATHY Alga, aKga, n.; pi. Alg,*;, al'je. A grand division of cryptogaraic plants, embracing sea-weeds. Algarot, aKga-rot, n. An emetic powder, prepared from antimony. Algebra, aKje-fira, n. (3fath.) That branch of anal- j-sis which investigates the relations and properties of numbers by nieans of letters and other symbols. — Algebraic, -bra'ik, -leal, a. Pert, to, or performed by, ttc. — Algebra'ically, adv. By means of, etc. — Al'gebraist, n. One skilled in, etc. Algid, al'jid, a. Chilled with cold. — Al'gide, -jid, a. Characterized by great coldness, said of certain dis- eases. — Algid^ity, n. — Algific, -jif 'ik, «. Produ- cing cold. — Al''gor, -gor, n. {Med.) Unusual cold- ness; chill at the onset of fever. Algoazil, al-ga-zel', n. A Spanish officer of justice. Alias, a'll-as, adv. Otherwise; otherwise called; — a term used in legal proceedings to connect the differ- ent names of a party who has gone by two or sev- eral, and whose true name is doubtful. — n. (Latv.) A second or further writ issued after one has expired without effect ; an assumed name. [L.] Alibi, al'I-bi, n. {Law.) When one on trial for crime shows that he was elsewhere when the act was com- mitted, he is said to prove an alibi; hence, the de- fense under which this proof is made. [L., else- y_ where.] Alien, al'yen, a. Xot belonging to the same country; foreign; different in nature. — n. A foreigner; a Joreign-born resident of a country, in which he has n<.t citizenship. — Al'ienage, n. State of being an alivn. — Al'ienate, v. t. To convey or transfer to ano.her, as title, property, or right; to make indif- ferent or averse ; to estrange. — a. Estranged. — Al^iena'^tion, n. {Latv.) A transfer of title, or legal conveyance of property, to another. State of being alienated or transferred ; estrangement, as of the affections ; derangement ; insanity. — Al''ienator, -ter, n. One who, etc. — Aliene, al-yen', v. t. To convey_ or transfer, as property; to estrange. — Al- ienee, al-yen-^', n. One to whom a thing is sold. — Alienism, aKyen-izm, n. State of being an alien. Alienist, al'yen-ist, n. A physician who makes a speeialtv of insanity. — a. Kelatine to insanity. Alight, a-llt'', V. i. To get down or descend, as from on horseback; to dismount; to fall or descend, and settle, or lodge. Alight, a-lit'', a. Lighted; burning. Align, a-lin'', r. t. [aligived (-lindO, '^lig^ing.] To adjust or form by a line, as troops. — v. i. To form inline. — v. t. {^ngin.) To lay out the ground-plan, as of a road. Alike, a-llk', a. Having resemblance; similar; with- out difference. Aliment, aKl-ment, n. That which feeds or supports; food; nutriment. — Alimenfiveness, n. (Phren.) The organ of appetite for food or drink. See Phrexology. Alim ony, _al'T-mo-ni, n. An allowance made to a wife out of the estate of a husband from whom she is separated. Aliped, aKt-ped, . a. Wing-footed. — n. An animal having toes connected by membranes serving as wings, as the bat. Aliquant, aKt-kwant, a. Xot dividing another num- ber without a, remainder. Aliquot, aKi-kwot, a. Dividing exactly, or without remainder. Alive, a-liv' a. Having life; not dead; susceptible. Alizarine, a-liz''a-rin, n. A coloring principle m mad- der. Alkali, al'ka-li or-lT, n. {Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, which are soluble in water and alco- hol, unite with oils and fats to form soap, neutralize and change reddened litmus to blue. — AKkaUne, -lin or -lin, a.' Having the qualities of, etc. — Al- kalin'ity, n. Quality which constitutes, etc. —Al- kaliza'^tion, n. The act of rendering alkaline by impregnating with, etc. — Al'kalize, -liz, v. t. To alkalify. — Al'kaloid, n. { Chem.) A salifiable base existing in some vegetables as a proximate principle. — Alkaloid 'al, a. Alkoran, aKko-ran, n. The Mohammedan Bible; a tower of a mosque in which the Koran is read. All, awl, a. Every one ; the whole. — adv. Wholly ; altogether. — n. The whole number, quantity, or amount; the total. — All along. Continually: reg- ularly. — All that. A collection of similar things; et caetera. — All-fools'-day. The 1st of April, when it is a custom to play tricks, or make fools. — All- fours. A game of cards, containing four chances. To go on all fours, to move on four legs, or on two legs and two arms or hands. — All-hail. All health; a phrase of salutation. — All-hallow, -hallows, -hal- lowmas. All-Saints'-day. — All-hallow-tide. The time near All-Saints'. — All-Saints'-day. The first day of November, a feast in honor of all the saints. — All-souls' -day. The second of November, a Ro- man Catholic solemnity, when the souls of the faith- ful are prayed for. — Allspice. An aromatic berry of the West Indies. — All-sufficient. Sufficient for everv thing. — All told. All counted; including the whole number. — At all. A phrase of enforcement or emphasis, signifying, in the least; under any cir- cumstances. Allah, al'lii, n. Arabic name of_the Supreme Being. Allay, al-la', v. t. '[.\ll.\yed (-lad'), allayixg.] To put at rest, appease, abate, mitigate, or subdue. Allay. See Alloy. Allege, al-lej', v. t. [alleged (-lejdO, alleging.] To bring forward with positiyeness ; to produce, as an argument, plea, or excuse. — Allegation, al-le- ga'shun, n. Positive declaration. Allegiance, al-le'jans, n. Obligation of a subject to his prince or government ; loyalty. Allegory, al'le-go-rl, n. A story in which the direct and literal meaning is not the real or principal one, but images forth some important truth; figurative description. — Allegoric, -gSr'ik, -ical, a. In the manner of, etc. ; figurative. — Al'legorize, -rlz, v. t. [allegokized (-rizd), -rizing.] To form or turn into, etc. ; to understand in an allegorical sense. — V. I. To use, etc. — Allegoriza'tion, n. Allegretto, aRa-grefto, a. {Mils.) Quicker than an- dante, but not so quick as allegro. [It.J Allegro, al-la'gro, a. {Mus.) Quick, brisk, livelj'. — n. A quick, sprightly strain or piece. [It.] Alleluiah, al-le-lu'ya, n. Praise to Jehovah. Allemande, al-le-mand'', n. A German waltz. {Cook- ery.) A white sauce. Alleviate, al-le^vT-at, v. t. To make light or easy to be borne; to remove in part; to make easier; to lessen, mitigate, assuage, allay. — Allevia''tion, n. Act of, etc. ; miti<;ation. — Alle'viative, -tiv, a. and n. That, or that which, alleviates. Alley, aKlt, n. ; pi. Alleys, aKltz. A walk in a gar- den; a narrow passaM, as distinct from a public street. — A large marble. Alliaceous, al-ll-a'shus, a. Pert, to garlic; having the smell or properties of, etc. Alliance. See under Ally. Alligate, aKlY-gat, v. t. To tie together; to unite. Alligator, al-li-ga'ter, n. A large carnivorous am- phibious reptile, of the Saurian family, peculiar to America. AUineate, al-lin'i-at, v.t. {Surv.) Toad- just to a line ; to align. Allision, al-lizh''un, n. A striking against. Alliteration, al-lit'er- a'shun, n. Repeti- tion of the same let- ter at short intervals. Alligator. — Allit'erative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, etc. Allocate, aKlo-kat, v. t. To place, set apart, allot. — Alloca^'tion, n. Act of putting one thing to an- other; admission of an article of account; allow- ance made upon an account. — AUoca'tur, n. {Law.) Allowance of a thing or proceeding, by a court or judicial officer. AUocntion, al-lo-ku'shun, n. An address ; esp. by the pope to his clergy. Allodium. al-lo'dT-um, n. {Laiv.) Freehold estate; land which is the absolute property of the owner. — Allo'dial, o. {Law.) Pert, to, etc.; free of rent or service, — opp. to feudal. Allopathy, al-lop'a^thT, n. Employment of medicines sfin, cQbe, fyll ; moon, f 6&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ALLOT 12 ALTOGETHER to produce effects opposite to those resulting from disease; the ordinary practice, as opp. to homeopathy. Allot, al-lof, V. t. To divide or distribute, as by lot; to distribute in parts; to grant, as a portion; to give, assign, apportion. — Allofment, n. Act of allotting; part allotted. — Allottee, -te', n. One to whom a thing is allotted. iillOW, al-loW'', V. t. [^ALLOWED (-lowdO. -LOWING.] To give, afford, or yield; acknowledge; abate or de- duct; grant license to; permit; show, or prove to be; to approve of, justify. — v. i. To make abatement. — AUow'ably, arff . — AUow'ance, w. Act of, etc.; permission or license ; that which is allowed ; a stated quantity. {Naut.) A limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall short ; abate- ment. {Com.) A deduction from the gross weight of goods. — V. t. [ALLOWAJfCED (-anst), -AKCING.] To put upon allowance. Alloy, al-loi'', v. t. [alloyed (-loid''), -loying.] To reduce the purity of, by mixing with a less valua- ble metal; to abate, impair, or corrupt. — n. Any compound of two or more metals ; a baser metal mixed with a finer ; evil mixed witli good. Allude, al-lud'', v. i. To refer to something not directly mentioned; to have reference, advert to. — Allusion, -lu-'zhun, n. Indirect reference. {Rhet.) A figure by which something is applied to, or understood of, another, on account of some similitude between them. — AUu'sive, -siv, a. Hinting at; referring to. — AUu'sively, adv. — Allu''siveness, n. Allure, al-lur', v. t. [allured (-lurd'), alluring.] To try to draw to; to tempt by offers ; to entice, se- duce. — AUure^ment, n. That which allures. —Al- lur^'er, n. A tempter. Alluvium, al-lu'vl-um, -vion, n. ; pi. Allu''via, -vT-a. (Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, etc., made by rivers, floods, etc., upon land not permanently submerged. — Allu'^vial, a. Pert, to, contained in, or composed of, etc.; washed ashore or down a stream; of fresh- water origin. «i,Uy, al-li', V. t. [allied (-lid''), allying.] To unite, or form a connection between. — n. ; pi. Al- lies, al-liz''. One united by compact, marriage, or any tie; a confederate. — AlUance, al-li'ans, n. State of being allied ; a union or connection of interests; the compact or treaty which is the instrument of allying ; persons or parties allied; league; confeder- acy; coalition. ;lllyl, aKlU, n. {Cliem.') An organic radical, existing esp. in garlic and mustard. Alma Mater, aKma master. A college or seminary where one is educated. [L., fostering mother.] Almanac, awKma-nak, n. A calendar of days, weeks, and months. Almandine, aKman-dln, n. (Mn.) The red variety of garnet, translucent or transparent. Alme, Almeh. aKme. n. In Egypt, a dancing-girl. Almighty, awl-nnt' T, n. God; the Supreme Being. — a. Having all power. Almond, ii'mund, n. The fruit of the almond-tree; one of the glands called tonsils, at the base of the throat. Almost, awl'most, adv. Nearly; for the greatest part. Alms, ani2, n. pi. Any thing gratuitously given to re- lieve the poor; a charitable donation. — Alms'-house, n. A house for the poor; poor-house. — Almoner, aKmun-er, n. One who distributes alms for another. — Al'moniy, n. A place for^^etc. Aloe, al'o, n ; pi. Aloes, al'oz. (Bot.) A genus of evergreen herbaceous plants. — pi. (Med.) The in- spissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purgative. — Al'oet'ic, -ical, a. Aloft, a-loft', arfu. On high. (JS^aut.) In the top; at the mast-head; above the deck. Alone, a-lon', a. Apart from, or exclusive of, others; single; solitary. Along, a-long'', adv. In a line with the length; length- wise; in a line, or with a progressive motion; onward; in company; together. —prep. By the length of, as disting. f r. across. — Along''side, adv. By the side of a ship. Aloof, a^loof ', adv. At or from a distance, but within view ; apart. — prep. At or to a distance from ; away from. Alose, a'Tos, n. The American shad. Alouchi, Aluchi, a-lu'che, «. A compound resin ob- tained from Madagascar. Aloud, a-lowd', adv. With a great noise; loudly. Alow, a-lo', adv. In a low place ; not aloft. Alp, alp, n. Avery high mountain; — esp. in the mountain ranges of Switzerland. Alpaca, al-pak'a, n. An animal of Peru, having long, fine, woolly hair; a species of llama; a tnin cloth made of al- paca wool mixed with silk or cot- ton. Alpha, al'f a, n. The first letter of the Greek alphabet, used to de- note ^rs«. (Astron.) Used to des- ignate the brightest star in a con- stellation. — AFphabet, n. The letters of a language arranged in order. — AKphabet, AKphabet- iZe, -IZ, v. t. [ALPHABETIZED (-izd J, -TiziNG.] To arrange in the order Alpaca, of an alphabet. — Al'phabeta'rian, n. A learner of the alphabet; abecedarian. — Alphabetic, -ical, a. Of, pertaimng to, or arranged in the order of, etc. — Alphabet^ically, adv. Already, awl-red'T, a_dv. Before this time; now. Alsike, aKsik or aKsek, n. A kind of clover. Also, awKso, adv. or conj. In like manner; likewise; too; m addition to. Alt, ait, a. or n. {Miis.) The higher part of the scale. Altar, awFter, n. An elevated place on which sacri- fices are offered to a deity; in Christian churches, the communion table. — AKtarage, n. Profits of priests from offerings. Altazimuth, al-taz^l-muth, n. An instrument at- tached to telescopes for taking azimuths and alti- tudes at the same time. See Azimuth. Alter, awKter, v. t. [altered (-terd), -tering.] To make some change in; to vary; to change entirely or materially. — v. i. To become, in some respects, dif- ferent; to change. — Al'terable, a. Capable of being altered.— AKterableness, -abil'ity, n. — Al'terably. adf. — AKterant, a. and n. Same as alterative.— Altera'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; change; the change made. — Al'terative, -tiv, a. (Med.) Having power to restore the healthy func- tions of the body without sensible evacuations. — n. An alterative medicine. Altercate, aKter-kat, v. i. To contend in words; to wrangle. —Alterca'tion, n. Warm contention; con- troversy; wrangle. Alternate, al-ter-'nat, a. Being by turns; one follow- ing the other in succession; reciprocal. — n. That which happens by turns ; ^acissitude ; a substitute. — Alternate, aKter-nat or al-ter'nat, v. t. To per- form in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to change reciprocally. — v. i. To happen or to act by turns.— Alter 'nately, arfv.— Altema'tion.Ti. Recip- rocal succession. (Math.) Changes or alterations of order in numbers; permutation. — Alter 'native, -tiv, a. Offering a choice of two things. — n. That which may be chosen or omitted; a choice of two things. — Alter''natively, adv. — Alter'nativeness, n. Quality or state of being, etc. (Biol.) Alternate generation; a form of reproduction in which development from eggs alternates with that from buds, the individuals arising in the two methods differing from one an. other; metagenesis. —Alter'nant, a. (Geol.) In alternating layers. Althea, al-thc'a, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants includ- ing the marsh-mallow and hollyhocks. — Althe'in, n. (Cfiem.) An alkaline .substance existing in the marsh-mallow; asparagine. Althom, alt'h6rn, n. A musical instrument similay to the saxhorn. Although, awl-tho'', conj. Grant all this ; be it so ; suppose that; notwithstanding. Altitude, aKtI-tud, n. Height ; perpendicular eleva- tion above the ground, or' above a given level. (Astron.) Elevation of a celestial object above the horizon. Alto, aKto, n. (Mas.) The part sung by the lowest female voices, between tenor and soprano ; in i»i strumental music, the tenor. Altogether, awKto-getfe'er, adv. With united action without exception; completely. Sm, fame, f iir, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm : In, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, 6r ; ALTO-RELIEVO 13 AMENT Alto-relievo, al'to-re-le'vo, -rilievo, -re-le-a'vo, ii. (^Sculp ) High relief; the figure standing out irom the background. Altruism, al'troo-izm, n. Regard for others; devotion to the interests of others; unselfishness; opp. to Aladel, al'u-del, n. A chemical pot open at each end, u.l. Compensation for loss or injury ; satisfaction ; equivalent. Amende, a-maNd', n. A fine or punishment; repara- tion ; retraction. —Amende honorable, -on'o-ra'bl. Public recantation or apology for injury. [F.] Amenity, a-men'T-tT, n. Agreeableness in situatic climate, manners, etc. Ament, am'ent, ». {Bot.) A species of inflorescence, consisting of a scaly sort of spike, as in the alder, birch, etc. ; a catkin. — Amenta '- ceous, -ta'shus, a. Producing catkins. Ament. situation. sun, cube, full ; moon, iSbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. AMENTIA 14 ANABASIS In the midst or middle; Half-way between the Amentia, a-inen'sht-a, n. Imbecility) idiocy. Amerce, a-mers', v. t. [amerced (-mersf), amee- CiNG.J To punish by a pecuniary penalty fixed by the court; to punish, in general. — Amerce'ment, n. (Law.) Pecuniary penalty inflicted at the discretion of the court. — Amer'cer, n. American, a-mer'T-kan, a. Pert, to America, — esp. to the United States. — n. Native of, etc., formerly applied to the aboriginal inhabitants ; but now to descendants of Europeans born in America, esp. in the United States. —Amer''icanism, -izm, n. Word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to America ; regard of Americans for their country or its interests. — Amer''icanize, -iz, v. t. [-ized C-izd), -izing.] To render American. Amethyst, ara'e-thist, n. A subspecies of quartz, of a bluish violet color. —Amethysfoline, -lin, w. Vol- atile fluid found in cavities of the amethyst. Amiable, a^'ml-a-bl, a. Worthy of love; deserving of affection; charming. — A'^miableness, -biKity, n. Amianth, am''t-anth, Amianthus, am-t-an'thus, n. ■ {Min.) An incombustible flax-like mineral sub- stance, which may be wrought into cloth and paper. Amicable, am't-ka-bl, a. Harmonious in mutual in- tercourse; friendly; peaceable. Amice, am''is, Am'lct, n. A loose flowing garment worn by pilgrims. (Eccl.) A piece of embroidered linen, worn on the head like a hood, or on the shoul- ders like a cape. Amid, a-mid', Amidst', prep surrounded by ; among. Amidships, a-mid'ships, adv. stem and the stern. Amiss, a-mis'', a. Wrong; faulty; out of order; im- proper. — adv. Wrongly, etc. Amity, am'I-tt, n. Friendship ; harmony ; good un- derstanding. Ammonia, am-mo'nY-a, n. A volatile alkali of a pun- gent smell; spirit of hartshorn. — Ammo^niac, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. — Ammo'niac, or Gum ammo'^niac, n. (Med.) Concrete juice of an umbelliferous plant, from Persia. Ammunition, am-mu-nish'un, n. Military stores for attack or defense; articles used in charging fire-arms and ordnance; as powder, balls, shot, etc. Amnesty, am'nes-tt, n. A general pardon of offenses against government. Amoeba, a-me'ba, n. (Zool.) An animalcule capable of numerous changes of form. — Amoe^biform, Amoe'boid, a. Resembling, etc. — Amoe'bous, -bus, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Among, a-mung'. Amongst, a-mungsf, prep. Mixed or mingled with; associated with; making part of the number of. Amontillado, a-mon-'til-la'do, n. A dry sherry. [Sp.] Amorous, am-'o-rus, a. Inclined to love ; prone to sexual enjoyment; enamored; in love; of, or caused by, love. Amoroso, am-o-ro'so, n. A lover. — adv. {Mies.) Lov- ingly; tenderly. [It.] Amorph, am''5rf, n. CChem. and Min.) A body with- out crystalline structure. — Amor^phism, n. A state of being, etc., as in glass, opal, etc. — Amor'^phous, -fus, a. Having no determined form ; of no partic- ular character ; anomalous. — Amor^photae, -fo-te, n.pl. (Astron.) Stars not comprised in any constel- lation. Amortize, a-mSr'tTz, v. t. (Law.) To alienate in mort- main. — Amortiza'tion, Amor'tizement, -tiz-ment, n. (Law.) Act or right of alienating lands to a cor- poration, considered as transferring them to dead hands, or in mortmain ; extinction of debt, esp. by a sinking fund. Amount, a-mownt', r. i. To rise or reach by accumu- lation ; to come in the aggregate ; to be equivalent. — n. Sum_total ; effect, substance, or result. Amour, a-moor'', n. A love intrigue. Ampfere, SN'par'', -pere, am-par', n. The unit of electric current. Amphibious, am-fib''i-us, a. Able to live in the air and water; adapted for living, etc.; partaking of two na- tures. — Amphib'iously, adv. — Amphib'iousness, n. — Amphib'ia, -I-a,M.pi. (Zo'ol.) The class of reptiles which includes the saurian s. — Amphib^ian, n. An amphibious animal. —a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Amphibole, am-'fi-bol, n. (Geol.) Hornblende, which is easilv mistaken for augite. — Amphib'olite, -lit, «. Hornblende ; trap-rock. Amphibology, am-fi-boKo-jt, n. A phrase, proposi- tion, etc., susceptible of more than one interpreta- tion. Amphibrach, am'fi-brak, n. (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short. Amphicar-'pic, -carpous, am-fl-car'pus, a. (Bot.) Bear- ing fruit of two kinds. Amphictyons, am-fik'tr-unz, n. pi. A council of dep- uties from the difterent states of ancient Greece. — Amphic'tyon'tc, a. — Amphictyony, -fik'tl-o-nl, n. A league of neighboring states. Amphigean, am-fij'e-an, a. Extending over aU the zones of the earth. Amphigory, am-fig^o-rY, n. Nonsense verses; a rig- marole, with apparent meaning, but really meaning- less. — Amphigor'^ic, a. Nonsensical; absurd. Amphimacer, am-fim'a-ser, n. (Anc. Pros.) A foot ofi tm-ee syllables, the middle one short, and the others long. Amphiprostyle, am-fip'ro-stil, n. AHouble prostyle, or an edifice with columns in front and behind, but not on the sides. — Amphip'roSty'lar, a. Amphitheater, -tre, am-fl-the''a-ter, m. Ai oval or circular edifice, having rows of seats one above another, around the arena; the highest gallery in a theater. — Am'phitheafrical, o. Amphora, amf S-ra, n. An ancient two- handled earthen vessel. Ample, am^'pl, a. Large in size ; of great extent or bulk : fully sufficient. — Am''plitude, -tud, n. State of be- ing, etc. ; extent of capacity or intel- lectual powers, or of means, or re- sources. — Amp'ly, adv. — Amplify, am''plT-fi, v. t. [amplified (-fid), -FYIXG.] To render larger, more ex- tended, or more intense. (Rhet.) To treat copiously. — v. i. To grow or become large ; to dilate. — Am'plia- tive, -plT-a-tiv, Am-'plifica'tive, a. Serving or tend- ing to, etc. Ampiilla; am-pul'la, n. An ancient flask or bottle, having a narrow neck and big bel- ly; a drinking cup. (Bot.) A hol- low leaf. (Anat.) A dilatation in • the semi-circular canals of the ear. [L.] — Ampullaceons, -la'shus, a. Bottle-shaped. Amputate, am''pu-tat, v. t. To cut off, as a limb. — Amputa'tian, n. Amuck, a-muk'', n. Act of killing; slaughter. — adv. Wildly ; indis- criminately. — To run amuck. To rush out frantically, attacking all comers, as is done by fanatics in the East. Amulet, am^u-let, n. Something worn to prevent evil ; a charm inscribed with mystic characters. Amuse, a-muz', v. t. [amcsed (-muzd''), asiusittg.I To entertain agreeably: to keep in expectation, de- lude, divert. — Amuse^ment, n. That which, etc. ; pastime. Amylaceous, am-Y-la'shus, a. Pert, to starch. —Am'- ylene, -Y-len, n. A hydro-carbon of anesthetic prop- erties. — Amyl'ic, a. Of or from starch. AHj, a. Commonly called the indej^vite article. It Signifies one or any, but less emphatically, and is used before a vowel sound. An, conj. If. [Oh.?.] Ana, a'na. A suffix to names denoting a collection ot memorable sayings. Thus, ScaKgerana is a book of sayings by Scaliger. Sometimes used alone as a noun. Anabaptist, an-a-bap'tist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One wh& denies the validity of infant baptism, and maintains that those so baptized ought to be baptized again. — Anabaptis^'tic, a. — Anabap''tism, n. The doctrine of, etc. Anabasis, a-nab'a-sis, n. Lit., a going up; esp., Cyrus' invasion of Asia ; a great military expedition. ( Jfed.) The first period, or increase of a disease. Amphora. AmpuUa. fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tgrm ; tn, ice ; Sdd, tone, dr ; ANAOATHARTIC 15 ANCHOR Anacathartic, an'a-ka-thar'tik, a. Exciting dis- charges from the mouth and nose. — j». A medicine having this property: — opp. of cathartic. Anachoret, Anachorite. See Axchoket. Anacharis, an-ak'a-ris, >i. {Dot.) A fresh-water weed wiiich obstructs navijjation ; waterwecd. Anachorism, an-ak^o-nzm, n. A practice or expres- sion differing from tlie usage of the country in which it is employed. Anachronism, an-ak'ro-nizni, n. An error in chro- iiologj', l)y which events are misplaced iu regard to each other. — Anach''roni3t''ic, a. Involving, etc. Anaclastics, an''a-klas''tiks, n. That part of optics concerning the refraction of light; dioptrics. AnaclisiB, an'a-klc'sis, «. {Med.) Position taken by a sick person in bed. Anacoluthon, an'a-ko-lu'thon, n. {Rliet.) Waiit of sequence in the parts of a sentence, when one part has a diiferent grammatical construction from an- other. — Anacolu'thic, -thical, a. Anaconda, an-a-kou'da, n. A large snake of the Boa famih', which lives in South America. Anacreontic, a-nak're-on'tik, a. Pert, to, or after the manner of , the Greek poet Anacreon. — n. A poem in praise of love and wine. Anacrusis, an-a-kroo'sis,?;. {Pros.) A prefix of unac- cented syllables to a verse beginning with an accented syllable' Anadem, an'a-dem, n. A garland ; fillet ; chaplet. Anadiplosis, an'a-dl-plo'sis, n. (Jihet.) A repetition of words in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of the next. Anadrom, an''a-drom, n. A fish that periodically leaves the sea to ascend rivers. — ^nad'^romous, -mus, a. Ansemia, a-ne'mT-a, n. (Med.) Deficiency of blood in the system.— An£e''mic,n.—Anaemot''ropliy, -fl, n. Lack of nourishment in the blood. Aneesthesia, an-es-the''zht-a, Anaesthe'sis, n. (3Ied.) Entire or partial loss of perception; insensibility pro- duced by disease or by inhaling ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide gas, etc.— Anaesthefic, a. Capable of rendering insensible ; characterized by insen- sibilit}'. — n. That which produces, etc. — Anses'- thetize, v. t. To produce, etc. "Anaglyph, an''a-glif, n. An embossed or chased or- nament, worked in relief, — when raised on stone a cameo, when sunk an intaglio. Anagoge, Anagogy, an''a-go-jT, n. An elevation of mind; mystical interpretation of the Scriptures; ap- plication to the New Testament of types and alle- gories of the Old: one of four modes of Scriptural in- terpretation, the others being literal, allegorical, and tropological. {Med.) Rejection through the mouth of blood from the lungs. — Anagogics, -goj''iks, n. pi. Mystical interpretations, esp. of the Scriptures. i&£agram, an''a-gram, n. A transposition of the let- ters of a name, forming a new word. Anagraph, an'a-graf, n. A commentary. Anal, a'nal, a. Belonging to or near the anus or open- ing at the lower extremity of the alimentary canal. Analectic, an-a-lek'tik, a. Collecting or selecting; made up of selections. — An''alects, AnaleC'ta, -lek'ta. re. pi. A collection of literary fragments. Analepsis, an-a-lep'sis, n. {Med.) Recovery; conva- lescence. — Analep'tic, fJ. Corroborating: invigora- ting: giving strength after disease. — n. Restorative medicine. Analogy, an-aKo-jT, n. A likeness in some respects, between things otherwise different. (Geom.) Equal- ity, proportion, or similarity of ratios. — Analogous, -gus, a. Correspondent. — AnaKogously, adv. — An'- alogue, -log, n. — AnaKogon, n. A thing analogous to some other thing. Analysis, an-aKt-sis, w. ; pJ. Axal'yses, -sez. A reso- lution of any thing into its constituent elements; — opp. to synthesis. (Chem.) Separation of a compound into its constituents. (Logic.) The tracing of things to their source; resolving of knowledge into its orig- inal principles. (Math.) The resolving of problems by equations. — Analyst, an'a-list, re. One who, etc. — Analyt'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or fond of, etc. — Analyt'ically, ««:/?'. — Analyt'^ics, n. The science of analysis. — All'' alyze,-liz, v. t. [ analyzed (-iTzd), -LYZiifG.] To separate into component parts ; to re- l/lM^J 1 L ^ W^ 1 xm t^ ~1% Anamorphosis. solve into first principles or elements. — Analyzahla, -liz'a-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — An'alyzer, w- Anamnesis, an-am-ne^'sis, n. (lilitt.) A recalling something omitted. — Anamnestic, -nes'^- tik, a. Aiding memory. Anamorphism, an-a-mdr'fizm, n. A progression from one type to another; anamorphosis. — Ana- morphosis, -mor'fo-sis or -mSr- fo^'sis, re. (Persp.) A distorted representation of an image on a plane or curved surface, which, viewed from a certain poitit, or by reflection from a mirror, ap- pears in proportion. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous develop- ment, or change of form, or de- generation. Anandrous, an-an''drus,a. (Bot.) Without stamens. Anapaest, an-'a-pest, n. ^Pros.) In Greek and Latin versifica- tion, a foot of three syllables, the first tv.'o short, the last long; in English versification, a foot having two unaccented sylla- bles, followed bj^ an accented one; — the reverse of the dactyl. Anaphora, a-naf^'o-ra, n. (Rhet.) Repetition of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses. (Med.) Discharge of blood or purulent matter by the mouth. Anaplasty, an'a-plas-tt, n. (Surg.) The art of re- storing lost parts or the normal shape. Anapodeictic, an'a-po-dik'tik, a. That cannot be shown ; undemonstrable. Anaptotic, an-ap-tot'ik, a. (Gram.) Losing inflec- tion, — said of languages which lose inflection, as the English. Anarchy, an''ark-T, re. Want of §:overnment m soci- ety ; confusion. — Anarch'ic, -ical, a. Lawless. — - An'archist, n. One who promotes, etc. — An'arch- ize, -iz, V. t. To create anarchy in. Anasarca, an-a-sar-'ka, re. (Med.) Dropsy of the cel- lular tissue. — Anasarcons, -sark'us, o. Dropsical. Anastasis, an-a-sta'^sis, re. {3Ied.) A rising up from sickness; recovery; a translation of humors to a su- perior part. Anastrophe, a-nas''tro-tTf, re. (Ehet.) Inversion of the natural order of words. Anathema, a-nath-'e-ma. re. (Antiq.) An offering to a deity, hung in a temple ; a curse pronounced by ecclesiastical authoritj^ ; person or thing anathema tized. — Anath''ematize, -tiz, v. t. [anathematized (-tizd), -MATiziNG.] To derxounce with curses. — Anathe^matiza'tion, re. Act of, etc. Anatomy, a-nafo-nit, ?i. Art of dissection ; science of the structure of animal bodies; act of dividing any- thing, to examine its parts ; thing dissected. — Ana- tom^ic, -ical, a. — An'atom''ically, adr. — Anat'o- mism, -mizm, re. Application of the principles of anatomy, as in art. — Anafomist, re. One who dis- sects, oris skilled in, etc. — Anat'omiza'tion, re. Act of, etc. — Anafomize, v. t. [anatomized (-mizd), -MiziNG.] To dissect; to lay open the interior struc- ture of; to analyze. Ancestor, an'ses-ter. n. One from whom a person is descended; progenitor. — Ances'tress, re. A female ancestor. — Ancestral, -ses'tral, a. Relating to, or descending from, etc. — An'cestry, -trt, w. A series of ancestors ; lineage ; birth or honorable descent. Anchor, ank'^er, re. An iron instru- ment for holding a vessel at rest in water ; a firm support ; that which gives stability or security. — v.t. [ANCHORED (-erd), anch- oring.] (Naut.) To place at anch- or. To fasten ; to fix in a stable condition. —v. i. — To cast anch- or; to come to anchor. — Anch'- orable, a. Fit for anchorage. — Anch'orage, -ej, re. A place where Anchor. aa, stock; h, shank; cc, flukes; dd,a.rms. sHn, cube, fijll ; moon, fi56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. ANCHORET 16 ANIMADVERT a ship can anchor; the anchor and all necessary tackle for anchoring; duty imposed on ships for anchoring in a harbor. — Anch^ored, -erd, a. {Heraldnj.) Shaped as a cross with extremities turned back like flukes of an anchor; written also ancred and ancree. — Anch''- or-ground, n. Ground suitable for anchoring. — hold, n. The hold which the anclior takes; security. — -ice, n. Ice at tlie bottom of streams, arwl thus anch- ored to the ground ; ground-ice. smith., n. A maker of ancliors. — At anchor or Riding at anchor, said of a ship kept from drifting by the anchor. — To cast, or dro}}, anchor. To sink the anchor in the sea to hold the ship from drifting. — To cat the anchor. To draw it up to the cat-head. — To fish the anchor. To raise the flukes by an appliance called a flsh. — To shoe the anchor. To cover the flukes. — To sweep the anchor. To dra^ for a lost anchor. — J'o weigh anchor. To raise it from the bottom. — Anchor comes home when it drags from its hold. — Bower anchor. One of medium size, carried at the bow of a ship. — Ked-TjC anchor. One of small size. — Sheet anchor. One of the largest and strongest kind. Anchoret, ank'er-et, -orite, -it, n. A hermit; recluse. — Anchoret 'ic, a.— Anch^oress, n. A female liermit. Anchovy, an- cho'vl, n. A small sea-flsh of the herring family. — Ancho'vy pear. A West India fruit. Ancient, an'^shent, a. Old; of former times; advanced in years; pristine; antiquated; obsolete. — n. pi. Those who lived in f oriner ages, opp. to the moderns ; very old men. — Aa'^ciently, -II, adv. In old times. — An''cientry, -rl, n. The honor of ancient lineage; gentry; aristocracy. Ancillary, an'sil-la-rt, a. Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid. And, co)ij. A particle which expresses the relation of addition, and connects words or sentences. Andante, an-diin'ta, a. (J/tts.) Rather slow; less slow than iacf/o, more slow than allegretto. — n. A movement or piece in andante time. — Andantino, -te'^no, a. Slow, but quicker than andante. [It.] Andean, an-de'an, Andine, au'din, a. Pert, to the Andes mountains. Andiron, and''i-urn, n. A utensil for supporting wood in a fire-place; a fire-dog. Androgynal, an-droj''I-nal, -smous, -nus, a. Having both sexes; hermaphroditical; having mental char- acteristics of both sexes. {Bat.) Bearmg both stam- iniferous andpistillii'erous flowers. Android, an''droid, Androi-'des, -dez, n. A machine in human form, which performs motions of a man. — An''droid, a. Resembling man. Androphagi, an-drot''a-ji, n. Man-eaters ; anthro- pophagi. — Androph'agous, -gus. Inclined to can- nibalism. Anecdote, an-'ek-dot, n. A particular or detached fact; incident; story; tale. — Anecdo'tal, -dot'ic, -dot'ic.a,!, a. Pert, to, etc. Anemo-dynamometsr, an'e-mo-din-a-mom'e-ter, n. An instrument for measuring the force and velocity of the wind. — Anem''ograph, -graf, n. An in- Btrument for regis- tering the force of the wind. — Ane- mog'raphy, -ft, n. A description of the winds. — Anemom'eter, n DYNAMOMETER. Anemometer. Same as Anemo- ■ Anemom''etry, n. Measurement by means of an anemometer. — Anern'oscope, n. A weather-cock, esp. a contrivance for bringing down the indications of a wind-vane to a dial below. Anemone, a-ncm'o-nT, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the crowfoot family; wind-flower. Aneroid, an'e-roid, a. Dispensing with the use of A portable barometer, which dis- (3Ied.) Lessening pain; ano- quicksilver. penses, etc. Anetic, an-et'ik, a. dyne. Aneurism, an'u-rizm, n. {Anat.') A soft tumor, arising from dilatation or rupture of the coats of an artery. Anew, a-nu'', adv. Newly; over again; afresh. Anfractuous, an-frakt'u-us, a. Winding; full, ol turnings. Angel, an-'jel, n. A spirit, or spiritual being; an an- cient gold coin of England, bearing the figure of art angel. — a. Resembling, or belonging to, etc. — AngeKic, -ical, an-jeKik-al, a. -— Angel'ically, flc/y. — AngeKicalness, Ji.— Angelology, -oKo-jf, n. Doctrine oj angelic beings. Angel-fish, an''jel-lish, n. A species of shark, named from its large wing-like pectoral fins. Anger, an''ger, n. A strong passion or emotion of the mind ; indignation ; resentment ; wrath ; rage. — V. t. LAXGEEED(-gerd), ANGERING.] To cxcite to anger; to provoke, displease. — An''gry, -gri, a. In- flamed, as a sore; touched with or showing anger; indignant; furious; choleric. — An'gerly, An''gnly> -gri-ll, adv. Angina, an-ji'na, n. Inflammation of the throat. [L-l — Angina Pectoris, -pek'to-ris, n. A distressing af- fection of the chest. [L.] Angle, an''gl, n. A c o r n e r . {Geom.) The difference of direction of two lines in the same plane that meet or tend to meet in a point; or the dif- ference of direction of two planes intersecting, or tending |^ to intersect, each other. Fish- ~ ing tackle. — v. zV [axgled „.„.,. , (an'gld), AXGLiXG.] To fish S A E, right angle? with line and hook; to use C A D, acute angle; some bait or artifice ; to in- B A E, obtuse an- trigue. — Angle of incidence. S^^- {Opt.) The angle which a ray of light makes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any medium on which it falls. — Angle o^f refraction. The angle wliich a ray of light retracted makes with a perpendicular to 'that point on which it falls. — A riglit angle. One formed by a right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90°. — An ob- tuse angle. One greater than a right angle, — An acute angle. One less than a right angle. — Ohliiiue angles. Angles that are either acute or obtuse. — Fa- cial angle. See under Face. — Visual angle. The angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the eve. — An'gler, n. One who fishes with a hook. (Ichth.) A kind of fish; the fishing- frog. — An'gle-bar, -iron, n. A rolled bar of iron of an angular shape, for the edges of iron safes, etc.; or to connect the side-plates of iron boilers, €tc. — Angular, an'gu-ler, a. Having, an angle or angles; pointed; form-y ing an angle ; sharp and stiff in character. — An-'gulames^, -ler- ness. Angular'ity, -lar'T-tY, n. Quality of being, etc. — An'gu- larly, -ler-lT, adv. With angles; in the direction of the angles. — An''- gulated, -la-ted, a. Formed with angles. — An'gulose, -los, a. Full of angles. Anglican, an^glt-kan" a. English; pert, to England. — n. A member of the church of England: esp. of the high-church or ritualistic party. —An 'glicize, -siz, 1-. t. fAXGLUrzED (-sTzd),-cizrxG.] To render comformable to English idiom or analogies. — An- glo, an''glo. A prefix meaning Z^wr/Zi's^. Anglice, an'glT-se, adv. In English; in the English manner. [L.] Angor, an ''gov. n. Intense bodily pain. [L.] Angry, Angrily. See under Anger. Angtiish, an^'gwish, w. Extreme pain; agony; grief. Angular, Angularity. See under Angle. Anhelation, an'he-la-'shun, ?i. Short breath; difficult respiration. AnU, an'il. n. (Bot.) A shrub whose leaves and stalks yield indigo. — Anile, an'il, n. A dark blue color. — Aniline, an'T-lin or -lin, w. A dyeing material obtained from indigo, also from benzole in coal tar. — a. Pert, to dyes made from aniline. Anile, an'II, a. Old womanish; imbecile. — Anil'lty, -nil-i-tT, An'ileness, -il-nes, n. Dotage. Animadvert, an'I-mad-vert', v. i. To turn the mind with intent to notice; to consider by Avay of crit- Angle-iron. fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; ANIMAL 17 ANTEDATE icisin or censure ; to remark, comment. — Animad- version, -ver'shun, n. Remarks by way of criti- cism, etc. ; strictures ; blame. — Animadver'sive, -siv, a. Having the power of perceiving. — Ani'mad- ver'ter, n. tunimal, an't-mal, n. An organized living being hav- ing sensation and power of voluntary motion; an irrational being, as disting. fr. man. — a. Of, or rela- ting to, animals; pert, to the merely sentient part of a creature; consistingjof the flesh of animals. Animalcule, an-T-i.iaKkul, -culum, w. ,• pi. -ccla, -la. A. I animal invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. [AniiuulcuUe, as if from a Lat. singular animalcula, IS a barbarism.]_ Animate, an'I-mat, v. t. To give natural life to ; to enliven, incite. — a. Alive. — An''iniated,^j. a. En- dowed v.'ith animal life; full of life; epirited; lively. — Anima''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; vivacity; spirit; sprightliness. Animosify, an'T-mos'I-tl, n. Violent hatred; active enmity; rancor; malignity. Animus, an'T-mus, n. Intention; spirit ; temper. [L.] Anise, an'is, n. Aplant bearing aromatic seeds. Ankle, an'kl, n. The joint which connects the foot with tRe leg. — Ank'let, m. An ornament for the ankle. Annals, an'nalz, n. j)l. A history of events in chro- nological order; a series of historical events; an an- nual publication. —An'' nalist, n. A writer of an- nals. Anneal, an-neK, v. t. [annealed (-neld'), axneal- ixc] To heat nearly to fluidity and then cool slowly, to render less brittle ; to temper. To heat, as glass, in order to fix colors. Annex, an-neks', v. t. [annexed (-nekst''), annex- ing.] To unite at the end; to affix; to add; to con- nect, esp. as a consequence. — n. An extension of a building ; a subsidiary building ; an addition to a document. — Annexation, -a'shun, Annexion, -nek'- shun,?i. Act of annexing; addition; vinion. {Law.) Union of property with a freehold, forming a fix- ture. — Annexa^'tionist, ». An advocate of, etc. — Annex'ible, a. That may be, etc. — Annex'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; thing annexed. Annihilate, an-ni'hY-lat, v. t. To cause to cease to be ; to destroj' the form or properties of. — Anni'Mla'- tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; destruction. — Anni'Mla'tionist, n. ( Tkeol.) One who believes that eternal punishment consists in annihilation; a destructionist. — Anni'liilatory, -rl, a. Tending to, etc.; destructive. Anniversary, an-nT-ver'sa-rY, a. Returning with the year at a stated time. — n. A day celebrated each year. Annomination, an-nom'i-na'^shun, n. A pun; a para- nomasia ; alliterfition. f Annotate, an'no-tat, v. i: To make annotations or comments. — An'notator, -ter, n. A commentator. Annotto, an-not'to, Amat'to, Arnofto, n. A yellow- ish-red vegetable dyeing material. Announce, an-nowns', v. t. [announced (-nownsf), ANNOUNCING.] To give first notice of ; to make known, publish, advertise. — Announce^'ment, n. — Act of, etc. ; declaration. — Announ'^cer, n. Annoy, an-noi', v. t. [annoyed (-noid''), annoying.] To injure or disturo by repeated acts ; to incom- mode, vex, plague. — Annoy'ance, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that which annoys. — Annoy'- er, n. Annual, an''u-al, a. Returning or happening every year; j'early; performed in a year; lasting only one year or season. — n. A thing happening yearly; a work published once a year; a plant that lasts but one year or season. Annuity, an-nu'T-tT, n. A sum of money, payable yearly. — Annu''itant, n. One who has an annuity. Annul, an-nul'', v. t. [annulled (-nuld''), annul- ling.) To make void or of no effect ; to repeal, nullify, set aside. — Annul^'ment, n. Act of, etc. Annulet, an'u-let, n. A little ring. {Arch.) A srnall flat fillet, encircling a column, etc. {Her.) A little circle borne as a chargejn coats of arms. Annumerate, an-nii'mer-at, v. t. To add to a num- ber. — Anniuneration, -a'shun, n. Annunciate, an-nun'shY-at, v. t. To annotmce. — Annuncia'tion, n. Act of, etc.; a festival, celebrated March 2.0th, in memory of the angel's arinounce- ; Virgin Marv. — Annun'xiator, -ter, «. Medicine which allays pain. ment to the ' Anodyne, an'o-din, n. — a. Assuaging pain. Anoint, a-noinf, r. t. To pour oil upon; to rub with unctuous substances; to consecrate, by unction ; to smear or daub. — Anoinfed, n. The Messiah. Anomaly, a-nom'a-ll, -alism, -lizm, n. Deviation from common rule or analogy; irregularity. (As- tron.) Angular distance of a planet from its perihel- ion, as seen from the sun ; angle measuring appar- ent irregularities in the motion of a planet. — Anom'- alous, -lus, a. Abnormal. — Anom'alously, adv. Anon, a-non', adv. Quickly ; immediately ; at an- other time; again. Anonymous, an-non'I-mus, a. Wanting a name ; ' without the real name of the author ; nameless. — An'^onyme, -nini, ?i. An assumed name. — Ano- njrmity, -uiin'I-tT, n. State of being, etc. Anorexia, an-o-reks'l-a, An'orexy, -1, n. {Med.) Want of appetite. " Another, an-utii''er a. Not the same; different; one more; any other. Anourous, Anurous, an-oo'rus, a. Without a tail. Ansated, an''sa-te_d, a. Having a handle. Anserine, an'ser-in, -serous, -us, a. Pert, to, or like a goose, or its skin; silly. Answer, an'ser, v. t. [answered (-serd), answer- ing.] To speak or write in return to; to refute; to be or act in return to. — v. i. To make response; to be accountable, liable, or responsible; to be or act in return; to conform; to suit. — n. Something said, written, or done, in return; a mathematical so- lution. — An''sweral)le, a. Capable of being an- swered ; obliged to answer ; liable to pay, indem- nify, or make good ; responsible ; suitable ; equiva- lent. Ant, ant, n. An emmet ; a pismire. — Anfbear, -bar, -eater, -et'- er, n. A n animal that feeds upon ants. — eggs, n.p/.The lar- va of ants, which are incased i n sacs resem- bling eggs. — -hiU, n. A nest of ants. Antagonist, , \ , an-tag-'o- Anteater. nist, n. One who contends with another; adversary; opponent. — Antag'onisfic, -ical, a. — An'tago- nisfically, adv. — Antag'onism, -nizm, n. Opposi- tion of action ; counteraction or contrariety of things or principles. — Antag-'onize, -niz, v. t. To act in opposition ; to contend. Antalgic, an-taKjik, a. Alleviating pain. Antaphrodisiac, anfaf-ro-diz'T-ak, a. {Med.) Less- ening venereal desire. — n. Anti-venereal medicine. Antarctic, ant-ark''tik, a. Opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it. Antarthritic, anfiir-thrifik, a. Counteracting gout. — ti. A remedy for, etc. Antecede, an-te-sed'^, v. t. To go before in time. — An- tece'dent, a. Going before ; prior; previous. — n. That which, etc.; 2>?. the earlier events of one's life. {Grain.) The noun to which a relative refers. {Lofjic.) The first of two propositions in an enthy- meme; the first and conditional part of a hypothet- ical proposition. {Math.) The first of two terms of a ratio. — Antece'^dently, adv. Previously. — An- teces'sor, -ser, n. One wlio goes 'before; a leader; one who possessed lanjl before the present possessor. Antechamber, an'te-cham''ber, An'^teroom, -room, n. A room leading to the chief apartment. Antecommunion, an''te-com-mun''yiin, n. The part of the Anglican liturgy which precedes the conse- cration of the elements in the communion. Antecursor, an'te-ker'ser, n. A forerunner. Antedate, an''te-dat, n. A date before the true time. stln, cube, full : moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. AWTEDILinriAL 18 ANY Antelope. — V. t. To date before the true time; to anticipate; to take before the true time. Antedilnvial, an'te-dl-lu''vl-al, Antedilu'vian, a. Be- fore the deluge._ Antelope, an'te-lop, n. A ruminant quadruped, in- termediate between the deer and goat. Antemeridian, an'te-me-rid'I-an, a. Before noon. Antemundane, an-te-mun''dan, a. Before the creation of the world. Antenatal, an-te-na'tal, o. Before birth. Antenna, an-ten'na, n. ; pi. An- ten'n^, -ne, a. (Zool.) A mova- ble, articulated organ of sensa- tion, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. Antenuptial, an-te-nup'shal, a. Before marriage. Antepaschal, an-te-pas'kal, a Before Easter. Antepenult, an'te-pe-nult'', An'tepenulfi-ma, n. (^Fros.) The last syllable but two of a word. Anterior, au-te'rl-or, a. Before in time or place; for- mer ; foregoing. — Anteriority, -or't-tT, n. Prece- dence. Anthem, an^'thcm, n. Church music adapted to pas- sages from the Scriptures; a motet. Anthemorrhagic, ant'hem-or-raj''ik, a. {Med.) Tend- ing to stop hemorrhage. Anther, another, n. (Bot.) That part of the stamen containing the pollen. — Anther- if'^erous, -er-us, a. Producing, etc. Anthesia, an-the''sis, n. {Bot.) The opening of a flower. — AnthoKogy, n. A discourse on flowers ; collection of flowers ; a collection of beautiful passages from authors. Anthony's Fire, an^'to-mz -fir, n. The erysipelas. Anthracite, an'thra-slt, n. A hard mmeral coal. — An'thracene, -sen, -cine, -sin, n. (Chem.) A solid hy- drocarbon produced in distilling coal-tar ; paranaphthaline. Anthropogeny, an-thro-poj''6-nY, n. The development of man. — Anthro- pog''raphy, n. {Phys. Oeog.) The distribution of the human race. — An'^thropoid, a. Resembling man. — Anthropol'ogy, -]X, n. The nat- ural history of the human species ; science of man, considered in his entire nature. — An'thropomor''phlsm, -mSr^'fizm, n. Representation of the Deity as having human form or attributes. — An'thropomor'pMte, -fit, n. A believer in, etc. — Anthropomor''phous, -fus, a. Resembling a man. — An''tliropoph''agi, -pof ■'a-jl, n. pi. Man-eaters; cannibals. —Anthropopli''agy, -j1, n. CannibaUsra. Antic, an'tik, a. Odd ; fanciful ; fantastic ; ludi- crously wild. — n. A buffoon; odd appearance. Anticatnode, an'tt-kath-'od, n. {Phj/s.) The part of a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. Antichrist, an'tl-krist, n. An adversary of Christ; the man of sin. — Antichristian, -kris'chun, n. An opposer of Christianity. — .a. Opposing, etc. Anticipate, an-tis't-pat, v. t. To take or do before another, so as to prevent him; to take up beforehand, or before the proper time ; to foresee ; to expect. — Anticipation, -pa-'shun, n. Act of, etc. ; previous view or impression; foretaste; preconception ; fore- thought. — Anticipative, -tis'l-pa-tiv, a. — Antic'- ipator, n. — Antic 'ipatory, a. Taking before time. Anticlimax, an-tT-kli'maks, n. A sentence in which the ideas fall, or become less important, at the close. Anticlinal, an-tT-kli^nal, a. Marking inclination in op- posite directions. — n. The crest-line from which strata dip in opposite directions; the anticlinal axis. Antidote, an'tT-dot, n. That which tends to counter- act poison, etc.— Antido'tal, -dot''ical, a. — Anti- dc'tally, -dofically, adv. Antifebrile, an-tl-f eb^ril or -f e^'bril, a. Abating fever. Antimony, an''tt-mo-nT, n. A whitish, brittle metal used in medicine and the arts. — Antimo'nial, a. Of or pert, to, etc. — n. A preparation of, etc. .Antinomy, an'tt-no-mt or -tin'o-mt, n. Opposition of Anther. a, ovary; b, style; c, stigma; dd, filaments; ee, anthers. one law or rule to another ; a thing contrary. — An- tinc'mian, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect said to maintain, that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no obligation. Antipapal, an-tl-pa'pal, -papist'ic, -ical, a. Opposing the papacy or popery-. Antipathy, an-tip'a-thT, n Aversion at the presence of a particular object ; dislike ; contrariety. (Nat. Phil.) A contrariety in the properties or affections of matter. Antiphlogistic, an'tY-flo-jis'tik, a. {Chem^ Opposed to the doctrine of phlogiston (Med.) Counteract- ing inflammation, —n. Medicine or diet which, etc. Antiphon, an'tt-fon, Antiphony, -tif'o-nt, n. (3fus.) An anthem or psalm sung in alternate parts: a re- sponse. — Antiph^onal, Antiphon-'ic, -phon-'ical, a. — Antiph'onal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems. Antiphrasis, an-tif'ra-sis, n. (Ehet.) Use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning; irony. — Antiphrastic, -fras'tik, -tical, a. Antipode,_ an''tt-pod, n.; pi. Antipodes, -pciz or -tip-'S-dez. One of those who live on opposite sides of the globe, anji whose feet are directly opposite. Antipope, an'tl-pop, n. One who usurps the popedom. Antique, an-tek', a. Old; ancient; of old fashion; made in imitation of antiquity. — n. Anything very old ; a remnant of antiquity ; relic. — Antiq^ uity, -tik'wl-tl, n. Ancient times, or their peo- ple ; great age. 2>l- Remains of, etc. — Antiquarian, -kwa-^rt-an, a. Pert, to antiquity. — h. An anti- quary. — Antiqua^rianism, n. Xove of, etc. — An'ti- quary, n. One versed in, etc. — An'tiquate, -kwat, V. t. To make obsolete, old, or void. — An''tiquated, p. a. Grown old, or out of fashion; out of use. Antiaabbatarian, an'tY-sab'ba-ta'rl-anjO. Opposed to the observance of the Sabbnth. — n. One who. etc. Antiscorbutic, an'tt-sk5r-bu'tik, -bu'tical, a. (Jled.y Counteracting scurvy. Antiscriptural, an-tl-skrip^'chur-al, a. Not accordant with Scripture. Antiseptic, an-tt-sep''tik, a. Opposing putrefaction. — 71. A substance which resists or corrects, etc. Antislavery, an-tl-sla'ver-t, a. Opposed to slavery. Antisocial. an-t1-so''shal, a. Adverse to society or hostile to its existence. Antispasmodic, an'tl-spaz-mod'ik, Antispastic, an-tt- spas'tik, a. (Med.) Causing a revulsion ol fluids or humors; counteracting spasm. Antistrophe, an-tis'tro-fl, n. (Ehet.) Repetition of words in an inverse order; the turning of an dd^'el> sary's plea aMinst him. (Anc. Lyric Poetry.) Part of a song or dance, around the altar, performed by turning from left to right, in opp. to the strophe, which was from right to left; the stanza of an ode following the strophe. — Antistrophic, -strof 'ik, a. Pert, to, etc. ' • Antithesis, an-tith'e-sis, n. ; pi. -eses, -sez. (Rhet.y An oppositionjjf words or sentiments in the same sentence; contrast; anything directly opposed to an- other. — Antithetic, -thefik, -ical, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Antithet'^ically, adv. Antitoxic, an'tlt-tSks'ik, a. Counteracting poison. — An'titox'in, n. A substance (sometimes the product of a micro-organism and sometimes naturally present in an animal), capable of counteracting or produ- cing immunity frojn certain diseases. Antitrades, an'^l-tradz, n. The higher winds in the tropics, which blow in a direction contrary to the trade winds. Antitype, an-'tt-tlp, n. That which is prefigured by the type ; thus the paschal lamb was a type of whica Christ is the antitype. Antler, ant'ler, n. A deciduous growth of bone on the head of a cervine animal, resembling horns in cattle. Anvil, an-'vil, n. An iron block, upon which metals are hammered and shaped. Anxious, agk''shus, a. Greatly concerned or solici- tous, esp. about something uncertain; accompanied with anxiety ; disturbed ; uneasy. — Anx'^iousnesBt Anxi^'ety, ang-zi^e-tT, n. State of being, etc. Any, en'T, a. One out of man j-, indefinitely; some; an indefinite number or quantity. — adv. To any extent ; at all. — An'ybody, -bod-I, n. Any one per- son out of many; a person of importance. how* Sm, fame, far, p&ea or oper&, fSre ; end, eve, tSnn ; tn, Ice ; Odd, tOne, dr ; AORIST 19 APPEND Ape. adv. In any case; at any rate. — wise, ar/i'. In any decree. where, -whar, ailv. In any place. — -whither, -hwirii'er, wlv. To any place. Aorist, a'o-rist, /(. (Gram.) .•V tense in Greek, which expresses an action as completed in indeterminate past time. Aorta, a-or'ta, «. The great arterv from the heart. Apace, a-pas', af/c. Quickly; hastily; fast. Apagoge, ap-a-jco'je, ii. (Loffic.) The proving a thing indirectly by showing the impossibility of the contrary thing. Apart, a-part', wlv. Separately; aside; in a state of separation, exclusion, or of distinction; in two or more parts ; asunder. — Apart'^ment, n. A room in a building or house. Apathy, ap'a-thT, n. Want, or a low degree, of feel- ing ; indifference; unconcern. —Apathet'ic, a. — Ap 'athist, n. One who is, etc. Ape, ap, yj. A quadrunianous mammal having teeth like man, and neither tail nor cheek pouches; one who imi- tates servilely, like the_ape; a dupe. — r. '^ Taped (apd), APING.] To imitate servilely; to mimic. _ Apeak, a-pek'', adv. On the point ; in a posture to pierce. (N'aut.) Perpendicular. Aperient, a-pe'rT-ent, a. (Med.) Having the quality of open- _^ .. ing ; laxative. — n. Laxative medicine. —ApiBrture, ap'Sr-chur, 7i. An opening through solid substance; a hole. Apex, a'peks, n. ; pi. A'pe.xes ; L. pi. Ap''ices, ap't- sez. Tne top, tip, or summit of anything. Aphasia, af-a'zhr-a, Aphasy, afa-zt, n. \3Ied.) Loss of the powerof speech, or of memory of words, with- out loss of ijitelligence or injury to the vocal organs. -Aphelion, a-feKyun, n. ; pi. Aphelia, -fe'lt-a. (As- tron.) That point of a planet's or comet's orbit most distant from the sun. Aphis, a''fis, 71.; pi. Aphides, af-'T-dez. (Entom.) The yine-fretter, or plant-louse. Aphorism, afo-rizm, n. A precept or principle ex- pressed in a few words ; a maxim ; adage. — Aph'- orist, n. A writer of, etc. — Aphorist'ic, -ist'ical, a. Having the form of, etc. — Aphorist'ically, adv. Aphthong, afthong or ap'thong, 71. A letter or com- Dination of letters having no sound. Apiary, a''pT-a-rT, «. A place where bees are kept ; bee -house. — Apicul'ture, -chur, n. Rearing of bees. Apiece, a-pes', adv. To each; each by itself. Aplomb, a'plox, n. Assurance; self-possession. [F.] Apocalypse, a-pok''a-lips, n. Revelation; disclosure; the last book in the Bible. —Apoc'alsrp'tic, -lyp''- tical, a. Containing or pertaining to, etc. — Apoc'- alyp'tically, adv. Apocope, a-pok'o-pe, n. The cutting off of the last letter or syllable of a word. — Apoc'opate, v. t. To cut off, etc. Apocrypha, a-pok'rT-fa, n. pi. Books whose inspira- tion is denied, and which are excluded from the canon of the Scripture. — Apoc'ryphal, -fal, a. Pert, to, etc.; notcanonical; of uncartain credit; spurious. Apode, ap''od, ?j. An animal that has no feet; a fish having no ventral fins. — Ap'odal, n. Apogee, ap'o-je, n. (Jst7-07i.) The point in the orbit of the moon most distant from the earth. Apology, a-poKo-jT, ?«. Something said or written in defense or justification; expressed regret for some injurious remark or act; anything provided by way of substitute; a makeshift. — Apologet'ic, -lefik, -get'lcal, a. Excusatory or defensive. — Apol'oget'- icB, n. (Theol.) The defense of the Scriptures, and evidence of their divine authority. — ApoKo- gist, -jist, n. One who makes an apology. — Apolo- gize, -jiz, v.i. Tapologized (-jTzd), -oizing.] To make, etc. — Ap'ologue, -log. n. A moral fable. Apoplexy, ap'o-plek-sT, >i. A disease characterized Dy sudden loss of sense and voluntary motion, usu- alljr caused by pressure on the brain. Aposiopesis, a-po'sT-o-pe'sis, n. (li/iet.) An abrupt breaking off, as if the speaker was unable or un- willing to say what he had in mind Apostasy, a-pos'ta-sl, n. Total desertion of one's faith, principles, or party. — Apos'tate. -tat, 7t. One who, etc. — «. False, renegade. —Apos'tatize, -tiz, t;. i, [-TATiZEDC-tlzd'), -TIZING.] To abaiKiou, etc. A posteriori, a pos'te-rl-o'ri. (Lo/jic.) Reasoning a posteriori derives profrositions from observation of facts, or principles and definitions from general- izations from facts, or infers causes from effects ; — the reverse oi a priori. (^P/iilos.) Knowledge a ;jos- teriori is derived from facts through induction or experiment. [L.] Apostle, a-pos'sl, ?t. A person sent forth to execute some important business ; one of the twelve disci- ples of Christ sent to preach the gospel. — Apos'tle- ship, n. The office, etc. — ApoB''tolate, -to-lat, 71. Mission ; apostleship. — ApostoKic, -toKik, -icai, a. Pert, to an apostle or to the apostles, their times, spirit, or doctrines. — ApostoKically, ac/y.— Apos- tol'icism, -sizm, -tolicity, -lis'T-tr, /;. State or qual- ity of being apostolical. Apostrophe, a-pos''tro-tI, n. (^lihet.) A turning away from the real auditory, and addressing an imaginary one. (Gram.) Conti^ction of a word by omitting letters; the mark ['] denoting contraction. — Apos'- trophize, -fiz, v. t. [-piiized (-lizd), -phizixg.j To address by apostrophe; to contract by omitting, etc. Apothecary, a-poth^e-ka-rl, ?i. One who prepares drugs for medicinal use. Apothegm, Apophthegm, ap'o-them, n. A short, pithy, and instructive saying ; a precept ; maxim. \_Ap- othegm is now the prevalent spelling.] Apothem, ap''o-them, 71. (Math.) The perpendicular from the center to a side of a regular polygon. Apotheosis, ap-o-the'o-sis, 7i. Act of elevating a mortal to the rank of the gods. — Apothe'osize, -siz, V. t. To deify. Appall, ap-pawl', v. t. [appalled (-pawkK), appal- ling.] To depress with fear; daunt, terrify. — v.i.. To occasion fear._ Appanage, ap''pan-aj, ??. Land assigned by a sovereign prince to his younger sons; means of sustenance. Apparatus, ap-pa-ra'tus, n. ; pi. -ratus or -kati'ses. rhings provided as means to some end; a set of im- plements. Apparel, ap-par-'el, n. Coveringfor the body; clothing: raiment; vestment. — 'v. t. Tappareled or-ELLED (-eld), -ELING or -ELLING.] To dress; to cover with something ornamental; to embellish. Apparent. See under Appear. Appeal, ap-peK, n. (Law.) Removal of a cause or suit to a superior judge or court for ree.xamination or review ; right of appeal ; a surnmons to answer to a charge. A call for proof or decision, or to grant a favor; resort; recourse. — ?;, i. [appealed (-peld''), -PEALiN'G.] (Law.) To remove a cause, etc. To re- fer to another; to call on for aid. — v. t. (Laiu.) To remove, etc.; to charge with a crime; to accuse. — Appellant,_-peKlant, n. One who appeals. — Ap- pellate, -lat, a. Belonging to, or having cognizance of, appeals. — Appella'tioh, »?. Name by which one is called; title; address. —Appel''lative,-tiv, a. Pert, to a common name. — n. A common, as distinguished from a proper, name. — Appel'latively, adv. — Ap- peKlatory, a. Containing an appeal. — Appellee'', 71. (Law.) The defendant in, etc.; one who is ap- pealed, or prosecuted, by a private man for a crime. — Appellor, -Idr', ?i. One who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for crime. Appear, ap-n^i-' to seem, in opposition to reality. — Appear'^ance, «. Act of, etc.; thing seen ; phenomenon; semblance, or apparent likeness; personal presence; exhibition of the person; air; manner; mien. — Appear''er, w. — Apparent, ap-par'ent, a. Capable ot being seen, or easily seen; plain; certain; evident; appearing to the eye, but not true or real ; seeming. — Appar'ently, adv. — Appar'entness, n. — Apparition, -rish'un, n. Appearance ; tiling appearing ; ^ preternatural ap- ■ pearance; ghost; specter. Appease, ap-pez'^, v. t. [appeased (-pezd'), -peasing.) I o make quiet, pacify, compose, calm. Append, ap-pend', v. t. To hang or attach; to add, • annex. — Append'age, n. Something added as sub- ordinate. — Append'ant, 71. Thing appended. — a. ap-per', v. i. [appeared T-perd'), appear- To come or be in sight; to oecome manifest; sQn, cQbe, full ; moon, fa&t ; cow, oil ; ligger or iflk, then, boNboN, chair, get. APPERTAITT 20 AQUA Hanging; annexed. — Appendicitis, ap-pend'T-si'- tis, n. {Med.) Inflammation of the appendix. — Ap- Eend'icle, -Y-kl, n. A small appendage. — Append'- i'j"j'-P'- -i-^^ES; L. pi. -WES, -t-sez. Something added; a concomitant; literarv matter added to a book. (Anat.) A slender blind process of the csecum in man and some animals; — called also vermiform appendix. Appertain, ap-per-tan'', v. i. [-tained (-tand''), -tain- i.vG.] To belong, relate. — Appur''teaance, w. That which, etc.; an adjunct. Appetence, ap'pe-tens, -tency, 7i. Strong natural de- sire; sensual appetite; tendency to select. — Ap'^pe- tent, a. Very desirous. — Ap'petite, -tit, n. Desire of gratification; esp. desire lor food or drink. — Ap''- petize, -tiz, v. i. To create, or whet, an appetite. — Appetiz'er, n. Something which, etc. Applaud, ap-plawd', v. t. or i. To praise by clapping the hands, acclamation, etc. ; to commend; extol; cry up ; magnify. — Applaud'er, Applause, -plawz', n. Act of applauding; commendation. —Applausive, -plaw'siv, a. Apple, ap'pl, n. A well-known tree and its fruit; the pupil of the eye. Applique, ap-plek'', a. Having a pattern which has been cut out and transferred to another foiOJidation, as in a kind of lace. Apply, ap-pll'', V. t. [APPLIED (-plld''), PLYIIfQ.] To lay or place; to put, Dring, or carry; to use for a par- ticularpurpose ; to engage and employ diligently. — V. i. To suit; to have recourse. — Appli''able, a. Capable of being applied. — Appli^ably, adv. — Appli^ance, n. Act of applying, or tiling applied; instrument or means. — Ap'plicable, a. Capable or fit to be, etc. ; suitable. —Ap'plicably, adv. — Ap'- plicabil'ity, Ap''plicableness, n. Quality of being, Etc. — Ap'plicant, n. One who, etc. ; a petitioner. — Ap'^pUcate, a. Applied to some use. — AppUca'- tion, n. Act of applying or laying on, in a literal sense; the thing applied; act of making request; act of fixing the mind; intenseness of thought. — Ap''- plicative, -tiv, -catory, -to-rt, a. Applying. — n. That which applies. _ Appoggiatura, ap-pod'ja-too'ra, n. (Mus.) A passing tone preceding an essential tone or an accented part of a measure. [It.] Appoint, ap-point', y. t. Toiix; to establish; to consti- tute, prescribe, allot, assign, equip. — v. i. To deter- j mine; ordain. — Appoint'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Appointee", ?i. One who is, etc.— Appoint ""er, n. One who, etc. — Appoinfment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; stipulation ; arrangement ; es- tablished order; pi. whatever is appointed for use and management. —Apportion, ap-por''shun, v. t. [-T10NED C-shuud), -TioNixG.] To divide and assign m just proportion. — Appor'tionment, n. Apposite, ap''po-zit, a. Very applicable ; fit ; rele- vant; pat. — Ap'positenesa, -sition, -zish'^un, n. Act of adding; accretion. (Gram.) The state of two nouns (one of which explains the other) put in the same case, without a connecting word between them. — Apposi''tional, a. Appraise, ap-praz"", v. t. [appraised C-prazd'), ap- PRAisiXG.] To estimate the worth of, esp. by per- sons appointed for the purpose. — Apprais'al, n. A valuation by authority. — Appraise'ment, n. — Ap- prais^'er, n. One who, etc.; esp. one appointed and sworn to fix values. [Sometimes pronounced and written, apprize, apprizal, etc.] Appreciate, ap-pre'sht-at, v. t. To set a price on ; to estimate, esteem, value. — v. i. To rise in value. — Appre''ciable, a. Capable of being, etc. — Appre- cia'tion, n. A just valuation; increase of value. — Appre''ciative, -tiv, -ciatory, -rt, a. Having ]ust ap- preciation. — Appre'ciatively, adv. Apprehend, ap-pre-hend'', v. t. To seize or lay hold of; to understand; to entertain suspicion of fear of; to arrest, conceive, imagine, dread. — ?;. i. To be of opinion; to believe. — Apprehen'sible, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. — Apprehen'sion, -shun, n. Act of seizing; a taking by legal process; a taking in the mind; conception; opinion; faculty by which ideas arc conceived; distrust or fear of future evil. — Ap- prehen'sive, -siv, a. Fearful; suspicious; percep- tive. Apprentice, ap-pren'tis, n. One bound to another to learn a trade or art. — r. t. [Ai'PKEXTrcED (-tist), -TiciNG.J To bind out as, etc. — Appren'ticestiip, n. The condition of, etc.; his tune of service. Apprise, ap-piiz', v. t. [APPRisKuC-prizd''), -pkisixg.] To inform; to give notice, verbal or written; to ac- quaint, make known, communicate Apprize. See Appraise. Approach, ap-proch', v. i. [approached (-prochf), -PROACHING.] To come or go near; to approximate. — v.t. To place near; to come near to. — n. Actor opportunity of, etc.; access; passage by which build- ings are approached, pi. (Fort.) Works covering ad- vances towards a fortress — Approach'able, a. Ac- cessible. — Approach'ableness, n. Approbate, ap'pro-bat, v. t. To express or manifest approbation of. [iiore.J— Approba'tion, n. Act of approving; consent, on the ground of propriety; ap- proval ; liking ; attestation. — Ap'proba'tory, -rt, -bative, -tiv, a. Approving, or implying approba- tion. —Approve, -proov'', v. t. [approved (.-proovd''), -PROVING. J To be pleased with; to think well of; to sanction officially. — Approv'able, a. Worthy of, etc. — Approv'al, n. Act of, etc.; approbation. Appropriate, ap-pro'prl-at, v. t. To set apart for a particular purpose, or for one's self ; to assign. — o. Set apart for a particular use or person; belonging peculiarly; fit; pertinent. — Appro'priately, adc. — Appro'pria'tion, ?!. Act of, etc.; thing, esp. money, set apart. — Appro'priajior, -ter, n. One who, etc. (Law.) One who has an appropriated benefice. Approve. See under Approbate. Approximate, ap-proks'T-mat, a. Near to. ( Chem. & Math.) Nearly correct. — v.t. To carry or advance near; to cause to approach. — v. i. To come near; ap- proach. — Approx-'imately, adv. — Approx'ima'- tion, n. A coming near. - Approx'imative, a. Ap- proaching. Appurtenance. See under Appertain. Apricot, a'prY-kot, n. A fruit allied to the plum. April, a'pril, n. The fourth month of the year. A priori, a prt-o'ri. Reasoning a priori deduces con- sequences from definitions formed or principles as- sumed, or infers effects from causes previously known ; —the reverse of a posteriori. [L.] Apron, a^'purn or a'prun, n. A cloth, or piece of leather, worn before the body, to protect the clothes Apropos, ap'ro-po', adv. Opportunely ; seasonably ; by the way; to the purpose. [F.J Aps, aps, n. The wood of the white poplar. . Apse, aps, n. (Arch.) The domed part of a church. where the altar is placed. — Ap- sij, ap'sis, n. ; pi. -sides, -st- dezi (Astron.) One of the two points in an elliptical orbit vhich ' are at the greatest and least dis- tance from the central body. (Arch.) An apse. . . Apt, a. Fit ; suitable ; having a Apsis. tendency; liable; ready; quick; dexterous. — Apt'- itnde, -tad, n. Disposition or tendency; readiness in learning; docility. — Apfly, adv. — Apfness, n. Apteral, ap'ter-alj a. (Entom.) Destitute of wings. (Arch.) Having no columns along the sides, but only in front.— Ap'terous, -us, a. (Entom.) Apteral. Aqua", a'kwa, n. Water, — a Latin word used in chemistry, in significations determined by words annexed.' —A. fortis, fer'tis. Mtric acid. — A. ma- rine, ma-ren' or marina, •ri'^na. A variety of beryl, so called on account of its sea-green color. — A. regia, re'jT-a. Nitro-chloro-hydric acid. — A. vitae, vi'^te. Water of life; brandy. — Aqua ''rium, n.; pi. -ria. An artificial pond for rearing aquatic plants; glass tank for aquatic animals. — Aquatic, -kwafik, -ical, a. Pert, to, inhabiting, or frequenting, water. — AquaficB, n. pi. Aqu'atic sports, — as "swimming, rowing, etc. — A'quatint, -tinfa, n. A method of etching by aqua fortis, producing an effect resemb- ling a water-color or India ink drawing. — Aque- duct, ak'^we-dukt, n. An artificial conduit for water. — Aqueous, a'kwe-us, a. Of the nature of, or abound- ing with, etc.; watery; made by means of water. — Aqueous hu''mor. A tmnsparent fluid, forming part of the eye. — Aquiform, d'kwi-fdrm, a. In the form of water. Sm, lame, fiir, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; Tn, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 8r j AQUILINE 21 ARGUE Aquiline, ak'wl-lln or -lin, a. Belonging to the eagle; curving; hooked ; prominent, like the beak oi an eagle. Arab, ar'ab, n. A native of Arabia; a street vagabond ; a gamin. — Ara- besque, ar'a-besk, n. A species of or- namentation after the Arabian man- ner, intermingling foliage, fruits, etc., •with other objects. — a. In the man- ner of the Arabians ; relating to the style of ornament called arabesque. — Arabian, a-ra'bt-an, Arabic, ar'a-bik, a. Pertaining to Arabia or Arabian*. — Ar'abic, n. The language of, etc. Arable, ar'a-bl, a. Fit for tillage or plow- *f ing; plowed. ' Arbalest, ar'bal-est, -balist, -balet, -blast, Arcubalist, iir'ku-ba-list, n. A cross-bow, — Arbalister, Arcubalister, -bal'ist-er or -barlist'er, n, A cross- bowman. Arbiter, ar'bt-ter, Arbitra'tor, n. One Arabesque, empowered to judge and determine, without con- trol; an umpire; one chosen by parties in contro- versy to determine their differences. [L.] — Ar-'bi- trable, a. Arbitrary; determinable. —Ar^bitrage -trej, n. Judgment by an arbiter, esp. as to trafHc in Stocks of differing values in different markets. — Arbit''rament, n. will; determination; award of ar- bitrators. — Ar'bitrary, -trSr-I, a. Depending on will or discretion ; despotic; bound by no law; ty- rannical; imperious; capricious. —Ar'bitraiily, adi'. — Ar'bitrate, -trat, v. t. To hear and decide, as ar- bitrators. — y. i. To decide; to judge or act as arbi- trator. — Arbitra'tion, n. Determination by, etc. Arbor, ar'ber, n. A bower ; a seat shaded by trees. (.Mach.) A spindle or axis. — Arbo-'reous, -re-us, Arbo''real, a. Belonging to. growing on, or of the nature of, trees. — Ar'boricid'ture, -kuKchur, n. Art of cultivating, etc. Arbu'tufl, n. Tlie strawberry-tree, an evergreen shrub, ■whose berry resembles the strawberry ; an early spring flower. Arc, ark, n. Part of the circum- ference of a circle or curve. . — Arc light. Electric light -^^<'* produced by passage of a powerful current of elec- tricity between carbon points. Arcade, ar-kad', n. A series of arches ; a walk arched above ; a range of shops along an arched passage. Atcanom, ar^a'num, n. ; pi. -ua, -nft. A secret. [L.] Arch, arch, a. Cunning or sly; mischievous in sport; roguish. — Arch'ly, adv. — Arch'^ness, n. Arch, arch, a. Chief; of the first class; principal; — used as a prefix in compounded words, most of which are self-explaining ; as, arch-apostle, arch- conspirator, etc. — Arch-angel, ark-an'jel, n. An angel of the highest order. — angeKic, -an-jeK-, a. Pert, to, etc. — ^bishop, arch-bish''op, n. A chief bishop; a metropolitan. — bish^opric, n. The juris- diction or diocese of, etc. — deacon, arch-de'kn, n. An ecclesiastical dignitary next in rank below a bishop. duke, arch-, n. A grand duke; chief prince; now, strictly, a son of an Emperor of Aus- tria. — duke''dom, n. The jurisdiction of an arch- duke or arch-duchess. — du'cal, a. Pert, to an arah- duke. — duch^ess, n. A princess of the house of Aus- tria. — duch^y, n. Territory or jurisdiction, etc. en''emy, arch-, n. The devil. fiend, arch-fend', n. The chief of fiends. — Archidiaconal, ark't- di-ak'o-nal, a. Pert, to an arch- deacon. — Archiepiscopacy, ark'T-e-pis'^ko-pa-sI, n. Estate of an archbishop. — A r c h ' - iepis-'copal, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Arch, arch, n. A curve line or part of a circle ; any work in that form, or covered by an arch. — V. t. or i. [aeched (archt), ARCHING.] To form an arch.— Arch' way, n. Passage under an arch. Archaan, ar-ke'an, rt. Ancient. (Genl.) Pert, to the Arch. earliest geological period. — ArchseoKogy, -ol'o-jT, n. The science of antiquities; atreatise on antiqui- ties or ancient usages, customs, etc. — Ar'chseolog'- ical, a. Relating to, etc. — Arcbxol'ogist, n. One versed in, etc. — Archaic, ar-ka'ik, -ical, a. An- cient, antiquated. — Ar'chaism, -izm, n. An ancient or obsolete word or idiom; antiquity of style or use. Archer, arch'er, n. A bowman. —Aj:ch''efy, n. Art of sliooting with a bow. Archetype, ar'ke-tlp, h. Th^ original pattern of a work; the model from which a thing is made. Archil, ar^kil, n. A violet dye obtamed from se\». eral species of lichen. Archimedean, ar'kl-me-de'an, a. Pert, to Archim- edes. — A. screw, or Archimedes' screw. An instrument lor raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. Archipelago, ar-kl- peFa-go, n. Any . v.- j , o body of water inter- Archimedes' Screw, spersed with isles; a group of isles. Architect, ark'T-tekt, n One who plans and super- intends the construction of a building; one who builds up. — Architecture, -tek'chur, 71. The art or science of building; frame or structure; workman- ship. — Architec'tural, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. Architrave, ar'kr-trav, ?i. (Arch.) Lower division of an entablature, the part resting immediately on the column; an ornamental molding. Archives, ar'kivz, n. pi. Place m which public rec- ords are kept; records preserved as evidence of facts. Archon, ar'kon, n. A chief magistrate in ancient Athens. Arctic, ark'tik, a. Northern; lying far north. — Arc- tic circle. A lesser circle 23" from the north pole. Arcubalist. See under Arbalest. Ardent, ar'dent, a. Hot or burning; much engaged; intense; fierce; vehement; fervent. — Ardor, ar'^er, n. Heat; warmth of passion or affection; eagerness. Arduous, ard'u-us, a. High or lofty; attended with great labor, like climbing heights; difficult. Are, ar. Present indie, pi. of the substantive verb, ety- mologically a different word fr. be, am, or was. Are, ar, n. {Metric Sj/st.) A measure of surface; 100 sq. meters, or 119.6 so. yards. Area, a're-a, n. Any plane surface; the inclosed space around a building; a sunken space around a base- ment. {Geom.) Superficial contents of any figure. Arena, a-re'na, n.; pi. Are'nas, -naz; L. pi. Aee'^n^e, -ne. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in an amphitheater, for gladiators, etc., which was covered with sand; any place of public contest. Areola, a-re'o-la, n. ; pi. -ol^, -le. An interstice or small space; the colored ring around the nipple, also around certain vesicles. Areopagus, ar-e-op'a-gus, n. A tribunal at Athens, held on a hill named for Ares, or Mars. Argand lamp, ar'gand. A lamp having a hollow wick under a glass chimney, producing a strong light. — A. burner. A ring-shaped gas-burner, admitting a current of air through the center. Argent, ar'jent, a. Silvery; bright like silver. — n. The white color on a coat of arms. — Ar'gentan, ?i. Ger- man silver. — Argentiferous, -us, a. Containing, etc. Argil, ar'jil, n. (Min.) Clay or potter's earth ; some- times pure alumina. — Argillaceous, -la'shus, a. Of the nature of, etc. — Ar^Uif'erous, -er-us, a. Pro- d^icing, etc. Argive,"ar''iTv, a. Pert, to Argos, in Greece. Argonaut, ar'go-nawt, n. One who sailed to Colchia with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the golden fleece. (Zool.y The nautilus. — Argosy,' ar'go-sl.n. A large shin. Argot, ar-go', n. The secret language of thieves, tramps, etc.; flash; cant. Argue, ar'gu, v. i. [argued (-gud), -guing.] To use arguments ; to reason; to contend in argument, dispute. — 11. t. To debate or discuss, prove. — Ar'gu- ment, n. A proof or means of proving ; process of Biln: cube, full ; moon, t&A ; cow, oil ; liQger or igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. ARHTTHMOUS rz ARROW reasoning; subject-matter, or abstract of the subject- matter, of a dis«ourse. writing, picture, etc. — Ajgu- men'tative, -tiv, a. Containing or addicted to, etc. — Argumen''tiim ad hom'^iiiem. Unexpected qonse- quences pressed against a man, from his own prin- ciples or conduct. [L.] Arhythmous, a-rith'mus, a. {Med.') Without rhythm or regularity, as the pulse. - Aria, a^rl-a, h. (J/h».) An. air or song; a tune. — Arietta, -efta, Ariette, -ef, n. A little aria. Arian, a'rT-an, a. Pert, to Arius, or his doctrines. — a. A believer in Arius's doctrine, that Christ was only a superangelic bein^. Arid,'ar''id, a. Dry; parched up with heat. Aright, a-rit'', adv. Rightly ; without mistake. Arise, a-riz'', v. i. [arose (-roz^), arising (-riz'ing), AiusEX (-rizn').] To come or get up higher ; to mount, ascend, rise; to come into action, being, or notice; to proceed, issue, spring. Aristocracy, ar-is-tok'ra-sl, n. A form of govern- ment, in which the supreme power is vested in a privileged order; nobility or chief persons in a state. — Aristocrat, -ris'to-krat or ar^'is-, n. One who fa- vors, etc. ; a proud or haughty person. — AT'lstocrat'- ic, -leal, a. Pert, to, consisting in, or partaking of, etc. — Ar^istocrafically, adc. — Aris'tocratism, ti. Habits or principles of, etc. Arithmancy, ar'^ith-man'sl or a-rith'man-sT, ?i. The foretelling of future events, by means of numbers. — Arith'metic, n. Science of numbers; art of com- putation by figures. — Arithmefical, a. According to, etc. — Arlthmefically, adv. — Ar'itliineti''cian, -tish'an, n. One skilled in, etc. Ark, ark, n. A chest, such as contained the Jews' ta- bles of the covenant; Noah's vessel during the del- uge; a large boat for transporting bulky articles. Arm, arm, n. The limb between the shoulder and the hand ; anj^thing resembling an arm, as the branch of a tree, or an inlet of water from the sea; power ; might. {Nciut.) The end of a yard; part of an anchor. {Mil.) A branch of the military ser- vice; an instrument of warfare. — n. i)l. Instru- ments or weapons of offense or defense ; deeds or exploits of war. {Her.) Ensigns armorial. — v. t. [ARMED (armd), arming.] To furnish with weap- ons ; CO add strength, force, etc. ; to furnish with means of defense. — v. i. To be provided with means of attack or resistance: to take arms. — Arrn'ohair, -char, 11. A chair with arms to support the elbows. hole, -hoi. n. The cavity under the shoulder; arm- git; a hole for the arm in a garment. pit, n. The oUow under the shoulder. ^ Arm''fal, )«. ; 'p^- -fl'ls. As much as the arms can hold. less, a. Without arms. — like, a. Of the form of, etc. — Coat of arms, n. {Her.) A habit worn by knights over armor; an armorial device. — Stand of amis, n. A complete set for one soldier. — Small arms, n. Those not requir- ing carriages. — Ar'mament, n, A body of forces equipped for war ; arrangements for defending a fortification ; ships' guns and munitions. — Ar''- mature, -ma-chur, ». Armor. {Magnetism.) Apiece of iron connecting the poles of a magnet, or electro- ^magnet, to complete the circuit. — Ar''inistice, -tis, n. A temporary cessation of arms; a truce. — Arm'- or, -er, n. Defensive covering tor the body or for ships. — Ann''or-bear''er, n. One who carries anoth- er's armor or arms; an esquire — Ar'niorer, n. One who makes or has charge of, etc. — Armc'rial, a. Belonging to armor, or to a family escutcheon. — Ar''mory, n. A place where arms, etc., are kept or manufactured. {Her.) _Science of coat-armor. Armada, ar-ma''da or -ma'da, n. A fleet of armed ships; esp. the Spanish fleet sent against England, A. D. 1588. [Sp.] ___ Armadillo, ar'ma-diKlo, n. {Zool.) An animal of South America, hav- /^^^^^^^^^^t^ \ in^ the body encased ^n^^3l^^^£^9^^^ ^ in "bony plates. Armillary, ar'mil-la-rT, a. Pert, to, or resem- =^ "^^^isfr bling, a bracelet or ring; consisting o f Armadillo, rings or circles. — A. sphere. An instrument con- sisting rings, of all circles of the same sphere, repre- senting the circles of the ce- lestial sphere. — Ar^millate, -lated, a. Furnished witii hracelets. Arminian, ar-min'T-an, n. A follower of Arminius, who denied predestination and kindred doctrines.— a. Pert, to Arminius or his princi- ples. Armore, ar'mtir, w. A wool-, en fabric, twilled, or woven '. with ribs on the surface. [F.] Army, ar'ml, n. A body oi men armed and organized for war; a great number; a , , host. Armillary isp.iere. Arnica, ar'nT-ka, ti. {Bot.) A plant used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. — Ar'nicine, -nt-sin, n. A bitter resin, the active principle of arnica. Aroma, a-ro'ma, n. The fragrant qualitv in plants. — Aromatic, ar-o-mat'^ik, -ical, «. Pert, to, or con- taining, etc.; fragrant; spicv. — Aromat'ic, n. A plant, drug, or medicine, fragrant, and usuallv pun- gent in taste. — Aromatize, -ro'ma-tiz or ar'o-ma-tiz, v.t. [AROMATIZED (-tizdX-TizixG.l To impregnate with, etc. — Aro'matous, -tus, a. Containing aroma. Around, a-rowud', prei). On all sides of ; about ; from one part to another ot.—adv. In a circle; on ever}' side ; at random ; here and there. Arouse, a-rowz'', v. t. [aroused (-rowzd'), arous- ing.] To awaken suddenlv, excite, animate. Arpeggio, ar-ped'jo, n. {Mus.) The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succession, and not simultaneously. Arpent, ar-'pent, n. A French land measure, used in Louisiana, where it contains 4.088 sq. vards. [F.] Arquebuse, ar'kwe-bus, n. A hand-gun, fifed from a hook or rest. Arrack, ar'rak, n. A spirit obtained from rice or the cocoa-nut tree, etc. Arraign, ar-ran', v. t. [arraigned (-rand'), -eaigjt- ing/J {Law.) To call or set to answer at the bar of a court; to call in question, impeach, censure. Arrange, ar-ranj'', r. t. [arranged (-ranjd'), -ran- ging.] To put or place in proper order; to adjust or settle. — Ai-range^ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; result of arranging; classification; settlement; adjustment by argeement. {Mus.) Adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments for which it was not written; a piece so adapted. Arrant, ar'rant, a. Very bad; notorious. Arras, ar''ras, w. Tapestry; hangings, — made first at Arras in the Netherlands. Array, ar-ra'', n. Order; disposition in regular lines; posture for fighting ; an orderly collection ; dress; raiment. {Law.) A ranking of a jury as impan> eled in a cause; the panel itself; the whole bcdy of jurors summoned to attend the court. — v.t. [ar- rayed (-rad''), -raying.] To dispose in order ; to deck or dress. {Law.) To set in order, as a jury; to call them man by man; to draw out, arrange, en- velop. Arrear, ar-rer'', n. sing., Arrears', n. pi. That which is behind in payment, or remains unpaid*, though due. -=^ Arrear'age, -ej, n. The part of a debt unpaid. Arrect, ar-rekf, Arrecfed, a. Lifted up;, raised; erect. Arrest, ar-rest', v. t. To check or hinder the motion or action of. {Law.) To take or apprehend by au- thority. To seize on and fix ; to obstruct, delay, check, stop. —K. {Law.) The taking or apprehend- ing of a person; any seizure, or taking by power; hindrance. Arrive, ar-rlv', v. i. [arrived (-rivd''), -riving.] Lit., to come to the shore; to come; to gain or com- pass an object by effort, practice, study, etc. — Ar- ri'val, n. Act of arri\'ing; attainment or gaining of any object; person or thing arriving. Arrogate, ar'ro-gat, v. t. To claim unduly; assume. — Ar'rogative, -tiv, a. Arrogant. — Ar^rogance, «. Undue assumption of importance; haughtiness. — Ar'rogant, a. Assuming undue importance; over- bearing ; presumptuous. — Ar'rogantly, adv. Arrow, ar'ro, n. A pointed weapon to be shot from a am. fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r : ARSENAL 23 ASPIRE bow. — Ar'row-head'ed, -hed'ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arrow; — esp. applied to the v'3dge- shaped, or cuneilorin, alphaoetical characters fo'.md in inscriptions at Persepolis, Nineveh, Babylon, etc. — Ar'rowroot, -root, n. A tropical plant, and the starch which it yields. Arsenal, ar'se-nal, n. A public establishment for the manufacture or storage of arms. Arsenic, ar''se-nik, n. ( J/m.) A metal of a steel gray color, and brilliant luster. (Com.) Arsenious acid ; — a \'irulent poison, called also oxide of arsenic, white arsenic, and ratsbane. Arsis, ar'sis, n. {Pros.) The part of a foot marked by a greater stress of voice. Arson, ar'sn, ?j. (Law.) Malicious burning of build- ings or ships. Art, art. becond person sing., indie, mode, pres. tense, of the verb to be, but from were. Art, iirt, ti. Employment of means to accomplish an end; a system of rules for performing actions, — opp. to science; power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study, etc. ; cunning; arti- fice; duplicity. — Art'ful, -ful, a. Made, performed with, characterized by, or using art or skill; prac- ticing strata'^em; crafty. — Arffully, adv. — Art''- fulness, n. — ilr'tifice, -tl-fis, n. Artful or skillful contrivance ; fraud. — Artificer, -tif''t-ser, n. A skillful workman in some art; one who constructs and contrives. — Artificial, -fish'al, a. Made or contrived by art; factitious; hence, feigned; ficti- tious; cultivated; not indigenous. — Artifi''cially, adv. — Artifi'cialness, -cial'ity, ar-tl-flsh'I-aKl-tl, n. — Arfisan, -zan, u. One skilled in any mechan- ical art; a handicraftsman. —Art'ist, ?i. One who prof esses jind practices one of the liberal arts. — Ar- ti3te, ar-tesf, n. One who is dexterous and tasteful in almost any art. [F.] — Artist 'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or characterized by, art; made in the manner of an artist. — Arfless, a. Free from art, craft, or stratagem ; ingenuous ; contrived without skill or art; inartificial. Artery, ar'ter-T, ?;. One of the vessels which convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body; an important channel of communication. Artesian, ar-te'zhan, a. Pert, to Artois in France. — A. wells. Wells bored into the earth to reach water, which flows frona internal pressure. Artichoke, ar'tt-chok, n. An esculent plant resem- bling a thistle. Article, iir'tl-kl, n. A distinct portion of any writing, consisting of particulars; a clause in a contract, ac- count, treaty, etc.; a distinct part; a particular com- modity or substance. (Oram.) One of the three words, a, an, the'. — v. t. [articled (-kid), -clixg.J To set fortli in distinct articles; to bind oy articles of covenant. — *;. i. To agree by articles; to stipu- late. — Artic'ulate, a. (i^at. ffist.) Formed with joints. Uistinctlv uttered; clear. — n. (Zool.) An animal having tlie body and members jointed. ^ T>. t. To joint: to unite by a joint; to form into ele- mentary sounds. — I', i. To utter articulate sounds; to enunciate. — Artic'Tila'tion, n. (Anat.) Junction of the bones of a skeleton. (Bot.) Connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods; one of the joints, as in cane and maize; one of the parts be- tween joints. Utterance of the elementary sounds of language. Artillery, ar-tiKler-Y, n. Offensive weapons of war; cannon; great guns; ordnance; the body of men in charge of cannon, etc.; the science of artillery and gunnery. Aryan, ilr^yan or ar''t-an, a. Pert, to an ancient people of Central Asia, from whom are supposed to descend the Celtic, Teutonic, Sclavonic, and other races; Indo-European or Indo-Germanic. As, az, adv. Like; similar to; of the same kind with; while; during; in the idea, character, nature, or condition of; for 'instance; by way of example; thus. Aaafetida, -foetida, as-a-fet'Y-da, n. A fetid inspis- sated sap from India, used in medicine. Asbestus, as-bes'tus, -bes'^tos, n. (Min.) A fibrous variety of hornblende and pyroxene, making an incombustible cloth. Ascend, as-send', v. i. To mount; to go up; to rise. — V. t. To go upward upon; to climb. — Ascend' ant, a. Above the horizon; superior; predominant. — n. Superior influence; an ancestor. (AMrol.) The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the time of one's birth. — Ascend'ency, «. Authority; sway; control. — As- cen'^sion, «. Act of ascending; esp. the elevation of our Savior to heaven. — Ascent'', n. The act of ris- ing; way by which one ascends; an eminence or high place; the angle which an object makes with a horizontal line; inclination. Ascertain, as-ser-tan', v. t. [ASCERTAI^'ED (-tand'). -TAiNiNO.] To make certain; to establish; to find out for a certainty. Ascetic, as-set'ik, n. One who practices undue rigor or self-denial in religious things. — a. Unduly rigid or self-denying. Ascribe, as-krib', v. t. [ascribed (-kribd'), ascrib- IXG.] To attribute to, as a cause or quality; to im- pute; to assign. — Ascrip'^tion, n. Act of ascribing; thing ascribed. Ash, w. A genus of -forest, trees, pr their wood. — Ash^es, -ez, 9i. pZ. Earthy or mineral particles re- maining after combustion; — among chemists, and in composition, used in the sing., as, bone-ash, pearl- ash ; the remains of what is burnt; remains of a dead body.— Ash-Wednesday, -wenz''dl. The first day of Lent. — Ash'y, -I, a. Ash-colored; like ashes. Ashamed, a-shamd'', a. Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, impropriety, etc. Ashlau:, Ashler, ash'ler, n. Free-stones as thev come from the quarry; hewn stones for facing walls. Ashore, a-shor', adv. On or to shore; on the land. Aside, a-sid', ac/w. On, or to, one side; apart. — n. A remark in an undertone or by way of parenthesis. Ask, ask, V. t.ori. [asked (askt), askixg.] Tore- quire; to inquire, petition, beg, claim, demand, intei^ rogate. — Ask'er, 7i. One who asks. — (Zoo/.) A water newt, eft. Askance, as-kans'', Askanf, adv. Obliquely ; side- ways; toward one corner of the eve. Askew, a-sku'', adv. Sideways; askant; awry. Aslant, a-slant', adv. At a slant; obliquely. Asleep, a-slep', adv. In a state of sleep; at rest; dead. Aslope, a-slop', adv. With a slope or descent. Asp, asp, Asp'ic, n. A small. hooded, poisonous serpent. Asparagus, as-par'a-gus, n. A culinary plant. Aspect, as'pekt, n. Look; mien; air; appearance to the eye or the mind ; position in rela- tion to the points of the com- pass. {Astrol.) The situation of one planet or star with re- spect to another. Aspen, as'pen, n. (Bot.) A spe- cies of poplar. — a. Pert, to the aspen. Asperate, as'per-at, v. t. To make rough. — Asperity, -per''- t-tY, n. Roughness of surface, taste, or sound; harshness of spirit and language; acrimony; moroseness. Asperse, as-pers', r. <. [aspersed (-persf)-' aspers- ing.] To bespatter with foul reports or injurious charges: to calumniate, slander, defame. — Asper''- sion, -shun, n. A sprinkling, as of water or dust, in a literal sense; spreading of calumnious reports; cal- umny. Asphalt, as-falf, -phaKttun, n. Mineral pitch; com- pact native bitumen. Asphodel, as'fo-del, n. {Bot.) A perennial plant of the lily species: daffodil. Asphyxia, as-flks't-a, -phyx'y, -f, n. {Med.) Apparent death, or suspended animation. —Asphyx^ia'tion, n. The process of producing, or state of, asphyxia. Aspire, as-pir', u. i. [aspired (-pird''), aspiring.] To desire with eagerness; to rise. — Aspir^'ant, a. Aspiring ; ardently desirous of rising. — Aspir''ant, Aspir'er, n. One who seeks eagerly. — Aspirate, as'pT-rat, v. t. To pronounce with a breathing or full emission of breath, —n. A letter marked with a note of breathing; a mark of aspiration ( ' ) used in Greek; the rough breathing; a non-vocal conso- Asp. siin, cQbe, full ; moon, f(J6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tien, bojf boN, chair, g^ ASS 24 ASTRICT nant. — a. Pronounced with a rough breathing.— Aspira'tion, n. Pronunciation of a letter with a strong emission of breath; strong wish or desire. AsB, ass, n. iZool.) A quadruped of the horse family, having long, slouch- ing ears. A dull, stupid fellow : a dolt. — Asinine, as'I-nln, a. Belonging to, or having the qualities of, an ass ; stupid ; obstinate. Assail, as-sSK, v. t. [assailed (-said'), ASSAILING.] To at- tack with violence; to attack with a view to change feelings, conduct, etc.; to as- sault, beset, fall upon. Assassin, as-sas''sin, n Ass. One who kills or attempts to kill bj^ secret assault. — Assas'sinate, v. t. To mur- der by, etc. — Assas'siaa'tion, n. Act of, etc. Assaalt, as-sawlt', n. A violent attack with blows, weapons, etc., or with words, arguments, appeals, and the like; invasion; incursion; onset; charge. {Lcuv.) An attempt or offer to beat another, but wiihout touching his person: if the blow takes ef- fect, it is bntteri/. — ?'. t. To attack with, etc. Assay, as-sa', )i. (Cheni.) Determination of the quan- tity of any metal, esp. gold or silver, in an ore or al- loy; the substance to be assayed; a_trial of weights arid measures. — r. t. [assayed (-sad'), assaying.] To subject to chemical examination, etc. — ;;. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. Assemble, as-sem-'bl, v. t. [assemb.led (-sem'bld), -BEING.] To bring or call together; to convene; to congregate. — v. i. To meet or come together: to con- vene. — Assem'blage, -blej, n. Act of assembling; collection of individuals, or of particular things. — Assem'bly, blT, n. A company collected in one place, usually for some common purpose; meeting; group. Assent, as-sent', n. The act of assenting, admitting:, or agreeing to anything; consent. — v.i. To admit a thhig as true; to express agreement, or concession. — Assenta'tion, n. Assent b.y way of flattery or dis- simulation; adulation. — Assenta'tor, -ter, n.' A flat- terer or dissembler. — Assent'er, ?;. One who assents. Assert, as-sert', v. t. To affirm .positively; to aver, vindicate. — Assertion, -ser'shun, n. Act of assert- ing; vindication. — Assert'ive, -iv, a. Positive : af- firming confidently. — Assert'or, -er, n. — Assert'- ory, -er-T, a. Aflirming; maintaining. Assess, as-ses', i\ t. [assessed (-sest'j, -sessixg.] To tax: to value for taxation; to determine, fix, estimate. — Assess'able, a. Liable to be assessed. — Assess'- ment, n. Act of, etc. ; valuation ; sum charged. — Assess'or, -er, «. One appointed to assess persons or property. Assets, as'sets, n. pZ. Property in possession or money due, as opp. to liabilities. Asseverate, as-sev'er-at, v. t. To affirm solemnly. — Assev'era'tion, n. Assiduous, as-sid'u-us, a. Constant in attention ; sed- ulous; persevering; indefatigable. — Assid'uousness, ??. — Assidu'ity, -I-tT, n. Constant application. Assign, a's-sm', v. t. [assigned (-sind'), assign- ing.] To appoint, allot, apportion; to fix, desig- nate. (Law.) To transfer, or make over to an- other : to transfer to, and vest in assignees, for the benefit of creditors. — ?). (Laiv.) One to whom prop- erty is transferred. — Assign'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Assignation, -sig-na'shun, m. Act of, etc. : an appointment to meet at given time and place. — Assignee, as-si-ne', n. One to whom something is assigned. — Assignor, as-sTn'er, n. One who, etc. — Assign'ment, n. An allotting to a particular person or use. (Low.) A transfer of title by writing; writ- ing b}' v.'hich an interest is transferred: transfer of a bnnkrupt's property to assignees, tor creditors. — Assignor, -s'f-nor', n. (Law.) One who assigns or transfers an interest. Assimilate, as-sim'T-lat, J', f. To cause to resemble; to convert into a like substance. — v. i. To become similar. — Assim'ilable, a. Capable of, etc. — Ab- sim'ila'tion, n. Act of assimilating : state of resem- blance or identity ; conversion of nutriment into the substance of the body. — Assim'ilative, -tiv, a. Having power of assimilating. Assist, as-sist', V. t. To give support to; to succor.— v.i. To help; to attend. —Assistance, ?j. Aid : re- lief. —Assistant, a. Helping; auxiliary.— ?«. One who assists. Assize, as-siz', n. Lit.-, a sitting ; an order or regula- tion, esp. about the weight of bread, etc. (Law.y Periodical sessions of the superior courts in the counties of England, — usually in the pi. — r. t. [ASSizED (-sTzdO, -SIZING.] To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by authority. Associate, as-so'shT-at, v. t. To join in eompanv as a friend, companion, partner, etc.; to unite in the'same mass.— V. i. To unite in company, —a. Closely connected. — «. A companion; a mate. — Asso'cia'- tion, -sliT-a'shun, n. Union ; connection ; union of persons in a society for some particular purpose. — Asso'cia'tional, a. Pert, to an, etc. — Asso'cia'- tionalism, ». (Pldlos.) Doctrine of associationalists. — Asso'cia'tionalist, n. (Philos.) One who ex- plains the higher functions and relations of the soul by the association of ideas.— Asso'ciative, -tiv, a. Tending or pertaining to association. Assort, as-sorf, v. t. To distribute into classes; to furnish with all sorts. — Assorfment, w. Distribu- tion into classes ; things assorted. Assuage, as-swaj', v. i. [assuaged (-swajd'), assua- ging.] To soften; to allay or lessen, as pain or grief; to appease, soothe, alleviate. Assume, as-sum'. r. i. [assumed (-sumd'), assuming.] To take, or take upon one's self; to take for granted, or without proof ; to pretend to possess. — 1\ i. To claim unduly. — Assump'tion, -sum'shun, n. Act of assuming: sujjposition ; thing supposed. (Logic.) The minor proposition in a categorical syllogism. l^Eccl.) A festival in honor of the ascent oi the Vir- gin Maiy into heaven. _ Assure, a-shoor', v. t. [assured, (-shoord'), assur- ing.] To make sure or certain; to insure. (Law.} To covenant to indemnify for loss. — Assor'ance, n. Act of assuring: a declaration inspirmg credit: free- dom from doubt; firmness of mind; intrepidity; im- pudence; insurance: a contract to pay on occasion of a certain event, as lessor death. (Law.) Evidence of conveyance of property. — Assur'edly, adv. Cer- tainlj'; without doubt. Aster, as'ter, ?;. (Bot.) A genus of plants with radi- ated compound flowers. — As'terisk, n. The mark [*] in printing and writing. — As'terism, -izm, n. A small cluster of stars. (Printing.) Three asterisks [***] directing attention to a particular passage. — As'teroid, «. (Astron.) One of the small planets revolving between Mars and Jupiter. — As'tial, a. Belonging to the stars ; starry. — As'tral Lamp, n. An Argand lamp having the oil in a flattened ring. — Astrol'ogy. -jT, n. Science of predicting events by the aspects of the stars. — Astrol'oger, -jer, n. One who pretends to foretell events, etc. -Astro- logic, -loj'ik,-ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Astron 'omy. n. Science of the heavenly bodies. — Astron'omer, n. One versed in astronomy. Astern, a-stern', adv. In, at, or toward, the hinder part of a ship; behind a ship. Asthma, as'ma or az'ma, n. Disordered respiration, with cough and difficult breathing. — Asthmafic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or affected by, etc. Astir, a-ster', adv. In motion or action. Astonish, as-ton'ish, v. t. To strike dumb with sud- den feor. terror, surprise, or wonder ; to amaze. — Aston'ishing, a. Of a nature to excite astonish- ment ; surprising; wonderful ; admirable : marvel- ous. — Aston'ishment, n. Confusion of mind from, etc. Astound, as-townd', v. t. To astonish. Astraddle, a-strad'dl, adv. With the legs across a thing, or on different sides of it. Astray, a-stra', adv. Out of, or from, the right way ; wrong. Astrict, as-trikt', v. t. To constrict; to contract. i — Astric'tion, m. — Astringe, as-trinj', v. t. [as- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fSre ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; ASTRIDE 25 ATTRIBUTE I TRixGED (-trinid'), astrixoixg.] To bind fast, constrict, contract. — Astrin'gency, «. Quality of being astringent. — Astrin'gent, a. Binding; strengthening; — opp. to huutice. — n. A medicine causing vital~contraction in the organic textures. Astride, a-strid', adv. With the legs apart. Astute, as-tuf, a. Critically examining or discern- ing; shrewd; subtle; sagacious. — A8tate''ness, n. Asunder, a-sun'der, adv. Apart; separately. Asylum, a-si'lum, ii. ; pZ. Eng. Asy'lums, L. Asy'la, -la. A place of refuge; an institution for protection or relief, for the deaf and dumb, insane, etc. At. prep, denoting presence or nearness in place or time (at home. a< one o'clock); hence, relations of situation, condition, etc. (at war, at your service); after verbs of motion, direction towards (to run at). Ate, at, pret. of Eat. See Eat. Atelier. at'lT-a or a-tel'ya, n. An artist's workroom; studio. [F.] Athanasian, ath-a-na'zhan, a. Pert, to Athanasius, bisliop of Alexandria, or his doctrines. Atheist, a'the-ist, n. One who denies the existence of God. — A'^theism. n. Disbelief in, etc. — Atheist'- ic, -leal, a. Pert, to, etc. ; impious. — Atheist'^ically, u'lv. Atheneum, -nxnm, ath-e-ne'um, 71.; pi. Eng. Athexe''- UMS, L. -x.EA, -ne^a. A literary or scientific associa- tion; a public library and reading room. Athenian, n-tlie^nT-aii, a. Pert, to Athens, in Greece. Athirst, a-therst', a. Thirsty; having keen desire. Athlete, ath'let, n. A contender for victory in trials of strength.— Athletic, -lefik, a. Pert, to wrestling, boxing, and other manly exercises; strong; vigorous. Athwart, a-thwawrt', prep. Across. — adv. Sidewise ; in a manner to cross and perplex. Atilt, a-tilf, adv. In the position of one making a thrust; with one end raised. Atlas, at'las, n. A collection of maps in a volume; a volume of plates or tables; a kind of silk- satin ; a kind of large d r a-w i n g paper. (Anat.) The first vertebra of the neck. [Atlas, a Greek demigod, said to bear the world on his shoulders, and whose figure w a s printed on the title- pages of old atlas- es.] Atmosphere, at'^mos- fer, n. {Fhi/sics.) The aeriform fluid surrounding the earth ; pressure of the air on a unit of surface ; a gaseous medium. — Atmos- pheric, -fSr'ik, -ical, a. Relating to, ex- isting in, or dependent on, etc. Atom, at'om, n. An ultimate or constituent particle of matter; a molecule; anything extremely small. — Afomize, v. t. To reduce to atoms or to fine spray, -said of liquids.— At'omizer. n. {Med.) An instru- ment for converting liquids into spray for inhala- tion, local anaesthesia, etc. Atone, a-ton', v. i. [atoxed (-tond''), aton^ing.] To stand as an equivalent ; to make reparation, com- pensation, etc.; to expiate. — v. t. To reconcile; to answer or make satisfaction for. — Aton^able, a. — Atone''ment, n. Reconciliation ; reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury. (Thcol.) The expiation of sin made by Christ. — Aton'er, n. Atrocious, a-tro'shus, a. Extremely heinous; enor- mously wicked ; flagrant. — Atro''ciou3ly, adv. — Atro'ciousness, Atrocity, a-tros'I-tT, n. Enormous wickedness or cruelty. Atrophy, afro-fT, n. A wasting away from lack of nourishment. Atropia, a-tro'pT-a, Atro''pina, Afropine, -ro-pin, n. (Chem.) A very poisonous alkaloid extracted from the Atropa helladoima, or deadly nightshade. Atlas. Attach, at-tach', v. t. [attached (-tachf), attach- IXG.] To bind, fasten, or tie; to take by legal au- thority; to lay hold on, aflfix, gain over, win. — v. i. To adhere. — Attach'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; a passion or affection ; that by which one tiling is attached to another ; an adjunct. {Civ. Law.) A seizure by legal process ; the writ com- manding such seizure. — Attach^, at-ta-sha', n. One attached to the suite of an ambassador. [F.] Attack, at-tak', v. t. [attacked (-takf), attack- ing.] To falj^upon with force or with unfriendly words; to assail, invade. (Chem.) To begin to de- compose, by chemical agents. — n. A falling on with violence, or with calumnj^ satire, etc.; onset; in- road; charge. Attain, at-tah', v. i. [attained (-tand'), attain- ing.] To come or arrive, by motion or efforts; to reach. — v. t. To achieve ; to gain ; to equal. — At- tain'' able, a. Capable of being, etc. [finproperly used for obtainable, procurable.'] — Attain'abil''ity, Attain ''ableness, n. — Attain'ment, n. Act of, etc., that whicli_is, etc. ; pToficiency in knowledge. Attaint, at-tant', v. i. To stain; to disgrace. (Law.) To taint or corrupt, as blood; to taint, as the credit of jurors giving a false verdict. — n. A stain; spot. (Law.) A writ to inquire whether a jury has given a false verdict. (Far.) A wound on anorse's leg, made by over-reaching. Attemper, at-tem'per, v. t. [attempered (-perd), -pering.] To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mix- ture; to soften; to mix in just proportion; to make suitable; to adapt. Attempt, at-temt', v. t. To make trial of; to make an attack upon. — v. i. To make an effort or an attack. — n. An essay, trial, or endeavor. Attend, at-tend', v. t. To go or stay with; to wait on, accompany; to be united or consequent to. — v. i. To pay attention with a view to perceive, understand, or comply ; heed ; listen ; wait or be in waiting. — At- tend'ance, H. Actof, etc.; persons attending; atrain; a retinue. — Attend'ant, a. Present, or in the train; accompanying or immediatel}^ following, as conse- quential. (Laio.) Depending on, or owing duty or service io. — n. One who, or that which, etc. — At- tenf, a. Attentive. — Atten'tion, n. Act of attend- ing or heeding; act of civility; care; respect; regard; notice. — Attenfive, -iv, a. Full of attention ; mindful ; civil ; polite. Attenuate, at-tcn^u-at, v. t. To make thin, or less viscid; to make slender; to draw out or extend in length.—)!, i. To become thin, slender, or fine; to lessen. Attest, at-test', v. t. To bear witness to; to give proof of; to call to witness. — Attesta'tion, n. Testimony; esp., official testimony. — Attesfor, n. Attic, aftik, a. Pert, to Attica, in Greece, or to its prin- cipal city, Athens.— n. (Arch.) A story in the upper part of a house; a garret. Attire, at-tir', v. t. [attired (-tird'), attiring.] To dress, array, adorn. — n. Ciothes; dress. Attitude, aftT-tud, n. Posture or position. — Attitu'- dinize, v. i. [attitudinized (-nizd), -nizing.] To assume affected attitudes. Attorney, at-ter'nT, n. ; pi. Attor'neys. (Law.) One legally appointed by another to transact business for him. — Power of attorney. A document by which one is authorized to transact business for another. — Attor'neyship, n. Office of, etc. Attract, at-trakf, v. t. To draw or cause to tend to- ward; to cause to adhere or combine; to allure; to engage. — Attract'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Attract'abil'ity, n. — Attract'ile, -il, a. Having power to attract. — Attraction, -trak''shiin. 71. (Physics.) An invisible power in a body by which it draws anything to itself; the power in nature tend- ing to draw bodies together or to produce cohesion; and resisting separation. Act of attracting; power or act of alluring, inviting, or engaging. — Attracf- ive, -iv, a. Having the power of, etc.; enticing; in- viting. — n. That which, etc. — Attracfively, adv. — Attractiveness, n. Attribute, at-trib''ut. v. t. To consider as belonging to; to ascribe to; charge. — Attribute, at ''trt-bilt, n. A thing that may be attributed; inherent quality; essential or necessary property. — Attrib^utable, a. sQn, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; eow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. ATTRITB 26 AUTOPSY Capable of being attributed. —Attribu'tion, n. Act of attributing; quality attributed. — Attrib'Ti- tive, -tiv, a. Relating to, or expressing, an attribute. — n. A word denoting an attribute or quality. Attrite, at-trif, a. Worn by rubbing or friction. — Attri'tion, -trish'un, w. Act of wearing by friction; abrasion; state' of being worn. Attune, at-tun', v. t. [.\TTUJfED (-tund'),'ATTUNiJfO.] To put in tune, arrange fitly, make accordant. Aubmn, aw'bern, a. Reddish brown. Auction, awk'shun, n. A public sale of propej-ty to the highest bidder; a vendue. — Auctioneer', -er', n. The person who sells, etc. — v. t. To sell by auction. Audacious, aw-da'shus, a. Contemning restraints of law, religion, or decorum ; bold in wickedness. — Auda'ciousness, -dacity, -das'I-ti:, n. Daring spirit or confidence; venturesomeness; presumptuous im- pudence; hiirdihood; boldness; effrontery ; contempt of law or moral restraint. Audible, aw'dl-bl, a. Capable of being heard. -^Au- dibil'ity, Au^'dibleness, n. Quality of being, etc. —Au ''dibly, ac/i^. — Au'^dience, n. Act of hearing; ad- mittance to a hearing ; an assembly of hearers. — Au'dit, 71. An examination, esp. of accounts, with the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper offi- cers. — V. t. To examine and adjust, as accounts. — Au'ditor, -er, n. A hearer or listener ; one author- ized to adjust accounts. — Au'ditorship, n. Office of, etc. — Au'ditory, a. Pert, to the sense of hearing. — n. An assembly of hearers ; audience. — Au''dit- ress, w. A female hearer. —Audito''rium, ii. The part of a theater, etc., occupied by the audience. Augean, aw-jc'an, a. Pert, to Augeus or his stable, containing 3,000 oxen and uncleaned for 30 years ; filthy. Auger, aw'ger, n. A car- penter's boring tool; an in- strument for perforating soils or rocks. Aught, awt, n. A whit; any- thing ; any part. Augment, awg-ment', v. t. lo enlarge or increase; to make bigger. — v. i. To grow larger. —Aug'ment, II. Enlargement by addi- tion ; increase. — Angmen- ta'tion, n. Act of, etc.; Auger, state of being, etc.; thing added.— Augmenfative, -tiv, a. Having the quality of, etc. Augur, aw'ger, n. {Rom. Antiq.) One who foretold future events by the actions of birds, or by other signs. One who pretends to foretell future events by omens; a soothsayer. — v. i. [augured (-gerd), AUGURING (-ger-ing)".] To conjecture by signs or omens; to prognosticate. — v. t. To predict or fore- tell; to betoken.— Au'guryjW. Foretelling of events, etc. ; an omen ; prediction. August, aw-gusf, a. Creating extraordi- nary respect and vene- ration ; grand ; impos- ing ; majestic. Au ' g u s t , aw'gust, n. The eighth month of the year. Augustine, aw-gusfin, Augustin''ian, n. {Eccl. Hist.) A monk of an order named from St. Augustine ; Austin friar; White friar. — Au'gustin''- ian, n. One who fol- lows St. Augustine in maintaining that grace is effectual from its nature, absolutely and morally, not relatively ASkl^f^kT'^* A sea- Great Auk. MZca«npe«««.) bird of the Alca family, including the penguin and puffin. A«nt, ant, n. A father's or mother's sister. Aural, aw'ra, a. Belonging to the ear. — An'rist. "V ^^^ skilled in disorders of the ear. — Au'ricle, -rl-kl, n. {Anat.) The external ear; one of two mus- cular sacs at the base of the heart ; a kind of ear- trunipet. — Aurlc'ular, a. Pert, to the ear or to the hearing ; told in the ear ; secret ; recognized by the ear ; traditional; pert, to the auricles of the heart. Auriferous, aw-rifSr-us, o. Yielding gold. Aurochs, aw'roks, n. (Zodl.) The bison of Poland. . Aurora, aw-ro'ra, w. The dawnof day; redness of the sky before sunrise; a species of crowfoot. — Au- ro'ra borea^'lis. A luminous meteoric phenomenon, supposed to be of electrical origin; northern lights. — A. austra'lis. Southern lights. Auscultation, aws-kul-ta'shun, n. Act of listening (Med.) A method of distinguishing diseases, esp in the thorax, by observing sounds. Auspicate, aw'spl-kat, v. t. To give a favorable turn to in commencing. — Au'spice, -spis, w. ; ^>Z. Au'- SPICES, -spt-sez. Omen ; augury ; patronage. — Auspicial, -spish'al, al Pert, to auspices. — Ausp'- cious, -spisii''us, a. Having . omens of success, , lucky ; propi_tious. — Auspi'dously, adv. Austere, aw-ster', a. Sour "with astringency ; severe in modes of judgment, living, or acting; harsh; stern. Australian ballot, aws-tra''lt-an-. (Law.) A system of voting, originally used in South Australia, in which the secrecy of the vote is compulsory and an official ballot is furnished by the government. Authentic, aw-then'^tik. -tical, a. Of approved au- thority ; to be relied on : true ; certain ; genuine. — Authen''ticate. v. t. To establish by proof; to render authentic ; to prove to be genuine. — Authen'tica'- tion. u. — Au'thentic'ity, -tis'I-tl, n. Quality of be- ing, etc. Author, aw^'ther, n. The beginner, former, or first mover of anything ; the creator ; one who writes a book.— Au^'thoress, n. A female a uthor. — Au'thor- ship, n. State of being, etc.— Authoritative, -thCr'T- ta-tiv, a. Having authority, or an air of authority ; positive. — Author^itatively, c^i-. — Author'ity. n. Legal or rightful power ; dominion ; persons exer- cising command — chiefly in the pi. ; influence of character, office, station, etc.; testimony; witness; the person who testifies; a precedent, decision of a court, official declaration ; a book, containing _ pre- cedents, etc. ; the name of its author. — Au'thoriza''- tion, n. Establishment by authority. — Au'thorize, V. t. [-IZED C-Tzd), -iziNG.] To clothe with author- ity, empower, legalize; to establish by authority; to give authority, credit, or support to. Auto, aw'to. An abbrev. of autonidbile, used as a pre- fix with the meaning of self-iuonng, self-proiielling ; as, an autoca.r, an auiotTUck, etc. ; hence, an auto- mobile car, carriage, truck, etc. Autobiography, aw''to-bi-og''ra-fI, n. A memoir of a person written by himself. Autochthon, aw-tok''thon , n. An aboriginal or native ; that which is original to a country. Autocrat, aw'to-krat, w. An absolute sovereign ; a title of emperors of Russia ; one invested with inde- pendent power and unaccountable for his actions. Auto-da-fe, aw-to-dii^fa, n. ; pi. Autos-da-fe, -toz-. Punishment of a heretic by burning, according to a Judgment of the Inquisition ; the sentence then read. Autograph, aWto-graf, n. One's own handwriting; an original manuscript. Automath, aw'to-math, n. A self-taught person. Automaton, aw-tom''a-ton,w.; pL -atoxs; J^.pl. -ata, -ta. A machine moved by intenor.machinery w iicli imitates actions of men or animals; any seU-mo iinrf machine. — Automatic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or per- formed by, an automaton; self-acting; esp. applied to machinery, in which movements commonlv madii by hand are made by the machine itself; not depend- ing on the will; acting involuntarily. — Automobile, aw'tn-mo'btl, a. Containing means of propulsion within itself; self-propelhng; as, an auto- mohile torpedo ; an automobile car. — n. An auto- mobile vehicle. _ • vi. _j: „„l* Autonomy, aw-ton'o-mt, n. Power or right of self- AutoBSV,™awaop-sY, n. Personal observation or ex- amination. {Med.) Post-mortem examination. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tSne, or ; AUTOTYPE 27 AZURE AntotjTPe. aw'to-tip, n. A photograph made by au- totypy. — Autotypy, -tot''i-pt,o/- -to-ti'pT, ?i. A photoVraphic method of making transcripts of pic- tures, by potassium bichromate as a chemical agent. Autumn, aw'tum, n. The third season of the year; the season between sumuier and winter; fall. Auxiliar, awg-zil'yar, -iliarsr, -ziFya-rl, a. Helping; as- sisting; subsidiary r — Auxil'iary, «• A helper; assis- tant; in pi., foreign troops in the service of a nation at war. {Gram.) A verb helping to form the moods and tenses of other verbs. {Math.) A quantity in- troduced to facilitate some operation. Avail, a-val', v. t. [availed (-vald'), availing.] To profit; to assist; to promote. — v. i. To be of use; to answer the purpose. — n. Advantage ; benefit ; — pi., profits or proceeds. — Avail'able, a. Capable of being used to advantage; profitable; able to ef- fect the object; valid. Avalanche, av-a-lansh', n. A snow-slip; a mass of snow, ice, or earth sliding_down a mountain. Avant-courier, a-voN'koo-rer, n. One sent in advance to give notice of another's approach. Avarice, av'a-ris, n. Excessive love of money or gain; cupidity; greediness; covetousness. — Avari'dous, -rish'us, a. Actuated by avarice ; parsimonious ; miserly ; niggardl}'. Avenge, a-venj', r. t. [avenged C-venjd''), aven- ging.] To vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on the wrong-doer; to revenge. — Aven'^er, n. Avenue, av'e-nu, n. An entrance; way; passage; an alley or walk, usually shaded by trees; a wide street. Aver, a-ver', i'. t. [averred (a-verd''), averring.] To declare positively ; to asseverate, affirm, protest, avouch. Average, av'er-ej, a. Medial ; containing a mean proportion; according to the laws of average. — n. A contribution tea general loss; a mean proportion; medial qiiantitj^; a medial estimate or general state- ment from a comparison of specific cases ; duty payable to shipmasters on goods. — v. t. [aver- aged (-ejd), -AGING.] To reduce to a mean; to pro- portion. — V. i. To be or form a medial sum or quantity. Avert, a-vert', v. t. To turn or cause to turn off, aside, or away. — v. i. To turn away. — Aversion, -ver'shun, n. Opposition or repugnance ; dislike ; contrariety of nature; cause of repugnance; disgust; antipathy. Aviary, a'''vY-a-rY, n. An inclosure for keeping birds. — A'^vicul'ture, -chur, n. Care of birds. Avidity, a-vid'Tt-tt, n.' An intense desire; strong ap- petite ; eagerness. Avocation, av-o-ka'shun. n. Act of calling aside, or diverting; the business that calls off. [Improperly used for vocation.'] Avoid, a-void', v. t. To keep at a distance from ; to make void ; to annul or vacate ; to shun. (Plead- iiuj.) To defeat or evade, as a plea. — v. i. (Law.) Tcf become void, vacant, or empty. — Avoid'less, a. Unavoidable. Avoirdupois, av'gr-du-poiz', n. or a. A weight in which a pound contains 16 ounces, or 7,000 Troy grains. Avouch, a-vowch', v. t. [avouched (-vowchf), a- vorcHiNG.] To declare positively, maintain, sup- port. Avow, a-vow', V. t. [.wowed (-vowd''), avowing.] To declare openly; to own; to acknowledge; to con- fess. (Law.) To acknowledge and justifv, as an act done. — Avow'al, /i. An open or frank decla- ration. — Avow'edly, adi\ Openly. — Avowee'', n. ■An advowee ; one who has the right to present to a benefice. — Avow'er, n. One who avows. — Avow'- ry, -rt, n. (Law.) Act of a distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. Avulsion, a-vuKshun, n. A tearing asixnder; a frag- ment torn off. (Law.) Sudden removal of land from one man's estate to another's by an inundation, current, etc. Avuncular, a^vun'ku-lar, a. Of or pert, to an uncle. Await, a-waf, v7t. To wait or look out for ; to ex- pect; to be ready for. Awake, a-wak', v. t. [awoke, awaked (-wakf), AWAKING.] To arouse from sleep, or a state resem- bling sleep; to put intoaction. — v.i. To cease to sleep, etc. — a. Not sleeping; wakeful. — Awaken, awak'n, v. t. and i. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To awake. Award, a-wawrd', t'. t. Togive by judicial determina- tion; to assign by sentence; to adjudge. — v.i. To determine; to make an award. — ti. A judgment, sentence, or final decision; esp. decision of arbitra- tors ; paper containing such decision. Aware, a-war', a. Watchful ; vigilant ; hence, ap- prised; cognizant. Awash, a-^TOsh', a. "Washed bj- the waves or tide. Away, a-wa', adv. Absent; at a distance; continu- ously ; without intermission. — interj. Begone. Awe, aw, 7i. Profound fear with admiration or rever- ence; dread: veneration. — v.t. [awed (awd), aw- ing.] To strike with, etc. — Aw'fiil, a. Striking, or filling with, etc. — Aw'fully, ar/c — Aw'fulness, n. — Awe'struck, a. Impressed with awe. Aweather, a-weth''er, adv. (Naut ) On the weather side, or toward the wind; opp. to alee. Aweigh,a-wa'', ar/r. (Naitt.) Drawn out of the ground, and han^ng; atrip, — said of the anchor. Awhile, a-hw'iK, adv. A space of time ; for some time; for a short time. Awkward, awk-'werd, a. Wanting dexterity ; with- out skill; bungling; ungraceful; clumsy; uncouth. Awl, awl, n. A pointed instrument for making small holes. Awn, awn, n. The bristle or beard of barley, oats^ grasses, etc. Awning, awn'ing, n. A covering from sun, rain, etc. Awoke'. See Awake. Awry, a-ri', a. or adv. Turned or twisted toward one side ; asquint. Ax, Axe, aks, n. An instrument for hewing timber,, chopping wood, etc. Axial. See Axis. Axil, aks'il, Axilla, -iKla, n. The armpit. Axiom, aks'I-um, n. A self-evident and necessary truth or proposition; an established principle; niax- ini; aphorism; adage. Axis, aks'is, n. ; pi. !Axes, aks'ez. The straight line on which a body revolves. (Anut.) The second vertebra of the neck; a tooth-like process, on its up- per surface, serving as a pivot on which the first vertebra turns. (Bot.) The central part or column of a plant, around which the other parts are disposed. A central or medial line between cor- responding parts. — Axle, aks'l, n. A .shaft, rod, bar, or spindle forming the axis of a pulley, drum, or wheel. — Ax'letree, n. A transverse bar con- necting the opposite wheels of a car- -o a„i„ riage. ^- '*^^''- Ay, Aye, at, adv. Yes; yea; — a word expressing assent- — ?!. An affirmative vote; a voter in the affirmative. Aye, a. adv. Always ; continually. Aye-aye, at'at, n. " (Zo'ol.) A nocturnal quadruped found i n Mada- gascar, s o called from its cry. Azalea, a-za'le-a, w. A genus of flower- ing plants. Azoic, a-zo'ik, a. Destitute of ani- mal life. — Azote, a-zot', n. (C/iem.) A gas unfit for, respiration; nitro-::^ gen. — Az'otize, = -tiz, V. t. [azo- TIZED (-tizd), AZO- TiziNG.] To im- pregnate with, etc. ; to nitrogen- ize. Azure, azh'er or . Aye-Aye. a'zher, o. Of a sky-blue; cerulean. — n. The blue- color of the sky ;-tlie blue vault above. (Her.) Blue„ represented in engraving by horizontal lines. — Az'urite, -it, n. Blue caroonate of copper. siin, c*be, fijll ; moon, fS&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair,. get. 28 BAGATELLE B. B, be. The 2(i letter in the English alphabet ; a vocal labial consonant, the correlative of p. It is etymo- logically convertible with™, p, f, v, and w. (Mus.) The nominal of the 7th tone in the model major scale (scale of C major), or of the 2d tone in its rela- tive minor scale (scale of A minor). — B flat (Bb.) The tone or half step, or semitone lower than B. Baa, ba, n. The cry of sheep. — v. i. To cry or bleat, etc. Babble, bab'bl, v. i. [babbled (bab'bld), -bling.] To utter words imperfectly or unintelligibly ; to prate ; to chatter; to make a constant murmuring noise, as a stream running over rocks. — v. t. To prate. — n. Idle talk ; senseless prate ; unmeaning words. — Bab'bler, n. An idle talker ; a tell-tale. Babe, bab, Baby, ba-'bY, n. An infant; a doll. — a. Pert, to, or resembling, an infant. — v. t. [babied (ba'bid), babying.] To treat like a child.— Ba'by- hood, -h(%d, n. State of being, etc. — Ba'byish, a. Like, etc. ; childish. [disorder. I Babel, barbel, n. A confused combination of sounds; | Baboo, Baba, ba''b66, n. A title of respect among tht Hindoos. _ Baboon, bab-oon-', n. A large species of monkev. Baccalatireate, bak-ka-law'- The degree of bach- arts. — a. Pert, to, Baccarat, bak-ka- A French game of Baboon. re-at, n. elor of etc. Baccara, ra', n. cards. Bacchanal, bak''ka-nal, -na- lian, -na'^lt-an, n. A devotee of Bacchus ; one prone to drunken revels. — a. Pert, to reveling in intemperate drinking. — Bac'cbanals, -nalz, -nalia, -na'lT-a, n. x>l. Feasts in honor of Bacchus; drunken revels. — Bacchant, -kant-', n. : L. pi. Bacohak- TES, -kan'tez. A priest of Bacchus; a bacchanal ; a rev- eler. — Bacchante, -kanf, n. A priestess of Bacchus; a female bacchanal. — Bac'chic, -kik, -chical, a. Pert, to, etc.; jovial with intoxication ; drunken. Bachelor, bach''e-ler, n. A man who has not married; "ne who has taken the, first degree at a college or university ; a young Ttn'ight. Bacillus, ba-siKlus, n. ; pi. Bacilli, -li. A variety of bacterium. Back, bak, n. Th'B upper or hinder part of au animal; part opp. to the front; the rear; outward or upward part of a thing, as opp. to the inner or lower part; part opp. or most remote; part out of sight. — a. In the rear ; remote. — adv. To the place whence one came; to or toward a former state, condition, etc.; away from the front ; again ; in return. — v. t. [BACKED (bakt), BACKixG.] To get upon the back of; to support or strengthen by aid; to force back- ward; to iurnish with a back. — v. i. To move or go back. — To back out, orb. down. To withdraw from an engagement. — To h. round, said of the wind when it shifts against the sun's course, indicating more bad weather. — To b. an anchor. (^Naut.) To lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, to which it is fastened. — To b. astern. In rowing, to manage the oars in a direction contrary to the usual method. — To b. the oars, or back water. To row backward. — To b. the sails. To arrange them so as to take out the wind, and cause the sliip to move astern. — To b. up. To support or sustain. — Back'- er, n. One who, or that which, backs or supports another. — Back' ward, -wards, adv. With the back in advance ; toward the back ; on the back, or with the back downward ; toward or in past time ; from a better to a worse state ; in a reverse manner or direction ; contrarily. — Back'ward, a. Unwilling; averse ; dull of apprehension ; late or behindhand. — Back'bite, -bit, v. t. To speak evil of in the ab- sence of the person traduced. — v. i. To revile the absent. — Back'biter, n. — Back'bone, -bon, n. The spine ; firmness ; spirit ; grit. — ground, n. Ground in the rear ; a place of obscurity or shade. (Art.) The part of a picture behind, and subordinate to, the foreground. — house, n. A building behind a mam building ; a privy. — side, n. Hinder part of anything; therear. — slide, -slid', v. z. [backslid (-sWd),p.p.-SLiD'DEN,-SLiD ; -SLIDING (-slid'ing).] To fall back or off ; to apostatize. — slid'er, n. One who, etc. ; a renegade. — staff, n. An instrument for taking the altitude of heavenly bodies. — stairs, -starz, n. pi. Stairs at the back of the house ; a pri- vate or indirect way. — stair, a. Indirect ; illegiti- mate ; undue. — stays, -staz, n. pZ. {Naut.) Ropes from the top-mast heads to both sides of a ship, to support the mast. — stream, n. A current flowing up-stream. — sword, -sord, n. A sword with one sharp edge. — water, -waw-ter, n. "Water held back, as in a stream, by some obstruction ; water thrown back by the turning of a water-wheel, etc. — ^woods, -wfiSdz, n. pi. Forests or partly cleared ground on the frontiers of a newly settled country. — woods'man, n. An inhabitant of, etc. Backgammon, bak-gam'mon, n. A game played by two persons, upon a tray, with checkers and dice. — V. t. To defeat one's opponent, before he has moved his counters from the first quarter of the board. Bacon, ba'kn, n. Hog's flesh salted or pickled and smoked. Bacterium, bak-te'rt-um, n.; pi. Bacteria, -a. {Biol.) A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging to the Algae, usually in tTie form of a jointed rodlike filament and found in putrefying organic infusions. Bacteria multiply very rapidly. Certain species are active agents in fermentation, while others appear to be the cause of certain infectious diseases. — Bacte- riology, -oKo-jt, n. The science relating to bacteria. Bad, bad, a. [comp. ■worse (wers), superl. worst, (werst).] Wanting good qualities ; evil ; vicious. — Bad'ly, adv. — Bad'ness, n. Bad, Bade. See Bid. Badge, baj, n. A distinctive mark worn on the person. Badger, baj'er, n. A burrowing quadruped akin to the bear. {E. Laiv.) A person licensed to buy and sell corn. — v. t. [badgered (baj'erd), -er'ing.] To follow up, as the badger is hunted ; to pester or worry. Badinage, bad-e-nazh', n. Light or playful discourse. Baffle, baffl, v. t. [baffled (-fld), -fling.] To treat with mockery; to check by shifts and turns ; to balk ; to frustrate, elude, foil. Bag, n. A sack or pouch, to hold or convey anything. — v.i. [bagged (bagd), bagging.] To put into a bag ; to seize or entrap. — v. i. To swell like a full bag.— Bag'ging, n. Cloth or materials for bags- — B a g ' g y , -gi, a. Bulged out, like a bag. — Bag'man, n. One who carries a bag ; a commercial traveler. — -pipe, n. A Scottish musical instrument, consisting of a leathern bag, and of pipes, into which air is pressed by the performer. Bagatelle, bag'a-tel, n. A trifle ; thing of no im- portance; a game played with balls on a board having holes at one end. Bagpipe. 11 VV Lli VJ. , LU t» U,l U. KJl ll-l JJtiOt LXlllC 1 XI UlLl UIIC ClJVJ.. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r ; BAGGAGE 29 BANK Baggage, bag'ej, n. The tents, clothing, utensils, etc., of an army; trunks, bags, etc., tor travelers; lug- gage. A strumpet : a playful, saucy young woman. Bagnio, ban'yo, n. A bath'-house : a brothel. Bah, ba, inierj. An exclamation of disgust or con- tempt; pah. BaU, bal, ?-. ?. [bailed (bald), bailing.] {Law.) To set free from arrest, becurity being given lor the ap- pearance of the person bailed ; to deliver, upon a contract that the trust shall be executed. To free from water. — n. (Low.) One who procures a pris- oner's release bv bccuiniiig surety lor his appear- ance in court: the security given. The handle of a kettle, etc. — Bailee, bal-c*, «. (Law.) One to whom goods are committed in trust. — Bail^er, -or,-er, ?i. (Law.) One who delivers goods to another in trust. — Bail'iff, n A sheriff's deputy, appointed to make arrests, collect fines, summon" juries, etc. — Bail'i- wick, n. (Laiv.) The precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction. Bait, bat, fi. Thing used to catch fish, etc.; a lure; enticement ; temptation ; refreshment taken on a journey. — v. t. To put on or in, as on a hook, trap, etc., to allure game; to feed upon the road: to pro- voke and harass. — v. i. To stop for refreshment on a journey. Baize, baz, n. A coarse woolen stuff, with long nap. Bake, bak, v. t. [baked (bakt), baking.] To heat, drj', and harden; esp. to prepare for food, In a close place heated. — y. i. To do the work of baking; to be baked. — Ba'ker, n. One who bakes bread, bis- cuit, etc. ; a portable tin oven. — Baker's dozen. Thirteen in number. — Barkery, -er-I, n. A place for baking ; bakehouse. — Backing, n. Quantity baked at once. Balance, baKans, n. An apparatus for weighing bod- ies; what is needed to equalize two quantities; act of comparing or weighing; an equipoise or just pro- portion; a regulating wheel in a watch. (Astron.) A sign in the zodiac , called Libra. [Improperly used for reinain/Jer.} — v. t. [balanced (-anst), -A.N'CIXG.J To bring to an equipoise; to weigh in a balance ; to render equal ; to compare in relative force, value, etc.; to settle and adjust, as an account. (Dancinij.) To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally. — c. (. To be in equipoise; to hesitate. ( Dunciiig.) To move toward, etc. Balcony, bal'ko-nl, n. A gallery on the outside of a building. Bald, bawld, a. Destitute of natural covering, as of hair, feathers, foKage, etc.; destitute of ornament; unadorned. .Balderdash, bawKder-dash, n. A worthless mixture, esp. badly mixed liquor; a senseless jargon of words; ribaldry. Baldric^ bawKdrik, n. A warrior's girdle. Bale, bal, n. A bundle of goods corded for transporta- tion. — i\ t. [baled (bald), baling.] To make up in a ba,le. Bale, bal, n. Misery; calamity ; sorrow. Bale, V. t. To free from water. See Bail. BaJeen, ba-len', ?i. Horny plates in the whale's mouth ; whalebone in plates. Balk, bawk, «. An unplowed ridge or strip; a great beam or rafter ; a hindrance ; disappointment. — i\ t. [balked (bawkt), balking.] To leave un- touched in plowing; to disappoint, frustrate. — p. i. To stop abruptly in one's course. Ball, bawl, 91. Any round body; any round or protu- berant part of the body; a familiar game. — v. i. [balled (bawld), balling.] To form, as snow, into balls, as on the feet. — Ball and socket joint. A joint in which a ball moves within a socket, giving motion in every direction. — BalK-cartridge, -kart-rij, n. A cartridge containing a bullet. Ball, bawl, n. A social assembly for dancing. — Ballad, baKlad, n. A pop- ular song in simple verses. — Ballet, baKla, n. A theatrical exhibition with music, dancing, etc. Ballast, baKlast, n. (NaiU.) Any heavy substance placed in the hold of a vessel, to steady it. Gravel, Ball and socket joint. broken stone, etc., solidifying the bed of a railroad- — V. t. To furnish with, etc. Balloon, bal-loon'. n. A bag, of silk or other light material, filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere. (Arch.) A ball or globe on the top of a pillar. (Chem.) A spherical glass receiver. Ballot, baKlot, n. Orig., a ball used in voting; a writ- ten or printed vote; act of voting by balls or tickets; amount of votes cast. — v. i. To vote or decide by ballot. Balm, bam, n. An aromatic plant ; resinous sap of certain trees; a f ragrf iit ointment; anything which heals, or soothes or mitigates pain. — r. t. To anoint with balm ; to assuage. — Balsam, bawKsam, n. An aromatic resinous substance, containing an essen- tial or volatile oil. (Bot.) A species of tree : an annual garden plant; balsamine. (Med.) A mix- ture of natural balsams and other articles. Balmoral, bal-mor'al, n. A thick woolen petticoat; a kind of shoe. ~" Baluster, baKus-tei, n. (Arch.) A small column or pilaster, supporting the rail of a staircase, etc.; the lateral part of the volute of the Iimic capital. _rim- properly called ban'nister.} — Bal'ustrade, -trad, n. A row of balusters, joined bv a rail. Bamboo, bam-boo', n. A kind of reed. Bamboozle, bam-boo'zl, v. t. To play tricks upon. Ban, ban, n. A public proclamation or edict ; inter- diction ; curse, ('i)l.) Public notice of a marriage proposed. — v. t. lo curse; to execrate. Banana, ba-na'na, n. A species of the plantain tree» and its fruit. Band, band, n. That with which a thins is bound or fastened. (Arch.) A flat, low molding; a continu- ous tablet or series of ornaments : the molding which encircles Gothic pillars and small shafts. See Molding. Means of union between persons ; a linen neck ornament worn hj clerg^'men; a com- pany united in design, esp. a body of armed men, or of musicians. — v.t. To bind, tie, or mark with a band; to unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. — v.i. To confederate.— Band'age, -ej, rt. A fillet or swathe, for binding up wounds, etc. — v. t. [band- aged (-ejd), -AGING.] To bind with, etc. — Bandeau, ban'do, w. ; pi. -deaux, -doz. A narrow band or fillet ; a head-dress. Bandana, -danna, ban-dan''na, n. A kind of silk or cotton handkerchief. Bandit, ban-'dit, n.; pi. -dits or -ditti, -diftt. A lawless fellow ; brigand ; outlaw. Bandoline, ban''do-lin, n. A gumimy preparation for holding the hair in place. Bandy, ban''dt, n. A hooked club for striking a ball; the game played with it. — v. t. [bandied (ban''- did), BANDYING.] To beat to and fro, as a ball; to give and receive reciprocally ; to exchange, toss about, agitate. — Ban'dy-leg, «. A crooked leg. Bane, ban, n. A deadly poison : a cause of injury. Bang, bang, v. t. [banged (bangd), banging.] To beat; to handle roughly. — n. A blow. Bang, Bangue, bang, n. A narcotic and intoxicating' drug made from Indian wild hemp. Bangle, ban'gl, n. An ornamental ring worn upon the arm, also upon the ankles in India and Africa. Banian, Banyan, ban''yan or ban-j-an', n. A Hindoo merchant; a morning gown; the Indian fig tree, whose branches drop shoots which take root and form new stems. Banish, ban'ish, v. i. [ban- ished (-isht), -isHiNG.J To condemn to exile ; to drive away ; expel. — Ban'ish- ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Ban'ister. See under Balus- ter. Banjo, ban'jo, n. A stringed instrument, resembling the guitar and tamborine, Sank, bank, n. A ridge of earth ; steep acclivity; a flat; a shoal; abench of rowers in a galley. (Com.) Money deposited by a number of persons for a par- ticular use ; place for depositing money; a com- Banian tree. siin, cube, full ; moon, iSbi ; cow, oil ; Linger or ink, -ftien, boNboN, chair, get. BANKRUPT 30 BAROUCHE pany concerned in a bank. — r. t. [banked (bankt), BANKING.] To raise a mound or dike about; to in- close or fortify with a bank; to cover, as a fire, with ashes, etc. — ?•. i. To deposit money in a bank; to carry on banking. — Bant'er, n. One who keeps a bank, receives and remits money, negotiates bills of exchange, etc. — Bank'ing, n. Business of a banker. — Bank'-blU, n. in Amer., a promissory note of a bank payable to bearer on demand; a banknote. In Eng., a iiote or bill of exchange, of a bank, pay- able to order. — book, n. Book for recording bank accounts. note,;;. A promissory note issued by a bank, payable to bearer on demand, intended to circulate as money. Bankrupt, bank'^rupt, n. A trader who breaks or fails; one unable to pay his debts. — a. Unable to pay debts; insolvent. — r. t. To break in trade; to make insolvent. — Bank^ruptcy, -si, n. State of be- ing, or act of becoming, etc. Sanner, ban''ner, n. A military ensign; standard of a prince or state; pennon. Banns, banz, n. -pi. Xotice given in church of an in- tended marriage. [See Ban.] Banquet, bank' wet, n. A least; entertainment. — v. t. To treat with, etc. — v. i. To regale one's self, feast. Bantam, ban'tam, n. A small variety of fowl, prob. fr. Bantam, in Java. Banter, ban'ter, v. t. [bantered (-terd), -teeing.] To play upon in words and m good humor ; to rally, ridicule, deride. — Ji. Humorous railery, pleasantry. Bantingism, ban''ting-izm, u. The reducing of corpu- lence by diet. Bantling,'^ banfling, -a. A small cliild ; an infant. Banyan. See Banian. Baobab, ba'o-bab, 71. The largest known tree in the world, a native of trop- ical Africa. Baptism, bap'tizm, n. Act of baptizing; the application of water, as an initiation into the visible church* of Christ. — Bap'tist, n. One who administers, «tc.; esp. John, the fore- runner of Christ. As a c o n t r. of Anabaptist, one who rejects infant baptism, and considers im- mersion essential. — Bap'tistery, -ter-1, «. A place where, etc. — Baptist'ic, -ical,_o. Pert, to, etc. — Baptize, -tiz', v. i. [baptized (-tizd'), -tizing.] To administer baptism to ; to christen. — Bapti^zer, n. Bar, bar, n. A long piece of wood, metal, etc., esp. as used for obstruction ; any obstacle which hinders or defends; a barrier; a bank at the mouth of a riv- er or harbor. (Law.) The railing about the place for counsel in courts of justice; the place in court for prisoners; the legal profession; a special plea con- stituting a sufficient answer to the plaintiff's action. Any trfljunal; the counter of a tavern, etc., over which liquors are sold. (Her.) A horizontal mark across the escutcheon. Measure. Measure. (Mild.) Alme drawn per- pendicularly across the staff. — V. t. [BARRED , the outer pair being stiff cases to cover the others when folded. A machine to produce figured fabrics by pressure from corrugated rollers. — v. t. To pro- duce ornamental figures on. — v.i. To hang or ex- tend out; to jut. Befall, bc-fawK, ?•. t. \iwp. befell; p. p. -fallex; -FALLi.vG.J To happen to, occur to. — v i. To come to pass, happen. Before, be-for', j^irep. In front of ; preceding in space, time, dignity, order, right, etc.; in presence or sight of; facing; in the power ot. — adv. On the lore part; in front: in time preceding; already.— Eefore'- hand, adv. In a state of anticipation; bv way of preparation or preliminary. — a. In comfortable financial circumstances; forehanded. Beg, beg or ba, n. An Oriental governor of a town, city, or district; a bey. Beg, beg, v. t. [begged (begd), begging.] To ask earnestly, with humility or in charity; to entreat, implore; to take for granted. — r. i. "To ask alms or charity. — Beggar, beg^ger, n. One who, etc.; one who lives by begging, a mendicant. — v. t. [beg- gared (-gerd), -gaking.] To reduce to beggary, impoverish, exhaust. — Beg'garly, -ll, a. Extremely indigent; mean; poor. Beget, be-gef, v. i. [begot or begat; begot or be- gotten ; begetting.] To procreate, as a father or sire; to generate, produce. Begin, be-gin'', v. i [imp. began ; p. p. begun ; be- ginning.] To have an original or first existence; to take rise, commence; to do the first act, take the first step. — V. t. To enter on, commence. — Begin''- ner, n. One who, etc.; esp. an inexperienced prac- titioner; a tyro. — Begin'ning, n. The first cause; origin; that which is first; commencement; the ru- diments, first ground, or materials. Begone, be-gawn', interj. Go away; depart. Begonia, be-go'nT-a, n. A genus of ornamental plants with one-sided leaves, often brightly colored. Beguile, be-giK, v. t. [beguiled (-gTld'), beguiling.] To delude by artifice, impose on ; to cause to pass without notice, deceive, cheat, insnare. Behalf, be-haf, n. Advantage; interest; support; de- fense. Behave, be-hav', v. f. [behaved (-havd'), behaving.^ To carry, conduct, Dear, — used reflexivelj^. — v. t. To act; to bear or carry one's self. — Behavior, -hav'- yer, n. Manner of behaving; conduct; deportment. Behead, be-hed'', v. t. To sever the head from. Behemoth, be'he-moth, n. An animal described in Job, xl. 15-24, supposed to be the hippopotamus. Behest, be-hesf, n. Command; injunction. Behind, be-hlnd', prep. On the side opp. the front; at the back or other side of ; left at a distance by; inferior to. — adv. In the rear ; backward ; remain- ing; past. — Behind'hand, a. In arrear; in a state of backwardness. Behold, be-hold'', v. t. [beheld {p. p. formerly be- holden), beholding.] To fix the eyes upon ; to see with attention. — i'. i. To^irect the eyes to an. object; tolook.— Beholden, -hold'n,?). T. Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted. — BehoWer, n. A spectator. Behoof, be-hoof, n. Advantage; profit; benefit. — Behoove, -hove, -hoov', v. t. [behooved (-hoovd'). -hooving.] To be necessary for; to be fit or meet for Being. See under Be. Belabor, be-la''ber, v. t. To work diligently upon ; to beat soundly, cudgel. Belay, be-la'', v. t. [belayed (-lad'), belaying.} (:^ant.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking turns with it round a pin, etc. — Belay'ing-pin, n. A strong pin round which ropes are wound. Belch, belch, v. t. [belched (belcht), belching.] To throw up from the stomach with violence ; to eruct; to eject violently from within. — ?•. ('. To eject wind from the stomach ; to issue violently. — ri Act of belching: eructation. Beldam, -dame, beKdam. n. An ugly old woman. eiin, cube, full ; moon, f(36t ; cow, oil ; liQger or igk, then, boNboN, chair, get. BELEAGUER 34 BERRY 1 3eleagaer, be-le'ger, v. t. [beleaguered (-g5rd), -GUEKIXG.] To surround with an army so as to pre- clude escape; to besicjre, blockade, environ. Bel-esprit. See under Beau. ■Belfry, bcKfrT, n. Orig., a movable tower, erected by besiegers for attack and defense; a bell-tower ; a cu- pola or turret, or room in a tower, for a bell. 'Belie, be-W, r.t. [belied (-lid'), belying.] To give the lie to; to show to be false; to give a false account of; to slander, counterfeit. 3elieTe, be-lev', v.'t. [believed (-levd'), -lievixg.] To be persuaded of the truth of, place confidence in, credit. — v. i. To have a firm persuasion; to think, suppose. — Believ'er, n. One who, etc.; e^p., one who believes in divine revelation. — Belief, -let'', n. An assent of mind to the truth of a declaration, proposition, etc.; thing believed; a tenet, or body of tenets; credence; trust; faith: confidence. JBelike, be-lik'', a':/y. It is likely; probably: perhaps. Bell, bel, n. A hollow metallic vessel which rings when struck; anytning like a bell. — Bells, belz, n. {JVaut.) The half-hours of the watch, indicated by strokes on the bell. — Bell 'bird, n. A bird of Brazil, also one of Australia, whose notes resemble bells. belladonna, bei'la-don'na, n. Deadly nightshade, formerly used as a cosmetic. Belle, Belles-lettres. See under Beau. lellicose, bel'lT-kos, a. Disposed to contention; pugnacious. — Belligerent, -lij'er-ent, a. Waging war; tending to, or disposed for, war. — n. A na- tion, power, or state, carrving on war. lellow, bel'lo, v. i. To ma"ke a hollow, loud noise, as a bull; to bawl, clamor, roar. —n. Aloud outcry. bellows, bel'lus, n. sing, and 'pi. An instrument to propel air through a tube. — Bel'lows-fisll, n. A fish having a long tubular snout, like bel- lows-pipe; the trumpet-fish. :Belly, beKlT, n. The part of the body con- tain i n g the bowels, or in- testines ; the abdomen; any thing resem- bling the belly i n protuber- ance or cavity. — V. i. To swell and become protuberant. Belong, be-long', v. i. [beloxged (-longd'), beloxg- ING.] To be tne property, concern, or proper business of; to appertain; to be a part of, or connected with; to be native to, or to have a legal residence. Beloved, rt.s n pt. be-luvd', as an adj. be-luv'ed. Greatly loved; dear to the heart. Below, be-lo', prep. Under in place; beneath; not so high; inferior to in rank, excellence, or dignity; unworthy of; unbefitting, —arfy. In a lower place; beneath. Belt, belt, n. That which engirdles, restrains, or con- fines; a band or girdle, — d. ft To encircle as with a belt; to encompass. Bemoan, be-mon', v. t. [bemoaned (-mond'), be- jfOAXiXG.] To express deep grief for, by moaning; to lament, bewail. Bench, bench, n. A long seat; a work-table: the seat forjudges in court; persons who sit as judges; the court ; a collection of dogs, usually put on benches, for exhibition. — -war'rant, n. {Law.) .A process is- sued by a court against one guilty of contempt, or indicted for crime. Bend, bend, v. t. [bexded or bext ; bexdixg.] To crook by straining: to curve; to turn out of the direct course to some certain point: to incline or exercise closely or with interest; to exert; to apply; to ren- der submissive, subdue. {Nant.) To fasten, as one rope to another, or as a sail to its yard. — v. i. To be moved or strained out of a straig'ht line; to bow; to be inclined with interest, or closely; to be direct- ed; to bow in prayer, or in submis.sion. — n. A turn or deflection from a straight line or direction ; a curve; incurvation. (Naut.) A knot by which a Bellows-fish. rope is fastened. {Her.) One of the honorable or- dinaries, made bj^ two lines drawn across from the dexter chief to the sinister base point. — Bend'er, n. — Bent, n. State of bein" inclined from a straight line; flexurej leaning or bias; propensitj'. Beneath, be-neth' or -neth', prep. Lower in place, with something over or on ; under; unworthy of; unbecoming. — adv. In a lower place; below, as opp. to heaven, or to anj' superior region. Benedict, ben'e-dikt, Ben'edick, n. A married man, or man newly married. Benedictine, ben-e-dikt'in, a. Pert, to the monks of St. Benedict. — n. A monk of the order established by St. Benedict in the (Jth century; a Black Friar. Benediction, ben-e-dik'shun, n. Act of blessing; bless- ing, prayer, or kind wishes; esp. the short pra3'er which closes public worship. Benefaction, ben-e-fak'shun, n. Act of conferring a benefit; benefit conferred, esp. a donation. — Bene- fac'tor, -ter, ?j. One who confers, etc. — Benefac'- tress, n. A woman who, etc. — Ben'eflce, -rts, re. Lit., a benefit, advantage, or kindness. {Church of Eng/) An ecclesiastical living. — Ben'eficed, -fist, a. Possessed of a benefice. — Beneficence,, -nef- t-sens, n. Practice of doing good; active goodness or charity. — Beneficent, a. Doing good; bounti- ful; generous; munificent. — Benef'icently, arfu. — Beneficial, -e-fish'al, a. Conferring benefits; profit- able. {Law.) Receiving, or entitled to receive, ad- vantage, use, or benefit. — Benefi.'cially, adv. — Beneficiary, -fish'T-er-t, a. Holding office or pos- session, in subordination to another. — n. A feuda- tory or vassal ; one who holds a benefice; one who receives a gift, or is maintained by charity. — Ben'- efit," n. An act of kindness; favor conferred; what- ever promotes prosperity, or adds value to property. A performance at a theater, etc., in aid of some person or object. {Eng. Law.) Benefit of clergy, — the exemption of clergymen from criminal pro- cess before "a secular judge, anciently extended to all who could read. — v. t. To do good to, be use- ful to. — V. i. To gain advantage. Benevolence, be-nev''o-lens, n. Disposition to do good; benignity; tenderness; charitableness; an act of kindness; a tax illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England. See Phrex'Ology. — Benev'o- lent, a. Having a disposition to do good; possessing love to mankind. — Benev'olently, adv. Bengal light, ben-gawl'-llt, Bengola, -gola, n. A fire- work, producing a vivid and sustained colored light, used for signals at night. Bengalee, Bengali, ben-gaw-le', n. _ The language spoken in Bengal. — Eengalese, -ez', n. sing, and pi. A native, or the natives of, etc. — a. Pert, to Bengal or to its people. Benight, be-nit', v. t. To involve in night or dark- ness; esp. in moral darkness or ignorance. Benign, be-nin', a. Of a kind disposition ; mani- festing kindness, gentleness, favor, etc.; propitious; salutary; gracious. — Beni^'nant, a. Kind. — Be- nig'nantly, adv. — Benig'nity, -nT-tT, n. Quality of being benign; condescending kindness; gracious- ness; salubrity; wholesome quality. Bent. See under Bexd. Benzoin, ben-zoin', n. A fragrant resin from a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc. — Benzo'ic, a. Pert, to, or ob- tained from, etc. — Ben'zine, -ziu or-zen, n. A light oil of petroleum.— Benzole, -zol', Ben'zoline, -zo-lin, n. {Chem.) An oily substance obtained from coal tar, and possessing solvent powers. Bequeath, be-kwetli', v. t. [bequeathed (-kwetlid), -QUE.\THIXG.] To give or leave by will : to hand down, devise. —Bequeath'er, n. — Bequest, -kwest', n. {Laiv.)_ Something left by will : legacy. Berate, be-rat', v. t. To rate, or chide, veliemently; to scold. Bereave, be-rev', v. t. [bereaved (-revd') or bereft; BEEEAViXG.] To make destitute, deprive; to take away f rom. — Bereave'ment, ?i. — Bereav'er, n. Berg, Derg, n. A large mass or mountain of ice. Berun, ber'lin or ber-lin', n. A four-wheeled car- riage, like a chariot; a fine worsted for fancy work. Berry, ber'T, n. A small pulpy fruit containing seeds- an egg of a fish. — v. i. To bear or produce berries — V. t. To impregnate with eggs or spawn. am, fame, far, pass <»• opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; 5ERTH 35 BIBLIOGRAPHER Berth, bSrth, n. The place where a ship lies when at anchor, or at a wharf ; a sleeping-iiluce in a ship; official situation, position or employment. — v. t. To sive an anchorage or place to lie lit ; to furnish berths to. Beryl, ber'il, n. A hard green or bluish-green min- eral, same as the emerald, except in color. Beseech, be-sech', r. t. [besought (-sawf), beseech- IXG.] To ask urgently; to solicit, supplicate. Beseem, be-sem', v. t. To be fit for, or worthy of; to beht. Beset, be-set', v. t. [beset; besetting.] To put or place, on, in, or around; to stop up, waylay, olock- ade; to hem in or press on all sides; to environ, be- siege, embarrass, ui'ge. Beshrew, be-shroo'', v. t. To wish curses to; to execrate. Beside, be-sid', jrrep. At the side of; aside from: out of the regular course or order ; out of. — Besides, -sidz', adv. More than that; moreover; in addition. — prep. Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to. — To he beside one's self. To be out of one's senses, or frantic. Besiege, be-sej', i\ t. [besieged (-sejd''), -sieging.] To oeset with armed forces, in order to compel to surrender; to beleaguer, invest. — Besieg'er, «. Besique, -zique, ba-zeli'', n. A game of cards, played by two or four persons, with two packs from which certain small cards have been removed. [F.] Besot, be-sot', v. t. To make sottish bv drink; to make dull or stupid. — Besot 'tedly, ack'. — Besof- tedness, n. State of being besotted ; infatuation. Besought. See Beseech. Bespatter, De-spat''ter, v. t. [bespattered (-spaf- terd), -tekixg.] To soil by spattering; to sprinkle with water or dirt; to asperse with calumny. Bespeak, be-spek', v, t. [imp. bespoke ; ;:>. ^i. bespoke or BESPOKEN'; bespeaking.] To speak for, or en- gage, beforehand; to indicate or show beforehand; to speak to, address; to betoken, show. Bessemer steel, bes''se-mer stel. Steel made directly from cast-iron, by a process invented by Sir Henry Bes'^emer. Best, best, a. (superl. of Good.) Having excellence in the highest degree; most good; most advanced; most correct or complete. — n. Utmost ; highest en- deavor. — adv. (siiperl. of Well.) In the highest degree; beyond all other; to the most advantage; with the most success, ease, propriety, etc. ; most particularly; most correctly. Bestow, be-sto', v. t. [bestowed (-stod'), bestowing.] To lay up in store; deposit for safe-keeping; to make use of, apply: to give, confer, or impart.^ Bestow'al, n. Act of, etc.; disposal. — Bestow'er, >i. — Bestow^ment, n. Act of, etc.; that which is be- stowed; donation. Bestride, be-strTd', v. t. [imp. bestrid or -strode; p. p. -.strid o/- -stridden ; -striding.] To stride over: to stand or sit with anything between the legs, or with the legs extended across. Bet, n. That whicli is staked, or pledged, in a con- test: a wager, — v. t. To stake, or pledge upon the event of a contest; to wager. Betake_, be-tak', v. t. [imp. betook; p. p. betaken (be-tak'n); betaking.] To have recourse to; to apply: to resort. Bethel, beth^el. n. A chapel for dissenters in Eng., and tor seamen in the U. S. Bethink, be-tliink''. v. t. [-thought (-thawf), -think- ing.] To call to mind, recall, recollect, reflect. Betide, be-tid', v. t. [imp. betid or betided ; p. p. betid ; betiding.] To happen to, befall, come to. — V. i. To come to pass, happen. Betime, be-tim', -times, -timz'', adv. In good time ; seasonably; in a short time ; soon. Betoken, be-to'kn, v. t. [betokened (-tok-'nd), -enixg.] To signify by some visible object; to fore- show by present signs, presage, portend, note. Betray, be-tra', v. t. [betrayed (-trad'), -traying.] To give up treacherously; to violate the confidence of ; to disclose or discover ; to mislead; to fail in re- spect to reliance placed in or upon. — Betray'al, n. Act of, etc. — Betray'er, n. One who, etc. ; a traitor. Betroth, be-troth', v. t. To contract to any one; to af- fiance; to contract with for a future spouse; to es- pouse; to nominate to a bishopric, in order to con- Bevel. secration. — Betroth'al, -ment, n. A mutual en- gagement for marriage; espousals. Better, befter, a. (conip. or' Good). Having good qualities in a greater aegree ; preferable in value, use, safety, etc.; improved in health. — n. Advan- tage, superiority, or victory; improvement; pi. those who have claim to precedence; superiors. — adv. (cow/), o/' Well). In a superior manner; more cor- rectlv: in a higher degree; more. — v. t. [bettered (-terd), -TERING.] — To increase the good qualities of; to improve, amend, correct, promote. Between, be-twen', prep. In the intermediate space of, without regard to distance; from one to another of; shared by two or both of; in intermediate relation to. — Between'-decks, n. (Naiit.) The open space between two decks of a ship. — Betwixt, -twikst', pj-ep. Same as Between. Bevel, bev'el, n. A slant of a surface at an angle other than a right angle; an instrument for measuring angles. — a. Having the form of a bevel; slanting. — v. t. [bev- eled (-eld), -eling.] To cut to a bevel , angle. — v. i. To slant to a bevel angle, or from a direct line. — Bev'el-gear, n. (3Iach.) Wheelwork in whicli one wheel drives another moving in a different plane. — wheel, n. A wheel having teeth set at an angle greater or less than half a right angle. Beverage, bev'gr-ej, n. Drink ; liquor for drinking. Bevy, bev^i:, n. A flock of birds; a company ; an as- sembly of persons, esp. ladies. Bewail, be-waK, v. t. [bewailed (-wald'), -wailing.] To express sorrow for, as by wailing; to mourn, la- ment. — V. i. To express grief. Beware, be-war', v. i. To restrain or guard one's self; to be cautious, take care. Bewilder, be-wil'der, v. t. [bewildered (-wiKderd), -dering.] To lead into perplexity ; to perplex, entangle, confuse, confound, puzzle. — Bewil'der- ingly, adv. — Bewilderment, n. State of being, etc. Bewitch, be-wich', v. t. [bewitched (-wichf), -WITCHING.] To gain an ascendency over by clmrms; to affect by witchcraft or sorcerj^; to fascinate. Bewray, be-ra', v. t. [bewrayed (-rad'), -wrayixg.] To disclose perfidiously, betray. Bey, ba, n. A governor of a Turlcish town or district; in some places, a prince; — same as Beg. Beyond, be-yond', prep. On the further side of; before, in place or time; further than; past; above, in dig- nity, excellence, etc. — adv. At a distance; j'onder. Bezant. See Byzant. Bezel, bez'el, n. The part of a ring encompassing and fastening the stone. [F.] Bezique. See Besique. Bias, bi'as, n. A weight on the side of a bowl which turns it from a straight line; a leaning of the mind; propensity towards an object: bent: prejudice; in- clination; a wedge-shaped piece taken out of a gar- ment to diminish its circumference. — adv. In a slanting manner; crosswise; diagonally. — v. t. [bi- ased (bi-'ast), -asing.] To incline to one side; to give a particular direction to, prejudice, prepossess. Biaxal, bi-aks'al, Biax'ial, -1-al, a. {Opt.) Having two axes. Bib, n. A cloth worn by children over the breast. — Bibacious, bi-ba'shus, a. Addicted to drinking. — Bibacity, -bas'T-tT, n. Love of, etc. — Bib^ber, n. One addicted, etc.; a tippler. — Bib'ulous, -u-lus, a. Absorbincr moisture; spongjs porous. Bibasic, bi-ba'sik, a. (Ckem.) Capable of combining with two parts or equivalents of a base; or contain- ing two equivalents of a base to one of acid. Bible, bi'bl, ji. The Book; the volume containing the Scriptures. — Biblical, bib^lT-kal, a. Pert, to the Bible. — Bib'lically, adv. — Bib'licist, -iT-sist, Bib'list, n. One who makes the Scriptures the sole rule of faith; a Biblical scholar. Bibliographer, bib-lT-og^ra-fer, n. One versed in bibliography. — BibUog'raphy, -ra-f 1, w. A descrip- tion of books and manuscripts. — Bibliograph'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to bibliography. — Bibliograph'ically. adv. — Bibliol'ogy, n. A treatise on books; biblical literature. — Bib'lioma'nia, -ma'nT-a, n. A rage for possessing curious books. — Bib'liopbile, -fll, n. One who loves books. sQn, cube, fyll ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboir, «hair, get. BICAPSULAR 36 BIRCH Bicapsular, bi-kap'su-ler, a. (Bot.) Having two seed capsules to each flower._ Bicarbonate, bi-kar'bo-nat, 7?. (Chevi.) A carbonate having 2 equivalents of carbonic acid to 1 of base. Bice, Bise, bis, ?i. (Paint.) A pale blue color, prepared from blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt. Biceps, bi'seps, n. (Anat.) A muscle having two origins. Bicker, bik'er, w. ?. [bickered (-erd), -being.] To skirmish; to contend in v^ords or petulant alterca- tion; to quarrel, wrangle; to move quickly; to be tremulous, like flame or water; to quiver. Bicolor, bi-kuKer, -ored, -erd,_a. Of two colors. Bicuspid, bi-kus^pid, -pidate, -at, a. Having two points. Bicycle, bi'sT-kl, n. A two-wheeled velocipede. Bid, V. t. [imp. BID or bade (bad); p. p. bid or bid- den; BIDDING.] To ofter; esp. to ofter to pay; to declare, as a wish, greeting, defiance, etc.; to order, command, invite. — n. An offer of a price, esp. at auctions. Bide, bid, v. i. To dwell permanently; to inhabit. — V. t. To endure, suffer, wait for. Biennial, bi-en'nT-al, a. Continuing for two years, and then perishing; occurring once in two years. — n. (Bot.) A plant that lasts for two years, and then perishes. — Bien'mally, adv. Once in, or at the re- turn of, two years. Bier, ber, ii. A frame for conveying the dead to the grave. Bifurcate, bi-fgr^kat, -cated, -ka-ted, a. Forked; di- vided into two branches. — Btfurca'^tion, n. A fork- ing.— Bifurcous, -fer-'kus, a. (Bot.) Two-forked. Big, a. Having largeness of size, bulk, etc. ; great with young; pregnant; full of something porten- tous; proud; arrogant. Bigamy, big'a-mt, n. (Law.) The crime of having two wives or husbands at once. — Big'amist, n. One guilty of, etc. Biggin, big'gin, w. A child's cap or hood. A piggin, or small wooden vessel; a contrivance for holding coffee-grounds (a bag or perforated metallic vessel) through which boiling water is poured. Bight, bit, n. ( Geog^ A bend in the sea-coast forming a bay. (N'aut.) The double part of a folded rope; a round, bend, or coil anywhere except at the ends. Bigot, big''ot, n. One unreasonably wedded to some relirfous creed, practice, ritual, etc.: a devotee.— Big'otry, -rT, n. Perverse or blind attachment to, etc.; the practice or tenet of a bigot. Bilateral, bi-lafer-al, a. Having two sides; pert, to the two sides of a central orsran or axis. Bilberry, bil'ber-rT, n. A shrub of the whortleberry family, and its fruit. Bile, bfl, n. A yellow, greenish, bitter, viscid fluid secreted by the liver; ill-humor. —Biliary, biKya-rT, a. {Med.) Pert, to, or conveying, etc. — Bil'ious, •yus, a. Pert, to, or disordered in, the bile; having an excess of bile. Bile. See Boii., n. Bilge, bilj, n. The protuberant partof a cask. (Naiit.) The broadest partof a ship's bottom, —v. t. [bilged (biljd), bilging.] (Kaut.) To suffer fracture in the bilge: to spring a leak. Bilingual, bi-lin'gwal, -guar, -gwar, a. Containing two languages. — Bilin'guous, -gwus, a. Having two tongues, or speaking two languages. Bilk, bilk, u. f. [bilked (bilkt), BILKING.] Todisap- point, deceive, or defraud, by non-fulfillment of engagement. Bill, bil, n. The beak of a fowl; note of a bird. — ?;. t. To join bills, as doves; to caress. Bill, bil, n. A hook-shaped cuttina: instrument : an ancient battle-ax; a pickax, or mattock. (JVaut.) The point of the fluke of an anchor. Bill, bil, n. (Law.) A written declaration of wrong suffered, or fault committed ; an obligation given for money; a promissory note; a proposed law. An advertisement posted publicly; an accnuntof goods sold or services rendered, with price annexed ; any paper containing a statement of particulars. Billet, biKlet, n. A note in writintr. or short letter; a ticket from a public officer directing soldiers where tolodge. — V. t. (Mil.) To direct, by ticket, where to lodge; to quarter, as soldiers in private houses, — Billet-dous, bil'le-doo', n. A love letter. Billet, bil'let. n. A small stick of wood. Billiard, biKyard, a. Pert, to the game of billiards. — Bil'^liards, -yardz, n. pi. A game played with balls, on a rectangular table. Billingsgate, Dil'lingz-gat, n. Foul or profane lan- guage; ribaldry. Billion, biKyun, n. According to French numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000 ; according to the English method, a million of millions, or 1,000.- 000,000,000. Billow, biKlo, n. A great wave or surge of the sea. Billy, biKlY, n. A watchman's club. Bilobed, bi'lobd, -lobate, -lo'bat, a. (Bot.) Divided into two lobes. Bimanous, bi-ma'nus, a. (Zool.) Having two hands. Bimensal, bi-men'sal, -mestrial, -mes'trT-al, -monthly, -munth^lt, a. Occurring once in two months. Bimetalism, bi-mefal-izm, n. The use as legal ten- der of coins of two metals at a fixed relative value. — Bimetal'lic, a. — Bimet'allist, n. One who advo- cates, etc. Bin, n. A box or inclosed place, used as a repository. Binary, bi'na-rT, a. Compounded of two; double. — Binary arithmetic. That in which two figures only, Oand],are used, in lieu of ten. —Binary compounds. (Ckem.) A compound of two elements. — Bi'^nate, -nat, a. (Bot.) Double or in couples ; growing in pairs. Bind, bind, r. t. [imp. bound (bownd); p.p. bound, formerly bounden ; binding.] To tie together or confine with cord, bands, etc. ; to restrain or hold ; to protect or strengthen by a band, or cover; to place under legal obligation to serve. — v. i. To contract; to grow hard or stiff ; to be restrained from mo- tion; to be obligatory. — n. A stalk of hops, which winds round a pole or tree. — Bind'er, n. One who, etc., esp. who binds books; anything that binds; a bandage. — Bind'^ery, -er-T, n. A place where books, etc., are bound. — Bind'ing, a. Having power to bind or oblige; obligatory. — n. Act of fastening with a band; anything that binds, as a bandage, the cover of a book, or something to secure the edge of cloth from raveling. Binnacle, bin 'na-kl, M. (yaut.) A box containing a ship's compass and a light to -show it at night. Binocle, bin'o-kl, n. A telescope fitted with two tubes joining. — Binoc'ular, -u-ler, a. Having two eyes; with, or pert, to both eyes; adapted to the use of, etc. — Binoc'- , uiate, -lat, a. Having two eyes. i® 1 Binomial, bi-no'ml-al, n. (Alg.) An ex- f I ression consisting of 2 terms connected \j n plus or minus; as a -I- 6, or 7 — ^ ly the sign pli S. — a. Consisting of 2 terms; pert, to bi- Binnacle, nomials. Biograph, bi''o-graf, n. A device for reproducing upon a screen a moving scene. Biography, bi-og'ra-fT, n. History of the life of a person; biographical writings in general. — Biog'- rapher, -ra-fer, n. One who writes, etc — Biograph'- ic, -ical, -grafik-al, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc. — Biograph''ically, adv. Biology, bi-oKo-jT, n. The science of life and living things, animal'and vegetable. Biophagous, bi-ofa-gus, a. Consuming living creat- ures, — said of insectivorous plants. Biparous, bi-pa'rus or bip'a-rus, a. Bringing forth two at a birth. Bipartible, bi-par'tT-bl, -tile, -til, a. Capable of being divided into two parts. — Bipartite, bi-par'tlt or bip''ar-tit, a. Having two correspondent parts, as a contract, one for each part}'; divided into two parts, as a leaf. — Biparti''tion. n. Act of dividing; etc. Biped, bi'ped, n. An animal having two feet. Bipennate, hi-pen'nat, -nated, a. Having two wings. Bipetalous, bi-pef'al-us, a. (Bot.) Havmg 2 petals or flower-leaves. Eiplicate, bi-pli'kat, a. Twice folded together. Biquadrate, bi-kwod''rat, -rat'ic, H. (Math.) The 4th power, arising from the multiplication of a square number or quantity by itself. Birch, berch, ii. A forest tree of several species; a rod of birch. —Birch. Birchen, berch'n, a. Consisting of, or pert, to, etc. fim, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6ud, eve, term ; In, Ice ; fidd, tone, 8r ; BIRD 37 BLACK M*i, b5rd, n. A two-legged, featliered, flying animal. — V. i. To catch or shoot birds. — Bird's'-eye, a. Seen from above, as if by a flying bird; general; not in detail. — Bird'8''nest,'rt. The nest in which a bird lays eggs. — r. L To hunt for birds' nests. Birth, berth, n. Act of coming into life, or being born; lineage; extraction; natural state or position; act of bringing forth; that which is produced, ani- mal or vegetable ; origin ; beginning. — yeiv birth. (Theol.) Regeneration, or the commencement of a religious life. — Birth'day, n. The day in which one is born ; its anniversary. mark', w. Some mark or blemish on the body at birth. place, «. Tlie place where one is born ; place of origin. — -right, -rit, n. Any right or privilege to which a person is entitled bv birth. Biscuit, bis''kit, n. iJnleavened bread baked hard; a small loaf of leavened and shortened bread; a thin, crisp cake or cracker ; earthen ware after its first baking, before glazirig. Bisect, bi-sekf, v. t. To cut into two parts. (Geom.) To divide into two equal parts. — Bisection, -sek'- shun, 71. Act of, etc.— Biseg-'ment, ;;. One part of a line, or other magnitude, divided into two equal parts. Bisexual, bi-seks''u-al, a. {Bot.) Of both sexes. Biserial. bi-se'rl-al, a. Arranged in a double series. Bishop, l)ish'up, »,. An overseer; a spiritual sujierin- tendent: in Episcopal usage, the highest of the 'i or- ders of the Christian ministry; a piece in' the game of chess. — Bish'opric, n. A diocese; district over which a bishop has Jurisdiction; office of, etc. Bismuth, biz'muth, n. A reddish-white metal, harder than lead, and brittle. Bison, bi'son or bi''sn, n. A quadruped of North America, popularly, but in- correctly, called tlie buifalo. Bisque, Bisk, bisk, n. A soup made of crayfish, or by boil- ing together several kinds of flesh. [F.] Bissextile, bis-seks/'til, n. Leap year; every 4th year, in which a day is added in the month of February.— «. Pert, to, etc. Bister, Bistre, bis'ter, n. A dark-brown p! traded from wood-.soot. Bistort, bis''t6rtj_«. A plant, called also snake-weed. Bistoury, bis'too-rT, n. A surgical instrument tor miking incisions. _ Bisulcate, bi-sUKkat, a. Two-furrowed. {Zo'61.) Cloven-footed. — Bisul''cous, -kus, a. Cloven-footed, as swine or oxen. _ Bisulphate, bi-suKfat, w. (Cfiem.) A sulphate having two equivalents of sulphuric acid to one of the base. — Bisul'phuret, -f u-ret, )i. {Chein.) A sulphuret with two atoms of sulphur, as the electro-negative ingredient. Bit. See under BrxE. Bitch, bich, n. The female of the canine kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox ; a name of reproach for a woman. Bite, bit, V. t. [BIT or bittev (bit'tn), bttixg.] To cut, crush, or seize with the teeth ; to cause sharp pain or smarting to; to cheat, trick; to take hold of, adhere to. — y. i. To seize or wound with the teeth or mouth; to cause hurt, pain, or injury. — n. Act of biting; the wound made by the teeth; a morsel; mouthful; the hold or purchase of a tool; a cheat; trick; sharper. -Bi'ter, /?. One who, or that which, hites. — Bi'ting, a. Sharp ; severe ; sarcastic ; caustic— Bi''tingly, ar/d.— Bi'ting-in, w. (Etching.) Process of corroding metallic phites, by means of acid. — Bit, bTt, n. A mouthful ; morsel ; bite ; hence, a small piece of anything; a small coin iu several countries ; small in- strument for boring. — The mouth-piece of a bridle, to ■which the reins are fastened. — V. t. To put a bit in the mouth of. — Bif-stock, n. A brace or handle, to hold the bit in boring, American Bison. 'ment ex- Carpenter's bits. Bitt, bTt, V. t.'XN'aut.) To put round the bitts.— Bitts, bitz, n. 2^1- A frame of timbers to hold a ship's ca- bles. Bittacle, bit'ta-kl. n. The box for the compass on board a ship. [See Binnacle.] Bitter, bit'ter, o. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste ; causing pain, smart, or distress ; character- ized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty; mourntul; distressing: pitiable. — Bit^terish. «. Somewhat bit- ter. — Bit'terishness, 7i. — Bit'terly, adv. — Bit'ter- ness, ?(. — Bit'tern, -tern, n. The brine remaining in salt works alter the salt is concreted; avery bitter compound of quassia, eocculus indicus, etc. — Bit'- ters, -terz, n. pi. Liquor, generally spirituous, in which bitter herbs or roots have Seen steeped.— Bit'ter-spar, -spar, n. A mineral consisting of car- bonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia, — the soluble salts of the magnesia being l)itter. — Bit'- ter-sweet, n. {Bot.) A climbing plant, whose root, when chewed, produces a bitter, then a sweet taste. — Bifterwort, -wert, H. {Bot.) Yellow gentian. Bittern, biftern, n. A wading bird of Europe, re- lated to the heronr- Bitumen, bi-tu'men, n. Mineral pitch, a substance smelling like pitch and burning with a bright flame, without residue. [L.] — Bitu'minate, v.t. To im- pregnate with, etc. — Bitu'rainize, -niz, v. t. [bitu- MixiZED (-nizd), -NiziNG.] To form into or impreg- nate with, etc. — Bitu'minouB, -uus, a. Having the qualities of, compounded with, or containing, etc. Bivalve, bi'valv, n. (Zobl.) A moUusk having a shell in two parts. (Bnt.) A pericarp in which the seed-case opens or splits into two parts. — Bi'valve, -valved. -valvd, -valvous, -valv'- us. -valv'ular, -u-ler, a. Bivouac, biVwak, n. {Ml.) The guard or watch of a whole army; an encampment without tents. — V. t. [BIVOUACKEU ( - w a k t ), -VVACKIXG.] To be on guard; to encamp without covering. Biweekly, bi^wek^ll, a. Occurring once in every two weeks. Bizarre, be-zar', a. Odd; fantasti- cal; whimsical. Blab, blab, v. t. [blabbed Cblabd), blabbing.] To tell unnecessarily, or indiscreetly. — i'. i. To talk thoughtlessly; to tattle. — m. One who blabs; a babbler. Black, blak, a. Destitute of light, or incapable of re- flecting it; very dark or gloomy; dismal or forbid- ding; destitute of moral light or goodness. — w. The darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; a negro; a black dress, or mourning. — v. t. [blacked (blakt), blacking.] To make black; to blacken. — Blacken, blak'n, u. t. [blackened (-nd), -ening.] To make black or dark; to sully, defame, make in- famous. —v. i. To grow blact or dark. — Black'- ing, n. A preparation for blacking shoes, etc.— 7 Black'^ish. a. Somewhat black. — "Black'ly, adv. Darkly; gloomily; atrociously. — Black'^ness, n. — Black art. Conjuration; magic. — amoor, v. A negro. — ball, n. A composition for blacking shoes, etc.; a ball of black color, used as a negative in voting. — ?;. «. [-balled (-bawld), -balling.] To reject by putting black balls into a ballot-box. — -band, n. A valuable iron ore, containing enough coaly matter for its own calcination. berry, -ber- rl, w. A species of bramble; its edible fruit. — bird, n. In Eng. a species of thrush : in Amer. the name is given to different birds. — board, 11. A board used to write or draw on with chalk. — book, n. A book for registering misdemeanors ; a book on necro- mancy. browed, -browd, a. Threatening; dis- mal. — cattle, -kaftl, M. Cattle reared for slaugh- ter, of whatever color. [Eng.] A breed of Dutch cattle of a blaqk color. —. -cock, n. The heath- cock; black grouse; black game. — currant, n. A garden fruit. drop, n. {Med.) A liquid prep- aration of opium in vinegar. — fish, n. A iish caught off New England, the tautog ; a small kind of whale. flux, n. A compound used to assist in melting metals. friar, m. A friar of the Domin- ican order. — guard, blog^gard, n. Orig. the lower menials of a court; hence a scurrilous person of loW Bivalve. sun, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. BLADDER 38 BLIND character. — v.t. To revile in scurrilous language. [Orio-. the guard of tlic devil; thence, a fit attendant on the devil.] — guardism, ?i. Conduct or language of a blackguard. hole, n. A dark dungeon for refractory prisoners. — -jack, n. A' mineral ore, false galena, which is the sulphuret of zinc, or zinc blende; a species of oak, called also barren oak; a small, heavy bludgeon. — lead, -led, w. A mineral composed of carbon ; plumbago ; graphite. [From its color and its markinjr paper like lead.] ^ -leg, n. A gambler and cheat; a disease of sheep and calves. — letter, n. The old English or modern Gothic let- ter, used in early manuscripts and the first printed books. — a. Written or printed in black-letter; stu- dious of old books. — mail, n. A rate of money, cattle, etc., anciently paid to robbers for exemption from pillage ; extortion of money by threats. — -martin, n. A bird of the swallow family. pud- diag, -pud'^ding, n. A kind of sausage made of blood, suet, etc. — rod, n. The usher of the order of the Garter, who carries a black rod. [Eng.] — -rust, n. A disease of ^\'heat. smith, n. A smith who works in iron. snake, n. A ser- pent of a black color : two species are found in America. — -strap, n. A mixture of spirituous liquor and molasses. tail, n. A kind of perch. thorn, M. A spiny plant bearing a small black fruit, used for hedges ; the sloe. vomit, n. A vomiting of dark-colored matter: or the substance so discliarged, a symptom in yellow fever. — wal- nut. An American tree having dark-colored wood. Bladder, blad'der, «. {Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, containing some secreted fluid; the air bag in fish. Blade, blad, n. The leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of a plant, esp. of gramineous plants; the cutting part of an instrument; broad part of an oar. (Anat.) The scapula. A sharp-witted, dashing fellow; a rake. — v.t. To furnish with a blade. — v. i. To have, etc. Blain, blan, n. An inflanunatory swelling or sore; a pustule; blister. Blame, blixm, r. t. [blamed (blamd), blamixg.] To censure, find fault with. — n. Expression of disap- probation ; that which deserves censure ; fault; wrong-doing. — Blam'able, -a-bl, n. Deserving of censtire; culpable; reprehensible. — Blam''ableness, w.— Blam'ably, nc/i'.— Blame^ful, a. Meriting iDlame. — Blame''less, a. Witliout fault; innocent: irre- proachable. —Blame'lessly, ac!i\— Blame'lessness, n. — Blam'^er, 7i. One who, etc. — Blame'wor'thy, -wer'tliT, a. Same as blaniable. — Blame'wor'thi- ness, n. Blanch, Blanc-mange. See under Blank. Bland, bland, a. Pleasing by soothing qualities; mild; gentle ; courteous. — Blanda'tion, n. Gross flattery. — BlandiKoquence, n. Fair, nnld, flattering speech. — Bland'ish, r. «. [blaxdished (-isht), -ishing.] To flatter by kind words or affectionate actions ; to soften, caress. — v. i. To act or speak affection- ately. — Bland'isher, n. — Bland'ishment, n. Words or actions of affection; artful caresses. Blank, blank, a. Of a white or pale color; pale from fear; dispirited; lacking something; empty; with- out mixture with anything else; pure. — n. Avoid space; a ticket in a lottery which draws no prize; a paper unwritten; a blank ballot; a document, with vncant spaces left to be filled with names, date, etc. The white spot of a target at which ainr is taken. {Mech.) A piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a further operation. — Blank'ly, ndr. With p'aleness; confusedly ; vacantly. — Blank'ness, 71. — Blanch, blanch, i-. t. [blanched (blancht), blanching.] To take out the color and make white; to wliiten; to make white by stripping off the peel; to give a favorable appearance. — v. i. To grow or become white. —Blanc-mange, blaN^- maNzh', -manger, -maN'zha, n. A preparation of dissolved isinglass or sea-moss, milk, sugar, etc., boiled till thick. Blanket, blink'et, w. A loosely woven woolen cover, to protect from cold; a kind of pear. — v. t. To cover with a blanket. Blare, blar, ?•. I. To sound loudly; to roar. — n. Noise; loud sound. Blarney, blar^'nT, w. Smooth, deceitful talk ; flattery. — V. t. To deceive or flatter by smooth talk. Blas^, bla-za', a. Surfeited; incapable of further en- joyment. [F.] : Blaspheme, •blas-fem', v. t. [blasphemed (-femd'), -I'UEMING.] To speak reproachfully or impiously of; to utter abuse or calumny against. — v. i. To utter blasphemy. — Blas'phemous, -fe-mus, a. Con- taining blasphemy ; impiouslv irreverent or re- proachful toward God. — Blas'phemy, n. An indig- nity offered to God by reproachful, contemptuous, or irreverent words. Blast, blast, n. A destructive or pernicious wind; a forcible streanf of air from an orifice ; exhaust steam from an engine, or the draught through the Are produced thereby; the sound made by blowing a wind instrument; the rending of rocks, etc., by explosives, or the charge used for tliis purpose; a blight; a flatulent disease of sheep. — v.t. To in- jure, as by a noxious wind; to blight; to affect with sudden violence; to confound, or strike with force, by a loud blast; to split, as by explo.sion. Blatant, bla'tant, a. Bellowing, as a calf; noisy. Blather, blatli''er, «. Foolish chatter. — r. i. To talk idly. — Blath'erskite, -skit, n. An obtrusive bab- bler, or his talk. — Blatter, blat'ter, v. i. To patter; to make a senseless noise; to rail. Blaze, blaz, n. The stream of light and heat from a burning body; flame; light, as from flame; a white spot on a horse's face; a spot made on a tree by chipping off bark. — v. i. [blazed (blazd), bla- zing.] To shine with flame; to send forth bright light; to be conspicuous. — v. t. To mark, as by chip- ping a tree. Blaze, blaz, v. t. To publish far and wide, proclaim. — Blazon, bla''zn, v. t. [blazoned (bla'znd), -zon- ing.] To display, exhibit conspicuously, embellish, adorn; to explain in proper terms, as the figures on armorial ensigns. — n. Art of drawing, or "explain- ing coats of arms; the representation on coats of arms; ostentatious display; publication. Bleaberry, ble'ber-rf, n. A plant having leaves like box, and purple berries. Bleach, blech, v. t. [bleached (blecht), bleaching.] To make white, or whiter, by removing the original color; to blanch. — v.i. To grow white. Bleak, blek, a. Orig., without color; pale; hence, des- olate and exposed"; cold ; cheerless. — n. The blay, a small, white, river fish. Blear, bier, a. Dim, or sore with rheum, — applied to the_eyes; causing dimness of sight. — v. t. [ble.\red (blerd), uleaking.] To affect with soreness of eyes, or a watery humor; to make dim. Bleat, blet, v. i. To cry as a sheep. — n. The noise of, etc. Bleed, bled, v. i. [bled (bled), bleeding.] To lose blood; to die by slaughter; to. drop, as blood, from an incision; to lose sap, gu:n, or juice; to pay or lose money. — v. t. To take blood from by opening a vein; to'draw money from. Blemish, blem^ish, v. t. [blemished (-isht), -ishing.] To mark with deformity; to mar, or make defec- tive; to tarnish; defame. — h. A mark of deform- ity; spot; flaw; taint; imputation. Blench, blench, v. i. [blenched (blencht), blench- ing.] To shrink; to start back, from lack of cour- age or resolution; to flinch. — v. t. To baffle, dis- concert, break. Blend, blend, v. t. [blended or blent, blending.] To mix together. — v. i. To be mixed; to be united. Blende, blend, n. An ore of zinc, consisting of zinc and sulphur. Bless, bles, v. t. [blessed (blest) or blest, blessing.] To make happy; to invoke a blessing upon. (Bib.) To praise, or glorify, for benefits. —Bless'ed, a. Enjoy- ing happiness or bliss; favored with blessings; im- parting happiness; hallowed by associations; heav- enljf. — Bless'edness, n. State of being blessed; be- atitude; felicity; heavenly joys. Blew. See Blow. Blight, blit, n. Mildew; decay; what frustrates plans or withers hopes ; a species of plant-louse, destruc- tive to fruit trees. — v. t. To affect with blight ; to blast, frustrate. Blind, blind, a. Destitute of the sense of seeing; un- able to discern, understand, or judge; morally de- praved ; indiscernible; hidden; unseen. — r. t. To am, fame, far, pass o?- opera, fSre ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r } BLINK 39 BLOWZE Block. deprive of siorht or discernment; to obscure; to de- J ceive. — n. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; a screen; something to mislead the eye or un- derstanding.— Blind'fold, a. Having the eyes cov- ered; undibcerniiig. — v. t. To cover the eyes of; to hinder from seeing. — Blind'ly, adv. — Blind''-inaii'8- buff', n. A plav in which a blind-folded person hunts others. — 6lind'ness,n.—Bliiid''-8ide, u. Side on which one is most easily assailed; foible. — Blind''- worm, -werm, h. A small reptile, like a snake, whose eyes are nearly imperceptible; the slow-worm. Blink, blink, r. i. To wink; to see with eyes half shut; to glimmer. — v. i. To shut out of sight, avoid or J evade, conceal. — n. A glimpse or glance. (.Vaw^) I Dazzling whiteness about the horizon reflected from ! fields of ice at sea. ; Bliss, blis, 11. Tlie highest degree of happiness; felici- i ty; joy. — Bliss'fnl, a. Full of, etc. —Blithe, blTtiie, t a. Gay : sprightly. — Blithe'ly, fK/c. — Blithe'ness, n. — Blithe 'some," o. Blithe. — Blithe-'someixess, n. BUster, blis'ter. n. A thin watery bladder on the • skin ; a tumor made by a separation of the tilm or i skin, as on plants, or by swelling of the substance 1 at the surface, as on steel; a vesicatory; a piaster' applied to raise a blister. — c. t. [blistered (-terd), -TERIXG.] To raise blisters upon; to give pain to, as if by a blister. — r. i. To rise in blisters. Blithe, etc. See under Bliss. Blizzard, bliz'zerd, n. A sudden, violent snowstorm, with high wind and extreme cold. Bloat, blot, V. t. To cause to swell or become turgid; to puff up, make vain; to smoke, as a herring. — v. i. To grow turgid, as by affusion of liquid in the cellular membrane; to puff out; to swell. — Bloat'- er, n. A small fish, usually a herring, partially dried or smoked. Blobber-Up, blob^ber-lip, n. A thick lip. Block, bloK, n. A solid mass of w^ood, stone, etc.; the mass of wood on which criminals are beheaded; the mold on which hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped ; a mass or row of buildings; a system of pul- leys arranged in a frame; any obstruction; a section of a railroad, having a telegraph- ic signal at its end, so that no train can enter it until it is reported clear of preced- ing trains, —r. t. [blocked (blokt), BLOCK- ING.] To hinder egress or passage from or into; to stop, obstruct; to secure or sup- port by means of blocks. — Block''head, ?;. A stupid fellow; a dolt. — house, n. {Mil.) A structure of heavy timber or logs for defense, loop-holed for musketry. — -tin, n. Tin in blocks or in- gots. — Blockade, blok-ad', n. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, to compel a surrender from want, with- out regular attacks. — v. t. To shut up by troops or ships, ^^ etc.; to contine. — Blockad''er n. Block-house. Blomary. See under Bloom. Blonde, blond, ii. One having fair complexion and light hair and e}'es. — a. Of a fair color or com- plexion; fair. Blood, blud, n. The fluid in the arteries and veins; rela- tion by natural descent ; kindred ; lineage, — esp. honorable birth ; the shedding of blood ; murder; temper of mind; disposition; excited feeling; pas- sion; a man of fire or spirit; juice of anything, esp. if red. (Stock breeding.) Descent from parents of recognized breed, — in horses, descent from Arab stock. — v.t. To let blood from; to bleed; to stain with blood; to inureto blood, as a hound. — Bloodi- ed, a. Having pure blood; of the best stock.— Blood'y, -t, a. Stained with, 6r containing, blood; attended with bloodshed; murderous. — 1\ t. To stain with blood. — Blood'ily, -'i-\X,adv. — Blood''i- ness, n. State of being, etc.; bloodthirstiness. — Blood'less, o. Without blood; dead; without shed- ding blood; without spirit. — Blood'lessly, adi: — Blood'bought, a. Procured at the cost of blood- shed. — gTult'y, a. Guilty of murder. guilt'i- ness, n. — heat, n. Heat equal to the temperature of blood, — about 98° Fahr. — horse, n. A horse of Arab stock. — hot, a. As warm as blood. — hound, 71. A ferocious variety of dog, of acute smell, em- ployed to track men or animals. let'ter, «. One who lets blood, as in diseases ; a phlebotomist. — -let'ting, n. (Med.) Act of letting blood by opening a vein ; venesection. — money, -mun'l, «'. .Sloney paid to the next of kin to one killed by another, or to one instrumental in cawsiiig another's death. — -rela'tion, »(. One connected by blood or descent. — -root, n. A plant, named froni the color of its root; bloodwort. shed, /(. The shedding of blood ; slaughter; w-asteof life. — shed'der, n. — shed^ding, n. The crime of, etc. — shot. -shoVten, a. Red and inflamed by a turgid state of the blood-vessels, as in diseases of the eye. — spav^in, ?(. (Far.) A dilatation of the vein 'inside the hock of a horse, forming a soft swelling. — stone, n. (3Iin.) A green silicious stone sprinkled with red jasper; hematite, a brown ore of iron. snek'er, n. An animal that sucks blood; esp. the leech. —-thirst'y. ti. Desir- ous to shed blood, -Huirderous. thirsViness, ?i. — -Tes'sel, 71. A vessel in which blood circulates; an artery or a vein. warm, a. Warm as blood; luke- warm. — wood, n. Logwood,— so called from its color. — Blood'y flux. Dysentery. mind'ed, a. Having a cruel, ferocious disposition. sweat, -swet, )}. The sweating sickness, in which a dis- charge of_blood accompanies a profuse perspiration. Bloom, bloom, n. A mass of crude iron from the puddling furnace, undergoing the first hammering. — Blom'ary, -ery, bloom'er-i, n. The first forge through which iron passes after it is melted from the ore. — BIoom''ing, n. Process of making blooms, or of converting cast into malleable iron. Bloom, bloom, n. A blossom ; the flower of a plant; the opening of flowers ; an opening to higher per- fection, like that of buds into blossoms ; powdery coating upon newly-gathered fruits. — r. i. [bloomed (bloonid), BLOOMING.] To produce blossoms ; to flower; to be in a state of growing youth and vigor; to show beauty and freshness, as "of flowers. Bloomer, bloom-'er, n. A man-like costume for women; a woman who wears it. Blossom, blos'sum, 7i. The flower of a plant, or the organs of reproduction, with their appendages. — V. I. [blossomed (-sumd), -somixg.] To put forth blossoms; to bloom; to flourish and prosper. Blot, blot, I', t. To spot or bespatter; to stain with in- famy, disgrace, disfigure ; to obliterate, expunge, efface, destroy. — n. A spot or stain; blur; an ob- literation; a spot in reputation; disgrace; blemish. — Blofter, ?i. One who, or that which", blots. (Com.) A book for registering current mercantile transactions. Blot, n. In the game of backgammon, a man left un- covered and liable to be taken up. Blotch, bloch, V. t. [blotched (blocht), blotching.] To blacken; to spot. — w. A spot on the skin; a pus- tule or eruption. Blouse, Blowse, blowz, n. A loose over-garment; smock-frock. Blow, bio, 71. A blossom; a flower; a bed of flowers. — V. i. To flower or bloom; to produce, cause to blossom. Blow, bio, n. Act of striking ; stroke ; a sudden or severe calamity. Blow, bio, V. i. \imjy. blew ; p.p. blown; blowing.] To produce a current of air with the mouth; to move, as air; to breathe hard or quick, pant, puff; to sound on being blown into ; to bra";. — v. t. To drive a current of air upon, or drive by a current of air; to sound, as a wind instrument; to spread by report, publish; to deposit, as eggs by flies; t(i form by inflation; to swell by injecting air ; to put out of breath. — n. An egg deposited bj' a fly ir flesh; the act of depositing it. (JV^avt.) A violent wind; a gale. —Blowy, bloM, a. Wind v. — Blow'!", n. One who blows; ;t smelteV. (3Iech.) A contriv- ance for driving a current of air into something; a steam-jet to partially exhaust a chimney and crt - ate a blast-draught. A screen of metal to increase, the draught through a fire or in a flue. Blowse. See Blouse. Blowze, blowz, ?i. A ruddy, fat-faced woman. — Blowzed, blowzd, Blow'zy, a. Coarse, fat, and ruddy-faced. sun, cube, full ; moon, idtt ; oow, oil ; ligger or ink, tiien, boa^boN, chair, get. BLUBBER 40 BOGEY Blabber, blub^bgr, n. The fat of whales, etc., yield- ing oil. —r. ;. [BLl'BBEKED (^-bSrd), -BEEIXG."] To weep noisily, or so as to disfigure thu lace. — v. t. To swell the face with weeping. Blndgeon, bluj^un, n. A short cudgel with one end loaded. Blue, blu, n. The color of the clear sky; one of the primary colors, (pi-') Low spirits: "melancholy ; blue-deN-ils. — a. Of the color called blv/i ; low in spirits; over-strict in morals. — r. t. [blued (blud), BLL"IXG.] To make blue: to dye of a blufe color; to temper (iron) until it is blue. — "Blue'ly, oxlv. With a blue color. — Blue'^neas, n. — Blu'ish, a. Somewhat blue. — Blu'ing, n. Act of rendering blue: something to give a blue tint, as indigo. — Blue''bell, n. A plant bearing blue bell-shaped flowers. berry, n. A kind of whortleberry. bird, n. A small Amer- ican bird, resemblin;; t"he English robin. book. n. A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue paper covers. [^Eng.'] A list of persons in govern- ment employ. [Anier.'] — ^bot'tle, n. A plant which grows among corn, and has blue bottle-shaped flow- ers; a fly, with a large blue belly. — ^breast, n. A small European bird, —-"devils, -dev'lz, n. pi. Lowness of spirits ; hj-pochondria. fish, n. An edible salt water ganie fish; a name sometimes applied to the dolphin. grass, n. A valuable pasture-grass, in- digenous to the limestone region of Kentucky. — -gurc tree, ?;. The Eucahiptus rjlobulns. of Austra- lia yielding a resin resembling kino. — light, -lit, n. A composition burning with a blue flame, used as a firework or a night signal at sea. mass, n. (J/ec/.) A preparation of mercury and conserve of roses, from which blue pills are made. pe'ter, n. {Brit- ish ilarine). A blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailing. — pill, n. {Jied.) A pill of prepared mercurj', used as an aperient, etc. — stock'ing, n. A literary lady: a female pedant. — -stone, -vit'riol. n. {Cfieni.) 'Sulphate of copper, used as a caustic. Biuff, bluf , a. Rude or coarse ; blustering ; roughly frank; outspoken: steep; bold. — n. A bank pre- senting a precipitous front; a game of cards. — 1\ t. To frighten or deter; to repel by gruffness. — Bluff'- ness, n. — Bluff'y, a. Having Bluffs. Blunder, blun'der, r. i. [bluxdeeed (-derd), -der- iXG.] To mistake grossly; to err through want of care. — iv t. To confuse, mix together. — n. A ^ross mistake; error; bull. — Blun'derer, n. — Blun'der- bead, -hed, n. A stupid fellow. Blunderbuss, blun''der-bus, n. A short gun, with large bore for a number of balls, not requiring exact aim; a stupid, blundering fellow. Blunt, blunt, a. Having a thick edge or point; dull; dull in understanding; abrupt in address; uncere- monious. — r. t. To dull the edge or point of ; to repress or weaken, as appetite, desii-e. etc. Blur, bier, n. That which obscures without effacing; a stain; blot;_adim, confused appearance. — v.t. [blurred (blerd), blurrixg.] To obscure without quite effacing; to cause imperfect vision in; to dim; to blemish, disgrace, sully. Blurt, blert, r. t." To utter* suddenly or unadvisedly; to divulge inconsiderately. Blush, blush, V. i. [blushed (blusht), blushixg.] To have a rosy color; to redden in the face, as from shame, confusion, or modesty. — n. A rosy tint: a red color suffusing the face"; sudden appearance ; glance; view. Bluster, blus'ter, )-. i. [BLUSTERED (-terd), -TER- IXG.] To blow fitfully with violence and noise'; to talk noisih', swaggei-. — n. Xoise aiid violence; threatening talk; boister- o u s n e s s ; turbulence : boasting; bullying. — Blus'terer, n. A swag- gerer: a bully. Boa, bo'a, n. 'A. genus of _ serpents; a round fur tip- isoa-constnctor. pet, shaped like a boa-constrictor. — BD'a-constric'- tor, -kon-strik'ter, n. A large serpent of tropical America, which crushes its prey in its coils. Boar, bor, n. The male of swine not castrated; the wild hog. — Boar'ish, o. Swinish; brutal. Board, bord, n. A piece of timber sawed thin; a table to put food upon: food; entertainment, — usually as furnished for pay; a council, or any authorized assembly or meeting. {Naut.) The deck of a ves- sel; interior of a vessel; side of a ship; line over which a ship runs between tack and tack. A table for a game: paper made thick and stiff like a board. {pi.) The sta^e in a theater. — v.t. To lay. spread, or cover with boards; to go on board of, or enter; to furnish with food for compensation; to place at board, for compensation. — r. i. To obtain food statedly for compensation. — Board'er, n. One who takes and paj-s for meals at another's table. {Nau*..) One who boards a ship. — Board'ing, n. A casing made of boards. — Board/'ing-house, a. A house fo •• boarders. school, -skool, m. A school where pu pils have board and lodging. — Board'wa'ges, n. pi An allowance to servants to purchase their own ' food. : Boast, host, r. i. To vaunt one's self; to brag. — v. t. To speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation; to mag- nifj- or exalt one's self. — n. " Expression of ostenta- tion, etc.; the cause of boasting. — Boasfful, -ful, a. Given to boasting. — BoasffuUy, -ingly, adi: — Boast_^fulness, n. Boat, bot, ?i. A small open vessel; any vessel. — v.t. To transport in a boat.^?-. i. To go in a boat. — Boat'^-bill, n. Awading-bird of South America, hav- ing a bill like a boat keel uppermost. — book, -hfiOk, 71. (yaut.) A hook on a pole, to pull or push a boat. — man. u. One who manages a boat. — swain, bo'sn, n. An officer who has charge of a ship's boats, sails, rigging, etc. Bob, bob, ?'i. Anything that plays loosely, or ■with jerks; bait used in angling; the ball of a pendulum or pluml)-line. — i-. t. [bobbed (bobd), bobbixg.] To move in a short, jerking manner; to strike with a quick, light blow ; to gain by fraud, delude ; to have the haircut short. — r. i. To have a jerking motion; to angle with a bob, or with jerks of the bait. Bobbin, bob'bin, n. A kind of spool on which thread is wound; round tape. — Bobbinet, bob-bin-et'' or bob''bin-et, n. A kind of lace wrought by machines. Boblincoln, bob-lin''kun, Bob'olink.w. The rice-bird, rice-bunting, reed-bird; an American singing-bird. Bob-white, bob'whit'', n. The American partridge or qu.iil, — named_from its note. Bock-beer, bok^ber, 7i. A strong kind of lager beer. Bocking. bok'^ing, n. A kind of baize or drugget. Bode, bod, v. t. To indicate by signs; to portend, foreshow. — )•. i. To foreshow, presage. Bodice, Boddice, bod'^is, yi. Stays; a corset. Bodkin, bod''kin, n. A dagger; a pointed instrument for making holes, etc., or lor drawing tape through loops. Body, bod'T, n. The material substance of an animal; the principal part, in distinction from parts less im- portant; a person; a collective mass of individuals; a corporation ; a number of particulars taken to- o;ether; a system; any mass or portion of matter. (Paint.) Consistency': thickness.^ r. t. [bodied (bod'id), BODYIXG.] 'To produce in definite shape; to embody. —Bod'ily, a. Having a body: corpo- real; pert.'to the body. — «c?r. Corisoreally; entirely; completely. —Bod'y^lothes, -klotiiz, n. pi. Clothing for the body. color, -kuKer, n. {Paint.) Color that has body, or consistence, in distinction fr. a tint or wash, —-guard, -gard, n. A guard to protect the person; life-guard. — ^poKitic, n. A state in its political capacity. snatcher, -snach'er, n. One who robs graA'es'of bodies. Boeotian, be-o'shan. a. Pert, to Boeotia : to its bad climate; or to its dull and stupid inhabitants. Boer, boor, n. A Dutch colonist of South Africa. Bog, n. A quagmire : marsh ; morass. — r. t. To whelm or plunge, as in mud and mire.— Bog'gy, a. Containing bogs; swampy. Bogey, Bogy, bo'gT. Bogle, bo'gl. Boggle, bog'gl, n. A hobgoDlin: bugbear: specter; a nursery demon. — Bo'gie, Eo^'g'". n. A small hand-car on railroads; a four-wheeled' track under a locomotive; an iron box to receive slagfrom a puddling furnace. — Bog'- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tOK?, ur , BOGUS 41 BOOMERANG gle, r. t. [BOGGLED (-gld), BOGGLING.] To hesitate as if frightened; to waver, vacillate, shrink. Bogus, bo'gus, a. Spurious ; counterleit. Bohea, bo-he', n. An inferior kind ot black or green tea ; black tea in general. Bohemian, bo-he''mT-an, a. Pert, to Bohemia or its inhabitants, to gypsies, or to hack-writers for the press. — n. A native of Bohemia; a gypsy; a needy v/riter, politician, artist, etc., who lives by hi? wits. Boil, boil, V. i. [boiled (boild), boiling.] To be agi- tated by the action of heat ; to bubble, effervesce; to be hot or fervid; to be excited; to suffer boiling in liquid.— v. t. To cause to bubble by heat; to form by boiling; to subject to the action "of heat in a boiling liquid. — Boil'er, n. One wlio boils ; a vessel in which anything is boiled. (Mvch.) A me- tallic vessel in which steam is generated. — Boil'- ery, n. A place and apparatus for boiling. — Boil''- ing, n. Act or state of agitation by heat; ebullition; act of subjecting to the action of neat. Boil, boil, n. A small inflamed tumor, which com- monly suppurates, — formerly written bile. Boisterous, bois'ter-us, a. Tumultuous; turbulent; noisy 1^ roaring^— Bois'terousness, n. Bold, "bold, a. Forward to meet danger ; exhibiting or requiring spirit and daring; audacious; forward; impudent; taking liberties in expression; markedly conspicuous ; steep or abrupt. — Bold'ness, n. Bole, bol, n. The body or stem of a tree. A kind of fine, compact, or earthy clay. Bolero,_bo-la''ro, n. A Spanish dance. Boll, bol, n. The fiod or capsule of a plant ; a peri- carp; a Scotch measure, containing 2, 4, or 6 bush- els. — V. i. To form into a seed-vessel. Bologna sausage, bo-lon-'ya-saw-saj. A sausage of various meats and pork suet. Bolster, boKster, n. A long pillow or cushion; a pad; compress. — D. t. [bolstered (-sterd), -sterino.] To support with a bolster ; to hold up, maintain. Bolt, bolt, n. An arrow; dart; a strong pin, to hold something in place ; a thunder-bolt ; shackle ; 28 ells of canvas. — v. t. To fasten with a bolt, restrain; to blurt out; to swallow without chewing. — v. i. To start forth like a bolt, move abruptly, spring suddenly aside ; to desert, as a party or organization. — adv. With sudden meeting or collision ; perpen- dicularly. Bolt, bolt, V. t. To sift ; to separate, as- sort, or purify; to examine closely. Bolus, bo'^lus,?!. {Med.) A rounded mass ; a large pill. Bomb, bum, n. (Mil.) A hollow iron ball filled with explosives to be discharged from a mortar. — Bombard, bum-bard'", v.t. To attack with bombs. —Bombard '- ment, n. An attack with bombs. Bombast, bnm'bast, n. Orig., cotton or soft material used as padding; hence, an inflated style; fustian. — (^'. High-sound- ing ; turgid. — Bombasfic, a. Characterized by, etc.— Bombasfically, adv. Bombazet, -zette, bum'ba-zef, Bom'bazine'', -sine, -sin, -zen', n. A twilled fabric, with silk warp and worsted weft. Bona fides, bo'nd fi'dez. Good faith; sincerity. — Bona fide, -fi'de. In good faith ; really. [L.] Bonanza, bo-nan'za, n. A sudden widening in a vein of silver; a successful venture, — esp. in gold or silver mining. Bonbon, boN-'boN, n. Sugar confectionery ; a sugar- plum. Bond, bond, n. That which r-i < , < > r— i — binds, fastens, or con- fines; a binding force or influence. (Law.) A writing by which one binds himself, his heirs, executors, etc., to pay a sum. (Arch.) Union or tie of stones or bricks in a wall. — a. In a state of servitude or captivity. — V. t. To secure payment Bolt and Nuts. A, bolt; B, head; C, nut: X), check- nut. Tzn -^ttV English Bond. Flemish Bond. of, by giving a bond. — Bond'age, n. State of being- under restraint; obligation. (Old Eng. Law.) ViC- lenage. — Bonded goods. Goods left in charge of cus- toms officers, — bonds being given for the paj-mcnt of duties upon them. ware-'houBe, n. A" place where bonded goods are stored. — Bond-'maid, n. A female slave. man, ?«. A man slave. (Old Eng. Law.) A villain, or tenant in villenage. serv'ant, n. A slave. — serv'ice, /). Slavery. — slave, n. One in slavery. — stone, /'■ (Masonri/.) A stone running through the thickness ot a wall to bind it together. — tiin''ber, n. A beani'worked into a wall to tic or strengthen it longitudinally. — Bondsman, bondz'- man, «.; 7^Z. -MEN. A bondman. (Law.) A surety; one who gives security for another. — wom^an, n. A woman slave. Bone, bon, ?i. (Anat.) A hard whitish substance, com- posing the skeleton; an integral portion of the skele- ton. — a. Made of bone — v. t. [boned (bond), boning.] To take out bones from; to put whalebone into. — Bo'ny, -nT, a. Consisting ot, full of, or pert, to, bones ; having large or prominent bones. Boneset, bon'set, M. A medicinal plant; thoroughwort. Bonfire, bon'fir, n. Afire to express public exultation, or for amusement. Bonito. bo-ne'to, n. A fish of the tunny kind. Bonmot, boN'mo, n. A witty repartee ; a jest. [F.] Bonne, bon, «. A child's nurse. [F.] Bonnet, bon'net, n. A covering for the head. Bonny, bon-'nT, a. Handsome ; gay ; plump ; well- formed — Bon'nily, adv. Bonny-clabber, bon^nT-klaVber, n. Sour buttermilk; the thick part of soured milk. [ionable society. I Bon ton, box toN. The height of the fashion ; fash-| Bonus, bo''nus,M (Laiv.) A premium given for a loan, charter, etc. ; an extra dividend paid out of ac- cumulated profits ; a sum paid to an agent, above a. share in_profits or stated compensation. [L.] Booby, boo'bT, n. A water-fowl ; a dunce. Boodle, boo^'dl, n. Money given in payment for votes or political influence ; bribe mone.v. \ Slang.] Book, bd&k, n. A collection of sheets of paper, etc., bound together; a literary composition, written or printed; a subdivision of a literary work. (Mer.) A volume in which accounts are kept. ^*?'. t. . [booked (b66kt), booking.] To enter, or register in a book. — Book''ish, a. Given to reading ; more acquainted with books than with men. — Book'- bind'er, n. One who binds books. ^bind'ery, n. A place for binding, etc. bind'ing, w. Art or practice of, etc. case, n. A case with shelves for holding books. (Bind.) A book-cover. cov'- er, w. (Bind.) A case for a book; a cover of cloth or other material prepared for casing a book. — -keep'er, n. One who keeps accounts. — keep'ing, n. Art of recording mercantile transactions and keeping accounts. learned, -lernd, a. Versed in books; Ignorant of life. leam'ing, n. Learning acquired by reading,— esp. as opp. to practical knowl- edge. — mak'er, n. One who writes and publishes books; a compiler; a sporting man who makes a rec- ord of bets. — mak'ing, n. The practice of, etc.; com- pilation : systematized betting. mark, n. Some- thing placed in a book by which to find a particular place. — plate, n. A label indicating ownersnip, place in a library, etc., usually on the inside ot the cover of a book. — post, 71. The post-office arrangement by which books are mailed. sell'er, n. One who sells books. — shelf, n. A shelf to hold books. — -shop, -stall, -store, n. A place for selling books. — -stand, w. A stand for selling books in the streets; book-stall; a support to hold books. — worm, n. A worm or mite that eats holes in books ; one exces- sively addicted to study. Boom, boom, n. A spar for extending the bottom of sails; a chain cable or connected line of spars, cross- ing a river or other water; a pole set up in shallow water, to mark out the channel; in business, a strong demand for a commodity; an earnest popular in- terest in behalf of some measure. — v. i. [boomed (boomd), booming.) To rush violently, as a ship under press of sail. Boom, boom, n. A hollow roar; the cry of the bittern. — ; )'. I. To make a hollow sound, roar, or cry. Boomerang, boom-'er-ang, n. A missile weapon of bQu, cube, full ; moon, fciftt ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. BOON 42 BOW the natives of Australia, which describes remark- able curves, and falls near the thrower. Boon, boon, n. Gift; benefaction; grant; prayer or petition. — a. Gay ; jovial ; kind ; bountiful. Boor, boor, n. A countryman : peasant ; clown; a rude and illiterate person. — Boor'ish, a.. Like a boor: clownish: illiterate. — Boor'ishness, n. Boose, Booze, Boaze. booz, r. i. To drink excessively; to guzzle. — Boo''sy, -zy, -zl, a. Intoxicated; silly; fuddled. Boost, boost, V. t. To lift or push from behind. Boot, boot, f. ?. To profit; to advantage. — n. Differ- ence given to equalize an exchange; profit. — Boof- less, a. Unavailing ; unprofitable. — Booflessly, adv. — Boot'lessness, n. Boot, boot, /(. A covering for the foot and leg; a rack for the leg, to torture criminals; a leather-covered receptacle on a coach; a cover for a carriage, against rain and mud; (p7.) a servant who blacks boots. — v.t. To put boots on. — Boot'-crimp, n. A frame for shaping boots. — -jack, n. An instrument for drawing off boots. tree, -last, n. A block to stretch boots. Booth, booth, n. A temporary shelter ; slight hut. Booty, boot'I, n. Spoil taken in war, or by violence; plunder. Bopeep, bo-pep', n. A children's play. Borax, bo''raks, n. (Chem.) Biborate of soda; a salt formed by combination of boracic acid with soda. — Bo'rate, w, A salt formed by combination of boracic acid with a base. — Bo'^ron, n. An elemen- tary substance, allied to carbon, the base of boracic acid. Border, b6r''der, n. The outer part or edge of any- thing ; verge; brim; boundary. — v.i. [boedeked (-derd), -DEEiXG.] To touch at the edge; to be ad- jacent; to come near to. — r. t. To make, or adorn with, a border; to touch at the edge. — Bor''derer, ?i. One who dwells on a border. — Bor''der-land, 71. Land on the frontiers; debjitable land. Bore, bor, r. t. [bored (bord), boring.] To perfo- rate or penetrate; to form a round hole in; to wearj' by tedious iteration or dullness; to vex. — 1\ i. To pierce or enter by boring ; to be pierced or pene- trated by a turning instrument; to carry the nose to the ground, — said of a horse. — n. Tfie hole made by boring; cavity of a fire-arm ; caliber ; one who, or that which, wearies by repetition or dullness. (Physical Geog.) A tidal flood at the mouths of some rivers ; a high and rapid flow. Bore, Bom. See Bear. Boreal, bo''re-al, a. Northern; pert, to the north or north wind. Borough, bur^ro, n. An incorporated town ; in Eng., a town that sends members to parliament; in Scot., a body corporate, with certain jurisdiction. Borrow, bor''ro, v. t. [borrowed (-rod), -rowixg.] To take on trust, with the intention of repaying; to take from another for one's own use; to appropriate. Bosh, bosh, n. Mere show; empty talk; folly. Bo?om, bd^zum, n. The breast of a human being; ■ the seat of the passions, affections, etc.; embrace; affectionate inclosure; inclosed place; interior; the part of the dress over the breast. — a. Intimate ; fa- miliar; dear. —i-. i. [bosomed (-zumd),-0MiNG.] To inclose in the bosom, keep with care, hide from view, embosom. 3oBS, bos, n. A protuberant ornament ; stud ; knob. (3t€c7i.) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or where it is coupled to another; a swage or (lie for shaping metals. — v. t. To orna- ment with bosses; to stud. Boss, bos, n. A master workman or superintendent. — r. i. & *. To direct, superintend. Botany, bofa-nt, n. Science of the structure, classifi- cation, etc., of plants. — Botan'ic, -ical, bo-tan'ik-al, o. Pert, to botany: relating: to, or containing, plants. — Botan^ically, adr. — Botanist, bofan-ist, n. One skilled in, etc. — Bofanize, v. i. [botanized (-izd), -iziXG.] To seek for and investigate plants. Botch, boch, n. An ulcerous affection. A patch of a garment ; work done biinglingly ; a clumsy per- formance. — l\t. [botched (fiobht), BOTCHING.] To mend or patch clumsily ; to express or perform burio;lingly. Both, Doth, 'a. & j)ron. The one and the other; the two. — conj., used before the first of two coordinate words or phrases, followed by and before the other. Bother, both'Sr, v. t. [bothered (-erd), -erixg.] To tease or perplex. — n. One who, or that which, bothers ; state of perplexitj' or annoj'ance. — Both'- era-'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Both'- ersome, -er-sum, a. Causing bother. Bots, Botts, bots, «. jf:iZ. (Entom.) Small worms found in the intestines of horses. — Bof-fly. The insect whose egws produce bots. Bottle, boKl, n. A narrow-mouthed vessel for hold- ino^ liquors; the contents of one. — r. t. [bottled (-tld), -TLING.] To inclose in bottles. Bottom, bofum, n. The lowest part of a thing; foun- dation; base; low alluvial land along a river: aval- ley. (Naut.) The keel of a vessel; the vessel itself. Power of endurance: stamina: dregs or grounds. — V. t. [bottomed (-tumd), -toming.] To found or build; to furnish with a seat or bottom. — v. i. To be based. — Bot'tomless, a. Without a bottom ; fathomless. — Bot'tomry, -rl, n. (liar. Law.) A contract by which a ship is bound as security for re- payment of money. Boudoir, boo'dw6r, n. A lady's private room. Bough, bow, 71. An arm of large branch of a tree. Bought. See Buy. Bougie, boo-zhe', ?;. (Surg.) A long, flexible instru- ment, introduced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., to remove obstructions. Boulevard, boo-le-var'', m. Orig. a bulwark; a broad public walk or street. Bounce, bowns, v. i. [bounced (bownst), bouncing.] To leap or spring suddenly; to beat or thump. — r. t. To drive violently against anj-thing. — «. A sud- den leap or bound; a heavy, sudcien blow or thump; a bold lie. — Boun^'cing, a. Plump and healthy ; lusty. Bound, bownd, w. External line of any object or space, limit, confine, boundary. — v. t. To limit, terminate, restrain, circumscribe ; to give the boun- daries of. — Bound'ary, -a-rT, 7i. That which fixes a limit, — esp. a visible mark. — Bound'^less, a. With- out bounds ; unlimited ; infinite. Bound, bownd, n. A leap; spring; jump. — r.f. To move forward by leaps; rebound, as an elastic ball. Bound, bownd, a. Destined; tending; going, or in- tending to go, etc. Bound, Bounden. See Bind. Bounty, bown'tl, n. Goodness ; liberality ; munifi- cence; that which is given liberally; a premium to encourage some object. — Boun'^teous, -te-us, a Disposed to give freely ; generous. — Boun-'tiful, -ful, a. Free in giving. Bouquet, boo-ka'', n. A nosegay ; bunch of flowers ; a perfume or aromatic odor. Bourgeois, bur-iois'', «. (P«nt.) A kind of type, m size between long primer and brevier. ]^^ This line is in bourgeois type. Bourgeois, bobr-zhwaw', n. In France, a man oi middle rank in society ; a citizen. — Bourgeoisie, boor-zhwaw-ze', h. The middle classes, — esp. those concerned in trade. Bourgeon, ber-'jun, v. i. To put forth buds; to shoot forth, as a branch. _ Bourn, Bourne, born o?- boom, n. A bound; Umit; goal. A stream ; rivulet ; bum. Bourse, boors, n. A mercliants' exchange; in France, the money market. Bout, bowt, n. A conflict ; trial ; as much of an ac- tion as is performed at one time ; a turn. Bovine, bo'vin, a. Pert, to cattle of the ox kind. Bow, bow, V. t. [bowed (bowd), bowing.] To bend, inflect, make crooked or curved; to turn from a nat- ural condition; to bend in respect, homage, conde- scension, etc.; to depress, subdue. — r. i. To bend, in token of reverence, civility, etc. — «. An incli- nation of the head or bodv, in token of respect, etc. Bow, bow, n. (Nant.) The curving forepart of a ship; prow; the bow-oar. —Bow'er, w. (3rt«/.) -\n anchor carried at the ship's bow, the second in size. — Bowline, bo''lTn, ??. A rope which keeps the weather edge of a sail tight forward when the ship is close-hauled. — -oar, boWor, n. The oar ne.ir- e St the bow of a boat; the one who pulls it. sprit. Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; TCn, ice ; 5dd, tone, 8r ; BOW 43 BRASH bo- or bow-, n. A spar projecting from the bow of a ship, — sometimes called boltsprit. Bow, bo, n. Anything bent; a weapon by which an arrow is propelled; an instrument having a curved form, as a fiddle-stick. — Bow-com^passes, -kum'- pas-ez, w.jp/. Com- passes with an <^^^^^a@ arched plate on """V-/ ^ g fg one leg, upon „ which the other Bow-compass, leg slides; compasses furnished with a bow-pen. — -drill, n. A drill revolved bv a bow and string. — -hand, n. {Archery.) The liand holding the bow, the left hand. ( J/«.s.) The hand drawing the bow, right hand. knot. -not. «. A knot tied with a bow or loop of string, and readily loosened. —-legged, -legd, a. Having legs curved outwards. — man, n. One who uses a bow; an archer. — net, «. An ar- rangement of wicker baskets for catching lobsters, etc. — pen,7i. A kind of ruling-pen. — shot, n. The distance a bow shoots an arrow. — string, n. The string which bends a bow. — v. t. To strangle with a bow-string. Sowel, bow'el, n. One of the intestines; an entrail; the interior part of anything; the seat of pity; com- passion. — i\ t. To take out the bowels of. Sower, bow'er, n. One of the two highest cards in euchre, — the highest bein^ the Right bower, the knave of the trump suit; the next the Left bower, the other knave of the same color as the trump. A chamber; a country-seat: cottage; acovered place in a garden ; arbor. '— Bow'ery, a. Covering, as a bowerj containing bowers. Bowl, bol, n. A concave vessel to hold liquids; the hollow part of anvthing. Bowl, bol, 71. A ball. — v. t. [bowled (bold), bowl- ing.] To roll, as a bowl ; to pelt with anvthing rolled. — ?;. t. To play with bowls; to roll the baU on a level plain ; to move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball. Bowlder, Boulder, boKder, n. A large pebble. (Geol.) A mass of rock that has been transported by nat- ural agencies from its native bed. Box, boks, n. A case or receptacle; the quantity that a box contains; an inclosed space with seats in a theater, etc.; a money-chest; a small house. (Jfach.) A cylindrical, hollow iron, in which an axle-tree runs; a tube in a pump, closed with a valve; the bucket of a lifting pump. The driver's seat on a carriage; a present. (Bot.) A tree or shrub, the dwarf variety of which is used for borders in gar- dens. —i'.<. [BO.XED(bokst), BOXING.] To inctose in a box; to furnish with boxes. Box, boks, n. A blow with the hand on the ear or head. —v. t. & i. To fight with the fist. Boxhaul, boks^hawl, x\ t. [boxhauled (^-hawld), BOXHAULiNG.J (Nciut.) To wear, as a ship, when close-hauled, short round on to the other tack. Boy, boi, n. A male child; a lad. — Boy'hood, -h(5Sd, n. State#f a boy, or immaturity of age. — Boy'ish, a. Like a boy ; childish ; puerile. — Boy'ishly, adv. — Boy'lshness, n. Boycott, boi^kot', v. t. To combine against (a land- lord, tradesman, employer, or other person), to withhold social or business relations from him, and to deter others from holding such relations. — n. The process, fact, or pressure of boycotting. Brace, bras, n. A' prop or support. {Carp.) A tim- ber crossing a corner from one timber to another. {Print.) A curved line connecting words or lines: thiil. JSea^voes, -voz. A daring villain ; bandit; assassin or murderer. — Bravo, bra'^vo, interj. Well done, excellent ! — Brava'do, n. Ostentation of bravery ; boast or brag ; threatening behavior ; a boasting fellow. Brawl, brawl, v. i. To quarrel noisily and indecently; to scold, wrangle, squabble ; to roar, as water. — n. A noisy quarrel; loud contention; scurrility; uproar. Brawn, brawn, n. The flesh of a boar; full, strong muscles; strength; the arm. — Brawn'y, -T, a. Strong ; big. — Brawn-'iness, n. Bray, bra, i-. t. [bkayed (brad), beaying.] To pound, beat, or grind small. — v. i. To utter a harsh cry, as an ass; to make a harsh, grating noise. — r. t. To utter with a harsh sound. — n. The sound of an ass; any harsh, grating sound. Braze, Brazen, Brazier. See under Brass. Brazil-wood, bra-ziFw6&d, n. A very heavy wood, of Brazil and other tropical countries, used for dyeing red. Breach, brech, n. Act of breaking, or state of being broken; the opening broken; rent; gap; a breaking, as of a law, obligation, etc.; a breaking up of ami- cable relations; quarrel. — r. t. (Mil.) To make a breach in the walls of, by artillery. Bread, bred, n. Flour or meal baked in loaves, cakes, etc.; provisions in general. — Bread'-frait, n. The fruit of a tree of the isles of the Pacific, which re- sembles bread, when baked, and is eaten as food. — -stuff, n. Bread-corn; meal; flour. Breadth, bredth. n. Distance from side to side; width. (Paint.) Quality of having colors and shadows broad and massive, and an arrangement of objects suggesting largeness and simple grandeur. Break, brak, v. t. [imp. broke (brok) or (ohs.) brake (brak); p. p. broke or brokex; breaking.] To strain apart; to lay open by breaking; to disclose or divulge; to infringe or violate; to interrupt, termi- nate; to destroy the completeness of ; to dash, .shat- ter, or crush; to bruise; to weaken or subdue; to im- part cautiously; to tame; to make bankrupt; to de- stroy the official character of; to cashier. — r. i. To come to pieces, burst asunder; to open from within; to come to view; to dawn ; to burst f orth violentlj^ ; to become weakened ; to lose health or strength ; to fail in business; to change the gait; to exceed the natural power, as the voice; to fall out; to termi- nate friendship. — n. An opening made by frac- ture; an interruption; a pause; in writing or print- ing, a dash, or a blank or imfinished Une; the dawn; an interruption of continuity; a large carriage. — Break'^able, a. Capable of being broken. — Break''- age, -ej, n. A breaking ; allowance for things brok- en in transportation. — Break'down, n. Act of breaking down, as of a carriage; a riotous dance, terminating a ball. — Break'er, n. One who, or that which, breaks. (Naut.) A small water-cask for boats. — pi. Waves breaking into foam against the shore. Breakfast, brek'fast, n. The first meal in the day. — v.i. To break one's fast in the morning. — v.t. To furnish with the morning meal. Bream, brem,n. A name for three kinds of fish, found respectively in Europe, North America, and the sea. Breast, brest, n. The part of the body between neck and belly; protuberant glands, in females, in which milk is secreted ; the seat of consciousness, aft'ec- tions, and passions ; the heart. — v. t. To bear the breast against ; to oppose. — Breast'ing, n. (Engin.) The curved channel in which a breast- wheel turns. — Breast'-bone, n. The bone of the breast; sternum. — hook, n. (Naut.) A knee-shaped timber in the stem of a ship, to keep the bows to- gether. knot, -not, n. A knot of ribbons worn on the breast. pin, n. A pin for fastening Or ornament; a brooch. — plate, n. Defensive armor worn upon the breast; a strap across a horse's breast. (Jewish Atitiq.) A part of the high priest's vest- ment. — plow, -plough, n. A plow, driven by the breast, to cut turf. rail, n. The upper rail of a balcony or of the breastwork on a quarter-deck. — wheel, n. A water-wheel, which receives the stream at about half its height. See Watee-wheel. — work, -werk, w. (Fort.) A defensive earth-work breast-high. (Naut.) A railing on the quarter-deck and forecastle. Breath, breth, n. Air respired ; act or power of breath- ing naturally; life; time to breathe; respite; a sin- gle respiration, or the time of making it; a single act; a slight breeze.— Breath'less, a. Out of breath; dead, expired. — Breathe, breth, v. i. [breathed (brethd), breathing.] To respire; to live; to take breath, rest; to pass, as air ; to exhale, emanate. — V. t. To respire; to infuse by breathing; to emit by the breath, utter sof tlj'^, exhale ; to cause to, sound by breathing; to promote free respiration in; to exer- cise; to' suffer to take breath; to put out of breath; to give air or vent to ; to open. — Breath'er, n. — Breath'able, a. That may be, etc. — Breath''ing, n. Respiration ; air in gentle motion ; aspiration ; secret prayer; exercise; utterance; breathing-place; vent. Breech, brech, n. The lower part of the body behind; hinder part of anything, esp. the part of a fire-arm behind the bottom of the bore. — v.t. [breecheId (brecht), breeching.] To put into breecn.es; to fur- nish with a breech; to fasten with breeching.— Breeches, brich^'ez, n. pi. A garment for men, cov- ering the hips and thighs; used in the sense of pan- taloons. — Breeching, brich'^ing, n. The part of a harness round a horse's breech. (Naut.) A rope to check the recoil of a cannon. — Breech'-load^ing, brech''lod'ing, a. (Mil.) Receiving the charge at the breech instead of the muzzle. — load'er, n. A gun which, etc. Breed, bred, v. t. [bred; breeding.] To procreate; beget; hatch; to bring up ; nurse and foster ; to in- struct ; form bj^ education ; to occasion ; to give birth to. — V. i. ' To bear and nourish young; to be generated, or to grow ; to raise a breed. — n. A progeny from the same parents or stock; a race al- lied by nativity or some distinctive qualities in com- mon; progeny; offspring, — applied to o^ber things than animals. — Breed''ing, ??. Formation of man- ners; education; nurture; training; deportment; be- havior. Breese, Briz, Breeze, brez, Breeze'-fly, n. A buzzing fly of various species, which torments animals; also, the bot-fly. Breeze, brez, n. A light wind; gentle gale; an excited state of feeling; quarrel. — r. t. To dIow gently. Breeze, brez, Briss, bris, Brist, ?i. Cinders; dust, rub- bish. Brent. See Beant. Brethren, breth-'ren, n., pi. of Beother, used in sol- emn and Scriptural language for brothers. Brett, bret, n. A four-wheel carriage, with calash top. Breve, brev, n. (Mus.) A note, I ^ i equivalent to two semibreves, or four minims, i ' (Laiv.) A brief. (Print.) A curved mark [--^'] over a vowel, to indicate that its quantity is short. — Brev'ity, n. Shortness of time or extent; conciseness. Brevet, bre-vet'', n. A warrant, granting a favor, title, dignity, etc. (Mil.) A commission in the army at large, but not with a particular command. — v. t. To confer rank upon by brevet. — a. Taking rank by brevet, — designating rank conferred for merit or special cause, and not in course of promotion. Km, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, tSrm ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; BREVIARY 45 BROAD Breviaxy, bre'vt-a-rt, n. An abridgrment : epitome; summary ; book containing the service of the Rom. Cath. or Greek church. Brevier, bre-ver', n. {Fnnt.) A kind of type, in size between bourgeois and minion. 2^= This line is printed in brevier type. Brevity. See under Brevk. Brew, broo, v. t. [bkewed (brood), brewing.] To boil or seethe; to prepare, as a hquor, troiii malt and hops, etc., by steeping, boiling, and fermentation; to contrive; plot. — v. i. To perform the business of brewing; to be in a state of preparation: to be form- ing or gathering. — Brew'age, n. Malt liquor. — Brew'er, «.— Brew'ery, -er-l, Brew'-houBe, u. A house where brewing is done. — Brew'ing, u. Act or process of, etc. ; quantity brewed at once. Briarean, bri-a'rl-an, a. Pert, to, or resembling, Bri- areus, a giant with a hundred hands. Bribe, brib^/i. Something given to pervert the judgment or corrupt the conduct ; that which seduces; allure- ment. — r. t. [BRIBED (bribd), bribing.] To influ- ence or corrupt by gifts: to gain by, etc. — v.i. To give, etc. — Bri'Tiery, n. Act or practice of giving or taking, etc. Bric-a-brac, brik'a-brak, n. A collection of antiqua- rian or artistic curiosities. [F.] Brick, brik, n. Clay and sand, tempered with water, molded into form, dried, and usually burnt; bricks collectively; a good fellow. Bride, brld, n. A woman recently married, or en- gaged to be married. — Bri'dal, a. Pert, to a bride, or to a wedding ; nuptial. — ;(. Nuptial festival ; marriage. — Bride'-chamber, -cham''ber, n. The nuptial apartment. — groom, n. A man newly mar- ried, or about to be married. — maid, -man, n. At- tendants on the bride and groom at a wedding. [These words are also spelled bridesmaid, brides- man.'] Bridge, brij, n. A structure forming a roadway over a watercourse, ravine, etc. ; a support similar to a bridge, as for strings of a violin, the bony part of the nose, etc. ; a game resembling common whist, m whicn. the trump, if any, is made by the dealer or his partner, and the hand of the latter is played as a dumni}': — called also hri'Uje irhv-t. — v. t. [bridged (brijd), bridgijjg.] To build a. bridge over. Bridle, bri^'dl, n. An instrument to restrain a horse; a restraint; curb; check; part of a gun-lock. (^Naut.) A cable, to enable asliip, when moored, to veer with ■wind and tide.— r. t. [bridled (bri'dld), bridling.^ To put a bridle upon ; to restrain, or control. — v. i. To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment. Brief, href , a. Short in duration or expression; using few words ; concise; succinct. — n. An epitome; a statement in few words. (Law.) An abridgment of a client's case; writ summoning one to answer to an action. — r. f. (Lair.) To make a brief of. Brier, Briar, bri'er, n. A prickly plant. (Hot.) The sweet-brier and wild-brier, species of the rose. Brig, brig, n. A vessel with two masts, square-rigged — Hermapltrodite brig. A two-masted vessel, square-rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft.— Brig''antine, -tin or -tin, n. A small brig. Brigade, brT-gad', n. (JId.) A division of troops, larger than a regiment, commanded by a general officer. — V. t. To form into a brigade. — Brigadier, t, . brig-a-der'. Brig 'a- ^"S- dier-gen'eral, n. The officer commanding a brigade, in rank next below a major-general. — Brigade major. An officer who assists the brigadier in his duties. Brigand, brig'and, n. A lawless fellow who lives by plunder ; a robber, freebooter. — Brig'andage, n. Theft ; robbery ; plunder. Bright, hrit, a. Shedding light: .^ihining; brilliant; of a quick intellect; sparkling with wit; manifest to the mind, as light to the eyes ; clear. — Brighten, brit'n, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -exing.] To make bright or brighter ; to make illustrious, or more dis- tinguished, shed light upon, make cheerful, make fciite or witty. — v.i. To grow bright of brighter. brilliant, briKyant, a. Sparkling with luster; ght- terinii; splendid: shining. -?(. A diamond so cut as to reflect and refract the light. (Print.) The small- est type used in English printing. t^ Tiiis line is printed in the type called Brilliant. Brim, brim, n. Rim, or border, of anything; edse, margin. — ?•. i. To be full to the brim.— Brim 'ful, -ful, Brim'ming, n. Full to the top: completelv full. Brimstone, brim'ston, n. A hard, brittle, inflamma- ble substance; sulphur. Brinded, brin'ded, a. Having diiferent colors; varie- gated: streaked. — Brin'dle, -dl, n. State of being brinded; spottedness. — Brin'dled, -did, a. Spotted; brinded. Brine, biTn, n. Water_^ impregnated with salt: the ocean or sea ; tears ; pickle. — Bri'ny. a. Pert, to brine, or to the sea; salt. — Brine'-pan, n. A pit of salt water, for evanoration. Bring, bring, v. t. [brought (brawt), brevgixg.] To convey to a person or thing; fetch; to make to come; procure; induce; influence; to convej', carry. Brink, brink, n. Edge, margin, or border of a steep ]3lace; verge. Briqaet, brl'ket''', n. A block of compacted coal dust, or peat, etc., for fuel; a block of artificial stone, cement, etc., in the form of a brick. Brisk, brisk, a. Full of liveliness and activity, of spirit or life; effervescing, as liquors; alert; nimble; quick; gay. — v. i. To appear with animation,— with up. Brisket, bris'ket, n. The breast of an animal or that part of the breast next the ribs. See Beef. Bristle, bris'l, n. A short, stiff , coarse hair. (Bot.) A species of pubescence on plants. — r. t. [bristled (bris'ld), BRiSTLiXG (bris'ling).] To erect the bris- tles of, fix a bristle to. — v. i. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. Britannia, brT-tan'nT-a, n. A compound of block- lin alloyed with antimony, bismuth, and copper. British, brifish, a. Pert, to Great Britain or its in- habitants, or to its original inhabitants. — Brifon, n. A native of, etc. — Brit'icism, -sizm, n. A habit ,or idiom peculiar to, etc. Brittle, brit'tl, a. Easily broken; apt to break. Britzska, bris'ka, n. A long carriage, with calash top. Broach, broch, 7i. A steel tool for smoothing or en- larging holes in metal ; a brooch. — V.t. [BROACHED (brocht;, broach- _ IXG.] To pierce.^g as with a spit ; to ""^ — _ . — tap ; to pierce, as riritzska. a cask, in order to draw liquor ; to let out : to open for the first time, as stores; to make public, give out. Broad, brawd, a. Wide ; extended in breadth, or from side to side; diffused; having a large measure of any thing or quality; ample; comprehensive; gross; obscene. — Broad'^cast, 7i. (Agric.) A sowing of seed by casting it at large from the hand. — adv. Diffusedly; at large. — a. Dispersed, as seed thrown by the hand: widely spread. — Broaden, biawd^n, V. i. To grow broad. — v. t. To make broad, ren- der more comprehensive. —Broad''ish, a. Rather broad. — Broad^ly, adv. — Broad'ness, n. — Broad' ax, -axe, n. A broad-edged ax for hewing timber. brim. n. A kind of hat worn bj- the I riends or Quakers; a Quaker. cloth, n. " A fine woolen cloth for garments, exceeding -29 inches in width. — -piece, n. A gold coin broader than a guinea. — -side, n. Simultaneous discharge of all guns on one side of a ship. (Naut.) A ship's side above water, from bow to quarter. (Print.) A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only. — sword, -sord, n. One with broad blade and cutting edge; a claymore. — B. Church. (Eccl.) A san, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; eow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boifboN, chair, get. BROCADE 46 BUCKET body of men holding liberal or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellowship, — applied esp. to a portion of the church of Eng. — B. gauge, gaj. A distance between the rails of a railroad greater than the standard gauge of 4 ft. 8h in. — B. pen'- nant, n. (^JS^aut.) A square flag at a commodore's mast-head. — B. seal. The public seal of a state. Brocade, bro-kad', ?*. Silk stuff, variegated with gold and silver, or with patterns of flowers, etc.; other stuffs similarly wrought. — Bro'catel', -tel'lo, n. Coarse brocade for tapestr}% carriage linings, etc.; marble, clouded and veined with various colors. Brocage. See under Bkokee. Broccoli, brok^ko-ll, n. A variety of cabbage. Brogan, bro^gan or bro-gan', Brogue, brog, n. A stout, coarse shoe. — Brogue, n. A coarse manner of pro- nunciation. Broider. See Embroider. Broil, broil, n. A noisy quarrel; fray; tumult. Broil, broil, v. t. [broiled (broild), broiling.] To cook over coals or on a gridiron. — v. i. To be greatlj^ heated. Broker, bro^'ker, n. One who does business for anoth- er ; an agent to effect contracts for a compensation. — Broke, v. i. To act as agent, esp. in love affairs. — Bro'^cage, -kage, -kej, -kerage, v. The fee for act- ing as broker ; a commission on sales. Broma, bro''ma, n. A preparation of cacao seeds, or drink made from it. Bromine, bro''niin, n. (CJiem.) One of the elements, re- lated in chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. — Bro'mate, 7i. Broniic acid compounded with a base. — Bro'^mic, a. Compounded of bromine and oxj^gen. — Bro'mide, -mid, n. A compound of bromine with a metallic or combustible base. — Bro''mite, -mit, n. An ore of silver; bromic silver. — Bro'^mism, -mizm, n. A cachectic condition caused b^' using bromine. Bronchi, bron'ki, -cMa, -kl-a, -chiae, -kT-e, n. pi. (Anat.) The ramifications of the windpipe in the lungs. — Bron''cliial, -kl-al, a. (Anat.) Pert, to, etc. — Bronchitis, -ki-'tis, n. Inflammation of the bronchial membrane. Bronze, brSnz or bronz, n. An alloy of copper with tin, sometimes with other metals, esp. zinc; a statue, medal, etc., cast in bronze; a brown color; the color of bronze. — i\ t. [BRONZED (br5nzd or bronzd), BROXZiXG.] To give the appearance of bronze ; to m.ake brown; to make hard or unfeeling; to brazen. — a. ^lade of, or resembling, etc. Brooch, broch, n. An ornament, with a pin to attach it to a garment. (Paint.) A painting all of one color. — V. i. To adorn with jewelry. Brood, brood, i\ i. To sit on and cover eggs or young; to sit quietly; to remain longin anxious thought; to muse. — V. t. To sit over, cover, and cherish. — n. Offspring; progeny. Brook, brdbk, w. A small stream of water. — v.t. To bear, endure ; to be contented with. Broom, broom, n. A genus of leguminous plants; a besom, or brush, to sweep floors, etc., — orig. made of the broom plant. Broth, broth, n. Liquor in which flesh or anything else is boiled. Brothel, broth'el, n. A house of ill-fame. Brother, brutli'^er, n. ; pi. Broth'^ers o;"Bretheex, bretii''ren (used in the solemn stj'le). He who is born of the same parents with another, or of one of them only; one closely united to another by some common tie ; one who resembles another. — Broth''- erly, a. Pert, to; kind; affectionate. — Broth^erhood, -hO&d, n. State of being, etc.; an association ; a fra- ternity ; a class of individuals of the same occupa- tion. — Broth'' er-in-law, n. Brother of a husband or wife; sister's husband. Brougham, broo^am or broom, n. A light close carriage. Brow, brow, n. The ridge over the eye, with the hair ui)on it; the forehead; the edge of a steep place. Brown, brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or yellow. — a. Of a brown color. — v. t. [browned (brownd), browning.] To give abrown color to. Browse, browz, v. t. Fbrowsed (browzd), brows- ing.] To eat or nibble off, as the ends of branches of trees, etc. — v. i. To feed on shoots of shrubs or trees. — Browse, brows, n. Tender branches or twigs of trees, etc. Brush-wheel. Bruin, broo'in, n. A bear. Bruise, brooz, v. t. [bruised (broozd), bruising.] To injure or crush; to contuse; to reduce to fragments; to fight_with the fists : to box. — n. A contusion. Bruit, broot, n. Report; rumor ; fame. (Med.) A sound heard on percussion or auscultation. — r. t. To report; to noise abroad. Brunette, broo-net', n. A woman of dark complex- ion. Brunt, brunt, n. Tlie heat, or utmost violence, of an onset: force of a blow; shock; sudden effort, con- tact, or engagement. ' Brush, brush, n. An instrument of bristles, etc., for removing dust, laying on colors, etc.; branches of trees lopped off ; brushwood; a thicket; a skirmish; a slight encounter; anything resembling a brush. — V. t. [brushed (brusht), brushing.] To applv a brush to; to pass lightlj' over; to remove or gather by brushing. — v.i. To move nimbly in haste; to skim over with slight contact. — Brush''y, -1, a. Re- sembling, etc. ; rough. — Brnsh''iness, »i. — Brush''- wheel, n. A wheel without teeth, re- volving another by friction; a revolving brush for polishing. ■ — ^wood, n. A thick- et or coppice; small branches cut from trees. Brusk,Brusque,brcit)sk, a. Blunt ; rough ; rude. _ Brute, broot, a. Not having sensation or reason; senseless; irrational ; unintelligent ; animal ; bes- tial; rough. — n. A beast; a low-bred, unfeeling person.— Bru'tal, a. Pert, to, or like, etc.; cruel; in- human. — BrutaKity, n. — Bru'talize [-talized (-tzd). -IZING], BrU'tify [-TIFIED (-tT-iid), -fyixg], V. t. To make a brute of, make brutal. — Bru'tish, a. Having characteristics of, etc. ; ignorant: stupid; gross ; carnal : bestial. — Bru'tishly.^rfc. — Bru''tisli- ness, n. — Eru'tism, -tizm, a. The nature, qualities, or actions, of a brute. Bubble, bub'^l, »i. A bladder of water or other fluid inflated with air ; anything empty ; a delusive scheme. — v.i. [bubbled (buo'ld), bubbling.] To rise in bubbles, run with a gurgling noise. — v.t. To cheat, deceive. Buccaneer, Bucanier, buk-a-ner', n. A pirate ; freC' hooter. Bucentaur, bu-sen'tawr, n. (Myth.) A fabulous monster, half ox and half man. — The state barge of Venice, used in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. Buchu, bu'ku, n. (Bot.) A plant used for diseases of the bladder. Buck, buk, n. Lye for soaking cloth, in bleaching; also liquor in which clothes are washed: cloth or clothes washed, —r. t. To steep in lye; to wash in lye or suds. (Mining.) To break up or pulverize, as ores. — Buck-basket, -bas^'ket, n. A basket for ear- rving clothes to the wash. Buck, buk, 11. The male of the fallow deer, goat, sheep, rabbit, and hare, — also applied to male Indians and negroes ; a gay, dashing, young fel- low. — V. I. To ]ump viciouslj-, with the head down, as if butting, — said of mules, etc. — v. t. To confine, by passing a stick under the bent knees, and over the wrists, the hands being tied together before the shins. — Buck'shot, n. Coarse shot used for large game. skin, n. Leather of deer, goats, etc. Buckboard, buk'bord, -wag'on, n. A rude vehicle, having a board resting on two axletrees. Bucket, buk'^et, ??. A vessel to hold liquids, etc. (Mack.) One of the cavities on the rim of a water- wheel ; the float of a paddle-wheel. See Water- wheel. — Buck'^etfnl, ?«. Contents of, etc. Buck. Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fSre ; 6nd, 5ve, term ; In, ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r : BUCKEYE 47 BUMPER Backeye, buk'I, n. A tree indigenous in the Western States; a nickname for a resident of Ohio. Buckle, biik^l, n. A frame with tongue or catch to fasten things togetlier; a curl, or state of being curled or crisped, as hair. — r. t. [bickled (buk'ld), bl'ck- LIXG.] To fasten with a buckle ; to prepare for ac- tion ; set stoutly at work. — v. i. To bend, bow ; to struggle, contend. — Buck'^er, n. A kind of shield. (3'a«<.) A cover fitted to the hawse-holes, to exclude water. Buckram, buk'ram, /}. A coarse linen cloth, stiffened with irlue. — a. Alade of buckram ; stiff, precise. Buckthorn, buk'thfirn, n. {Bot.) A genus of plants. Buckwheat, buk''hwet, ti. A plant, whose seed is used as grain. Bucolic, bu-koKik, -ical, a. Pert, to a shepherd; pas- toral ; rustic. —Bucol''ic, n. A pastoral poem. Bud, bud, n. An undeveloped branch or flower ; a prominence on certain animals, which grows into an animal, as a bud in a plant grows into a flower. — V. i. To put forth buds; to begin to grow, or issue from a stock like a bud, as a horn; to be in bloom, or growing. — r. t. To insert, as the bud of one plant, under bark of another, to raise a fruit different from the stock. Buddhism, bud'izm, ?;. The doctrine taught by the Hindu sage", Buddha, in the 6th century B. c, and adopted as a religion in Central and Eastern Asia, etc. — Buddhist, bud'ist, 71. A votary of Buddhism.! — Bud'dhist, -ist'ic, a. Buddie, bud'dl, u. {Mining.) A wooden fratne for washing ore. — v. t. To wash ore with, etc. Budge, buj, r. t. [budged (bujd), budgijtg.] To move off, stir, wag. — n. Lamb-skin fur, used as an edging of scholastic habits. — a. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic ; austere or stiff. — Budg'et, w. A bag or sack, with its contents ; a stock or store ; a governmental financial statement. Bim, buf, n. A sort of leather, from the skin of the buffalo, also of other animals, dressed in oil ; a mili- tarj' coat, made of buff-skin ; the color of, etc. ; the bare skin. {Med.) A grayish, viscid crust observed on blood. {Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, for polishing. — a. ?ilade of buff leather ; of the color of, etc., — between light pink and light yellow. Buffalo, buf ■'a-lo, n. ; pi. Buf'faloes, -loz. A kind of wild ox of the eastern conti- nent ; a buffalo-robe ; applied improperly to the bison. See B1.SOX. Bufiar, buffer, n. (Mech.) An apparatus to deaden concussion bj' moving bodies. — A foolish fellow ; good-natured old fel- low. Buffet, boof-a' or buffet, w. A Buffalo, sideboard or closet, for plate, china, etc. Buffet, buffet, w. A blow with the hand ; cuff ; vio- lent resistance, as of winds and waves. — r. t. To box, beat, slap: to contend against. — v. i. To play at boxing ; to make one's way by buffeting. Buffo, buf fo^??. The comic actor in an opera. [It.] — Buffoon, -foon', n. One who amuses by tricks, iokes, and iilcasantries ; a mimic ; mountenank ; clown. — BuJEEoon''ery, -er-T, ??. The arts of, etc. : pranks. Bug, bug, n. An insect of many species ; esp. a hemipterous insect which infests_beds, etc. — Bug, Bug'bear, -bar, Bug'ahoo, -a-boo, n. Something frightful ; a specter : hobgoblin. . Bugger, bug^gSr, n. One guilty of buggery ; a vile creature. — Bug'gery, -T, n. A crime against na- ture ; sodomy. Buggy, bug'gf, ?;. A light four-wheel vehicle, with or without a Cfilash top. Bu'gle, Bugle-horn, bu''gl-h6rn, ??. A wind instrument for liunting or for military music. Bugle, bu^gl, H. An elongated glass bead._ Buhl, bul, n. A figure of brass, un- burnished gold, etc., set into sur- faces of ebony, tortoise-shell, etc. Buhr-stone, ber'ston, n. (Min.) A flintv quartz, used for mill-stones. See Bur. Bugle-horn. Build, bild, v. *. [built (bilt) o?* (antiquated) builded; BUiLDi>'G.] To frame, construct, and raise, as an edifice; to fabricate; to raise on any fouudation ; to increase and strengthen. — r. i. To practice build- ing ; to construct, rest, or depend. — /(. Form, or mode of construction. — Build'er, n. — Build'ing, n. Act or business of, etc. ; tiling built. Bulb, bulb, n. (Hot.) A bud growing from a plant, (usually below ground), and producing a stem above and roots below. (Aiiat.) A part shaped like bulbous roots. A protuberance on a stem, as the bulb of a thermometer. — r. i. To form bulbs. Bulge, bulj, «. The protuberant part of a cask, etc. (^A'aut.) ' The bilge of a vessel. — v. i. [bulged (buljd), BULGING.! To swell out; to be protuberant; to bilge, as a ship. Bulk, bulk, n. Magnitude of material substance; si.te; mass ; the majority ; the principal portion. (Ifaut.) The whole cargo of a ship when stowed. — r. i. To appear of great size or importance. — Bulkier, lu (Naut.) One who ascertains the capacitj' ot goods, to fix the freight or shore-dues upon them. — Bulk'y, -T, a. Large. — Bulk'^ess, n. Bulkhead, bulk'hed, u. (JS'imt.) A partition in a ship, etc., made with boards, etc. Bull, bul, n. The male of any bovine quadruped, also of any large quadruped, as the elephant. (Astron.) Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. (Stock Exchange.) One who buys stock on time, agreeing to take a certain amount at a future day at a stated price, beyond whicli he seeks to raise the market value. See Bear. — r. t. To endeavor to raise the price of.— Bul'lock, n. A young bull; an ox, or cas trated bull. — Bull' -dog, n. A variety of dog, of re markable ferocity and courage, — named prob. fr^ being used to bait bulls or fr. the size of the head. — -fight, -fit, n. A combat with a bull. — finch, n. A thick-necked singing-bird allied to the grossbeak. — -frog, n. A large species of frog, which makes a loud, croaking noise. head, n. A fish of the genus coitus; also the cat-fish, or horned-pout; a stupid fel- low; lubber. — head'ed, -necked, -nekt, o. Unjield- ing; dogged. — rush, n. A large, strong rush, grow- ing in swamps or water. — trout, n. A large species of trout, ascending rivers periodicalh' to spawn. Bull, bal, V. The seal appended to the edicts and briefs" of the pope ; an edict, or rescript of the pope. A blunder; use of language self-contradictorj' or ex- pressing ideas entirely different from those in- tended. Bulldoze, buKdoz, v. t. To intimidate by violence. Bullet, buK'let, n. A small ball; esp. one of lead for small-arms. Bulletin, buKle-tin, n. A statement respecting some event, issued by authority for public information; public notice, es'p., of news recently received. Bullion, buKyun, n. Uncoined gold or silver in the mass; precious metal, coined or uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass. Bulls'-eye, bulz^I, n. (Naut.) A wooden block with- out sheaves, having a groove around it, and a hole through it. A thick piece of glass in a deck, roof, etc., to let in light; any circular opening for air or light; a policeman's lantern; the center of a target; a knob left on a sheet of plate-glass by the blow- pipe; a thick, old-fashioned watch. Bully, buKT, n. A blustering fellow. — a. Jovial; merrj'."— v. <. [BULLIED (buKlid), BULLYING.] To insult with blustering menaces; to treat with inso- lence. — V. i. To.be noisy and quarrelsome; to swagger, crow, domineer. Bulwark, bufwerk, n. (Fort.) An outwork for de- fense; a bastion. A means of defense; screen; shel- ter, pi. (Nmit.) A ship's sides above the deck. — V. t. To fortify with a rampart; to protect. Bumble-bee, bum^bl-be, n. A large bee; humble-bee. Bumkin, bum'kin, n. (Ncmt.) A piece of timber to which stays, sails, etc., are fastened. Bummer, bum^'mer, n. A vagrant; foraMr; soldier seeking food and plunder ; dissipated fellow. Bump, bump, n. A thump; heavy blow; swelling or protuberance. — i-. t. [bumped "(burnt), bumping.] To strike, as against anything solid. — v. i. To make a loud, heavy, or hollow iioise, as the bittern. Bumper, bum-'per, n. A cup filled to the brim. sun, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tSien, boNboN, chair, get. BUMPKIN 48 BURY Bumpkin, bum''kin, n. An awkward, heavy rustic; a clown, or country lout. Bun, Bunn, bun, n. A small sweet-cake. Bunch, bunch, n. A protuberance; hunch; knob or lump; a collection, cluster, or tuft. — v. i. To swell out. — V. t. To form or fasten into a bunch. Buncombe, Bunkum, bun^kum, n. A body of constit- uents; speech-making- for the gratification of con- stituents. " Bundle, bun'dl, n. A number of things bound to- gether, esp. into a package for handling or convey- ance; a paj-cel; roll. — f. t. [bundled (bun-'dld), BUNDLING.] To tie Or bind in a bundle or roll. — V. i. To set off in a hurry. Bung, bung, n. The stopper of the orifice in the bilge of a cask; the hole itself. — v. t. To stop, as the ori- fice, etc. ; to close. — Bung^'hole, n. The hole in the bilge of a cask. Bungalow, bun''ga-lo, n. In India, a one-story house. Bungle, buTi'^gl, v. i. [bungled (buTi''gld), bung- ling.] To act or work awkwardly. — v. t. To make or mend clumsily; to botch. — Bung^ler, n. A clumsy workman. Bunk, bunk, n. A wooden case, for a seat by day and a bed at night; one of a series of berths in vertical tiers. — V. i. To go to bed in a bunk. — Bunk''er, n. A tub, box, etc., to hold coal, etc. Bunyon, Bunion, bun-'yun, n. {Med.) Enlargement and inflammation of the membranous sac at tne ball of the great toe. Bunt, bunt, n. {Naut.) The middle part or belly of a sail. — V. i. To swell out, as a sail; to push with the horns; to butt. — Bunt'line, 11. A rope to haul up the body of a sail when taking it in. Bunting, bunfing, n. A bird allied to finches and sparrows. Thin woolen stuff, of which flags are made. Buoy, booT, n. A float; esp. a floating mark to indicate objects beneath the water.— V. t. [BUOYED (b(X)Td), BUOY- ING.] To keep afloat; to keep from sinking into ruin or de- spondencj'; to fix buoys to; to mark by buoys. — r. ?'. To float; to rise by specific light- ness. — Buoy'ant, a. Having _ the quality of i-ising or floating; -Buoy, bearing up, as a fluid; cheerful; vivacious. — Buoy'- ancy, -an-sT, n. Quality of floating; specific light- ness; cheerfulness. (Ptiiisics.) Weight just sutficient to submerge a floating body. — Buoy'antly, adv. Bur, Burr, ber, n. A prickly envelope of the seeds of plants; the rough edge left by a tool in cutting metal; a guttural mispronunciation of the letter r. — V. t. To pronounce with a burr; to talk or whisper hoarsely. — Bur'dock, n. A genus of prickly-fruited plants. Burbot, ber'^bot, n. A fish shaped like an eel, haying beards on the nose and chin. Burden, ber''dn, Bur'then, -tiien, n. That which is borne or carried; what is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive; the contents or capacity of a ship. — v.t. [BURDENED (-dend), -DENING.] To lay a load upon; to oppress.— Bur''denous, -us, -some, -sum, a. Griev- ous to be borne. — Bur'densomely, adv. Burden, ber'dn, n. The verse repeated in a song; chorus; refrain; that which is often repeated; the main topic. Burdock. See under Bur. Bureau, bu''ro, n.; pZ. Bu''re.4.ux or -reaus, -roz. Orig., a desk with drawers for papers; the place where a bureau is used, or business transacted; a department for transaction of public business; the body of subordinate officers under the direction of a department chief ; a chest of drawers for clothes, etc. — Bureaucracy, bu-ro''kra-sT, n. A system of conducting government business by departments, each under a chief. Burg, berg, n. Orig., a fortified town ; a borough. — Burgess, ber-'jes, n. A freeman of a borough; a rep- resentative or magistrate of, etc. — Burg''grave, Bur''- frave, n. In Ger., orig., one in command of a hurg ; ut the title and domain became hereditary. — Burgh, berg, n. Same as hurg and borough. — Burgh'al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Burgh''er, n. An inhabitant of, etc. — Burg'o-mas'ter, n. A chief magistrate of a mu- nicipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Germany. (O)-nith.) An aquatic bird; the glaucous gull, of arctic regions. Burgeois. See Bourgeois. Burgeon. See Bourgeon. Burglar, berg'^ler, n. (Law.) One who breaks and en- ters a house, to commit a felony. — Burg^lary, -la-ri, n. Act of, etc. — Burgla'rious, -rl-us, a. Pert, to, or constituting, etc. — Burgla'riously, adv. Burgundy, ber'gun-dl, n. A kind of wine made in Jiurgu7iily, France. — Bur'gundy-pitch, -pich, n. Turpentine from which the essential oil has been distilled off. Burial. See under Bury. Burin, bu'rin, n. An engraver's tool having a sharp cut- ting point ; a n engrav- er's style df 1— iBBSfflSW^ execution. ^^ Burke, bSrk, l-.<. [BURKED „ . (berkt), -Burm. BURKING.] To murder, without marks of violence, to obtain a body for dissection; to dispose of quietly or indirectly. Burl, berl, r.i. [burled (berld), BURLING.] To dress, as cloth, by fulling; to pick knots, loose threads, etc., from. — n. A Knot or lump in thread or cloth. — Burlier, w. A dresser of cloth. Burlap, ber'^lap, n. A coarse fabric of linen, jute, or hemp. Burlesque, ber-lesk'^, a. Provoking laiighter by ludi- crous images; jocular, ironical. — n. Ludicrous rep- resentation ; exaggerated parody ; satirical compo- sition intended to ridicule anything; caricature. — V. t. [burlesqued (-leskt'),-LESQuiNG.] To turn into ridicule. — Burlefta, -lefta, 7i. {Mus.) A comic opera ; a musical farce. Burly, ber^lT, a. Of great bulk; stout; lusty; coarse and rough. — Bur'Hness, n. Burn,, bern, v^t. [burned (bernd) or burnt; burn- ing.] To consume with tire ; to injure by heat; to change by exposure to heat; to produce an effect akin to that of heat. {Surg.) To cauterize. {Chem.) To combine with oxygen. — v.i. To be on fire; to be injured by excess of heat; to have tlie appearance of fire; to be hot or in a passion ; to act with de- structive violence; to be akin to fire in the effect pro- duced. — n. A hurt or injury caused by fire; the op- eration of burning or baking. — Burn''er, n. One who burns or sets on fire; an appendage to a lamp or gas-fixture, to promote combustion. Burn. w. xV brook. See Bourn. Burnish, ber'nish, v. t. [burnished (-nisht), -nish- , ING.] To polish by rubbing with .something hard and smooth ; to render bright. — v. i. To grow or become smooth or glossy. — n. The effect of bur- nishing; gloss ;Juster. Burnoose, ber'^noos, n. A loose hooded cloak for women, imitated from a garment of the Arabs. Burr. See Bur. Burrow, ber''ro, n. A hole in the ground made by rabbits, etc., for shelter. (Ifining.) Aheap or heaps of rubbish. — r. t. [burrowed (-rod), -rowing.] To excavate or lodge in a hole in the earth; to hide. Burse, bers, n. Orig., a purse; a fund to maintain poor scholars; a student so maintained; a public meeting place for merchants ; an exchange. [Also written hoursp..} — Bur'sar, -ser, n. A cash-keeper; purser; a student to whom a stipend is paid.— Bur'- sary, -ser-T, n. The treasury of a college, etc. ; a charitable foundation in a university. Burst, berst, v. i. [burst ; bursting.] To fly or break open violently; to make any sudden change from restraint, invisibility, absence, etc., to an oppo- site state; to issue by a sudden removal of obstacles; to crack, split, sever. — v. t. To break or rend vio- lently; to open suddenly, —n. A breaking forth; disruption ; sudden explosion. Burt, bert, n. Aflat fish of the turbot kind. Burthen. Sep Burden. Bury, ber'T, n. A borough ; manor; used as a term, of names of places, as, CantP.rhury. —v. t. [buried (ber''id), burying.] To conceal by covering; esp. ^to am, fame, far, pass or opera, f^re ; Snd, eve, term ; TCn, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; msm BUS 49 BYZANT cover out of sight, as in a grave, the ocean, etc.; to hide in oblivion.— Bur'ial, -T-al, n. Act of burying; interment. — Bur'ying-ground, -place, n. A grave- yard; church-yarcl. Bus, bus, n. An omnibus. [Abbrev. fr. omnibus.] Busby, buz'bT, n. A military cap or bear-skin. Bush, bush, 71. A thicket, or place abounding in trees; a branching shrub; a cluster of shrubs; a bushy branch cut from a tree; a branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus); hence, a tavern sign, or the tavern it- self. — V. i. To grow thick or bushv. — v. t. To set bushes for, as for peas; to use a bush-harrow on, or for covering. — Biish'y, -T, a. Full of bushes; full and spreading, like a bush. — Bash''inesB, n. — Bush'^-beaji, n. The common, low garden-bean; kidney-bean: French bean. — fighfing, n. Irregu- lar warfare in a woody country'. — -har'^row, n. {Afjric.) A harrow made of bushes, for covering seeds, etc. — man, u. A settler in the backwoods of ■ Australia. {Geog.) One of a tribe of savages near the Cape of Good Hope. — whackier, n. One ac- customed to beat about bushes ; a raw country- man; a scythe for cutting brush; one engaged in predatory excursions against an enemy. — whack'- ing, n. Traveling, or working a wav, through bush- es; pulling by the bushes, as in hauling a boat along a stream; irregular or predatory warfare. Bosh, bush, n. {Mach.) A metal ring or lining let into an orifice. — v. t. To furnish with a bush, or line with metal. — Bush'^ing, n. A metal lining for a hole; a thimble. Bushel, bush-'el, n. A dry measure, containing 8 gallons; "a vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in measuring; the circle of iron in the nave of a wheel. — BusheKage, -ej, n. A duty payable by the bushel. Busily, Business, etc. See under fiusY. Busk, busk, n. A thin piece of metal, whalebone, or wood, worn in corsets. Buskin, bus'kin, n. A covering for the foot and leg, for hunters and actors in tragedy ; tragedy, as dis- ting. fr. comedy. Buss, bus, n. A kiss; a rude or playful kiss. A two- masted herring-boat. — «;. t. [bussed (bust), buss- IXG.] To kiss. Bust, bust, n. A piece of statuary representing the upper part of the human figure; the portion of the human figure between the head and waist. Bustard, bus'tard, n. A bird of the Ostrich family. Bustle, bus'^l, V. i. [bustled (bus''ld), bustling.] I'd stir quickly, be very active. — n. Great stir; tumult from excitement. — Bus'tler, n. Bustle, bus'l, n. A kind of cushion to expand ladies' skirts behind. Busy, biz''T, a. Engaged in business; occupied; con- stantly active; restless: active in what does not concern one; officious: pragmatical.— ?;, t. [busied (biz'id), BUSYiN'G.] To make or keep busy, employ, occupy. — Business, biz-'nes, n. That winch busies one; employment; particular occupation for a liveli- hood or gain; traffic in general: concern; right or occasion of making one's self busy: affair; transac- tion; trade; profession; duty. — Bus'inesslike, a. Properly done; thorough; straightforward. — Busy- body, biz''I-bod-T, n. One who "officiously concerns himself with others' affairs, a meddling person. But, but, })rep. & con?. Except ; besides ; unless ; save that ; were it not that ; otherwise than that : that not; only; solel}'; merely; on the contrary; on the other hand ; yet ; still ; nevertheless. But, n. and v. 'See Butt. Butcher, buch''er, n. One who slaughters animals for food '; one who kills cruelly ; one given to slaughter. — f. «. [butchered (-erd), -erixg.] To kill, as animals, for food; to murder, esp. barba- rously.— Butch ''ery, -er-T, n. Business of a butcher; great slaughter ; massacre. Butler, bufler, n. A servant in charge of liquors, etc. Butt, But, but, n. The larger end, as of a piece of tim- ber; an end; limit: bound: unplowedlandat the end of a field; a mark to be shot at; object of aim; one at whom ridicule or contempt is directed ; a thrust given in fencing or by the head of an animal; the stoutest part of tanned ox-hides. ( Carp.) A kind of hinge, screwed to the edge of the door, which hutts against the casing. The metal ring at the ends of fire-engine hose. — v. i. To join at the butt, end, or outward extremity; to be bounded; to abut; to thrust the head forward, —v. t. To strike by thrust- ing the head against. — Butte, but or bit, n. An iso- ' lated peak or abrupt elevation of land. — Buftock, n. The rump, or protuberant part of the body be- hind. {Xaut.) The convexitj' of a .ship behind, under the stern. Butt, but, n. A pipe or large barrel, containing from 108 to I2(J gallons. Butter, buffer, n. An oily, unctuous substance ob- tained fiom cream by churning. — v. t. [buttered (-terd), -terixg.] To cover with butter. — Bufter- ine, -in, n. A substitute for butter, made from ani- mal fat ; oleomargarine. — But'tery, -ter-T, a. Hav- ing the qualities, consistence, or appearance, of but- ter. — n. A place for keeping butter, milk, provis- ions, etc. ; a room in some colleges, etc., for the sale of refreshments ; a cellar in which wine is kept. — Buftercup, n. A plant having bright yel- low flowers ; crowfoot. fingered, -fln'gerd, a. Apt to drop thingsras if from greasy fingers. — fly, n. A lepidopterous insect of different species. — -fly-valve, n. {Mech.) A valve consisting of two semi-circular clappers or wings hinged to a cross- rib. — man, n. One who sells butter. — milk, n. Milk remaining after the butter is separated from it. — nut, n. An American tree and its fruit, which contains oil; the nut of a South American tree, — called also the Savuari nut. — scotch, n. A candy made from sugar and butter. — tree, ?i. A tropical tree whose seeds yield a butter-like substance. Butteris. See under Buttress. Buttock. See under Butt. Button, bufn, n. A small ball; knob; a catch, to fasten together parts of dress, or to hold a door closed ; a bud; germ of a plant. (Assaying.) A round mass of metal remaining in the cupel after fusion. — r. t. [buttoxed (but'nd), -toxixg.] To fasten with, etc. — r. i. To be fastened by, etc. — Bufton-hole, n. The hole in which a button is caught. — I', t. To hold by the button or button- hole ; to detain in conversation ; to bore. mold, -mould, -mold, n. A disk of bone, wood, etc., which is made into a button by covering it with cloth. — -wood, n. The North American plane-tree, produ- cing rough balls ; the button-ball. Buttress, buftress, n. (Arch.) A projecting support to the exterior of a wall ; a prop. — r. t. To support by a buttress ; to prop. — But'teris, -ter-is, n. (Far.) An instrument to pare horses' hoofs. Buxom, buks'um, a. Orig., obedient or yielding ; healthy ; jolly ; frolic- some. Buy, bi, i\ t. [bought (bawt), buyixg.] To purchase ; to acquire by paying for ; to procure by a consideration given. — V. i. To negotiate about a purchase. — Buy'er, n. Buzz, buz, V. i. [buzzed (buzd), buz- zixG.] To make a low, continuous. ^ humming sound, as bees ; to speak with a low, humming voice. — v. t. To make known by bvizzing ; to spread, as report, by whispers. — n. A continuous; humming noise ; whisper ; report spread cautiously^ Buzzard, bui'erd, n. (Ornith.) A bird of prey, of the falcon family. A blockhead ; a dunce. By, bi, prep. Near or next to ; from one to the other side of ; past ; with, as instrument, means, way, etc. ; through means of ; with aid of ; through. — adv. Near ; present ; passing near; going or gone past. — a. Out of the common path ; aside ; — in composi- tion giving the meaning of something incidental, collateral, or private. Bye, bi, n. A dwelling ; in certain games, the station of a player. By-law, lii'law, n. A law of a city, town, corpora- tion, etc. Byzant, biz''ant, Byz''antine, -tin,??. (Niimis.) A gold coin, worth $2.5, coined at Byzantium. — Byzantine, bi-zan'tin or biz''an-tin, a. Pert, to Byzantium. Buttress. sttn, cube, full ; moon, f 66t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboif, chair, get. 50 CALAMITY 0. C, se,the 3d letter in the English, alphabet, has 2 sounds, one close (represented in the phonetic respellings in this vocabulary by k), the other a sibilant (repre- sented by s). The digraph ch has 3 sounds, the 1st as in church (represented by ch), the 2d as in chaise (represented by sh), the 3d as in chorus (represented by K). — (Jlus.) C after the clef is the mark of com- mon time, in which each measure is a semibreve, cor- responding to 4-. C is also the name of a note in the scale; the key note major, and the third minor, of the natural scale. — C is used as a contr. for L. cen- tum, a hundred. Cab, kab, n. Abbr. of Cabkiolet, q. v. — A Hebrew dry measure of 2 5-6 pints. Cabal, ka-bal', n. A number of persons united to pro- mote their private ■N'iews bj' intrigue: a junto; fac- tion ; plot ; intrigue, r- v. i. [caballed (-bald'), -BALLING.] To plot, conspire. — Cabal', Cab'ala, kab'a-la, n. Secret tradition, or a mysterious science among Jewish rabbins; mysterj'. CabaUine, kab'al-lin, a. Pert, to a horse. — n. A kind of aloes, used in medicine for horses. Cabas, ka'ba, ?i. A reticule; satchel. Cabbage, kab'ei, n. A garden vegetable, the head of which is edible. — v. i. To form a head in growing. Cabbage, kab'ej, V. t [cabbaged (-ejd), -baging.] lo purloin. — n. Cloth retained by tailors when cut- ting out garments. Cabin, kab'in, n. A small room ; a cottage; hut; an apartment in a ship. — v. i. [cabined (-ind), cab- ining.] To live in a cabin, lodge. — v. t. To con- fine in a cabin. Cabinet, kab'in-et, n. A small room; closet; room for consultations ; secret council of a government ; a piece of furniture with drawers and doors; a place for valuables. — Gab'inet-coun'cil, -kown'sil, n. Con- fidential council of a prince, etc. — marker, n. A maker of furniture ; a joiner. Cable, ka'bl, n. A rope or chain to retain a vessel at anchor, suspend weights, contain and protect a tel- egraph wire, etc. — r. t. To fasten with a cable. — v. i. and t. To telegraph through a cable. — Ca'ble- gram, n. A message sent through a telegraphic ca- ble. — Cables-length. 720 feet. Caboose, ka-boos', n. (Xaut.) A galley, or cook-house on deck; a box covering the chimney in a ship. A railroad tool-car. Cabriolet, kab'rT-o-la, n. A one-horse two-seated car- riage with calash top, and covering for the legs. Cacao, ka-ka'o or ka'ko, n. The chocolate tree of So. Amer. and the W. Indies. Cachalot, kash'a-lot, n. The sperm whale. Cachexy, ka-kek'sT, n. A depraved condition of the system. — Cachec'tic, -tical, a. Cachinnation, kak'in-na-shun, n. Loud or immod- erate laughter. Cackle, kak'l.r. i. [cackled (kak'ld), cackling.] To make a noise like a goose or hen; to laugh yith a broken noise, giggle ; to talk in a silly manner, prattle. — n. The noise of a hen, etc.; silly talk. Cactus, kak'tus, n. ; pi. Cac'- TUSES, -ez, or C a c ^ 1 1, -ti. A genus of tropical Amer- ican plants, ha'V'ing thick, fleshy stems, often armed with spines. Cad, kad, n. In Eng., the con- ductor of an omnibus ; an errand-boy; a low-bred, ob- trusive fellow; a snob. Cadaverous, ka-dav'er-us, a. Resembling a corpse ; pale; wan; ghastly. Caddice, -dis, kad'dis, n. The Cactus. larva of the caddice-fly, — used as bait in fishing.— Cad' dice-fly, n. An" insect, frequenting marshy places. Caddis, kad 'dis, n. A kind of worsted lace or ribbon. Caddy, kad'dl, n. A small box for keeping tea. Cade, kad, n. A barrel: cask. Cadence, ka'dens, n. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking ; a modulation of sound. iMil.) A uniform time and pace in marching. {Miis.) A pause at the end of an air; a closing embellishment. — V. t. To regulate by musical measure. Cadet, ka-det', n. {Mil.') A gentleman who serves as a private, to obtain a commission; a j'oung man in a military school. Cadew, ka-du', Cade-worm. Same as Caddice. Cadi, ka'dl,n. ;p^. CA'Dis,-dlz. A Turkish local mag^ istrate. Cadmean, kad-me'an, Cadmian, kad'mT-an, a. Pert to Cudmus, prince of Thebes, said to have intra duced into Greece 16 letters of the alphabet. Cadmia, kad'ml-a, n. {Min.) An oxide of zinc: for- merly, the ore of zinc, called calamine. — Cad'mium, n. CChem.) A white, ductile, and malleable metal related to zinc. — Cal'amine, -min, n. Silicate, for- merly' carbonate, of zinc. Caduceas, ka-du'se-us, n. (JI>/th.) Mercury's rod, — a wand entwined by serpents, and sur- mounted by wings. Caducous, ka-du'kus, a. {Bat.) Falling off quickly or easily. Caesar, se'zar, n. An emperor. — esp. of Germany, as being the successor of Au- fustus Caesar and the Roman emperors ; aiser. — Caesa'rean, Cesa'rean, a. Pert, to Csesar. — Cesarean section. {Surg.) An incision through the parietes of the ab- domen and uterus, to extract the fetus. Caesura, se-zu'ra or -su'ra, n. ; E. pi. C^'e- su'ras, -raz : L. pi. -e.e, -re. (Pros.) A pause or division in a verse ; a separation, by ending of a word or pause in the sense, of syllables rj'thmicalljr connected. Cafe, kaf'a, n. A coffee-house; lunch-room. — Caffeic, -fe'ik, a. (Chem.) Pert, to, or obtained fr., coffee. — Caffeine, -fe'in. ;;. A white, bitter, crystallizable substance, obtained from, etc. Cag, kag, ?i. A small cask or barrel; keg. Cage, kaj, ?i. A box or inclosure, for confining birds, animals, criminals, etc. (Mining.) A hoist for rais- ing ores, persons, etc., from a pit. — v. t. [caged (kajd), caging.] To confine in a cage. Caiman. See Cayman. Caique, ka'ek or ka-ek', n. A Turkish skiff or light boat. Cairn, karn, n. A rounded or conical pile of stones. Caisson, kas'son, n. (Mil.) A chest containing am- munition ; wagon for conveying militarj' stores. (Arch.) A wooden frame used in submarine Ijuild- ing: a panel sunk below the surface. Caitiff, ka'tit, n. A mean, despicable person. — a. Base : vile. Cajeput, kaj'e-put, n. An essential oil from the East Indies. Cajole, ka-joi'. v. t. [cajoled (-jold'), cajoling.} To deceive or delude by flattery: to wheedle, coax, entrap. — Cajo'lery, -ler-t, n. A wheedhng; coaxing language; flattery. Cake, kak, n. A composition of flour, butter, sugar, etc., baked: a mass of matter concreted and flattened. — r. i. and t. [caked (kakd), caking.] To form into a cake, or mass. Calabash, kal'a-bash, n. The fruit of the calabash tree ; a large gourd; a vessel made from the shell, etc. — — Cal'abash tree. A tree of tropical America. Calaboose, kal-a-boos', n. A prison ; jail. Calamine. See under Cadmia. Calamity, ka-lam'T-tt, n. A great misfortune or cause am, fame, far, paaa or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tSrm ; In, Ice ; Cdd, tone, Qr ; CALAMUS 51 CAMBRIC of misery ; disaster ; mishap ; mischance. — Calam'i- tons, -T-tus, a. Suffering, or producing, calamity ; deplorable ; grievous. — Calam'itouslyi^ adv.— Ca- lam'itoosness, n Calamus, kal'a-mus, ?i. ; ;j?. -mi, -mi. {Bot.') Indian cane, a plant ol the palm family ; also, the sweet flag. [L.] — Calainif''erous, -er-us, a. Producing reeds. Calash, ka-lash', n. A light carriage with low wheels, having a lop that can be raised or lowered, and often a movable front, making it either an open or close carriage; also, a Canadian two- wheeled vehi- cle; a hood of a carriage which can be thrown back; a hood-like head-co\'ering. Calcify, Calcine, etc. See under Calx. Calculate, kaKku-lat, v. t. To ascertain by arithmet- ical or mathematical processes, or by recKoning pe- culiarities or circumstance.^ ; to fit by adaptation of means to the end ; to compute, estimate, rate. — v.i. To make a calculation. [Improperly used for intend or purpo.''C'.] — Calculable, a. Capable of be- ing, etc. — Calcula^'tion, n. Art, act, or result of, etc. — CaKculative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, etc. — Calcu- lator, -ter, )(. One who, etc. Calculus, kal'ku-lus, w. ; pi. -li, -li. (3fed.) A solid concretion in the body, usually in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the excretory canals. (Math.) A method of computation ; one of the branches of mathematics.— CaKculous, -lus, «. Like stone; hard; gritty ; affected with stone or gravel. Caldron, kawl'^run, n. A large metal kettle or boiler. Calefacient, Jcal-e-fa'shent, a. Making warm; heat- ing. — n. (Med.) A substance that excites warmth. — Cal^'ety, -&, v. i. To grow warm. — v. t. To make warm. Calendar, kaKen-dar, n. An arrangement of the di- visions of time, as days, weeks, months, etc. ; an almanac ; an enumeration of persons or things. — V. t. To enter in a calendar. — a. Contained in, or according to, etc. — Calendar month. A month ac- cording to the common or Gregorian calendar, as ^ given in almanacs. — C. year. A Gregorian year, or ' year of our Lord, ending Dec. ol. Calender, kaKen-der, n. A machine or hot-press, to make cloths, paper, etc., smooth and glossy or wavy; one who calenders; one of a sect of Eastern der- vises, named from the founder. — v. t. [calen- dered (-derd), -dering.] To press between rollers. Calf, kaf, n. ; pi. Calves, kavz. The young of the cow; an ignorant, stupid person ; a small island near a larger one; a mass of ice attached to an iceberg. — Calve, kav, v. t. To bring forth a calf. Calf, kaf, n. The fleshy part of the leg behind, below . the knee. Caliber, Calibre, kaKY-ber, ??. Diameter of a round body, as of a bullet, or of the bore, as of a cannon or tube; mental capacity. — CaKipers, -perz, Cal'iper-com'passes, n. pi. Com- passes with curved legs, for measuring the caliber of round bodies. Calico, kaKt-ko, n. ; pi. -coes, -koz. Plain white cotton cloth; printed cot- ton cloth, coarser than muslin. — a. Made of, etc. ; resembling, etc., — said of a horse, etc., having patches of color different from the general color. Caliduct, kal'TC-dukt, n. A pipe to con- vey heat; acaloriduct. Caligo, ka-li'go, w. {Pathol.) Dimness of sight, from a speck on the cornea; the speck itself. — Caliginous, -lii''t-nus, a. Affected with darkness or dimness; dark. Caligraphy. See Calligraphy. Calipash, KaKl-pash, n. Part of a turtle belonging to the upper shell, containing a gelatinous substance of a greenish tinge. — Cal'ipee'i n. Part belonging to the lower shell, of a yellowish color. Caliph, Calif, ka'lif , n. Successor or vicar, — a title of the successors of Mohammed. Calisthenic, kal-is-then'ik, a. Pert, to calisthenics. — Cal'isthen'ics, n. sing. Art, science, or practice of healthful bodily exercise. Calk, kawk, v. t. [calked (kawkt), calking.] To drive oakum into the seams of, as of a ship, to prevent leaking; to put sharp points upon the shoes of, to prevent slipping on ice, — said of a horse or ox; to Calipers. wound, with a calk, — said of a horse, etc. — n. A point on a shoe, to prevent slipping. — Calk'er, Calk''in, Caulk, Cork. Same as Calk, n. Call, kawl, V. t. [called (kawld), c.a.llixg.] To in- vite or command to come or oe present ; to con- voke, summon, bid; to give a name to; to desig- nate as for office, duty, etc.; to utter loudly. — v. i. To speak loudlj', crj' out ; to make a brief visit. — n. A vocal address of summons or invitation; a public demand ; requisition; a divine summons; a short visit. (Himfiny.) A note blown on a horn. iNaut.) A whistle to summon sailors to dutj'. (Fowling.) A noise in imitation of a bird; a pipe to call birds by imitating their voice. — Call'ing, a. A summons; occupation; vocation; business. Calla, kal'la, n. A l. -brums. A tall can- dle-stick; stand for supporting lamps; chandelier. [L.] — Chandelier, slian-de-ler'', n. A frame with branches for candles or other lights. [F.] — Chand- ler, chand'ler, n. One who makes or sells candles, also other commodities indicated by a word pre- fixed, as corn-chandler, ship-chandler. Candy, kan'dY, r. t [candied (-did), -dying.] Tocon- serve or boil in sugar; to form into crystals, as sugar. — V. i. To change into, or become impregnated, or covered with, sugar; to be formed into crystals. — n. A preparation of sugar or sirup ; a confection of sugar. Cane, kan, n. (Bot.) A plant of several species, in- cluding reeds, as bamboo, rattan, etc., also sugar- cane. A reed; walking-stick; staff; a lance made of cane. — r. t. [caned (kand), caning.] To beat with, etc.; to make or furnish with, etc. Canicula, ka-nik'u-la, Canicule, kan-'I-kul, Ji. (Astron.) A star in the constellation of Canis Major ; the Dog- star, or Sirius. Canine, ka-nin', a. Pert, to dogs : having the quali- ties of a dog. — Canine teeth. The pointed teeth, be- tween the incisors and grinders, — resembling a dog's teeth. See Tooth. Canister, kan''is-ter, n. A basket of rushes, reeds, etc.; a case for holding tea, coffee, etc. Canker. See under Cancer. Cannabin, -bine, kan''na-bin, n. (Chem.) Apoison- ous resin extracted from hemp (Cannabis Indica), giving hasheesh its narcotic effects. Cannel-coal, kan'nel-kol, n. A hard black coal, which burns with a clear flame. Cannibal, kan-'nt-bal, n. One who eats human flesh ; a man-eater. Cannon, kan'un, n. A hollow metal cylinder closed A, cascabel; B, first re-en- of the muzzle; F, trunn- force ; C, second re-en- ion ; G, rim-base ; a. base- force; D, chase; E, swell ring; 6, base of the breech. at one end, for throwing balls by the force of gun powder. (Mech.) A hollow cylindrical piece, inclos ing a revolving shaft. — Cannonade, -ad', w. Act of attacking with balls from cannon, — r. t. To attack with artillery. — r. i. To discharge cannon. Cannot, kan 'not. To be unable, [can and not, usu- ally united in writing and printing.] Cannular, kan'u-lar, a. Having the form of a tube ; tubular. Canny, kan'nY, a. Gentle; cautious; harmless; ^ood. Canoe, ka-noo', n. A boat formed of a tree trunk ex- cavated or of bark or skins. Canon, kan'un, n. A law or rule, esp. an ecclesias- tical law, or rule of doctrine or discipline ; the gen- uine books of the Scriptures ; a catalogue of saints. (Mus.) A continued fugue ; a round. One who ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; OANON 53 CAPITAi, Aa holds a prebi'iid in a ca- thedral, etc. O'riiit.) The largest size of type having a specific name" — former- ly used for printing the canons of the church. — Caii''one8S, «. A woman who eniovs a prebend. — p,.,„ „ .r,.„„ Canon'ic. -ical. «. Pert, to C*""" ^-^Pe a canon: according to the canon or rule. — Canon '- ically, adv. — Canon'icalness, ?;.— Canon'icals, -alz, n. pi. Full clerical dress.— Canon''icate. -ik-at, Can'- onry, -rl, -onsMp, n. The oitice of a canon. — Can- onicity, -is'T-tl, n. State of belongins to the canon, or genuine books of Scripture; canonicalness.— Can'- onist, n. A professor of canon law. — Canonisfic, a. Pert, to a canonist.— Can'onize. -Tz, v. t. [-!ZED(-Izd), -IZI.VG.] {Rom. Cutli. Chiinli.) To place upon the catalogue of saints. — Canoniza'tion. n. Ceremonj' or act of placing one di.ceusud in the catalogue of saints ; state of being canonized. — Can'on law. (E'cl.) The law sanctioned by the church of Rome. Canon, Canyon, kan''ynn, n. A gorge, ravine, or gulch, worn by streams. Canopy, kan'o-pT, n. A covering over a throne, bed, etc., or overhead. (Ardi.) An ornamental projec- tion over doors, windows, niches, etc. — v. t. [caxo- PiED (-pid), -rYi.vG.] To cover with, etc. Cant, kant, v. t. To incline, or place upon edge, as a cask: to give a sudden turn or impulse to; to cut off an angle from. — n. An inclination from a horizon- tal line ; a thrust, push, etc., with a jerk. — Cantle, kan'tl, w. A fragment, corner, or edge of anything; the hind-bow of a saddle. — Canflet, n. A piece. — Cant'hook, n. A lever with a hook at the end, for canting, or turning over, heavy logs. Cant, kSnt, v. i. To speak in a whining voice, or an af- fected, singing tone; to make whining pretensions to goodness. — a. An affected mode of speaking; a word or phrase hackneyed, corrupt, or peculiar to some profession; religious phraseologj'; secret language of gypsies, thieves, beggars, etc. — a. Affected, inele- gant, vulgar, — said of language. Can't, kant. A colloq. cont£. lor can not. Cantaleup, -loupe, kan'ta-loop, n. A varietj' of musk- melon. Cantalever, kan''ta-lev-er, Cantilever, kan'tt-, n. {Arch.) A bracket to support a balcony, eaves of a house, etc. Cantankerous, kan-tan'ker-us, a. ^'ery vile or bitter : perverse ; malicious ; contentious. — Can- tan'kerousness, n. Cantata, kan-tii'ta or -ta'ta, n. /-■ + i {Mus.) A poem set to music. Cantalever. — Cantab'tle, -T-la, Cantilena, -te-la'na, n. A piece suited for singing ; a melody. [It.] — Can'ticle, -ti- ki, n. A little song; pi. tlie Song of Solomon, a book of the Old Testament. — Can'tillate, v. t. To chant. — Can'to, n. ; pi. C.a.n"''tos. -toz. A chief division, or book, of a poem. ( J/».<.) The soprano, or highest part. [It.] — Can'tor, n. _The leader of a choir; precentor. Canteen, -tine, kan-ten', n. A soldier's vessel for car- rying liquor. — Cantiniere, -ten''yar, n. A female sutler; a vivandiere. [F.] Canter, kan'ter, 71. An easy gallop. — v. i. [cax- TEKED, (-terd), -TERixr;.] 'To inove, as a horse, in a canter. — i\ t. To ride upon, etc. Cantharis, kan'tha-ris, n. ; pi. -thaeides, -thSr't-dez. (Entom.) A coleopterous insect or beetle, used for blistering; Spanish fly. Canticle, Canto, Cantor, etc. See under Cantata. Cantle, Cantlet. See under Cant. Canton, kan'ton or kan-ton', 71. A small portion of territory, constituting a government; a part, or di- vision. — V. t. [CAXTOXED (kan''tond or kan-tond'), -toning.] To divide into districts or portions: to allot separate quarters to, as to troops. — Can'tonal, a. Pert, to, or divided into, etc. — Can'tonize, r. t. To divide into, etc. — Can'tomnent, n. A division of a town, etc., assigned to particular troops. Canton flannel.Jsee Cotton-flannel, under Cotton. Cantoon, kan-toon-', n. A kind of strong fustian. Canvas, kan'vas, n. A coarse cloth of nemp or flax, for tents, sails, painting, etc.; the sails of a vessel. — Can'vas-back, n. A species of sea-duck, named from tlie markings of its plumage. — Can^'vaas, v. t. [CAXVA-SSED (-vast),-VASSiNG.] To sif t, strain, exam- ine thoroughly, discuss, debate; to go through in the waj' of solicitation, —i-. i. To solicit votes or inter- est. — n. Close inspection to know the state of: ex- amination in the way of discussion ; a solicitation or effort to obtain something. — Can'vasser, n. One who solicits votes or subscriptions, or examines re- turns of votes. _ Canyon. See Canon^ Caoutchouc, koo'chook, n. An elastic substance, ob- tained fr. the juice of several tropical plants; India rubber; gum elastic. Cap, kap, 7i. A covering for the head; a cover; top. — r. t. [c.\i'i"ED(kapt), CAi'riNG.] To cover the top or end of: to render coiii^|)lete, consummate; to provide with a cap. — Cape, kap, ?j. Part of a garment, covering the shoulders; a cloak. — Caparison, ka-par'T-sun, n. The covering of a horse ; trappings ; gay clothing. — v.t. [-S0NED (-sund), -so.N'iXG.] Tq_cover with, etc.; to dress. — Capoch, -pouch, ka-pooch', n. A monk's hood ; the hood of a cloak. — v. t. To cover with a hood; to hoodwink or blind. — Capote. -of, n. A long cloak for women ; a hooded cloak for sol- diers, sailors, etc. [F.] — Cap'-achin'', -u-shen'', n. A Franciscan monk, whose dress includes a cowl ; a hooded cloak for women; a kind of pigeon. Capable, ka'pa-bl, a. Possessing ability, qualifica- tion, or susceptibility; able; fitted; effective; skill- ful. — Capability, Ca'pableness, n. Capacious, ka-pa'shus, a. Havino; capacity: spacious; extended;havingability to take large views of things; broad ; comprehensive ; Uberal. — Capa''ciousness, n. — Capacitate, -pas''I-tat. v. t. To render capable, qualify. — Capac'lty, -tT, n. Power of receiving or containing; extent of room or space; ability; element of power ; condition or circumstances : character. {Laiv.) Aptitude or qualification, as of age, resi- dence, etc. {Geom.) The solid contents of a body. Cap-Ji-pie, kap'a-pe'. From head to foot. [OF.] Caparison. See under Cap. Cape, kap, n. Part of a garment covering the shotilders. A neck of land extending into the sea ; a headland. Capellet, kap'el-et, n. {Far.) A wen-like swelling on a horse's hock. Caper, ka'per, r. i. To leap or jump about, spring, dance. — )i. A frolicsome leap; a skip: jump. Caper, ka-'per, n. {Bot.) The flower-bud or unex- panded flower of the caper-bush, used for pickling. Capias, ka''pl-as, «. {Law.) A writ or process ordering the arrest of the person named in it ; writ of capias. Capillary, kap'il-la-rl or ka-piKla-rt, a. Resembling a hair; long and slender; pert, to capillary tubes or vessels. — Cap'illa- r y , n. A fine vessel or canal ; esp. one of the ves- sels con- n e c t i ng arteries and veins. Capital, kap ' t-tal, a. Pert, to the head; involving forfeiture of the head or life: first i n impor- t anc e . — n. {Arch.) The head CAPITALS. Tuscan. Corinthian. Doric Ionic. stin, ciibe, full ; moon, f(5&t ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, iiien, boNboir, chair, get. CAPITOL 54 CARD metropolis; a stock employed in trade, maniifactures, etc.; means of increasing one's power; influence. (Print.) A letter such as is used at the beginning of a sentence or proper name, and distinguished by form or size . -p^ ^ from the lower ABCDJiso, an American fresh-water fish. — bar^ping, -bar'pin, n. {A^aut.) A rope or iron leg, to brace in the shrouds of the lower masts behind the yards. — ^head, w. (Naut.) A timber projecting from the bow of a ship, through which ropes pass to raise the anchor. — -hole, n. (Xaut.) One of two holes astern, to pass hawsers through, —-mint, -nip, n. (Bot.) A strong- scented plant, sometimes used in medicine, and of which cats are fond. — nap, »i. A short sleep. — -o '-nine-tails, n. A whip with nine lashes. — stick, ?;. A club used in the game of ball called cat. — Cat's'- cradle, n. A game played by children, with a string about the fingers. eye, n. (Min.) A variety of chalcedony, exhibiting yellowish opalescent reflec- tions. paw, n. A dupe; the tool of another, -fr. the fable of the monkey's using the cat's paw to draw chestnuts from the fire. (Xaut.) A light air, rippling the surface of still water; a peculiar turn in the bight of a rope, to hook a tackle on. — tail, ». (Bot.) A tall flag, with long flat leaves; a grass, called tnnothy and herd's grass ; a catkin. Cataclysm, kat'a-klizm, n. An extensive overthrow ; a deluge. Catacomb, kafa-kom, n. A cave or subterraneous place for the burial of the dead. CatafalcOj kat-a-fal'ko, -falque, -falk', n. A temporary structure of carpentry, used in funeral solemnities. Catalectic, kat-a-lek'tik, a. (Pros.) Wanting a syl- lable at the end. Catalepsy, kafa-lep-sT, n. (Med.) A sudden suspen- sion of the senses and of volition. — Catalep'tic, a. Catalogne, kat'a-log, n. A list of names, titles, or articles arranged methodically. — v. t. To make a list of. Catalpa, ka-tal'pa, n. A tree of North America, hav- ing large leaves and white flowers. Catamaran, kafa-ma-ran', n. A raft of India and Brazil, consisting of -3 connected logs, and moved by a sail; a sail boat with an outrigger ; a large- wheeled truck for transporting heavy weights ; a cantankerous old woman. Cataplasm, kat'a-plazm, n. (Med.) A poultice. Catapult, kafa-pult, n. An engine anciently used for throwing stones, arrows, etc. Cataract, kafa-rakt, n. A waterfall. (Surg.) .An opacity of the crystalline lens, or of its capsule. Catarrh, ka-tar', n. (Med.) Inflammation of the mu- cous membrane of the air passages, with discharge of a watery or glairy fluid. Catastrophe, ka-tas'tro-fe, n. A final event, usually of a calamitous nature; the unfolding and winding up of the plot of a play; denouement. Catch, kach, v. t. [caught or (obs.) catched, catch- ing.] To seize, esp. with the hand: to take captive, as in a snare ; to entangle ; to communicate to, fasten upon; to engage and attach to, charm ; to re- ceive, esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, or infec- tion; to come upon unexpectedly ; to find ; to over- take. — r. I. To be held or impeded by entangle- ment : to spread by infecting. — n. Actof seizing ; seizure ; that which catches or is caught; gain ; a passing opportunity improved. (Mus.) A humorous round, in which the singers catch up each other's sentences. Catch, kach. Catch, kuch, n. Commercial names for Catechu, q. v. Catchup, kach'up, Cat'sup, Ketch'up, n. A sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. Catechise, kafe-kiz. v. t. [-chised (-kizd^, -chising.) To instruct by asking questions, receiving answers, and explaining and correcting, — esp. concerning points of religious faith ; to interrogate.— Cafechism, -kizm, n. A form of instruction by questions anil answers; a book of principles, esp. 6l religious doc- trine, in the form of, etc. — Cat'echist, n. One who, etc. — Catechisfic, ^cal. a. Pert, to a catechist or to catechism.— Catechet'ic, -ical,-ket'ik-al, a. Pert, to, or consisting m, asking questions, etc. — Cate- chet'ically, adv. — Catechumen, -kn'men, n. One receiving rudimentary instruction in Christian doc- trines ; a neophyte. Catechu, kafe-ku, n. (Chem.) A brown, astringent, vegetable extract, obtained in India. Category, kafe-go-rT, ??. (Logic.) One of the classes of objects of knowledge or thought, by which they can be arranged m a system. State : condition ; predicament. — Categorical, -gSr-'ik-al, a. Pert, to, etc. ; admitting no conditions or exceptions; absolute; express. — Categor^ically. adv. Catenary, kat'e-na-rTf, w. (Geom.) The curve of a cord hanging between two points not in the same vertical line. — Cafenary, -na^rian, a. Pert, to or like a chain. ^ Cat'enate, -nat, v. t. To connect, in a series of links. — Catena'tion, n. Union of parts, as in a chain. Cater, ka'ter, v. i. [catered (-terd), catering.] To provide food, buy or procureprovisions, purvey. Caterpillar, kat'er-pil-ler, n. The larve of a butterfly or lepidopterous insect. Caterwaul, Catharpin, etc. See under Cat. Catharine - wheel, kath'a-rin-hwel, n. (Goth. Arch.) An ornamented circular window, with rosettes or radiating divis- ions. (Pyro- techny.) A re- volving wheel. \¥x. St. Catharine o f Alexandria, represented with, a wheel, in allu- sion to her mar- „ ,, . _, , tit- j _ tyrdom.l Cathanne-wheel Window. Catharist, kath'a-rist, n. A pretender to more pu- rity than others possess. — Cathartic, -thiir'tik. -tic- al, a. Cleansing the bowels; purgative. — Cathar'- tic, V. A medicine promoting alvme discharges. Cathedra, ka-the'dra or kath'-, n. A chair ; esp. the Beat of one in authority. — Cathe'dral, n. Principal church in a diocese, where the bishop presides. Catheter, kath'e-ter, n. (Surg.) A tubular instru- ment, introduced into the bladder to draw off urir.e. Cathode, kath'od, n. (Elec.) Negative pole of r bat- ter}^ ; surface at which the electric current passes out of the electrolyte. — Cathode ray. Ray generated at the cathode in a vacuum tube, by the electrical discharge. Catholic, kath'o-lik, a. Universal or general"; not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted; liberal; pert. to. or aif ecting, the Roman Catholics. — n. A member of the Roiii. Cath. church. — Catholicity, -lis't-tl, n. System of doctrine held by all parts of the orthodox Cnristian church; also, by the church of Rome; lib- erality of sentiment; Catholicism. — CathoKicize, -T- slz, V. t. To become catholic or a Rom. Cath. — Ca- sun, cube, full ; moon, f(3&t ; cow, oil ; linger or IqIc, then, boNboN, chair, get. CATSUP 58 CELL thoKicism, -t-sizm, n. Quality of being,- etc.: the faith of the whole Christian church, or of the Roui. Cath. church; adherence to the Rom. Cath. church; liberality of sentiment.— Cathol'icon, «. A remedy for all diseases ; panacea. Catsup. See Catchup. Cattle, kat'tl, n. pi. Domestic quadrupeds collective- \y, esp. those of the bovine genus. Caucasian, kaw-ka''shan, n. One belonging to the Indo-European race, originating near Mt. Caucasus. Caucus, kaw'kus, n. A preparatory meeting for po- litical purposes. Caudal, kaw'dal, a. Pert, to, or like, a tail. Caudle, kaw'dl, n. A warm drink for sick persons, a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices. — V. t. To make into caudle. Cauf, kawf, n. A chest with holes for keeping fish alive in water; a vessel for raising coal from mines. Caufle, kaw'fl, n. A gang of captured negroes; coffle. Caught. See Catch. Caul, kawl, n. A net or covering for the head. (Anat.) A membrane covering part of the lower intestines ; the omentum. A part of the membrane enveloping the fetus. Caulescent, kaw-les'ent, a. (Bot.) Having a true or perfect stem. — Cau^icule, -ll-kul, ?i. (Bot.) A short stem. (,Arch.) One of the curled tops in a Corinthian capital. See Capital. Cauliflower, kaw'lt-f low'er, n. A variety of cabbage, having edible flower-buds. Caulk, etc. See Calk. Cause, kawz, n. That which produces a result, or is the occasion of an action. {Law.) A suit or action in court; a legal process; ease. The side of a ques- tion or controversy which one espouses and advo- cates. — V. t. [CAUSED (kawzd), causing.] To effect by agency, power, or influence; to produce, be the occasion of. — Caus-'er, w.— Cause''less, a. Uncaused or uncreated, original in itself ; without just cause, reason, or motive. — Caus'^al, a. Relating to, imply- ing, or containing, etc. — CausaKity, -zaKl-tT, n. The agency of a cause. {Phren.) The faculty of tracing effects to their causes. See Piirexology.— Causation, -za''shun, n. Act of causing; agency by which an effect is produced. — Causa'tionism, -izm, n. The doctrine that all things are produced through the agency of a causal force. — Causa'' tionist, n. A believer that, etc. — Caus^ative, -tiv, a. Expressing a reason; causal; affecting, as acause oragent; caus- ing. Causeuse, ko-zez'', n. A lounge or sofa for two per- sons, sitting face to face. Causeway, kawz'wa, Causey, kaw'zY, n. A paved or raised way over wet ground. Caustic, kaws'tik, -tical, a. Destructive to the tex- ture of anything; burning; corrosive; severe; satir- ical; sharp. — Caus''tic, n. Any substance, which, applied to animal substances, burns, or destroys the texture. ( Opt.) A caustic curve, — a curve to which the rays of light, reflected or refracted hy another curve, are tangents. — Caus'tically, adv. — Caustici- ty, -tis'T-tl, n. Quality or property of, etc. ; corro- siveness; severity of language; sarcasm. — Cau'ter, n. A hot, searing iron. — Cau'teriza'^tion, n. {Surg.) Act of burning a morbid part by application of fire. — Cau^'terize, -iz, v. t. [-terizkd (-izd), -izixg.] To burn or sear with fire or hot iron.— Cau'tery, -ter-t, n. A burning, as of morbid flesh, by a hot iron, or by caustic medicines. Caution, kaw'shun, n. Prudence in regard to, dan- ger; provident care ; wariness; heed; prudence; ex- hortation to wariness; warning; admonition. — v. t. [CAUTIONED (-shund), -tioning.] To give notice of danger to, warn. — Cau'tionary, -a-rT, a. Contain- ing caution, or warning; given as a pledge. — Cau''- tioner, n. — Cau'tious, -shus, a. Possessing or using, etc.; prudent; watchful; circumspect.— CaiU'tiously, adi. — Cau'^tiousness, n. Cavalcade, kav^al-kad, n. A procession of horsemen. — Cavalier, -ler'', Ji. A horseman: knight; one of the court party in the time of King Charles I. — a. Gay; sprightly; brave; warlike; haughty. — Cavalier'ly, adv. Superciliously.— Cav'alry, -rl, n. {Mil.) Mount- ed troops. Cave, kav, n. A hollow place in the earth; den. — v. t. [CAVED (kavd), CAVING.] To make hollow. — ■. i. To dwell in a cave. — Cavity, kav'I-ti, «. A hol- low place; inclosed space; hoUowness. — Cav'ern, -ern, Ji. A deep hollow place in the earth; cave.— Cav'ernous, -us, a. Full of caverns; hollow. Caveat, ka've-at, n. {Law.) A notice to some oflficer not to do a certain act until the interested party is heard in opposition. {U. S. Patent Laws.) A de- scripiion of some invention, lodged in the office be- fore the patent right is taken out, as a bar no other applications respecting the same invention. Intima- tion of caution; warning. Cavendish, kav'en-dish, n. Tobacco softened and pressed. Caviare, ka-ver'', Cavig,!, kav'e-ar, n. The roes of certain flsh, prepared and salted, — used as a relish, esp. in Russia. Cavil, kaVil, v. i. [caviled (-ild), caviling.] To raise captious objections. — n. A false or frivolous objection. Cavity. See under Cave. Cavort, ka-v6rt'', v. i. To bound, frisk, prance. Caw, kaw, v. i. [cawed (kawd), cawing.] To cry like a crow, or raven. — n. The noise of, etc. Cawker. Same as Calkek. Cayenne Pepper, ka-en' pep'^per. A very pungent pepper, the product of several species of Capsicum. Cayman, ka'man, 71. ; pi. Cay •'mans, -manz. A genus of American reptiles of the crocodile family; alli- gator. Cease, ses, v. i. [ceased (sest), ceasing.] To come to an end, desist, forbear, stop; to be wanting. — V. t. To put a stop to, bring to ah end.— Ceaseless, a. Without cessation ; incessant.— Cease'lessly, adv. — Cessa''tion, n. Act of discontinuing; stop; rest; intermission. Cedar, sender, n. An evergreen tree of different spe- c i e s . — Ce'dar, -drine, -drin, a. Pert, to, or made • of, etc. Cede, sed, v. t. To yield or surrender, give up. — Cession, sesh-'un, n. A yielding or surrender, as of property or rights, to another ; act of ceding. Cedilla, se-diKla, n. A mark under the letter c [5], to show that it is sounded like s; as infaQade. Ceil, sel, v.' t. [ceiled ( S #1 d ), CEILING.] To overlay or cover the inner roof of. — Ceil''ing, ??,. {Arch.) The upper, in terior surface of a room. {Naut.) Inside planks of a ship. Celadon, seKa-don, ?i. A pale sea-green color. [F.] Celandine, seKan-din, n. A genus of plants of the popiDy family; swallow-wort. Celebrate, sel'''e-brat, v. t. To mention with praise, extol; to honor by solemn rites, or b}' ceremonies of joy and respect; to solemnize, commemorate. — Cel- ebrated, a. Having celebrity ; distinguished ; fa- mous. — CeKebrant, n. One who performs a public religious rite. — Celebra'^tion, n. Honor bestowed; commemoration; praise; observance with appropri- ate.-ceremonies; solemnization. — CeKebrator, -ter, •'^— Celeb'rity, -rT-tt, n. Condition of being cele- brated; a person of distinction. Celerity, se-ler''l-tl, n. Rapidity of motion; swift- ness; speed. Celery, seKer-Y, n. A plant of the parsley family. Celestial, se-lesfyal, a. Pert, to the spiritual heaven; heavenly; pert, to the visible heavens. — ?i. An in- habitant of heaven. — Celes-'tially, adv. — CeKes- tine, seKes-tin, 7t. {Min.) Native sulphate •f stron- tian, which has a sky-blue color. {Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious order founded by Pope Celestine V. Celiac, se'^lt-ak, a. Pert, to the belly. Celibacy, se-lib^a-sT or seKT-ba-sl, n. The state of an unmarried man; bachelorship.— Celibate, seKt-bat, n. Condition or life of an unmarried man; unmar- ried man ; bachelor. Cell, sel, n. A small and close apartment, as in a prison or monastery; any small, closed cavity. {Organic Cedar. 3ra, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, tgrm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, dr ; CELT 59 CERTAIN Structures.) A minute sac, filled with fluid, fat, etc., forming, by development and reproduction, the cel- lular tissue of animals and plants. — CeKlar, ii. A space under a house. — Cel'lular, a. Consisting of, or containinff cells. — Cel'ltilated, a. Formed with cells. — Cer lule, -ul, n. A small cell. — Celluiif- eroos, -lit'er-us, a. Producing little cells. — CeK- lulose, -los, o. Containing cells. — 7i. (£ot.) One of the substances constituting the cellular tissue of plants. — Cel'luloid, n. A compound of gun-cotton, camphor, etc., imitating coral, ivory, tortoise-shell, amber, etc., and used in manufacturing jewelry, etc. Celt, selt, n. One of a race anciently inhabiting Cen- tral and Western Europe, from "whom come the Irish, Welsh, and Gael; a stone or metal implement found in barrows of the early Celts. — Celfic, a. Pert, to the Celts, or to their language. — n. The language of, etc., the remains of which are found in tne Gaelic, Erse or Irish, Manks, and Welsh and its cognate dialects, Cornish and Armorican or Breton. — Celt'icism, -T-sizm, n. A Celtic custom. Cement, se-ment' or sem''ent, n. Any substance used for making bodies coliere, as mortar, glue, etc.; bond of union. — Cement', r. t. To unite with, etc.; to unite firmly. — • v. i. To unite and coliere. — Cemen- ta'tion, K. Act of cementing. {C/iem.) Process of surrounding a solid body with powder of other sub- stances, and heating until the properties of the body are changed by chemical combination with the pow- der, — as iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal. Cemetery, sem'e-ter-T, n. Agrave-yard; necropolis. Cenobite, Coenobite, sen'o-bit, n. A monk in a con- vent or community, in opp. to a hermit or anchorite. Cenotaph, sen'o-taf , n. A monument to one buried elsewhere. Cense, sens, v. t. [cexsed (senst), cexsixg.] To per- fume with odors from burning substances. — Cen'- ser, n. A vase or pan for burning incense. Censor, sen'ser, n. A Roman oflScer who registered the effects of citizens, imposed taxes, and inspected manners; an examiner of books, etc., before pub- lication, to suppress anything forbidden: one who censures; a harsh critic. — Censo'rial, -rT-al,-rian, «. Pert, to, etc., or to the correction of public morals. — Censo'rious, -rT-us, a. Addicted to, implying, or expressing, censure; fault-finding; carping; severe. — Censc'riously, adv. — Censc'riousness, n. — Cen'- sorship, 71. Otrice of a censor. — Censure, sen'sher, n. Act of blaming ; reproof ; disapproval ; repri- mand; abuse. — i\t. [cexsured (-sherd), -suring.] To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame, reprehend. — Cen'sus, n. An official enumeration and registration of the people, estates, and other statistics of a country. Cent, sent, n. A hundred, as, 10 per cent. : an Amer- ican coin worth the 100th part of a dollar. [L. cen- tum.'] — Cenfage, -ej, n. Rate by the cent, or hun- dred ; percentage. — Cen'tal, n. A weight of 100 pounds ; hundred-weight. — a. Pert, to, or consist- ing of, etc. — Cen'tenary, -rY, n. Aggregate of 100 single things ; esp. a century ; 100 years ; a celebra- tion occurring once in, etc. — a. Pert, to, or con- sisting of, 100 ; occurring once in every 100 years. — Centena'rlan, -rl-an. n. One 10<) years old — a. Pert, to 100 years. — Centen^nial, -nT-al, a. Pert, to the 100th anniversary ; happening once in 100 3-ears. — n. A celebration of, etc. — Centes'imal, rt. Hun- dredth; br the 100.— )i. A 100th part.- Centes'lma'- tion, ?i. (J/i7.) A punishment inflicted on one person in 100. — Cen'tury, -tu-rt, n. A hundred ; a period of 100 years. —Centitn/ plant. The American aloe, supposed to bloom but once in 100 years. — Centu'- rion, -rT-on, n. A Roman captain of 100 foot-soldiers. — Centu'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, to a century, or to 100 men. — Cen'tuple, -tu-pl, a. Hundred-fold. — r. i. [-TITPLED (-tu-pld), -TUPLixG.] To make, etc. — Centifo'lious, -IT-us, a. Having 100 leaves. — Cen'- tigrade, -tT-grad, a. Of 100 degrees graduated in- to 100 equal parts. — Centigrarle thermometer. A thermometer in which 0" indicates the freezing point, and 100° the boilina: point of water. — Cen- tare, -tar', n. A measure^of area, containing 1 sq. ■ meter, about 1,550 sq. inches. [F.] — Cen'tigram, -tT-gram, n. A measure of weight,— the KXith part oi agram=.154;ii gr. avoir. [F.J — Centiliter, -til'T- tSr or sen'tl-ll-ter, -litre, -tl-le'tr, n. A measure of capacity, — 100th of a liter, more than 0.0 cu. inch. [F.] — Cen'time, -tem, n. A coin, — the 100th of a franc. [F.] — Centimeter, -tim'e-ter or sen'tt-me- ter, -metre, son-te-ma'tr, 7j. A measure of length, — the KKJth of a meter, more than ..'ia inch. — Cen'- tiped, -tl-ped, -pede, -tl-ped, n. A species of many- jointed, wingless land articulates, having many feet. — Centum'vir, -vgr, n. ; 2)1- -viui, -vI-rT. A llomail judge of common causes among the people. — Cen- tnm'viral, -vl-rul, a. Pert, to, etc.— Centum' virate, -vT-rat, n. Otfice of, etc. Centaur, sen'tawr, n. {Myth.) A fabulous monster,, half man and half horse. — Cen'taury, -rl, u. A plant of several species, most of them weeds. Center, -tre, sen'ter, n. The exact middle point of anything; the middle portion; midst; point of con- centration; nucleus. {Arch.) A temporarj' framing on which vaulted work is built. — v. i. [centeeed or -TEED (-terd), -teeixg or -thing.] To be placed in, etc. ; to be central ; to be collected to a point, be concentrated. — v. t. To place on, etc. ; to collect to a point. — Cen'tering, n. {Arch.) Temporary fra^ ming on which vaulted work is built. — Cen'tral, a. Pert, to, placed in, or containing, the center; pert, to the parts near, etc. — CentraKity, -f-tt, ?!. State of being central. — Cen'tralize, -Iz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -iziXG.] To draw to a central point ; bring to a center. — Cen'traliza'tion, n. Act of, or state of be- ing, etc. — Cen'trally, adv. — Cen'tric, -trical, cu Placed in, etc. — Cen'trically, adv. — Centricity, -tris'T-tt, n. State of being centric. — Centrifugal,, -u-gal, a. Tending to recede from the center. — Centrip'etal, a. 1 ending toward, etc. — Cen'ter- bit, n. An instrumer t turning on a projecting cen- ■ tral point, for boring holes. See Bit. board, n. C^'aut.) In small craft, a board keel, which may be drawn up or let down ; a sliding keel. Centinel, Centry. See Sentinel. Cento, sen'to, n. ; pi. Cen'tos, -toz. A composition formed by verses, etc., from different authors dis- posed in a new order. (^Jifus.) A medley on a large- scale. [L.] Cephalic, se-fal'ik, a. Pert, to the head. — «. A med- icine for headache, etc. — Cephalopod, sef 'a-lo-pod or se-fal'-, n. (Zobl.) A moUusk having a distinct head, surrounded by a circle of arms or tentacles. Ceramic, se-ram'ik, a. Pert, to pottery. Cere, ser, n. Naked wax-like skin at the base of birds' bills. —v. t. [cered (serd), cering.] To wax, or cover with wax. — Ce'rate, -rat, n. (Jled.) Thick ointment, made of wax, oil, etc. — Cere'cloth, n. A cloth smeared with melted v.^ax. — Cere'ment, n. A cloth dipped in melted wax, used in embalming bodies. Cereal, se're-al, a. Pert, to edible grain, as wheat, rye,, etc. — n. Any edible grain. Cerebrum, .ser'e-brum, n. (Anaf.) The superior and. larger division of the brain. — Cerebellum, -bel'lum, 71. ; pi. -bel'la, -la. The hinder and lower division: of the brain. Ceremony, ser'e-mo-nY, u. Outward rite ; external- form in religion; forms of civility.— Ceremo'nial, a. Pert, to, etc. — 71. An established system of rules and ceremonies. — Ceremo'nious, -nt-us, a. Con- sisting of, or according to, outward forms and rites; ceremonial; particular m observing forms; precise; formal. — Ceremo'niously, adv. Cerise, se-rez'. a. Cherry-colored. Certain, ser'tin, a. Assured in mind ; having no doubts; not to be doubted; fixed or stated; deter- minate ; indeterminate, or not specificallj'' named; one or some. — Cer'tainly, adc. Without doubt or question; in truth and fact; without failure. — Cer'- tainness, 71. — Cer'tainty, -tT, Cer'titude, -tT-tud, n. Quality or condition of being certain ; exemption from doubt or failure; a fact unquestionably estab- lished. — Cer'tes, -tez, adv. Assuredl.y ; in truth. — Cer'tify, -fi, v. t. [-tified (-fid), -Vying.] To testify to in writing; to make known or establish as a fact; to give certain informa'tion of or to. — Certif- icate, -t-kat, 71. A written testimonj"^ to the truth. of any fact; written declaration legally authenti* siln, cube, full ; moon, f(j&t ; cow, oil ; linger or iQk, then, bonboN, chair, get CERTIORARI 60 CHANCEL Cestus. cated. — ?•. t. To verify bv, or furnish with, etc.— Certiflca'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Cer'tifler, -ii-er, n. Certiorari, ser'sht-o-ra'ri, w. {Law.) A writ from a superior court, to call up records of an inferior court, or remove a cause, to hasten justice, or correct errors. Cervical, ser'vik-al, a. {Anat.) Pert, to the neck. Cervine, ser'vln, a. Pert, to the deer. Cesarean, Cesarism, Cesura, etc. See C.esak,X!^esuka. Cessation. See under Cease. Cession. See under Cede. Cess-pool, se»'pool, n. A cavitj' in the earth to re- ceive sediment of water from drains. Cestus, ses'tus, M. A girdle, esp. of Venus; a loaded leather covering for boxers' hands. [L.] Cetacea, se-ta''se-a., n. pi. {Zobl.) An order of niammiferous marine animals, inclu- ding whales. — Ceta'cean, -shan, n. An ani- mal of the whale kind. Chafe, chaf, r. t. [chafed (chaft), chafixg.] To excite heat or irritation in by friction; to irritate; to fret and wear hj riabbiug; to provoke, inflame. — e. i. To be excited or heated ; to fret; to be worn by rubbing. — 11. Heat or irritation from friction ; agita- tion of the mind. Chafer, cha''fer, n. An insect; cock-chafer; Maj'-bug. Ckaff, chaf, n. The glumes, husk, or light, dry cover- ing of grains and grasses. {Bot.) Scales or bracts on the receptacle m composite plants. AVorthless matter ; refuse. — Chaffincli, n. A singing bird of the finch familj^ feeding on chaff. — Chaff'y, -T, a. Containing, like, or light and worthless as, chaff. Chaff, chaf, n. Light, idl^ talk; ridicule. — v. i. [chaffed (chaft), CHAFFING.] To usc, etc., byway of fun or ridicule. — v. t. To make fun of, banter. Chaffer, chaf ''fer, i\ i. [chaffeked (-ferd), -feRixg.] To treat about a purchase, bargain, haggle : to talk much or idly. — r. t. To buy, purchase, exchange. Chagreen. See Shageeex. Chagrin, sha-grin", n. lU-hunior; vexation: peevish- ness; mortitication. — v. t. [chageixed (-grind''), -geixixg.] To excite ill-humor in, vex, mortify. Chain, chan, ?i. A series of connected links or rings; that which confines, fetters, or secures; a bond; a se- ries of things connected and following each other in succession. (Surv.) An instrument for measur- ing land, consisting of 100 links, being 4 rods, or (56 feet, in length, (yaut.) An iron plate bolted at the lower end through the side to the ship's timbers. — V. t. [chaixed (chand), chaixixg.] To fasten or <;onnect with, etc., enslave, unite closely. — Chain'- bridge, ?i. A bridge suspended on chains; suspen- sion bridge. — gang, ". A. gang of convicts chained together. — mail, n. Flexible armor made of inter- laced rings. — pump, ?i. A pump consisting of an end- less chain, carrying disks, passing upward" through a wooden tube, and moving on wheels. — shot, w. (J/iV.") T w cannon balls, con- nected by a chain, to cut down masts, etc. — stitch, n. A kind of stitch in sew- ing, made by interlocking threads. — -wales, n. pi. (yaiit.) Planks bolted to a ship's sides to spread the lower rigging. See Chax'- XELS. Chair, char, n. A movable seat with a back, for one person; an official seat, as of a judge : hence, the of- fice itself; the presiding of- ficer of an assembly; avehi- Chain-pump, cle for one person; an iron block to svipport and secure railroad tracks. — v.t. [chaired (chard), chairixg.] To carry publicly m a chair in triumph. — Chair''man, n. "; pi. -jiex. The presiding officer of an assembly, committee, etc. ; one who"earriei= a chair or sedan. _— Chair^man- ship, n. Office of, etc. — Chaise, shaz, n. A two- wheeled, one-horse carriage, with calash top. Chalcedony, kal-sed'o-nl or kaKse-do-nl, n. {Jlin.) An uncrystallized, translucent variety of quartz, usually whitish, and witli a wax-like luster. Chaldaic, kal-da'ik, Chaldee, kaKde or kal-de', a. Pert, to Chaldea. — n. - Language of the Chaldeans. Chaldron, chawKdrun or chal'diun, n. A dry meas- ure for coah usually of oG bushels, but varying. Chalet, shaKa, )i. A Swiss wooden cottage; a sunnner- house on a mountain. Chalice, chaKis, n. A cup; bowl; communion cup. Chalk, chawk, n. t{JIin.) A soft, white, earthy sub- stance, consisting of , carbonate of lime. .— r. f. [chalked (chawkt), cualkixg.] To rub or mark with chalk. Challenge, chal'lenj, ji. An invitation to contest; a sentry's demand of the countersign from those ap- proachmg his post; summons to single combat; de- mand made of a right; an exception to a juror or voter. — V. t. [-le'xged (-lenjd), -lexgixg.] To call to a contest, call to answer, defy; to claim as due, demand as a right, make exception or objec- tion to, object to asjiot qualified to vote. Chalybeate, ka-lib-'e-at, a. Impregnated with some salt of iron. — n. Water, liquor, medicine, etc.. containing iron. Cham, kam. Khan, kan, n. The sovereign prince of Tartary. Chamber, chanT'ber, n. A retired room, esp. an upper room, for lodging, privac}', or study; a compartment or hollow, closed space; a place where an assembly meets; tlie assembly itself ; the cavity in a fire-arm where the charge is put. {Law.) A private place where a judge sits to hear cases, and do judicial business out of court. — r. i. [-bkeed (-berd), -ber- IXG.] To reside in or occupj' as a chamber ; to be wanton.— f. t. To shut up, aj in a chamber. — Cham''- ber-coun'Sel, -coun'selor, -er, n. A counselor who gives his opinion privately, but does not advocate causes in court. — maid, n . A woman who cares lor chambers, or waits upon a lady. — Cham'berlain, -lin, n. An attendant in charge of the chambers, as in a hotel; an officer of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch; one of the high officers of a court; a treasurer or receiver of public money. Chameleon, ka-meKyun, ?;. A lizard-like reptile, whose color i changes with that of objects, about it, or when its temper is ' disturbed. Chamfer, cham'fer, v. t. [-feeed (-ferd), -ferixg.] {Carp.) To cut a groove or channel in ; to flute. To cut or grind in a slop- ing manner; to bevel. — Cham'- fer, Cham''fret, n. { Carp.) A small gutter in wood, etc.; groove, slope, or bevel. Chamois, sham'wa or sham'Y, n. lope living on European mountain ridges; a soft leather, first prepared from its skin. Chamomile. See Camomile. Champ, champ, r. t. [champed (champt),- champixg.] To bite with repeated action of . the teeth, bite into small pieces, crush. — v. i. To bite f requen tly. Champagne, sham-pan', n. A brisk, sparkling ^^J^e. Champaign, sham-pan'', n. A flat, open country. — a. Flat ; level. Chamnion, chanT'pT-un, n. One who engages in a contest; esp. who contends in behalf of another in single combat: one ready to fight all who offer. — V. t. [-PIOXED (-und), -pioxixG.] To furnish with, or attend as, etc. Chance, chans, n. Absence of anv defined cause ; for- tuity ; casualty ; an event witliont assigned cause; poss'ibility of an occurrence; luck; hazard: oppor- tunity. —'r. i. [chaxced (chanst), CHAXcrxG.] To happen, come, or arrive, without expectation. — a. Happening by chance ; casual ; fortuitous. Chancel, chan'^sel, n. That part of a church con- taining the altar or communion table, — formerly Chameleon. A species of ante- Chamois. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; CHANCRE 61 CHARITY inclosed with lattices. — Cliancery, chan'ser-T, 7t. A hijrh court of equity; equity; proceedini. A lii;;h judicial otncer ; the cliiet judire of a court of chancery. Chancre, xhan'ker, ».^ An ulcer, csp. a venereal sore. — Chau'crous, -krus, a. Ulcerous. Chandelier.Chandler, etc. See under Cvndle. Change, chanj, v. t. [changed (chanjd), cii.wgixg.I To alter or make different; to cause to pass from one state to another; to substitute another thing for ; to vary, innovate, exchange ; to give other money, of the same aggregate value, for; to become acid or tainted. — v. i. To be altered, undergo vari- ation, pass from one phase to another, —n. Any al- teration; a passin"; from one state to another; sub- stitution of one tiling for another ; alteration in the orderof a series; permutation; that wliich makes avarietjs small pieces of money, which may be fiven for larger pieces; the balance of money paid e3'ond the price ot goods i)urcliased; building for mercantile transactions. — Chan'ger. n. — Change'- able, -a-bl, a. Capable of change ,' appearing dift'cr- ent under difference of circumstances ; variable ; fickle : unstable. — Change'ableness, -abil'lty, -tT, n. — Changa'ably, ar/v. — Change'ful, a. Full of change; mutable. — Change'fully, «(/c. — Change-'- fnlness, n. — Change''les8, a. Not admitting altera- tion ; constant. — Change'ling, n. A child left or taken in the place of another ; one apt to change. — a. Taken or left in place of another. Channel, chan''nel, n. The bed of a stream; esp. the deeper part of a river or bay, where the main cur- rent flows. ( Geog.) A strait or narrow sea between two portions of land. That through which any thing passes. (Arch.) A gutter or furrow, as in a column, pi. (Naut.) Planks bolted to the outside of a vessel, for spreading the lower rigging. — v. t. [-XELED (-neld), -XELIXG.] To form a channel in; groove. Chant, chant, v. t. and i. To utter with a melodious voice, sing ; to celebrate in song. (3Ius.) To sing after the manner of a chant. — «. Song ; melody. (Miis.) Words recited to musical tones without mu- sical measure.— Chanfer, n.— Chanficleer, -t-klSr, n. A cock. Chaos, ka'os, 7i. An empty, infinite space ; unor- ganized condition of m-.itter before the creation of the universe; a disordered mass or state of things; confusion. — Chaot'ic, a. Resembling chaos ; con- fused. Chap, chap or chop, v. t. [chapped (chapt), chap- ping.] To cleave or open longitudinally ; to split, crack. — V. i. To crack or open in long slits. — n. A cleft, gap, or chink in the flesh. — Chap, chop, n. The jaw, —generally in pi. — Chap^faUen, chop'- fawln, a. With the lower jaw drooping; dejected; dispirited. Chap, chap, n. A man or boy; a youth.— Chap''-book, n. A small book, esp. one sold by hawkers. — Chap'- man, n. ; pi. -mev. One who buys or sells ; a mer- chant: itinerant dealer. Chaparral, chap-ar-raK, n. A thicket of low ever- green oaks; thick bramble-bushes in clumps. Chape, chap, n. A catch, as of a buckle; a metal tip of a scabbard. Chapeau, shap'o, ». ; p^- Cii ap'eau.s, -oz. A hat. [F.] — Chapeau Bras, -Ijrii. A military hat which can be flattened and put under the arm. Chapel, chap^el, n. A phice of worship connected with a church or with some estal)lishment; in Eng. a dissenters' place of worsliip. — Chap'lain, -lin, n. An ecclesiastic who officiates in a chapel, or one attached to a ship, regiment, public institution, family, etc. — Chaplaincy, -sT, -ship, n. Office or station o'f , etc. — Chap'ellany, -la-nT, n. A chapel and jurisdiction within the precincts of a church. — Chap''elry, -rT, n. Bounds or jurisdiction of a chapel. Chaperon, shap^er-ov, n. A hood or cap; a device on horses' foreheads in pompous funerals; one who attends a lady in public as a protector. — v. t. [chaperoned (-ond), -oning.] To attend in public places as protector. Chapiter, chap''I-ter, n. (Lnw.) A summary of mat- ters to be inquired of before justices ; articles. — Chap'iter, Chap'trel, w. (Arcli.) The capital of a Chaptrel. pier or pilaster which receives an arch; an impost. Chaplain, etc. See under Chapel. Chaplet, chap'let, n. A garland or wreath tor tlie head; a string of beads used in counting prayers. (Arch.) A little molding, carved into beads, olives, etc. a chapeilet ; a tuft of feathers on a« peacock's head ; a small chapel or shrine. Chapman. See under Chap, n. Chapter, chap'ter, n. A division of a book. (Eccl.) A corporation composed of the clergy of a cathedral or collegiate church, and presided over by the dean. An organized branch of a society or fra- ternity: meeting of organized societies: place where- delinquents receive discipline; a decretal epistle. Char, Chare, char \^Eng.], Chore, chor {Amer.], n. Work done by the day; a single job or task. — Chai''- woman, n. A servant that works by the day. Char, chiir, v. t. [chaured (chard), charring.] To reduce to charcoal b^"^ expelling volatile matter; tO' burn slightly; to hew, as stone. — Char^coal, n. Coal made by charring wood. — Char''ry, -rl, «. Pert, to, or like, charcoal. Character, klir''ak-ter, n. A distinctive mark; a letter^ figure, or sign; manner of writing or printing : sum of qualities distinguishing one person or thing from, another; good qualities, or the reputation of possess- ing them; qualities belonging to an office or institu- tion ; estimate put upon a person or thing ; reputa- tion; force of will; energy; the possessor of a certain character: aperson; account; description. — v.t. To engrave, inscribe, distinguish by markjS, character- ize. — Char'acteris'tic, -tical, a. Constituting the character ; peculiar. — Char'acteris'tic, n. That which constitutes, etc., or distinguishes a person or thing from another. (Math.) Ihe index or expo- nent of a logarithm.^ Char'acteris'tically, adv. — Char'acterize, -iz, v. f. [-terized (-ter-izd), -izing.] To mark with a peculiarfigure; to describe the qual- ities of; to mark or express the character of, desig- nate, entitle. — Char'acteriza'tion, n. Act of, etc.— Char''acterless, a. Having no peculiar character. Charade, sha-rad', n. A composition describing enig- matically objects, expressed by each syllable of a word, separately, and then by the word as a whole- Charcoal. See under Char. Chard, chard, n. A variety of white beet ; blanched leaves of the artichoke and other vegetables. Charge, chiir j, 7!. The person or thing committed to- the care or management of another ; exercise of cus- tody or care ; office ; commission ; an earnest com- mand, exhortation, instruction, etc. ; whatever con- stitutes a burden on property ; costs ; expense, — usually in pi. ; account of that due from one party to another; imputation: accusation; that quantity, as- of ammunition, olectricit}', etc., which any appara- tus, as a gun, battery, machine, etc., is fitted to hold; onset; attack; signal for attack. (Her.) A bearing- on a field. An iincertain weight of lead, supposed to be "6 pigs, or 2,.5'20 pounds. — v. t. [charged (charjd), charging.] To impose, as a load or burden, or as a task, dutj', or trust ; to command, request, etc., earnestly; to give instructions to: to impose as a tax; to place to the account of, as a debt ; to accuse of; to place within or upon an apparatus or machine- the quantity it is fitted to contain ; to load ; to- bear down upon, rush upon, fall on. — ?•. i. To- make an onset. — Char^ger, n. One who, etc. ; a large dish, — which bears a load ; a horse, — used m charging ; war-horse. — Charge d' Affaires, shiir-zha'' daf-far''. A diplomatic representative, to whom are confided affairs of his nation, in the absence of an ambassador. [F.] — Chargs''ship, n. Office of, etc. Chariot, char'T-ot, ??. A war car or vehicle ; a one- seated, four-wheeled carriage. — ?'. t. To convey in a chariot. — Char''ioteer'', n. ■ A driver. Charity, char''T-tT, n. Disposition to think favorably of others, and to do them good ; liberality to the poor: alms ; any act of benevolence ; a charitable in- stitution, or a gift to create and support such an in- stitution. — Char'itable, a. Full of love and good- will; liberal to the poor ; pert, to, or springing ffonif charity ; benevolent ; indulgent ; beneficent. sun, cube, full ; moon, fcJSt ; cow. oil ; linger or ink, -ftien, boxboN, chair, get. CHARLATAN 62 CHEOQUE Cliarlatan, sliar'la-tan, n. A quack; empiric; mounte- bank. — Ckar'lataniBin, -izm, -tanry, -rl, n. Preten- sion to skill; quackery. Charles's Wain, chiirlz'ez-wan'. {Astron.) The clus- ter of 7 stars in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear ; the Dipper. _ €harlotte-Russe, sliar'lot-roos, n. A dish of custard or whipped syllabub, inclosed in cake. 'Charm, charm, n. Something' possessing occult power or influence; that which attracts irresistibly; fasci- nation. — V.t. [CHAKMED (charmd), CHAEMIXG.] To subdue, control, or suminoii by occult influence ; to attract irresistibly, delight exceedingly, fasci- nate, enchant, captivate ; to fortify with charms or supernatural influences. — v. i. To act as a charm, please greatly. •Charnel, chiir'nel, a. Containing remains of dead men or animals. Chart, chiirt, n. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, etc., con- taining information arranged methodically, or tab- ulated; a map representing water and the adjacent land. — V. t. To lay down in a chart ; to map. — Chai'^ter, n. (0. Eng. Law.) A deed, or conveyance. An instrument in writing, bestowing rights and privileges ; act of incorporation ; a special privilege or immunity. (Naut.) The letting or hiring a ves- sel by special contract. — v. t. [cuaeteeed (-terd), -TEEING.] To establish by charter; to liire or let by charter, as a ship. ■Chary, char'T, a. Not inclined to be free or liberal; close ; cautious. Chase, chas, v. t. [chased (chast), chasing.] To pursue, hunt; to urge onward, drive, persecute. — n. Hunting; pursuit; thing hunted; hunting ground. — Chaster, n. One who, etc. {Naut.) A gun at the bow or stern, for use in a chase. Chase, chas, v. t. To engrave. — n. The forward part of a gun from the trunnions to the swell of the mouth, — this part being formerly engraved or em- bossed. See Cannon. Chase, chas, n. An iron frame to confine type. Chasm, kazm, n. A deep opening made by disrupture ; a cleft ; void space ; gap ; break. Chassepot, shas''po, n. A breech-loading rifle. Chasseur",' shas-ser', n. {Mil.) One 6f a body of light cavalry. An attendant upon persons of rank, wear- ing military plumes, etc. Chaste, chast, a. Pure from unlawful sexual inter- course ; virtuous ; pure from obscenity, or from bar- barous, affected, or extravagant expressions. — Chaste'ness, Chas'tity, -tT-tt, n. —Chasten, chas'n, V. t. [-ENED (-nd), -ENiNG.] To Correct by punish- ment; to inflict pain upon in order to reclaim, chas- tize; to purify from errors or faults. — Chast'^ener, n. — Chastize, chas-tiz'^, v. t. [-tized (-tizd''), -tizing.J To chasten. Chat, chat, v. i. To talk lightly and familiarly..— n. Light, idle talk; prate. (0)~nitk.) An American bird, of the warbler family. — Chat'ter, v. i. [-teeed (-terd), -TEEING.] To utter inarticulate sounds re- sembling language; to talk idly, carelessly, or rapid- ly ; to jabber, prate ; to make a noise by collision. — n. Sounds like a magpie's; idle talk. — Chafter- box, n. An incessant talker. — Chat'ty, -tT, a. Conversing freely ; talkative. — Chat'^tiness, n. Chateau, sha-to'', n. ; pi. -teaux, -toz'. A castlfi ; a country-seat. — Chatelet, shat-'e-la, n. A little castle. — Chat'ellany, -la-ni, n. Lordship or jurisdiction of a castellan, or governor of a castle. — Chat'^elaine, -e-lan, n. A cliain at a lady's waist-belt, for watch, trinkets, keys, etc. Chattel, chat'tl, n. {Law.) Any property except freehold, or things .which are.parcel of it. Chatter, Chatty, Chatterbox, etc. See Chat. Chauffeur, sho'fer', n. One who manages the run- ning of ap. automobile. Chauvinism, sho''\an-izm, n. Fanatical patriotism ; blind adherence to an obsolete party, leader, or idea. Chaw, chaw, v. t. Tchawed (chawd), chawing.] To masticate, as food; to ruminate, as the cud; to re- volve and consider. — n. Ori^., the jaw; as much as the mouth holds ; a chew. [Once in good use, but now vulgar. See Chew.] Cheap, chep, a. Bearing a low price ; of small cost ; of small value. — Cheapen, che-'pn, v. t. [-ened (-nd), -ENING.] To attempt to buy, chaffer for, beat down the price of. Cheat, chet, v. t. To deceive and defraud ; to trick, outwit, impose on. — n. An act of deception ; a fraud ; trick ; imposture ; one who cheats. Cheat, chet, n. Wheat ; bread ; chess, or false wheat. Check, cliek, n. A sudden or continued restraint ; hindrance ; obstruction ; a mark put against items, in going over a list -, a token to identify a thing or person. {Com.) An order for money, payable on sight. Any counter-register used as security, as the correspondent cipher of a bank-note ; a kind of checkered cloth, as plaids, etc. {Chess.) Exposure of the king to the attack of an adversary's piece. A small chink or cleft. — v. t. [checked (chekt), CHECKI^■G.] To put restraint upon; to hinder, re- press, curb; to rebuke or reprove ; to make a mark against, as against names, etc., in a list; to compare with a counterpart for correctness. — v. i. To make a stop, pause;' to interfere; to crack, as wood; to cruck in checks, as paint, etc. — Check''er, v. i. [-eueu (-erd), -EEING.] To variegate with cross-lines ; to form into squares ; to diversify with difterenf qual- ities, scenes, etc. — n. One who, etc. ; a piece iii tJie gauie of draughts or checkers.— Check'er, Check'er- work, -werk, n. Work varied alternately as to colors or materials. — Check'^ers, -erz, n.^ Draughts, — a game played on a^ board of (M squares of alternate colors. — Cheeky, Checquey, chek'T, n. {Her.) A field or ar- morial bearing divided in check- ers. — Check'mate, -mat, 71. The move in chess which renders fur- ther moving impossible, and ends the game; a complete check, de- feat, or overthrow. — v. t. {Chess.) To put (the adversary's king) in- Cheeky, extricably in check. To arrest completely, termi- nate. — Check'-roll, n. A List of employees.— -string, n. A string by which one in a carriage or railroad car can call the attention of the driver or engineer.— Check'er-ber'ry, K. {Bat.) The partridge -berrv ; also, the wintergreen. — board, n. Board for playing checkers upon. Cheddar, ched'der, n. A kind of cheese made at Cheddar, in England. Cheek, chek, n. The side of the face; assurance; im- pudence. pZ. {Mach.) Pieces of a machine which form corresponding sides, or are similar and in pairs. Cheer, cher, ?«. The countenance and its expres- sion; state of feeling or spirits; state of gayety or mirth ; provisions for a feast; entertainment ; ex- pression of good spirits, by shouting, acclamation, etc._; applause; encouragement, —^\t. [cheeked (cherd), cheeeing.] To cause to rejoice, render cheerful ; to infuse life, courage, hope, etc., into ; to urge or salute by cheers. — v. i. To grow cheerful. — Cheer'Tul, -ful, a. Having good spirits; calmly joyful; promoting happiness; expressing joy; lively; animated; sprightly. — Cheer'fully, adv. — Cheer'- fulness, n. — Cheer'ily, adv. Witn cheerfulness. — Cheer'iness, n. — Cheer'ingly, adv. — Cheer^less, a. Without joy, gladness, or comfort; gloomy; dreary. — Cheer'lessness, ti.— Cheer^'ly, a. (^ay; not gloomy. — adv. In a cheerful manner; heartily. — Cheer^y, -T, a. In good spirits; lively; promoting, or tending to promote, cheerfulness. Cheese, chez, n. Curd of milk, separated from the whey, and pressed; a mass of ground apples pressed together. Chef-d'oeuvre, sha'doovr', n. ; pi. Chefs-d'(euvee. A master-piece; capital work in art, literature, etc. [F.] Chemise, she-mez', n. A shift, or under-garment, for females ; a wall lining an earthwork. Chemistry, kem'is-trl, n. Science of the composition of substances and changes which thej' undergo. — Chem'ist, n. One versed in, etc. — Chem'ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or resulting from the operations of the phe- nomena of, etc. — Chem-'ically, adv. [These words ' were formerly written with y or i, instead of e, in the first syllable, chiimistry or chimistry, etc. ; and pronounced accordingly.] Chenille, she-neK, n. Tufted cord, of silk or worsted. Checque, Checquer. See Check, Checkee. Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Cdd, tone, 6r : CHERISH 63 CHIROGRAPH Cherish, 0110^15)1, r. f. [cherished (-isht), -ishixo.] To treat with tenderness; to hold dear, foster, com- fort, support^ Cheroot, she-roof, n. A kind of cigar. " Cherry, cher''rl, n. (Bot.) A small stone-fruit, and the tree which bears it. A cordial composed of cherry -juice and spjrit. — a. Of the color of, etc. Chersonese, ker'so-nes, ti. A peninsula. Chert, chert, II. {Mill.) An impure, flint-like quartz or hornstone. Cherub, cher'ub, n. ; pi. Cher'cbs; Heh.pl. Cuer'- UBIM. (Script.) A mysterious composite being, de- scribed in Ezek. i. and x. ; one of two symbolical figures, forming the .Mercy-scat upon the Ark of the Covenant. One of an order of angels; a beautiful child, — artists liaving represented cherubs as beau- tiful children. — Cherubic, -roo'bik, -bical, a. Pert, to, etc.; angelic. Cherup, cher'np, r. i. To chirp. — v. t. To excite by cliirping. — n. A short, sharp noise, as of a cricket. Chess, dies, ii. A game played by two persons on a board containing 04 squares. See Check. {Bot.) A kind of grass growing anion"; wlieat. Chest, chest, n. A box, to lioid articles; the part of the body inclosed by the ribs and breast-bone; thS- rax. (Com.) A case for transporting tea, opium, etc.; quantity such a case contains. Chestnut, Chesnut, ches'nut, n. {Bot.) Tlie fruit of a tree, inclosed in a prickly pericarp or bur; the tree itself: its timber. — «. Of the color of a chestnut; reddisli brown. Cheval-de-frise, shvaKde-frez, «• ; pl- Chevaux-de- F K I s E , shvo'-de-frez : F. proii. shvod'frez'. (Mil.) A timber traversed with spikes, used for defense. Chevalier, shev-a-ler'', n. A liorseman ; knight ; gallant young man ; a member of Cheval-de-frise. certain orders of knighthood. Chevron, shev'run, n. (Her.) An honorable ordi- nary, -representing two rafters of a house meeting at the top. (3fil..) Distinguishing marks on the sleeves of non-commissioned officers. (Ai-ch.) A zigzag ornament. Chew, choo, v. t. [chewed (chood), chewing.] To bite and grind with the teeth, masticate; to rumi- nate mentally, meditate. — v. i. To perform the action of, etc. ; to meditate. — n. Thing chewed, or held in the mouth a4 once; a cud. Chibouque, -bouk, che-bdok', n. A Turkish tobacco pipe. _ Chic, shek, n. _Style ; knack. — a. Stylish. Chicane. shT-kan^, n. An artful subterfuge, — esp. ap- plied to legal proceedings; shift; cavil; sophistry.— V. i. To use artifices. — Chica-'nery, -ner-T, n. Mean or unfair artifice, to perplex a cause; trick; quibble. Chich. chich, n. A dwarf pea; chick-pea. Chick, chik. Chicken, chik'en, n. The young of fowls, esp. of the domestic hen; a young person. — Chick''- en-pox, «. (Med.) A mild "disease of children, con- tagi(»us and eruptive. Chicory, chik'o-rT, n. A plant used for adulterating CDifce : succory ; endive. Chide, chid, v. t. [imp. cniD or (ohs.) chode; p. p. cnii) or CHIDDEN ; cnrDixr;.] To rebuke, reproacn, blame, scold. — v. i. To find fault; to make a rough, clamorous, roaring noise. Chief, chef, a. Highest in rank or office; most emi- nent, influential, or important; principal; prime. — V. Head or leader; chieftain ; commander; most im- portant person or thing. (Her.) The upper part of the escutcheon. — Chief'tain, -tin, n. The head of a troop, army, or clan ; leader. Chiffonier, she-to'nT-a'' or shif-fon-er'', 7i. A recepta- cle for ra^sor shreds; a movable closet; a rag-picker. Chignon, snen^yox, n. A woman's back-hair knotted at the back of the head. Chilblain. See under Chill. Child, child, n. ; j)l. Childrex, chiKdren. A son or daughter; immediate progen.y of human parents; a young person, yd. Descendants. — Child'hood, n. State of a child ; time in which one is a child. — Child'ish, a. Of, or pert, to, etc. ; puerile. — Child''- iahly, adv. — Child'^ishness, n. State or qualities of. etc.; weakness of intellect. — Child 'less, n. Desti- tute of offspring. — Child^lessness, n. Chiliad, kiKl-ad, n. A thousand ; esp. 1,000 years. Chill, chil, a. Moderately cold; tending to cause shiv- ering; cool; formal; distant; depressed; dispirited. — n. A disagreeable sensation of coolness, with shivering; a check to enthusiasm or warmth of feel- ing; discouragement. (Mttal.) A method of cast- ing iron, so as quickly to cool the surface; a mold in which to cast iron. — v. t. [chilled (child), en ill- IXG.] To strike with a chill, make chilly, alfect with cold; to check enthusiasm, depress, discour- age. (Metal.) To produce, by sudden cooling, a change of crj^stallization near the surface, increas- ing the hardness of the metal. — Chill 'y, -T, a. Mod- erately cold. — Chill'iness, Chill-'nesB, n. — Chil'- blain, -blan, n. A blain on hand or foot, caused by cold. — r. t. To produce chilblains upon. Chimb, Chime, chini. Chine, n. Edge of a cask, formed by the ends of the staves. Chime, chim, n. Harmonious sound of bells, or other musical instruments; a set of bells tuned to one an- other ; correspondence of proportion, relation, or sound. — ?•'. i. [cHorED (chimd), ciiimixg.] To sound in harmonious accord ; to be in harmony ; correspond; to jingle, as in rhyming. — v. t. To move, strike, or cause to sound in harmony. Chimera, kt-me'ra, n. (Myth.) A monster vomiting flames, and having a lion's head, goat's body, ana dragon's tail. A vain or foolish fancy. — Chimer- ical, -mer''ik-al, a. Merely imaginary; capable of no existence except in thought; fantastic; delusive. Chimney, chiiiT'nf, n. ; pi. Chim'xeys, -niz. Passage through which smoke is carried off; a glass tube above a flame, to create draught and promote com- bustion. (Mining.) A rich spot in a lode. Chimpanzee, chim-pan''ze, n. The African orang- outang, a species of mon- key resembling man. Chin, chin, n. The lower ex- tremity of the face, below the mouth. China, chi''na, n. A species | of earthen ware originallj- made in China ; porcelain'. — Chi-'na as'ter. (Bot.) \\ species of the Aster fam- j ily, having large flowers. — C. grass. (Bot.) An Asi- 1 atic nettle, having fibers used for ropes, textile fab- rics, etc.; ramie. Chincapin, chink''a-pin, n. (Bot.) The dwarf chestnut. Chinch, chinch, n. The bed-bug; an insect resem- bling the bed-bug in odor, destructive to grain. Chinchilla, chin-chiKla, n. A small rodent animal, having soft pearly-graj' fur. [Sp.] Chincough, chin'kawf, n. (Med.) Hooping-cough. Chine, cliTn, n. The back-bone or spine of an animal; a piece adjoining the back-bone, cut lor cooking. See Beef. The chimb of a cask. — v. t. To sever the back-bone of. Chink, chink, ?;. A small cleft or fissure: a gap or crack. — v.i. To crack, open. — v.t. To open, or fofln a fissure in; to fill up the chinks of. Chink, chink, n. A clink, or sharp sound, as of metal struck lightly; money; cash. — ?-. t. [chixkei> (chinkt), cmxKiXG.] To cause to sound by collis- ion. — r. i. To make a small, sharp sound, as by the collision of metal. Chinse, chins, v. t. (Ncmt.) To thrust oakum into the seams or chinks of. Chintz, chints, n. Cotton cloth, printed in colors. Chip, chip, V. t. [chipped (chipt), ciiirpixo.] To cut into small pieces. — v. i. To break or fly off in small pieces. — ?i. A piece of wood, stone, etc., sep- arated by a cutting instrument; fragment broken off. Chipmunk, -monk, chip'^munk, -muck, -muk, n. A squin-el-like animal; the striped squirrel. Chipplng-blrd, chip^ping-berd, n. An Amer. sparrow. Chirograph, ki'ro-graf, w. (Old Laiv.) A writing re- quiring a counterpart, — a charter-party. — Chirogra- pher, -rog'ra-fer, n. One proficient In writing. — Chimpanzee. stln, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; eow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, boNboN, chair, get. CHIRP 64 CHRIST Cliirograph''ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Chlrog'- raphist, n. A chirographer: one who tells fortunes by examining the hand. — Chirog''rapliy, -f T, ?i. Art of writing ; writing done with one's own hand. — CMrurgeon, -rer^iun, n. A surgeon. {}hirp, cherp, v. i. [chirped (cherpt), chiepixg.] To make a short, sharp sound, as fowls, birds, crickets, etc., do. — v.i. To make cheerful, enliven. — n. A short, sharp note. —Chirrup, chtr-'rup, v. t. [chir- EUPED C-rupt), CHIRRUPING.] To animate'by chirp- ing; to cherup. — V. i. To chirp. — n. Act of chirp- ing: chirp. — CMr^rupy, -t, a. Cheerful; chatty. CMsel, Gliiz'^el, n. An instrument sharpened to a cut- ting edge, used in carpentry, .ioinery, sculp- ture, etc. — r. t. [CHISELED (-eld), -elixg.] To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; to cut close, as in a bargain. CMsleu, chis'lu, n. Tlie 9th month of the He- brew year, —parts of November and Decem- ber. • Chit, chit, n. The first germination of a plant; a shoot; sprout; a child or babe. — Chifty, -tY, a. Full of sprouts. — Chit''chat, 11. Famil- iar or trifling talk: prattle. ■Chitterlings, chit''ter-lingz, n. pi. {CooTcenj.) The smaller intestines of swine, etc., fried for food. <3hivalry, shiv'al-rY, n. A body of knights serv- chisel ing on horseback: cavalry; the diraity or sys- tem of knighthood ; practice of knight-errantry; qualifications or character of knights. {Eng. Law J) A tenure of lands by knight's service. — Chiv'alric, -alrous, -rus, a. Pert, to, etc.; gallant. — OMv'al- rously, adv. ■Chives. See Gives. Chlorine, klo^rin, n. (Chem.) A heavy gas of green- ish color, — a constituent of common salt. — ^Chlo''- ric, a. Pert, to, or obtained from, etc. — Chlo^'rate, n. A salt formed by the union of chloric acid with abase. — Chlc'ride, -rid, n. A compound of chlo- rine with another element. — Chloride of lime. A combination of lime and chlorine, used in bleach- ing and disinfecting. — Chlorid'ic, a. Pert, to a chloride. — Chlc'ridize, -iz, -idate, -at. v. t. To treat with a chloride; esp. (Phot.) to cover a plate with chloride of silver. — Chlc'rous, -rus, a. Elec- tro-ne:^ative ; noting an acid containing equal parts of chlorine and oxygen. — Chloriiia''tion, n. A process for extracting gold by exposing auriferous material to chlorine gas. — Chlc'ral, n. A com- pound of chlorine, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, ■obtained by the action of chlorine upon alcohol. — C. hydrate. A compound of chloral with water, — used as a hypnotic. — GhlCralism, -izm, n. A TOorbid condition, from excessive use of chloral. — ChloraKum, n. An impure solution of chloride of alumina, — antiseptic and disinfectant. — ChlC'ro- •dyne, -dm, Ji. An anodyne medicine containing chloroform, opium, etc. — Chlc'roform, n. A voP atile compound of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine, — an important but dangerous anaesthetic agent. — V. t. To treat with, or place under the influence of, etc. — Chlorc'sis, -ro'sis, ». {Med.) Greensickness, — a disease of young females. {Bat.) A disease in plants, giving them a pale hue. Chock, chok, v. t. To stop or fasten as with a wedge, block, etc. — V. i. To fill up, as a cavity. — n. Some- thing to confine a cask, etc., by fitting into the space around or beneath it. — Chock''-full, -ful, a. Com- pletely full. Chocolate, chok^'o-lat, n. A paste made from the seeds of the Theohroma cacao ; the beverage made by dis- solving chocolate-paste in boiling water. Chogset, chog''set, n. An edible salt-water fish; the burgall, Conner, or blue perch. Choice. See under Choose. Choir, Quire, kwir, ;/. An organized company of singers. (Arch.) The part of a church appropri- ated to the singers ; the chancel. The corporate body of a cathedral. — Chorus, ko-'rus, n. Orig. a dance in a ring, round dance ; a dance with sing- ing; band of singers and dancers; that which is sung by, etc.; part of a song in which the company join the singer. — Cho^ral, «. Pert, to a choir: sung in chorus. — n. (_3Ius.) A hymn-tune. — Cho'rally, adv. — Choragic, -raj^ik, a. Pert, to a choragus,— the leader of a musical entertainment. — Chorister, kOr'is-ter, ?«. One of a choir; a singer in a concert; a leader of a choir. Choke, chok, v.f. [choked (chokt),CHOKiXG.] To ren- der unable to breathe; to stifle, suffocate, strangle; to obstruct by filling up or clogging; to hinder or check. — V. i. To have the windpipe stopped; to be checked, as if by choking. — Chok''er, n. One who, or that which, chokes or puts to silence; that which cannot be answered; a collar or cravat. — Chok''y, -t, a. Tending to, etc. — Choke''-full, a. Full to choking, quite full. [See Chock-flll.] — Choke'- cher'ry, -cner'rT, n. (£ot.) A species of wild cherry, and its astringent fruit. damp, n. Carbonic acid gas accumulated in wells, mines, etc., — destructive of life by preventing respiration. — pear, -par, n. A kind of pear having a rough, astringent taste. Choler, koKer, 71. The bile, — formerly supposed to be the seat of ii-ascibility; irritation of the passions; anger; wrath. — ChoKeira, -er-a, n. (Med.) A dis- ease characterized by bilious vomiting and purging, and by spasms in the legs and arms. — Cholera mor- hus. A milder form of the disease. — ChoKic, Cho- lin-'ic, a. Pert, to the bile. — ChoKeric, a. Abound- ing with clioler, or bile; irascible; angry. Choose, chooz, v. t. [imp. chose (choz);p.2). chosejs' or chose; choosixg.] "To make choice of, prefer, elect. — v.i. To make a selection, prefer; to have the power of choice. — Choice, chois, n. Act or power of choosing ; election ; preference ; care in, etc., discrimination ; thing chosen; best or prefer- able part. — a. Worthy of being, etc. ; selected with care; uncommon; rare. Chop, chop, V. t. [CHOPPED (chopt), CHOPPIXG.] To cut into pieces; to mince; to sever by blows; to seize or devour greedily. — v.i. To come upon or seize suddenly. — w. Act of chopping; a stroke; piece chopped off, esp. a piece of meat. Chop, chop, I'. <. To barter, exchange; to give back and forth, bandy. — v.i. To wrangle, altercate, dispute. (N'aiit.) To veer or shift suddenly. Chops, Chop-fallen, etc. See under Chap. Choral, Chorister, Chorus, etc. See under Choir. Chord, k6rd, n. String of a musical instrument. (Mus.) A harmonious combination of tones simultaneous- ly performed. (Geom.) A right line, uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle. See Segment. — V. t. To_provide with musical chords or strings. Chore, chor, n. A small job. pZ. Jobs about the house, barn, etc., to be attended to at set times. Chorea, ko-re-'a, M. (Med.) St. Vitus's dance; a dis- ease attended with irregular movements of the vol- untary muscles. Chorion, ko''rt-on, n. (Anat.) The exterior mem- brane investing the fetus in the womb. (Bot.) The outer membrane of seeds. — Oho^roid, n. {Anat.) The second coat of the eye. See Eye.,— a. Pert. to, etc. Chose, Chosen. See Choose. Chough, chuf, n. A bird of the crow family. Chouse, chows, v. t. [choused (chowst), chousixg.] To cheat, trick, defraud. — n. One easily cheated; a tool; gull; a trick; a sham; imposition. CJiO'Wcho'W, chow'chow, a. Of several kinds mingled; mixed. — n. A kind of mixed pickles. [Chin.] Chowder, chow'der, n. A dish of fish, pork, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed. — v. t. To make into, etc. Chrism, krizm, M. {Gr.SiRom. Cat h. Churches.) Oil consecrated by the bishop, formerly used in baptism, confirmation, ordina- tion, and extreme unction. — Chris- ma'' tion, 71. Act of applying, etc. — Cliris''matory, -to-rT, n. A vessel to hold the chrism. — Chris^om, -um, rt. Anointed with, etc. — n. A white ves- ture, so anointed, put on a child at baptism or on a dead infant. Christ, krist, n. The Axoixted, — an appellation of the Savior, synonymous with Heb. Messiah. —Christen, „, . kris^'n, v. t. [cheistexed (-nd), -ex- «.^nrisma- IXG.] To baptize ; to give a name, tory. denominate. — Christendom, kris-'n-dum, n. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, &m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Qdd, tone. 6r ; CHROMATIC 65 CINQUE opp. to lieathen or Mohammedan laiuls ; the whol ; body of Christians.— Christian, kris'chun, 71. A be- liever in the relij;ion of Christ; one born in a Chris- tian country. — a. Pert, to Christ or his religion; professin;.; Christianity ; pert, to the church : eccle- siastical. — C/iri.-us, a. Flowing around; surrounding in the manner of a fluid. — Clreumfuse, -fuz'', v. t. To pour round, spread round. — Circunija''cent, -sent, a. Lying around; bordering on every side. — Cir'cumldcu''- tion, -ku'shun, n. A circuit of words; periphrase. — Circumnavigate, -nav-'t-gat, v. t. To sail around; pass round by water. — Circumnav''igable, -ga-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Cir'cumnav''iga''tion, n. Act of, etc. — Cir'cumnav'iga''tor, -ter, n. One who, etc. — Circumpo'lar, a. About or near the pole. — Cir'- cumposi'tion, -zish''un, n. Act of placing in a circle, or state of being so placed. — Cir^cumscribe, -skrib, V. t. [-SCRIBED (-skribd), -scribixg.] To inclose within a certain limit, hem in, limit, restrict, restrain. — Circumscrip'tion, -skrip'shun, n. Exterior line determining the form or magnitude of a bodj'; lim- itation by conditions, restraints, etc.; bound; limit. ■ — Cir'cumspect, -spekt, a. Attentive to all the cir- cumstances of a case; cautious; watchful; vigilant. — Circumspection, -spek''shun, w. Attention to, etc.; deliberation; wariness; forecast. — Circumspect''ive, -iv, a. Looking round every way ; careful of con- sequences. — Cir''cumspect'ly, adv. — Cir'cumBpect''- ness, M. — Cir-'cumstance, -stans, n. The condition of things surrounding an event; something attend- ing on a fact, though not essential tiiereto ; a partic- ular incident or adjunct, pi. Condition in regard to worldly estate ; state of property. — v. t. [-stanced (-stanst), -STANCING.] To place relatively, or in a particular situation. — Circumstantial, -stan'shal, a. Consisting in, or pert, to, circumstances, or par- ticular incidents; abounding with, or exhibiting all of, the circumstances ; minute ; particular. — n. Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance. — C. evidence. (Law.) Any evi- dence not direct and positive. — CiT'cumstan'tiaK- ity, -shl-aKl-tT, n. State of anything as modi- fied by circumstances ; particularity in exhibiting circumstances ; minuteness. — Cir^cumstan'tially, -shal-lT, adv. According to circumstances ; in every particular. — Cir'cTmistan''tiate, -shlf-at, v. t. To place in particular circumstances ; to enter into de- tails concerning. — Circumvallate, -vaKlat, v. t. To surround with a rampart. — Cir'cumvalla'tion, n. (Mil.) Act of surrounding with a wall; a line of field works surrounding the c&mi) of a besieging army. — Circumvent', v. t. To gain ad-\-antage over, by arts, stratagem, or deception; to deceive, delude. — Cir- cumvention, -ven''shun, n. Lecepticn: fraud; im- posture. — Circumvenfive, -iv, a. Deceiving by ar- tifices. — Circumvest', v. t. To cover round as with a garment. — Circumvolve, -vclv', v. t. [-volved (-volvdO, -voLvixG.] To roll round, cause to re- volve. — V. i. To revolve. Circus, s5r''kus, n. ; jpZ. Cir'^cuses, -ez. (Boman An- tiq.) An open or inclosed space, or the edif.cc in- closing it, for games and shows. A ciicular inclos- ure, for feats of horsemanship; the company ol per- formers in a circus, with equipage. Cirrus, str'rus, m. ,• jsZ. Cir-'ri, -ri. (Bot.) A tendril. (Meteor.) A form of cloud composed ol tliin fila- ments, resembling a brush or masses of wooUj" hair. (Zool.) A slender, fringe-like appendage. Cisalpine, sis-aKptn, a. On the hither (Reman) side of me Alps, — i. e. south of the Alps. — Cisatlan''tic, a. On this side of the Atlantic Ocean. Cist, sist, n. (Arch.) A chest or basket. (Antiq.) A Celtic tomb having a stone chest covered with slabs. — Cis'tern, n. A reservoir for water or other liquids. Cistercian, sis-ter''shan, 71. One of an order of Bene- dictine monks established orig. at Citeaux, France. Cit, Citadel, Citizen. See under City. Cite, sit, V. t. To call upon ofiicially or authoritative- ly ; to summon ; to quote, name, or repeat, as the words of another ; to call or name, in proof or con- firmation of. — Cifal, n. Summons to appear; cita- tion; quotation. — Cita'tion, w. Oflficial call or no- tice to appear; paper containing such notice; act of citing a passage from another per.'ion; words quoted; enumeration; mention. — Cit 'atory, -rT, a. Having the power or form of citation. — Cit'^er, n. Cithern, sith'^ern, Cit'^tern, n. A musical instrument, like the guitar. Citron, sifrun, n. A tree cultivated for its fruit_; the preserved rind of the fruit. — Cit'rate, -rat, n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of citric acid and a base. — Cifric, a. Of, or pert, to, an acid in the juice of lemons and allied fruits. — Cifrine, -rin, a. Like a citron or lemon ; of a lemon color. — n. (Mill.) A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, tSrm ; to, Ice ; Odd, tone, 8r ; CITY 67 CLAUSE «Ut^, sifT, n. A large or corporate town ; inhabitants of a city. — Cit'izen, -T-zen, n. An inhabitant of a city ; a freeman of, etc., disting. ir. one not entitled to its franchises ; a native born or naturalized in- habitant of a country. — Cifizenship. n. State of being, etc. — Cit, n. A pert townsman. — Cit'adel, n. A fortress in a fortitted city. — Civic, siv'ik, a. Pert, to, or derived fr., a city or citizen. — CiVil, a. Pert, to a city or state, or to a citizen in his civic re- lations; lawful er political, as opp. to military; pert. to an organized community; civilized; having the manners of one dwelling in a citv; courteous; com- plaisant. — Civil death. {Law.) "that which cuts off a man from civil society, or its rights and benefits. — C. engineering. Science of constructing public works. — C law. The law of a state, city, or coun- try; esp., the municipal law of the Roman empire. — C ivar. A war between citizens of the same coun- try. — C. year. The legal year, apijointed by the government. — Civ'illy, -It, adv. — Civilian, st-viK- yan, n. One skilled in the civil law ; one engaged in pursuits of civil life, not military or clerical. — CiviKity, -T-tt, n. Courtesy of behavior; politeness ; good-breeding, pi. Acts of politeness ; courtesies. — Civilize, -iz, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izixg.] To re- claim from a savao:e state ; to educate, refine. — Civ'ilized, a. Reclaimed, etc. ; cultivated. — CiV- Uiz^able, a. — Civ'iliza'tioii, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Civ'ism, -izm, n. State of citizenship. Gives, sivz. Chives, chivz, n.; pi. A species of garlic, growing in tufts. Civet, siv'et, n. A substance of a musky odor, used as perfume. (Zobl.) A carnivorous animal producing civet, ranking be- tween the weasel and fox, na- ri-irof five of North Africa. '"^^^'=- Clabber, klab'berj.w. Milk turned so as to become thick or inspissated. — v. i. To turn thick. Clack, klak, v. i. [clacked (klakt), clackixg.] To make a sudden, sharp noise, as by striking or crack- ing ; to clink, click; to talk rapidly and continuallj''. — V. t. To cause to make a sudden noise; to clink; to utter rapidly and inconsideratelj'. — «. A sharp, ab- rupt sound made by striking; anything that causes a clacking noise; continual talk; prattle; prating. Claim, klam, v. t. [claimed (klamd), claimixg.] To call for, challenge as a right, demand as due. — V. i. To be entitled to anything. — n. A demand of a right or supposed right; a right to demand; title to anything in possession of another ; thing de- manded ; that to which one has a right, (ilining.) A space of ground worked under the law. — Claim''- ant, n. One who claims.— Cla''mant, a. Crying earn- estly ; clamorously beseeching. ^ Clam'' or, klam'- 5r, n. Loud and continued shouting or exclama- tion; loud noise; uproar; vociferation. — v. t. [clam- ored (-5rd), -ORIN'G.] To salute or stun with noise. — V. i. To vociferate, make importunate demands. — Clarn'orous, -u.<, a. Noisy; turbulent. Clairvoyance, klar-voi'ans, n. A power, attributed to mesmerized persons, of discerning objects not present to tlic senses. — Clairvoy'ant, a. Pert, to, etc.— «. One who, etc. Clam, klam, n. {Conrh.) A bivalve shell-fish. pi. (Ship Carp.) Pincers for drawing nails, p?. (Alech.) A kind of vise. Clam, klam, v. t. [cl.^mmed (klamd), clammixg.] To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. — r. i. To be moist or sticky. — Clam'my, -mt, a. Soft and sticky. — Clam''mines3, n. Clamber, klam^ber, v. i. [-bered (-herd), -berixo.] To climb with difficulty, or with hands and feet. Clamor, etc. See under Claim. Clamp, klamp, n. A piece of timber or iron, to fasten work together; a mass of bricks heaped up to be burned, or of ore to be smelted, or of coal to be converted to coke. (Ship-bttilding.) A plank on the inner part of a ship's side, to sustain the beams. One of a pair of pieces of soft material, to cover the jaws of a vise ; a heavy footstep. — v. t. [clamped (klampt), clamping.] To unite or ren- Clamp. der firm bj' a clamp. — v. i. To tread heavily or clumsily; to clump. Clan, klan, n. A tribe or collection of families, united under a chieftain, and bearing the same surname i a clique; a sect, societv, or bodv of persons. — Clan''- nish, a. Closely united, like a cfan; disposed to unite. Clandestine, klan-des'tin, a. Withdrawn from pub- lic notice; kept secret ; underhand; sly; fraudulent. Clang, klang, v. t. [clanged (klangd), clanging.} To strike together with a ringing metallic sound. — V. i. To produce, etc. — n. A ringing sound. — Clangor,, klan'gor, n. A sharp, shrill, harsh sound. — Clan'- gorous, -us, a. Making a clangor. — Clank, klank, n. The loud, ringing sound made by a collision of sonorous bodies. — r. t. and i. [clanked (klankt)^ CL.\NKiNG.] To make, etc. Clap, klap, r. t. [clapped (klapt), clapping.] To strike with a quick motion, making a noise by the collision; to thrust, drive, or put, liastily or abruptly'; to manifest approbation of, by striking the hands, together. — v. i. To come together suddenly with, noise ; to strike the hands together in applause ; to enter briskly. — ?i_ A loud noise made by collis- ion ; a stroke ; thrust ; sudden explosion ; striking of hands in approbation. — Clap'per, n. One who, or that which, etc.; the tongue of a bell. — Clapboard, klab'berd, n. In Amer., a board thicker at one edge than at the other, for covering houses; in Eng., a. stave. — V. t. To cover with clapboards. — Clap'trap, n. A trick to gain applause. — a. Not genuine. — Clap'perclaw, v. t. To fight and scratch; to revile,, scold. Claque, klak, n. A collection of persons engaged to applaud a theatrical performance. — Claquer, kla- ker', n. One employed, etc. Clarence, klar^'ens, n. A close four-wheeled carriage. Clarendon, klar'en-dun, n. {Frini.) A narrow, heavy- faced type, of all sizes. 15^" This line is in Clarendon type. Clare-obscure, klar'ob-skur, Claro-obscuro, kla'ro-ob- skoo^ro, 71. Light and shade in painting; a design of two colors. Claret, klar'et, n. A French pale wine ; a dark-red wine from Bordeaux, etc. Clarify, klar'I-fi, v. t. [-fied (-fid), -fying,] To make clear, purify from feculent matter, defecate, fine; to brighten or illuminate.^ r. ?'. To become pure, as liquors; to grow clear or bright. Clarion, klar'T-un, n. A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill. — Clar'ionef, ClaT'lnet, n. A wind reed instrument, used in military bands. Clash, klash, ii. i. [clashed (klasht), clashino.3 To dash noisily together, come in collision, inter- fere. — V. U To strike noisily against. — n. A meet- ing with violence ; contradiction, as between con- flicting interests, purposes, etc. Clasp, Iclasp, n. A catch, for holding together the parts of anything; a close embrace, —v. t. [claspei> (klaspt), clasping.] To shut or fasten together with a clasp; to embrace, grasp. — Clasp'er, /?. One who, or that which, clasps, as a tendril. — Clasp'- knife, -nif , n. A knife, whose blade folds into the handle. Class, klas, n. A group of individuals possessing common characteristics ; a number of students of the same standing ; an order or division of animate or inanimate objects. — v. t. [classed (klast), class- ing.] To form into classes, rank together. — v. i. To be grouped or classed. — Class'mate, n. One in the same class. — Clas'sic, -sical, a. Of the first class or rank, esp. in literature or art ; orig. pert, to the best Gi'eek and Roman writers, now, also, to the best modei-n authors ; pert, to the Greeks and Latins ; chaste ; pure ; refined. — Clas''Bic, n. A work of acknowledged excellence ; one learned in the classics. — Clas'sify, -sT-fi, r. t. [-fied (-fid), -fyixg.] To distribute into classes, arrange, rank, svstematize. — Clas^sifica'tion, n. . Clatter, klafter, v. i. [-tered (-terd), -tering.] To make rattling sounds ; to rattle with the tongue, prate. — v. t- To strike and make a rattling noise. — n. A repeated rattling noise. Clause, klawz, n. A separate portion of a written paper, paragraph, or sentence. ( Gram.) A portion siin, cQbe, full ; moon, tSbt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CLAUSTRAL 68 CLIP of a sentence containing a finite verb and its ad- junct. CUujtral. See under Cloister. Clavicle, klav't-kl, n. (Anat.) The collar-bone. Claw, klaw, n. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or bird; a talon. — r. t. [clawed (klawd), clawing.] To pull, tear, or scratch with claws or nails ; to get oit' or fscape. Olay, kia, n. A soft earth, consisting of alumina and silic.i, with wiiter. • {Foetr// and Sonpt.) Eartli in general, as representing the elementary particles of the human body ; the human body. — v. t. [CLAVEU (klad), claVi.vg.] To manure with clay ; to purify and whiten with clay, as sugar. Claymore, kLi'mor, ;;. A two-handed sword formerly used by the Scottish Highlanders. Clean, kien, a. Free from dirt, or from that which is injurious; without defects; adroit; dexterous; free from restraint or limitation; complete; sinless; pure. (Script.) Free from ceremonial defilement. — adv. Without limitation or remainder; quite; entirely; dexterously; adroitly. — v. t. [cleaned (klend), CLEANING.] To free from dirt, purify, cleanse. — Clean^ly, klen'^lt, adv. In a clean manner; neatly. — Clean''ness, n. — Clean''ly, klen''II, a. Habitually clean, avoiding defilement ; innocent; pure; cleansing ; adroit ; artful. — Cleanlily, klen''- IT-IT, adv. In a cleanlj'' manner. — Clean''lines3, n. — Cleanse, klenz, v. t. [cleansed (klenzd), cle..\.ns- ING.] To render clean. — v. i. To become clean. Clear, kler, /*. {Carp.) Full extent ; distance be- tween extreme limits. — a. Free from opaqueness, blemish, guilt, obstacle, etc.; able to perceive clear- ly; acute; unbiased; distinctly heard ; audible; man- ifest; plain ; distinct. — adv._ Plainly; quite ; en- tirely. — V. t. [cleared (klerd), clearing.] To free from obscurity, etc.; to leap or pass by, or over, ■without touching or failure; to remove so as to leave something unobstructed. — v. i. To become clear from cloiids or fog; to become disengaged. {Bank- ing.) To make exchanges and settle balances. '{Naut.) To obtain a clearance, and sail from port. — Clear-'ing-house, ?i. {Banking.) The place where clearing is carried on. — Clear'sighted, -slfed, a. Having acute sight.— Clear-sightedness, w.— Clear-- starch, V. t. To stiffen with starch, and then clear by clapping wi_th the hands. — Clear''-story, -stc'rT, Clerestory, kler''sto-rt or kler'es-to-rl, n. {Arch.) An tipper story or row of windows, €sp. in a Gothic church, rising clear above adjoining parts of the building. — Clear'- stuS, n^ Boards, etc., free from knots. Cleat, klet, n. {Carj).) A strip of wood nailed to something to strengthen or fasten it. {Naut.) A piece of wood, to belay ropes to. p, . A piece of iron to render shoes more durable, '-'^^ac. — V. t. To strengthen with a cleat. Cleave, klev, v. i. [imp. cleaved (klevd) or {ohs.) CLAVE ; p. p. cleaved ; cleaving.] To adhere closely, stick, hold fast ; to be united closely in in- terest or alfection; to be adapted; to agree. Cleave, klev, v. t. [imp. cleft or {ohs.) clave ajid clove; i). p. cleft or cleaved (klevd); cleaving.] To part or divide by force, split, rive; to part or open naturally, divide. — v. i. To part, open, crack. — Cleav'er, n. One who, or that which, cleaves, — esp. a butcher's meat-chopper. — Cieav^age, -ej, n. Act of, etc. {Cnjstullog.) Quality of splitting or di- viding naturally. — Cleft, n. An opening, or a piece, made by splitting ; crack ; crevice; chink. {Far.) A crack in the bend of the pastern. Clef, kief, n. {Miis.) A character in musical nota- tion to determine the position and pitch of the scale as rep- resented on the staff. Cleft. See under Cleave. Clematis, klenT'a-tis, ?i. A ge- „ „, ,. „ „, nusof climbing plants. "^ L/iet. a <^lei. Clement, klem'^ent, a. aiild in . " Clef. temper and disposition; lenient; tender; indulgent. — Clem''ency, -sT, 71. Quality of being, etc. Clench. See Clinch. Clerestory. See under Clear. Clergy, kler''jT, n. The body of ecclesiastics, as disting. fr. the laity; in Eng., ministers of the establisheVl church ; benefit of clergy. — Bem'fit of clergi/. {Eng. Laio.) Exemption of clergymen from crim- inal process before a secular judge — once ex- tended to all who could read, but now abolished. — Cler'gyable, a. Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit of clergy.— Cler'gyman, ?».; ;jZ. -men. An ordained minister. — Cleric, kler'ik, n. A clerk, or clergyman. — dermic, -leal, a. Pert, to the clergy; also to a clerk or copyist. — Cler'icallsm, -izm, n. Clerical domination or influence. —Clerk, klerk, w. Orig., an educated person; scholar; in Eng., a lay parish officer, who leads in reading the responses o'f the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it; a scribe; penman; accountant; an assistant in a shop or store, who sells goods, keeps accounts, etc. [Pron. Mark in England.] — Clerk^ly, a. Scholar- like. — Clerk'^sliip, n. Condition or business of, etc. Clever, klev'er, a. Possessing skill, talent, or adroit- ness; showing skill in the doer; having iitness, pro- priety, etc.; well-shaped, handsome, good-natured, kind-hearted, [^mer.] — Clev'erly, adv. — Clev'er- ness, n. Clevis, klev'is, Clevy, klev'r, n. A draft- , iron on the end of a cart-tongue or plow- beam. Clew, Clue, klu, n. A ball of thread; thread j used as a guide in a labyrinth; that which p, guides one in anything doubtful or iiitri- *^J-S'^s. cate. {Naut.) The outer lower corner of a sail. — V. t. [clewed (klud), clewing.] {Naut.) To draw Lip to the yard, as a sail. To direct, as by a thread. Click, klik, v. i. [clicked (klikt), clicking.] Tc make a small, sharp noise, as by gentle striking; tu tick. — n. A small, sharp sound; a peculiar articu- lation used by natives of Southern Africa, —n. A small piece of iron, falling into a notched wheel; a detent; pawl. Client, kli''ent, n. {Rom. Aniiq.) A citizen under the protection of a patron. A dependent; one who aiJ- plies to a lawyer for advice, direction, etc., in a question of law. Cliif, klif, n. A high, steep rock; precipice. Climacteric. See under Climax. Climate, kli'mat, ?i. {Anc. Geog.) Oneof 30 zonesof the earth, parallel to the equator. Condition of a place in relation to temperature, moisture, etc. — Climat'^ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, or limited by climate. — Cli''matize, -tiz, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -tizing.] To acclimate. — v. i. To become acclimated. — Clima- tology, -jT, n. Science of, or a treatise on, climates. Climax, kli'maks, n. {Rhet.) An arrangement in which a sentence rises, as it step by step, in impor- tance, force, or dignity. The highest point. — Cli- macteric, kli-mak'ter-ik or klim-ak-tgr''ik, a. Pert, to a critical period of life. — n. A critical period in human life, or one in which change is supposed to take place in the constitution; any critical period. — Grand or great climacteric. The 6-jd year. Climb, klim, v. i. ort. [climbed (klimd) or {ohs. or vul- gar) clomb (kl5m), climbing.] To ascend by means of hands and feet; to mount laboriously or slowly. Clime, klim, n. Same as Climate. Clinch, klinch, Clench, v. t. [clinched (klincht), clinching.] To make or hold fast, grasp, gripe; to render firm, confirm, establish. — n. Act or pro- cess of, etc.; or that which serves to hold fast; a pun. {Naut.) A kind of knot and seizings to fasten a cable or gun to ring-bolts. Cling, kling, v. i. [clung, clinging.] To adhere closely, hold fast, esp. by winding round or em- bracing. — V. t. To cause to adhere to. Clinic, klin'^ik, -ical, o. Pert, to abed; confined to bed by illness ; bed-rislden. — Clin^ic, n. One con- fined, etc. — Clinique, -ek'', n. An examination of diseased persons by medical professors in presence of their pupils. [F.] Clink, klink, j;. t [clinked (klinkt), clinking.] To make a small, sharp, ringing sound. — n. A ring- ing sound. — Clink'' er,n. Several bricks united by heat; scoria, or refuse of a furnace; vitrified mat- ter ejected from a volcano. Clip, kilip, V. t. [clipped (klipt), clipping.] Ori"., to embrace, encompass; to cut off, as with a single stroke; to curtail,- cut short. — v. i. To move swift ly. — n. An embrace; a cutting; shearing; product am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; tn, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; CLIQUE 69 COAPTATE of a siny:le shearing; a blow or stroke with the hand. — Clip'per, n. One who clips; csp. who cuts ott edges of coin. {Xaut.) A fust-sailing vessel, hav- ing the bow sharp and long. — Clip'ping, n. Act of embracing, cutting off, or curtailing ; thing clipped off. Clique, klek, w. A narrow circle of persons; coterie. Cloak, klok, n. A loose, outer garment; a disguise or pretext. — !-•. (. [cloaked (klokt), cloakixg.] To cover with a cloak; to hide or conceal. Clock, klok, n. An instrument for measuring time. Clod, klod, n. A lump or mass, esp. of earth, turf, or clay; the ground, earth; the body as compared with the soul; a dull, stupid fellow; a dolt. — v.i. To collect into concretions ; to clot. — v. t. To pelt with clods. Clog, klog, V. t. [CLOGGED (klogd), CLOGGiXG.] To en- cumber, or load, esp. with something tkat sticks fast; to obstruct so as to hinder motion, choke up, em- barrass, impede, hamper. — v. i. To become loaded or encumbered; to coalesce or adhere. — n. That which hinders motion; an embarrassment; a heavy shoe; wooden shoe. Cloister, klois'ter, n. A covered arcade; a monastic establisliment. — v. t. [cloisteked (-terd), -tee- ixo.] To confine in a cloister. — Clois'tral, Claus''- tral, klaws'tral, a. Pert, to, or confined in, etc. — Clois'terer, n. An inmate of, etc. Cloke. See Cloak. Close, kloz, V. t. [closed (klozd), closing.] To bring together the parts of ; to stop, shut; to bring to an end, conclude; to inclose, encompass, confine. — V. i. To come together, unite or coalesce; to end, terminate. — n. Union of parts; junction; terminal tion; end; a grapple in wrestling. {Mus.) End —n of a strain of music; cadence. An inclosed —W place; esp. a field or piece of land; a passage T] from a street to a court, and the houses witn- JJ in ; the precinct of a cathedral or abbey. — pi„s.p Clo'sure, -zhur, n. Act of shutting ; a clos-^ °^' ing; that wliich shuts, incloses, or confines; end; conclusion. — To close ivith. To accede, consent, or agree; to grapple with. — Close, klos, a. Shut fast; closed; tignt: pent up; confined; secret; stagnant; without motion or ventilation; secretive; reticent; parsimonious ; niggardly ; dense ; solid ; compact; adjoining; near; intiniate; confidential; adhering to rule; strict; accurate; precise; evenly balanced; doubtful. — adv. In a close manner. — Clos'et, kloz'et, n. A room for retirement or privacy; a small, close apartment, for utensils, articles of fur- niture, etc. — I', t. To shut up in a closet ; to take into a private room for consultation. Clot, klot, n. A concretion, esp. of a soft, slimy char- acter; a coagulation. — v.i. To concrete or coagu- late; to be formed into clots or clods; to become gross. Cloth, kloth, n. A woven stuff of fibrous material; a profession, or the members of it, esp. the clerical profession. — Clothe, kloth, r. t. [clothed (klotlid) Of clad, CLOTHIXG.] To put garments upon, fur- nish with raiment ; to cover or invest, as with a garment. — v. i. To wear clothes. — Cloth'ing, n. Raiment: covering. — Cloth'ier, -yEr, «. One who makes, sells, dresses, or fulls cloth. Cload, klowd, n. A collection of visible vapor sus- pended in the atmosphere; a mass of smoke or dust resembling vapor; a dark vein or spot in marble, etc.; that which has a lowering or threatening as- pect; a great crowd or multitude. — v. t. To be overspread with clouds; to render dark or obscure; to variegate with colors. — v. i. To grow cloudy or obscure. — Cloud'y, -T, a. Overcast or obscured with, or consisting of, clouds ; lacking clearness ; not easily understood ; having the appearance of gloom ; marked with veins or spots. — Cloud'ily, -T-lt, nr/r. — Cloud 'iness, n. — Cloud'less, a. Un- clouded. Clout, klowt, n. A piece of cloth, leather, etc., for a patch; the center of an archer's butt; an iron plate on an axletree. — v. t. To cover with cloth or other material; to patcli, join in a clumsy manner ; to guard with an iron plate. Clove, klov, n. A pungent aromatic spice, the unex- panded flower-bud of the clove tree. Clove, klov, n. (Bot.) One of the small bulbs devel. oped in the axils of the scales of a large bulb. Clover, klo'ver, «. {Hot.) A plant of the grass kind. Clown, klown, 7t. A husbandman; rustic; an ill-bred man ; the fool in a play, circus, etc. — v. i. To act as a clown. — Clown'ish, a. Like, etc.: ungainly; boorish. — Clown^ishly, adv. — Clown 'ishness, n. Cloy, kloi, t'. /. [cloyed (kloid), CLOYING.] To glut, or satisfy, satiate, surfeit. Club, klub, n. A heavy staff, -wielded with the hand; one of the suits of cards, having a figure like the clover-leaf. — r. ^ To strike with a club. — Club'- foot, n. A short, deformed foot. Club, klub, 71. An association of persons for some common object, at joint expense. — v. i. and t. To combine to promote some conunon object; to pa}' one's proportion of a common expense. Cluck, kluk, V. i. [clucked (klukt), clicking.] To make the noise of a brooding hen. — v. t. To call, as- a hen does her chickens. — n. (I'roti.) A peculiar articulation used by natives of South Africa. Clue. Same as Clew.~ Clump, klump, n. A shapeless mass of wood, etc.: a cluster of trees; the compressed clay of coal strata. Clumsy, klunT'zt, a. Without grace of shape, man- ners, etc.; awkward; uncouth. Clung. See Cling. Cluster, klus'ter, n. A number of similar things growing, joined, or collected together; a crowd. — V. i. [clustered (-terd), -tering.] To grow in clusters, gather in a bunch or mass. — v. t. To col- lect into a bunch or close body. Clutch, kluch, V. t. [clutched (klucht), clutching.I ■To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand ; to close tightly, clinch. — v.i. To catch, snatch. — n. A- gripe ; seizure; grasp.' ilfacli.') A projecting piece, for connecting shafts, so as to be disen- gaged at pleasure ; the aross-head of a piston-rod. pi. The hands ; hence, power ; rapacity. Clutter, klufter, ?i. A confused collection; confu- sion; disorder. — I', t. [cluttered (-terd), -teking.} To crowd together in disorder, fill with things in confusion. — v. i. Ta make a bustle, or fill with confusion. Clyster, klis'^ter, n. {Med.) An injection into the bowels^ Coach, koch, n. A large, close, four-wheeled carriage. — v.t. To convey m a coach; to cram, or prepare for an examination. Coadjutor, ko-ad-ju'^ter, n. One who aids another, or is empowered to perform the duties of another; as- sistant ; co-worker. — Coactju'trix, n. A feTuale as- sistant. — Coad^jutant, a. Mutually assisting. Coagent, ko-a^jent, n. An assistant or associate. Coagulate, ko-ag'u-lat, v. t. To cause to change intO' a curd-like state, — said of liquids. — v.i. To un- dergo coagulation, thicken, curdle. Coal, Kol, n. Wood charred, or partially burnt; char- coal. (3Jin.) A black, solid, combustible substance,, consisting mainly of carbon, used for iuel. — v. t. [coaled (kold), coaling.] To burn to coal, char; to mark with charcoal; to supply with coal. — v.i. To take in coal, — said of steani-ves^els. — Coal'- ery, -er-T, Colliery, koKyer-1, n. A place where coal is dug. — Coll'ier, -j'er, n. A digger of, or dealer in, coal; a vessel for transporting coal. — CoaKy, -T, o. Pert, to or containing coal. — Colly, kOKl, ??. Black, grime or soot of coal or burnt wood. — v. t. [col- LiED (koKid), -lying.] To render black. Coalesce, ko'a-les', v. i. [coalesced (-lest''), coa- lescing.] To grow together: unite into one massr unite in society'. — Coalition, -lish-'un, ?i. Union in a body or mass; a temi)orafy combination of per- sons, parties, states, etc., having different interests;- confederacy; coinbination: consjiiracy. Coamings, Combings, kom'ingz, ?;./"G.] To plant a colony in ; to people by colonies. — r. i. To settle in a distant country. — Col'onizer. n. — CoFoniza'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — CoFoniza'tionist, n. An advocate of, etcl esp. of colonizing Africa by negro emigrant^s from America. Coloquintida. Same as Colocyxtii. Color. kuKer, n. A property of light causing the eye to distin^\iish differences in the appearance of ob- jects ; a hue or tint as distinguished from white: that used to give color: paint: pigments: false show; pretense. {Phren.) The organ indicating percep- tion of color. See Phrexology. pi. A ilag, ensign, or standard. — r. i. [colored (kuKerd), -oring.] To change the hue of ; to give color to, dye, tinge, paint, stain ; to give a specious appearance to, palli- ate, excuse. — v. i. To turn red, blush. — Col'ora- "ble, a. Designed to cover or conceal ; specious ; plausible. — CoKorature, n. {Mas.) A variation or shading of notes for harmony. — Col'ored, -erd, a. Having color or plausible appearance. — Colored ■people. Persons of negro descent. — Colorif'ic, a. Communicating or producing color. — CoKorist, n. A painter skilled in coloring. — CoKorless, a. Des- titute of color. — Colorim''eter, n. An instrument for measuring the depth of color, esp. in liquids. — CoKor-blindness, n. Imperfect perception of col- ors ; Daltonism. Colorado beetle, kol-o-ra'do-be'tl. The potato-bug, — a destructive yellow beetle, orig. fr. Colorado. Colossus, ko-los'sus, n. ; L. pi. -sr, -si ; E. pi. -suses, -ez. A gigantic statue ; esp. that at the entrance of the harbor at Rhodes. — Colos'^sal, -se'an, a. Gigan- tic. — GoloBse'^um, ?i. Vespasian's amphitheater in Rome. [Also written Coliseuin.'] Colporteur, kol-por-ter', CoKporter, n. One who ped- dles religious tracts and books. — CoKstaff, ?i. A stafE for carrying burdens on two persons' shoul- ders. _ Colt, kolt, n. The young of the horse kind ; a young, foolish fellow.— Colt's'foot, n. A plant whose leaves were once used medicinally. Colter, Coulter, kol'ter, n. The sharp fore iron of a plow, to cut the sod. Column, koKum, n. {Arch.) A cylindrical support for a roof, ceiling, etc., composed of base, shaft, and capital ; a pillar. {Mil.) A body of troops in files with a narrow front. {Xaut.) A body of ships in line, so as to follow in succession. (Print.) Figures, words, or lines set perpendicularly one above another. — Colum-'nar, a. Formed in ■ or Uke, etc. — Columella, -la, M. (Bot.) An Colter, axis, supporting the carpels of some fruits ; the stem in mosses, which is the axis of the capsule. Colza, koKza, 71. A variety of cabbage whose seeds afford an oil used in lamps. Coma, ko''ma, H. (Med.) Morbid propensity to sleep; lethargy. — Co'matose, -<■"= -+"«=! -t^o « r>,.^-r.TCT-. bid pre _ -tons, -tus, a. . tos, -tons, -tus, a. Drowsy; lethargic. Comb, kom, n. An instrument with teeth, for adjust- ing hair, wool, etc. ; the crest on a cock's head ; the top, or crest of a wave ; the structure of wax in which bees store honey. — v. t. [combed (komd), COMBIXG.] To separate, disentangle, cleanse, ad- just, or lay straight. — v. i. (A'aui.) To roll over, as the top of a wave ; to break with white foam. Combat, koiiT'bat or kum''bat, v. i. To struggle or contend, as with an opposing force. — v. t. To fight with, oppose by force, resist, oppose. — n. A strug- gle to resist or conquer. (Mil.) An engagement; conflict; encounter. — Com'batant, a. Contending; disposed to contend. — n. One who, etc.; a cham- pion. — Com''bater, n. — Com^bative, -iv, a. In- clined to, etc. — Com''bativeness, ?i. Disposition to, etc. (Phren.) The organ indicating it. See Phre- nology. Combine, kom-bin', v. t. [-bixed (-bind''), -bixixg.] To unite or join. — v. i. To form a union, confeder- ate; to unite by affinity. — Combin^able, a. Capable of, etc. — Combina''ti6n, n. Union or connection; coalition : conspiracy. (Math.) Variation of any number of quantities in all possible ways. Combustible, kom-bus'tl-bl, a. Capable of taking fire and burning ; inflammable ; easily excited ; quick; irascible. — n. A substance tha^t will, etc. — Combus^'tibleness, -tibil'ity, ?j. — Combus'^tion, -chun, n. A taking fire and burning: conflagration. Come, kum, v. i. limp. c.\jie ; p. pi. come ; comixg.] To move hitherward, draw near, approach ; to ar- rive at some state or condition, occur, happen ; to become evident, appear. Comedy, konr'e-dl, n. A dramatic composition of an amusing character. — Come'dian, n. An actbr in, or writer of, etc. — Come'dienne', -ma'dl-en'', n. An actress in, etc. [F.] — Come''dietta, -ta, n. A little comedy. [It.] — Commie, -ical, a. Pert. to. etc.: ex- citins mirth; laughable. — Comi^caUy, adv. — Com'- icalness, n.— ComicaKity, -T-tl, n. That which is, etc. Comely, kum'lY, a. Hand- some; graceful; well-pro- portioned. — adv. In a be- coming or graceful man- ner. — Come'liness. n. Comestibles, ko-mes'tl-blz, n. pi. Eatables. Comet, kom'et, n. A member of the solar system. Comet. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Sdd, t«ae, *r ; COMFORT 73 COMMUNE moving in an eccentric orbit, and consisting of a nucleus, an envelope, and a tail. Comfort, kum'furt, i-. t. To relieve or cheer under atHiction or depression ; to solace, invigorate, re- fresh, animate. ^?2. Strength and relief under af- fliction ; support : a state of quiet enjoj-inent, or whatever causes it. — Com''forter, ?(. One who, etc. (Script.) The Holy Spirit. A woolen tippet; wadded quilt. — Com''fortable, a. Affording or enjoying, etc.; free from pain or distress — n. A coverlet. — Com'fortably, of/c — Com''fortableness, ». — Com'"- fortless, a. Miserable ; forlorn. Comic, Comicality, etc. See under Comedy. Comity, kom'I-tl, n. Courtesy of intercourse ; civil- ity ; good breeding. Comma, korn'ma, n. A character [,] marking the snwUest grammatical division of a sentence. Command, kom-mand'', v. t. To order with authority; to exercise supreme authority over ; to have under influence, control, or vision ; to exact or enforce, bid, direct, overlook, claim, — v. i. To have au- thority, possess chief power, govern. — n. An au- thoritative order ; exercise of authority ; right or possession of authority ; abilitj^ to overlook, control, or watch ; a body of troops under a particular of- ficer. — Command''er, n. A leader; the chief officer of an army, or a division of it. {]Var>/.) An officer next above a lieutenant. A heavjf, wooden mallet. — Command'ery, -er-t, -ry, -rt, n., A ir.ar.cr belong- ing to an order of knights, and controlled by a com- mander ; a preceptory ; a lodge of the Freemasons called knights templars. — Command'^ing, a. Fitted to control; imperious. — Command'ment, w. An au- thoritative order ; precept. (Scrij^t.) One of the 10 laws given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai. Comjneasurable. Same as Commen'surable. Commemorate, kom-mem''o-rat, v. t. To call to re- membrance, or celebrate with honor and solemnity. — Commern'ora'tion, 71. Act of, etc.; a public cele- bration. Commence, kom-mens', v. i. [-iiENCED (-menst''), -MEXCING.] To begin, originate; to take the first university degree. — v. t. To enter upon, begin, begin to be or to appear. — Commencc'ment, n. First existence of anything ; rise ; origin ; beginning; the day when university degrees are conferred. Commend, kom-mend'', i\ t. To commit or intrust for care or preservation; to present as worthy of re- gard; to praise; to recommend to the kind reception of. — Commend''able, a. Capable or worthy of, etc. — Commend'ably, adv. — Commenda'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; praise ; applause ; a message of respect ; compliments. — Commend'atory, -to-rl, a. Serving to commend; holding a benefice in commendam. — Commen''dam, n. (Eccl. Law.) A vacant benefice committed to the holder until a pastor is supplied. The holding of such a benefice. Commensurate, kom-men'shoo-rat, a. Having a com- mon measure; commensurable; equal in measure or extent; proportional, —v. t. To reduce to a common measure.— Commen'surately, arfc— Commen'snra'- tion, n. State of being commensurate. — Commen''- Burable, a. Having a common measure. Comment, kora^'ment, i\ i. To explain by remarks, criticisms, etc.; to write annotations. — n. An ex- planatory remark, observation, etc. ; annotation ; stricture. — Com'mentary, -ta-rt. n. A series, collec- tion, or book of comments, etc. ; a memoir of partic- ular transactions. — Com''mentator, -menter, n. Commerce, kom'mers, n. Exchange of mercliandise between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic; social or personal intercourse; famil- iarity. — Commercial, -iner'shal, a. Pert, to, or en- gaged in commerce; mercantile. Commination, kom-mt-na'sliun, n. A threat; denun- ciation of punishment or vengeance. — Comminato- ry, -min-'a-to-rt, a. Threatening punishment. Commingle, kom-min''gl, v. t. [-mingled (-gld), -mix- GLIXG.J To mingle together in one mass, or inti- mately; to blend. —w. I. To mix together, become blended. Comminute, kom'mY-nut, v. t. To reduce to minute particles, pulverize, grind. — Comminu'tion, n. Act of reducing to small particles; pulverization; atten- uation by removing small particles. Commiserate, kom-miz'er-at, i'. t. To feel sorrow, pain, or regret for; to be sorry for; to pity, feel for, condole. Commissary, kom'mis-sa-rT, n. A deputy; commis- sioner. {Mil.) An officer in charge of a special de- partment, esp. that of subsistence. — Commissa''- riat, n. (JUL) That department charged with sui> plying provisions for the soldiers; tiie body of ofti- CLTs in that department; office of a commissary. Commit, kom-mit', v. t. To give in trust; to do, per- form, elfect; to place beyond one"s control; to pledge or bind, — used reflexively. — Commiftal, «. Act of Committing; a pledge. — Committer, /(. — Com- miftible, «. Capable of being, etc. — Commission, -misli-'un, ?i. Act of committing, doing, or per- forming; a formal warrant of committing some trust to a person; a company of persons joined in the ex- ercise of some duty. (Com.) The acting under au- thority of, or on account of, another; thing to be done as agent for another; brokerage or allowance made to an asrent. — v. t. [-missioxed (-mish''und), -MissiOxiXG.l To give a commission to, appoint, depute. — Commis''smner, n. One commissioned to execute some business for an employer; an officer in charge of some department of the public service. — Commis'sionaire'', -nar', n. A factor; commission- merchant; one stationed in a public resort to receive commissions or act as guide, messenger, etc. [F.] — Commis'sion mer'chant. One who transacts busi- ness on commission, as the agent of others, receiv- ing a rate per cent, as his reward. — Commit'' tee, -te, n. A select number of persons appointed to attend to any business, by a legislative body, court, or any collective body of men acting togetlier. — Commit'*'- teeship, n. Office of a committee. Commis, kom-miks'', v. t. ori. [-jii.ved (-miksf), -mix- ixG.J To mix or mingle ; blend. — Commix'ture» -chur, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; mass formed by niingling ; compound. Cemmode, kom-mod'', 7i. A woman's head-dress; a chest of drawers; a bedroom convenience, — a close- stool. — Commc'dious, -dt-us, a. Affording ease and convenience ; fit ; comfortable. — Commod'^ity, -t-tl, n. That which affords convenience or advantage, esp. m commerce ; goods, wares, etc. Commodore, kom'' mo-dor, n. The commander of a squadron; leading ship in a fleet of merchantmen. Common, kom''un, a. Belonging equally to more than one, or to many indefinitely; serving for the use of all; general; public; often met with; not distin- guished by rank or character; commonplace; mean; vulgar. — n. An uninclosed tract of public ground. (Law.) The right of taking a profit in the land of another. — v. i. To have a joint right with others in common ground; to board together; eat at a table in common. — Com''mons, -munz, n. p?. The mass of the people ; the commonalty ; the loAver house of the Eng. parliament; provisions, food, fare; a club where all eat at a common table. — Com''mona,ble, a. Held in common; allowed to pasture on common land. — Corn'monage, -ej, n. Right of pasturing on a common; joint right of using anj^thing in common with others. — Com''monalty, -al-tT, n. Tlie common people ; body of citizens. — Com''moner, n. One under the degree of nobility; a memberof the House of Commons; one having'a joint right in common ground; a student of the second rank in the univer- sity of Oxford, England.— Com''monly, ar/?'. Usu- ally; ordinarily; for the most part. — Com'^monness, n. — Com^monish, a. Common-place; vulgar.— Com'- mon-place, a. Common ; trite : hackneyed. — n. (Rhet.) A general idea applicable to different sub- jects; a trite remark. — v. t.' To enter in a com- mon-place book, or to reduce to general heads. — Com''mon-place'-book, n. A book for recording things to be remembered. — Commonweal, -wel^ -wealth, -welth, n. Prop., a free state; a popular government ; republic ; whole body of citizens. Commotion, kom-mo''shun, n.' Violent motion; agita- tion; a popular tumult; perturbation or disorder of mind ; excitement. Commune, kom-mun', v. i. [-mun^ed (-mundOt -MU- xiXG.] Toconverse together familiarly, confer; to re- ceive the communion, partake of the Lord's supper. — Commune, kom''mun, n. A small territorial dis- Bun, cQbe, full ; moon, fdt>t ; cow, oil ; linger or iQk, -Hien, boNboN, chair, get. COMMUTE 74 COMPLETE trict in France ; municipal self-government. (-F. Hist.) A socialistic political party in France, — esp. in Paris. — Com''mimism, -nizni, n. Doctrine of com- munity of property among all citizens of a state or society; socialism. — Com 'munist, ?i. An advocate of, etc. — Commu'nity, -n i-tl, n. Common possession or enjoyment; a society of persons having common rights, interests, etc.; society at large; the public, or j)eople in general.— CoBiinu''iiicate, -nt-kat^t'- f- To Impart for common possession, bestow, confer; to re- veal, or give, as information. — v. i. To share or participate; to have intercourse or means of inter- •course. — Cominu''nicable, a. That may be, etc. — Coinmu''iiicableness, -cabil'ity, n. — Commu'nica''- "tioii, 71. Act of communicating; intercourse; means of passing from place to place; that which is com- municated ; commerce; correspondence; news. — Cominu''iiicative, -tiv, a. Inclined to communicate. — Commu'nicativeness, n. — Coiimiu''iiicator, -ter, n. — Commu'nicatory, -to-rl, a. Imparting knowl- edge. — Comiaunion, -mun-'yun, ??. Intercourse be- tween persons; union in religious faith; fellowship; a body of Christians having one common faith and discipline; the celebration of the Lord's supper. — Commu'iiicant, n. A partaker of the Lord's supper. (Commute, kom-mut', v. t. To put one for the other, exchange; to substitute, as a greater penalty for a less; to pay less for in gross than would be paid for separate trips. — v. i/ To bargain for exemption; to arrange to pay in gross. — Commu'' table, a. Capable of being exchanged. — Commu'tabiKity, -1-ti, n. — Commuta'tion, n. Change; barter. (Law.) Sub- stitution of one penalty for another. Purchase of a right to go upon a certain route during a specified period, for less than the aggregate charge for separate trips; an outright sum given as equivalent for a^jro rata payment. 'Compact, kom-pakt', a. Closely and firmly united; solid; dense; brief; succinct. — v. t. To drive or press closely together, consolidate; to unite or con- nect firmly, as in a system. Compact, kom'^pakt, n. An agreement between par- ties; covenant; contract. •Company, kum''pa-nt, n. State of being a companion ; act of accompanying; an assemblage or association of persons; guests, disting. fr. the members of a fam- ily; a corporation; a firm; partners whose names are not mentioned in the title of the firm. {Mil.) A subdivision of a regiment. (Naut.) The crew of a ship. — V. i. To associate. — Companion, kom-pan''- yun, n. One associated with another; comrade; ally; accomplice. (Compare, kom-par'', v. t. [-pared (-pard''), -paring.] To examine the mutual relations of; to represent as similar, for purposes of illustration; to liken. (Gram.) To inflect according to degrees of com- parison. — IK i. To hold comparison; to be like or equal; to admit of comparison. — Comparable, kom'- pa-ra-bl, a. Capable or wortJiy of comparison. — Com'^parably, adv.— Comparative, -pSr-'a-tiv, a. Es- timated by, or proceeding from, comparison; hav- ing power of comparing. (Gram.) Expressing a greater or less degree of a quantity, or quality, than the positive. — Compar'^atively, ac/v. In a compara- tive manner; hy comparison; relatively. — Compax'- ison, -T-sun or -T-sn, n. Act of comparing; compara- tive estimate. See Phkexology. (Gram.) Inflec- tion of an adjective or adverb in its several degrees. (Rhet.) A simile or similitude. ■Compartment, kom-parfment, n. One of the parts into which a thing is divided. 'Compass, kum'pas, n. A circuit; circumference; an inclosing limit; boundarj'; an inclosed space; area; extent; capacity. (Mus.) Range of notes compre- hended by any voice or instru- - ., ment. A magnetic instrument, s^*^ to determine the cardinal ^^^^ .%-I.Sa-_^ points. — V. t. [^OMl'ASSED Ji^^ <-past), -PASSING.] To go about or around; to inclose on all sides; to besiege or invest; to get within reach, or within Mariner's Compass. one's power; to purpose, im- agine, plot, gain, consummate. — Mariner's compass. One which has its needle permanently attached to a card, so that both move together, the card being divided into 32 parts, or points. — To fetch a compass. To go round in a circuit. — Com'^passable, a. Capa- ble of being, etc. — Com'passes, -ez, «. pZ. An in- strument to describe circles, measure figures, etc. Compassion, kom-pash-'un, n. A suffering w^ith an- other; sorrow excited by another's distress; pity; sympathy. — Compas'slonate, u. Full of compas- sion; tender; merciful. — v. t. To have compassion for; commiserate. — Compas'sionately, adv. — Corn- pas'' sionateness, n. — Compatible, -put'I-bl, a. Co.- pable of existing in harmony; consistent; agreeable; congruous. Compatriot, korn-pa''trI-ut, n. A fellow-countryman. Compeer, kom-per'', 7i. An equal; companion; peer. Compel, kom-peK, v. t. [-i>elleu (-peld'), -celling.] To drive irresistibly; to necessitate; to take by force or violence, constrain, coerce. — Compulsion, -puK- shun, ?i. Act of, or state of being, etc.; constraint; restraint. — Compul'sative, -tiv, -satory, -to-rl, -sory, -so-rT, a. Compelling. — Compul'sive, -siv, a. Having power to, etc. — Compul'sively, -sorily, -rl- IT, adv. Forcibly. —Compul'siveness, n. Compellation, kom-pel-la''shun, n. iManner of ad- dress ; appellation. — CompeKlative, -la-tiv, n. (Gram.) The name by which one is addressed. Compend, kom'^pend, Compend'ium, -I-um, n. A brief compilation; abridgment; epitome; summary. — Compend ''lous, -I-us, a. Summed up within nar- row limits. Compensate, kom'pen-sat or kom-pen'sat, v. t. To make equal return to, give an equivalent to, re- munerate, requite; to be equivalent to in value or effect, counterbalance. — v. i. To make amends, supply an equivalent. — Compensa''tion, ».. Actor principle of, etc.; an equivalent. (Law.) Payment of a debt by a credit of equal amount. — Compen''- sative, -tiv, -satory, -to-rl, a. Affording compensa- tion. Compete, kom-pet', v. i. To contend, as rivals for a prize. — Competition, -tish^'un, n. Common strife for the same object; emulation; opposition; jealousy. — Compet'itive, -1-tiv, a. Producing or pert, to, etc. — Compefitor, -t-ter, 7i. One who claims what another claims; a rival. Competent, kom''pc-tent, a. Answering to all require- ments; having adequate power or right; fitted; qual- ified. — Com'petence, -teney, -ten-si, n. State of being competent; sufficiency, esp. of means of sub- sistence. (Law.) Legal capacity or qualifications; right or authority. Compile, kom-piK, v. t. [-piled (-pild''), -piling.] To put together or compose out of materials from other books or documents. — Compila'^tion, ti. Act of com- piling; thing compiled; esp. a book. Complacent, kom-pla''sent, a. Accompanied with pleasure; displaying satisfaction. — Compla''cenca, -cency, -sen-sT, ?«. A feeling of quiet pleasure; the cause of pleasure; kindness of manners; civility. — Com'plaisant', -pla-zant', a. Desirous to please; kindly attentive; courteous; well-bred. [F.] — Com'- plaisant'ly, adv. — Com-'plaisance', n. Kind com- pliance with others' wishes; urbanity; suavitv\ [F.] Complain, kom-plan'', v. i. [-plained (-pland'), -plaining.] 'To express distress or censure ; to bring an accusation, make a charge, murmur, la- ment, repine. — Complain'^ant, n. One who, etc. (Law.) A plaintiff. [F.] — Complainf, n. Expres- sion of grief, censure, etc.; cause of complaining; A malady; disease. (Law.) Allegation that some^ person has been guilty of a designated offense. [F.] Complanate, kom''j5la-nat, V. t. To make level or even. Complete, koni-plef, a. Free from deficiency; per- fect; finished; ended; entire; total. — v. t. To bring to a perfect state ; to bring to pass, achieve. — Com- plete''ness, n, — Comple^'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; fulfillment; realization. — Comple'^tive, -tiv, a. Making complete. — Com^plement, -ple- ment, n. That which completes or supplies a defi- ciency ; quantity required to make complete. (Astron.) Distance of a star from the zenith, as compared with its altitude. (Trigon.) Difference between an arc or angle and 90". (Anth.) Differ- am, fame, f ar,_pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, t5rm ; In, ice ; 5dd, tSne, 6r ; COMPLEX 75 CONCEIVE ence between a number and 10, 100, 1000, etc. (Jfics.) Interval wanting to complete the octave. — Com- plemenfal, a. Supplyins, or tending to supply, a deticiency ; fully completing. — Complement"'- ary, a. Serving to complete. — Comple'tory, -to-rt, a. Making complete. — n. Evening: the compline. — Com-'pliiie, -plin, -plin, n. {Etc!.) The closing prayer of the Roman Catholic breviary, recited after sunset. Csmplex. kom'pleks, a. Composed of two or more parts; complicated; intricate. — n. Assemblage; col- lection. — Com'^plezness, Complex''edneBS, -ed-nes, -ity, -X-tT, n. Intricacy. — Com'plexly, adv. — Com- plex'^ure, -Ur, n. Involution or complication of one thing with others. — Complexion, -plek'shun, n. State of being complex; connection of parts; frame or texture; hue of the skin, esp. of the face; general appearance. — Complex'ional, -ionary, «. Pert, to the complexion, or to tlie care of it. — Com''plicate, -pll-kat, V. t. To fold or twist togetlier, interweave; to render complex, involve. — a. Composed of parts united ; complicated. — Com''plicately, adv. — Com''- plicateness, -cacy, -ka-sl, n. State of being, etc. — Complica'tion., n. Intricate or confused blending of part.s ; entanglement. — Com'plicative, -tiv, a. Tending to involve. — Complicity, -plis'l-tl, n. Con- dition of being an accomplice. Compline. See under Complete. Complot, kom^plot, n. A confederacy in some evil design; conspiracy; cabal. — ComploV, v. t. and i. To plot together, conspire, join in a secret design. Comply, kom-pli', v. i. [-plied (-plid'), -plyixg.] To yield assent, accord, acquiesce. — Compli'ance, -ans, n. Act of, or disposition to, etc.; concession; obedi- ence. — Compli^ant, a. Pliant; yielding to request. — Compli'antly, adr. — Com'pliment, n. Compli- ance with the wishes of another; manifestation of approbation, regard, etc.; delicate flattery. — v. t. To flatter; express respect for. — v. i. To use com- pliments. Component. See under Compose. Comport, kom-port', v. i. To agree, accord, suit. — V. t. To behave, conduct, — with a reflexive pro- noun. Compose, kom-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd'), -posing.] To form by uniting, put together ; to constitute ; to originate, become the author of; to place in form, reduce to order ; to free from disturbance, set at rest. {Print.) To place in proper order for print- ing, as tvpe. — Composed, -pozd', p. a. Free from agitation: calm; tranquil. — Compos'edly, -ed-lT, adv. — Compos'edness, n. — Compos'^er, n. One wlio composes ; an author, esp. of a piece of music. — Composition, -zish'un, n. Act of composing, esp. a literary work. {Fine Arts.) That combination of parts in which each has its due proportion. Arrange- ment of type for use in printing. State of being composed ;'thing formed bj' composing. {Laiv.) Ad- justment of a debt, by compensation mutually agreed on. — Com/iositio7i of forces. {Mech.) The finding of a single force equal to two or more given forces acting in given di- rections. — Compos'lng- stick, 71. {Print.) An in- strument of adjustable width, in which type is arranged into words and Composing-stick. lines. — Composite, -poz'it, a. Made of distinct parts or elements; compounded. {Arch.) Belonging to an order of architecture made up of the Ionic grafted upon the Corinthian. See Capital. — Composite number. {Math.) One which can be measured ex- actly by a number exceeding unity. — Compos'ltive, -pSz'T-tiv, a. Compounded, or having power of com- pounding. — Compos'itor, -ter, n. One who sets in order. {Print.) One who sets type. — Compo^'nent, a. Composing; serving or helping to form; consti- tuting. — n. A constituent part; aji ingredient. — Compos'itae, -te, ?i. pZ. {Bot.) A family of dicoty- ledonous plants, having their flowers arranged in dense heads, —including the daisy, dandelion, and aster. — Com'post, -post, ?i. {Agi-ic.) A mixture for fertilizing land. — v.t. To manure with compost. — Compos'^nre, -zhur, n. Act of composing; tning composed; a settled'state; calmness; tranquillity. Compound, kom-pownd'', v. t. To put together, as ele- ments, or parts to form a whole ; to combine or unite ; to settle amicably, adjust by agreement. — V. i. To come to terms of agreement, settle by com- promise. — Com'ponnd, a. Composed of elements, ingredients, or parts. — n. That which is com- pounded; mixture of elements, ingredients, or parts. Comprehend, kom-pre-hend'', v. t. To include by con- struction or implication ; to take into the mind, ap- prehend the meaning of, understand.— Comprelien''- sion, -shun, n. Act of, etc. ; thing comprehended or inclosed within narrow limits ; summary : epit- ome ; capacity of the mind to understand ; percep- tion. —Compfehen'sive, -siv, a. Including much within narruii' limits; extensive; full. — Compre- hen'sively, adv. — Comprehen'siveness, n. Compress, kom-pres', r. t. [-pkessed (-presf), -press- ing.] To press together, bring within narrower limits, crowd, condense. — Com'^press, n. {Surg.) A folded piece of Unen, to make pressure on any part. Comprise, kom-prlz', v. t. [-pkised (-prizd'), -pris- ing.] To comprehend, include, embrace, imply. Compromise, kom'pro^iiz, n. A mutual promise to refer a dispute to the decision of arbitrators; adjust- ment by mutual concessions. — v. t. [-miskd (-mizd), -MisiNG.] To adjust by mutual concessions, com- pound; to commit, hazard, compromit. — Com-'pro- mis'er, n. — Com'promit, v. t. To pledge, promise; to put to hazard, Dy some act which cannot be re- called, bring into danger, compromise. Comptroller. See under Control. Compulsion, Compulsory, etc. See under Compel. Compunction, kom-punk^'shun, n. Poignant grief or remorse; the stin^ of conscience. Compute, kom-put'', v. t. To determine by calcula- tion, cast up, count, enumerate. — Compnta''tion, n. Act or process of, etc.; reckoning; account. Comrade, kom'rad, n. A mate, companion, or associ- ate. Comtism, koNt''izm, n. Positivism ; the doctrine of the F. philosopher, August Comte, that all knowl- edge is experience of facts acqiiired through the senses, and that we know notliing of causes or laws, but only phenomena. Con, kon. An abbr. of L. contra, against : in the phrase pro and con, for and against, it denotes the negative or contrarj' side of a question; as a sub- stantive, it denotes one who is in the negative. Con, kon, v. t. [conned (kond), conning.] Orig., to know; to study, try to fix in the mind, peruse. Concatenate, kon-kafe-nat, v. t. To link together, unite in a series. — Concat'ena''tion, n. A series of links united, or of things depending on each other. Concave, kon'kav, a. Hollow and curved or rounded, ^said of the interior of anything hemispherical. See Lens. — n. A hollow; arched vault. — v. t. [concaved (-kavd), -caving.] Tojnake hollow. Conceal, kon-seK, v. t. [-cealed (-seld'), -cealing.] To hide or withdraw from observation ; to withhold from utterance, disguise, secrete. — Conceal'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; place of hiding; secret place. {Laiv^ Suppression of truth. Concede, kon-sed'', v. t. To yield or suffer to pass ; to admit to be true, grant, admit, give up, surrender. — V. i. To make concession. — Conces'^sion, -sesh'- un, n. Act of granting ; thing granted ; boon ; a privileo;e, orjight granted by government. Conceit, kon-set', n. That which is conceived in the mind ; idea ; thought ; image ; a quaint fancy ; af- fected conception; opinion; estimation; esp. overes- timation of one's self; vanity. — v. t. To conceive, im- agine. — V. i. _To form an idea, judge. Conceive, kou-sev', v. t. [-ceived (-sevd'), -ceiving.] To receive into the womb and breed ; to form in the mind, as a purpose ; to picture to the imagination, understand, believe, think. — v. i. To become preg- nant; to have a conception, idea, or opinion; to think. — Conceiv'able, a. Imaginable. — Conceiv'- ableness, ?i. — Conceiv'ably, «rti-. — Concept, kon'- sept, n. An abstract general conception. — Concep- tion, -sep'shun, n. Act of conceiving; state of being conceived; formation in the mind of an image, idea, etc.; apprehension; image, etc., formed; notion; a universal; power or faculty of forming an idea in the mind. sttn, cube, fuU. ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, liien, boNboN, chair, get. CONCENT 76 CONDONE Concent, kon-senf, n. Concert of voices; harmonj'. Concenter, -tre, kon-sen'ter, v. i. [-cexteked or -TRED (-terd), -TERIXG Or -TKIXG.] To coiiie to a point, or meet in a common center. — v. t. To draw to a center, bring to a point. — Concentrate, kon- sen'trat or kon'sen-trat, v. t. To bring to a com- mon center, unite more closely, combine. — Concen- tra'tion, H. Act of, etc. (Chem.) Volatilization of part of a liquid, to incren.se the f*;rength of the re- mainder. — Concen'trative, a. Serving to, etc. — Concen'trativeness, H. (I'hrcn.) Power of concen- trating intellectual force. See Phrexologv. — Con'^centrator, -ter, ?i. {Hining.) A pneumatic ap- paratus for separating dry comminuted ore, accord- ing to the specific gravity of its particles. — Con- cen'tric, a. Having a common center. Concern, kon-sern', v.t. [-cerxed (-sernd''), -cern- iXG.j To relate or belong to, be of importance to ; to take an interest in ; to disturb, make uneasy. — n. That which relates to one, or affects the wel- fare; interest in, or care for, any thing. {Com.) Persons connected in business ; a farm and its busi- ness. — Concern'mg, prep. Pert, to; regarding; with respect to. Concert, kon-sert'', v. t. To plan together; to plan, devise. — v. i. To act in harmony, form combined plans, take counsel. — Con'cert, n. Agreement m a plan; harmony; musical accordance or harmony; a musical entertainment. — Concer''to, )i. A musical composition written for a principal instrument, with accompaniments for a full orchestra. [It.] — Con- certina, -te'na, n. A musical instrument of the ac- cordion species. Concession. See under Co?fCEDE. Conch, konk, n. A marine shell. (Arch.) The domed semicircular or pol.vgonal ter- mination of the choir of a church; apsis. See Apsis. — Concha, koQ'ka, n. (Anat.) The external ear, by which sounds are collected and trans- mitted to the internal ear. See Ear. [L .] — Conchology. -koK- o-jT, 71. Science of shells and animals inhabiting them; mal- acology. — ConchoKogist, n. One versed in, etc. _ * Conciliate, kon-siKl-at, v. t. To win over; to gain from a state of indifference or hostilitv. — Concil'- ia'tion, 7i. Act of, etc.: reconciliation. —Concil'- iator. -ter, n. — Concil'iatory, -to-rl, a. Tending to conciliate; pacific. Concise, kon-sis'', a. Expressing much in a few words-, laconic; terse; succinct; condensed: brief and com- prehensive; —used of style in reading or speaking. — Concise 'ly, nrf?;. — Cohcise'ness, n —Concision, -sizh'un, H. A cutting off; division; faction; circum- cision. Conclave, kon''klav, n. A private apartment, esp. that where the cardinals meet to elect a pope; as- sembly to elect a pope; the body of cardinals; a pri- vate meeting. Conclude, kon-klud', v. f. To close, as an argument, bymferring; to bring to an end; to make a final judgment or determination of; to infer, finish, end. — r. i. To come to an end, close; to form a final judgment. — Conclu'sion, -zhun, w. Last part of anything; decision; deduction from premises; an experiment. (Law.) End of a pleading; an estoppel or bar by which one is held to a position which he has taken. — Conclu'sive, -siv, a. Pert, to a close; ending debate or question; final; decisive: defini- tive. — Conclu'sively, adv. — Conclu'siveness, n. Concoct, kon-kokt', r. t. To digest; to mature, per- fect, ripen; to devise, plan, plot. Concomitant, kon-kom'l-tant, a. Accompanying, or conjoined; concurrent; attending, — n. One who is, etc.; an accompaniment. Concord, kon-'kerd, n. A state of agreement : har- mony; union. (Oram.) Agreement of words with ^ne another, in gender, number, person, or case. (Mtis.) A consonant chord: consonance; harmony. — Concord'ance, -ans, n. Agreement; accordance; a verbal index to a work, in which passages con- taining the same word are arranged alphabetically, Conch. with references to the text.— Concord'ant, a. Agree- ing ; correspondent ; consonant. — Concord'antly, a:/v. — Concor'dat, n. A compact or agreement, — esp. between the pope and a sovereign for the regu- lation of ecclesiastical matters. Concorporate, kon-kor'po-rat, v. i. To unite in one mass or budj'. — a. United in, etc. Concourse, kon'kors, n. A moving or running to- gether; an assembly; crowd: place of meeting. Concrete, kon^kret, u. United in growth; formed by coalition of particles into one Dod3-; united in a solid form. (Logic.) Existing in a subject; not ab- stract. — 71. A compound or mass formed by con- cretion. (A7-ch.) A mass of stone chippings, peb- bles, etc., cemented by mortar. (Logic.) A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term. — Concrete', r. i. To unite orcoalesce, as separate particles into a mass. — V. t. To form into a mass. — Concre''tion, n. Act of concreting, mass or solid matter formed by con- gelation, condensation, coagulation, or other like natural process. ( Geol.) A nodule, produced by aggregation of material around a center. Concubine, kon'ku-bin, 7i. A paramour ; a woman who cohabits with a man without being his wife; a . wife of inferior condition. Concupiscence, kon-ku-'pis-ens, w. Unlawful desire, esp. of carnal pleasure; lust. Concur, kon-ker'', v. i. [-curred (-kerd'), -cuekixg.] To meet in the same point; to act jointly; to unite in opinion, approve. — Concur^rence, n. A com- ing together; union; conjunction; joint rights, im- plj'ing equality in different persons. — Concur^rent, a. Acting in conjunction; cooperating; associate; concomitant ; joint and equal in authority. — h. Joint or contrit)utor.y cause. — Concur'rently, adv. Concussion, kon-kush'un, ?i. Act of shaking or agi- tating, esp. by the stroke of another body; state of being shaken; shock. Condemn, kon-dem', v. t. [-demxed f-demd''), -dem- KiNG (-dem'ning).] To pronounce to be wrong, blame, censure, pronounce judicial sentence against, pronounce unfit for service. — Condem''ner, 7i. — Condem'nable, a. Worthy of, etc.; blameworthy; culpable. — Condemna-'tion, 7i. Act of, or state of being, etc. : reason of a sentence; judgment. — Con- dem'natory, -to-rT, a. Bearing condemnation. Condense, kon-dens', v. t. f-DEXSED (-densf), -dexs- ING.] To make more close, compact, or dense: to compress, consolidate, thicken. — v.i. To becon^e close ; to grow thick or dense. — Conden'sate, -sat, V. t. & i. Same as condense. — Condens'er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; esp. (Much.) a vessel for condensing vapor into a liquid form. See Ste.\m Engine. — Condens'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Condensa'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Conden''sativ6, -tiv, a. Having power or tendency to, etc. Condescend, kon-de-send'", v. i. To let one's self down; to relinquish rank, or dignity of character; to recede willingly from one's riglits ; to deign, vouchsafe. — Condescend''ingly, at/r.- Condescen- sion, -sen-'shun, 7i. Act of, etc. : complaisance ; courtesy; affability. Condign, kon-din'', «. Desepved; merited; suitable. Condiment, kon'dt-ment, n. Something to give relish to food. Condisciple, kon-dis-si''pl, n. A fellow-disciple; school- fellow. Condition, kon-dish'un, n. State or situation as re- gards externa! circumstances ; quality ; property ; attribute: that which must exist as the occasion'or concomitant of something else: stipulation: article: terms. —I', i. [-ditioxed (-dish'und), -tioxixg.] To make terms, stipulate. — r. t. To contract, stip- ulate ; to impose conditions on. — Condi'tional, a. Containing, implying, or depending on, etc. ; not absolute. (Gram. Si. Logic.) Expressing a condition or supposition. Condole, kon-doK, v. i. [-doled C-dold''), -doling.] To express sorrow at the pain of another. [L. C07i and dole7'e, to grieve.]— Condol'er, n. — Condole'^- ment, -do'lence, n. Expression of sympathy, etc. Condone, kon-don'', v. t. [-doxed (-dondO, -doning.] (Eccl. Law.) To pardon; to forgive for a violation of the marriage vow. ., „ « ».. ^».<.^^v<. Mit"*"-'-'*-*-*^**»-lJ , Ui LUC IliaillltgC VUW. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 6dd, >5ne, 6r ; CONDOR 77 CONFUSE Condor, kon'dor, n. A large bird of the vulture fam- ily, found in the Andes; a Rold coin of Chili and the U. S. of Colombia, wortJi 10 pesos, or more than ^\). ^ t'ondottiere, kon-dot-te-a-'ra, ; n. ;///. -EUi,-a''re. In Italy, the leader of a band of mercenary soldiers, living Dy pillage; a brigand. conduce, kon-dus', v. t. [-DUCKD (-dQsf), -DU- ciNG.] To promote, answer, i-^^ or further an end: to tend, contribute. — Co n'd uc t , -dukt, n. Act or metlmd of leading, commanding, etc.; skillful guidance; generalship ; that wliicli leads, guides, escorts, or Condor, brings safely ; convoy ; guard; warrant; manner of guiding one's self ; be- havior; deportment ; demeanor. — Conduct', v. t. To lead or guide, e.^cort, attend; to lead as a com- mander, direct, control; to manage, re. i. [-spired (-spTrd'), -spiring.] To covenant for an evil purpose, plot together; to concur to one end, agree, combine, league. — v.t. To plot, concur in.— Conspiracy, -spTr''a-sT, n. A combination of persons for evil; concurrence to one event ; combination ; plot. — Conspir''ator, -ter, n. Constable, kun''sta-bl, n. A high officer in medieval monarchical establishments. (Law.) An officer of the peace, bound to execute warrants of ju-licial officers. Constant, kon'stant, a. Not liable to change; stead- fast; permanent; perpetual; resolute; firm. (Math. & Phtfsics.) Remaining unchanged or invariable. — n. That which is not subject to change. (Math.) A quantity whose value always remains the same in trie same expression. — Con''stantly, adv. — Con''- stancy, -si, n. Quality of being, etc.; freedom from change; firmness of mind, esp. under sufferings, in attachments, or in enterprise ; stability ; resolution. Constellation, kon-stel-la''shun,re. A group of fixed stars; assemblage of splendors or excellencies. Consternation, kon-ster-na''shun, n. Amazement or terror that confounds the faculties; horror; amaze- ment. Constipate, kon''stT-pat, v. t. To stop, as a passage, by filling it, and preventing motion through it; to ren- der costive. — Constipa''tion, n. Act of crowding; state of being crowded ; condensation ; costiveness. Constitute, kon''stT-tut, v. t. To cause to stand, es- tablish, enact; to give formal existence to, compose, form ; to appoint, depute, or elect to an office or employment. — Con''stituter, n. — Constit''uent, -u- ent, o. Serving to form, etc. ; component ; element- al ; having power to elect or appoint. — n. The per- son or thing which establishes, etc. ; component part ; element ; one who assists to appoint or elect a representative to an office. — Constitu''tion, n. Act of constituting ; form.ition ; state of being ; natural condition; conformation; princioles or fundamental laws which govern a state or otner organized body of men ; an authoritative ordinance, regulation, or enactment. — Constitu''tional, a. Pert, to or inher- ent in the constitution ; in accordance with, or au- thorized by, the constitution of a government or so- ciety ; regulated by, dependen*: on, or secured by, etc. ; for the benefit of tli£ constitution. — n. Exer- cise for the constitution, or health. Constrain, kon-stran'', v. t. [-strained (-strand''); -STRAINING.] To secure by bonds, bring into a nar- stln, cube, full ; moon, f(3t)t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. CONSTRUCT 80 CONTRACT row compass, hold back by force, urge with irresist- ible power, necessitate. — Constrain'able, a. — Con- strain'^edly, adc. — Constraint, -strant'', n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; tliat which constrains ; compulsion ; urgency. — Constrict', v. t. To draw together into a "narrow compass, contract. — Con- stric'tion, ?i. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Con- Btricfive, -iv, a. Serving to bind. — Constrict'or, -er, n. That which, etc. ; esp. a serpent which sur- rounds its prey with its folds and crushes it. — Con- stringe, -strinj"', v. t. [-stringed (-strinid'), -strin- ging.] To draw together, contract. — Constrin^gent, a. Having the quality of contracting. Construct, kon-strukf, v. t. To put together the constituent parts of ; to devise and put in an or- derly arrangement.— Con'struct, a. Formed bj% or pert, to, construction, interpretation, or inference. — Construct 'er, n. — Construc'tion, n. Act of con- structing; act of building, or of devising and form- ing ; fabrication ; composition ; manner of putting together the parts of anything. (Gram.) Syntac- tical arrangement. The metliod of construing or explaining a declaration or fact ; understanding ; interpretation; sense. — Construcfiveness, w. Ten- dency to, etc. (P/tren.) The faculty which leads to the formation of parts into a whole. See Phre- nology.— Construe, -stroo', r. t. [-STRUED (-strood'); -STRUiNG.] To exhibit the construction of, as of a sentence or clause ; to interpret, translate. Consubstantial, kon-sub-stan'shal, a. Having the same essence. — Con'substan'tia'tion, n. Identity of substance. (I'/teol.) The actual presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the Lord's supper. Consul, kon'sul, n. One of the 2 chief magistrates of the Roman republic, after the expulsion of the kings ; one of the 3 supreme magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804 ; an officer appointed by a govern- ment to protect the interests of its citizens abroad. Consult, kon-sulf, v. i. To seek opinion or advice, take counsel, deliberate. — r. t. To ask advice of ; to deliberate upon. — Consult'er, n. — Consulta''- tion, n. Act of consulting or deliberating ; a meet- ing, esp. of lawyers or of doctors, to consult. Consume, kon-sum', v. t. [-susied (-sumd''), -sum- ING.] To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, waste, or fire ; to swallow up, absorb, dissipate. — V. i. To waste away slowly. — Consum'able, a. — Con- sump 'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. {Med.) A gradual decay or diminution of the body ; esp. a disease seated in the lungs, attended with hectic fever, cough, etc. — Consump'tive, -tiv, a. Having the quality of consuming ; destructive ; affected with, or inclined to, consiimption. Consummate, kon'sum-mat or -sum'mat, v. t. To bring to completion, raise to the highest point or degree, perfect, achieve. — Consum'mate, a. Carried to the utmost extent ; complete ; perfect. — Con- sum'mately, adv. — ConsHmma'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; completion ; close ; perfection. Contact, kon'takt, n. A close union of bodies ; a touching or meeting. — Contagion, -ta'jun,n. Trans- mission of disease from one person to another, by contact; a medium or agency to transmit disease; pestilential influence ; act or'means of propagating influence or effect. — Conta'gious, -jus, a. {Med.) Communicable by contact or approach ; infectious; catching. Containing or generating contagion ; pes- tilential ; communicable from one to another. — Contig''uous. -u-us, a. In contact ; adjoining. — Contig'uously, adr. — Contig'uousness, -tigu'ity, n. State of being, etc. — Contin'gent, -jent, a. Liable, but not certain to occur ; dependent on what is un- known ; incidental; casual. {Law.) Dependent for effect on something tliat mav or may not occur. — n. A contingency ; what falls to one in an ap- portionment_; quota ; proportion. _ Contain, kon-tan', v. t. [-tained (-tand'), -taining.] To hold within fixed limits, comprehend, comprise; to be able to hold, inclose, ^j'. i. To live incon- tinence or chastity. — Content', a. Having the de- sires limited by present enjoyment ; satisfied ; at rest. — V. i. To satisfy the mind of, appease, please, gratify. — n. Satisfaction ; moderate happiness ; that which contents. — Con'tent or Content', /(., gen. in pi. That which is contained; power of con- taining ; capacity. — Content'ed, a. Content; satis- fied. — Content'edly, adr. — Content'edness, n. — Content'ment, n. Satisfaction of mind ; acquies- cence ; that which affords satisfaction ; gratifica- tion. — Con'tinent, n. {Geog.) One of the large bodies of land on the globe. Tne main land of Eu- rope, as disting. fr. the islands, esp. fr. England. — a. Restraining the indulgence of desires or pas- sions, esp. as to sexual intercourse ; temperate ; chaste. Contaminate, kon-tam't-nat, v. t. To soil, stain, or corrupt by defiling contact ; to pollute, defile, taint. — o. Having defilement; corrupt. Contemn, kon-tem', v. t. [-te.mned (-temd'), -tem- NiNG (-tem'ning).] To consider and treat as un- worthy of regard ; to reject with disdain, despise, scorn. — Contempt', n. Act of, or state of being, etc. {Law.) Lisobedience of the rules of a court of justice or legislative body. — Contempt'ible, a. Worthy of, etc. ; abject ; vile ; mean : base ; pitiful. — Contempt'ibleness, ?i. — Contempt'ibly, adv. — Contempt'uous, -u-us, a. Manilestiug, etc. ; scorn- ful; insolent; fastidious. — Contempt'uously, ac/i;. Contemplate, kon'tem-plat or -teni'plat, r. t. To look at on all sides, regard with care, meditate on, study ; to have in view, as contingent or probable, look forward to, ponder, plan, purpose. — v.i. To think studiously, muse, meditate.— Contem'plative, -tiv, a. Pert, or'addicted to, etc.; studious; thought- ful ; having tlie power of thought or meditation. — Contem'platively, adv. — Contem'platLveness, n. Contemporaneous, kon-tem'po-ra'ne-us, a. Living, acting, or transpiring at the same time ; contem- porary. — Contem'porary, -po-ra-rT, o. Living, act- ing, or transpiring at the same time. — n. One who lives at the same time with anotlier. Contempt, Contemptuous, etc. See under Contemn. Contend, kon-tend', (■. L To strive in opposition, or in debate, engage in discussion, dispute. — Conten'- tion, n. A violent effort to obtain or resist; strife in debate ; struggle; quarrel; feud; competition; dis- cord. — Conten'tious, -shus, a. Apt to contend; in- volving contention; quarrelsome; litigious; perverse, peevish. Content, Contentment, etc. See under Contain. Conterminate, kon-ter'mi-nat, -minal. -mlnous, -nus. a. Having the same bounds or boundaries; contigu- ous. Contest, kon-test', v. t. To make a subject of dispute; to strive earnestly to maintain ; to dispute, contro- vert, oppose. {Law.) To resist, as a claim, bj' course of law. — V. i. To engaM in dispute, strife, etc.; to emulate.— Con'test, n. Earnest dispute; strife; com- bat; battle: debate; difference; strife. —Contest'- able, a. — Contest'ant, n. One who, etc. Context, kon'tekst, n. The parts of a discourse which precede or follow a particular passage. Contiguous, Contingent, etc. See under Contact. Continent. See under Contain. Continue, kon-tin'u, v.i. [-tinued (-tin'ud), -tinu- ING.J To remain in a given place or condition; to be permanent or durable, steadfast or constant; to endure, last, persevere, persist, stay. — r. t. To pro- long, persist in. — Contin'uer. ??.— Contin'uous, -u- us, a. Without break, cessation, or interruption; constantly prolonged ; extended. — Contin'ual, a. Proceeding without interruption; very frequent: often repeated; of frequent recurrence; perpetual; incessant. — Contin'ually, adv. — Contin'ua'tion, n. Act of continuing, or the state of being continued; that whicli extends, increases, supplements, etc. — Contin'uative, -tiv, n. {Rhet.) A statement express- ing permanence or duration. {Gram.) A connect- ive; conjunction. Contort, kon-t6rt', v. t. To twist togefher, writhe. — Contor'tion, n. A twisting; partial dislocation of a limb. — Contor'tive, -tiv, a. Expressiu'' contortion. Contour, kon-toor', n. Bounding line; outline; periph- ery. Contraband, kon'tra-band, a. Prohibited by law or treaty ; forbidden. — n. Prohibited merchandise or traffic. Contract, kon-trakt', v. t. To draw together or nearer, reduce to less compass; to bring on, be liable to; to ilm, fame, f iir, pass o7- opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 8dd, tone. Or : CONTRADICT 81 CONVEY make a bargain for; to betroth, affiance. (Gram.) To unite into one long vowel or diphthonjr, — said of concurrent vowels. — v. i. To be drawn together or reduced in compass: to make an agreement, cov- enant, bargain. — Con'' tract, n. An agreement be- tween parties, imposing obligations and conferring rights upon each; covenant; compact; stipulation; obligation; a formal writing containing such agree- ment. (.Gram.) A word in which concurrent vow- els are contracted. — Contrac'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Mot/i.) Process of shortening any operation. Anything in a state of abbreviation. < Gram.) The shortening of a word, by uniting con- current vowels or omitting a vowel or syllable. — Centract'or, -er, ii. One who, etc.; esp. one who contracts to perform work upon specified terms. Contradict, kon-trd-dikf, v. t. To assert the contrary of, deny: to be contrary to, oppose. — Contradict'*- er, n. — Contradie'tion, n. An assertion of the con- trary to what has been said; opposition or repug- nancy; incongruity; contrariety. — Contradlc'tious, -shus, a. Filled with contradictions: inclined to con- tradict. — Contradicfive, -iv, a. Contradictory. — Contradicfory, («. xVffirming the contrary; imply- ing denial; inconsistent; repugnant. (Lo/jic.) Op- posed in every possible respect. — ??. A proposition which denies or opposes another in all its terms; contrarietj'; inconsistency. — Contradicforily, adv. Contradistinguish, kon-tra-dis-tin''gwish, v. t. [-tin- GUisuED (-gwisht), -GUiSHiNG.] To distinguish by contrast. — Con'tradistinc'tion, n. Contralto, kon-traKto, n. (Mus.) The part sung by the highest male or lowest female voices ; alto or counter-tenor; the voice or singer performing tlois part. — a. Pert, to, etc. Contrary, kon'tra-rT, a. Oppcsite; different; contra- dictory; given to opposition; perverse; wayward. (Lofjic.) Opposed in quality only. — n. A thing of opposite qualities; a proposition contrary to another. Contrast, kon-trasf, r. t. To set in opposition, in order to show superiority or give effect. — v. i. To stand in opposition; exhibit contrast. — Con'trast, ??. Opposition of things or qualities; comparison by contrariety of qualities. Contratenor, kon'tra-ten-er, n. (Mus.) A middle part between tenor and treble; counter-tenor; contjalto. Contravene, kon-tra-ven', v. t. [-vexed (-vend'), -VEXING.] To meet in the way of opposition, come in conflict with, contradict, obstruct, oppose. — Con- traven'tion, -ven^'shun, n. Act of, etc. Contretemps, kox-tr-to^', n. An unexpected acci- dent, creating confusion; mishap. Contribute, kon-trib''ut, v. t. To give to a common stock or for a common purpose. — v.i. To give a part, lend assistance. — Contrib'utor, -ter, n. — Con- trib^utable, a. — Contribu'tion, m. Act of, etc.; thing contributed. {3HI.) Imposition levied on a con- quered people. (Law.) Payment, by several jointly liable, of their shares of a loss by one of the num- ber, or payment by him for all, with reference to their common liability. Contrite, kon'trit, a. Broken down with grief or pen- itence: repentant; humble; sorrowful.— Contri''tion, -trish''un, n. State of being contrite; deep sorrow for sin; compunction; self-reproach; remorse. Contrive, kon-trlv', v. t. [-TKivEoC-trivd''), -triving.] To form by exercise of ingenuity, devise, invent, plan, plot. — r. i. To make devices, plan. — Con- triv'er, >!.- Contriv'able, a.— Contrivance, n. Act of, etc.; thing contrived; an act of cunning; scheme; invention; project; artifice; shift; Control, kon-tror, n. Orig., a register kept to check another register ; that which serves to check, re- strain, or hinder; power to check; restraining influ- ence; direction; superintendence. — v. t. [-trolled <-trold'), -TROLLING.] To restrain, govern, over- power, counteract. [ Formerly written comptrol and co)itroul.] — ContToVleT, n. One who, etc. — Con- troller, Comptroller,' kon-troK'Jr, n. An officer ap- pointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to control or verify the accounts of other officers. Controversy, kon'tro-ver-sT, n. Maintenance of opin- ions discordant with those of others ; dispute; de- bate; hostility. — Con'trovert, v. t. To make matter of controversy; to contest; to debate, deny. — Con''- troverter, -vertist, -ver'sialist, -viSr-'shal-ist, n. One who, etc. ; a disputant ; polemic — Controvert'ible, a. Capable of being, etc. — Controvert'ibly, adv. — Controver'sial, -slial. a. Pert, to, etc.; disputa- tious. -Controver-'sially, adv. Contiunacy, kon'tu-ma-sl, n. Persistent obstinacy ; stubborn perverseness. {Law.) Willful contempt of, and disobedience to, lawful summons or rules of court. — Contumacious, -ma'shus, a. Exhibiting contumacy; contemning authority. Contumely, "kon'tu-me-lT, H. Kudi:ness compounded of hautjhtincss and contempt; reproach.— Contume'- lious, -Il-us, a. Overbearingly contemptuous; inso- lent; reproachful. — Contume'Iiously, adv. Contuse, kon-tuz', v. t. [-tused (-tuzd'), -tusing.] To beat, pound, or bray together ; to bruise by beat- ing.— Contu'^sion, -zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Conundrum, ko-nun'drum, n. A sort of riddle in which some odd resemblance between unlike things is proposed for discovery ; a puzzling question, whose answer involves a pun. Convalesce, kon-va-le&C, v. i. [-lesced (-lest'), -les- CiNG.] To recover health and strength after sick- ness. — Convales'cence, -sens, -cency, n. Recovery, etc.; state of a body renewing its vigor after sick- ness. — Convales'cent, n. Recovering, etc. — n. One recovering, etc. — Convales'cently, cidv. Convene, kon-ven', v. i. [-vened (-vend'), -vexing.] To come together, meet in the same place, assemble, unite. — V. t. To cause to assemble, call together, convoke ; to summon judicially to meet or appear. — Conven'able, «. — Conven'er, w. — Conven'ient, -yent, a. Adapted to an end; fit; becoming: afford- ing convenience ; commodious. — Conven'iently, adv. — Conven'ience, -yens, -iency, n. State of be- ing, or that which is, convenient ; an accommoda- tion. — Con 'vent, 71. A community of recluses de- voted to a religious life ; a body of monks or nuns; a house occupied by such a community ; abbey ; monasterjs nunnery. — Conven'tion, n. Act of com- ing together; arbitrary custom; usage; an assembly of delegates for a delioerative purpose; an informal or preliminary compact, as between belligerents, etc. — Conven'tional, ffl. Formed by agreement; stipu- lated ; growing out of, or depending on, custom; sanctioned by usage. Converge, kon-verj', v. i. [-verged (-verjd'), -veh- GiNG.J To tend to one point, incline and. approach nearer together. Converse, n. and a. See under Convert. Converse, kon-vers', v. i. [-versed (-versf), -vers- ing.] To keep company, or have familiarity; to commune ; to talk f amiliarl}^ chat. — Con'versant, a. Having customary intercourse; familiar by use or study; versed; having concern or relation. — Con- versa'tion, M. Familiar intercourse; close acquain- tance ; informal talk : discourse ; colloquy ; confer- ence.— Conversa'tional, a. Pert, to, etc.; colloquial. Convert, kon-vert', v. t. To change from one form, substance, religion, party, use, etc., to another ; to turn, transmute, appropriate. — v.i. To be turned or changed; to undergo a change, be transmuted. — Con'vert, n. One converted from one opinion or practice to another ; esp. one who turns from sin to holiness; proselyte; neophyte; pervert.— Convert'- er, n. — Con' verse, -vers, n. (.Logic.) A proposition produced by interchanging the terms of another. (Math.) A change in the form of a proposition, in- verting its order and making the conclusion the premise. — a. Turned about; reciprocal. — Con'- versely, adv. — Conver'sion, n. Act of changing from one condition to another ; transmutation ; change from one side, party, etc., to another. (Laiv.) An appropriation of property. (Logic.) Act of inter- changing the terms of a proposition. (Math.) A change of the form of a proposition. (Mil.) A change of front. (Theol.) A radical change of heart or moral character. Convex, kon'veks, a. Rising or swelling into a rounded form. — n. A convex body. See Lens. Convey, kon-va', v. t. [-veyed (-vad'), -veying.] To carry from one place to another ; to transfer to an- other, make over; to communicate. — Convey'able, a. — Convey'ance, n. Act of conveying; transmis- siin, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tlien, boNboN, chair, get. 6 CONVICT 82 CORD elon; transference; instrument or means of convey- ing. {Law.) A written instrument by which prop- erty or title is conveyed from one to another.— Con- Vey'ancer, n. (Laiv.) One who draws up convey- ances of property. — Convey'ancing, m. (.Law.) Act or practice of, etc. — Convoy', v. t. [-voyed (-void'), -TOYING.] To accompany lor protection.— Con' voy, «. Act of, etc. ; a protecting force accompanying fillips or property; tJie ship or fleet protected; prop- erty convoyed; a drag or brake upon wheels of a vehicle when going down hill. Convict, kon-vikf, v. t. To prove guilty of an of- fense charged ; to pronounce guilty, as by legal decision; to show by proof; to confute, confound. — Con'vict, n. One proved guilty of crime ; male- factor ; felon ; criminal. — Convic'tion, n. Act of proving, finding, or adjudging guilty ; act of con- vincing of error ; confutation ; state of being con- vinced, esp. of being convicted of sin, or by one's conscience, — Convict'ive, -iv, a. Fitted to, etc. — Convince', r. t. [-vinceu (-vinsf), -vincing.] To overcome by argument, satisfy by proof, persuade, convict. Convivial, kon-viv'T-al, a. Relating to an entertain- ment; festal; jovial; social; gaj'. — Conviv'ial'ity, ■«. Good humor attending festive occasions. Convoke, kon-vok', v. t. [-voked (-vokt'p, -vokixg.] To call together, convene. — Convoca'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; assembly or meeting. Convolve, kon-volv', v. t. [-volved (-volvd'), -VOLV- IXG.] To roll together, twist. — Con'volnte, -Itit, a. (Bot.) Rolled together, or one part on another. — Convolu'tion, Ji. Act of rolling or winding together, or one thing on another; state of being, etc. Convoy. See under Coxvey. ConvTilae, kon-vuls', r.?. [-vuLSED(-vulst'),-vuLSixG.] To draw or contract violently and irregularlv, as the muscular parts of the body;'to agitate, rend'. — Con- VUl'sion, -shun, n. (Med.') Unnatural contraction of the muscular parts. Any violent and irregular motion ; commotion ; disturbance ; spasm. — Gon- vul'sive, -siv, a. Producing, or attended with, etc. Cony, ko'nl or kun'I, n. A rabbit. Coo, koo, V. i. [cooed (kood), cooing.] To make a low sound, as pigeons. Cook, kd6k, v. t. [cooked (k(5&kt), cooking.] To prepare, as food for the table, by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, etc.; to concoct," tamper with, alter. — V. I. To prepare food for the table. — n. One who, etc.— Cook'ery, -er-T, n. Art or practice of, etc. Cooky, kd&k'l, n. A small, thin, sweet cake. Cool, kool, a. Moderately cold ; producing coolness ; calm, or free from excitement by passion ; dispas- sionate; self-possessed; manifesting coldness or dis- like; chilling ; negligent of propriety in minor mat- ters ; impudent, — n. A moderate state of cold. — V. t. [COOLED (koold), COOLING.] To make cool or cold ; to moderate the excitement of ; to allay, as passion ; to calm, moderate. — v. i. To become less not; lose heat; to become more moderate. — Cool'- er, n. That which cools or abates heat or excite- ment; a vessel in which liquors, etc., are cooled. — Cool'ish, a. Somewhat cool. — Cool'ly, adv. In a cool manner. — Cool'ness, ?(. Cooly, -lie, kob'lt, n. An East Indian porter; a la- borer transported from the East, for service else- where. Coop, koop, n. A barrel or cask; a grated T)ox orin- closure for_small animals, esp. poultrv. — i'. t. [COOPED (koopt), COOPING.] To confine in a coop, orin a narrow compass; to crowd, confine, imprison. — Cooper, k(3t)p- or koop'er, n. One wlio makes bar- rels, tubs, etc. — !•. ^ To do cooper's work upon. Cooperate, ko-op'er-at, w i. To act or operate jointly with another. — Cobp'era'tion. n. Act of, etc. ; con- current effort or labor. — Coip'erative, -tiv, a. Op- erating jointly. — Coop'erator, -ter, n. Coordinate, ko-6r'dt-nat, a. Equal in rank or order ; not subordinate. —r. t. To make coordinate, or equal in rank, to harmonize. — n. A person or thing of the same rank with another, pi. (Math.) Lines, or other elements of reference, by which the posi- tion of a point is defined with respect to fixed lines, or planes, called coordinate axes and coordinate planes. Coot, koot, n. A short-tailed water-fowl, frequenting lakes and still waters; a stupid fellow; simpleton. Copal, ko'pal, n. A resinous substance from 2 East India and S. Amer. trees — used in manufacture of varnishes. Copartner, ko-part'ner, n. A joint partner; associate; partaker. — Copart'nership, n. Joint interest or con- cern; an unincorporated business association. Cope, kop, n. A covering for the head; anything ex- tended over the head, as the vault of tne sky; a sacerdotal cloak. (.Founding.) The top part of a flask. Cope, kop, V. i. [coped' (kopt), coping.] To strive, contend, esp. on equal terms or with success; to match, equal. — v. i. To match one's self against. Copernican, ko-per'nT[-kan, a. Pert, to Copernicus, a Prussian astronomer who taught the solar system, now received. Copier. See under Copy. Copious, ko'pT-us, a. Large in quantity or amount; abundant; rich; full; exuberant. Copper, kop'per, n. A metal of reddish color, ductile, malleable, and tenacious; a coin, also a vessel, esp. a boiler, made of copper. — v. t. [coppered (-perd), -PEKING.] To cover or sheathe with copper. — Cop'- peras, n. Sulphate of iron, or green vitriol; a green salt, of a styptic, astringent taste. Coppice, kop' pis. Copse, kops, n. A wood of small growth; underwood; brushwood. — Copse, 2-'. -^ To trim or cut, as brushwood. Copt, kopt, n. A descendant of the ancient Egyptians; an Egyptian Christian, esp. of the ancient Mono- physite church. — Cop'tic, a. Pert, to, etc. — «.-The language of, etc. Copula, kop'u-la, n. {Logic.) The word uniting the subject and predicate of a proposition. — Cop'ulate, -lat,i'. t. To unite in sexual embrace. — Copula'- tion, n. Act of coupling; coition.— Cop'ulative, -tiv, a. Serving to couple. (Gram.) Uniting the sense as well as the words. — n. (^Grarn.) A copulative con- junction. — Cop'ulatory, -to-rt, a. Pert to, etc.; copulative. Copy, kop'T, n. A writing like another writing; trans- script; book printed according to the original; one of a series of repetitions of an original work. {Print.) jNIanuscript, etc., for the compositor. Anything to be imitated ; a model ; pattern. — r. t. " [copied (kop'id), COPYING.] To write, print, engrave, etc., after an original: to imitate, transcribe, model after. — r. i. To do a thing in imitation of something else. — Cop'3rright. -rit, "»i. An author's exclusive right to print, publish, and vend his own works, for Ms own benefit, during a certain time. — v. t. To secure by copj'right, as a book. Coquette, ko-ket', n. A vain, trifling woman, who en- deavors to attract admiration, and gain matrimonial offers, intending to reject her suitor. — Coquet', v. t. To attempt to attract notice, admiration, or love, with a view to disanpoint. —v. i. To trifle in love. — Coquet'ry, -rt, n. Affectation of amorous ad^'ances; trifling in love. — Coquet 'tish, a. Prac- ticing coquetry ; befitting a coquette. Coral, kor'al, n. The solid secretion of zoophytes, produced within the tissues of the polyps, consist- ing abnost purefy of carbonate of lime; a piece of coral; spawn of the lobster, which has the color of coral. Corban, kor'ban, n. An alms-basket. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering or sacrifice devoted to God; vow by which one bound himself not to give to, or receive from another, some particular object. Corbeil, Corbel, korljel, n. {Arch.) A bracket of stone, wood, or iron, often carved in the form of a basket, head, etc., projecting from a wall to support a cornice, parapet, end of an ■ arch, or other structure or mass; the vase or tambor of the Corin- thian column. — Cor'bel, v. t. i-i k i To furnish with corbels. Corbel. Cord, k6rd, n. A string, or small rope; a solid meas- ure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile 8 ft. long, 4 ft. high, and 4 ft. broad, — orig. measured with a cord. — r. t. To bind with a cord; to pile up, as wood, for sale by the cord. — Cordelidre^ -lyar', n. &m, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term j In, Ice j Sdd, tone, 6r i I CORDATE 83 CORRESPOND A black, knotted silk handkerchief. [F.] — Cordon, kSr'doN or kSr'don, n. A ribbon borne as a badge of honor. {Arch.) side of a building. The edge of a stone on the out- (.Fort.) The projecting coping of the scarp-wall. {Mil.) A series of militarj' posts. [F.J — Corduroy, kSr'du-roi, n. A thick cotton stuff, corded or ribbed on the surface. Cordate, kSr-'dat, -dated, «. {Bot.) Having the form of a heart. — Cordial, kSr'dl-al or kor'jal, a. Pro- ceeding from the heart; hearty; sincere; affection- ate ; tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate. — n. Anything that comforts and exliilarates. (Med.) That which invigorates, esp. medicine which does so. {Com.) Aromatized spirit, employed as a bever- age. — Cordial'ity, h. Sincere attcctlon and kind- ness; warmth of regard; heartiness. Cordovan, kor'do-van, n. Spanish leather, or goat- skin tanned and dressed; cordwain. — Cordwainer, kSrd'wan-er, n. A worker iu cordovan leather; shoemaker. Core, kor, 7i. The heart or inner part of a thing, esp. of fruit. {Founding.) The internal mold which forms a hollow in casting. — r. t. [coked (kord), COKING.] To take out the core or inward parts of. Coriander, ko-rt-an'der, n. A plant whose seeds are considered in medicine as stomachic and carmina- tive. Corinthian, ko-rin'tht-an, a. Pert, to Corinth. (Arch.) Pert, to the Corinthian order of architecture, pro- fusely ornamented. See Capital. Cork, kork, n. The outer bark of the cork tree, of which stoppers are made ; a stopper for a bottle, jug, etc. — V. t. [CORKED (kSrkt), cokking.] To stop or furnish with cork. Cormorant, kor'mo-rant, n. A voracious web- footed sea-bird, of the pelican family ; a glut- ton, or gluttonous ser- vant. Com, k6rn, n. A single seed of certain plants, _ as wheat, rye, barlej', g and maize ; a grain ; the ~" various cereal or fari- naceous grains growing in ears, and used for food ; in Scot., oats; in Cormorant, the U. S., maize, or In- dian corn ; plants which produce corn ; a small, hard particle; a grain. — v. t. [cokxed (k6rnd), COKNING.J To preserve with salt in grains, cure by salting ; to form into small grains, granulate ; to feed with grain ; to render intoxicated. Corn, korn, n. A hard, horn-like induration of the skin, esp. on the toes. Cornea, kSr'ne-a, n. (Anat.) The strong, horny, transparent membrane forming the front part of the eye ball. See Eye. Cornelian, kSr-nefyan, 71. A kind of chalcedony. [Often spelled carnelian.] Corner, k6r''ner, n. The point where converging lines meet ; angle ; space between converging lines or walls which meet; an inclosed or retirea place ; a part ; an embarrassed position. (Stock Exchange.) The condition of a stock or commodity when a future delivery, in excess of the amount in the market, has been undertaken by parties who are therefore compelled to settle with the buyers at ficti- tious rates; a scarcity of a commodity, created for the purpose of increasing profits. — v. t. [cornered (-nerd), -nering.] To drive into a corner, or into a position of difficulty or necessary surrender ; to get control of, — saici of stocks. Comet, kQr'net, n. (Mus.) A wind instrument blown with the mouth ; a species of trumpet ; a certain organ stop or register. A cap of twisted paper, used by grocers. (Mil.) The standard-bearer in a cavalry troop. Cornice, kfir'nis, n. (Arch.) A molded projection finishing the part to which it is affixed. Cornucopia, kor-nu-ko'pT-a, n. ; ]jI. -pi.v.. -pT-e. The horn of plenty, overflowing with fruits and flowers, — an emolem of abundance. Gorol, kor'ol, Corolla, ko-roKla, »?. (Bot.) The inner Coronet. part of a flower, surrounding the organs of fructification and composed of leaves, called petals. — Cor'ollary, -la-rt, n. That ( which follows over and above a proposi-? tion demonstrated; an inference; deduc- ' tion; consequence. Corona, ko-ro'na, u. ; iil. -N.i;, -ne. (Arch.) A large, flat member of a cornice. (Anat.) The upper surface, as of a tooth. (Astron.) A luminous appearance surrounding the moon during a total eclipse of the sun. ,, ^ (Bot.) A crown-like margin of the top of p , ,, a flower ; an appendage at the top of '-^o™''''- some petals or seeds. (Meteorol.) A circle, around a luminous body. — Corona'tion, '^^ Y^]^}a' 71. Act or solemnity of crowning a sov- P^ • ^. ' ereign. —Cor ''oner, a. An officer of the "' i.^\"^ law appointed to inquire into a violent P^i^^^'i' death. — Cor'onet, «. An inierior crown worn by noblemen; an ornamental headdress. (Far.) Tlie upper part of a horse's hoof. — CorCnis, n^(Gr. Gram.) A sign of contraction ['j placed over a word. Corporal, kSr'po-ral, «. (Mil.) The low- est officer of an infantry company. (iVuut.) An officer under the master at arms. Corporal, kOr^po-ral, a. Pert, to the body ; having a body or substance; not spiritual; material; bodilv. — 11. (Feci.) A linen cloth, to cover the elemen"^ts in the eucharist. — Cor'porally, adv. — Cor'porate, a. United in an association, and endowed Dv law with rights and liabihties of an individual"; in- corporated ; pert, to a corporation. — Cor^porately, adv. In a corporate capacity. — Corpora'tion, n. A body politic or corporate, authorized to act as a single person, and with the capacity of a perpetual succession. — Cor'porator, n. A member of a cor- poration. — Corpo'real, a. Having a body; consist- ing of a material body; material. — Corps, kor, pi. korz, n. sing. & pi. A body of men, esp. of troops ; an organized division of an army. — Corps-d'arm^e, korMar^ma', 7i. A portion of a grand army possessed of all constituents of an independent army. [F., body of the army.] — Corpse, kSrps, Corse, k6rs, 71. The dead body of a human being. — Corse'let, n. A light breastplate. (Entom.) The part of a win^d insect answering to the breast of other animals. fF.] — Cor'set, 77. An article of women's dress, inclos- ing the waist ; stays. — v. t. To inclose in, etc. — Cor'^pulent, a. Having an excessive quantity of flesh; fat; pursy; obese. — Corpuscle, kdr^pus-l, 71. A minute particle, or physical atom. (Anat.) An animal cell. Corral, kor''ral, n. A yard or inclosure, esp. for cat- tle, etc. — Corral', v. t. To surround and inclose ; to pen, as cattle. Correct, kor-rekt'', a. Conformable to truth, recti- tude, propriety, etc.; free from error ; accurate ; ex- act ; regular. — %>. t. To make or set right ; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, etc. ; to reprove or punish for faults; to obviate or remove, counteract or change, rectify, punish, chasten. — Correci'ness, n. — Correc'tion, 71. Act of correcting ; emenda- tion of errors; cliange for the better; amendment; punishment; discipline; what is substituted in the place of MHiat is wrong; counteraction of what is in- convenient. — Corrigendum, -rt-jen'dum, n. ; pi. -GENDA, -da. A word or thing to be corrected. — Cor^rigible, -rY-jT-bl, a. Capnble of being, etc.; de- serving chastiseiiient. — Cor'rigibleness, n. Correlate, kor-re-lat', v. i. To have reciprocal or mu- tual relations; to be mutually related.'— y. t. To bring into mutual relation ; to make, or regard as, coincident. — CorreKative, -tiv, a. Having or in- dicating, etc.; reciprocal. —,M. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation to some other. ( Gram.) The antecedent of a pronoun. Correspond, kor-re-spond', v. i. To be adapted, be congruous ; to have intercourse or communication, esp. by letters ; to agree, fit, write. — Correspond'- ent, «. Having correspondence ; suitable ; con- formable. — 7i. One who corresponds ; one with, whom intercourse is carried on by letters. — Corre* etln, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; ligger or ink, ttien. boNboN, ohair, get. CORRIDOR 84 COUNT Bpond'ently, -ingly, adv. In a corresponding- man- ner; suitable. — Correspond'ence, -ency, n. >Iutual adaptation of one thing to another ; congruity ; lit- ness ; friendly intercourse ; esp. by letters ; letters between correlspi indents. Corridor, kur'rl-dor, n. (ArcJi.) A passage-way to apartments independent of each other. Corrigendum, Corrigible, etc. See under Correct. Corroborate, kor-rob'o-rat, v. t. To make more cer- tain, confirm. — Corrob'ora''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; conrirmation. — Corrob'orative, -tiv, a. Corroborating ; confirmatory. — n. A corrobo- rant. — Corrob'' oratory, -to-rT, a. Corroborative. Corrode, kor-rod', v. t. To eat away or consume by de- grees; to canker, gnaw, rust, wear awaj^. — Corro''- sive, -siv, a. Eating away ; having the power of gradually wearing, consuming, or impairing ; acri- monious ; fretting or vexing. — n. That which, etc. Corrugate, kor''rob-gat, v. t. To form or shape into wrinkles orfolds. — a. Shaped into wrinkles; fur- rowed ; contracted. — Corruga'tion, n. A contrac- tion into wrinkles. — Cor'rugant, a. Able to, etc. Corrupt, kor-rupt', v. t. To change from soundness to putrescence; to putrefy; to change from good to bad, vitiate, debase, entice, bribe. — v. i. To be- come putrid or tainted, rot; to become vitiated, lose purity. — a. Changed, etc.; spoiled; tainted; de- praved ; perverted. — Corrupfible. a. Capable of bein^, etc. — n. That which may decay and perish; the human body. — Corrupt'ibleness, -ibil'ity, n. Susceptibility of corruption. — Corrupfibly, adv. — Corrup''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; prod- uct of corruption; putrid matter; putrescence; de- filement; contamination. {Law.) Taint or impurity of blood, by which one is disabled from inheriting or transmitting any estate. Corse, Corselet, etc. See under Corporal. Corsair, kSr'sar, n. A pirate; piratical vessel. Cortege, kSr'tazh'', n. A train of attendants. Corundum, ko-run'dum, ?i. {Min.) The earth alumina, as found in a crystalline state. Coruscate, kor''us-kat or ko-rus'kat, v. i. To throw off vivid flashes of light; to glitter, gleam, sparkle. Corvet, kSr'vet, Corvette, kor-vet'', n. (IVowf.) A sloop of war, ranking below a frigate, and carrj'ing not more than 20 guns. Corsrpheus, kor'T-fe''us, n. The chief or leader of a Greek dramatic chorus; any chief or leader. Co-secant, ko-se''kant, n. ( Geom.) The secant of the complement of an arc or angle. In the fig- ure, AD is the secant of the arc CE, and the co-secant of the complement of that arc, or BE. — Co'sine, -sin, n. The sine of the complement of an arc or angle. In the figure, BF is the sine of the arc CF, and the co-sine of EF, the comple- ment of that arc. — Co-tan''gent, n. The tangent of the complement of an arc or angle. In the figure, CD is the tangent of the arc CE, and the co-tangent of EB, the complement of tnat arc. Cosmetic, koz-mefik, -ical, a. Im- proving beauty, esp. of the com- plexion. — Cosmefic, n. An ex- ternal application, to improve the complexion. Cosmos, koz'mos, n. The universe; the system of law, harmony, and truth combined within "the universe. — Cosmopol'itan, -mop'^oUte, -lit, n. One who has no fixed residence, but is at home in every place; a citizen of the world; one who regards the interests of mankind rather than of his own class or coun- try; a liberal. Cost, kost, n. Amount paid for anything; charge; ex- pense; whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, etc., is requisite to secure benefit; loss of any kind; det- riment; suffering, pi. (Laio.) Expenses in litiga- tion. — v.t. [COST, COSTING.] To require to be given, expended, or laid out for ; to require to be borne, cause to be suffered. — Cosfly, -IT, a. Of great cost; expensive ; sumptuous. — Cost''liness, Ji. Costal, kos''tal,«. Pert, to the side of the body or ribs. Co-secant, Co-tan- gent. ^o-sine. Costive, kos'tiv, a. Retaining fecal matter in the bow- els; constipated. Costume, kos-tum' or kos'tum, »?. An established manner or style, esp. of dress; adaptation of acces- sories, as in a picture, poem, etc., to the circum- stances described. Cot, kot. Cote, kot, 11. A small house; cottage; hut; also, a shed or inclosure for beasts; a cover for a sore finger, — Cot, Cott, kot, n. A sleeping place of small size; a little bed; cradle; folding bedstead. — Coftage, -tej, n. A small dwelling ,• cot; hut. — Cot'tager, Cot^ter, n. One who lives in a cottage. Co-tangent. See under Co-sec.\nt. Cotemporaneous, etc. See Contemporaxeous. Coterie, ko-te-re'', ?i. A set of persons who meet famil- iarly ; a club. Cotillon, Cotillion, ko-tiKyun, n. A dance of 8 per- sons; quadrille; tune regulating the dance. Cotton, koftn, n. The fibrous down enveloping the seeds of the cotton-plant: thread or cloth made of cotton. — a. Made of, etc. — v. i To rise with a regular nap. — Coiton flannel. A twilled cotton fab- ric, with a long plush nap ; Canton flannel. — Got- ton-'y, -T, a. Downj^ ; soft, like cotton ; contain- ing, or like, cotton; cheap looking. — Cot'ton-gin, -jin, n. A machine to separate the seeds from cot- ton. plant, «. A plant of several species, growing in warm climates, and bearing the cotton of commerce. — -seed, n. The seed of, etc., — j-ielding.; oil and oil-cake. — waste, n. The ref- use of cotton factories. wood, 7i. iBot.) An American tree of the pop- lar kind. — wool, n. Cotton in its raw state. Cotyledon, kot-T-lCdon, n. (Bot.) A seed-lobe of a plant, which involves and nourishes the embryo plant, and pAi„„ r,i„T,f then perishes. t..otton-plant. Couch, kowch, V t [couched (kowcht), couchixg.] To lajf down or deposit; to compose to rest; to put in language, phrase, state. — v.i. To lie down, as on a bed, repose; to lie down for concealment, hide; to bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, etc. — n. A place for rest or sleep; a layer of barley pre- pared for malting. (Painting, Gilding, etc.) A pre- liminary layer, as of color, size, etc. Cougar, k'oo''gar,n. (ZoUl.) A species of panther found in southern N. Amer. ; the puma or S. Amer. lion. Cough, kawf, n. A violent effort of the lungs to throw off irritating matter. — v- *• [coughed (kawft), coughing.] To expel air from the throat or lungs with force or noise. — v. t. To expel from the lungs by a cough, eject by a cough, expectorate. Could, k6&d, imj:). of can. See Can. Coulter. Same as Colter. Council, kown'sil, n. An assembly for consultation or advice; congress; diet; convention; convocation. ^ Coim''cil-man, n.; pi. -men. A member of a coun- cil, esp. of the common council of a city. — Coun'- cilor, -er, n. A member of a council. Counsel, kown'sel, n. Mutual advisement, instruc- tion, or interchange of opinions; exercise of delib- erate judgment; result of consultation; deliberate purpose; one who gives advice, esp. in legal matters; QOllectively, the legal advocates united in the man- , agement of a case. — v. t. [counseled (-sold), -sel- ING.] To advise, admonish, or instruct. — Coun'- selor, -er, n. One who, etc.; an adviser; one who is consulted and gives advice on questions of law; a barrister. — Coun'^selorship, n. Count, kownt, v. t. To number, enumerate, reckon, compute; to consider as belonging to one, esteem, ascribe. — w. I. To number or be counted; hence, to swell the number, add strength or influence; to depend, rely. (Laio.) To plead orallj-. — n. Act of numbering,' or amount ascertained by numbering; reckoning. (Law.) A statement of a plaintiff's case in court. (Crim. Laio.) One of several charges in ah indictment. — Counter, kown'ter, n. One who couixts, or kee¥)s an account ; that which indicates a number ; a piece of coin-shaped metal, wood, etc., used in reckoning ; a table on which money is counted, and goods laid for examination by pur- chasers. — Count'er-jump'er, n. A salesman in a am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Qdd, tone, 5r COUNT 85 COURT shop. — Counf able, a. — Count'less, a. Innumer- able. — Count'ing-house, -room. 71. Place for keep- ing accounts, etc., and transacting business. Count, kownt, «. A nobleman In Europe, equal in rank to an English earl. — Count'ess, »(. The con- sort of an earl or count. — Coun'ty, -tl, >i. Orig. an earldom: a territorial division of a state, for purposes of administration, justice, etc. ; a shire. Countenance, kown'te-nans, «. Appearance or ex- pression of the face; aspect; mien; the face; fea- tures ; encouraging aspect ; favor ; aid. — v. t. r-XAXCED (-nanst), --VAXCIXG.] To encourage by a favoring aspect ; to sanction, approve, support. Counter. See under Cou.nt, v. t. Counter, kown'ter, a. Contrary; opposite. — adr. Contrary; in opposition; in an" opposite direction. [This word is prefixed to many otliers, chiefly verbs and nouns, expressing opposition.'] — n. (yuut.) An arched space in the stern of a vessel. (Mus.) Coun- ter-tenor. {Far.) That part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck. The back-leather or heel part of a boot ; heel stiffening of a shoe. Counteract, kown-ter-akf, v. t. To act in opposition to, hinder, defeat, frustrate.— Counterac'tion, n. Action in opposition; resistance. — Counteractive, -iv, a. Tending to, etc. Cotinterbalance, kown-ter-baKans, v. t. [-balaxced (-anst), -AXCIXG.] To oppose with an equal weight, act against with equal power or effect, countervail. — n. Equal opposing weight: equivalent. Counter-brace, kown'ter-bras, n. (N'aut.) The brace of the foretopsail on the leeward side of a vessel. Counter-extension, kown'ter-ex-ten'shun, n. (Snrg.) Fixation of the upper portion of a limb while ex- tension is practiced on the lower portion, as in cases of fracture or luxation. Counterfeit, kown'ter-fit, v. t. To put on a sem- blance of, esp. for a bad purpose; to imitate without right, and to deceive or defraud; to forge. — v. i. To dissemble, feign. — a. Having resemblance to; fabricated to defraud by passing tl\e false copy for genuine; false, spurious, hypocritical. — n. "That which, etc.; a likeness; counterpart; one who per- sonates another ; an impostor ; cheat. Counter-indication, kown''ter-in'dl-ka'shun,w. {Med.) Any symptom which forbids the use of a particular remedy in disease. Counter-irritate, kown'ter-ir'^ri-tat, v. t. (,Med.') To produce counter-irritation in. — Coun'ter-ir'ritant, n. That which, etc. — Cotin'ter-irrita''tion, ;;. Ir- i ritation excited in one part of the body to relieve ir- ritation in another part. Counter-jumper. See under Count, v. t. Countermand, kown-ter-mand'', v. t. To revoke, as a former command. — Coua'termand, n. Revocation of a former command. Counter-mark, kown'ter-mark, ??. An additional mark on goods, to afford security or proof. (Far.) An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses when the crown is worn smooth, to disguise their age. — Countermark'', v. t. To apply, etc. Counter-mine, kown'ter-min, n. (Mil.) A gallery underground, from which to destroy the mines of the enemy; means of counteraction. — Counter- mine', V. t. (3Iil.) To oppose by a counter-mine. To frustrate by secret and opposing measures. —v. i. To make a counter-mine or counter-plot. Counterpane, kown''ter-pan, -point, n. A coverlet for a bed. Counterpart, kown'ter-part, n. A part corresponding to another part; copj'; duplicate;. a thing that may be applied to another so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to its impression: hence a person or thing having qualities lacking in another; an opposite. (Jfus!) The part arranged in connection with another. Counterpoint, kown-'ter-point, n. A cover for a bed. [See CouxTERPAXE.] — (^Mus.) The art of composing music in parts, the setting of a harmony of one or more parts to a melody. Counterpoise, kown-ter-poiz', v. t. To act against with equal weight, counterbalance. — Coun'terpoise, n. A weight sufficient to balance another; equal power acting in opposition; relation of two such forces; equilibrium; equiponderance. CoOHter-revolution, kown'ter-rev-o-lu'shun, n. A revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. Countersign, kown'tgr-sin, v. t. To sign in addition and o|)pusite to the signature of a principal, — to at- test the authenticity of a writing. — n. The sijrna- ture of a secretary, etc., to attest authenticity. (Mil.) A private signal or phrase, which must be given to pass a sentry. — Coun'ter-sig'nal, n. A correspond- ing signal. Countersink, kown'ter-sink, v. t. To form, as a de- pression, to receive the head of a screw or bolt be- low the surface; to cause to sink, as a screw or bolt, even with or below the surface. — n. A depression for receiving the head of a screw; a tool for forming such depression. Countervail, kown-tSr-vSK, v. t. [-vailed (-vald'), -VAILING.] To act against with equal force, power, or effect; to balance, compensate. — Coun'tervail, n. Equal weight, strength, or value; compensation; requital. Countervallation. kown'ter-val-la''shun, n. (Fort.) A chain of redoubts around a fortress, to prevent sor- ties by the garrison; construction of such works. Countess. See under CbuxT, n. Counting-house, Countless, etc. See under Count, v. t. Country, kun'trT, v. A region; region of one's birth, residence, or citizenship ; rural regions, as opp. to town; inhabitants of a region. (Lmv.) A jury, as representing the citizens of a country; one's con- stituents, or the public. — a. Pert, to the territory away from a city; rural; rustic; destitute of refine- ment ; rude. — Coun^'trifled, -trT-f id, a. Having the appearance and manners of, etc. ; uncouth. County. _See under Couxt, ?i. Coupe, koo-pa', n. A compartment in a French dili- gence, or in a railroad carriage ; a four-wheeled close carriage for two persons. Couple, kup'i, n. Two things of the same kind con- nected or taken together; a betrothe-l or married pair; brace. —?;.?. [coupled (kup''ld), couplixg.J To link or connect together, join; to unite as male and female, marr3'. — r. i. To come together as male and female, form a sexual union, embrace. — Coup'ler, n. — Coup'let, n. Two lines of verse that rhyme with each other. — Coup'ling, n. Act of bringing or coming together ; connection ; sexual union. ' (BInch.) That which couples one thing with another, as a hook, chain, etc. Coupon, kob'^pon or -pox, n. ( Com.) An interest cer- tificate attached to a transferable bond, to be cut off for payment when interest is due. Courage, kiir-'ej, n. The quality enabling one to en- counter danger without fear ; bravery ; daring ; resolution. — Coura'^geous, -a'jus, a. Possessing, or characterized by, etc.; bold; hardy; enterprising. — Coura'geously, adv. Courant.Tcoo-riint'', -ran''to, n. A piece of music in triple time ; a lively dance ; a newspaper. — Cou'- rier, -rT-er, n. A messenger sent in haste, usually on public business ; an express ; an attendant on travelers, who makes arrangements for them on the wa3^ [F.] — Course, kors, n. Act of moving from one point to another; path traversed; motion considered with reference to its direction; line of progress ; progress from point to point without change of direction; also, one of a succession of motions in different directions con.sidered as one act; orderly progress; methodical action: conduct; behavior; a succession of practices connectedly fol- lowed: part of a meal served atone time. (Arch.) A continued level range of brick or stones through- out the face of a building. ]^l. The menstrual flux. (Nant.) The principal sails of a ship. See Sails. — V. I. [coursed (korst), COURSING.] To run, hunt, or chase after, pursue; to run through or over; to cause to run. — v. i. To run, as if in a race or in hunting. — Cours''er, n. One who, etc.; esp. a swift horse. _ Court, kort, n. An inclosed space; yard or area; resi- dence of a sovereign, nobleman, etc.; palace; per- sons composing the retinue of a sovereign, etc.; as- sembling of the retinue of a sovereign; attention to one in power; conduct designed to gain favor; po- liteness; civility. (Laiv.) A legal tribunal, includ- ing judges, jury, lawj'ers, sheriffs, etc.; the judge in sfin, cube, full ; moon, fO&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. COUSIN 86 CRAKE a case, as disting. fr. the counsel. The session of a judicial assembly; any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical. — v. t. To seek the favor of, strive to please, pay court to: to seek in marriage, woo; to solicit. — Courteous, kgrfyus, a. Of court-like or elegant manners; pert, to, or expressive of, courtesy; ■well-bred; polite; complaisant. — Court'eously, adv. — Court'eousness, n. — Courtesy, kerfe-sT, w. Ele- gance of manners; act of civility or respect; urban- ity; affability; good-breeding; favor or indulgence, as disting. f r. right. — Courtesy, kert''sT, n. A ges- ture of respect or civility by women. — v. i. [couete- SiED (-sid), -SYING.] To bow the body slightly, with bending of the knees, as an expression of civility or respect. — Coxirtier, korfyer, n. One who frequents courts ; one wlio courts favor. — Court'ly, a. Pert, to a court; court-like; high-bred; dignified and ele- gant; disposed to favor the great; fawning; obsequi- ous; sycophantic. — Courfliness, n. High-breeding; elegance of manners.— Court'ship, n. Act of solic- iting favor by complaisance or flattery; act of woo- ing m love. — Courtesan, kerfe-zan, n. Orig. a fol- lower of the court ; a prostitute ; harlot ; strumpet. Cousin, kuz'^n, n. One collaterally related more re- motely than brother or sister; a title given by a king to a nobleman, esp. to on^ of the council. — Cous'in- ger'man, -jer'man, n. ;%>l. Cousins-german. A first cousin; cousin in the first generation. — Cous'inly, a. Like or becoming a cousin. Cove, kov, n. A small inlet, creek, or bay; recess in the sea-shore; a strip of prairie extending into wood- land; recess in a mountain side ; a boy or man. — v. t. {Arch.) To arch over. Covenant, kuv'e-nant, n. A mutual agreement in writing and under seal ; contract; stipulation; a writing containing terms of agreement. (TheoL) The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith, etc. (Laiv.) A form of action for violation of a contract. — v. i. To enter into a formal agreement, bind one's self by con- tract, agree, bargain, stipulate. — v. t. To grant or promise bv covenant. Cover, kuv^er, v. t. [covered (-erd), -ering.] To overspread or envelop; to brood or sit on; to hide from sight, conceal; to place under shelter, protect, defend; to extend over, be sufficient for, compre- hend or include, account for or solve, counterbal- ance; to copulate with, — said of the male; to keep under aim, or aim at point-blank. — ?i. Anj'thing laid, set,.or spread over another; an envelope; lid; thing which veils or conceals; screen; disguise; con- dition of concealment, shelter, or defense. (Hunt- ing.) Woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter game. A table-cloth and furniture; esp. table furniture for one person at a meal. — Cov'erer, n. — Cov'erlet, n. The uppermost cover of a bed. — Cov'ert, a. Covered over: hid; sheltered. (Law.) Undercover, authority, or protection, as a married woman. — n Aplace which covers and protects; shelter; defense; feathers covering the bases of birds' quills. [OF.] — Cov'erture, -er-chur, n. Covering; shelter; de- fense. (Law.) Condition pf a woman during mar- riage, — I. e., under the cover or protection of her husband. Covet, kuv'et, r. t. To wish for eagerly, inordinately, or unlawfully; to long for, hanker after, lust after. — Cov'etable, a. — Cov'eter, n. — Cov'etiveness, -iv- nes, n. (Phrcn.) Excessive desire of accumulating property ; 'acquisitiveness. See Phrenology. — Cov'etous, -us, a. Very desirous; excessively eager; avaricious; penurious; miserly. — Cov'etously, adv. — CoVetousness, n. Covey, kuv't, n. An old bird with her brood of young; a small flock of birds; a company; set. Cow, kow, n. ; pi. Cows ; old pi. Kine. I'he female of bovine animals. Cow, kow, V. t. [cowed (kowd), cowiTfG.] To depress with fear, sink the spirits or courage. Coward, kow'ard, n. One who lacks courage; a timid or pusillanimous man; craven; poltroon; dastard. — a. Destitute of courage; timid; base; pert, to a cow- ard; proceeding from, or expressive of, cowardice. — Cow'ardice, -is, n. Want of courage. — Cow'- ardly, -IT, a. Wanting courage ; befitting a coward; In Crab. timorous; pusillanimous; mean; base. — adv. the manner of, etc. — Cow''ardlineBS, n. Cower, kow'er. v. L [-ered (-erd), -bring.] To sink by bending the knees; to crouch, esp. through fear. Cowl, kowl, n. A monk's hood or habit; a cap for chimney-tops. A vessel for water, carried on a pole, or cowl-staff, between two persons. Cowry, koWrT, n. A small shell, used for money in Africa and the East Indies. Coxcomb, koks-'kom, n. A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, on the cap of a licensed fool; the cap itself: a vain superficial pretender to accomplishments; a fop. (Bot.) A plant producing red flowers like a cock's comb.— Cox'combry, -kom- rl, n. The manners of, etc. Coxswain. See Cockswain, under Cockboat. Coy, koi, a. Shrinking from approach or familiarity; shy; modest; bashful. Coyote, koi-ot', n. The prairie wolf. Coz, kuz, n. A contr. of cousin. Cozen, kuz'n, v. t. [cozened Ckuz''nd), -ening.] To cheat, beguile, deceive. Cozy, Cosey, ko'zY, a. [cozier, coziest.] Snug; com- fortable; easy. — n. A woolen covering to retain heat in a tea-pot. — Co'zily, adv. Crab, krab, n. (Zool.) A crustaceous animal, having the body covered by a crust- - like shell orcarapax; it has ten legs, the front pair of which terminate in claws. (Bot.) A wild apple ; the tree producing'it, — named from its astringent taste. (Mech.) A crane for moving heavy- weights, esp. ships. — Crab''- apple, n. A small, sour kind of apple. ^tree, n. The tree bearing, etc. —-louse, n. A kind of louse infesting the human body. — Crab^bed, «. Harsh; rough ; peevish ; morose ; difficult ; perplexing ; cramped or scrawled, — said of handwriting. Crack, krak, v. t. [cracked (krakt), cracking.] To break without entire separation of the parts; to fis- sure ; to rend with grief or pain, distress, disorder, derange; to cause to sound abruptly and sharply; to snap; to utter smartlj^ and sententiously; to cry up, extol. — V. i. To be fractured without quite sepa- rating; to go to pieces, be ruined or impaired; to utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. — n. A partial separation of parts, etc.; a chink; crevice; a sound as of anything suddenly rent; craziness of intellect. — a. Of superior excellence. — Crack'-brained, -brand, a. Impaired in intellect. — Crack''er, n. One who, or that which, cracks; a small firework, ex- ploding with a sharp noise; a kind of hard biscuit. — Crackle, krak''!, v. i. To make slight cracks, or small, abrupt, snapping noises, frequently repeated. — Crack'le, Crack'lin, n. A kind of china, having the glaze or enamel apparentlv cracked in all direc- tions. — Crack ''ling, n. Small, abrupt cracks or re- ports; rind of roasted pork. Cradle, kra'^dl, ?i. A rocking bed for infants ; place in which anything is nurtured or protected during^ immaturity; infancy. (Agnc.) A light framework added to a scj'the, to receive grain as cut, and lay it in swaths. (Engraving.) An instrument for pre- paring plates for mezzotints. (Ship-bmlding.) A framework of timbers to support a vessel when out of water. (Surg.) A case for a broken bone. —v. t. {cradled (kra'dld), cradling.] To lay, or rock in a cradle ; to nurse in infancy ; to cut and lay with a cradle, as grain. — v. i. To'lie or lodge, as in a cra- dle. (Mining.) A machine rocked by the hand for washing out auriferous eartli. Craft, kraft, n. Dexterity in manual employment; the employment itself ; a trade ; cunning, art, or Cfafts''man, n. ; pi. -men. One skilled in a manual occupation ; an artificer ; mechanic. Crag, krag, n. A steep, rugged, broken rock. (Geol.'y A partially compacted bed of gravel mixed witt shells, of the tertiary age. Crake, krak, n. (Ornith.') A species of rail frequenting corn, etc., whose cry is a grating croak. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice -, 5dd, tone, 6r { CRAM ^7 CREED Cram, kram, v. t. fcKAMiiED (kranid), crammixg.J To stuff, crowd, fill to superfluity; to fill with food beyond satiety ; to qualify for examination by hasty preparation. — r. i. To eat greedily, stuff ; to make a hasty review of studies. Cramp, krainp, n. A restriction or restraint ; an iron instrument to hold together timbers, stones, etc. ; a piece of wood on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched. {Med.) A spasmodic contraction of a muscle. — r. t. [cramped (krampt), ckamp- IXG.] To hold tightly pressed together, restrain from free action ; to form on a cramp, as boot legs ; to afflict with cramp. Cran, kran, n. A measure by which fresh herrings are sold, holding about S7i gallons. Cranberry, kran'ber-rT,'**. A red, sour berry, used for making sauce, etc. Crancb. See Ckalxch. Crane, kran, n. (Ornith.) A wading bird, having long bill, legs, and neck. A machine for moving heavy ■weights ; an arm turriing on a ■vertical axis, for supporting kettles, etc., over a fire ; a si- phon, or bent pipe, for drawing liquors out of a cask. (Xaut.) a A piece of wood or iron with \, ^ two arms, used, in pairs, to stoMf pi^i^ .y\| & spare spars in. — v. t. [crajted ^^'ij^Jiji'i (krand), craning.] To cause "=^^^'^ to rise ; to raise, as it by a crane, ^^g — V. i. To stretch the neck in -^^ order to observe something ; to rmrp balk at a dangerous leap, etc., <-^rane. show timidity. — Crane's''bill, n. (Bot.) The gera- nium, which has an appendage of the seed-vessel re- sembling the beak of a crane. (Sm-g.) Long-beaked pincers. — Cran'' age, n. Right of using a crane in loading ; price paid for the use. Cranium, kra^'nt-um, n.; pi. -NIA, -a. (Anat.) The skull of an animal; brain-pan. — Cra'- nial, a. Pert, to, etc. — Crani- oKogy, -jT, n. Science of the structure of the skull, and its relation to the facul- ties of the mind; phrenology. [Gr. logos, discourse.] — CranioKogist, -jist, n. One versed in, etc.; a phrenologist. Crank, krank, n. (3fach.) A bent axis, serving as a handle to communicate circular motion, or to change circular into reciprocating motion, or the reverse. A bend, turn, or winding ; a conceit con- sisting in a change of the form or meaning of a word ; a fit of temper ; a whim, absurd notion ; one full of cranks, or deranged. — a. (Naut.) Liable to careen or be overset, as a ship. Full of spirit; brisk. Cranny, kran'nT, n. A small, narrow opening ; fis- sure ; crevice ; chink ; a secret, retired place : -hole. — V. i. To make crannies ; to haunt or enter by crannies. — Cran'nied, -nid, a. Full of, etc. Crape, krap, n. A thin, transparent stuff, made of raw silk gummed and twisted, used for mourning garments. — Crap'y, -t, a. Resembling crape. Crash, krash, v. f. [crashed (krasht), crashixg.] To break to pieces violently. — v. i. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of many things breaking at once. — n. Mingled sound of things breaking. Coarse linen cloth. Crass, kras, a. Gross; dense; coarse. — CraBS''itude, -t-tud, w. Crossness; thickness. — Crass^ament, n. Thick part of a fluid, esp. of blood; a clot. Cratch, krach, ji. A manger or open frame for hay; a crib. — Cratch-cradle. Form of the cratch, made upon the fingers with string; cat's-cradle. Crate, krat, n. A hamper of wicker-work, for crock- ery. Cra^ber, kra'ter, n. The aperture or mouth of a vol- cano. — Crater'^iform, a. Cup-shaped. Craunch, Cranch, kranch, v. t. [CRAiJXCHED(krancht), CRAUXCHING.] To Crush with the teeth, chew nois- ily, crunch. Cravat, kra-vat'', n. A neck-cloth. Crave, krav, v. t. [craved (kravd), ceavixg.] To Crane. ask with earnestness and humility; to long for, beg, beseech, implore. Craven, kra'vn, h. One vanquished in battle ; a weak-hearted fellow; coward; dastard. — a. Cow- ardly with meanness; spiritless. Craw. kraw. n. The crop or stomach of fowls. Craw-fish, Cray-fish, kraw'-, kra'flsh, n. (Zool.) A crustaceous fresh-water animal, resembling the lob- ster, but smaller. Crawl, krawl, v. i. [crawled (krawld), crawlixg.] To move slowl^^, as a worm ; or on the hands and knees, as a human being ; to creep ; to advance slowly and feebly ; to have a sensation as if insects were creeping about the body. — «. Act or motion of crawling. Crayon, kra'un, n. A piece of chalk, or other soft sub- stance, for drawing; drawing made witli pencil or crayon. — v. t. [crayoxed (-uud), -oxixG.] To sketch, ^s with, etc. Craze, kraz, v. i. [crazed (krazd), crazixg.] Orig. to break into pieces, crush ; to contuse, impair ; to de- range the intellect of, render insane. — )i. State of craziness; insanity ; a strong habitual desire or pas- sion. {Pottery.) A defect in the glaze of earthen- ware, causing'it to crack. — Cra'zy, -zT, a. Broken; decrepit; disordered in intellect; deranged. — Cra''- zy bone. The end of the elbow, a blow upon which benumbs the arm. Creak, krek, v. i. [creaked (krekt), creaking.] To make a sharp, harsh, grating sound, as by friction of hard substances. — v. t. To produce a"^ creaking sound wjth. — n. The sound produced. Cream, krem, n. The unctuous substance forming a scum on the surface ofjnilk ; the best part of a thing. — v.t. [creamed (kremd), creaming.] To skim or take oft' by skimming, as cream ; to take oft' the best part of. — v. i. To become covered with cream, or thick like cream ; to assume the appearance of cream. Crease, kres, n._ A mark made by folding. — v. t. [creased (krest), creasixg.] To make acrease in. Creasote. See Creosote. Create, kre-at'', v. t. To bring into being, cause to exist, originate ; to be the occasion of, produce ; to make. — Crea'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; esp., of bringing the world into existence ; constitution ; formation ; thing created, as the universe.— Crea'tionism, -izm, n. Doctrine that the soul is immediately created by God, — opp. to traducianism. — Crea'tor, -ter, n. One who, etc. ; esp. the Supreme Being. — Crea''- ■tive, -tiv, a. Having power to create, or creating. — Crea''tiveness, n. — Creature, kre'chur, n. Thing . created; esp. a being created with life; animal; man; one who owes his fortune to another ; a servile de- pendent. Creche, kresh, n. An asylum for very young children during their mothers' working hours. Creed, kred, n. A summary of what is believed ; esp. of Christian belief. — Cre^dence, -dens, n. Reliance of the mind ; trust; belief; credit or confidence. — Cre'dent, a. Believing ; giving credit. — Creden'- tial, -shal, a. Giving a title to credit. — n. That which, etc. ; pi. testimonials or certificates showing that one is entitled to credit, or has authority or official powers. — Cred^ible, a. Capable of being believed ; worthy of belief. — Cred'^ibleness, -ibil''- ity, n. — Cred'ibiy, ad}}. — Cred'it, n. Reliance on the truth of something said or done; belief ; faith ; reputation derived from the confidence of others; es- teem ; reputation ; authority derived from character or reputation ; influence derived from the confi- dence or favor of others ; interest. {Com.) Trust given or received ; expectation of future payment ; mercantile reputation. {Book-keeping.) Tne side of an account on which are entered values received; items entered on such side of an account. — v. t. To confide in the trutli of; put, trust in, believe; to enter upon the credit side of an account, set to the credit of. — Cred''itable, a. Deserving or possess- ing, etc. ; reputable; estimable. — Cred''itableness, n. — Cred'itaDly, adv. — Cred^itor, -er, n. One who gives credit in business matters ; one to whom money is due. — Cred''ulou8, -u-lus, a. Apt to be- lieve on slight evidence ; easily convinci::d or im- posed upon ; unsuspecting. — Cred'iilously, adv. — siin, etibe, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or igk, ttien, boxboN, chair, get. CREEK 88 CROOK Cred'ulousnesB, Credu'lity, -IT-tl, n. Readiness to believe without sufKcient evidence. Creek, krek, h. A small inlet, bay, or cove ; a small river or brook ; any turn or winding. Creel, krel, n. A wicker basket, for carrying' fish. Creep, krep, v. i. [crept, creeping.] To move along, as a reptile does ; to move on hands and knees, crawl; to move slowly, feebly, timorouslj', or stealthily ; to steal in, insinuate one's self; to fawn; to grow, as a vine, clinging to other support; to have a sensation of insects crawling upon the body. — Creep''er, n. One who, or that which, etc.; a vine; a fixture with iron points worn on the shoe to prevent slipping. iOrnith.) A small bird, allied to the wren. pi. An instrument with hooks or claws to drag the "bottom of wells, etc. — Creep''ingly, adv. By creep- ing ; slowly; sneaking!}' ; ignobl}'. Cremate, kre-mat'', v. t. "To burn, esp. a corpse. Creole, kre^'ol, n. One born in America, or the West Indies, of European ancestors; one born in tropical America, or adjacent islands, of any color. Creosote, kre''o-sot, n. (Chem.) An oily, colorless liquid, having the smell of smoke, and strong anti- septic properties, obtained from distillation of wood. Crepitate, krep't-tat, v. i. To burst with a sharp sound, crackle, snap. Crept. See Creep. Crescent, kres''ent, a. Increasing ; growing ; shaped like the new moon. — n. The increasing moon; moon in her first or last quarter; figure of the new moon, borne in the Turkish flag; the flag itself; the Turkish power. Cress, kres, n. (Bot.) A salad plant of various species. Cresset, kres'set, n. An open lamp, on a beacon, lighthouse, etc., or carried on a pole. Crest, krest, n. A tuft, or other natural ornament, on an animal's head, as the comb of a cock; the plume or other decoration on a hel- met ; the helmet itself ; the head, as typical of high spirit ; pride ; courage. (Her.) An appendage placed over the shield. The rising part of a horse's neck : see Horse. The foamy, feather-like top of a wave. (Fort.) The top line of a slope. — 1\ t. To furnish or adorn with a crest; to serve as a crest for. Cretaceous, kre-ta^'shus, a. Crest. (Her.) Having the qualities of, or abounding with, chalk. Cretin, krc'tin, n. (Med.) An idiot of a kind fre- quent in the valleys of the Alps, generally afflicted also with goiter. Cretonne, kre-ton'', n. A fabric having a warp of hemp and woof of flax. Crevasse, kre-vas'', n. A crevice or split, as in a gla- cier; a breach in the levee or embankment of a river. — Crev'ice, -is, n. A narrow opening from a split; a_cleft; fissure; rent. Crew, kroo, n. A company of people associated to- gether; throng; assemblage; a ship's company; the seamen belonging to a vessel. Crew. See_CROw. Crewel, kroo'el, n. "Worsted yarn slackly twisted. Crib, krib, n. The manger or rack of a stall; stall for cattle; inclosed bedstead for a child; bin for stor- ing grain, salt, etc.; a literal translation of a classic author. — v. t. [cribbed (kribd), cribbixg.] To shut in a narrow habitation ; to pilfer or purloin. — V. i. To crowd together, be confined. — Crib'- bage, -bej, n. A game at cards, in which the dealer makes up a third hand for himself, partly from his opponent's. — Crib-'bage-board, ??. A board with holes, to score the game at cribbage with pegs. — Crib'bing, n. (Miniug.) A plank lining of a shaft, etc. (Far.) A horse's trick of gnawing the crib. Cribble, krib'bl, n. A coarse sieve or screen. — 1\ t. [CRiBBLED (-bid), -BLIXG.] To cause to pass through a sieve or riddle; to sift. Crick, krik, n. A spasmodic affection, esp. of the neck or bnck. Cricket, kiik'et, n. An orthopterous insect, having a chirping note; a game with bat, ball, and wicket; a lew .stool. — V. i. To play at cricket. Cried, Crier. See under Cry. Crime, krim, n. A violation of law, divine or humanv esp. a gross offense; sin; vice. — Crim^inal, krlm'- IT-nal, a. Guilty of, involving, or pert, to crime. — n. One guilty of, etc. — Crini. con., abbr. of Crim- inal conversation. (Law.) Adulter/. — Crim'inally, adv. — Criminal'lty, -t-tT, n. Guiltiness. — Crim''- inate, v. t. To charge with, or convict of, crime. Crimp, krimp, a. Easily crumbled. — v.t. [crimped. (krimpt), crijipixg.] To form into ridges, waves, or plaits ; to pinch and hold, seize, decoy. (Cook- ery.) To cause to contract, or to render crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with a knife. — n. One who decoys. — Crimple. krimp''!, V. t. [CRIMPLED (-Id), -LING.] To Cause to shrinK or draw together, contract, curl, corrugate. Crimson, krim-'zn, n. A deep-red color tinged with blue. — a. Of a deep red color. — r. t. [crimsoned (-znd), -soxiNG.] To dye witli crimson. — v. i. To become crimson; to blush. Cringe, krini, v. t. [crixged (krinjd), crixgixg.] To cause to siirink, contract, draw together. — v. i. To draw one's self together as in fear or servility; to bow obsequiously, fawn. — n. Servile civility; a mean bow. Crinite, kri'^mt, a. Resembling a tuft of hair. — Crin'oUne, -!in, n. A lady's stiff petticoat, — orig. of liair-cloth, afterwards expanded by hoops. — Cri- nose', -nos', a. Hairy. Crinkle, krink-'l, v. t. [crinkled (-kid), -ling.] To form with short turns or wrinkles. — v. i. To run in and out in sliort bends. Cripple, krip'l, n. One who creeps, lialts, or limps. —V. t. [crippled (-pld), -PLiNG.] To deprive of the use of the limbs, esp. of the len;s and feet ; to lame, deprive of strengtli or use, disable. Crisis, kri'sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. The decisive mo- ment; turning-point. (Med.) The cliange of a dis- ease which indicates recovery or deatli. Crisp, krisp, a. Formed into stiff curls or ringlets; liaving windings or indentations ; brittle ; friable; effervescing ; sparkling. — said of liquors. — v. t. [crisped (krispt), crispixg.] To curl, as tlie hair; to wreathe, as branches of trees; to wrinkle or curl on tlie surface or edges. — v. i. To form little curls. Criss-cross, kris-'-kros, n. A niarlc formed by two lines crossing, usually at ri^ht angles ; a child's game played on paper or a slate. — adv. In oppo- site directions; with opposition or hindrance. Critic, krit'ik, n. One skilled in judging of the merits of literary or art works ; a connoisseur : a harsh judge ; carper. — Crit'ical, a. Having skill to judge of literary or artistic matters; exact: nicely judicious ; captious ; pert, to criticism ; character- ized by thoroughness and a reference to principles; pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis or turning- point; decisive ; of doubtful issue ; attended witn risk. — Crifically, adv. — Crificalness, n.— Criti- cise, -siz, V. t. [-CISED (-sizd^, -cising.] To examine and judge as a critic; to animadvert on. — v. i. _ Tp act as a critic, pass judgment, animadvert.— Crifi- ciser, 52. — Crificism, -sizm, n. Art of judging of beauties and faults; judgment passed or expressed; detailed examination and review. — Critique'', krT- telt'', n. Art of criticism ; critical examination or estimate of a work of literature or art; thorough analvsis of any subject. [F.]— Crite'rion, -rT-un, n. ; pi. -RiA, -r^-a, or -rioxs. A standard of judging; approved or established rule, principle, or test, by comparison with which a judgment is formed. Croak, krok, r. i. [croaked (krokt), croakixg.] To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog or crow; to forebode evil, grumble. — v. t. To utter in a low, hoarse voice. — n. Tlie sound of a frog, raven, etc. — Croak''er, n. One who croaks, com- plains, or liabitually forebodes evil; a small Amer. fish, which croaks when caught. Crochet, kro-sha', ?i. A kind of netting made with a small hook. — r. t. To do netting with, etc. Crock, krok. w. An earthen vessel; pot; pitcher: cup; smut collected on pots, kettles, etc. ; soot ; lamp- black— w. t. To blacken with soot, or with the coloring matter of cloth, — r'. i. To give off crock, smudge, blacken. — Crock'ery, -er-T, n. Earthen- ware ; vessels of clay, glazed and baked; pottery. Sm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd tone, 6r ; CROCODILE 89 CROWN Crocodile, krok^o-dil, n. A large aaiphibious reptile of Africa and Asia. Crocus, kro^kus, 71. A genus of earlv flowering plants ; a mineral powder of a deep yellow or red Color. Crone, kron, n. An old wom- an, — usually in contempt ; more rarely 'an aged man. — Grozny, -nT, n. Intimate companion; associate; famil- iar friend. Crook, krciok, n. A bend, turn, Crocooile. or curve; device used as a subterfuge; trick; artifice; an instrument bent at the end, esp. a shepherd's or bishop's staff . — r. t. [ckooked (kr(5&kt), ckook- IXG.] To turn from a straight line, make crooked, bend, turn from rectitude, "pervert. — ?•. i. To be bent or curved. — Crook'ed, p. a. Characterized by a crook or curve; !)eiit ; not straightforward; per- verse. — _Crook'edly, tn/r. — Crook'^edness, ». Croon, kroon, w. A low, continued moan; murmur; a simple piece of music; plain, artless melody. — v. t. [CKOOSED (kroond), cuoo.vixG.] To sing in a low tone, hum; to soothe bj" singing softl}'. — v.i. To make a continuous noise in a low, hollow tone, as cattle do when in pain; to moan; to hum, sing, or murmur softly. Crop, krop, n. ' The protuberant stomach of a bird, situated in the breast ; the craw ; the top of any thing, esp. of a plant ; that which is cropped or gathered from a single field, or of a single kind of grain, fruit, etc., or in a single season; fruit; har- vest. — I', t. [CROPPED (kropt), CROPFIXG.] To cut off the ends of, bite or pull off, pluck.— i'. i. (Gcol.) To appear above the surface, as a seam or bed of coal ; to come to light, be manifest, — with out. — Crop'^per, n. A kind of pigeon having a large crop; a hurt by a fall from a horse. (3Iech.) A machine for facing cloth by means of spiral knives. — Crops, n. pi. The region above the shoulder in the ox. — -Crop''eared, -erd, a. Having the ends of the ears cut off. Croquet, kro-ka', n. A game in which wooden balls are driven by mallets through hoops arranged on a lawn. Croquette, kro-kef, n, (Cookery.) meat, seasoned, and fried. Crosier, kro'zher, n. The official staff of an archbishop, or bishop. Cross, kros, n, A gibbet, consist- ing of two timbers placed trans- versely; the theological and re- ligious import of tlie death of Christ; the Christian doctrine; the gospel; the symbol of Christ's death, and hence, of Christianity; affliction regarded as a test of virtue; trial; vexii- tion; disappointment. (Arch.) A cross-shaped ornament. The cross-like mark signed by those unable to write; a mixing of breeds or stock, esp. in cattle-breeding; product of such intermixture. {Surv.) An instru- ment for laying off offsets perpendicular to the main course. — a. Lying athwart; transverse; intersect- ing; adverse; contrary; perverse; unfortunate; peev- ish or fretful; ill-humored; mutually inverse; inter- changed.— v. ^ [CROSSED (krost),'cROSSiX(j.] To put across or athwart; to draw something, as a line, across; to pass from one side to the other of; to run counter to, thwart, clash or interfere with; to debar; to make the sign of the cross upon; to cancel, erase; to mix the breed of. — i'. i. To lie or be athwart; to pass from one side toward the other, or from place to place; to interbreed. — Cross'ly, -IT, adr. In a cross waj'; peevishly.— Cross'ness, n. — Cross''wi8e, adv. In the form of a cross; across. — Cross'^ing, n. Act by which anything is crossed; act of interbreed- ing; intersection of roads; paved walk across a street. — Cros8''-exam'ine, v. t. [examixed (-ind), -inixg.] {Law.) To examine for the purpose of eliciting facts not brought out in direct examination or controvert- ing the direct testimony. — exam'ina'tion, n. Ex- A ball of minced a. h. Crosiers. a. Bishop's. h. Archbishop's. Crotchets. amination of a witness, called by one party, bv the opposite party. — Cross ''let, >«. A small cross. ('Her.) A cross whose arms are terminated with small cross- es, or again crossed near the end. — Crucial, kroo'- shal, a. Formed like, or pert, to, a cross: severe ; searching, as if by suffering on the cross. — Cru'cify, -sY-fT, V. t. [-CIFIED (-fid), -FYixo.] To fasten to a cross, destroy the power of, subdue completely. — Crucifixion, -tik''shun, n. Act of, etc.; death on the cross, intense suffering. — Cru'cifix, n. Figure of a cross, with Christ upon it. — Cru'ciform, a. Cross- shapetl. (Bol.) Having 4 equal petals, disposed crosswise. — Crucigerous, -sij'er-us, a. Bearing, or marked with, etc. — Crusade, -sad', n. A mediaeval military expedition to recover the Holy Land from the Mohammedans; any expedition for a religious purpose ; a hot-headed or fanatical enterprise. Crotch, kroch, n. Place of division, as of a trunk into branches; fork; a forked piece of wood, metal, etc. — Crotch'et, n. A forked piece of wood; crotch. (Mus.) Tlia. 3 d principal note, equal in duration to J a m i n i m , marked with a hook, the stem of which may turn up or down according to its situ- ation. (Print.) A bracket. See BR.iCKET. Acrooked or perverse fancy ; whim ; conceit. — Crotcll'ety, -T, a. Given to crotchets; whimsical. Croton-bug, kro'tun-bug,?!. (Entom.) A kind of cock- roach. — -oil, n. (Med.) A vegetable oil of hot, biting taste, — a powerful drastic cathartic. Crouch, krowch, v. i. [crouched (krowcht), ceouch- 1x0.] To bend down, stoop or lie low, bend, obse- quiously, stoop meanly, fawn, cringe. Croup, kroop, n. The buttocks of quadrupeds, esp. of a horse ; place beliind the saddle. — Crupper, Croup- er, krup^er in Amer. ; krup''er in Eng., n. The rump of a horse ; a strap under a horse's tail holding the saddle back. — v. t. To fit with, etc. — Croupier, kroo^pT-er or kroo-per', n. One at the lower end of the table as an assistant-chairman at a dinner; one who watches the cards and collects the money at a gaming-table. [F.] Croup, kroop, n. (Med.) An inflammatory affection of the lai-ynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse ringing cough and difficult respiration. Crow, kro, n. A large bii-d, usually black, uttering a harsh, croaking note ; an iron lever with a claw shaped like a crow's beak; the voice of the cock. — v.i. [imp. CWYAV or CROWED; ?j. 73. CROWED (krod) or (obs.) CROwx (kron); CROwixo.] To make the shrill sound of a cock; to shout in exultation or de- fiance; to brag; to utter a sound of jov, as an infant. — Crow'-bar, V!. A bar of iron, used as a lever.— -foot, n. (Bot.) A genus of plants; crow-toe. (Naut.) Cordage suspending an awning. — Crow's''-feet, n. pi. Wrinkles at the outer corners of the ej'cs. — -nest, n. (Xaut.) A look-out place on a mast. Crowd, krowd, v. t. To press or drive together; to fill by pressing, encumber by excess of numbers or quantity ; to press by solicitation, dun, treat dis- courteously. — r. i. To press together in numbers, swarm; to urge or press forward. — n. A number of persons or things closely pressed together; the lower orders of people ; throng ; multitude ; vulgar ; rab- ble. Crown, krown, n. A wreath encircling the head, esp. as a badge of merit, dignity, or power; a jeweled cap or fillet worn on the head as an emblem of sover- eignty; any object sought for as a prize; anything imparting boaiity, dignity, or distinction; one enti- tled to a regal or imperial crown; the sovereign; re- gal or imperial power; sovereignty; royalty; a coin bearing the image of a crown; topmost part of any- thing; the part of a hat above .the brim and the flat circular part at the top. (Arch.) The highest meni' ber of a cornice; summit of any part of a building. (Bot.) An appendage at the top of the claw of some petals; the head of a root: see Root. (N^aitt.) That part of an anchor where the arms join the shank; also, bights formed by turns of a cable. — v. t. [CROWXED (krownd), crowxixg.] To invest with a crown, or with royal dignity; to adorn, dignify; lO siin, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boxbON, chair, get. CRUCIAL 90 CUD Crucible. form the topmost part of, complete, perfect. (J/t7.) To effect a lodgment upon. — Crown'er, n. Crucial, Crucify, Crucifix, etc. See under Ceoss. Crucible, kroo's'C-bl, n. A chemical vessel or meltin";-pot, capable of enduring great neat without in- jury. _ Crude, krood, a. I n i t s natural state; not cooked or prepared for use; raw; unripe; immature; not reduced to order or form ; undi- fested; hasty and ill-considered; isplaying superficial and undi- gested knowledge. (Paint.) Coarselj' done : not ac- curately colored. — Crude'^ly, adv. — Crude-'uess, Cru'dity, -dl-tl, n. Condition of being, or that which is, etc. _ Cruel, kroo''el, a. Disposed to give pain ; causing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery; savage; in- human ; pitiless. — Cru'elly, -el-lT, adv. — Cru'elty, -ti, n. Character of being, etc.; a cruel deed. Cruet, kroo''et, n. A small glass bottle for vinegar, oil. etc.; a caster. Cruise. See Ckuse. _ Cruise, krooz, v. i. [ckuised (kroozd), ceuisixg.] To go back and forth on the ocean ; to wander hither and thither on land. — 7i. A voyage without settled course. Cruller, krul'ler, 7i. A kind of crisp sweet-cake boiled in fat. Crumb, krum, n. A small fragment or piece, esp. of bread ; the soft part of bread. — r. t. To break into crumbs or small pieces. — Crum''ble, -bl, n. A very small fragment ; small crumb. — r. t. [crumbled (-bid), -BLIXG.] To break into small pieces. — v. i. To fall or break into, etc., decay, perish. — Crum''- bly, -bit, a. Easily crumbled ; bVittle. — Crxun'^my, -mT, a. Full of crumbs ; soft ; not crusty. Crumpet, krum''pet, n. A kind of soft bread-cake, not sweetened. Crumple, krum'pl, v. t. [-pled (-pld), -plixg.] To press into wrinkles or folds, rumple. — v. i. To shrink irregularly, wrinkle. Cruncli, krunch, v. i. ["crunched (krrtncht), crunch- ing.] To chew with violence and noise, craunch ; to grind or press noisily. Cruor, kroo''or, n. Gore ; coagulated blood. Crupper. _See under Croup. Crural, kroo'ral, a. Pert, to the leg; shaped like a leg or root. Crusade. _See under Cross. Cruse, kroos, n. A small cup or bottle. — Cru'set, n. A goldsmith's crucible or melting pot. Crush, krush, v. t. [crushed (krusht), crushing.] To press and bruise between hard bodies ; to over- whelm by pressure ; to overco'me completely, sub- due, ruin. — V. i. To be pressed into a smaller com- pass by external force ; to be condensed. — n. A violent compression. — Crush'er, n. Crust, krust, n. The hard, external covering of any- thing; any concretion. — v. t. To cover with a hard case, or crust; to incrust, envelop, —v. i. To gather into a hard crust ; to concrete or freeze at the sur- face. — Crusfy, -T, a. Of the nature of crust ; hard ; of a harsh exterior or rough manner; surh^; morose. — Crusta'^cea, -she-a, n. pi. One of the 'classes of articulated animals, including lobsters, shrimps, and crabs, which have a crust-like shell covering the body and legs. Crutch, kruch, n. A staif with a cross-piece, to be placed under the arm tor support in walking. Cry, kri. v. i. [cried (krid), crying.] To speak, call, or exclaim loudly ; to vociferate, proclaim; to weep and sob ; to bawl, as a child; to utter inarticulate sounds, as animals. — r. t. To utter loudly or vehe- mently ; to advertise by outcry. — n. A loud utter- ance; outcry; clamor; expression of triumph, won- der, pain, distress, etc. ; public advertisement bv outcry; a pack of hounds. — Cri''er, n. One who, etc. ; esp. an officer who proclaims the orders of a court or givespublic notice by proclamation. Cryolite, kri'o-ht. 71. (.Win.) A mineral found only in the gneiss of Greenland, which melts easily; com- mercial ore of aluminium. Crypt, kript, n. A subterranean cell or cave ; esp. a Cube. vault under a church, for burial purposes. (Arch.) The space under a building ; subterranean cnapel ; hiding-place. — Cryp'tic, -tical, a. Hidden; secret; occult. — Cryp'togam, /;. (Bot.) A flowerless plant, or one which does not fructify by means usual to others. — Cr3T)tog'amy, -niT, n. Concealed fruc- tification. — Cryptog'raphy, -fY, n. Art of writing in secret characters ; secret characters or cipher. — CryptoKogy, -jT, n. Secret or enigmatical language. — Cryp'tonym, -nim, a. A concealed name, known onlj' to the initiated. Crystal, kris'tal, n. (Cheni. and 3Iin.) The regu- lar form which a substance assumes in solidify- ing ; a fine kind of glass ; glass of a watch case. — a. Of, or like, crystal; clear; transparent. — Crys'- tallLne, -lin-, a. Of erj^stal ; having a texture pro- duced hy crj'stallization ; resembling crvstal : pure; clear; pellucid. — Cn/stalline Jiumor, or lens. A white, transparent, firm substance, formed like a convex lens, in the vitreous humor of the eve : see Eye. — Crys'tallize, -liz, v. t. [-lized (-lizd). -lizing.] To cause to form crystals, or assume crj-.stalline form. — v. i. To be converted into, etc. — Crys'talliza''tion. n. Act of, or thing formed by, etc. — Crystallog'^raphy, -ti, n. Doctrine or science of, or treatise on, crj'S- tallization. Ctenoid, ten'oid, n. A fish having unenameled scales, jagged at the edges. Cub, kub, n. A young animal, esp. the young of the bear. — v. t. or i. [cubbed (kubd), -bing.] To bring forth (animals). Cube, kilb, 71. (Geom.) A regular solid body, with six equal square sides. (Arith.) The product of a number multi- plied twice into itself; as, 4x4 =16x4=f54, the cube of A.— v. t. [cubed (kubd), cubing.] To raise to the third power, by multi- plving a number into itself twice. — Cuhe7'oot. (Arith.) The number or quantity whicn, mul- tiplied into itself, and then into the product, pro- duces a certain cube: thus, 3 is the cube root of 27. — Cu'bic, Cu'bical, a. Having the form or prop- erties of a cube ; contained, or capable of being contained, in a cube. — Cubic equation. An equation in which the highest power of the unknown quan- tity is a cube. — C.foot. A solid foot, equivalent to a cubical solid, which measures a foot in each of its dimensions. — C. niMiJia-. A number produced by multiplying a number into itself, and that product bv the "same number. — Cu'bicaUy, adr. — Cu'bic- ainess, n.~ Cu'bature, -chur, n. Process of determin- ing the cubic contents of a body. — Cu'biform, a. Cube-shaped.— Cu'boid, -boid'al.'o. Having nearly the form of, or resembling, a cube. — Cu'bo-cube, n. (Malli.) The 6th power. — Cu'bo-cu'bo-cube, H. 9th power Cubeb, ku'beb, n. A small, spicy, tropical berry^ stimulant and purgative. Cubit, ku'bit, ?i. (Anat.) The fore-arm. A measure of length, — the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. Cuckoo, kd6k''oo, n. A bird, named from its note, which lays its eggs in other birds' nests. — Cuck''- oo-spit," spit' tie. »?. An exuda- tion o r spume on some plants, esp. about the joints of laven- der and rose- mary. — Cuck^old, n. A man whose wife is un- faithful.— v. t. To make a cuckold of. Cucumber, , . „, ku''kun-ber American Cuckoo. n. A creeping plant and its fruit. Cud, kud, 71. Food brought up into the moat]i by f I am, fSme, f 3,r, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, lee ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; CUDDLE 91 CURE ruminating animals from their 1st stomach, and chewed a M time; a piece of chewing tobacco: quid. Coddle, kud'dl, v. i. [cuddled (-did), -ui.ixo.] To lie close or snug ; to squat, (jrouch, snujrgle. — Cud'- dy, -dt, n. (^aut.) A small cabin in a boat. A very small apartment. Cudgel, kuj'el, n. A short, thick stick ; club. — v. t. [cudgeled (-eld), -elikg.] To beat. i Cue, ku, ti. A tail ; esp. a tail-like twist of hair at the i back of the head ; last words of an actor's speech, regarded as a hint for the succeeding player to ' speak; hint or intimation; the part one is'to perform; a straight rod used in playing billiards. Cuff, kuf, n. A "blow with'the open hand ; a stroke ; box; buffet. — )•. «. [cuffed (kuft), CUFFING.] To strike with the flat of the hand, as a man ; or with talons or wings, as a fowl. — n. The fold at the end of a sleeve. CuirasB, kwe-ras', n. A piece of armor, covering the body from neck to girdle. — Cuirassier, -ser', n. A soldier armed with, etc. [F.J Cuish, kwis, 71. Defensive armor for the thighs. Cuisine, kwe-zen', «. The kitchen : style of cooking ; cookery. — Cu'Uiiary, -na-rl, a. Pert, to the kitchen or cookerv. Cul-de-sac, kfwld'sak', n. A street closed at one end; a trap. (.Vi7.) A position in which an army has no exit out to the front. (iVai. Hist.) A bag-shaped cavity, or organ, open only at one end. [F7\ Cull, kul, V. t. [culled (kuld), cullixg.J To sepa- rate, select, or pick out. Cullender. See Colander. (JiUminate, kul'mi-nat, v. i. To reach the highest point of altitude, or of rank, size, numbers, etc. — a. Growing upward, as disting. fr. lateral growth. — Culmina'tion, n. Attainment of, etc. ; passage across the meridian; transit. Culpable, kuKpa-bl, a. Deserving censure; worthy of blame; faulty; censurable.— Cul^pableness, -bil'- ity, -tt, n. — Cul'pably, adv. — CuKprit, n. One ac- cused or convicted of crime ; a criminal. Cultus, kuKtus, Cult, ?i. Hoiiiage; worship; a system of religious belief, worship, or rites. — Cul''tivate, V. t. To till, fertilize ; to direct special attention ♦o, foster, cherish ; to improve by labor, care, or study ; to civilize, refine. — - Cul'tivable, a. — Cul- tiva'tion, n. Art or practice of, etc. ; tillage ; fos- tering care ; civilization ; state of being cultivated ; advancement in physical, intellectual, or moral con- dition: refinement ; culture. — Cul''tiva1x)r, -ter, n. One who, etc.; an implement used in the tillage of grow- ing crops, to loosen the sur- face of the earWi. — Culture, kuKchur, n. Act of, etc. ; cultivation ; refinement of Cultivator. mind or manners, —r. t. [cultured (-churd), -Tur- ing.] To cultivate. Culter, kuKtgr, n. A colter. See Colter. — Cul'- trate, -trated, a. (Bot. & Omith.) Sharp-edged and pointed, like a pruning knife. Culvert, kuKvert, n. An arched drain for water un- der a road, canal, etc. Cumber, kum'ber, v. t. [-bered (-herd), -Bering.] To hang or rest on as a troublesome weight; to be burdensome or oppressive to; to clog, obstruct, em- barrass, impede. — Cum''bersome, -sum, a. Burden- some or hindering ; not easily managed; oppressive; vexatious. — Ciun^bersomely, adv. — Cum^brance, -brans, n. Encumbrance. — Cum'torous, -brus, a. Rendering acti«n difficult; giving trouble. — Cum''- brously, adv. — Cuin''brousness, 7i. — Cu'mulate, -lat, V. t. To heap together; amass. — Cumula'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; a heap. — Cu''mulative, -tiv, a. Form- ing a mass; aggregated; augmenting; gaining or giv- ing force by successive additions. (Law.) Given by the same testator to the same legatee, — said of a legacy. — Cu''muluB, w. {Meteor.) One of the four primary forms of clouds, — being massed, and often bringing rain. [L.] — Cu'mulo-stra''tus, n. A form of cloud between cumulus and stratus, which is in layers. Cumin, kum'in, n. An umbelliferous plant, resem- bling fennel, and having atromatic seeds. Cupola. Cnnctative, kunk'ta-tiv, a. Causing or prone to de- lay: tardy. Cuneal. ku^ne-al, -neate, -neated, -neafic, -niform, -ne'iform, a. Having the form of a wedge ; pert, to the wedge-shaped characters in ancient Persian and Assyrian inscriptions. Cunning, kun'ning, a. Well-instructed ; skillful ; experienced ; given to underhand maneuvering ; artfully deceitful; sly; crafty ; exhibiting skill or craft; ingenious; curious. — n. Faculty' or act of using stratagem ; deceit ; art. Cup, kup, 11. A small drinking vessel; contents of a cup; cupful; a drink composed of wine iced and flavored; that which must be endured; portion; lot. (Surg.) A cupping-glass. ]}l. Repeated pota- tions ; revelry ; drunkenness. — v. t. [cupped- (kupt), cupping.] To supply with cups. (Surg.) To Dleed by scarification and a cupping-glass. — Cup'ping, n. (Surg.) Operation of drawing blood with a cuppino:-glass. — Cup^ping-glass, n. A glass- cup to be applied to the skin, to draw blood by ex hausting the air. — Cup'^bear- er, n. One who fills"*ana hands the cups at an entertainment. — Cup'board, kub^erd, n. A closet with shelves, for cups, plates, etc. — Cu'pel, n. A small vessel used in refining precious metals; a shallow crucible. — CupeK, v. t. To separate by means of a cupel; refine. — Cu''pola, -la, n. ; pi. -las, -laz. (Arch.) A spher- ical vault on the top of an edifice. The round top of a furnace; the furnace itself. Cupidity, ku-pid'I-tT, n. Eager desire for possession, esp. of wealth; covetousness; lust. Cupreous, ku'pre-us, a. Of or resembling copper ; coppery. — Cupriferous, -er-us, a. Containing or affording copper. Cur, ker, n. A worthless or degenerate dog; a worth- less, snarling fellow. — Cur-'rish, a. Like a cur ; quarrelsome ; churlish. — Cur'rishly. adv. Curable, Curate, Curator, etc. See under Cure. Curacoa, koo-ra-so', n. A cordial, flavored with orange-peel, cinnamon, and mace, first made in the island of Curagoa. Curare, -ri, ku-ra^'re, n. A South American vegetable poison used by Indians upon arrows, etc., — de- stroying control by the nerves of the voluntary muscles. [Written itrari, ivoorali, luouran, etc.] Curb, kSrb, n. A check or hindrance; esp. a chain or strap upon a horse's bit, which may be drawn tight- ly against the lower jaw; a wall to hold back a mass of earth in its place; a wall set within or round the mouth of a well; a curb-stone. -r. t. [curbed (kerbd), curbing.] To bend to one's will, restrain, confine; to furnish with a curb, as a well; to re- strain by a curb, as a bank of earth. — Curb'roof, w. A roof having a double slope; gambrel roof; mansard roof. — stone, n. A stone placed edgewise against earth or stonework to prevent its giving way. Curd, kerd, n. The coagulated or thickened part of milk, eaten as food, also of any liquid. — v. t. To curdle; congeal. — v. i. To become coagulated or thickened; to separate into curds and whey. — Cur''- dle, -dl, V. I. and t. [curdled (-did), -dling.] To change into curd, coagulate or concrete; to thicken, congeal. Cure, kiir, n. Spiritual charge; care of souls; office of a curate; curacy; medical care; remedial treat- ment of disease ; successful remedial treatment ; restoration to health ; remedy ; restorative. — v. t. [cured (kurd), curing.] To heal, restore to health, soundness, or sanity; to remedy, remove; to pre- pare for preservation by drying, salting, etc. — v. i. To effect a cure, be healed. — Cur''able, a. That may be, etc. — Cur'ablenesB, -abil'ity, n. — Cure''less, a. Incurable. — Cur''ative, -tiv, a. Pert, to the cure of diseases ; tending to cure. — Cura ''tor, -ter, n. A superintendent, as of a museum, etc. ; trustee; guardian. [L.j — Cu'rate, -rat, n. One who has the cure of souls; orig., anv clergyman: now, an Bun, cube, full ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. 3UEFEW 92 JUT Curlew. assistant to a rector or vicar. — Cu'racy, -sY, n. Office or employment of, etc. — Cu'rious, -rT-us, a. Solicitous to be correct; careful; scrupulous; ex- hibiting care; artfully constructed; eager to learn; habitually inquisitive; inviting and rewarding in- quisitiveness ; singular. — Cu'riousl^, adv. — Cu'- riousnesB, n. — Curios''ity, -Tf-tT, n. btate of being, etc.; scrupulousness; disposition to inquire, investi- gate, or seek after knowledge ; inquisitiveness; that which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward attention. — Cure, ku-ra', n. A curate; parson. [F.] Curfew, ker'fu, n. The ringing of a bell at nightfall, orig. a signal to cover fires, extinguish lights, and retire to rest. Curl, kerl. V. t. [curled (kerld), curling.] To twist or form into ringlets or coils; to deck as with curls; to raise in waves or undulations; to ripple. — v. i. To bend into ringlets, as hair; to move in curves, spirals, or undulations. — n. A ringlet, esp. of hair; an undulating or curving line; flexure; sinuosity; a disease in potatoes, in which the leaves seem curled and shrunk up. — CurKy, -T, a. Saving curls ; tending to curl. — CurKiness, n. Curlew, ker'lu, ?i. A wading bird, of the snipe kind Curmudgeon, ker-muj''un, n. An avaricious fellow; miser; niggard ; churl. Currant, kur''rant, n. A small dried grape, used in cook- ery ; a garden shrub, and its berry. Current, kur'rent, a. Run- ning or moving rapidly; now passing or present, in its progress; circulating through the community; generally received; com- mon. — n. A stream, esp. of a fluid; ordinary pro- cedure ; progressive and connected movement. — Cur'rently, adv. — Cur-'rentness, n. — Cur'^rency, -sT, n. State or quality of being current; general ac- ceptance ; circulation ; current value ; general esti- mation; money.— Cur''ricle, -rT-kl, n. A chaise drawn by two horses abreast. — Curric'ulum, ?!. A race course; a specified course of study. Curry, kur'rT, v. t. [curried (kur'rid), currying.] To dress by scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, and coloring, — said of leather ; to comb, rub, or cleanse the skin of, — said of a horse. — Cur'rier, -rt-er, n. A dresser of leather. — Cur''ry-comb, -kom, n. An instrument for cleaning horses. Curry, kur''rT, n. A kind of sauce used in India, con- taining pepper and other spices; a stew of fowl, fish, etc., with ciirrj- sauce. — v. t. To cook with curry. Curse, kers, v. t. [cursed (kerst) or curst, cursing.] To wish evil against, execrate ; to bring evil upon, vex, harass or torment, injure. — v. i. To use pro- fane language, swear. — n. Imprecation of evil; malediction; imprecation; that which brings evil or affliction ; torment. — Curs'^ed, a. Blasted by, or deserving, etc. ; execrable ; hateful. — Curs^edly, adv. Cursive, ker'siv, a. Running; rapid; flowing. — Cur'- sory, -so-rT, a. Characterized by haste ; hastily per- formed ; superficial ; careless. Curt, kert, a. Characterized by brevity ; short ; con- cise; abrupt; crusty. — Curt'^ness, n. — Curtail, -taK, V. t. [-TAILED (-tald'), -TAILING.] To cut short, abridge, diminish. Curtain, ker'tin, n. A movable cloth screen or cover- ing intended to darken or conceal. (Fort.) Part of the rampart and parapet between the flanks of two bastions.— I', t. [curtained (-tind''), -taining.] To inclose, or furnish, with curtains. Curule, ku''rool, a. (Rom. Antiq.) Belonging to a chariot, — said of the chair of certain magistrates, borne in a chariot when they went to council. Curve, kerv, a. Bent without angles; crooked; curved. — n. A bending without an- fles ; thing bent ; a flexure. Geom.) A line of which no three consecutive points are ~ in the same straight line.— Curve. V. t. [CURVED (kervd), curving.] To bend, crook, inflect. — V. i. To bend. — Curv'ature, -chur, n. Continual flexure of a line or surface from a recti- linear direction. — Curvilin''eal, -ear, -e-ar, a. Con- sisting of, or boun'ded by, curve lines. — Cur'vet, n. A leap of a horse ; a prank ; frolic. — v. i. To make a curvet; to frisk. — v. t. To cause to, etc. Cushion, kush'un, n. A stuffed bag, to sit or recline upon; any stuffed or padded surface, —t.-. t. [cush- ioned (-und), -lONiNG.] To seat on, or furnish with, etc. Cusp, kusp, n. (Arch.) A projecting point in the or- namentation of arches, panels, etc.; a pendant of a pointed arch. (Astral.) First entrance of any house in the calculations of nativities, etc. (Astron.) The point or horn of the crescent. (Math.) The point at which two curves or branches of the same curve meet. — Cusp-'id, n. (Anat.) One of the canine or eye teeth: see Tooth. — Cusp-'idal, a. Ending in a point. — Cusp'idate, -dated, a. (Bot.) Having a sharp end, like a spear-point. Cuspidor, kusp^i-dor, n. A spittoon; an earthenware waste-basket. Custard, kus'tard, n. A dish composed of milk and eggs, sweetened, and baked or boiled. Custody, kus'to-dt, n. A keeping or guarding ; esp. judicial or penal safekeeping ; restraint of liberty; confinement ; imprisonment. — Custo''dial, -dt-al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Custo''dian, n. One who has, etc. ; a keeper; superintendent. Custom, kus'tum, n. Way of acting ; habitual prac- tice ; habitual buying of goods ; business support; patronage. (Law.) Long established practice, or usage, considered as unwritten law, and resting for authority on long consent. The customary toll, tax, or tribute, pi. Duties imposed on commodities im- ported or exported. — Cus'tomable, o. Common; sub- ject to the payment of duties.— Cus''tomably, -arily, -rt-lT, adv. In a customary manner ; habitually. — Cus''tomary, a. According to custom ; established by common usage; conventional. (Law.) Holding or held by custom. — Cus''tomer, n. One who fre- quents a place to buy; a purchaser; buyer. — Cus'- tomhouse, n. The building where duties are paid, and vessels entered or cleared. Cut, kut, V. t. [CUT, cutting.] To separate the parts of v^atli a sharp instrument ; to make an incision in, divide, sever; to hew, as wood; or mow and reap, as grain or corn ; to remove by cutting; to dock ; to shape by cutting, carve, hew out ; to wound the sensibilities of ; to intersect, cross ; to castrate or geld. — v. i. To serve in dividing or gashing; to ad- mit of incision or severance ; to divide, sever, inter- sect, etc. ; to run rapidly ; to divide a pack of cards, to decide the deal or trump. — n. An opening made with a sharp instrument ; a cleft ; gash ; wound ; a stroke with an edged instrument; that which wounds the feelings; a notch, passage, or channel made by cutting ; surface left by a cut ; portion severed or cut oft ; an engraved block ; impression from such an engraving; act of dividing a pack of cards; right to divide ; manner in which a thing is formed ; shape ; fashion. — A short cut. A crosspath which shortens the way. — Cut and dried. Prepared be- forehand ; not spontaneous. — C. glass. Glass hav- ing the surface shaped by grinding and polishing. — To c. a dash, or a figure. To make a display.^ To c. capers. To play pranks, frolic. — To c. dovjn. To fell ; to abash, shame ; to lessen, diminish. — To c. out. To remove from the midst ; to shape by cutting, fashion ; to take the place of, supersede. — To c. short. To arrest or check abruptly, abridge. — To c. under. To undersell. — To c. up. To cut to pieces, damage, destroy. — To c. the acquaintance of, or to c. a person. To drop inter- course with, avoid recogniz- ing. — To c. the cards. To divide a pack into portions. — To c. the teeth. To put forth teeth. — To c. across. To pass through in the most direct way. — To c. in. To divide, or turn a card, for de- termining. — Cut'ter, n. One who, or an instrument which, etc. ; a front tooth. Cutter. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; Qdd, tone, dr ; CUTE 93 DAG that cuts; an incisor. (Xaut.} A small boat used bv ships of war ; a gloop^rigged vessel with a bowsprft which may be run in upon deck. A ono-liorse sleigh. — dnt'ting, n. Act or operation of, etc. ; something cut, cut off, or cut out, as a twig cut from a stock lor gratting ; an excavation cut through a hill. — Cufoff, n. That which cuts off or shortens. (J/acAO An attachment to a steam-engine wliich cuts oft the passage of steam from the steam-chest to the cylinder. Cate. kut, a. Clever; keen; sharp. Cutis, ku''tis, n. (Aiiat.) The true skin ; a dense resisting membrane, next below the cuticle. — Cu- ta'neous, -ne-us, a. Pert, to, upon, or affecting, the skin.— Cu'ticle, -tT-kl, a. The outer skin ; scarf-skinr epidermis. {Hot.) The thin external covering of the bark of a plant. Cutlass, kut'las, n. A broad, curving sword, with but one cutting edge. — Cufler, n. One who makes or deals in cutlery. — Cut'lery, -ler-T, n. Business of a cutler ; cutting instruments in general, or in the mass. Cutlet, kuflet, n. A piece of meat, esp. of veal or mutton, cut for broiling; generally part of the rib witli the meat belonging to it. Cattle, kut'tl, Cuftle-fish, n. A molluscous animal, having ten arms furnished with cu- pules or sucking cups, by which it attaches itself to other bodies. Cycle, si'kl. n. An imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens ; an interval of time in which a certain succession of events is completed, and then returns arain and again in the same order. (jLtot.) One entire round in a spire or circle. — CyClic, sik'lik, -lical, a. Pert, to, or moving in cycles. — Cy'cloid, 7i. _, , „ , (Geom.) A curve generated by a point '^uttie-nsn. in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line, keeping always in the same plane. — Cycloid'al, a. Pert, to, etc. — Cy'done, -klon, n. A rotatory storm or whirlwind of ex- tended circuit. — Cyclope'dia, -pae'dia, -pe'dT-a, ?i. The circle or compass of the arts and sciences, or of human knowledge ; a dictionary of arts and sci- ence* ; encyclopedia. — Cycloped'ic, a. Pert, to the circle of th"e sciences, or to a cyclopedia ; enc3'clo- pcrtic. Cyclopean, si-klo-pe'an, a. Pert, to the Cj'clops, a mythical race of one-eyed giants in Sicily; "gigantic; vast and rough ; massive. (Arch.) Pert, to the earliest buildings found in Greece, consisting of roughly-hewn, uncemented rocks. Cygnet, sig/net, w. A young swan. Cylinder, sil'in-der, n. ( Geom.) A solid body which Cvlinder. may be generated by the rotation of a panillelograni round one of its sides ; a l)ody of roller-like form, of which the longitudinal section is oblong, and the cross-section circular. — Cylin^dric, -drical, a. Formed like, or Jiaving i)rop- ertit's of, etc. — Cylin' drif orm , a. Formed like, etc. — CyKindroid, n. A solid body resembling a right cylinder, but liaving the bases elliptical. Csrmbal, sim^bal, n. A dish-^haped mu- sical instrument of brass, held in the hand, and producing, when two are struck together, a ringing sound. Cyme, Sim, 7i. (Bot.) A flat-topped or convex flower- cluster, like a corymb, except that the inflorescence commences with' the terminal buds. — Cy'inose, -moR, -rnons, -mus, a. Containing or in the form of a cyme. — Cyni'ling, w. A squash. Cymric, kini'iik, a. Pert, to the Cymry, or people of Wales, or to their language; Welsh. Cynic, sin'ik, -ical, ((^--Having the qualities of a surly dog; snarling; surly; austere; pert, to the dog-star» pert, to tlie philosophers called cynics, or to their doctrines.— Cyn'ic, n. One of a sect of ancient phi- losophers, named from their morose tenets; one who holds views resembling those of the cynics: asnarler; misanthrope. — Cyn'icalness, n. — Cyn'icism, -sizm, n. Practice or principles of a cynic. Cynosure, sin'o-shoor or si'no-shGor, n. The constel- lation of the Lesser Bear, to which, as containing- the polar star, the eyes of mariners are often di- rected; anything to which attention is turned; cen- ter of attraction. Cypress, si'pres, n. A coniferous tree, generally ever- green, and having wood remarkable for durability, — anciently used at funerals, and so an emblem of mourning. Cyprian, sip-'rl'-an, n. A native of Cyprus; a lewd woman; harlot. — a. Pert, to the island of Cyprus,, renowned for the worship of Venus; pert, to lewd- ness, or those who practice it. Cyst, sist, n. (P/n/siol.) A pouch or sac, withotit opening, containing morbid matter. — Cysfic, a. Having the form of, or living in, etc.; contair.ii\g, pert, to, or contained in, etc. — Cys''tocele, -sel, n. Hernia of the urinary bladder. Czar, Tzar, ziir, n. A "king; chief; a title of the em- peror of Russia. — Czarina, za-re''na, n. Title of the empress of Russia. — Czarowitz, zSr'o-wits, n. Title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia. — Czarev'na, -na, ?;. Wife of the czarowitz. Czech, tchek, n. One of a branch of the Slavonic race, including the Bohemians, Hannacks (or Moravians), and Slovacks. D. D, de. The 4th letter in the English alphabet. (31us.) • The 2d note of the scale, corresponding to 7?e. Dab, dab, r. «. [DAiiBEn (dabd), i>.\ijbi.\g.1 To strike gently, as with the hand or a soft or moist substance. — n. A gentle blow; sudden hit; a lump of anything soft, with which somotliing is dabbed: a smiill, flat fish. — Dab'ber, n. That with which one dabs; an implement used in printing, stereotyping, etc. — Dab'ble, v. t. [dabbled (-bid), -blino.] To wet by little dips or strokes, moisten. — v. i. To play in water, as with the hands; to work in a superficial manner, touch here and there, tamper, meddle. Dab, Dabster, dab'ster, n. One skilled at his business. Dabchick. dab'chik, n. A water-fowl allied to the grebe; dipchick; didapper; dobchick; a babyish per- son. Da capo, da-ka'po. (Mus.) A direction to return to, and end with, the first strain, — indicated by D. C. Dace, das, n. A river fish, of silvery color. Dactyl, dak'til, n. (Pros.) A poetical foot of 3 sylla- bles, 1 long, followed by 2 short, or 1 accented fol- lowed by 2 unaccented. Dad, Daddy, dad'dT, »i. Father, — a word used by children. — Dad'dy-long-legs, n. A spider having a small round bodj', and very long, slender legs; the crane-fly. Dado, da'do, ??. (Arch.) The die or square part in the middle of the pedestal of a column; that part of an apartment between plintli and impost molding; an arrangement of moldings, or a border of wood or paper, around the lower part of the walls of a room. Daffodil, daf'fo-dil, w. (Bot.), A plant of the genus A'«/x'7.<.s?/s, having a bulbous root, and beautiful flow- ers, usually yellow. Daft, daft, a. Delirious; insane; foolish. Dag, dag, ?i. A dagger; poniard; a kind of pistol for- merly used. — Dag^ger, ti. A short sword; poniard. (Print.) A mark of reference in the form of a dag- ger [t], — called also obelisk. — v. t. To pierce with, etc.; to stab. sfin, cube, full ; moon, idbt ; cow, oil ; ligger or inlc, then, boNboN, chair, get. DAG 94 DASH Dag, dag, n. A loose end, as of locks of wool; a leath- er latchet. — Dag'-lock, «. A dirty lock of wool on a sheep. Daguerreotype, da-ger'o-tlp, n. A method of taking pictures by photography, on plates of silvered cop- per, etc.; p'icture so produced. — v. t. [daguereeo- TTPED (-tipt), -TYPING.] To represent by the photo- graphic art, as a picture; to impress with great dis- tinctness. Dahlia, dal'j^a, n. A genus of flowering plants native to Mexico. Daily. Sec under Day. Daimio, di'mT-o, n. One of the feudal nobles of Japan. Dainty, dan'tT, a. Delicious to the taste; toothsome; elegant in form, manner, or breeding; requiring dainties ; over-nice ; fastidious ; ceremonious. — n. That which is delicious, delicate, or nice; delicacy. Dairy, da'rl, n. Place where milk is kept, and made into butter or cheese; business of making butter and cheese. Dais, da-'is, n. A raised floor at the upper end of the dining-hall; upper table of a dining-hall; seat with a canopy for those at the high table. Daisy, da'^zt, n. A common spring flower. Dale, dal, ?i. A low place between hills; vale; valley. Dally, dal'lt, v. i. [dallied (-lid), -lying.] To waste time in effeminate or voluptuous pleasures, or in idleness and trifles; to linger, delay; to interchange caresses; to use fondling or wantonness. — Dal'- liance, -iT-ans, n. Act of, etc. Dam, dam, n. A female parent, — used of beasts, or of a woman, in contempt. Dam, dam, n. A mole, bank of earth, wall, etc., to ob- struct the flow of water. — v.t. [dammed (damd), BAMMING.] To obstruct or restrain the flow of, by a dam; to .shut up, confine. Damage, dam'ej, n. Any permanent injury to person, property, or reputation; hurt; loss; mischief; detri- ment. 'j)l. (Lcno.) A compensation or indemnitj' to one party, for a wrong or injury done by another. — V. t. [DAMAGED (-ejd), -AGixG.] To inflict injury upon, hurt, impair. — Dam'^ageable, a. — Damn, dam, V. t. [DAMNED (damd), damning (damping or •dam^ning).] To condemn; to adjudge to punish- ment or death; to censure. (T/ieol.) To condemn to punishment in the future world. To condemn as Dad, by hissing, etc. — Damned, damd, in serioug dis- course dam'ned, p. a. Sentenced to punishment in a future state; hateful; abominable. — Damna''tion, -na'shun, n. {Theol.) Condemnation to eternal pun- ishment. — Dam'nable, a. Worthy of, etc.; odious. Damascene, dam'as-sen, Dam'son, -zn, n. A kind of plum. — Dam'^ask, a. Pert, to, originating at, or like, the manufactures of Damascus; having the color of the daniask rose. — n. A stuff with raised figures, woven in the loom, — orig. made at Da- mascus, of rich silk, now made of silk intermin- gled with flax, cotton, or wool; linen woven in imi- tation of the figures in damask silk. — v. t. [dam- asked (-askt), -ASKING.] To decorate with orna- mental figures, as silk with raised flowers, etc., or steel with etchings, or inlaid devices; to embellish, variegate. Dame, dam, n. A lady in rank or culture; the mis- tress of a family in common life; mistress of a com- mon school; a ihatron. — Dam''s8l, -zel, n. A young unmarried woman; girl. Damn, Damnable, etc. See under Damage. Damp, damp, a. Moderately wet; moist; humid. — n. Moisture; humidity; fog; dejection; depression; dis- couragement. }iL {Mining.) Gaseous products, elim- inated in coal-mines, wells, etc. — v. t. [damped (dampt), DAMPING.] To moisten, make humid, ren- der chilly, depress or deject, discourage. — Dampen, dampen, v. t. or i. [-ened (-nd), -ening.] To make or become moist. — Damp'er, n. That which damps or checks ; as a valve in a flue, to regulate the draught of air, or a contrivance in mechanism, to check some action at a particular time. — Damp'^ness, n. Mod- erate humidity; moisture. Damsel. See under Dame. Damson. See under Damascene. Dance, dans, v. i. [danced (danst), dais'cing.] To move with measured steps, or to a musical accom- paniment; to move nimbly op merrily, caper, frisk. — r. t. To cause to dance, dandle. — n. A brisk amusement, in which the movements of persons are regulated by art, in figures and by the sound of in- struments. (J/hs.) a tune by which dancing is reg- ulated. — Dan'cer, n. — Dansense, dawx-sez', n. A female dancer, esp. at a theater, etc. Dandelion, dan''de-li'un, n. A plant, with large yellow compound flowers. Dander, dan'der, n. Corrupt, of Dandruff, q. v. — Anger or vexation. [Low.] Dandle, dan'dl, v. t. [dandled (-did), -dling.] To move up and down in att'ectionate play, as an in- fant ; to caress, fondle ; to treat as a' child, toy with, pet. — Dan'dy, -dT, n. One who affects finery in dress and manner; a fop ; coxcomb. — Dan'dy- ism, -izm, n. Manners and character of, etc. Dandmff, dan'druf, -driff, -der, n. Scurf which forms on the head, and comes off in scales. Danger, dan'jer, n. Exposure to injury, loss, pain, etc.; peril; hazard ; risk; jeopardy. —Dan'gerotiF, -us, o. Attended with, or causing danger. — Dan'- gerously, «di'. — Dan'gerousness, n. Dangle, dan''gl, v. i. [-gled (-gld), -gling.] To hang loosely, or with a waving, swinging, or jerking mo- tion. — V. t. To cause to dangle; to swing. Dank, dank, a. Damp; moist; humid; wet. Dapper, dap-'per, a. Little and active; nimble; neat in dress; smart. Dapple, dap'pl, a. Marked with spots of different shades of color; variegated. — n. One of the spots on a dapple animal. — v. t. [dappled (-pld), -pling.] To variegate, spot. Dare, dar, v. i. [duest (derst), daring.] To have sufficient courage; to be bold enough; to venture. — v.t. [dared (dard), d.\eing.] To have courage for, venture to do; to profess courage to meet; to challenge, provoke, defy, brave. — Darling, a. — Dar'ingly, ac/i7. — Dare'nlevil, 7i. A rash, venture- some fellow. Dark, dark, n. Destitute of light; not reflecting or radiating light; obscure; not easily seen through; mysterious ; hidden ; destitute of knowledge and culture; unrefined; evincing foul traits of charac- ter; vile; wicked ; foreboding evil; gloomj^; suspi- cious. — n. Absence of light; obscurity; condition of ignorance ; secrecy. -- Darken, dark-'n, v. t. [-ENED (-nd), -ENING.J To make dark or black, obscure, render dim, deprive of vision; to render ignorant or stupid; to render less clear 6r intelli- gible; to cast a gloom upon; to make foul, sully. — V. i. To grow dark or darker. — Dark'ener,"*;!. — Dark'ish, a. Somewhat dark ; dusky ; dim. — Dark'ly, ac/v. — Dark''ness, h. State of being, etc.; obscurity ; gloom ; secrecy ; state of ignorance or error; wickedness; impurity; want of clearness or perspicuity; calamity; perplexity. — Dark'TJng, a. In the dark. — Dark'^^some, -sum, a. Dark; gloomy; obscure. — Dark'y, -T, n. A negro. Darling. See under Dear. Darn, darn, v. t. [darned (damd), darning.] To mend, as a hole, by imitating the texture of the stuff with thread and a needle. — n. A place mended bj' darning. Darn, darn,\'. t. A substitute for the profane damn. Darnel, dar'nel, n. A weed, — rye-grass. Dart, dart, n. A weapon thrown by the hand; a javelin; any missile weapon; anything that pierces and wounds. — v. t. To throw with a sudden thrust, hurl, launch; to throw suddenly or rapid- ly ; to send, emit, shoot. — 1\ i. To be let fir or launched; to start and run with velocity; to snoot rapidly along. — n. A fish, the dace. Darwinian, dar-win'T-an, a. Pert, to the theory of natural selection, struggle for existence, and sur- vival of the fittest* taught by Charles Darwin in his "Origin of Species" and other works. — n. One who believes, etc. ; an evolutionist. — Dar'^winism, -win'^ianism, -izm, n. The doctrine of evolution. Dash, dash, v. t. [dashed (dasl\t), dashing.] To throw with violence; to break, as by throwing or collision; to put to .shame, confound; to throw in or on in a rapid, careless manner, overspread par- tially, touch here and there ; to form or sketch rapidly or carelessly ; to erase by a stroke, strike out, obliterate. — v. i. To rush or strike violently. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare j end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd- tone, ^r ; DASTARD 9S DEBARK — n. Violent striking of two bodies; crash; sudden check: frustration; ruin; an admixture, infusion, or adulteration ; a partial overspreading ; a rapid movement, quick blow, sudden onset; capacity for quick, bold movements against an enemy; avain sliow or blustering parade; aflourish. {Pu»ctua(v/. Daw, daw, n. A bird of the crow family; jackdaw. Dawdle, daw'dl, v. i. [-dled (-did), waste time in trifling employment, trifle. — v.t waste by trifling. Dawn, dawn, v. i. [dawned (dawnd), dawning.] To begin to grow light in the morning, or to open and give promise, as the understanding or character. — n. The break of day; first appearance of light; first opening or expansion; beginning. Day, da, n. The period from sunrise to sunset; period of the earth's revolution on its axis, — divided into Davits. -DUNG.] To To 24 hours; a specified time or period: dav of battle; successful contest; victory. —Daily, da-'lT, a. Hap. pening or pert, to each successive day; diurnal; quai. tidian. — adv. Every day; day by day. — n. A pul» lication appearing every day. Daze, daz, r. t. [dazed (dazd), dazi.xg.] To over' power with light, dazzle, confuse, bewilder. — Daz- zle, daz'zl, r. t. [DAZZLED (-zld), -Zl.ING.J To overpower with light : to surprise with brilliancy or display of any kind. — ?-, i. To be intensely; bright; to be rendered blind or dim by excess of brightness. — Daz'zUngly, -II, adv. Deacon, de'kn, M. (Ecci.) In some communions, one admitted to a ^rade in the ministry lower than priest or elder; in otliers, a church olficer wjio assists the pastor at the Lord's Supper, etc. — Dea'coness. n. A woman specially devoted to the ."service of the church — caring for the sick, etc. — Dea'conry. -rT, -ship, Diaconate, di-ak'o-nat, n. Ofhce or ministry of a deacon or deaconess.— Diac''onal,«. Pert, to, etc. Dead, ded, a. Destitute of life ; jnit to death ; inani- mate ; resemblin°; death in appearance or quality ; without show of life; without motion; inactive; un- productive ; unprofitable ; dull; monotonous or un- varied; producing death; sure as death; wanting in religious spirit. (Laiv.) Cut off from the rights of a citizen, or property holder. {Ewjin.) Not impar- ting motion or power. — adv. To a degree resem- bling death; to the last degree; completely; wholly. — n. The most quiet or d^ath-like time ; period of profoundest repose or gloom, pi. Those who are dead; the departed. — Dead'ly, -IT, a. Capable of causing death; mortal; fatal; destructive; willing to destroy; implacable. — adv. So as to resemble, or to cause, death; mortally; implacably. — Dead'^liness, n. — Dead''ness, 7i. State of being or seeming dead; inertness; coldness; indifference. — Dead''en, ded'n,' V. t. [-ENED (-lid), -ENING.] To impair in vigor, force, or sensibility; to lessen the velocity or mo- mentum of, retard; to make spiritless; to deprive of gloss or brilliancy. Deaf, def or def, a. Wanting the sense of hearing: un- willing to hear ; not tobe persuaded. — Deafen, I', t. [-EX ED (-nd), -ENING.] To make deaf, stun. (Arch.) To render impervious to sound, as a floor, by fiUing the space beneath it with mortar, etc. — Deafjiess, ?;.— Deaf ''-mute, n. One deaf and dumb. Deal, del, ;-. /. [dealt (delt), dealing.] To divide, distribute : to throw out or bestow successively or indiscriminately. — v. i. To make distribution ; to traffic, trade, cxrry on business ; to act, have trans- actions with, matiage, treat. — n. A part or portion; an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent; division or distribution of carcls; portion distributed ; divis- ion of a timber by sawing ; a pine, or fir board or plank; wood of the pine or fir. — DeaKer, w. One who deals; a trader. — DeaKing, n. !>Ianner of treat- ing others; trade; distribution, as of cards. Dean, den, n. An ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate to a bishop; an officer in universities; nead or secre- tary of a college faculty. — Dean'ery, -er-T, n. Office, revenue, residence, or jurisdiction, of a dean. — Dean'' ship, n. Office of , etc. — Dec'anal, «. Pert, to a deanery. Dear, der, n. Bearing a high price ; costly ; marked by scarcity, and exorbitance of price ; highly val- ued; much esteemed : greatly beloved : precious.- atv. Dearly: at a high rate.' — )i. A dear one; dan ling. — Dear''ly, ac^'.- Dear''ness, i/.— Darling, dar''.. ling, a. Dearly beloved; regarded with tender fond- ness: favorite. — n. One who is, etc. — Dearth, derth, n. Scarcity, rendering dear; want; famine; barren- ness; poverty. Dearborn, der''bern, n. A lisht 4-wheeled carriage. Death, deth, n. Cessation of bodily life ; decease ; de- mise; dissolution; exit; total privation or loss; man- ner of dying ; cause, agent, or instrument of loss of life; a skeleton, as the symbol of death ; danger of death. — Death'^less, a. Not subject to death or de- struction; immortal. — Death'ly, -IT, a. Resembling death or a dead body; deadly; fatal. Debar, de-bar'', v. t. [-barred f-bard), -barring.] To cut off from entrance, as if by a bar or barrier ; to shut out, exclude, deny, refuse. Debark, de-bark'', v. t. [-barked (-barkt), -barking.J sun, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN- chair, get. DEBASE 96 DECIPHER . To land from a ship or boat, disembark. — v. i. To leave a vessel and pass to the land. Debase, de-bas', u. t. [-based (-bast'), -basing.] To reduce to a lower state of worth, dignitj', purity, etc. ; to abase, degrade, lower.— Debase'ment, ii. Act of or state of being debased ; degradation. Debate, de-baf, n. Contention in words or argu- ments ; dispute : controversy. — v. t. To fight or strive for, contend for in words or arguments, con- test, argue, dispute. — v. i. To engage in strife or combat, contend, struggle, deliberate. Debauch, de-bawch'', r. t. F-bauched (-bawcht), -B.\ucniNG.] To corrupt in cnaracter or principles ; to vitiate, pollute, seduce. — n. Excess in eating or drinking ; drunkenness ; gluttony ; lewdness ; an act of debauchery. — Debauchee, deb-o-she'', n. A sensual or dissipated person; rake; libertine. — De- baucher, -bawch-'er, n. — Debauch^ery, -er-T, n. Cor- ruption of fidelity ; indulgence of the appetites; in- temperance; lewdness. — I)ebauch.''ment, ?i. Act of debauching. Debenture, de-ben''chur, w. A writing acknowledg- ing a debt ; a custom-house certificate entitling an exporter of imported goods to a drawback. Debilitate, de-biKT-tat, v. t. To make feeble, faint, or languid ; to weaken, relax. — Debil'lty, -tt, n. State of being feeble, or weak ; languor ; infirmity; imbecility. Debit, deb'it, n. A recorded item of debt; debtor side of an account ; debt. — v. t. To charge with debt ; enter on the debtor side. — Debt, det, n. That which is due from one to another; obligation; liability; a duty neglected or violated; fault; crime; trespass. — Debfor, -er, n. One who owes another money, goods, or services; one indebted. Debris, da-bre'', n. (Geol.) Fragments, taken collec- tively; esp., fragments from a mountain, piled up at the base. _RubDish; remains; ruins. Debut, da-boo', h. A beginning or first attempt; first appearance, as of an actor, public speaker, etc. — Debutant, -taN', ??. One who makes his first appear- ance before the public. — Debutante, -taNt', ?i. A woman who, etc. [F.] Decade, dek'ad, n. The sum or number of 10. — Dec'- agon, n. (Geom.) A plane figure of 10 sides and 10 angles. — Dec'agram, ti. A decimal weight of 10 grams, or 154.38 grains Tror. — Decahe'dron, n. ; pi. -DRA, -dra. (Geom.) A solid figure having 10 sides. — Decahe'dral, a. Having 10 sides. — Decaliter, de- kaKl-ter or dek'a-li-ter, n. A decimal measure of capacity, containing 10 liters, or G10.28 cu. inches = 2 gallons and 64.44 cu. in. — Dec'alogue, -log, n. The 10 commandments. — DecaKogist, -jist, n. One who explains the decalogue. — Decam'eron, ?i. A work ■comprised in 10 books ; esp. a collection of tales of Boccaccio. — Decameter, de-kam'e-ter o/- dek'a-me- ter, M. A decimal measure of length = 10 meters = 393.71 inches. — Decan'drous, -drus, a. (Bot.) Hav- ing 10 stamens. — Dec'apod, n. (Zool.) A crustacean with 10 feet or legs, as crabs, lobsters, etc. — Dec'- BiSter, n. A decimal solid measure = 10 steres = 10 -cu. meters =353.166 cu. inches.— Dec'astich, -stik, n. A poem consisting of 10 lines. — Dec'astyle, -stil, n. {Arch.) A building having a portico with 10 col- umns in front. — Dec'asyllab'ic, -sil-lab'ik, a. Con- sisting of 10 syllables.— Decouple, -u-pl, a. Tenfold; multiplied by 10. — )i. A number 10 times repeated. — r. t. To make tenfold; to multiply by 10. — [See further under Decejibee.] Decadence, -dency. See under Decay. Decamp, de-kamp', i: i. [-camped (-kamf), -camp- ing.] To move away from a camping-ground, de- part suddenly. — Decamp'ment, n. Departure from, etc.; a marching off. Decanal. See under Dean. Decant, de-kant', v. t. To pour off gently, as liquor from its sediment; to pour from one vessel into an- other. — Decant'er, n. A vessel used to decant liq- uors or receive decanted liquors; one who decants. Decapitate, de-kap'T-tat, v. t. To cut off the head of, behead. — Decap'ita'tiqn, n. Act of, etc. Decarbonize, de-kar'bon-iz, ?-. t. T-ized (-izd),-iziNG.] To deprive of carbon. — Decar'burize, -bu-riz, v. t. Same as Decarbonize. Decay, de-ka', v. i. [decayed (-kad'), decaying.] To pass gradually from a sound, prosperous, or per- fect state, to one of imperfection, weakness, or dis- solution; to fail; to rot. — v. t. To impair, bring to a worse state. — n. Gradual failure of health, sound- ness, prosperity, etc. ; decline. — Deca'dence, -dency, -sT, ji. Decay; fall; deterioration. — Deciduous, -sid'- u-us, «. Of temporary existence; shed yearly, as leaves or antlers; not perennial or permanent. Decease, de-ses', w. Departure, esp. departure Jrom this life; death; demise. — v. i. [deceased (-sesf), deceasing.] To die. Deceive, de-sev', v. t. [-ceived (-sevd'), -ceiving.] To lead into error, impose upon, delude, insnare, disappoint. —Deceit, -set', n. Attempt or disposi- tion to deceive; deception; fraud; imposition. — De- ceit'ful, -lul, a. Trickish; fraudulent. —Decep'- tion, -sep'shun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; that which, etc.; deceit. —Decep'tive, -tiv, -tory, -to-rT, a. Tending to, etc.; misleading. December, de-sem'ber, n. The 12th or last month in the j'ear. — Decem'vir, -ver, m. ; E. ;)Z. Decemvirs, -verz, L. pi. -viri, -vTT-ri. One of 10 magistrates, who had absolute authority in ancient Rome. — Decem'- viral, -vT-ral, a. ' Pert, to, etc. — Decem'virate, -rat, ■ ti. Office or term of office of, etc.; a body of 10 men in authority. — Decen'nary, -sen'na-rT, n. A period of 10 }"ears. (Law.) A tithing consisting of 10 neigh- boring families. — Decen'nial, -nT-al, a. Consisting of, or liappening once in, etc. — Decillion, -siKj^un, 7i. A number consisting, by English notation, of a mil- lion involved to the lOtii power, or 1 with 60 ciphers annexed ; by French or common notation, a thous- and involved to the 11th power, or 1 with S.3 ciphers. See Numeration. —DecilKionth, -yunth, a. Pert, to, etc.; preceded by a decillion less one. — n. The quotient of 1 divided by, etc. ; one of a decillion equal parts. — DecigramI des'T-gram, n. A decimal measure of weight equal to 1-lU of a gram, or 1.5438 grains Troy. — Deciliter, de-sil'T-ter or des'T-le-ter, H. A decimal measure of capacity = 1-10 liter = 6.1028 cu. inches. — Dec'imal. des'l-mal, a. Pert, to deci- mals; numbered or proceeding by tens.— 7i. A num- ber expressed in the scale of tens; decimal number; esp. decimal fraction. — Decimalfractions. Fractions whose denominator is some power of lOj as ■^-^' t^^» and is not usually expressed, but is signified hy a point at the left of the numerator, as .2, .25. — Cir- culating or circulatory decimal. A decimal fraction in which the same figure, or set of figures, is con- stantly repeated; as, 0.354;-!54354; called also ?'ecu)vm£f decimal. — Dec'imate, v. t. To take the tenth part of, tithe; to select by lot and kill every tenth man of; to destroy a certain portion of . — Decimeter, de- sim'e-ter or des'T-me-ter, n. A decimal measure of length = 1-10 meter = 3.9371 inches. — Decime, da- sem', n. A French coin = 1-10 franc, about 2 cents. — Decister, des'is-ter, n. A solid measure, the 1-10 of a stere, or cubic meter = 3.5317 cu. feet. — Decu'- rion, -rl-un, n. A Roman officer commanding 10 sol- diers. — [See also under Decade.] Decent, de'sent, a. Suitable in words, behavior, dress, and ceremony; free from obscenity; modest; mod- erate, but competent; respectable. — De'centness, n. — De'cency, -sY, n. State or quality of being decent; proper formality ; modesty ; what is becoming. Deception, Deceptive, etc. See under Deceive. Decide, de-sid', v. t. To determine the result of, settle, end, conclude. — v. i. To determine, form a defi- nite opinion, come to a conclusion, give decision.— Decid'ed, n. Free from ambiguity; unequivtjcal; free from doubt or wavering; determined; positive; un- deniable; clear. — Decid'edly, adv. — Decid'er, n.— Decid'able, a. Capable of being, etc. — Decis'ion, -sizh'un, n. Act of settling or terminating, as a con- troversy; determination; conclusion; account or re- port of a conclusion, esp. of a legal adjjudication; quality of bein^ decided; prompt and fixed deter- mination. — Deci'sive, -siv, a. Having the power or quality of deciding a question, etc. ; marked by promptness and decision; final; conclusive; positive. Deciduous. See under Decay. Decipher, de-si'fgr, v. t. [-phered (-ferd). -phering.] To translate from a cipner into intelligible terms; to find out the meaning of, reveal. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; Snd, eve, term ; tn, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r i DECK 97 DEEP Deck, dek, v. t. [decked (dckt), decking.) To cover, overspread; to dress, clothe, esp. to clothe with ele- gance, array, adorn; to iurnish with a deck, as a vessel. — n. The floor-like covering of a .ship; a pack of cards. Declaim, de-klam'', v. i. [-cl.\imed (-klaind'), -ci..\im- i>G.] To speak rhetoricallv, make a fornial oration, harangue; to speak or talk pumpoii>lv and elabo- rately; to rant. — v. t. To utter in public, deliver in a rhe'torical or set manner. — Declama'tion, n. Act or art of, etc.; a set speech; rhetoric il display, with more sound than sense. — Declam''atory, -ti>-rl, o. Pert, to, etc.; characterized by rhetorical display; without solid sense or argument. Declare, de-klar', v. t. [-cl.^ked (-klard''), -clakikg.] To make known publicly, publish, proclaim; to as- sert, affirm. (Com.) To make full statement of, as of goods liable to taxes, duties, etc. — v. i. To make a declaration, proclaim one's self. {Law.) To state the plaintift's cause of action in legal form. — De- clat'edly, -ed-lT, ac/r. Avowedh'; explicitly. — Dec- lara'tion, n. Act of declaring; thing declared; doc- ument by which an assertion is veritied. (Law.) That part of the process or pleadings setting forth the plaintiff 's cause of complaint; the narration or counts. — Declar''ative, -kiar'a-tiv, -atory, -to-rl, a. Making declaration, etc.; explanatory; assertive; af- firmative. Decline, de-klTn', v. i. [-clixed (-klind'), -clixing.] To bend over or hang down, as from weakness, •weariness, despondency, etc.; to tend towards a close or extinction; to' fail, sink, decay ; to turn aside, deviate, stray ; to refuse. — v. t. To bend downward, dej)ress;' to turn away from, refuse to comply with, reject courteously, shun, avoid. (Gram.) To inflect in order in the changes of gram- matical form. — n. Afalling off; tendency to a worse state; deterioration. (Med.) That period of a dis- order when the symptoms abate in violence; a grad- ual wasting away of the physical faculties. Decay; consumption.— i)ecliii''er, M. — Declin''able, a. That may be declined; admitting of inflection. — Declen- sion, -klen'shun, «. Declination; descent; slope; a falling off from excellence; deterioration; decay; act of courteously refusing; declinature. (Gram.) In- flection of a wordj according to grammatical forms; the form of the inflection of a word declined by cases. — Dec'linate, -ll-nat, a. (Bot.) Bending down- ward, in a curve; curved downward; declined. — Declina'^tion, n. Act or state of bending downward, or of falling otf from excellence, or of deviating or turning aside; obliquit}'; withdrawal. (Gram.) Act of inflecting a word through its various termina- tions. — Declin''alK)ry, -klin^a-to-rt, a. Containing a refusal. — Declin'ature, -klTn'a-chur, n. Act of put- ting away or refusing. — Declivity, -kliv'I-tl, n. De- viation from a horizontal line; descent of surface; inclination downward; a descending surface; slope. — Declivous, -kli'vus, -cllvitous, -kliv'l-tus, a. Grad- ually descending; sloping. Decoct, de-kokf, v. t. To prepare by boiling, make an infusion of, prepare for assimilation by the heat of the stomach, digest. — Decoc'tion, n. Act of pre- paring by boiling^; an extract prepared by boiling. Decollate, de-koKlat, v. t. To sever the neck of, be- head, decapitate. — Dicollet^, da'kol-le-ta', a. Leav- ing the neck and shoulders bare; low-necked, as a dress. [F.] Decompose, de-kom-poz', v. t. [-po.sed (-pozd'), -pos- ing.] To separate the constituent parts of, set free from chemical combination, resolve into original elements. — v. i. To become resolved from existing combinations; to undergo dissolution. — Decomposi- tion, -zish'un, n. Act of, etc.; analysis; state of being separated; release from previous combinations. Decompound, de-kom-powud'', v. t. To compound or mix with that already compound; to reduce to con- stituent parts, decompose. — a. Compound of what is already compounded. (Bot.) Several times com- pounded or divided, as a leaf or stem. — Decom- poB'ite, -poz^it^ a. Compounded more than once. Decorate, dek'o-rat, v. t. To adorn, embellish, orna- ment, beautify. — Decora'tion, n. Act of aecora- ting; that which enriches or beautifies; ornament.— Dec'orative, -tiv, a. Suited to embellish; adorning. Dccrescendo. — Decorous, de-ko'rus or dek'o-rus, a. Suitable to the time, place, and occasion ; becoming: proper; seemly. — Decorously, dc-ko'- or dek-'o-, wlv. — De- corousness, de-ko'- or dek'o-, n. — Deco'rum, n. Proprietv of speech, manner, etc.; dignity. Decoy, de-coi', V. <. [-coved (-koid'), -coyi.vg.] To entice into a snare, lead into danger by artifice, en- trap, insnare.^«. Anything intended to lead into a snare; esp. a sportsman's lure to entice birds into a net or witliin shot; a place into which wild fowls are enticed. Decrease, de-kres', v. i. [-cre.4SED (-krest''), -cp.ea.s- ING.] To become less, be diminished gradually. — V. t. To cause to lessen, make less. — n. A becom- ing less; gradual diminution ; decav; wane, as of the moon. — Dec'rement, n. State of becoming grad- ually less; quantitj'lost by waste, etc. — Decres'cent, -kres'ent, a. Decreasing. — Dccres- cendo, da-kres-en'do, a. (Mus.) With decreasing volume of sound, — a direction to performers, written upon the staff, or indicated as in the margin. [It.] Decree, de-krc', n. An order or decision bj^ a court or other competent authority; law; statute; ordinance; edict. —V. t. [^deckeed (-kred"), -ckeeixg.] To de- termine judicially by authority, or bv decree; to appoint. — V. i. To decide authoritatively, determine decisively. — Decre'tal, a. Containing, or pert, to, a decree. — n. An authoritative order or decree; esp. a letter of the pope, determining some question in ecclesiastical law; a collection of the pope's decrees. — Decre'^tist, n. One versed in the decretals. Decrepit, de-krep^it, a. Wasted or worn by the in- firmities of old age. [Incorrectly written c/e«-epiV?.}; — Decrep''itate, -tat, v. t. To roast or calcine, so as to cause a continual explosion or crackling. — v.i^ To crackle, as salts when roasting. Decrescendo, Decrescent. See under Deckease. Decretal, etc. See under Deckee. Decry, de-kri'', v. t. [-cried (-krid'), -crying.] To- cry down; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; to'depreciate, detract, disparage. — Decri'al, n. Clam- orous censure; condemnation by censure. Decuple. See under Decade. Decurion. See under December. Decussate, de-kus'sat, v. t. To cross at an acute angle; to intersect or lie upon in the form of an X. — Decus'sate, -sated, a. Crossed; intersected. (Bot.y Growing in pairs, each at right angles to the pair above or below. (Rhet.) Consisting of 2 rising and 2 falling clauses, in alternate opposition to each, other. Dedicate, ded''t-kat, v.t. To set apart and consecrate, as to a divinity, or for a sacred purpose; to devote,, or give wholly or earnestly up to; to inscribe or ad- dress, as to a patron. — a. Set apart; consecrated: dedicated. — Dedica'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Ded'ica- tory, -to-rl, -to'rial, -ri-al, a. Composing or serving- as a dedication. Deduce, de-dus', v. t. [-duced (-dusf), -ducixg.] Ta derive by logical process; to obtain as the result of reasoning, infer. — Dedu'cible. -sT-bl, a. — Deduct, -dukt'', r. t. To take away, in calculating; subtract,. — Deduc'tion, n. Act or method of deducing, in- ferring, or concluding; act of deducting or taking away; that deduced; inference; conclusion; that de- ducted; part taken away; abatement. — Deduct'ive. -iv, a. Of, or pert, to, deduction ; capable of being deduced from premises; deducible. — Deducfively, adv. — Dedu'cive, -siv, a. Performing the act of de- duction. Deed, ded, n. That which is done, acted, or effected; an act ; illustrious act ; achievement ; exploit ; power of action ; agency ; etticiency. (Law.) A sealed instrument in writing, containing some transfer, bargain, or contract, esp. in regard to real estate. — v. t. To convey or transfer by deed. Deem, dem, v. t. [deemed (demd), deeming.] To- conclude on consideration; to think, judge, regard. — I'. i._ To be of opinion, think, estimate. Deep, dep, a. Extending far below the surface; of great perpendicular dimension; extending far back from the front; low in situation; hard to penetrate or comprehend; mysterious; profound; secret; of penetrating or far-reaching intellect ; thoroughly stin, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. DEER y« DEFT ■versed ; profoundly moving or affecting; penetra- ting; thorough; profoundlj' quiet or dark; unmixed; sunk low ; depressed ; abject ; strongly colored ; dark; intense; of low tone; grave; heavy. — adv. To a great depth; far down; profoundly; deeply. — n. That which is deep, esp. deep water; the ocean; that which is profound ; most quiet or _profound part; the midst; the depth. — Deep''en, ^ep'o, v. «. [-ENED (-nd), -ENING.] To make deep or increase the depth of, make darker or more intense, more poignant or affecting, or more grave or low in tone. — v.i. To become more deep. — Depth, n. Deep- ness; measure of deepness; a deep, or the deepest, or the niiddle, part, — as, depth of winter. Deer, der, n. sing, and pi. A ruminant quadruped of several species, the males of which haveantlers. Deface, de-las', v. t. [defaced (-lasf), -FA- CING.] To destroy or mar the face or external ap- pearance of; to disfigure; to spoil by obliterating important features of. De facto, de-f ak'to. Actu- ally; in fact; existing. [L.] Defalcate, de-fal'kat, v. t. To cut off, take away or deduct part of, — used of money, accounts, etc. — Defalca'tion, n. A cut- ting off; diminution; de- r>ppr ficit; withdrawment; that liuki. cut off; an abstraction of money, etc., by an officer having it in charge; embezzlement. Defame, de-fam'', v. t. [-famed (-famd'), -faming.] To harm the good fame of by slanderous reports; to speak evil of, asperse, sland.er, calumniate. — De- fam''er, 7t.— Defamation, def-a-ma'shun, n. Mali- cious circulation of reports injurious to another; slander; detraction; aspersion. — Defam'^atory, -to- ri, a. Containing defamation. Default, de-fawlf, n. Omission of what ought to be done ; failure ; lack ; destitution. {Law.) A neg- lect of, or failure to take, some step necessary to se- cure the benefit of law. — v. i. To fail to appear in court; to let a case go by default. — v. t. To fail to perform. (Law.) To call (one who should be pres- ent in court), and make an entry of his default, if he fails to appear. — Defaulfer, n. One who makes default or fails to appear in court when called; one . who fails to account for money in his care; a delin- quent; peculator. Defeat, de-fet'', n. An overthrow, as of an attack, an army, etc. ; rout ; frustration. — v. t. To render null and void ; to overcome or vanquish, as an army; to resist with success, ruin, frustrate. — De- feasance, -fe-'zans, n. A rendering null or void. (Law.) A condition, relating to a deed, which be- ing performed, the deed is defeated or rendered void; or a collateral deed, made at the same time with a conveyance, containing conditions, on per- formance of which the estate then created may be defeated. Defecate, def'e-kaf, v. t. To clear from impurities, as lees, dregs, etc.; to clarify, purify; to free from extraneous or polluting matter. — v.i. (Med.) To void excrement. — a. Freed from anything that can pollute; refined; purified. — Defeca'^Mon, n. Defect, de-fekf, n. Want of something necessary for completeness; failing; blemish; fault. — Defecfive, -iv, a. Wanting in substance, quantity, or quality ; incomplete; imperfect; faulty. (Gram.) Lacking some of the usual forms of declension or conjuga- tion. — Defect 'ively, adv. —Defectiveness, n. — De- fecation, n. Act of abandoning a person or cause to which one is bound; apostasy; backsliding. — De- fi^cient, -fish-'ent, a. Wanting to make up complete- ness; not sufficient; inadequate; short. — Defi'dence, -ciency, -sheurst, 71. State of being, etc.; want; fail- ure. — Deficit, -t-sit, n. Deficiency in amount or quality; lack. Defend, de-fend', v. t. To repel danger or harm from, guard from injury. (Law.) To deny, as the claim of a plaintiff; to contest, as a suit. — Defend'- ant, 71. One who makes defense against evil ; defend- er. (Law.) The party opposing a complaint, demand, or charge, at law or in equity. — Defen'sative, -sa-tiv, 71. That which serves to guard or defend, as a plaster for a wound. — Defense', -fence', n. Act of, state of being, or that which, etc.; protec- tion ; guard ; fortification ; apology ; justification. (Law.) The defendant's answer or plea. — De- fense'less, -fence'less, a. Destitute of defense; un- protected. — Defen'sible, -sl-bl, a. Capable of be- ing defended. — Defen'sive, -siv, n. Serving to dec fend; proper for defense ; carried on by resisting attack; in a state or posture to defend. — n. That which defends; a safeguard. Defer, de-fer', v. i. [-fekked (-ferd'), -fereing.] To put off, postpone to a future time, delay, adjourn, protract. — v. i. To put oft', delay, wait. Defer, de-fer', v. t. To lay before, submit respect- fully, refer. — v. i. To yield from respect to the wishes of another. — Deference, n. A yielding of judgment or preference to the opinion of another; regard; respect. — Deferen'tial, -shal, a. Express- ing deference ; accustomed to defer. Defiance, Defier, etc. See under Defy. Deficient, Deficit, etc. See under Defect. Defile, defil', n. A narrow way, in which troops can march only in a file, or with narrow front ; a long, narrow pass, as between hills, etc. — v. i. To march. off file by file; to file off. Defile, de-ill', v. t. [-filed (-fild'), -filing.] To make unclean, render foul or dirty, pollute, cor- rupt; to make impure or turbid; to sully; to tarnish, as reputation, etc.; to vitiate ; to debauch, violate ; to make ceremonially unclean. — Defil'er, n. — De- file'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; foulness; uncleanness; pollution. Define, de-iin', v. t. [-fined (-find'), -fining.] To bring to a termination ; to end ; to determine the boundaries of, mark the limits of ; to determine with precision, fix the precise meaning of, explain, expound or interpret. — Defin'able, a, — Definite, def'I-nit, a. Having certain limits in extent, or in signification ; precise ; fixed ; exact ; serving to de- fine or restrict. — Definitely, adv. — Def initeness, n. — Defini'tion, -nish'un, n. Act of defining, dis- tinguishing, explaining, etc.; description of a thing by its properties ; explanation of the meaning of a word or term. (Log.) An enunciation of the con- stituents making up the logical essence. — Defln'i- tive, -tiv, a. Determinate ; final ; conclusive ; un- conditional. — n. ( G7-am.) A word used to define or limit the extent of the signification of a common noun. — Defin'itively, adv. — Defin'itiveness, w. Deflagrate, def 'la-grat, w. I. (CheTii.) To burn with a sudden and sparkling combu-tion. — v. t. To cause to burn, etc. — Deflagra'tion, ». A sparkling com- bustion, without explosion. — Def lagrator, n. Deflect, de-flekt', v. i. To turn aside, deviate from a right line, proper position or direction ; to swerve. — V. t. To cause to turn aside. — Deflec'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; deviation. (Naut.) Departure of a ship from its true course. (Opt.) Deviation of the rays of light toward the surface of an opaque body. — De- flexure, -flek'shur, n. A bending or turning aside. Deflour, -flower, d'e-flowr', v. t. [-flouked or flow- ered (-flowrd'), -flouring or -flowering.] To deprive of flowers ; to rob of the choicest ornament, esp. of virginity ; to ravish, seduce. — Deflour'er, -flower'er, n. — Def lora'tion, n. Act of, etc. Deforest, de-for'est, v. t. To clear of forests, destroy the trees of. Deform, de-f6rm', v. t. [-formed (-f6rmd'), -form- ing.] To mar or alter in form, disfigure, render dis- pleasing or ugly. — Deform'ity, -t-tl, n. State of be- ing deformed ; want of symmetry ; irregularity of shape or features ; anything destroying beauty, grace, or propriety; distortion ; defect ; absurdity. Defraud, de-frawd', v. t. To deprive of right by fraud, deception, or artifice; to withhold wrongfully, injure by embezzlement, cheat, deceive, frustrate.— Defraud'er, n. Defray, de-tra', v. t. [-frayed (-frad'), -fraying.] To meet the cost of, bear the expense of. Deft, deft, a. Apt; fit; neat. — Deft'ly, adv. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fSre ; end, eve, term ; Yn, Ice ; 5dd, tone, &r j DEFUNCT 99 DELL Defunct, de-funkt', a. Having finished the course of life: dead; deceased. — n. A dead person. Defy, de-fi', v. t. [defied (-fid''), -fvixg.] Orig., to renounce faith or obligation with, reject. To pro- voke to combat or strife ; to act in hostility to ; call out to combat, challenge, dare, brave. —Defi'ance, -ans, 7J. Act of, etc.; a challenge ; provocation; state of opposition. —Defi 'ant, a. Full of, etc.; bold; in- solent. Degenerate, de-jen'er-at, v. i. To be or grow worse than one's kind: to be inferior or degraded; to de- teriorate. — a. Having deteriorated : mean : base ; low. — Degen'erateness, 71. — Degen^era'tion, De- gen'eracy, -si, n. Act of becoming, or state of hav- ing become degenerate; decay; meanness: poorness. — Degen'erative, -ti v, a. Tending to degenerate. Deglutinate, de-glu''tT-nat, v. t. To loosen by dissolv- ing tlie glue which unites; to unglue. Deglutition, deg-lu-tish^'un, n. Act or power of swal- lowing. Degrade, de-grad', v. t. To reduce to a lower rank or degree; to deprive of office or dignity; to reduce in character or reputation; abase. {Geol.) To wear down, as hills and mountains. — Degrad'ed, p. a. Reduced in rank, character, etc.; sunken; low; base. (Nut. Hist.) Presenting the typical characters in an imperfect condition. — Degrad'ingly, adv. — Deg- rada''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; diminu- tion of strength, etficacj', or value. (Geol.) A grad- ual wearing down or wasting, as of rocks, banks, etc., by the action of water, frost, etc. Degree, de-gre', w. One step upward or downward, in quality, rank, acquirement, etc. ; grade ; grada- tion; point of progression to which one has arrived; station ; quality ; extent : grade to which scholars are admitted in recognition of their attainments by a college or university. (Genealogy.) A certain re- move in the line of d"e.scent, determining proximity of blood. (Geom.) A 360tli part of the circumfer- ence of a circle. (Algebra.) State as indicated by sum of exponents. A division, space, or interval, marked on a mathematical instrument, etc., as on a thermometer. (Miis.) Diiference in elevation be- tween 2 notes. Dehort, de-horf, v. t. To urge to abstain from, dis- suade. Deicide. Deify, etc. See under Deity. Deign, dan, v. i. [deigned (dand), deigning.] To think worthj'', vouchsafe, condescend. — v. t. To condescend to give. Deity, de'T-tl, n. The collection of attributes which make up the nature of a god; divinity ; godhead ; a god or goddess. — The deity. God. the Supreme Being. — De'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of a God, but denies revealed religion; one who professes no form of religion, hut follows nature and reason; a freethinker. — Deisfic, -ical, a. Pert, to deism or to deists. — Deist'ically, adv. — De'ism, -izm, n. Doctrine or creed of, etc. — De'ify, -t-ll, ?'. t. [-fied (-fid), -FYi.N'G.] To make a god of, apotheosize : to treat with supreme regard, render god-like. — Deific, -ical, «. Making divine. — De'ifica''tion, Ji. Act of, etc. — De'iform.'a. Like a god; of godlike form. — De'icide, -sld, n. Act of killing a divine being, esp. of putting Christ to deatli; one concerned in, etc. Deject, de-jekt', v. t. To cast down the spirits of, dis- courage, dishearten, depress.— Deject'edly, adv. In a dejected manner; sadlj". — Dejecfedness, n. — De- jecfer, n. — Dejec'tion, n. Lowness of spirits from grief or misfortune; melancholy; weakness. (3Ied.) Act of voiding excrement ; matter voided. — Dejec'- tore, -jek'chur, n. Excrement. Dejeuner, da-zlie-na', Ds^jeune, da-zhen', n. A break- fast; lunch. Dejure, de-ju're. By right; of right; by law, often opp. to de facto. [L.] Dekagram, Dekaliter, etc. See Decagram, etc., un- der Decade. Delaine, de-lan', n. A fabric for ladies' dress-goods, — orig. all wool, now of cotton and wool, or worsted.' Delay, de-la', v. t. [-layed (-lad'), -laying.] To put off, defer ; to stop, detain, or hinder, for a time, retard the motion of, procrastinate, protract. — v. i. To move slowly, linger, tarry. — n. A deferring; procrastination ; a lingering; stay ; detention. Dele, de'le, r. t. (Print.) Erase, remove, —a direc- tion to cancel something which has been put in «. type: usually expressed as in the margin.— /> Delete, -let', v. t. To blot out. erase, destroy. — ' Dele'tion, n. Act of, etc. — Del'ete'rious, -rt-us, a. Destructive to life ; poisonous ; pernicious. Delectable, Delec^tion, etc. See under Delicate. Delegate, del'e-gat, v. t. To send as one's representa- tive ; to commission, depute ; to intrust to the care or management of another, assign, commit. — n. One deputed to represent another ; one elected to represent the people of a territory in Congress, with the right of debating, but not of voting ; a deputy ; representative; commissioner: attornej'. — a. Sent to act for another. — Delega'tion, n. Act of delega- ting ; appointment of a delegate ; one or more per- sons representing others, as in Congress, etc. (Law.) A substitution by which a debtor gives a third per- son, who becomes obliged in his stead to the creditor. Delenda, Delete, Deleterious, etc. See under Dele. Delf, delf , Delft, Delft'ware, n. Earthen ware, covered with white glazing,_— orig. made at Delft, Holland. Deliberate, de-lib'er-a*i v. t. To weigh in the mind, consider maturely, reflect iipon, ponder. — r. i. To take counsel with one's self, weigh the arguments for and against a proposed course of action, reflect, consider. — a. Weighing with a view to decision; carefully considering probable consequences ; cir- cumspect; formed with deliberation; well advised; not hasty ; slow. — Delib'erateness, w. — Delib'era'- tion, n. Act of, etc. — Delib'erative, -tiv, a. Pert, to, or proceeding or acting by deliberation. — Delib'- eratively, a'lv. In the way of deliberation. Delicate, del'T-kat, a. Full of pleasure; delightful; pleasing to the senses, or to a nice or cultivated taste; softly tinted, — said of color; fine or slender, — said of thread; slight or smooth, light and yielding,— said of texture; soft and fair, — said of the skin or a sur- face ; refined; scrupulous not ito olfend, — said of manners or feelings; tender, not able to endure hard- ship, —said of constitution, health, etc.; requiring nice handling ; dainty ; nicely discriminating. — Del'icacy, -ka-sl, n. State or condition of being del- icate; agreeableness to the senses; nicety of form, texture, or constitution; frailty or weakness, ex- treme propriety; susceptibility or tenderness; effem- inac}' ; luxury; self-indulgence ; critical niceness ; that which is pleasing, delicate, or refined; a luxury or pleasure; thing pleasant to the senses, esp. to the sense of taste ; a dainty. — Del'icately, adv. — Del'- icateness, n. — Deli'cious, -lish'us, a. Affording ex- quisite pleasure; most grateful to the senses, esp. to the taste. — Deli'ciouBly, adv. — Deli'ciousness, n. — Delight, de-lit', ;*. A high degree of gratification of mind; livelj' happiness; joy; that which affords de- light. — V. t. To give great pleasure to ; to please hi'ghlv.— r. i. To have or take delight.— Delight'ful, -lul, -some, -sum, a. Affording, etc. ; delicious ; charming. — Delight'fully, adv. — Delight'fulness, «.— Delec'table, a. Delightful. — Delec'tably, adv. — Delec'tablenesSj n. — Delecta'tion, n. Delineate, de-lin'e-at, v. t. To represent by sketch, design, or diagram; to portray to the mind, depict, sketch, picture, describe.— Delin'ea'tion.n. Act of, etc.; description ; portrait ; outline ; draught. Delinquent, de-link'went, «. Failing in duty; offend- ing oy neglect of duty. — ?i. One who fails to per- form his duty; an offender; one who commits a fault or crime. — Delin'quency, -wen-sl, n. Failure or omission of duty; fault; crime. Delirium, de-lir'I-um, n. (3Ied.) A state in which one's ideas are wild, irregular, and unconnected; mental aberration. Strong excitement; wild enthu- siasm; madness. — Delir'ious, -I-us, a. Suffering from, etc.; wandering in mind; insane. Deliver, de-liv'er, v. t. [-ered (-erd), -bring.] To free from restraint, set at libertj', save from evil; to give or transfer, part with ty, make over; to com- municate, pronounce, utter, impart; to give forth in action, discharge; to relieve of a child in child-birth. — DeUv'erer, n. — Deliv'erance, -ans, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — Deliv'ery, -er-I, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; rescue; release; surrender; ut- terance; parturition; freedom; preservation. Dell, del, n. A small retired dale or valley; ravine. Btln, cube, full ; moon, fo6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN, chair, get. LOF. muscle. {Anat.) Ihe muscle in the shoulder which moves the arm directly upward. Delude, de-lud'', v. t. To lead from truth or into error, mislead the judg- ment of; to frustrate or disappoint; to r^o^fr^;/l i^of deceive, beguile, cheat. — Delu'sion, ^^itoia leai. -zhun, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; false belief; error; illusion; fallacy. — Delu''sive, -siv, a. Fitted or tending to mislead. — Delu'sory, -so-rl, a. Apt to delude. Deluge, deKuj, n. An overiiowing of the land by water; an inundation; esp. the flood in the days of Noah; anything which overwhelms, as a great ca- lamity. — v.t.. [DELUGED (-ujd), -UGIXG.] To over- flow, as with water, inundate, drown; to overwhelm under a general calamity. Delve, delv, v. t. [delved (delvd), delving.] To dig; to open with a spade; to fathom, penetrate, trace out. — V. i. To labor with the spade. Demagogue, dem'a-gog, n. One who controls the mul- titude r)j' specious or deceitful arts; an artful politi- cal orator. Demain. See Demesne. Demand, de-mand', v. t. To ask or call for, as one who has a claim, right, or power, to enforce the claim; to make requisition of ; to inquire earnestly or authoritativelj% question; to require as necessary; to be in urgent need of. {Lain.) To call into court, summon. — v. i. To make a demand, ask, inquire! — n. Act of, etc.; requi:^ition; exaction; earnest in- quiry; question; diligent search; manifested want; thing claimed; claim." Demarcation, -kation, de-mar-ka'shun, n. Act of marking, or of setting a limit; division; separation; a limit ascertained and fixed. Demean, de-men',?;, t. [-meaxed (-mend'), -meaning.] To manage, conduct, treat, deport. To debase, lower, degrade. [A blundering formation fr. E. mean, base.] — Demean'or, -er, n. Manner of behaving; conduct; deportment; mien. Dementia, de-men'slil-a, n. Loss of mental power as a result of brain-disease. Demerit, de-mer-'it, n. That which deserves blame or detracts f roni_merit ; fault : crime ; vice. Demesne, de-men', -main', -man, 71. (Law.) The chief manor-place, with that part of its lands not granted out in tenancy. Demlcadence, dem't-ka'dens, n. CiLus.) An imperfect cadence, or one that falls on any other than the key- note. — Dem'i-god, n. A fabulous hero, half divine, produced by the cohabitation of a deity with a mor- tal.— Dem'i-lune, -lun, n. (Fm-t.) A work beyond the main ditch of a fortress, and in front of the curtain between 2 bastions, to defend the curtain; a ravelin. See Ravelin.— Dem'i-monde', -moNd', n. The lower half of society: persons of doubtful reputation; esp. women kept as mis- tresses. — Dem'i- sem'i-qua'ver.-kwa'- ver, n. (J/(ts.) A short note, equal in time to the half of a semi- quaver, or l-32d part of whole note. Demijohn, dem't-jon -R->^- ^-^ Demi-semi-Quavers. , „ . A glass bottle with large body and small neck, inclosed in wicker-work. Demise, de-miz', n. Transmission by formal act or conveyance to an heir or successor; transference; decease of a royal, princely, or distinguished per- son. {Law.) Conveyance or transfer of an estate. — V. t. [DEMISED (-mtzd'), -MisiNG.] To transfer or transmit by succession or inheritance; to bequeath; to lease. — Demi'sable, -za-bl, a. — Demis'sion. -mish'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; degra- dation; humiliation. Democracy, de-mok'ra-sT, n. A form of government in which supreme power is vested in the people, and the legislative and executive functions are exercised by the people or by persons representing them : prin- ciples held by one of the political parties of the U. S. — Dem'ocrat, n. An adherent or promoter of, etc. — Democrat'ic, -leal, a. Pert, to, or favoring, etc.; constructed upon the principle of popular govern- ment ; favoring popular rights. Dbmolisli, de-mol'ish, v. t. [-ished (-isht), -ishing.] To throw or pull down, pull to pieces, ruin, over- throw, destroy, raze. — Demol'isher, n. — Demoli'- tion, -lish'un, n. Act of, etc. ; destruction. Demon, de'mun, w. {Gr. Antiq.) A spirit holding a middle place between men and gods; a departed soul. An evil spirit ; devil. — Demoniac, de-mo'nl- ak, -niacal, dem-o-ni'ak-al, a. Pert, to, or like, etc. ; influenced by evil spirits: devilish. — Demo'niac, 7i. A human being possessed by, etc. Demonetize, de-mon'e-tiz, v. t. [-tized (-tizd), -TiziNG.] To deprive of value, or withdraw from use, as currency. — Demon'etiza'tion, n. Process of, or state of being, etc. Demonstrate, dem'on- or de-mon'strat, v. t. To point out. indicate, exhibit; to show, prove, or establish so as to exclude doubt or denial. {Anat.) To ex- hibit and describe the parts of a dead body, when dissected. — Demonstra'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; proof; manifestation of feelings by outward signs. {Anat.) Exhibition of parts of a subject prepared by the dis- sector. {Logic.) Act of proving by svllogistic pro- cess. {3Iath.) A course of reasoning showing that a certain result is a necessary con.sequence of assumed premises. {Mil.) A decisive exhibition of force, or a movement indicating an intention. — Demon'- strative, -tiv, a. Tending to demonstrate ; having the power of demonstration ; expressing feeling, thoughts, etc. ; frank ; open. — Demonstrative x)ronoun {Gram.) One distinctly de.signating that to which it refers. — Demon'stratively, adv. — Dem'onstra'- tor, n. One who, etc. — Demon'stratory, -rT, a. Tending to, etc. Demoralize, de-mor'al-Tz, v. t. [-ized (-izd), -izing.] To destroy or undermine the morals of; to render corrupt in morals, discipline, courage, etc. Demur, de-mer', v. i. [-mi'kked (-merd'), -muering.] To delay, pause, suspend proceedings in view of a doubt or difficulty. {Law.) To raise an objection, and abide upon 'it for decision by the court. — n. Stop; pause; hesitation as to proceeding ; suspense of decision or action. — DMnur'rer, n. One who demurs. {Lav:.) A stop in an action upon a point to be determined by the court before further pro- ceedings can be had. Demure, de-mur', a. Of sober or serious mien ; of modest appearance ; grave ; modest in outward seeming only; making a show of gravity. Den, den, re. A cave or hollow place in the earth, for concealment, shelter, or security ; a customary place of resort; haunt; retreat. — v.i. To dwell as in a den. Dengue, den'ga, n. A violent fever, with rheuma- tism, epidemic in tropical countries, — called also dandy-, bmuiiLet-, and hucket-fever. Deniable, Denial, etc. See under Deny. Denim, den'im, re. A coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, etc. Denizen, den'T-zn, n. An adopted or naturalized citizen; a stranger admitted to residence in a for- eign country; dweller; inhabitant. — v.t. [-zened (-znd), -ZENiNG.J To make a denizen, provide with denizens. Dennet, den'net, ?i. A 2-wheeled carriage, like a gig. Denominate, de-nom'T-nat, v. t. To give a name or epithet to, entitle, name, designate. — a. Having a specific name; specified in the concrete as opposed to abstract. — Denom'ina'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; that by which anj-thing is styled; a name, esp. a general name indicating a class of like individuals; a class, or collection of indi-v'iduals, called by the same name; a sect. — Denom'ina'tional, a. Pert, to, etc. — Denom'inative, -tiv, a. Conferring or possessing, etc.; derived from a substantive or adjective. — n. {Gram.) A verb formed from a noun either sub- stantive or adjective. — Denom'lna'tor, -ter, ?i. One who, or that which, gives a name. {Arith.) The number below the line in vulgar fractions, showing am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term } In. ice ; 8dd, tone, 6r ; DENOTE 101 DEPRIVE into how many parts the integer is divided. (Alg.) That part of any expression below the horizontal line signifying division. Denote, de-nof, r. t. To indicate, point out, inark; to be the sign of, signify, mean, intend. — Denot'- able, a. — Den'ota/tion, 7i. Denouement, da-niX)''nioN", 7i. The catastrophe, esp. of a drama, romance, etc.; solution of a mystery; issue; event. Denotmce, de-nowns', v. t. [-xounced (-nownsf), -NOUXCIXG.] To give formal or official notice of, announce, declare ; to threaten by some outward expression ; to point out as deserving of punish- ment, inform against, stigmatize. — Denon'^ciate, -shT-at, t'. t. To denounce. — Denun'oia'tion, n. Act of, etc.; that by whicli anvthing is denounced; public accusation. — Denun'oia'tor, «. — Denun'oi- atory, -to-rl, a. Containing, etc.; accusing. 'Dense, dens, a. Having the constituent parts closelv united; close; compact. — Den'sity, -sT-tT, n. Qual- ity of being, etc. (Phi/gics.) The proportion of solid matter to a given bulk or volume. Dent, dent, n. The mark made by a blow; indenta- tion, —v. t. To make a dent upon, indent. Dental, den'tal, a. Pert, to the teeth. {Gram.) Formed by aid of the teeth, etc. — n. An ar- ticulation formed bj' aid of the teeth or gum of the teeth. — Den'til, n. (Arch.) An ornamental pro- jection in cornices. — Den''tist, n. One who cleans, extracts, repairs, or fills natural teeth, and inserts artificial ones. — Den''tistry, -rT, n. Art or profes- sion of a dentist. — Denature, -ture, n. An artificial tooth or set of teeth. — DentFtion, -tish'^un, w. Pro- cess of cutting the teeth. iZool.) System of teeth peculiar to an animal. Denude, de-nud', v. t. To divest of all covering, make bare or naked, strip. Denunciate, Denunciatory, etc. See under Denounce. Deny, de-ni', v. t. [denied -(-nid), denying.] To contradict, gainsay, declare not to be true; to re- fuse, reject ; to refuse to grant, withhold ; to dis- claim connection with, responsibility for, etc.; to disown, abjure. — Deni^al, »i. Act of, etc.; assertion of the untruth of a statement ; contradiction ; refus- al ; disavowal. Deodorize, de-o'der-Tz, v. t. To deprive of odor, esp. of bad odor from impurities. — Deo''dorizer, n. Depart, de-part'', w. i. To go forth or away; to quit, leave, or separate from a place or person; to quit this world, die. —v. t. To leave, retire from. — Depart- ment, n. A part or portion; a distinct course of life, action, study, etc.; subdivision of business; esp. one of the principal divisions of executive government; territorial division; esp. one for governmental pur- poses; a military subdivision of a country; sphere; province; district. — Departmenfal, a. Pert, to, etc. — Departure, -par'chur, n. Act of departing; death; abandonment, as of a'rule of duty, action, plan, etc. (Navigation & Surv.) Distance east or west from the meridian from which a ship or course departs. Depend, de-pend', v. i. To hang; to be sustained by something above; to be in suspense, remain unde- termined; to rely for support, stand related to any- thing, as to a cause or condition; to trust, confide, rely ; to be in a condition of service. — Depend'ent, -ant, «. Hanging down; relying on, or subject to something else for support ; conditional ; subordi- nate. —h. One who, or that which, etc. ; one sus- tained by, or relying on, another; a retainer; acorol- lary ; consequence. — Depend'ence, -ens, ?t. Actor state of, etc.; mutual connection and support; con- catenation; inter-relation; subjection to the direction of another; inability to provide for one's self; reli- ance; trust; thing dependent. — Depend'ency, -sT, n. State of being, etc.; thing hanging; that attached to something else as its consequence, subordinate, sat- ellite, etc. ; a territory remote from the state to which it belongs, but subject to its dominion; a colony. — Depend'ently, adi?. — Depend'er, n. Depict, de-pikf, v. t. To form a painting or picture of, portray: to represent in words, describe. Deplete, de-plef, v. t. (Med.) To empty, as the ves- sels of the human system, by venesection; to ex- haust the strength, vital powers, or resources of. — Deple'tion, n. Act of, etc. (Med.) Venesection ; blood-letting. — Deple'tory, -to-rT, o. Calculated to deplete. Denlore, de-plor', v. t. [-ploued (-plord'), -ploring.] To feel or express deep grief for; to weep, convey as tokens of grief, mourn, lament, bemoan. — Deplor'- er, n. — Deplor'able, a. Pitiable ; sad ; calamitous ; wretched. — Deplor'ableness, n. — Deplor'ably, adv. Lamentably; miserably. Deplov, de-ploi', v. t. [-i-loyed (-ploid'), -ploying.] (Mil.) To open, extend, display. — v.i. To open, extend in line. Depone, de-poii', v. «. [-poned (-pond''),-PONiNG.] To assert under oath, make deposition of, depose. — v. i. To testify under oath, assert. — Depc'nent, a. (Gram.) ilaving a passive form with an active meaning, — said of certain verbs. — n. (Law.) One who gives a deposition under oath. (Gram.) A de- pdnent verb. Depopulate, de-pop'u-lat, v. t. To deprive of inhabi- tants, dispeople. — v. i. To become dispeopled. — Depop'ttla'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Deport, de-porf, r. t^ To transport, carry away, ex- ile ; to demean, conduct, behave. — Deporta^'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; banishment; trans- portation. — Deport'ment, n. Manner of deporting one's self, esp. with respect to the courtesies and du- ties of life;_demeanor; conduct. Depose, de-poz', v. t. [-poskd (-pozd'), -posing.] To reduce from a throne or high station, degrade, di- vest of office; to bear written testimony to, aver upon oath. — v. i. To bear witness, testify by depo- sition. — Depos''al, 7i. Act of divesting of office.— Depos'er, n. One who, etc.— Depos'it, -p6z-, v. «. To lay down, place, put; to lay away for safe keeping, store; to commit to the custody of another; esp. to place in a bank, as money, to he drawn at will. — n. That which is deposed, or laid down, esp. matter precipitated from solution in liquid; that intrusted to the care of another. — Depos'ltary, -1-ta-rT, n. One with whom anything is left in trust ; a tru.s- tee ; guardian. (Law.) One to whom goods are bailed, to be kept tor the bailor without recompense. — Deposition, -zish-'un, w. Act of deposing or de- positing: precipitation; act of setting aside a public officer; displacement; removal; thing deposited; sed- iment. (Law.) Testimony taken down in writing, under oath or affirmation; affidavit. —Depos''itor, -T-ter, n. One who makes a deposit. — Depos''itory, -T-to-rt, n. Place where anything is deposited for sale or keeping. — Depot, ae-po' or de'po, n. A place of deposit; warehouse; storehouse. (Mil.) A station where stores are kept, or recruits assembled and drilled; the headquarters of a regiment. A rail- . road station. Depra.ve, de-prav', v. t. [-peaved (-pravd'), -pea- viNG.] To make bad or worse, corrupt, contaminate. — Deprav'ity, -prav'T-tt, n. The state of being cor- rupted; extreme wickedness. Deprecate, dep're-kat, v. t. To seek to avert by prayer, pray for deliverance from, regret deeply. — Depreca'tion, n. Act of deprecating; prayer that evil may be removed ; entreaty for pardon. — Dep'- recatory, -rT, a. Serving to deprecate ; tending to avert evil by prayer. Depreciate, de-prc'shT-at, w. (. To lessen in price; to represent as of little value, disparage, traduce, de- tract, underrate. — v. i. To fall in value, become of less worth, sink in estimation. — Depre'cia'tion, w. Act or state of, etc. ; reduction of worth. — Depre''- cia'tive, -tiv, a. Inclined to underrate ; tending to depreciate. — Depre'cia'tor, -ter, w. — Depre'cia- tory, -to-rT, a. Tending to depreciate. Depredate, dep're-dat, v. t. To subject to plunder and pillage; to despoil, lay waste; to destroy b^' eat- ing, devour. Depress, de-pres'', v. t. [-peessed (-prest'), -press- ing.] To press down, cause to sink, let fall; to bring down or humble; to cast a gloom upon: to embar- rass, as trade, commerce, etc.; to lessen the price of, cheapen. — Depression, -presh'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; a falling in of the surface ; a cavity or hollow ; humiliation ; dejection ; despondency ; embarrassment or hindrance, as of trade, etc. Deprive, de-priv', v. t. [-prived (-privd'), -priving.] To take away, remove; to dispossess, divest, divest siin, cube, iyil ; moon, ffi&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. DEPTH 102 DESIGN of office, depose, dispossess of dignitj', esp. ecclesi- astical ; to strip, bereave, rob, despoil. — Dep'ri- va''tion,n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Ecd. Law.) The taking away from a clergyman his benefice or dignity. Depth. See under Deep. Depute, de-put', v. t. To appoint as substitute or agent; to delegate. — Dep'uta'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; person or persons deputed by another party to act on his behalf. —Dep'utize, -tiz, v. t. To depute. — Dep'uty, -tT, n. One appointed as the substitute of another, and empowered to act for him; lieutenant; delegate; envoy; agent; vicar. Derange, de-ranj'', v. t. [-ranged (-ranid';, -ran- ging.] To put out of place, order, or rank, throw into C(jnfusion or disorder, disturb in the action or function, render insane ; to displace, unsettle, dis- concert. —Derange'ment, ?i. Act of , or state of be- ing, etc. ; di.sorder ; esp. mental disorder ; insanity; lunacy; mania. Derelict, der'e-likt, n. Forsaken by the natural own- er or guardian ; abandoned ; abandoning responsi- Ifility ; unfaithful. — n. {Law.) A thing volunta- rily abandoned by its proper owner ; a tract of land loft dry by the sea. — Derelic'tion, n. Act of leav- ing with an intention not to reclaim ; state of being, etc.; unfaithfulness. {Law.) The'gaining of land from the sea. Deride, de-rid', r. t. To laugh at with contempt, turn to ridicule, niock, taunt.— Derid'er, n. — Derld''ingly, niJv. — Deris'ion, -rizh^un, n. Act of, or .state of be- ing, etc. ; an object of contempt : laughing-stock ; scorn ; mockery : insult. — Deri'sive, -siv, a. Ex- pressing, or characterized by, derision. — Deri'sive- ly, adv. — Deri'sory, -so-rT. a. JSIocking ; derisive. Derive, de-riv', v. t. [-hived (-rivd'), -kivixg.J To receive, as from a source, obtain by transmission ; to trace the origin, descent, or derivation of, recog- nize transmission of, deduce, infer, draw. — v. i. To flow, proceed, be deduced. — Deriv'able, a. Ca- pable of being, etc. ; transmissible ; inferable. — Deriva'tion, n. Act of procuring an effect from a ear"'^^, means, or condition, as profits from capital, truth from testimony, conclnsions or opinions froni evidence ; act of tracing origin, as in grammar or genealogy ; state or method of being derived; thing derived; derivative; deduction. {MoAh.) Operation of deducing one function from another according to some fixed law. {Me'/.) A drawing of humors from one part of the body to another.— Deriv'ative, -rtv'- a-tiv, a. Obtained by derivation; secondary.— x. Any- thing obtained, or deduced, from another. {Gram.) A word formed from another word. (J/«s.) A chord, not fundamental, but obtained from another by inversion. {Med.) That adapted to produce a derivation. {Math.) A function expressing the re- lation between two consecutive states of a varying function. — Deriv'atively, adv. Derm, derm, n. The natural covering of an animal; skin. Derogate, der'o-gat, v. t. To annul in part, repeal parti j% restrict ; to detract from, disparage, depreci- ate. — c. i. To take away, detract. — a. Diminished in value ; damaged. — Deroga'tion, n. Act of, etc. {Stock Exchange.) An alteration or lessening of a contract to sell stocks. — Derog'atory, -to-rt, a. Tending to, etc.; injurious.— Derog''atorily, adv. Derrick, der'rik, n. A mast supported at the top by stays or guys, with tackle for raising heavy weights. — Derrick crane. A crane, the boom or derrick of which can be brought to different angles with the upright. Derringer, der^'rin-jgr, n. A short- barreled, lar^e-bored pistol. Dervis, -vise, der^'vis, Der'vish, n. A Turkish or Persian monk ; esp., one who professes poverty and leads an austere life. Descant, des'^kant, n. A variation of an air ; a discourse formed on its theme, like variations on a mu- sical air ; a comment. {Mies.) The highest part in a score ; soprano Derrick Crane. a composition in parts ; art of composing in parts. — Descant'', v. i. To sing a variation or accompani* ment ; to comment, discourse witb-particularity. Descend, de-send', v. i. To pass to a lower place ; to come or go down in any way, etc. ; to plunge, fall ; to make an attack, as if from a vantage-ground ; to lower one's self, condescend; to pass from the more general or important to the particularor more tri^-ial; to be derived, proceed by generation or by transmis- sion. {Astron.) To move to the southward. {Mus.) To fall in tone, pass from a higher to a lower tone. — V. t. To go down upon or along ; to pass from the top to the bottom of. — Descead'ant, n. One who descends, as offspring, however remotely. — Descend'ent, a. Descending ; proceeding frf)m an ancestor or source. — Descend'er, n. — Descend'lble, a. Admitting descent; capable of being transmitted by inheritance. — Descend'ibil'ity, «.— Descen'sion, -sen'shun, n. Act of going downward; descent; deg- radation. — Descen'sional, a. Pert, to, etc. — De- scen'sive, -siv, a. Descending; tending downward; having power to descend. — Descent', n. Act of, etc.; incursion ; sudden attack ; progress downward, as in .station, virtue, etc., from the more to the less im- portant, from the better to the worse, from a higher to a lower tone, etc. ; derivation as from an ances- tor ; lineage ; birtli ; extraction ; transmission by succession or inheritance; sloping surface ; decliv- ity; thing derived; descendants ; issue ; a step in the process of derivation ; a generation. Describe, de-skrib', v. t. [-scribed (-skribd'), -scri- bing.] To form or represent by lines, real or imagi- nary : to sketch in writing, give an account of, rep- resent, recount, explain, depict ; to have or use the power of describing. — Descrip'tion, -skrlp'shun, n. Act of describing ; sketch of anything in words ; class to which a representation applies ; qualities distinguishing such a class. — Descrip'tive, -tiv, a. Tending to, or having the quality of, etc. ; contain- ing description. — Descrip'tivefy, adv. — Descry, de-skri', v. t. [-sceied (-skrid'), -scrying.] To dis- cover bj' the eye, as distant objects, faintly seen, espy, detect, discern. — Descri'er, w. Desecrate, des'e-krat, v. t. To divest of a sacred character; to treat sacrilegiously. Desert, de-zert', n. A reward. See under Deserve. Desert, de-zert', v. t. To part from, end connection with. {Mil.) To leave without permission, forsake in violation of duty. — v. i. To quit a service with- out permission, run away. — Des'ert, a. Forsaken; without life or cultivation; waste; barren; desolate. — n. A deserted or forsaken tract of land; a wilder- ness ; solitude. — Desert'er, n. One who forsakes his dut}', post, party, or friend ; esp. a soldier or seaman who quits the service without leave. — De- ser'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Deserve, de-zerv', v. t. [-served (-zervd'), -serving.] To earn by service, merit, be entitled to. — v. i. To be worthy of recompense. — Deserv'er, n. — Desert', n. Thing deserved ; reward or punishment merited; worth; due. — Deserv'edly, adv. Justly. — Deserv'- ingly, adv. In a deserving manner. Deshabille, des-a-biK, n. An undjess ; careless toilet. Desiccate, des'ik-kat or de-sik'kat, v. t. To exhaust of miOisture- to dry. Desiderate, Desjoeratum, etc. See under Desire. Design, de-sin- or -zin', v. t. [-signed (-sind' or -zind'), -SIGNING.] To draw the preliminary out- line of, sketc.^ tor a model; to mark out and exhibit, appoint, desi!jnate ; to form a plan of, contrive ; to intend or par] ose. — v.i. To nave a purpose, in- tend.— w. A preliminary sketch; plan ; preliminary conception , scheme ; contrivance ; adaptation of means to a preconceived end ; object for which one plans; aim; intent; decorative figures, asof amedal, embroidery, etc.— Design'edly, -IT, adv. By design; intentionally. — Design'able, a. Capable of bein" marked out. — Des'ignate, des'ig-nat, v. t. To mark out and make known, indicate, call by a distinctive title, denominate, style; to point out hy distinguish- intr from others; to set apart for a purpose or duty. — Designa'tion, n. Act of, etc.; indication; selection and appointment for a purpose; that which de.'iig- nates; appellation; use or application; signification. — Des'ignative, -tiv, a. Serving to indicate. — Des'- ignator, -ter, n. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; In, ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; DESIPIENT 103 DETERMINE Dssipient, de-sip'T-ent, a. Trifling ; foolish. Desire, de-zTr'', v. t. [-sired (-zlrd'), -siring.] To long for the enjoj'ment or possession of, wish for, express a wish for, entreat, request. — n. Natural eagerness to obtain any good ; expressed wish ; peti- tion ; object of longing ; inclination. — Desir'^aa, -us, a. Feeling desire; covetous; eager. — Desir''- onsly, adv. — Desir'susness, n. — Desir'^able, a. Worthy of, etc. ; fitted to excite a wish to possess. — Desir'ably, -blT, adv. — Desir'ableness. n. — Deaid'- erate, -sid'er-at, v. t. To be sensible oi the lack of; to want, miss, desire. — Desid''eratiTe, -tiv, a. Ex- pressing or denoting desire. — n. An object of de- sire ; desideratum. {Gram.) A verb formed from another bv change of termination, and expressing desire of doing what is indicated by the primitive verb. — Desid'era'tum, n. ; pi. -ta, -ta. That of which the lack is felt ; a want generally acknowl- edged. Desist, de-sisf, v. i. To stand aside, cease to proceed or act, forbear. Desk, desk, n. A table with a sloping top; frame or case; pulpit; the clerical profession. Desman, des^man, n. ; pi. -jiaxs, -manz. An amphib- ious animal; the musk-rat. Desmine, des'min, n. (Min.) A mineral that crystal- lizes in little silken tufts ; stilbite. — DesmoP'ogy, -jt, n. (PfiysioL) Science of the ligaments. Desolate, des^o-lat, i'. t. To deprive of inhabitants, make desert; to lay waste, ruin, ravage. — a. Des- titute of inhabitants; laid waste, in a ruinous con- dition: left alone; without a companion; afflicted. — Desola'^tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; a desolate place or country ; ruin ; havoc ; devasta- tion; ravage; destitution; gloom. Despair, de-spar', v. i. [-spaired (-spard''), -Spaie- ixG.] To be without nope; to give up all expecta- tion, despond. — n. Loss of hope ; that which is despaired of. — Des'pera''do, -per-a'do, n. A desper- ate fellow; one urged by furious passions; madman. — Des'perate, -at, a. Beyond hope ; despaired of; past cure; proceeding from despair; without regard to danger or safety ; rash ; headlong ; frantic. — Des''perately, adv. — Des'perateness, n. — Despera''- tion, n. Act Of despairing ; state of despair or hope- lessness. Despatch. See Dispatch. Despise, de-spiz', v. t. [-spised (-spTzdO, -spisixg.] To look upon with contempt, have a low opinion of, disdain, undervalue. — Des''picable, a. Fit to be despised ; mean ; pitiful ; paltry ; sordid ; base; degrading. — Des'picableness, n. — Des'picably, -bll, adv. — Despite', -spif, n. Extreme malice; angry hatred ; au act prompted by hatred. — jvep. In spite of ; notwithstanding. Despoil, de-spoil', v. t. [-spoiled (-spoild'), -spoil- ing.] To strip or divest, as of clothing ; to rob, be- reave, rifle. — Despo'lia'tion, n. Act of, or state of .being, etc. Despond, de-spond', v- i. To give up, abandon hope, become depressed. — Despond'ence, -ency, -en-sT, n. State of desponding ; discouragement ; dejec- tion. — Deapond'ent, a. Marked by, or given' to, etc. —Despond 'en tly, -ingly, arfr. — Despond'er, n. Despot, des'pot, n. One who possesses absolute power over another; esp. a sovereign invested with abso- lute power ; one who rules regardless of a constitu- tion or laws ; a tyrant. — Despot'ic, -ical, a. Hav- ing the character of, or pert, to, a despot ; absolute iu power ; tyrannical ; arbitrary. — Despot'ically, adv. — Des'potism, -izm, n. Tlie power, spirit, or principles of, etc. ; tyranny ; a government directed by, etc.: absolutism; autocracy. Dessert, dez-zert', n. A service of pastry, fruits, etc., after an entertainment. Destemper, des-tem'per, Distem'per, n. (Paint.) A peculiar sort of painting with opaque colors, ground and diluted with water, glue, etc. Destine, des'tin, v. t. [-tixed (-tind), -tinixg.] To determine the future condition or application of, set apart by design; to fix, as by an authoritative decree, design, devote, ordain, allot, bind. — Des- tina'tion, n. Act of destining or appointing ; that to which anything is, etc. ; predetermined end, ob- ject, 'or use ; point aimed at ; purpose ; lot ; fate ; end. — Des'tiny, -tY-nT, n. That to which one \% destined; fate; doom; the fixed order of things; the Sower conceived of as determining the future. — les'tinist, n. A_ believer in destiny; fatalist. Destitute, des'tT-tut, a. In want; devoid; deficient; lacking; needy; indigent. — Destitu'tion, ?j. State or condition ot being, etc.; deprivation; poverty. Destroy, de-stroi', v. t. [-stroyed (-stroid'), -strov- ING.J To pull down, break up the structure and organic existence of; to bring to naught, put an end to, esp. to the Ufe, prosperitv, or beauty of; to de- molish, ruin, annihilate, kill. — Destroy'er, n. — Destruc'tible, a. Liable to, or capable of being. etc. — Destmc'tibil'ity, -T-tl, «.— Destruc'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.: destroying agency; cause of ruin. — Destruc'tionist, n. 'One wlio de- lights in destroying that which is valuable. (Theol.) One who believes in the final destruction of the wicked. — Destruc'tive,-tiv, a. Causing destruc- tion; tending to bring about ruin, death, or devas' tation ; mortal ; deadly ; ruinous ; mischievous. — n. One who destroys ; a radical reformer; destruc- tionist. — Destruc'tively, adr. — Destruc 'tiveness, 11. Quality of destroying. (Pliren.) The faculty which impels to, etc. See Phrenology. Desuetude, des'we-tud, n. Cessation of use; discon- tinuance of prattice, custom, etc.: disuse. Desultory, des'ul-to-rT, a. Leaping from one subject to another, without rational connection; without logical sequence ; disconnected ; rambling ; loose. Detach, de-tach', v. t. [-tached (-tachf), -tach- iNG.] To part, separate, disunite; to separate for a special object, — used esp. in military language. — Detach'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; thing detached, esp. a body of troops or part of a, fleet detailed for special service. Detail, de-tal', v. t. [-tailed (-tald'), -tailixg.] To relate in particulars, particularize. (Mil.) To ap- poiivt for a particular service. — Detail, de'tal or de-tal', n. A minute portion; a particular, — used chiefly in the plural; a narrative of minute points. (Mil.) The selection for a particular service of a person or company; person or company so selected. Detain, de-taft', I', i. [-TAiNED(-tand'), -f aixixg.] To keep back or from, restrain from proceeding, hold in custody, arrest, check, delay, hinder. — Detain'- er, «. One who detains. (Law.) Detention of what is another's, even when the original taking was law- ful. (Eng. Law.) A writ authorizina: a prison- keeper to keep a person in custody. — Detain'ment, n. Act of detaining. — Detain'der, n. (Law.) A writ. — Det'inue, -1-nu, n. A person or thin^ de- tained. — Detent', w. (Mech.) That which locks or unlocks a movement, as wheelwork in a clock. — Deten'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; re- straint; delay. Detect, de-tekt', v. t. To uncover, find out, bring to light, discover, expose. — Detect'er, -or, -er, n. — De- tec'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; discovery. — Detect'ive, -iv, a. Fitted for, skilled, or employed in, etc. — n. A policeman whose business is to detect rogues. Deter, de-ter', v. t. [-teered (-terd'), -terrixg.J To prevent by fear; to hinder or prevent by opposing motives from doing that to which one is impelled. — Deter'ment, H. Act of, etc.; that which, etc. — Deter'rent, -ter'rent, o. Tending to, etc. Deteriorate, de-te'rt-o-rat, v. i. To make worse. — v. i. To grow worse, be impaired in quality, degen- erate. — Dete'riora'tion, n. Determine, de-ter'min, v. t. [-mined (-mind), -mix- ing.] To fix the boundaries of, mark off and sepa- rate, set bounds to, bring to an end, fix the form or character of; to bring about, as a cause, an effect; to fix the course of, impel, direct, ascertain definitely, settle by authoritative sentence, resolve on, bring to a conclusion or resolve. (Logic.) To define or limit by adding a differentia. (Physical Sc.) To ascer- tain the quantity of. — v. i. ,To come to a decision, limit, settle, shape, decide. — Deter'miner, n. — De- ter'minable, a. — Deter'minant, n. That which serves to determine. (Math.) The sum of a series of products of several numbers, fonned according to specified laws. — Deter 'minate, -nat, a. Having defined limits; fixed; established; conclusive: posi- tive. —Deter'minately, ac/y. — Deter'mina'tion, n. sQn, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chair, get. DETERRENT 104 DEXTER m Act of determining:, or state of bein^ determined; tendency to a certain end; a judicial decision, or ending of controversy ; thing determined upon ; resoluteness; decision of mind. {Cliem.) The as- certaining the amount of any ingredient in a sub- stance. {Logic.) Act of limiting a concept or no- tion by giving its essential constituents; addition of a difterentia to a concept or notion, dividing its extent. {Xat. Hist.) Tlie referring ot minerals, plants, etc., to their species. — Deter''minative, -tiv, a. Having power to determine; conclusive. Deterrent. See under Deter. Detest, de-tesf, r. t. To hate extremely, abominate, loathe. — Detesfable, a. Worthy of. etc.; abomin- able; execrable; abhorred. — Detest'' ably, adv. — Detestation, det'es- or de'tes-ta'shun, n. Act of, etc.; hatred; loathing. —Detest'er, n. Dethrone, de-thron', v. t. [-thkoxed (-thrond'), -THRONING.] To remove or drive from a throne, de- pose. — Dethrone''ment, w. Deposition. Detinue. See under Detaix. Detonate, defo-nat, r. z. (Chem.) To explode with a sudden report. — 1\ t. To cause to explode. — De- tona'tion, n. Explosion by inflammation of com- bustible bodies. — Det''onize, -niz, v. t. [-xized (-nizd), -xiziXG.] To cause to explode, burn with an explosion, calcine with detonation. — v. i. To detonate. Detoiir, da-toor'', n. A turning; circuitous route ; deviation from the straight or usual path. Detract, de-trakt', v. t. To take awaj^, take credit or reputation from, decry, depreciate, vilify, slander, traduce. —V. I. To remove a part, take away repu- tation, depreciate wortli. — Detrac'tion, n. Act of, etc.: calumny; aspersion; censure. — Detracfor, -er, 11.— Detract''ress, n. A female detractor.— Detract'- ory, -o-rT, a. Defamatory; derogatory. Detriment, det''rT-mont, n. That which causes dam- age ; diminution; injurj^; mi.scliief ; harm. — Detri- ment'^al, a. Causing detriment; pernicious. — De- trition, -trish''un, 7i. A wearing off or away. — De- tri'tus, w. {Geol.) A mass of matter worn from solid bodies by attrition. Deuce, dus, n. (Gaming.) Two; a card or die with 2 spots. An evil spirit; demon; the devil. — Deu'ced, -sed, a. Devilish; extravagant; enormous. Deuterogamy, du-ter-og'a-mt, n. A 2d marriage, after the death of the first liusband orwife. — Deuteron'- omy, -o-mT, n. (Bibl.) The 5th book of the Penta- teuch, containing the 2d giving of the law by Moses. — Deuterop'athy, -tht, n. (Med.) A sympatlietic affection, as headache from an overloaded stomach. — Deuteros'copy, -pT, n. Second sight; meaning be- yond the literal sense; second intention. — Deutox'- ide, -id, n. (Ckera.) A compound of 2 equivalents of oxygen with 1 of a base. Devastate, dev'as- or de-vas'tat, v. t. To lay waste, desolate, demolish, pillage. — Devasta'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Law.) "Waste of the goods of the deceased by an administrator. Develop, de-veKup, v. t. [-oped (-apt), -opittg.] To free from a cover or envelope, disclose or make known, unfold gradually, exhibit, detect. (Math.) To change the form of (an algebraic expression) by executing indicated operations without changing the value. (Phoiog.) To render (a picture) visible by subjecting it to chemical action. — v. i. To go through a natural evolution, by successive changes to a more perfect state; to become visible gradually. — DeveKopment, n. Act of, etc. (Math.) Act of ex- panding an expression into another of equivalent meaning; the equivalent expression into which an- other has been developed. — Development theory. (^Nat. Hist.) Doctrine that all existing forms of matter and spirit were developed by uniform laws from simpler forms, without creative act. Devest, de-vest'', v. t. To divest. (Law.) To alienate, as title or right, deprive of. — v. i. To be lost or alienated, as a title or an estate. [Except in the legal sense, spelled direct, q. v.] Deviate, de''vT-at, v. i. To go out of one's way, turn aside from a course, digress, err. — Devia''tion, n. Act of, etc. ; state of having deviated ; error. — De''- vious, -vT-us, a. Out of a straight line ; indirect; going out of the right course of conduct. Device. See under Devise. Devil, dev'l, n. The evil one, Satan, represented in Scripture as the traducer, father of lies, tempter, etc.; an evil spirit; false god; an expletive express- ing emphasis. (Manuf.) A revolving cylinder armed with spikes, for tearing, cutting, or opening raw materials, as cotton, wool, rags, etc. A very wicked person; a dish, broiled with much pepper. — v. t. To make like a devil; to cut up cloth or rags in, etc.; to grill with pepper. — Devilish, dev'lish, a. Like, or pert, to, the devil; wicked in the extreme; infernal; hellish ; satanic ; detestable. — Dev'iltry, -1-trT, n. Diabolism ; malicious mischief. — Dev'ilkin, n. A little devil. — Dev''il's-darn''ing-nee''dle, n. A dragon- fly, having a long, cj'lindrical body, resembling a needle. — Dev'il-flsh, n. A name of several sea-crea- tures, esp. of a genus of ray found in the Atlantic, and of the cuttle-fish. — Di^aboKic, -ical, a. Like, or pert, to, the devil; impious; demoniac. — Diablerie, dya'bl-re'', Diab''lery, df-ab''ler-t, n. Deviltry; sor- cery; mischief. Devious. See under Deviate. Devise, de-viz'', v. t. [-vised (-vlzd''), -visixo.] To form in the mind by new combinations of ideas, ap- plications of principles, or arrangement of parts; to strike out by thought; to plan for, purpose to ob- tain. (Lavj.) To give by will, — used of real estate; to bequeath. — ?;. i. To form a scheme, lay a plan, contrive. — n. Act of disposing of real estate by will; a will or testament, properly' of real estate; property given by will. — Devis''er, n. One who devises; an inventor. — Devis''or, -or, n. (Law.) One who gives real estate by will: a testator. — Device, de-vis'', n. Thing devised, or formed bj' design; contrivance; invention ; a stratagem ; a heraldic motto, usually connected with an emblematic picture; power of de- vising; invention; genius. Devoidt de-void', a. Destitute; not in possession. Devolve, de-volV, v. t. [-volved (-volvd''), -volving.] To roll onward or downward, overthrow; to trans- fer from one to another, deliver over, hand down. — V. i. To pass by transmission or succession ; to be handed over or down. — Devolu''tion, n. Act of, etc. Devote, de-vot'', v. t. To appropriate by vow, set apart by a solemn act ; to consign over, execrate, doom to evil; to give up wholly, direct the attention of wholly or chiefly ; to attach, addict, dedicate, resign, doom, consign. — Devot''edness, n. State of being, etc.: addictedness. — Devotee'', n. One wholly devoted, esp. to religion; one superstitiously given' to religious ceremonies; a bigot. — Devot^'er, n. — Devo^'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; af- fection; esp. feelings toward God appropriate to the act of worship: religiousness; piety; act of devoted- ness or devoutness: thing consecrated; an object of affection. — Devo^'tional, a. Pert, to, used in, or suited to, devotion. — Devout, -vowf, a. Absorbed in religious feelings ; pious ; reverent ; expressing piety; warmly devoted; earnest; prayerful; sincere. — Devout''ly, adii. — Devoufness, n. Devour, de-vo\\T'', v. t. [-voured (-vowrd''), -vouE- IXG.] To eat up greedilj'^, consume ravenously; to seize on and destroy or appropriate greediljs self- ishly, or wantonly; to enjoy with avidity, consume, waste, annihilate. Dew, du, 71. Moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies upon their surfaces, esp. at night. — V. t. [dewed (dud), DEWiXG.] To wet with dew. -lap, n. The fold of skin, etc., haiigin" from the throats of oxen, which laps or licks the dew in grazing; a fold of skin, etc., on the human throat or chin, esp. wiieu flaccid with age. — point, n. (Meteor.) The temperature at which dew begins to form. — ret'ting, n. Process of softening and re- moving mucilage from the fibrous and cellular por- tions of flax and hemp, by exposing the stalks to dew, rain, sun, and air. Dexter, deks-'ter, a. Pert, to, or on, the right hand; right, as opp. to left.— Dexterity, -tSr''t-tT, n. Readi- ness and physical grace ; activity of the m ind ^quick- ness and skill in managing affairs; adroitness; tact; Sm, fanae, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r 5 DEY 105 DIE aptitude ; faculty. — Dex'^terouB, -trous, -trus, a. Ready and expert; skillful in contrivance : quick at inventing expedients : done with dexterity : apt ; handy; versed. — Dex''terously, a(/i-. — Dex''terous- ness/n. Dey, da, n. The European title for the governor of Alireria, before its conquest by the French. Diabetes, di-a-be'tez, n. singf. &j;Z. {Med.) A disease attended with a persistent, excessive discharge of urine. Diablerie, Diabolic, etc. See under Devil. DiaconaJ. Diaconate. See under Deacox. Diacoustic, di-a-kows'tik or-koos'tik, a. Pert, to the science of refracted sounds. — Diacou8''tics, n. Sci- ence of the properties of sound retracted through different mediums. Diacritic, -ical, di-a-krif'ik-al, a. Separating; indica- ting something to be distinguished. Diadem, di'a-dem, n. A fillet, worn as a badge of royalty ; a crown ; sovereignty ; dignity. (Her.) An arch rising from the rim of a crown, and uniting with others over its center. _ « Diaeresis, Dieresis, di-Br-'e-sis, n. ; pi. -ses, -sez. ( Gram.) The separation of 1 syllable into 2 ; a mark [ " ] over the second of 2 adjacent vowels, to denote that they are to be pronounced separately, as, aerial. Diagnosis, di-ag-no'sis, n. (Med.) Determination of a disease by distinctive characteristics. Scientific de- termination of anv kind. Diagonal, di-ag-'o-na'l, a. ( Geom.) Joining 2 not ad- jacent angles of a quadrilateral or multilateral figure, and divid- ing it into 2 parts ; crossing at an angle with one of the sides. — 7i. A right line drawn from one an- gle to another, not adjacent, of a _. figure of 4 ormore sides.— Diag'- diagonal. onally, -It, adv. In a diagonal direction. Diagram, di'a-gram, n. (iSeom.) A figure to illus- trate a statement, or facilitate a demonstration. An illustrative outline or drawing. — Di'agrapli, -graf , n. An instrument used in perspective. Dial, di'al, ??. An instrument showing the time of day from the shadow of a stj'le on a graduated sur- face ; the graduated face of a time-piece on which the time is shown by pointers. Dialect, di'a-lekt, n. Means or mode of expressing thoughts : language ; tongue ; local form of a lan- guage » idiom ; phraseology. — Dialec'tics, n. sing. That branch of logic which teaches the rules of rea- i soning ; application of logical principles to discur- sive reasoning. — Di'alecti'cian, -tish^an, n. One versed in dialectics ; a logician ; reasoner. — Di'a- logue, -lo^, 71. A conversation between two or more, esp. in theatrical performances ; a composition in which persons are represented as conversing. Diamagnetic, di'a-mag-nefik, a. Pert, to, or exhibit- ing the phenomenaof, diamagnetism. — n. A sub- stance which, in a field of magnetic force, takes a position at right angles to that of the ordinary mag- net. — Di'amagnefically, udr. Diameter, di-am'e-ter, n. (Geom.) A right line through the center of a figure or body, terminated by the opposite boundaries. Length of astraiglit line through tlie cen- ter of an object from side to side; width; thickness. (Arch.) The distance through the lower part of the .shaft of a column, T^i^rrrTtl- used as a unit for measuring all the parts JJiameier. of an order. — Diamet'ric, -rical, a. Pert, to, etc. ; directly adverse. — Diametrically, adv. In a dia- metrical direction ; directly. Diamond, di'a-mund or di'mund, 7i. A mineral and gem remarkable for hardness ; crystallized carbon ; a geometrical figure otherwise called rhombus or lozenge ; one of a suit of playing cards, stamped with the figure of a diamond. (Print.) A small type, in size between pearl and brilliant. (®~ This liue is printed in the type called Diamond. Diapason, di-a-pa,''zbn, w. (Gr. Mas.) The oc- tave or interval which includes all the tones. Concord, as of notes an octave apart ; harmony ; entire compass of tones ; scale or pitch for giving a standard pitch ; one of certain Dia- mond. stops in the organ, which extend through the scaler of the instrument. Diaper, di'a-per, n. Figured linen cloth for towels, napkins, etc. ; a towel or nankin ; infant's breech- cloth. (Arch.) Paneling filled up with arabesque gilding and painting, or with wrought work in low relief. — v. t. [diapeked (-perd), -perikg.] To variegate with figures, as clotli : to put a diaper on, as a child. — v. i. To draw fi^ires. Diaphanous, di-at'a-nus, a. Transmitting rays of light, as glass; transparent; clear. Diaphragm, di'a-frain, n. A dividing membrane or partition, commonly with an opening through it. (Anat.) The muscle separating the chest from the abdomen ; midriff. Diarrhea, -rhoea, di-ar-re'a, ?). (Med.) A morbidly frequent evacuation of the intestines. Diary, di'a-rT, «. A register of daily occurrences ; journal; blank-book dated for daily memoranda. Diastole, di-as'to-le, n. (Med.) A "dilatation of the heart. (Gram.) A figure by which a syllable nat- urally short is made^ong. Diathesis, di-ath'e-sis, h. (Med.) Bodily condition, esp. that which predisposes to a particular disease. Diatonic, di-a-ton'ik, a. (Mus.) Pert, to the scale of 8 tones, the 8th of which is the octave of the first. Diatribe, di'a-trib, n. A continued discourse or dis- putation; an invective harangue; reviling; reproach. Dibber, dib-'ber. Dibble, dib'bl, n. A pointed hand instrument, to make holes for planting seeds, etc. — Dib'ble, i;. «. [dibbled (-bid), -blixg.] To plant with a dibble, make holes for planting seeds, etc. — V. i. To dip, as in angling. Dice, etc. See under Die, n. Dicker, dik'er, n. The number of 10, esp. 10 hides or skins ; a chaffering barter of small wares. — v. i. To negotiate a dicker; to barter. Dickey, Dicky, dik't, n. A seat behind a carriage, for servants, etc. ; a bosom to tie over the front of a shirt ; a shirt-collar. Dicotyledon, di'kot-T-le'don, n. (Bot.) A plant whose seeds divide into 2 lobes in germinating. — Di'coty- led'onous, -nus, a. Having 2 cotjiedons. Dictate, dik''tat, v. t. To deliver,' *tate, or utter, for another to reduce to writing ; to communicate with authority ; to deliver to a .subordinate, as a com- mand; to prescribe, enjoin, urge. — v. i. To deliver commands. — 7i. A statement delivered with author- ity ; authoritative rule or principle ; order ; direc- tion; impulse; admonition. — Dicta'tion, «. — Dic- ta''tor, -ter. 7i. One who, etc.; one invested with ab- solute authority, esp. in times of distress. — Dicta<- tc'rial, -rT-al, a. Pert, or suited to a dictator: ab- solute ; imperious ; overbearing. — Dictato'rially, adv. — Dicta'torship, n. Office or term of office of, etc. — Dicta'tress, -triz, n. A female who dictates. — Dicta' ture, -ta'chur, n. Dictatorship. Diction, dik''shun, »i. Choice of words ; selection of terms; style ; phraseology. — Dic'tum, n. ; pi. -ta, -ta. An authoritative saying or assertion. (Laiv.j A judicial opinion by judges on points not necessa- rily in the case. — Dic'tionary, -a-rl, n. A book in which words are alphabeticallj' arranged and ex- plained; a lexicon ; vocabulary ; a work containing information in any department of knowledge, ar- ranged alphabetically, under heads. Did. See Do. Didactic, -tical, di-dak''tik-al, a. Fitted or inclined to teach ; arranged in a form suitable for instruc- tion; preceptive. Didapper, did'ap-er, n. A diving bird; the black-chin grebe; dab-ehick. Diddle, did-'dl, v. i. To totter, as a child in walking. Dido, di'do, n. ; pi. -dos, -doz. A trick: antic; caper. Didst. Secondper. imp. of do. See Do. Die, di, v. i. [died (did), dying.] To cease to live, become dead, expire, becojne lost or extinct ; to sink, faint; languish, with weakness, discourage- ment, love, etc. ; become indiffer- ent; to recede and grow fainter, become imperceptible; to become vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor. Die, di, n. A small cube, marked on its faces with spots from 1 to (>, used in gaming, by being thrown Dice. sQn, cube, fijll ; moon, fd&t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNboN chair, get. DIERESIS 106 DILEMMA from a box; any small cubical body. [PI., in this sense, Dice (dis) ; in the following senses, Dies (diz).] (Arch.) The cubical part of the pedestal, be- tween base and cornice. The piece of metal on which is cut a device to be stamped (on a coin, medal, etc.); one of two pieces of hardened steel forming together a female screw for cutting the threads of screws. — Dice, dIs, n. ; pi. of die. A game.— v. i. Tp play with dice. — Di'oer, n. One who, etc. — Die'sink'ing, n. ■ Process of engraving dies. — stock, n. An imple- ment for holding dies while cutting threads on screws. Dieresis. Same as Diuresis. Dies non, di'ez-non. {Law.) A day on which courts are not held. Diet, di'et, n. Habitual food ; victuals ; course of food selected with reference to a particular state of hetilth. — V. t. To feed, nourish, esp. sparingly, or by rule. — v. i. To eat, feed, esp. to eat sparingly. — Di'etary, -a-rf, a. Pert, to, etc. — «. Rule of diet; allowance of food. — Dietefic, -ical, a. Pert, to the rules of, etc. — Dietefics, n. That part of medicine or hygiene relating to, etc. — Diet'er, -a'rian, n. One who observes rules for, etc. Diet, di''et, n. A legislative or administrative assem- bly in some countries of Europe. Differ, differ, v. i. [-feeed (-ferd), -ferikg.] To be or stand apart, disagree, be unlike or discordant; to have a difference or quarrel. — v. t. To cause to be different or unlike.— Difference, -ens, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; disagreement; cause of dis- sension ; occasion of quarrel; that by which one thing differs from another ; characteristic quality. (Logic.) Quality or attribute added to those of the genus to constitute a species ; differentia. (Math.) The quantity by which one quantity differs from another. — v. t. [DiFFERE>fCED (-enst), -EXCI^fG.] To cause to differ, make different, distinguish. — Different, a. Distinct; of various or contrary na- ture, form, or quality; unlike ; dissimilar. — Dif'- ferently, adv.— Differen'tiate, -sht-at, v. t. (Math.) To obtain the differential, or differential coefficient of. (Logic.) To distinguish or describe, by giving the differentia, or specific difference of a thing; to define exactly, specialize. — v. i. To constitute, mark, or show a difference; to discriminate. — Dif'- feren'tia'tion, -sht-a'shun, n. (Logic.) Act of dis- tinguishing a thing, by giving its differentia, or spe- cific difference. (Math.) Act or process of differen- tiating. (Physiol.) Production of a diversity of parts by a process of evolution or development. (Metaph.) Tendency in being, organic or inorganic, to assume more complex structure or functions. — Differen'tia, -shi-a, n. (Logic.) The distinguish- ing part of the essence of a species; specific differ- ence. — Differen'tial, -shal, a. Creating a difference; discriminating; special. (Math.) Pert, to a differen- tial. (Mech.) Differing in amount or in producing force, — said of motions or effects; intended to pro- duce difference of jnotion or effect, — said of ma- chinery, etc. — n. (Math.) An increment, usually an indefinitely small one, given to a variable quantity. Difficulty, dif-'ft-kul-tT, n. State of being hard to ac- complish, or to deal with; a thing hard to accom- fjlish ; a controversy ; variance or disagreement ; obstacle; perplexity; distress; objection. — Difficult, ?. Act of, etc.; refusal ol credence; unbelief; system of error. Disburden, dis-ber''dn, v. t. To rid of a burden, lay off as oppressive, become relieved of, unload, disen- cumber, free. — v.i. To ease the mind. Disburse, dis-bers'', r. t. [-bursed (-berstQ, -bursino.] To pay out, expend. —Disburse''ment, n. Act of, etc.; what is paid out. Disburthen, dis-ber''t±in, v. t. To disburden. Disc. See Disk. Discard, dis-kard'', v. t. To throw out of the hand as useless, — said of cards; to cast off or dismiss; put or thrust awaj', discharge, cashier, reject. Discern, diz-zern'', v. t. [-cerned (-zemd'), -cern- iXG.] To behold as separate, note the distinctive character of, make out and distinguish by the eye, recognize, perceive with the mind, apprehend, pen- etrate, discriminate, descry. — v.i. To see the dif- ference, make distinction. — Discem'^ible, -T-bl, a. Capable of being discerned ; perceptible ; visible ; evident; manifest. — Discern'' ibleness, n. — Discem''- ibly, arfw.— Discern'ment, n. Act of discerning; faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes one thing from another; judgment; discrimination; pen- etration; sagacit3'. Discharge, dis-charj'', v. t. To relieve of a charge, load, or burden, unload; to let go the charge of, as a gun; to relieve from a state of tension, as a Leyden jar; to relieve of something weighing upon one, as a debt, claim, accusation, etc.; to relieve of an office or employment, take out or remove, as a charge, bur- den, contents, etc.; to let fly, as a missile, shoot; to relieve one's self of, by fulfilling conditions, per- forming duty, etc.; to perform or execute, as an of- fice, or part; to give forth, emit or send out, give rent to, utter. — r. i. To throw off or deliver a load, charge, or burden. — n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; thing difchaiged. Disciple, . dis-si-'pl, n. One who receives instruction from, or accepts the doctrines of, another; pupil; follower ; adherent ; supporter. — Dis''cipline, -sT- plin, n. The treatment suited to a disciple or learner; development of the faculties by instruction and exercise; training to act in accordance with rules; subjection to rule; punishment byway of cor- rection and training. iEccl.) Reformatorj' or penal action toward a church member. Subject-matter of instruction. — v. t. [-plined (-plind), -plining.J To educate, develop by instruction and exercise; to accustom to regular action, bring under control, drill; to improve by corrective methods; to inflict ecclesiastical censures and penalties upon. — Dis''- ciplinary, -a-rl, a. Pert, to, or intended for, etc. — Dis'cipluia''rian, -rT-an, «. Pert, to, etc. — n. One who, etc.; esp. one who enforces rigid discfpline. Disclaim, dis-klam'', v. t. To reject all claim to; to deny ownership of, or responsibility for; to refuse to acknowledge, disown, disavow, renounce, reject. {Law.) To decline accepting, as an estate, interest, or office. — Disclaim'er, n. One who, etc. {Law.) A denial, disavowal, or renunciation, as of a title, claim, interest, estate, or trust. A public disavowal, as of pretensions, opinions, etc. Disclose, dis-kloz', v. t. To unclose, open; to remove a cover or envelope from; to bring to light; to make known, as that which has been kept secret, divulge, tell, utter. — V.I. To burst open, gape; to make a disclosure or revelation. Discoid. See under Disk. , ,, , j, . ■ Discolor, dis-kuKer, v. t. To alter the color of, stain, tinge; to alter the true complexion or appearance of. Discomfit, dis-kum'fit, v. i. To scatter in fight, break am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; 6nd, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; DISCOMFORT 109 DISESTABLISH ■up the plans of, throw into perplexity and dejec- tion, disconcert, rout. —n. Rout; overthrow; dis- comfiture. —Diacom'fiture, -fl-chur, n. Act of, or state of being-, etc.: defeat; frustration. DlBcomfort, dis-kum'tert, n. Want of comfort; in- quietude. — V. t. To destroy or disturb the comfort, peace, or happiness of. Discompose, dis-koin-poz', r. t. To disarrange, inter- fere with, break up; to throw into disorder, destroy the composure of; to put out of place or service, de- range, agitate, ruffle, fret, displace.— Discompo''8ure, -po'/.hur, n. State of being, etc. Disconcert, dis-kon-sgrf, v. t. To break up the har- monious progress of, throw into disorder, discom- pose, abash, confuse, frustrate. — Disconcer'tion, n. Disconnect, dis-kon-nekt', v. t. To dissolve the union or connection of, sever. — Disconnec'tion, n. Disconsolate, dis-kon'so-lat, a. Destitute of comfort or consolation; deeply dejected; melancholy; inspir- ing; dejection: saddening; cheerless. Discontent, dis-kon-tent', n. Want of content; un- easiness and inquietude of mind; dissatisfaction. — V. t. To deprive of content, make imeasy, dissat- isfy. — Discontentedly, adv. — Discontent'edness, -ment, n. State of being, etc.; inquietude. Discontinue, dis-kon-tia-'u, v. t. To interrupt the con- tinuance of ; to intermit, as a practice or habit, put an end to; to cease attention to, or entertainment or reception of; to break the continuity of, disunite. — V. i. To lose continuity or cohesion of parts;, to be separated or severed: to part. — Discontin'^tier, n. — Discontin'uance, -nns, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; want of continuitj' of parts. {Law.) A break- ing off or interruption of an estate; termination of an action in practice by the voluntary act of the plaintiff; entry on the record that the plaintiff dis- continues action; teclinicalintfiruption of the pro- ceedings in pleading, when a defendant does not answer the whole of the pliintilf's declaration, and the plaintiff omits to take judgment for the part un- answered. — Dis'contin'ua'tion, n. Breach of con- tinuity; discontinuance; disruption. — Discon'tinu'- ity, -nu't-tt, 71. Want of continuity or cohesion. — Discontin''uous, -u-us, a. Not continuous. Discord, dis'kord, n. Want of concord or agreement; variance leading to contention and strife; dissension; clashing. (Mm.) Union of musical sounds which strikes the ear disagreeably, owing to the incommen- surability of the vibrations which they produce. ^ Discord'ant, a. At variance; clashing; jarring; opposing. (Mtts.) Not in harmony or concord. — Discord'antly, adv. — Discord^antnsss, n. — Dis- cord'' ance, -ancy, -an-sT, «. State or quality of be- ing, etc.; inconsistency. Discount, dis''kownt, n. An allowance made upon an account, debt, price asked, etc.; deduction for in- terest, in advancing money upon a bill or note not due; act of discounting. — Discount, dis'kownt or dis-kownt', v. t. To deduct fr.om an account, etc.; to loan money upon, deducting the allowance for interest. — v. t. To lend mouev, abating the dis- count: to anticipate and m.tke allowance for.— DiS'''- counter, n. — Discounfable, a. Discountenance, di-s-kown'te-nans, v. t. To put out of countenance, put to shame, abash; to refuse to countenance or give approval to, discourage. — n. Unfriendly regard; cold treatment; disapprobation. Discourage, dis-kur'ej, v. t. To extinguish the cour- age of, deprive of confidence; to deter one from, dishearten one with respect to, dissuade, discoun- tenance. — Discour'ageable, a. — Discour^'agement, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which, etc. — Discour'^ager, n. One who, etc. , Discourse, dis-kors', n. Orig., power to run over, to compare and judge; oral exposition of a subject; talk; conversation; dissertation or treatise; sermon. — v.i. [-COURSED (-korsf), -COURSING.] To exer- cise reason; to talk or treat of in writing, in a formal manner. — v. t. To utter or give forth. — Discours''- er, n. — Discours'ive, -iv, a. Reasoning ; containing dialogue or conversation. — Discur'sive, -ker'siv, -Bory, -ser-T. a. Discoursive; rambling; digressive. — Discur'sively, ndr. — Discur'sion, -shun, n. Ex- patiation; desulto-y talk: act of discoursing. Discourteous, dis-kerfyus o/'-ker'te-us, a. uncivil; rude. — Discour'teotisly, a/lv. — Biscour'tesy, -te-sT, n. Rudeness of behavior or language. Discous. See under Disx. Discover, dis-kuv'er, r. t. To remove the covering or envelope from, expose to view, make known; to ob- tain for the iirst time sight or knowledge of, as of a thing not known; to find out, disclose, reveal, im- part, detect, invent. — Discov'erable, a — Discov'- erer, n. One who discovers; one who first finds out an unknown country, or a new princii»le, truth, or fact; an explorer. — Discov'ery, -Sr-I, n. Act of, etc.: thing discovered. Discredit, dis-kred'it, n. Want of credit; act of dis- crediting, or state of being discredited; disa^race; re- proach. — V. t. To refuse to credit, disbelieve, de- prive of credibility or of credit, bring reproach upon. — Discred'itable/d. Tending to injure credit; dis- graceful: disreputable. Discreet, dis-kret', a. Possessed of discernment or discretion; wise in avoiding evil, and in adapting means to ends; wary. — Discre'tion, -kresh'un, n. Quality of being disccfect; sagacity; freedom to act according to one's own judgment. — At (tisrretion. Without conditions or stipulations. — Discre'tional, -ary, -er-T, n. Left to discretion; unrestrained ex- cept by judgment. — Discre'tionally, -arily,_ adv. At or according to discretion. — Discrete, -kref, a. Separate; distinct; disjunctive; containing a dis- junctive clause, — opp. of coTicvete. — Di8cre''tive, -tiv, a. Disjunctive; separating. Discrepant, dis-krep'^ant, a. Discordant; at variance; disagreeing; different. — Discrep''ance, -ancy, -an-sT, n. State or quahtj' of being, etc. Discriminate, dis-krim'^t-nat, v. t. To separate, dis- tinguish; to mark as different, distinguish by a pe- culiar note or sign. — v. i. To make a difference; to distinguish accurately. — a. Distinguished; having the difference marked. — Discrim'inateness, n. — Discrim'uia''tion, 71. Act of , or state of being, etc.; faculty of nicely distinguishing; that which dis- criminates; iiiiirk of distinction. »-Discrim''inative, -tiv, a. Marking a difference; characteristic; observ- ing distinctions; discriminating. Discrown, dis-krown', v. t. To depri.ve of a crown. Discursion, Discursory, etc. See under Discourse. Discus, dis'kus, n:; E.ph Discuses ; L. pi. Disci, -si. A quoit ; a disk. See Disk. Discuss, dis-kus', v.t. [-cussed (-kusf), -cussixg.] To break up, disperse; to examine orcon.sider by disputation. (Law.) To exhaust a remedy against, as against a debtor before proceeding against the surety. — Discus''sion, -kush'un, n. Act or process of discussing; examination by argument; debate; dis- putation. — Discuss'ive, -iv, a. Able or tending to discuss. — Discu'tient, -shent, n. Serving to dis- perse morbid matter. — ii. A medicine to disperse a tumor or any coagula_ted fluid in the body. Disdain, dis- or diz-dan', v. t. [-dained (-dand'), -DAINIXG.] To reject as not deserving notice ; to look with scorn upon, contemn, despise. — v.i. To be filled with contemptuous anger. — n. A feeling of contempt and aversion ; haughtiness ; scorn ; arrogance. — Disdain 'ful, -ful, a. Full of, or express- ing, disdain ; contemptuous ; haughty. Disease, diz-ez', M. Orig., lack of ease; uneasiness; a morbid condition of body; sickness; disorder; dis- temper; malad}'. — v. t. To afflict with sickness. Disembody, dis-em-bod'f , v. i. To divest of the body, free from the flesh, discharge from military organi- zation. Disembogue, dis-em-bog'', v. t. [-bogued (-bogd'), -BOGUI.XG.] To dischtirge at the mouth, as a stream; to_vent — Disembogae'ment, -em'bouchure', -aN'- boo-shoor', n. Discliaige of the waters of a river, etc. Disembowel, dis-em-bow'el, v. t. To take out the bowels of, eviscerate, gut. Disengage, dis-en-gaj', v. t. To release from some previous connection or engagement ; to liberate, free, extricate, disentangle, wean. — v. i. To re- lease one's self, set one's self free, become de- tached. — Disenga'^gedness, -ga'jed-nes, n. State of being, etc. — Disengage-'ment, -gaj'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; freedom from engrossing occupation; leisure. Disestablish, dis-es-tab'lish, v. t. To unsettle or Blin, cube, full ; moon, f66t ; cow, oil ; iiager or ink, then, boNbou, chair, get. DISESTEEM 110 DISOBEY break up what has been established. — Disestab'- lishment, n. Act^or process of, etc. Disesteem, dis-es-tem'', n. "Want of esteem; low re- gard ; disfavor. — v. t. To feel an absence of es- teem for, regard with disapproval; to slight. — Dis- es'tiina''tion, n. Disesteem ; disfavor. Disfavor, dis-fa-'ver, n. Want of favor ; disesteem; state of not being in favor; an unkindiiess; dis- obliging act. — V. t. To withhold or withdraw favor from, regard with disesteem. — Disfa'vorer, n. Disfigure, dis-fig'^Qr, v. t. To mar the figure or appear- ance of; to render less complete or beautiful, de- face, injure. — Disfig'uremeut, -ura'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which disfigures. Disfranchise, dis-fran''chiz, v. t. [-chised (-chizd), -CHisiNG.] To deprive of a franchise or chartered right; to dispossess of the rights oi a citizen, or of a particular right, as of voting, holding office, etc. — Diufran^'chisement, n. Disgorge, dis-gorj', v. t. [-gorged (-gSrjd'), -gor- GiXG.] To eject from the stomach, throat or mouth; to vomit ; to pour forth violently, as if from a mouth; to give up, make restitution of. — 1\ i. To vomit forth what anything contains, m^ke restitu- tion. — Disgorge''inent, n. Act of disgorging ; thing disgorged. Disgrace, dis-gras', n. Lack or loss of favor, support, or countenance ; ignominy : infamj' ; that which brings dishonor; cause of'shame; oppro_brium; re- proach; dishonor.— r. t. [disgr.^ced (-grasf), -gra- CiXG.] To deprive of favor, dismiss with dishonor, bring reproach or shame upon, degrade, defame, debase. — T)iEgrace''ful, -ful, a. Bringing disgrace or dishonor; shameful; ignominious. — Disgrace'- fuJljr, adv. — Disgrace'fulnesB, n. — Disgra'cer, n. — Disgra'cious, -shus, a. Ungracious ; unpleasing. Disgruntle, dis-grun'tl, v. t. To disappoint, dis- please, disconcert. Disguise, dis-giz'', v. t. [-guised (-gizd'), -guising.] To change the guise or appearance of; esp. to con- ceal by an unusual dress, hid.^ by a counterfeit ap- pearance; to affect or change by liquor; to intoxi- cate. — n. A dress or exterior put on to deceive; artificial language or manner assumed for decep- tion; change of manner by drink; slight intoxica- tion. Disgust, dis-gust'', n. Repugnance to what is oflEen- sive ; aversion; distaste; dislike. — v. t. To pro- voke disgust in, offend the taste of, displease. Dish, dish, n. A vessel used for serving up food; any particular kind of food; state of being concave or like a dish. — w. i. [dished (disht), dishing.] To put in a disii, for serving ai table; to make like a dish; to frustrate or disappoint. Dishabille, dis-a-biK, n. Same as Deshabille. Dishearten, dis-harfn, v. t. [-heartened (-harfnd), -ENING.] To deprive of heart, courage, or hope; to dispirit, depress, deject. Dishevel, dT-shev'l, v. t. [-eled (-Id), -eling.] To dis- arrange or cause (the hair) to nang loose. Dishonest, diz- or dis-on''est, a. Wanting in honesty; fraudulent; disposed to deceive ; characterized by fraud. — Dishon''est]y, arfy. — Dishon''esty,w. Want of honesty, probity, or integntj' ; violation of trust; dishonor; unchastity: incontinence. Dishonor, dis- or diz-on'er, n. Want of hohor; dis- grace; ignominv; shame; reproach. — v. t. To de- prive of nonor, bring reproach or shame on; to vio- late the chastity of, debauch, ravish ; to refuse to accept or pay, — said of a draft or acceptance which is due and is presented. — Dishon'orable, a. Bring- ing or deserving dishonor; snameful; base; want- ing in honor; diso:raced. — Dishon^'orableness, n. Disincline, dis-in-klin''. r. t. To excite the dislike or aversion of. — Disin''clina''tion, n. State of being disinclined; unwillingness; aversion ; repugnance. Disinfect, dis-in-fekf, v. t. To cleanse from infec- - tion. — Disinfectant, n. That which, etc. — Disin- fec'tion, n. Act of, etc. Disingenuous, dis-in-jen'u-us, a. Not noble: mean; unworthy ; wanting in candor or frankness. — Dis- ingen-'uously, adv. — Disingen^uousness, n. Disinherit, dis-in-hgr^'it. v. t. To cut of: from hered- itary right, deprive of an inheritance. — Disinher'- itance, -ison, -t-zn, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Disintegrate, dis-in'te-grat, v. t. To separate into integrant parts. — Disin'tegrable, a. — DiBin'tegra'- tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Geol.) Wearing away of strata by atmospheric action. Disinter, dis-in-ter'', v. t. To taKe out of the grave; to bring out, as from hiding. — Disinter'ment, n. Disinterested, dis-in'ter-est-ed, a. Not influenced by regard to peisonal advantage; free from self-inter- e"st ; unbiased; impartial; indifferent. — Disin'ter- estedly, adv. — Disin'^terestedness, ti. Disinthrall, dis-iii-thrawK, v. t. To release from thraldom, emancipate. — DisintliraU''ment, n. Disjoin, dis-ioin', v. t. To part, disunite, separate. — V. i. To "become separated, part. — Di^oinf, r. t. To put out of joint, dislocate ; to separate at junc- tures, break in pieces; to break the natural order and relations of. — v. i. To fall or break in pieces. — Disjoint'ly, adv. In a disjointed state. — Dis- junct', -junkt', a. Disjoined ; separated. — Dis- junc'tion, n. Act of disjoining ; disunion ; a dis- junctive proposition. — Diqjunct''ive, -iv, a. Tend- ing to disjoin; separating; disjoiniug. — n. (Gram.} A disjunctive conjunction or proposition. Disk, Disc, disk, m. A flat, circular plate; a discus; quoit. CAsti-on.) The face of a celestial body. (Bot.) The whole surface of a leaf; central part of a radiate compound flov/er; a part of the receptacle expanded under or around the pistil. — Disc'ous, -us, -oid, -oid'- al, a. Disklike ; circular, wide, and flat. — Discoid floweis. (Bot.) ' Compound flowers, consisting of tubular florets onlj', as the tansy. Dislike, dis-lik'', n. Positive arid usually permanent aversion; an- tipathy; repugnance. — v. t. To have an aversion_to. Dislocate, dis'lo-kat, v. t. To dis- place, disjoint, put out of joint. — o. Dislocated.— Disloca'' tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. {Geol.) Displacemfent of rocks or portions of strata from their iSu7'g.) A disjointing; luxation. Dislodge, dis-loj', v. t. To drive from a lodge or place of rest or repose, or of hiding or defense. — v. i. To go from a place of rest. — Dislodg'ment, n. Act or process of dislodging or state of being dislodged. Disloyal, dis-loi^al, a. Not loyal; false to allegiance; faithless; treacherous; perfidious; false in love; in- constant. —DiBloy''aliy, adv. — Disloy'alty, n. Dismal, diz'mal, a. Gloomy to the eye or ear; sor- rowful and depressing to the feelings; dreary; dole- ful; sorrowful; melancholy. Dismantle, dis-man''tl, v. t. To deprive of dress, strip, deprive of apparatus, furniture, equipments, defenses, or fortifications. Dismast, dis-masf, v. t. To deprive of masts. Dismay, dis-ma', v. t. [-mated (-mad'), -mayixg.1 To disable with alarm or apprehension ; to fill with distressing fear, daunt, appall. — n. Loss of firm- ness and energy through tear; discouragement; ter- ror ; horror ; consternation. Dismember, dis-mem^ber, v. t. [-bered (-herd), -Ber- ing.] To divide limb from limb, strip of essential parts, mutilate, sever. — Dismem'bermeat, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; mutilation ; division. Dismiss, dis-mis', v. t. [-missed (-misf), -missing.} To send awaj', cause or permit to go; to remove from office, service, ov employment ; to lay aside or re- ject, as a petition or motion in court. — Di8miss''al, -mis'sion, -mish'un, w. Act of dismissintr ; leave to depart; removal from employment; discharge; a setiing aside as trivial or invalid. — DiBmiss''ive, -iv, a. Giving dismission, or leave to depart. — Dim^iss- ory, -er-I, a. Dismissive ; dismissing to another ju- risdiction. Dismount, dis-mownt', v. i. To come down, descend, alight from a horse, —r. t. To throw or bring down from an elevation, place of honor and autliority, etc. ; to throw or remove from a horse, or from, a gun cari'iage ; to break the carriages of (pieces of artillery). Disobey, "dis-o-ba', v. t. To neglect or refuse to obey; i to break the commands of .— i'. i. To refuse obe- Discoid Flowers, original position. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, evCj term ; In, ice ; Sdd, tone, 6r ; DISOBLIGE 111 DISSEMBLE dience. — DiBobe'dience, -dl-ens, n. Neglect or re- fusal, etc. — Disobe'dient. a. Neglecting or refus- ing, etc. — Disobe'diently, adv. Disoblige, dis-o-blTj'', r. t. To offend by an act of un- Rindness or incivility ; to be unaccommodating to. Disorder, dis-Sr'der, n. Want of order ; neglect of system; breach of public order ; disturbance of the peace of society ; disturbance of the functions of the animal economy or of the mind ; malady; dis- temper. — V. t. To disturb the order of, throw into confusion ; to make sick ; to disturb the regular operations of, derange, discompose. — Disor''derly, -It, a. In a state of disorder. — Disor'^derllness, n. Dlsorgamze. dis-fir'gan-iz, v. t. To break or destroj' the organic structure or connected system of ; to throw into Titter disorder. Disown, diz- cr dl'^-on', v. t. To refuse to own or ac- knowledge ; to disavow, disclaim, renounce. Disparage, dis-par'ej, v. t. [-aged (-ejd), -agixo.] To dishonor by comparison with what is inferior, injure by depreciating comparisons, decry, under- value, detract friiin, degrade. — Disi)ax''a|gement, ?i. Injurious comparison with an inferior; indignity ; derogation : disgrace. — Dispar'ager, n. Disparate, dis'pa-rat. a. Unequal ; unlike ; dissim- ilar. \Lo(jic.) Pert, to 2 coordinate species or di- visions. — Dis'^parates, n. pi. Things so unlike that they cannot be compared with each other. — Dis- par'ity. -pS,r''T-tT, n. Difference in age, rank, con- Qitioii, or excellence ; dissimilitude ; disproportion. Dispassion, dis-pash'un, n. Freedom from passion. — Dispas'^sionate, o. Free from, or not dictated by, passion ; cool ; temperate ; impartial ; unruffled. Dispatch, dis-pach', Despatch', v. t. [-patched (-pachf), -PATCH IXG.] To send off on a special er- rand, usually in liaste; to get rid of by sending off ; put out of the way; esp. to put to deatn, kill; to dis- pose of, as business. — v. i. To make haste. — n. The sending of a messenger in haste ; any sending away ; rapid performance, as of business ; prompt- ness; speed; a message sent off, esp. from one public officer to another. Dispel, dis-pel', v. t. [-felled (-peld'), -felling.] To drive away, banish, dissipate. Dispense, dis-pens', r. t. [-pensed (-pensf), -pen- sing.] To deal or divide out in portions; to apply, as laws, to particular cases ; to administer, carry out. — v.t. To permit neglect or omission, suspend operation, followed by with. — Dispen''sable, a. Capable of being dispensed or administered, of be- ing dispensed with. — Dispen^'sary, -sa-rT, n. A place in which medicines and medical advice are given gratis to the poor ; sliop in which medicines are prepared. — Dispensa'tion, ?i. Act of dispen- sing or dealing out ; thing dispensed ; esp. (TheoL), a system of principles, promises, and rules ordained and administered. The granting of a license, or the li- cense itself, to do what is forbidden. Disperse, dis-pgrs', v. t. [-peksed (-pSrsf), -fees- ing.] To scatter here and f here ; to spread, as knowl- edge, light, etc., diffuse, d'sseininate ; to cause to vanish or separate. — ?•. i. To separate, be dispelled. — Disper'sion, n. Actof,or stateof being, etc. (Opt.) Separation of light into its different colored rays. Dispirit, dis-pir'it, i\ t. To depress the spirits of ; dishearten, dejiress, daunt, frij;hten. Displace, dis-plas', v. t. To cliange the place of, re- move, put out of place ; to discharge, depose, dis- miss, discard. — Displace'able, a. — 'Displace'ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; quantity of water displaced by a floating body, as by a ship. Display, dis-pla', v. t. [-played (-plad''), -playi.vg.] Uo unfold, spread wide; to exhibit, set in view os- tentatiously, parade, expand. — n. An unfolding; exhibition ; manifestation ; parade. Displease, dis-plez', r. t. [-pleased (-plezd''),-PLEAS- i.NCi.] Not to please ; to excite a feeling of disap- probation or dislike in, make angry, offend, disgust, vex, affront. — Displeas'ure, -plezh''er, n. The feeling of one displeased; slight anger or irritation ; that which displeases. Disport, dis-port', n. Plav; pastime; diversion. — v. i. To play, sport. — v. t. ')lo divert or amuse. Dispose, dis-poz', v. t. [-posed (-pozd';, -posing.] To distribute and put in place, set in order, regulate; to assign to a service or use, bestow for an object or purpose ; to give a tendency or inclination ; esp. to in- cline the mind of .—Disposed', -pozd', p. a. Inclined; minded. — DiBpos'er, /i. — Dispos'able, a. Subject to disposal ; liable to be made use of. — Dispos'sl, -sure, -zhur, n. Act or power of, etc.; direction: dis- tribution.'— Disposi'tion, -zisli-'un, n. Act of, or state, or manner of being, etc. ; arrangement ; or- der; tendency to an}' action or state resulting from natural constitution ; natural aptitude of mind or acquired aptitude or character ; moral character. Dispossess, dis-pos-ses' or -poz-zes', r. t. To put out of possession, eject. — Dlsposses'sion, -sesh'un or -zesh'un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. (Law.) An injury to real property which consists of a dep- rivation of possession. Disproportion, dis-pro-por'shun, n. Want of propor- tion or symmetry, of suitableness or adequacy. — ?■. t. To make unsuitable, mismatch. — Dispropor'- tionable, -tional, -tionate, a. Unsuitable; inade^ quate. — Dispropor'tionably, -ally, -ately, adv. Disprove, dis-proov', v. i^ To prove to be false or er- roneous; to confute, refute. — Disprov'er, n. — Dis- prov'able, a. — Disproof, n. Act of, etc. ; convic- tion of error ; refutation. Dispute, dis-put', v. i. To contend in argument, argue a question for and against, discuss, debate ; to strive in opposition to a competitor. — v. t. To argue for and against, discuss ; to struggle for the possession of ; to oppose by argument, call in ques- tion, controvert, doubt, argue, impugn. — n. Con- trovers}''; debate; struggle; altercation. — Dispufer, Dis'putant, n. One who, etc.— Dis'putable, a. Ca- pable gif being, etc. ; controvertible. — Dis'putable- ness, n. — Disputa'tion, n. Act of, etc. ; argumenta- tion. — Disputa'tious, -shus, Dispufative, -put'a-tiv, a. Inclined to dispute ; apt to cavil or controvert. Disqualify, dis-kwoKl-fi, v. t. To render unfit, inca- pacitate ; to deprive of legal capacity, power, or right. — DisquaFiflca'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; disability; esp. legal disability; depriva- tion of legal right or capacity; want of qualification; that which disqualifles. Disquiet, dis-kwi'et, n. Want of quiet or tranquillitj'; uneasiness; restlessness; anxiety. — 1\ t. To render unquiet, make uneasy, disturb. — Disqui^eter, n. — Disqui^etness, -etude, -tud, n. Want of peace or tranquillity; disturbance: agitation; anxiety. Disquisition, dis-kwT-zish'un, 71. A systematic in- quiry intOv or discussion of, any subject; elaborate argumentative essay; dissertation; an immethodical discussion. Disregard, dis-re-gard', v. t. Not to regard; to pay no heed to, neglect, slight. — w. Act of, or state of being, etc.; omission to notice. — Disregard'er, n. Disrepute, dis-re-put", -rep'ttta'tion, n. Loss or want of reputation or credit; disesteem; dishonor; dis- grace. —Disrep'utable, «. Not reputable; tending to bring into discredit; low; mean; shameful. Disrespect, dis-re-spekf, n. Want of respect or rev- erence; incivility; irreverence. — v. t. To show dis- respect to. — Disrespecfful, -f ul, a. Wanting in re- spect; uncivil. — Disrespecf fully, adv. Disrupt, dis-rupf, a. Rent asunder; broken. [L. dis and rinnpere, -riq^tum, to break, burst.] — Disrup'- tion, -ture, -chur, n. Act of, or state of bein^, etc. — Disruptive, -iv, a. Causing, or accompanied oy, etc. Dissatisfy, dis-safis-fi, v. t. To render unsatisfied or discontented; to displease. — Dissat'isfac'tion, n. State or condition of being dissatisfied or discon- tented; displeasure; disappi'obation; dislike. — Dis- safisfac'tory, -to-rtj «. Causing dissatisfaction. Dissect, dis-sekf, v. t. To cut in pieces, as an animal or vegetable, to examine the structure and use of its parts; to anatomize; to analyze into its constit- uent parts, for purposes of science or criticism. — Dissec'tion, n. Act of dissecting, or of separating into constituent parts for critical examiuation. ^ Dissecfor, -^r, n. Disseize, dis-sez', v. t. (iaw.) To deprive of actual seizin or possession ; to dispossess wrongfull}'. Dissemble, dis-sem'bl, v. t. [-sembled (-brd), -bling.] To hide under a false semblance, put an untrue ap- pearance upon, disguise, mask; to make pretense of, feign, dissimulate, cloak, cover. — v. i. To con- siin, cube, full ,• moon, idbt ; cow, oil; linger or ink, tiien, boNboN, chaii, get. DISSEMINATE 112 DISTRAIN eeal the real fact, motives, intention, or sentiments, under some pretense. Disseminate, dis-sein''T-nat, v. t. To sow, as seed; to scatter lor growth and propagation; to spread or ex- tend by dispersion, diffuse, circulate, disperse. — Dissem'ina'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; diffusion ; dispersion. — Dissem'inative, -tiv, a. Tending to, etc. — Dissem'inator, n. Dissent, dis-sent'', v. i. i'o differ in opinfon, disagree. {Eccl.) To differ from the established church. To be ot a contrarj' nature. — n. Act of dissenting; dif- ference of opinion; disagreement. {Eccl.) Separa- tion from an established church, esp. that of Eng- land. — Dissenfer, n. One who dissents; esp. a Protestant who dissents from the churcli of England. — Dissen'sion, -shun, n. Violent disagreement in opinion; breach of friendship and union ; strife. -Dissertation, dis-ser-ta'shun, n. A formal or elabo- rate discourse, disquisition, essay. Disserve, dis-serv', v. t. To infure, hurt, hariu. — Disserv'ice, -is, n. Injury ; mischief. Dissever, dis-sev'er, v. t. To part in two, di%'ide asun- der, sever. Dissident, dis'st-dent, a. Not agreeing; dissenting. — n. {Eccl.) One who separates from the established religion ; a dissenter. — Dis'^sidence, n. Disagree- ment; dissent. Dissimilar, dis-sim'T-ler, a. Unlike; heterogeneous. — Dissim'ilar''ity, -lar'T-tT, w. Want of resemblance; Tinlikeness; dissimilitude. — Dissim'ilarly, -ler-lT, adv. — Dis'simil^itude, -tud, n. Want of similitude; unlikeness ; dissimilarity. {Rhet.) A comparison by contrast. — Dissim^'ulate, -lat, v. i. To dissemble, feign. — Dissim'tUa'tion, n. Act of, etc. Dissipate, dis'sT-pat, v. t. To drive asunder; to de- stroy by wasteful extravagance, scatter, spend, squander, consume, lavish. — i'. i. To separate and disappear, waste away, vanish; to be extravagant, wasteful, or dissolute in the pursuit of pleasure. — Dissipa''tion, n. Act of dissipating or dispersing ; state of dispersion ; a dissolute course of life ; pro- fuseness in vicious indulgences ; a trifle distracting attention; state of distracted attention. Dissociate, dis-so'^shl-at, v. t. To separate, disunite. — Disso'cia'tion, -shl-a''shun, n. Act of dissocia- ting; state of separation; disunion. (C/iem.) Decom- position of chemical bodies etfected by heat or me- chanical force, without intervention of chemical at- traction. Dissolve, diz-zolv'', v. t. [-solved (-zolvd'), -solv- ing.] To separate into component parts; to break the continuitj' of, disconnect; to convert into a liq- uid, melt, liquefy; to destroy the power of; to ter- minate, cause to disappear. "(Laiv.) To annul, re- scind. — V. i. To waste away, be dissipated; to be- come fluid, be melted ; to 'fade away, vanish. — Dissolv'able, a. — DissoWent, a. HaAang power to melt or dissolve. — n. That which has, etc.; a men- i Etruum; solvent. — Dissolv'er, w.— Dissoluble, dis'- 60-lu-bl, a. Capable of being dissolved, liquefied, or disunited. — Dis'^solute, -lut, a. Abandoned to vicious pleasures; wanton; vicious: licentious; lewd; debauched. — Dis'solutely, ody.— Dis'soluteness, n. — Dissolu''tion, n. Act of dissolving, sundering, or separating into component parts ; change from a solid to a fluid state; change of form by chemical agency; dispersion of an assembly by terminating its sessions; breaking up of a partnership; extinc- tion of life ; state of Deing dissolved ; destruction. Dissonant, dis'so-nant, a. Discordant; unharmonious; disagreeing ; incongruous. — Dis'^sonance, -nancy, -si, n. A mingling of discordant sounds ; jargon ; incongruity; inconsistencv. Dissuade, dis-swad'', v. t. To ad%'ise or exhort against. — Dissua'sion, -zhun, n. Act of dissuading ; exhortation against a thing ; a dissuasive. — Dis- sua'sive, -siv, a. Tending to dis- suade. — n. An argument, or coun- sel, employed to deter one from a measure. Dissyllable, dis-sil'la-bl, n. A word of 2 syllables only. — Dissyllab'ic, a. Consisting of, etc. -ni-^tifF Distaff, dis'taf, n. ; pi. Distaffs. The -L'lstan:, staff for holding the flax, tow, or wool, from ■which thread is drawn in spinning by hand; the holder of a distaff ; a woman. Distain, dis-tan', v. t. [-taixed (-tand'), -taining.] To stain, sully, disgrace. Distant, dis-'taiit, a. Separate; far separated; remott, — in place, time, consanguinity, etc. ; reserved in manners; cold; faint, obscure,-^ as from distance. — Dis'^tance, -tans, n. Space between two objects ; re- moteness of place ; interval of time ; respect ; cere- moniousness. — v. t. [distaxced (-tanst), -taxcixg.] To place at, or cause to appear as if at, a distance; to leave behind in a race, surpass, excel. Distaste, dis-tast' Aversion of the taste; dislike of food or drink; disrelish; disgust; alienation of af- fection; displeasure; dissatisfaction. — v. t. Not to have relish for; to dislike the taste of, loathe. — Dis- taste''ful, -ful, a. Unpleasant to the taste; displeas- ing to the feeUuM; nauseous; offensive; repulsive; manifesting dislike. — Distaste 'fully, adv. Distemper, dis-tem''per, n. A morbid state of the animal system, — esp. of brutes; ill humor, or bad temper. {Paint.) A preparation of opaque or body colors, with size instead of oil ; destemper. — v. t. [distempered (-perd), -PERixG.] To derange the functions of, whether bodily or mental, bring dis- ease upon; to disturb, make' ill-humored. (Paint.} To make into distemper. — Distem'perature, -chur, 71. Commixture of contrarieties; confusion; dis- turbance,- slight illness; mental uneasiness. Distend, dis-tend', r. t. To lengthen out, stretch or spread in all directions, dilate, expand, swell. — v. i. To become expanded or inflated. — Disten'sible, -sY- bl, a.— Disten'tion. n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; space occupied by the thing distended. Distich, dis'tik, n. {Pro}.) A couple of verses mak- ing complete sense; a couplet of 2 lines, of different kinds of verse, repeated in the same order. Distill, dis-tiK, v. i. [-tilled (-liW), -tillixg.] To fall in drops, flow gently; to use a still, practice dis- tillation. — v.t. To let fall in drops; to subject to, or obtain by, distillation ; to rectify, purify. — Dis- till 'er. n. — Distill ''able, a — Distilla'tion, n. Act of falling in drops ; operation of extracting spirit from a substance by evaporation and condensation; rectification; substance extracted by distilling. — DistiU'ery, -er-f, n. Works where distilling is car- ried on. Distinguish, dis-tin'gwish, v. t. [-gltshed (-gwisht), -GUISHIXG.] To separate or recognize by Adsible marks; to separate by definition of terms or logical division of a subject; to recognize by characteristic qualities; to make to differ, discriminate; to make em- inent or known, honor. — v. i. To make distinctions, exercise discrimination. —Distin''guished, -gwisht, p. a. Having distinction; eminent; noted; illustrious. — Distin'guishing, jj. a. Constituting difference, or distinction from everything else ; jieculiar ; char- acteristic. — Distinct, dis-tinkt'. a. Having the dif- ference marked ; distinguished ; spotted ; varie- gated; separate in place; not united by growth or otherwise ; different ; individual ; not" to be con- founded with any other thing; definite: clear; ob- vious. — Distinctly, adv. — Distinct'^ness, n. — Dis- tinc'tion, n. Marking off by visible signs ; divis- ion ; discrimination ; distinguishing quality ; esti- mation of difference: conspicuous station: superi- ority; rank: note; eminence. — Distinctive, -iv, a. Marking or expressing distinction. — Distincfively, adv. With distinction : plainly. Distort, dis-tQrf, v. t. To twist but of natural shape, force out of the true posture or direction, wrest from the true meaning, deform, pervert, bend. — Distor''tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. ; visi- ble deformity. — Distorfive, -iv, a. Causing or ha^ang distortions. Distract, dis-trakt', v. t. To perplex, confuse ; to agitate by conflicting passions: to render insane, craze, — used in the p.p. — Distrac'tion, n. Con- fusion of attention, or of affairs ; perturbation of mind; a state of disordered reason. — Distract'^ive, -iv, a. C'"asing perplexity. ^Distraught', -trawt'', a. Disti^cted. Distrain, dis-tran', v. t. [-tratxed (-trand'), -traix- IXG.] {Laiv.) To seize for debt, without legal pro- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; Tn, Ice ; 6dd, tone, 6r ; DISTRIBUTE 113 DIVORCE eess. — Distrain ''or, -er, ?!. — Dis'trict, n. A defined portion of a state or city for legislative, elective, or other purposes; portion of territory' of undefined ex- tent; quarter; tract; region; countrv. — v. t. To di- vide into districts. — Distress'', n. Extreme suffer- ing, of body or mind ; that whicli occasions suffer- ing ; state of danger or necessity. {Law.) The act of distraining ; thing taken by "distraining. — v. t. [DISTRESSED (-trest'), -TRESSIXG.] To cause pain or anguisli to. (Law.) To seize for debt, distrain. — Distress'ful, -ful, a. Inflicting, indicating, or pro- ceeding from, distress. Distribute, dis-trib'ut, v. t. To divide among sev- eral ; to dispense, administer, apportion, allot, as- sign; to divide or separate, as into classes, orders, etc. — V. i. To make distribution. — Distribu'tion, n. Act of distributing or dispensing; almsgiving; sepa- ration into parts or classes; classification; arrange- ment of topics in a discourse. (Print.) The sepa- ration of type, and placing each letter in its proper box. — Distrib'utive, -tiv, a. Tending to distribute ; dealing to each his share. District. See under Distrain'. Distnist, dis-trust', r. t. Not to confide in or rely upon: to mistrust, disbelieve. — n. Doubt of re- ality or sincerity; suspicion of evil designs. — Dis- trasffol, -ful, a. Apt to distrust ; suspicious. Disturb, dis-tgrb', v. t. [-turbed (-terbd''), -turb- IXG.] To throw into confusion; to interfere with, terminate abruptly; to agitate the mind of, render uneasy, discompose, perplex, trouble. — Disturb'- ance, -ans, a. Derangement of the regular course of things; confusion of the mind; public commotion; brawl; disorder. Disunite, dis-u-nif, v. t. To destroy the continuity or union of; to break the concord of, divide, sever, sunder, separate. — v- i. To part, become separate. — Disu'nity, -uT-tl, n. State of separation. — Dis- union, -un'^yun, n. Termination of union; a breach of concord and its effect; in U. S., severance by any State of connection with the Federal government. — Disun^'ionist, n. An advocate of disunion. Disuse, dis-tis'', n. Cessation of use, practice, or ex- ercise; cessation of custom ; desuetude. — Disuse, -uz', V. t. [-USED (-uzd'), -usiXG.] To cease to use or practice, desist from employing; to disaccustom. — Di3U''sage, -zej, n. Gradual' cessation of use, etc. Ditch, dich, n. A trench in the earth, esp. one for draining wet land, for fencing inclosures, etc.; a fosse or moat. See Ravelin. — r. t. [ditched (dicht). DiTCHiXG.] To dig a ditch in. — v. i. To make a ditch. Dittany, dit'ta-nY, n. (Bot.) An aromatic perennial plant, whose leaves smell like lemon-thyme, and yield an essential oil. Ditto, dit'to, contr. Do., n. That which has been said; the aforesaid thing; same thing. — adv. As before; in the same manner; also. Ditty, diftT, n. A song; esp. a little poem to be sung. Diuresis, di-u-re'sis, n. {Med.) Excretion of urine. — Diuret'ic, a. Exciting the secretion and discharge of urine. — n. A medicine which, etc. Diurnal, di-Sr'nal, a. Pert, to the daytime; daily; recurring every day; performed in a da}'; constituting the measure of a day. (Bot.) Opening during the day, and closing at night. — n. A book of the daily service of the Rom. Cath. Church for the " little hours." — Diur'nally, adv. Daily ; every day. Diutumal, di-u-tgr''nal, a. Of long continuance. Divan, dl-van'', n. A book; collection of poems; account-book ; a council; the Turkish council of state ; royal court; court of justice; office for cus- toms; the council chamber: audience chamber ; saloon for company ; a kind of cushioned seat. Divaricate, di-var'T-kat, v. i. To part into 2 branches; to open, fork, diverge from. — v. t. To divide into 2 branches. — a. (Bot.) Widely divergent. Dive, div, v. i [dived (divd), diving.] To descend or plunge into water head first; to plunge thorough- ly into any business or condition; to sink, penetrate. Divaricate Petals. — Di'^ver, n. One who dives, or who goes deeply into a business. (Ornith.) A bird of certain genera, given to diving. — Di'ving-bell, n. A hollow vessel, orig. bell-shaped, air-tight, except at the bottom, in which one may go into deep water. — Dive'dapper, ?). (Ornith.) The didapper, q. v. Diverge, dT-verj', v. i. [-verged (-verjd''), -vee- t;iN(;.] To tend from a common point indifferent directions; to deviate gradually from a given line; to vary from a type, or a normal state, or from the truth. — Diverge'ment, Diver'gence, -gency, -sT, n. A receding from each other in radiating lines. — Di- ver'gent, «. Deviating gradually, etc. Divert, dl-verf, v. t. 1\) turn oft from any course, direction, or intended application ; to turn from business or study; to please, amuse. — Divers, di'- verz. a. Several; sundry; more than one, but not many. — Di'verse, -vers, a. Different in kind; un- like; dissimilar. — adr. In different directions. — Di'versely, adt\ In different wavs, or directions. — Diver'sity, -tT, n. A state of aifference ; unlike- ncss; multiplicity of difference; variety. — Diver'- sion, -shun, n. Act of -turning aside, from any oc- cupation, object, etc.; that which diverts from care or amuses: solace: recreation; sport. (J/i7.) Act of drawing the attention and force of an enemy from the principal point of attack. — Diverfive, -iv, a. Tending to divert ; amusing. — Diver'sify, -ii, V. t. [-FIED (-fid), -FYiNG.] To make diverse or various in form or qualities. Divest, dT-vesf, v. t. To strip, as of clothes, arms, or equipage; to deprive. — Divest'iture, -t-chur, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. Divide, dt-vid'', v.t. To sever into parts; to cause to be separate; to make partition of among a number, apportion ; to make discordant or hostile ; to separate into 2 parts, for ascertaining opinions for and against a measure. (Logic.) To separate into species, —v. i. To part, open; to vote by separating a legislative house into 2 parts. — Div'iaend, n. The share of interest or profit of stock in trade, etc., be- longing to each proprietor. (Arith.) A number or quantity to be divided. — Divid'er, n. One who, or that which, divides ; esp. 0^^) an instrument for dividing lines, describing circles, etc.; compasses. — Divis'ible, -viz^I-bl, a. Capable of being, etc. — Divis'ibil'ity, n. Quality of being divisible. — Di- vis'ion, -vizn'^un, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; that which divides; portion separated by the divid- ing of a mass; difference in opinion or feeling; dif- ference of condition; separation of the members of a deliberative body to ascertain the vote. (Arith.) Process of finding how many times one number or quantity is contained in another; rule by which the operation is performed. (Mil.) A section of an army or fleet, complete in itself, and commanded by a general officer. — Divis^ional, a. Marking, express- ing, or making division; pert, to a division or dis- trict. — Divi^'sive, -siv, a. Forming division or dis- tribution; creating division or discord. — Divi'sor, -zer, n. (AvM.) The number by which the div- idend is divmed. — Common divisor. Any number dividing 2 or more numbers without a remainder. Divine, dt-vin', a. Pert, to, proceeding from, or ap- propriated to God, or celebrating his praise; above what is human ; superhuman; godlike ; holy; sa- cred; pert, to divinity or theology. — n. A priest; clergyman; one skilled in divinity; theologian. — V. t. [divined (-vind'), -vining.] To foresee or foreknow, foretell, presage, prognosticate. — v. i. To practice divination, impart presages of the fu- ture, have presages or forebodings, conjecture.^ — Divin'or, n. One who practices divination. — Div- ina'tion, n. Act or art of divining or foretelling future events: augury; omen. — Divine'^Iy, adv. In a godlike manner; by the agency of God. — Divin'- ing-rod, n. A forked rod, commonly of hazel, used by seekers for water or metals under ground. — Divin'ity, -vin'T-tT, 71. State of being divine; god- head; the Deity; God; a false god; a celestial being, inferior to Goa, but superior to man ; supernatural power or virtue; awe-inspiring character; supreme dignity; science of divine things; theology. Divisible, Division, etc. See under Divide. Divorce, dt-vors', n. (Law.) A legal dissolution of siin, cQbe, full ; moon, fd6t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNboK, eli«ir, get. DIVULaE 114 iiOMESTIC the marriage contract; separation of a married wom- an from the bed and board of her husband ; separa- tion of things closelj' united ; the sentence or writ- ing dissolving marriage.— v. t. [divoeced (-vorst'), -VORCING.] To separate by divorce^ disunite, sun- der. Divulge, dT-vuli', r. t. [-vulged (-vuljd'), -vulging.] To make public, disclose, impart. Dizen, diz-'n or di'zn, v. t. [dizexed (-znd), dizen- 1X6.] To dress gaudily, deck, overdress. Dizzy, diz'I, a. Having a sensation of vertigo; giddy; contused ; indistinct ; causing giddiness ; unreflect- ing; heedless. — r. t. To make giddy, confuse. Djinn, jin, n. See Jinxee. Do, do, n. {Mus.) A syllable attached to the 1st tone of the major diatonic scale for solraization. Do, doo, V. t. or aiuriliary. limjy. did ; p. p. done (dun) ; DOING.] To perform, execute, make ; to produce, as an effect or result ; to perform com- pletely, finish, accomplish ; to cook completely ; to translate or transform into, as a written text; to de- ceive, play a trick upon, hoax, humbug. (Stock Exchange.) To cash or advance money for, as a bill or note. — v. i. To act or behave ; to fare ; to be in a state with regard to health. Do, doo, V. i. To be worth, be fit, avail, manage, ac- complish a purpose, — as, this ivill do. Do., vron. difto. See Ditto. Docile, dos''il, a. Teachable ; ready to learn ; tract- able. — Docil'lty, -tt, n. Teachableness. — Doc'ible, a. Docile. — Doc'lbleness, -iblFitjr, n. Dock, dok, n. A plant, some species of which are weeds, having a long tap-root. Dock, dok, V. t. [docked (dokt), docking.] To cut off, as the end of a thing, curtail, clip ; to deduct from ; to destroy or defeat, bar. — n. The stump of a tail, or part left after clipping ; case to cover a horse's clipped tail. — Dock''et, n. A summary or digest ; a label tied to goods. {Law.) An abridged entry of proceedings in an action, or list of such en- tries; list of causes ready for hearing or trial. A list of matters to be acted on in any assembly. — v. t. To make an abstract of the heads of; to enter in a dock- et, mark the contents of on the back, as of papers. Dock, dok, n. An inclosure or basin to receive vessels; space between 2 piers for ships; place where the ac- cused stands in court. — v. t. To place in a dock. Doctor, dok-'ter, n. One qualified to teach; a learned man ; one who has received the highest degree in a faculty; one licensed to practice medicine ; a physi- cian ; a mechanical contrivance to remedy a diffi- culty. —v. i. [DOCTORED (-terd), -TOEING.] To at- tend or treat as a physician ; to make a doctor; to alter for the better ; to adulterate, tamper with, fal- sify.— v. i. To practice physic— Doc'toral, a. Pert, to the degree or practice of a doctor. — Doc'torate, -at, -ship, 71. The degree of a doctor. — Doc'toress, Doc'tress, n. A female doctor. — Doc'trine, -trin, n. Act of teaching ; instruction ; thing taught; body of principles in any branch of knowledge ; dogma ; tenet.— Doc'trinal, a. Pert, to, or containing, etc.— Doc'trinaire', -tre-nar''. n. One who rigidly ap- plies to practical concerns the abstract doctrines of his own philosophical system ; a political theorist ; propounder of new opinions. — a. Pert, to, etc. — Doc'ument, n. An original or oflHcial paper, relied upon as the basis or support of anything else. — t'. t. To furnish with documents. — Document^al, a. Pert, to, consisting in, or derived from, etc. — Document''- ary, -rT, a. Pert, to written evidence ; consisting in documents. Dodecagon, do-dek''a-gon, w. (Geom.) A regular poly- gon, bounded by 12 equal ' sides, and containing 12 equal angles. — Dodec'a- he'dron, n. A regular solid contained under 12 equal and regular penta- gons ; a solid having 12 equal faces. Dodge, doj, v. i. [dodged (dojd), dodging.] To start suddenly aside, be evasive, quibble. — v. t. To evade by starting aside Dodecahedrons. 71. Act of evading by some skilKul movement ; a dexterous device or trick. Dodo, do'do, n.; pi. Do'does, -doz. A large bird of Mauritius, now extinct. Doe, do, 71. A she-deer ; esp. the female of the fallow- deer. — Doe'skin, >i. Skin of the doe ; compact, twilled woolen cloth. Doff, dof, V. i. [doffed (doft), doffing.] To put off (dress) ; to rid one's self of, defer. Dog, dog, n. A quadruped of the genus Canis; a mean, worthless fellow ; a fellow, — used humor- ously. (Astron.) One of the 2 constellations in the soutliern hemisphere. An andiron. {Ifech.) A grappling iron ; an iron with fangs to secure a log to be sawed; a catch or clutch, esp. the carrier of a lathe, and an adjustable stop to change the motion of a machine tool. — v. t. [dogged (dogd), dog- ging.] To follow insidiously or persistently ; to worry ; hunt. — Dog'ged, a. Surly ; obstinate. — Dog-^edly, adv. — Dog-'gedness, «. — Dog'gisli, a. Churlish ; snappish. — Bog's-ear, dogz'er, ?i. The corner of the leaf of a book turiied down. — v. t. To turn down, etc. — Dog-'-eared, -erd, a. Having the corners, etc. — Dog^'gerel, -ger-el, a. Low in style and irregular in measure, — said of poetry. — «. Mean^ undignified verse. Doge, doj, n. The chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa. Dogma, dog^ma, n. ; E. pi. -mas, -maz ; Z. pi. -mata, -ma-ta. That which is held as an opinion ; an es- tablished tenet ; peremptory opinion, a principle of doctrine asserted without sufficient evidence. — Dog- mafic, -ical, a. Pert, to a dogma; disposed to assert authoritatively; magisterial; positive. — Dogmatic- ally, adr. Arrogantly; positively. — Dogmat'ics, n. ging. Science of Christian doctruies ; doctrinal the- ology. — Dog''matism, -tizm, n. Arrogance or posi- tive'riess in opinion. — Dog'^matize, v. i. [-xized (-tizd), -TiziXG.] To assert positively ; teach with bold and undue confidence. — Dog'^matist, -tiz'er, ?;. Doily, doi'lT, n. A small napkin, generally colored, used with fruit and wine. Dole, dol, n. Act of dividing and distributing ; thing distributed; alms; gratuity. — v.t. [doled (dold), doling.] To deal out in small portions ; distribute. Doleful, doKful, a. Full of grief; piteous; rueful; wo- lul; dismal.— Dolc'some, -sum, a. Doleful; sorrow- ful. — Do''lor, n. Pain ; grief ; distress ; anguish. — Dol'^orous, -us, a. Full of, or occasioning grief ; painful ; distressing. DoU, dol, w. A puppet or image of a baby for a child. Dollar, doKler, n. A silver coin of the if. S., equal to 100 cents ; a coin of similar value, current in Mex- ico, S. Amer., Spain, etc.; the value of a dollar. Dolman, doKman, n. A lady's cloak. Dolphin, doKfin, n. (Ichth.) A cetaceous mammal, the true dolphin ; also a fish of about 5 feet in length, celebrated for its changes of color when dying. (Entom.) A species of apnis infesting beans. (Jyaut.') A rope or strap wound round a mast to support the puddening when the lower yards rest in the slings ; a spar secured to an anchor to which cables may be bent; a mooring-post. Dolt, dolt, 71. A heavy, stupid feUow, blockhead, ig- noramus, dmice, simpleton. Domain, do-man'', n. Dominion; authority; territory over which dominion is exerted; landed property; estate; esp. land about the mansion-house of a lord, and in his immediate occupancy. (Zaiv.) Owner- ship of land, estate, or patrimony, in one's own right. Dome, dom, n. A building; house. (A7-cJi.) A struc- ture above the roof, usually hemispherical in form; cupola; an erection resembling a cupola. Domestic, do-mes'tik, a. Pert, to the house or home, to one's place of residence and famih', also to a na^ tion considered as a family, or to one's own coun- try ; intestine; remaining much at home; devoted to home duties or pleasures; living near the habitations of man; tame; made in one's own house, nation, or country. — 7i. One who lives in the family of an- other, as hired assistant: pi. articles of home manu- facture, esp. cotton goods. — Domes^ticate, -kat, v.t. To make domestic, conduct as if at home, accustom to live near the habitations of man, tame.— Domes''- am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; gnd, eve, term ; in, Ice ; 6dd, tone. Or ; DOMINATE 115 DOUBLE • • • • • • • • • iiiiiiiiiniiiiiuiH • • • 4 » • • • liiinTiiiu IJJIilkli I luiii nil ■ Dominos. tlca'^tion, re. Act of domesticating. — Domestic'ity, -tis'I-tl, n. State of bein^ domestic; a liousuliold act or life. — Dom'icile, -sil, n. An abode or man- sion; place of i)eniiaiient residence. (.Law.) Resi- dence at a particular place accompanied witli proof of an intention to remain there. — v. t. [dujiicilku (-sild), -CILIXG.] To establish in a fixed residence. — Domicil'iary, -sil't-a-rl or -siKya-rT, a. Pert, to domicile, or the _residence of a person or family. — Domicil''iate, -T-at, v. t. To domicile. Dominate, dom't-nat, v. t. To predominate over, rule, govern. — v. i. To predominate.— Dom''inance,-iian- cjr, -sT, n. Ascendency; authority. — Dom^inant, a. Kuling; prevailing; predominant" — n. (Mas.) The 6th tone of the scale. —Domina'tion, n. Act of dom- inating: exercise of power in ruling; government; authority; the 4th of the supposed orders of angeli- cal beings. — Dom^inative, -tiv, a. Ruling; imperi- ous. — Dom''iiiator, -ter, n. A ruler or ruling power; predominant influence. — Domineer', r. i. [-xeered (-nerd'';, -SEERiN'G.j To rule with insolence or ar- bitrary sway. — Domin'ion, -j'un, n. Supreme au- thoritj'; predominance; territoryoverwliich author- ity is exercised. — Domin'^ical, a. Pert, to, or given • by, our Lord; indicating Sunday. Dominie. dom'T-nl, n. In Scot., a schoolmaster, par- son. — Dom'ino, n. ; 7;/. -nos or -noes, -uoz. A cape with a hood, formerly worn by priests over liead and face; a hood worn by canons of a cathedral church; a woman's mourning veil, or half-mask; a loose cloak, with a hood, used as a disguise; one wear- ing a domino, pi. A game ^ayed with 28 pieces of ivory, indented with spots from a 1 to double 6. One of the pieces of the game. — Don, n. Sir; Mr. ; Signor, — a title of courtesy in Spain; a grand personage, or one affecting conseq^uence. pi. The heads of colleges and fellows of i,ngiish universities. — Dona, don'ya, n. Lady ; Mistress ; Madam, — a Spanish title of courtesy for women. — Don''na, -na, n. The title of a lady in Italy. — Duenna, doo-en'na, ?i. ,• pi. -na.s, -naz. The chief lady in waiting on the Queen of Spain; an elderly lady in charge of young ladies in Spain or Portugal; a governess. Don, don, v. t. [doxned (dond), doxxing.] To put on, invest one s self with, — opp. to do_ff'. Donate, do''nat, v. t. To give, esp. for "a specific ob- ject. — Dona'tion, n. Act of giving; thing given or Destowed, gift, grant.- {Law.) Act by wliich one transfers to anotlier the title to a thing of which he is owner, without any consideration. — Do'nor, -ner, n. A giver; benefactor. (Law.) One who confers a power. — Donee', -ne', n. One to whom a gift is made. (Laiv.) Party executing a power; appointor. Done. See Do. Done, dun, p. p. Given out; issued; made public, — used in the dating clause of an official public docu- ment. Doi^on, dun'jun, n. A tower in ancient castles, the strongest part of the fortifications; the keep. See C.VSTLE. [Same as dungeon, q. v.] Donkey, don'kT, n. : pi. -keys, -kiz. An ass, or mule; a stupid or •bstinate fellow. — Don'key-en'gine, «. •A small assistant engine in steam-vessels. Donna. See under Domixie. Donor. Se^e under Do.vate. Doodle, doo'dl, n. A trifler, simpleton. Doom, doom, v. t. [doomed (dcjomd), doomixg.] To pronounce sentence or judgment on, condemn; to ordain as penalty; to mulct or fine; to assess a tax upon; to destine, fate. — n. Judicial sentence; penal decree; that to which one is sentenced; panalty; un- happy fate. Door, dor, ?i. An opening in the wall of a house for .going in and out at; frame by which such an open- ing IS closed; means of access; entrance-way, and the apartment to which it leads. Dor, Dorr, dSr, Dor'-beetle, Dor'-bug, n. A large, destructive tree-beetle; the cockchafer; May-bug; — the imago of the voracious white grub-worm. Doree, do-re' or do'rt, Do'ry, -rl, John'-dory, n. An acanthopterygious fish, of a golden yellow color. Doj-mer-window. Dorian, do'rt-an, Doric, dor'ik, a. Pert, to Doris, or tlie Dorian race, in ancient Greece. {Ardi.) Pert, to, or resembling, the 2d order of columns, between the Tuscan and Ionic. See Capital. Dormant, dSr'inant, a. Sleeping; not in action; qui- escent; not disclosed, asserted, or insisted on. (Her.) In a sleeping posture. — n. {Ardi.) The large beam lying across a room; a joist; sleeper. — Dor'mancy, -si, n. State of being dormant. — Dor'mer, D.-win'dow, n. (Ardi.) A vertical window on the inclined roof of a house. — Dor'mitive, -tiv, n. {Med.) A medicine to piomote sleep; an opiate, narcotic, soporific. — a. Causing sleep.— Dor'mitory, -ri, n. A room or set of rooms for sleeping in; bed-room. Dormouse, dSr'muws, n. ; pi. -mice, -mis. A small rodent manunal which feeds on acorns, nuts, etc., like the squirrel, and is torpid in winter. " Dorsal, dor'sal, a. Pert, to the back. Dory, do'rl, n. A fish. See Dokee. — A canoe or small boat. Dose, dos, n. Quantity of medicine given at one time; as much as one can take, or as falls to one to receive; anything nauseous that one musf take. — v. t. [dosed (dost), DosiXG.] To form into doses, give in doses, give medicine to, give potions to constantly and without need, give anything nauseous to. Dost, dust. Second pers. pr. of do. Dot, dot, n. A small spot, made with a pen or point. — V. t. To mark with dots or specks, diversify with small detached objects. — v. i. To make dots or specks. — Dot'ted, 7J. a. Marked with dots; diver- sified with small, detached objects. — Dotted note. {Mas.) A note followed by a dot to indicate an in- crease of length equal to i of its simple value. — D. rest. A rest lengthened by a dot. [Notes and rests are sometimes loLlowed by 2 dots, to indicate an in- crease of length equal to % of their simple value.] I -z:r ^ t- :§zEz: Dotted Notes and Rests. Dot, a dowry, Dotal, Dotation. See under Dowek. Dote, dot, V. i. To have the intellect impaired, esp. by age, so that the mind wavers; to be excessively or foolislily fond. — Do'ter, -tard, ?i. One who, etc.— Do'tage, -tej, n. Childishness; imbecility; senility; excessive fondness; weak and foolish affection. — Dot'tard, n. A decayed tree.— Dot 'terel, -ter-el, -trel, n. A wading bird, like the plover, easily taken by stratagem; a silly fellow; dupe. rouble, dub'l, a. Twofold ; multiplied by 2 ; in- creased by its equivalent; in pairs; presenting 2 of a set together ; coupled ; divided into 2 ; vacilla- ting; deceitful. {Bot.) Having several rows of pet- als formed by cultivation from stamens and car- pels. — adv. Twice ; twofold. — v. t. [doubled (-Id), -HXG.] To multiply by 2, make twice as great, duplicate; to fold one part upon another part of; to contain or be worth twice as much as; to pass around or by. {Mil.) To unite, as ranks or files, so as to form one. — v. i. To increase or grow to twice as much; to return upon one's track. (Print.) To set up a word or phrase a second time by mistake. — n. Twice as mucli; that which is doubfed together; a plait; fold; a turn in running to escape pursuers; a trick : shift ; artifice ; a counterpart; a roofing slate of the smallest size used. — Doub'ler, n. — Doub'ly, -II, adr. In twice the quantity.— Doub'- lenesB, ». — Double-entendre, doo'bl-oN-tox'dr, n. An expression admitting of a double interpretation, one of which is often indelicate. — Doub'let, n. Two of the same kind; a pair; couple. {Piint.) A word or phrase unintentionally doubled. Inner garment of a man; waistcoat. {Lapidary Work.) A counter- feit stone, composed of 2 pieces of crystal, with color between them. (Opt.) An arrangement of two lenses for a microscope, to correct spherical aberra- tion and chromatic dispersion, pi. Two dice, hav- sttn, cube, full ; moon, fdSt ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, ttien, box box, chair, get. DOUBT 116 DRAGON Dovetails. ing each the same number of spots on the upper face. — Doubloon'', -loan'', n. A Spanish and Portu- guese coin, double the value of the pistole, worth nearly |1G. Doubt, dowt, V. i. To be in uncertainty respecting anything ; to be undetermined, waver, fluctuate, hesitate; to fear, be apprehensive, scruple, suspect. — v.t. To question or hold questionable, hesitate to believe; to fear, apprehend, suspect, believe. - n. Uncertainty of mind or of condition; fear; dif- ficultv expl-essed or urged for solution ; objection.— Doubt -^ ful, -ful, ce. Not settled in opinion; admit- ting of doubt'; not clear or certain; not easy to be defined, classed, or named; ambiguous; equivocal; of uncertain issue; affected by fear. — Doutoffully, adv. — Doubt 'fulness, n. — Doubt'less, adv. With- out doubt or question; unquestionably. — Du''bious, -bT-us, a. _Doubtf ul. — Du'biously, adv. Douceur, doo-ser', n. A present; gift; bribe. Douche, doosh, n. A jet of water or vapor directed upon part of the body, to benefit it medicinally. Dough., do, n. A mass of flour or meal moistened and kneaded, but not yet baked. Doughty, doWtl, a. Characterized by Dravery; val- iant; redoubtable. Douse, dows, r. t. [doused (dowst), dousing.] To thrust or plunM into water ; to dip. [Not the same as dowse, q. v.] Dove, duv, n. A bird of the pigeon family, some spe- cies of which are domesticated; a pigeon; esp. tame pigeon. — Dove'-cot, -cote,-kot, n. A building or box for doves. — Dove''- tail, n. {Carp.) A joint or tenon made by letting one piece, in the form of a dove's tail spread, into a corresponding cavity in another, so that it cannot be drawn out. —v. t. [-TAILED (-tald), -TAILING.] To Unite b_v, etc.; to fit ingeniously. Dover's Powder, do'verz-pow'der. {Med.) A compound of ipecacuaaha, opium, and sugar of milk, a sedative and sudorific. Dowable, Dowager. See under Dower. Dowdy, dow^'dl, a. Awkward; vulgar-looking. — n. An awkward, ill-dressed woman. — Dow'diness, n. Dowel, dow'el, v.<. [-eled (-eld), -elixg.] To fasten together by dowels. — n. A dowel-pin ; a piece of wood driven into a wall, so that other pieces ma^' be nailed to it. — Dow'el-pin, n. A pin of wood or metal used for joining two pieces, as of wood, stones, etc. Dower, dow'er, n. Endowment; gift; property with which a woman is endowed, esp. that which a wonian brings to a husband in marriage, or that portion of a man's real estate which his widow en- joys during her life, or to which a woman is enti- tled after the death of her husband. — Dow'ry, -rT, n. A gift; the estate which a woman brings to her hus- band in marriage; portion given with a wife; dower. — Dot, dot, n. In France arid in Louisiana, a dowry. — Do'tal, a. Pert, to, constituting, or comprised in, etc. — Dota'tion, n. Act of bestowing a dowry on a woman, or of establishing funds for the sup- port of (an institution, charity, etc.). — Bow''able, a. Capable of being endowed; entitled to dower. — Dow'ager, -jer, n. (Eng. Lavj.) A widow en- dowed, or having a jointure. A title given in Eng. to a widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her husband's heir bearing the same name. Down, down, n. Fine, soft, hairv outgrowth from the skin or surface of animals or plants. — Down'y, -T, a. Covered with, made of, or like, down; soft; qui6t. Down, down, n. A hillock of sand tlirown up by the wind near the shore; a tract of sandy, level, and barren land. Down, down, prep. In a descending direction alon^; toward the mouth of a river. — adv. In a descend- ing direction : tending to a lower place or condition ; from a remoter or higher antiquity; to a less bulk; in a low position or condition; on the ground; in humilitv, dejection, misery, etc. — a. Downcast ; dejected ; downright ; plain ; absolute ; positive; downward; proceeding from the chief terminus. — n.pl. A state of depression; abasement; failure, — as, ups and downs. — Down ''cast, a. Cast downward; directed to the ground ; flowing or circulating down- ward. —w. {Mining.) The ventilating shatc down which air passes to a mine. Dowry. See under Doweu. Dowse, dows, v. t. [dowsed (dowst), dowsing.] To strike in the face. (Nuuf.) To strike or lower in haste, slacken suddenly. To extinguish. Doxology, doks-oKo-jT, w. A short liymn of praise to God. — Doxolog'ical, a. Pert, to, etc. Doze, doz, V. i. [dozed (dozd), dozi.ng.] To slum- ber, sleep lightly, be drowsj' or half asleep. — v.t, To pass or spend in drowsiness. — n. Alight sleep i drowse; slumber. Dozen, duz'n, n. ; pi. Dozen (before another noun) or Dozens, -nz. A collection of 12 individuals ; a set of 1'2; an indefinite number. Drab, drab, n. A woman of vile character ; a strum- pet ; prostitute. A thick, woolen cloth of a dun color; a dull brownish-yellow or gray color. — a. Of a dun color. Drabble, drab'bl, v. t. [-bled (-bid), -bling.] To draggle; to wet and befoul. — v. i. To fish for bar- bels with a long line and rod. — DraS, draf, n. Ref- use; lees; dregs; hog-wash; grains given to cows. Drachma, drak''ma, n. ; E-jA. -mas, -maz, L. pi. -m.e, -me. A Greek silver coin ; a Greek weight of about 2 dwt. 7 gr. Troy. — Dram, Drachm, dram, n. In apothecaries' weight, 1-Sth ounce, or 60 grains: in avoirdupois weight, l-16th ounce; a minute quan- tity, mite ; as much liquor as is drunk at once ; ha^ bifual intemperance. Draconian, dra-ko^'nt-an, o. Pert, to Draco, an Athe- nian lawgiver, who punished aU crimes with death; rigorous ; CMiel. Draft, draft, n. Act of drawing, esp. of loads by beasts. {Mil.) A selection of rnen from a military band, also from any collection of persons. An*or- der directing the paj'ment of money ; bill of ex- change; deduction from the gross weight of goods ; a figure described on paper ; s Ketch ; outline ; depth of water necessary to float a ship ; a current of air. — V. t. To draw the outline of, delineate ; to com- pose and write : to draw from a military band or post, or from any company; to detach. — Drafts'- man, n. Same as Deaugu'tsman. —Drafts, n. A game. [See Draughts, under Draw.] Drag, drag, r. t. [dragged (dragd), dragging.] To draw along by main force, pull, haul ; to pulverize (land) by drawing a drag or harrow over it; to pass through (water) with a drag ; to draw along labori- ously, as something burdensome ; to pass in pain or with difficulty. — v. i. To be drawn along on the ground ; to move heavily or slowly onward ; to fish with a drag. — n. A net, to be drawn along the bot- tom under water, to raise sunken bodies; a sledge for heavy bodies ; a carriage; a heavy harrow, for break- ing up clods ; a burglar's implement for forcing safes ; something to retard the progress of a mov- ing body ; a clog ; a heavy motion, as if dragged along. (Founding.) The bottom part of a flask. — Draggle, drag'gl, v. t. [-gled (-gld), -gling.) To dirty by drawing on the ground or on wet grass; to drabble. — v. i. To become wet or dirty by, etc. Dragoman, drag''o-man, w. ; pi. -mans. An inter- preter, in the Levant and the East. Dragon, drag'un, n. {Mi/th.) A monstrous winged serpent or liz- z a r d , with . crested head and claws. A fierce, violent person. {As- tron.) A north- ern constella- tion figured as I a dragon. A luminous ex- halation from marshy grounds, mov- ing like a winged ser- pent ; a short musket hooked to a swivel at- tached to a soldier's belt, decorated with a Axag,- Dragon. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; Odd, tone, 6r : DRAIN 117 DRILL ob's head at the muzzle. {Zo'61.) A genus of E. Indian reptiles, havin!. — Du'rably, adv.— Dur''ance, -ans, w. Continuance; duration; impris- onment; duress. — Dura'tion, n. Quality of endur- ing ; continuance in time ; prolonged existence ; portion of time during which anything exists. — Dur^ing, prep. In the time of ; as long as the ac- tion or existence of. Durst. See Dare. Dusk, dusk, a. Tending to darl^ness or blackness ; darkish. — n. Imperfect obscurity : twilight ; a color partially black or dark.— Dusk-'y, -T, a. Par- tially dark or obscure; dark-colored; gloomy; sad ; intellectually clouded. Dust, dust, n. Very fine, dry particles of earth, etc. ; powder ; fine sand ; the earth as the resting-place of the dead; the grave; a low condition : gold-dust ; money; specie. — f. t. To free from dust, sprink- lewith dust, reduce to powder. — Dusfer, n. One who, or that which, etc. ; an overgarment to protect the clothes from dust. — Dust'y.-T, a. [-ier, -iest.j Filled, covered, sprinkled with, or like, etc. — Dust'- iness, n. Dutch, duch, a. Pert, to Holland, to its inhabitants, or their language, — used also, incorrectly, of Ger- mans. — V. t. To render clear and hard by (lipping into hot oil, sand, etc., — as goose-quills. Duumvir. See under Duo. Dwarf, dwawrf, n. An animal or plant much below ordinary size ; esp., a diminutive man. — v. t. [dwarfed (dwawrlt), dwarfing.] To hinder from growing to the natural size : to stunt. Dwell, dwel, v. i. [dwelled (dweld) usually dwelt, DAVELLiNG.] To abide as a permanent resident ; to inhabit for a time ; to be domiciled, reside, stay, remain. — Dwell'lng, 7i. Habitation; abode; domi- cile.— Dwell'ing-house, n. A house intended for residence, disting. f r. a store, officcj etc. — place, n. Place of residence, abode. Dwindle, dwin''dl, r. i. [-deed (-did), -dling.] To diminish, waste away. — v. t. To make less, bring low; to break, disperse.'— m. Process of dwindling ; decline. Dye, di, v. t. [dyed (did), dying.] To stain, color, give a new and permanent color to. — Dy'er, n. — Dye''-house, n. Place where dyeing is carried on. — -stuff, n. Material used in dyeing. Dying. See Die. Dyke. See Dike. Dynamic, di-nam''ik, -ical, a. Pert, to strength or power, or to dynamics. — Dynam^ics, n. sing. Sci- ence of moving'forces, — opp. to statics ; the moAing moral or phj'sical forces of any kind, or laws whicS relate to them. (Mus.) Science of the force of mu- sical sounds. — Dsrnam'eter, ?(. (Opt.) An instru- ment to determine the magnifj'ing power of tele- scopes.— Dynamet'rical, a. Pert, to, etc. — Dy'nam- ite, n. See Nitro-glycerine. — Dyn'amom'eter, n. An instrument lor measuring power, esp. that of animals, men, or machines. — D3m'amomet''ric, -rical, a. Pert, to a dynamometer, or the measure of force. — Dy'nasty, -tT, n. Sovereigntj' ; esp. a race of kings, of the same line, governing a particular country. — Dynas'tic, a. Pert, to, etc. Dysentery, dis'en-ter-T, n. (Med.) Inflammation of the rectum or colon, with griping pains, desire to evacuate the bowels, and discharges of mucus and blood. — Dysenter'^ic, -ical, a. Pert, to, accompanied with, proceeding from, or afllicted with, etc. Dyspepsia, dis pep'sT-a or -sha, -sy, -sT, n. (Med.) Dis- turbance of the functions of the stomach ; chronic diflBculty of digestion. — Dyspep'tic, -tical, a. Af- flicted with, pert, to, or consisting in, etc. — Dya- pep'tic, n. One afflicted with, etc. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, Ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r } 121 ECCENTRIC E. Eagle. sense of hearing; E, p., the 2d vowel and 5th letter of the English alpha- bet, is usuallj' silent at the end of words, but indi- cates that the preceding- vowel has its loiig sound, where otherwise it would be short, as iu mane, mete, which without the final e would be pronounced mCin, met. {Mus.) E is tlie .3d tone of the model diatonic scale. El> (E flat) is a tone intermediate between D and E. Each, ech, a. A distrib. adj. pron., used either with or without a following noun, and denoting every one of the individuals composing a whole, con- sidered separately from the rest. [To each corre- sponds other. Lack oilier is used elliptically for each the other.'] Eager, e'ger, a. Orig. sharp; sour: keen; excited by desire lu pursuit of an object ; ardent to pursue, perform, or obtain ; earnest. Eagle, e'gl, n. A rapacious bird of the falcon familj': its fio;ure is used as a heraldic emblem and for standards and em- blematic devices; a gold coin of the U. S., worth $10. — Ea'gless. w. A female eagle. — Ea^glet, n. A young eagle.— Ea'- gle-eyed, a. Sharp- sighted. Ear, er, n. The organ of hearing; willingness to listen ; attention ; regard ; part of any- thing like an animal's ear. — Ear- less, a. Without ears; deaf; unwil- ling to hear.— Ear'drop, n. An ear- ring. (Bot.) The auricula, a kind of primrose. lap, n. Tip of the ear. — lock, n. A curl of hair near the ear; love-lock. — mark, n- A mark on the ear, by slitting or cropping, to identify a sheep, etc.; any distinguishing mark. — v. t. To mark for identification, —-ring, n. An ornament suspended from the ear by a ring passing through the lobe. — shot, /«. Reach of the sense of hearing; distance at which words may be heard. — triunp'et, n. An instrument to aid iu hear- ing. — wax, n. Cerumen; a sub- stance secreted by the glands of the ear. wig, n. A leaf-eating insect, vulgarly believed to creep through the ear into the l)rain. Ear, er, n. The spike of Indian corn or other grain, containing the ker- nels. — V. i. To form ears, as corn. Ear, er, v. t. To plow or till. Earl, 5rl, n. A nobleman of Eng. ranking below a marquis and above a viscount. — £arl''dom, -dum, 71. Seigniory, jurisdiction, or dignity of an earl. Early, er'lT, a. In advance of the usual or appointed time: timely; not late. — adv. Soon; betimes. Earn, 5rn, r. 't. [earned (5rnd), earning.] To de- serve by labor; to acquire by service or performance. Earnest, er'nest, a. Ardent in the pursuit of an ob- ject; eager to obtain; intent; fixed; eager; zealous; fervent ; hearty. — «. Seriousness ; reality. A pledge given in token of a bargain made. Earth, erth, n. The globe we inhabit; the world; the solid materials forming it ; dry land ; soil of all kinds, including gravel, clay, loam, etc. ; the ground ; a region; country; the people on the globe. \Chem.) A tasteless and "inodorous, uncolored, earthy-look- ing, metallic oxide; a similar oxide, having a slight alkaline reaction. — 1-. t. [earthed (grtht), earth- ing.] To hide in, or cover with earth. — v. i. To retire under ground, burrow. — Earth'en, -n, a. Made of earth, or of burnt clay, etc. — Earthly, -T, External Ear, or Auricle. a. helix; 6. ant- he 1 i x ; c. sca- pha, or sca- phoid (boat- like) fossa ; d. tragus ; e. anti- tragus ; /. the concha; gf. lobe, or lobulus. Easel. a. Of or pert, to, etc.; terrestrial; gross; unrefined. — Earth'ly, -IT, a. Pert, to earth ; not heavenly or spiritual; sordid ; carnal ; mean ; groveling ; of all things on earth ; possible. Ease, ez, n. Freedom from pain, trouble, toil, con- straint, etc. ; repose ;_tranquillity ; facility; readi- ness. — v.t. [eased (ezd;, EASING.] To tree from wliat pains, disquiets, or oppresses; to render less painful, disgusting, or oppressive; to release from pre.-isure or restraint, shilt a little. — Eas'y. -T, a. [easier, -lEST.] At ease; free from pain, etc.: not causing pain or exertion; not dithciilt: causing ease or comfort ; not resisting ; tranquil ; c;'lin ; com- pliant. {Com.) Not~straitened in money matters. — Eas'ily, -IT, adi'. With ease; readily; gently. Easel, e'zl, n. A wooden frame to support pictures while being painted. East, est, 11. The point in the heavens where the sun rises at the equinox ; point opposite the west; eastern part of acountry; regions east of any country; esp., the southern parts of Asia. — a. Toward the rising sun. — v. i. To move toward the east ; to orientate. — East- north-east, east-south-east, etc. See Com- pass. — Easfern, a. Situated in, etc.; oriental; going toward the east. — Easf- emmost', a. Most eastern. — Easf- ward, adv. Toward the east. — Easf- erly, -IT, a. Coming from, also, situated or moving toward, etc. — adv. On or toward, etc. — Ea8t''ing, n. {Nav. Sf Surv.) Distance eastward from a given meridian. Easter, esfer, E. day, n. A festival, celebrated on the Sundaj^ after Good Friday, commemorating Christ's resurrection, corresponding to the Jewish passover. Easy. See under Ease. Eat, et, V. t. Jimp. EAT (ft) or ate (at); p. p. eat (et) o?- EATEN (efn); eatixg.] To swallow or partake of as food; to corrode, as metal, by rust ; to con- sume gradually, as a cancer, the flesh; to waste or wear away; to devour, gnaw. — v. i. To take food, feed; to taste or relish.— Eaf able, a. Capable of, or fit to be, etc.; esculent; edible. — n. Anything that maybe eaten. — Eafing-house, n. A house where food is sold ready cooked; restaurant. Eau-de-Cologne, o'de-ko-lon', ?i. A perfumed spirit, orig. prepared at Cologne. — Eau-de-Tie, -ve, w. Braiidjt'. Eaves, evz, n. pi. (Arch.) The lower edges of a roof, overhanging the walls. — Eaves'drop, v. i. To stand under the eaves or near the windows of a house, to listen to what is said within; to seek to hear others' conversation. — Eaves'dropper, n. Ebb, eb, n. The refiux of the tide; return of tide- water toward the sea; a faljing to a worse state; de- cline ; decay. — v. i. [ebbed (ebd), ebbing.] To flow back, return, as water toward the ocean ; to fall to a worse state, recede, sink. — Ebb'^tide, n. Reflux of tide-water ; the retiring tide. Ebony, eb'o-nT, Eb'on, -un, n. A hard, heavy, and durable wood, usually black, which admits oi a fine polish. — Eb'on, a. Of, like, or black as ebony. — Eb''onize, v. t. [-ized (-Izd), -izing.] To make black like ebony. — Eb''onite, -Tt, n. India-rubber hard- ened by vulcanization, black like ebony, and used for buttons, combs, electrical apparatus, etc. Ebornean, e-b5r''ne-an, a. Made of ivory. Ecart^, a'kar-ta', n. A game at cards played with a pack from which all cards below the 7s are removed. Ecce-homo, ek-'se-ho'ino, n. A picture representing the Savior given up to the people by Pilate, and wearing a crown of thorns. Eccentric, ek-sen'trik, -trical, a. Deviating from the center or from the line of a circle; pert, to eccen- tricity or to an eccentric; not having the same cen- ter, — opp. to concentric ; deviating from the usual sQn, cube, full ; moon, f(56t ; cow, oil ; linger or ink, then, boNbON, chair, get. ECCLESIASTIC 122 EFFERVESCE course; irregular; anomalous; odd; whimsical. — n. A circle not hu.vinj; the sime center as another partly contained withi.i the first ; one who, or that ■whien, deviates from regularity. (Ast.ron.) The supposed cii-cular orbit of a planet about the earth, but with the earth not in its center, in the Ptole- maic system. {Mech.) A wheel having its axis of revolution out of its center of figure, used to- obtain a reciprocating or alternate motion from a circu- lar one. — Eccen''- trically;, adv. — Ec- ' cent,ricity,-tris''I-tT, n. Statu of being, etc. ; oddity. {As- tron.) Distance of the center of the or- bit of a heavenly t- ,. ■ r c. body from that of Eccentric of Stcam-engme. the body around which it revolves. Ecclesiastic, ek-kk'zT-as'tik, -tical, a. Pert, to the church or to its organization. — Eccle'sias'tic. n. A clergyman.— Eccle'siaa'tically, adv. — Eccle'sias'ti- cizra, -sizm, n. Strong attachment to ecclesiastical observances, privileges, etc. — Eccle'sias'tes, -tez,n. Lit. a preacher; a book of the Old Testament. — Eccle'sias'ticus, n. A book of the Apocrypha. — Ecclc'siarch, -zl-ark, n. A ruler of the cliurch. Echelon, esh'e-lon, n. {Mil.) The position of a mili- tary body in the form of steps, or with one division more advanced than another. Echo, ek'o, n.; pi. -oes, -oz. A sound reflected or reverberated to the ear. — v. t. [echoed (-od), -OIXG.] To reverberate or send back; to repeat with assent, adopt. — v. i. To be reverberated; to cause an echo, be attended with an echo. Eclat, a-kla' or e-kla', n. Brilliancy of success or ef- fort ; demonstration of admiration ; applause. Eclectic, ek-lek'tik, a. Selecting; choo^iiig at will. — n. One who follows an eclectic method in philos- ophy, science, religion, etc. Eclipse, e-klips', n. {Astron.) An interception of the light of the sun or moon, by intervention of some other body, either between it and the eye, or between the lumi- nous body and that illumi- nated by it. Temporary or par- . tial loss of brilliancy, luster, honor, etc. — v.t. Teclipsed (-khpst''), -SING.] To darken or hide (a heavenly body) ; to obscure, or extinguish the beauty, luster, or honor, etc., of; to throw into the shade. — v. i. To suffer an eclipse, become eclipsed. — Eclip'tic, n. {Astron.) An imaginary great circle of the sphere, — the apparent path of the sun, or real path of the earth, as seen from the sun. ( Geoff.) A great circle on the globe, answering to the celestial ecliptic. — a. Pert, to, or described'by, the ecliptic; pert, to an eclipse. Eclogue, ek'log, n. A pastoral poem, in which shep- herds converse with each other; a bucolic; idyl. Economy, e-kon-'o-ml, n. Management of domestic affairs, esp. as to expense or disbursement ; the internal, and esp. the pecuniary, management of any undertaking, corporation, state, etc.; system of rules by which anything is managed; thrifty house- keeping ; frugality.— E'conom'ic, -leal, a. 'Pert, to the household; domestic; pert, to economy or man- agement of pecuniary affairs, private or public ; saving of unnecessary expense; prudent in expen- diture ; managed with frugality ; pert, to the re- sources and wealth of a country. — E'conom''ically, adv. — With economy ; frugally. — E'conom'icB, n. sing. Science of domestic and internal management; political economy. — Econ'omist, n. One who man- ages with frugality ; one conversant with political econoiny. — Eeon'omize, v. t. [-mized (-mizd), -miz- ING.] To use with prudence, expend with frugality. — V. i. To manage pecuniary concerns frugally. Ecstasy, ek'sta-sl, n. A state in which the mind is carried away beyond the reach of ordinary impres- sions ; frenzy ; excessive joy ; rapture ; insanity ; madness. (Pathol.) A disease accompanied by loss of sensibility, voluntary motion, and mental power, the body being erect and inflexible. — Ecstat'ic, Eclipses. S, sun ; E, earth ; M, moon. -leal, a. Rendering one beside one's self; delightful beyond measure; rapturous. Ecumenic, ek-u-men'ik, -ical, a. General ; universal, — said esp. of church councils. Edacious, e-da'shus. a. Given to eating ; voracious ; devouring. — Ed'ible, -T-bl, a. Eit to be eaten as food ; esculent ; eatable. Eddy, ed'dl, n. A current of air or water running back, or opposite to the main current ; a current moving circularly; whirlpool. — v.i. [eddied (-did), -DYING.] To move as an eddy. — v.t. To collect as into an eddy. Eden, e'^dn, 71. The garden where Adam and Eve first dwelt ; a delightjul region. Edentate, e-den'tat, n. An animal of the sloth and armadillo tribes, wanting fore teeth and canines. Edge, ej, n. The thin cutting side of a blade ; that which cuts as an edge does ; any sharp terminating border ; readiness or fitness to cut ; acrimony ; se- verity ; border or part adjacent to the line ot'divis- ion ; verge; skirt; brink; early part; beginning. — V. t. [EDGED (ejd), EDGING.] To furnish with an edge, sharpen ; to furnish with a fringe or border ; to make sharp or keen, provoke to action, urge or egg on ; to move by little and little. — v. i. To move sideways or gradually ; to sail close to the wind. — Edg'ing, n. That which forms an edge or border. — Edge^wise, adv. In the direction of, etc. Edible. See under Edacious. Edict, e'dikt, n. That which is proclaimed by au- thority ; special proclamation of command or pro- hibition; law; decree; manifesto. Edify, ed'I-fi, 1'. ?. [-pied (-lid), -fying.] To instruct and improve in knowledge, esp. in moral and relig- ious knowledge. — Ed'tfica'tion, 71. Act of , or state of being, etc.; a building up, esp. in a moral and re- ligious sense. — Ed'ifice, -fis, n. A building; fabric, — chieljy applied to large structures. Edit, ed'it, v. t. To superintend the publication of ; prepare for publication. — Ed'^itor, -5r, n. One who edits, esp. who prepares, superintends, and corrects a book, newspaper, etc., for publication. — Edito'- rial, a. Pert, to an editor. — n. An article by the editor of a newspaper. — Editc'riaUy, adv. In the manner or character of an editor. — Ed'itorship, n. Business or office of, etc. — Edi'tion, -dish'un, n. The publication of a literary work; number of cop- ies published at once. Educate, ed'u-kat, v. t. To bring up, as a child ; to cultivate and discipline the powers of the mind, in- struct. — Educa''tion, n. Act or process of, etc.; tui- tion; nurture; teaching; breeding. Educe, e-dus', v. t. [educed (-dusf), -cino.] To draw forth, as if from concealment, elicit, extract. Eel, eh n. A species of soft-finned, snake-like fishes. E'en, en. A contr. for Even. E'er, ar. A contr. for Ever. Eerie, Eery, e'rl, a. Awe-inspiring; weird. [Scot.] ESable, et'f a-bl, a. Capable of being uttered or ex- plained; explicable. Efface, ef-fas', v. t. [-faced (-fast'), -facing.] To erase or scratch out, rub off, render illegible, blot out, obliterate, cancel; to remove from the mind. Effect, ef-fekf, n. That produced by an agent or cause ; result of causation ; impression produced ; power to produce results ; efficiency ; consequence intended, pi. Goods ; movables ; personal estate. — V. t. To produce, as a cause, or agent, cause to be; to bring to pass, accomplish, achieve. — Effect- ive, -iv, a. Suited or tending to, etc.; in condition to act efficiently; efficacious; forcible; energetic.^ Effecfively, adv. — Effect-'iveness, n. — Effecfual, a. Producing, or able to produce, an intended ef- fect; adequate; efficient. — Ef&ca'cions, -shus, a. Effectual; powerful. — Efficacy, -sT, w. Quality of being, etc.; virtue; force: energy. — Ef&'cient, -fish''- ent, a. (Causing effects; producing results; effective} effectual. — n. The producing agent or cause. Effeminate, ef-fem'T-nat, a. Soft or delicate to an un- manly degree; womanish; weak; voluptuous; cow- ardly'. — i". t. To make womanish, unman. Effervesce, effer-ves', v. i. [-vesced (-vesf), -ves- cing.] To be in a state of natural ebullition; to bub- ble and hiss; to exhibit feelings that cannot be re- pressed. ftm, fame, far, pass or opera, fare j 6nd, eve, term ; In, ice 5 odd, tone, 6r } EFFETE 123 ELECT Effuse Branch. Mete, ef-fef, a. No longer capable of producing young; of worn-out energy; barren; worn out with age or excessive indulgence. EfficaciooB, Efficient, etc. See under Effect. Effigy, effl-jT, Effig'ies, -fij'I-ez, n. Image of any person or thing; likeness in sculpture, painting, etc."; impression on a coin representing tne prince by whom it was issued. Effloresce, ef-flo-res'', v. i. [-resced (-resf), -ees- CiNo.] (^Chem.) To change over the surface, or throughout, to a powder; to become covered with a whitisli crust or light crystallization. Effluent, ef 'flu-ent, a. Flowing out. — Efflu'vium, n. ; ^Z. -VIA, -vT-a. Subtile or invisible emanation; esp. noisome or noxious exhalation. Effort, effert, n. An exertion of power, phVsical or mental; endeavor: struggle; attempt; trial;'essay. Effrontery, ef-trunt'er-T, n. Excessive assurance. Effulgent, ef-luKjent, «. Diif using a flood of light; shining; splendid. — Efful'gence, -jens, ?i. State of being, etc.; extreme brilliancy. Effuse, ef-fuz', v. t. [-fised (-fuzd'), -fusixg.] To pour out, as a fluid, spill, shed. — V. i. To emanate, issue. — a. (_Bot.) Spreading 1oosg1j% esp. on one side.— Effu'^sion, -zhun, 71. Act of pouring out; thing poured out. (Pat/iol.) Escape of a fluid out of its natural vessel into another part; secre- tion of fluids from the vessels, as of lymph or serum, on dif- ferent surfaces. — Efftt'sive, -siv, a. Pouring forth laigelj'. — Effu'sively, adv. — Effu'siveness, n. Eft, eft, n. A salamander or newt. E. g. or Ex. gr. Contr. for Exempli GEATia, q. v. under ExAMi'LE. Egg, eg, n. A body produced by a female animal, within which, when impregnated, the embryo of a new individual is developed: eggs of oviparous ani- mals contain a supply of nourishment for the em- bryo, and are usually inclosed in a spheroidal shell. Anything egg-shaped. Egg, eg, V. t. [EGGED (egd), egging.] To urge on; instigate. Eglantine, egHan-tin or -tTn, n. A species of rose. Egoism, e'go-izm, n. (Philos.) Subjective idealism. An excessive love of self; selfishness. — E'goist, w. A follower of Descartes or Fichte; believer in the doctrine of subjective idealism; one given to ego- tism.— E'gotism, -tizm, n. Practice of too frequently using the word /; self-praise; self-commendation ; conceit; vanity. — E'gotist, n. One who, etc. Egregious, e-gre'jus, a. Disting. fr. common men or actions, — generally in a bad sense; extraordinary; monstrous; precious. Egress, e'gres, n. Act of going out or leaving; power to leave; departure. Egyptian, e-jip'sliun, a. Pert, to Egypt, in Africa. — n. A native of Egypt; a gypsy. Eh, §, interj. An expression of inquiry or slight sur- prise. Eider, i'der, E.-duck, n. A sea-duck, which breeds in remote northern regions, and produces tine down. Eight, at, a. T w i c e 4 in number. — n. The num- ber greater by a unit than 7; tbe sum of 4 and 4: a symbol representing eight units, as 8 or viii.— Eighth, atth, a. N e X t in order after the 7th; consisting of one of 8 equal parts into which any thing is divided. — n parts; an eighth part. (Mus.) The interval of an octave. — Eighth note. (Mits.) The 8th part of a whole note, or semi- breve; a quaver. — Eighth'^ly, adv. In the 8th place. — Eight- een, afen, a. Twice 9 in number. — n. The num- ber greater by a unit than 1 7 ; sum of 10 and 8 ; a sym- bol representing eighteen units, as 18 or xviii. — Eider-duck. One of 8 equal ^ ^ S Eighth Notes. t Eight^eenth, -enth, a. Next in order after the I'th; consisting of one of 18 equal parts into which any thing is divided. — n. One of 18 equal parts; the 8ta after the 10th. — Eighty, afT, a. Eight times ten; fourscore. — n. The sum of 8 times 10; symbol rep- resenting eighty units, as 80 or Ixxx, — Eightieth, -I-eth, a. The next in order after the 79th; consist- ing of one of 80 equal parts into which any thing is divided. Either, c'tiiSr or i'tiier (analogy and the best usage favoring c'tiier), a. or pron. One or the other, — properly of 2 things; each of two, the one and the other. — co»y. Either is always correlative to or, and precedes it, indicating the ftrst of certain things, any one of which js true, is to be done, etc. ^a^ulate, e-jak''u-lat, v. t. To throw out, as an ex- clamation. — V. i. To utter ejaculations. — ^ac'ula'- tion, n. Uttering of a short, sudden exclamation or prayer ; exclamation or prayer uttered. {Med.) Emission of semen. — ^ac'ulatory, -to-rl, a. Cast- ing or throwing out; suddenly darted out; uttered in short sentences. — Eject, -jekt'. v. t. To throw out, cast forth; to drii** away, expel violently, or with disgrace; to dispossess, as of land, dwelUngs, etc. — » l^jec'tion, n. Act of, or state of being, etc. — EJect'^ ment, n. Expulsion; ejection. (Law?) A species of mixed action, which lies for recovery of possession of real property, and damages and costs for unlaw- f uljletention of it. Eke, ek, v. t. [eked (ekt), eking.] To increase, en., large, extend; to supply what is scanty, prolong, — generally with ozti. — adv. In addition; also; hke- wise. Elaborate, e-lab''o-rat, v. t. To produce with labor; perfect with painstaking. — a. Wrought with labor; highly finished. -Elab'orately, ac??;.— Elab^ora'tion, n. Act or process of producing with labor; state of being so produced. {Physiol.) Natural process of formation or assimilation, performed by living or- gans in animals and vegetables. Elapse, e-laps'', v. i. [elapsed (-lapstO, elapsing.] To slide, slip, or glideby; to pass away silentlv. Elastic, e-las-'tik, a. Springing back; having the in- herent property of recovering its former figure ; springy; readily returning to a previous condition, after being depressed or overtaxed. — Elastic'ity, -tis'I-ti, ?i. Quality of, etc.; rebound: power of re- sistance to, or recovery from, depression or overwork. Elate, e-laf, a. Lifted up; elevated; haying the spirits raised by success or hope; flushed with confidence; puffed up ; proud ; swelling. — v. t. To exalt the spirit of, elevate or flush witli success. — Ela^tion, n. Inflation of mind ; self-esteem or pride, resulting from success. Elbow, eKbo, n. The joint connecting arm and fore- arm; any flexure or angle, esp. if obtui?e, as of a wall, building, etc.; also an angular or joijited part of any structure. — v. t. [elbowed (el^bod), -BOW' ing.] To push with the elbow, as when one pushes by another. — v. i. To jut into an angle, project; to push rudely along, jostle. Eld, eld, n. Old age; old people; old times; antiquity. — Eld'er, a. Older; more advanced in age; prior, as in origin. — n. One who is older; a senior; an an- cestor; predecessor; one who, on account of age, acts as ruler or judge; one occupying an office requiring experience' and dignity. — Eld'erly, -II, a. Some- what old. — Eld'ership," n. Seniority; office of elder- — Eld'est, a. Oldest. Eider, eld'er, n. A genus of plants having broad um- bels of white flowers and dark red berries. Elect, e-lekf, v. t. To pick out, make choice of; to select for office or employment, select by vote, choose, prefer, appoint. {Theol.) To designate as an object of mercy or favor. — a. Chosen; taken by preference. (Theol.) Set apart to eternal life. Chosen, but not invested with office. — n. One chosen or set apart, pi. (Theol.) Those chosen for salvation. — Elecficism, -T-sizm, n. Eclecticism. — Elec'tion, n. Act of choosing ; choice ; act of choosing one to fill an office ; power of choosing ; free wul ; discriminating choice ; discernment. (Theol.) ^'redetermination of individuals as ob- jects of mercy and salvation. Those elected. [OF.J — Elec'tioneer'', -er', v. i. [-eered (-erd'), -bbk- sQn, cube, full ; moon, fd6t ; eow, oil ; linger or ink, tiien, boNbox, chair, get. ELEOTEUM 124 ELSE IXG.] To use influence, argument, or arts for se- curing the election of a candidate. — Elective, -iv, «. Exerting the power of choice; making selection; pert, to, consisting in, or dependent on, choice ; be- stowed by election. — Elect'or, -er, n. One who elects, or has right of choice; one entitled to vote in favor of a candidate for office, or legally qualified to vote; one of the princes of Germany formerly entitled to choose the emperor; one chosen, ^y vote M the people in the U. S., to elect a president and vice-president. — Elect''ress, n. The wife or widow of a German elector. — Elecforal, -5r-al, a. Pert, to, or consisting of, electors. — Elecforate, -er-at, n. Dignity of an elector ; electorship ; territory of an elector. — EKigible, -jT-bl, -a. Legally quaUfled; worthy to be chosen; desirable; preferable. Elaetrum, e-lek-'trum, n. Amber; an amber-colored alloy of gold and silver used by the ancients; Ger- man silver plate. — Elec'tric, -trical, a. Pert, to, oc- casioned by, derived from, or containing, electrici- ty ; capable of occasioning electrical phenomena. — Elec'tric. n. A non-conductor of electricity.— Elec'- tiically, adv. In the manner, or by means of, etc. — Electri''cian, -trish'^an, n. One versed in the sci- ence of, etc.— Electric 'ity, -tris't-tt, n. A subtle a^ent or power in nature, evolved in any disturbance ■or molecular equilibrium, whether from chemical, physical, or mechanical cause; science of the phe- nomena of the electric fluid. — Elec''trifl''able, a. Ca- pable of receiving, or of being charged with, etc. — Hec'trify, -fi, v. t. [-fied C-lid), -fyixg.] To charge with electricity; to give an electric shack to; to excite •suddenly; to surprise, esp. by something inspiriting. — Elec'tro-inag''net, n. Amass of soft iron, rendered temporarily magnetic by a surrounding coil of wire through which a current of electricity is passing. — Elec'tro-magnet''ic, a. Pert, to magnetism, as con- nected with electricity, or affected by it. — Elec'tro- mag'^netism, n. Science of the development of mag- netism by voltaic electricity, and of the currents evolved. — El€c'tro-neg''ative, -tiv, a. Having the property of being attracted by an electro-positive body, or a tendency to pass to the positive pole in electrolysis. —Elec'tro-pos'itive, a. Of such a na- ture relatively to associated bodies, as to tend to the negative pole of a voltaic battery, while the associ- ated body tends to the positive pole. — Elec'trotype, -tip, n. A plate (of a page, etc.) with copper, etc., face (electric deposition) and type-metal back. — v. t. [-TYPED (-tipt), -TYPING.] To make electrotypes of. Eleemosynary, el-e-mos'T-na-rT, a. Pert, to, or in- tended for the distribution of, charity; given in, or founded or supported by, charity. — n. One who subsists on charity. JElegant, eKe-gant, a. Pleasing by grace and beauty; polished; graceful; refined; exercising a nice choice. — EKegantly, adv. — EKegance, -gans, -gancy, -sT, n. State or quality of being elegant ; grace ; that which is elegant. jElegy, eKe-jT, n. A mournful or plaintive poem; fu- nereal song. — Elegiac, e-le^jt-ak or el-e-ji'ak, a. Pert, to elegy, or written in elegiacs; used in elegies. — n. Elegiac verse. ■Element, eKe-ment, n. One of the simplest or essen- tial parts of which anything consists; one of the ul- timate, undecomposable constituents of matter ; a simple portion of that which is complex; one of the essential ingredients of any mixture; one out of several parts combined in a system or aggregation. (^Anat.) One of the smallest natural divisions of the organism. {Math.') An infinitesimal part of any- thing of the same nature as the entire magnitude considered. One of the necessary data upon which a calculation depends, pi. The fundamental prin- ciples of any system in philosophy, science, or art; rudiments. That which ancient philosophy sup- posed to be simple and undecomposable, as the 4 so- called elements, — air, earth, water, and fire ; state natural to anything, or suited for its existence, pi. iEccl.) The bread and wine in the eucharist. — Ele- ment'ary, -rT, a. Having only one principle or constituent part; pert, to the elements, rudiments, etc.; treating of first principles of a science or art; simple; uncombined; initial; introductory. Elephant, eKe-f ant, n. A pachydermatous quadruped Elephant. of India or Africa, hav- ing a trunk or prehen- sile proboscis and 2 ivo- ry tusks, — the largest land animal now liv- ing. — Elephan-'tine, -tine, a. Pert, to or like, etc.; huge; im- mense. — EFephanti'- asis, n. {Med.) One of several skin diseases, attended with destruc- tion or deformitj' of the part affected. Elevate, eKe-vat, v. t. To lift to a higher place, raise, exalt; to animate, cheer ; to ennoble, dignify; to raise to a higher pitch or greater degree of loudness; to intoxicate slightly; to lighten, lessen by detrac- tion, diminish. — Eleva'tion, n. Act of, or condi- tion of being, etc. ; an elevated place. {Astron.) Altitude. {Gunnery.) Angle between the line of direction of a gun and the plane of the horizon. {Arch.) View of a machine, building, etc., drawn to scale, and without regard to perspective. — EK- eva'tor, -ter, n. One who, or that which, elevates; esp. a contrivance for lifting persons, also goods, grain, etc., to an upper floor; a building containing elevators for grain. {Aiiat.) A muscle which raises a part of the body. Eleven, e-lev'n, a. Ten and ons added. — w. The sum of 10 and 1; a symbol representing eleven units, as 11 or xi. ; the players on one side in a game of cricket, 11 in number. — Elev'enth., -nth, a. Next after the 10th; constituting one of 11 parts into which a thing is divided. — n. (3ne of 11 equal parts. Elf, elf, Elve, elv, n.; pi. Elves, elvz. A diminutive spirit, supposed to haunt desert places, and delight in mischievous tricks. — v. t. To entangle. Elicit, e-lis'lt, v. t. To draw out, bring to light. Elide, e-lid', v. t. {Gram.) To cut off or suppress, as a syllable. — Elis''ion. -lizh'un, n. The cutting off, for the sake of meter or euphony, of a vowel or syllable, esp. a vowel at the end of a word before another vowel in the following line. Eligible. See under_ELECT. EUniinate, e-lim''t-nat, v. t. {Alg.) To cause to dis- appear from an equation. To set aside as unim- portant in a process of inductive inquiry; to leave out of consideration ; to obtain by separating, as from foreign matters; to deduce, infer. Elk, elk, h. A large monogamous European deer, with palmate antlers, allied to the Amer. moose; a large polygamous Amer. deer, with branching antlers, a congener of the European red deer. Ell, el, n. A measure of length, chiefly for cloth: the English ell is A5 inches ; the Flemish, 27; Scotch. ?,7.2; French, 54. Ellipse, el-lips', n. {Geom.'] An oval figure bounded by a regular curve, — the' section of a cone by a plane passing obliquely through its opposite sides. — Ellip/- sis, M. ; p?. -SES, -sez. {Gram.) Omis- sion ; a figure of syntax, by which words are omitted. Elm, elm, n. A tree of several species. Elocution, el-o-ku'shun, n. Mode of delivery of any- thing spoken, esp. of a public discourse. -^ Elocu'- ticnist, n. One versed in, or a teacher of, etc. — EK- oquent, -kwent, a. Able to express strong emotions in an elevated and effective manner; adapted to ex- IDress emotion with fluency and power. — El'oquence, -kwens, n. Expression of, etc.; what is eloquently said or written; oratory; rhetoric; persuasive speech. Elongate, e-lon'gat, a. Drawn out at length. — v, t. To lengthen, extend, stretch out. — Elonga'tion, n. Act of , or state of being, eic. ; protraction ; extension ; that which lengthens out; removal to a distance; de- parture; intervening space. Elope, e-lop', v. i. [eloped (-lopf), eloping.] To run away, or escape privately, — said esp. of a woman, who runs away with alover. Eloquence, etc. See under Elocution. Else, els, a. Si pron. Other; one or something beside. — a:dv. & conj. Beside ; except that mentioned ; otherwise; if the facts M'ere different. — Else'where, Ellipse. am, fame, far, pass or opera, fare ; end, eve, term ; In, ice ; 5dd, tone, 6r ; ELUCIDATE 125 EMINENT -hwar, ac/r. In any other place; in other places in- definitely. Elucidate, e-lu'sT-dat, v. t. To make clear or mani- tc'St, explain, illustrate. Elude, e-lud', v. t. To avoid by artifice, stratagem, or dexterity; to remain unexplained orundisci)vered by; to evade, escape, shun, mock. — Elu'sive, -siv, -BOry, -so-rT, a. Tending to elude; evasive; falla- cious; deceitful.' — Elu'^soriness, n. Elysium, e-lizh'T-um, ;/. ,• E. jjI. -whs, -T-umz, L. pi. -lA, -T-a. (Mijth.) Tlie abode of the blessed after death; any deli;j;htful place. — Elys'ian, -T-an, a. Pert, to, etc. ; blissful. Emaciate, e-ma-'sht-at, r. i. To lose flesh gradually, waste a-wav. — v. i. To cause to lose flesh gradu- ally. — a. tniaciated. — Ema'cia'tion, n. Condition of becoming, or state of being, etc. Emanate, em'a-nat, r. i. To issue forth from a source ; proceed, as a fountain, take origin, flow, arise, spring. — Emana'tioa, 7i. Act of. or thing which, etc.; clfluvium: etHux. — Em'anant, a. Em- anating: passing forth_into an act or effect. Emancipate. c-man'sT-pat, i\ t. To set free from ser- vitude voluntarily; to liberate: to free from any- thins exerting undue or evil influence. — a. Set at liberty. — Eman'cipa''tion, n. Act of, or stfite of be- ins, etc.: liberation; release; freedom. — Emau'^ci- pa'tor, -ter, n. Emasculate, e-mas^ku-lat, v. t. To castrate, geld ; to render effeminate. — a. Deprived of virility or vigor; unmanned. Embalm, em-biim'', r. t. [-b.\lmed (-bamd'), -balm- ING.] To preserve from decay by balm or other aro- matic oils or spices; to perpetuate in grateful remem- brance. Embank, em-bank', r. t. [-baxked (-bankt''), -baxk- IXG.] To inclose with a bank, bank up. — Em- bank'ment, n. Act of surrounding or defending with a bank ; a mound or bank. Embargo, em-biir''go, ?;. A. prohibition by public au- thority, and for a limited time, of departure from a port ; any hindrance or restraint. — r. t. [embar- goed (-god), -GOIXG.J To hinderfrom leaving port, by law or edict ; to hinder from going forward, by an embargo. Embark, em-biirk'', v. t. [-barked (-biirkt''), -baek- i.NG.] To put on board a vessel ; to engage, enlist, or invest in any atf air. — ?■. i. To go on board of a vessel, engage in any business, enlist. Embarrass, em-bar^ras, r. f. [-rasSed (-rast), -rass- IXG.] To hinder througli perplexity, render intri- cate, confound, perplex, disconcert, abash, distress. (Com.) To incumber with debt, make incapable of paying. — Embar'rassment, n. A state of entangle- ment or confusion ; perplexity arising from insolv- ency, or inability to discharge' debts. Embassy, em''b:is-sT, n. The public function of an embassador; persons sent as embassadors; dwelling or office of an embassador. — Em- or Ambas'^sador, n. A minister of the highest rank sent by one gov- ernment to another, to represent the appointing power, in matters between the governments. — Em- bas'sado'rial, n. Pert, to, etc. Embellish, em-bcKIish, r. t. [-listied (-lisht), -Lisn- JXG.] To make beautiful or elegant by ornaments; to adorn, decorate, grace, illustrate. —EmbeKlish- ment, n. Act of, or state of being, etc.; ornament; beauty; adornment. Ember, em^ber, n. A remnant of burning wood, smoldering amid ashes, — used, chiefly in pi., to sig- nify hot cinders covered with ashes. Ember days, enT'ber-daz. (Eccl.) Certain days set apart- for fasting and praj'cr in each of the 4 sea- son.s of the year,— being the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the 1st Sunday in Lent : the feast of Whitsuntide: Sept. 14th; and'Dec. l.lth: the weeks in which these daj^s fall are called emher weeks. Embezzle, em-bez''zl, v. t. [-zled (-zld), -zlixg.] To appropriate fraudulent!}^ to one's own use.— Em- bez'^zlement, n. Appropriation to one's own use of what is intrusted to one's care. — Embez'^zler, n. Embitter. See Imbitter. Emblem, euT'blem, n. An object symbolizing some oth«r object, qviality, etc. ; figure"; type ; symbol ; adumbration. — Emblemafic, -ical, a. I'ert. to, emblems. —Emblemafically, [-bodied (-bod^id), -body- oody, invest ff«f!\^ comprising, or using a