l\ i ^^^^^^^^^H i ^^^^H^^^^^^^^P in ^«>i.'iir Aii\> m I flllUiillljl! <;!l; iimtlliil I iO U.K ]j: Book__._iy6"" lTi>J°_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSm Thomas E. Hill =l\ THE OPEN DOOR TO INDEPENDENCE Making Money From the Soil WHAT TO DO— HOW TO DO ON CITY LOTS, SUBURBAN GROUNDS COUNTRY FARMS Together with Outline Maps of All Parts of the United States, Irrigated Regions, Climates, Cities, Villages, Market Towns, Locations and Populations HOW TO FERTILIZE SOIL Landscape — Beautify — Cultivate — and Successfully Grow Fruits, Flowers, Vegetables and Grains, WHILE OBTAINING FOOD AND SUPPORT How to Have Comfort and Luxury on the Farm, in the Suburb, and on the City Lot HOW TO CARE FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS Sheltering, Feeding, Humanely and Profitably Increasing Breeds and Flocks By THOMAS E.^ HILL Practical Farmer and Scientific Agriculturist Author of "Hill's Manual," "Hill's Album of Biography," "Hill's Practical Encyclopedia," Etc. CHICAGO HILL STANDARD BOOK COMPANY 1915 Copyright, 1915 by Thomas E. Hill MAR 29 1915 4'? PREFACE The purpose of this volume is to enable people to utilize, beautify and enjoy the use and owner- ship of land. "BACK TO THE LAND" does not necessarily mean removing from one loca- tion to another, but rather the utilization of land wherever you are — your home garden and grounds, either city, suburb, or your country farm. Nevertheless, this volume does teach you how to go back to the land and shows you how to choose the location most likely to meet your requirements and realize for you the best results. This volume tells where desirable land is located, how far there, the climate, and popula- tion of over 43,000 market towns. It tells how to subdue the land, fertilize, plant, cultivate, grow the best fruits and grains, the use of agri- cultural tools; how to utilize domestic animals, breed flocks, grow flowers, beautify the home surroundings, how to prosper and enjoy rural life. Within these pages more than one thou- sand subjects pertaining to farming, garden- ing, home building and care of domestic ani- mals are treated practically in such plain lan- guage that beneficial results are certain to be obtained by all persons who follow directions. Thomas E. Hill Index of Guide to Land [An Alphabetical Index to One Thousand Subjects and Titles covered in this book will be found on pages 441-445. Index to Illustrations, pages 446-448.] For Description of Any One of tlie Forty-eiglit States and Territory of Alaslia, See General Index of States. General Index of States Pages Alabama . . .10-13 •Alaska 14-15 Arizona 16-19 Arkansas 20-23 California 24-27 Colorado 28-31 Connecticut 32-35 Delaware 36-37 Florida 40-43 Georgia 44-47 Idaho ..48-49 Illinois 50-55 Indiana 56-59 ♦Though Alaska is a Guide. Pages Iowa 60-63 Kansas 82-85 Kentucky 86-89 Louisiana . . , 90-93 Maine 94-97 Maryland 98-99 Massachusetts . . .104-105 Michigan 106-109 Minnesota 110-113 Mississippi 114-117 Missouri 118-119 Montana 122-125 Pages Nebraska 126-129 Nevada 130-131 New Hampshire. . .132-133 New Jersey 134-137 New Mexico ,138-139 New York 140-147 North Carolina. . .148-151 North Dakota 152-155 Ohio 156-161 Oregon 166-169 Oklahoma ....... 162-163 Pennsylvania ....170-177 Rhode Island 178-179 South Carolina. .. .180-183 South Dakota 184-187 Tennessee 188-191 Texas 192-199 Utah 200-203 Vermont 204-207 Virginia 208-211 Washington 212-215 West Virginia ...216-219 Wisconsin 220-223 Wyoming 224-227 territory, it is placed among States in this index for quick finding location in this FOB II.LUSTBATION OF NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT And Brief Mention of 120 Points cf Interest Located Thereon, See Pages 6, 7, 8 and 9 TO GET INFORMATION About Irrigation, Renovation of Worn-out Land, Statistics of States, Etc., See Alpliabetically Arranged Index Government Irrigation Projects in the United States. Amonnt of Land Reclaimed, Feet of Water Supplied, Cost per Acre of Annual Maintenance, Crops Produced, Price of Land, Near-by Market Towns, Etc. Pages Arizona Salt River Project 67 Arizona-California Yuma Project 68 California Orland Project 68 Colorado Grand Valley Project 69 Colorado Uncompahgre Valley Project 69 Idaho Minidoka Project 70 Idaho Boise Project 70 Kansas Garden City Project 71 Montana Blackfeet Project 71 Montana Huntley Project ) 72 Montana Milk River Project 72 Montana Sun River Project 73 Montana North Dakota Lower Yellowstone Project 73 Nebraska- Wj^oming North Platte Project 74 Nevada Truckee-Carson Project , 74 New Mexico Carlsbad Project 75 New Mexico Hindo Project 75 New Mexico-Texas Rio Grande Project 75 North Dakota Pumping Projects 76 Oregon Umatilla Project , 76 Oregon-California Klamath Project , 77 Soutli Dakota Belle Fourche Project 78 Utah Strawberry Valley Project Washington Okanogan Project 79 Washington Yakima Project 79 Wyoming Shoshone Project ] . '. 80 Alphabetically Arranged Index Admitted to Union, What Year. Pages ...235 Capital of Each State 235 Continents of the World 4 Distances from City to City. District of Columbia Government Land Offices. Where Located 67 Government Liberality in Irrigation 66 Governors' Terms of Office 235 Hay, Cost Small Quantities 233 Horses, Weights, Different Breeds 233 Irrigation Projects by Government; map. Irrigated Land, Benefits of Legislatures, Length of Sessions. Pages . . .235 Plants, Number to an Acre., 233 Population, Percentage; Increase 20 Years 234 Population, Total United States 234 Population, Each State, United States 235 Poultry, Facts About , 232 R Renovation of Worn-out Land . , 228 S Seeds, Length of Vitality 232 Settlement of States, Years 235 Settlement on Irrigated Land; Conditions 81 Seed, Quantity to Plant an Acre ,...233 W World as It Floats in Space 5 A GUIDE TO LAND How to Use the Soil for Pleasure and Profit. Ever since the days ''when Adam delved and Eve span," the soil has fur- nished man's greatest and most natural means of livelihood. In fact, a man is never more of a man than when engaged in garnering a living from the bountiful bosom of Mother Earth. The importance of the soil as a natural resource, and the pleasure and profit to be derived from land culture, are recognized today as never before in the history of the race. Congestion of population in urban centers, result- ing in unemployment, poverty, disease, distress, squalor and crime, has turned the eyes of thousands of city residents to the opportunities afforded on every hand to gain health, happiness and financial freedom, by intelligent use of available land. But the stumbling-block in the way of the city or suburban resident hith- erto has been the question, how to set about it? How to realize the natural desire to get "back to the land"? How to utilize the garden space, the vacant lot, the suburban acre, or the possible truck farm or quarter section, so as to make them yield the profit that other men and women have wrested from their land, with bettered health and untold pleasure? The city man has hesi- tated to turn to the land for a living because of lack of exact knowledge how to make it pay. Now he need hesitate no longer, for in this book will be found in plenty just the kind of information and advice he requires, based upon the results of actual experience on the land and having all the weight and advantage of expert authority. This is the first and only book to give this information to the land- hungry and the seeker after economic freedom. The slightest inspection will suffice to show that the book is replete with the most valuable features. Its "Guide to the Land" is the most comprehensive ever published, and the most useful to those seeking a locality for settlement, because it shows the char- acteristics of all available localities, including conditions of climate, soil and transportation, the kinds of crops that may be raised, and all the possibilities for profit that exist in the soil. Besides all this, a vast amount of useful infor- mation of a general character respecting each locality, is given in the Guide. The Guide, however, important as it is, forms only one of the many fea- tures of this book that will appeal to the man or woman who feels the irresist- ible call "back to the land." It may not be necessary to look for a new loca- tion — and in that case this book will tell you what you can do with the land A Guide to Land — Continued you have, though it be but the backyard of a city lot. It is packed full of the most practical kind of information on all subjects of interest to those who would know the joy and gain the benefit of raising the things that spring from the soil and the creatures that thrive upon them. The best methods of agriculture, of horticulture, of stock-breeding, of dairying, of raising poultry for profit, of market gardening, fruit culture, bee- keeping, and a host of other profitable piirsuits upon the land, are here de- scribed in full. The language of the book is that of the practical man, easily understandable and plain in direction and advice; but the information given is based upon exact science, upon knowledge gained by experience. It is akin to the information that would be gained by attendance at one of the great agricultural colleges, those splendid institutions that have done so much of late years to increase the efficiency of American agriculture and the comfort of rural homes ; and that are yearly sending out their thousands of young men and women eqviipped with scientific ability to make two ears of corn grow where only one grew before, or to make the home of the ruralite healthier, happier and more prosperous by approved methods of domestic science. To those who cannot attend a school of agriculture, this book will bring, in a form for ready reference, many of the benefits of a technical training for living off the soil. The business of farming is today at the flood-tide of prosperity. Every product of the soil is in great demand and the rewards of the agriculturist far exceed all previous records. No wonder then that the thoughts of hundreds of thousands of men in all walks of life are turned toward the business in which, more than in any other, the individual is his own master, the arbiter of his own destiny. Nature stands ready to enter into partnership Avith any man who will undertake soil-cultivation in earnest, and will help him to success. And this book will show him how to start right in the oldest, greatest and most lucra- tive business the world has ever known. It is a book for everybody, since everybody is interested in the land ; a book for the business man, the parent and the teacher ; for the dweller in the city and the tiller of the soil. From its pages the young may learn, or may be taught, how the wonderful products of Nature are made available for man's use, and every seeker after inde- pendence and comfort may learn how to secure them from the soil. The World and Its Divisions of Land and Water THE EARTH AS IT APPEARS IN SPACE Showing Earth, Sun, Moon, a Comet and various Planets as they revolve in the immensity of space. - Admitting the theory that the earth, in its interior, is filled with liquid fire which finds vent, from time to time, in volcanic eruption, it is easy to understand how, in the remote past continents may have been thrown up, the moisture on the earth's surface settling into the hollows, thus making the oceans, seas and lakes. MAP OF THE PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH Displaying the central situation of the United States in relation to other countries of Relief Map Showing Mountains, Oceans, Lakes, Rivers and Plains HARVEST TIME IX Dir- f EKENT TARTS Ol" THE WOKED. Ill Janiiary the wheat is harvested in Australia, New Zealand, Chile and the Argentine Republic. In February and March the harvest has extended into upper Egypt and India. In April it is in lower Egypt, India, Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Mexico and Cuba. In May it reaches per- fection in Algeria, Cen- tral Asia, China, Japan, Morocco and Texas. In June it has readied into Oregon, California, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Kansas, Arliaiisas, Colo- rado, Utah, Missouri, Turliey, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the South .of France. In July it has extended into New Zealand, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illi- nois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Southern Minnesota, Ne- braska, Upper Canada, Roumania, Bulgaria, Aus- tria, Hungary, South of Russia, Germany, Switz- erland and the South of England. In August the harvest is a,ctively going forward in Central and Northern Minnesota, Dakota, Mani- toba, Lower Canada, Co- lumbia, Belgium, Holland, Great Britain, Denmark, Poland and Central Rus- sia. In September and Oc- tober it has reached up into Scotland, Norway, Sweden and the North of Russia. In Kovember it is pro- ceding in Peru and South Africa, and in December it is in Burmah. FOREIGN CITIES, DIS- TANCES FROM CHICAGO. Miles. Amsterdam, Holland. 4,897 Antwerp, Belgium . .4,912 Athens, Greece 6,567 Berlin, Germany 5,147 Bremen, Germany .. .5,147 Brindisi, Italy 6,117 Brussels, Belgium. . .4,887 Christian ia, Norway. 5, 563 Con'nople, Turkey. . .6,722 Rangoon, India. .. .12,822 St. Helena, West of Africa 10,192 Bahia, Brazil 6,782 Bermuda, E. of U. S.1,692 Colon, Columbia 3,217 Hav.ina, Cuba 2,312 Livins'ston, Guate- mala , 3,407 Nassau, Bahama Ils..2,067 Pio Janerio, Brazil. 7, 642 Singapore 11,328 Tampico, Mexico ... .3,162 Adelaide, Australia.. 11, 933 Hongkong, China. .. .9,678 Honolulu, Sand. Is. ..4,733 Melbourne, Aus 11,353 Yokohama. Japan . ..7,813 WeU'ton, N. Zealand. 9,878 Part of the Western Hemisphere, Including North American Continent. Map of the North American Contin« n( Occupied, two thousand or more years ago, by the Mound Builders; more recently bv the red men, called Indians; opened to civilization by Christo- pher Columbus, who discovered the Bahama Islands, October 12, 1492. This map and three others taken from "Hill's Guide," by Thomas E. Hill, published by Laird & Lee, Chicago, 111. When examining the map of North America ligures will be found extend- ing from left to ri.ght, beginning with A 1 snd A 2. in the Arctic regions; succeeding which are B 1, etc., in the regions south of latitude SO; while south of latitude 70 are C 1, and so on. down to Central America. Letters and figures on the map indicate important localities. By examining the map the letters and figures will be readily found indicating points that are thus described. Localities and Objects Designated on Map by Letters and Numbers Quebec. Can. Nova Scotia. Gull' ot' St. L.aw- rence. Newfoundland. San Francisco. Sierra Nev. Mts. San Diego. Salton I^ake. Colorado River. Mex. Boundary. Rocky Mts. Denver, Colo. Santa Fe. Indian Ter. Arkansas River. Red River. Missisippi River St. Louis, Mo. Ohio River. Cincinnati, O. Allegheny Mts. Charleston, S. C. Cape Hatteras. Wash'gton, D. C. Phil'delphia, Pa. Bermuda Isl'ds. Atlantic Ocean. Pacific Ocean. Guadaloupe Is. Tropic of Canc'r. Low. California. Gf. of Calif'nia. Mexico. Sierra Mad re. Rio Grande. Monterey, Mex. Gulf of Mexico. Galveston, Tex. New Orleans. Florida. St. Augustine. Havana. Cuba, W. Indies. Watling Island. Mexico City. Pococatepetl. Vera Cruz, Mex. Yucatan, S. A. Guatemala. Honduras. Nicaragua. Nicaragua Lake. Caribbean Sea. Jamaica. Hayti, W. Inds. 1st. of Panama. Aspinwall. U. S. of Col'bia. Venezuela, S. C. Equator. Description of Notable Objects on the North American Continent. A 1. The Nortli Pole. An Imaginary point where the lines of longitude are supposed to converge. A 2. The Point Near the North Pole, reached by arctic navigators, being Lock- wood Island, discovered by the Greely ex- pedition in May, 1883. and supposed to be about 450 miles from the North Pole. Fail- ing to get supplies, the expedition started southward, and camped at Cape Sabin (see B. 2), about 420 miles southwest of Lock- wood Island, where they were rescued in a dying condition by the relief expedition un- der guidance of Commander W. S. Schley, 7 being rescued alive, 17 having died before relief arrived. B 1. Point Barrows. The northernmost point of Alaska, and the most northern point of the United States' possessions. B2. Cape Sabin. A locality that will alwaj's be notable as the place where the Greely explorers went into camp and waited for relief, which did not come until the ma.iority of the party had died. B 3. Baffin's Bay. So named after Wil- liam Baffin, who first explored the region in 1810. It is a large inland sea, 1,000 miles long and 500 miles wide. A 1. North Pole. E 28. A 2. Highest P oi n t E 29. of Arctic Ex- E 30. ploration. B 1. Point Barrow. E31. B 2. Cape Sabin. F 1. B 8. Baffin's Bay. F 2. B 4. Greenland. F 3. B 5. Spitzbergen. F 4. «! 1. Siberia, Russia. F 5. C 2. Behring's Str't. F 6. C 3. Alaska. F 7. C 4. Yukon River. F 8. C 5. Can. Dominion. F 9. C 6. M'Kenzie River. F 10. C 7. Gt. Bear Lake. F 11. C 8. Gt. Slave Lake F 12. C !>. Hudson Bay. F13. C 10. Hudson Strait. F 14. C 11. Davis Strait. F 15. C 12. Iceland. F 16. C 13. Norway. F 17. C 14. Arctic Circle. F18. I> 1. Mt. St. Elias. F19. D 2. Mt. Fairweather. F 20. D 3. Sitka, Alaska. F21. D 4. Mt. Brown. F 22. D 5. Lake- Winnipeg.F23. D 6. Winnipeg. G 1. D 7. Lake Nipigon. G 2. D 8. Labrador. G 3. D ». Strait of BelleG 4. Isle. G 5. K 1. Vancouver Is. G 6. E 2. Victoria, B. C. G 7. E 3. Mt. St. Helens. G 8. E 4. Portland, Ore. G 9. E 5. Columbia River.G 10. K a Boundarv Line G 11. E 7. Salt Lake, Utah.G 12. E 8. Yellowstone Pk.G 13. E 9. Missouri River. G 14. E 10. Dakota. G 15. E 11. St. Paul, Minn.G 16. K 12. Duluth, Minn. G 17. E 13. Lake Superior. H 1. K 14. Mackinac. H 2. E 15. Lake Michigan. H 3. E 16. Chicago. H 4. E 17. Lake Huron. H 5. E 18. Detroit, Mich. H 6. E 19. Lake Erie. H 7. E 20. Cleveland. H 8. E 21. Buffalo, N. Y. H 9. E 22. Lake Ontario. H 10. E 23. Montreal, Can. H 11. E 24. New York, N. Y.I 1. E 25. Boston, Mass. I 2. E 26 Mt. Wash'gton.I 8. E27. St. Lawrence R.I 4. B 4. Greenland. A region of unknown extent north- ward, said to have been dis- covered in the ninth cen- tury by an Icelander. Dr. Kane extended his explora- tions northward, across Greenland, to within 520 miles of the North Pole. The whole face of the northern portion is covered with a sheet of ice and snow. Greenlanders are widely scattered throughout the colder regions of the north. B 5. Spitzbergen. A group of islands covering about 30,000 English square miles. Covered with nearly perpet- ual snow and glaciers. C 1. Siberia. A vast ter- ritory in North Asia, be- longing to Russia, 4,000 miles long and 2,600 wide. C 2. Behring's Strait. Ex- plored by Vitus Behring in 1728; is nearly 50 miles wide from Alaska to Siberia, with three uninhabited islands nearly midway between. To- wards the middle the water is about 120 feet in depth. With a railroad spanning the distance between Alaska and Siberia, either above water or in a tunnel under the water, nearly all portions of the world could be traversed by continuous railways. C 3. Alaska. Belongs to the United States; comprises 565,862 square miles; popu- lation in 1900, 63,592. A small proportion are whites. Purchased of Russia, in 1867, for .$7,200,000. Alaskan waters are the home of the fur seal, the largest weigh- ing about 700 pounds. C 4. Yukon River. The principal river of Alaska; rises in the Rocky Moun- tains, in the Canadian Do- ininion, flows 2,000 miles, and empties into the Pacific ocean some 400 miles south- west of Behring Strait. C 5. Canadian Dominion. A vast area of country in the northern part of North America, usually designated as British America, contains 3.500,000 square miles, ex- tending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the LTnited States to the Arc- tic Ocean. Population in 1901 was 5,528,847. C 6. Mackenzie River. An impoitant river of British America. 1,773 miles long. Runs through Athabasca and Great Slave Lakes, and empties Into the Arctic Ocean. C 7. Great Bear Lake. By observing a perfect map of North America it will be seen that a chain of lakes extends from the Arctic Ocean, near Alaska, east- ward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The most north- erly of these is Great Bear Lake, the area of surface of which is estimated to be 14,- 000 square iniles. C 8. Great Slave Lake. Next, south of Great Bear, is Great Slave Lake, 300 miles in length by 50 in width, and like other lakes in this region, wholly frozen over for six months in the year. C 9. Hudson Bay. A great inland sea, on the bor- ders of which the Hudson Bay Company, which was established in 1670, held control until 1869; at which time their possessions were transferred to the Dominion of Canada for the sum of $1,500,000, they only reserv- ing their trading posts and a small amount of land around each post. C 10. Hudson Strait is a body of water joining Hud- son Bay with the Atlantic Ocean; is 450 miles in length, by 60 miles in width. C 11. Dav-is Strait. So called from the name of the navigator who first discov- ered it. Connects Baffin's Bay with the Atlantic Ocean, being at its narrow- est point 160 miles in width. C 12. Iceland. An island SOO miles in length by 200 miles in width; in the north- ernmost part of the Atlantic in the confines of the Arc- tic Ocean; belongs to the kingdom of Denmark. Is about SOO miles from Nor- way and 300 from Green- land. Settled by Norwegians in the latter part of the ninth century; has thus been open to civilization over 1,000 years. Possessed once a climate much more warm, than now. In spite of cold and pov- erty its people have been noted for literary attain- ments and scientific acquire- ments. Population, 1901, 78,470. C 13. Norway. Formerly formed with Sweden one joint kingdom; is 1,100 miles long and 250 miles wide; has. however, its own government, legislative ma- chinery, army and navy, after the manner of each separate State in the United States. C 14. Arctic Circle. A circle drawn around the North Pole which is sup- posed to divide the arctic regions from the temperate zone. D 1. Mt. St. Elias. A vol- canic mountain between Alaska and British Amer- ica; is 19,000 feet in height and is one of the highest peaks in North America. D 2. Mt. Fairweather. In southeast Alaska; is 14,900 feet, or 2% miles, in height. D 3. Sitka. The former capital of Alaska, on the coast, in the southernmost part of that territory. Points of Interest in the Central Part of North America D 4. Mt. Brown. Is 15,900 feet high, in the Rocky Mountains, near Mt. Hooker, in the same range of mountains; the latter being 15,675 feet in height. D 5. Lake Winnipeg. Is 90 miles north of Minnesota; is 264 miles long, 85 miles wide. D 6. Wianipeg. Capital of Man- itoba; celebrated for its schools and advanced civilization. Popu- lation, 1901, 90,204. D 7. Lake Nipigron. An im- portant lake at the head of Nipi- gon River, renowned as a resort for fishermen. D 8. Labrador. A portion of the North American continent supposed to have been visited by the Northmen in the ninth cen- tury; is a cold, frigid region a large portion of the year, and is settled largely by the Esquimaux. Is under English rule. D 9. Strait of Belle Isle. A narrow neck of water separating Labrador from Newfoundland. E 1. Vancouver Island. Is 270 miles long, 50 miles wide, and has, with its chief town, Victoria, a large and growing population. Under British rule. E 3. Victoria. Capital of the province of British Columbia; stands at the southeast extrem- ity of Vancouver Island. E 3. Mt. St. Helena. In the southeast of Washington State; 13,400 feet high. Mt. Hood, in northern Oregon, is 11,225 feet high. .,,.F^*^ ^*""*'*°tl' Ore. Population 1900, 90,426. This is a region, ow- mg to mild, moist and favorable climate, of remarkable fruit and vegetable production. E 5. Columbia River. Largest stream on the western coast of the United States, being 1,000 miles long. , E 6. Boundary Line, between the United States and the Brit- ish Dominion. E 7. Salt Lake. An extensive sheet of salt water, 70 miles long and 30 miles wide, having an av- erage depth of 7 or 8 feet, and nowhere over 20 feet in depth. Its surface is over 4,200 feet above the sea. Nine Islands are found in this lake, some of which are 3,250 feet above the level of Its surface. No living creature IS found in its waters, which con- stitute one of the purest and most concentrated brines in the world. Receives fresh water ffom two sources, but has no out- let. E 8. Yellowstone Park. Is 65 miles long and 55 miles wide; contains from 5,000 to 10,000 springs, and 50 geysers that throw water to a height of from 50 to 200 feet. Was set apart oy Congress as a public park in E 9. Missouri River. The long- est continuous river in the world- springs out in the Rocky Moun- tains, in Montana, runs north 200 miles, thence east 1,200 miles, thence southeast to the mouth of the Kansas River, thence east to the Mississippi, thence south, in the union with the Mississippi, to the Gulf of Mexico; its entire length being 4,506 miles; 2,540 miles being navigable, in high water, up from the Mississippi. | E 10. Dakota. So called from the Dakota Indians; was set apart as a territory in 1861, and admitted into the Union as two states in 1889. Bountiful wheat- growing region. E 11. St. Paul. Population 1900, 163,065. E 12. Duluth. Population, 1900, 52,969. E 13. Lake Superior. Is the largest body of fresh water in the world, being 355 miles long and 160 wide; is 600 feet above the level of the sea; its average depth is 1,000 feet, its bottom thus being 400 feet below the level of the sea. E 14. Mackinac. An island lo- cated at the northern extremity of Michigan, in the Straits of Mackinac; is a national park 3 miles long by 2 miles wide; is much frequented as a summer re- sort. E 15. Lake Michigan. The sec- ond in size of the great fresh water lakes; lies wholly in the United States, 240 miles long and 88 miles wide in some places. E 16. Chicago. In the vicinity of Chicago, and to the westward, throughout the Mississippi val- ley, are the great prairies where the rank growth of vegetation has blossomed and gone to de- cay, every year for centuries, cre- ating a wondrously fertile soil, adapted to the growth of that important cereal known as corn. E 17. Lake Huron. One of the five great lakes. Separates the Canadian dominion from the State of Michigan. Area, 20,000 square miles. Depth, 1,000 feet. Its surface is 584 feet above the level of the ocean. Contains 3,000 islands. E 18. Detroit. Population, 1900, 285,704. E 19. Lake Erie. Length, 240 miles; breadth, from 30 to 60 miles. Average depth about 120 feet. ,«E ~®- ^'^^'^lan^ Population, 1900, 381,768. E 21. Buffalo. Population, 1900, E 22. Lake Ontario. Eastern- most of the five great lakes, is 196 miles long and 55 miles wide, being, in some places, 600 feet deep. E 23. Montreal. The largest city of Canada. 400 miles from New York, 180 miles from Que- bec and 2,750 miles from Liver- pool. England. Population, 1901, 267,730. E 24. New York City. Popula- tion, 1905, 3,948,191. E 25. Boston. Population, 1904, 588,482. E 26. Mt. Washington. One of the highest of the White Moun- tains, in the State of New Hamp- shire, is 6,285 feet high; has a carriage road and railway to its summit, on the top of which Is a signal service station and a hotel. E 27. St. Lawrence River. Rises at the lower end of Lake On- tario and empties into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, being 750 miles long. Including the chain of lakes it is 3,200 miles long up to Duluth. E 28. Quebec. The location where this city is situated was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1553, and founded by Champlain in 1608. Throughout the Cana- dian Dominion one of the prin- cipal sports of the country Is that of tobogganing on the frozen snow, in the long winter season. Capital of the Providence of Que- bec. Population, 1901, 68,840. E 29. Nova Scotia. A small province belonging to the British Possessions 280 miles long and from 50 to 100 miles in width. Contains about 400 lakes and a population of 459,572. Capital city, Halifax. E 30. Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lies westward of Newfoundland, and is the entrance to the St. Lawrence river. E 31. Newfoundland. An island and province of the British Pos- sessions at the eastward extreme of the North American continent; is 370 miles in length, 290 in breadth. r 1. San Francisco. Population, 1900, 342.782. F 2. Sierra Nevada Mountains. Extending 450 miles in length along the eastern boundary of California. F 3. San Diego. Seaport city and port of entry, having a su- perior harbor, in lower Califor- nia. Modern discovery by Ca- brillo in 1542. First settled in 1769. A new town commenced in 1867. Has many attractions both as a summer and winter re- sort. Will become a large city. Population in 1900, 17,700. F 4. Salton Lake. A newly formed lake in southern Califor- nia. F 5. Colorado River. Rises in southeastern Utah, flows first M-est and then south 2,000 miles, emptying into the Gulf of Cal- ifornia. F 6. Boundary Line of Mexico. Extending from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of about 1,400 miles. F 7. Rocky Mountains. Ex- tending from Mexico to the Arc- tic Ocean, a distance of 2.500 miles, being over 1,000 miles wide in the U. S. F 8. Denver. Population, 1900, 133,859. F 9. Santa Fe. Capital of New Mexico. An old Spanish-Mexican town, founded in 1605. F 10. Indian Territory. A re- gion having about 10,000 square miles, originally set apart by the government in 1848 for the use of the Indians. F 11. Arkansas River. Except- ing the Missouri, the largest branch of the Mississippi. Rises In the Rocky Mountains and flows 2,170 miles, southeastward, to the Mississippi, being naviga- ble for eight months of the year for a distance of 800 miles from its mouth. F 12. Red River. Rises on the east border of New Mexico. F 13. 3Iississippi River. The principal river of North Ameri- ca and, including its chief branch, the Missouri, the longest in the world. Rises in the highlands of Minnesota and flows southward 2,616 miles. F 14. St. Louis. Population, 1900, 575,238. Notable Localities and Objects in Southern North America F 15. Ohio Kiver. Formed by the union of the Allegheny and Monongahela at Pittsburg, Pa. ; thence flows southwest to the Mississippi 950 miles. Navigable through its entire length. F 16. Cincinnati. Population, 1900, 32.3,902. F 17. Allegheny 3Iountain8. Extending froin Cape Gaspe, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, south- west to Alabama, 1.300 miles. Are the dividing ridge between the Atlantic and the Mississippi valley. F 18. Charleston. Population, 1900, 55. SO". Since the early set- tlement of the States this has been a region celebrated for the growth of cotton. F 19. Cape Hatteras. A dan- gerous point for ships on the sea, at the extreme eastern point of North Carolina. F 20. Washington. Population, 1900, 278,718. F 21. Pl.iladelphla. Population, 1900, 1,293,097. F 22. Bermuda Islands. So named because first discovered by Bermudez, a Spaniard, in 1527. Were colonized in 1609. There are 500 islets, which, in all, con- tain about 12.000 acres, the whole occupying about 20 iniles in length by C miles in breadth. F 23. Atlantic Ocean. That ocean, at the eastward of Amer- ica, which divides the old world from the new, extending from the Arctic circle on the north to the Antarctic circle on the south; is 5.000 miles wide at the widest and 1.600 iniles in width at the narrowest point. G 1. Pacific Ocean. That great body of water at the westward of America, being about 9,000 miles long by 10.300 miles broad, at its greatest breadth, its area covering about two-fifths of the entire globe. G 2. Guadeloupe Island. Three hundred miles to the westward of lower California. G 3. Tropic of Cancer. That line which is supposed to be the northern boundary of the equa- torial region. G 4. I.,ower California. That portion of California which is principally in Mexican territory; a very drj', rocky and forbidding region having a population num- bering about 12.000 persons, the most of whoin live near the south- ern extremity of the peninsula. G 5. Gulf of California. Di- vides lower California from the rest of Mexico. Is 700 miles long and from 40 to 100 miles wide. G 6. Mexico. Occupies the south- trn part of the North American continent, occupied by a race of beings, about the seventh century called the Toltecs; subsequently, in the twelfth century, by the Aztecs, who remained here until the conquest of the country, by Cortez, in 1510. Present popula"- tion is little less than 14,000,000. G 7. Sierra Madre. The name of the southern portion of the Rocky Mountains which are in Mexico. G 8. Rio Grande River. Has a total length of about 1,800 miles, and for 1,100 miles forms the boundary between Mexico and the I'nited States. Navigable for 450 miles from the sea. G 9. Monterey, Mexico. The most thi-iving city of Northern Mexico, having. In 1900, a popu- lation of 62,266. Founded in 1596. G 10. Gulf of Mexico. Basin of the Atlantic Ocean, covering an area of 800,000 square miles. G Jl. Galveston. Population, 1900, 37,780. G 12. New Orleans. Population, 1900, 287,104. G 13. Florida. The most south- ern portion of the United States, 400 miles long; average width, 120 miles. A very general and favorite resort, in the win- ter season, because of its mild climate. G 14. St. Augustine. The old- est city in the United States. The region hereabouts first made known to Europeans by Ponce de Leon, who landed near the citv in 1512. The city, itself, founded in 1565. A favorite resort for people from the north in the winter season. Widely known because of its magnificent Ponce de Leon hotel. Gtl>15. Havana. The capital of Cuba and the most important city in the West Indies. Founded by Velasquez in 1511. Population of Havana and its suburbs, 1899, 235,981. G 16. Cuba. Largest of West India Islands. Length, 750 miles; average width, 50 miles. Population about 1,500.000. The white people of Cuba are of Spanish descent, and among the ladies are types of a very high order of beauty. G 17. Watling Island. One of the Bahamas, being the island on which, it is supposed, Columbus first landed, October 12, 1492, upon his arrival in the New world, 70 days after leaving Spain. H 1. Mexico City. Capital of the Mexican Republic. Situated on an elevated plateau; is laid out with great regularity, being about three miles square. Sup- posed to have been founded by the Aztecs in 1325. Population, 1900, 308,777. H 2. Volcano Popocatepetl. Largest volcano in Mexico, a mountain about 10 miles south- Tvest of Mexico City. Is 17,720 feet above sea level. Though it emits smoke, no eruption has taken place since 1540. II 3. Vera Cruz. Leading har- bor on the eastern coast of Mexi- co, 200 miles from the Mexican capital; built in semicircle and surrounded by a strong wall. Pop- ulation about 17,000. H 4. Vucatan. A Mexican pen- insula jutting into the Gulf of Mexico. Discovered by the Span- iards in 1517. H 5. Guatemala. In Central America. Area, 48,290 square miles; nearly as large as Ohio. Has a population of 1,842.134. Many Northerners have recently come here and engaged in the cultivation of coffee and bananas. H 6. Honduras. A Republic in Central America about the size of Indiana, having a popu- lation of 744.901. Was discov- ered by Columbus on his fourth voyage, in 1562(?). Is being rap- idly opened to settlers from the United States. Area, 42,658 square miles. H 7. Nicaragua. A Republic of Central America, near the size of the State of New York. Popula- tion about 500,000. Has several smoking volcanoes, and a soil that produces, in abundance, all the fruits and vegetables of the tropics. Area, 49,200 square miles. H 8. Lake Nicaragua. A sheet of water 110 miles long and from SO to 50 miles wide. H 9. Caribbean Sea. That part of the Atlantic Ocean, between the coasts of Central and South America and the large islands of the West Indies. H 10. Jamaica. One of the West India Islands belonging to England, a little less in size than New Jersey. Length, 135 miles; 21 to 49 miles wide. Population, 581,000. H 11. Hayti. Largest of the West India Islands, Cuba ex- cepted; 400 miles long, 150 miles wide at the widest point. Is near the size of New Hampshire. Pop- ulation about 1,425.000, nearly al! negroes. I-l. Istlimus of Panama. Nar- row neck of land, connecting North and South America. a high range of mountains forming the barrier between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, which, at this point, are about 31 miles apart. I-l. Panama Canal. The route for this canal was first surveyed in 1527; Panama railroad built in 1850-1855; Panama Canal Com- pany organized by De Lesseps, 1879; work on canal begun 1881; Canal company failed, 1888; De Lrsseps and others sentenced to prison for fraud, 1893; new French canal company formed, 1894; De Lesseps died, 1894; canal property offered to the United States, 1902, for $40,000,- 000; accepted, 1903; a canal treaty made with Colombia, Jan- uary. 1903, was rejected bv Co- lombia in August. 1903; Revolu- tion; organized the Republic of Panama in November, 1903; United States treaty with Pana- ma for purchase of territory five miles in width on each side of canal November, 1903. 1-2. Aspinwall. Sometimes called Colon, is built on the coral island of Manzanilla. Was founded by the Panama Railway Company, in 1850, and derives its name from W. H. Aspinwall, one of the principal railway shareholders. 1-3. United States of Colombia. The name for several confeder- ated States, in this portion of South America, the area of which is 502.000 square mil§s; about seven times as large as the six New England States. 1-4. Venezuela. A portion of Northern South America. In- cludes nineteen separate States and Territories, and contains a population of 2,198,825. Repub- lican government. 1-5. Equator. The imaginary partition line midway between the North and South Poles; di- vides the northern from the southern hemisphere, and crosses those regions which, being directly under the sun's vertical ravs. are the warmest parts of the earth ALABAMA STATE AND THE 67 COUNTIES OF ALABAMA With Their Boundaries Liocation and Population of ALABAJIA COUNTIES Lo- ca- tion 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 13. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 23. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. ■49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 01. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. COUNTIES Pop. 1910 Lauderdale Limestone Madison Jackson . Colbert Franklin Lawrence , Morgan Marshall . DeKalb .. Marion Winston Cullman . . Blount Etowah Cherokee .. Lamar Fayette , "Walker Jefferson aint Clair Calhoun Cleburne Pickens Tuscaloosa .. Shelby Talladega, Clay Randolph . . Sumter, .. Greene Hale Bibb . . . Perry . Chilton . .. Coosa Tallapoosa Chambers . . Choctaw, . . Marengo, Dallas, . . Autauga. . . . Elmore, Lee . Washington. .... Clarke. .... Wilcox . . . Lowndes. Montgomery, .... Macon . ... Bullock. Russell. . . . Monroe, . . Conecuh, .... Butler, . Crenshaw. Pike, Barbour. . . Mobile, Baldwin, Escambia, Covington. ... Coffee. .... Dale, Henry, Geneva. Houston. . .30,930 . .26,880 . .47,041 . .33,918 ..34,802 ..19,369 . .31,984 . .33,781 . .38,553 . .38,261 . .17,495 . .13,8.55 ..38,331 ..31,456 . .39,109 . .30,226 ..17,487 ..16,248 . .37,013 .220,470 . .30,715 . .39,115 . .13,385 . .35,055 . .47,559 ..36,949 .37,921 . .31,006 . .34,6,59 . .28,699 ..22,717 . .39,115 . .22,797 . .31,223 . .33.187 . .16,634 . .31,034 . .36,056 . .18,483 . .39,923 . .58,401 , .20,038 . .28,245 .23,867 .14,454 .30,987 .33,810 .31,894 .82,178 .26,049 .30,196 .35,937 .37,155 .24,433 .29,030 .23,313 . .30,815 , .32,148 . .80,854 . .18,178 , .18,889 .32,134 .26.119 .21,873 .30,943 .36,230 .33,414 Total 2,138,093 ■=2 "tn* ^f o* eMATT-NOfXiA ^- ^-1 r 124 . 25^P^.y'26 /27.-^28 ; 29 I I f -^ 33 ^1 Ul .^27;^. '?5N36 137 i38 M 66 ' 67 ALABAMA, ALABAMA TOWNS "WITH 1910 POPULATION Loca. Pop. Abbeville 65. Abercrombie ..33. Abernant 25. Acton 26. Adamsville ...20. Adgar 20. Alabama City. 15. Alameda 46. Albertville 9. Aldrich 26. Alexander City. 37. Allceville 24. Allenton 47. Alton 20. Altoona 15. Andalusia 62. Anderson 1 . Anniston 22. Ariton 64. Arkadelphia ..13. Ashford 67. Ashland 38. ..1,141 . . . 350 . . . 300 . .1,500 . . . 649 ..1,371 ..4,313 . . . 318 ..1,544 . . . 451 ..1,710 . . . 647 . . . 208 . . . 200 . .1,071 . .2,480 . . . 226 .12,794 ...431 . . . 207 . . . 479 . .1,062 Towns Loca. Pop. Ashville 21., Athens 2. , Atmore 61. . Attalla 15.. Aubrey 20. . Auburn 44. . Austinville 8. . Autaugaville ...42.. Avondale 20.. Bangor Banks Barlow Battelle Bend, .14., . 57 . , .46.. .10. , Bay Minette. . .60. , Bear Creek .... 1 1 . , Beatrice 53 . . Belcher 58. , Bellamy 30., Belle Ellen 33., Bellwood 66., . . 278 .1,715 .1,060 .2,513 . . 318 .1,408 . . 671 , . 313 .4,015 . . 208 . . 307 . . 217 .1,614 . . 749 . . 614 , . 349 .. 211 . . 514 . . 418 . . 201 Toiciis Loca. Pop. Benton 48. Berry 18. Bessemer 20. Baxar 11. Billingsley . . . .42. Birmingham ..20. Black 66. Bladen Springs.39. Blocton 33. Blossburg 20. Blount Springs. 14. Blountsville Blowhorn . Bluffton .. Boaz Boligee . . . Boiling Bon ."Vir . . Bon Secour Biraehead Brantley . . Brewton 61. Bridgeport 4. .27. .60. .33. .56. ... 644 . . . 372 .10,864 . . . 384 ... 356 133,685 . . . 485 . . . 425 ..2,500 ..1,518 . . . 371 . . . 314 . . . 287 .. . 318 . .1,010 . . . 200 .. . 351 . . . 378 . . . 355 . . . 257 . . . 803 . .2,185 . .2,115 Explanation: Index to Towns. First Column, Names of Towns; Second Column, Number the Same as Number of the County Where Town is Located: Third Column, Population of 1910. Loca. Means Lo- cation. Pop. Means Population. Star in Front of Name Indicates County Seat. Alabama Cities and Villages with 1910 Populations Towns Loca. Pop. Brierfield .... Brighton .... Brempton .... Brooklyn .... Brookside Brookwood Browns Brundidge . . . Buena Vista . . Burnsville Butler c Caddo 3.5. Cahala 41. Calumet 19. Camden 47. Camphill 3?. Capitol Heights.49. .33. .20. .21. .54. .20. .25. .41. .57. .53. .41. .39. Carbon Hill. Cardiff Carroll ton Castlebury . . Catherine . . . Center Centerville Central Mills. .19. .29. .'4. .Ci. Ai. .16. 38. .41. Chambers 41. Chatham 4'>. Chelsea 26. Chepultepec . .14. Choccolocco ...22. Chunchula . . . .59. Citronelle 59. Clanton 35. Clayton 58. Clio 38. .20. .21. .20. Coalburg Coal Citv.. Coal Creek Coaling 23. Coal Valley ...19. Cochrane 24. Coden 59. Coffee Springs. 66. Collinsville Columbia . Columbiana Comer Cordova . . Corona Cottondale Cottonwood Courtland . Covington . Crawford . Crossville . Cuba Cullman . . .10. .67. .•:6. .58. .19. .19. .25 . .65. ..7. , .20. . 52 . .10. .30. .13. Curio Station.. 13. Curtistown .2.081 .1,502 . . 251 . . 358 . . 623 .1,550 . . 200 . . 815 . . 208 . . 208 . . 351 . . 300 . . 214 . . 355 . . 648 . . 896 . . 403 .1,627 . . 426 . . 444 . . 225 . . 208 . . 256 . . 730 . . 208 . . 250 . . 218 . . 413 . . 212 . . 250 . . 214 . . 935 .1,123 .1,130 . . 580 . . 350 . . 685 . . 381 . . 350 . . 410 . . 309 . . 250 . . 503 . . 673 .1,122 .1,079 . . 300 .1,741 .1,571 . . 581 . . 578 . . 478 . . 515 . . 218 . . 250 . . 650 .2,130 . . 200 . . 200 Dadeville . . Daleva . . . . Daleville . . , Daphne Dayton . . . , Decatur ... Deer Crek. . Deinopolis .37. .67. .64. .60. .40. . .8. .19. .40. Dixons Mills... 40., Dolomite Dora 19. Dothan 67. Double Springs.l3. Dozier rnof Islands; 3 St. Matthew Island; 4 St. I^awrenoe Island; 5 Cape Print e of Wales; 6 Nome; 7 St. Mieliacl; 8 Coal Mines; !) Point Barrow; 10 Circle; 11 Aaldez; 13 ^^Uagway; 13 Muir Glacier; 14 Juneau; 15 Wrangel ; 16 Sitkeen District; 17 Waterway Seattle- Alaska; 18 Sitlia; 19 Karluk; 20 Kadiak; 21 Central Alaska R. K.; 23 Copper River R. R.; 33 Yukon Kiver. POPULATIONS. The 1910 Census gives Cape Prince of Wales Settlement, (5), a population of 396; St. 3Iichael, (7), 857; Circle, (10). 330; Eagle. 458; Karluk, (19), 447;Kadiak, (20), 341; Treadwell, (14), 523; Wrangel, (15), 868; besides populations we mention elsewhere. Alaska, region first visited by Bering in 1732. Bering was a Dane who belonged to the Russian navy. In command of a fleet he was sent out by Peter llie Great of Russia, to explore the Arctic Sea and Strait, afterwards named for him. Alaska Territory was purchased from Russia, in 1S67 for .$7,2(»0,U