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THE 
 
 CAPTURE, 
 
 stap ; 
 
 GIVING A COMPLETE 
 
 HISTORY OF PRISON LIFE IX THE SOUTH, 
 
 PRINCIPALLY AT 
 
 RICHMOND, DANVILLE, MACON, SAVANNAII, CHARLESTON, COLUMBIA, BELLE ISLE, 
 
 MILLIN, SALISBURY, AND ANDERSONVILLE : DESCRIBING THE ARRIVAL OF 
 
 PRISONERS, PLANS OF ESCAPE, WITH NUMEROUS AND VARIED 
 
 INCIDENTS AND ANECDOTES OF PRISON LIFE : 
 
 EMBRACING, ALSO, 
 
 THE ADVENTURES OF THE AUTHOR'S ESCAPE FROM COLUMBIA, 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA, HIS RECAPTURE, SUBSEQUENT ESCAPE, 
 
 RECAPTURE, TRIAL AS SPY, AND FINAL ESCATE 
 
 FROM SYLVANIA, CEORGIA. 
 
 8Hft& illustrations. 
 
 BY 
 
 CAPTAIN WILLARD W. GLAZIER, 
 
 U. S. V. 
 
 To which Is added an Appendix, containing; the Name, Rank, Regiment, and 
 Ro»t-Ofliee address of Prisoners. 
 
 " We tpcak that we do know, and testify that we have seen. '• 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 
 UNITED STATES PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
 
 1 8 S 8. 
 

 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by 
 
 WILLARD W. GLAZIER, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United StateB for the Northern 
 
 District of New York. 
 
 I c 
 
 L .1- 
 
 THE TKOW A SMITH BOOK MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
 46, 48, 50 GREENE 6TBEET. 
 

 TO 
 
 THE WIDOWS, CHILDREN, FATHERS, 
 
 MOTHERS, BROTHERS, SISTERS, FRIENDS, AND 
 
 SURVIVING COMRADES 
 
 Of fhe IfconannJ* of SN^e iffen 
 
 WHO LEFT THE PLEASURES AND COMFORTS OF HOME, 
 
 ABANDONED CHERISHED ENTERPRISES 
 
 AND BUSINESS SCHEMES, 
 
 I0R THE PURPOSE OF SERVING THEIR COUNTRY, 
 
 AND WHO HAVE BEEN CAPTURED BY THE ENEMY WHILE 
 IN THE FAITHFUL PERFORMANCE OF TUEIR DUTY, 
 
 TO UNTIMELY GRAVES THROUGH UNPARALLELED SUFFERINGS, 
 13 THIS VOLUME MOST RESPECTFULLY 
 
 DEDICATED 
 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
" Hallow ye each lonely grave, 
 
 Make their memory sure and blest; 
 For their lives they nobly gave, 
 And their spirits are at rest." 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It has been my aim in the preparation of these 
 pages, to give a plain, unvarnished narrative of facts 
 and incidents of Prison Life, as they occurred under 
 my own observation during an experience of fourteen 
 months, in various Southern Prisons. 
 
 They do not pretend to give a complete history 
 of that eventful period — only a part. Others are 
 contributing sketches for the dark picture, which, at 
 the best, can but poorly illustrate the fearful atroci- 
 ties of our brutal keepers. 
 
 The multiplied woes of the battle-field, and the 
 sufferings of the sick and wounded in hospitals which 
 the Federal Government has established, might almost 
 be considered the enjoyments of Paradise, when com- 
 pared with the heart-rending and prolonged agonies 
 of Captives in Rebel Stockades. 
 
 Sad and painful as it seems in the former case, 
 there are a great variety of mitigating circumstances 
 which tend to soothe the feelings as we contemplate 
 them. Their sufferings are of comparatively short 
 duration, surrounded as they are by those who 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 never tire in their efforts to provide comfort and 
 relief. Members of the numerous humane societies 
 can visit thorn and attend to their wants ; hut in the 
 latter case they have passed the boundary which bars 
 them from all these things. 
 
 We are even led to conclude, by the usage which 
 we have received at the hands of our captors and 
 brutal prison keepers, that it was their deliberate in- 
 tention to maim, and thereby render us completely 
 unfit for future service. They have seen us, with 
 apparent satisfaction, become so much reduced in 
 clothing as to have scarcely rags for a covering ; they 
 have condemned us to hunger and thirst, pain and 
 weariness, affliction and misery in every conceivable 
 form, so that thousands of our unfortunate fellows 
 have anxiously awaited the approach of the King of 
 Terrors as the arrival of a welcome messenger that 
 had come to bring them a happy release. 
 
 In the absence of much information on this sub- 
 ject, it is impossible for me to give an exact account 
 of the number of deaths in Rebel Prisons. Still, if 
 we consider the statements of several who have re- 
 duced their calculations to figures, we may arrive at 
 a more correct conclusion than we otherwise should. 
 Robert H. Kellogg, Sergeant-Major, 16th Connecticut 
 Volunteers, who was at Andersonville and Florence, 
 says the deaths at the latter place were twelve per 
 cent, per month. Mr. Richardson, correspondent 
 
PREFACE. V« 
 
 of the New York Tribune , says it was thirteen per 
 cent, at Salisbury for the same time. There were 
 13,000 deaths at Andersonville. Mr. Kellogg affirms 
 that one-half of his regiment captured, died in about 
 seven months. Let us suppose that the prisoners 
 will average 25,000 from January 1, 1862, to Jan- 
 uary 1, 1865, and the deaths to be nine per cent, per 
 month, or 2,250 ; then multiply by thirty-six months, 
 and we have 81,000 deaths. Had we been provided 
 with such clothing, shelter, and food as the laws of 
 health absolutely require, it is probable that there 
 would not have been more than one-eighth of the 
 actual number of deaths. Hence, we conclude that 
 70,875 have fallen victims to inhuman treatment. 
 My figures with regard to the number of prisoners, 
 and the percentage of deaths, may be too large ; but 
 allowing that my estimates are nearly right, the 
 awful carnage of the battle-field has not exceeded the 
 frightful mortality of the Prison Pen. Whether the 
 Rebels have intentionally murdered our unfortunate 
 soldiers or not, I leave the reader to decide. 
 
 I had no thoughts of publishing a book until 
 several weeks after my escape. I kept a diary, or 
 journal, from the time of my capture. After reading 
 portions of it to some of my friends, they persuaded 
 me to amplify and put it in a readable form. 
 
 The rough manuscript was, for the most part, 
 written during my imprisonment at Columbia, sit- 
 
VIU PREFACE. 
 
 ting on the ground, and writing on my knee. Cap- 
 tain Kelly, 1st Kentucky Cavalry, brought a part of 
 that manuscript through the lines by concealing it in 
 the crown of an old regulation hat. I escaped with 
 the remainder concealed in the lining of my jacket ; 
 and though I had the misfortune to be twice recap- 
 tured, succeeded, by dint of considerable strategy, in 
 bringing it safely through to Savannah. 
 
 The Appendix is principally the work of Robert 
 J. Fisher, late captain lVth Missouri Volunteers, be- 
 ing taken from his lithograph, entitled the " Libby 
 Prison Memorial." To these, as well as to those 
 friends who have expressed an interest in the work, 
 and in various ways aided in promoting it, my sin- 
 cere thanks are tendered. 
 
 WlLLARD "W. GLAZIEE. 
 Albany, N. Y., November 12, 1865. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 — <$> — 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Author's Enlistment and Service in the Field— Federal Defeat at Bull 
 Run — Northern Patriotism — The President's Call — Organization of the 
 Harris Light Cavalry— Ordered to Washington— Encampment at Mun- 
 son's Hill— At Arlington Heights— McClellan's Advance to Manassas — 
 Transfer of the Army of the Potomac to the Peninsula, — The Harris Light 
 remains with the Army of Northern Virginia — McDowell's Advance to 
 the Rappahannock— Night Attack at Falmouth— Occupation of Fred- 
 ericksburgh— Raids during the Spring and Summer of 18C2— Gen- 
 eral Pope's Campaign in Virginia— Battle of Cedar Mountain— The Pen- 
 insular Campaign Abandoned — First Cavalry Fight at Brandy Station — 
 Bull Run No. 2 — The Campaign in Maryland and Pennsylvania — Bat- 
 tle of Fredericksburgh— Death of General Bayard — Defeat of the Black 
 Horse Cavalry — Kilpatrick's Raid around Lee's Army — Second Cavalry 
 Engagement at Brandy Station— Cavalry Fight at Aldie — Middleburgh 
 — Upperville— Second Campaign in Maryland and Pennsylvania — Battle 
 of Gettysburg — Engagement at Boonsboro' — Williamsport — Hagerstown 
 —Falling Waters— Lie's Retreat to the Rapidan 19 
 
 CHAPTEPw II. 
 
 The Capture— Situation of the Army of the Potomac in October, 1863 — Gen- 
 eral Meade equal to the Emergency— Action of the Rebels— General Lee's 
 Flank Movement— Cavalry Fight at James City— The Army retires to 
 Manassas— Cavalry Fight at Brandy Station — The Grand Charge— Gallant 
 Conduct of Generals Kilpatrick and Davies — The Rebel Lines broken — 
 Kilpatrick joins Buford — A third Engagement anticipated on the old 
 Bull Run Battle-field— Great Alarm caused by the Accidental Burning of 
 an Ammunition Wagon — Preparations for Battle — The Battle of Bristoe 
 The Federal Arms Victorious — A Reconnoissance — Horses and Men 
 Drowned while Fording Bull Run— Skirmishing with Rebel Cavalry, 
 October 18th— Cavalry Fight at Buckland Mills— The Author's Horse 
 shot under him — His Capture and Lodgment in Warrenton Jail — Rob- 
 bing Prisoners— March from Warrenton to Culpepper— Sufferings of the 
 Prisoners — Incidents at Culpepper— Removal to Orange Court House— 
 At Gordonsville— Registering Names— The Drunken Guard— An Issue of 
 Rations— From Gordonsville to Richmond— October 19 to October 23, 
 
 1863 28 
 
 1* 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Arrival in Richmond— Libby Prison— First Impressions— General Search for 
 Greenbacks and other Valuables at Major Turner's Office— How the 
 Author concealed his Journal— Meeting the old Prisoners— Description of 
 the Prison— Character of Major Turner— Exchange Rumors— October 23 
 to November 8, 1863 41 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 In the Hospital at Libby— Prevailing Diseases— Rebel Surgeons— Rations 
 for the Sick— Exchange of Surgeons— Sending Messages to Friends at 
 the North— Old Newsboy, Ben— Thanksgiving-Day in Libby— Invisible 
 Ink— The Rebels Discover the Secret— Detention of a Love-Letter— The 
 Dead-House— Escape of Dead Yankees— A Rebel Surgeon Outwitted by 
 a Yankee Sailor— Sad News from Home— Bragg's Defeat— Plans for Es- 
 cape—Keyhole Correspondences— Belle Isle — Amusements — An Escape 
 and its Consequences— Barbarous Treatment of the Sick— November 8 
 to December 16, 1863 51 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Return from the Hospital— An Order from General Winder— More Exchange 
 Rumors— The New Year in Libby— Daily Allowance of Rations— Punish- 
 ment for Singing our National Songs— Captains Sawyer and Flynn— 
 John Morgan, the Rebel Raider, visits Libby— "The Great Yankee 
 Tunnel "—Plan of Operation— Implements used— Disclosing the Secret; — 
 Stripping for the Chimney— Escape of Prisoners— The Guard in Castle 
 Thunder— Roll-call— Discovery of the Tunnel— Rebel Accounts— Kil- 
 patrick's Attempt to release the Prisoners at Richmond— Death of Colonel 
 Dahlgren— Rebel Mode of treating Captives from Kilpatrick's Command 
 —The Prison Undermined— A Special Exchange— " Exchange on the 
 Brain "—Arrival of Prisoners from Plymouth, N. C— General Wessels 
 Mosby, the Rebel Guerrilla, visits Libby— Great Commotion in Rich- 
 mond—General Lee reported to be defeated— Notice from Major Turner 
 to be ready to leave the Prison— Each Man receives a " Corn Dodger "— 
 Farewell to Libby— December 16, 1863, to May 7, 1864 70 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Arrival at Danville— The Journey— Escapes from the Cars— Firing upon 
 Prisoners— An Attempt to disarm the Guard— Military Importance of 
 Danville— Rations— Sleeping Spoon-fashion— News from the Army — 
 Tunnelling commenced— General Averill's Raid— Joy of the Prisoners — 
 Uneasiness of the Rebels— Once more on the Rail— From Danville to 
 Macon — Meeting Conscripts for Lee's Army— Marching in North Carolina 
 Mud— The Author's Attempt to escape— In Box-cars ngain— An Un- 
 pleasant Situation— Arrival at Charlotte— Singing the "Star-Spangled 
 Banner "—Loyalty of the Citizens— An Issue of Rations— Attempts to 
 
CONTES TS. XI 
 
 escape — Climbing Trees and digging Holes in the Ground — Amusing 
 Incidents — From Charlotte to Columbia, South Carolina— From Colum- 
 bia to Augusta, Georgia— From Augusta to Macon— May 7 to May IT, ISM 101 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 At Macon, Georgia — " Camp Oglethorpe "—Major Turner at Macon — The 
 "Dead Liue"— Firing upon a Prisoner— New Arrivals— Rations— Dig- 
 ging Tunnels — Tunnels Discovered by the Rebels— Punishment— Appeal 
 to Captain Gibbs — Murder of Lieutenant Gricrson — Rebel Favors — New 
 Tunnels— Plans for Escape Frustrated— Sentinels Instructed to shoot 
 Prisoners— Special Orders No. 6 — Personal Attack of the Scurvy— Fourth 
 of July in the Prison Pen— Music, Speeches, Toasts, etc. — Tiie Miniature 
 Star-Spangled Banner— The Prison Authorities March in a Battalion of 
 Armed Meu and Compel us to Disperse— Special Orders No. 9— My Ill- 
 ness—Selling Buttons to save Life— Removal of Prisoners— May 17 to 
 July 29, 1S64 • . . 113 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Savannah, Georgia—" Camp Davidson "—General Stoneman's Raid— Kind 
 Treatment at Savannah — A Comparison of Rebel Prisons — Better Rations 
 —Brick Ovens— Tunnelling— Our Scheme Exposed by a Cow — Joy with- 
 out Death within the Stockade — Inhumanity of Colonel Wayne — " Noth- 
 ing but a Damned Yankee " — Kindness of Ladies — Amusements — The 
 Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties— Off for Charleston— July 29 to 
 September 12, 1801 131 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 At Charleston—" Under Fire "—Arrival in the City— Our March down Com- 
 ing Street— In the Jail Yard— Charleston Jail and its Imreatcs— Suffer- 
 ings of the Negro Prisoners — A Friend — Inclined to be Distrustful — An 
 Act of True Nobleness — Genuine Patriotism— A Higher Language than 
 the Written — The Last Visit — Negro Melodies — Meeting Prisoners from 
 Andersonville — Their Stories — The Ground a Mas3 of Lice — Awful Con- 
 dition of the Hospital— Great Suffering — Living Death — A Captain recog- 
 nizes a Member of his Company just at the point of Death — Prisoners 
 Die after being told they are not in need of Medical Treatment — A Thun- 
 der Storm — Refused Admission to the Jail — September 12 to September 
 29, 1SG4 140 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Itoper Hospital— The Parole— Better Prospects— The Burnt District— Shells 
 a Subject of Discussion — Morris Island — The Swamp Angel — Shelling 
 the City — Sisters of Charity — Yellow Fever— Our Enlisted Men on 
 Charleston Race Course— Orders to "Pack up "—General Foster's Re- 
 taliation has a Good Effect— Farewell to Charleston —Poem by Lieu- 
 tenant J. Ogden— September 29 to October 5, 186 1 153 
 
Xll CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Removal to Columbia, South Carolina— Description of the Journey from 
 Charleston— Cattle Cars Defined— Kindness of the Guard— Arrival at 
 Columbia — Bayoneting a Prisoner — A Terrific Rain Storm — Peace Move- 
 ments — Practical Infamy of the Rebels — They urge the Prisoners to 
 take a Parole— Threatened with Confinement in old Tobacco Houses . . 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 "Camp Sorghum" — News from the Army— An Issue of Clothing received* 
 from our Sanitary Commission — Joy of the Prisoners — The Presidential 
 Election — Political Discussions — Manner of Voting — The Result — An 
 Escape — A Prisoner Shot— Rebel Eloquence — " Long Live the Dutchman " 
 — " Rum " deprives him of Authority — Thoughts of Home — Allowed to 
 get Wood by taking a Parole— Turning Night into Day— A Prisoner 
 caught by Hounds — Drawing Meat Ration at " Camp Sorghum "—Gov- 
 ernor Brown's Proclamation — Heavy Frosts — No Blankets — Sleeping in 
 the Middle — No Prospect of an Exchange — Renewed Determination to 
 Escape— October 6 to November 26, 1S64 175 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 The Escape from Columbia — My Companion— Halted by the Guard— Act- 
 ing the Part of paroled Prisoners— Passing the " Dead Line "—Meeting 
 Negroes — Travelling with a guide — Blind Roads — Challenged by a 
 Picket — " I dun no what make dem Niggers run so " — Ingenuity of 
 our Guide — Picket Reserve — Searching for my Companion under 
 Difficulties — Subsisting upon Blueberries — Appealing to Sympathy — 
 Kindness of Mrs. Taylor — A Negro Prayer-meeting — How we secured a 
 Paper — Crossing the North Edisto — The Road terminates in a Swamp — 
 Other Difficulties — My Companion's Misfortune — Pursued by Bush- 
 whackers — Meeting Escaped Prisoners at Aiken — Approaching a Negro 
 —Concealed in a Corn-fodder House— An Attempt to travel by Rail— 
 We hear Cannonading — Greatly encouraged — Followed by a Hound— A 
 Happy Mistake — Crossing the Savannah in a Cypress Canoe — Bailing for 
 Life — Alligators — The North Star — Cavalry Patrol — A Negro Cobbler 
 repairs the Author's Shoes— November 26 to December 11, 1864 .... 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Following the Rebel Army in Georgia— Fording Streams— We run to pre- 
 vent Chilling — Striking the Trail of the Armies — Appearance of the 
 Country — Pursued by Hounds — Narrow Escape from Fire — Interview 
 with a Planter — He thinks the Author a Rebel Officer — Rations in the 
 Pantry — Inquiring for General Wheeler's Cavalry — We obtain all the 
 Particulars — Meeting Negroes — " De Planter was a Bushwhacker " — Un- 
 pleasant Predicament— Meeting a Rebel Officer by Accident— My Horse 
 
CONTENTS. XU1 
 
 shot at Waynesboro'— My Regiment the Third South Carolina Cavalry- 
 Discussing Present Prospects— The Proposed Meeting at Mr. Brown's — 
 Roasting Corn— Accidentally seen by a Planter— A Critical Situation- 
 Hounds on Track— Flanking a Picket— Duping Rebel Couriers— Crossing 
 Big Ebenezcr Creek— Burying one of our own Soldiers— A dashing Ride 
 on Horses left by the Rebel Couriers— Concealed near a Picket— Decem- 
 ber 11 to December 16, 1804 2SS 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Re-captured by a Rebel Picket— The Challenge— Arrival at the Reserve of 
 the Picket— Regarded as a Yankee Spy— Kindness of a Rebel Soldier— 
 An Attempt to bribe the Guard—" Let 'em stretch Hemp "—Apparently 
 unable to Walk— Once more in the Saddle— The Escape and Pursuit— 
 Recaptured by Texans— At General Wheeler's Head-quarters — Con- 
 finement in the County Jail at Springfield, Georgia— December 16 to 
 December 20, 1864 257 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 The Escape from Sylvania, Georgia— The Plan— Taking Rations intended 
 for the Rebel Guard— Hounds to be put on Track— Confiding our Plans 
 to a Negro — Concealed in an old Pine-tree Top— In a Swamp near Spring- 
 field — Rebel Deserters — The Interview with Mrs. Keyton — Turning the 
 Tables — Ill-fated Dixie — General Sherman just where they wanted him — 
 Startled by Hounds — Bushwhackers in Pursuit — A Narrow Escape — An 
 Amusing Incident — Efforts to obtain a Guide — Colored Man No. 3 — " I'll 
 do it, Massa, if God be my Helper " — Approaching the Outpost — Within 
 the Federal Lines— December 20 to December 24, 1S64 277 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Homeward Bound— Arrival at Savannah — Not easily Identified— Regarded 
 as Spies— Pronounced Genuine Union Soldiers— Unsettled State of the 
 Army — Wright succeeds in finding his Regiment after a long Search — 
 Kindness of Captain Swallow— My Christmas Dinner — At Kilpatrick's 
 Head-quarters on the Ogeechee River — Return to Savannah— Furnished 
 Transportation to New York— On Board the Steamship Planter — Trans- 
 ferred to the Delaware— Arrival at Hilton Head— On Board the Ashland 
 — In a Gale off Cape Hatteras — Sea-sickness — Arrival at New York — De- 
 cember 24, 1S64, to January 4, 1865 SOI 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Selections from the Files of the Libhy Chronicle — Prospectus — Kansas 
 Brigade's Version of John Brown— South Window, No. 1 — Conundrums 
 —Castle Thunder, in Three Parts, a Poem— News of Libby— South Win- 
 
XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 dow, No. 2— The Libbyad, a Poem— Who is Responsible for Non-Ex- 
 change of Prisoners— South Window, No. 3— The Soldier and the Gentle- 
 man — The Irruption, a Poem 310 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 At Millin— Testimony of Sergeant W. Goodyear— The Iuclosure— Average 
 Number of Deaths per Day— Daily Allowance of Rations— Excitement at 
 the Presidential Election— Inducements to enter the Rebel Service ... 330 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Salisbury Prison— Experience of Mr. Richardson— Great Suffering for 
 want of Bread and Shelter— " Give them Quarter Rations "—Terrible 
 Condition of the Hospitals— Salisbury Penitentiary as viewed by Mr. 
 Brown— The Prisoners driven to Desperation 338 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 At Andersonvillc— Testimony of Ira E. Forbes— His Capture and Removal 
 to Camp Sumter— Traffic with the Rebels— Generosity of the Citizens of 
 Charleston — Arrival at Andersonville — Captain Wirz — The "Dead Line " 
 — Shooting Prisoners— Frightful Mortality— Burial of the Dead— Intense 
 Mental Trials— Ravages of Scurvy— Awful Condition of the Hospital — 
 Removal of Prisoners to Florence, South Carolina— Union Prisoners 
 from Dixie's Sunny Land— Rations Issued by the United States Govern- 
 ment to Rebel Prisoners of War— Statement of Clothing Issued to 
 Rebel Prisoners of War at Fort Delaware 345 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Containing the Name, Rank, Regiment, and Post Office Address of the Offi- 
 cers who were imprisoned at Richmond, Danville, Macon. Savannah, 
 Charleston, Columbia, Charlotte, Raleigh, and Goldsborough, 1S64 and 
 1865 36T 
 
fist of gllttstratiffns. 
 — » > » 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Portrait of the Author, Frontispiece. 
 
 2. The Capture— Cavalry Fight at Buckland Mills, 85 
 
 3. Libby Prison, ---------- 43 
 
 4. Interior View of Libby Prison, -------71 
 
 5. The Hole in the Floor, 91 
 
 G. Tunnelling— The Narrow Path to Freedom, - 117 
 
 7. Jail Yard, Charleston, South Carolina, ----- 145 
 
 8. Drawing Meat Rations at Camp Sorghum, 1S9 
 
 9. The Escape— Fed by Negroes in a Swamp, - 233 
 
 10. Rebel Mode of Capturing Escaped Prisoners, - 249 
 
 11. The Escape and Pursuit, 265 
 
 12. Came too near the Dead Line, ------- 335 
 
 13. Interior View of the Audersonville Prison, ... - 349 
 
THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL REBEL PRISONS, AND WHERE THEY WERE LOCATED. 
 
 Libby, Richmond, Virginia. 
 
 Castle Thunder, Richmond, Virginia. 
 
 Danville, Spottsylvauia County, Virginia. 
 
 Belle Isle, in James River, near Richmond. 
 
 Macon, Georgia, known south as Camp Oglethorpe. 
 
 Savannah, Georgia, known south as Camp Davidsou. 
 
 Andersonville, Sumter County, Georgia, known south as Camp Sumter. 
 
 Millin, Burke County, Georgia, known south as Camp Lawton. 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 Columbia, South Carolina. 
 
 Blackstone, South Carolina. 
 
 Florence, Darlington County, South Carolina. 
 
 Salisbury, Rowan County, North Carolina. 
 
 Raleigh, North Carolina. 
 
 Goldsborough, North Carolina. 
 
 Charlotte, North Carolina. 
 
 Tyler, Smith County, Texas. 
 
 Cahawba, Dallas County, Alabama. 
 
THE CAPTUKE, 
 
 THE 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ENLISTMENT, AND SERVICE IN THE FIELD. 
 
 The first battle of Bull Run was fought July twenty- 
 first 1861, and the shock of arms was felt throughout 
 the land, carrying triumph to the South and to the 
 North dismay. Gur proud and confident advance into 
 " Dixie " was not only checked, but turned into a 
 disastrous rout. The patriotic, but un warlike, en- 
 thusiasm of the country, which had hoped to crush 
 the Rebellion with seventy-five thousand men, was 
 temporarily stifled. But the chilling was only like 
 that of the first stealthy drops of the thunder-gust 
 upon a raging fire, which breaks out anew and with 
 increased vigor when the tempest fans it with its 
 fury, and now burns in spite of a deluge of rain. 
 The chill had passed and the fever was raging. 
 From the great centres of national life went forth 
 warm currents of renovating public opinion, which 
 reached the farthest hamlet on our frontiers. Every 
 
20 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 true man was grasping the stirring questions of the 
 day, and was discussing them with his family at his 
 own tire-side, and the Rebellion was just as surely 
 doomed as when Grant received the surrender of 
 Lee's army. In a deeper and broader sense than be- 
 fore, the country was rising to meet the emergency, 
 and Northern patriotism, now thoroughly aroused, 
 was sweeping every thing before it. Everywhere re- 
 sounded the cry, " To arms ! " and thousands upon 
 thousands were responding to the President's gener- 
 ous call. 
 
 It w T as under these circumstances that I enlisted, 
 as a private soldier, at Troy, New York, on the sixth 
 day of August, in a company raised by Captain 
 Clarence Buel, for the Second Regiment of New 
 York Cavalry, Harris Light. It is needless to make 
 elaborate mention of the motives which induced me 
 to enter the service, or the emotions which then tilled 
 my breast ; they can be readily conjectured by every 
 loyal heart. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE HARRIS LIGHT CAVALRY. 
 
 The Harris Light Cavalry was organized by J. 
 Mansfield Davies, of New York, as colonel, assisted 
 by Judson Kilpatrick, of New Jersey, as lieutenant- 
 colonel. 
 
 Up to this time it had been no part of the policy 
 of the Government to increase the cavalry arm of the 
 service. General Scott had trusted entirely to infan- 
 try, and his counsel and example were still potent. 
 Bull Run, however, had demonstrated the efficiency 
 of cavalry, and the authorities began to change their 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 2 1 
 
 views. To match the famous Black Horse Cavalry 
 of Virginia, it was proposed to raise a cavalry force 
 in the North, and as Senator Ira Harris, of New 
 York, was giving this organization his patronage and 
 influence, a brigade was formed whose banners' should 
 bear his name. The Harris Light, to which I be- 
 longed, was composed of men from New York, New 
 Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, Pennsylvania, and In- 
 diana. It was originally intended for the regular 
 army, and was for some time known as the Seventh 
 United States Cavalry, but this branch of the service 
 having been reduced to six regiments, we were as- 
 signed to New York, as she had contributed the 
 largest number of men to the organization. 
 
 During the latter part of August, we were ordered 
 to Washington, and, after a month's drill, crossed the 
 Potomac and encamped in front of the enemy at 
 Munson's Hill. 
 
 McClellan was then chief in command, and all 
 was quiet along the Potomac until spring. The win- 
 ter was spent in drilling, and the Rebel General Lee's 
 plantation on Arlington Heights and the surrounding 
 country was thoroughly trodden by loyal feet, as men 
 and horses were learning the tactics of war. Thus 
 the foundation of a career destined to be important 
 and glorious was laid, and the discipline imparted 
 to the army was of incalculable service in after 
 campaigns. 
 
 M C CLELLAN 1 S ADVANCE r iO MANASSAS. 
 The grand advance of the Army of the Potomac 
 began March third, 1862, and resulted in the capture 
 
22 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 of the " Quaker guns " at Ceutreville. In this daring 
 campaign the Harris Light was honored with the po- 
 sition of body-guard to McClellan. Bearing its re- 
 cently earned laurels, the army then fell back to its 
 old position and held a council of war, and shortly 
 after the main portion of it was embarked for the 
 memorable Peninsular Campaign. General Mc- 
 Dowell was left in command of Northern Virginia, 
 with a small force, whose chief design was to defend 
 Washington, but which rendered good service in ha- 
 rassing the enemy still remaining in our front. 
 
 NIGHT ATTACK AT FALMOUTH. 
 
 About the first of April, McDowell advanced 
 with the small force left in his command, to recon- 
 noitre the position and power of the enemy. Colo- 
 nel — afterwards General — Bayard, was in command 
 of the cavalry, which consisted only of the Harris 
 Light and the First Pennsylvania. Several days 
 were spent in feeling the front of the enemy, each 
 side becoming gradually familiar with the changed 
 circumstances of affairs, though neither seemed dis- 
 posed to take a hasty step which might prove ad- 
 vantageous to the other. This cautious kind of policy 
 was, however, disturbed by the apparently reckless 
 daring of General — then Colonel — Kilpatrick. The 
 enemy was strongly intrenched at Falmouth Heights, 
 and he asked permission to surprise them in the night. 
 After much persuasion, leave was granted, and, at ihe 
 head of our small regiment alone, he undertook the 
 work. Stratagem, of course, was the only alterna- 
 tive, and as we approached the works, under cover of 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 23 
 
 the darkness, to within hearing of the Rebel pickets, 
 Kilpatrick shouted to his command, — 
 
 " Bring up your artillery in the centre, and infan- 
 try on the left ! " 
 
 " Well, but, Colonel," replied an honest, though 
 rather obtuse captain, " we haven't got any — " 
 
 " Silence in the ranks ! " shouted the commander. 
 " Artillery in the centre, infantry on the left ! " 
 
 The pickets caught and spread the alarm, and the 
 heights were carried with little opposition. 
 
 The early part of summer was spent mostly in 
 raiding and reconnoitring. Expeditions were sent 
 in every direction, but more especially toward Rich- 
 mond. Railroads and telegraph lines were de- 
 stroyed, and commissary stores in large quantities. 
 Thus the cavalry found enough both of war and ro- 
 mance. Indeed, "we picket our outposts, scout the 
 whole country for information, open our tights, cover 
 our retreats, or clear up and finish our victories, as 
 the case may be. In short, we are never idle, and 
 rarely find rest for either men or horses." 
 
 POPE'S CAMPAIGN IN NORTHERN VIRGINIA. 
 
 In July, 1862, General Pope took command of the 
 troops in Virginia, and soon after fought the battle 
 of Cedar Mountain. A battalion of the Harris Light 
 was McDowell's body-guard during the engagement. 
 
 McClellan having concluded his campaign on the 
 Peninsula, re-embarked his decimated troops for 
 Washington, while Lee forsook his fortifications in 
 the vicinity of Richmond, and soon confronted Pope 
 on the old Bull Run battle-ground. While these prep- 
 
24 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 arations were being made, occurred the first cavalry 
 fight at Brandy Station, in which the Harris Light 
 lost heavily. 
 
 After our second disaster at Ball Run, the cavalry 
 covered the retreat to Washington, checking the ad- 
 vance of the Rebels, and covering the flanks and rear 
 of our demoralized army. This necessitated con- 
 tinual fighting with the enemy's cavalry and with the 
 vanguard of their infantry. 
 
 By the almost continual fighting of the summer 
 campaign, with almost ceaseless marching and picket- 
 ing, our ranks were sadly depleted ; consequently we 
 were ordered to Hall's Hill, eight miles south of 
 Washington, to recruit our wasted strength and 
 numbers. 
 
 Our stay, however, was of short duration, for by 
 the first of November, we were again moving to the 
 front, under command of General Bayard, and for 
 nearly one month our boys were on the picket-line, 
 preparing the way for the disastrous 
 
 BATTLE OF FREDEItlCKSBURGII, 
 
 which commenced on the thirteenth of December, 
 and continued to the sixteenth, when General Burn- 
 side, with his whole army, was forced to recross the 
 Rappahannock. On the first day of the engagement, 
 General Bayard fell mortally wounded by a solid 
 shot, and thus baptized, with his heart's blood, the 
 very day which had been previously appointed for 
 his nuptials. This young and gallant officer was 
 universally lamented. After the battle, winter- 
 quarters were established, and the two armies passed 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 25 
 
 the stormy season watching each other across the 
 narrow river, the cavalry, as usual, occupying the ex- 
 treme front. 
 
 The spring campaign of 1863 was opened with 
 the usual cavalry raids and reconnoissances. On the 
 seventeenth of April, a squadron of the Harris Light 
 was ordered from Bealeton to "Warrenton, with in- 
 structions to occupy the town till four o'clock p. m. On 
 arriving near the village we ascertained that the famous 
 Black Horse Cavalry held possession, and from their 
 world-wide reputation, we expected they would give . 
 us a splendid entertainment. The boys were all 
 eager to cross sabres with these heroes of Bull Run, 
 and hasty preparations were made for the attack. 
 Our small force was divided into two parties, with 
 orders to enter the village from opposite directions. 
 On entering the town, we found the foe formed in 
 battle array, our approach having been discovered by 
 a picket, stationed in a church steeple. Immediately 
 we drew sabres, and bore down upon them with a 
 veil. They advanced to receive us, fired a few shots, 
 unsheathed their bloodless sabres, and, strange to 
 say, wheeled about and dashed away to the rear at a 
 break-neck pace, without even halting to pay us the 
 compliment of an affectionate farewell. 
 
 They were undoubtedly seized with the spirit of 
 the muse who sings : 
 
 " He who fights and runs away, 
 "Will live to fight another day." 
 
 During the winter, General Hooker was appoint- 
 ed commander of the army, and great preparations 
 2 
 
26 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 were made for a vigorous campaign. Much of the 
 efficiency of the cavalry in subsequent movements, 
 was largely due to Hooker, who organized it into a 
 distinct corps, and gave it new inducements and 
 means to success. 
 
 On the twenty-seventh of April, the army again 
 crossed the Rappahannock, and the bloody battle of 
 Chancellorsville was fought. General Stoneman com- 
 manded the cavalry corps, and, during the battle, he 
 not only turned the enemy's position, but also cut off 
 then* communications in the rear. Meanwhile oc- 
 curred 
 
 kilpatrick's raid around lee's army. 
 
 This intrepid leader, breaking away from the 
 main body of cavalry with his regiment, galloped 
 eutirely around Lee's army, passed within the second 
 line of fortifications around Richmond, frightened 
 terribly the Home Guards of the chivalry, swooped 
 around, like an eagle, through Yorktown and back to 
 Brandy Station, in time to participate in the second 
 tight there, on the ninth of June. This was thought 
 to be the largest and most stubbornly contested cav- 
 alry battle of the war. 
 
 Lee, at this time, was marching up the Shenan- 
 doah Valley, and our cavalry, under General Pleasan- 
 ton, was guarding the supply-train in the rear of our 
 army, and fighting the Rebel General Stuart through 
 the many gaps of the Blue Ridge. 
 
 During this advance were fought the battles of Al- 
 die, Middleburgh and Upperville, all severe contests, 
 in which it was proven that ^Northern men could be 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 27 
 
 heroes on horseback, as well as on foot. Immediately 
 on the heel of these battles came the general engage- 
 ment of Gettysburgh, during which time our cavalry 
 held Stuart and his command well at bay, while they 
 harassed not a little the enemy's flank and rear. 
 
 On the night of July fourth, Kilpatrick, then 
 commanding a division, captured Longstreet's entire 
 wagon-train, laden with the ripe crops of Pennsylvania 
 and Maryland, and with the plunder of private and 
 public stores, together with fourteen hundred prison- 
 ers, in spite of Stuart's most vigorous defence, and 
 subsequent efforts at recapture. 
 
 During Lee's retreat from soil where he had never 
 been successful, Kilpatrick and Stuart were almost 
 daily in conflict. Hagerstown, Boonsboro', and Wil- 
 liamsport, were scenes of hard-fought battles, and 
 attack followed attack almost incessantly, until Lee's 
 staggering rear was bagged while endeavoring to 
 cross the Potomac at Falling Waters, on the four- 
 teenth of July. 
 
 We then followed up the great Rebel raider, 
 until he halted on the south bank of the Rapidan. 
 Here picketing and sharpshooting continued but a 
 few weeks, and were followed by brilliant and disas- 
 trous movements, which the following chapter will 
 relate. 
 
28 TEE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE CAPTURE. 
 
 In the early part of October, 1863, the Army of 
 the Potomac encamped along the Rapidan, seeking 
 rest from the arduous labors of the Pennsylvania cam- 
 paign. 
 
 From April till September the contestants had been 
 almost constantly engaged, each endeavoring to deal 
 the fatal blow that was intended to drive its antagonist 
 back either upon Richmond or "Washington. Public 
 feeling, both North and South, had been wrought up 
 to its highest pitch. General Meade, it was hoped by 
 the loyal, would prove himself equal to the emergency, 
 and many prayers ascended daily for him and his noble 
 army. 
 
 The season was well nigh consumed, and yet no 
 decisive results were apparent. True, the Rebel inva- 
 sion of Pennsylvania had proved a great failure, and 
 Gettysburg had been a bloody turning point of the 
 Rebellion. The ranks of Lee's army had been some- 
 what thinned by desertions, and much shattered by 
 unprecedented casualties in battle. Nevertheless he 
 still presented a strong and daring front, indicative 
 of much nnwasted energy. On our side active prepa- 
 rations were in progress for a renewal of the struggle. 
 Picket lines along the front were re-enforced, with or- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 29 
 
 ders to be un usually vigilant. Reconnoissances were fre- 
 quent, and scouts were busy in every direction, and a 
 general advance was confidently expected. But just on 
 the eve of movement, intelligence was received that Lee 
 bad very suddenly withdrawn the main force of bis 
 army from tbe line of the Rapidan, and was making a 
 rapid flank movement, wbich threatened the occupa- 
 tion of tbe plains of Manassas, before Meade could 
 reacb them. Swift couriers, from officers bigh in com- 
 mand, brought orders to retire witb promptness, but 
 in good order, if possible. 
 
 CAVALRY FIGHT AT JAMES CITY. 
 
 All the cavalry pickets along tbe Robertson and 
 Rapidan rivers were witbdrawn early on the morning 
 of October nintb, witb orders to concentrate at James 
 City. The following morning witnessed a severe and 
 bloody figbt, which continued witb unabated fury and 
 slaughter until eight o'clock at night, when the con- 
 tending squadrons sought repose from their work of 
 death. 
 
 With the first pencillings of the morning light of 
 the eleventh, we took up our line of march towards 
 the Rappahannock. Skirmishing afforded the music 
 of the march. On the Sperryville pike to Culpepper, 
 the Rebels pressed us closely and vigorously. At this 
 point the cavalry corps separated, Buford with bis 
 division falling back by way of Stevensburgh, Gregg 
 by Sulphur Springs, leaving Kilpatrick on the main 
 thoroughfare along the railroad line. 
 
 No sooner had Kilpatrick moved out of Culpepper 
 than Hampton's division of cavalry made a furious 
 
30 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 attack upon the Harris Light, acting as rear-guard, 
 with the evident design of breaking through upon the 
 main column to disperse or delay it, so as to enable a 
 flanking force to intercept our retreat. Gallantly 
 repelling every attack, the command advanced to 
 
 BRANDY STATION, 
 
 where an accumulation of formidable difficulties 
 threatened our annihilation. Fitz Hugh Lee with the 
 flower of the Rebel cavalry had possession of the only 
 road upon which it was possible for Kilpatrick to 
 retire. Stuart, at the head of another column of cav- 
 alry, supporting artillery well posted on a long line of 
 hills, completely covered our left. Our right was 
 exposed to a galling fire from sharp-shooters hidden 
 behind the forest trees, while just behind us were 
 Hampton's legions predicting speedy destruction to 
 their surrounded foe. 
 
 This was a situation to try the stoutest hearts. 
 Nothing daunted, however, by this terriffic array of 
 an enemy very superior in numbers, Kilpatrick dis- 
 played that decision and daring which have ever char- 
 acterized him as a great cavalry leader, and proved 
 himself worthy of the brave men who composed his 
 command. His preparation for 
 
 THE GRAND CHARGE 
 was soon completed. Forming his division into three 
 lines of battle, he assigned the right to General H. 
 E. Davies, jr., the left to General Custer, and, placing 
 himself in the centre, advanced with terrible determi- 
 nation to the contest. Having approached to within a 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 31 
 
 few hundred yards of the enemy's lines, he ordered ' 
 his band to strike up a national air, to whose spirit- 
 stirring strains was joined the blast of scores of bugles 
 ringing forth the charge. Brave hearts became braver, 
 and faltering ones waxed warmer and stronger, until 
 pride of country had touched this raging sea of thought 
 and emotion, kindling an unconquerable principle that 
 emphatically affirmed every man a hero unto death. 
 
 Fired to an almost divine potency, with a majestic 
 madness this band of heroic troopers shook the air 
 with their battle cry and dashed forward to meet their 
 unequal foe. With his usual daring, Davies was fore- 
 most in the fray, leading his command for the fourth 
 time on this memorable field.* 
 
 To his command he addressed these stirring words : 
 " Soldiers of the First Brigade ! I know you have not 
 forgotten the example of your brave comrades, who in 
 past engagements here were not afraid to die in defence 
 of the old flag." 
 
 So swiftly swept forward this tide of animated 
 power, that the Rebel lines broke in wild dismay be- 
 fore the uplifted sabres of these unflinching veterans, 
 who, feeling that life and country were at stake, risked 
 them both upon the fearful issue. Kilpatrick thus 
 escaped disaster, defeated his pursuers, and presented 
 to the beholders one of the grandest scenes ever wit- 
 nessed on the Western continent. 
 
 " By Heaven ! it was a splendid sight to see, 
 For one who had no friend or brother there." 
 
 * The first battle of Brandy Station was fought August 20, 
 1862; the second, June 9th; the third, September 12th; and 
 the fourth, October 11, 18G3. 
 
32 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN> 
 
 No one who looked upon that wonderful panorama 
 can ever forget it. On the great field were riderless 
 horses ancf dying men ; clouds of dirt from solid shot 
 and bursting shell ; broken caissons and upturned am-, 
 bulances, and long lines of cavalry dashing in the 
 charge, with their drawn and firmly grasped sabres 
 glistening in the light of the declining sun, while far 
 beyond the scene of tumult were the dark green for- 
 ests skirting the banks of the Rappahannock. 
 
 Kilpatrick soon after joined Buford, and together 
 they engaged the enemy in a series of brilliant charges 
 which materially checked his pursuit, and at night we 
 crossed the Rappahannock in safety. 
 
 The army continued to retreat to the old field of 
 Bull Run, where it was expected a third battle would 
 be fought. 
 
 On the twelfth of October a portion of our infantry 
 having recrossed the Rappahannock, made a forced 
 march to Brandy Station, where a spirited engage- 
 ment took place. The movement was probably 
 nothing more than a reconnoissance, or an intention to 
 deceive the enemy. 
 
 On the following evening, while bivouacking not 
 far from Bealeton, an amusing scene diverted for a 
 time the attention of the boys. By accident an am- 
 munition wagon took fire, causing the rapid explosion 
 of its contents. The consequence was a wide-spread 
 alarm, which brought every trooper to his horse, ready 
 to engage the foe, who was supposed to have made a 
 furious onset ! Merriment and rest followed the dis- 
 covery of the disturbance. 
 
 Closely pursued by the enemy, our army continued 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 33 
 
 its retreat until late in the afternoon of the fourteenth 
 when a general halt was ordered and preparations 
 made for battle. 
 
 BATTLE OF BRISTOE. 
 
 At early dawn of the fifteenth the thunder of our 
 artillery at Bristoe announced Meade's intention to 
 fight, and opened an engagement which gave the en- 
 emy a disastrous repulse, effectually checking his ad- 
 vance, which thus far had met but little resistance. 
 
 On the following day, while Kilpatrick was mak- 
 ing a reconnoissance in force, a terrific rain-storm 
 having swollen the streams to a great height, several 
 men and horses were drowned while endeavoring to 
 ford Bull Kun. Skirmishing, picketing, and scouting, 
 kept Kilpatrick's forces busy until the nineteenth of 
 October, when was fought the spirited 
 
 CAVALRY FIGHT AT BUCKLAND MILLS. 
 
 At daybreak Kilpatrick left Gainesville en route 
 for Warrenton. Stuart's cavalry, which had picketed in 
 our front through the night, immediately retired from 
 before us, and, to our surprise, made no resistance to 
 our advance. We followed him quite closely until 
 our advance had just passed New Baltimore, when 
 Fitz Hugh Lee, who had surprised and cut his way 
 through a small detachment of our infantry at 
 Thoroughfare Gap, fell upon our rear-guard at 
 Buckland Mills, and opened upon it with a battery 
 of flying artillery. At this signal, Stuart, who had 
 hitherto been quietly retiring, now turned and 
 2* 
 
34 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 charged us in front. General Gordon, whose com- 
 mand was carefully concealed until now, appeared on 
 our left, and made a furious attack, which threatened 
 to sever the two small brigades which composed Kil- 
 patrick's division. 
 
 This was a critical situation, but " Kil " (as the 
 general was familiarly known) seemed to comprehend 
 it in a moment. He ordered his whole force to wheel 
 about and to charge back on Lee's columns. This 
 timely order, executed with, masterly skill, saved his 
 command from utter disaster. The Harris Light, 
 having been in front while advancing, by this sudden 
 evolution was thrown in the rear, and was thus 
 compelled to meet the desperate charges of the enemy 
 in pursuit. Reaching a little rise of ground in the 
 road, we made a stand, and for some time checked 
 the advancing Rebels, by pouring into their ranks 
 deadly volleys from our carbines and revolvers. 
 Stuart, who commanded in person, saw clearly that 
 he could dislodge us only by a charge, and, ordering 
 it, led a brigade upon us. Our men stood firmly, and 
 were soon engaged in a hand-to-hand conflict with 
 their advancing columns. 
 
 THE CAPTURE. 
 
 At this important juncture, my faithful horse was 
 shot under me, and our little party, outnumbered 
 ten to one, was hurled back by the overpowering 
 shock of the Rebels, who rode directly over me. 
 Injured severely by the fall of my horse, and by the 
 chaining squadrons that trod upon me, I lay in the 
 .mud for some time quite insensible, and, when re- 
 
<3£ 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 37 
 
 turning to full consciousness, found that I was being 
 carried hastily from the scene of action by a Rebel 
 guard. My arms had been taken from me and my 
 pockets rifled of all their valuables, including my 
 watch. I was borne to a spot near an old building, 
 where I met a number of my comrades who, with me, 
 had shared the misfortunes of the day. 
 
 Here we witnessed an amusing exhibition of 
 Rebel bravery. The woods in the vicinity were full 
 of skulkers, and, in order to make a show of having 
 something to do, they would make their appearance 
 in the rear of the lighting columns and devote them- 
 selves sedulously to guarding the prisoners. Privates, 
 corporals, and sergeants in succession had ns in 
 charge ; each in his turn would call us into line, count 
 us in an officious manner, and issue orders according 
 to his liking, until some sneak of higher rank came 
 along, assumed command and said in a tone of au- 
 thority to the others, " Gentlemen, your services are 
 much needed at the front ; go and do your duty like 
 soldiers." This was said with chattering teeth and 
 anxious glances in the direction of our cavalry. 
 
 Thus we were guarded and goaded by one coward 
 after another — each styling himself " Assistant Depu- 
 ty Provost Marshal " — until evening, when we were 
 marched to the county-seat and lodged 
 
 IN THE WARRENTON JAIL. 
 During the night most of the prisoners were rob- 
 bed of their clothing and valuables by the guards, and 
 in fact every thing was taken which could be of the 
 slightest value. One of these " chivalrous gentlemen," 
 
38 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 whose " vaulting ambition generally o'efleaped itself," 
 demanded my entire wardrobe, when the following 
 conversation ensued: — 
 
 Reb. " Here, Yank, hand me that ar hat, and 
 come out of that overcoat and them ar boots too, 
 you d d son of a ." 
 
 Fed. " The articles you demand are my personal 
 property, and you have no right to take them from 
 me." 
 
 Reb. " We have authority from General Stuart 
 to take from prisoners whatever we d — n please." 
 
 Fed. " I- doubt your authority, sir, and if you 
 are a gentleman you will not be guilty of stripping a 
 defenceless prisoner." 
 
 Reb. " I'll show you my authority, you d — d blue 
 belly" (drawing his revolver). " Now take off that ar 
 coat, or I'll blow your brains out." 
 
 Fed. " Blow away, then ; it's as well to be with- 
 out brains as without clothing." 
 
 Johnuy Reb. was not quite disposed to fire upon 
 me, and, giving his head a shake, walked away, think- 
 ing, no doubt, that he could supply his wants in 
 another direction without wasting his ammunition. 
 
 REMOVAL TO CULPEPPER. 
 
 On the morning of the twentieth, before sunrise, we 
 started for Culpepper. This was one of the severest 
 tramps of my life. The weather was exceedingly 
 warm, and the distance about thirty miles. Our 
 guards were mounted, and evinced but little sympathy 
 with us in our unfortunate condition, as we endeav- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 39 
 
 ored to keep pace with them. Our forced march was 
 owing to the fact that Lee's army, defeated at Bristol, 
 and afterward at Rappahannock Station, was retreat- 
 ing rapidly to its strongholds on the Rapidan, with 
 our forces in pursuit. It was a relief to our weary 
 minds to hear of the success of our old companions, 
 from whom we had been so recently and rudely torn, 
 and to reflect on the peculiar fortunes of war, as seen 
 during the campaign now about to close. 
 
 In June last, the great armies swung like a mighty 
 pendulum from the Rappahannock, Virginia, to the 
 Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, then back to the Rapidan, 
 afterwards to the Potomac, and now to the Rapidan 
 again. It is very encouraging to notice that the 
 swing of the Rebel army northward shortens at every 
 move, giving indications of its waning power. "With 
 such cogitations we solaced ourselves by the way, and 
 yet none, save those who have passed through the 
 same experience, know how to sympathize with a 
 captured and dismounted cavalier on a march. "We 
 were not only unused to this mode of locomotion, but 
 were encumbered with heavy, high-heeled cavalry 
 boots, which soon unmercifully blistered our feet, 
 made unusually tender by the mud and water through 
 which we were compelled to travel. Our sufferings 
 were indescribable. Curses and threats long and loud 
 were freely indulged in by the guard, because we 
 could not walk even faster than their horses. Before 
 reaching Culpepper six of our number fell by the 
 wayside utterly exhausted. Under such circumstances 
 it is not strange that I should think of various plans 
 of escape during the day, but, in consequence of the 
 
40 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 vigilance of the guard, was unable to find the golden 
 opportunity I sought to execute thern. 
 
 Having arrived to Culpepper, we were lodged in a 
 large public hall, where we were permitted to remain 
 nearly twenty -four hours. 
 
 Late in the evening of the twenty-first we started 
 on our memorable journey 
 
 FROM CULPEPPER TO RICHMOND. 
 
 Unticketed, but not unguarded, we took the cars 
 for Eapidan Station, where we had to leave the train, 
 as the railroad bridge was destroyed, and our party 
 was marched to Orange Court House, a distance of 
 six miles. Thoroughly demoralized by our thirty 
 mile tramp of the twentieth, we found every step of 
 this short journey pregnant with pain. The boys will 
 not soon forget the experience of this day. The next 
 morning we left by rail for Gordonsville, where we 
 remained until three o'clock on the morning of the 
 twenty-third. The guards here were very insulting 
 and abusive, being intoxicated with bad politics and 
 even worse whiskey. Their extremely bad conduct, 
 cursing us and levelling their muskets at our heads, 
 procured their relief from this duty, w 7 hen their 
 places were filled by others more human. From this 
 place a few hours' ride on the Virginia Central Rail- 
 road, brought us to the Rebel capital, to be consigned 
 to the tender mercies of Libby Prison. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 41 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 LIBBY PRISON. 
 
 At eight o'clock on the morning of Friday, Octo- 
 ber twenty-third, we arrived in Richmond. The 
 streets were crowded with people whose countenances 
 betokened anxiety concerning the result of the terri- 
 ble struggle that had just terminated in Northern 
 Virginia. 
 
 Immediately after our arrival at the depot we were 
 hurried from the cars and marched through some of 
 the principal streets toward the James River. As we 
 passed along we were saluted with innumerable ques- 
 tions and observations, the general character of which 
 may be inferred from the following specimens : " How 
 are you, blue bellies ? " " Why didn't you'uns all 
 come into Richmond with your arms on % " " What 
 did you'uns all want to come down here to run oft' 
 we'uns niggers and burn we'uns houses for ? " Mrs. 
 Johnny Reb remarked : " If these are the officers of 
 Lincoln's army, what must the privates be ? " Another 
 sensitively delicate matron, taking her cue from the 
 latter, chimed in with a tragic shudder, " Oh, what a 
 pity that our noble sons should be murdered by such 
 miserable vagabonds ! " 
 
 The usual southern epithets for Federal soldiers 
 were vigorously applied, and such as the following 
 
42 THE CAPTURE, TEE PRISON PEN, 
 
 were showered upon us : " Hirelings," " mudsills," 
 " greasy meclianics," " Northern vandals," etc. 
 
 A troop of boys followed in the rear, hooting, 
 hallooing, and calling us names, and, really, as is 
 generally the case, they surpassed the older ones for 
 smartness and venom. 
 
 FIRST IMPRESSIONS. 
 
 After a walk of little more than a mile, we were 
 halted in front of a large three-story brick building, 
 old and somewhat dilapidated, situated on the corner 
 of Twentieth and Cary streets. It is about one hun- 
 dred and thirty-five feet long, and one hundred and 
 five feet wide, and reminded me of the old French 
 Bastile, with its dark and frowning walls. On the 
 north-west corner of the building hung a large sign, 
 which announces to the passers-by that here "Libby 
 & Son, Ship Chandlers and Grocers," were wont to do 
 their business and invite their customers. I must con- 
 fess that just then I had no desire to trade with this 
 Rebel firm for ship candles or others, though I would 
 have been glad enough of their provisions, but Rebel 
 bayonets were arguments to business too powerful to 
 be resisted, and so we entered the famous Libby 
 Prison. 
 
 Here we were unceremoniously introduced to Major 
 Thomas P. Turner, the Rebel commandant of the 
 prison, and his disciples, of whom I shall speak more 
 at length in the following pages. And now began the 
 work of pillaging. Every article of our clothing was 
 carefully searched, and we were quickly divested of 
 everything which could excite either the curiosity or 
 
H 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 45 
 
 avarice of a Rebel. It was easy to see that their 
 intention was to leave us nothing which could minis- 
 ter either to our comfort or pleasure. But Yankee 
 ingenuity, as was often the case, became more than a 
 match for Rebel cupidity. Our " greenbacks " — the 
 object of their closest scrutiny — which some of us had 
 been fortunate enough to save until then, had been 
 neatly folded and safely deposited between our toes, 
 or concealed in the lining of our garments, or solidly 
 packed in our hollow regulation buttons, the caps of 
 which could be easily removed and replaced ; and in 
 some instances men had their money in their mouths 
 with a quid of tobacco, which would afterwards come 
 out, though a little colored, yet, uninjured by the 
 mastication. Many of our valuables also were saved 
 by slyly passing them to those who had been pre- 
 viously examined, while the attention of the plun- 
 derers was intentionally diverted from us. In this 
 way I retained my journal. 
 
 When this most disgraceful plundering was con- 
 cluded, we were driven into rooms already occupied 
 by Federal prisoners, and, on entering, were amazed 
 at their cries of " Fresh fish," " Close up," " What 
 army do you belong to \ " " Where were you cap- 
 tured % " " What's the news ? " While these questions 
 were being asked, and answered as best we could, so 
 great would be the press that surrounded us, that you 
 would hear the cry, " Give them air," " Mob, dis- 
 perse," etc., and, indeed, it was necessary for the crowd 
 to obey these orders to prevent suffocation. This ex- 
 citement continued for some time after our entrance, 
 and I afterward learned that this was a custom that 
 
46 THE CAPTURE, THE P1US0N PEN, 
 
 grew out of the intense desire of the inmates to ob- 
 tain the news of the outer, beautiful world, and es- 
 pecially of army movements, as well as from the relish 
 of every thing that could break the dreary monotony 
 of prison life. This was the general initiation, and 
 the more graciously it was endured the better. 
 
 Here I had the melancholy pleasure of meeting 
 several officers of my own regiment; glad to have 
 their fellowship and cheer, but sad to meet them in 
 this Hades of wo. In these long, low, gloomy and 
 suffocating rooms, nine of which were occupied by 
 prisoners, were incarcerated about one thousand offi- 
 cers, our enlisted men being confined at Belle Isle 
 and other prisons in and about the city. 
 
 I soon found friends in this dingy abode, and be- 
 gan to yield myself to this new style of domestication. 
 With the Yankee tendency to organization, we were 
 divided into messes of about twenty each. I was as- 
 signed to " mess number twenty-one," and at once 
 made acquainted with my new duties. Each man in 
 turn does the cooking for the entire day. In a close, 
 suffocating corner of the main room which had been 
 partitioned off for a kitchen, where we were compelled 
 to burn corn-meal for coffee, and to make rice soup 
 and hash over smoking, broken stoves, it was any thing 
 but agreeable to labor. The prison days were exceed- 
 ingly long, and yet our turns for cooking seemed to 
 recur with unpleasant frequency. 
 
 October 28. — I am gradually becoming accustomed 
 to this dungeon life, and I presume I shall fall into 
 the habit of enjoying myself at times. " How use 
 doth breed a habit in a man ! " Indeed he can accom- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 47 
 
 modate himself to almost any clime or any circum- 
 stance of life, a gift which no other living thing pos- 
 sesses in any such degree. While this process of accli- 
 mation is going on I am also gathering facts about 
 this place and its inmates. The building, I learn, 
 belongs to the estate of John Enclers. The win- 
 dows are small and carefully secured with iron 
 bars. A strong line of sentinels is established around 
 the building with strict orders to fire upon any man 
 who ventures near the windows to get a glimpse of 
 the scenery without, or breathe unvitiated air. In 
 these filthy and unfurnished rooms we are huddled to- 
 gether like sheep in a slaughter-pen, awaiting the ap- 
 proach of monsters in human form, who are eager to 
 destroy us by any mode of torture. Yermin of almost 
 every kind abound, so that it is impossible to es- 
 cape their loathsome presence. We have neither 
 bunks nor chairs, and only a few have blankets, and 
 thus, to sit or sleep, we are compelled to seek the 
 filthy, naked floor. Of the authorities we expect and 
 receive nothing except curses and cruelties. A short 
 time before my arrival, a sentinel in front of one of 
 the windows fired at a prisoner in this room, who, 
 however, instantly dodged, and escaped unharmed. 
 The ball, passing through and into the room above,- 
 selected its unconscious victim, and, without a mo- 
 ment's warning, launched him into eternity. All this 
 seems to be pleasing to their chief, 
 
 MAJOR TURNER, 
 who, though too cowardly to meet his enemies on the 
 battle field, revels in their misery and destruction, 
 within the gloomy walls of a prison. 
 
48 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 He was formerly a student at West Point, but it is 
 generally understood among the prisoners, that he 
 was expelled from that institution for forgery. At the 
 breaking out of the Rebellion, he was made captain 
 in the Rebel service, and for his native cruelty and 
 efficiency as a Yankee destroyer, he has recently been 
 promoted to a majority, and assigned to this post, 
 which is so congenial to his base desires. "We come 
 in contact with him more than with any other of the 
 prison authorities. His character is well delineated 
 on his countenance, where the hoof-prints of appetite 
 have made lasting impressions. Depravity is a terri- 
 ble limner, that leaves his true colors upon the " human 
 face divine." To one who comprehends the sublime 
 capabilities of the human soul, there is something in- 
 conceivably terrible in their perversion. 
 
 The higher and nobler the purpose to which a life 
 may be devoted, the darker and deeper the infamy 
 into which it may be plunged. 
 
 There is nothing more terrible and loathsome than 
 a human soul grown powerful in sin, and left to the 
 horrid machinations of the evil one, and its own evil 
 promptings. Demons, developed from germs that 
 might have produced seraphs, become rank growths, 
 drinking in the healthful stimulants of life and repro- 
 ducing them in hideous forms of vice and crime : — 
 
 " Souls made of fire, and children of the sun, 
 "With whom revenge is virtue." 
 
 Thus we see a soul coming pure and plastic from 
 its Maker's hand, yet afterward standing before the 
 world stained and hardened. Such, I conclude, is the 
 character of the man in question. He seems to be 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 49 
 
 free from every noble feeling or impulse, and pre- 
 pared for any deed that can enlist the evil passions of 
 our nature. He not only deprives us of little com- 
 forts which would greatly mitigate our woes, and 
 cost him nothing, but he heaps barbarities upon us 
 with Herculean and fiendish strength. " Seared witli 
 a hot iron " as his conscience must be, the atrocity of 
 his conduct is so shocking as to arouse, at times, 
 his guilty fears. He fancies that the prisoners, and 
 even his own guards, are plotting for his life, and he 
 has recently changed his quarters from the prison- 
 building to an office across the street. 
 
 EXCHANGE RUMORS. 
 
 November 7. — To-day there is an interval in the 
 uneasiness of the prisoners. A flag-of-truce boat is in. 
 It is earnestly hoped that something will be done to re- 
 lieve our sufferings, but the whole matter is veiled in 
 uncertainty. The most extravagant rumors, on ex- 
 change, are afloat among us ; and it is certainly hard 
 to believe that they are not true. Our wishes are 
 constantly suggesting means for their own realization. 
 And yet it is not well to suffer ourselves to be aroused 
 by these exciting hopes, for if once blasted they will 
 depress our spirits, breed utter disgust of our sur- 
 roundings, and have a deteriorating effect upon both 
 mind and body. We must grow into the luxury of 
 indifference. Stoicism, however reprehensible in or- 
 dinary life, is necessary here. Experience must teach 
 us the lesson ; that hard shoolmaster must lash us, 
 until our nerves will remain unmoved even under- 
 neath the stroke. 
 
50 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 But it is difficult to make room for this phi- 
 losophy. We may often repeat, "it is not best to 
 trust these rumors," and yet the hope rebels, and we 
 are compelled to trust, at least, in part. We cannot 
 control our rampant thoughts. Imagination will run 
 wild, build some castles in the air, and dwell on dis- 
 tant scenes of pleasure and comfort, from which we 
 are excluded. While fancy feasts, we are starving. 
 The spirit is strong, but the flesh is weak, and when 
 the spirit returns, weakened and wearied with its 
 wanderings, how much more faint is the poor frame 
 that takes it home. 
 
 In such struggles we engage until, exhausted, we 
 sink into a kind of stupor, which has but little choice 
 between life and death. There is much of the ani- 
 mal in this lethargy, which makes it very disagree- 
 able to contemplate. It is natural for man to hope, 
 and when he has outlived hope, he has outlived his 
 manhood likewise. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 51 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 IN THE LIBBY HOSPITAL. 
 
 November 8. — For some days ray health had been 
 failing, and when, at sick call, the Rebel sergeant 
 called out, "Fall in, sick!" a friend gave me the 
 assistance of his arm, and I appeared before the 
 prison -surgeon. "With something like the business- 
 air of a grocery-clerk, addressing a country-customer, 
 came the rapid questions, "What do you want? 
 Where are you sick ? How long have you been so ? 
 Have you taken any medicine \ " And without wait- 
 ing for any answers, he turned to the sergeant with 
 " Take this man to the hospital," and thus ended the 
 examination. 
 
 Once in the hospital, I was soon subjected to its 
 peculiar influence. There was the ominous stillness, 
 broken only by a choking-cough or labored groan ; 
 the chilling dread, as though one were in the immedi- 
 ate presence of death and under the ban of silence ; 
 and the anxious yearning — the almost frantic yearning 
 — which one feels in the contemplation of suffering 
 which he is powerless to alleviate. And worse than 
 all, soon came that hardened feeling which a familiar- 
 ity with such scenes produces. 
 
 This is nothing but an immense charnel-house ! 
 We are constantly in the midst of the dead and dy- 
 
52 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 ing. Nearly every day, some of our comrades, and 
 some days, several of them, are borne away, coffinless 
 and unshrouded, to their unmarked graves. I am 
 well aware that, in time of war, on the field of car- 
 nage, in camp where the pestilential fevers rage,, or in 
 the crowded prisons of the enemy, human life is but 
 little valued. Yet there are moments amidst all 
 these scenes, when the importance of life and the 
 terror of death seem to force themselves upon the 
 mind of every man with a power which cannot be 
 resisted. 
 
 PREVAILING DISEASES. 
 
 Scurvy, pneumonia, chronic diarrhoea, and fever, 
 are the most prevalent diseases. The former of these, 
 it is well known, originates from an exclusive diet of 
 salt rations and corn-bread. Its most effectual cure 
 is a change to vegetable food, vinegar, or some other 
 acid. Its first symptoms are eruptions on different 
 parts of the body. Soon it locates — generally in the 
 ankles. Here large sores begin to form similar to the 
 first appearance of boils. These deepen and spread. 
 The limbs become swollen. If not checked, it soon 
 covers the whole body, and the flesh actually rots 
 away and falls off the bones. It generally proves 
 fatal by attacking the glands of the throat. These 
 swell enormously, and the patient is often strangled. 
 Sometimes it locates in the mouth ; in this case the 
 gums become softened and the teeth drop out. 
 
 How human beings can keep their unfortunate 
 fellows in prison, tormented by such maladies, when 
 they are unwilling to afford them the means of re- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 53 
 
 lief, must remain forever a problem in " secession 
 ethics." 
 
 REBEL SURGEONS. 
 
 The hospital-surgeons appear to be gentlemen, 
 and treat us with some consideration. To be sure, 
 we are not very exacting, and consider ourselves re- 
 markably fortunate if not subjected to positive abuse; 
 still, much credit is due to many of the medical men 
 of the South. They seemed disposed to make the 
 best possible use of the means placed at their disposal, 
 and even remonstrated with their authorities for with- 
 holding those medicines and comforts without which 
 a hospital is not a hospital. 
 
 There were exceptions to this rule, as I learned 
 from those who were old residents of the prison when 
 I arrived. Some of them have been tyrannical and 
 abusive. Our own surgeons are permitted to be 
 among the sick, and this is a great comfort. Their 
 prescriptions are filled, so far as the prison dispensary 
 has a supply. 
 
 November 11. — I arose this morning very weak 
 and weary. To sleep during the night was impos- 
 sible, and much of the time was spent in coughing 
 severely. Pneumonia is making serious work among 
 the sick. Many, reduced to extreme weakness by 
 fevers, are attacked with it, and cough their lives 
 away. The climate seems favorable for the develop- 
 ment of pulmonary diseases, and this, aided by our 
 wretched surroundings, makes havoc in our ranks. 
 As the season advances toward winter, this disease 
 and others prevail with greater virulence and power. 
 3 
 
54 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Many prisoners, captured during the fall campaign, 
 are suifering terribly from their wounds. 
 
 HOSPITAL RATIONS. 
 
 Our rations, in this most humane department of 
 Rebel prison life, consist of one small slice of bread 
 for breakfast, a table-spoonful of lice and a small 
 piece of meat for dinner, and the breakfast allowance 
 repeated for supper. 
 
 The room we occupy is next to the ground floor, 
 and is crowded to its utmost capacity, so that many 
 cannot get admittance, and die in their quarters in the 
 upper rooms. We are told that there are several 
 other crowded hospitals in the city and at Belle Isle. 
 
 After being here a week, I am still quite sick, 
 though a little improved. Some boxes sent by our 
 Sanitary Commission have been opened for the benefit 
 of the sick. It was my good fortune to get some 
 pickles with the vinegar about them. This has had 
 the effect of checking the scurvy, with which I was 
 much troubled, and I am in a fair way to recover. 
 
 In spite of the distressing circumstances that sur- 
 round us, we yet occasionally find something to laugh 
 at. A cheerful heart and a smiling face are better 
 antidotes to disease than all the nostrums in the cal- 
 endar; but they are more rare in southern hospitals 
 than even medicines. He who makes us laugh is a 
 real benefactor. It is generally considered that when 
 a man goes to the hospital, he goes there to die. On 
 this supposition a poor fellow, whose waggery is irre- 
 pressible, as he was brought into the hospital to-day, 
 called out with as loud a voice as he could muster, 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 55 
 
 "Hello, fellers, I've got leave to die, too." The sick- 
 est could scarcely repress a smile, and all felt as though 
 they had received a tonic. 
 
 EXCHANGE OP SURGEONS. 
 
 The medical fraternity has been thrown into a 
 whirlpool of excitement over rumors of exchange. 
 Anxiety, hope, fear, and what not, have a strange ef- 
 fect upon them. Some of them are well nigh insane. 
 It was a pity to have their hopes deferred even for a 
 few days, but at last — November twenty-jifth — their 
 desire came, and a general feeling of joy prevails 
 within the walls of Libby. Although many of us are 
 destined still to remain, it is a source of consolation 
 to know that some of our number are afforded an 
 opportunity to regain the privileges they had lost by 
 capture and incarceration. 
 
 Turner issued the order for surgeons to " fall in," 
 early in the morning. There was a general rush 
 among the prisoners to send some word to their friends 
 at home by those about to be liberated. The medical 
 gentlemen were very obliging, but had to be on their 
 guard. They were carefully searched before leaving, 
 and it was generally understood that should any thing 
 contraband be discovered on or about their persons it 
 would not only be taken from them, but the bearer be 
 detained. 
 
 SENDING MESSAGES TO FRIENDS 
 
 on this occasion, as on all others, required some tact 
 and perseverance. It was known that letters sent home 
 would be read by the authorities, and as we desired to 
 
56 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 give our friends the first reading, we set ourselves to 
 work to outwit our masters, which we did somewhat 
 after our expedients of a former day. Nearly every 
 button on the coats of those going home contained a 
 good-sized letter written on tissue paper. The soles 
 of their shoes and boots were loosened and papers put 
 between them. The crowns of hats and caps were 
 ripped apart, filled with letters, and sewed together 
 again. Every device was resorted to that offered a 
 prospect of success. 
 
 The chief thing desired by the prisoners was, that 
 their friends might learn the secret of communicating 
 with them without the knowledge of the Rebel author- 
 ities. One wrote to bid friends to hold his letters to 
 the fire, that the writing might become visible. An- 
 other directed a box to be sent him with greenbacks 
 hidden in a roll of butter, or in a piece of cheese, or 
 inside a pickle in a bottle of vinegar. 
 
 What we most expect, however, is that the sur- 
 geons will make such representations to the authori- 
 ties at Washington as will bring about a general ex- 
 change. 
 
 I received the Richmond Sentinel this morning 
 from a friend up stairs, who conveyed it to me through 
 the key-hole. This key-hole is in an unused door 
 which has been nailed up and the lock removed, leav- 
 ing this means of communication exposed, and as it 
 has gradually grown larger from use, it is of some 
 service to us. 
 
 OLD NEWSBOY "BEN." 
 
 Every day a jolly old negro goes along past the 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 57 
 
 prison crying, " Great tallyraphic news in de papers ! 
 Mighty news from de Army of Northern Yirginy ! 
 Great fightin' in de Souf-west !" 
 
 It is astonishing how the cry thrills us. It has a 
 home sound, and we forget for the moment that we 
 are prisoners in Secessia. These papers we have, at 
 times, been permitted to purchase at prices ranging 
 from twenty-live cents (two bits) to one dollar. 
 
 Here we get the southern accounts of the war, 
 with customary embellishments. Whenever they are 
 full of bluster, braggadocia, and abuse, we know it has 
 been going ill with the Rebels. When the tone is 
 mild and reasonable and conciliatory, we have reason 
 to believe that things go on swimmingly with them. 
 Thus we interpret their accounts, as gypsies interpret 
 dreams. 
 
 November 26. — This is Thanksgiving day. We 
 may feel — and indeed are — thankful that our condition, 
 bad even as it is, is no worse. 
 
 Under the very worst circumstances allotted to 
 mortals, we can still imagine something worse, and 
 ought to be thankful. The Scotch divine, who was 
 subject to gout and rheumatism, used to thank the 
 Lord, when suffering with the former that it was not 
 the latter ; when the latter got hold of him, he was 
 thankful that he had not both at once ; and when both 
 seized him at once, he was more thankful than ever 
 that he had not the toothache at the same time. 
 
 Still, we make no very special point of being thank- 
 ful. There are no chaplains with us, and no religious 
 exercises will be held. There is no danger of its being 
 turned into a day of feasting ; for our stinted allow- 
 
58 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 ance will not admit of that. Major Turner allowed 
 an issue of the remaining few of our boxes this morn- 
 ing, which have been in his possession for the past two 
 months. They were all broken open, and were gen- 
 erally stripped of every thing which could be of any 
 use to us. They were plundered by the common sol- 
 diers of the regiment doing guard duty here, under the 
 eyes and with the permission of the prison authorities. 
 Were we among barbarians, such treatment would be 
 nothing more than we might reasonably expect. But 
 among civilized men, who acknowledge that a God 
 of justice rules among the nations of the earth, with 
 the name of Christian ever on their lips, it is not 
 endurable ! 
 
 This day calls to mind some days of thanksgiving 
 instituted by Rebels. What they had to be thankful 
 for, nobody knows. Yet these same men, who delib- 
 erately starved and froze our unfortunate soldiers, 
 would lift their hands to Heaven with as much fervor 
 as a dying saint, thankful perhaps that the strength 
 and means had been given them to torment their fel- 
 low men. Thankful that their armies were occasion- 
 ally successful in their strife against the best and freest 
 and most liberal government on earth. Thankful that 
 the chains were tightening on the limbs of the bond- 
 man. Thankful that a fierce and cruel aristocracy 
 were triumphing over the equal rights of the people ; 
 at least so they thought as they turned their blood- 
 stained palms heavenward. And they thanked God 
 for these results. A greater mistake was never made, 
 as we confidently believe. 
 
 If history thanks God for these seemingly retro- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 59 
 
 grade movements of freedom, I question whether the 
 Rebels of the present day will join in the psean. 
 
 November 27, — Brings us a mail from the North. 
 I was so fortunate as to receive two letters. They 
 were indeed like " cold water to a thirsty soul." No 
 one can appreciate the value of a bit of paper crossed 
 with familiar lines and home thoughts until they re- 
 ceive it under such circumstances. The reception of 
 these letters, however, is an unusual occurrence ; for 
 we are seldom permitted to correspond with our 
 friends ; and then only under the most cruel restric- 
 tions. Our letters are limited to six lines of ordinary 
 note paper, including date, signature, and address. 
 They are carefully criticised by the Rebel authorities, 
 and no information concerning our true condition is 
 allowed to be sent. Every scheme that could be 
 divined to outwit the Rebels has been resorted to, and 
 successful to some extent ; for many of the prisoners 
 have learned the secret of writing with " invisible 
 ink," which is nothing more than a solution of soda 
 or saleratus. This leaves no impression on the paper 
 until it is heated, when it becomes quite distiuct, 
 and may be easily read. But this secret was at 
 length discovered ; it occurred in this wise : A captain, 
 writing to a fan* and undoubtedly very dear friend, 
 could not brook to be limited to only six lines, when 
 he had so much to communicate ; so, resorting to this 
 mixture, he completely filled the sheet with h soft and 
 winning words ;" and then, fearing lest his fair 
 dulcinea would not discover the secret, added, — 
 
 u JSTow, my dear, read this over, and then bake it in 
 the oven and read it again." 
 
60 THE CAPl'URE, THE PRISON PEN, . 
 
 This was too much. The Rebels thinking that if 
 the letter would improve by baking it might be well 
 to improve it at once, accordingly held it to the fire. 
 This brought to light four closely-written pages of the 
 tenderest and most heart-rending sentiment. 
 
 Since then our correspondence has been carefully 
 scrutinized, and will doubtless in the future be subject- 
 ed to all manner of tests. 
 
 GENERAL NEAL DOW, 
 
 of Maine, is the senior officer confined here. He 
 makes no very imposing appearance ; wears an old red 
 skull-cap, which gives him the appearance of a Turk, 
 and minds his own business. The Rebels, in particu- 
 lar, find him very reticent. He seems to have a per- 
 fect contempt for traitors, and scarcely ever speaks to 
 them. They, in turn, hate him very much worse than 
 they do the devil. Several times during his impris- 
 onment they refused to exchange on direct application 
 from our Government. 
 
 The general has not recovered from his Maine-law 
 proclivities by any means. He very often discourses 
 to us from his corner on the subject of temperance, 
 and sends home his thrusts with all his former vigor. 
 
 He is also something of a wit. The prison is alive 
 with vermin, and so is the general. One day while 
 sitting on his blanket searching his clothes, an officer 
 said to him, " What, general ! are you lousy ? " " No," 
 said the general, " I am not, but my shirt is." 
 
 Many of his letters, written to Mends in the North, 
 with invisible ink, have been published ; but his liter- 
 ary labors are at an end for the present at least. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 61 
 
 November 28. — Some of our senior officers Lave 
 complained to the prison authorities in relation to our 
 rations, but to no purpose. You might as well ap- 
 proach a granite rock, with expectation of receiving 
 sympathy ; for they are perfectly hardened to all feel- 
 ings of humanity, and are only delighted with the in- 
 tensity of our sufferings. 
 
 We are becoming accustomed to the sensations of 
 hunger. A continual gnawing at the stomach has be- 
 come chronic, and is little regarded, yet is surely having 
 its legitimate effects on our health and constitutions. 
 
 The ravages of death are spreading most fearfully 
 among our enlisted men on Belle Island, and in the 
 various hospitals of the city. 
 
 BURIAL OF THE DEAD. 
 
 The burial of the dead is a very business-like af- 
 fair. As fast as men die they are carried out to the 
 " dead house " and piled up, much as bags of corn 
 would be, until there are enough for a load, when the 
 keeper calls out to the prison carter, " A load of dead 
 Yankees ! Drive up your mule." The carter then 
 drives up, and takes in his load with as much un- 
 concern as though he was drawing wood or other 
 articles. 
 
 ESCAPE OF DEAD YANKEES. 
 
 At first there was no such officer as " dead-house 
 keeper," but it was noticed that for some reason the 
 dead Yankees often came up missing — concluding 
 either to bury themselves or to dispense altogether 
 with such unpleasant formalities. After this the dead 
 were under surveillance as well as the living. 
 3* 
 
62 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Escaping was a regular trade. The first step was 
 to play sick, and get into the hospital. The next was 
 to bribe, or otherwise influence the hospital stewards, 
 and get them to agree to do the " carrying out." The 
 next move was to get so sick that the Rebel surgeon 
 would say " he must die." The last performance of 
 the sick man was to die in agony, and be carried to 
 the dead house. His future movements were not very 
 well understood, but somehow the corpse was never 
 seen more. Ingenuity was tasked to its utmost to de- 
 vise means of escape. Yankee brass was almost in- 
 variably more than a match for all obstacles. 
 
 A REBEL SURGEON OUTWITTED BY A YANKEE TAILOR. 
 
 A major, whose name I have forgotten, made his 
 escape a short time before I entered the hospital, and 
 deserves a medal for it. He had been a tailor before 
 entering the service, and as the Rebels had a high 
 opinion of Yankee handicraft, the prison surgeon 
 sent him his coat to be remodelled after a northern 
 pattern. 
 
 As soon as the work was neatly finished, the tailor 
 soldier put on the surgeon's coat, and taking with him 
 a friend as hospital steward, coolly walked out into 
 the street, and neither of them were heard of again 
 until they reached the Federal lines. 
 
 November 29. — More letters reached us to-day, 
 bringing to me the sad news of the death of a sister. 
 Oh, how inexpressibly sad do such tidings strike the 
 heart. In the very midst of death, I am permitted to 
 drag out a weary life, while dear ones in a land of 
 health and plenty, are struck down by the fatal shafts. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 63 
 
 Her death occurred on the twentieth of October, the 
 day after my capture. Just as I was thrust into 
 prison and doubly bound to the grovelling discom- 
 forts of earth, she was released from the prison-house 
 of clay, and received, I trust, into the joyous freedom 
 of Heaven. 
 
 Our lives are all in the hands of Him " who doeth 
 all things well." He appoints us a period of exist- 
 ence, and appoints a moment to depart. All other 
 influences are subordinate to his will. 
 
 "What can preserve our lives — or what destroy? 
 An angel's arm cim't snatch us from the grave — 
 Legions of angels can't confine us there." 
 
 bragg's DEFEAT. 
 
 November 30. — The Rebels are now smarting un- 
 der the severe defeat of General Bragg, and although 
 desirous of keepiug us in ignorance of our success, yet 
 we have been able to gather nearly all of the particu- 
 lars. It seems that General Hooker, on the twenty- 
 fourth, succeeded in carrying, by assault, the northern 
 slope of Lookout Mountain, while General Sherman, 
 co-operating with him, crossed the river at the mouth 
 of the South Chickamauga. After meeting an ob- 
 stinate resistance, he at last succeeded in capturing 
 the northern extremity of Missionary Ridge. Owing 
 to the combined success of Hooker and Sherman, the 
 enemy abandoned Lookout Mountain during the night, 
 retiring toward Chickamauga. Early the next morn- 
 ing the battle was commenced with renewed energy 
 by Sherman, who made an assault upon the enemy at 
 the northern end of Missionary Ridge. But our 
 
64 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 troops met with a severe repulse. The field was hotly 
 contested with varied fortune until three o'clock in 
 the afternoon, when General Grant, by hurling two 
 columns against their centre, forced them back, and 
 gained possession of the ridge. The enemy, once 
 routed, retired rapidly toward Dalton, Ga., being 
 hotly pressed by our forces as far as Ringold. The 
 Rebels admit a loss of six thousand prisoners, seven 
 thousand stand of small arms, and upwards of fifty 
 pieces of artillery. They regard this as one of the 
 severest defeats that they have sustained since the 
 war began. 
 
 December 1. — The weather is extremely cold, and 
 the sufferings of the prisoners in the upper rooms are 
 indescribable, owing to the want of blankets and 
 clothing. There are no fires, and, as yet, there is but 
 little prospect of their being furnished with stoves. 
 Many of our men on Belle Island are dying daily 
 from exposure. Large numbers of the prisoners 
 have no blankets, and are poorly clad. They are 
 compelled to walk during the night-time to prevent 
 freezing. 
 
 POSITION OF THE ARMIES. 
 
 This morning we obtained the Richmond En- 
 quirer through one of our guards. It is thought that 
 Meade will soon come in contact with Lee. Both 
 armies are now drawn up in line of battle, on oppo- 
 site sides of Mine Run. The Rebels seem to be greatly 
 alarmed at the critical state of affairs, and we are 
 most deeply interested in the result of the movement, 
 which we earnestly hope may, in addition to the de- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 65 
 
 feat of Lee and the capture of Richmond, release us 
 forever from these filthy dungeons. 
 
 PLANS FOR ESCAPE. 
 
 I have been communicating with Lieutenant S. 
 H. Tresouthick, Eighteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 
 through the key-hole, nearly all day, with regard to 
 various plans of *seape. My modus operandi is, to go 
 to the head of the stairs and push a note through the 
 key-hole when no Rebel officers are near, and it will 
 be carried by the prisoners to the one for whom it is 
 intended. 
 
 To give somewhat of a correct idea of the plans 
 proposed, I will give a short description of the differ- 
 ent rooms in the prison. There are three stories be- 
 sides the basement. Each floor is divided into three 
 rooms, fifty feet by one hundred and twenty. The 
 basement is similarly divided, and is used as a cook- 
 room and store-house. The hospital room is on the 
 first floor above the basement, and the room corre- 
 sponding to this, on the next floor above, is the one 
 occupied by the lieutenant. There are sinks built on 
 the outside of the building at the same height as each 
 story, and running the whole length of the prison. 
 
 Tresouthick first proposed that he should feign 
 sickness and get into the hospital, and I in the mean 
 time should, with a saw-backed knife, cut a board out 
 of the sink large enough to let us through. 
 
 After an investigation, it was found that our open- 
 ing would let us through directly opposite the guard, 
 whom we had no means of passing; consequently, this 
 plan had to be given up. 
 
6Q TEE CAPTURE, TEE PRISON PEN, 
 
 I then proposed that he should get into the hospital 
 as before arranged, and I would manage to get a piece 
 of rope eight or ten feet long, and then some dark, 
 i'ainy night we would steal down into the basement, 
 the outside doors of which are not locked till tea 
 o'clock p. m., and await our opportunity. 
 
 When the sentinel's back is turned we will rush 
 past him on either side, and with the rope trip him 
 down, hoping to be beyond the reach of his musket 
 before he can fire. 
 
 This plan seems to suit the lieutenant, and we 
 must wait for his admission to the hospital. He com- 
 menced to be slightly sick two or three days ago, he 
 tells me. 
 
 December 3. — This morning I read the Richmond 
 Sentinel, which was passed to me through the pre- 
 viously-described key-hole by friend Richardson. Gen- 
 eral Meade is reported to be retiring in the direction 
 of Fredericksburgh. The object of the movement is 
 not understood here. 
 
 BELLE ISLAND. 
 
 A small portion of the clothing sent on by our 
 Government is now being issued to the enlisted men 
 on Belle Island. Colonel J. M. Sanderson, of our 
 service, is permitted to make the issue. The prisoners 
 are in a state of utter destitution, and the clothing 
 cannot be distributed without guards ; the poor boys, 
 having been so long destitute, and having almost per- 
 ished for the want of sufficient covering, now rush 
 upon the party making the issue, and take such arti- 
 cles as they need. There is no way of keeping them 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 67 
 
 in restraint, but by military force. There is much 
 misery here, caused by a disregard of justice. Could 
 all the corruption and consequent suffering be known, 
 it would be a dark spot upon the annals of American 
 history. 
 
 Tresouthick's illness progresses finely, and we have 
 hopes of being able to take advantage of it soon. He 
 has only to present himself before the surgeon a suf- 
 ficient number of times, and insist that he is very 
 sick, in order to be admitted to the hospital, as we 
 think. 
 
 December 8. — The weather is a little more mild to- 
 day, and I find my health gradually improving. The 
 greater portion of my time is now occupied in reading 
 "Napoleon and his Marshals." I make it a daily 
 practice to read the Bible, and to commit a portion of 
 St. Matthew. 
 
 There are games of amusement among us, which I 
 sometimes participate in ; the most popular are chess, 
 checkers, dominoes, and cards. This evening I had 
 a game of chess with Lieutenant Carter, formerly of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Games of all kinds are vigorously plied to ])&&& 
 away time. Looking into any of the large rooms, you 
 may see a party in one corner playing chess on a 
 loard marked out on the floor, with chess men made 
 of beef bones. In another corner, a group are play- 
 ing checkers in the same manner, with buttons and 
 wooden men. Others are huddled together around a 
 set of dominoes, which they are rattling with consid- 
 erable vigor. 
 
 Everywhere, and at all times, you may see the in- 
 
68 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 evitable greasy cards ; and euchre, whist, and bluff, go 
 the rourids in rapid succession. 
 
 Here a group of lawyers are holding a moot-court, 
 with a grave judge opposite, and a panel of duly- 
 sworn jurymen sitting on the floor along the sides. 
 Acres of valuable land have changed hands under their 
 decisions. Horses have been adjudged to belong here 
 and cows there, and dogs anywhere and everywhere. 
 Nearly every man of the number has failed in busi- 
 ness, and a large per cent, have been divorced ; and 
 lastly, judge and jury have unanimously decided, that 
 they all be sent home without a moment's delay, times 
 without number. 
 
 Debating clubs are settling important questions in 
 different parts of the room, and youthful orators are 
 constraining prison -life to give grace to their gestures 
 and fluency to their tongues. 
 
 Finally, from some distant corner, may be heard 
 the winning words of the gospel. An old gray- 
 haired man, it may be, is telling an attentive com- 
 pany of younger men how precious the religion of 
 Christ is to him in the midst of his sufferings. 
 Hymns are sung, prayers are offered, and souls are 
 refreshed. 
 
 Many are indifferent to all these things, and are 
 sleeping on the floor. 
 
 In this way the time is passed, and in infinitely 
 more ways, which the ingenuity of idle men will 
 suggest. 
 
 Getting into the hospital is no easy matter, but 
 Tresouthick is sicker than he was, and has good 
 hopes. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. (J 9 
 
 December 12. — Last night Captains Anderson and 
 Skelton made their escape by bribing the guard. 
 Skelton had been wounded, under Grant, before 
 Yicksburg, and captured. A few days after, he 
 made his appearance in Libby, with a patch over his 
 eye and a green cap drawn over his head, smoking 
 a cigar as complacently as though nothing had hap- 
 pened. A ball had entered his eye and come out 
 behind his ear. Although bright as ever, he feigned 
 dulness, and so was retained in the hospital. Ander- 
 son was just admitted, and with all the money they 
 could muster they bribed a guard to let them out. 
 
 This morning at roll-call two bunks were empty, 
 but after the sergeant had gone down one tier, two 
 men left their bunks, and went to those of Anderson 
 and Skelton, so their absence was not observed. 
 When the surgeon came, however, he missed Skelton 
 at once, as he was " a very noticeable man." The 
 alarm was immediately given ; but, as yet, nothing 
 has been heard of the escaping party. 
 
70 TEE CAPTURE, TEE PRISON PEN, 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 RETURN FROM THE HOSPITAL. 
 
 The cunningly devised exit of Anderson and Skel- 
 ton has exasperated the prison authorities terribly, and 
 most of all because their success was due to the 
 treachery of their own guards. A double watch is 
 now placed over us, so that our prospect of an escape 
 has vanished, and we must take our chances with the 
 others in the upper rooms. It has had a decided ef- 
 fect on Tresouthick's " health,'' however. He is much 
 better to-day, and will probably recover much faster 
 than he got sick. 
 
 Dece?nber 26. — There has been much excitement 
 to-day concerning an exchange of prisoners. Captain 
 Sawyer, of the First New Jersey Cavalry, has received 
 a letter from Major Mulford, our Commissioner of 
 Exchange, in which prospects of a general exchange 
 of all the prisoners is mentioned. There are many 
 conflicting opinions and warm discussions. It is ru- 
 mored that thirty officers and five hundred men are 
 already declared exchanged. There seems to be much 
 hilarity among the prisoners ; yet I fear, as has been 
 too often the case, we shall be disappointed. True, we 
 cannot but feel great anxiety for our release ; yet such 
 reports have been so often in circulation that I can 
 
73- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. *73 
 
 place but little confidence in anything that may be 
 said in relation to this subject. 
 
 Sawyer has become our best authority on exchange, 
 and expresses his opinions with all the bombast and 
 assurance of a Wall-street broker. This is the Cap- 
 tain Sawyer, who, with Captain Flynn, of the Fifty- 
 first Indiana Infantry, was sentenced to be shot in 
 retaliation for two Rebel officers tried and shot by 
 Burnside, in Kentucky, for recruiting within the Fed- 
 eral lines. 
 
 Flynn was a modest man, and bore his notoriety 
 commendably. Sawyer did a great deal of talking, 
 and made himself a mark for many rich jokes. The 
 prisoners often remarked that they would give a 
 thousand dollars to be shot as Sawyer was. 
 
 HOSTAGES DESTINED FOR SALISBURY. 
 
 A short time since twenty- four captains were or- 
 dered down to Turner's office to draw lots for the 
 chances of going to Salisbury, North Carolina. Three 
 of the number were to be chosen as hostages for as 
 many Rebel officers confined by our authorities in the 
 penitentiary at Alton, Illinois. The lots fell on Cap- 
 tains Julius L. Litchfield, of the Fourth Maine In- 
 fantry, Edward E. Chase, First Rhode Island Cavalry, 
 and Charles Kendall, of the Signal Corps. Last night 
 they were ordered out and sent to their destination, 
 where they are sentenced to hard labor.* 
 
 December 31, 1863. — This day closes up the old 
 year, and soon, if life be spared, we shall enter upon 
 
 * "We afterwards learned that they refused to work, and were 
 never compelled to. 
 
74 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 the duties of the new; and how shrouded in gloom 
 are the issues of coming time. Thronging memories 
 of past joys are throwing a pall of sadness on the 
 countenances of many, while others, thinking of the 
 festivities of other days, on the occasion of this anni- 
 versary, seem desirous of celebrating as they were 
 wont to do in the more peaceful days of yore. Many 
 are making preparations to have a dance in the " cook- 
 room " this evening. Evening advances, and with its 
 onward march the dance ensues. For a time they 
 seem to forget that they are securely enclosed within 
 these inhospitable prison walls. The merriment and 
 hilarity continue till the old year passes away to re- 
 turn no more. 
 
 Some, apparently disgusted with the reckless mer- 
 riment, collect in groups, and sing, in full chorus, na- 
 tional songs, till the old year is gone. " The Star- 
 Spangled Banner," " Eed, White, and Blue," " Rally 
 Round the Flag, Boys," peal through the long rooms 
 with terrible emphasis, and, when the chorus, — 
 
 ' The Union forever, — hurrah, hoys, hurrah ! 
 Down with the traitors and up with the stars, 
 "While we rally round the Flag, boys, rally once again ! 
 Shouting the hattle-cry of Freedom !" 
 
 is reiterated again and again, with significant beating 
 of feet, it seems as if the very roof must give way be- 
 fore the accumulated volume of sound. 
 
 Some, as quietly as they can, in the midst of so 
 much noise, watch the old year out, according to their 
 custom, with prayer and religious songs. All make a 
 " watch-night " of it, for sleep is entirely out of the 
 question. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 75 
 
 Some time ago a contribution of a little money, 
 still preserved from the rapacity of the authorities, 
 was taken up among us, and some musical instruments 
 were purchased. A bass-viol, violin, and banjo, com- 
 pose our orchestral display, besides a bushel or more 
 of " bones/' 
 
 All these are on " extra duty " to-night and cer- 
 tainly assist us, in some degree, to forget our aches 
 and privations. Such jollifications the Rebels allow, 
 I suppose, because they happen to be in good humor 
 or have amusements of their own to attend to. 
 
 NEW YEAR IN LIBBY. 
 
 January 1, 1864. — We hail the new year with pe- 
 culiar emotions, hoping it may be the harbinger of 
 release, and that its experiences may be less dark 
 and repulsive than those of the past. Its records 
 will, ere long, be fixed by the historian, and posterity 
 will know the successes and defeats, the trials and 
 sufferings, of the present eventful epoch. 
 
 Some little attempt has been made by the cooks to 
 give us a "New Tear's dinner," although no extra 
 rations have been issued. For instance, instead of 
 simply boiled rice and corn-cakes, they have given us 
 rice soup, or rice-water and gruel ; rice pudding, that 
 is, boiled rice mixed with corn-meal and water ; corn- 
 meal pudding, which is meal-batter mixed with boiled 
 rice ; then we have had boiled rice and corn-bread, 
 pure, unmixed, a la Libby. It has been well nigh 
 equal to the fare described by the poet of Castle Thun- 
 der. He says : — 
 
76 
 
 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 " We have eighteen kinds of food, though 'twill stagger your 
 belief, 
 "We have bread, beef, and soup, and bread, soup, and beef; 
 Then we separate about, with twenty in a group, 
 And get beef, soup, and bread, and beef, bread, and sonp ; 
 For our dessert we obtain, though it costs us nary red, 
 Soup, bread, and beef, and beef, soup, and bread." 
 
 The following is now our daily allowance of ra- 
 tions : — Three-fourths of a pound of coarse corn- 
 bread, one gill of rice, one-half pound of beef, and a 
 very little salt. On such rations we are left to live 
 or die. Groceries can be purchased of the prison 
 commissary at the following rates : — 
 
 Potatoes, per bushel, . 
 Onions, " " 
 Wheat bread, 6 oz. loaves, 
 Butter, per lb., 
 Lard, " " 
 Sugar, " " 
 Coffee, " " 
 Tea, " " 
 Eggs, per doz., 
 
 50 
 1 
 
 10 
 8 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 6 
 
 At the above prices the prisoners may purchase the 
 necessaries of life by disposing of their clothing, rings, 
 and anything else of value which it may be their good 
 fortune to possess. 
 
 PUNISHMENT FOR SINGING OUR NATIONAL SONGS. 
 
 January 24. — It has all along been our custom to 
 go down to the cook-room occasionally for a prome- 
 nade, there being better opportunities for exercise 
 there than in our own quarters. It is a great relief to 
 walk without being constantly compelled to elbow 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 77 
 
 your way through a crowd, or to be cautious lest you 
 step ou some sick or weary sleeper stretched aloug the 
 floor. Accordingly, I went down last evening for a 
 walk, and there found about sixty comrades marching 
 around the room at double-quick, in column of fours. 
 I fell in with them, and all commenced singing " Star- 
 Spang] ed Banner," " Rally Round the Flag, Boys," 
 etc. 
 
 This had continued for some time, when the door 
 leading into the street suddenly opened, and a squad 
 of armed Rebels filed in. Turner was at their head, 
 and quickly crossing the room and placing himself at 
 the door leading up stairs to prevent any of us from 
 making an escape, he began, "Now, then, you 
 d — d boisterous scoundrels, I'll teach you to begin 
 your cursed howling in this building again. I want 
 you to understand that you mus'n't drive people crazy 
 out in the streets with your villainous Yankee songs." 
 Then, turning to the guards — " Take your stations 
 about these d — d rascals, and shoot the first man that 
 dares to stir out of his tracks, and relieve each other 
 till further orders." To us again : " Now, d — n you, 
 you will stand here till twelve o'clock to-night ; and 
 make a bit of noise or move from your places, at your 
 peril." He then ordered us into line, and marched us 
 to the north end of the room, where we were kept 
 till the appointed time. 
 
 The fires went out early in the evening, and the 
 cold became intense. Some managed to get blankets 
 from their friends above, but the guards soon put a 
 stop to such transactions. One man from above called 
 down to a friend, through a knot-hole in the floor, 
 
78 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 and asked him if he wanted a blanket. The guard 
 heard him, cocked his gun and aimed at the hole; hut 
 a call from below gave the man warning, and he fled. 
 So much for singing national songs. But patriotism 
 will find vent some how, in spite of Rebel vengeance. 
 The Jews, during their captivity, hung their harps 
 on the willows, and sighed bitterly when they were 
 asked to sing the songs of Zion. Union prisoners 
 seem to be affected very differently. 
 
 MOKGAN, THE GUERILLA, VISITS LIBBT. 
 
 January 25. — John Morgan, the famous Rebel 
 raider and guerrilla, visited the prison to-day. His 
 popularity is very great just at present, owing to his 
 escape from a northern prison. Turner and a large 
 company of pompous Confederates, accompanied him 
 through the rooms. 
 
 As they approached the end of the room occupied 
 by General Dow, they naturally expected him to rec- 
 ognize them, or otherwise show some signs of life ; but 
 the stern old general did not for a moment raise his 
 eyes from the book he was reading, until the last Rebel 
 had passed, when he gave one contemptuous glance at 
 them, and continued his reading. 
 
 Morgan is a large, fine-looking officer ; wears a full 
 beard, and a Rebel uniform, trimmed with the usual 
 amount of gold braid. 
 
 " THE GREAT YANKEE TUNNEL." 
 
 February 10. — I am making notes of the most 
 exciting events which have occurred since my captiv- 
 ity. I am often interrupted by Turner and his min- 
 ions, who are almost frantic over the mysterious dis- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 79 
 
 appearance of one hundred and fifteen of our fellow- 
 sufferers from the prison last night. These Rebels are 
 running up and down through the rooms to learn, if. 
 possible, the secret of this grand escapade. Here it is 
 on paper : Early in the winter, Colonel Thomas E. 
 Rose, Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, con- 
 ceived apian of escape, and organized a secret company 
 of twenty-seven, who were to dig their way to freedom. 
 None were admitted to the secret but the workmen. 
 
 Colonel Rose was well calculated to superintend 
 the work, for he had served in the Mexican war, was 
 taken prisoner by the Mexicans, and after a short 
 confinement, escaped, by tunneling from the prison a 
 sufficient distance to be clear from the guards. He had 
 served his apprenticeship, and was now prepared to 
 manage and direct. 
 
 After thorough organization of our company, with 
 secrecy well enjoined, we adopted the following 
 
 PLAN OF OPERATION. 
 
 In the basement of the building just below our 
 cook-room was a small unoccupied room, which had 
 been closed since our arrival, and was never entered. 
 From this room or cellar rose a large chimney, which 
 passed through the cook-room, and so to the top of 
 the building. Our first work was to make a hole in 
 the chimney from the kitchen, which opening we could 
 easily conceal by means of some slop-barrels. These 
 barrels we managed to empty ourselves, so that all 
 danger of detection from this point was carefully 
 avoided. A short ladder, which the Rebels had 
 brought into the rooms for the purpose of raising their 
 4 
 
80 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 miserable flag on tlie building, was nsed to make our 
 descent into the dark room below. Inquiry was made 
 for the ladder, but as no one seemed to know anything 
 about it, it was inferred that it had been converted 
 into fuel. 
 
 At the foot of the ladder another opening was 
 made through the chimney wall leading into the under- 
 ground basement-room. By removing a few stones 
 from the wall of this room, we were in a situation to 
 commence the work of tunneling. 
 
 IMPLEMENTS USED IN TUNNELING. 
 
 The only implements in our possession for per- 
 forming the work, were an old trowel and half of a 
 canteen. The arduous labor was commenced with 
 only the fragment of a canteen, but with this, the 
 progress was so slow, that the most patient were 
 almost disheartened. Fortunately for us, a mason 
 came in to repair the prison walls, and, going to dinner 
 before he had finished his work, left his trowel, which 
 in his absence most mysteriously disappeared. To 
 him it may have been of but little account, to us it 
 was a God-send. "With the aid of this implement, we 
 were able to make more rapid progress, were greatly 
 encouraged, and worked night and day with ceaseless 
 energy. Two of our number were kept in the tunnel 
 almost constantly. One, by a vigorous use of the 
 trowel and canteen, would advance slowly on, placing 
 the loosened earth in an old blanket, which the other 
 would convey out of the tunnel into a corner of the 
 room whence the tunnel started. 
 
 Our course was due east, under the street where 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 81 
 
 constantly paced the sentinels, who at every hour of 
 the night, were wont to cry, " Post No. 1, all's well ! " 
 " Post No. 2, all's well ! " etc. Little did they dream 
 that Yankee ingenuity and perseverance were per- 
 forating the solid earth under their feet, and opening 
 a path to freedom. 
 
 As we progressed in our work we experienced great 
 difficulty for the want of pure air to breathe, and to 
 sustain our candles, which refused to burn. Conse- 
 quently one of our party was compelled to stand at 
 the opening, fanning air into the tunnel with his hat. 
 Our atmospheric difficulties were the more increased 
 by the small size of the hole, which was a little less 
 than two feet in diameter, quite irregular in conse- 
 quence of large stones, and descended in a line below 
 the horizontal. This severe labor was carried on, 
 without much interruption, for more than three weeks, 
 when, at last, the plan came near being a failure, by 
 a sad mistake in our measurement. Our intent was 
 to reach the yard of an old shed or warehouse, in 
 which were then stored the boxes sent us by the 
 Christian and Sanitary Commissions, and by our 
 friends at the North. 
 
 Thinking we had reached the desired point, an 
 opening was made to the surface, when we found we 
 were still in the street, outside the fence, and within 
 a few yards of the sentries. Not discovered by this 
 mishap, the hole was quickly filled with a pair of old 
 pants and straw, and the work of excavation con- 
 tinued to the place intended. The selection of this 
 point was very fortunate, as the Rebel guards used to 
 skulk about this building at night, for the purpose of 
 
82 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 plundering the boxes ; and on the night of the escape, 
 the sentinels about the j3rison saw every man who came 
 out, but supposing they were Rebels, only whispered 
 to each other, "The fellows are going through the 
 Yankee boxes mighty fast to-night." These whisper- 
 ings were distinctly heard by some of our men. 
 
 The tunnel was about sixty-five feet in length, and 
 was ready for the exit early last evening, February 
 ninth. 
 
 THE SECRET DISCLOSED. 
 
 The company of diggers had entered into an ar- 
 rangement that they should make their exit first, and 
 inform the others just as they were going out; but 
 each man had a particular friend whom he wished to 
 notify, and, as we were seen packing our clothing, it 
 soon became suspected that something unusual was in 
 the wind. Curiosity, once on the alert, soon discover- 
 ed the secret, and then all were jubilant with the 
 hope of escape, and commenced packing up. But 
 egress was so slow that it soon became evident to the 
 cool calculator, that at the best but a comparatively 
 small proportion of our number would be fortunate 
 enough to take their departure from Libby, before 
 daylight would forbid any further efforts to breathe 
 the free air of heaven. 
 
 STRIPPING FOR THE CHIMNEY. 
 In order to get down the chimney, as well as 
 along the tunnel, it was necessary to strip naked, 
 wrap our clothing into a bundle, and push this on be- 
 fore us. As soon as it was seen that only a few could 
 possibly get out. many, and in fact most, became self- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 83 
 
 ish, and thought only of furthering their own wishes ; 
 all rushed for the mouth of the tunnel, each man 
 seeming determined to be first out. By this move- 
 ment, the organization formed by the working party 
 was broken up, and the workmen, who were to have 
 had the first opportunity for escape, were not more 
 favorably situated than those who never had borne a 
 hand in the digging. At the mouth of the tunnel 
 were hundreds eagerly waiting their turn. Through 
 the intense anxiety, there was a rush and a crowd, 
 each one being eager to improve the opportunity. 
 Muscle was the " trump-card," and won all the victo- 
 ries. The weak had to step aside, or rather, they 
 were pushed aside without apology. No respect was 
 shown to rank or name. A long-armed second-lieu- 
 tenant had no hesitancy in taking hold of a pair of 
 shoulders that wore eagles and pushing them out of 
 the way. There was no standing aside for betters. 
 No deference was paid to age, and unfortunate gray 
 hairs ceased to be honored. Mere physical force was 
 the test of championship. Those poor, weak ones, 
 who got help to gravitate to the outskirts of such an 
 eager, crowding mass, just as surely as the light 
 kernels will find their way to the top of a shaken 
 measure of wheat, thought, as they felt themselves be- 
 ing crowded farther and farther from the opening : — 
 
 " Oh, it is excellent 
 To have a giant's strength, hut it is tyrannous 
 To use it like a giant ! " 
 
 I made several efforts to assert what I supposed to be 
 my rights, but, as I had not at that time much muscle 
 to back my claims, they were not recognized, and 
 
84 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 thus I spent the whole night without avail in this 
 bootless struggle for freedom. 
 
 THE TUNNEL BLOCKADED. 
 
 In digging the tunnel we had encountered a large 
 root which we could not well remove, and the passage 
 at this point was very narrow. Lieutenant Wallace F. 
 Randolph, Fifth United States Artillery, a corpulent 
 fellow, was caught fast by the root. There was a 
 man before him and another behind him, who almost 
 entirely excluded atmospheric circulation, and before 
 they could pull and push him out of his unfortunate 
 situation, he was nearly dead. He, however, suc- 
 ceeded at last. This blockade greatly retarded the 
 line of march, and made the crowd within still more 
 desperate. 
 
 Some of the outsiders in the struggle, who de- 
 spaired of accomplishing anything by strength, had 
 recourse to stratagem. There had been considerable 
 noise during this contest for freedom, and the guards 
 were expected to make their appearance at any mo- 
 ment. The outsiders, taking advantage of this appre- 
 hension, went to the farther end of the cook-room 
 and in the darkness made a racket with the pots and 
 kettles, which sounded very much like the clashing 
 of fire-arms ; while some of their number in the 
 crowd sang out, " Guards ! guards ! " 
 
 THE STAMPEDE. 
 
 In an instant every man was gone from the tunnel, 
 and there was a frantic rush for the single stairway, 
 by about five hundred men. Such a struggling and 
 pressing I have never elsewhere seen or participated 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 85 
 
 in. We neither walked up nor ran up, but were 
 literally lifted from our feet, and pushed along in a 
 mass up the passage, and made our entrance through 
 the door at the head of the stairs as though we had 
 been shot from a cannon, the most of us not stopping 
 until we struck the wall on the opposite side of the 
 room. While this was going on, the scamps who had 
 given the alarm were quietly passing out of the 
 tunnel. 
 
 The ruse was soon discovered, however, and in a 
 few minutes there was as great a jam at the mouth 
 of the tunnel as ever. But so eager and unthinking 
 were we, that within half an hour the same dodge 
 was played on us again by others, and there was an- 
 other stampede up the stairs. 
 
 It is a wonder that this business was not inter- 
 rupted by the guards, who did not at all suspect what 
 was going on. This was probably owing to the fact 
 that great noises in the cook-room were the general 
 experience of our nights as well as days. It is, how- 
 ever, reported that one sentry was heard to call out 
 jocosely to a companion on the nearest beat, " Halloo, 
 Bill, — there's somebody's coffee-pot upset, sure ! " 
 
 This struggle continued till morning, when the 
 opening in the chimney was covered, and we went to 
 our quarters. Here a " count " was made, to discover 
 how many had made their escape, when it was found 
 that one hundred and fifteen were missing. Arrange- 
 ments were at once made to account for their absence, 
 and certain men were designated to cross the room 
 slyly during roll-call and be counted twice. 
 
 For some reason the authorities were late that 
 
86 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 morning, and did not make their appearance till about 
 ten o'clock. In calling the roll the men attempted to 
 cross the room, but were discovered, and so the count 
 came one hundred and fifteen short. The clerk 
 thought there must be a mistake, and so counted 
 again, but with the same result. The authorities also 
 thought there must be some mistake, and joked little 
 Ross, the prison clerk, who was none of the brightest, 
 because he could not count a thousand Yankees. This 
 time we were marched from one room to another, and 
 counted one by one, but in every way there were one 
 hundred and fifteen men missing. We of course were 
 as much surprised as the Rebels. They next sent for 
 Turner, and he counted us two or three times, but 
 with equally unsatisfactory results. He asked us 
 where they had gone and how they got out, but not a 
 man knew. 
 
 The escape was at once made public, and the pa- 
 pers were filled with it, and the most effectual means 
 were used to secure their recapture. 
 
 THE GUARD IN CASTLE THUNDER. 
 
 The authorities were terribly exasperated, and at 
 first arrested the guards and threw them into Castle 
 Thunder, thinking, as a matter of course, that they 
 had been bribed. This set the fellows to thinking, 
 and one of them recollected that he had seen a great 
 number of men in the lot near the Yankee boxes. 
 Latouche, the prison adjutant, hearing of this just 
 before night, went and found the opening. Next, 
 they questioned the prisoners as to where in the build- 
 ing it began, but could get no satisfaction ; and not 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 87 
 
 until after a long search, did they find the opening in 
 the chimney. 
 
 They were really pleased with the shrewdness of 
 the scheme, and were loud in their praises of Yankee 
 ingenuity. Guards were placed over each end of the 
 tunnel, and it was on exhibition for a while. Crowds 
 have been to see the " Great Yankee "Wonder," as they 
 call it.. 
 
 RECAPTURE OF THE ESCAPED. 
 
 February 12. — Twelve of the escaped prisoners 
 were brought in to-day, and thrown into the cells. 
 Poor fellows ! they look crest-fallen enough. 
 
 February 13. — Sixteen more of the escaped pris- 
 oners were brought in this morning and placed in close 
 confinement. Their rations have been greatly reduced, 
 and many of them have been put in irons. 
 
 Turner allowed an issue of boxes to-day, which 
 have been in his hands fur the past two months. 
 The scoundrel had given our Government the assurance 
 that all private boxes sent on to the prisoners would 
 be immediately distributed ; but in this case there is 
 not even " honor among thieves." Most of the boxes 
 were plundered under the eyes of the prison authori- 
 ties ; and those that were issued were robbed of their 
 most valuable contents. These are doubtless the 
 boxes the guards saw their comrades robbing on the 
 night of the escape. 
 
 Twenty more of the escaped prisoners have been 
 brought in during the day, making in all forty-eight. 
 
 kilpatrick's raid. 
 
 March 8. — Some of the guard, more communica- 
 4* 
 
88 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 tive than discreet, have been led to disclose all they 
 know concerning Kilpatrick's raid. It seems, from 
 what we can learn, that an expedition has been organ- 
 ized for the purpose of releasing the prisoners at Rich- 
 mond. We have heard the dull booming of artillery 
 at intervals during the day, which proves that our 
 troops are already engaging the enemy in the fortifi- 
 cations. The prisoners are all on the qui vive, anx- 
 iously awaiting the result ; and how anxiously. When, 
 since the commencement of the war, has there been 
 so much at stake ? Richmond to be gained or lost, 
 and with it the freedom of thousands of brave men, 
 incarcerated in filthy dungeons, and dying of starva- 
 tion ! 
 
 To be ready for an emergency, we have organized 
 ourselves into regiments, appointed officers, and made 
 all necessary preparations for co-operating with our 
 troops in case of a release, as they will undoubtedly 
 be prepared to supply us with arms. If we are suffered 
 to remain here, we hope, in a measure at least, to aid 
 in the rescue. 
 
 HOPES AND FEARS. 
 
 The day wears away, and still no change in the 
 situation that we can learn. Night comes, and the 
 welcome sound of artillery has ceased, and the pris- 
 oners are earnestly asking, "Is it a repulse, or has 
 darkness put an end to a conflict destined to break 
 forth with renewed energy in the morning ? " The 
 Rebels seem as much in doubt as ourselves, and equally 
 desirous of information. It is a comfort to hear the 
 opinions of others under the circumstances, whether 
 we accept those opinions or not. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 89 
 
 March 12. — During the last few days we have 
 learned some of the particulars from Rebel sources, 
 concerning the fate of Kilpatrick's expedition. 
 
 It appears that at Frederick's Hall, Colonel Dahl- 
 gren, with about five hundred men, was detached, 
 with orders to move by the way of Louisa Court 
 House, while Kilpatrick, with the main body, moved 
 on Ashland, thus threatening Richmond with two 
 columns, destroying all government property on their 
 line of march. But a misfortune, which a military 
 commander in an enemy's country is so liable to meet 
 with, thwarted one of the best conceived and most 
 daring plans of the war. 
 
 Dahlgren had employed a negro, as guide, who 
 betrayed him by leading the column in the direction 
 of Gouchland. "When Dahlgren discovered his mis- 
 take, he ordered the negro to be executed for his per- 
 fidy, and, changing his course, commenced marching 
 rapidly upon Richmond ; but the Rebels were now 
 well informed of the movement, and were on the 
 alert. 
 
 DEATH OF COLONEL DAHLGREN. 
 
 On his return from the city, Dahlgren destroyed 
 the Dover flouring mills and several private flouring 
 establishments. He also materially injured the James 
 River Canal ; but in atttempting to cross the river 
 he was surprised by a large foroe of the enemy in 
 ambush, who fired upon him, killing him and scatter- 
 ing his command. 
 
 Kilpatrick, deprived of the valuable services of 
 Dahlgren, and having also to contend against an enemy 
 who were receiving large reinforcements from Pick- 
 
90 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 ett's brigade at Bottom Bridge, acted the wise part, 
 and retired during the night in the direction of 
 Mechanicsville. 
 
 The advantages gained from the expedition seem 
 to consist wholly in the large destruction of Rebel 
 property, and also in cutting the communication be- 
 tween Lee's army and Richmond. The enemy captured 
 a few prisoners, and, of course, claimed a decided 
 victory. 
 
 REBEL BARBARITY. 
 
 The prisoners captured from the raiding party are 
 treated with the greatest inhumanity. The Rebels 
 evidently have not exhausted all their resources of 
 cruelty yet; for we are well treated in comparison. 
 Officers, enlisted men, and negroes, are crowded 
 together in filthy cells, and not allowed to communi- 
 cate with the other prisoners. Their rations are much 
 less than ours, and even of a poorer quality ; no 
 indignity so great as not to be offered them. A Rebel 
 sergeant brings their meals to them, and then orders 
 them to sit down alternately with the negroes. Many 
 men have done this by chance, or from choice it may 
 be, and thought nothing of it — but to be compelled 
 to sit in such a manner by Rebel orders, for the purpose 
 of affording amusement to idle lookers-on, is some- 
 thing more than an American's pride can endure with 
 equanimity. 
 
 They are not allowed to leave the room, and 
 instead of going to the sink, are compelled to use 
 an open tub which stands in one corner of the room. 
 The object seems to be to impose a sense of disgrace 
 on the men, and subject them to the ridicule of their 
 
(&£ 
 
 
 
 1HE HOLE IX THE FJ.OOR. 
 

AND THE ESCAPE. 93 
 
 own comrades, if possible, as well as to that of the 
 Rebels. 
 
 The reason they assign for this inhuman and un- 
 civilized system of torture, is the destruction of public 
 and private property during the raid, for which they 
 hold them responsible. 
 
 THE HOLE IN THE FLOOR. 
 
 The cell in which the raiders are confined is di- 
 rectly underneath my room ; of course, every device 
 is used to open communication with them, that we 
 may get a true history of their treatment, and also 
 for the purpose of alleviating their sufferings as much 
 as lies within our power. We have succeeded, by 
 the aid of a saw-backed knife, in cutting a small 
 hole through the floor, which we have kept carefully 
 concealed. 
 
 The authorities are in the habit of inspecting the 
 floors continually to see that nothing is wrong. The 
 hole opens through the ceiling of the cell, just over 
 a large beam only a few inches below it. This pre- 
 vents their seeing it from below, while the raiders, by 
 climbing upon a table, can place a tin plate on the 
 beam, and receive whatever is put down to them. To 
 avoid their seeing it from our room, we insert the 
 piece that was sawed out, and plaster it over well with 
 the vile black soap issued to us. 
 
 Through this hole we have furnished them with a 
 share of such rations as have been issued to us. Some 
 of our number were discovered by the Rebels while 
 communicating with them, and, as a punishment for 
 this offence, have been transferred to their' cell. 
 
94 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Henceforth, this was made the penalty for any such 
 attempt ; but its only effect was to warn us to be more 
 cautious in the future. 
 
 THE PRISON UNDERMINED. 
 
 March 15. — Immediately after Kilpatrick's raid, 
 the prison authorities set to work to undermine the 
 building. The small room from which the tunnel 
 commenced, has been filled with a large quantity of 
 powder, and now " the Yanks are prepared for h — 1," 
 as they graphically express it. This is said to be in 
 the event of our attempting to escape, or of a release 
 being attempted by raiding parties. The whole trans- 
 action is in perfect harmony with their ideas of civil- 
 ized warfare. 
 
 Such a plan for wholesale murder evinces a state 
 of depravity on the part of the authorities at Rich- 
 mond, to which we challenge the historian to find a 
 parallel in the records of any civilized nation. Can 
 such a peoj)le, who will perform acts of this description 
 without apparent shame or conscious self-abasement, 
 be entitled to be called by the mild term " enemies " ? 
 None but the blackest of traitors could resort to such 
 an expedient. 
 
 Trains have been laid from this room to various 
 guard-posts, where they can be fired at a moment's 
 notice. Turner himself has given us to understand 
 that if any more attempts are made for our rescue, the 
 prison will be blown to atoms. 
 
 March 20. — Sixty of our number were paroled 
 to-day, and taken to City Point for the Confederate 
 officers brought down by the Federal authorities; 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 95 
 
 they are to be exchanged ; Major Mclrvin, of the old 
 regiment, is one of the fortunates. The prisoners 
 are in excellent spirits, and are universally afflicted 
 with " exchange on the brain." Three boat loads 
 have now been permitted to return to " God's coun- 
 try," including many of our enlisted men from Belle 
 Isle, 
 
 BELLE BOYD. 
 
 A few days ago, the famous Belle Boyd, a Rebel 
 spy, who was at one time captured by Kilpatrick 
 and sent on to Washington, came through the prison. 
 We received no warning of her approach, and were 
 employed, as usual, looking for live stitches in the 
 seams of our clothing. Some were sitting on the 
 floor, with their shirts off; others were giving their 
 last pair of pantaloons a careful scrutiny, while 
 others had dispensed with both these articles, and 
 were performing ablutions at the bath trough. She 
 bore herself with becoming dignity, however, and 
 seemed to look on all, "in the calm light of mild 
 philosophy." 
 
 March 22. — The officers captured during Kil- 
 patrick's raid are still confined in the cell with ne- 
 groes and the officers of colored troops, who have 
 always been treated as felons. 
 
 I came very near being detected this morning by 
 Sergeant Briggs, while attempting to administer to 
 their wants through the previously-described hole in 
 the floor. I had stationed pickets about the build- 
 ing to warn me of the approach of the authorities, 
 but the sergeant happened to be in the small room 
 occupied by General Scamraon, at the time I opened 
 
9(3 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 the hole, and hence was not seen by the men on the 
 alert for him. Upon leaving the general's room, 
 the sergeant passed within six feet of the place 
 where I was so busily engaged in putting down 
 corn-bread and burnt-meal coffee, that I did not 
 notice his approach. Several prisoners, however, 
 who were watching, stepped between us, and thus 
 fortunately saved me from sharing the fate of those 
 whose sufferings I was endeavoring to alleviate. 
 
 PRISONERS FROM PLYMOUTH. 
 
 April 25. — Our number has been increased to- 
 day by the arrival of several "fresh-fish," captured 
 recently at Plymouth, North Carolina. Having been 
 in comfortable quarters at that point ever since their 
 enlistment, they feel the privations and hardships of 
 prison-life much more than prisoners in general. 
 Long, fatiguing marches, and the hardships of many 
 campaigns had somewhat prepared the most of us for 
 still greater endurance ; and then we have discovered 
 many expedients for getting along, which only a long 
 experience can make available. 
 
 It was quite amusing to see how the " Pilgrims " 
 regarded their "position." Having prepared their 
 first rations in Libby, which, however poor they 
 might be, their long march had made acceptable to 
 them, they remarked that there was no suitable 
 place for taking their meals, and were not a little 
 embarrassed at the merriment the remark produced 
 among the old prisoners, who had long since ceased 
 to consider where they should eat, but what ? The 
 absence of bunks, and chairs, too, gave them equal 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 97 
 
 solicitude. They are trim-looking fellows, and when 
 we look at our own tattered garments and haggard 
 faces, it seems a pity that they must be reduced to a 
 similar condition. 
 
 Through the new arrivals, we are enabled to learn 
 some news from our armies, and the particulars of 
 the fight in which they were captured. It appears 
 that they were overpowered at Plymouth, and, after 
 repelling several desperate charges, were compelled 
 to surrender. Brigadier- General W. H. Wessels was 
 in command of the post, and was among the captured. 
 The general is an old man and looks worn. The 
 Eebels give him credit for desperate courage at Ply- 
 mouth. He made no surrender, but was actually 
 overpowered behind the intrenchments, by an over- 
 whelming force. 
 
 April 26. — The weather is very cold and dis- 
 agreeable. No fuel is allowed in the upper rooms. 
 Our suffering is intense. Our men on Belle Isle are 
 being removed to Georgia. Consequently exchange 
 stock is declining rapidly. 
 
 THE GUEEILLA, MOSBY, 
 
 passed through the prison to-day. He is about 
 twenty-eight years of age ; has a slight figure, light, 
 straight hair, and a smooth face, except the upper 
 lip, which is hidden by a faded German moustache. 
 He recognized many officers whom he himself had 
 captured, and pleasantly remarked that he was glad 
 to see them here. Yery little attention was shown 
 him, as we regard it a disgrace for any man to ac- 
 company a Rebel through the building. 
 
98 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 April 28. — Exchange stock is up again. Wall- 
 street is no comparison to Libby for variability of 
 stocks. It is rumored that a boat, laden with prison- 
 ers from the North, is in, that terms for a general ex- 
 change are agreed upon, and that Aiken's Landing is 
 to be the port of transfer. 
 
 April 30. — Despondency is written upon all faces 
 to-day. Our hopes of exchange are all blasted. The 
 feelings occasioned by our disappointment can be 
 better imagined than described, but imagination, even 
 in her most extravagant flights, can but poorly picture 
 the horrors of this prison life. Our constant ex- 
 perience is " hope deferred," and yet, " the miserable 
 have no other medicine, but only hope ! " and we 
 must continue to hope on. 
 
 Many are endeavoring to break the tedium of their 
 miserable condition, by cutting bones into all kinds of 
 trinkets, crosses, rings, boxes, pins, etc., in which they 
 display no little amount of ingenuity and perseverance. 
 Their only implements are old jack-knives and table- 
 knives hacked into saws, the Eebels having removed 
 from us, since the discovery of the tunnel, all tools by 
 which filing, sawing, digging, or cutting, could be 
 done to any advantage. Others are studying or 
 reading books, which were bought at the Methodist 
 Book House in the city for us, and also sent from the 
 North. While others still do little else than walk 
 about the rooms, muffled up in their gray blankets, 
 pounding their hands and feet to keep them warm, 
 and chatting with their friends about exchange. As 
 a general thing, time with us all moves only on lead- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 99 
 
 en wings, and we look with anxiety for warmer, 
 pleasanter weather. 
 
 May 6. — There is great excitement in the city to- 
 day concerning war matters. The campaign seems to 
 have fairly opened in the "Wilderness, and so far as 
 we can learn, the "boys in blue" are everywhere 
 victorious under their new and popular leader, Gen- 
 eral Grant. 
 
 Lee is reported to have been defeated, and to be 
 falling back to the fortifications. Several regiments 
 passed through town this afternoon, on their way 
 to the front. It is evident that there must be some 
 truth in the rumor, for at eleven o'clock p. m. we were 
 notified by Turner to be ready to leave the prison at a 
 moment's notice. 
 
 At twelve o'clock the adjutant's clerk, Mr. Ross, 
 began calling the roll. As his name was called each 
 prisoner passed from the cook-room, through the 
 door opening on Cary street, and filed down between 
 two lines of guards, closing up to those who had 
 preceded him, and receiving, as he took his place in 
 the ranks, a " corn dodger," which we were told 
 must satisfy hunger until another issue could be 
 made. I could not help rejoicing at my exit from 
 the walls of Libby, for I felt that our condition could 
 be made no worse, while a change of base might pre- 
 sent opportunities for escape. This is the circle 
 around which most of my thoughts revolve. 1 am 
 not becoming satisfied with imprisonment, any more 
 than to try to make the best of my surroundings, but 
 I chafe under these restraints ; my curbed spirit longs 
 
100 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 to be free, and whatever may tend to bring me to 
 that goal I accept with delight. 
 
 FAREWELL TO LIBBY. 
 
 A few of the prisoners were inclined to be de- 
 spondent, and seemed to indorse the old maxim of 
 "better bear those ills we have, than fly to others 
 that we know not of." But I cheerfully accepted the 
 change even for the sake of change, and with the 
 hope of better days. 
 
 We did not leave Cary street until the dawn of 
 day, when we moved np to the first bridge and crossed 
 over the James to Manchester, where we were packed 
 into cattle-cars, and started for the South. Our place 
 of destination was not known, but was supposed to be 
 some point in Georgia. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 101 
 
 CHAPTEE YI. 
 
 IMPRISONMENT AT DANVILLE, VIRGINIA. 
 
 Just at daybreak on the morning of May seventh, 
 our train, heavily laden with its human freight, moved 
 slowly away from the Rebel Capital, in the direction 
 of Danville, which we reached about ten o'clock in 
 the evening. Our ride was long, tedious, and full of 
 plans of escape, with a few daring exploits. Being 
 badly crowded in filthy, rough box-cars our trip was 
 anything but pleasant. Just before reaching our des- 
 tination, several of our number effected an escape 
 from the cars ; the night having set in facilitated 
 their projects. 
 
 Lieutenant G. R. Barse, Fifth Michigan Cavalry, 
 an old and intimate prison friend, jumped from the 
 train while in motion. Twenty shots or more were 
 fired at him by the guard, and he dropped to the 
 ground. The Rebels boasted that " the d — d Yank 
 would never escape again," and were so well satisfied 
 of it that they did not think it worth while to stop 
 the train. We afterwards learned that he got off with 
 a slight flesh wound, but was subsequently recaptured 
 and brought back to prison. 
 
 Nearly every expedient for release was resorted 
 to, and several attempts were crowned with success. 
 By the aid of saw-backed knives, holes were made or 
 
102 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 hacked in the sides of the cars, through which several 
 made good their escape, in some instances unnoticed 
 by the guards. 
 
 The party with whom I was confined were en- 
 gaged for some time in this way, but just before our 
 work was completed, our plan was discovered and 
 frustrated by the vigilance of our keepers. We were 
 not, however, easily discouraged, and as soon as one 
 plan failed it seemed as though thousands of others 
 were conceived, and so wc were almost constantly at 
 work with 
 
 NEW PLANS OF ESCAPE. 
 
 What will not a man do to escape from an im- 
 prisonment, which is so loathsome as to be in many 
 respects even worse than death, with the hope of 
 reaching a personal freedom, for which all living 
 things yearn and struggle? How often we felt the 
 power of the Spanish song, whose first lines have so 
 many times thrilled the Castilian heart : — 
 
 " 0, libertad preciosa,* 
 No coinparada al oro, 
 Ni al bien major de la espaciosa tierra!" 
 
 After our disappointment as above described, we 
 began to concoct a new plan for escape; which was 
 to disarm the stupid guards by removing the caps 
 from their guns, and then to dash past them at the 
 first convenient opportunity. 
 
 We succeeded in rendering one gim useless ; but 
 the sentry carrying the other being on the alert, it 
 
 * " Oh, precious liberty, 
 
 Not to be compared to gold, 
 
 Nor to tbe greatest good of the spacious earth 1 " 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 103 
 
 was impossible to uncap his piece, and, consequently, 
 we very reluctantly abandoned our cherished project, 
 and turned to think, or perchance to dream, of 
 "prison pens," "bare feet," "corn dodgers," and 
 " dead lines." 
 
 At the Danville depot we spent a sleepless night 
 in the cars, so crowded as to be unable to take a sit- 
 ting posture, much less one of inclination, in which 
 fatiguing condition many were nearly suffocated be- 
 fore morning. We were then marched to the military 
 prisons, consisting of three large brick buildings on 
 the east side of the town. Previous to our arrival 
 they were occupied by enlisted men. 
 
 Near the centre of the second floor of one of these 
 prisons, my messmates, Lieutenants Nyce and Rich- 
 ardson, of the Harris Light, and myself have chosen 
 a small spot, which we call our portion of the room. 
 
 DANVILLE, ITS MILITARY IMPORTANCE. 
 
 Danville is situated at the terminus of the Rich- 
 mond and Danville railroad, one hundred and forty 
 miles south-west of the former place, and four miles 
 from the southern boundary of the State. It can be 
 easily defended, and is, without doubt, one of the 
 strongest natural positions south of Richmond. It 
 has a population of about two thousand inhabitants. 
 
 Our daily allowance of rations at this prison is as 
 follows : One loaf of corn bread, weighing about 
 three-fourths of a pound ; one-half pound of bacon, 
 and one pint of soup. 
 
 This is about fifty per cent, better than we had at 
 Richmond. Such as it is, there is enough to sustain 
 
104 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 life. We are fired upon by the guard for the offence 
 of looking out of the windows, as was the case at 
 Libby. 
 
 In this, and many other respects, I cannot see that 
 we have gained by the change ; for we meet the same 
 stamp of men here that we left at Richmond. In 
 some respects our condition is worse. The rooms are 
 much more crowded, occasioning great suffering. It 
 is impossible to find a place to sleep without disturb- 
 ing some one. In order to economize space, we have 
 yielded to the necessity of 
 
 SLEEPING SPOON-FASHION. 
 
 At the best, large numbers are compelled to sit up 
 till morning, and then take the places others have 
 vacated. 
 
 In spite of the annoyance there is something 
 comical in our situation. We pack ourselves down 
 to rest as a housewife would pack her silver spoons to 
 lay them away ; and when any one gets tired of lying 
 on any given side, he sings out, " Spoon to the right 1 " 
 or, " spoon to the left ! " as the case may be, and all 
 turn in the direction indicated by the speaker. 
 
 If a man has occasion to leave his place during 
 the night, he is sure to find it filled when he returns ; 
 and he will not even know who is the trespasser, un- 
 less he has taken the precaution to count and number 
 his place from the wall. Thus he is never sure of 
 rebuking the right one. 
 
 Major Moffat is in command of the post, with a 
 small force, only sufficient to guard the prisoners. 
 
 We learn by rumor that a severe engagement 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 105 
 
 between Grant and Lee Las been raging since the 
 fifth instant. It is generally inferred, by the uneasi- 
 ness of the Rebels, as well as by their disposition to 
 curtail our privileges, that " Uncle Bob," as they 
 familiarly call their leader, has found his match at 
 last. The South has had from the first great confi- 
 dence in their chief, which his successes have only 
 served to strengthen. Lee is said to be the greatest 
 general of modern times ; the matchless hero of many 
 battles ; the unconquerable Alexander, etc. Hence 
 these latter reverses to their arms greatly puzzle and 
 alarm them. 
 
 May 11. — We have already commenced a large 
 tunnel, and, should we remain here long enough, 
 will give the Rebels another subject for reflection. 
 The study of plans of escape is our constant em- 
 ployment under whatever circumstances we are 
 placed. The mind naturally reverts to the army, 
 to home, and friends ; and we are willing to risk 
 anything to secure a release from confinement. 
 
 Could we but gain reliable news from our army, 
 or were we permitted to receive letters from our 
 friends, it would be a great satisfaction. But even 
 these favors are denied us. 
 
 The public prints are vigilantly excluded from the 
 prisons, but rumor brings us news that General 
 Averill is making a. raid in this direction. This, 
 with the fact that a day's rations have been issued in 
 advance, and the manifest restlessness of the Rebels, 
 lead us to believe that we will soon be removed to 
 some point in Georgia, out of the possible reach of 
 Yankee horsemen. 
 5 
 
106 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Some hopes are entertained, however, that our 
 swift cavaliers will tramp into town, before the au- 
 thorities can remove us. Groups are collecting here 
 and there, and talking over the chances of success. 
 Were so many children assembled together in antici- 
 pation of a day of jubilee, the scene could not be 
 more wild. 
 
 The " Star-Spangled Banner " has just been struck 
 up, and all join heart and soul in singing it. 
 
 Greensboro', N. C, May 12. 
 
 At four o'clock in the morning we bade farewell 
 to Danville, after a stay of four days, and were 
 again set in motion southward. We think traveling 
 generally very beneficial to health ; and one not 
 acquainted with the Rebel mode of treating pris- 
 oners, might be inclined to think that they are dis- 
 posed to favor us in this respect; for we do not 
 seem destined to remain in one place any great 
 length of time. 
 
 It has been a damp, chilly day. Our circum- 
 stances, and ourselves, doubtless, also, have been very 
 disagreeable. The cars in which we journeyed 
 leaked badly, and the rain was driven in through the 
 crevices by a fierce wind ; this was a great detraction 
 from the healthiness of our ride. 
 
 MEETING CONSCRIPTS FOR LEe's ARMY. 
 
 The Rebels are apparently very much alarmed at 
 the state of affairs in Northern Virginia. We met 
 conscripts almost every hour of the day, on their way 
 to join Lee's forces. 
 
A ND THE ESC A PE. 107 
 
 A more motley, ill-looking lot of men could riot 
 have come together, if they had done so by design. 
 They were going in squads of ten, twenty, fifty, or 
 more, as the case might be, " across lots to join 
 Uncle Bob's army in Yirginny." Some had hats, and 
 some caps ; some coats, and some none. All were 
 armed more or less, always according to their own 
 fancy, or " what they happened to have in the 
 house." Shot-guns, rifles, old rusty swords, long 
 knives, horse-pistols, carbines, and broken jack- 
 knives, bid fair to damage their owners much more 
 than their enemies. It is very questionable whether 
 many of them will ever swell Lee's ranks to any 
 great extent. 
 
 THE AUTHOR'S ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE. 
 
 After a ride of twenty-four miles by rail, we were 
 compelled to leave the cars and march on foot to 
 within eight miles of Greensboro'. The roads were 
 muddy, and our tramp by no means pleasant ; for 
 our long imprisonment and scant rations have ren- 
 dered us completely unfit for a walk of half a mile 
 even. We suffered much in attempting to keep 
 pace with the guard, who urged us forward at the 
 point of the bayonet, cursing and threatening most 
 fearfully all those that fell by the way from weakness 
 and utter exhaustion. 
 
 When we were again put into the cars, I attempted 
 to hide behind a log and feign sleep, but was dis- 
 covered, and after sundry kicks allowed myself to be 
 awakened. By this time the cars were filled, and as 
 the prisoners claimed that their respective cars could 
 
108 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 hold no more, there seemed to be no room for me, 
 which of course I did not much regret. The officer in 
 command, however, undertook to find me a place, 
 and as the doors were all closed, without further 
 trouble, ordered me to make my entrance through, a 
 small window near the top of one of the cars. This 
 I was assisted to do by a high bank which happened 
 to be alongside of the train just at that point. There 
 were objections from within, however, the men cry- 
 ing, " There is no room in here," but Rebel bayonets 
 were urgent outside, and in I plunged without any 
 definite prospect of touching bottom. 
 
 As the fates would have it, I landed on the head 
 and shoulders of Lieutenant-Colonel G. C. Joslyn, 
 Fifteenth Massachusetts Volunteers, hitting several 
 others, however, in the struggle. Quite a howling 
 was raised, in wbich, I think, the lieutenant-colonel 
 did not participate. In the melee, my effects were 
 scattered about the car, and, after some scrambling, I 
 found my level among the rest. 
 
 " There's a Divinity that shapes our ends, 
 Rough hew them how we will." 
 
 Charlotte, N. C.,May 13. 
 
 Leaving Greensboro', early in the morning, we 
 reached Charlotte, in the same State, late in the after- 
 noon, and were marched under heavy guard to the 
 Commons, where we were told that an issue of rations 
 would be made before leaving the place. 
 
 On learning that there were Yankee prisoners 
 in town, the citizens came out in large numbers. 
 Many approached the guard line, and endeavored 
 to converse with us, but were forced back at the 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 109 
 
 point of the bayonet. Finding that we could not 
 converse with them, we concluded to entertain them 
 with some music ; accordingly we struck up the 
 "Star-Spangled Banner," "Bally Bound the Flag, 
 Boys," etc. 
 
 In each interlude, we could see white handker- 
 chiefs waving in the breeze, showing that we were 
 among loyal people who hailed again their coun- 
 try's stirring songs. These demonstrations so ex- 
 asperated the Virginia guard that they sent a detail 
 
 to drive the " d d tar-heels," as they style the 
 
 North Carolinians, off the field. All through North 
 Carolina we saw unmistakable evidence of Union 
 feeling, and the people manifested their loyalty in a 
 bold and defiant manner. 
 
 As night approached, our guards were doubled, 
 which satisfied us that we should remain through the 
 night. Many plans of escape were discussed, all feel- 
 ing satisfied that if we could once pass the guard, 
 great assistance would be rendered us by the loyalists 
 of North Carolina, who have quietly indicated their 
 readiness to aid us in reaching the Federal lines. 
 
 Columbia, S. C, May 14. 
 
 We left Charlotte at one o'clock this morning, in 
 the midst of the wildest excitement. 
 
 The night being very dark, and the soil where we 
 were huddled together very sandy and light, many 
 of the prisoners dug holes in the ground and there 
 buried themselves, hoping thus to escape the observa- 
 tion of the guard, when we should be marched from 
 the field to the cars. Unfortunately, however, the 
 
110 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 scheme was exposed by one of the guards, who acci- 
 dentally stumbled into a hole, in the bottom of which 
 he beheld a live Yankee. 
 
 Struck with astonishment, he shouted, " Oh, my 
 God ! captain, here be one Yank bury hisself in the 
 ground ! " A great excitement was the natural con- 
 sequence. A general search ensued. Torchlights 
 were used, and the trees and ground thoroughly in- 
 spected. This investigation brought to light several 
 holes of a similar character, each having deposited 
 therein a Federal prisoner. 
 
 The guards were very angry, and went about 
 shouting, " Run them through ! " u Pick up the d — d 
 hounds ! " etc. ; but their captain, a good-natured sort 
 of a man, said, "ISTo, no ; the d — d Yankees have a 
 right to escape, if they can. I'd do the same myself. 
 I'll risk their getting away from me." But in spite 
 of his confidence, quite a number were left behiud in 
 these pits, where not less than thirty had sought to 
 hide, and, doubtless, would have escaped, had not the 
 accident above detailed occurred. A few of our 
 number, who had climbed into trees, whose foliage, at 
 this season of year, is luxuriant and dark, evaded the 
 torchlight of the exploration, and gained what they 
 had sought. 
 
 At the discovery of each of these " Yankee tricks," 
 our liberties — if indeed it could be said that we had 
 any — were immediately curtailed, and our condition 
 made more intolerable. Had it not been for the 
 changes, which happily occurred in our guards, as 
 we moved from one important point to another, 
 we would have been, at last, reduced to mere 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. \\\ 
 
 automatons, acting only as we were acted upon 
 with no volition or power of our own. We were not 
 far from this state of inertia, as it was, for however 
 busy we might be in head, heart, or hand, the circle 
 within which we were compelled to operate, was not 
 much more spacious than the geometrical dimension 
 described by a Northern schoolmaster, which was 
 " the little end of nothing, whittled to a point." 
 
 After our thrilling adventures at Charlotte, we 
 were hurriedly driven into the cars and set in motion 
 southward. 
 
 Columbia, South Carolina, was reached late in the 
 afternoon, and we were there informed that after a 
 brief halt, we would continue our journey to Macon, 
 Georgia, our final destination. 
 
 Augusta, Ga., May 15. 
 
 After leaving Columbia, we pushed on without 
 any incident of importance, being closely guarded, 
 and reached Augusta at six o'clock p. m. We were 
 immediately given in charge of the city militia, a 
 motley crowd of cowardly ruffians, who seemed to 
 think that to be soldierly they must abuse defenceless 
 prisoners on the simplest pretext. Our experience 
 has led us to observe, that the most cruel soldiers are 
 those who do their fighting at home, and who know 
 nothing of the amenities of military life. These are 
 usually braggadocios and tyrants, who fancy them- 
 selves the lords of creation, appointed either " to rule 
 or ruin." 
 
 We shall not soon forget the suffering we endured 
 at this place in consequence of our close confinement 
 in the filthy cars, which we have not been permitted 
 
112 THE CAPTURE, TIIE PRISON PEN, 
 
 to leave, for any purpose, since our hazardous exploits 
 at Charlotte. 
 
 The provost marshal of Augusta is a degenerate 
 son of Governor Bradford, of Maryland. This grace- 
 less youth afterwards led a dastardly hand of guerillas 
 to his father's residence, and plundered the home of 
 his childhood. 
 
 In contemplating such characters one is forcibly 
 reminded of their description by an inspired apostle, 
 who says: ''For men shall be lovers of their own 
 selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobe- 
 dient to parents, unthankful, unholy, without natural 
 affection, trueebreakers, false accusers of those that are 
 good, traitors" etc., and thus continues the truthful 
 and terrible delineation of the character of thousands, 
 who, before the Rebellion, were even peaceful citizens 
 and kind neighbors, but whom treason has made 
 odious and abominable. 
 
 Between Augusta and Macon, Ga., May 16. 
 About eight o'clock in the morning we started for 
 Macon, and at a halt made on the way, for water and 
 fuel, several of our number made their escape. Lieu- 
 tenant Kellogg, Fifth Michigan Cavalry, climbed up 
 into a water-tank, and was fortunately unnoticed when 
 the train moved on. But his liberty was of short 
 duration, for he was afterward recaptured, and made 
 one of our number again. During the whole night 
 we moved slowly on towards Macon. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. H3 
 
 CHAPTER YII. 
 
 AT MACON GEORGIA. " CAMP OGLETKOEPE." 
 
 We reached Macon at eight o'clock on the evening 
 of May seventeenth, 1864. 
 
 Two long files of sneaking, stay-at-home Georgia 
 militia extended from the cars to the Prison Pen, and 
 between them we were marched into Camp Ogle- 
 thorpe. 
 
 On our arrival at the front gate whom should we 
 find but the veritable Major Thomas P. Turner, fiend 
 incarnate, from Libby Prison. This human monster 
 stood at the gate to count us as we passed in. To his 
 great chagrin forty-seven of our original number were 
 missing, all of whom had escaped from the cars. He 
 drew us up in line, and informed us of the prison 
 regulations, especially that any man would be shot 
 who approached the " dead line." He soon afterwards 
 returned to Richmond. His object in coming to 
 Macon was, I presume, to give the authorities some 
 instruction in regard to the treatment of Federal pris- 
 oners, and they showed themselves apt scholars. 
 
 The Prison Pen takes its name from General 
 Oglethorpe, an early settler of Georgia. It is about 
 eighty rods east of the city, and covers an area of a 
 little more than two acres. The enclosure is sur- 
 rounded by a stockade fence about fifteen feet high, 
 ^5* 
 
114 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 near the top of which projects a platform whereon 
 the sentinels are stationed. Within the stockade, and 
 at a distance of fifteen feet from it, is the dead line, 
 extending entirely around the camp. This consists of 
 an ordinary picket-fence three and a half feet high. 
 In many Prison Pens of the South it is only a line 
 of stakes, with sometimes a single board attached. 
 Camp Oglethorpe was made expressly for our re- 
 ception, and had never before been occupied. 
 
 Macon is situated on the Ocmulgee River in the 
 central part of the State, about four hundred and 
 fifty miles from Danville, our last place of imprison- 
 ment. It is finely located, has a population of about 
 ten thousand, and is at present one of the most 
 stirring and important towns in the South. It is one 
 hundred and sixty miles from Augusta, and one hun- 
 dred miles from Atlanta. Two daily newspapers, the 
 " Macon Confederate " and " Telegraph," are pub- 
 lished here. 
 
 Since leaving Richmond my health has been very 
 poor, owing, doubtless, to the various changes to 
 which we have been subjected. Besides, the cars in 
 which we were transported were extremely filthy, and 
 as they were kept constantly closed, the air was very 
 impure. The heat, also, is getting to be intense during 
 the day, and its effects are telling on the strength of 
 the men. 
 
 NEW ARRIVALS. 
 
 On the morning of the twentieth one hundred 
 
 and seven officers from Grant's army arrived, to take 
 
 up their abode in the Prison Pen. Among them are 
 
 Generals Shayler and Seymour. As soon as the 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 115 
 
 " fresli-fisli" * arrived the cry ran through the camp, 
 and a general rush was made for the gate. An eager 
 group surrounded each man, and our appearance was 
 quite as strange to them as theirs to us. Generally 
 their first question was, " Are you Federals or Con- 
 federates ? " there being little in our appearance to 
 make the question unnecessary. 
 
 The process of initiation was very disgusting to 
 most of them. "While some would be seriously ask- 
 ing questions concerning their capture and listening 
 to their pitiful story, others would call out, " Take 
 your lingers out of his haversack ; " " Keep that 
 louse off him ; " " Give him air," etc. All this affect- 
 ed them strangely at first, but soon became an old 
 story. They brought very welcome news concerning 
 the movements of our armies. 
 
 There are at present about twelve hundred of our 
 officers confined here, four hundred of whom were 
 captured since the commencement of the campaign 
 in front of Richmond. 
 
 FIRING UPON A PRISONER. 
 
 Early on the morning of the twenty-second Lieu- 
 tenant H. P. Barker, First Rhode Island Cavalry, was 
 fired upon by one of the sentinels — a boy not more 
 than fourteen years of age. The youth missed his 
 aim, however, and his ball buried itself in a tree a 
 little beyond. The lieutenant is quite an old man. 
 
 * The first six months of prison life, an officer is called a 
 "fresh-fish ; " the next four months, a "sucker ; " the next two 
 months, a " dry cod ; " the balance of his time, a " dried her- 
 ring ; " and after exchange, a " pickled sardine." 
 
116 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Looking across the intermediate space, to the boy, he 
 coolly said, — 
 
 " Young man, what are you shooting at ? " 
 
 " I am shooting at you, you d d old cuss," was 
 
 the reply. 
 
 " And what are you shooting at me for ? " 
 
 " Because you had your hands on the dead-line," 
 said the boy. 
 
 At this moment two other guards came up, and 
 one of them taking the boy by the collar and shaking 
 him thoroughly, demanded, — 
 
 " What are you shooting at that prisoner for, you 
 d d little scoundrel ? " 
 
 The boy replied, " Because he had his hands on 
 the dead-line." 
 
 The guard shook him again, and told him he was 
 a liar, as the man was not within twenty feet of the 
 dead-line, and then called the corporal of the guard, 
 who marched the precocious monster away. If any 
 punishment was administered to him, we never heard 
 of it. 
 
 I was lying within ten feet of Lieutenant Barker 
 w T hen the shot was fired, and am certain that he was 
 at least thirty feet distant from the fatal line. 
 
 TUNNELING. 
 
 May 29. — "We received notice this morning from 
 Captain W. K. Tabb, present commandant of the 
 prison, that in the future, all prisoners not in ranks 
 at roll-call, will be shot down by the sentinels, on 
 the stockade. 
 
 We have also received orders to take our boards 
 
ai 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 119 
 
 and blankets from the ground. The probable reason 
 of this vigilance was doubtless caused by their having 
 discovered several tunnels which we had commenced 
 and were carrying forward as fast as possible. 
 
 Our plan of operations was as follows : We have 
 been allowed to build ourselves small sheds, to afford a 
 shelter from the burning sun, of some refuse boards 
 that were lying about ; and under these sheds we have 
 made bunks to sleep on. A bunk was selected in a 
 shed as near the dead-line as possible, and under this 
 bunk w T e sunk a hole or " well," as it w r as termed, 
 straight down to the depth of five or six feet. From 
 the bottom of this well the tunnel extended out under 
 the stockade. Only one man could dig at a time, and 
 as the work was very fatiguing, we relieved each other 
 often. The dirt was brought to the mouth of the 
 tunnel in meal sacks which had been stolen from the 
 ration wagon. 
 
 Two or three were detailed to carry off the dirt to 
 the sinks. We usually commenced operations after 
 ten o'clock in the evening, and continued until nearly 
 daylight. Upon leaving the tunnel, a board was 
 fitted in about a foot from the surface, and then dirt 
 was swept over so as to obliterate all traces of the 
 digging. 
 
 From sixteen to twenty days were required to 
 finish the narrow road to liberty. Fires were built 
 by the guard at short intervals between the dead-line 
 and stockade, completely encircling the camp, so that 
 the tunnels had to be carried a great distance, iu 
 order to have the place of egress as safe as possible. 
 
 If the work could have been completed, we should 
 
120 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 have chosen some dark and stormy night to remove 
 the slight cap of earth at the outer extremity of the 
 subterranean channel, and then stealing out cau- 
 tiously, so as not to attract the attention of the 
 vigilant sentinel, we would have made for the woods 
 and swamps. 
 
 Those who had done the digging were to have 
 had the first opportunity to pass out, and then as 
 many more were to go, as could get through the 
 tunnel before daybreak. 
 
 Our plan was a good one, and we felt confident 
 that it would prove a perfect success until the eve 
 of its completion, when either some cowardly traitor 
 in our midst, or a detective sent in by the authori- 
 ties, exposed the scheme, and thus blighted our 
 brilliant prospects. 
 
 UNPLEASANT CONSEQUENCES. 
 
 The result of this attempt to reach " God's coun- 
 try," is a reduction of rations, and a resort to every 
 restriction which could possibly be conceived by an 
 enemy. 
 
 While in Libby, I imagined that the deeds of 
 villainy were well-nigh exhausted, — I had thought 
 that the catalogue of crime was nearly filled by the 
 Confederate miscreants, but alas ! you have only 
 to see the heartlessness and the intrigues of the 
 authorities here, — you have only to witness the suf- 
 fering, the frenzy, and the fever, and you will then 
 say, that these are the deeds of pitiless monsters. 
 
 A short time since, Captain Irich, Forty -fifth New 
 York volunteers, sent a watch and chain by Captain 
 Tabb, to be sold for not less than four hundred dollars. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 121 
 
 Some time afterward Tabb was seen wearing the chain, 
 and upon being questioned, said he had sold the watch 
 for two hundred dollars, and the chain had been 
 given to him. Inch thereupon demanded either the 
 property or the four hundred dollars, threatening to 
 expose the whole affair if they were not given up. 
 For this offence he was bucked several hours — but 
 the articles were restored. 
 
 Irich was a German, and thoroughly posted in 
 military tactics, besides being a fine swordsman. 
 When we were being marched into Camp Ogle- 
 thorpe, Tabb had given an unmilitary order, and 
 Irich corrected him, when the infuriate Rebel or- 
 dered him to keep silent, threatening with drawn 
 sabre to split his head open. Irich, with a little 
 stick in his hand dared him to strike a blow, and 
 the braggart was forced to put up his sword, amid 
 the jeers of the citizens standing about. This may 
 have been the reason for the severity of the punish- 
 ment in the affair of the watch. 
 
 RELIGIOUS MEETINGS. 
 
 Prayer meetings, and other religious assemblies, 
 are held almost every evening ; and if the prayers 
 of prisoners can avail, our President will be wise 
 as Solomon, and our armies universally successful. 
 Captain Tabb had heard that it was customary 
 to pray for the President and the generals of our 
 army, and one evening during service came in to 
 put a stop to it. While he was issuing his orders 
 in one_ corner of the room to Chaplain White, 
 Fourth Rhode Island Battery, Chaplain Dixon, Six- 
 teenth Connecticut, stepped forward and offered 
 
122 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 a prayer. The fearless and devout man prayed 
 for the President and his advisers, Generals Grant 
 and Sherman ; that treason might be crushed, and 
 the Stars and Stripes once more wave over our 
 common country. Tabb heard him through, and 
 
 then walked out, remarking, " D d smart prayer, 
 
 but it won't answer the purpose." No further at- 
 tempts were made to curtail the freedom of prayer. 
 Large numbers have been converted, of those who 
 had all their lives been regardless of such matters. 
 
 July 18. — Our daily allowance of rations at this 
 prison is one pint of corn-meal, one ounce of rice, one 
 ounce of peas or beans, and one fourth of a table- 
 spoonful of salt. 
 
 We have no cooking utensils except a few iron- 
 skillets. The beans furnished are wholly unfit for 
 use, and the quantity of rations not more than one 
 half of what we actually need. 
 
 June 10. — Fifty of our number were sent to 
 Charleston to be placed under fire of our siege-guns 
 on Morris Island. These included all the general 
 officers, together with the highest in rank of the field 
 officers. Among them were Generals Scammon, 
 Wessells, Seymour, Shayler, and Heckman. 
 
 A PRISONER SHOT. 
 
 At eight o'clock on the evening of the eleventh, 
 Lieutenant Otto Grierson, Forty-fifth New York 
 Volunteers, was shot through the body and mortally 
 wounded by a sentinel on the stockade. 
 
 It is asserted by the sentinel, that the lieutenant 
 was in the act of making his escape, by crawling up 
 
AND THE £ SCAPE. 123 
 
 the creek to the " dead-line," preparatory to passing 
 under the stockade ; but those who were near by, 
 and saw the affair as it occurred, said that he was 
 not in the creek at all, and that he was at least six- 
 teen feet from the fatal line. 
 
 I had just left the spring, and met Grierson on his 
 way after water. Hearing the report of the sentry's 
 musket, I hastened with several others to the lieuten- 
 ant's assistance, and found him in a dying condition. 
 
 Some of our number called upon Captain Gibbs, 
 the prison commandant, informed him of the facts, 
 and requested an investigation, but were turned away 
 with no satisfactory answer, or rather with the under- 
 standing, that we need not expect anything in that 
 direction. But the villain who perpetrated the deed 
 was promoted to a sergeant, and given a furlough, for 
 what they considered his fidelity and promptness in 
 the execution of orders. 
 
 PRACTICAL INFAMY OF REBELS. 
 
 June 22. — Captain Gibbs proposes to allow us the 
 privilege, as he is pleased to term it, of choosing 
 delegates to solicit of the authorities at Richmond 
 an opportunity to visit our enlisted men at Ander- 
 sonville, for the purpose of reporting their condition 
 to our authorities at Washington.* 
 
 The fact is, if the truth were known, the Rebels 
 are desirous of placing a weapon in the hands of 
 the " peace party " at the North, whereby the cause 
 of the Unionists may be defeated. 
 
 * The representations they propose to make are, " that the 
 awful suffering cf our men in southern prisons is caused by a 
 change of climate and the hopelessness of exchange." 
 
124 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Confederate officers and citizens are allowed to 
 visit us frequently. They represent to us, and 
 would gladly have us believe, that they are doing all 
 in their power to make our condition comfortable and 
 agreeable. 
 
 They repeatedly affirm that the non-exchange of 
 prisoners is due entirely to the fault of our Govern- 
 ment. In short, they are very anxious to have us 
 send a deputation to Washington, for the purpose 
 of placing before President Lincoln and the admin- 
 istration the horrid condition of our men in southern 
 prisons, and to ask an immediate general exchange 
 of prisoners, claiming, as a matter of course, that 
 they are doing all they possibly can for us. 
 
 In accordance with their entreaties, we have held 
 a meeting, but the result is quite unsatisfactory to 
 the Rebels ; for we have most firmly resolved never 
 to become agents in advancing the interests of the 
 Southern cause, even though our sufferings be in- 
 creased a hundred-fold. 
 
 I am perfectly satisfied that there has been no 
 time since the beginning of the war when the enemy 
 could not have given their prisoners an abundance 
 of corn-meal, and bacon, were they so disposed ; and 
 from observation I know that they could have fur- 
 nished lumber, to provide us with more comfortable 
 quarters. With such facts, glaring and palpable as 
 they are, we will be a party to no transaction which 
 can possibly aid in furthering their base designs. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF TUNNELS. 
 
 The camp was searched to-day by order of the 
 prison commandant, and the three tunnels which 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 125 
 
 have been in process of digging for the past fifteen 
 days were discovered. Had it not been for this 
 misfortune, many of us would have bid farewell to- 
 morrow night to this field of suffering. 
 
 Doubtless, some detective from the outside ex- 
 posed the scheme. Never was I more disappointed 
 than in this misfortune ; for our plan was a good one. 
 The tunnels were large, and it was estimated that 
 nearly all the prisoners could pass through them in a 
 single night. We had looked forward with the deep- 
 est anxiety to what we felt assured would be the 
 happy termination of our labors ; but alas ! when it 
 seemed that we were about to reap the promised re- 
 ward, like the mirage, it vanished in the distance. 
 
 As a result of the discovery the following order 
 has appeared on the Prison Bulletin : — 
 
 C. S. Military Prison, 
 ders, }_ M. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 Special Orders, ) Macon, Ga., June 22, 1864 
 
 rs, ) 
 
 I 
 
 Sentinels are instructed to shoot down all prisoners, in the 
 future, who are seen moviDg about camp after taps. 
 
 Geo. 0. Gibbs, 
 
 Captain Commanding. 
 
 The guards appear delighted to receive orders of 
 such a character, and seem to find real consolation 
 in having the privilege of firing upon us on the most 
 trivial pretext. A thirst for blood seems to char- 
 acterize their actions. They have all their lives long 
 been taught that the blood of " niggers " and Yankees 
 was made to be spilled when occasion requires, and 
 they never hesitate to put the teaching into practice. 
 Hereafter all who leave their bunks at night to go to 
 
126 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 the sinks or elsewhere, do so at the peril of their 
 lives. 
 
 Scurvy is now becoming horribly prevalent in our 
 midst. Chronic diarrhoea is also sweeping off its vic- 
 tims most fearfully. It is almost impossible to get 
 treatment for either. Large numbers, who are afflict- 
 ed with the former disease, may be seen every day 
 burying themselves up in the ground, as the earth has 
 a tendency to check its frightful ravages. 
 
 Much to my disgust, I find that this loathsome 
 disease has again got hold of me. I have been hop- 
 ing that it would pass me by in its visitations, but it 
 is unquestionably present in my limbs. I attended 
 sick-call this morning, and was prescribed for by the 
 surgeon the first time since we left Richmond. I 
 shall not make any effort to get into the hospital, for 
 I am confident that it is much better to remain in 
 camp, among my friends, where they can administer 
 to my wants, than to go where the prisoner can ex- 
 pect but little sympathy, or anything else that might 
 have a tendency to rid him of disease or recruit his 
 wasted, strength. 
 
 It is not strange that the term " hospital " has be- 
 come synonymous with death ; for but few who enter 
 it ever come out alive. When a man is seen leaving 
 camp in a blanket, it is thought that he is past help ; 
 and if he is fortunate enough to return to his fellows, 
 it is considered an exceptional case. 
 
 Deaths have been very frequent since the warm 
 weather came on. Many have gone to their long 
 homes since our arrival here. We call it being " ex- 
 changed " ; and it certainly is a happy transformation 
 
A NO THE ESC A PE. 1 2 1 
 
 from so much misery and wretchedness on earth to a 
 life of eternal joy in the bright realms above. We 
 cannot sigh for such, but only rejoice that their cares 
 and misfortunes are ended. It almost makes one 
 long to go, when we think that their sufferings and 
 trials are over, and it is not wonderful that they 
 should murmur in their last moments, — 
 
 " I would not live alway — I joy in the trust, 
 That when this frail form shall return to the dust, 
 My spirit shall rise on the wings of Thy love, 
 To seek its true home in the mansions above." 
 
 FOURTH OF JULY IN PRISON. 
 
 We had several roll-calls in the morning. The 
 prison authorities seemed very fearful that we would 
 attempt a general escape. Immediately after the 
 roll-calls a large meeting was organized. Captain 
 Todd, Eighth New Jersey Infantry, displayed a small 
 silk flag four by six inches, which had been presented 
 to him by Miss Paradise, of Jersey City, and which 
 had thus far escaped the vigilance of southern relic 
 seekers. The miniature " Star-Spangled Banner " 
 was hailed with rounds of cheers, which showed that 
 they came from loyal hearts. 
 
 We then adjourned to the large building occupied 
 by the general and Held officers, where Chaplain 
 Dixon, Sixteenth Connecticut Volunteers, opened the 
 exercises with prayer. Captain Ives, Lieutenant Og- 
 den, First Wisconsin Cavalry; Captain Lee, Fifth 
 Michigan Cavalry ; Lieutenant Kellogg, Chaplain 
 Whitney, One Hundred and Fourth Ohio ; Chaplain 
 Dixon, and Lieutenant Colonel Thorp, First New 
 York Dragoons, then followed with speeches and 
 
128 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 toasts, interspersed with national songs, "while far 
 above our heads, attached to a long pole, was the em- 
 blem of freedom, the " Red, "White, and Blue." 
 
 Although in prison, and held there by those who 
 ought always to have regarded the people of the 
 North with brotherly kindness, who never should 
 have raised the recreant hand of treason against the 
 government established by our common fathers and 
 sealed with their blood, there was still a universal 
 feeling that the day which sealed our liberties should 
 be observed with suitable ceremonies. All felt that, 
 live or die, survive or perish, we would give a hearty 
 support to those Stars and Stripes — the banner of the 
 free — that had so long waved over our heads, and for 
 which we were then suffering every indignity and 
 privation. 
 
 "We had every reason to believe that the Rebels 
 would not object to the celebration of the day that 
 proclaimed us victorious over the British Lion, and 
 brought freedom to them, as well as to us ; but in 
 this we were mistaken. Whilst we were listening to 
 a spirited oration from Colonel Thorp, the comman- 
 dant of the prison, Captain Gibbs, deemed it neces- 
 sary, in the exercise of his little authority, to march 
 a regiment of troops into the enclosure and order the 
 assemblage to disperse. Having no possible alterna- 
 tive, the order was, of course, complied with. 
 
 The meeting was conducted in a quiet and orderly 
 manner; the animus of the speaking was generally 
 national, and nothing but Rebel tyranny could object 
 to it. 
 
 Colonel Thorp, who had been for some time in 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 129 
 
 command of the interior of the prison, by virtue of 
 his position as senior officer, was relieved from duty 
 by the following order : 
 
 " C. S. Military Prison, [ 
 
 ) Macon, Ga., July 4, 1864. ) 
 
 No. 9. J 
 
 Special Orders, ) Maoon, Ga., July 4, 1864. 
 
 " I. Lieutenant Colonel Thorp is relieved from duty as senior 
 officer of prisoners, for a violation of prison rules, and Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel McCreary will again assume that position. 
 
 "II. The same order and quiet will be observed on this day 
 as on any other. 
 
 "III. A disregard of this order may subject offenders to un- 
 pleasant consequences. 
 
 "Geo. C. Gibbs, 
 
 " Captain Commanding. 1 ' 
 
 July 27. — Six hundred prisoners were counted 
 out of the enclosure this evening; their destination is 
 supposed to be Charleston, where they will doubtless 
 be placed under fire of our guns on Morris Island, as 
 were the field officers sent thither during the early 
 part of last month. This is a most singular method 
 of defending a besieged city against its enemies, and 
 illustrates, to some extent, the character of a people 
 that would like to be " let alone," while attempting to 
 establish a government in accordance with their own 
 chivalrous notion of justice, equality, and State 
 rights. 
 
 July 28. — The second six hundred were counted 
 out of the pen late in the afternoon. As his name 
 was called, each prisoner stepped between the dead- 
 line and stockade, where we expect to remain until 
 morning, when it is generally understood that we will 
 be shipped to the coast. 
 
130 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 All the old prisoners are in line, and we shall 
 leave Camp Oglethorpe in charge of a hundred 
 prisoners from Sherman's army, who were brought in 
 yesterday. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 131 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, "CAMP DAVIDSON." 
 
 "We left Macon at four o'clock a. m. of July twenty- 
 ninth guarded by a battalion of the Fifth Georgia 
 Reserves, and reached Savannah at six o'clock the 
 same evening, the distance being about one hundred 
 and fifty railes. It soon became apparent that the 
 Rebel authorities were moving us from necessity. 
 Their hurried and excited manner indicated that all 
 was not well. Artillery was being rapidly hurled 
 into position, the troops were on the alert, and every 
 preparation made to defend the place; but as for our- 
 selves, we could only hope that through their misfor- 
 tune we might find an opportunity for escape : and 
 the reader may imagine our disappointment when we 
 learned afterwards, from one of the guards, that our 
 cavalry, under General Stoneman, cut the road at 
 Griffin Station only thirty minutes after we had pass- 
 ed. To think that freedom had come almost within 
 our grasp, and yet eluded us, tended only to add bit- 
 terness to our hard lot. Stoneman attacked Macon, 
 but was repulsed, and himself with a detachment of 
 his command were captured. One hundred prisoners, 
 or more, who had not been removed, were hurried 
 down into a swamp, and guarded during the fight. 
 
 Savannah is situated on the Savannah River, 
 6 
 
132 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 twelve miles from its mouth, on the eastern coast of 
 Georgia. It is unsurpassed by any other city in the 
 State in its business facilities, and also in its neatness 
 and regularity. In a military point of view, it stands 
 next to Charleston in importance. Its population at 
 present is about twenty thousand, including a large 
 number of refugees. The inhabitants are generally 
 suffering from the most abject poverty. At present 
 there is a perfect stagnation in business ; but one 
 can easily judge its past enterprising spirit by the 
 unmistakable marks of its former prosperity. 
 
 Our camp is in the eastern part of the city, near 
 the Marine Hospital, which was built and formerly 
 used by the Federal Government. 
 
 Pulaski's monument stands within plain view. 
 This is a fine structure, about forty feet in height. 
 
 There are about four thousand Rebel troops doing 
 garrison duty in the city. The nearest Union force 
 is at Fort Pulaski, located at the entrance of the 
 harbor. They are in such close proximity to the 
 enemy that, if we could but escape the vigilance of 
 our guard, we should be almost certain of reaching 
 the Federal lines in safety. 
 
 Camp Davidson, our present Prison Pen, takes its 
 name from Captain H. II. Davidson, who was its first 
 commandant. It is surrounded by a stockade and 
 dead-line, and does not differ materially from the pen 
 at Macon. Quite a number of large, moss-covered 
 live-oak trees are growing within the enclosure, which 
 will furnibh a refreshing shade from the oppressive 
 noon-day sun. 
 
 So great is the contrast between our treatment 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 133 
 
 here and at other places, that we cannot but feel that 
 fortune has certainly smiled kindly upon us for once. 
 
 This is truly the oasis in the desert of our prison 
 lives. The authorities have issued tents and cooking 
 utensils to us, and seem inclined to alleviate suffering 
 as far as lies within their power. We have pitched 
 our tents in regular order, so that the camp has quite 
 a military appearance. 
 
 Our senior officer, Colonel Miller of New York, acts 
 as commandant of the interior, and all requests and 
 complaints are made through him to the prison author- 
 ities. He also superintends the issuing of rations and 
 policing of the camp. It is fortunate for us that our 
 guard, the First Georgia Volunteers, have been pris- 
 oners of war, and have learned what we had a right 
 to expect, from the magnanimous treatment they 
 themselves have received from the Federal govern- 
 ment. 
 
 At Richmond, Danville, and Macon, the authori- 
 ties adopted a course which they believed would ren- 
 der us forever unfit for further military duty. Their 
 means were starvation, close confinement in filthy 
 dungeons, and cruel treatment. The slightest pretext 
 was sufficient to increase its severity. Evidently, at 
 Savannah, they have not yet learned the usual method 
 of ridding the Confederacy of its enemies, 
 
 The troops here have seen service, and there is 
 nothing like the adventures of the battle-field and the 
 mutual sufferings there experienced, to teach soldiers 
 humanity towards each other. Whenever attempts 
 are made to escape, they give us to understand that 
 they would do the same themselves, under like circum- 
 
134 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 stances, but are still compelled to punish such infrac- 
 tions of prison discipline. They politely ask our pardon 
 for inspecting our quarters, and in a manner as gentle- 
 manly as possible, remove our blankets from the floors 
 of the tents in their search for incipient tunnels, etc. 
 All this is very gratifying, and tends to remove the 
 bitter hatred which former brutality had engendered. 
 
 These Georgia boys will be long remembered, and 
 may look for the utmost kindness and consideration 
 from us, if chance ever reverses our situations. 
 
 Our rations, though barely sufficient to sustain 
 what little vitality we have left, are of a better qual- 
 ity than we have received before, since our capture. 
 The following is our daily allowance : Corn-meal, one 
 pint ; fresh beef, one pound ; rice, one gill ; salt, one 
 fourth of an ounce. 
 
 Sutlers are allowed to sell to us in camp ; but 
 having been robbed of our money and nearly all our 
 valuables when captured, we are generally very poor 
 customers. We gradually find ourselves dispossessed 
 of whatever remains to us of value, such as rings, 
 pocket-knives, watches, etc., which we succeeded in 
 concealing from our captors. 
 
 These souvenirs of the past were disposed of to 
 purchase the necessaries of life, which we could have 
 at the following prices : Flour, four dollars per quart • 
 onions, three for a dollar ; potatoes, forty-eight dol- 
 lars per bushel ; bread, two dollars per loaf; butter, 
 ten dollars per pound ; eggs, six dollars per dozen ; 
 milk, three dollars per quart. 
 
 At such prices we of course soon wasted away 
 what we chanced to have ; and this done, these land 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 135 
 
 sharks ceased their visits, and we had to again con- 
 tent ourselves with what the Rebel government saw 
 fit to furnish. 
 
 BRICK OVENS. 
 
 The authorities have been kind enough to make 
 an issue of brick, with which to build ovens. "We 
 raise thern about two fbet from the ground. The 
 brick are arranged in an oval form, and strongly 
 cemented together with mortar made of clay, which 
 is very adhesive, and serves as a good substitute for 
 lime and mortar. 
 
 "We use these ovens principally for baking our 
 corn-bread, which is prepared by stirring the meal 
 and cold water together. When baked, this bread is 
 as heavy and almost as hard as the iron skillet used 
 in baking it. Still it is far preferable to that pro- 
 duced by the usual method of cooking. 
 
 It is rumored that the first six hundred prisoners 
 sent from Macon, attempted to disarm the guard, and 
 take the train between this place and Charleston. 
 The attempt seems to have proved a failure, as the 
 guard had assistance from some temporary troops 
 stationed along the railroad. 
 
 It may seem strange that men will incur such 
 risks in the hope of regaining their freedom, when 
 they know full well the bitter consequences of an un- 
 successful effort. 
 
 Yiolent attempts, when they prove abortive, al- 
 ways render them liable to be shot down without 
 mercy. Stealth and strategy are the prisoners' only 
 weapons, and they are always more safe and more 
 effective than force. 
 
136 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 August 22. — Tunneling, as a means of escape, 
 lias become quite an institution. A tunnel was com- 
 menced some days ago, from a well which we had dug 
 and abandoned for this purpose. None but the work- 
 ing party were in the secret ; and they themselves 
 sworn not to divulge our plans. Tools were fre- 
 quently brought in for cleaning the camp, and we 
 managed to keep some of these generally for a day or 
 two, until a search was instituted for them, when they 
 were left exposed in some other part of the camp for 
 the Rebels to find. 
 
 This tunnel was about two and a half feet in di- 
 ameter, and four feet below the surface. The soil is 
 sandy, and the digging was carried on rapidly. 
 When some distance beyond the stockade, it was 
 brought to the surface, and a very small hole made 
 through the sward. Through this a reconnoissance 
 was made, and the first thing discovered was a pair 
 of gray legs pacing along only a few inches from the 
 opening. 
 
 The hole was immediately closed and the tunnel 
 pushed farther on, with the intention of carrying it 
 beyond the second line of sentinels, which, it thus 
 appeared, had been established. 
 
 The work was progressing finely when, in the 
 afternoon, a cow, passing over the tunnel, broke 
 through, and was unable to extricate herself. The 
 Rebels, seeing her in difficulty, came to the rescue, 
 and thus discovered our work. 
 
 The tunnel was filled up at once, the camp care- 
 fully inspected, and the most severe penalties threat- 
 ened in case of any further attempts to escape. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 137 
 
 That poor stupid cow had brought to light, by 
 mere chance, what Rebel scrutiny had failed to dis- 
 cover. There were no blessings for the cow that 
 day — at least, not within the stockade. 
 
 JOY WITHOUT, DEATH WITHIN THE STOCKADE. 
 
 August 26. — This has been a galaday for the 
 Rebels at this point. A picnic has been given to the 
 Rebel troops stationed here, by the ladies of Savan- 
 nah. It was held a short distance from our camp — 
 so near that our ears have been greeted by lively 
 music, joyous peals of laughter, and happy voices. 
 
 How many sacred memories of other days did this 
 scene recall ! Freedom, certainly, seemed a precious 
 gift to them. It will be doubly so to us, if we are 
 ever permitted to regain it ; and hence, in the future, 
 we may be compensated for our present loss. But to 
 many of us the day has been as sad within the stock- 
 ade as seemingly joyous without. 
 
 Captain McGinn is, one of our number, died this 
 morning. He had a large number of friends among 
 the prisoners, and was held in high esteem for his 
 many noble qualities ; but the severity of prison life 
 had done its work, and he was gone; and we were 
 desirous that one so brave and noble as he had proved 
 himself to be, should have at least a decent burial. 
 Therefore we appointed a committee to wait upon the 
 commandant of the camp, Colonel Wayne, to request 
 that we might be permitted to give the captain a de- 
 cent burial ; but received from him the response, that 
 the captain " was nothing but a damned Yankee, de- 
 serving to be buried like a dog, and so he should be." 
 
138 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 We expected little more, as Colonel Wayne is an 
 unprincipled tyrant, and would consider it beneath his 
 dignity to confer a Christian favor, or even to give a re- 
 spectful reply. Although an excellent disciplinarian, 
 he has no just claim to the title of a " man," and 
 his very appearance indicates as much. Fortunately 
 for us, he is an exception among the officers of his 
 command, and it is only justice to them to state that 
 they universally despise him. 
 
 KINDNESS OF LADIES. 
 
 We were greatly surprised this evening upon re- 
 ceiving a note from ladies in the city, informing us 
 that they had learned with pain of Colonel Wayne's 
 answer to our petition, and that they themselves have 
 purchased a burial lot unbeknown to the colonel, 
 where the captain's remains will be suitably interred 
 under their direction. Thank God for this dear 
 womanly act ! 
 
 August 30. — An exchange of army chaplains and 
 surgeons has been effected; and those held as prison- 
 ers at this point are to take passage north on the next 
 flag-of-truce boat, and will leave this place for Charles- 
 ton on the four o'clock p. m. train. The wildest 
 enthusiasm prevails among them. An exchange from 
 close confinement in the hands of an enemy, to per- 
 fect freedom among one's friends, is certainly a suffi- 
 cient cause for exultation and joy. 
 
 The D. D.s and M. D.s are now the great centre 
 of attraction with the prisoners. Crowds have been 
 collecting around them all day, with some message 
 for friends at home, which they promise sacredly to 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. J 3 9 
 
 deliver. They will be sadly missed by us, for they 
 were untiring in their labors while here. 
 
 September 1. — Heavy cannonading has been heard 
 in the direction of Charleston all day. The atmos- 
 phere is damp, and the heavy booming of Gilmore's 
 " swamp angel " has been distinctly brought to our 
 ears. 
 
 I have been amusing myself, during my stay here, 
 in studying geometry. As a matter of review it does 
 very well, but I question whether much progress 
 could be made in any new department of study. 
 Samuel Johnson, I think it was, who, when he sus- 
 pected that his brain might be softening, used to turn 
 to mathematics as a test. If we were tried by such a 
 standard, I fear many of us might find ourselves can- 
 didates for a lunatic asylum. 
 
 September 11. — Exchange stock above par. It is 
 rumored that we are to be sent to Charleston in the 
 morning for exchange, but few are inclined to invest. 
 The general impression is, that if we are removed at 
 all, it will be to share the fate of our fellow-officers, 
 who were sent thither from Macon. It is not with 
 pleasant feelings that we anticipate a removal. Our 
 treatment here has been kind and even generous, in 
 many instances, and it is feared that an exchange can 
 only be for the worse. Anticipating greater hard- 
 ships, we leave Savannah with regret. 
 6* 
 
140 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 AT CHARLESTON, " UNDER FIRE. 
 
 Late in the evening of September eleventh, 1864, 
 without warning or explanation other than onr own 
 hopes and fears suggested, we received the order " pack 
 up," — a 'generic command which had no very literal 
 significance under the circumstances, and yet it neces- 
 sitated some little compliance. 
 
 A prisoner without shoes for his feet or coat for 
 his back, with one hat and one shirt and no blanket, 
 will yet be thankful for a little time in which to 
 pack up. If he is a Yankee, he has become the owner 
 of some personal property, though his bondage have 
 been on Sahara's barren desert ; and then there are 
 souvenirs of home that his tact and tenderness have 
 retained in spite of Rebel serveillance; and he must 
 take with him relics of his dark, gloomy prison home. 
 This passion for relics is all-prevailing among northern 
 soldiers. 
 
 If a Yankee boy were incarcerated in the sulphur- 
 ous dungeon of Tartarus, the chances are ten to one 
 that he would bring away with him, on his release, a 
 piece of brimstone at least, though he had to burn his 
 fingers in getting it, and Cerberus would be more than 
 usually alert, if he didn't get half a dozen hairs from 
 his tail. Attention to these relics, farewells to the 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 141 
 
 various scenes of suffering and want, and especially 
 the subject of rations, required a considerable time. 
 
 Prom our stock of corn-meal we had to make 
 " pones," corn-meal cakes, enough for the journey ; 
 these were baked in the skillets before mentioned, one 
 skillet serving for twenty men. As soon as " march- 
 ing orders " were received there was a vigorous rush 
 for the skillets, of course, and " De'il take the hinder- 
 most," found a practical illustration. Those who 
 failed to be first, strove to be second, by exacting a 
 pledge from No. 1, that he would give them the skil- 
 let when he was through with it ; those who failed to 
 be second would fain content themselves with being 
 third, and so on up the scale. 
 
 Sometimes differences of opinion arose with regard 
 to the relative position of certain parties on the " skil- 
 let " schedule, and mild knock-downs resulted, which 
 placed both at the foot of the list. 
 
 Men will fight for their " rights," even when staring 
 death in the face in a southern prison. Had they all 
 been sentenced to be hung, they would doubtless have 
 " stood on the order of their going," and insisted on 
 the precedence of rank. 
 
 Baking the " pones " occupied the greater part of 
 the night, and on the morning of September twelfth, 
 at six o'clock, we were marched out of Camp David- 
 son by our old guard, the Second Georgia Regulars. 
 
 There is something sad about leaving even a 
 "Prison Pen" after a long and familiar acquaintance. 
 Pibres of attachment will spring from the heart to 
 fasten on the most loathsome objects, where circum- 
 stances of necessity and mutual suffering make the 
 
142 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 soil mellow. I felt stealing over me something of 
 
 those hopeless emotions which brought Byron's sad 
 
 and subdued " Prisoner of Chillon " to say : 
 
 " My very chains and I grew friends, 
 
 So much a long communion tends 
 
 To make us what we are ; — even I 
 
 Regained my freedom with a sigh." 
 
 Only ours was not freedom, but rather something 
 worse than the worst bondage. We were to be taken 
 to Charleston and placed under fire of our own batter- 
 ies, for the enemy seem to think that we may be the 
 means of saving the besieged city from the doom 
 which inevitably awaits it. Of course they affirm 
 that this is retaliation, but with the ISTorth retalia- 
 tion has ever been looked upon as a sad extremity, 
 and to be exercised only when no other resource 
 remains for restraining the excesses of its foes. "With 
 the South, the slightest pretext has been sufficient to 
 cause the, most wanton destruction of life. 
 
 After leaving our camp at Savannah, we were 
 turned over to the City Battalion, which guarded us 
 through town. 
 
 We remained for a number of hours in the dust} T 
 
 streets of the city, under the scorching heat of the 
 
 sun, when we were ordered into cattle cars, weary and 
 
 sick at heart, yet not entirely despondent, for there is 
 
 "No grief so great but runneth to an end, 
 
 No hap so hard but will in time amend." 
 
 One of our number having obtained permission 
 from the nearest guard, under the plea of necessity, 
 stepped out of his car at the first station, when he 
 was immediately fired upon by several others. The 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 143 
 
 prisoner only saved his life by dodging under the car. 
 Even while there, the commanding officer of the gnard 
 rushed up with boisterous curses and discharged his 
 revolver at the defenceless victim, without asking a 
 word of explanation. The prisoner was dragged from 
 under the car and thrown back among his fellows. 
 And yet these men, who could thus murderously fire 
 on a defenceless prisoner guilty of no offence, were 
 constantly talking of their honor and their " chiv- 
 alry." Their deeds will publish their true charac- 
 ters long after their words are forgotton. 
 
 A run of ten or twelve hours brought us to Charles- 
 ton. The citizens turned out in crowds as we march- 
 ed down Coming street, and, as usual, we listened to 
 the stereotyped billingsgate of the southern chivalry. 
 We were entirely satisfied that " familiarity breeds 
 contempt," as we listened to their coarse comments on 
 the "damned Yankees," "northern blue-bellies," 
 " baboons," " Lincoln's monkeys," etc. Many, on the 
 other hand, in the interval of our short halts, express- 
 ed sincere regrets at our unfortunate situation, and, 
 rather quietly to be sure, assured us of their faith in 
 the ultimate triumph of the Government. It was 
 rather surprising to find so many of this class in the 
 cradle of secession. There were just enough of them 
 to save from utter ruin that treason-polluted city. 
 
 Our destination was Charleston jail-yard, the 
 grand receptacle of all Union prisoners in Charles- 
 ton. It is situated in the south-eastern portion of 
 the city, and in plain view of Morris Island, on 
 which our batteries were planted, which did such 
 fearful execution. 
 
144 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 The jail is a large octagonal building of four 
 stories, surmounted by a tower forty feet in height. 
 On the right is the large bastile-shaped work-house, 
 where a part of the prisoners were confined. 
 
 The gallows is located at the south side of the 
 jail, and the fragment of a tent whicli I occupied 
 was directly in front of it. This is the nearest we 
 ever came to hanging, so far as I could learn, — 
 unless it be the necessary suspense of our situation. 
 
 Our quarters were in the yard, and the whole 
 enclosure was surrounded by a massive wall of 
 masonry sixteen feet in height. Everything was in 
 the most filthy condition conceivable, having been 
 occupied for a long time by prisoners and convicts, 
 without ever having been cleaned. We were unable 
 to obtain even the necessary tools from the authori- 
 ties, to do this work ourselves. Its sanitary condi- 
 tion was such, that it seemed impossible for us to 
 remain there long without suffering from some foul 
 and malignant disease. The ground was literally 
 covered with vermin. A fellow-prisoner has said 
 that he thought it the "nastiest, dirtiest, filthiest, 
 lousiest place he was ever in." 
 
 We were without shelter. Fragments of tents 
 were still standing, but afforded no protection from 
 the sun or storm, for the prisoners who were con- 
 fined there before us, many of whom were from 
 Andersonville, were in such a destitute condition 
 upon their arrival, that they cut the tents to pieces 
 to make themselves clothes to wear. 
 
 The ground floor of the jail was occupied by civil 
 convicts ; the second story, by Rebel officers and 
 

AND THE ESCAPE. 147 
 
 soldiers under punishment for military offences ; the 
 third story, by negro prisoners ; and the fourth, by 
 Federal and Rebel deserters. 
 
 It is a fine compliment to the good sense of the 
 Rebels, that the deserters from either side were 
 treated with the same severity. They seemed to 
 consider that none but those who deserved the se- 
 verest punishment would be guilty of deserting the 
 Federal cause to join their traitor ranks ; and so they 
 placed them side by side with deserters from their own 
 army, and subjected them to the same privations. 
 
 It must have been consoling to the cowards and 
 sneaks who deserted the Stars and Stripes, to re- 
 ceive such close attention. Sometimes they ventured 
 down from their fourth story to mingle with the 
 Federal soldiers in the yard. Under such circum- 
 stances nothing could restrain the prisoners from 
 working a general onslaught, and the miserable 
 slinks did well if they got back to their " sky-loft " 
 with whole heads. This righteous indignation of 
 suffering soldiers was a natural out-cropping of that 
 heroic determination which kept their patriotism 
 burning brightly in the midst of their untold suf- 
 ferings. 
 
 Many of the negro prisoners in the jail were 
 captured at our assault on Fort Wagner. I had a 
 conversation with Sergeant Johnson (colored), Com- 
 pany F, Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Infantry ; he was 
 a full-blooded negro, but possessed of no ordinary 
 degree of intelligence ; he gave me an interesting 
 history of the captivity and trial of the negro pris- 
 oners. Soon after their capture they were informed 
 
148 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 that they were to be tried by a civil commission, on 
 a charge of having abandoned their masters and 
 enlisted in the United States army, and if found 
 guilty, they were told that they might make up their 
 minds to stretch hemp. And why should they not 
 be found guilty ? to be sure, nearly all were from 
 the North, and had always been free ; but they knew 
 full well that this court was formed, not to subserve 
 the ends of justice, but to convict, for the Rebels 
 had sufficiently illustrated their method of dealing 
 with negro prisoners, that is, when they deigned to 
 receive them as such, instead of murdering them in 
 cold blood, in order to convince their comrades of 
 the narrow chances for life, should they unfortunately 
 fall into the hands of an enemy. 
 
 A FRIEND. 
 
 The sergeant told me that they were surprised to 
 find a friend in a relative of Ex-Governor Pickens of 
 South Carolina. The governor himself was true to 
 southern principles, having been elected to the 
 legislature of his State by the nullifiers in 1832, and 
 being among the foremost to urge his State out of 
 the Union in 1860 ; but this friend to the oppressed 
 remained firm in the cause of his country, and 
 bravely loyal, as the sequel will show. He came to 
 them and offered unrecompensed to plead their 
 cause before the sham tribunal that was to decide 
 their fate. "When he first revealed his intention to 
 act in their behalf, he was regarded as an impostor, 
 a government detective, whose only object was to 
 learn their history ; that is, to ascertain if they had 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 149 
 
 been slaves, to whom they had belonged, and under 
 what circumstances they had left their masters. But 
 he persisted, and gave them money to purchase little 
 necessaries (for nothing but corn-meal was issued 
 to them, and this in very small quantities), and left 
 them with the promise that he would soon return, 
 and report the progress of his investigations ; but 
 when he came, he found them still doubting, and 
 unwilling to place confidence in him ; but, calling 
 them together, he related that before the war he 
 himself was a slaveholder, and was known and re- 
 spected throughout his State. But at the commence- 
 ment of this intestine strife, having proved true to 
 the " old flag," his propeiiTy had been swept from 
 him, calling him traitor, and an abolitionist, and that 
 now he was an outcast among his friends, and in con- 
 stant danger of being assassinated. 
 
 GENUINE PATRIOTISM. 
 
 He also told them that he knew that this must be 
 his fate, from the first, if he remained true to his con- 
 victions; but that, having counted the cost, it was as 
 nothing when weighed in the balance against truth ; 
 and he was now prepared to do his work thoroughly 
 and unhesitatingly, regarding only as friends those 
 who were true to the cause of their country. 
 
 By this means he gained their confidence, for there 
 is a higher language than the written. It is seen in 
 the mute dropping of the tear, in the trembling of 
 the lip, in the flashing of the eye, in the melody of 
 the voice. The tones of sympathy and friendship 
 cannot be successfully counterfeited. Deceivers may 
 
150 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 impose on those whose perceptions have been dulled 
 by the conventionalities and allowed hypocrisies of 
 society; but the quick-sighted instincts of the child of 
 nature will readily detect the fraud. They listen to 
 the words of a man, and then look into his eyes to 
 interpret his meaning ; and this decision cannot be 
 revoked. And when this language shall become as 
 universally studied and understood as the written lan- 
 guage which we speak, then shall the divine com- 
 mand, " Thou shalt not lie," never be violated, on 
 account of the inability of mankind to deceive us 
 with their words. 
 
 As the sergeant related to me how untiring were 
 the efforts of this friend during their prolonged and 
 doubtful trial, in combating error with firm, convinc- 
 ing truth, in proving their innocence, even under 
 laws that were made but for white men, he seemed at 
 times to be completely overcome by his feelings, so 
 unused was he to sympathy or kind words; but when 
 their trial was once over, and their innocence estab- 
 lished, they returned to jail, to be regarded as prison- 
 ers of war. 
 
 THE LAST VISIT. 
 It was after their return to the jail that their friend 
 and advocate visited them for the last time. Their 
 emotions were uncontrollable, and they seemed unable 
 to give even a faint expression of their gratitude to 
 him who had sacrificed so much for them. Their ad- 
 miration for this devoted friend of the Union was so 
 great, that the mere mention of his name is sufficient 
 to bring tears to the eyes of these swarthy sons, who 
 have thus far had so little to be grateful to us for. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 151 
 
 This young man, who thus came forward to defend 
 innocent and unfortunate men, was to them, and is 
 to us, " nameless " ; but his memory will be green in 
 their simple hearts until their black faces go down to 
 the grave. The gratitude of the humblest of our" 
 fellow-men is a treasure the true heart will cherish. 
 
 This stranger died shortly after. "Whatever may 
 have been his previous life, he carries with him the 
 act of unselfish philanthropy, a gift that is dear to 
 Heaven. 
 
 NEGRO MELODIES. 
 
 At the close of day the negro prisoners made a 
 practice of getting together in the jail, and singing 
 their plaintive melodies till late in the evening. The 
 character of their songs was usually mournful ; and 
 it was often affecting to listen to them — always em- 
 bodying, as they did, those simple, child-like emotions 
 and sentiments for which the negro is so justly cele- 
 brated. The harmony and rich melody of their 
 voices are rarely surpassed. Indeed, this seems a 
 special gift to them. This very fact gives the surest 
 promise of their future elevation and refinement. No 
 race so delicately sensitive to the emotional can be 
 essentially coarse and barbarous. 
 
 One song, which appeared to be a special favorite 
 with them, was written by Sergeant Johnson, whom 
 I have before mentioned. He intended it as a parody 
 on " When this cruel war is over." I mve the song 
 as he furnished it to me. 
 
152 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 I. 
 
 " "When I enlisted in the army, 
 Then I thought 'twas grand, 
 Marching through the streets of Boston 
 
 Behind a regimental hand. 
 "When at "Wagner I was captured, 
 
 Then my courage failed ; 
 Now I'm lousy, hungry, naked, 
 
 Here in Charleston jail. 
 Chorus. "Weeping, sad and lonely — 
 Oh ! how had I feel ; 
 Down in Charleston, South CarTina, 
 Praying for a good ' square meal.' 
 
 II. 
 
 "If Jeff. Davis will release me, 
 
 Oh, how glad I'll he ; 
 "When I get on Morris Island 
 
 Then I shall be free ; 
 Then I'll tell those conscript soldiers 
 
 How they use us here ; 
 Giving us an old ' corn-dodger ' — 
 
 They call it prisoner's fare. 
 
 III. 
 " "We are longing, watching, praying, 
 But will not repine 
 Till Jeff. Davis does release us, 
 
 And send us ' in our lines.' 
 Then with words of kind affection, 
 
 How they'll greet us there ! 
 Wondering how we could live so long 
 
 Upon the ' dodger's fare.' 
 Choeus. — Then we will laugh long and loudly- 
 Oh, how glad we'll feel, 
 "When we arrive on Morris Island 
 And eat a good ' square meal.' " 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 153 
 
 The negroes sang this song with a great deal of 
 zest, as it related to their present sufferings, and was 
 just mournful enough to excite our sympathy. 
 
 A small portion of the present inmates of the jail- 
 yard were removed here from Anderson ville; and I 
 have listened with pain and perfect horror to the 
 history of their past treatment. Future generations 
 will stand aghast in view of the unheard of and piti- 
 less deeds of men steeped in infamy — their foul and 
 barbarous usage of our unfortunate soldiers. 
 
 At Andersonville large numbers were crowded into 
 a small space, where the ground was literally alive 
 with vermin. During the heat of the day, by watching 
 closely in the warm sand, you could perceive a con- 
 stant motion among the particles ; so alive was it with 
 lice. On such ground as this, the men were closely 
 crowded together, without shelter, and with fare which 
 a Rebel surgeon himself declared "would produce 
 diseases among swine." 
 
 AWFUL CONDITION OF THE HOSPITAL. 
 
 The hospital was in the most wretched condi- 
 tion ; no one left the pen, however feeble he might 
 be, who had any friend to attend to his wants, for the 
 only advantage gained by leaving the stockade, was 
 a shelter from the scorching rays of the sun, but this 
 was counterbalanced by being brought in such imme- 
 diate contact with so many afflicted with the most 
 foul and offensive diseases. 
 
 The men were placed upon the ground, nothing 
 underneath them, and usually without covering, while 
 the nights were so chilling as to keep the poor fellows 
 
154 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 quaking with cold until the sun appeared again to 
 warm them, and then followed the other extreme, the 
 intense heat, which rendered the sufferings of those 
 intolerable whose blood was almost quenched with 
 burning fevers. 
 
 The Rebel surgeons seemed to give them little or 
 no care. 
 
 So filthy and obnoxious, so infested with vermin, 
 and so loathsome had this den of living death become, 
 that it was indeed impossible for a person of good 
 health to endure it long. 
 
 While such a state of things existed, it is not 
 strange that the mortality among them was fearful. 
 Each day the dead were carried away by scores, their 
 places to be again filled by others, who in all proba- 
 bility would soon share the same fate, for none but 
 those who were so low as to be past cure were ever 
 looked at by the surgeons, and nearly as many died 
 within the pen, without ever receiving any medical 
 treatment, as in the hospital. 
 
 A fearful responsibility certainly rests somewhere, 
 and the fiends who could thus wantonly murder so 
 many helpless and innocent men, are almost as much 
 to be pitied for their moral depravity as the prisoners 
 for their bodily suffering, and yet these martyrs to 
 the cause of " Liberty and their Country " never mur- 
 mured against the Government, always believing that 
 it was powerless to help them, or else that it did not 
 understand their true condition. 
 
 I have noticed scarcely a prisoner from Anderson- 
 ville who was not more or less affected by some 
 disease contracted there, so that we now see the truth- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 155 
 
 fulness of wliat they say proven by their physical con- 
 dition. 
 
 One poor fellow, who was lying in the jail-yard 
 when we arrived, recognized in one of our number 
 his former captain. In a feeble voice, he addressed 
 him as such, but the poor prisoner was so tattered and 
 emaciated, and blackened by disease and exposure, 
 that the captain did not recognize him. A faltering, 
 broken explanation located him in his memory, and 
 they took a melancholy pleasure in rehearsing their 
 mutual and individual experiences. The dying man 
 was too far gone to need assistance, had any been pos- 
 sible, and all the captain could do was to lie down by 
 his side during the long cold night that followed, and 
 close his lifeless eyes in the morning. 
 
 A THUNDER-STORM. 
 
 September 20.— I find myself weak and exhaust- 
 ed this morning, with blood feverish and my system 
 racked with pain, the result of yesterday's suffering ; 
 for it was one of the most wretched days that I have 
 passed since my capture. 
 
 Nothing could have been more lovely than the 
 morning, but the sky was soon overcast with dark 
 clouds, and one of the most fearful thunder-storms 
 broke forth that I have ever witnessed, followed by a 
 severe and drenching rain, which continued during 
 the day and night. We were without shelter, or 
 wood to build fires, and were obliged to exercise con- 
 stantly to keep from chilling. 
 
 At night, as there were no signs of the storm 
 abating, we sent a committee to wait upon the jailer, 
 
156 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISOX PEX, 
 
 to obtain permission, if possible, to go inside the jail, 
 as there were a number of unoccupied cells, but were 
 refused admission, without a reason being given. 
 
 Before morning the yard became flooded with water 
 some four or five inches deep, and with our garments 
 drenched and our limbs benumbed with cold, we were 
 compelled to walk through this flood, in order to keep 
 the blood in circulation. 
 
 There were a few small out-houses connected with 
 the jail, formerly used as sinks, and which were in the 
 most loathsome and filthy condition ; yet into these a 
 small portion of the prisoners crowded themselves, and 
 were partially protected from the storm, but suffered 
 almost as severely from the obnoxious vapors, as we 
 from the drenching rain. 
 
 Our situation called to mind the experiences of 
 persons whose minds had become weakened by a ne- 
 cessitated abode on some desert island, whose man- 
 hood had been lost by an unbroken familiarity with 
 forest solitudes and savage beasts, whose natures had 
 been almost changed by the wind and spray and shell- 
 fish diet of some bleak ocean rock; and 1 wonder- 
 ed, since the influences in the outer world are so potent 
 for good or evil, what must be the effect upon us, 
 whose vision cannot extend beyond the dismal walls 
 which surround this abode of misery. The monotony, 
 too, is only relieved by a "jail," a " work-house," and 
 the whizzing, bursting shells. 
 
 S&pt&mher 22. — Heat oppressive. Heard from the 
 members of my regiment who are confined in Roper 
 Hospital. They are making an effort to have Richard- 
 son and myself transferred to that building, which is 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 157 
 
 a far better place than the jail-yard, although it is 
 quite as much exposed to shot and shell. 
 
 The naval officers are in excellent spirits at pres- 
 ent, having learned by the last flag-of-truce boat that 
 terms for a special exchange of all naval prisoners 
 have been agreed upon. 
 
 Shelling is kept up vigorously. From sixty to a 
 hundred huge smoking two-hnndred pounders convey 
 Federal compliments daily to the cursing city. 
 
 It is a singularly noticeable fact, that every 
 Charleston paper, in its report of " damage done the 
 city" by our batteries, never chronicles the loss of a 
 white person ; but in every morning edition we 
 notice the name of some " poor negro, 1 ' whose life has 
 
 been taken by the " cruel barbarity of the d d 
 
 Yankees." 
 1 
 
158 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 ROPER HOSPITAL, CHARLESTON. 
 
 J i 
 
 September 29. — To-day is an eventful one for 
 Richardson and myself. Our rations being entirely 
 gone, we started in quest of something to eat, after 
 taking our usual morning bath. We succeeded in 
 finding a friend who had a little corn-meal left, and 
 who willingly shared it with us. Hastening back to 
 our quarters, we converted it into mush, and sat 
 down fully prepared to do ample justice to the 
 dish, when a cry was heard, "All those whose 
 names are called, will prepare to go to Roper Hos- 
 pital immediately." 
 
 We listen, but our names are not called ; we wait 
 and wait for the next list to be read. It seems evi- 
 dent that we are destined to remain in the jail-yard ; 
 when, to our great surprise, we hear the welcome 
 voice of Major E. F. Cooke, of the old regiment, 
 who has at last succeeded in persuading the authori- 
 ties to remove us from this hell on earth. How we 
 start ! How eagerly do we grasp his extended hand ! 
 He tells us to "pack up," which requires but a 
 moment, as our wardrobe is scanty, and our equip- 
 ments few. Passing through the heavy doors of the 
 jail, it seemed as though a new life had sprung up 
 within us. We felt free, although Rebel bayonets 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 159 
 
 still surrounded us. We were taken before the 
 Rebel commandant, to whom we gave the following 
 parole : 
 
 " Charleston, S. C, C. S. A., ) 
 "September—, 1864. \ 
 
 "We the undersigned, prisoners of war, confined in the 
 city of Charleston, in the Confederate States of America, do 
 pledge our parole, individually, as military men and men of 
 honor, that we will not attempt to pass the lines which shall 
 be established and guarded around our prison-house ; nor 
 will we, by letter, word, or sign, hold any intercourse with 
 parties beyond those lines, nor with those who may visit us, 
 without authority. It is understood by us that this parole is 
 voluntary on our part, and given in consideration of privileges 
 secured to us, by lessening the stringency of the guard, of free 
 ingress and egress of the house and appointed grounds during 
 the day, by which we secure a liberty of fresh air and exercise 
 grateful to comfort and health. 
 
 " Hereby we admit that this our parole binds us in letter 
 and spirit, with no room for doubt or technicality of construc- 
 tion, and its violation will be an act of lasting disgrace. 
 Signed." 
 
 After signing this, we were marched under guard 
 through the gateway of " Roper " into the beautiful 
 garden of the hospital. How great the change ! 
 Here we are comparatively free. Here all seem 
 better contented. We are assigned quarters on the 
 third-floor piazza : the hard floor seeming a luxury, 
 and the place itself a paradise, compared to that 
 worse than grave — Charleston jail yard. 
 
 September 30. — Sixty shells and solid shot of very 
 heavy calibre were thrown into the city to-day, many 
 of which exploded in what is commonly called the 
 Burnt District. It covers about one-third of the city, 
 
160 TEE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 and was burnt during the early part of the year, 
 having been set on fire by the explosion of shells 
 thrown from onr batteries on Morris Island. 
 
 This part of the city has been deserted by all 
 except the negroes, who, whenever there is a cessa- 
 tion of shelling for a short time, flock here in great 
 numbers to save rent. But a few shell dropped 
 into the streets will soon disperse them, although 
 they are easily tempted back again. And after a 
 few days of quiet, they may be seen trudging around 
 with bundles on their backs, looking for the most 
 favorable location, often taking up their quarters in 
 the dwellings of the former notables. Before the 
 siege the poor negroes could only gain admission 
 by the back entrance, where, with hat in hand, they 
 awaited the orders of " massa." 
 
 Well, truth is stranger than fiction, and the city, 
 built by the hard labor of slaves, now holds them 
 as her principal occupants. 
 
 SHELLS A SUBJECT FOR DISCUSSION. 
 As the shells from our batteries came screaming 
 over our heads, we took them as the subject of nu- 
 merous and warmly contested discussions. Some, 
 for an argument, claimed that a shell is entirely 
 harmless in its progress through the air, if it does not 
 explode before reaching a point directly overhead ; 
 others asserted that it must be past sufficiently far 
 to make an angle of forty-eight degrees with the 
 horizon before all danger is over. There are many 
 absurd notions in circulation relative to the explosion 
 of shells. Pictorial papers represent them as ex- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 161 
 
 ploding while sweeping through the air, and the 
 fragments flying in all directions. Soldiers return 
 from the army, and talk of small shells entering men's 
 heads, exploding just as they were passing through, 
 and so scattering brains and skulls to the four winds 
 of heaven. 
 
 The laws of physics will teach us, that if a shell is 
 moving through the air with a velocity greater than 
 that which its explosion is capable of giving to the 
 fragments, none of them can possibly fall back of the 
 place of explosion. If the velocities here spoken of 
 should be exactly equal, the pieces of the shell on the 
 side next the mortar would be just stopped by the 
 explosion, and so would fall perpendicularly to the 
 ground ; while those on the side opposite the mortar, 
 being propelled by two forces (that of the mortar and 
 that of the explosion), would necessarily be thrown a 
 greater distance forward. The pieces at right angles 
 to the direction of motion would be thrown at right 
 angles to this direction, if the velocities were equal ; if 
 not equal, they would move obliquely backwards or for- 
 wards according to the velocities, making the hypoth- 
 enuse of a parallelogram. The explosion of shells 
 over large bodies of water will thoroughly test these 
 conclusions ; and observations made under such cir- 
 cumstances prove them to be correct. If a shell ex- 
 plodes when moving rapidly over a body of water, the 
 pieces all strike the water several rods in advance of 
 the place of explosion, — some more, some less, — the 
 puff of smoke still remaining to mark the spot. Some 
 move obliquely forward, some strike nearer and some 
 farther from the place of explosion. It would not be 
 
162 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 difficult to tell, from the striking location of any frag- 
 ment, whether it was at the north, south, east, or west 
 side of the shell at the instant of explosion. If a 
 shell is stationary, or moving very slowly, the pieces 
 of course fly in all directions. 
 
 Groups of prisoners collected from time to time 
 for the purpose of discussing this and various other 
 subjects in which, we had a direct, though unpleasant 
 interest. Hours were spent thus, whilst every fifteen 
 or twenty minutes we could see the smoke and hear 
 the explosion of " Foster's messengers," as we called 
 them, which came to us in the shape of screeching, 
 tearing, death-dealing, two-hundred pound shells ; 
 and although we were completely isolated from the 
 outer world, yet these " terrible despatches " seemed 
 ever welcome. They told us of the untiring persever- 
 ance of our forces on Morris Island. 
 
 So correct was their aim, so well did the gunners 
 know of our whereabouts, that shells burst all around 
 in front, and often flew screeching directly overhead, 
 without injury to us. When the distant rumbling of 
 the "swamp-angel" was heard, and the cry, " Here it 
 comes ! " resounded through our prison-house, there 
 was a general stir. Sleepers sprang to their feet, the 
 gloomy forgot their sorrows, conversation was hushed, 
 and all started to see where the messenger would fall. 
 Perhaps it would burst in mid air ; perhaps fall crash- 
 ing through the roof of some dwelling, converting it 
 quickly from a stately mansion to a heap of smoking 
 ruins. 
 
 The sight, at night, was truly beautiful. "We 
 traced along the sky a slight stream of fire, similar to 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 163 
 
 the tail of a comet ; followed its course until, " whiz, 
 whiz," came the little pieces from our mighty two- 
 hundred pounders, like "grape-shot," scattering them- 
 selves all around, and assuring us, in unmistakable' 
 language, that our soldiers were still battling for the 
 cause of freedom inviolate. 
 
 October 1.— Yellow-fever is raging fearfully in the 
 city at present. Five shells from our batteries fell in 
 the burnt district to-day. It was amusing to witness 
 the flocks of negroes, who came running from the 
 buildings which they have occupied since the com- 
 mencement of the siege clear of rent charges, the 
 owners being too timid to remain in that locality. 
 The colored people are often driven out in this man- 
 ner, but invariably return after the shelling, to enjoy 
 their threatened haunts. 
 
 SISTERS OF CHARITY. 
 
 Confined as we are so far away from every home 
 comfort and influence, and from all that makes life 
 worth living for, how quickly do we notice the first 
 kind word, the passing friendly glance ! Can any 
 prisoner, confined here, ever forget the " Sisters of 
 Charity?" Ask the poor private, now suffering in 
 those loathsome hospitals so near us, while burning 
 with fever or racked with pain, if he can forget the 
 kind look, the kind word given him by that " Sister " ? 
 Many are the bunches of grapes, many the sip of its 
 pure juice, does the sufferer get from her hands. 
 They seem — they are, ministering angels ; and while 
 all around us are our avowed enemies, they remain 
 true to every instinct of womanhood. They dare 
 
164 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 lift the finger to help, they do relieve many a suf- 
 ferer. 
 
 All through the South our sick and wounded sol- 
 diers have had reason to bless the Sisters of Charity. 
 They have ministered to their wants, and performed 
 those kind womanly offices which are bitter to the 
 sick than medicine, and so peculiarly soothing to the 
 dying. These noble women have tended their sick 
 beds when the other professedly Christian ladies of 
 the South looked on in scorn, and turned away with- 
 out even a kind word. They have done what some 
 were too bitter and cruel to do ; they have done what 
 others did not dare to do. They were somehow per- 
 mitted to bestow charities wherever charities were 
 needed, without fear or molestation. Their bounties 
 were bestowed indiscriminately on Federal and Rebel 
 sufferers, and bespoke a broad philanthropy, unlimit- 
 ed by party or church or nation. Many a poor sol- 
 dier has followed them from ward to ward with tear- 
 ful eyes, and remembered the poet's lines : 
 
 " Woman ! Blest partner of our joys and woes ! 
 
 Even in the darkest hour of earthly ill, 
 Untarnished yet, thy fond affection glows, 
 
 Throbs with each pulse, and beats with every thrill! 
 "When sorrow rends the heart, when feverish pain 
 
 "Wrings the hot drops of anguish from the brow, 
 To soothe the soid, to cool the burning brain, 
 
 Oh, who so welcome, and so prompt as thou ! 
 The battle's hurried scene, and angry blow, 
 
 The death-encircled pillow of distress, 
 The lonely moments of secluded woe — 
 
 Alike thy care and constancy confess, 
 Alike thy pitying hand and fearless friendship hless." 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 105 
 
 Were other denominations in the South as active 
 in aiding us as the Catholics have been, I might have 
 some faith in Rebel Christianity. 
 
 October 2. — Several shells passed directly over us 
 this afternoon, a fragment of one striking the west 
 end of the building. 
 
 October 3. — Our batteries have shelled the city vig- 
 orously during the past forty-eight hours. Many explo- 
 sions occurred very near us. ISTo casualties among the 
 prfsoners. 
 
 YELLOW-FEVER. 
 
 The Rebel captain commanding the prison, and 
 his adjutant, died last night with yellow-fever. Many 
 prisoners have been swept off by the same within the 
 past few days. 
 
 October 4. — Heard from our enlisted men confined 
 on Charleston Race Course. Starvation, exposure, 
 and the frightful ravages of yellow-fever are doing 
 their work most effectually. 
 
 October 5. — Orders are issued to " pack up " once 
 more. We are to leave Charleston. The Rebel 
 authorities ostensibly claim that they are removing us 
 from the ravages of yellow-fever. In view of the fact 
 that we were brought here to be murdered by our 
 own guns, this assertion seems doubtful, — and in view 
 of the fact that it is no longer for their interest to 
 keep us here, it appears more doubtful. It seems 
 scarcely credible that Louisianians should invoke 
 the yellow-fever upon our armies, and South Caroli- 
 nians remove them from under its influence. We 
 were brought to Charleston to save the city from the 
 shells of our batteries on Morris Island. The result 
 7* 
 
166 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 proved that our gunners there could fire over and 
 about our prison, and scathe the blackened city as 
 fiercely as ever. In addition to this, General Foster 
 placed an equal number of Rebel officers on Govern- 
 ment transports in front of his works, which effectually 
 prevented them from firing upon him. It was for 
 their interest, under these circumstances, to take steps 
 to get these Rebel officers removed. These facts place 
 their humanity in rather bad odor. 
 
 FAREWELL TO CHARLESTON. 
 
 We bade the cruel city farewell without a regret. 
 It has long been the abode of outrage and injustice. 
 We expected no mercy at its hands, and have receiv- 
 ed none. The seething, almost conscious, shells from 
 our island batteries are paying the respects of the 
 North and northern men to this now desolate source 
 of treason and discontent. We leave you to your 
 fate, thankful that our presence, even as prisoners, has 
 not mitigated your punishment. 
 
 The following verses were composed by Lieuten- 
 ant J. Ogden, First Wisconsin Cavalry, and will fit- 
 tingly close the chapter on Charleston : 
 
 CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 I. 
 
 Oh, thou doomed city of the evil seed, * 
 Long nursed by baneful passion's heated breath ! 
 
 Now bursts the germ, and lo, the evil deed 
 Invites the sword of war, the stroke of death ! 
 
 Suns smile on thee, and yet thou smilest not ; 
 
 Thy fame, thy fashion are alike forgot. 
 
 * The doctrine of State Rights as taught by John C. Calhoun. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 167 
 
 Consumption festers in thy inmost heart ; 
 The shirt of Nessiis fouls thy secret parr. 
 
 II. 
 
 Lo, in thy streets — thy boast in other days — 
 
 Giim silence sirs, and rancorous weeds arise! 
 No joyous mirth, nor hymns of grateful praise, 
 Greet human ears, nor court the upper skies; 
 But deadly pallor, and a fearful looking for 
 The hand of vengeance and the sword of war. 
 Thy prayer is answered, and around, above, 
 The wrath uf Gud and man doth hourly move. 
 
 III. 
 
 Thy foes are in thy heart, and lie unseen; 
 
 They drink thy life-blood and thy suhstince up ; 
 And though in pride thou usest to sit a queen, 
 
 Justice at last commands the hitter cup. 
 The blood of slavts upon thy skirts is found ; 
 Their tears have soaked this sacrilegious groucd. 
 The chains that manacled their ehon arms 
 Now clank about thine own in dread alarms. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Thy sanctuaries are forsaken now ; 
 
 Dark mould and moss cling to thy fretted towers ; 
 Deep rents and seams, where straggling lichens grow, 
 
 And no sweet voice of prayer atvestd hours; 
 But voice of screaming shot and bursting shell, 
 Thy deep damnation and thy doom foretell. 
 The fire has left a swamp of broken walls, 
 "Where night-hags revel in thy ruined halls. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Oh, vain thy boast, proud city, desolate ! 
 
 Thy curses rest upon thy guilty head ! 
 In folly's madness, thou didst desecrate 
 
 Thy sacred vows, to holy Union wed. 
 
108 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 And now behold the fruit of this thy sin : 
 Thy courts without o'errun, defiled within ; 
 Gross darkness brooks upon thy holy place ; 
 Forsaken all, thy pride in deep disgrace. 
 
 VI. 
 
 "Wail, city of the proud palmetto-tree 1 
 
 Thy figs and vines shall bloom for thee no more 1 
 Thou scorn'dst the hand of God, that made thee free, 
 
 In driving freemen from their native shore. 
 Thy rivers still seek peacefully the sea, 
 Yet bear no wealth on them, no joy for thee. 
 Thy isles look out and bask beneath the sun, 
 But silence reigns — their Sabbath is begun! 
 
 VII. 
 
 Blood! blood is on thy skirts, city doomed 1 
 
 The cry of vengeance hath begirt thee round; 
 Ilere, where the citron and the orange bloomed, 
 God's curse rests on the half-forsaken ground I 
 Thy treason, passion-nursed, is overgrown — 
 Thy cup of wrath is full, is overflown. 
 Repent, for God can yet a remnant save, 
 But traitors and their deeds shall find the grave 1 
 
 Hospital, Charleston, S. C, Sept. 25, 1864. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 169 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 REMOVAL TO COLUMBIA. 
 
 Eaelt on the morning of October fifth, 1864, 
 Captain Mobly of the Thirty-second Georgia Volun- 
 teers gave ns notice to prepare to remove to Colum- 
 bia, the capital. In an hour's time we were securely 
 packed in cattle-cars, ready for a start. These 
 cattle-cars deserve a little notice. They were not 
 exclusively cattle-cars, but were used to convey 
 Union prisoners as well. One day they would be 
 loaded with cattle, which did not tend to improve 
 their sanitary condition- to any great extent ; the 
 next day — without any policing — they would be 
 filled with barrels of sorghum molasses, a few of 
 which would be smashed ; and the next day fifty or 
 sixty Yankees would be crowded into each of them, 
 to be jumbled over a southern railroad a hundred 
 miles or more. 
 
 Ye who pursue pleasure in splendid coaches along 
 our northern railroads, think of this, and estimate 
 the luxury of a trip from Charleston to Columbia 
 under such circumstances. Our guard was the 
 Thirty- second Georgia Volunteers, to whom too 
 much credit cannot be given for their uniform kind- 
 ness and courtesy. 
 
 The Georgia troops seemed to be by far the most 
 
170 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 civil and gentlemanly of the southern array. They 
 were the most respectable in appearance, most in- 
 telligent and liberal in conversation, and most fully 
 recognized the principle that a man is a man under 
 whatever circumstances he may be placed, and is 
 entitled to humane treatment. They very generally 
 addressed the prisoners as "gentlemen." 
 
 It is refreshing to find occasion to notice some- 
 thing commendable in those who were so almost uni- 
 versally tyrannical and cruel. 
 
 Onr journey was marked with no features of 
 peculiar interest, as the country through which we 
 passed was a barren and sandy tract, with no vegeta- 
 tion to meet the weary eye, save occasionally a small 
 patch of cotton, and sometimes sugar-cane growing 
 by the roadside. 
 
 "We were about fourteen hours on the way, and 
 arrived at Columbia, in the midst of a terrific rain- 
 storm, without food, blankets, or a necessary amount 
 of clothing. We were compelled to vacate onr 
 quarters in the cars, and take up with such as were 
 provided us by the Confederate officers in command, 
 to wit : none at all. 
 
 We were closely guarded, and one of our number, 
 Lieutenant H. L. Clark, Second Massachusetts Artil- 
 lery, received a serious wound in the back by a 
 bayonet in the hands of one of the sentinels, for at- 
 tempting to take a small loaf of bread offered him by 
 a sympathizing citizen. 
 
 We remained in an open field on " Bridge street " 
 during the night, suffering from hunger, without 
 blankets, tents, or any conveniences for comfort, at 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 171 
 
 the mercy of the elements, with four pieces of artil- 
 lery trained upon the ground which we occupied. 
 
 It was just before this that Alexander H. Ste- 
 phens, their Yice-President, inaugurated his peace 
 movement, and the Rebels expressed great anxiety 
 for a knowledge of the result. They were auxious 
 for peace, and hoped the movement would terminate 
 in a settlement of their difficulties on a basis satis- 
 factory to the interests of the southern people. Ever 
 loud-mouthed and boastful, they still had misgivings 
 as to the result, and eagerly caught at any prospect 
 of a settlement, 
 
 COLUMBIA. 
 
 This capital city of the first State to raise the 
 dark hand of treason against the American Union, 
 has a population of from twenty to thirty thousand 
 inhabitants, and is one of the finest in the South. It 
 is handsomely situated on the Congaree river, one 
 hundred and twenty-five miles from the sea, covering 
 a gentle slope of ground which overlooks the sur- 
 rounding country for a distance of from twenty to 
 thirty miles, and it is equidistant from Charleston 
 and Wilmington, North Carolina, on the line of the 
 South- Carol in a Central Railroad. 
 
 It is regularly laid out, its streets crossing each 
 other at right angles ; some are wide and planted with 
 handsome trees, among which are found the Palmetto, 
 which is familiar to all, as it was represented upon 
 the first flag raised as a signal of war in opposition to 
 the laws of our country. 
 
 Except in the busy, commercial parts of the town, 
 the houses are surrounded with gardens, crowded 
 
1*72 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 with shrubs and flowers of all kinds ; each establish- 
 ment being generally encircled with hedges of haw- 
 thorn, interspersed with a luxuriant growth of roses. 
 
 The dwellings, which stand amid those beautiful 
 pleasure-grounds, are built of many different forms. 
 Those of wood are usually painted white. 
 
 To the Southerner, this lovely place, during the 
 war, has been one of perfect safety. It being the 
 farthest of any from the lines of our advancing 
 armies, and free from attack by our ever-watchful 
 navy, many have flocked here from all parts of the 
 Confederacy, where they might be beyond the reach 
 of the dread sounds of war. 
 
 The Confederate government, influenced by the 
 thought of impending danger, moved its treasury 
 from the city of Richmond to this place, fearing that 
 the Union army might make an inroad into its capital, 
 and destroy its worthless currency. 
 
 The public buildings are of magnificent structure. 
 The Capitol, or State House, occupies a commanding 
 position near the entrance of the town. The grounds 
 adjoining are adorned with beautiful walks and 
 avenues. 
 
 The military academy, court house, and its church 
 edifices are built in splendid style. "With all the 
 beauty and magnificence combined to make these 
 buildings grand to look upon, there yet remains con- 
 nected with their history the memory of the dark 
 deeds perpetrated within their walls, which resulted 
 in the secession of the Palmetto State from our great 
 and glorious Union. Here it was that the first steps 
 were taken, which placed South Carolina foremost in 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 173 
 
 the ranks of those States which afterwards adopted 
 the ordinance of secession. 
 
 Although cooperation had been urged by many 
 leading men of the South, among whom were Mr. 
 Rhett, long conspicuous in the councils of the State, 
 and Mr. Trenholm, afterwards a member of the Con- 
 federate cabinet, yet the fiery devotees of slavery 
 forced their opinions,' and controlled the public feel- 
 ing, until a convention was called, which met on the 
 twentieth of December, 1860, when South Carolina 
 launched forth upon a sea, above whose tranquil 
 bosom brooded a pent-up storm, dark and tremen- 
 dous, which, when it burst forth from its deathly 
 silence, drenched her soil with the blood of her own 
 sons, and scathed and blackened her as with fire from 
 heaven, carried all away who had embarked upon its 
 alluring surface, and dashed in one final wreck the 
 frail structure upon which this unrighteous and unjust 
 government was to have been formed. 
 
 She entered upon a struggle which has devastated 
 her lovely fields and finest cities, depopulated many 
 of her most flourishing towns, and reduced her in- 
 habitants to poverty, degradation, and despair. 
 
 By this deed, thousands of America's honored 
 sons, while battling nobly for the maintenance of 
 right, have been sacrificed — making the fields of the 
 South run red with blood. 
 
 But it has terminated in the complete overthrow 
 of the foundation upon which these southern leaders 
 attempted to rear their government, and in the de- 
 struction of that evil which had so long stained our 
 nation's honor. Oh, Columbia! the pride of the 
 
174 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 South, thou hast passed through the fierce and bloody 
 struggle without sharing in the general ruin which 
 follows the footsteps of war. Although many of 
 your hearth-stones have been made desolate, your 
 beauty and magnificence yet remain. 
 
 May your people profit by the sad lot of other 
 cities, and no longer invite destruction by fanning 
 the flames of treason, and urging its cruel champions 
 onward. 
 
 As soon as the storm had abated, which raged 
 violently from the time we reached Columbia, corn- 
 meal and sorghum molasses were issued to us in small 
 quantities, and then we were moved from our camp 
 on Bridge street to the south side of the Congaree, 
 about two miles from the city, and, like Nebuchad- 
 nezzar of old, turned out to grass. 
 
 Sorghum cane grows in large quantities in South 
 Carolina, and from it a kind of molasses is made 
 which entirely outdoes the blackest and dirtiest cane 
 sirup. Corn-meal cakes and sorghum molasses will 
 act as a cathartic on the strongest stomach, and 
 to one already afflicted with chronic diarrhoea they 
 were about as nourishing as a steady diet of epsom 
 salts. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 175 
 
 CHAPTEK XII. 
 
 COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA " CAMP SORGHUM." 
 
 An attempt was made yesterday by the authorities 
 to persuade us to take our paroles, in order that we 
 might enjoy the privileges of an open field. We 
 were threatened with confinement in some old tobacco 
 houses, in case we did not comply with their wishes ; 
 but we sternly refused to accept their base proposi- 
 tion, and utterly disregarded their threats, knowing 
 that our condition could be made no worse by the 
 change. 
 
 It may seem strange to some that these paroles 
 were not accepted. Our reasons for not accepting 
 them were these : 1st. They prevented our escaping, 
 and this was the thought nearest our hearts. 2d. "We 
 thought the punishment threatened rather more en- 
 durable than our condition when not under punish- 
 ment. 
 
 They stated that they would confine us in some 
 old tobacco houses, if we did not comply. Now, we 
 considered confinement in any kind of a building 
 more desirable than lying on the ground, without 
 covering, during the damp chilly nights, exposed to 
 the wind and storm. 
 
 For some reason unknown to us, we were not re- 
 moved from this place into the tobacco houses, but a 
 
176 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 guard and " dead-line " were established ; and in the 
 open field, with no covering save the broad canopy 
 of heaven, our band, numbering upwards of fifteen 
 hundred men, was obliged to remain. 
 
 After many unsuccessful attempts to get a news- 
 paper, I at last, by bribing one of our guards, 
 secured a copy of the " South Carolinian," a weekly 
 sheet published in the city, from which I learned 
 the position of the Union army under the gallant 
 Sherman. 
 
 , A DAY OF JOY. 
 
 October 8. — This day was one of joy and thanks- 
 giving. Our hearts were made glad, and our hopes 
 brighter, by the receipt of clothing, and many other 
 articles of comfort, sent to us from the North by that 
 ever-beneficent organization, the Sanitary Commis- 
 sion. 
 
 Those of our number who were the most needy 
 were supplied with such articles as the authorities 
 saw fit to allow them, which to some degree alle- 
 viated their sufferings, and made life somewhat 
 sweeter. It was my happy lot to get a towel and 
 an undershirt. The last-mentioned article was of 
 great value to me, as more than three months had 
 passed since I had had a change. Notwithstanding 
 the distribution of clothing, many were without 
 shoes, stockings, shirts, and coats — dying by inches 
 for want of some protection from the inclement 
 weather. 
 
 October 16. — Our Prison Pen had been remarka- 
 bly quiet for six or eight days, nothing having 
 transpired among the prisoners to cause any ex- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. l^f 
 
 citement, and we were fast falling into a state of 
 despondency, when, in view of the approaching 
 presidential election, it was suggested that we vote 
 upon the subject ourselves. The idea was approved 
 by most of our number, as it was also by the Rebels ; 
 for they wished to get an expression of the prevail- 
 ing sentiment among us, that they might the better 
 judge of the feeling that pervaded the people of 
 the North. There were men among us from every 
 State in the Union, and they naturally inferred that 
 a vote in our camp would be an index of the vote 
 at the North. Accordingly they urged the thing 
 on, and promised to publish the result in the city 
 papers, — though when they saw what the conclusion 
 was, they hastily changed their minds, and no men- 
 tion was made of our experimental election. 
 
 Many warm and even violent discussions had 
 taken place for a number of days among the prison- 
 ers, and political spirit ran so high that they could 
 not wait till election day. The vote was taken by 
 States at the quarters of the senior officer of each 
 State, and the results sent in to the general office. 
 Written ballots were used, which were handed to the 
 officer, and by him deposited in an old meal-bag, 
 which served as a ballot-box. A bulletin-board and 
 telegraph-office were established, and sham telegrams 
 were published from the different States. 
 
 I cast my vote for Abraham Lincoln, as did my 
 messmates, Hampton and Richardson, deeply regret- 
 ting that it was my misfortune to be denied the privi- 
 lege of doing; so where it might be of some service. At 
 six o'clock p. m. the counting was finished, the result 
 
178 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 being ten hundred and twenty-four votes for Lincoln, 
 and one hundred and forty-three for McClellan. 
 
 This was the expression of feeling and opinion 
 among men who had been deprived of all the com- 
 mon comforts of life, half starved, with nothing but 
 dirty rags hanging to their emaciated limbs to protect 
 their bodies from the cold, wasting away by hunger 
 and exposure, yet would not favor a peace degrading 
 to their country's honor. 
 
 Cheer upon cheer arose from the prisoners 
 and resounded through our prison yard, upon the 
 announcement, making the McClellanites, who had 
 been very confident of the success of their candidate, 
 look crest-fallen and disappointed. 
 
 The Confederates understood the significance of 
 the re-election of Mr. Lincoln full well. They 
 knew it would be impossible to free themselves from 
 the serpent into whose coils they had been drawn ; 
 but that they must fight for a cause that originated 
 in sin, that was nurtured in iniquity, and that must 
 perish in infamy and disgrace. 
 
 The Rebel officers had continually misrepresented 
 the Federal administration to the prisoners ; and as we 
 had no means by which to refute the arguments of these 
 wily secessionists, except the firm confidence in our 
 government, our souls were filled with joy and glad- 
 ness by this favorable result of our impromptu election. 
 
 " The song of war shall echo through the mountains 
 Till not one hateful lick remains 
 Of slavery's lingering chains ; 
 Till not one tyrant treads our plains, 
 Nor traitor lips pollute our fountains." 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 179 
 
 October 18. — Our camp was to-day thrown into 
 a state of wild excitement, owing to the escape of 
 three prisoners, who ran the guard and made towards 
 " God's country." Several shots were fired at them 
 as they passed the outer line, but without doing 
 them any injury, and they passed out in safety. 
 The entire guard was aroused. The men flew to 
 arms, the artillerymen to their guns. The Rebel 
 officers, calling loudly to the guard to fall in, could 
 be distinctly heard at my quarters, making me 
 tremble for the fate of the brave men who, risking 
 life, were trying to make their escape from this den 
 of misery. After the occurrence of this affair, our 
 guard was doubled, and orders given to the senti- 
 nels, to shoot down every prisoner who should in 
 any manner approach the " dead-line." This action 
 on the part of the Confederates did not, however, 
 intimidate us in the least ; for we well knew, if com- 
 pelled to remain there, in the condition we were 
 then in, that death would surely overtake us ; and to 
 die in the attempt to free ourselves from the grasp of 
 heartless tyrants would be no worse than starvation. 
 
 My plan for escape wa8 not in the least discon- 
 certed by this movement of the Rebels ; on the con- 
 trary, my determination to be free was more fixed in 
 my mind, and I continued the preparations for a 
 leave-taking of Columbia and the hated Prison Pen, 
 " Camp Sorghum." 
 
 After two days had passed^ and no tidings were 
 received from our friends, we began to feel that they 
 must have escaped the vigilance of Rebel search. 
 There was general rejoicing at their escape, and we 
 
180 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 worked ourselves into a state of feverish excitement 
 over their success in passing the " dead-line." Our 
 physical debility rendered us more intensely suscepti- 
 ble to excitement, and yet there is something about 
 watching the progress of an escape from prison that 
 will excite the most unimpassioned. 
 
 We looked upon their success as an index of what 
 our own might be, should we make a similar attempt. 
 And beside this, I trust we had higher motives to 
 awaken interest. Although often reprehensibly self- 
 ish in matters that did not materially affect their 
 lives and safety, our soldiers could still rejoice as 
 thoroughly at the successful escape of a fellow-pris- 
 oner as though the good fortune had been their own. 
 Many prayers were offered that a kind Providence 
 would guide them safely through darkness and doubt 
 to the Federal lines, and the most enthusiastic ex- 
 pressions of joy were manifested by all who had 
 strength to rejoice. 
 
 The jubilation was undoubtedly somewhat quick- 
 ened by the satisfaction it afforded us to know that 
 the Rebel guards had been out-witted, and that 
 Yankees could make their way through the heart of 
 the Confederacy without being recaptured. 
 
 But our gratulations were brought to a melan- 
 choly sequel. It seemed that for every prisoner who 
 escaped to safety, some comrade must be sacrificed of 
 those who remained. There came, in the midst of our 
 rejoicings, the sad and whispered intelligence, a pris- 
 oner shot. 
 
 Lieutenant Young, of the Fourth Pennsylvania 
 Cavalry, was shot down in cold blood, by one of the 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 181 
 
 sentinels, while conversing with some fellow-officers, 
 near a small fire. He only survived the shot a few 
 moments. This occurred about ten o'clock on the 
 evening of October twentieth. 
 
 No reason for this atrocity was apparent, and none 
 was offered by our guards. It was another added to 
 the already long list of cruel, heartless murders per- 
 petrated in southern prisons. We were overcome 
 with grief at the report, for Lieutenant Young was a 
 brave man, a fine officer, a pleasant companion, and 
 withal, had for a long time been a suffering friend. 
 
 Thus another noble spirit was ushered into the 
 presence of its Maker, sent thither by the brutal hand 
 of a murderer. 
 
 Were they men, and suffer such conduct? had 
 they been taught the principles of love and justice, 
 which are given to all in the great Book of Books ? 
 had they any sense of humanity in their bosoms? 
 !No, the foul fiend of darkness possessed and influ- 
 enced their thoughts. ISTot satisfied with depriving 
 men of the necessary food to sustain life, they shot 
 down our defenceless comrades like dogs, without a 
 shudder at the heinousness of the crime. 
 
 How long, oh God ! how long will such fearful 
 atrocities be allowed ? 
 
 LONG LITE THE DUTCHMAN. 
 A German captain was sent by the authorities, 
 not long since, to take command of the prison. He 
 was a pompous individual, and did things generally 
 on the " spread-eagle " style. 
 
 As soon as he arrived, we were ordered into line 
 to listen to a speech from the new commandant. 
 8 
 
182 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Everything was conducted with accurate regard to 
 military precision, and just at the right moment our 
 Teutonic orator stepped forward, and delivered the 
 following oration : — 
 
 " Shentlemens, — I comes to take command of you. 
 I've been a brisoner mein selif. Your peoples treats 
 me like shentlemens, — I treats you like shentlemens. 
 Break ranks ! March ! ! " 
 
 There was a general burst of laughter among the 
 prisoners, and cries of " Long live the Dutchman." 
 A few days after he got drunk and was removed, and 
 thus our hopes of making game of the Dutchman 
 came to an unseemly end. 
 
 From the time we left Charleston the weather had 
 been exceedingly cold and disagreeable, and no 
 tongue can tell or pen describe the sufferings of the 
 brave men confined there. The want of clothing 
 made their bodies more susceptible to cold, and many 
 were dying daily of diseases contracted from exposure 
 to the sun and storm, and from a constant diet of 
 coarse and unwholesome food. 
 
 THOUGHTS OF HOME. 
 
 Under such circumstances it was our custom to lie 
 down after taking our night's meal, not to sleep, but 
 to talk over the incidents of our boyhood days, and 
 the events of our lives. Thoughts of home, and the 
 friends gathered around loved firesides, came crowd- 
 ing upon us ; memory dwelt with clinging interest on 
 scenes that might never be repeated ; imagination 
 feasted herself on pictures that might never prove a 
 reality, and thus the long night was wearied through 
 until the stars were growing dim in the light of ap- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 183 
 
 proaching day, when we sought that rest which our 
 exhausted systems so much needed. 
 
 There were but few persons among us who had 
 ever been compelled to suffer such privations and 
 hardships. Most of them, before entering the army, 
 had been clerks behind the counter, students at 
 school, or well-to-do mechanics. Some were soldiers 
 by profession, and many were sons of wealthy men, 
 who had never known anything but pleasure, and 
 had always taken life easy. But all, through the 
 common impulses of their natures, and the patriotism 
 ever burning in the loyal American heart, had offered 
 their services to their bleeding and distracted country, 
 to assist in subduing the element of discontent at. the 
 South, and the foulest and most unwarrantable rebel- 
 lion against just and proper authority, ever known 
 within the annals of time. 
 
 As to their fate, many were thoughtless and indif- 
 ferent, some were distrustful of our Government and 
 its intentions to liberate them ; but few were without 
 hope of approaching succor, and depending upon the 
 mercies of an all-wise and overruling Providence, we 
 made the best of our miserable condition. 
 
 I did not intend to remain in " durance vile " a great 
 while longer ; but upon the first favorable opportu- 
 nity to take my flight, with some one or two of my 
 friends, if they chose to go with me ; if not, I should 
 make the effort alone. I did not think any of my 
 companions would refuse an offer to accompany me, if 
 I should propose a plan which presented any chances 
 of success. I kept my own counsel, however, and 
 when the time should arrive, I would cautiously make 
 
184 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 my intentions known to those I wished to have accom- 
 pany me, and then set out together. As the days 
 came and went, our sufferings increased. 
 
 The season being far advanced, the cold night air 
 chilled us through, and the stars, from their lofty sta- 
 tions in the heavens shone upon us clear and cold, 
 while the moon reflected its pale, silvery light upon 
 our palid faces, making us look doubly haggard and 
 ghost-like. 
 
 TAKING PAROLES. 
 
 The prison authorities adopted a rule of allowing 
 a certain number each day to pass outside the prison 
 limits, for the purpose of backing in such quantities 
 of wood as we could carry. This privilege was grant- 
 ed to such as would give their paroles not to attempt 
 an escape. 
 
 The following was the nature of the parole issued : 
 
 Confederate States Military Prison, ) 
 Columbia, S. C, October — , 1864. ) 
 I, , prisoner of war, confined near the'city of Colum- 
 bia, S. 0., Confederate States of America, do pledge my parole, 
 as a military man, and a man of honor, that I will not attempt to 
 escape from the prison authorities, nor pass beyond the prison 
 limits more than three quarters of a mile, and that at the expi- 
 ration of the time named in the parole, I will return promptly 
 to the adjutant's office and have the same revoked. 
 
 It is understood by me that this parole is voluntary on my 
 part, and that it is given with a view to securing privileges 
 which cannot otherwise be obtained. 
 
 (Signed) - — . 
 
 Many accepted the offer, and went out to bring in 
 what they could pick up in the shape of dry twigs, 
 broken branches of trees and bark. It was a sad 
 
AND THE ESCAPE, 1 85 
 
 sight to see us filing along under guard, picking up 
 what we could cany, and returning with our loads 
 upon our backs. 
 
 Some of the men were so weak that they became 
 as helpless as a child, and had to be carried back to 
 camp in a state of utter exhaustion and insensibility. 
 In trying to help themselves, they overtaxed their 
 remaining strength, which brought on fevers and 
 delirium, from the effects of which many died. 
 
 I profited, however, by the arrangement ; for not 
 only a sufficient quantity of wood was procured to 
 last me and my mess two days, but in carefully exam- 
 ining the plan of our pen, and the system by which it 
 was guarded, I obtained and added to my small store 
 of knowledge much valuable information concerning: 
 the surrounding country. All of which, at some future 
 day, then not far distant, would be made serviceable. 
 
 I was not by any means the only one to profit by 
 these explorations. Others, as much on the alert as 
 myself for adventure, conceived plans whereby they 
 effected an escape ; but unfortunately, after a few days 
 had passed, were generally recaptured and thrown 
 into county jails. 
 
 They had the satisfaction, during their absence, of 
 getting some corn-bread and bacon of the faithful ne- 
 groes, out of which they could make at least a few 
 good meals ; and this alone was enough to compen- 
 sate for the attempt. 
 
 Every soldier knows that the times when he suc- 
 ceeded in getting "good square meals," as they were 
 called, were epochs in his military history, — so much 
 are men the slaves of their wants. 
 
186 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 My old shoes being badly worn, I took them to 
 the " camp cobbler " to be repaired. He gave me 
 no encouragement, but said they were past redemp- 
 tion, and could not be improved. 
 
 How could I travel barefoot through the hot buru- 
 ing sand of the highway, the stone-covered fields, or 
 the deary swamps ? I must have some covering for 
 my feet, and at once set about preparing something 
 myself. 
 
 By dint of good luck, I obtained the rim of an 
 old worn-out regulation hat, from which I cut some 
 inner soles, and by tying the outer sole to the uppers 
 with a piece of cord, made them appear no worse, 
 and added largely to their worth and durability ; thus 
 my feet were protected from the heat and cold. 
 
 In making an escape it is absolutely necessary 
 that there be suitable protection for the feet, and even 
 under the most destitute circumstances all such con- 
 tingencies had to be provided for. 
 
 During the last two weeks of my stay at Colum- 
 bia the nights had become so cold that we did not 
 think of lying down, but would walk around the 
 camp for the purpose of keeping the blood in circu- 
 lation to prevent chilling. 
 
 When the sun rose in the morning, and not till 
 then, would we stretch ourselves on the ground to 
 sleep, the heat from its rays warming us and keeping 
 us warmed while locked in the arms of Morpheus. 
 We literally turned night into day and day into 
 night. Those who have lived in northern latitudes 
 know how disagreeable it is to be so situated as to be 
 obliged to exercise continually in order to keep from 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 187 
 
 chilling. It may be endurable for a few hours, 
 but one after a time becomes weary of it. But 
 our lack of clothing was such that we had to be on 
 the alert during the whole night, — and that night 
 after night. 
 
 November 8, 1864. — This eventful day was one of 
 intense excitement and anxiety with us, as it was to 
 decide who should be our chief magistrate for the 
 next four years. We felt satisfied that the election 
 would result in retaining Mr. Lincoln, our then re- 
 spected President, in the chair which for the past 
 four years he had filled with so much credit to him- 
 self and honor to the nation ; and yet an almost 
 certain election has its excitement, and the certainty 
 cannot be an absolute certainty until the last vote is 
 cast. We would rather have known the result than 
 believed it. 
 
 EXCHANGE RUMORS. 
 
 We were also notified by the prison authorities 
 that a general exchange of prisoners would take 
 place on the twentieth. Captain Hatch, the Rebel 
 commissioner of exchange, was there ; and it was ru- 
 mored about camp that a large portion of our num- 
 ber would be taken to Savannah immediately, causing 
 great excitement. The " fresh fish," especially, were 
 in excellent humor over what they styled glorious 
 good news. The old prisoners were not inclined, 
 however, to be very jubilant over the announcement, 
 as they had many times before been duped and de- 
 ceived by the practical infamy of the Confederates. 
 And it was very well that we put no faith in such 
 loose reports, for at this time, as on many other occa- 
 
188 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 sions when such rumors were circulated, nothing 
 official had been received. 
 
 " Hope comes ngain to the heart, long a stranger ; 
 Once more she sings me her flattering strain ; 
 But hush, gentle siren ! for, ah ! there's less danger 
 Iu still suffering on than in hoping again." 
 
 The Rebels always took advantage of the natural 
 despondency following so much excitement, to en- 
 deavor to persuade the prisoners to believe that our 
 government cared nothing for our sufferings, and 
 would use every other means at their command to 
 cause us to lose confidence in the Federal author- 
 ities and the commanding officers of our army. 
 They miserably failed, however, in their endeavors to 
 extinguish the fire of patriotism burning in our 
 bosoms, by such contemptible misrepresentations, and 
 only added to the bitter hate in which we looked 
 upon these vile traitors and inhuman wretches who 
 guarded and starved us. 
 
 CAUGHT BY HOUNDS. 
 
 Many of the recently escaped prisoners were 
 brought back to us about these times, most of whom 
 were caught by hounds. Lieutenant Parker was so 
 lacerated that he died the next day after his capture. 
 On the fourth inst., Lieutenant J. Clement, of the 
 Fifteenth Kentucky Cavalry, was captured by a 
 Rebel living but a short distance from Chapel's 
 Ferry, South Carolina. After he had surrendered 
 the dogs were let loose on him ; and thus he was so 
 seriously injured as to be disabled for a long time. 
 
 I should have made my escape on the fourth, had 
 
I' ■■ ^ ^wTii^is, 
 
o 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 191 
 
 not my health been so delicate that I could not have 
 walked out of camp, even had the road been clear. 
 I had been suffering very much from camp diseases, 
 and was so weak as to be unable to walk without the 
 aid of a friend, 
 
 Near the twelfth of November rumors reached us 
 that General Sherman had left Atlanta, and was 
 moving through Georgia in three columns. It was 
 currently reported that he would occupy Augusta, 
 Macon, and Savannah. The "great general's " move- 
 ments were but little understood by the Rebels ; they 
 were considerably alarmed, and began concentrating 
 their forces at Augusta. 
 
 DRAWING MEAT RATIONS. 
 
 About this time quite an amusing scene enlivened 
 our camp. An old wild hog chanced to pass the 
 guard line ; and as soon as he came within range of 
 the prisoners, a general advance was made and he was 
 ours. But a few moments elapsed after his entrance 
 among us before no traces of his carcass could be 
 found. From four to five hundred half-starved men 
 gave him a most hearty welcome. "He was a 
 stranger and they took him in," in more senses than 
 one. One seized a leg, another an ear, and another 
 his tail ; and as many as his dusky exterior would 
 accommodate twisted their skinny fingers into his 
 long, arrowy bristles, and closed their hands and eyes 
 and teeth as if for a death-struggle. There was 
 tumbling and tripping and pushing and yelling and 
 swearing, while the Rebel guards, at a " parade rest," 
 were laughing heartily at the ridiculous scene. 
 
192 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Every man clung to the part lie first seized, and 
 that part was to be his portion. Richardson was the 
 first to seize a hind leg, and this leg he clung to 
 through all the melee like grim death to his victim, 
 and did not relinquish his hold until it was cut off 
 and securely lodged in the mess kettle for supper. 
 
 Our guest was not " the fattest hog in Epicurus' 
 sty," but we were in no condition to make a point of 
 quality, and thankfully struggled for steaks that 
 " would not fry themselves." 
 
 This was the first and only ration of meat issued 
 to us while at Columbia, and this — no thanks to the 
 Rebels — very foolishly issued itself. 
 
 It would have been useless for the prison authori- 
 ties to try to deprive us of this well-earned booty, for 
 in less than five minutes after the first salute it would 
 have been impossible to find enough of the grunting 
 porker to grease a skillet. 
 
 " When the black hog was seen on a run through the camp 
 
 Each soldier forgot his starvation and cramp ; — 
 
 The grunts of the hog and his running were vain — 
 
 His form will ne'er darken that camp-ground again." 
 
 The Wandering Poet of New Hampshire. 
 
 Sherman's march to the sea. 
 A few days confirmed the rumors that had been 
 floating with regard to Sherman's movements. It 
 came to be generally understood that he was march- 
 ing on Augusta, Macon, and Savannah. These re- 
 ports had the usual effects — of depressing the Rebels, 
 and inspiring the prisoners with hope. Many at- 
 tempts to escape were made at this time — with vary- 
 ing success. Several shots were fired into the pen by 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 193 
 
 the sentinels, and one prisoner had his arm blown off 
 in an attempt to run the guard. 
 
 On the twenty third, Lieutenant George R. Barse, 
 Fifth Michigan Cavalry, of whom previous mention 
 has been made, escaped by strategy while the prisoners 
 were passing out on parole after wood. The officer 
 of the guard had taken position without the guard- 
 line, where he had a battalion of men in readiness to 
 send to the woods with the paroled prisoners, allow- 
 ing several to go at a time, and proportioning the 
 number of guards to the size of the squad. As each 
 party arrives near the " dead-line,' 1 one of the number 
 manifests a desire to pass out, at the same time ex- 
 hibiting a paper with signatures attached to a writ- 
 ten parole. The officer of the guard then beckons to 
 the sentinel to permit them to cross the line, when he 
 takes their paroles and hands them to one of a certain 
 number of armed men, who are detailed to act as 
 their escort. Barse followed a squad that observed 
 all this necessary formality ; but the officer and guard 
 were none too bright ; and Lieutenant Barse went on, 
 rejoicing no doubt at his good fortune, until he 
 reached the woods, when he claimed that he was a 
 hospital steward, and had nothing to do with the 
 men, whom he had only chanced to walk out of camp 
 with. Luckily, there was no one present to contra- 
 dict his assertion, and, without further ceremony, he 
 marched off at his pleasure. 
 
 Great excitement prevailed just now over Sher- 
 man's terrific march through Georgia, which was just 
 beginning to develop itself. The Legislature removed 
 to Macon, and Governor Brown issued a proclama- 
 
194 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 tion ordering to the front every man capable of bear- 
 ing arms. 
 
 THANKSGIVING DAY 
 
 Brought us much to be thankful for, to be sure, but 
 little heart to enter into the celebration of such a day. 
 There was great suffering in camp on account of the 
 severity of the weather. We had heavy frosts fre- 
 quently, and many, having no blankets, were obliged 
 to find warmth in exercise. Hampton, Richardson, 
 and myself, possessed a small blanket each, but with 
 even these it was almost impossible to keep from 
 freezing. We sleep in the middle by turns, and this 
 privilege with us is a matter of the gravest import- 
 ance. So unpardonable was the offence of attempt- 
 ing to deprive one of his equal rights in this respect, 
 that many quarrels originated from no other cause. 
 In a case involving so much interest we did not trust 
 to memory, but, on turning out in the morning, 
 marked upon the ground the name of the individual 
 who was to have the choice of position at night. 
 This method was not resorted to until we found it to 
 be our only safe-guard against disputes. The one 
 who slept in the middle was usually quite comfort- 
 able, although his sphere of operations was rather 
 limited, for those on the outside naturally inclined to 
 crawl away from the chilly flanks towards the centre. 
 In this way we could get some sleep one night in 
 three, if not drowned out by a rain storm. 
 
 MUD BURROWS. 
 
 After waiting our turn for more than three weeks, 
 we at last succeeded in securing an old shovel, with 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 195 
 
 which we dug a cave in the ground large enough to 
 crawl into at night, and during storms. 
 
 There seemed no prospect of a general exchange, 
 and the prisoners were determined to make the best 
 of their miserable situation. So far as I was con- 
 cerned, it was not my intention to spend a single 
 night in this bear's den, if possible to effect an escape; 
 and yet we always thought it worth our while to be 
 prepared for the worst. 
 
 The greater part of the twenty-fifth was spent in 
 digging, and we accomplished as much during the 
 "long, weary day," as a first-class ditcher might have 
 done in an hour. I became tired of it, and fully re- 
 solved to make my escape on the twenty-sixth. Saw 
 friend Lemon, and proposed to him a plan by which 
 we could relieve " Camp Sorghum " from any further 
 care of our persons. We could not think of being 
 longer dependent on the bounty of our enemies, and 
 determined to strive for some advantage of situation 
 which would enable us to return their compliments. 
 
 PLAN OF ESCAPE. 
 
 It was customary to extend the guard-line in the 
 morning, for the purpose of allowing the prisoners 
 to pick up wood on a piece of timbered land just 
 opposite camp ; and it was our intention to take a 
 shovel, when permitted to pass to the woods, and 
 make a hole in the ground large enough to receive 
 our two skeletons, and have our friends cover us 
 with brush and leaves. Thus concealed, we hoped to 
 be left without camp when the guard should be with- 
 drawn. Should we succeed in escaping the vigilance 
 
196 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 of the sentinels, it was our purpose to strike for 
 Augusta, Georgia, feeling assured that General Sher- 
 man would soon occupy that place. Many preferred to 
 strike for Knoxville, Tennessee, considering that the 
 safer, though it was much the longer route to our 
 lines. Our course would incur more risk, but the 
 sooner bring us within the Federal camp. Indulging 
 these expectations, we lay down to rest. 
 
 On the morning of the twenty-sixth Hampton and 
 Richardson asked if we should continue work on our 
 " mud burrow." I replied that I should dig no more 
 holes in South Carolina ; that they need make no ar- 
 rangements in their mud house for me, as I did not 
 propose to have any futher use for subterranean cav- 
 erns. They looked at each other with a knowing 
 smile, doubtless thinking a temporary disgust had 
 come over me, which would soon wear away, and I 
 would again return to my quarters. Under the cir- 
 cumstances, I am disposed to pardon them. 
 
 Lemon and myself kept a careful lookout, anx- 
 iously waiting for the guard to be extended out into the 
 woods. But the morning was cold and rainy, and 
 the guard not caring to leave their snug tents along 
 the line of the encampment, we were left without 
 fires. 
 
 Thus our hopes were again blasted, and nothing 
 was left us but to make a bold strike, and pass the 
 guards by a plentiful exhibition of " brass." How 
 this was accomplished will be set forth in the next 
 chapter. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 197 
 
 CHAPTEE XIII. 
 
 THE ESCAPE FROM COLUMBIA.* 
 
 gust §nv. 
 
 Lexington Court House Road, near Columbia, S. C, ) 
 Saturday, November 26, 1864. ) 
 
 "While taking a stroll through " Camp Sorghum " 
 in the morning, for the purpose of finding a weak 
 point in the guard-line, I observed one of the guards 
 to be a stupid-looking fellow, and resolved to test his 
 abilities before he should be relieved perhaps by one of 
 brighter appearance. Accordingly I hastened in pur- 
 suit of Lieutenant M. W. Lemon, of the Fourteenth 
 New York Heavy Artillery, a man of courage and 
 enterprise, with whom I had decided to escape. I only 
 told him to meet me at a certain point, and be ready 
 to leave the pen, in three minutes. 
 
 No time was lost in packing, or checking our bag- 
 gage to any given point ; and we also deemed it un- 
 necessary to bid our friends good-by, or to thank the 
 proprietors for hospitalities received. 
 
 In an incredibly short time we were at the speci- 
 fied place of departure, and soon were passing the 
 " dead-line," as if that point possessed no further 
 
 * Written during the escape, while in the swamps and cotton 
 gins of South Carolina and Georgia, where we were often secret- 
 ly fed by the ever-faithful negroes. 
 
108 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 terror or interest to us, when the aforementioned 
 worthy brought his musket to hear upon me with an 
 uncomfortable precision, at the same time ordering a 
 halt. 
 
 ""Where are you going, Yanks? "he demanded; 
 but with an air of oifended dignity, I only said, " Do 
 you halt paroled prisoners here ? " His meek " No 
 Sir," was not yet lost in the distance, when I boldly 
 crossed the dreaded line, adding, " Then let the gen- 
 tleman in the rear follow me ; " and so we passed, 
 while the brilliant sentinel murmured, " All right." 
 
 And right it was ; for now we were free, breathing 
 the fresh air, untainted by the breath of hundreds of 
 famishing, diseased, and dying men. 
 
 Outside of the pen were numbers of paroled pris- 
 oners gathering wood, and Rebel guards strolling 
 about. We at once commenced discussing the most 
 favorable locality for obtaining brush with which to 
 cover our " mud-burrow," and thus conversing about 
 our domestic affairs, it was not long before we were 
 well into the woods, — the guards thinking, no doubt, 
 if they thought at all, that we had a right to be out with 
 the others on parole. Once well beyond the sight of 
 gray-coated sentinels, we put our long untried strength 
 to a test and placed a few miles between us and Camp 
 Sorghum hurriedly. There was not very much of 
 dignity in our departure, to be sure, — not to say grace 
 or beauty, — and it may be that there was something a 
 little suspicious in a certain looking over the shoulder, 
 that might have been observed as we sloped through 
 bushes and leaped over logs. Quite likely horse 
 thieves, when thwarted in their purposes have propel- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 199 
 
 led themselves from the scenes of their embarrass- 
 ments in a manner not remarkably dissimilar. It may 
 be that not very high-toned curs, in getting away from 
 the back-doors of butcher shops would find it conven- 
 ient to imitate us rather closely ; — and yet there was 
 something in this style of locomotion that seemed 
 peculiarly adapted to our circumstances, and we fell 
 into it instinctively, as it were. 
 
 We have never, as yet, to any great extent, had 
 occasion to regret our haste and want of dignity. 
 
 As soon as we had put sufficient distance between 
 ourselves and the Prison Pen to make leisure more 
 compatible with safety, we proceeded more slowly. 
 
 The country, outside of cities and villages, at the 
 South, is always so sparsely settled that, once on the 
 road, and no hounds upon the track, one can read- 
 ily find places of concealment. Of course, it was 
 policy for a time to make ourselves comparatively 
 scarce. We made a little progress, however, follow- 
 ing ravines and concealed places, and always avoiding 
 roads and openings. 
 
 Several times we encountered white people, but 
 succeeded in evading them. After sauntering along 
 until about two o'clock, we lay down to rest a while, 
 where we remained snugly concealed in thick bushes 
 until twilight, and, though weary and heavy with 
 sleep, we found but little repose, on account of the 
 excitement of our situation. It seemed as though 
 every crackling of twigs or rustling of leaves heralded 
 the approach of pursuers, and the sighing of the 
 breeze in the tall pines was the whistling for a pack 
 of blood-hounds. 
 
200 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 With the fall of night we were up and doing, and 
 soon struck the road leading to Lexington Court 
 House. Following this for some little time we heard 
 voices behind us, and slackened our pace to discover 
 whether they were negroes or white men. It is some- 
 times difficult to determine, as their manner of con- 
 versation is precisely alike in many portions of the 
 South. 
 
 When they were within ten or fifteen feet of us, 
 partly turning, I said, " A pleasant evening, gentle- 
 men." 
 
 This was intended to be equally applicable to both 
 whites and negroes, but the answer was equally in- 
 definite. One of them merely remarked, " Indeed it 
 is," and said no more. 
 
 We were rather led to believe they were white 
 men, and so quickened our step and left them some- 
 what behind. 
 
 As the distance increased, their conversation com- 
 menced again, and we heard one of them say, " I 
 reckon dey's Yankees." Another replied, " I hope 
 to God dey is." 
 
 This satisfied us that they were negroes, and we 
 turned round and met them. I asked, in a low 
 voice, " Do you know who I am ? " 
 
 " I reckon I dun no ye, Massa." 
 
 " Have you ever seen a Yankee \ " 
 
 " Lor' bless ye, Massa. I've seed right smart of a 
 heap ob 'em down to Colmnby." 
 
 "Do we look like Yankees % " 
 
 " Can't very well tell in de night-time ; but I 
 s'pect you talk like 'em." 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 201 
 
 ""Well, my good fellow, we are Yankees, just 
 escaped from Columbia. Can't you do something 
 for us?" 
 
 " Ob corse, I'll do all I can for you 'uns. I'se no 
 nigger if I wouldn't 'sist de Yankees." 
 
 Being satisfied that they were entirely trust- 
 worthy, we unfolded our plans to them. There were 
 three of them. They had been at Columbia, work- 
 ing on a new prison stockade, which the Rebels were 
 building for the reception of Federal prisoners. 
 Judging, however, that Sherman's movements might 
 make this labor useless, they had stopped work, and 
 sent the negroes to their masters. These three fel- 
 lows were the " property " of a Mr. Steadman, whose 
 plantation is situated some twenty-live miles south- 
 west of Columbia, on the road to Augusta. Thus we 
 were traveling in the same direction. 
 
 We stepped aside in the bushes to arrange a plan 
 of procedure, and after discussion of the subject, one 
 of their number, "Ben Steadman," agreed to become 
 
 OUR GUIDE, 
 
 while the other two were to travel by themselves. 
 This proved a wise arrangement in the end, for the 
 fact that there were only three of us together prob- 
 ably saved us from recapture, and " Ben" from detec- 
 tion and punishment. 
 
 Our guide decided to leave the main road, and 
 take a shorter cut to his master's plantation. It was 
 arranged that " Ben " should walk in advance some 
 little distance, and if he met any white men, give us 
 warning by a peculiar kind of cough — while we, on 
 
202 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 the other hand, were to give him notice of danger in 
 a similar manner. 
 
 After a tramp of two or three hours we struck a 
 " blind road," and, being assured by our guide that it 
 was never frequented by white men after dark, disre- 
 garded our first precaution, and walked carelessly 
 along, chatting vigorously with "Ben" upon those 
 subjects which most interested us. We had not pro- 
 ceeded far, however, before we were reminded of the 
 necessity of moving more cautiously. Our reminder 
 was none other than 
 
 A REBEL PICKET 
 
 of eight men, a little to the left of the road. For- 
 tunately for us but one of the number was awake. 
 Supposing that we were negroes, he allowed us to 
 approach until we were nearly opposite the picket 
 before the challenge, " Who comes there ? " was 
 given, and our guide answered, " Friends." Lemon 
 and myself could not see that anything would be 
 gained by a recapture, and so we fled down the road 
 at the top of our speed. This was the first test of our 
 fleetness since leaving the Prison Pen, and in justice 
 to Lemon, I am compelled to confess myself badly 
 beaten. I could not help saying, " Go in, Lemon," 
 nor avoid a suppressed laugh while straining every 
 nerve to overtake my rival in the race. 
 
 Meanwhile " Ben " was making a good story of it, 
 telling the picket that the other two darkies got 
 scared and ran away, adding, " I dun no what makes 
 dem niggers run so." 
 
 His story being corroborated by those who had 
 seen him leave the stockade with two other negroes, 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 203 
 
 lie was soon set at liberty, ready to do another good 
 turn when called for. 
 
 Expecting to be pursued, we soon concealed our- 
 selves behind a log near the roadside. After a little 
 a detachment of the picket passed by, escorting 
 " Ben " to the reserve ; he, in the meantime, narrat- 
 ing the adventures of the night, and denouncing 
 " dem two 'cowardly niggers " in good round terms. 
 
 After they had passed, we followed them cau- 
 tiously in the deep sand, until they came to a squad 
 of men sleeping and watching around a large fire. 
 Not being able to flank them, on account of swamps 
 which lay on either side of the road, we halted and 
 slept near them till morning. 
 
 While looking for a place of concealment, Lemon 
 and myself became separated, and not daring to 
 speak, crawled around nearly an hour before we 
 found each other. We had eaten nothing save a 
 small piece of corn-bread since leaving Columbia, 
 and had not dared to present ourselves before any 
 habitation; we hoped, however, to break our long 
 fast as soon as possible. 
 
 Isrcoub gag. 
 
 Near Barnwell Court House, ) 
 Sunday, November 27. ) 
 
 Soon after daylight the picket, near which we had 
 been sleeping, scattered in every direction, and went 
 to their homes. They were not regular soldiers, but 
 bushwhackers, who were on their plantations during 
 the day, and met at night to patrol and picket the 
 highways. 
 
204 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 This left the coast clear, and, breakfastless, we 
 began to pick our way through the swamp which lay 
 before us. Passing through it, we came into a roll- 
 ing, wooded country, and pushed on, taking the road 
 for a guide, but not daring to come nearer to it than 
 about a quarter of a mile. We found nothing to eat 
 but a few blueberries, not the best traveling diet in 
 the world, but thankfully received under the circum- 
 stances. About nine o'clock a. m. we crossed the 
 road with a view to putting possible pursuers off the 
 track. At eleven o'clock we came to a clearing, 
 and made our way to a barn near by ; but seeing a 
 planter standing by a fence across the field, we hastily 
 retraced our steps and got into the woods again. 
 Shortly after, we came to another open field, which 
 we crossed successfully. 
 
 About four o'clock in the afternoon we came to a 
 large plantation, and approaching within thirty or 
 forty rods of the building, we lay concealed in the 
 bushes. Here we tried to attract the attention of 
 negroes, but were unsuccessful. "While snugly en- 
 sconced behind a large fallen tree, a white woman 
 and several small children came riding down the road 
 on a mule, and passed within a few feet of us ; but we 
 hugged the ground closely, and were not observed. 
 
 OUR MUTE GUIDE. 
 
 "When night came, we cautiously crept on our way 
 along the side of the road, and abont nine o'clock 
 came to the junction of four roads, where we fortu- 
 nately found a friend in an old guide-board. 
 
 Jumping on my companion's shoulders, I was en- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 205 
 
 abled by the light of the moon to read the direction 
 and decide upon the course to be pursued. "We then 
 pushed on our way at a rapid pace until about two 
 o'clock a. m., when we lay down in the bushes near 
 the roadside to sleep. 
 
 Near Black Creek, S. C, ) 
 Monday, November 28. ) 
 
 We were awakened just before daybreak by the 
 villainous barking of a dog, and found ourselves but 
 a few rods from the plantation of Alexander Taylor. 
 The dog had attracted the attention of the people 
 towards our hiding-place, and as soon as a move was 
 made, we were observed. Running, I knew, would be 
 useless, as I could see the planter's wife looking at us. 
 
 My companion preferred remaining at a safe dis- 
 tance from his dogship, while I approached the ladies, 
 who were already assembled near; and after learning 
 there were no white men on the plantation, I frankly 
 stated my case, and appealed to their sympathies for 
 something to eat. They were at first unwilling to 
 grant me any assistance. Mrs. Taylor said that her 
 husband was in the Confederate army, that her heart 
 was with the southern people, and further, that she 
 thought it wrong for her to aid a Yankee in making 
 his escape. I then addressed to her a brie'f speech, 
 resembling, in many respects, the story of the old 
 unfortunate hero Ulysses to the goddess Calypso, in 
 which I recounted, in pitiful terms, my misfortunes, 
 and my disappointment should I fail of reaching 
 General Sherman's lines. 
 
206 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 I made no gestures, struck no attitudes, and used 
 none of the enticements of rhetoric, but simply made 
 a direct appeal to her benevolent feelings ; and this, 
 aided by my forlorn and destitute condition, won her 
 sympathies. The kind-hearted lady remarked that 
 she " would see what could be done for us," and, 
 going into the house, she returned with a generous 
 supply of corn-bread, bacon, and sweet potatoes. 
 
 After receiving a promise from the ladies that 
 they would not betray us, I promised Mrs. Taylor 
 that if ever her husband came into Yankee hands, and 
 it was in my power, I would see that no harm befell 
 him ; and this promise I would have kept, even at 
 the expense of my own life. The rations were soon 
 hurried into my haversack, and after again thanking 
 my benefactress for her kindness, I returned to my 
 companion, when we hastened off to a thicket in the 
 forest, built a pine-knot fire, roasted our potatoes, 
 and made a "royal breakfast." Oh, ye who sleep 
 on beds of down, in your curtained chambers, and 
 rise at your leisure to feast upon the good things 
 provided, smile not when I say that you never knew 
 the luxury of a night of rest, nor the sweets of a meal 
 seasoned by hunger, with the grateful remembrance 
 that it was provided by woman's kindly heart, 
 which, wherever it may beat, sooner or later responds 
 to the tale of misfortune, which, alas ! is too often 
 told by suffering humanity. 
 
 A bath in a stream near by, with the washing of 
 our stockings, completed the toilet of the morning, 
 and we were glad to seek rest, being weary, weak, 
 and sore, the result of violent walking. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 207 
 
 After resting all day, we roasted more potatoes at 
 night, and putting our feet to the smoldering embers, 
 again lay down to sleep. It was our purpose to 
 awaken at eleven o'clock and pursue our journey, 
 but we were so much exhausted by walking and ex- 
 posure, that sleep entirely overpowered us, and the 
 night was far spent before we again awoke. We 
 were soon on our way, however, endeavoring to re- 
 deem lost time. 
 
 Near the Nortti Edisto River, S. C, 
 Tuesdav. November '29. 
 
 I 
 
 We reached Black Creek this morning just before 
 daybreak, and, while crossing the bridge over said 
 stream, met a negro on his way to work, who 
 gladly turned back and conducted us to a hut for 
 safe-keeping during the day. 
 
 This hut, familiarly known throughout the neigh- 
 borhood as 
 
 AUNT KATY'S, 
 
 was the general rendezvous of all in want of assist- 
 ance. The good old soul cheerfully roused lrom 
 her morning slumbers, when she learned that Yan- 
 kees were at the door awaiting her attention. We 
 were welcomed with a hearty " God bless ye, Massa," 
 and, while she made preparations for our '' creature 
 comforts," a little boy was sent to ask in her dusky 
 neighbors, that they might " rejoice with her " over 
 the good fortune of having an opportunity to aid 
 friends in escaping from a common enemy. In an 
 incredibly short space of time the entire colored pop- 
 ulation of the plantation were assembled. 
 
208 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 To exhibit their deep religious interest in our 
 welfare, 
 
 A PRAYER-MEETING 
 
 was improvised for our especial benefit, and they 
 conducted it in a manner both creditable to them- 
 selves and amusing as well as interesting to us. The 
 burden of their petitions was, that all the prisoners 
 held by the Rebels might make a general exodus and 
 reach the Yankee lines in safety ; that we, in par- 
 ticular, might succeed in making our escape ; that 
 our armies might speedily conquer the whole of 
 Secessia, liberate the slaves, and take possession of 
 the land. 
 
 "uncle zeb's prayer" 
 
 was perhaps the most characteristic, and once, heard, 
 could never be forgotten. He appeared to be a ruling 
 spirit in the party, and by common consent, led off as 
 follows : 
 
 " O Lor' God A'mighty ! we is your chil'en, and 
 'spects you to hear us widout delay, — cause we all 
 is in right smart ob a hurry. Dese yer gemmen has 
 rund away from de seceshers and wants to git back 
 to de Norf. Dey hasn't got time for to wait. Ef 
 it is 'kording to de des'nation ob great Heben to 
 help 'em, it '11 be 'bout necessary for de help to come 
 right soon. 
 
 " De hounds and cle Rebels is on dar track. 
 Take de smell out ob de dog's noses, O Lor' ! and 
 let 'Gypshun darkness come down ober de eyesights 
 ob de Rebels. Conform' 'em, O Lor' ! dey is cruel, 
 and makes haste to shed blood. Dey has long 
 'pressed de black man, and groun' him in de dust. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 209 
 
 and now I reck'n dey 'spects dat dey am agwine to 
 serve de Yankees in de same way. 
 
 " 'Sist dese gemmen in time ob trouble, and lift 
 'em fru all danger on to de udder side ob Jordan dry- 
 shod. 
 
 " And raise de radiance ob your face on all de 
 Yankees what's shut up in de Sonf. Send some 
 Moses, O Lor' ! to guide 'em fru de Eed Sea ob 
 'flicshun into de promised land. 
 
 " Send Mr. Sherman's company, sweepin' down 
 fru dese yer parts to scare de Rebels till dey flee like 
 de Midians, and slew darselves to sabe dar lives. 
 
 " Let a little de best ob Heben's best judgments 
 res' on Massa Lincum, — and may de year ob Jub'lee 
 come sure. 
 
 " O Lor' ! bless de gin'rals ob de Norf— O Lor' ! 
 bless de kunnels — O Lor' ! bless de brigerdeers — O 
 Lor' ! bless de capt'ins — O Lor' ! bless de Yankees 
 right smart. O Lor' ! Eberlastin'. Amen." 
 
 This prayer, offered in a full and fervent voice, 
 seemed to cover our case exactly, and we could join 
 in the " Amen " with heartfelt devotion. We may 
 never know how much negro prayers have aided the 
 cause of the Union, and availed in behalf of our es- 
 caping prisoners. Other prayers followed " Uncle 
 Zeb's," and a " refreshing season " was the result. 
 
 As faith without works amounts to nothing, their 
 next step was to make arrangements for our future. 
 
 It was now near daylight, and they advised that 
 we remain within the hut during the day, assuring us 
 that " no white folks nebber come near Aunt Katy's 
 — so don't be 'fraid, Massa." 
 
210 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Every one offered to do something for ns. One 
 could make some hoe cakes, another could bring some 
 bacon, another had some fresh pork, that had just 
 been killed on the plantation, and still another 
 " reckoned he might git to find a dead chicken sonie- 
 whar." 
 
 ENCOURAGING PROSPECTS. 
 
 " Uncle Zeb" was a sort of universal genius, and 
 learning that we needed a knife to cut our rations 
 and dispose oF any small game we might chance to 
 meet with, volunteered to make us one. Another 
 would bring us a bag to serve as a haversack. Others 
 still would provide food and articles of clothing. 
 After making these promises they dispersed to their 
 work, assuring us that they would return in the 
 evening. 
 
 Thus our whereabouts was known to about thirty 
 negroes, young and old ; and I venture that we were 
 as safe from betrayal as though they had been our 
 own soldiers. The talent of the negro for conceal- 
 ment is something wonderful. Their whole history 
 as a race has compelled them to it, and they have been 
 ready scholars. They can often make white men 
 believe a downright falsehood, when they cannot per- 
 suade them to believe the truth. A shrewd lawyer, 
 with his suspicions fully aroused, might have puzzled 
 even a ten-year-old boy in vain, to get any informa- 
 tion of our situation. 
 
 When "Aunt Katy" sent her little boy, about 
 eight years of age, to notify the colored people of our 
 arrival, we were apprehensive that it might not be safe 
 to trust so young a lad, but the old lady assured us 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 211 
 
 that we need Lave no fears, as the " chile know'd what 
 he's 'bout." She then told ns that only a short time 
 before, when some escaped prisoners were concealed 
 in her hut, the planter had had suspicions of the fact, 
 and riding by, had asked the little boy if there were 
 not Yankees in the house, when the young rascal, 
 giving a start, rolled his eyes in the direction of the 
 hut, with a woebegone look, and asked quickly, 
 " Yankees in dar ! " and then added, with a shudder 
 of fear, " Gor A'mighty, Massa, ef dar was, you 
 wouldn't ketch dis darky yer, no how. Dem Yankees 
 got horns on, Massa, and I'se 'fraid of 'um. Ef I seed 
 one of 'um comin' for me, I'd die, shoore." The mas- 
 ter rode on, doubtless well pleased with the manner in 
 which his stories about Yankees had been treasured 
 up. 
 
 It is an established fact that it would have been 
 impossible for our men, held as prisoners of war in 
 the South, to make an escape without the aid of ne- 
 groes, and it would have been nearly as impossible, 
 had they been strictly truthful in all cases. 
 
 Evening brought the morning party again to 
 "Aunt Katy's." " Uncle Zeb " had manufactured the 
 knife, in good earnest. He had taken the largest file 
 the plantation afforded, and hammered it into a blade 
 nearly two feet long. To this he had attached a 
 handle some eight inches in length, and two in diame- 
 ter. "With this young sword, he stalked into the room 
 with an air of triumphant satisfaction. His ideas of 
 the use to which it could be put were somewhat dif- 
 ferent from ours, as his presentation speech will serve 
 to show. 
 
212 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 " Here, gemnien, is yer knife. I reck'n yer'll find 
 it bery useful in trabels. Yer can cut yer hoe cake 
 wid it, and ef yer happens to be on de trail ob a pig 
 yer can chop his head off afore he gits to give a squeal " 
 (flourishing the knife). 
 
 " And likewise, geinmen, ef ye conies in a bery 
 tight place, dis yer might cut a Buckrey's (Rebel's) 
 head off. I'se grounded it right sharp for ye, (feeling 
 of the edge), to have it ready for quick work." 
 
 This speech was delivered with all the dignity of 
 a Senator, and it never occurred to him that his labor 
 might be thrown away. 
 
 Just here, another brought us the bag we had bar- 
 gained for. It was an old tow-string sack, and would 
 hold two bushels or more. "We could hardly repress 
 laughter at these generous attempts to meet our de- 
 mands, but took them with us as relics of our expe- 
 rience.* 
 
 One of their number, a friend of " Ben Stead- 
 man," by the way, offered to accompany us as guide. 
 " Ben," he said, was taken prisoner, as before related ; 
 and upon examination, told the plausible story afore- 
 mentioned, that Lemon and myself were two foolish 
 darkies who were scared at the pickets. The latter 
 part of the narrative being strictly true, it was hardly 
 necessary for us to rectify the former. 
 
 The Steadman plantation was only three miles 
 away, and " Ben " was afterwards brought to our place 
 of concealment by his colored friend from Black 
 Creek, and kindly offered his services for the occa- 
 sion. 
 
 * Lemon Lad the knife at the time of our recapture. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 213 
 
 "We told him we were anxious to learn General 
 Sherman's movements, and would like a paper. He 
 insisted upon our going to his hut, although we much 
 preferred the swamp ; but were at last prevailed upon 
 to accompany him. Arriving there, we were politely 
 introduced to Mrs. Stead man and family. They view- 
 ed a live Yankee with not a little curiosity ; after this, 
 " Ben " instructed his daughter to go into the house 
 of her mistress and snatch a paper at the earliest oppor- 
 tunity. She soon came running back with the Au- 
 gusta Constitutionalist, published that morning. The 
 celerity with which the blacks carry off a desired 
 article, or accomplish a mission for a friend, is truly 
 astonishing ; and no watchfulness on the part of their 
 master can stay a project when once the heart is in it. 
 
 CROSSING THE NORTH EDISTO. 
 
 Having possessed ourselves of the contents of the 
 paper, we struck the road and crossed the North 
 Edisto at ten o'clock p. m. 
 
 The water was over the bridge in many places ; so 
 we were compelled to ford the stream. 
 
 It was our intention to reach and cross the South 
 Edisto before morning, but having become confused 
 by the intersection of " blind roads," and having lost 
 our way, we were obliged to halt for the night in a 
 pine grove, we knew not where. 
 
 gdi\ $«£. 
 
 Near the South Edisto River, S. 0., ) 
 Wednesday, November 30. ) 
 
 "We breakfasted this morning on hoe-cake and 
 pindars, popularly known as peanuts at the North. 
 
214 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 They were among the provisions given us at " Aunt 
 Katy's," from whose more than hospitable hovel we 
 had gone laden not only with eatables, but also with 
 good wishes, prayers, and blessings, which we cannot 
 soon forget or lose. 
 
 FINDING OUR BEARINGS, 
 
 We were, at this point of our journey, more or less 
 puzzled, having lost our latitude and longitude, and 
 being also without a guide, " Ben " having left us 
 some time before night. After following roads last 
 evening for several hours, we were brought to a stand- 
 still at the edge of a swamp. 
 
 There were no stars plainly visible, and we had 
 not yet learned to take the moon for a guide. Be- 
 sides, the heavenly bodies in southern latitudes have 
 bo different an appearance from those seen at the 
 North, that we were for some time after the escape in 
 constant doubt as to the points of the compass. I re- 
 member it caused me great grief to find that the 
 north star was much nearer the horizon, and seemed 
 to have lost that prominence which is given to it in 
 high latitudes, where it is a guide, standing far above 
 tree-top and mountain. Yet I soon came to hail it as 
 a faithful sentinel " that guards the fixed light of the 
 universe, and bids the North forever know its place." 
 
 After moving to the pine grove mentioned in the 
 last chapter, which was only a short distance from the 
 swamp that stopped our progress, we slept till about 
 ten o'clock a. m. Thinking it necessary to get our 
 bearings by daylight, which we could not do, if the 
 sun did not shine to assist us, by means of the streams, 
 
AND THE ESCAPE, 215 
 
 'which, in this part of the country, we knew flowed in 
 a southeasterly direction ; also by the chains of hills, 
 which in every country have the same general direc- 
 tion as the streams. We were assisted not a little by 
 the moss on tbe trunks of trees, which always hangs in 
 heaviest masses on the north side. These signs by 
 day, and the heavenly orbs by night, supplied the 
 place of maps and magnetic needles. 
 
 We were obliged to skulk along during the whole 
 day, passing many plantations, and exciting the ire 
 of an array of contemptible curs, whose only business 
 and only pleasure was to howl at civil people who 
 asked no recognition. 
 
 Good luck favored us somewhat, for we were in 
 sight of buildings several times during the day. But 
 dangers and annoyances made us irritable. We could 
 scarcely agree upon anything. Just before dark we 
 heard wood- choppers, and Lemon went to spy them out. 
 He soon returned and led the way to 'three negroes, 
 who had just stopped work, and were about to return 
 to the plantation. We accompanied them to a thicket 
 within a few rods of their master's house, and after 
 they had supplied us with rations, one of their num- 
 ber piloted us to the Aiken road, a distance of about 
 two and a half miles. This brought us within four 
 miles of the South Edisto. The distance between the 
 North and South Edistosat this point is twelve miles. 
 The South Edisto is about fourteen miles north of 
 Aiken, and Aiken is seventeen miles from Augusta. 
 
 As we pursued our way towards the South Edisto, 
 we could hear dogs barking far in advance of us, and 
 judged that some one must be traveling the same road, 
 9* 
 
216 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 — perhaps escaped prisoners, — perhaps a Rebel patrol. 
 This gave us some uneasiness, as we knew they had a 
 decided advantage over us by being in the advance. 
 However we plodded on, and, when near the river, 
 heard a rustling in the bushes. We then laid low for 
 a few moments, and two men passed us in the clear 
 moonlight. It was impossible to 'tell whether they 
 were Federals or Rebels, so we decided to watch 
 their movements. After a time we followed, creeping 
 along very cautiously. 
 
 CROSSING THE SOUTH EDISTO. 
 
 The South Edisto, in that part of South Carolina, 
 has half a dozen channels or more, which are very 
 narrow, and between them are long narrow strips of 
 marshy land. In fact it is nothing more than a vast 
 swamp, with several nearly parallel bayous running 
 through it. These bayous are crossed by bridges, and 
 while crossing one of these we heard footsteps behind 
 us, on a bridge we had just passed over. At this we 
 ran hastily over the remaining bridges, then turned 
 aside and concealed ourselves in some bushes. 
 
 CHALLENGING FRIENDS. 
 
 Presently the two men previously described came 
 trudging along with the same slow and weary pace. 
 From the manner in which they had manoeuvred I 
 felt assured that they were "escaped prisoners," and 
 resolved to challenge them at all hazards ; so, step- 
 ping boldly from the bushes, I sang out, " Who comes 
 there ? " With a trembling start the foremost man re- 
 plied, " Friends." I then commanded, " Halt, friends ; 
 advance one, and be recognized." The man stepped 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 217 
 
 slowly forward, peering into my face, when a mutual 
 recognition took place. They also were escaped pris- 
 oners from Columbia, and yet we had been dodging 
 each other for more than an hour. Lemon had known 
 one of the officers while in prison. 
 
 We at once determined that it was not best to 
 travel in company, yet we pursued our way together, 
 talking over our adventm*es, until we saw a large tire 
 in the road directly in our front. Stealthily approach- 
 ing, we found a band of Rebels encamped there, and 
 thought we must be near a picket post ; the}' proved, 
 however, to be a squad of " tax-gatherers," going about 
 the country with quartermasters' wagons, gathering 
 supplies. 
 
 Here was an obstacle to our farther progress. 
 There were great ponds of water on either side, and 
 the road was blocked. No amount of reconnoitring 
 could discover a solution of the difficulty. Then 
 there was a resort to stratagem by our newly found 
 friends and ourselves, but both parties resorted to the 
 same tactics. Each wished the other to advance, and 
 incur the risk of a recapture ; but neither seemed will- 
 ing to accept the preference, so we found a safe 
 retreat, and lay down for the night. 
 
 "! 
 
 Sixty §ag. 
 
 Aiken Road, seven miles south of the South Edisto, 
 Thursday, December 1. 
 
 In the morning the Rebel band of tax-gatherers 
 struck tents " like the Arabs, and silently stole away." 
 This left the road clear, and we parted company with 
 our friends, oach to try our chances by different routes. 
 
218 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Our parting was made memorable by the great thirst 
 from which we there suffered. No relief was accessi- 
 ble, save in the filthy, nauseating water of the swamps ; 
 so we pushed on, hoping soon to find a spring or 
 brook. Our course lay over a high barren, sandy 
 table-land, covered with stunted oaks, and entirely 
 destitute of water. We traveled about seven miles, 
 when we came to a small stream near whose banks 
 was a beautiful spring. Here we were taught the 
 value of " cold water to a thirsty soul." 
 
 This stream ran through a ravine nearly a hun- 
 dred feet in depth, while high up on the banks were 
 pine groves. It was a wild, romantic spot, and we 
 could not tear ourselves from it, but lay concealed. in 
 the grove, going occasionally to the spring to drink. 
 
 In a Swamp, near Aiken, S. C, ) 
 Friday, December 2. ) 
 
 Late in the night we reluctantly bade farewell to 
 the beautiful spot where we had been refreshed so 
 finely, and pursued our journey. Nothing of inter- 
 est occured. The march was unbroken until near 
 daylight, when we turned into a by-road, and found a 
 hiding-place in some thick underbrush, close by a fine 
 stream of water. It was always our purpose to do 
 this, as we knew thirst would drive us to searching for 
 water during the day, and thus expose us to danger. 
 
 Just at the break of day we espied a colored boy 
 passing down the road with a basket on his arm. 
 Lemon ran out to him, and called out, " Hold on, my 
 boy, I want to see you ; " thinking, meantime, that 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 219 
 
 the basket doubtless contained what we most needed, 
 something of an eatable character. We inferred tlae 
 boy had a chicken with him, for saying that word, in 
 a manner which betokened the greatest fear, the boy 
 set off at a wild run, and would have defied a race- 
 horse to catch him. As for the lieutenant, after ex- 
 hausting all his rhetoric in endeavoring to bring back 
 the boy, he returned to the spot where I lay, saying, 
 "Now they will have us again, and we shall be 
 prisoners before night." 
 
 " Never fear," I said, " as long as there is a swamp 
 in the neighborhood ; " and, without further cere- 
 mony, we picked up our baggage and hastily de- 
 camped. Flora Temple would have been distanced 
 had she attempted to overtake us; for her stakes 
 would have been only a few dollars to her owners, 
 while ours were life and liberty. 
 
 We made for a swamp, about a mile away, as fast 
 as our tired limbs could carry us. This swamp lay on 
 either side of the Aiken road, and our place of conceal- 
 ment was so near that the passers-by were in plain sight. 
 While lying here, three ladies came walking down a 
 forest path, accompanied by several hounds. The 
 dogs followed squirrels and other game very near our 
 hiding-place, but we were not discovered. 
 
 One of the ladies was telling the others what a 
 fright her mother had early in the morning by the 
 hurried advent of her nigger boy "John," who went 
 to a neighbor's for a chicken. The boy was wild with 
 terror, " having been chased by Yankees," as he said. 
 Thus we learned that our presence was known, and 
 we began planning more caution. 
 
220 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Towards evening several bushwhackers rode along 
 towards Aiken, with shot guns on their shoulders. 
 They were doubtless thinking that the foolish Yan- 
 kees would be verdant enough to pass through town 
 at night, and were determined to be ready for them. 
 But we intended to flank the town, and, thinking 
 with satisfaction of our purpose to give the bush- 
 whackers the slip, fell asleep. 
 
 In a Corn-fodder House, near Aiken, S. 0., ) 
 Saturday, December 3. ) 
 
 We did not resume our tramp until midnight, 
 when, after walking a short distance, we found our- 
 selves in the vicinity of the village, with the road so 
 flanked by streams as to find it difficult to leave it. 
 "We then resolved to feel our way carefully through 
 the town, as this would very much shorten our jour- 
 ney; where, instead of enemies, we had the pleas- 
 ure of 
 
 MEETING FRIENDS. 
 
 Deep sleep and quiet lay upon the place, and we 
 passed through without opposition. On reaching the 
 farthest outskirts of the village, two men, accom- 
 panied by a boy, were seen approaching. When they 
 saw us they quickly turned aside into a by-street. 
 This convinced us that they were escaped prisoners, 
 us Eebels had nothing to be afraid of in those parts. 
 We called to them softly, "Don't be afraid, Tanks; 
 we are friends." They proved to be Captain Bryant, 
 of the Fifth New York Cavalry, and a companion 
 whose name I did not learn. They had a negro 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 221 
 
 guide, who was to secrete them in a hut until the 
 next night, when they were to proceed as we had 
 done, and reach the lines of freedom by the nearest 
 route. Something of a discussion took place during 
 the few minutes we remained together, with regard to 
 the most feasible course. They had become satisfied, 
 from information obtained, that it was not General 
 Sherman's intention to strike Augusta; hence they 
 concluded it not worth while to go so far out of our 
 way to reach that place. We had also learned that 
 all the boats on the Savannah River had been de- 
 stroyed south of Augusta, and were satisfied that it 
 would not be possible to cross below that place. 
 They therefore took their course, and we took ours — 
 meaning to cross the river at Augusta, and from 
 thence to strike across the country to Milliu, some 
 sixty miles south-east, where we felt certain of find- 
 ing at least the rear-guard of Sherman's army. 
 
 After leaving these friends, with fervent wishes for 
 their success, Lemon and myself started for a swamp 
 in the distance, and, in consequence of difference of 
 opinion arising between us, we became a little con- 
 fused. The result was that we separated, he taking- 
 one route, and I another. 
 
 We came together shortly afterward, however, 
 and forgot our differences. We reached the swamp, 
 where we secreted ourselves, and soon were gratified 
 to see an old sow with a large litter of pigs approach- 
 ing. We greeted them otherwise than did wandering 
 ^Eneas the " alba sus " lying under the hollow trees 
 of ancient Italy, — for, enticing them with crumbs of 
 hoe-cake, we both in unison struck one juvenile 
 
222 TEE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 porker on the head with our heavy canes. He died 
 easily, nothing more being necessary to stretch him a 
 lifeless corpse at our feet. No relative waited to at- 
 tend his funeral. Here "Uncle Zeb's" mammoth 
 knife did excellent service. We dug a hole in the 
 ground, and made a fire of pine-knots, which soon 
 became a bed of intensely hot embers. Over this we 
 spitted the dressed carcass of the unfortunate little 
 fellow, and, after it was " done brown," sat down to a 
 feast that might have tempted an epicure. No more 
 luscious barbecue ever excited the salivary glands of 
 a London alderman. This was a peace-offering, 
 though not strictly according to Levitical law. Our 
 asperities were lubicrated for that day. 
 
 "We heard the sound of an axe in the distance, 
 and I crept cautiously along to reconnoitre. Found 
 it to be a black boy, and, remembering Lemon's ex- 
 perience of the day before, I said, " Hallo, Sambo ! " 
 His hat came off suddenly, but he made no attempt 
 to run. The grinning imp, when he learned who 
 we were, gladly led us to a fodder-house near by 
 for concealment ; and after dark a large number of 
 colored boys and girls came up to pay us their re- 
 spects. They entertained us with their views of the 
 war, and proposed a prayer-meeting in our behalf. 
 They also told us where to look out for trouble from 
 bushwhackers, hounds, and so forth. Our parting 
 from these friendly people was tender and affecting, 
 each one shaking hands, and saying, "God bless you, 
 Massa 1 " 
 
 Following their directions, we expected to strike 
 the railroad running from Charleston to Augusta on 
 
AND THE ESCAPE, 223 
 
 the west side of Aiken, and pursue it west to Augusta ; 
 but instead of this we struck it on the east side, and 
 by mistake, as we had no stars to guide us, we fol- 
 lowed the road eastward toward Charleston. 
 
 llinllj §huj. 
 
 Destination, Augusta, Ga., Location Unknown, ) 
 Sunday, December 4. \ 
 
 Late in the night we passed through a small vil- 
 lage just as a freight train was leaving, and tried 
 hard to find a hiding-place in one of the cars, ex- 
 pecting to be carried into Augusta before daylight. 
 Had we succeeded in this, we would have been borne 
 triumphantly into Charleston, and sent back to im- 
 prisonment. A merciful Providence interposed. 
 Thus "mail proposes," often to his own ruin, but 
 " God disposes," always to His own glory and the 
 good of His creatures. 
 
 We followed this railroad all night. A hound 
 was on our track just before morning, but he must 
 have barked on his own rash responsibility, for he 
 soon ceased, and gave up the chase. 
 
 Soon after daylight a passenger train came sweep- 
 ing along, loaded with Rebel soldiers. They set up 
 an infernal shout as they passed ; and, fearing the 
 train might be stopped, we turned off into some scrub- 
 oaks and secreted ourselves. Here we heard heavy 
 cannonading all day. It came from a southeasterly 
 direction, as it seemed to us, and was the sweetest 
 music we had heard for many an hour. 
 
 We felt as if we were approaching friends; and 
 we took heart, being hopeful for the future. 
 
224 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 SKTENTEEN MILE3 EAST OF AlKEN, S. C, ) 
 
 Monday, December 5. ) 
 
 All night we travelled on, wondering why we 
 had not reached Augusta, and having suspicions that 
 all was not right. During the day we lay in a pine 
 thicket. About dusk Lemon went in search of ne- 
 groes, and soon found some wood-choppers. They 
 soon informed us of our mistake. We were en route 
 for Charleston, traveling east instead of west, and 
 not ha vino- the least desire to visit the last-mentioned 
 city. Our distance east of Aiken was seventeen 
 miles ; a bad mistake, we concluded. But Provi- 
 dence still seemed to favor us, for we learned, through 
 our colored friends, that it was possible to cross the 
 Savannah twenty miles below Augusta, at a place 
 called Point Comfort. Our army was marching on 
 Savannah ; so we rather gained than lost by our mis- 
 take. 
 
 Getting a supply of hoe-cake and a guide for a 
 few miles, we started for Tinker Creek, a station 
 fifteen miles distant, and on the way to Point Com- 
 fort. We were in excellent spirits, and again under- 
 took to follow the voluminous directions of our 
 colored friends. 
 
 (Elrkttfjj |patf. 
 
 Near Tinker Creek, S. 0., ) 
 Tuesday, December 6. j 
 
 During the night we came to a fork in the road, 
 and, after debating some time as to which course we 
 should pursue, I leaped over the fence, and made for 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 225 
 
 a negro hut, while several hounds from the plantation 
 followed hard on my track. I managed, by some 
 tall running, to come out a few feet ahead, and 
 bolted into the shanty without warning or formality, 
 slamming the door behind me to keep out the dogs. 
 A great stupid negro was standing in front of the 
 fire, his hands and face buried deeply in fresh pork 
 and hoe-cake, which he was making poor work at 
 eating. ■ His broad, fat countenance glistened with 
 an unguent distilled partly from within and partly 
 from without. Turning my eyes from the negro to 
 the untidy hearth, they were greeted, as were also my 
 olfactories, with a skillet of pork, frying over the 
 coals. 
 
 Without troubling him to answer my questions. 
 I opened the mouth of my haversack, and poured 
 into it the dripping contents of the skillet. I next 
 observed that the ashes on the hearth had a sus- 
 piciously fat appearance, and taking the tongs, began 
 raking among them. My suspicions were 'verified, 
 for two plump-looking hoe-cakes came to light, which 
 were also deposited in the haversack. 
 
 Looking around still farther, I saw what I had 
 not observed before, 
 
 dinah's black head, 
 as she peered out from among the bed-clothes, rolling 
 two of the most astonished white eyes that ever 
 asked the question, " What's you g'wine to do 
 next ? " Not seeing any practical way in which I 
 could answer her mute question, I said to Sambo, 
 " Call the dogs into the house." 
 
228 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 This he did hastily, when I asked, " Uncle, what 
 road must this Eebel take for Tinker Creek ? " 
 
 " De right han' one, out clar, I reckon/' he answer- 
 ed. Again bidding him keep the houuds in the house 
 till morning, I rushed out to the road, and joined my 
 companion. This ruse I played for the sake of saving 
 time. We made lively work for about three miles, 
 after which we took it more leisurely, stopping to rest 
 and refresh ourselves at every stream that crossed the 
 road. 
 
 The weather was very cold, and we suffered much 
 from its severity as soon as we were compelled to lie 
 down to rest. 
 
 About daylight we found shelter in a piece of 
 woods near the roadside, and slept till ten o'clock in 
 the morning, when we were awakened by some boys 
 driving cows along the road. Some of the animals 
 came within a few feet of us, but the boys kept at a 
 respectful, distance. 
 
 Thinking our quarters too much exposed, we cau- 
 tiously crossed the road and plunged into the woods 
 on the other side. 
 
 About four o'clock p. m. we heard chopping in the 
 distance, and came to a negro boy who had never seen 
 a Yankee, but concluded it would not be very wrong 
 to render one a little assistance. Accordingly he 
 brought to our hiding-place, in the evening, several 
 other negroes with corn-bread, bacon, etc. One of 
 their number, an intelligent fellow, volunteered to 
 guide us to a place near Point Comfort, on the Savan- 
 nah, intending to return before day, and be ready for 
 his labors, without exciting suspicion. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 22*7 
 
 (LfcdftJj £!hit. 
 
 Near Point Comfort, on the Savannah River, [ 
 Wednesday, December 7. ) 
 
 Our guide, being in somewhat of a hurry to get 
 back to his work, urged us on more rapidly than we 
 cared to proceed. Seeing that we began to lag be- 
 hind, he soon offered to " tote " our baggage. We of 
 course could not refuse so generous an offer, fearing 
 that perhaps the effect of a refusal might be to chill 
 the streams of benevolence flowing from his kindly 
 heart. It is certain that there would be no call for 
 kindness, if everybody should refuse to receive a 
 kindness. !Not caring to render ourselves obnoxious 
 to the charge of banishing benevolence from the world, 
 we magnanimously consented to his proposal. 
 
 But even this did not seem to affect his gait, and 
 we were still often far in the rear, and obliged to call 
 on him to travel more slowly. 
 
 This noble-hearted fellow led us on for fifteen 
 miles, and at last secreted us in a thicket by the road- 
 side, not far from a large plantation. Advising us to 
 find some negro to take us to the Savannah, which 
 was only three miles away, he said good-by, and was 
 off. 
 
 Morning revealed to us the fact that we were 
 rather too much exposed to be entirely safe, and as 
 we were very thirsty, with no prospect of water near, 
 we decided to move farther into the woods. This 
 seemed, in a measure, to secure both objects. A large 
 ravine about half a mile away afforded an abundance 
 of water, and we felt that it must be a more safe re- 
 treat. A negro who came that way with an axe on 
 
228 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 his shoulder, informed, its that boys were in the habit 
 of hunting in the woods, and that we had better seek 
 a more sheltered place. 
 
 He pointed to a round sand-hill a short distance 
 away, on the top of which was a sort of pitfall, and 
 advised us to go there, promising to bring some more 
 negroes to us in the evening. Accordingly we made 
 for the sand-hill, and hid ourselves in the pit. 
 
 But even this place could not escape the intrusion 
 of boys, guided by no purpose whatever but their 
 own pleasure. In the afternoon, they came bounding 
 over the hills with a troop of dogs, hunting squirrels, 
 and came within a few feet of finding larger game. 
 This disturbed us again, and we sought another shel- 
 ter ; and thus, in fear and anxiety, spent the day. 
 
 At the appointed time in the evening the negroes 
 came, and one of them piloted us to the hut of some 
 colored fishermen on the Savannah River, which we 
 reached late in the evening. 
 
 In a Cypress Swamp, on the Savannah, ) 
 Thursday, December 28. ) 
 
 These fishermen, who had plied their trade before 
 the war, were acquainted with every bend in the river, 
 and now proposed exercising their skill in our behalf. 
 On a tributary of the Savannah, about a mile from 
 their huts, there lay an old cypress-tree canoe, and to 
 this canoe one of their number conducted us, taking 
 with him a supply of cotton and pitch. This craft 
 had recently come under the boat-destroyer's notice, 
 and had been pretty roughly handled ; and yet our col- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 229 
 
 ored friend thought lie could make it seaworthy. All 
 night long the faithful fellow worked, caulking and 
 pitching, while we lay concealed in an old hollow 
 cypress log. The ring of his hammer went out 
 through the forest as if bidding a " beautiful defiance " 
 to those who had destroyed his property. 
 
 Near morning, he appeared to have satisfied him- 
 self; for throwing her into the stream, he called out, 
 "Now she's ready, Massa. I'll soon land you in 
 Georgy." 
 
 The moon was shining brightly, and viewing the 
 shabby dug-out by her treacherous light, I confess to 
 a want of faith in her ability to carry us safely to the 
 other side. 
 
 We lost no time however in speculations, but 
 resolved to put the matter to the test at once. Hastily 
 taking our seats in the small craft, which at once com- 
 menced leaking fearfully, our pilot pulled^ for dear 
 life, while Lemon and myself lustily bailed her out 
 with a couple of large gourds. In spite of our utmost 
 endeavors, the water kept gaining on us, and when 
 within a few rods of the wished-for shore, seeing that 
 she was going down, we sprang into the stream, which 
 happened to be shallow, and dragged the swamping 
 boat up the beach. This was 
 
 A NARROW ESCAPE, 
 
 for had our craft gone down when out in the stream, 
 the alligators would have made our prospects none the 
 brightest. The Savannah here is about half a mile 
 wide. We at once plunged into the swamp, leaving 
 the good negro wadding his boat with cotton, pre- 
 
230 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 paratory to his return. Our prayer was that lie 
 might reach the other side in safety, and live to send 
 many other poor fellows on their way rejoicing. "We 
 were in the midst of a southern cypress swamp. 
 These swamps extend continuously along both hanks 
 of the Savannah, and are about three miles in 
 width. They are thickly interlarded with bayous 
 and small streams, and abound in small lakes and 
 ponds. The ground, in the wet season, is entirely 
 overflowed, and it is next to impossible to travel 
 over it, 
 
 THE CYPRESS-TREE, 
 
 which is the glory of these swamps, grows to an im- 
 mense size. The trunk of the tree, near the ground, 
 swells out somewhat like the base of a cone, termi- 
 nating in huge roots that stand widely apart. In 
 cuttrag dewn these trees, it is customary to build a 
 ..Molding to it e '- 1 -"o> 1 e height, in order to get 
 above the bulge. 
 
 All who have visited these swamps have been 
 struck with the number and appearance of the nat- 
 ural stumps with which they abound. I can call 
 them by no other name. They are all heights from 
 one foot to ten, look like stumps at a distance, are 
 cone-shaped and rounded at the top, and the most of 
 them are alive. The impression conveyed is, that 
 trees of full size had commenced to grow from the 
 ground, and after reaching the height of a few feet 
 had changed their intentions, and concluded that they 
 would grow into stumps. Add to all this the long, 
 trailing Spanish moss that burdens every tree, from 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 231 
 
 the sapling to the king of tlie forest, and you Lave 
 some idea of a southern swamp. 
 
 In such a place were we — and we wandered about 
 nearly the whole day in our attempts to get out. 
 Great winking 
 
 ALLIGATORS 
 
 lay along the bayous, and on every cool, damp log, 
 watching our motions, apparently pleased at our mis- 
 fortunes, and sending towards us loving, hungry 
 glances. As soon as we approached, they would 
 hobble to the water's edge, and apparently fall in. 
 They, too, might have belonged to some detachment 
 of southern chivalry, doing duty on their own 
 grounds. 
 
 Towards night we came to a corn-field skirting 
 the swamp and rising towards the highlands. Here 
 was a most delightful spring of water, and near it a 
 kettle of clothes over a fire. Expecting to see the 
 owners in a moment ^° 1ott - 1 --— jo the bushes and 
 waited. Soon a colored man came, found us a hiding- 
 place, and promised to meet us again at eight o'clock 
 in the evening. 
 
 While we were waiting a colored washerwoman 
 came, accompanied by several white children. Their 
 contemptible little dog came yelping to within a few 
 feet of our place of concealment, while the children 
 stood back urging him on. His discretion proved the 
 better courage, however, and he became tired eventu- 
 ally, and went away. In the evening our negro re- 
 turned, and conducted us to some friends of his a few 
 miles off. On the way we met a planter, who was a 
 sort of independent scout. The negro was somewhat 
 10 
 
282 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 in advance, and when the planter stopped him, we 
 skulked behind some logs and were not observed. 
 
 The whites were on the alert at this place, as it 
 was only a short time since " Mr. Kilpatrick's com- 
 pany had flogged Mr. Wheeler's company right bad," 
 down at Waynesboro', only a few miles distant, as 
 our colored friends informed us. Cavalrymen were 
 patrolling the roads during the whole night, and we 
 began to feel the necessity of the greatest caution. 
 
 Our guide led us to a field a short distance from 
 some negro huts, and made our whereabouts known 
 to the occupants. Soon some negroes came out with 
 a generous supply of hot griddle-cakes. We left this 
 place after a brief halt, with a guide who knew 
 where the pickets were stationed, and traveled cau- 
 tiously towards Brier Creek, a stream about eighteen 
 miles distant in the direction of Millin. 
 
 <fottrtenijj gag. 
 
 Near Brier Creek, Ga., ) 
 Friday, December 9. ) 
 
 Before morning our guide left us secreted in a 
 thicket at a fork of roads, about four miles from 
 Brier Creek. Being weary, we soon fell asleep. 
 Nothing occurred to disturb our slumbers, but when 
 we awoke sentinels were guarding us. 
 
 Four large hounds stood looking down on us with 
 an air of calmness and responsibility, snuffing occa- 
 sionally to know whether we had the scent of game. 
 After we awoke they seemed to consider their guar- 
 dianship at an end, and, walking around us a little in 
 the most natural manner imaginable, they quietly, 
 
 ,.* 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 257 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 RE-CAPTURED BY A REBEL PICKET. 
 
 (Tfoenig-firsf ^ag. 
 
 Twenty miles from Sayannaii, Ga. ] 
 FridaY, December 6. 
 
 As we lay in our hiding-place near Big Ebenezer 
 Creek, we congratulated ourselves on the wonderful 
 preservation we had experienced thus far. Our nar- 
 row escapes from alligators, and hounds, and worse 
 men ; our successful disguises, and transits over diffi- 
 cult streams and swamp3 ; and the very kind treat- 
 ment we had invariably received at the hands of the 
 despised colored man, — all these came up in review, 
 and seemed to give us a foretaste of final triumph. 
 It seemed as though our toils and dangers were nearly 
 over. Our hearts beat high with delight at the 
 thought that we were not far from the Federal lines, 
 and that a few hours' walk would bring us among our 
 friends. Elated with past success, and flushed with 
 hope for the future, we left our place of concealment 
 with joyous hearts and invigorated frames, though we 
 had been more than thirty-six hours without rations 
 of bread or meat, subsisting on all almost nothing. 
 
 "We were without guides, and with no definite in- 
 formation with regard to the position of the contend- 
 ing armies. In fact, we were groping our way along 
 
258 THE CAPTURE, THE FRISSON PEN, 
 
 like blind men, driven about from point to point by 
 the yelping of bounds, or tbe arrangements of picket- 
 lines, or the movements of troops. 
 
 About midnight we reached Little Ebenezer 
 Creek, and, to our great chagrin, we found the 
 bridge destroyed. 
 
 After a few moments' reconnoitring we became 
 satisfied that no pickets infested the opposite shores. 
 Luckily for us we found several pieces of broken 
 boards and planks with which, having constructed a 
 raft, we safely paddled ourselves across the stream. 
 
 Caution was now the general commanding, for we 
 knew that dangers increased with every step. Old 
 camping grounds were numerous along our way, and 
 each was examined closely for crumbs of hard bread, 
 or any other eatables that we thought might have 
 been left by our army ; for we were now on the 
 Savannah River road, over which Kilpatrick's caval- 
 ry and the Fourteenth Army Corps had passed but a 
 week before. 
 
 Just as we were about turning from the road for 
 the above-mentioned purpose, a gruff voice sent out 
 the terrible challenge, 
 
 " WHO COMES THEEE ? " 
 I had long ere this decided upon the course to be 
 pursued in case we should be so unfortunate as 
 to run upon a picket ; but being too near the chal- 
 lenger to make running a safe expedient, I answered 
 without hesitation, " Friends." Upon which the 
 picket commanded, " Advance one." I advanced 
 promptly, and, arriving near my captors, found them 
 to be mounted infantrymen. They were sitting upon 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 259 
 
 their horses, in the shade of some cypress-trees. One 
 asked, " "Who are you ? " to which I replied, "lama 
 scout to General Hardie, and must not be detained, 
 as I have important information for the general." 
 
 The sentry replied, " I'm instructed to take 
 every person to the officer of the picket that ap- 
 proaches this post after dark." 
 
 " I can't help it, sir. It is not customary to arrest 
 scouts, and I must pass on." 
 
 " You cannot ; I must obey orders. I do not 
 doubt the truth of your assertion ; but until you have 
 seen the lieutenant, you will not be allowed to pass 
 this post." 
 
 Finding that I had met a good soldier, I saw that 
 it was useless to trifle with him, and tried to console 
 myself with the thought that I should be able to dupe 
 the officer ; and as we were hurried on toward the 
 reserve of the picket, my mind was occupied in ar- 
 ranging a plan for our defence, as spies to the great 
 " Rebel Chief." Reaching the reserve, we found 
 nearly all asleep, in close proximity to a large rail 
 lire, including my antagonist, the lieutenant. 
 
 A little rough shaking soon roused him up, and, 
 rubbing his eyes for a moment, he asked, "What's 
 wanted ? " 
 
 I quickly answered, " I'm surprised, sir, that 
 scouts to our generals should be arrested by your 
 picket." 
 
 He said, "My instructions are positive, and no 
 man can pass this post without examination." 
 
 " Yery well, then," I said, " be good enough to ex- 
 amine us at once." 
 11 
 
260 TEE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 " Have you passes ? " 
 
 " No, sir ; not at present. We had papers when 
 we left the general's headquarters ; but having been 
 scouting in Northern Georgia, for the past two weeks, 
 our papers are worn out and lost." 
 
 " You have some papers about you, I suppose ? " 
 
 Thinking that by answering in the affirmative, and 
 producing quickly an old package of letters which had 
 been received while in Libby Prison, that none of 
 them would be criticised, I hastily drew them from 
 the side-pocket of my jacket and held them before 
 me, saying, " I hope here are enough, sir." 
 
 The lieutenant's curiosity led him to take one 
 which had been received from Colonel C. Buel, of 
 Troy, New York. 
 
 REGARDED AS A SPY. 
 
 He held it near the fire, and noticing the date, 
 turned his eyes towards me and again to the letter ; 
 the second glance seemed to satisfy him that I was 
 not a Rebel, and he remarked very indignantly, 
 " Then you are scouting for General Hardie, are 
 
 you ? I believe you are a cl d Yankee spy, and 
 
 if you were to get your just deserts I should hang 
 you to the first tree I come to." Said I, " Lieuten- 
 ant, do not be too hasty, I can convince you that I 
 have been a prisoner of war, and if you are a true 
 soldier, I shall be treated as such." 
 
 Becoming a little more mild, he gave us to under- 
 stand that we should start at ten o'clock the next 
 morning, for Springfield, the head-quarters of Gen- 
 eral Wheeler. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 261 
 
 After detailing a special guard for the prisoners, 
 and instructing them to be on the alert, the lieuten- 
 ant laid himself down by the fire, leaving us to reflect 
 upon the hardness of fate, and the uncertainties at- 
 tending an effort to escape the clutches of a barbarous 
 enemy. 
 
 NOT YET DISCOURAGED. 
 
 After a while I found an opportunity of speaking 
 to Lemon, and secretly communicated to him my in- 
 tention of making another attempt to reach the Fede- 
 ral lines. I told him that I did not know what he 
 had determined to do, but as for myself, I should 
 never return to South Carolina, a prisoner. I recount- 
 ed to him the horrors and frightful consequences of 
 prisou life, and the privations and long suffering at- 
 tending our attempt to escape from the hands of our 
 merciless enemies. I told him that in my estimation 
 it was quite as well to be hung by bushwhackers or 
 torn to pieces by hounds in Georgia, as to return to 
 South Carolina to meet a miserable death from star- 
 vation and exposure. Our case was a desperate one, 
 and I was ready for any expedient. 
 
 Lemon seemed to agree with me in every particu- 
 lar, and although he made no decisive answer, I con- 
 cluded that I could count upon his co-operation. 
 While with the picket, we learned that we had been 
 arrested at the outpost, and that if we had been so 
 fortunate as to pass this post, we might have reached 
 General Sherman's lines in less than an hour. This 
 intelligence was very disheartening indeed, when we 
 saw that but a step intervened between suffering and 
 happiness. Still, I endeavored to look upon the bright 
 
262 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 side of the picture, thinking that if I could hut have 
 another chance in the " swamps," I should be more 
 successful. 
 
 REBEL KINDNESS. 
 
 I shall never forget the kindness of James Brooks, 
 one of the pickets, who came to us a little after day- 
 break, and asked if we would like some hoe-cake and 
 bacon. He said he had been out " prowling " or 
 " bumming," whichever way we might call it, and he 
 would now share his rations with the prisoners. 
 
 We answered in the affirmative, as a matter of 
 course, having been without food for more than forty- 
 eight hours, save a few ears of corn which we had 
 been so fortunate as to find by the roadside, where 
 the cavalrymen had fed their horses. In a moment 
 more the hoe-cake was forthcoming, much to the dis- 
 gust of our friend's comrades, who called him " blue- 
 belly," and said he must be a fool to give his bread to 
 " the d d Yanks." He made no reply to their in- 
 sults, but set before us a most excellent breakfast. 
 
 AN ATTEMPT TO BRIBE THE GUARD. 
 
 After we had finished the hoe-cake and bacon, we 
 asked permission to pass under guard to a little stream 
 of water which was in sight of, and but a few rods 
 from, the reserve. 
 
 The favor was granted, and after we had taken a 
 bath, I endeavored to bribe the guard by offering 
 them one hundred dollars in " Confederate scrip " 
 (which had been given me by the negroes), if they 
 would give us an opportunity to make our escape. 
 
 They said they would be right glad to have the 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 263 
 
 money, but feared the consequences, as they were held 
 responsible for our return. I told them that if they 
 would listen to me, I would show them how they 
 could make a good pile of Confed., and have no fears 
 of punishment. 
 
 As we could be easily seen by the picket, my plan 
 was to apparently take advantage of the guard by set- 
 ting off at a run for the swamps, when they were to 
 turn in pursuit, and without taking aim, tire in our 
 direction. 
 
 I was confident that the scheme would work admira- 
 bly, but the guards seemed to distrust each other, and 
 instead of acceding to my proposition, they marched 
 us back to the picket, and reported that we had at- 
 tempted to bribe them. The lieutenant ordered a 
 search at once, and what little scrip had been given 
 us by our colored friends was soon in the hands of the 
 " gray jackets." We were also threatened with se- 
 vere punishment ; one said, " Shoot the d d Yan- 
 kees ; another, 
 
 "let 'em stretch hemp." 
 
 Several reckoned that they had better take us into 
 the swamp, and send us after Sherman's raiders ; 
 referring, I suppose, to the manner in which they had 
 disposed of some of our sick that had necessarily been 
 left in rear of the army ; for, before our recapture, we 
 were told by the negroes, that fifteen of our sick who 
 fell into the hands of the Rebels but a few days since, 
 were taken to a swamp, where their throats were cut, 
 and their bodies thrown into a slouch hole. 
 
 I cannot vouch for the truth of this statement ; but 
 
264 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 it came to me from many whose veracity 1 had no 
 reason to doubt. 
 
 Our guards were universally applauded for their 
 fidelity ; but I am thoroughly convinced that if either 
 had been alone, he would have thanked me for the 
 suggestion and pocketed the money. 
 
 We remained with the picket until ten o'clock 
 a. m., when a guard, consisting of a corporal and two 
 men, were detailed for the purpose of taking us to 
 General Wheeler's head-quarters. 
 
 We had not proceeded far, however, when very 
 suddenly I became so foot-sore as to render it seem- 
 ingly impossible for me to walk, which I claimed was 
 the result of my long tramp since my escape from 
 Columbia. 
 
 ONCE MORE IN THE SADDLE. 
 
 I affected to.be too weak to mount without assist- 
 ance, and allowed " Johnny Reb " to help me into the 
 saddle. It was not long before we came to some little 
 trees by the roadside, and, riding under one, I broke 
 off a small branch which I thought might be of some 
 service in the future ; for I was no sooner in the sad- 
 dle than I had decided to effect my escape by flight, 
 and determined to watch my opportunity. 
 
 I had ridden the Rebel charger but a short distance, 
 when the guard espied a black squirrel a few rods from 
 the road. Forgetting the responsibility of his detail, 
 he set out at a wild pace after the squirrel, which, 
 after darting off a short distance, ran up a tree, and 
 then, as if to show his superiority over Blondin, leap- 
 ed from limb to limb with an expertness creditable to 
 his species. His follower was upon the point of giv- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 267 
 
 ing up the chase as a poor investment, when, sudden- 
 ly, the little fellow halted, and perching himself upon 
 a limb, seemingly bade defiance to pursuit. I could 
 not help regarding this little animal with some favor : 
 for it appeared that he was about to sacrifice his life 
 to my interests. 
 
 THE ESCAPE AND PURSUIT. 
 
 The carbine was instantly brought to the shoul- 
 der, and its report told me that then was my time, 
 while the piece was unloaded ; and, without waiting 
 to mark the result of the shot, I whipped up and 
 dashed off at a fearful rate, urging my charger to the 
 top of his speed. 
 
 I was noticed immediately by the corporal, who left 
 the other guard with Lemon, and came after me in a 
 manner that was not the most flattering to my prospects. 
 He was armed with a Colt's revolver, and while in 
 pursuit discharged its contents at my unfortunate self, 
 ordering me to halt at every shot. I paid no attention 
 to the summons, but continued to urge my pony to 
 his utmost. His pace, however, at the best, was quite 
 unsatisfactory to my wishes ; for had he been more 
 fleet, I could have distanced the corporal, dismount- 
 ed, and got into the swamps out of his reach in a few 
 moments. But disappointment was again to mar the 
 day. I found myself unfortunately approaching a 
 Rebel camp, which was situated on both sides of the 
 road. I turned my horse, leaped a fence, and endea- 
 vored to make my way across an open field ; but the 
 
 corporal's demand, to halt the d d Yankee, was 
 
 responded to by not less than fifty Texan rangers, 
 
268 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 from General Iverson's Cavalry Division. They came 
 hooting and yelping, mounted and dismounted, armed 
 and unarmed. Several blazed away at me with car- 
 bines and revolvers, but without effect. 
 
 I was, however, soon overtaken by fresh horses, 
 and compelled to surrender myself once more a pris- 
 oner of war into the hands of the Texans. 
 
 The guard, whom I thought so kind, and whose 
 horse I had thus unmercifully ridden, came up in 
 time to heap a most fearful tirade of curses upon me 
 before we again resumed our march. 
 
 The Texans seemed to enjoy the sport hugely. 
 One of them said to the squirrel-hunter, " You are a 
 d- — d smart soldier, you are, to let a blue-belly get 
 away from you — and on your own horse, too ! " 
 Another put in, " I say, corporal, which of them nags 
 can run fastest ? " 
 
 The corporal had little to say, and as soon as Lemon 
 and the other guard came up he started us on. We were 
 then forced to walk the entire distance — my lameness 
 exciting no further sympathy from the mortified 
 guards. 
 
 ARRIVAL AT WHEELER^ HEAD-QUARTERS. 
 
 We reached General Wheeler's head-quarters late 
 in the afternoon, and the corporal reported to the gen- 
 eral that he was im charge of two prisoners that had 
 attempted to pass the out-posts as scouts to General 
 Hardie. Wheeler ordered us into his presence, ques- 
 tioned us closely, and ordered our clothing searched. 
 This investigation over, we were sent to the county 
 jail and locked up in a cell, ten by fifteen feet, to wait 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 269 
 
 our trial as " Yankee spies." "We considered it an 
 easy matter to prove our identity as escaped prisoners, 
 and the only facts that could tell against us were, that 
 I wore a gray jacket, and that we had represented 
 ourselves to be scouts to a Confederate general. 
 
 I shall ever remember our interview with General 
 Wheeler ; for it was quite an amusing scene, and illus- 
 trates, to some extent, the character of that Rebel 
 cavalry chief, whose career in the South and "West 
 had made his name so famous in the history of the 
 Rebellion. He first said to us, — 
 
 " Then you are scouting for Confederate generals, 
 are you ? " 
 
 I replied, " We would have rejoiced could we but 
 have convinced your outpost that we were " 
 
 "Eone of your impudence, sir. Remember that 
 you are a prisoner." 
 
 "Very true; but when you ask questions, you 
 must expect answers." 
 
 " What are you doing with that gray jacket? " 
 
 "I wear it, sir, to protect myself from the sun 
 and storm." 
 
 " Where did you get it ? " 
 
 " One of the guard at Columbia was kind enough 
 to give it to me, when he saw that I was suffering for 
 the want of clothing with which to cover my naked- 
 ness." 
 
 " He could not have been a true Rebel, thus to 
 assist a Yankee in making his escape." 
 
 " He knew nothing of my intention to escape ; 
 and I believe he was, at least, a sympathizing, kind- 
 hearted man." 
 11* 
 
270 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 " Why don't you wear the Federal uniform ? Is 
 it possible that the Yankees are ashamed of the 
 blue?" 
 
 "By no means, sir. What few garments were 
 spared me at the time of my capture were worn out 
 during a long imprisonment, and the clothing which 
 was sent on to Richmond by our Government during 
 the winter of 1863 for distribution among the pris- 
 oners, was, for the most part, appropriated by your 
 authorities." 
 
 " Like many others of the contemptible Tankee 
 crew, I believe you to be a lying scoundrel, and you 
 shall answer to the charge of spy." 
 
 " Yery well, sir, I am compelled to await your 
 pleasure ; but you have heard nothing but the truth." 
 
 " Guard, take the prisoners to the jail, place them 
 in a cell, and keep them in close confinement until 
 further orders." 
 
 County Jail, Springfield, Ga., ) 
 Saturday, December 17. ) 
 
 Springfield is a very pleasant little village, on the 
 Middle Ground Road. It is the County seat of Ef- 
 fingham county, and, before the war, contained sev- 
 eral fine public buildings, which have recently been 
 laid in ruins by the hostile armies. 
 
 We were tbe only military prisoners confined in 
 the jail, which was then in the hands of the military 
 authorities. We were kindly allowed to leave our 
 cell and go into the yard to take the fresh air. The 
 news spread rapidly that there were two live Yanks 
 in the Jail yard. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 27l 
 
 The citizens became alarmed and enraged to think 
 that we should be permitted to leave the cell, and 
 threatened to take the keys into their own hands, if 
 we were not taken back. 
 
 The officer in charge told them that he was per- 
 sonally responsible for our safe keeping, and that 
 they need not give themselves any uneasiness. 
 
 Crowds of people gathered around this yard and 
 looked upon us with the greatest wonder. Discover- 
 ing that we were comparatively harmless, and were 
 human, several ventured to ask us many curious ques- 
 tions. I found them to be the most ignorant class of 
 people that I had ever met in the South. Many of 
 them supposed, until very recently, that all Yankees 
 were cut out after the pattern of Diabolus, which our 
 good old grandmothers used to take delight in point- 
 ing out to us, and consisted of an ugly-featured crea- 
 ture, with horns and hoofs, and usually armed with a 
 pitch -fork or scythe. 
 
 Their ideas of our good President and of the war 
 were laughable in the extreme. Their mode of 
 speech was as bad as that of the most ignorant slaves 
 we had met on the plantations. Ignorance among 
 the masses of the white people in the South is as gen- 
 eral as it is shocking. Education is confined to the 
 few, whose wealth enables them to send their children 
 to northern schools, or to engage a northern teacher 
 as private tutor in their families. School-houses are 
 scarcely ever found, and thus gross darkness euvelops 
 the people. This may account for the vast power 
 which southern politicians exercise over the masses, a 
 power which will diminish as enlightenment increases. 
 
272 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Middle Ground Koad, near Springfield, Ga., ) 
 Sunday, December 18. ) 
 
 In the afternoon, we were brought up before a 
 Military Commission, composed of officers from Gen- 
 eral Wheeler's staff. 
 
 The officials had already became pretty well satis- 
 fied that we were only prisoners of war, and all they 
 did, was to ask us where we were captured, where we 
 had been imprisoned, when we made our escape, etc. 
 This farce of a trial being over, a heavy guard was 
 detailed from the Second Georgia Cavalry, with in- 
 structions to proceed with us to Waynesboro', together 
 with fifteen prisoners from our Fourteenth Army 
 Corps, who were captured while out on a foraging 
 expedition a few days ago. 
 
 From them I gained much valuable information 
 concerning the situation of our army. 
 
 I also learned where the Rebel troops were sta- 
 tioned in General Sherman's rear. Such information 
 was very important in the event of another attempt 
 to escape. ISTo rations were issued to us. The Rebel 
 troops depended entirely on foraging for their supplies, 
 and seemed to care very little for the wants of the 
 prisoners. A few ears of corn were all we had to 
 keep soul and body together. As night drew on, we 
 were in very low spirits, owing to the fact that all at- 
 tempts to elude the vigilance of the guards during 
 the. day had failed. 
 
 ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE. 
 
 I first urged the prisoners to straggle, so as to 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 273 
 
 lengthen the column as much as possible, thinking 
 that if we were permitted so to do, I might succeed 
 in dodging into a swamp unobserved ; but the vigi- 
 lant sergeant was too shrewd to be duped in this man- 
 ner, and instructed his men to keep us closed up. 
 
 Failing in this scheme, I hoped that the sergeant 
 would continue to march us during the night, in 
 which case I could take advantage of the darkness 
 and make off at my pleasure ; but in this plan also I 
 was destined to be disappointed; for much against 
 my wishes we came to a halt but a few moments 
 after dark, and were hurried into an old building for 
 the night. 
 
 Just before halting we passed through a large 
 swamp, where the water was so deep in the road as to 
 compel each man to use his own discretion in making 
 his way through. 
 
 The guard did their best to keep us together and 
 prevent escapes ; but in spite of their exertions one 
 of our enlisted men fell out, whose absence was soon 
 noticed by the sergeant. 
 
 VERIFYING REBEL DETAILS. 
 
 We succeeded in convincing him that all the pris- 
 oners were present with whom he had started from 
 Springfield. Our programme was this : I found out 
 the absent man's name ; and then, as the sergeant 
 had a list of the prisoners, I volunteered to call the 
 roll for him. 
 
 After getting us into a safe position, he lighted a 
 piece of pitch pine, and handed me the list, while I 
 proceeded to call the roll. Every man present an- 
 
274 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 swered promptly to his name, but when I came to the 
 name of the absentee, (according to previous instruc- 
 tion) all affirmed that no such man had been among 
 us. The sergeant concluded that said name had 
 found its way upon the roll through mistake, and no 
 further search was made. 
 
 Under ordinary circumstances, I should be far 
 from volunteering ,to aid a Rebel in verifying his 
 details ; but, in this case, I thought that by a little 
 ingenuity, a fellow-sufferer might return to liberty; 
 for had not this scheme been devised, strenuous ef- 
 forts would have been made by the guards to insure 
 his capture. Picked men would have been detailed, 
 hounds called out, and a few hours, at the furthest, 
 would doubtless have convinced the unfortunate vic- 
 tim how little hope there is for him who seeks to 
 shun the horrors of prison life by an escape. 
 
 Our quarters for the night were tolerably com- 
 fortable, and our soiree was enlivened by the good 
 humor of one of the guards, who, having seen some- 
 thing of the world, was inclined to make light of the 
 verdant and somewhat peculiar speeches of his more 
 unfortunate fellow-Georgians, who had never before 
 passed the limits of the swamps that surround their 
 dreary homesteads. In the course of this cavalier's 
 yarn spinning, he told us a good story of an old lady 
 to whom he had applied for bread during the day. It 
 was designed to show her appreciation of General 
 Wheeler. She struck out as follows : " Mr. "Wheeler 
 and his critter-company drove into my back yard 
 t'other day, tipped my ashhopper over, and drawed 
 out ten streaks of fight half a mile long, with his 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 215 
 
 wagon-guns on the ends of 'em— and when he went 
 away he never paid me nary cent. I allers thought 
 you'uns was a decenter set of men, but the Tanks 
 theirselves is no wusser. Now, ef you'uns don't go 
 'long and leave us what little we've got, we'll surely 
 perish." „ 
 
 " SHERMANS BUMMERS. 
 
 It was no uncommon thing for citizens to dread 
 and detest their own Kebel hordes as heartily as they 
 did the "boys in blue," unless it was "Sherman's 
 bummers," as they were called, whose only business 
 was to vacate pantries and poultry-yards, and to 
 search, with an almost sure prospect of success, for 
 plate, jewelry, and other rich goods, which the people 
 had buried in the pathways and gardens adjoining 
 their dwellings. 
 
 Our humorous guard kept us wide awake as long 
 as it was proper, with his well-told anecdotes, and, at 
 times, in spite of our bondage, -convulsed the whole 
 party with laughter. 
 
 ftfoMttg-fonrilj §ag. 
 
 Sylvania, Ga.,) 
 
 Monday, December 19. J 
 
 We commenced our inarch at daybreak, and, after 
 traveling twenty-five miles, halted for the night near 
 Sylvania. This is a small town, and to all appear- 
 ances of but little importance. It is situated on the 
 Middle Ground Koad, midway between Springfield 
 and Waynesboro'. The armies did not halt here ; 
 and, consequently, the people knew but little of the 
 sad realities resulting from the devastating tread ot 
 armed hosts. 
 
276 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 They were generally disposed to be talkative and 
 friendly. Maiiy of them besieged the guard and 
 prisoners with questions and observations. This was 
 just what we wanted, for the guard could not be 
 vigilant when entertaining citizens. 
 
 Early in the evening we were stationed on the 
 porch of a large unoccupied building, and the sen- 
 tinels were posted in front in a semicircular form. 
 It was determined that here we should spend the 
 night. 
 
 Soon after halting, the sergeant came to me and 
 said, " My foragers have found some corn-bread and 
 sweet potatoes, which you see at the other end of 
 the porch. I will give you all some potatoes, and 
 keep the bread for the guard." " Yery well — very 
 well," I said, and continued to myself, " If we are 
 permitted to remain outside the building till dark, 
 your guard will get very little of that bread, unless it 
 is issued soon." As he was walking away, I called to 
 him, " Sergeant, have you any objection to our re- 
 maining outside till after supper, as we shall want to 
 use thefire ? " 
 
 After looking carefully around and hesitating a 
 moment, he answered, " Ye-es, I reckon you can." 
 " Thank you — thank you," I replied ; " We will 
 consider it a privilege." 
 
 This favor being granted, my mind was set at 
 once on the rampage for a plan of escape, which was 
 soon matured, and which time proved to be success- 
 ful. 
 
AND TEE ESCAPE. 211 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE ESCAPE FROM SYLVANIA, GEORGIA. 
 
 ftfoentg-fiftlj gag. 
 
 In a Swamp near Sylvania, Ga.,) 
 Tuesday, December 20, 1864. ) 
 
 Darkness was settling down over the scene last de- 
 scribed, and, though almost completely exhausted by 
 the long march of the clay, the prospect of a supper just 
 at hand, and of something even better than " meat and 
 drink " after it, quite relieved me of all weakness, and 
 nerved me for another desperate attempt to escape. 
 The sergeant of the guard had told me that a pile of 
 sweet potatoes was reserved for the prisoners, and so 
 calling the attention of Lieutenant J. W. "Wright, 
 Tenth Iowa Volunteers, who was then conversing with 
 a citizen, I asked him if it was not time for him to 
 draw his potato rations. At the same time I gave 
 him a significant look, which only prisoners of long 
 experience, like ourselves, could understand, and 
 which he quickly interpreted to mean a change of 
 base. Hastily withdrawing from the citizen, he met 
 me on the porch, where I communicated to him my 
 plan, and inquired if he would join me in its execu- 
 tion. He replied, without hesitation, that he was up 
 to anything but going back to South Carolina, and 
 
278 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 would not shrink from bearing a hand in any move 
 which I might make to escape from Rebel cruelty. 
 
 Lemon, my long-tried companion, was so pecu- 
 liarly circumstanced, as to be prevented from par- 
 ticipating in this plan, and was taken back to 
 Columbia. I will here say that Wright was also 
 an escaped prisoner from Columbia, whom I had 
 often met during my imprisonment there ; he left 
 Columbia a few days after Lemon and myself, but 
 unfortunately, like us, was recaptured at a time when 
 he felt that he was about to bid adieu to the scenes 
 of his suffering. 
 
 Finding that " escape on the brain " was "Wright's 
 prevailing malady, I lost no time in making what I 
 considered the necessary preliminaries. 
 
 I first saw one of the prisoners, who, I had been 
 told by the sergeant, would be allowed to issue the 
 potatoes. I requested him to make the issue upon 
 receiving a certain signal from me, which I made him 
 understand perfectly. 
 
 I then asked Wright to step to the end of the 
 porch, near where the corn-bread lay, that was in- 
 tended for the Rebel guard. I followed immediately 
 after, but was observed by the sergeant, who seemed 
 to wonder at this singular flank movement ; he said 
 nothing, however, for we allayed his suspicion of our 
 intentions, by sitting clown and entering into conver- 
 sation. In a moment more a citizen came up, and 
 called his attention from us. 
 
 The signal was made, and the half-starved men 
 closed up for their potatoes. It was now quite dark ; 
 I hastily took possession of the corn-bread, and taking 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 21 Q 
 
 advantage of the crowd, which screened us from the 
 guard, we sloped for a small clump of bushes that 
 were but a few rods distant. Our sudden move was 
 fortunately unnoticed, until after the distribution of 
 the potatoes. Great excitement then prevailed. 
 
 The sergeant suddenly arousing himself, ex- 
 claimed, " By dog on't, the d d Yankee officers 
 
 have done gone, and taken all our corn-bread. I will 
 have them, if it costs me a horse." 
 
 Calling out a corporal and four men, he instructed 
 them to proceed to a plantation for hounds, and to 
 bring back the Yanks either dead or alive. He 
 thought it probable that we would take the Spring- 
 field road, as that was the nearest route to our lines. 
 
 We were all this time so near the guard that we 
 could hear distinctly every word that was spoken, 
 and, as a matter of course, understood the programme 
 perfectly. 
 
 We decided with the sergeant, that the route by 
 way of Springfield was unquestionably the one to be 
 preferred ; but we did not consider it policy to strike 
 the road when we knew it would soon be patrolled 
 with guards and hounds, and concluded not to be in 
 any hurry until the excitement was over. 
 
 As soon as we thought quietness was sufficiently 
 restored to warrant a safe movement, under cover of 
 the darkness and woods, we hurriedly decamped from 
 our place of concealment, and made our way around 
 to the Middle Ground road, over which we had passed 
 but a few hours before under guard. We leaped 
 across it, so as to avoid the suspicion which tracks 
 would very naturally excite, and hastened into a large 
 
280 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 swamp but a short distance from town. While there, 
 we decided upon the course to be pursued, which was 
 recommended by "Wright. 
 
 The lieutenant had been over the Middle Ground 
 road before, to within a few miles of Springfield, 
 where he was recaptured ; and his experience we 
 considered a valuable possession, as we intended to 
 get back to Springfield as quickly as possible, and 
 then strike for some point on the Savannah, near 
 which Lemon and I were retaken. 
 
 We remained in the swamp until after ten o'clock, 
 when Wright started up and bade me follow. We 
 then went in quest of an old negro hut, where he 
 had before been befriended. It was within a stone's 
 throw of the plantation house, and therefore not safe- 
 ly approached without a thorough reconnoissance. 
 
 Secreting me in a corner of the fence which sur- 
 rounds the plantation, Wright proceeded forthwith to 
 the hut in which he knew 
 
 OLD RICHARD 
 
 slept. This was the name of the brave and kind- 
 hearted negro, who had supplied him with hoe-cake 
 and bacon, just before his recapture. 
 
 Richard had to consume some time in ecstasies of 
 delight at his opportunity of welcoming again as 
 guest his old friend Massa Wright, whom he had suc- 
 cored during his previous escape, and whom he had 
 the mortification to see pass back toward Sylvania a 
 prisoner in the afternoon. 
 
 With all due formality, I was soon introduced to 
 this swarthy descendant of Ham, whose heart was as 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 281 
 
 white as his skin was black, and whose warm and 
 hearty shake of the hand convinced rne, beyond a 
 doubt, that he was an earnest friend to the Yankee, 
 who would not hesitate to stake his life, if necessary, 
 in an endeavor to further our wishes. 
 
 Wright said that he had found a friend, and that 
 I must make arrangements for the " grub." I said 
 to Richard, " We want to leave this place to-mor- 
 row night at twelve o'clock, and would like to take 
 four days' rations with us. Can you let us have some 
 bacon and sweet potatoes to put with our corn-bread ? " 
 
 "Pootyhard case, Massa ; but dis yer darkey '11 
 do de best he can. Can't get nuffin on dis planta- 
 tion, but reckon I can buy some tatoes down at 
 Massa Smith's, three miles from yer, and will go down 
 thar after I finish my task to-morrer. As to meat," 
 he said, u you know, Massa, dat in de Souf de .slave 
 takes what de white folks frow& away ; and I reckon 
 you all couldn't eat a tainted ham dat old massa gib 
 me t'other day ; but if you can, God knows dis chile 
 gibs it to you wid all his heart." 
 
 I gave him to understand that we should be great- 
 ly obliged for the described ham ; as we had become 
 so entirely oblivious to the sense of taste that we did 
 not stop to question the quality of anything which 
 could be eaten by man. 
 
 LODGED IN A PINE-TREE TOP. 
 
 Having settled the question of rations, we next 
 addressed ourselves to the question of lodgings, and 
 desired Richard to take us to some safe spot, where 
 no Rebel would ever think of coming. Leading the 
 
282 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 way, our colored friend conducted us to a swamp, 
 and found a secure place of concealment in the top 
 of an old pine-tree. 
 
 Here we spent the day unmolested and unobserv- 
 ed by any one. The whippoorwill and turtle-dove 
 enlivened the hours with their inspiring notes, and as 
 night began to approach, the gloomy owl from the 
 tree-tops uttered his solemn warning-cry. The pine 
 and cypress, swayed by the breeze, moaned a per- 
 petual chorus, and under their tuition we learned, 
 during the long, dreary hours, how much we were in- 
 debted to these dismal wilds, that have concealed 
 alike both friend and foe. 
 
 Here the Rebel deserter concealed himself from his 
 pursuers. Here the loyalist found a hiding-place from 
 the Rebel conscripting officer. Here the trembling 
 negro had his first taste of freedom. Here the escaped 
 prisoner was enabled to baffle blood-hounds and human 
 hounds, and make his way to the Federal lines. 
 
 I alwa} T s considered that a prisoner of war was 
 justified in making his escape, and might claim the 
 consideration due to a human being, even though he 
 were depriving his enemies of the fruits of victory ; 
 and it hardly seems possible that in our own free 
 country such an one should be tracked with blood- 
 hounds, like a wild beast, and shot down without 
 mercy, like an outlaw. 
 
 I cannot help asking, with the poet Whittier,— 
 
 " Is tliis the land our fathers loved, 
 
 The freedom which they toiled to win ? 
 Is this the earth -whereon they moved ? 
 Are these the graves they slumber in ? " 
 
d- 
 
 y\ 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 285 
 
 and with much show of dignity, walked away with- 
 out deeming it worth while to salute us. We were 
 not much offended at their silent courtesy. 
 
 A large cavalry patrol passed near us, and judg- 
 ing it not safe to be very demonstrative, we ate our 
 sweet potatoes raw — they composing our only ra- 
 tions — as a fire was out of the question. 
 
 We had, up to that time, no reliable information 
 with regard to General Sherman's array. The 
 bridges across all the principal streams were either 
 broken down, or heavily guarded, to check the ad- 
 vance of raiding parties. The planters drove their 
 stock far into the swamps, and remained with it dur- 
 ing the day, returning at night to their plantations. 
 
 An old woman came down into the swamp in 
 plain sight of us, and called her " critters " together 
 to feed them. We would gladly have answered the 
 call for ration's sake, had it been prudent. 
 
 We found an old darkey near our hiding-place, 
 splitting rails, and warmed ourselves a few moments 
 at his fire, as it was very cold and raining fiercely, 
 after which we sought our shelter again, and made 
 a roof of our blankets to keep off the rain. This old 
 friend promised to find us in the evening, and bring 
 some hoe-cake. What was best of all, he could repair 
 my shoes. These old shoes, like many other unim- 
 portant things, have a history. Shortly after my cap- 
 ture I was relieved of my cavalry boots, and a pair 
 of pasted shoes given me, which yielded to the first 
 moisture and left me quite as bad as barefoot. A fel- 
 low-prisoner, having received a remittance of good 
 things from home, among them a pair of boots, kindly 
 
236 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 presented me with his shoes. Smile not, gentle read- 
 er, at the gift, for to me they were invaluable ; and 
 with these I marched many weary miles, although 
 they were patched and wired together until little re- 
 mained of their former substance, and now they were 
 well-nigh gone. Cuff'ee took them home, and spent 
 the greater part of the night in making them answer 
 their appointed end. A piece of 'possum skin form- 
 ed the uppers, which was nicely tucked under. The 
 whole shoe was covered with the skin, and a slit made 
 in the top, in the right place, or somewhere near it, 
 to admit the foot. I was disposed to find fault at 
 first with their generous dimensions, but soon learned, 
 partly from the good darkey and partly from expe- 
 rience, that the cobbler knew best, for the 'possum 
 skin, though soft and pliable when moist, is hard and 
 wrinkled as a horn when dry. 
 
 This man took us in the evening to the negro 
 quarters, and the warm-hearted blacks insisted on our 
 staying with them all night, as it was cold and rainy. 
 
 Jiffoeitilj Ipajr. 
 
 I, FIVE MILKS F 
 
 Saturday, December 10. 
 
 Near Godbey's Bridge, five miles from Alexander, Ga., ) 
 
 Before morning our negro friends conducted us 
 back to the swamp, where we spent another gloomy, 
 disagreeable day. The rain kept drizzling from the 
 clouds and trees the livelong day. We had nothing 
 to eat but an ear of dry corn, picked up on an old 
 camping ground, and refused by some aristocratic 
 horse. 
 
 Our black cobbler came at night and piloted us to 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 237 
 
 Brier Creek, which we crossed at Godbey's Bridge, 
 and thence proceeded wearily to Alexander. Lemon 
 knocked at the door of a hut, where lie found a poor 
 white woman, of whom he inquired the road toMillin, 
 but she knew nothing about it. 
 
 Near Alexander we found a huge shanty, about 
 one hundred feet in length, used as the quarters for 
 negroes employed in the Rebel iron-works, which were 
 near. After reconnoitring the building for about half 
 an hour, we entered it. Fortune favored us — the in- 
 mates were all negroes, and when we had received all 
 needed information as to our best routes, we thanked 
 them, bade them good night, and pushed on 
 
238 TEE CAPTURE, TEE PUIS ON PEN, 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE ESCAPE FOLLOWING THE EEBEL ARMY IN 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 i§hiecttt|j £lmi. 
 
 Between Station No. 1 and Millin, Ga., ) 
 Sunday, December 11. f 
 
 From Alexander we made good progress until 
 about midnight, wlien our advance was intercepted by 
 a large creek. We were in quite a dilemma. A faith- 
 ful search could discover no bridge, nor fallen trees 
 spanning the stream, as would be the case in many in- 
 stances, nor any other means of crossing. The night 
 was bitterly cold, so that ice formed plentifully on still 
 water. And yet there seemed to be no other way but 
 to wade. 
 
 Sitting on a log and ruminating over our chances, 
 a very selfish piece of strategy suggested itself. Ac- 
 cordingly I said to Lemon, " There is no use of both 
 getting wet ; we can carry each other over these 
 streams. If you will carry me over this, I will carry 
 you over the next." I said " these streams," although 
 only one was before us, and the most prominent thought 
 in my mind was, that in all probability there would 
 be no other. 
 
 Lemon somehow failed to see the point, and con- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 239 
 
 sented. Accordingly, taking off our shoes, I mount- 
 ed on the lieutenant's shoulders, as school-boys some- 
 times carry each other, and he staggered through the 
 stream with me, doing no worse than wetting my feet. 
 This worked well. I congratulated myself, and gave 
 a generous sympathy to Lemon in his shiverings. The 
 chances were ten to one, I thought, that the carrying 
 business was at an end, when suddenly another stream, 
 wider than the first, rose up in the darkness before us. 
 There was no use in wincing, and I stripped for the 
 task. The lieutenant " ascended to the position he had 
 fairly earned." I plunged into the water. The mid- 
 dle of the stream was reached in safety, when, through 
 no fault of mine, either the water became too deep, 
 or my back became too weak for the burden, and the 
 consequence was, the worthy gentleman was nearly 
 as well soaked as myself when we reached the oppo- 
 site shore. Selfishness, as well as virtue, sometimes 
 brings its own reward. 
 
 We crossed three other streams that night, and as 
 a result of our past experience chose unanimously to 
 do our own wading. Thus another grand scheme for 
 human elevation fell to the ground. 
 
 "Wet and weary we continued our tramp until 
 nearly daylight, when quarters for the day were chosen 
 in a cypress swamp close by a road over which Gen- 
 eral Kilpatrick's' cavalry and the Fourteenth Army 
 Corps had marched, but a week before. 
 
 There were evident traces of their passage. The 
 fences were gone, or lay half-consumed by the road- 
 side. Buildings were still smoking in the distance, or 
 standing charred and blackened. The ground was 
 
240 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 covered with ears of corn, torn haversacks and blank- 
 ets, " hard-tack " boxes, broken muskets, dead horses 
 and mules, and any quantity of debris, which may 
 always be found in the desolating track of a large 
 army. 
 
 Being much exhausted with fatigue, and the 
 weather being a little more favorable than usual, we 
 slept the whole day without disturbance, as we did 
 also the next night, not awaking until nearly morning. 
 
 In a Swamp on the Savannah River Road, ) 
 Monday, December 12. ) 
 
 Having wasted the greater part of the night, we 
 determined, at all hazards, to make our time good by 
 traveling during the day. And yet the streams were 
 so swollen that little progress could be made. 
 
 We were evidently on General Sherman's trail, 
 though he was six days in advance of us. In our phy- 
 sical and mental weakness, we wondered whether 
 the good man would halt if he knew we were in pur- 
 suit of him. "We thought he would at least send a 
 detachment to bring us to his lines. Suffering sol- 
 diers can scarcely be induced to think anything of 
 more importance than their own preservation. We 
 determined to turn from the road to Millin, and follow 
 the trail of the army. 
 
 Hounds were on our track at one time during the 
 day. Had the wretches known how little there was 
 left of us, they would have given up the pursuit as 
 fruitless, or meatless, at least. It may be that they 
 suspected this, for we were not pursued far. It was 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 241 
 
 much safer traveling just here than it had been pre- 
 viously ; for, as a general thing, Sherman's boys had 
 killed all the hounds in their march, as they had 
 heard of their being used to overtake escaped pris- 
 oners. Most of the Rebels, also, had been either 
 carried or frightened out of the country. 
 
 One old sinner had unfortunately escaped, and we 
 heard of his hunting Yankees on his own responsibil- 
 ity, and gave him a wide berth. It may have been 
 his hounds that followed us. Nothing could be more 
 desirable, in escaping under such circumstances, than 
 to have a small quantity of strychnine along. There 
 would generally be means of making it an acceptable 
 offering to the dogs. 
 
 We turned from the road into a piece of woods, 
 about four o'clock, and as the country was smoking 
 in all directions, did not hesitate to make a fire and 
 lie down on the grass beside it. During our sleep 
 the fire had crept along the grass and laid hold of 
 my pantaloons ; and when I awoke the outside seam 
 of the leg next the fire was burned completely out. 
 The fire had found appropriate food in the dry moss 
 and reeds accumulated there, and so ran along them as 
 it would run along a fence. Some strings from our 
 large tow haversack served to sew the burnt edges 
 together, and by nine in the evening we were again 
 ready to take up our line of march. 
 
 a^fanifc gag. 
 
 Sixty miles north of Savannah, ) 
 Tuesday, December 13. J 
 
 We continued to travel in the trail of the armies. 
 We were without food, and suffered much from hun- 
 10* 
 
242 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 ffer. £Tow and then we could find an ear of corn, 
 left by a Rebel cavalryman. In the latter part of 
 the night we stopped at a plantation, and, seeing no 
 plantation house, concluded they were all negro 
 huts. Approaching the most respectable looking 
 one, I rapped at the door, when some one sang out, 
 " Whose thar?" 
 
 From the answer, I was unable to guess whether 
 the occupants were black or white, and accordingly 
 said, " Are you black or white in there? " 
 
 The answer, " There a'n't no niggers here," and 
 the very indignant tone, satisfied me that I had fallen 
 upon some " poor white trash," as they are familiarly 
 called. 
 
 Determined to have something to eat, at all 
 events, besides being anxious to learn something of 
 our course, I assumed the tone of Southern dignity, 
 and, summoning the speaker to the door, I demanded, 
 in the name of an injured Rebel officer, why he was 
 not forthcoming at once. 
 
 Upon meeting " mine host," I soon found he had 
 seen his best days ; and feeling quite at home, asked 
 how long since our army had passed. 
 
 " What army ? " he inquired, as if to make sure 
 of no mistake. 
 
 " The Eebel army, of course," I replied. He 
 then told me Wheeler's cavalry had passed a week 
 since, in pursuit of Sherman's rear-guard. 
 
 " Can you tell me how far it is to Wheeler's head- 
 quarters ? " I asked. 
 
 " Indeed I can't," he answered, " but I reckon it's 
 a right smart distance, sir." 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 243 
 
 " Are there any horses or mules in the neighbor- 
 hood," I continued. 
 
 " ]STary one," he replied ; " the cussed Yankees 
 have cleaned us out, and done gone with our last 
 piece of bread." 
 
 "Well, come now, uncle, can't you give this 
 Rebel something to eat % " 
 
 " No, there's not a mouthful in the house ; we're 
 whipped clean out." 
 
 " I know better, sir," I said ; " you have bacon 
 and sweet potatoes ; you must shell out, or I shall 
 have to help myself." 
 
 Rebel, wishing to shirk the responsibility of a false- 
 hood from his own shoulders, called to Mrs. Rebel to 
 know if there was anything eatable on the premises ; 
 to which she replied, "I reckon you'll find something 
 in the pantry ; " and in a moment more my un willing 
 friend returned with a small bit of bread and two 
 sweet potatoes. After receiving these, I delivered 
 him a lecture upon his treatment of a soldier who had 
 ventured all upon the defence of his country ; telling 
 him he was unworthy the cause he had espoused, and 
 that his patriotism did not reach to his pockets, to say 
 nothing of his falsehood and mean attempts to de- 
 fraud me of a breakfast. 
 
 Expressing the hope that I should find him a bet- 
 ter Rebel when we again met, I hurried off to Lemon, 
 who was still waiting by the road, and with him 
 shared our hard-earned meal with an appetite well 
 whetted by hunger. 
 
 Pushing on at a rapid rate in the direction of our 
 army, we espied a person crossing the road a short 
 
244 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 distance before us ; and, as the whites seldom stir 
 before daylight, our first conclusion was that we had 
 found a colored friend, but we were soon undeceived 
 by discovering a burly-looking white man. After 
 passing the compliments of the morning, we inquired 
 how long since our cavalry passed. "Last Tuesday," 
 he replied ; and not wishing to detain him, we pro- 
 ceeded on our way, grateful that our uniforms were 
 hidden under our blankets, which answered at once 
 as overcoats and a good disguise. 
 
 Leaving planter ISTo. 2 to his own reflections, we 
 reached a swamp at daybreak. Here we met two 
 negroes going to their work, and, after a " Good morn- 
 ing, boys," inquired the distance to the next plan- 
 tation. 
 
 " Jess a mild from this 'ere swamp, Massa." 
 
 " Are there any white folks there ? " we asked. 
 
 " Nary one, Massa, for 
 
 DE PLANTER WAS A BUSHWACKEE, 
 
 and Massa Sherman's company took 'em all orf." 
 
 Wishing to have my stories of the morning agree 
 (not knowing how soon they would be tested), I did 
 not think it necessary to make myself known to my 
 colored friends, but asked whether they had seen any 
 of Wheeler's cavalry of late. 
 
 " There's right smart of 'em down at Massa 
 Brown's, three miles from de swamp, and dey's hazin' 
 about de country in eb'ry direction." 
 
 Feeling somewhat disconcerted with this piece of 
 information, we, however, started for the plantation 
 described. As we came in sight, I saw the house was 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 245 
 
 closed, but that smoke was rising from a but on the 
 grounds, so made for it in double-quick time ; walked 
 up to and opened the door without hesitation, when 
 to my surprise and horror, I beheld 
 
 A REBEL OFFICER 
 
 sitting before the fire. Without the least hesitancy or 
 trepidation, I advanced, gave him the military salute, 
 and said, " I see yon too are in the service, sir ; but 
 hope, like myself, you have not been unfortunate." 
 
 " How unfortunate may you have been, sir? " he 
 asked. JSTow I might have stated all the mishaps of 
 my life ; but only quietly said, " I was in the cavalry 
 fight at "Waynesboro' the other day, had my horse 
 shot from under me, failed to get remounted, and 
 have walked the entire distance to this place." 
 
 " I reckon our cases are not very unlike, after 
 all," he rejoined ; " I had my horse shot there too, 
 but luckily got a mule ; " and, stepping to the door, 
 he pointed out his long-eared animal, eating hay at 
 the barn. 
 
 Fearing he might get the start of me, I as'ked to 
 what command he belonged. 
 
 " The Fifty-third Alabama Mounted Infantry," he 
 returned ; and then inquired my regiment. 
 
 " The Third South Carolina Cavalry," I said ; and 
 true it was, that my last service was in that State. 
 
 I was careful to name some other State than Ala- 
 bama, as he would be better posted with regard to 
 the regiments of his own State than those of any 
 other. Lemon, during this time, was walking un- 
 easily backwards and forwards in front of the gate. 
 
246 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 He once carelessly remarked that we had better be 
 going, but I thought haste would be the ruination of 
 us, and so occupied a few minutes more in recounting 
 the barbarities of General Sherman's army, remark- 
 ing, " Now we have him just where we want him — 
 between two swamps; and when he is thoroughly 
 starved out we shall capture his entire army." 
 
 The lieutenant seemed to indorse my remarks, 
 notwithstanding my blue clothes; and just as I 
 thought his suspicions rally allayed he remarked 
 that " it was strange for a gentleman of my profes- 
 sions to be dressed in Federal colors." 
 
 I returned, " It is not strange at all, sir. A poor 
 fellow must wear what he can get in these times. I 
 have not had a full equipment since I came into the 
 service, and I never expect one. You know, in the 
 fight at Waynesboro' we captiu'ed a few Tanks ; and 
 I just stripped a dead one, and appropriated his 
 attire to myself." 
 
 " A good idea," he said, pointing to his own tat- 
 tered pants ; " I wish I had been as sensible." 
 
 My poor stomach had gained nothing during this 
 interview, so I asked, " Do you reckon aunty " — 
 pointing to the woman of the house — " could give me 
 some breakfast ? " 
 
 " I reckon not, stranger," he returned ; " the 
 Yanks have done gone with all the corn on this plan- 
 tation ; but if you will go down to Mr. Brown's, you 
 can get all you ask for. He was a good Union man 
 when General Sherman passed through, and on that 
 account had a guard set over his property ; then, 
 when our army came along, he was all Secesh." 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 247 
 
 " Well, sir, I shall be at Mr. Brown's without de- 
 lay, and shall be happy to breakfast with you there. 
 How far do you call it to his plantation ? " 
 
 "About two sights and a jambye," he returned, in 
 true Rebel parlance. 
 
 A " sight " was as far as one could see in that 
 broken country, while a "jambye" nothing more 
 than a swamp, — terms which gave me a very accurate 
 measurement of the distance. 
 
 But, not interrupting him for any explanation of 
 his Southern vocabulary, the good officer continued 
 to inform me that it was fifty-two miles to Savannah, 
 about thirty-five to the rear of Sherman's army, and 
 twenty-five to Wheeler's headquarters, adding as he 
 closed, " It's a smart walk you'll have, I reckon." 
 
 With a hearty, " Thank you, sir, and a good morn- 
 ing ; we shall meet you at Mr. Brown's," we left 
 him, and kept the road until entirely out of his 
 range, when we suddenly struck into a swamp. 
 Messrs. Brown & Co. may be still waiting that 
 breakfast for us, for aught I know ; may they wait 
 and watch with due patience. 
 
 We made rapid strides for a mile or more, and 
 finally concealed ourselves in some bushes. Seeing 
 a smoke in the woods, we crept towards it, and 
 found a black man and his wife, 
 
 INTERESTING CONTRABANDS, 
 
 lying by the fire. After arousing them, we learned 
 their history. 
 
 They had followed General Sherman's army from 
 Burke County, Georgia, and, being encamped on an 
 
248 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 island in Big Ebenezer Creek, with four or five 
 hundred others, were shelled out by the Rebels, and 
 compelled to seek safety by flight into the swamps. 
 
 In this way they had lost their company, and 
 reasoning that if the slaves were all emancipated they 
 would be free when the war ended, without any 
 trouble of their own, they resolved to go back to 
 their masters. 
 
 We were at this time without food and very 
 hungry, and as our colored friends had nothing but 
 a little shelled corn, we lent Sambo our haversack, 
 and sent him to find some negroes, detaining Dinah 
 as a hostage for his safe return. He rather objected 
 to the risk of such an expedition, but as we were 
 very urgent, at last complied, while we sat roasting 
 and eating corn during his absence. He brought 
 back some sweet potatoes, which were in no way 
 objectionable. 
 
 Very soon the worthy couple decided, after a 
 little persuasion on our part, that they were not in 
 very safe quarters, and consequently left us in full 
 possession of the fire and potatoes, the latter of 
 which we roasted in the former. Here we spent 
 the remainder of the day and the early part of the 
 following night. 
 
 On the Savannah River Road, ) 
 Wednesday, December 14. J 
 
 "We did not travel much till after midnight, when 
 we pursued our way without interruption till day- 
 light ; then turned into a swamp. We heard the 
 sound of an axe. Early in the afternoon, Lemon 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 251 
 
 went to reconnoitre, while I sat down to write in my 
 journal. I had no pencil of my own, but Lemon had 
 a short piece which he kindly lent me. Having no 
 knife, I was obliged to sharpen it by picking the 
 wood away from the lead with my finger nails. 
 
 CRITICAL SITUATION. 
 
 Lemon soon returned in extreme consternation. 
 Seeing a negro, he had walked boldly up to him, 
 when, to his utter dismay, he saw a great burly 
 white man sitting on a log. Springing from the log, 
 the planter demanded almost in a fury, " What are 
 you doing here in a blue uniform ? " 
 
 The lieutenant replied, " I am serving my coun- 
 try, as every loyal man should do." 
 
 The planter then said, " I believe you're a d d 
 
 Yankee." 
 
 Lemon returned the gallant answer, " You are 
 welcome to your opinion, old Blowhard, — this is a 
 
 free country. I am a Yankee — all but the d d 
 
 — and what do you propose to do about it % " 
 
 "We'll see, we'll see," said the planter, and at 
 the same time started hurriedly toward the house. 
 Lemon came back double quick, and we suddenly 
 decamped, supposing of course that the planter had 
 gone for his gun and hounds. 
 
 Taking the sun for a guide, we set off in a south- 
 easterly direction, and did not venture to halt before 
 dark. 
 
 We were pursued by hounds for more than two 
 miles, but struck a stream of water, and waded up 
 a half mile to evade our pertinacious followers. This 
 
252 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 put them off the scent, as it usually did. The cow- 
 ardly old stay-at-home had been true to his instincts. 
 Nature had printed no lie on his face. He might have 
 taken Lemon by the collar, and walked him off to his 
 home as he would a negro boy ; but his big fists had no 
 manly courage to back them, and he lost his prey. 
 
 During our run we found some ears of corn and 
 a piece of pork, left by the army. The meat was 
 badly tainted, but no matter — it was no time to be 
 fastidious. Making a small fire, we roasted it, and 
 made a good meal. There was no prospect of better, 
 for the country was thoroughly stripped, and there 
 were very few negroes left to befriend us. 
 
 As we loitered around our little fire, we observed, 
 through the bushes, several planters galloping along 
 to take possession of Sherman's corduroy road through 
 the swamp just ahead of us, thinking, no doubt, that 
 we could not possibly find another passage through it. 
 This put us on our guard, and we secreted ourselves 
 securely until late in the night, when we determined 
 again to rob these hunters of human game of their 
 prey, by flanking their position. 
 
 ©fomtwtjj §ag. 
 
 In a Swamp near Big Ebenezer Creek, ) 
 Thursday, December 15. \ 
 
 It was about midnight when we began to creep 
 cautiously up to the edge of the swamp. A large fire 
 soon marked the locality of the planters' picket. We 
 could do nothing but venture out in the mud and 
 water of the hateful swamp, which we did on the left 
 flank of the guarding party. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 253 
 
 It was a terrible undertaking, but there was no 
 alternative. Sometimes we were whelmed to our 
 armpits in the holes, and had it not been for the roots 
 of trees and bushes, upon which we could step and 
 seize with our hands, we could never have escaped 
 with our lives. And had it not been for the severe 
 exercise, we would have perished with the cold. But 
 hope and labor kept our bodies and spirits warm, and 
 so we pushed our way through as best we could. If 
 Bunyan's pilgrim had half as hard a task as this 
 when struggling through the Slough of Despond, we 
 felt to pity him, and to glory in his perseverance and 
 success. 
 
 At no time were we further than about fifteen 
 rods of the pickets, and in consequence of the many 
 obstacles in our way, and of frequently stopping to 
 rest, and of moving so cautiously to avoid any noise, 
 we were about two hours in going only a few hundred 
 yards. But we escaped our wily adversaries safely. 
 Several other pickets, however, were passed later in 
 the night ; to some of them we were so near as to 
 hear their conversation about the " desolating march 
 of Sherman's hosts " ; but, as the ground was firmer, 
 we had no difficulty in turning their flank. The ]ast 
 picket was passed at the edge of the swamp skirting 
 the Big Ebenezer Creek. This swamp was cordu- 
 royed, but unguarded. 
 
 On either side of the road the land was entirely 
 submerged, and it would not have been among things 
 possible to travel through it. Three miles or more 
 brought us to the stream, which was very wide. 
 
 The bridge had been burned, and we stood on the 
 
254 THE CAPTURE, THE P1US0N PEN, 
 
 charred abutment, surrounded by water, with no 
 visible means of making a crossing. All our inspec- 
 tion could bring to light nothing satisfactory. Day- 
 light was just coming, and, through the rising mists, 
 we could discern the opposite shore. Did the Israel- 
 ites more earnestly long for the Arabian shore of the 
 Red Sea, than we for that misty land beyond the 
 stream ? They were pursued by the hosts of Egyptian 
 tyrants, we, by no less blood-thirsty Rebels. A sense 
 of desolation crept over us. A broad stream lay be- 
 fore us, and an impenetrable swamp all around, while 
 we possessed nothing but " Uncle Zeb's " knife to 
 assist us. 
 
 We finally thought of secreting ourselves, and of 
 stealing back past the pickets at night, to get boards 
 with which to construct a raft. Just how this was to 
 be done we did not know; but it was a plan, and 
 better than no plan at all. 
 
 Accordingly, we began to search for a place of 
 concealment, and soon found very 
 
 UNEXPECTED AID. 
 
 Walking back along the road towards the picket, 
 we saw what had the appearance of being a cordu- 
 royed walk leading out into the swamp. Following 
 this, and jumping from log to log, we soon came to 
 an island, or elevated plat of ground, in the midst of 
 the swamp. No discussion was needed to determine 
 that this was the place we were looking for. Men 
 had evidently rested there before. Old pieces of gar- 
 ments and blankets were strewn around, and here 
 and there were the charred remains of fires. Select- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 255 
 
 ing as secluded and cozy a spot as possible, we soon 
 fell asleep, being weary with our long and dreary 
 traujp. Our nap, however, was very short. Lemon 
 soon shook me by the arm, and whispered in my 
 ear that he had heard a noise like that of oars falling 
 into a boat. Most persons are familiar with this pe- 
 culiar ringing sound. 
 
 Wide awake then, we watched the road, and soon 
 saw two Rebel couriers pass along with papers in 
 their hands. 
 
 After waiting till they were well, past, we crept 
 out of our lair, and watched them till they were out 
 of sight, when we went down to the river's edge. 
 Here we found an old boat, drawn up among the 
 trees of the swamp, and tied with a rope. 
 
 Seeing the coast apparently clear on the opposite 
 side, it was the w r ork of a moment only to get the 
 craft back into the stream. There was no quarreling 
 for the post of honor, but each making the best use 
 of the two broken paddles with which the boat was 
 equipped, we were soon landed " on the other shore," 
 having passed " dry-shod." 
 
 After pushing our boat down stream, we discovered 
 the body of a dead cavalryman. From his general 
 appearance, and the few fragments of uniform re- 
 maining unpilfered upon his body, we concluded he 
 was a Federal soldier, and though unable to give him 
 a decent burial, we gently laid him in the water, and 
 left the 'mournful spot in haste. Following the cor- 
 duroy, we soon came to two horses tied under the 
 trees. They evidently belonged to the couriers. It 
 was a hazardous affair throughout, but thinking the 
 
256 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 danger would be no greater on horseback than on 
 foot, we borrowed the gentlemen's horses. 
 
 We had a splendid ride, the first for many a 
 weary month, and we sailed along like birds, for at 
 least two miles, when, the country becoming more 
 open, and it being in broad daylight, we reluctantly 
 dismounted, slipped bridles, and let the noble animals 
 loose to grass. We thought the horses were quite as 
 well satisfied' with our treatment, as they would have 
 been with that of their true masters, and we parted 
 from each other with mutual regrets. 
 
 Turning into the woods we soon heard voices in 
 the distance. They proved to be Rebel pickets. 
 Fearing to venture any more that day, we found a 
 close retreat, and lay down for the day, employing 
 our waking hours in eating corn from the cob — our 
 only diet for several days. Quietly we slept until 
 nearly midnight, and, then, flanking the picket before 
 us, we pursued our dangerous journey. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE- 283 
 
 How wonderfully degenerated have become these 
 unworthy descendants of the .mighty fathers of the 
 Revolution. Could their spirits but speak from the 
 heavens, in pitying tones, they would plead with these 
 fiends incarnate, not to stain the pages of history by 
 acts so foul and barbarous that the most unfeeling 
 savage would shrink with horror from their contem- 
 plation. 
 
 STfoenfg-sH-ljj §lag. 
 
 Between Sylvania and Springfield, Ga., ) 
 Wednesday, December 21. ) 
 
 In our eager haste to reach something more conge- 
 nial than this swamp-life, the hours of the day had 
 seemed to move on leaden wings ; but night came at 
 length, and, at the spot agreed upon the night before, 
 near a spring on his master's plantation, Old Richard 
 was found promptly at the appointed hour. 
 
 He gave us the tainted meat which has been be- 
 fore described, and a few sweet potatoes. This was 
 the best that he could do for us ; and after we had 
 asked God to bless him for his kindness, and told him 
 that we believed the day was not far distant when he 
 would be a free man, we started on our way rejoicing, 
 hoping that we might reach our lines before we 
 should need another supply. We walked about twenty- 
 five miles after leaving Richard, for the most part 
 keeping the road over which we had marched pris- 
 oners on our way to Sylvania. 
 
 Our progress was necessarily very slow, for, to 
 use an army phrase, I was about " played out, v from 
 starvation and long exposure. My weight could not 
 have been more than ninety pounds; though my 
 
284 THE CAPTVliE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 usual weight is about one hundred and forty. Wright 
 was a hardy Western man, much larger than myself, 
 and, besides, he had a good pair of shoes, which are 
 almost indispensable to the success of an escaped pris- 
 oner. They were given him by a negro, soon after 
 his escape from Columbia. During the night's tramp 
 he carried me through several swamps on his back, 
 as I was entirely too weak to make my way alone 
 without falling into the slough-holes. Nothing occur- 
 red during the night to lessen our chances of reach- 
 ing Sherman's lines, although at one time we were 
 much startled on seeing two men, who proved to be 
 
 REBEL DESERTERS, 
 
 as we ascertained by their conversation. We had 
 barely time to turn from the road and secrete our- 
 selves behind a log, when they passed over the very 
 spot where we had stood but a moment before. It 
 was a bright moonlight night ; and had they been 
 looking for Yanks, they could have seen us very read- 
 ily ; but it appeared from their conversation that they 
 were conscripts, and that, not feeling disposed to fight 
 against the defenders of the "old flag," they had 
 deserted from General Wheeler's command, and were 
 making their way back to their homes in Tennessee. 
 We did not venture to hail them, but thinking that for 
 the alleged reasons they were justified in deserting 
 the Rebel ranks, we silently wished them success, and 
 pushed on. 
 
 At the break of day we came to a halt in what 
 appeared to be a safe hiding-place, entirely removed 
 from the haunts of men ; but broad daylight convin- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 285 
 
 ced us that we were within a few rods of a plantation, 
 where the bustle and noise we heard indicated no little 
 danger. Slyly at first, but rapidly at last, we "got 
 up and dusted." A half-mile heat brought us to a 
 swamp, where, between the roots of an ancient cypress, 
 we found a safe retreat. 
 
 During the day our ears were greeted with the 
 boom of heavy cannonading in the direction of Savan- 
 nah. We found a twofold pleasure in the sound : 
 first, it indicated that our army was at work, giving 
 Rebellion, as we hoped, its death-blow ; and second, 
 it marked the direction of our course, and told us 
 plainly that we were not very far from the friends we 
 longed to meet. 
 
 OX OCR WAY, WITH RENEWED OBSTACLES, 
 
 Thursday, December 22. 
 
 As we knew the moon was not to rise till about 
 midnight, we determined to get an early start and 
 improve the darkness. Accordingly we set out at an 
 early hour, and had not proceeded far, when a plan- 
 tation became visible before us. 
 
 "Wright said, " Glazier, if you would like a good 
 supper and something to put in the haversack, I will 
 tell you how you can make a raise on a safe scale, by 
 just representing yourself to be a Rebel, and trusting 
 to your face." 
 
 It was certainly not advisable to neglect such an 
 opportunity of replenishing our commissary supplies, 
 and I requested him to state the particulars. He re- 
 plied that he had been credibly informed, that the 
 plantation house, towards which we were directing 
 12 
 
 "} 
 
286 TIIE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 our eyes, was occupied by a planter's wife and some 
 small children, whose husband and father was in the 
 Rebel army. He had also learned that there were no 
 hounds on the place. 
 
 INTERVIEW WITH MRS. KEYTON. 
 
 After hearing the details, and having agreed upon 
 signals of danger, should any occur, I started on my 
 foraging expedition with a good degree of assurance 
 of success. 
 
 Stepping up to the door of the mansion, I rapped, 
 and a very intelligent lady soon made her appearance. 
 I asked, " Can you give this Rebel a supper ? " She 
 replied, " You shall have the best the house affords," 
 and invited me to step in and take a seat by the fire. 
 I did so, saying, as I took my seat, " Madam, I am 
 shocked at the dastardly conduct of General Sherman 
 in his march throuovh Georgia. It has been character- 
 ized by nothing but what should excite the revenge, 
 and move to action, every man possessing a true 
 southern spirit. Our aged citizens, who have banded 
 together for mutual protection, have been treated 
 as bushwhackers — have been driven from their homes, 
 and their property confiscated. Our hounds, always 
 true* to the interests of the South, have been shot 
 down by the roadside for no other reason than that 
 they were used in tracking escaped prisoners " 
 
 Interrupting me here, the lady remarked, much to 
 my surprise, that she could not see that the Yankees 
 were much worse than the Confederates, after all. 
 She said : 
 
 "When the Yankee army passed through the 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 287 
 
 State, they took from the rich the supplies necessary 
 for their sustenance ; and when our cavalry followed in 
 the rear they took nearly all that was left, seeming to 
 care but little for our wants, often stripping defence- 
 less women and children of their last morsel of 
 bread." 
 
 "I regret, madam, that the conduct of our troops 
 has been such as to give you reasons for complaint." 
 
 "I, too, regret that our men have not proved 
 themselves worthy of a cause which they appear so 
 willing to defend." 
 
 "Remember," I continued, "that our commissary 
 department has been completely wrecked, and that 
 we are entirely dependent upon the people for the 
 subsistence of a large army." 
 
 By the sad expression of her countenance, which 
 accompanied and followed this remark, I saw clearly 
 that she felt we had reached a crisis in the war, when 
 Providence was 
 
 TURNING THE TABLES, 
 and she accordingly interrogated, 
 
 " And what do you think of present prospects ? " 
 
 I quickly responded, " Oar future looks dark, — 
 our cause appears almost hopeless, but the sacrifices 
 of our gallant dead remain unavenged. Therefore, 
 'we must fight while there is a man left, and die in 
 the last ditch.' " 
 
 " If there be no longer any hope of success, sir, I 
 should say that it would be better to lay down our 
 arms at once, and go back under the old flag." 
 
 "We must fight, Madam, we must fight? 
 
 " But it is wickedness and worse than madness to 
 
288 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 continue this awful massacre of human beings, with- 
 out some prospect of ultimate success." 
 
 " Very true ; but we have lost all in this struggle, 
 and must sell our lives as clearly as possible." 
 
 By this time the good lady seemed to have waxed 
 as enthusiastic and warm as the fire over which the 
 servant was preparing my supper, and she added : 
 
 "My husband is a captain in the Twenty-fifth 
 Georgia Infantry. He is the father of these children, 
 and is very dear to both them and me. Long have I 
 prayed that he might be spared to return to his 
 family, but fear that we shall never be permitted to 
 see him again. "When he entered the army I admired 
 his patriotism, and was glad to see him go in defence 
 of what I supposed to be the true policy of the 
 southern people ; but we have been deceived from the 
 beginning by our military and political leaders. It is 
 time to open our eyes, and see what obstinacy has 
 brought us. We are conquered. Let us return to 
 the administration of the Federal government, ere we 
 are ruined." 
 
 " Madam, your sympathies appear to be largely 
 with the Yankees." 
 
 " It is not strange, sir ; I was born and educated in 
 New England ; — and your speech would indicate that 
 you too are not a native of the South." 
 
 " You are right ; I am a ]STew Yorker by birth, 
 but have been for a long time in South Carolina." 
 
 After partaking of the frugal meal set before me, 
 which consisted of corn-bread and sweet potatoes, I 
 thanked the lady for her kindness, and told her that 
 I regretted very deeply that I was not in a situation 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 289 
 
 to remunerate her for so much trouble.- ^Noticing my 
 blue pants as I arose from the table, she observed : 
 "It is impossible for me to know our men from the 
 Yankees by the uniform ; but a few days since, two 
 soldiers asked me to get them some supper, claiming 
 to be scouts to General Wheeler; they told many 
 very plausible stories, and the next day, to my aston- 
 ishment, I was charged with harboring Yankee spies." 
 
 " I do not wonder that you find it difficult to dis- 
 tinguish the Confederate from the Yankee soldier, for 
 in these trying times a poor. Rebel is compelled to 
 wear any thing he can get. The dead are always 
 stripped, and at this season of the year, we find the 
 Federal uniform far more comfortable than our own." 
 
 " It must be an awful extremity that could tempt 
 men to strip the dying and the dead." 
 
 "We have become so much accustomed to such 
 practices, that we are unmoved by scenes which might 
 appall and sicken those who have never served in our 
 ranks." 
 
 " I sincerely hope that these murderous practices 
 will soon be at an end." 
 
 Feeling that I had been absent from my com- 
 panion long enough, and that it was time to make 
 my departure, I arose, saying, 
 
 "I must go, madam; may I know to whom I am 
 so much indebted for my supper and kind entertain- 
 ment this evening ? " 
 
 " Mrs. James Key ton. And what may I call your 
 name ? " 
 
 " Willard Glazier, Fifty-third Alabama Mounted 
 Infantry." 
 
290 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 " Should you chance to meet the Twenty-fifth 
 Georgia, please inquire for Captain Keyton, and say 
 to him that his wife and children are well, and send 
 their love." 
 
 "He shall certainly have your message if it is my 
 good fortune to find him out. Good-night." 
 
 The interview with Mrs. Keyton ended, which 
 seemed to convince her that I was a bitter Rebel, I 
 hastened out to receive the congratulations of Wright 
 upon my success, but found him in very bad humor, 
 as he was entirely out of patience with waiting so 
 long for my return. I explained to him the reason 
 of the delay, but all to no purpose, for he was so 
 provoked that he would not listen ; and thus feeling 
 a little angry at each other, we moved toward 
 Springfield. 
 
 We were determined not to pass this important 
 post without gaining some information about the 
 strength, position, and intended movements of the 
 Rebel forces in General Sherman's rear. This required 
 cautious manoeuvring, and some daring. But what 
 we gained well repaid us for our risks. 
 
 We found General Iverson's headquarters to be at 
 that place, and were at one time within about fifteen 
 paces of the house which he occupied. 
 
 We were so near his provost-guard as to hear dis- 
 tinctly every word that was spoken. They were dis- 
 cussing present prospects, and the news which they 
 had received the day before of the fall of Savannah. 
 It seemed to be the prevailing opinion that the Con- 
 federate army was about "played out," and that 
 sooner or later ill-fated Dixie would be compelled 
 
AXD THE ESCAPE. 291 
 
 to submit to the tyrannical rule of the invader. 
 One tall, gaunt-looking fellow, who appeared to be 
 mouth-piece for a large number, straightened himself 
 up in front of a fire, around which a group had gath- 
 ered, and burst forth as follows : " By dog on't, the 
 
 d d blue-bellies have got ahead of we'uns on this 
 
 'ere tramp." I could not help thinking what a 
 change had taken place in their views since the 
 seventeenth, when we were prisoners at Wheeler's 
 headquarters, for at that time they asserted that 
 they had 
 
 "SHERMAN JUST WHERE THEY WANTED HIM." 
 
 Now their victim is evidently in the ascendant, 
 and the army that was to sacrifice its chivalrous 
 blood in the defences of Savannah, seeks safety in 
 flight, having abandoned its artillery and supplies. 
 Such information, from such a source, was not at 
 all disheartening to us, and we left Springfield with 
 renewed courage. 
 
 It was our intention to strike the Savannah River 
 road near Helruy, where we supposed was stationed 
 the enemy's out-post.' Wright knew nothing about 
 this route, and left the planning all to me, as I was 
 more familiar with the ground. 
 
 It was by no means an easy task to pursue any 
 direct course in this swampy country, intersected as 
 it is by blind roads. The sun, moon, and stars, were 
 our guides ; and it was to them that we were chiefly 
 indebted for our success thus far. 
 
 While in South Carolina and Northern Georgia, 
 we depended largely upon the negroes for guidance ; 
 
292 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 but the passage of our army through this section of 
 the State opened the way to freedom, and invited 
 the bondman to cast off his shackles, and enjoy the 
 blessings of liberty. 
 
 Strange as it may seem, nearly every slave had 
 embraced the opportunity presented him, and very 
 quietly taken leave of his kind old master without 
 waiting for ceremony. I say strange, for the simple 
 reason, that it has been the boast of the Southerner 
 that the slave would not exchange his chains for 
 freedom ; that he was happy when governed by a 
 kind master, and would not seek to better his condi- 
 tion by a change. 
 
 Having distanced Springfield about six miles, we 
 found daylight approaching, and hurriedly turned 
 from the road which we had been following for 
 more than an hour, and secreted ourselves in some 
 tall swamp-grass. Here we had rested little more 
 than an hour, when we were suddenly 
 
 STARTLED BY HOUNDS. 
 
 "Wright turned to me and said, "We are followed." 
 
 I asked, " What do you propose to do ? " 
 
 " I am undecided," was his reply. 
 
 " It is my opinion," I said, " that there is no time 
 for reflection. If we are not off at once, we will be 
 prisoners before leaving this swamp." 
 
 " Well, off it is, then," said Wright ; and jumping 
 into our shoes, which we had taken off in order to 
 dry our feet, we got out of the swamp in double- 
 quick time, crossed the road, and, taking the sun 
 for a guide, struck a south-easterly course, leaping 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 293 
 
 fences and ditches, fording streams, and passing 
 through thickets, that would greatly retard the pro- 
 gress of the bushwhackers in pursuit. 
 
 The chase continued until about one o'clock. The 
 hounds, for the most part, were so near that we could 
 hear their yelping distinctly, when, fortunately, we 
 came to a large creek. Jumping into the stream, we 
 followed the current fifty or sixty rods, and then 
 again resumed the course we intended to pursue. 
 This precaution must have foiled our pursuers, for we 
 had not proceeded far before we became fully satis- 
 fied that the bushwhackers and hounds had been out- 
 generalled. We did not halt, however, but continued 
 on towards the " promised land." Greatly encouraged 
 by our success since morning, we became so indiscreet 
 and reckless as to venture into open fields whenever 
 they happened to be in our line of march. 
 
 A NARROW ESCAPE. 
 
 About two o'clock p. m., just as we were clearing 
 the outskirts of a swamp, I was surprised to see my 
 companion drop suddenly behind a large cypress, 
 without uttering a word. I followed his example, 
 not deeming it prudent to ask a question. 
 
 I watched the movements of "Wright, who, after 
 remaining motionless a few moments, raised his head 
 and looked to the front. Falling back behind the 
 aged tree, he whispered, " Did you see the picket ? " 
 I answered, "No;" but looking up, saw that we 
 were within a few rods of armed men. 
 
 No further observations were necessary to con- 
 vince us that the sooner we were out of such quarters 
 12* 
 
294 THE CAPTURE, THE PIUS ON PEN, 
 
 the better. We had not time to move, however, before 
 a cavalry patrol came up to visit the post, and to 
 give new instructions. As soon as the patrol had 
 passed, we crawled upon our hands and knees into 
 the swamp, keeping behind a clump of large trees 
 that screened us from the picket. 
 
 Having reached a dry spot, Ave halted and debated 
 the question of going farther or remaining where we 
 were. There was certainly great danger of detection 
 if we attempted to leave the place, and Wright de- 
 cided that our true policy was to remain. I had a 
 contrary opinion. I was so wet and cold that the 
 thought of confining myself to such limited quarters 
 made me not a little uneasy ; for we could neither 
 stand up nor lie down. Our clothes too were wet, 
 the weather extremely cold, and we had not slept in 
 forty-eight hours ; and then, too, the idea of sitting 
 up like a pair of mummies five hours ! I told Wright 
 the thing was not to be thought of, and that I would 
 strike out for better quarters, though risking my 
 liberty. 
 
 As he preferred to remain I set off without him. 
 The dangerous point was passed, by watching the 
 picket and making good time when their backs were 
 turned. 
 
 Getting out of the swamp, I went in quest of a 
 favorable haunt where I might lay my weary limbs 
 and dry my clothes. 
 
 I was delighted as well as amused to find that 
 Wright was close upon my heels, glad enough to 
 abandon the sitting posture for something more agree- 
 able. 1 welcomed him to my new place of conceal- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 295 
 
 mentj where we spent the afternoon unmolested. 
 However, we were not far from the picket, and in- 
 clined to think that it was their outpost. 
 
 AN AMUSING INCIDENT 
 
 occurred this evening a few minutes after sunset. The 
 weather being extremely cold, and our clothes still 
 damp, we thought that a small fire would be very 
 pleasant ; and, suiting the action to the word, dug 
 a hole in the ground, gathered some pine knots and 
 started a blaze, which in my judgment could not have 
 been seen by any one at a distance of fifty feet, but, to 
 my companion, it appeared to be of gigantic propor- 
 tions ; and his imagination became so much excited, 
 that he set one of his feet upon it, and thus put an end 
 both to my enjoyment and the fire. 
 
 I was disposed to be angry, but thinking it not 
 best to challenge a recapture by loud words, " nursed 
 my wrath to keep it warm." 
 
 These little differences of opinion are things to 
 laugh at after the danger is over, but then they might 
 have proved serious. It is next to impossible for two 
 men to travel under such circumstances without more 
 or less of disagreement ; for when a man considers 
 that his life may depend upon some thoughtless act 
 of his companion, he is disposed to adopt energetic 
 measures. 
 
 We congratulated ourselves very much on having 
 escaped the pursuit of the hounds. It is a difficult 
 matter to elude them, as their scent is very accurate. 
 
 Indeed, this is never accomplished, unless some- 
 thing is rubbed under the feet, which we learned from 
 
296 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 the negroes, but having had no opportunity to use the 
 antidote, I have forgotten what it was. 
 
 It is probably already understood by the reader 
 that a stream of water would also check their efforts. 
 These things were among the first lessons ever given 
 us by our colored friends and guides, There are two 
 kinds of hounds, blood-hounds and baying hounds. 
 The baying or yelping hounds take the lead, and are 
 followed by the blood-hounds, which make little noise. 
 
 These yelping curs will not come nearer to a per- 
 son than four or five rods, but will cut circles, and 
 thus mark their locality until the blood-hounds or 
 planters come up. 
 
 Savannah, Ga., ) 
 
 Friday, December 23. ) 
 
 This, I think, was the happiest day of my life, and 
 one that will ever remain as a bright oasis in the 
 desert of the past. 
 
 But I must not anticipate too much in my story, 
 for in mj last record we were still in Secessia, and 
 within a few rods of a Rebel picket. 
 
 With the last gleams of the twilight, we succeeded 
 in flanking the Rebel sentries, and luckily, we soon 
 found a colored friend, who was familiarly known 
 among his acquaintances as 
 
 " UNCLE PHILIP. 11 
 
 On making known to him our true character, he 
 informed us that we had passed the Rebel outposts, 
 and that the Yankees had possession of Cherokee 
 Hill, on the Savannah River road, only eight miles 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 297 
 
 from his cabin. Our joy was inexpressible, for it 
 seemed as though no more glorious tidings ever salut- 
 ed mortal ears. 
 
 We asked our kind informant if he could guide us 
 to our lines. He replied, " I'ze neber ben down dar, 
 massa, sense Massa Sherman's company went to Sa- 
 vannah ; but I reckon yon' uns can git massa Jones, a 
 free cullerd man, to take you ober. He's a mighty 
 bright pnsson, and understands de swamps jest like a 
 book." Calling at Mr. Jones' hut, we learned from 
 his wife that he was out on a scout, but would be in 
 by eleven o'clock. She assured us that he was ever 
 glad to do all in his power for the Yankees, and asked 
 us to come into the hut and await his return. We 
 very reluctantly complied with her invitation, fearing 
 that 
 
 REBEL SCOUTS 
 
 might venture down between the lines, and thus blast 
 our brilliant prospects. 
 
 Mrs. Jones, however, was by no means a dull tac- 
 tician, and offered her two sons, one a lad of eight 
 years, and the other six, for outpost duty. 
 
 I divided the command and posted the pickets, 
 stationing the oldest boy in the road, at a distance of 
 twenty rods from the cabin, and used the other for 
 patrol, who was to keep a sharp lookout ; and, in case 
 any one might be seen approaching the post, was to 
 notify his mother, thereby giving her an opportunity 
 to conceal us. 
 
 This matter attended to, a generous supply of hoe- 
 cake and parched corn delighted our eyes; for Auntie 
 was not long in appeasing our hunger with the best 
 
298 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 her humble cot afforded. Jones came in at the 
 mentioned hour, but did not think himself sufficiently 
 well acquainted with the safest route to warrant his 
 acting in the capacity of guide ; but, like all other 
 negroes that I have met in the South, he very readily 
 called to mind one who, he thought, would accompany 
 us, and whom he could recommend very highly as an 
 active and intelligent follow. 
 
 Securing a small piece of fat pine for a torch to 
 light our way through an intervening swamp, we 
 started for the Savannah River road, beyond which 
 the negro could be found whose many good quali- 
 ties had been pointed out to myself and. companion. 
 Much to our astonishment and chagrin, colored man 
 No. 2 was not so well posted as the man who recom- 
 mended him ; but luckily, and much to our delight, 
 he very promptly referred, to another negro, who had 
 come up from our lines the same morning, and who, 
 doubtless, would be glad to return witli us. The 
 uegro last recommended bore the name of 
 
 "march dasher." 
 
 We found him to be a genuine Ethiopian, as black 
 as any colored individual I have ever met ; and as 
 dignified and devout as he was active and swarthy. 
 Upon being asked if he could show us the way to 
 Cherokee Hill, he replied, 
 
 "i'll do it, massa, if god be my helper. 1 '' 
 We desired to start at once, but could not per- 
 suade him to move before daylight. He said, "Dis 
 chile knows whar de pickets is in de day time, but 
 knows n tiffin 'bout 'cm arter dark." Several at- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 299 
 
 tempts were made to induce lis to remain in the hut 
 till morning ; but no amount of safety insurances 
 could persuade us to take such an apparently incon- 
 siderate step. 
 
 The idea that it would not be policy to move on 
 before morning inclined us to think that our landlord 
 might be treacherous, and we were not a little uneasy 
 until prayer was offered for our benefit, when we be- 
 came fully satisfied that we could at least repose con- 
 fidence in his fidelity. As soon as prayers were con- 
 cluded, we betook ourselves to a pine thicket, deter- 
 mined to give " March" no peace until he should set 
 off with us. 
 
 THE NEGRO'S CLOCK NEEDS NO REPAIRING. 
 
 At about one o'clock in the morning, Wright 
 turned out and told him that day had just begun to 
 break. He got up, came to the door, looked for the 
 seven stars, and then remarked, in a very good-hu- 
 mored way, " I reck'n it's good many hours yet till 
 break ob day, massa. Yer can't fool March on de 
 time ; his clock neber breaks down. It's jest right 
 ebery time." Feeling somewhat chagrined at his ill 
 success, "Wright returned to the thicket, saying, 
 " Glazier, there is no use of being in a sweat; for you 
 might as well undertake to move a mountain as to 
 get the start of that colored individual." We made 
 no further attempts to dupe our guide, but very impa- 
 tiently awaited his call. He came to our place of 
 concealment at the first peep of day, and said, " Gem- 
 men, now I'ze ready to take you right plum into Mr. 
 Sherman's company by ' sun up.' " We followed him 
 
300 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 without ceremony ; and just as old Sol began to tint 
 the hill-sides with his first rays, we saw, with un- 
 bounded joy, 
 
 A GROUP OF BLUE COATS 
 
 watching very eagerly our approach ; for it was the 
 Federal outpost. At first, we were undoubtedly re- 
 garded as enemies, but, by taking off our hats and 
 making friendly signs, their suspicions were allayed, 
 and they beckoned us to come on. 
 
 After convincing them that we were not Rebel 
 deserters, a most cordial reception was given us by 
 the picket, which proved to be a detail from the One 
 Hundred and First Illinois Volunteers, Twentieth 
 Army Corps. 
 
 Each man took us by the hand, congratulating us 
 for our eventful and successful escape, while we 
 cheered the boys for the glorious work they had ac- 
 complished for the Union. Haversacks were opened, 
 and placed at our disposal. There was a great de- 
 mand for hard tack and coffee ; but the beauty of it 
 all was, Major Turner was not there, to say what he 
 has often repeated, " Reduce their rations ; I'll teach 
 the d — d scoundrels not to attempt an escape." 
 
 I cannot soon forget the sea of emotion that well- 
 nigh overwhelmed me, as soon as I could realize the 
 fact that I was no longer a prisoner, and especially 
 when I beheld the " starry banner " floating triumph- 
 antly over the invincible veterans, who had followed 
 their " Great General " down "to the sea. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 301 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 HOMEWARD BOUND. 
 
 Savannah, Ga., December 24, 1864. 
 
 Our breakfast at the picket-post was seasoned not 
 only with hunger, but by many a fton mot from my 
 companion and our new-found friends. This con- 
 cluded, we were sent iuto the recently-captured city 
 with a brigade of the Twentieth Army Corps, which 
 formed a part of Sherman's rear-guard. 
 
 "Wright and I were objects of general curiosity 
 and conversation. It would have been a difficult 
 matter, even for intimate friends, to have identified 
 us in our motley uniforms. I was clad in a coat of 
 southern gray, with blue pants, a bewitched-looking 
 hat, which shed rain in the centre of the crown quite 
 as well as at the rim, and an old gray blanket, which 
 for months had answered the double purpose of bed 
 and bedding. My feet were harnessed into the opos- 
 sum-skin shoes before described, the gift of black, 
 but faithful, hands. Oor long marches over the 
 sandy roads, and through the muddy swamps, had 
 quite worn them out, so that through mauy a broken 
 place my toes protruded, like a turtle's head between 
 its shells. 
 
 My haversack was a curiosity in its way, being 
 composed of an old towel, which was sewed up by 
 Lemon many weeks before. Said haversack had 
 
302 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 borne its journey well, but now showed unmistakable 
 signs of demoralization. Sweet potatoes, unless of a 
 fabulous size, slipped through it as readily as money 
 through a soldier's lingers ; and large must have been 
 the loaf which could retain quarters within its awful 
 depths. I would be glad to give Wright the oppor- 
 tunity to describe our appearance, but having had the 
 impudence to look better than myself, he does not de- 
 serve the place. 
 
 Our journey to the city was rendered exceedingly 
 pleasant and agreeable by our friends. Two officers, 
 whose names I have been so ungrateful as to for- 
 get, kindly offered us their horses, and dismounted 
 for our convenience. This offer was the more 
 gratefully accepted, as we were both very much 
 exhausted, Wright having carried me for several 
 miles during the few last days of our escape. We 
 found, too, that while we were within the enemy's 
 lines, the raging fever of excitement nourished our 
 strength, and wonderfully increased our power of en- 
 durance. But with this strain upon our natures re- 
 moved, a weakening and almost painful relaxation 
 ensued. 
 
 On reaching the city, our first inquiry was for 
 Wright's old regiment ; but it was almost like search- 
 ing for a pin in a hay-rick in the dark. The unset- 
 tled and constantly-moving condition of the army, 
 made it difficult to ascertain the location of any 
 particular brigade even, much more so, that of a 
 regiment. 
 
 All this time we were comparatively as strangers 
 among friends, having found no one who could iden- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 303 
 
 tify us, and hence we were without official recog- 
 nition. This made it necessary for the authorities 
 to keep us uuder guard, as they knew not whether 
 we were what we represented ourselves to be, or, per- 
 haps, spies or desperadoes. Such treatment seemed 
 hard at first ; but when we reflected upon our check- 
 ered costume and suspicious appearance, we could 
 find no fault, and readily yielded obedience to our 
 superiors. 
 
 Having played the Rebel so long, we ourselves 
 had our allegiance slightly mixed, but by a deal of 
 recollecting and protesting, we came at length to 
 convince ourselves, and the authorities also, that 
 some time, away back in the past, we had been 
 Union men, and belonged to the Federal army. 
 
 This glorious truth was established beyond a doubt, 
 when, after going from headquarters to headquarters, 
 we were at last brought amonsr Wright's old com- 
 panions. His reception was almost equal to Caesar's 
 triumph in Rome, after his brilliant campaign in 
 Northern Africa. 
 
 At night we were entertained by Captain A. L. 
 Swallow, commanding Wright's company. Being a 
 man of noble nature, he ministered to our wants 
 like a father. Indeed, as our circumstances became 
 known, every one seemed anxious to do us a favor, 
 and no pains were spared to make us comfortable 
 and happy. Suitable clothing was soon given us, 
 and we began to appear like civilized persons. Our 
 sojourn in camp or town was a continuation of fete 
 days, which at times quite bewildered me. "There 
 are moments in our lives," writes an old prison com- 
 
30-4 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 panion,* " the recollection of which, possesses all the 
 unsubstantial qualities of a dream. 
 
 " The first days of liberation after a protracted 
 captivity are veiled in the misty atmosphere of un- 
 reality." 
 
 And thus it was with me. 1 could scarcely re- 
 cognize the identity of my own being. Was I the 
 same man, who once shivered with cold, and nearly 
 died of hunger, in a Rebel Prison Pen ? Could it be 
 I that wandered nude and forlorn, through swamps 
 and streams, mid snakes, alligators, hounds, and 
 murderous men, and for one long month suffered the 
 privations of a fugitive ? As I took a retrospect of 
 those days, it seemed as though I had traversed the 
 impassable gulf, the dreadful chasm of a dream, — but 
 at length I became convinced that Iicaslmyself, 
 and that what I enjoyed was substantial and positive 
 Freedom ! The greater part of 
 
 CHRISTMAS DAY 
 
 I spent in the city. I partook of a sumptuous 
 dinner with Mr. H. Brown, whose residence was on 
 Congress street, opposite the Pulaski House. Mr. 
 Brown was known as a firm Union man, and although 
 he had suffered much from adherence to his princi- 
 ples, and frequently been stripped of his goods, he 
 still remained true to the old flag and the govern- 
 ment of his fathers. So far as I could learn, Savan- 
 nah contained more of this class of men than any 
 other southern city. 
 
 Lieutenant E. H. Fales, who was a fellow-prisoner 
 
 * Lieutenant-Colonel F. F. Cavada. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 305 
 
 at Charleston, was found secreted at Mr. Brown's 
 house when our army entered Savannah. The lieu- 
 tenant was in the city for more than a month, rep- 
 resenting himself as a very innocent foreigner, but 
 was at one time conscripted and ordered on the 
 defenses. 
 
 At Kilpatiuck's Headquarters, ) 
 December 15. ) 
 
 Lieutenant Fales and myself procured horses from 
 the quartermaster of the Twentieth Corps, and rode 
 out to Kilpatrick's headquarters in the afternoon, my 
 object being to secure identification by General Kil- 
 patrick, in order to obtain transportation North, as he 
 was the only officer in the department who knew me 
 to have been in the United States service previous to 
 my capture. The general received us with his accus- 
 tomed urbanity, and kindly furnished me with the 
 necessary documents, in the absence of which I had 
 been detained from going North. 
 
 After the arrangement of this business, the gen- 
 eral, and Captain Estes of his staff, invited us to 
 a generous supper, during which they were much 
 interested in my account of prison-life and escapes. 
 One hardly likes to be the hero of his own tales, but 
 modesty was no plea for silence under the circum- 
 stances. 
 
 My term of service having expired, I was very 
 anxious to get home to my friends, whom I had not 
 seen for many months. But the unsettled state of 
 the army made delays unavoidable, and I was forced 
 to abide my time. 
 
iNTER," ) 
 
 r 29. J 
 
 306 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 Aboard Steamship " Plan 
 Decenib 
 
 Lieutenant Fales and myself took passage on the 
 steamship "Planter" early this evening. Wright's 
 term of service having expired, he remained at Savan- 
 nah to be mustered out, where I bade him an earnest 
 farewell. 
 
 The captain of our vessel was none other than the 
 negro pilot, who, by a daring exploit, had saved him- 
 self and his craft to the Union, by running her out of 
 Charleston harbor, and joining our blockading squad- 
 ron. He was accordingly made commander of the 
 converted " Planter," and was a " colored person " of 
 some consequence. One of our officers going on 
 board, mistook him for the boot-black, and sang out, 
 " Hello, cutfee, black my boots ? " 
 
 The dusky captain turned, with a look of disdain, 
 and answered, " I dun no nuffin 'bout boot blackin'. 
 I commands dis craf, I is." 
 
 At the time of our passage she was running, in 
 Government employ, as far as the obstructions at the 
 mouth of the Savannah river, where she transferred 
 her cargo and returned. There was a channel through 
 these obstructions, and but few pilots could take a 
 vessel through them. 
 
 Only a few days after the capture of the city, a 
 blockade-runner, fresh from Manchester, England, in 
 happy ignorance of the result, carefully dodged our ves- 
 sels, which just as carefully kept out of the way, and 
 gave a clear passage into the harbor. She was fast to 
 the dock before the mistake was discovered, when her 
 commander was arrested, and her cargo confiscated. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 307 
 
 Aboard Steamship "Ashland," off Hilton Head, ) 
 
 December 30. ) 
 
 During the night, we were transferred from the 
 " Planter " to the " Delaware," and reached Hilton 
 Head, South Carolina, in the afternoon, where we went 
 aboard the steamer " Ashland," for the Empire State 
 — God bless her dear old name ! — Many a poor fellow 
 who started out with us will never again press her soil, 
 nor be welcomed home by those who are anxiously 
 awaiting his return. 
 
 The "Ashland" is a small ocean steamer, and 
 was commanded by Thomas Cowdry, an old sea cap- 
 tain, weather-beaten and brave. His genial enter- 
 tainment of the passengers, and his thrilling tales of 
 life " on the ocean wave," cannot soon be forgotten. 
 
 In a Gale off Cape Hatteras, ) 
 January 2, 18G5. J 
 
 We had a rough holiday yesterday, in the midst 
 of a terrible gale, which threatened us with disaster. 
 All the passengers had a taste of sea-sickness, as well 
 also as a large part of the crew, save those directly 
 connected with the management of the vessel. This 
 being my first experience with old Nepture, my case 
 was none of the mildest. 
 
 The pen of inspiration has most graphically de- 
 scribed such a scene as this. 
 
 " They that go down to the sea in ships, that do 
 business in the great waters ; 
 
 " These see the works of the Lord, and His won- 
 ders in the deep. 
 
 " For he commandeth, and raise th the stormy 
 wind, which lifteth up the waves thereof. 
 
808 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 " They mount up to the heavens, they go down 
 again to the depths : their soul is melted because 
 of trouble. 
 
 " They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken 
 man, and are at their wit's end. 
 
 " Then they cry unto the Lord in their trouble, 
 and He bringeth them out of their distresses. 
 
 " He maketh the storm a calm, so that the waves 
 thereof are still." 
 
 During the worst bellowing of the tempest, the 
 captain comforted us all he could by expatiating on 
 the strength of his vessel, and pointing out her beau- 
 ties in a manner quite mistifying to a landsman. The 
 fact that she had weathered many a severe storm be- 
 fore gave us much confidence, and at length, several 
 passengers, recalling the very appropriate Sunday 
 School song, struck out with the verse, 
 
 " "Wildly the storm sweeps us on as it roars — 
 
 "We're homeward bound ; 
 Look, yonder lie the bright heavenly shores, 
 
 "We're homeward bound ; 
 Steady, Oh pilot, stand firm at the wmeel ! 
 Steady ! we soon shall ontweather the gale ; 
 Oh how we fly 'neath the loud-creaking sail — 
 
 "We're homeward bound." 
 
 New York, January 4. 
 At length, about twelve o'clock at night, our vessel 
 grated along the wharf of the metropolis, and I awoke 
 to the glorious realization that I was again breathing 
 the air of my native State. There was an exhilara- 
 ting rapture in the thought, which I can never 
 express, and fixed that moment as a golden era in my 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 309 
 
 memory. I hope never to become so hardened that 
 that patriotic and Christian exultation will ever be an 
 unpleasant recollection. 
 
 And with many a brave and fondly-cherished 
 comrade, — and with thousands whose faces I never 
 knew, but whose sufferings I shared, — I can sing : 
 
 "Now our prison life is over ! Ah ! it is a pleasant thought, 
 And we here await our furloughs, ere again our homes are 
 
 sought. 
 Farewell South, and all thy dead lines! Farewell traitors, 
 
 robbers too I 
 Cherished friends of youth and childhood, we are coming 
 
 home to you ! 
 And will not your smiles of welcome half repay our griefs and 
 
 cares, 
 "When once more you see us sitting in the old familiar chairs? 
 But there's One who reigns above us — we should give our 
 
 thanks to him, 
 For the bright hopes in the bosoms, where sweet hope, alasl 
 
 was dim, 
 For his kind and loving presence, that at last we lived to 
 
 stand, 
 Free from prison life in Dixie, in our own beloved and loyal 
 
 land. 
 Let us pray for peace forever, for the Union glad and free, 
 With a tear for comrades faithful, whom we never more shall 
 
 see. 
 Ever trusting Him above us, though the clouds may gather 
 
 fast, 
 Knowing well our Father's mansion will receive us at the 
 
 last." 
 
 13 
 
310 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 CHAPTEE XVIII. 
 
 [I append to these records the following selections from the flies of the 
 Weekly Journal, which was published or read to the prisoners at Libby Prison 
 in the autumn of 1S63, by the Rev. Louis N". Boudrye, late Chaplain Fifth New 
 York Cavalry. They may serve to illustrate more clearly than it has heen 
 done in the body of the work the lout ensemble of that dark period in the history 
 of thousands of our soldiers.] 
 
 The Libby Chronicle 
 
 DEVOTED TO FACTS AND FUN. 
 
 Vol. I.] Libby Prison, Richmond, Va., August 21s/, 1863. [No. I. 
 
 Prospectus.* 
 
 The Libby Chronicle will be issued weekly, from 
 Prisoner & Co.'s steam press of thought. Such will 
 be the equalization of labor amoug those engaged in 
 the enterprise, that this publication can be afforded at 
 
 very low rates. Price of subscription, weekly, one 
 
 moment's good attention, invariably in advance. 
 These terms being complied with, the paper will be 
 forwarded postage free. 
 
 With such facilities before the public for obtaining 
 useful knowledge, it is needless to state that we ex- 
 pect an extensive patronage. Our adherence to facts, 
 
 * Eight numbers of the Chronicle were issued, 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 311 
 
 which are always the most stubborn arguments, and 
 to the motto that 
 
 " A little nonsense now and then, 
 Is relished by the wisest men," 
 is a full guarantee to our patrons that they will ever 
 obtain an ample equivalent for their subscription 
 price. We cannot very well forbear mentioning that 
 the contributors to our columns are among the most 
 eminent of the land, including the skillful lawyer, the 
 sedate judge, the erudite priest, the amusing come- 
 dian, the renowned legislator, and scores of others 
 from the various walks of life, whose connection with 
 our periodical places success beyond a doubt. 
 
 As we make our humble bow to the public, we 
 hope that progress may mark our course in every de- 
 partment of our work, until the Libby Chronicle, its 
 editor and publisher, its friends and patrons, will find 
 themselves sailing toward the North Land of liberty 
 and civilization. 
 
 Kansas Brigade's Version of John Brown. 
 
 John Brown's body lies mouldering in the grave, 
 
 "While weep the sons of bondage whom he ventured all to save, 
 
 And though he lost his life in struggling for the slave, 
 
 His soul is marching on. — Chorus. 
 John Brown was a hero, undaunted, true, and brave, 
 Kansas knew his valor when he fought her rights to save, 
 And though the grass grows green above his northern grave, 
 
 His soul is marching on. — Chorus. 
 He captured Harper's Ferry with his nineteen men so few, 
 And frightened " Old Virginny " till she trembled through and 
 
 through ; 
 They hung him for a traitor — themselves a traitor crew, 
 
 But his soul is marching on. — Chorus. 
 
312 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 The conflict that he heralded he looks from heaven to view, 
 On the army of the Union with her flag, red, white, and blue, 
 And heaven shall ring with anthems o'er the deeds we mean to do, 
 As we go marching on — Chobus. 
 
 O soldiers of Columbia, tben strike, while strike you may, 
 The death-blow of oppression in this better time and way, 
 And the dawn of old John Brown will brighten into day, 
 
 As we go marching on. — Chorus. 
 Captain. 
 
 " South Window," Libbt Pjrison, Richmond, Va. 
 No. l. 
 
 Mr. Editor : "Who among your bearers have not 
 felt as the writer feels to-day, weary and worn out 
 with the dull monotony of prison life % There is no 
 future here ; night and day succeed one another with 
 but the same scene, the same fruitless longing for 
 liberty. Even these more than precious letters, brief 
 mementos of the dear ones at home, make the bit- 
 terness of captivity but the deeper. Many, if not all 
 of us, have faced death on the battle field and are 
 willing to do so in our Country's cause again ; but 
 who, once released, would yield to see the walls of 
 Libby Prison once more ? True, that some have been 
 unfortunate enough to now be prisoners of war a sec- 
 ond, and, in one instance, we believe, a third time, — 
 such are entitled to our sympathy. They are indeed 
 sufferers. 
 
 Am I harping, Mr. Editor, on a threadbare theme? 
 I crave pardon. A fit of the blues is on me to-day, 
 and what I write partakes of it. Even the heavens 
 are overcast with clouds. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. SIS 
 
 "The autumn days have come, 
 The saddest of the year.— 1 ' 
 
 We take a sidelong glance from our " south win- 
 dow" and see away off in the distance a portion of 
 Belle Isle, occupied by thousands of our brave men. 
 Poor fellows ! Their lot is, while it lasts, even worse 
 
 than ours. — 
 
 Hark, what sound breaks from the d.pths below 
 
 our feet? "Mess No. , din^r." We go, Mr. 
 
 Editor, we go. Sorrowfully we lay our pen aside, 
 hoping when we write again, to reach a more cheer- 
 ful result. 
 
 Au revoir. Black bean soup awaits us. 
 
 Captain P. 
 
 Conundrums. 
 
 Q. In what respect do the officers confined in 
 Libby resemble Dives in the parable ? 
 
 Ans. They are looking to Abraham for comfort. 
 
 Q. Why is an elephant like a pile of brick? 
 
 Ans. Because neither can climb a tree. 
 
 Q. Why is our soup in Libby like the stuff of 
 which dreams are made? 
 
 Ans. Because it is a body without substance. 
 
 Castle Thunder. 
 
 paet I. 
 
 On Oary street, in Richmond, there is a mongrel den 
 
 Of thieves, sneaks, and cowards, mixed up with gentlemen. 
 
 Oh it is a shame to huddle in together 
 
 Men and beasts, wild and tame, like birds of every feather. 
 
314 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 The Reb. authorities scared up this living wonder, 
 Made it a prison, and named it Castle Thunder. 
 Here they tumble in characters of every hue, 
 Reprobates steeped in sin with the Christian and the Jew. 
 
 Conscripts by the dozen, at daylight and after dark, 
 Come pouring in the Castle like animals in the ark ; 
 Some are small, some are great, some show pluck, some white 
 
 liver. 
 Some from Mississippi State and " Goobers " from Tar River. 
 Substitutes and deserters come in in sorry plight, 
 And sub-gents, too, are here quartered for the night. 
 Blockade runners, also, are shut up for a warning, 
 But seldom leave, as promised, early the next morning. 
 While on Potomac's banks both parties try to nab 'em, 
 If they escape the Yanks, old Jeff, is sure to grab 'em. 
 
 So-called spies are castled here, who think it real hard luck, 
 They are all from Yankeedom, excepting one Zennuck ; 
 Disloyalists are also here, and one for being a guide, 
 The boys call him Doodlebug, for piloting Burnside. 
 "We also have an oyster man, who, the officers discover, 
 Was Union on the York but Secesh on James River. 
 Part first tells you where the Castle is and who are there, 
 Part second will disclose the manner of our fare. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 We have a dozen rooms or more, and in some two or three, 
 The boys wear handcuffs, balls and chains — Confederate jewelry ; 
 Some rest on cots, on boards, with blankets, some without them, 
 And when they get to sleep the big bugs often rout them ; 
 They never sleep in quiet though ever so much drowsy, 
 For the vermin are so thick and big, the lice themselves are lousy. 
 We have eighteen kinds of food, though 'twill stagger your belief. 
 We have bread, beef, and soup, and bread, soup, and beef; 
 Then we separate about, with twenty in a group, 
 And get beef, soup, and bread, and beef, bread, and soup ; 
 For our dessert we obtain, though it costs us nary red, 
 Soup, bread, and beef, and eonp, beef, and bread. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 315 
 
 The bread we usually get is of a very good sort, 
 
 True, it is the staff of life, but our staff is rather short. 
 
 Our beef's so lean and dry, that, swallowing, it will bouud back, 
 
 Unless we recollect afore, to try to grease the track. 
 
 It is too tough and strong, for our noses or our knives, 
 
 The cattle were so poor and thin, were killed to save their lives. 
 
 The hides are made up into shoes, the sinews into strings, 
 
 The marrow into soup, and the bones in pretty rings. 
 
 Our soup is much too weak, to please a very high liver, 
 
 'Tis made of beans, bugs, and rice, and extract of James River. 
 
 Now I've told you what we eat, whether we're well or sick, 
 "What we drink is never strong though sometimes rather thick. 
 Our drink is rarely river water, except to save from death, 
 And then for want of whiskey we smell an officer's breath. 
 Meat and drink are now so scarce as to raise a serious doubt, 
 Whether the Confederacy is not about played out. 
 Number one and two you've heard, and now in division third, 
 I will say a word about the way we are officered. 
 
 Military officers of the very meanest stuff, 
 
 For every local post, are considered good enough. 
 
 In officering Richmond they varied not the general rule, 
 
 To appoint a drunkard, a tyrant, a coward, or a fool. 
 
 It is plainly to be seen that in a little while 
 
 When Satan scoops his jewels up, in Richmond he'll get a pile. 
 
 At the head of Richmond post they've placed a Marylander, 
 
 And like the devil in regions lost there sits General Winder. 
 
 He snaps and snarls, he rips and swears, whether sober or tight, 
 
 The old villain's heart's as black as his head is white. 
 
 All through this vicinity they hate him as hard as they can, 
 
 Nor ever slander him with the epithet of decent man. 
 
 However mean, he's a patriot, that may be understood, 
 
 For when he left the Yankee land, 'twas for his country's good. 
 
 We come to Major Griswold, who is our Provost Marshal, 
 He's a little prejudiced, which makes him rather partial ; 
 
816 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 But when compared to Winder he seems no virtue to lack, 
 As green is almost white by the side of jet black. 
 
 And there's Judge Baxter, who also is a queer old case, 
 
 He has so large a centre he can hardly change his base. 
 
 He says wbiskey's a dangerous thing to have about the town, 
 
 So, with all his might, he's for putting whiskey down. 
 
 Whiskey is fifty cents a drink, and of the meanest sort. 
 
 The Judge, to get his money's worth, swallows it by the quart. 
 
 I will slyly tell you, boys, if your money you begrudge, 
 
 How to get your whiskey cheap — step up and tap the Judge. 
 
 In the door of the Castle, like a stopple in a jug, 
 To shut the prison's mouth, they've stuck a Baltimore plug ; 
 It is Captain Alexander, who is so cross and spunky, 
 He is certainly not fit to command an oyster pungy. 
 The Captain is such a case as may be often seen, 
 Who thinks he's very smart, but is invisible green ; 
 He is a thundering blower, but would not dare to fight, 
 As dogs that bark the loudest are seldom known to bite. 
 Yet he has streaks of good, as well as mean, mixed for relief, 
 The first are scarce and thin like fat in Confederate beef. 
 He also came from Maryland, and mean as Nick can make him, 
 And the reason why we keep him is because the devil won't 
 take him. 
 
 Allen is a smooth old rat, that is truthfully said, 
 
 He shines with black from boots to hat, his face shines with red ; 
 
 He pours down whiskey double-quick, there is no doubt of that ; 
 
 Sometimes he make3 believe he's sick, but it's a brick in his hat. 
 
 Old Allen is a villain of the very darkest stripe, 
 
 He'll go home to purgatory as soon as he is ripe. 
 
 And if he does not blow off steam and soon shut down the 
 
 brakes, 
 
 In a dream of delirium he'll find his boots are full of snakes. 
 
 He has an oily tongue and face full of deceit and evil, 
 
 And should Old Nick miss that scape-grace, there's no need of 
 
 a devil. . - 
 
 A Private, 
 
and the escape. 317 
 
 News op Libby. 
 
 Monday, September 28th, 12 m. 
 
 Rumored that the exchange commissioners did 
 not meet yesterday, as was expected. 
 
 Four p. m. — Rumor says that the United States 
 commissioners, having heard of Spencer Kellogg's 
 execution, immediately returned without awaiting 
 the arrival of the Confederate States troop, and that 
 there will be no exchange of prisoners soon. 
 
 /September 29th. — As a result of yesterday's news 
 the spirits are drooping in all, except those of the 
 huxtering fry, who seem to have renewed their 
 diligence. 
 
 September 30th. — We have news from a reliable 
 source, that all the Federal officers are to be paroled 
 and sent North on the next truce boat. 
 
 Three p. m. — Since receiving the above telegram 
 we have received information that no exchange or 
 parole is to occur, as the exchange agents have not 
 acceded to any propositions yet offered, and that the 
 next truce boat will bring blankets and clothing for 
 the Libby family. 
 
 October 1st. — The huxtering fry say they will 
 allow fruit to be conveyed down Red Lane pike, if 
 the teamsters will allow them a profitable remu- 
 neration. 
 
 Latest from the hospital, four and one half p. m. — 
 A United States gun-boat brought dispatches that no 
 exchange even of privates would be allowed until the 
 case of Kellogg is satisfactorily explained. 
 
 Still later, nine p. m. — The commissioners are to 
 meet on the third of October. The United State3 
 13* 
 
318 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 commissioner will bring six gun-boats along to pro- 
 tect the white flag. Yours, 
 
 Jack Rumokteap. 
 
 "South Window." 
 No. 2. 
 
 Shall I tell you why, Mr. Editor, that ensconced 
 in this out-of-the-way corner, close to this cross-barred 
 frame, why I call it my South Window? Because 
 memory reverts to another scene and time in by-gone 
 days, when a fair bright face oft watched adown the 
 road, the first to welcome the toiler home. I wonder 
 if she sits in that " south window " now and waits 
 the wanderer's return ? 
 
 Ah, Mr. Editor, whose heart so cold it would not 
 warm with thoughts like these? Ever as memory 
 goes back to those fast-growing far distant hours I 
 picture my happy home. Situated a few miles away 
 from the busy hum of the metropolis, on a little bay, 
 nestled among a magnificent grove of chestnuts, hid 
 by them from the sight of the passer-by, is my home. 
 
 There at night, after the work of the day, have I 
 retired in keen enjoyment of the comforts of a happy 
 home, surrounded only by those who love. Such a 
 life is almost the poet's dream of Elysium. There in 
 the early mists of the morning have I mounted my 
 horse for a ride along the sea-shore, or through the 
 clover-fields ; or in the moonlit summer's evening 
 have unfurled the sails of my " Bonny " yacht and 
 glided on the smooth surface of the bay, hour after 
 hour, happy in forgetfulness of all save the present. 
 This, in all its wide meaning, is home. 
 
AND TUB ESCAPE. 319 
 
 And here, Mr. Editor, the oft-repeated prayer 
 arises, may the day soon come, when you and I, and 
 all of ns, shall leave our prison abode, and be per- 
 mitted to clasp our loved ones in a warm embrace, 
 when the dismal clouds of war are scattered, and the 
 sunshine of peace shall fall upon a reunited land. 
 
 Once more, Au revoir. Captain P. 
 
 The Libbyad. 
 
 (Written expressly for the " Libby Chronicle.") 
 
 " Of Libby's lice to us tbe direful spring 
 Of woes unnumbered, heavenly muses sing." 
 
 Homer modernized. 
 Tbink not my theme so trifling, none you can mention 
 Receives in Libby half so much attention. 
 A phonographic class of half a dozen score, 
 In one short week, falls off a half or more ; 
 French, too, and Spanish, as all can plainly see, 
 Lose their students in the same degree ; 
 But who so lazy, so busy, or so nice, 
 Neglects to give an hour each day to lice, 
 Will be beset with troubles great and small, 
 And have hard scratching to get along at all. 
 If poets write of battles 'twixt frogs and mice, 
 Why not of skirmishes 'twixt men and lice? 
 And while these verses rude we are inditing, 
 Look 'round to see the different styles of fighting. 
 
 Watch Pngilisticus, he in a trice 
 Pulls of his dirty shirt to fight his lice ; 
 His muscles thus of cumbrous duds bereft, 
 See with what science he " puts in his left " 
 Upon the bodies of his luckless brood, 
 And Pugilisticus has gained " first blood." 
 With double fury he "puts in his right," 
 And Pugilisticus has " won the fight." 
 
320 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 And there's Historicua, with scabby back, 
 
 Would trace their history as he hears thein crack ; 
 
 "Wonders if these lice bear the same description, 
 
 As those once scratched by Pharaoh and the Egyptian. 
 
 He tries, in vain, from facts and from analogy, 
 
 To thread their lineage and genealogy. 
 
 He learns, however, with very little pains, 
 
 The proudest blood of Libby is flowing in their veins 
 
 He marks, too, that the death of these, his little foes, 
 
 Is not as ignominious as thoughtless men suppose. 
 
 Sisera, a great warrior, was slain by Jael, 
 
 "With those unwarlike weapons, a hammer and a nail, 
 
 While to slay these, so very much abused, 
 
 Although there be no hammer, tico nails are always ooed. 
 
 Mark now Gallantricus, that nice young man, 
 With taper fingers made to wield a lady's fan, 
 Much disgusted, see him hunting, half ashamed of being seen, 
 Thinks it " very unpretty," lice should stay in shirt so clean. 
 See now his handsome visage, what contortions and grimaces ! 
 As if to scare the nasty things by making ugly faces. 
 What would she think, his would-be, future spouse, 
 To see him strip and squat and grin and louse? 
 
 Behold Theologicus, with reverend face, 
 
 Peering with care in every hidicg place. 
 
 And while his little flock crawls 'round through heaps of slain, 
 
 Such thoughts as these come crawling through his brain : 
 
 What if 'midst all the creeds and doctrines which so stagger us, 
 
 That should be true announced by old Pythagoras! 
 
 That after death men's souls, instead of going 
 
 To heaven or hell according to the showing 
 
 Of orthodoxy teachers, simply go forth 
 
 To inhabit birds and beasts, insects and so forth, 
 
 Base or noble as their lives may show forth. 
 
 Most in this prison, if I judge aright, 
 
 W 7 ill live in noble beasts and birds of lofty flight. 
 
 But some there are who'll live again as hogs, 
 
 Some skunks, some asses, some as snappish dogs. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 321 
 
 A very few Lave souls so small and base 
 That even such as these they would disgrace. 
 Crammed in this loathsome prison, scorned like slaves, 
 Insulted, starved by coward traitor knaves, 
 The men who in our suffering have betrayed us, 
 And fawn on those who brutally degrade us, 
 Even such small souls will find a fitting nice, 
 And live hereafter in loathsome Libby's lice. 
 
 There's Philosophicus, with thoughtful brow, 
 
 Who knows the "why " of everything, the " what " and u how." 
 
 He watches his louse to learn each secret habit, 
 
 Before with bloody fangs he proceeds to grab it. 
 
 Sees it in its cozy nest recline, 
 
 Marks it making love and observes it dine. 
 
 "With wise discrimination he can trace 
 
 The difference 'twixt the louse and bedbug race — 
 
 But I'll cease scratching lines and scratch " Scotch-fiddle" tunes, 
 
 At something crawling in my pantaloons. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel "W. 
 
 "Who is Responsible for Non-exchange of Prisoners ? 
 
 BY LIEUTENANT COLONEL N. 
 
 It is with much regret that we announce the fact 
 to the readers of the Chronicle^ that there are those 
 among the officers now confined in this delectable (?) 
 locality, ycleped Libby, who are uttering curses, " not 
 loud, but deep," against our government, for permit- 
 ting them to remain here so long. These officers 
 evince more of the spirit of spoiled children, than of 
 that manly courage and patience which should char- 
 acterize the actions of the American officer and 
 soldier. 
 
 The officer who utters complaints against our gov- 
 ernment for his continued incarceration, shows that 
 
322 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 he does not understand the principles involved in the 
 controversy in relation to the exchange of prisoners, 
 or else he is prompted by motives altogether selfish 
 and unpatriotic. The exchange of officers was sus- 
 pended in consequence of the unfair proceeding of the 
 Rebel authorities, about the first of June, in retaining 
 certain officers in an unjust and arbitrary manner. 
 Among those thus retained were Colonel Streight's 
 officers, Captain McKee of the Fourteenth Kentucky 
 Cavalry, and Lieutenant Conn of the Second Vir- 
 ginia Cavalry. Our commissioner, on discovering 
 this injustice, respectfully informed the Rebel commis- 
 sioner, that all exchange of officers would be suspend- 
 ed until the Rebels would exchange officer for officer 
 and man for man, according to rank and to date of 
 capture. 
 
 The Rebels, at that time, were anticipating a series 
 of successes, which they have not realized, though 
 they persist, with a dogged obstinacy, in the unjust 
 course which they had marked for themselves. In- 
 stead of removing obstacles which they had thrown in 
 the way of the cartel, they continue to increase those 
 obstacles by high-handed acts of injustice and cruelty, 
 and make the affair more complicated. All that is 
 necessary, is to return to the cartel and proceed as 
 formerly. "When the Rebels do this, our government is 
 ready to exchange ; but until then, it acts properly in 
 refusing to exchange. A partial or special exchange 
 would leave many an unfortunate prisoner exposed to 
 even worse insults and indignities than now. The 
 suspension of the cartel will doubtless continue until 
 the Rebels are willing to conduct the exchange on fair 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 323 
 
 principles, and every patriotic officer should submit to 
 his fate with manly fortitude. 
 
 Our government has not forgotten us, but, on 
 the contrary, it is pursuing that course which will 
 result to our advantage. Should partial exchanges 
 be made, a portion of the officers would be held as 
 hostages, confined in wretched cells, and reserved for 
 hanging or shooting, for the amusement and recreation 
 of the chivalry. Such exchanges would add to the 
 comfort of some, but would increase the sufferings of 
 others. What officer is so devoid of humanity as to 
 be willing to accept his personal liberty at such ex- 
 pense ? If there be any such in Libby, they had better 
 tender their " immediate and unconditional " resigna- 
 tion as soon as possible, and retire to their own place. 
 But, in the language of Holy Writ, let us " endure 
 hardness as good soldiers," trusting in the God of bat- 
 tles to deliver us ; assured also that we are not for- 
 gotten by father Abraham, who is evidently doing all 
 that justice and mercy can prompt him to do for our 
 relief. While it is well for us to invite the aid of our 
 influential friends in the North, in this matter of ex- 
 change, it is equally proper to bide our time with pa- 
 tience and resignation. 
 
 An Officer and a Gentleman. 
 
 BY LIEUTENANT COLONEL S. 
 
 It still runs in the memory of many when, to be 
 an officer of the American army, was to be, as a con- 
 sequence, a gentleman and a man of honor. The 
 claimant to official rank, of whatever grade, was ever 
 the recipient of marked attention. The announce- 
 
324 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 ment of liis arrival was paraded in the journals of the 
 day, and the blandest smiles of mine host, and the 
 cosiest chamber of " mine inn," were instantly at his 
 command. From the great, the learned, the wealthy 
 and the fair, hospitalities, invitations and favors of 
 every kind were tendered him, and his sojourn in 
 town or country was a continuation of fete days, cul- 
 minating in intensity as his leave of absence drew 
 near its close. 
 
 " All men revered him, all women loved." 
 
 To impugn his character, or to doubt his honor, 
 subjected the utterer to the closest investigation, or to 
 the stern arbitrament of arms ; while, to him, to fall 
 from his high position, was a descent second only to 
 that of Lucifer. In camp, courteous to his subordi- 
 nates, he was ever respectful to his superiors ; and in 
 the field he faced the foe, because the path to glory 
 is through the field of danger. 
 
 For his associates, with whom he had encountered 
 many vicissitudes " through field and flood," be enter- 
 tained an affection dearer than the ties of relationship ; 
 and was ever ready to aid, support and defend them 
 at all hazards. Such were the life, character and at- 
 tributes of an American officer at the commencement 
 of this contest ; and whether enrolled in defence of 
 constitutional right and a just government, or engaged 
 in marshalling the ranks of the disloyal and the trai- 
 tor, to this day he retains, in an eminent degree, most, 
 if not all, of these virtues. 
 
 Let us now turn to the volunteer. Called to arms 
 by his country's need, the gifted, the honored, the 
 brave, throwing off the lethargy of peace, donned the 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 325 
 
 uniform of his government, and, pledging his life and 
 his sacred honor, rushed to the defence of a time- 
 honored flag and the beloved institutions of his fore- 
 fathers. A hearty volunteer in a glorious cause, he 
 brought with him the enthusiasm of the patriot and 
 the loyalty of the citizen ; accustomed to comfort and 
 nurtured in luxury, he endured the privations of the 
 camp and the bitter experiences of martial life with 
 cheerfulness and obedience ; proud of his cause, his 
 country and his uniform, he strove so to guide his steps 
 that each and all might be honored by his advocacy. 
 Acquainted with the amenities of civil life, filled 
 with the recollections of the social distinctions ac- 
 corded to the officer of former days, and a firm belie- 
 ver in the attributes of the chivalric soldier, he natu- 
 rally turned to his immediate associates in arms, for 
 an exhibition of those characteristics which have 
 garnished the pages of history and peopled the world 
 with heroes. 
 
 The child which nightly awakens the denizens of 
 Libby by its eager search after the paternal Teet ; * to 
 whom the knowledge of light, air, and impalpable 
 being is but a thing of yesterday, is yet old enough 
 to chronicle the downfall of these expectations ; and 
 could he answer, young as he is, his youthful visage 
 would rival, in intensity of color, his spanked extrem- 
 ity, after a severe flagellation by his irate ancestor, 
 while recounting the reverse of the picture. For, did 
 he speak truly, he would tell of the lie bandied, 
 
 * Captain John Teed could imitate the cryiDg of a little 
 child so perfectly, as to render detection almost impossible. 
 Hours of intense merriment were occasioned by tbis thing alone. 
 
326 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 in lieu of the sacred word of honor ever implied ; of 
 the act and gesture of filth and indecency, in place of 
 the merry joke and good-humored repartee; of the 
 blasphemous response to the authorized command of 
 the superior, instead of the graceful obedience of the 
 subordinate ; but, worse than all, he would tell of the 
 rights invaded, the property purloined, and the pocket 
 rifled of one officer by his fellow. 
 
 Mr. Editor, had such a statement been made in 
 any journal as respectable as your own, previous to 
 my advent to Libby, I would have deemed it my duty 
 to hunt the anonymous slanderer from his secret lair, 
 and nail the calumny to his forehead ; but now, alas, 
 a short but painful experience in a military prison 
 has revealed to me, that an officer and a gentleman 
 are no longer synonyms ; that the uniform of the sol- 
 dier may cover the carcass of the sneak, and the 
 shoulder-straps of the officer may serve to conceal the 
 brand of the thief. Dare any one deny this ? If any 
 such there be, let them dispassionately investigate the 
 record of the past two weeks, and, ere venting their 
 virtuous indignation, inquire of the first officer they 
 meet of his experience ; or, better, let them consult 
 the official announcement, affixed to these walls, pro- 
 claiming the loss, by theft, of one hundred and eighty 
 dollars within the past fortnight ; or they may be 
 enlightened by the recital of innumerable petty larce- 
 nies, minor scoundrelisms, and sneaking pilferings un- 
 worthy the talents of the meanest thief that ever 
 graduated from the Five Points. Even the honor 
 which obtains among rogues is forgotten, for we have 
 it on record that thief has robbed thief, and the 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 327 
 
 sneak preyed upon his brother. And yet, forsooth, 
 these miscreants bear a commission, hold a command, 
 and, by my manhood, even sport a sword. Of such 
 men the immortal Shakespeare has written thus : 
 
 " He will steal, sir, an egg out of a cloister. He 
 professes not keeping of oaths ; in breaking them he 
 is stronger than Hercules. He will lie, sir, with such 
 volubility, that you would think truth were a fool. 
 Drunkenness is his best virtue, for he will be swine- 
 drunk, and in his sleep he does little harm, save to 
 his bedclothes about him ; but they know his con- 
 ditions and lay him in straw. I have but little more 
 to say, sir, of his honesty ; he has everything that an 
 honest man should not have, what an honest man 
 should have, he has nothing." 
 
 I would not have it understood, Mr. Editor, that 
 a majority, or even a tenth of our number, are open 
 to these charges. The bad among us are, I am proud 
 to say, numerically small, but that they are skillful 
 and proficient their present concealment evidences. 
 Brought from the various armies of the north and 
 west, we are, in a degree, total strangers to a large 
 number of the present inmates of this prison. The 
 very man who shares our plank is unknown to us by 
 name or state, and may be, for all we know, the mir- 
 ror of knighthood, or the veriest poltroon. 
 
 A sufferer by the peculations complained of, we 
 turn in querulous haste, with jealous eye, upon the 
 first comer, and are more likely to suspect the inno- 
 cent than to detect the guilty ; and we ourselves, 
 while seeking our despoiler, are in turn suspected by 
 a fellow-sufferer, who deems the eager looks of the 
 
328 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 loser the preying scrutiny of the thief. For our own 
 sakes, then, let us combine to purge our body of this 
 moral blot, to rid our profession of this novel stain. 
 To one or the other, the condition and opinion of 
 each and every man are known. The knave and the 
 coward, under a close surveillance, must inevitably be 
 discovered, while the brave and the honorable can 
 rarely be misunderstood. Mark then every man by 
 his words and actions. Scan closely the unguarded 
 movements and desultory remarks of the suspected. 
 Meet cunning with stratagem, and ply the rogue to 
 his ruin. The cause we advocate and the uniform we 
 wear demand that we should expose the unworthy 
 and unmask the dishonest ; and it is the duty of every 
 honest man to bring the recreant thief to that justice 
 he so much needs and fears. 
 
 [Written expressly for the Chronicle.] 
 
 The Irruption.* 
 
 BY LIEUTENANT N. 
 
 'Twas night, and Rebel Libby, wrapped in sleep, 
 Was bushed to quiet, weird, sublime and deep : 
 Along tbe floor the moon's pale, flickering beam, 
 Athwart each visage, shot with fitful gleam, 
 As if in pity she did stoop to bless 
 And cheer each prisoner with a fond caress. 
 
 And what a sight that moon-lit floor displays ! 
 In each pale face, upturned to meet her rays, 
 She shines resplendent, aud paints in colors bright 
 A cheerful soul within, content and light ; 
 Yet through its workings, now in fit and start, 
 Unfolds the sorrows of an anguished heart. 
 
 * This poem was written soon after the arrival of our officers cap- 
 tured at Chickamauga. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 329 
 
 From scene like this we turn our weary head, 
 To court unwilling Sleep to bless our bed ; 
 "When, hark ! upon the stillness harshly breaks 
 A sound, that to the base old Libby shakes ; 
 Like to the war of billows, tempest-clad, 
 That beat old Ocean's shore, in foment mad, 
 
 Or cannon's thunders loud, when heard afar, 
 In battle's dreadful strife, " grim visaged war." 
 It nearer, louder comes. " What can it be ? " 
 Each wakened dreamer cries, and starts to see. 
 And what a sight meets their astonished gaze, 
 By light of moon and candle's flickering blaze I 
 
 The vandal Yankees, in "irruption " bold, 
 
 In numbers seventy and one all told, 
 
 Are in a horde dark Libby's cells invading, 
 
 And 'long its files with stealthy tread are raiding; 
 
 Their guide a contraband : deceitful black, 
 
 To thus direct the cunning Yankees' track. 
 
 Surprised, awaked by the in-coming foe, 
 The inmates rise to strike a mortal blow ; 
 Aloft they rise in majesty so grand 
 These dreamers, this incarcerated band ; 
 With mingled cries of joy, of fear and rage, 
 They quickly haste the coming fight to wage ; 
 
 When lo ! above the din cries out a wag : 
 " 'Tis not the vandals, only Braxton Bragg, 
 Who comes to reenforce the garrison 
 With gobbled troops of Teuton Eosy's men." 
 
330 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 [The succeeding pages are devoted principally to the testimony of Individ- 
 uals who have been confined in other prisons.] 
 
 AT MILLIN "CAMP LAWTON." 
 
 Conspicuous upon the list of Rebel prisons stands 
 the pen known South as Camp Lawton, near Millin, 
 Georgia. 
 
 The following is the testimony of Sergeant W. 
 Goodyear, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Volun- 
 teers, who was removed to that place from Anderson- 
 ville on the first of November, 1864. 
 
 It was pleasantly situated, about eighty miles 
 north of Savannah, in a country where pine forests 
 abound. Indeed, these were a prominent feature in 
 the external surroundings of many of the southern 
 prisons. Trees would be felled, a clearing made, 
 and here located the rude structure that was to be 
 the cheerless home of thousands for long, weary 
 mouths. Could a voice be given to these silent 
 groves, and they become witnesses of what they 
 have seen and heard, what revelations would be 
 made of things that can never be known now ! 
 
 The medium of human language fails to convey 
 all the meaning involved in prison life in the South. 
 It is true that a great part of the suffering in this 
 present war, as in all wars, must forever remain 
 with the secrets of unwritten history. A few, who 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 331 
 
 were themselves actors in the tragic scenes, may 
 rehearse the story of their individual experience, 
 and thus furnish, as it were, a key to unlock the 
 gates through which others may enter and take a 
 look. This ia the only way in which the people at 
 large can become acquainted with this thrilling- 
 portion of the war ; and authentic and reliable 
 statements are therefore of deep interest and impor- 
 tance. 
 
 THE INCLOSURE. 
 
 " Forty -four acres of ground were inclosed by the 
 stockade at Millin. The large pine timber, which 
 was cut down at the commencement of operations 
 for building the prison, was left upon the ground ; 
 and when the first prisoners went into their confine- 
 ment there, they found these to be greatly to their 
 advantage; for they were able to construct for 
 themselves comfortable huts of logs and branches 
 lying about them. In this respect they were more 
 fortunate than many, or most others. The last di- 
 vision that entered had no shelter at all, or at least 
 of any account. A small stream of good water ran 
 through the centre, which the men highly prized, 
 particularly as it afforded the much needed privi- 
 lege of bathing. At the time of my arrival there, 
 the list of prisoners numbered nine thousand. The 
 weather was very cold and stormy ; and as the 
 majority of the men were very poorly clad, many 
 of them being without shoes, blankets, or coats, and 
 also without shelter, the suffering was very great. 
 No medicine was issued to the men within the stock- 
 
332 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 ade, and but very few were taken outside to the hos- 
 pital : consequently the mortality was fearful. 
 
 AVERAGE NUMBER OF DEATHS PER DAT. 
 
 " The number of deaths averaged from twenty-five 
 to thirty-five per day. The prevailing diseases were 
 such as are common to almost all prisons — the 
 scurvy, diarrhoea, and rheumatism. It was no un- 
 common occurrence for the morning light to reveal 
 the pallid faces of three or four prisoners who 
 had lain down side by side, showing that death 
 had claimed them all during the night. Such 
 sights were heart-rending to the most unfeeling; — 
 the most stoical. The prisoner is condemned to 
 these things, and there is no alternative but for him 
 to gaze upon them, however sad and revolting they 
 may be. He must steel himself against that which 
 once would have sent sympathy through his whole 
 being— a gushing tide. It could not be that the 
 fountain of pity be stirred to its depths so often. 
 Mature could not sustain the pressure ; therefore it 
 seems that the whole is something like a martyr 
 process, in which the very juices of life are crushed 
 out by an uncontrollable force. 
 
 " At the beginning of my stay at Millin, the ra- 
 tions which were issued were double the amount we 
 had at Anderson ville. We drew one pint of meal, 
 six ounces of uncooked beef, six spoonfuls of rice, one 
 teaspoonful of salt, as our allowance for twenty-four 
 hours. Beans were sometimes substituted for rice ; 
 but these were so much eaten by insects that they 
 were often thrown away without being tasted. After 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 3g£ 
 
 a little while, however, the quantity decreased every 
 day, so that it became nearly as small and poor as 
 those issued in other prisons. 
 
 INDUCEMENTS TO ENTER THE REBEL SERVICE. 
 
 " The prospect of being exchanged or paroled was 
 so small that some availed themselves of the oppor- 
 tunity to take the oath of allegiance to the Confed- 
 erate government, and entered the Rebel service. 
 The inducements which were offered them to do 
 this, were three bushels of sweet potatoes, a suit of 
 clothes, and one hundred dollars in Confederate 
 scrip. I was myself acquainted with quite a num- 
 ber who did this ; and although I would make no 
 excuse for them, I know the motive by which they 
 were actuated. They knew no chance of getting 
 out of prison alive. They had barely clothes to 
 cover their nakedness, and they thought to prolong 
 their existence in this way; and coupled with this 
 was the idea of escaping and fleeing to the Union 
 lines at the very first opportunity. But the whole 
 thing was considered a mean, disgraceful act by 
 every true patriot. I would have died a dozen 
 deaths rather than to have been guilty of such a 
 thing, and there were thousands of others of the 
 same kind. 
 
 VOTING AT MILLIN PRISON. 
 
 " As the time of the Presidential election drew 
 near, the Rebels expressed a desire that we should 
 vote upon the question ourselves. Accordingly bal- 
 lot-boxes were procured, and on the day when the 
 people of the North were deciding the momentous 
 14 
 
334 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 issue, we gathered together in Millin Prison, and in 
 the midst of great excitement, gave expression to our 
 political preferences. "We knew that it was war or 
 peace. As we deposited our votes, so did we speak 
 for one or the other, and show forth our position in 
 the country's cause. At sunset the votes were 
 counted, and the result was three thousand and 
 fourteen votes for Lincoln, and ten hundred and 
 fifty for McClellan." 
 
 CAME TOO NEAR THE DEAD LINE. 
 
 I am indebted to O. R. Dahl, late lieutenant, 
 Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry, for the following par- 
 ticulars relative to the murder of Lieutenant Tur- 
 bayne, which occurred after my escape from Co- 
 lumbia : 
 
 " About ten o'clock on the morning of the first 
 of December, 1864:, Camp Sorghum was startled with 
 the report of a musket, and soon the news spread 
 through camp that Lieutenant Turbayne, Sixty- 
 eighth New York Infantry, had been shot — murdered 
 by one of the guard, a Mr. Williams of Newbury 
 Court House, South Carolina. 
 
 " Turbayne was walking along a path that ran by 
 the corner of a hut, near the ' dead line,' but inside 
 of it. Along this path the prisoners had walked 
 hundreds of times without fear, for it was on our 
 own ground. As Turbayne came along, the guard 
 brought his piece to the shoulder, halted, and ordered 
 him back. He turned to go, walked a step or two, 
 when the villain shot him through the back, the ball 
 
^ 
 
 
 u 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 337 
 
 passing through his lungs. He staggered a few steps, 
 fell, and died within a few minutes. 
 
 "Not only did Major Griswold refuse to investi- 
 gate the matter, but after the murderer had been re- 
 lieved by the officer of the day, he sent him back on 
 duty that afternoon on the front line, and also into 
 camp the next morning, surrounded by a body guard, 
 for fear the officers would do violence to him — an in- 
 sult of the blackest dye." 
 
338 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 SALISBURY PRISON. 
 
 The prison at Salisbury, North Carolina, winch 
 became so notorious during the war as one of the 
 most loathsome dungeons in Rebeldom, was at first 
 intended as a place of punishment for southern sol- 
 diers guilty of military offences, and as a place of 
 committal for hostages, who where usually sentenced 
 to hard labor. It more recently came into general 
 use, and hundreds of unfortunate victims said their 
 last farewell in that miserable den. In order that we 
 may obtain a better view of this horrible abode, I will 
 transcribe the testimony of Messrs. Richardson and 
 Brown, both widely known as correspondents for the 
 public press. 
 
 The following statement was made by the former, 
 before the Committee on the Conduct of the War : 
 
 " I was captured on a hay-bale in the Mississippi 
 River, opposite Yicksburg, on the third of May, 1863, 
 at midnight. After a varied experience in six dif- 
 ferent prisons, I was sent to Salisbury on the third of 
 February, 1864, from which place I escaped on the 
 eighteenth of December following. 
 
 " For months, Salisbury was the most endurable 
 prison I had seen ; there were six hundred inmates. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 339 
 
 They were exercised in the open air, comparatively 
 well fed, and kindly treated. Early in October ten 
 thousand regular prisoners of war arrived. It imme- 
 diately changed into a scene of cruelty and horror; 
 it was densely crowded, rations were cut down and 
 issued very irregularly; friends outside could not 
 even send in a plate of food. 
 
 RATIONS. 
 
 " The prisoners suffered considerably, and often 
 intensely, for the want of bread and shelter; those 
 who had to live or die on prison rations, always suf- 
 fered from hunger ; very frequently one or more 
 divisions of one thousand men would receive no ra- 
 tions for twenty-four hours ; sometimes they were 
 without food for forty-eight hours. A few, who had 
 money, would pay from live to twenty dollars in 
 Rebel currency for a little loaf of bread. Many, 
 though the weather was inclement and snow frequent, 
 sold the coats from their backs and shoes from their 
 feet. I was assured, on authority entirely trust- 
 worthy, that a 'great commissary warehouse near the 
 prison was filled with provisions. The commissary 
 found it difficult to find storage for his corn and meal ; 
 and when a subordinate asked the post commandant, 
 Major John H. Gee, ' Shall I give the prisoners full 
 rations?' he replied, with an oath, ']STo! give them 
 quarter rations.' 
 
 " I know from personal observation, that corn and 
 pork are very abundant in the region about Salisbury. 
 
 " For weeks the prisoners had no shelter what- 
 ever ; they were all thinly clad, thousands were bare- 
 
340 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 footed, not one in twenty had an overcoat or blanket, 
 many hundreds were without shirts, and hundreds 
 were without blouses. One Sibley tent and one A 
 tent were furnished to each squad of one hundred; 
 with the closest crowding, these sheltered about half 
 the prisoners. The rest burrowed in the ground, 
 crept under the buildings, or shivered through the 
 night in the open air upon the frozen ground. 
 
 " If the Rebels at the time of our capture had not 
 stolen our shelter-tents, blankets, clothing, and money, 
 they would have suffered very little from cold. If 
 the prison authorities had permitted them, either on 
 parole or under guard, to cut logs within two miles 
 of the prison, the men would have built comfortable 
 and ample barracks in one week ; but the command- 
 ant would not consent, — he did not even furnish one 
 half of the fuel needed. 
 
 HORRIBLE CONDITION OF THE HOSPITALS. 
 
 " The hospitals were in a horrible condition. More 
 than half who entered them died in a few days. The 
 deceased, always without coffins, were loaded into the 
 dead-carts, piled on each other like logs of wood, and 
 so driven out to be thrown in a trench and covered 
 with earth. 
 
 " The Rebel surgeons were generally humane and 
 attentive, and endeavored to improve the shocking 
 condition of the hospitals ; but the Salisbury and 
 Richmond authorities disregarded their protests. 
 
 THE ATTEMPTED OUTBREAK. 
 
 " On the twenty-fifth of November, many of the 
 prisoners had been without food for forty-eight hours, 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 341 
 
 and were desperate, without any matured plan. A 
 few of them said, '"We may as well die in one way as 
 another ; let us break out of this horrible place.' 
 Some of them wrested the guns from a relief of fif- 
 teen Rebel soldiers, just entering the yard, killing 
 two who resisted, and wounding five or six others, 
 and attempted to open the fence ; but they had 
 neither adequate tools nor concert of action. Before 
 they could effect a breach, every gun of the garrison 
 was turned on them. The field-pieces opened with 
 grape and canister, and they dispersed to their quar- 
 ters. In five minutes from its beginning the attempt 
 was quelled, and hardly a prisoner was to be seen 
 in the yard. The Rebels killed sixteen in all, and 
 wounded sixty. Not one-tenth of the prisoners had 
 taken part in the attempt ; and many of them were 
 ignorant of it until they heard the guns. Deliberate, 
 cold-blooded murders of peaceable men, where there 
 was no pretence that they were breaking any prison 
 regulation, were very frequent. 
 
 " Our lives were never safe for one moment. Any 
 sentinel, at any hour of the day or night, could de- 
 liberately shoot down any prisoner, or fire into a 
 group of them, black or white, and never be taken 
 off his post for it. 
 
 " I left about six thousand and five hundred re- 
 maining in garrison on the day of my escape, and 
 they were then dying at the average rate of twenty- 
 eight per day, or thirteen per cent, a month. The 
 simple truth is, that the Rebel authorities are mur- 
 dering our soldiers at Salisbury by cold and hunger, 
 while they might easily supply them with ample food 
 
342 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 and fuel. They are doing this systematically, and I 
 believe are killing them intentionally, for the purpose 
 either of forcing our Government to an exchange, or 
 forcing our men into their own army." 
 
 The testimony of Mr. Brown, also a correspondent 
 of the " Tribune," corroborates the above statements 
 of Mr. Richardson. He says : 
 
 " I have often wished that I could, obtain a 
 photograph of that room in Salisbury Prison ; for 
 I can give no idea of its repulsiveness and super- 
 lative squalor. 
 
 ORIGINAL DESIGN OF SALISBURY PRISON. 
 
 " The prison was formerly a cotton factory, about 
 ninety by thirty feet ; and when we were there, they 
 had only six or seven hundred confined within its 
 walls. A dirtier, smokier, drearier, and more un- 
 wholesome place I had never seen than the room in 
 which we were placed. It reminded me of some old 
 junk-shop in South street of the city I had left, and 
 was hung round with filthy rags — tattered quilts and. 
 blankets, reeking with vermin, which the wretched 
 inmates used as clothes and bed covering, — and 
 thronged mostly with Northern and Southern cit- 
 izens, most of whom were in garments long worn 
 out, and as far removed from cleanliness as the 
 wearers from happiness. In that abhorred abode we 
 were compelled to eat and sleep as best we might. 
 There were but two stoves, both old and broken, in 
 the room ; and they gave out no heat, but any 
 quantity of smoke, which filled the apartment with 
 bitter blueness. Vermin swarmed everywhere; they 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 343 
 
 tortured us while we tried to sleep on our coarse 
 blankets, and kept us in torment when awake. No 
 light of any kind was furnished us ; and there we sat 
 night after night in the thick darkness, inhaling the 
 foul vapors and the acrid smoke, longing for the 
 morning, when we could again catch a glimpse of the 
 overarching sky. 
 
 DEATH-LIFE. 
 
 " Think of this death-life month after month ! 
 Think of men of delicate organization, accustomed to 
 ease and luxury, of fine taste, and a passionate love 
 for the beautiful, without a word of sympathy, or a 
 whisper of hope, wearing their days out amid such 
 scenes. Not a pleasant sound, nor a sweet odor, nor 
 a vision of fairness, ever reached them. They were 
 buried as completely as if they lay beneath the 
 ruins of Pompeii or llerculaneum. They breathed 
 mechanically, but were shut out from all that renders 
 existence endurable. Every sense was shocked per- 
 petually, and yet the heart, by a strange inconsis- 
 tency, kept up its throbs, and preserved the physical 
 being of a hundred and fifty wretched captives, who, 
 no doubt, often prayed to die. Few persons can 
 have any idea of a long imprisonment in the South. 
 They usually regard it as an absence of freedom, a 
 deprivation of the pleasures and excitements of 
 ordinary life. They do not take into consideration 
 the scant and miserable rations that no one, unless he 
 be half-famished, can eat ; the necessity of going cold 
 and hungry in the wet and wintry season ; the con- 
 stant torture from vermin, of which no care or caution 
 14* 
 
344 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 can free one ; the total isolation ; the supreme dreari- 
 ness, the dreadful monotony, the perpetual turning 
 inward of the mind upon itself, the self-devouring of 
 the heart, week after. week, month after month, and 
 year after year. 1 ' 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 345 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 AT ANDEESONVILLE " CAMP SUMTER." 
 
 " It is from no unfair motives that I am induced 
 ,o make the following statement of what I saw and 
 experienced while a prisoner in the hands of the 
 Rebels during the spring, summer, and autumn of 
 18G4. I have tried to give a truthful account of 
 some of the cruelties and sufferings which our poor 
 boys were called to endure in filth} 7 , loathsome 
 southern prisons and hospitals. It seems to me 
 there can be no reason for any one to make a false 
 report of the miseries we received at the hands 
 of our heartless captors and brutal prison-keepers. 
 To tell the troth of them is all that is needed to 
 convince any reasonable man of their barbarities 
 and fiendish attempt to deprive our soldiers, whom 
 the fortune of war had thrown into their power, of 
 every comfort and enjoyment of life. 
 
 CAPTURE OF PLYMOUTH. 
 
 "But to my narrative. I w T as captured April 
 second, 1864, at Plymouth, North Carolina. It is to 
 the credit of the Rebel soldiers whose good fortune it 
 was to capture our command, stationed there to 
 hold and defend the place, that we were treated 
 with considerable courtesy and kindness while in 
 
34C THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 their power. To iny knowledge, no outrages were 
 committed upon any of our white troops, though I 
 believe the small negro force with us fared very 
 hard. Our men were allowed to retain their blan- 
 kets and overcoats, and all little articles of value 
 which they might have upon their persons. Many 
 of the men had about them large sums of money, 
 which they were allowed to keep. 
 
 MARCH FROM PLYMOUTH TO TARBORO 1 . 
 
 " From Plymouth a long and wearisome march 
 was made to Tarboro', a very pretty town, situated on 
 the Neuse, a few miles from Goldsboro'. By the 
 time we arrived there the men were much fa^ed 
 and worn out. The last day of the march we were 
 without rations, and suffered a great deal from hun- 
 ger and weariness. Soon after reaching our camping- 
 ground, near the town, rations were issued to us. 
 There were a few cow peas, or beans, more prop- 
 erly, some corn-meal, a small piece of bacon, and a 
 very meagre allowance of salt, for each man. Some 
 old iron kettles, tins, etc., were provided for us to 
 cook our food in, and a small quantity of wood fur- 
 bished ; and we managed to prepare a repast which 
 «cas very palatable to our well-whetted appetites. 
 A system of trading was immediately commenced, 
 which was carried on for a while very briskly, but 
 was finally prohibited by the Kebel authorities. Our 
 men would barter away their watches, rings, gold 
 pen-holders, pocket-knives, coat-buttons, etc., for 
 Confederate pone cakes, hard bread, and bacon, 
 from the Rebels. The most exorbitant prices were 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 347 
 
 demanded by both parties ; our men, however, gen- 
 erally getting the best bargain. We had remained 
 at Tarboro' but a few days when orders were received 
 to remove all the Union prisoners who could travel to 
 Anderson ville, Ga., immediately. We had already 
 suffered much, both from hunger and exposure. 
 Many were sick and feeble. All were anxious to 
 leave, and we felt much relief at hearing that prepa- 
 rations had been made to remove us to a pleasanter 
 and more fruitful portion of the Confederacy. 
 
 ANDERSONVILLE IN THE DISTANCE. 
 
 " We were informed that Camp Sumter, the prison 
 to which we were going, occupied a delightful local- 
 ity, and also that our food there would be more 
 wholesome and plenteous than that which we had 
 yet received. Their fair accounts and pleasing 
 stories but increased our anxiety to be off; and it 
 was with no little pleasure that, on the morning of 
 April twenty-ninth, we bade adieu to the gloomy field 
 into which we had been turned as so many brutes, and 
 inarched with quite joyous hearts to the depot in 
 town. Here we were confined, crowded by forties 
 into small and loathsome box-cars. Besides our 
 own enormous numbers, six Rebel guards were 
 stationed in each ' carriage ' ; a name which I heard 
 applied by a foppish young officer to the miserable 
 concern aboard which we were literally packed. 
 Of course, the Rebels occupied the doors, and we 
 nearly suffocated. Under such circumstances, many 
 of the boys, less sanguine and hopeful than others, 
 began to express doubts concerning the stories which 
 
3-1S THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 we had heard ; and intimated that they were all 
 mere fabrications to deceive us, and make.it an easier 
 matter to convey us to Camp Sumter. Without 
 doubt, such was the case. It is certain that they 
 made the utmost efforts to get us through to the 
 stockade at Andersonville under as small a guard as 
 possible. 
 
 ARRIVAL AT CHARLESTON. 
 
 " We arrived in Charleston on Sunday morning, 
 May first. To our great surprise, we found that 
 some of the inhabitants of the city were friendly to 
 us. They distributed tobacco and cigars among the 
 men, and some secretly brought them food. Months 
 afterwards, some of our suffering, dying boys found 
 inestimable friends in the Sisters of Charity who 
 abode in the city. 
 
 " Leaving Charleston at an early hour in the after- 
 noon, we were hurried on at quite a rapid rate toward 
 Savannah, Georgia. About six o'clock in the even- 
 ing it commenced storming very hard, and, being on 
 platform cars, we were thoroughly drenched with 
 rain. 
 
 " At about nine o'clock we changed cars a short 
 distance from Savannah for Macon, at which place 
 we arrived the following day a little past noon. 
 
 " I was much pleased with Macon. It is a hand- 
 some city, and pleasantly situated on the Ocmulgee 
 River — a stream of some importance. It contain- 
 ed a number of fine residences, several churches, two 
 or three large iron foundries, and a car-factory, I 
 believe. Trees, flowers, and gardens presented an 
 appearance not unlike that of early summer at home. 
 
ASD THE ESCAPE. 351 
 
 Almost everything there was looking pleasant and 
 beautiful, and I felt very sad at leaving, knowing, as 
 I then did, something of the true character of our 
 future abode. 
 
 ARRIVAL AT ANDERSONVILLE. 
 
 " Late in the afternoon of May second we left 
 Macon on our way to Andersonville, at which place 
 we arrived some time in the evening. Soon after our 
 arrival (here, we were marched into an open field 
 near by, where we remained during the night. It 
 being very cold, large fires had been made by the 
 Rebel soldiers for our comfort. For this little act of 
 kindness we indeed felt very grateful to them. The 
 next morning, May third, a sinister-looking little for- 
 eigner came down to us, and, with considerable bluster 
 and many oaths, began to form us into detachments, 
 containing two hundred and seventy men each. 
 These detachments were subdivided into messes of 
 ninety each, and placed under the control of a ser- 
 geant, whose duty it was to attend roll-call, drawing 
 rations, etc. At length, every tiling being ready, we 
 were escorted into the yu-ison under a strong guard. 
 
 " It is impossible to describe our feelings at this time. 
 Everywhere around us were men in the most abject 
 wretchedness and misery. Immediately on our arrival 
 among them they began to gather around us, and, in 
 a very touching manner, related the sad story of their 
 sufferings and wrongs. "We could only sympathize 
 with them. Beyond that, we could do nothing. AVe 
 knew full well that the same cruelties which they had 
 experienced were in store for us. The prospect before 
 
352 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 us was dark indeed. In the afternoon of the day on 
 which I entered the prison, I ventured out some dis- 
 tance into the camp. Everywhere was the most un- 
 mistakable evidence of intense suffering and destitu- 
 tion. Hundreds of the men were without shelter, and 
 hut very few had any comfortable clothing. 
 
 " The supply of wood was very small — scarcely 
 enough to cook with ; and the poor fellows were obli- 
 ged to lie, night after night, week after week, on the 
 cold, damp ground, without even a fire to warm them- 
 selves by. 
 
 " The Rebels may claim that there was some cause 
 for not issuing a sufficient quantity of food to our 
 prisoners at Andersonville ; but for not granting us 
 wood enough to keep us warm, and to cook with, 
 there can be no apology. On three sides of the prison 
 there was an immense woodland, from which all the 
 wood that we needed could have been provided with 
 very little difficulty. The same holds true in regard 
 to shelter. I am persuaded that it was an act of pre- 
 meditated inhumanity on the part of our enemies not 
 to give us shelter. It would have required but a few 
 weeks' time, and a few scores of hands, to have built 
 barracks for our comfortless boys there, which would 
 have been the means of saving hundreds of precious 
 lives. If the Rebels would have granted us even the 
 rough, un-hewn logs, and axes to work with, we would 
 have built them ourselves. 
 
 " The camp at this time was in a most loathsome 
 condition. It then covered an area of about fifteen 
 acres, and was enclosed by a high stockade, built of 
 pine logs, hewn and closely joined together. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 353 
 
 " Upward of twenty feet from the stockade was 
 
 THE FATAL DEAD-LINE, 
 
 beyond which any poor fellow passing was almost 
 certain to be fired upon by some of the ever-watchful 
 sentries. In the centre of the camp, and extending 
 entirely around it, was a broad ravine, which, toward 
 the beginning of summer, became one of the filthiest 
 places imaginable, and was one of the chief causes of 
 the vast amount of sickness which existed during the 
 months of July and August following. About this 
 time, May tenth, the average rate of mortality daily, 
 was upward of fifteen. It afterward rose as high as 
 seventy-five and one hundred. • 
 
 " Sunday, May fifteenth, a wretched cripple, who 
 had the reputation about camp of being a very danger- 
 ous fellow, willing, for a double ration, to inform the 
 Eebels of all plans made for escape which he might 
 discover or accidentally hear of, was mortally wounded 
 by a Rebel sentinel while on duty. For some unknown 
 reason, the miserable man purposely passed beyond 
 the dead line. The guard ordered him to go back ; 
 he refused to do so, and used some insulting language 
 in reply. The sentry then fired upon him. He fell, 
 horribly wounded, and lived only about two hours. 
 
 " Sunday, May twenty-second, a little incident of 
 some note occurred in camp, to the great satisfaction 
 of the well-disposed. It must be confessed that great 
 demoralization prevailed among the prisoners. Quar- 
 rels and fights were of frequent occurrence. 
 
 " But the worst of all were the murderous deeds 
 perpetrated by a desperate set of fellows, who had 
 
354 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 banded themselves together for the purpose of rob- 
 bing the defenceless among them. From the sick and. 
 powerless they would steal blankets and pails for 
 cooking in ; and if a man was known to possess 
 money, he was in danger of being deprived of it all, 
 and possibly or' his life besides. This morning one 
 of the heartless scoundrels had been caught in the 
 act of stealing from some one of his companions, and 
 met with summary punishment. A part of his head 
 and beard, were shaven, and he was then exposed to 
 the view of any who might wish to see him. After 
 this he was turned over to the commandant of the 
 prison, who immediately released him, but promised, 
 the men that in the future they might inflict what 
 punishment they should deem proper on all whom 
 they should catch engaged in robbing their comrades. 
 The prime cause of all this demoralization among the 
 men was the treatment they received at the hands of 
 the Rebels. Had the Confederate authorities pro- 
 vided food in sufficient quantities for our men, and 
 furnished other necessary comforts, it is altogether 
 possible that no such deeds would have been commit- 
 ted in the camp ; certainly they would have been 
 very rare. 
 
 RATIONS. 
 
 " Toward the close of May our rations were ' cut 
 down ' fearfully. Starvation really began to stare us 
 in the face. There were but few who were not suf- 
 fering the pangs of hunger continually. Our daily 
 allowance was only about half of a small loaf of corn 
 bread, about four ounces of bacon, and. a little ' mush ' 
 made of Indian meal partially cooked in water. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 355 
 
 " A portion of the camp drew raw rations, and 
 fared somewhat better than those whose food was pre- 
 pared before issued to them. Our food, when cooked 
 outside, was always prepared in the most careless and. 
 indifferent manner. It not unfrequently occurred 
 that even the meagre supply of bread which we did 
 receive was sent in to us half cooked, and, when in 
 this condition, it would become during the night 
 totally unfit to eat. 
 
 " About the close of summer, cooked, beans were 
 issued to us. These were always in a most disgusting 
 state, and could have been eaten only by starving 
 men. There was always a copious supply of gravel, 
 pods, and, what was still worse, bugs, in each man's 
 allowance of this miserable fare. 
 
 " June third, a large number of wounded men 
 were received at the camp, many of them in very 
 destitute circumstances. 
 
 " But few, if any of them, were admitted to the 
 hospital, though a large number had severe and pain- 
 ful wounds. Their sufferings became intense, almost 
 unendurable. "Without shelter during the day, they 
 suffered indescribably from scorching, burning heat, 
 and at night perhaps not less so from the cold. 
 Many died. It could not be otherwise. Who but 
 the merciless enemies of our country can be held ac- 
 countable for this fiendish sacrifice of valuable lives? 
 
 AN UNJUST ORDER. 
 
 " The morning of June ninth, a very unjust order 
 was promulgated throughout camp. We had been 
 permitted to send, nearly every day, a small squad of 
 
356 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 men from some of the detachments, under Kebel 
 guards, into the woods near by, to procure some fuel 
 for the camp, but it was now decided that no more 
 should be allowed to go forward until they would 
 solemnly pledge themselves not to attempt to escape 
 while outside the stockade for that purpose ; and if, 
 after having given their pledge, they should violate it, 
 the detachment to which they belonged should receive 
 rations only every alternate day until the time that 
 those who had escaped should be recaptured. To go 
 without wood was impossible; to submit was the 
 only way by which we could obtain it, and conse- 
 cpiently we were under the necessity of yielding to 
 the base demand. 
 
 " Sunday morning, June nineteenth, one of our 
 men, unfortunately getting beyond the dead-line, was 
 tired upon by the guard. He was missed, but the 
 ball wounded two others, one severely. 
 
 " On the twenty-first, another man was shot while 
 merely reaching beyond the dead-line for a small 
 piece of wood which he needed. 
 
 BARBAROUS TREATMENT OF THE SICK. 
 
 " Toward the close of June, sickness and death 
 began to prevail in camp to an alarming extent. 
 The men died by scores daily. But few were admit- 
 ted to the hospital, and even when received there, it 
 was not until life was nearly extinct. The old pris- 
 oners who had been incarcerated for months at Belle 
 Island, were falling away with fearful rapidity. 
 Nearly all those still living could see nothing before 
 them but a slow, torturing death, from a most pain- 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 357 
 
 ful disease, which had been caused by a want of 
 proper food, and constant exposure. None can fully 
 realize the intense agony, the horrid suspense and 
 wretchedness, felt by these unfortunate men, but 
 those who have had a like experience. Indeed, their 
 sufferings were beyond description. Only a few 
 could receive medical treatment, and that scarcely 
 worth mentioning, while in every part of camp were 
 as brave and loyal soldiers as any that had ever taken 
 up arms in defence of freedom, suffering and dying 
 in a manner that might have shocked even the rude 
 sensibilities of an American savage. It seemed that 
 the more bitter our anguish became, the more de- 
 lighted were our fiendish keepers. Not satisfied with 
 the cruelties inflicted upon us, they even carried their 
 animosities beyond this life, and declined to give a 
 Christian burial to our dead. I will not now longer 
 dwell upon this subject. It is too painful to contem- 
 plate. 
 
 " July thirteenth, one of the men, in attempting to 
 procure some clean water to drink, passed a little be- 
 yond the dead-line, and was fired upon by two of the 
 guards almost simultaneously. Both balls missed him, 
 but took effect upon two other men, killing one of them 
 immediately. 
 
 JOSEPH EGALF. 
 
 " About the middle of July I was fortunate enough 
 to make the acquaintance of a most excellent young 
 man from Philadelphia, a member of the Seventh 
 Pennsylvania Reserve Corps Volunteers, Joseph Egalf 
 by name, who was actively engaged in caring for our 
 neglected wounded men. From morning to night he 
 
358 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 went about dressing their wounds and ministering to 
 their wants, and was unremitting in liis efforts to 
 benefit and comfort them. All in suffering liad his 
 sympathy and compassion, and his aid, so far as it 
 was in his power to render assistance. What finally 
 became of him I do not know, but, should he be liv- 
 ing, it is hoped something may be done to reward him 
 handsomely for his many acts of love and kindness 
 toward our poor boys who were with him at Ander- 
 son ville. 
 
 " I find the following written in my diary under 
 date of July twenty-fifth : 'While walking in camp 
 this morning, I observed several poor fellows lying 
 upon the ground, without shelter, blanket, coat, or 
 even blouse — merely shirts and pants to protect them 
 from the bitter cold of the past night.' There are a 
 great many in camp in the same condition, and hun- 
 dreds who are without shelter, blanket, and overcoat. 
 
 " To some it may seem incredible that it should be 
 very cold during the night at this season of the year, 
 but such was indeed the case. 
 
 " It may be asked, What became of the prisoners' 
 clothing % I answer that, except in a few instances, 
 it was stolen by the Rebels. Many a poor fellow can 
 remember how unceremoniously he was stripped of 
 almost every thing of value in his possession in an 
 hour after his capture. Resistance was useless. To 
 resist was to expose one's self to certain death. If a 
 bare command would not bring a man out of his new 
 boots, or induce him to give up his coat, a loaded 
 pistol pointed at his head would. 
 
 "July twenty-seventh, another of our men was 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 359 
 
 sliot. He received a horrible wound in the Lead, and 
 was carried out of camp in a dying condition. 
 
 "August fourth, still another was shot, receiving 
 a severe wound through the body. August sixth, 
 another cold-blooded murder was committed. 
 
 " One of the men, passing a little too near the 
 stockade, was shot dead by a guard on duty. It had 
 become dangerous to pass at the regular crossing. 
 The sentinels seemed to be more vigilant than ever 
 before in watching for opportunities to shoot down 
 onr poor unarmed men. No one was safe. No 
 warning was given to a thoughtless intruder. The 
 first thing one would know of his terrible condition 
 after passing the fatal line, was a quick, sharp report, 
 a groan, and all was over — another murder was com- 
 mitted. About the middle of August, the rate of 
 mortality was about eight per day. Diarrhoea and 
 scurvy were the chief scourges of the camp. The 
 fearful work of death was visible everywhere around 
 us. I have frequently seen as many as thirty dead 
 men lying in a row at the prison gate to be carried 
 out for burial. It was sad, indescribably so, to see 
 these brave men dying so far from home and its hal- 
 lowed associations. No fond parents near to speak 
 words of comfort and tenderness. None able to min- 
 ister to their temporal necessities — none who could 
 alleviate their sufferings. Alone they must writhe in 
 the agonies of death, alone to die. 
 
 " It was under such circumstances of darkness and 
 misery, that the shining truths of Christianity shone 
 out before men in their unsurpassed glory and heaven- 
 ly beauty. Many a freed, joyous spirit went from 
 
360 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 that fonl, loathsome prison to immortal life and hap- 
 piness. 
 
 " Thus far, only some of the physical sufferings 
 consequent to our imprisonment have been briefly 
 mentioned ; it is now time to refer, for a few mo- 
 ments, to the 
 
 INTENSE MENTAL TEIALS 
 
 and afflictions which we prisoners experienced. 
 
 " In my diary, under date of August twenty-fourth, 
 I find the following : ' I believe the loss of health, expo- 
 sure to privations, and physical sufferings consequent 
 upon the manner of life in which we are now compelled 
 to live, are not the saddest effects of our present captivi- 
 ty. But that which is the most lamentable is the men- 
 tal debility which, under the present state of things, 
 we must necessarily experience.' Again, ' The finer 
 feelings — that which makes more lovely — as social 
 being, love, affection, friendship, kindness, and courtesy 
 — are being constantly deadened, rooted out from the 
 heart, leaving it in a most woful condition.' Scarce- 
 ly an hour in which anxiety about distant friends, 
 suspense in regard to the future, and frequent despair, 
 were not felt. It seems to me that the mind must 
 have been in a state of trouble and anxiety nearly all 
 of the time its frail tenement was suffering from con- 
 finement and disease. It was almost impossible to 
 procure reading matter. Some of the soldiers had 
 Bibles and Testaments, which were eagerly sought 
 after and read by many of the men. 
 
 " It was with great difficulty one could think very 
 attentively about other subjects than home and re- 
 lease from imprisonment. A topic for conversation 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 3G1 
 
 might be introduced among a squad of men ; per- 
 haps they might talk about it for a few moments, but 
 it would soon be dropped, and home, friends, and 
 possibility or probability of exchange would come up 
 for discussion. Men — brave men, indeed — became 
 gloomy and despondent. Light faded from the once 
 brilliant, fiery eye; the color disappeared from the 
 manly countenance ; manhood seemed to forget itself; 
 the entire man was speedily drifting toward a fearful 
 ruin. Hope had nearly vanished. The mind was labor- 
 ing under intense agony. To some the burden was 
 too much, and they have never recovered from its 
 baneful effects. Others have nearly recovered, but 
 the scars remain. 
 
 REMOVAL OF PRISONERS FROM ANDERSONVILLE. 
 
 " September seventh, the removal of the prisoners 
 from Camp Sumter to other parts of the Confederacy 
 was commenced. We were induced by the Rebel au- 
 thorities to believe that this unexpected movement 
 was for a general exchange. With this belief our 
 men could be sent away with only a small force 
 guarding them, which was a consideration of no little 
 importance with the Rebels just at that time. 
 
 " Suddenly stricken down with a violent attack 
 of the scurvy, I was unable to leave with my detach- 
 ment, and was left with the sick in camp. After suf- 
 fering several days, I managed to get out with the 
 first squad of sick which left for Florence, South Car- 
 olina. I was quite weak and feeble when I arrived 
 at Florence, but a change of climate and diet rapidly 
 improved ray condition, and in a few days I was able 
 15 
 
362 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 to walk about without crutches. Soon afterward I was 
 detailed as hospital steward, and paroled. From that 
 time till ray release, November thirtieth, my treatment 
 was much better than it had been while I was at 
 Camp Sumter. But in regard to that received by the 
 thousands of poor fellows in the prison, there was but 
 little apparent change. They suffered from cold and 
 hunger perhaps more than while at Andersonville. 
 
 "I will here close ray accounts of the sufferings 
 of our friends. So far as I am concerned personally, 
 I can forgive our bitter foes the cruelties which they 
 have inflicted upon me. I do not desire revenge. 
 That is farthest from my heart. God will punish 
 them for their evil deeds. They have already suffer- 
 ed terribly. I feel that all should now try to do what- 
 ever they can to narrow the breach which exists be- 
 tween them and ourselves. I have always been glad 
 our government so nobly declined to resort to retalia- 
 tion. We cannot afford to be cruel. It is our high- 
 est honor to award good for evil. 
 
 " The magnanimity of our people is beyond ques- 
 tion, and our enemies must acknowledge it. Our arms 
 have conquered their proud hosts ; our kindness must 
 now subdue the enmity of their hearts. We must be 
 neither too lenient nor too severe. To the leaders 
 who precipitated us into four years of bloodshed and 
 war, the severest punishment which the law can give ; 
 but to the poor misguided masses, that clemency 
 which only a noble people are capable of exercising." 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 363 
 
 [The following poetical description of prison life in the South 
 is from the genial pen of an Andersonville prisoner, whose name 
 I have not been able to learn. ] 
 
 UNION PRISONERS, FROM DIXIE'S SUNNY LAND. 
 
 Air — " Twenty Years Ago." 
 
 Dear friends and fellow-soldiers brave, come listen to our song 
 About the Rebel prisons, and our sojourn there so long; 
 Yet our wretched state and hardships great no one can under- 
 stand, 
 But those who have endured this fate in Dixie's sunny land. 
 
 II. 
 
 When captured by the chivalry, they stript us to the skin, 
 But failed to give us back again the value of a pin, 
 Except some lousy rags of gray, discarded by their band, 
 And thus commenced our prison life in Dixie's sunny hind. 
 
 III. 
 
 "With a host of guards surrounding us, each with a loaded gun, 
 "We were stationed in an open plain, exposed to rain and sun ; 
 No tent or tree to shelter us, we lay upon the sand ', 
 Thus, side by side, great numbers died in Dixie's sunny land. 
 
 IV. 
 
 This was the daily " bill of fare " in that Secesh saloon- 
 No sugar, tea, or coffee there, at morning, night or noon ; 
 But a pint of meal, ground cob and all, was served to every man, 
 And for want of fire we ate it raw in Dixie's sunny land. 
 
 We were by these poor rations soon reduced to skin and bone, 
 A lingering starvation — worse than death, you can but own ; 
 
364 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 
 
 There hundreds lay, hoth night and day, hy far too "week to 
 
 stand, 
 Till death relieved their sufferings in Dixie's sunny land. 
 
 VI. 
 
 We poor survivors oft were tried hy many a threat and bribe, 
 To desert our glorious Union cause, and join the Eebel tribe ; 
 Though fain were we to leave the place, we let them under- 
 stand, 
 "We had rather die than thus disgrace our flag in Dixie's land ! 
 
 VII. 
 
 Thus dreary days and nights rolled by — yes, weeks and months 
 
 untold, 
 Until that happy time arrived when we were all paroled. 
 We landed at Annapolis, a wretched looking band, 
 But glad to be alive and free from Dixie's sunny land. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 How like a dream those days now seem in retrospective view, 
 As we regain our wasted strength, all dressed in " Union Blue." 
 The debt we owe our bitter foe shall not have long to stand ; 
 We shall pay it with a vengeance soon in Dixie's sunny land. 
 
AND THE ESCAPE. 365 
 
 RATIONS ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TO 
 
 rebel prisoners of war. (Note tlio difference.) 
 
 Hard bread, ... 14 oz. per one ration, or 18 oz. soft bread, 
 
 one ration. 
 Corn meal, . . . 18 oz. per one ration. 
 
 Beef, 14 " " " " 
 
 Bacon or pork, . . 10 " " " " 
 
 Beans, 6 qts. per 100 men. 
 
 Hominy or rice, . 8 lbs. " " " 
 Sugar, . . . . 44 " " " " 
 R. Coffee, . . . 5 " ground, or 7 lbs. raw, per 100 men. 
 
 Tea, 18 oz. per 100 men. 
 
 Soap, 4 " " u " 
 
 Adamantine candles, 5 candles per 100 men. 
 Tallow candles, . 6 " " " " 
 
 Salt, 2 qts. " " " 
 
 Molasses, . . . 1 qt. " " " 
 
 Potatoes, .... 30 lbs. " " " 
 
 STATEMENT OF CLOTHING ISSUED TO PRISONERS OF WAK 
 AT FORT DELAWARE, 
 
 From Sept. 1st, 1863, to Hay 1st, 1864. 
 
 7,175 pairs Drawers (Canton flannel). 
 C.2G0 Shirts (flannel). 
 8,807 pairs woollen Stockings. 
 1,094 Jackets and Coats. 
 3,480 pairs Bootees. 
 1,310 pairs Trousers. 
 4,378 woollen Blankets. 
 2,680 Great Coats. 
 Average number of prisoners, 4,489. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 The following Appendix is not as perfect as I 
 could wish, it being very difficult to avoid errors in 
 lists of this kind. The principal portion of the names 
 were taken from the Itebel adjutant's book at Libby 
 Prison, during the winter and spring of 1864, by 
 Captain Fisher, to whom I have alluded in my Pre- 
 face. I compiled the remainder while imprisoned at 
 Columbia. The post-office address of the officers has 
 been given, as far as they could be obtained. 
 
 Those marked thus (*) died during their imprison- 
 ment. 
 
OFFICERS 
 
 UNITED STATES ARMY AND NAVY, 
 
 |]risoncts of Ptar, |Tibbn prison, gicbmonb, lb. 
 
 [This list comprises those officers who were imprisoned at Lihby Prison 
 during the winter and spring of 1864. They were removed from Richmond to 
 Danville in the early part of May, and from thence to Macon, Savannah, Charles- 
 ton, Columhia, Charlotte, Raleigh, and Goldsboro'.* The succeeding list fur- 
 nishes the additional captures of the summer and fall campaigns.] 
 
 Name. 
 Bow, Xeal, 
 Scameron, O. P., 
 Wcssells, H. W., 
 
 Bartleson, P. A., 
 Carlton, C. H., 
 De Cesnola, P., 
 Ely, Wm. G., 
 Kindrick, W. P., 
 Lawson, O. A., 
 Le Favour, H., 
 McClain, R. W., 
 Powell, W. H., 
 Rose, Thos. E., 
 
 BRIGADIER-GENERALS. 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 1st Brig. 2d Div. 19 A. C, 
 3d Dept., W. Va. 
 
 Plymouth, N. C, 
 
 COLOXELS. 
 
 100th 111. Infantry, 
 89th O. Infantry, 
 4th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 18th Conn. Infantry, 
 3d W. Tenn. Cavalry. 
 3d O. Infantry. 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 51st O. Infantry. 
 2d Va. Cavalry. 
 77th Pa. Infantry, 
 
 * A small portion of the Libby prisoners were sent North for special exchan; 
 of March, and r few succeeded in escaping b fore t\c reached Georgia. 
 
 15* 
 
 Residence. 
 Portland, Me. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 Oswego, N. Y. 
 New York City. 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 during the i 
 
370 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Streight, A. D., 
 Tilden, Chas. W.. 
 Tippin, A. H., 
 Wilson, W. T., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 16th Me. Infantry. 
 68th Pa. Infantry, 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 LIEUTENANT COLONELS. 
 
 Archer, S. M., 
 Boyd, I. F., 
 Cavada, T. F., 
 Farns worth, C, 
 Glenn, W. A., 
 Hays, E. L., 
 Henry, A. P., 
 Hunter, H. B., 
 Irvine, Wm., 
 Johnson, O. C, 
 Joslin, G. C, 
 Lasselle W. P., 
 Lichfield, A. C, 
 Martin, C. H., 
 Mayhew, J. D., 
 McCreary, W. B., 
 McHolland, D. A., 
 McMackin, W. O., 
 Miles, D., 
 Nichols, M., 
 Northcott, R. S., 
 Piper, P. S., 
 Polslcy, I. J., 
 Price, Wm., 
 Robert, H. C, 
 Rogers, A. F., 
 Sanderson, J. M., 
 Spofford, J. T., 
 Von Helmrich, G., 
 Von Schrader, A., 
 Walker, J. N., 
 West, T. S., 
 
 17th la. Infantry, 
 20th Army Corps. 
 114th Pa. Infantry. 
 1st Conn. Cavalry, 
 S9th O. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry, 
 15th Ey. Cavalry. 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 10th N.Y. Cavalry, 
 15th Wis. Infantry. 
 15th Mass. Infantry, 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 7th Mich. Cavalry, 
 S4th 111. Infantry. 
 Sth Ky. Infantry. 
 21st Mich. Infantry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 21st 111. Infantry. 
 79th Pa. Infantry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry, 
 12th Va. Infantry. 
 77th Pa. Infantry. 
 SthVa. Infantry. 
 139th Va. Militia. 
 21st Wis. Infantry. 
 80 th 111. Infantry. 
 
 79th N. Y. Infantry, 
 4th Mo. Cavalry, 
 A. I. Gen. U. S. Vol?. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 24th Wis. Infantry, 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 Columbus, O. 
 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Flint, Mich. 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Little Falls, N. Y. 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Racine, Wis. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 371 
 
 Name. 
 Williams, J., 
 Wing, I. H., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 25th 0. Infantry. 
 3d 0. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Bates, E. N., 
 Beatley, W. T., 
 Beers, C. H., 
 Bogle, A., 
 Carpenter, D. A., 
 Clarke, M. E., 
 Cooke, E. F., 
 Collins, J. P., 
 Edwards, J. J., 
 FitzsimniODS, G. W. 
 Goff, K, jr., 
 Hall, J., 
 Henry, J., 
 Hill, J. B., 
 Hooper, J. H., 
 Johnson, II. I., 
 Kercher, D. M., 
 Kovax, S., 
 Marsh, S., 
 Marshall, W. S., 
 McDonald, B. B., 
 Mclrvin, S., 
 McMahan, A., 
 Moore, M., 
 Morton, W. D., 
 Muhlman, J. K., 
 Neepcr, W. P., 
 Owens, W. N., 
 Pasco, H. L., 
 Phelps, L. N., 
 Phillips, A., 
 Pope, E. M., 
 Rodgers, T. B., 
 Pvussell, W. I., 
 
 MAJORS. 
 
 SOth 111. Infantry, 
 2d O. Infantry. 
 16th 111. Cavalry. 
 35th U. S. C. T., 
 2d Tenn. Cavalry. 
 5th Mich. Cavalry, 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 29th Ind. Infantry. 
 32d Maes. Infantry. 
 SOth Ind. Infantry. 
 4th W. Va. Cavalry, 
 1st Va. Cavalry. 
 5th O. Cavalry. 
 17th Mass. Infantry, 
 15th Mass. Infantry, 
 11th Tenn. Infantry. 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 54th N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 5th la. Infantry. 
 101st O. Infantry. 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 21st O. Infantry. 
 29th Ind. Infantry. 
 14th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
 57th Pa. Infantry, 
 let Ky. Cavalry, 
 lGth Conn. Infantry, 
 5th Va. Infantry. 
 77th Pa. Infantry. 
 8th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 140th Pa. Infantry. 
 A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
 
 Chicago, M. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 Dcckartown, N. J. 
 
 Wurtemberg, W. Va. 
 
 Chelsea, Mass. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Woodburn, ILL 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Somerset, Ky. 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 
372 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Stewart, A., 
 Vananda, I. C, 
 Von Witzel, A., 
 Wade, J. B., 
 White, H. A., 
 White, Harry, 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 A A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
 3d O. Infantry. 
 74th Pa. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 13th Pa. Cavalry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 TJniontown, Pa. 
 
 Indiana, Pa. 
 
 Adams, S. B., 
 Adams, W. E., 
 Adams, C. A. 
 Airey, W., 
 Alban, H. H., 
 Albright, J., 
 Aldrich, C. S., 
 Alexander, E. C, 
 Allen, S., 
 
 Armstrong, W. F., 
 Arthurs, S. C, 
 Arthur, J. A, 
 Atwood, E. W., 
 Avery, W. B., 
 Baas, E., 
 Bailey, D. I., 
 Baldwin, M. P., 
 Banks, B. V., 
 Bascom, E. B., 
 Barton, J. II., 
 Barton, F., 
 Barritt, D. M., 
 Barnes, J. W., 
 Beale, E., 
 Beeman, W. M., 
 Bender, W. P., 
 Bending, H. R., 
 Benner, H. S., 
 Berry, A., 
 Bigelow, A. J., 
 
 CAPTAINS. 
 
 85th N. Y. Veterans. 
 89th O. Infantry. 
 IstVt. Cavalry, 
 15th Pa. Cavalry, 
 21st O. Infantry. 
 STth Pa. Cavalry. 
 85th N. T. Infantry, 
 1st Del. Infantry. 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 74th O. Infantry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 8th Ky. Cavalry. 
 16th Me. Infantry. 
 132d N. Y. Infantry. 
 20th 111. Infantry. 
 99th N. Y. Infantry. 
 2d Wis. Infantry. 
 13th Ky. Infantry. 
 5th la. Infantry. 
 1st Ky. Cavalry. 
 10th Mass. Infantry, 
 89 th O. Infantry. 
 83d N. Y. Infantry. 
 8th Tenn. Infantry. 
 1st Va. Cavalry. 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 61st O. Infantry, 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 3d Md. Cavalry, 
 79th 111. Infantry. 
 
 Wallingford, Vt. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Canandaigua, N. Y. 
 Black Creek, N. Y. 
 Brookville, Pa. 
 
 Boston, Masa. 
 
 Circlevillc, O. 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 373 
 
 Name. 
 Bird, John, 
 Birch, J., 
 Blinn, L. D., 
 Bohannan, D. E.,* 
 Boltz, W. K., 
 Borgess, L. T., 
 Bowers, G. W., 
 Boyd, M., 
 Brown, C. D., 
 Brown, J. A., 
 Burke, T. F, 
 Bnsh, J. G., 
 Byron, Chas., 
 Carley, A., 
 Casker, H., 
 Carroll, J., 
 Carpenter, J. C, 
 Casler, B. G., 
 Campbell, B. F., 
 Canfleld, S. S., 
 Canton, Miles. 
 Callahan, M., 
 Cams, M. C, 
 Calhoun, A R., 
 Cartwrigkt, A G., 
 Charlicr, E., 
 Christopher, Jno., 
 Chamherlin, J. W., 
 Clarke, T., 
 Clark, J. A., 
 Clark, M. L., 
 Clapp, J. B., 
 Coats, H. A, 
 Conrad, W. F., 
 Comee, C. C, 
 Cornwall, R. T., 
 Cochran, 51. A., 
 Cochran, W. N., 
 Collin?, W. A, 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 14th Pa. Cavalry. 
 42d Ind. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 3d Term. Cavalry. 
 181st Pa. Infantry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 16th 111. Cavalry. 
 3d 0. Infantry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 1st N. Y. Cavalry. 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry. 
 154th N. T. Infantry, 
 39th 111. Infantry. 
 21st O. Infantry. 
 21st O. Infantry. 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 3d Tenn. Infantry. 
 1st Ky. Cavalry, 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 157th N. Y. Infantry, 
 16th U. S. Infantry. 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 79th 111. Infantry. 
 7th Mich. Cavalry. 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 25th la. Infantry. 
 94th N. Y. Infantry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry. 
 16th U. S. Infantry. 
 42d 111. Infantry. 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 
 Dyberry, Pa. 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 WellsvUle, N. Y. 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Lenox, O. 
 
 East Randolph, N. Y. 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 Phillips Creek, N. Y. 
 New York City. 
 
 Mansfield, Pa. 
 Wcthersfield, Conn. 
 Wellsville, N. Y. 
 
374 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Connover, S. D., 
 Conway, W. E., 
 Copeland, J. R., 
 Compiler, A., 
 Cratty, E. G., 
 Craig, Jno., 
 Crocker, G. A., 
 Cummins, T., 
 Cummins, J. P., 
 Curd, R. S., 
 Cusac, J., 
 Cutler, Jno., 
 Davis, H. C, 
 Davis, G. C, 
 Day, R. H., 
 Day, E. jr., 
 Deung, W. N., 
 Dillion, P. W., 
 Dietz, H., 
 Dinsmorc, R., 
 Dillingham, E., 
 Dirks, F. C, 
 Donaghy, J., 
 Domsckkc, B., 
 Doten, P. B., 
 Douglass, W. H., 
 Driscoll, E. M., 
 Dunce, Jno., 
 Dunsliane, J. M., 
 Dunn, E. J., 
 Dygert, K S., 
 Eastmond, O., 
 Eberheart, H. H., 
 Eglin, A., 
 Ewen, M., 
 Ewing, S. H., 
 Evers, B. F., 
 Pay, J. B., 
 Field, A., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 121st LI. Infantry, 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 7th O. Cavalry. 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 1st Va. Cavalry, 
 5th N. T. Cavalry. 
 19th TJ. S. Infantry. 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 11th Ky. Cavalry. 
 21st O. Infantry. 
 34th O. Infantry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry, 
 4th Me. Infantry. 
 56th Pa. Infantry. 
 89th O. Infantry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 1st Ky. Cavalry. 
 45th N. T. Infantry, 
 5th Pa. Infantry. 
 10th Va. Infantry. 
 1st Tenn. Infantry. 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 26th Wis. Infantry, 
 14th Conn. Infantry. 
 A. C. S. U. S. Vols. 
 3d O. Infantry. 
 A. D. C. U. S. Vols. 
 142d N. Y. Infantry. 
 1st Tenn. Cavalry. 
 16th Mich. Infantry. 
 1st N. C. U. S. Infantry, 
 120th O. Infantry, 
 45th O. Infantry. 
 21st Wis. Infantry, 
 26th O. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 154th N. T. Infantry. 
 94th N. T. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Squaw Village, N. J. 
 
 Ramsburg, Pa. 
 Butler, Pa. 
 Wheeling, W. Va. 
 
 Canterbury, Conn. 
 
 Bainbridge, O. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Allegheny City, Pa. 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 New York City. 
 Wooster, O. 
 
 Fond Du Lac, Wis. 
 
 Weedsport, N. Y. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 375 
 
 Name. 
 Fisk, J. E., 
 Fischer, B. F., 
 Flinn, Jno. M., 
 Fobes, E. A., 
 Forrester, W., 
 Foster, J. W., 
 Frey, E., 
 
 Freeman, D. W. D., 
 Galbraith, A. G., 
 Gallagher, M., 
 Gallaher, J. F., 
 Gates, J., 
 Gatch, O. C, 
 Gait, Jas., 
 Getman, Di., 
 Gimber, H. W., 
 Glenn, S. A, 
 Goetz, J., 
 Gordon, G. C, 
 Gray, W. L., 
 Grafton, B., 
 Green, J. H., 
 Green, G. W., 
 Gregg, II. U., 
 Grose, J. W., 
 Gustaveson, Chas., 
 Hay, Daniel, 
 Hagler, J. G., 
 Haack, A., 
 Hamlin, S. G, 
 Hart, P. H, 
 Hart, V. K., 
 Hant, W. W., 
 Hasty, Chas., 
 Hamilton, A. G., 
 Handy, T., 
 Haikness, R., 
 Hawkins, H. E., 
 Hayes, A. H, 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 2d Mass. Artillery, 
 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 A. C. S. U. S. Vols. 
 24th O. Infantry. 
 42d 111. Infantry, 
 S2d 111. Infantry. 
 101st Pa, Infantry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 2d N. J. Cavalry. 
 2d O. Infantry. 
 33d O. Infantry. 
 89th O. Infantry, 
 A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
 10th N. T. Cavalry, 
 150th Pa. Infantry, 
 89th O. Infantry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 24th Mich. Infantry, 
 151st Pa. Infantry. 
 64th O. Infantry, 
 100th O. Infantry, 
 19th Ind. Infantry, 
 13th Pa. Cavalry, 
 18th Ky. Infantry. 
 15th Wis. Infantry. 
 80th 111. Infantry. 
 5th Tenn. Infantry. 
 18th N. Y. Infantry. 
 134th N. Y. Infantry, 
 19th Ind. Infantry, 
 19th U. S. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 12th Ky. Infantry. 
 79th 111. Infantry. 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 7Sth 111. Infantry, 
 7th Tenn. Cavalry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Grantville, Mass. 
 
 Belvidere, 111. 
 
 Irish Ripple, Pa. 
 Lexington, Mich. 
 
 Millford, O. 
 
 Mayfleld, N. Y. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Hillsboro*, O. 
 Mount Clemens, Mich. 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Marion, O. 
 Fremont, O. 
 Muncie, Ind. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Schenectady, N. Y. 
 Edensburg, Ind. 
 
 Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 Coastbury, 111. 
 Lovingtoi), Tenn. 
 
376 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Harris, W., 
 Heyer,*A. M., 
 Hendricks, J., 
 Heil, J., 
 Heffley, A., 
 Herold, J. B., 
 Hetsler, J. W., 
 Hertzog, R. H. O., 
 Hescock, H., 
 Hintz, H., 
 Hock, R. B., 
 Holt, W. C, 
 Honey cutt, S. C, 
 Hodge, A.; 
 Hubtell, W. L., 
 Huntley, C. C, 
 Inibric, J. M., 
 Irsch, F., 
 Irwin, S., 
 Ives, R. O., 
 Jackson, J. S., 
 Jennings, J. T., 
 Jones, 8. F. 
 Jones, D. I., 
 Johnson, R., 
 Johnson, J. C, 
 Johnson, J. M., 
 Johnson, J. A., 
 Joselyn, F. R., 
 Kendall, W. M., 
 Keeler, A. M., 
 Kelly, D. A., 
 Kelly, J., 
 Kelly, D. F., 
 Kennedy, J., 
 King, S. B., 
 Koch, E. M., 
 Krause, J., 
 Laud, J. R., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 24th Mo. Cavalry, 
 10th Va. Cavalry. 
 1st N. Y. Cavalry. 
 45th N. T. Infantry, 
 142d Pa. Infantry, 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 9th O. Calvalry, 
 1st N. Y. Cavalry, 
 1st Mo. Artillery, 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 12th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 6th Tenn. Infantry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 80th 111. Infantry, 
 17th Conn. Infantry. 
 16th III. Infantry, 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 45th N. Y. Infantry, 
 3d la. Infantry. 
 10th Mass. Infantry, 
 22d 111. Infantry, 
 45th O. Infantry, 
 SOth 111. Infantry, 
 1st Ky. Cavalry. 
 6th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 149th Pa. Infantry, 
 6th Ky. Infantry. 
 11th Ky. Cavalry. 
 11th Mass. Infantry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 1st Ky. Cavalry. 
 73d Pa. Infantry. 
 73d Pa. Infantry. 
 73il Pa. Infantry. 
 12th Pa. Cavalry, 
 5th Md Infantry. 
 3d Pa. Artillery. 
 60th Ind. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Mount Vernon, Mo. 
 
 New York City. 
 Berlin, Pa. 
 
 Calvina, O. 
 New York City. 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 New York City. 
 Trenton, Tenn. 
 
 Fosterbury, 111. 
 
 Springfield, 111. 
 WellsviUe, O. 
 New York City. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Salem, 111. 
 Kenton, O. 
 Jones' Creek, 111. 
 
 Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 
 Couder's Post, Pa. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 Plymouth, Ind. 
 Disco, Mich. 
 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Leavenworth, Ind. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 377 
 
 Name. 
 Lee, E. M., 
 Lewis, J. W., 
 Lounsberry, K. F., 
 Lovett, L. P., 
 Love, J. E., 
 Loyd, J. K., 
 Lucas, John, 
 Lucas, W. D., 
 Mattherson,* E. J., 
 Martins, W. F., 
 Marsh, P., 
 Marsh, S., 
 Mann, C. A., 
 Mass, E. A., 
 Makepeace, A. J., 
 Mason, H. H., 
 Marncy, A., 
 Martin, J. C, 
 Mackey, J. F., 
 Manning, G. A., 
 McComas, J. M., 
 McDowell, J. S., 
 McGinnis,* W., 
 McGuiddy, H. C, 
 McHolland, D. A,, 
 McKee,* S., 
 McMahon, J., 
 McMoor, 
 
 McRobcrts, J. B., 
 Meany, D. B., 
 Mennert, F., 
 Metcalf, C. W., 
 Metcalf, A. W., 
 Meade, S., 
 Meager, J., 
 Milsaps, M. R., 
 Moses, C. C, 
 Morris, W. M., 
 Moore, G. W., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 5th Mich. Cavalry. 
 4th Ky. Cavalry. 
 10th N. T. Cavalry. 
 5th Ky. Infantry. 
 8th Ky. Infantry, 
 17th Mass. Infantry, 
 5th Ky. Infantry. 
 5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 ISth Conn. Infantry, ' 
 14th Mass. Artillery. 
 6Tth Pa. Infantry. 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 5th El. Cavalry. 
 88th Pa. Infantry. 
 19th Ind. Infantry, 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 2dE. Tenn. Infantry. 
 1st Tenn. Artillery. 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 2d Mass. Cavalry, 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 77th Pa. Infantry. 
 74th 111. Infantry. 
 1st Tenn. Cavalry. 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 14th Ky. Cavalry. 
 94th N. Y. Infantry, 
 29th Ind. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry. 
 13th Pa. Cavalry, 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 42d Ind. Infantry, 
 14th N. Y. Cavalry. 
 111th N. Y. Infantry, 
 40th O. Infantry. 
 2d E. Tenn. 
 5Sth Pa. Infantry. 
 93d 111. Infantry. 
 7th Tenn. Infantry, 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 East Gainsville, N. Y. 
 Dixon, Conn. 
 
 Anderson, Ind. 
 Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 Clarion, Pa. 
 Oldtown, Mass. 
 
 Adriauce, Ind. 
 Titusville, Pa. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Dale, Ind. 
 Moravia, N. Y. 
 
 Covington, Tenn. 
 
378 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Mooney, A. H., 
 Mull, D. H., 
 Mullin, D. W., 
 Murray, W. M., 
 Noble, n., 
 Noel, W. A., 
 O'Brien, E., 
 Olcott, T. W., 
 Ottinger, W., 
 Pace, N. C, 
 Patterson, P. A., 
 Page, J. E., 
 Parmalce, J. A., 
 Pennypacker, E. J., 
 Perry, P. W., 
 Pennfleld, J. A., 
 Phelps, J. D., 
 Pillsbury, S. H., 
 Pierce, G. S., 
 Pickerill, W. P., 
 Place, F., 
 Porter, J. F., 
 Porter, E., 
 Poole, S. V., 
 Pollock, R., 
 Poston, J. L., 
 Randolph, J. F., 
 Randolph, N. S., 
 Keed, P. C, 
 Keed, Thos., 
 Reynolds, C, 
 Richley, J. A., 
 Riggs, C. H., 
 Riggs, B. P., 
 Rice, J. A., 
 Robbins, A., 
 Rossman, W. C, 
 Rosenbaum, O. H., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 16th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 29th Mo. Infantry, 
 134th N. T. Infantry, 
 8th Tenn. Infantry. 
 80th 111. Infantry. 
 3d Va. Cavalry. 
 5th la. Infantry, 
 7th Ind. Infantry, 
 18th Pa. Cavalry, 
 10th Wis. Infantry, 
 5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 5 th Me. Infantry, 
 19 th U. S. Infantry, 
 5th la. Infantry. 
 157th N. Y. Infantry. 
 154th N. Y. Infantry. 
 154th N. Y. Infantry, 
 154th N. Y. Infantry, 
 14th Pa. Infantry. 
 13th Tenn. Infantry, 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 2d Mo. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 1st Va. Infantry. 
 Sth Tenn. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 18th Ky. Infantry. 
 73d 111. Infantry, 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 123d O. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Plattsburg, N. Y. 
 
 Bedford, Pa. 
 
 Cape Girardeau, Mo. 
 Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
 
 Iowa City, Iowa. 
 Valparaiso, Ind. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Menasha, Wis. 
 Crown Point, N. Y. 
 
 Biddeford, Me. 
 Dubuque, Iowa. 
 
 Olean, N. Y. 
 Springfield, N. Y. 
 
 Cageville, Tenn. 
 
 Hamilton, O. 
 
 Harrisburg, HI. 
 
 Hamilton, O. 
 Sandusky City, O. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 379 
 
 Xante. 
 Rowan, C, 
 Rowan, W., 
 Rollins, M., 
 Rose, J. C, 
 Robinson, W. A., 
 Robinson, T. B., 
 Robb, W. J., 
 Rodgers, A., 
 Robins, W. H., 
 Robb, W. J., 
 Russell, M., 
 Russell, J. A., 
 Ryder, S. B., 
 Samson, I. B., 
 Sawyer, H. W., 
 Schofield, R., 
 Schell, Geo. L., 
 Schemmerhorn, J. A., 
 Schirtz, D., 
 Schroade, J. C, 
 Scott, P. S., 
 Searce, W. W., 
 Senter, A. P., 
 Singer, J. P., 
 Shaefer, Jas., 
 Shepherd, E. A., 
 Shoemaker, E. M., 
 Smith, E. L., 
 Smith, D. D., 
 Smullin, F., 
 Spencer, R. H., 
 Spencer, S. A., 
 Starkweather, W. L., 
 Stover, J. C, 
 Starr, Q. H., 
 Stone, J. R., 
 Stanton, A. H., 
 Swayzie, W. A., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 9Gth III. Infantry. 
 Indpt. Cavalry. 
 2d Wis. Infantry. 
 4th Mo. Cavalry. 
 77th la. Infantry. 
 lGth Conn. Infantry, 
 1st Va. Infantry, 
 4th Ky. Cavalry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 1st W. Va. Infantry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 93d 111. Infantry, 
 5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 2d Mass. H. Artillery, 
 1st N. J. Cavalry. 
 1st. Vt. Cavalry, 
 83th Pa. Infantry, 
 112th Ind. Infantry. 
 12th Pa. Cavalry. 
 77th Pa. Infantry. 
 80th 111. Infantry. 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 33d O. Infantry. 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 110th O. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infant^, 
 19th U. S. Infantry. 
 1st Tenn. Cavalry. 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 82d O. Infantry. 
 85th N. T. Infantry, 
 3d Tenn. Infantry. 
 104th N. Y. Infantry, 
 157th N. Y. Infantry. 
 16th U. S. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 
 Bristol, Conn. 
 Wheeling, W. Va. 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Wheeling, W. Va. 
 
 Ncponset, 111. 
 Arbane, N. Y. 
 Springfield, Mass. 
 
 Brattleboro', Vt. 
 Philadelphia, Pa- 
 
 Lancaster, Pa. 
 
 Carlisle, Pa. 
 Waterville, O. 
 
 Oakland, Pa. 
 
 Orlean, N. Y. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Columbus, O. 
 
380 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Syring, Wm., 
 Szabad, E., 
 Talor, H. D., 
 Teed, John, 
 Templeton, O., 
 Ten Eyck, T., 
 Thornton, T., 
 Thornton, T., 
 Thompson, B, E., 
 Tubbs, A., 
 Turner, M. C, 
 Underdo wn, J. D., 
 Urquhard, S. A., 
 Urwiler, G. C, 
 Vanderhoef, J. W., 
 Van Buren, G. M., 
 Walleck, Wm., 
 Warren, G. W., 
 Wands, H. P., 
 Wentworth, T. E., 
 Wellsheimer, P., 
 Wheeler, J. D., 
 Whcelan, J. H., 
 White, C. W., 
 White, H. C, 
 White, Geo. M., 
 Whiteside, J. C, 
 Whitney, M. G., 
 Wilson, A., 
 Wilson, A. C, 
 Willetts, W., 
 Williams, J. G., 
 Williams, W. H. 
 Wistlake, J. A., 
 Widdis, C. C, 
 Wicker, W. B., 
 Wilkina, J. E., 
 Wild, J. G., 
 Wolcott, E. A., 
 
 Eegimcnt or Command. 
 45th N. T. Infantry. 
 A. D. C. U. S. Vols., 
 116th O. Infantry. 
 110th. Pa. Infantry. 
 107th Pa. Infantry. 
 18th U. S. Infantry. 
 5th U. S. Infantry. 
 161st N.Y. Infantry. 
 A. IXC." U.S. Vols. 
 9th Ky. Cavalry. 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 A. C. S. U. S. Vols. 
 67th Pa. Infantry. 
 45th N. Y. Infantry. 
 6th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 ISth Conn. Infantry. 
 22d Mich. Cavalry, 
 16th Me. Infantry. 
 21st 111. Infantry, 
 15th Conn. Infantry, 
 A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
 3d Va. Cavalry, 
 94th N. Y. Infantry, 
 1st Va. Infantry, 
 94th N. Y. Infantry, 
 29th Mo. Infantry. 
 80th HI. Infantry. 
 104th N. Y. Infantry, 
 7th Mich. Infantry, 
 51st 111. Infantry. 
 4th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 150th Pa. Infantry, 
 21st O. Infantry. 
 112th 111. Infantry. 
 9th N. Y Cavalry. 
 16th 111. Infantry. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 St. Clair, Mich. 
 
 Neoga, 111. 
 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Lysander, N. Y. 
 Wellsburg, W. Va. 
 Wyoming, N. Y. 
 
 Spencer, Mass. 
 Birmingham, Mich. 
 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Germantown, Pa. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 381 
 
 Name. 
 
 Wright, W. E., 
 Zeis, H., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 SOth 111. Infantry. 
 80th 111. Infantry. 
 
 Abernathy, H. C, 
 Acker, G. D., 
 Adams, Jas., 
 Adams, H. W., 
 Adair, W. A, 
 Ahem, M. t 
 Alilert, J. H., 
 Alstaed, C. L., 
 Alhro, S. A., 
 Allee, A., 
 Albin, H. S., 
 Allen, R. J., 
 Allender, W. F., 
 Alger, A. B., 
 Anderson, E. W., 
 Anderson, H. M., 
 Anderson, C. L., 
 Andrews, E. E., 
 Andrews, S. T., 
 Audrus, W. E., 
 Anshutz, H. F., 
 Appel, H., 
 Armstrong, T. S., 
 Atkin, P., 
 Austin, J. W., 
 Barlow, J. W., 
 Barnes, O. P., 
 Bailey, G. W., 
 Babb, Jno. D., 
 Bath, H., 
 Bath, W., 
 Barclay, C. T., 
 Bartram, D. S., 
 Ballard, S. II., 
 
 LIEUTENANTS. 
 
 16th 111. Cavalry, 
 123d O. Infantry, 
 SOth 111. Infantry, 
 3Tth 111. Infantry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 10th Va. Infantry. 
 45th N. Y. Infantry, 
 54th N. T. Infantry, 
 80th 111. Infantry, 
 16th 111. Cavalry, 
 T9th 111. Infantry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 7th Tenn. Cavalry. 
 22d O. Battery, 
 122dO. Infantry, 
 3d Me. Infantry. 
 3d la. Infantry. 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 12th Va. Infantry, 
 1st Md. Cavalry, 
 122d O. Infantry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 5th la. Infantry, 
 51st Md. Infantry, 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 3d O. Infantry. 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 45th N. Y. Infantry, 
 132d N. Y. Infantry. 
 149th Pa. Infant^-. 
 17th Conn. Infantry, 
 6th Mich. Cavalry, 
 
 Paris, Mo. 
 Fostoria, O. 
 Nashville, El. 
 Frankfort, 111. 
 North Salem, Ind. 
 
 New York City. 
 Newark, N. J. 
 Upper Alton, El. 
 Lincoln, El. 
 Tuscola, 111. 
 
 Mansfield, O. 
 Columbus, O. 
 
 Millford, Mich. 
 Black Creek, N. Y. 
 East Berlin, Conn. 
 Moundsville, W. Va. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Gratiot, O. 
 
 Lansing, Iowa. 
 London, Ind. 
 Barnesville, O. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Eedding, Conn. 
 Battle Creek, Mich. 
 
382 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 Name. 
 Bassett, M. M., 
 Bassett, A. H., 
 Ballow, O. G., 
 Baird, J. P., 
 Baird, Jno., 
 Bannister, D. A.. 
 Barse, G. R., 
 Baker, S. S., 
 Bader, H., 
 Bath, W. L., 
 Bascomb, E., 
 Barroll, E., 
 Bedwell, J. F., 
 Bevington, H. S., 
 Berry, W. H., 
 Beadle, M., 
 Bennett, F. T., 
 Beegle, D. F., 
 Bierbower, W., 
 Bisby, L. C, 
 Bisby, J. D., 
 Biggs, Jas., 
 Bickbam, T., 
 Bisckoff.R, 
 Birun, E. G., 
 Blair, R. F., 
 Blair, G. E., 
 Blancherd, W., 
 Blakeslee, B. F., 
 Bleak, G. C, 
 Blue, J. G., 
 Booher, A. H., 
 Boyd, F. W., 
 Borchess, T. J., 
 Boone, S. G., 
 Boughton, S. T., 
 Bovvers, G. A., 
 Brownell, T. I., 
 Brown, J. L., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 53d 111. Infantry. 
 70th 111. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 1st Va. Infantry, 
 89th O. Infantry. 
 59th O. Infantry. 
 5th Mich. Cavalry. 
 6th Mo. Infantry. 
 29th Mo. Infantry, 
 132d N. Y. Infantry. 
 50th N. Y. Infantry, 
 11th Tenn. Infantry. 
 80th O. Infantry. 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 5th 111. Cavalry. 
 123d N. Y. Infantry, 
 18th U. S. Infantry. 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 S7th Pa. Infantry, 
 16th Me. Infantry, 
 16th Me. Infantry, 
 123d 111. Infantry. 
 19th TJ. S. Infantry. 
 6th U. S. Artillery, 
 3d Mass. Infantry. 
 123d O. Infantry, 
 17th O. Infantry. 
 2d U. S. Cavalry. 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 3d Mo. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry, 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 SSth Pa. Infantry, 
 71st Pa. Infantry. 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 
 Eesiden.ce. 
 
 » 
 
 Wheeling, W. Va. 
 
 Cape Girardeau, Mo. 
 Rome, N. Y. 
 
 South Easton, N. Y. 
 
 Eainsburg, Pa. 
 York, Pa. 
 Canton Mills, Me. 
 Canton Mills, Me. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 Norwalk, O. 
 
 New Britain, Conn. 
 
 Gardington, O. 
 Westville, 111. 
 
 Dyberry, Pa. 
 Reading, Pa. 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 383 
 
 Kame. 
 Breckenridge, F. A., 
 Brueting, J. G. W., 
 Bradford, E. Y., 
 Bradford, Jno., 
 Bricker, W. H., 
 Brush, J. T., 
 Brown, J. P., 
 Brown, J. L., 
 Brown, "W. L., 
 Brown, W. H., 
 Brown, G. L., 
 Bryant, M. C, 
 Brandt, O. B., 
 Brandt, C. L., 
 Brooke, E. P., 
 Bryan, Gny, 
 Bryan, J. H., 
 Bradley, A. B., 
 Bruns, H., 
 Bryson, E. E., 
 Burns, Jas., 
 Burns, S. D., 
 Button, G. W., 
 Burdick, C. A., 
 Butler, W. O., 
 Butler, C. P., 
 Buff urn, G. W., 
 Bush, Geo. M., 
 Butts, L. A., 
 Byers, S. H., 
 Byron, S., 
 Caswell, H., 
 Cameron, P., 
 Caldwell, C, 
 Caldwell, D. B., 
 Callahan, A. M., 
 Carothers, J., 
 Calver, T. B., 
 Carpenter, S. D., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 123d O. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Infantry, * 
 
 2d W. Tenn. Inf antry. 
 A. C. S. U. S. vols., 
 3d Pa. Cavalry, 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 15th U. S. Infantry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 17th Tenu. Infantry. 
 93d O. Infantry, 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 42d 111. Infantry, 
 17th O. Infantry, 
 1st N. Y. Veterans, 
 6th Wis. Infantry. 
 ISth Pa. Cavalry, 
 lS4th Pa. Infantry, 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 ICth Conn. Infantry, 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 57th Pa. Infantry, 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 29th Ind. Infantry, 
 1st Wis. Infantry. 
 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 5th la. Infantry, 
 2d TJ. S. Infantry. 
 95th 111. Infantry. 
 16th N. Y. Cavalry. 
 1st Wis. Cavalry, 
 75th O. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 7Sth O. Infantry. 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Monroeville, O. 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Hoboken, N. J. 
 Newville, Pa. 
 
 Dayton, O. 
 
 Dayton, O. 
 Milton, Pa. 
 Kankakee, 111. 
 Lancaster, O. 
 Belmont, N. Y. 
 
 Vincenttown, N. J. 
 Harrisburg, Pa. 
 Friendship, N. Y. 
 Bridgeport, Conn. 
 Butler, Pa. 
 Clark's Post, Pa. 
 Circleville, Pa. 
 Farmington, Mich. 
 
 Peru, 111. 
 
 Cuba, N. Y. 
 Newton, Iowa. 
 
 Lind, Wis. 
 
 SpringGeld, O. 
 
384 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Carpenter, E. D., 
 Carpenter, J. Q., 
 Carman, J. A., 
 Carey, S. E., 
 Cary, G. W., 
 Cain, J. H., 
 Carlisle, J. B., 
 Calkins, W. W., 
 Causton, M. C, 
 Carter, J. F., 
 Catlett, C. W., 
 Carlin, C. J., 
 Casdorpli, C. II., 
 Celley, G., 
 Chandler, J. II., 
 Chandler, G. W., 
 Chandler, G. A., 
 Chase, A. G., 
 Chamberlain, II. B., 
 Childs, J. U., 
 Chatburn J., 
 Clark, H. L., 
 Cloadt, A., 
 Clement, J., 
 Cleghorn, Geo., 
 Clifford, W., 
 Cooper, A., 
 Cooper, A, S., 
 Col well, J. C, 
 Conn, Jno. H., 
 Connelly, R. J., 
 Conelly, D. J., 
 Colloday, S. R., 
 Cook, J. D., 
 Cook, J. H., 
 Cook, W. B., 
 Cowles, H. F., 
 Coffin, J. A., 
 Coffin, G. A., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 150th Pa. Infantry, 
 107th Pa. Infantry. 
 13th Mass. Infantry, 
 65th Ind. Infantry. 
 104th N. Y. Infantry, 
 2d Va. Infantry, 
 104th 111. Infantry, 
 19th U. S. Infantry. 
 9th Md. Infantry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 151st N. Y. Infantry. 
 8th Va. Cavalry, 
 4th O. Cavalry. 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 1st Va. Cavalry, 
 15th Mo. Infantry. 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 97th N. Y. Infantry. 
 16th Me. Infantry. 
 150th Pa. Infantry, 
 9th Mass. Artillery, 
 119th K. Y. Infantry, 
 15th Ky. Cavalry, 
 21st O. Infantry. 
 16th U. S. Infantry. 
 12th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 16th 111. Cavalry, 
 1st Va. Cavalry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 63d N. Y. Infantry, 
 6th Pa. Cavalry. 
 6th la. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 140th Pa. Infantry, 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 157th N. Y. Infantry, 
 29th Ind. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Gerrnantown, Pa. 
 
 Boston. Mass. 
 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 Ironton, Iowa. 
 Ottawa, 111. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Kanawha, W. Vir. 
 
 Birmingham, O. 
 
 Simsbury, Conn. 
 
 Farmington, Me. 
 Gerrnantown, Pa. 
 Springfield, Mass. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Newalton, Ind. 
 
 Oswego, N. Y. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 New York City. 
 St Louis, Mo. 
 Candor, Pa. 
 Oswego, N. Y. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 385 
 
 Name. 
 Coles, B., 
 Cole, 0. L., 
 Coleman, G. B., 
 Coleman, T. S., 
 Cox, J. L., 
 Cochran, T. G., 
 Cohen, M., 
 Cottingham, E., 
 Christopher, W., 
 Crossley, T. J., 
 Croker, Hyde, 
 Crawford, H. B., 
 Crawford, W. H., 
 Cubbinson, J. C, 
 Cubbetson, W. M., 
 Curry, W. A., 
 Ousted, J. W., 
 Cumis, L. B., 
 Curtice, H. A., 
 Curtis, Rudolph, 
 Cuuiffe, H., 
 Davis, V. E., 
 Davis, C. G, 
 Davis, B., 
 Davis, E. J., 
 Davis, J. W., 
 Davidson, John, 
 Day, J. R., 
 Day, J. W., 
 Day, A. P., 
 Daily, Jno., 
 Daily, W. A, 
 Darniii, S. G., 
 Dewies, S. B., 
 Devine, J. S., 
 Deering, Geo. A., 
 Dean, Thos. J., 
 Dilan, J. A., 
 Drenner, M., 
 
 16 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 51st 111. Infantry, 
 1st Mass. Cavalry. 
 12th Ky. Cavalry. 
 21st 111. Infantry. 
 77th Pa. Infantry, 
 4th Ky. Cavalry, 
 35th O. Infantry. 
 2d Va. Cavalry. 
 157th Pa. Infantry, 
 1st N. J. Cavalry, 
 2d 111. Cavalry. 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 30th Ind. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry. 
 23d Ind. Infantry. 
 17th Mass. Infantry. 
 157th N. T. Infantry, 
 4th Ky. Cavalry, 
 13th 111. Infantry. 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 1st Mass. Cavalry, 
 71st Pa. Infantry. 
 44th 111. Infantry, 
 115th N. Y. Infantry. 
 Cth N. Y. Artillery, 
 3d Me. Infantry, 
 17th Mass. Infantry, 
 15th Conn. Infantry, 
 104th N. Y. Infantry, 
 8th Pa. Cavalry, 
 16th TJ. S. Infantry. 
 2d TJ. S. Infantry. 
 71st Pa. Infantry, 
 16th Me. Infantry. 
 5th Mich. Infantry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 10th Mo. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 New York City. 
 Elgin, m. 
 
 Chambersburg, Pa. 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Titusville, Pa. 
 Port Jervis, N. J. 
 
 Irish Ripple, Pa. 
 
 Courtlandt, N. Y. 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 
 Rocktown, El. 
 
 Haverstraw, N. Y. 
 Water ville, Me. 
 Averill, Mass. 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 Troy, N. Y. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Wayne, Mich. 
 
386 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Dixon, A., 
 Dillard, C. D., 
 Dickey, M. V., 
 Dickerson, A. A., 
 Doughty, J. G., 
 Dooley, T. A., 
 Dough ton, O. G., 
 Donyley, F., 
 Drake, C. H., 
 Drake, J. W., 
 Drake, L., 
 Driffenbach, A. C. 
 Duchemey, L. N., 
 Dukel, A. W., 
 Dushane, J. M., 
 Dunn, H. C, 
 Dutton, G. W., 
 Dugan, Jno., 
 Duncan, E. EL, 
 Earle, C. W., 
 Edwards, T. D., 
 Edwards, D. 0., 
 Edmunds, C. L., 
 Edmiston, S., 
 Egan, J., 
 
 Ellen wood, W. H., 
 Errickson, G. H., 
 Fales, J. M., 
 Fail-child, H., 
 Fay, S. A., 
 Fellows, M., 
 Feiuier, Vv r ., 
 Fish, Geo. W., 
 Fish, O. M., 
 Fisher, J. C, 
 Fisher, R. J., 
 Flick, W., 
 Flemming, J. A., 
 Fluke, A. L., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 104th N. T. Infantry, 
 7th la. Infantry. 
 94th O. Infantry, 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 100th O. Infantry, 
 27th E. I. Infantry. 
 142d Pa. Infantry, 
 136th N. Y. Infantry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 73d Pa. Infantry, 
 1st Mass. Cavalry. 
 114th Pa. Infantry. 
 142d Pa. Infantry, 
 10th Ky. Infantry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 35th Ind. Infantry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 96th HI. Infantry. 
 TJ. S. Navy. 
 2d Md. Infantry, 
 67th Pa. Infantry. 
 89th O. Infantry. 
 69th Pa. Infantry. 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 57th N. Y. Infantry, 
 1st K. I. Cavalry, 
 S9th O. Infantry, 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 149th Pa. Infantry. 
 2d R. I. Cavalry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 2d Mass. Artillery, 
 7th Ind. Battery. 
 17th Mo. Infantry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry. 
 90th N. Y. Infantry. 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Le Roy, N. Y. 
 
 Franklin, O. 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Winchester, Ind. 
 Stryker, O. 
 
 Stroudsburg, Pa. 
 Dansville, N. Y. 
 Pontiac, Mich. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Connellsville, Pa. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Richmond, Ind. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Providence, R. I. 
 Plattville, Wis. 
 Olean, N. Y. 
 
 Hamilton, O. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Kittaning, Pa, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 387 
 
 Name. 
 Fortescue, L. P., 
 Forsyth, t G. D., 
 Fowler, G. H., 
 Foster, E. F., 
 Follette, W. H., 
 Fontaine, J., 
 Fox, D. D. ( 
 Fox, J. D., 
 Fobes, E. H., 
 Foot, M. C, 
 Francis, J. A., 
 Freeman, T. C, 
 Fritze, Chas., 
 Fritz, J., 
 Fritchie, A. W., 
 Frost, C. W., 
 Fry, A., 
 Gamble, S. P., 
 Gamble, H., 
 Gamble, Geo. H., 
 Garces, Jno. A., 
 Gray, F. C, 
 Garrett, E. L., 
 Garbet, D., 
 Galloway, W. G. 
 Gagerly, J. H., 
 Gates, E. C, 
 Gater, A. L., 
 Geasland, S. A., 
 Gebhardt, H., 
 Gilmore, J. A., 
 Gilleland, F. M., 
 Glazier, W. W., 
 Goodrich, J. O., 
 Goodwin, A., 
 Gorgns, E. G., 
 Goff, J. M., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 29th Pa. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 30th Ind. Infantry. 
 Mass. Artillery, 
 73d Pa. Infantry, 
 16th 111. Cavalry, 
 16th 111. Cavalry, 
 131st N. Y. Infantry. 
 92d N. T. Infantry, 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 18th U. S. Infantry. 
 24th 111. Infantry, 
 11th Tenn. Infantry. 
 26th Mo. Infantry, 
 85th N. T. Veterans, 
 73d Ind. Infantry, 
 63d Pa. Infantry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 8th El. Cavalry. 
 1st Md. Cavalry. 
 11th Pa. Infantry, 
 4th Mo. Cavalry. 
 77th Pa.. Infantry, 
 15th U. S. Infantry. 
 19th U. S. Infantry. 
 18th U. S. Infantry. 
 10th Wis. Infantry, 
 11th Tenn. Cavalry, 
 24th 111. Infantry. 
 79th N. T. Infantry. 
 15th Ky. Infantry. 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 82d O. Infantry. 
 90th Pa. Infantry. 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 
 t Captain Forsyth was shot dead by a sentinel at Libby Pi 
 standing near one of the prison windows. 
 
 Quincy, Mass. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Aurora, HI. 
 Aurora, 111. 
 
 Cooperstown, N. Y. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Crown Point, Ind. 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Donegal, Pa. 
 Hyde Park, Pa. 
 
 Heustiford, Wis. 
 Kingston, Tenn. 
 
 Fowler, N. Y. 
 Scottsville, N. Y. 
 
 ison in the spring of 1SW, while- 
 
388 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Gore, J. B., 
 Gordon, E., 
 Good, Geo., 
 Grant, G. W., 
 Gray, R. H., 
 Gray, M., 
 Green, M. E., 
 Green, J. A., 
 Green, C. W., 
 Greble, C. E., 
 Grierson,t O., 
 Griffin, W. G., 
 Gross, T., 
 Grude, A., 
 Gutland, C. P., 
 Harmer, R. J., 
 Harvey, W. H., 
 Hand, G. D., 
 Hams, D. H., 
 Haideman, Jno., 
 Hawkins, W., 
 Hawkins, S. W., 
 Hakes, D. W., 
 Hall, C. B., 
 Hall, J., 
 Hall, C. T., 
 Hallenburg, J. G., 
 Hagenbach, J. C, 
 Hauf, A, 
 Halpin, G., 
 Harkness, E. H., 
 Hatfield, J. D., 
 Hayes, A. W., 
 Hammond, J. P., 
 Hatcher, W. S., 
 Hanon, J., 
 Harrison, C. E., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 15th 111. Infantry. 
 81st Ind. Infantry. 
 84th Pa. Infantry. 
 88th Pa. Infantry, 
 15th U. S. Infantry, 
 13th N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Cavalry. 
 13th Pa. Cavalry. 
 44th Ind. Infantry. 
 8th Mich. Cavalry, 
 45th N. Y. Infantry. 
 112th 111. Infantry, 
 21st 111. Infantry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 134th N. Y. Infantry. 
 80th ILL Infantry. 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 3d 0. Infantry. 
 129th 111. Infantry. 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 7th Tenn. Cavalry, 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 1st Va. Cavalry. 
 87th Pa. Infantry. 
 13th Mich. Infantry, 
 1st O. Infantry, 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 5th N. Y. Infantry. 
 116th Pa. Infantry, 
 6th Pa. Cavalry. 
 53d 111. Infantry. 
 34th O. Infantry. 
 
 30th O. Infantry. 
 115th HL Infantry. 
 89th O. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Reading, Pa. 
 Cleveland, O. 
 Naugatuck, Conn. 
 
 Battle Creek, Mich. 
 
 Cambridge, 111. 
 Belment, 111. 
 Rnsselville, Ind. 
 
 Shelbyville, Ind. 
 
 Huntingdon, Tenn. 
 
 Battle Creek, Mich. 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 T Shot and mortally wounded by ft sentinel on the Btockade 
 Account of murder in the chapter on Macon. 
 
 Higginsport, O. 
 
 at Macon, Oa., June 11th, 1304. Sea 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 389 
 
 Name. 
 Harris, Geo., 
 Harris, S., 
 Hamilton, W. B., 
 Hamilton, W., 
 Hale, G. W., 
 Harbour, E., 
 Harrington, B. F., 
 Hays, Jno. W., 
 Hart, C. M., 
 Hastings, T. J., 
 Hastings, G. L., 
 Hampton, C. G., 
 Hagen, P. A., 
 Heffner, W., 
 Hersh, J., 
 Heffley, C. P., 
 Henry, J. M., 
 Henry, C. D., 
 Helms, M. B., 
 Helm, J. B., 
 Henkley, L. D., 
 Heslit, Jas., 
 Happard, T. H., 
 Herrick, L. C, 
 Higginson, T. J., 
 Higgins, J. D., 
 Hinds, H. H., 
 Hine, Jno. J., 
 Higly, E. H., 
 Hicks, D. W., 
 Hill, J. B., 
 Holmes, J. B., 
 Hood, Jno., 
 Horton, S. H., 
 Hodge, W. E., 
 Hodge, W. P., 
 Horney, P., 
 Holden, Eli, 
 Howe, B., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 79th Ind. Infantry. 
 5th Mich. Cavalry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 2d Mass. Artillery, 
 101st O. Infantry, 
 2d E. Term. Infantry. 
 18th Pa. Cavalry, 
 5th la. Infantry. 
 45th Pa. Infantry. 
 15th Mass. Infantry, 
 24th N. Y. Battery, 
 15th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 7th Md. Infantry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 87th Pa. Infantry. 
 142d Pa. Infantry, 
 154th N. Y. Infantry, 
 4th O. Cavalry, 
 lstVa. Cavalry, 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 10th Wis. Infantry, 
 3d Pa. Cavalry, 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 1st N. Y. Cavalry, 
 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 57th Pa. Infantry, 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 1st Vt. Cavalry, 
 9th O. Cavalry. 
 17th Mass. Infantry, 
 6th O. Infantry. 
 80th 111. Infantry. 
 101st Pa. Infantry. 
 5th Md. Infantry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 110th O. Infantry. 
 1st Vt. Cavalry, 
 21st m. Infantry. 
 
 Romeo, Mich. 
 
 West Amesbury, Mass. 
 
 Upper Sandusky, O. 
 
 Wayneshurg, Pa. 
 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 Oswego, N. Y. 
 Brockport, N. Y. 
 
 Pottsville. Pa. 
 
 Berlin, Pa. 
 Olean, N. Y. 
 Tiffin City, O. 
 Rosby's Rock, W. Va. 
 Shellsburg, Pa. 
 Wanfrau, Wis. 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Montrose, Pa. 
 Castleton, Vt. 
 Averill, Mass. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Barre, Vt. 
 
390 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Houlchen, P. W., 
 Holbruck, S. S., 
 Horway, H., 
 Hoffman, Jno., 
 Houston, G. C, 
 Hollo way, J. M., 
 Hoppin, H. P., 
 Holman, W. C, 
 Hubbell, F. A., 
 Huggins, Thos., 
 Hubbard, H., 
 Hubbard, H. E., 
 Hudson, W. M., 
 Hutchinson, J. R, 
 Huey, K., 
 Hunter, A. W., 
 Huntley, C. C, 
 Irwin, C. L., 
 Irwin, W. H., 
 James, H. H., 
 Jackson, R. W., 
 Jackson, T. W., 
 Jenkins, J. H., 
 Johnson, G., 
 Jones, J. P., 
 Jones, C. W., 
 Jones, P. O., 
 Jones, J. A., 
 Jones, H., 
 Jones, R. B., 
 Jordon, H. P., 
 Kane, Jas., 
 Kautz, J. D., 
 Kepp, Eug., 
 Kephart, J. S., 
 Kerin, Jas., 
 Keruger, Wm., 
 Keyes, G., 
 Kendler, H., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 ■ 16th U. S. Infantry. 
 15th U. S. Infantry. 
 78th 111. Infantry. 
 5th la. Infantry. 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 6th Ind. Infantry. 
 2d Mass. Artillery, 
 9th Vt. Infantry, 
 — Pa. Infantry, 
 2d N. J. Cavalry. 
 12th N. Y. Infantry. 
 119th HI. Infantry. 
 92d O. Infantry. 
 2dVa. Cavalry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 2d U. S. Artillery, 
 16th 111. Cavalry, 
 7Sth 111. Infantry. 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 6th Ind. Cavalry, 
 21st Wis. Infantry, 
 10th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 21st Wis. Infantry, 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 55th O. Infantry, 
 16th Pa. Cavalry, 
 2d N. Y Cavalry, 
 21st HI. Infantry, 
 5th U. S. Cavalry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 9th Me. Infantry. 
 13th Pa. Cavalry. 
 1st Ky. Cavalry, 
 82d 111. Infantry. 
 5th Md. Cavalry, 
 6th U. S. Cavalry, 
 2d Mo. Infantry, 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 45th N. Y. Infantry. 
 
 Concord, N. H. 
 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 West Braintree, Vt. 
 Honesdale, Pa. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 New Hudson, Mich. 
 Huntly, 111. 
 
 Allegheny City, Pa. 
 Montezuma, Ind. 
 Oskosh, Wis. 
 Wolcott, N. Y. 
 Oskosh, Wis. 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 Norwalk, O. 
 Duncannon, Pa. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Olney, 111. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Dent, O. 
 
 Franklin, Ind. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 391 
 
 Name. 
 Kennedy, J. W., 
 Kellog, J. C, 
 Kelly, D. O., 
 Kelly, H. B., 
 Kenniston, J., 
 Keith, C. E., 
 Kendall, Theo., 
 Keister, W. H. H., 
 King, John, 
 King, M. D., 
 King, J. B., 
 King, T., 
 Kibbe, J. N., 
 Kimball, T. D., 
 Kittrel, D. F., 
 Kirby, W. M., 
 Kirk, J. B., 
 Kirkpatrick, G. W., 
 Knight, H. V., 
 Knaggs, K. C, 
 Knowles, R. A., 
 Knowles, E. M., 
 Knapp, F. H., 
 Knoble, E. E., 
 Koach, S., 
 Kresgc, A., 
 Krocks, T. A., 
 Kupp, M., 
 Kuhn, A. J., 
 Kunkel, J., 
 Lap ton, L., 
 Laws, V^. L., 
 Lamson, A. T., 
 Lenning, T., 
 Leyton, F. A., 
 Leith, Sam., 
 Ley decker, J., 
 Leslie, J. L., 
 Leonard, A., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 134th N. Y. Infantry. 
 6th Mich. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry, 
 6th Ky. Cavalry. 
 100th 111. Infantry, 
 19th 111. Infantry, 
 15th U. S. Infantry, 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 5th 111. Cavalry, 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 10th N. Y. Cavalry. 
 101st Pa, Infantry, 
 ISth Conn. Infantry. 
 8Sth Ind. Infantry. 
 3d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 3d N. Y. Artillery, 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 15th la. Infantry, 
 20th Mich. Infantry, 
 A. D. C, U. S. Vols., 
 116th O. Infantry. 
 42dlnd. Infantry. 
 9th O. Cavalry. 
 21st Ky. Infantry. 
 100th 111. Infantry. 
 67th Pa, Infantry. 
 7th Pa. Infantry. 
 167th Pa. Infantry. 
 5th Mel. Infantry. 
 45th N. Y. Infantry. 
 116th O. Infantry. 
 13th Pa. Infantry. 
 104th N. Y. Infantry, 
 6th Pa. Cavalry, 
 18th Ind. Infantry. 
 132d ST. Y. Infantry. 
 45th N. Y. Infantry. 
 13th Pa, Cavalry, 
 Tlst N. Y. Infantry. 
 
 Kelly's Island, O. 
 
 Joliet, 111. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Hillsville, Pa. 
 Geneva, 111. 
 Barnesville, O. 
 
 Bradford, Pa. 
 
 Hillsville, Pa. 
 
 Smyrna, Iowa. 
 Battle Creek, Mich. 
 Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa, 
 
 Genesee, N. Y. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Titusville, Pa. 
 
392 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Lindsay, A. H., 
 Lindemyer, L., 
 Livingston, C. H., 
 Lintz, M. J., 
 Lloyd, T. S. C, 
 Loomis, A. W., 
 Locke, W. H., 
 Locke, D. R., 
 Locklin, A. W., 
 Lombard, H. G., 
 Lodge, G. R., 
 Longnecker, J. H., 
 Ludlow, J., 
 Lyon, W. S., 
 Madera, W. B., 
 Markbrut, L., 
 Marshall, W. S., 
 Manning, J. S., 
 Mann, B. N., 
 Maver, Thos., 
 Malion, M., 
 Mahony, J. S., 
 Mackey, J. T., 
 Mathews, A. S., 
 Mason, J. H., 
 Maw, G., 
 Maxwell, C. A., 
 McAdams, Jno., 
 McBsth, J., 
 McCall, O., 
 McCafferty, N. J., 
 McClure, T. W-, 
 McConnelce, W. J., 
 McColgen, J., 
 McCumas, Jno., 
 McCully, D., 
 McDill, W. H., 
 McDonald, J., 
 McDade, A, 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 18th Conn. Infantry, 
 45th N. Y. Infantry, 
 1st Va. Cavalry, 
 8th Tenn. Infantry. 
 6th Ind. Cavalry, 
 18th Conn. Infantry, 
 18th Conn. Infantry, 
 8th Ky. Cavalry. 
 94th N. Y. Infantry, 
 4th Mich. Infantry, 
 53d 111. Infantry, 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 5th U. S. Artillery. 
 23d O. Infantry, 
 6th W. Va. Infantry, 
 A. D. C. U. S. Vols. 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 17th Mass. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 16th U. S. Infantry. 
 15th U. S. Infantry, 
 16th U. S. Infantry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 21st O. Infantry. 
 80th O. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 10th Va. Infantry. 
 45th O. Infantry, 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 4th U. S. Artillery, 
 6th U. S. Artillery, 
 4th la. Infantry, 
 Tth O. Cavalry, 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 75th O. Infantry. 
 80th 111. Infantry. 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 154th N. Y. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Greenville, Conn. 
 New York City. 
 Uniontown, Pa. 
 
 Terre Haute, Ind. 
 Tolland, Conn. 
 Willimantic, Conn. 
 
 Great Bend, N. Y. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 Ottawa, 111. 
 Woodbury, Pa. 
 
 Leeville, O. 
 Morganstown, Va. 
 
 Prairie Depot, O. 
 Dallas City, 111. 
 Pontiac, Mich. 
 
 Springfield, O. 
 
 Zanesville, O. 
 Rimersburg, Pa. 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Wabash, Ind. 
 Wintersett, Iowa. 
 Georgetown, O. 
 
 Westfleld, N. Y. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 393 
 
 Name. 
 McElroy, Wm., 
 McGinnis, T. F., 
 McGowan, J., 
 McGovern, J., 
 McHenry, C, 
 McKinstry, J., 
 McKinley, J., 
 McKeag, F., 
 McKee, T. H., 
 McKee, N. S., 
 McKay, D. F., 
 McKay, K. G., 
 McKinson, A. H., 
 McLane, A. U., 
 McNeal, S., 
 McNiece, A., 
 Merritt, H. A. D., 
 Merry, W. H., 
 Mettee, J. S., 
 MeU, J. R., 
 Messick, J. W., 
 Mead, L. C, 
 Mead, W. H., 
 Mendenhall, J. A., 
 Meyer, H. F., 
 Merwin, S. F. C., 
 Miller, C, 
 MiUer, W. G., 
 MUward, T., 
 Missehl, O., 
 Millis, Jno., 
 Mitchell, J. A., 
 Mitchell, J., 
 Moore, W. R., 
 Moore, M. M., 
 Moore, D. T., 
 Moore, F., 
 Mooney, J., 
 Moon, R. A. 
 
 16* 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 3d I1L Infantry. 
 ISth Conn. Infantry. 
 29th Ind. Infantry. 
 T3d Pa. Infantry. 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 16th HI. Cavalry, 
 2Sth O. Infantry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry, 
 21st El. Infantry. 
 21st 111. Infantry. 
 18th Pa. Infantry, 
 1st Mich. Infantry, 
 10th Wis. Infantry, 
 2d O. Infantry. 
 51st O. Infantry, 
 73d Pa. Infantry. 
 5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 106th N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 82d 111. Infantry, 
 42d Ind. Infantry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry. 
 6th Ky. Cavalry. 
 75th O. Infantry, 
 9th Ind. Infantry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry, 
 14th I1L Cavalry, 
 16th Conn. Infantry. 
 31st O. Infantry. 
 68th N. Y. Infantry. 
 66th Ind. Infantry, 
 82d 0. Infantry. 
 79th 111. Infantry. 
 2d Md. Cavalry, 
 6th Mich. Cavalry. 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry, 
 73d Pa. Infantry. 
 107th Pa. Infantry, 
 6th Mich. Cavalry, 
 
 Residence. 
 
 East Bloomfield, N. Y. 
 Matoon, EL 
 
 Norwich, Conn. 
 
 Meadeville, Pa. 
 Beloit, Mich. 
 Pine Hill, Wis. 
 
 Spring Mountain, O. 
 
 Hoboken, N. J. 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y. 
 
 Deerfield, O. 
 Evansville, Ind. 
 
 Ringgold, O. 
 
 Norwich, Conn. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Paoli, Ind., 
 
 Wilmington, Del. 
 
 Clinton, Tenn. 
 
 Dushane, Pa. 
 Big Rapids, Mich. 
 
394 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Morris, J. M., 
 Morris, W. J., 
 Morris, A., 
 Morrison, M. V. B., 
 Morisey, G. H., 
 Morse, C. W., 
 Morse, A., 
 Morse, G. W., 
 Morgan, J. T., 
 Morgan, C. H., 
 Morey, H., 
 Moran, F., 
 Montgomery, R. H., 
 Mosby, Thos., 
 Mosely, H. H., 
 Mosher, H. E., 
 Morningstar, H., 
 Munday, J. D., 
 Murdock, J. H., 
 Murdock, H. S., 
 Murray, C, 
 Murray, A. M., 
 Murphy, F., 
 Myers, Thos., 
 Mylieus, V., 
 Nelson, Wm., 
 Newbrandt, J. F., 
 Neimeger, B. H., 
 Norris, A. N., 
 Norris, O. R., 
 Nowlan, W. J., 
 Norcross, J. C, 
 Nyce, Wm., 
 Oats, J. G., 
 O'Connor, Jas., 
 O'Connor, W., 
 Ong, O. C, 
 Parcey, E. W., 
 Parker, E. B., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 101st Pa. Infantry. 
 5th Md. Infantry, 
 4th Ky. Cavalry. 
 32d O. Infantry, 
 12th la. Infantry. 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 78th 111. Infantry, 
 9th Md. Infantry, 
 17th Mich. Infantry, 
 21st Wis. Infantry. 
 10th N. Y. Cavalry. 
 73d N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th U. S. Cavalry. 
 12th Pa. Cavalry. 
 25th O. Infantry, 
 12th N. Y. Cavalry. 
 87th Pa. Infantry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry, 
 3d 0. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry, 
 15th Mo. Cavalry, 
 U. S. Artillery. 
 97th N. Y. Infantry, 
 107th Pa. Infantry, 
 68th N. Y. Infantry. 
 13th U. S. Infantry. 
 4th Mo. Cavalry, 
 11th Ky. Cavalry. 
 107th Pa. Infantry. 
 11th O. Infantry. 
 14th N. Y. Infantry. 
 2d Mass. Cavalry, 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 59th O. Infantry. 
 13th Pa. Cavalry, 
 2d "Va. Cavalry, 
 80th ILL Infantry. 
 1st Vt. Artillery, 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Chilicothe, O. 
 
 New Hartford, Conn. 
 Macomb, 111. 
 Lovington, Tenn. 
 Ypsilanti, Mich. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Summerfield, O. 
 
 Hanover, Pa. 
 La Porte, Ind. 
 
 Logansport, Ind. 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Salisbury Centre, N. Y. 
 Chambersburg, Pa. 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Farmington, Me. 
 Hainesville, N. J. 
 Greenwich, O. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Meigsville, O. 
 
 Providence, R. I. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 395 
 
 Name. 
 
 Parker, E. C, 
 
 Paulding, T., 
 
 Paul, J. S.. 
 
 Palmer, E. L., 
 
 Patterson, J. B., 
 
 Paxton, M. N., 
 
 Patelin, A. E., 
 
 Peake, L. S., 
 
 Pel ton, E. A., 
 
 Peterson, C. G. A., 
 
 Pettijohn, D. B., 
 
 Pentzel, G., 
 
 Perley, Jas. P., 
 
 Perlin, H., 
 
 Pettrie, L. B., 
 
 Petts, G. W., 
 
 Phares, W., 
 
 Phillips, F., 
 
 Phelps, L. D., 
 
 Pierson, E. C, 
 
 Piper, S. B., 
 Pierce, Wm. B., 
 Piatt, Henry S., 
 Potter, G. A, 
 Potter, H. C, 
 Potter, E. D., 
 Potts, G. H., 
 Potts, C. P., 
 Poole, J. F., 
 Powers, J. L., 
 Powell, C, 
 Pond, R. H., 
 Prather, Z. R., 
 Prutzman, C. M., 
 Pumphrey, J. B., 
 Pnrnell, W. G., 
 Pulliarn, M. B. , 
 Randall, Win., 
 Randolph, W. F., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 94th N. Y. Infantry. 
 6th U. S. Artillery. 
 122d O. Infantry. 
 57th N. Y. Infantry, 
 21st O. Cavalry. 
 140th Pa. Infantry, 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 2d Md. Cavalry, 
 1st R. I. Cavalry, 
 2d U. S. Infantry, 
 11th N. Y. Infantry. 
 13th Mich. Infantry, 
 2d O. Infantry. 
 126th O. Infantry. 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 46th W. Va. Infantry, 
 5th Pa. Cavalry, 
 8th Pa. Cavalry, 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 11th Ky. Cavalry. 
 11th Mich. Infantry. 
 2d Ky. Infantry, 
 18th Pa. Cavalry, 
 6th Mich. Infantry, 
 75th O. Infantry. 
 151st Pa. Infantry, 
 1st Va. Cavalry, 
 107th N. Y. Infantry, 
 42d O. Infantry. 
 12th TJ. S. Infantry. 
 116th 111. Infantry. 
 7th Wis. Infantry. 
 123d O. Infantry, 
 6th Md. Infantry. 
 11th Ky. Cavalry. 
 80th Infantry. 
 5th U. S. Artillery. 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Montville, Conn. 
 
 Cannonsburg, Pa. 
 
 Hindsdale, N. Y. 
 Cumberland, Md. 
 Providence, R. I. 
 Fort Snelling, Minn. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Short Tract, N. Y. 
 Seneca, W. Va. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Colchester, Conn. 
 Waterloo, N. Y. 
 Barnesville, O. 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Jeddo, Me. 
 
 PottsvUle, Pa. 
 Martinsburg, W. Va. 
 Hamilton, N. Y. 
 
 Plainfleld, Wis. 
 Marseilles, O. 
 
396 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Ray, T. J., 
 Rader, J. M., 
 Reynolds, Win., 
 Reynolds, E., 
 Reynolds, S. H., 
 Reed, E., 
 Remie, J., 
 Rennie, D. P., 
 Retillery, W. L., 
 Reid, J. A., 
 Richardson, J. A., 
 Richardson, H., 
 Ritchie, Jno., 
 Ring, Geo., 
 Risedon, I., 
 Roney, J. C, 
 Road, Thos. G., 
 Roach, A. C, 
 Rothrock, J. M., 
 Rockwell, J. P., 
 Rockwell, J. O., 
 Rockwell, W. E., 
 Robinson, J. F., 
 Robinson, G. F., 
 Robinson, J. L., 
 Robbins, N. A., 
 Robertson, G. W., 
 Roberts, G., 
 Ross, G., 
 Roger, J. R., 
 Ruff, J., 
 Russell, J. H., 
 Rulon, H. E., 
 Ruffs, E. W., 
 Ryan, John, 
 Samson, J. B., 
 Scudder, A. A., 
 Scoville, H. C, 
 Scuttermore, G., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 49th O. Infantry. 
 8th Tenn. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 42d O. Infantry. 
 3d 0. Infantry. 
 11th Mass. Infantry. 
 93d O. Infantry. 
 51st O. Infantry, 
 2d N. C. Infantry, 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 19th Ind. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry. 
 100th O. Infantry. 
 11th Tenn. Cavalry, 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 1st Md. Cavalry. 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 97th N. T. Infantry, 
 13th N. T. Infantry, 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 80th O. Infantry. 
 7th Tenn. Cavalry, 
 4th Me. Infantry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 7th N. H. Infantry, 
 7th Vt Infantry, 
 157th Pa. Infantry, 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 12th Mass. Infantry, 
 114th Pa. Infantry. 
 1st E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 69th Pa. Infantry. 
 ,12th Mass. Infantry, 
 35th Pa. Infantry. 
 92d 111. Infantry, 
 80th 111. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Roscoe, O. 
 Whitestown, Pa. 
 Stoneham, Mass. 
 
 Huntsville, Tenn. 
 Newark, O. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 Booneville, N. Y. 
 Esperance, N. Y. 
 Scott, Pa. 
 
 Huntingdon, Pa. 
 Union, Me. 
 
 Mount Cheneus, Mich. 
 Dover, N. H. 
 Vergennes, Vt. 
 Lancaster, Pa. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 W. Bridgewater, Mass. 
 Rockford, HI. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 397 
 
 Name. 
 Schuyler, J. F., 
 Schroeder, E. L., 
 Schoeder, H., 
 Scranton, A. G., 
 Schuele, Geo., 
 Schrouders, E., 
 Schweinfurth, F., 
 Scott, K. F., 
 Scott, E. S., 
 Segaros, Th., 
 Seeley, H. B., 
 Sears, D. C., 
 Sharp, G. A., 
 Sharp, E. E., 
 Shepherd, D. J., 
 Shepard, E., 
 Shaeffer, A. C, 
 Shaw, J. C, 
 Sinclair, R. B., 
 Silver, H., 
 SimpBon, G. W., 
 Simpson, J. D., 
 Sibley, H. L., 
 Smith, L. S., 
 Smith, M. H., 
 Smith, J., 
 Smith, C. B., 
 Smith, H. C, 
 Small, M. R., 
 Smythe, W. H., 
 Socks, John, 
 Sowro, C. H., 
 Sollers, G. L., 
 Songer, A. W., 
 Spence, D. M., 
 Spencer, F., 
 Spaulding, E. J., 
 Spalding, E. G., 
 Spafford,* A. C, 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 123d O. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Infantry, 
 82d 111. Infantry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 45th N. Y. Infantry. 
 74th Pa. Infantry. 
 24th 111. Infantry, 
 11th Ky. Cavalry, 
 89th O. Infantry. 
 80th El. Infantry, 
 86th N. Y. Infantry, 
 96th N. Y. Infantry. 
 19th Pa. Cavalry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 5th Ky. Cavalry. 
 6th O. Cavalry, 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 7th O. Cavalry. 
 2d Mass. H. Artillery, 
 16th I1L Cavalry, 
 67th Pa, Infantry, 
 10th Ind. Infantry. 
 116th O. Infantry, 
 14th N. Y. Infantry, 
 123d O. Infantry, 
 76th Pa. Infantry, 
 4th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 2d Del. Infantry. 
 6th Md. Infantry. 
 16th U. S. Infantry. 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 9th Md Infantry. 
 21st HI. Infantry, 
 113th Pa, Infantry, 
 17th 0. Infantry, 
 2d U. S. Cavalry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 21st O. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 Attica, O. 
 York, Pa. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 Kirksville, Ky. 
 
 Chester, 111. 
 
 S. Troupsburg, N. Y. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa, 
 Hokomo, Ind. 
 
 Newburg, O. 
 Newton, N. J. 
 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 Mauch Chunck, Pa. 
 
 Racine, O. 
 Littleton, N. H. 
 Monroeville, O. 
 Latrobe, Pa. 
 New York City. 
 
 Xenia, O. 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Wilmington, O. 
 Gale6burgh, Mich. 
 Port Huron, Mich. 
 
398 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Spindler,* Jno., 
 Sprague, A. W., 
 Strong, E. E., 
 Strong, T. B., 
 Stoke, G. W., " 
 Stevenson, D. B., 
 Stevens,* W. S., 
 Stevens, G. C, 
 Stewart, T. H., 
 Stewart, Wm., 
 Stuart, D. M. V., 
 Stark, A. M., 
 Stearns, S., 
 Steele, J. M., 
 Sterling, Jno., 
 Stone, L. L., 
 Stole, A., 
 Stroman, C. P., 
 Sullivan, Jno., 
 Sutherland, G. W., 
 Sweadner, Jno., 
 Synder, G. L., 
 Taylor, H. C, 
 Taylor, A. A., 
 Taylor, H., 
 Temple, H., 
 Terwilliger, J. E., 
 Teter, A. J, 
 Thomas, A. V., 
 Thomas, G. W., 
 Thompson, R., 
 Thompson, L., 
 Thayer, H. O., 
 Thom, R. P., 
 Tillotson, H. H., 
 Titus, J. R., 
 TifEany, M., 
 Timoney, E. M. B., 
 Tower, M., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 73d HI. Infantry. 
 24th Mich. Infantry. 
 16th Conn., 
 11th Ky. Cavalry, 
 103d Pa. Infantry, 
 3d O. Infantry. 
 104th N. Y. Infantry. 
 154th N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Infantry, 
 16th U. S. Infantry. 
 10th Mo. Infantry. 
 110th O. Infantry. 
 4th Me. Infantry. 
 1st W. Va. Infantry, 
 3d Ind. Infantry. 
 A. Q. M. U. S. Vols., 
 6th U. S. Infantry. 
 87th Pa. Infantry, 
 7th R. I. Infantry. 
 126th O. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Infantry, 
 104th N. Y. Infantry. 
 21st Wis. Infantry. 
 122d O. Infantry, 
 65th Ind. Infantry. 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 85th N. Y. Infantry, 
 2d O. Infantry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 10th Wis. Infantry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 2d U. S. Cavalry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry. 
 5th Ky. Cavalry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry, 
 3d TJ. S. Cavalry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 15th U. S. Infantry. 
 13th Mass. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 
 N. Manchester, Conn. 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 Orrville, Pa. 
 
 Machias, N. Y. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Wellsville, O. 
 
 Mount Indus Falls, Vt. 
 
 York, Pa, 
 
 Smithfield, O. 
 Liberty, Md. 
 
 Cambridge, O. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Almond, N. Y. 
 Steubenville, O. 
 
 Stoddsville, Pa. 
 
 Gardner, Kan. 
 Calumet, Ind. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 399 
 
 Name. 
 Trommel, Chas., 
 Tresouthick, S. H., 
 True, W. M., 
 Turmer D., 
 Tu thill, E. A., 
 Turner, J., 
 Tyler Ira, 
 Tyler, R., 
 TJlem, A. J. W., 
 Undutch, M., 
 Uptlgrove, J. E., 
 Vanness, G. A., 
 Vannetter, R. N., 
 Vansbury, D., 
 Vettford, Geo., 
 Vinay, P., 
 Warwick, Jno. P., 
 Wallace, J. J., 
 Wallace, R. P., 
 Wallber, A, 
 Wads worth, M. C, 
 Watson, W. L., 
 Wasson, J. M., 
 Welch, J. C, 
 Welsh, W. H., 
 Weiser, L., 
 Weeks, E. J., 
 Weakley, T. J., 
 Weatherbee, J., 
 Weaver, J. R., 
 Weston, C. P., 
 Wells, Jas., 
 Whiting, J. D., 
 White, P. A, 
 White, A. H., 
 White, A. B., 
 Wheeler, W. F., 
 Whitney, J. N., 
 Whiston, D., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 3d O. Infantry. 
 18th Pa. Cavalry. 
 16th 111. Cavalry, 
 118th 111. Infantry, 
 104th N. Y. Infantry, 
 A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
 118th HI. Infantry. 
 6th Md. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry, 
 1st Mich. Cavalry. 
 4th Md. Battalion. 
 54th N. Y. Infantry, 
 85th N. Y. Infantry, 
 101st Pa. Infantry, 
 7th Tenn. Cavalry, 
 120th O. Infantry, 
 26th Wis. Infantry. 
 16th Me. Infantry, 
 21st Wis. Infantry, 
 40th O. Infantry. 
 85th N. Y. Infantry, 
 78th Pa. Infantry, 
 1st Md. Cavalry. 
 67th Pa. Infantry, 
 110th O. Infantry, 
 51st O. Infantry, 
 18th Pa. Infantry, 
 21st Wis. Infantry. 
 8th Mich. Cavalry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 83d Pa, Infantry. 
 27th Pa. Infantry. 
 4th Pa. Cavalry, 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 2d R. I. Cavalry, 
 13th Mass. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 Warsaw, 111. 
 Nnnda, N. Y. 
 
 Wooster, O. 
 
 Logansport, Ind. 
 
 New York City. 
 New York City. 
 Beaver, Pa. 
 Dowagiac, Mich. 
 Loudonville, O. 
 
 Pittston, Me. 
 Waupaca, Wis. 
 
 Angelica, N. Y. 
 York, Pa. 
 
 Phoenixville, Pa. 
 New Carlisle, O. 
 Port Washington, O. 
 Latrobe, Pa. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Allegheny City, Pa. 
 Raymond, Me. 
 
400 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Willis, Wm., 
 Williams, C. P., 
 Williams, Wm. A., 
 Williams, M. T., 
 Williamson, J. B., 
 Willotts, Wm., 
 Wilson, J. B., 
 Wilson, M., 
 Wilson, H., 
 Wilcox, W. H. H., 
 Willhart, E., 
 Wiltshire, J. W., 
 Winner, C. N., 
 Wonder, A. H., 
 Wolback, A. K., 
 Woodrow, J.C., 
 Woodard, J. E., 
 Woods, J., 
 Woods, N. L., Jr., 
 Worth, J. W., 
 Worthen, Thos., 
 Wright, D. L., 
 Wright, J. W., 
 Wuschow, T., 
 Yates, C. H., 
 York, E. D., 
 Zeigler, J. D., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 51st Inn. Infantry. 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 123d O. Infantry. 
 15th Ky. Infantry. 
 14th W. Va. Infantry, 
 22d Mich. Infantry, 
 5th Md. Infantry. 
 14th Pa. Cavalry. 
 18th Pa. Infantry, 
 10th N. Y. Infantry, 
 2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
 45th O. Infantry, 
 1st O. Infantry. 
 51st Ind. Infantry. 
 3d O. Infantry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 82d Ind. Infantry. 
 9th Md. Infantry. 
 5th Md. Infantry, 
 118th Md. Infantry, 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 10th la. Infantry, 
 54th N. Y. Infantry. 
 96th ILL Infantry. 
 2d N. C. U. Infantry, 
 114th 111. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Middlebourne, W. Va. 
 Birmingham, Mich. 
 
 Houston, Pa. 
 New York City. 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Wooster, O. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Warsaw, HI. 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 Desmoines, la. 
 
 Friendship, N. Y. 
 
ADDITIONAL LIST OF PRISONERS.* 
 
 [The following is an additional list of officers captured during the spring, 
 summer, autumn, and winter of 1S64, after the removal of the old prisoners 
 from Richmond on the 7th of May. They were imprisoned at Macon, Savan- 
 nah, Charleston, Columbia, Charlotte, Raleigh, and Goldsboro'.] 
 
 Name. 
 Ashworth, J. H., 
 Butler, T. H., 
 Crooks, S. J., 
 Frazier, J., 
 Huey, Pennock, 
 Miller, F. C, 
 Shedd, W., 
 White, Daniel, 
 
 COLONELS. 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 1st Ga. U. S. Infantry. 
 6th Ind. Cavalry, 
 22d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 140th Pa. Infantry, 
 8th Pa. Cavalry, 
 147th N. Y. Infantry, 
 13th 111. Infantry, 
 31st Me. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Clifty, Iud. 
 New York City. 
 Canonsburg, Pa. 
 Westchester, Pa. 
 Oswego, N. Y. 
 Aledo, 111. 
 Bangor, Me. 
 
 Buffum, M. P., 
 Conyngham, J. B., 
 Clancy, C. W., 
 Leeds, M. A., 
 McCreary, D. B., 
 Moulton, O., 
 Morgan, Benj. B., 
 
 LIEUTENANT-COLONELS. 
 
 4th R. I. Infantry, 
 52d Pa. Infantry. 
 52d O. Infantry, 
 153d O. Infantry, 
 145th Pa. Infantry, 
 25th Mass. Infantry. 
 75th O. Infantry, 
 
 Providence, R. I. 
 
 Smithfield, O. 
 Bantam, O. 
 Erie, Pa. 
 
 Franklin, O. 
 
 This list docs not include those officers who were specially exchanged while at Charleston. 
 
402 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Sawders, A. H., 
 S tough ton, H. R., 
 Thorp, T. J., 
 Watson, C. C, 
 Wallace, G., 
 Von Helmrick, G., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 16th la. Infantry, 
 2d U. S. S. S. 
 1st N. Y. Dragoons, 
 6th Ind. Cavalry, 
 47th O. Infantry, 
 4th Mo. Cavalry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Davenport, Iowa. 
 
 Almond, N. Y. 
 Greencastle, Ind. 
 Morning Sun, O. 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Denny, W. N., 
 Dewees, J. H., 
 Dunn, M., 
 English, D., 
 Filler, J. H., 
 Flemming, C. K., 
 Forbes, W. H., 
 Fox, G. B., 
 Hall, W. P., 
 Darkness, R., 
 Hasley, T. J., 
 Isett, J. H., 
 Kendall, W. M., 
 Lernan, P. M., 
 Lynch, C. M., 
 Mattock, C. P., 
 Nelson, P., 
 Parsons, W. L., 
 Pasco, H. L., 
 Pratt, J. E., 
 Quigg, D., 
 Reynolds, W. H., 
 Smith, T. A., 
 Soper, M. H., 
 Speece, L. B., 
 Steele, J., 
 Thomas, D., 
 Vickers, D., 
 Wanner, G. G, 
 Young, J. W., 
 
 MAJORS. 
 
 51st Ind. Infantry, 
 13th Pa. Cavalry, 
 19th Mass. Infantry. 
 11th Ky. Cavalry, 
 55th Pa. Infantry, 
 11th Vt. Infantry, 
 2d Mass. Cavalry. 
 75th O. Infantry, 
 6th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 10th Wis. Infantry, 
 11th N. Y. Infantry, 
 8th Ind. Cavalry, 
 73d Ind. Infantry, 
 22d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 145th Pa. Infantry, 
 17th Me. Infantry. 
 66th N. Y. Infantry, 
 2d Wis. Infantry. 
 16th Conn. Infantry, 
 4th Vt. Infantry, 
 14th 111. Cavalry, 
 14th N. Y. Artillery, 
 7th Tenn. Cavalry, 
 5th Ind. Cavalry, 
 7th Pa. V. R. C, 
 2d Pa. Cavalry, 
 135th O. Infantry, 
 4th N. J. Infantry, 
 24th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 76th N. Y. Infantry, 
 
 Vincennes, Ind. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Owening, Ky. 
 Bedford, Pa. 
 Bellows Falls, Vt. 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 Brooklyn. 
 Elkhorn, Wis. 
 Dover, N. J. 
 Wappello, Iowa. 
 Plymouth, Ind. 
 Memphis, N. Y. 
 Erie, Pa. 
 
 Westchester, N. Y. 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 Bennington, Vt. 
 Bloomington, 111. 
 Utica, N. Y. 
 Lexington, Tenn. 
 Sheldon, 111. 
 Wilkesharre, Pa. 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Newark, O. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 403 
 
 Name. 
 Aigan, John, 
 Algbaugh,W. N., 
 Alters, J. B., 
 Amory, C. B., 
 Andrews, H. B., 
 Auer, M., 
 Barrett, J. A, 
 Bayard, G. A., 
 Baker, H. D., 
 Baker, W. P., 
 Barnum, S. D., 
 Bartlett, O. E., 
 Belger, James, 
 Bennett, B., 
 Bennett, W. F., 
 Benson, J. P., 
 Benson A. N., 
 Beebe, B. C, 
 Biebel, H., 
 Blanchard, Geo. A, 
 Bliss, A. T., 
 Bostwick, N., 
 Bowen, C. A., 
 Boutwin, C. W., 
 Bradley, G., 
 Bremen, S., 
 Brown, J. H., 
 Bryant, J. W., 
 Burdick, C. H., 
 Burpee, E. A., 
 Burbank, H. H., 
 Call, C. H., 
 Carr, J. P., 
 Camp, T. B., 
 Case, P. S., 
 Carperts, L. M., 
 Carpenter, E. N., 
 
 CAPTAINS. 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 5th R. I. Artillery, 
 51st Pa. Infantry, 
 75th O. Infantry, 
 A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
 17th Mich. Infantry. 
 15th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 7th Pa. V. R. C, 
 148th Pa. Infantry. 
 120th HI. Infantry, 
 87th Pa. Infantry, 
 23d U. S. C. T., 
 31st Me. Infantry, 
 1st R. I. Artillery. 
 22d N. T. Cava! 17, 
 39th la. Infantry, 
 120th HI. Infantry, 
 1st D. C. Cavalry. 
 13th Md. Infantry, 
 6th Conn. Infantry, 
 85th El. Infantry, 
 10th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 20th O. Infantry. 
 18th Conn. Infantry. 
 4th Vt. Infantry, 
 2d N. J. Infantry. 
 3d Mich. Infantry, 
 17th la. Infantry, 
 5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 1st Tenn. Cavalry, 
 19th Me. Infantry, 
 32d Me. Infantry, 
 29th HI. Infantry, 
 93d Ind. Infantry, 
 52d Pa. Infantry, 
 2d O. Cavalry, 
 18th Wis. Infantry. 
 6th Pa. Cavalry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Pawtucket, R. I. 
 Morristown, Pa. 
 Spring Dale, O. 
 Jamaica Plain, Mass. 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Golconda, HI. 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 North Rome, Pa. 
 Showhegan, Me. 
 
 Hammondsport, N. Y. 
 Osceola, Iowa. 
 Vienna, HI. 
 
 Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
 Bridgeport, Conn. 
 Havana, HI. 
 Peterboro', N. Y. 
 
 Chester, Vt. 
 
 Georgetown, Mich. 
 Desmoines, Iowa. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 Rockland, Me. 
 Limerick, Me. 
 Inkster, Mich. 
 Austin, Ind. 
 Camptown, Pa. 
 Wellington, O. 
 
 Germantown, Pa. 
 
404 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Chalfant, J. T., 
 Charm cey, C. R., 
 ChapiD, H. C, 
 Clark, M. W., 
 Clark, L. S., 
 Clyde, J. D., 
 Cole, A. F., 
 Colville, J. W., 
 Coglin, T., 
 Cooke, H. P., 
 Daniels, E. S., 
 Davenport, T. F., 
 Davis, W. H., 
 Davis, L. B., 
 Derrickson, J. G., 
 Dennis, J. B., 
 Dirlan, C. J., 
 Dicey, E. C, 
 Dibeler, J., 
 Doane, E. B., 
 Dodge, C. C, 
 Donohey, G. B., 
 Downing, O. J., 
 Dusbrow, W., 
 Duzenburgh, A., 
 Eagan, M., 
 Elder, S. 8., 
 Evans, B. W., 
 Evans, N. C, 
 Fall, J. P., 
 Farr, W. V., 
 Fay, W. W., 
 Fiedler, J., 
 Fi3k, W. M., 
 Flamsburg, O., 
 Ford, E. W., 
 Francis, J. L., 
 Funk, J. W., 
 Galloway, J. L., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 11th Pa. Infantry, 
 34th Mass. Infantry, 
 4th Vt. Infantry, 
 11th la. Cavalry, 
 62d N. Y. Infantry, 
 76th N. Y. Infantry, 
 59th N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th Mich. Infantry, 
 14th N. Y. H. Artillery, 
 A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
 35th U. S. C. T., 
 75th O. Infantry. 
 4th Md. Infantry, 
 93d Ind. Infantry, 
 66th N. Y. Infantry, 
 7th Conn. Infantry. 
 12th O. Infantry, 
 1st Mich. S. S., 
 45th Pa. Infantry, 
 8th O. Cavalry, 
 20th Mich. Infantry, 
 7th Pa. V. R. C. 
 2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 40th N. Y. Infantry, 
 35th N. Y. Infantry. 
 15th W. Va. Infantry. 
 1st U. S. Artillery. 
 4th O. Cavalry, 
 184th Pa. Infantry, 
 32d Me. Infantry, 
 106th Pa. Infantry. 
 56th Mass. Infantry. 
 Eng. R. C. U. S. A. 
 73d N. Y. Infantry. 
 4th Ind. Battalion. 
 9th Minn. Infantry, 
 135th O. Infantry. 
 39th N. Y. Infantry, 
 A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
 
 Residence. 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Westfleld, Mass. 
 Elmira, N. Y. 
 Columbus City, Iowa. 
 Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
 Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
 Lowville, N. Y. 
 East Saginaw, Mich. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Deckartown, N. J. 
 Old Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Patriot, Ind. 
 New York City. 
 
 Clyde, O. 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Bainbridge, Pa. 
 Salem. 
 Marshall, Mich. 
 
 Long Island, N. Y. 
 New York City. 
 
 Kirkersville, O. 
 Rainsburg, Pa. 
 South Berwick, Me. 
 
 Austin, Minn. 
 
 New York City. 
 Pensacola, Fla. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 405 
 
 Name. 
 Gillespie, J. B., 
 Gilbert, E. C, 
 Gill, A. W. H., 
 Goodrich, A. L., 
 Grant, E., 
 Grant, A, 
 Green, E. JEL, 
 Green, J. L., 
 Grayhaur, P., 
 Gutjahr, C, 
 Harris, W., 
 Hart, G. D., 
 Hastings, C. W., 
 Hayes, E., 
 Hay den, J. A., 
 Haines, H. A, 
 Heer, T. A., 
 Heltermus, J. B., 
 Heinrod, P., 
 Heck, F. W., 
 Hitt, W. R., 
 Hill, V. H., 
 Hobbie, C. A., 
 Hoyt, H. B., 
 Hobart, M. C, 
 Hodge, W. L., 
 Holes, A. J., 
 Huff, H. B., 
 Hume, D. J., 
 Hutchinson, R. C, 
 Hymer, S., 
 Ingledew, L., 
 Jackson, C. G., 
 Jenkins, H., 
 Jobe, B. A., 
 Jones, D., 
 Joues, S. C, 
 Johnson, J. D., 
 Judson, S. C, 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 120th 111. Infantry, 
 152d N. Y. Infantry, 
 14th N. T. Infantry, 
 8th N. Y. Cavalry, 
 1st Vt. Cavalry. 
 19th Wis. Infantry. 
 107th Pa. Infantry, 
 A A Gen. U. S. A, 
 54th Pa. Infantry, 
 16th 111. Infantry. 
 24th Mo. Cavalry, 
 5th Pa. Cavalry. 
 12th Mass. Infantry. 
 95th N. Y. Infantry, 
 11th Pa. V. R. C, 
 184th Pa. Infantry. 
 28th O. Infantry, 
 ISth Ky. Infantry. 
 105th O. Infantry, 
 2d Md. Infantry, 
 13th 111. Cavalry, 
 2d Md. Infantry, 
 17th Conn. Infantry, 
 140th N. Y. Infantry, 
 7th Wis. Infantry, 
 120th 111. Infantry, 
 37th Wis. Infantry. 
 184th Pa. Infantry, 
 19th Mass. Infantry, 
 8th Mich. Infantry. 
 1 15th 111. Infantry, 
 7th Mich. Infantry, 
 84th Pa. Infantry, 
 40th Mass. Infantry. 
 11th Pa. V. R. C, 
 14th N. Y. Artillery, 
 7th N. Y. Artillery. 
 10th N. Y. Infantry, 
 106th N. Y. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Vienna, 111. 
 Butternuts, N. Y. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Churchville, N. Y. 
 
 Maytown, Pa. 
 Monroe, Mich. 
 Johnstown, Pa. 
 
 Mount Vernon, Mo. 
 
 Sing Sing, N. Y. 
 Uniontown, Pa. 
 
 Tell City, Ind. 
 
 Waterford, Pa. 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Urbana, O. 
 Manchester, N. H. 
 Stamford, Conn. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Fall River, Wis. 
 Golconda, 111. 
 
 Altoona, Pa. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Rushville, 111. 
 Janesville, Wis. 
 Berwick, Pa. 
 
 Salem Cross Roads, Pa. 
 Utica, N. Y. 
 
 Hamisports, 3ST. J. 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y. 
 
406 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Kessler, J. G., 
 Kenyon, P. D., 
 Kenfield, P., 
 King, J. E., 
 Latimer, E. C, 
 Law, G., 
 Little, J. S., 
 Logan, W. S., 
 Lyttle, C. W., 
 May, J., 
 Maish, L., 
 Mattison, A. C, 
 Manley, J. A., 
 McCarty, W. W., 
 McCray, H., 
 McDonald, H. J., 
 McFadden, W. M., 
 McGraylis, M., 
 McHugh, J. W., 
 
 Mclntyre, 
 
 McWitt, R. J., 
 Metzger, J., 
 Merrill, H. P., 
 Melkhorn, M., 
 Millard, R. J., 
 Moors, N. H., 
 Moore, Le Roy, 
 Morton, J. W., 
 Morgan, S. M., 
 Murray, S. P., 
 Mudgett, A. G., 
 Nash, W. H., 
 Newsonie, E., 
 Newlin, C, 
 Nichols, C. H., 
 Nolan, L., 
 Norton, E. E., 
 Norris, J., 
 Noyse, C. S., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 2d Ind. Cavalry. 
 15th 111. Battalion, 
 17th Vt. Infantry, 
 103d 111. Infantry, 
 27th TJ. S. C. T., 
 6th W. Va. Cavalry, 
 143d Pa. Infantry, 
 7th Mich. Infantry, 
 145th Pa. Infantry. 
 15th Mass. Artillery. 
 87th Pa. Infantry, 
 12th N. Y. Infantry. 
 64th N. Y. Infantry. 
 18th O. Infantry, 
 115th Pa. Infantry. 
 11th Conn. Infantry, 
 59th N. Y. Infantry. 
 93d Ind. Infantry. 
 69th Pa. Infantry, 
 15th Wis. Infantry. 
 1st Pa. Cavalry, 
 55th Pa. Infantry. 
 4th Ky. Infantry. 
 135th O. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 7th N. Y. Artillery, 
 72d O. Infantry, 
 4th Mass. Cavalry. 
 A. A. Gen. TJ. S. Vols., 
 2d U.S. S. S., 
 11th Me. Infantry, 
 1st U. S. S. S., 
 81st 111. Infantry, 
 7th Pa. Cavalry. 
 6th Conn. Infantry. 
 2d Del. Infantry. 
 24th Mich. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 31st Me. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Mount Carroll, Ind. 
 Morristown, Vt 
 Middleport, 111. 
 Canton, O. 
 Ellenboro', W. Va. 
 Nicholson, Pa. 
 Richland, Mich. 
 
 York, Pa. 
 
 McConnellsville, O. 
 Kingston, N. J. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Milroy, Pa. 
 
 Ada, O. 
 
 Tow ersville, Pa. 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 Fremont, O. 
 
 Lindy, N. Y. 
 Candia, N. H. 
 Newbury, Me. 
 New York City. 
 Carbondale, 111. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Mount Desert, Me. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 407 
 
 Name. 
 Nutting. J. H., 
 Nuhfer, A., 
 Ogan, H. W., 
 Parker, J., 
 Paine, L. B., 
 Paine, J. A., 
 Paul, A. C, 
 Pettit, G., 
 Pendleton, D. B., 
 Peniberton, H. V., 
 Piggott, J. T., Jr., 
 Pierce, S. C, 
 Ping, T., 
 Plase, W. H., 
 Powell, J. P., 
 Powers, D. H., 
 Porter, D. M., 
 Porter, B. B., 
 
 Reed, 
 
 Reynolds, W. J., 
 Reynolds, W. J., 
 Reir, Geo. W., 
 Richards, R. C, 
 Ritter, H., 
 Robinson, C, 
 Rosencranz, A. C, 
 Rourke, J., 
 Sargent, H. R, 
 Schooley, D., 
 Schofield, K, 
 Scott, D. W., 
 Shurtz, E., 
 Sherman, S. U., 
 Shuttz, W., 
 Skilton, A. S., 
 Smart, G. F. C, 
 Smith, H. J., 
 Smith, J. H., 
 Smith, A. B., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 27th Mass. Infantry. 
 72d O. Infantry, 
 14th O. Infantry. 
 1st N. J. Infantry, 
 121st N. Y. Infantry, 
 2d Ind. Cavalry, 
 A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
 120th N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th Mich. Cavalry, 
 14th N. Y. Artillery, 
 8th Pa. Cavalry, 
 3d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 17th la. Infantry, 
 87th U. S. Infantry, 
 146th N. Y. Infantry, 
 6th Mich. Cavalry. 
 120th 111. Infantry. 
 10th N. Y. Artillery, 
 107th N. Y. Infantry. 
 75th O. Infantry. 
 4th R. I. Infantry, 
 107th N. Y. Infantry. 
 45th Pa. Infantry, 
 52d N. Y. Infantry, 
 31st TJ. S. C. T. 
 4th Ind. Cavalry, 
 1st 111. Artillery, 
 32d Me. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 11th Pa. V. R. C, 
 23d U. S. C. T., 
 8th la. Cavalry. 
 4th R. I. Infantry, 
 37th O. Infantry, 
 57th O. Infantry. 
 145th Pa. Infantry, 
 53d Pa. Infantry, 
 16th la. Infantry, 
 4Sth 111. Infantry. 
 
 Woodville, O. 
 
 Trenton, N. J. 
 Garratsville, N. Y. 
 Bridgetown, Ind. 
 Newport, Ky. 
 Lexington, N. Y. 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 New York City. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Ashland, Iowa. 
 Dayton, O. 
 Clinton, N. Y. 
 
 Taylor, N. Y. 
 
 Wickford, R. I. 
 
 Ontario, N. Y. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Evansville, Ind. 
 Milwaukie, Wis. 
 Portland, Me. 
 Pittston, Pa. 
 Brookville, Pa. 
 Pottsville, Pa. 
 
 Providence, R. I. 
 Toledo, O. 
 
 West Greenville, Pa. 
 Huntingdon, Pa. 
 Lyons, Iowa, 
 
408 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 s, J. G., 
 Snyder, J., 
 Spencer, S. A., 
 Stevens, J. E., 
 Stewart, E. T., 
 Stansbury, M. L., 
 Strang, H. W., 
 Sutcher, C. B., 
 Swan, E. J., 
 Swift, E. E., 
 Tibbies, H. G., 
 Tilbrand, H., 
 Timbson, S. C, 
 Thompson, J., 
 Turner, J. H., 
 Tyler, L. D. C, 
 Underwood, J. W., 
 Uffar, H. A., 
 Un thank, C. L., 
 Vaughn, Z., 
 Van Haack, A, 
 Von Keiser, A., 
 Washburn, W., 
 Wakefield, H. B., 
 Walpole, H. H., 
 Wall, M. W., 
 West, J. H., 
 Westbrook, U. S., 
 Webb, G., 
 Whittaker, E. B., 
 Willis, A E., 
 Wilson, W. M., Jr., 
 Wilson, J., 
 Williams, E., 
 Wiley, M., 
 Wright, B. F., 
 Wright, E. J., 
 Wyman, E. T., 
 Young, D. G. f 
 Zarracher, F. K., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 110th O. Infantry, 
 14th N. T. Infantry, 
 82dlnd. Infantry. 
 40th N. T. Infantry, 
 138th Pa. Infantry, 
 95th O. Infantry. 
 30th HI. Infantry, 
 16th 111. Infantry. 
 76th N. V. Infantry, 
 27th Mass. Infantry, 
 12th O. Infantry, 
 4th N. H. Infantry. 
 95th N. T. Infantry, 
 4th O. Cavalry. 
 16th la. Infantry, 
 106th Pa. Infantry, 
 57th O. Infantry. 
 A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols. 
 11th Ky. Cavalry. 
 1st Me. Cavalry, 
 68th N. Y. Infantry. 
 30th N. Y. Battery. 
 35th Mass. Infantry, 
 55th Ind. Infantry, 
 122d N. Y. Infantry, 
 69th N. Y. Infantry. 
 11th Ky. Infantry. 
 135th O. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 72d Pa. Infantry. 
 8th Me. Infantry, 
 122d O. Infantry, 
 57th O. Infantry. 
 12th O. Infantry, 
 1st Tenn. Infantry. 
 146th N. Y. Infantry, 
 6th O. Infantry, 
 
 81st 111. Infantry, 
 18th Pa. Cavalry, 
 
 Residence. 
 New Madison, O. 
 Heuvelton, N. Y. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Morristown, Pa. 
 
 Collins Station, 111. 
 
 Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
 Springfield, Mass. 
 Dayton, O. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Muscatine, Iowa. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Freeman, Me. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 Azalia, Ind. 
 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 
 Zanesville, O. 
 Murcy, Pa. 
 
 Biddeford, Me. 
 Zanesville, O. 
 
 Dayton, O. 
 
 Utica, N. Y. 
 Springfield, O. 
 Augusta, Me. 
 De Soto, 111. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 409 
 
 Name. 
 
 Abbey, A. L., 
 Abbott, A 0., 
 Abbott, E. A., 
 Adams, J. G. B., 
 Adams, W. C, 
 Afflee, E. T., 
 Alexander, E. P., 
 Allen, Robert, 
 Alden, G. C, 
 Anderson, H..M., 
 Anderson, J. F., 
 Appleget, A S., 
 Austin, G. A., 
 Baldwin, C. W., 
 Barker, H. E., 
 Barton, J. L., 
 Barnes, A. T., 
 Barringer, A., 
 Bateman, Wm., 
 Baird, Wm., 
 Barnard, W. A, 
 Beasley, J. L., 
 Beecham, R. K., 
 Bearce, H. M., 
 Bell, C. A, 
 Beebee, H. E., 
 Bigley, C.H., 
 Bixby, H. H., 
 Bishop, E. P., 
 Biller, J. N., 
 Blane, W., 
 Blasse, Wm., 
 Blickenhoff, M., 
 Bosford, W. R., 
 Boyd, W. J., 
 Bowen, C. T., 
 Bowley, F. S., 
 
 17 
 
 LIEUTENANTS. 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 8th Mich. Cavalry, 
 1st N. T. Dragoons, 
 2d O. Veterans, 
 19th Mass. Infantry, 
 2d Ky. Cavalry, 
 
 26th Mich. Infantry, 
 2d N. J. Dragoons. 
 112th 111. Infantry, 
 3d Me. Infantry. 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 2d N. J. Cavalry, 
 14th EJ. Battalion, 
 2d N. J. Infantry, 
 22d N. Y. Cavalry. 
 49th Pa. Infantry. 
 111. Veterans. 
 44th N. Y. Infantry, 
 9th Mich. Cavalry, 
 23d U. S. C. T., 
 20th Mich. Infantry, 
 81st 111. Infantry, 
 23d U. S. C. T., 
 82d Me. Infantry, 
 A. D. C. U. S. Vols. 
 22d N. Y. Cavalry. 
 82d N. Y. Infantry. 
 9th Me. Infantry, 
 4th Tenn. Cavalry. 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 43d N. Y. Infantry, 
 43d N. Y. Infantry, 
 42d N. Y. Infantry, 
 1st N. Y. Infantry. 
 5th Mich. Cavalry. 
 4th K. I. Infantry, 
 30th U. S. C. T., 
 
 Residence. 
 Armada, Mich. 
 Almond, N. Y. 
 Olmstead's Fall, O. 
 Groveland, Mass. 
 Star Furnace, Ky. 
 Bridgeport, O. 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Annawan, 111. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Hightstown, Pa. 
 Woodstock, 111. 
 New York City. 
 
 Nassau, N. Y. 
 Ypsilanti, Mich. 
 North Bome, Pa. 
 Lansing, Mich. 
 Fredonia, 111. 
 Sun Prairie, Mo. 
 West Minor, Me. 
 
 Norridgewock, Me. 
 
 Martinsburg, W. Va. 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 New York City. 
 
 Wickford, R. I. 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 
410 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Boettger, C, 
 Braiday, Count S., 
 Braidy, A. J., 
 Brady, W. H., 
 Brown, C. A., 
 Brown, C. O., 
 Briston, J. H., 
 Breon, J., 
 Briscoe, A. M., 
 Brum, S., 
 Bryan, J. H., 
 Bulow, A., 
 Burns, M., 
 Buchanan, W., 
 Burkholder, D. W., 
 Burnett, G. M., 
 Burton, B., 
 Burrows, S. W., 
 Buckley, H., 
 Campbell, L. A., 
 Campbell, W. F., 
 Carr, C. W., 
 Casler, J. L., 
 Caldwell, J. S., 
 Carlisle, L. B., 
 Chase, D. L. Jr., 
 Case, M. B., 
 Casey, J., 
 Carter, W. H., 
 Canney, W. H., 
 Cameron, J. F., 
 Califf, B., F., 
 Cashell, C. P., 
 Chute, R. H., 
 Chapin, H. A., 
 Chahill, W., 
 Chase, H. R., 
 Chubbuck, D. B., 
 Charters, A. M., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 2d Md. Infantry, 
 2d N. J. Cavalry, 
 54th Pa. Infantry. 
 2d Del. Infantry, 
 1st N. Y. Artillery. 
 81st Me. Infantry, 
 1st Conn. Cavalry. 
 148th Pa. Infantry, 
 Coles' Md. Cavalry, 
 81st El. Infantry. 
 184th Pa. Infantry, 
 3d N. J. Cavalry. 
 13th N. Y. Cavalry. 
 76th N. Y. Infantry, 
 7th Pa. Infantry, 
 4th Ind. Cavalry, 
 9th N. Y. Artillery. 
 1st N. Y. Vet. Cavalry. 
 4th N. H. Infantry. 
 153d N. Y. Infantry, 
 51st Pa. Infantry, 
 4th Vt. Infantry. 
 76th N. Y. Infantry, 
 16th HI. Cavalry, 
 145th Pa. Infantry, 
 102d N. Y. Infantry, 
 23d U. S. C. T., 
 45th N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th Pa. V. E. C, 
 69th N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th Pa. Cavalry, 
 
 12th Pa. Cavalry. 
 59th Mass. Infantry, 
 95th K Y. Infantry. 
 76th N. Y. Infantry, 
 1st Vt. H. Artillery, 
 19th Mass. Infantry. 
 17th la. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Wilmington, Del. 
 
 Moro, Me. 
 
 Potter's Mills, Pa. 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Cohoes, N. Y. 
 Shippensburg, Pa. 
 Terre Haute, Ind. 
 
 Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
 Slifer, Pa. 
 
 Otsego, N. Y. 
 Chicago, HI. 
 Luthersburg, Pa. 
 Lansing, Mich. 
 Ottawona, Minn. 
 Tuckahoe, N. Y. 
 Elimsport, Pa. 
 New York City. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Salem, Mass. 
 
 Chelsea, Maes. 
 
 Solon, N. Y. 
 Guilfort Centre, Vt. 
 
 Leavenworth, Kan. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 411 
 
 Name. 
 Channell, J. R., 
 ChesmaD, H., 
 Chittendon, J. L., 
 Clark, J. W., 
 Clark, J. H., 
 Clark, H. L., 
 Clegg, M., 
 Clemmens, T., 
 Cline, D. J., 
 Coslett, C, 
 Cooper, R., 
 Cook, W. C, 
 Coffin, V. L., 
 Codington, J. P., 
 Correll, H., 
 Cope, J. D., 
 Core, J. W., 
 Colter, W. J., 
 Conover, W. H., 
 Conn, C. G., 
 Coram, Geo., 
 Copeland, W. A., 
 Copeland, C. D., 
 Crawford, C. H., 
 Crornack, S. O., 
 Creacy, G. W., 
 Cribben, H., 
 Crossley, S., 
 Cramer, C. P., 
 Cutter, C. H., 
 Curtis, G. M., 
 Curtis, W. H., 
 Cunningham, J., 
 Cunningham, M., 
 Cunningham, M., 
 Damrell, W. S., 
 Davis, W. G., 
 Davidson, J. W., 
 Doan, S. V., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 1st 111. Artillery, 
 7th Ind. Infantry, 
 5th Ind. Cavalry, 
 59th N. T. Infantry, 
 1st Mass. Artillery, 
 2d Mass. Artillery, 
 5th Ind. Cavalry. 
 13th 111. Infantry. 
 75th O. Infantry, 
 115th Pa. Infantry, 
 7th N. J. Infantry, 
 9th Mich. Cavalry, 
 31st Me. Infantry, 
 8th la. Cavalry, 
 2d Vt Infantry, 
 116th Pa. Infantry, 
 6th W. Va. Cavalry. 
 15th Mass. Infantry, 
 22d N. T. Cavalry, 
 1st M. S. S. 
 2d Ky. Cavalry, 
 10th Mich. Infantry. 
 53th Pa. Infantry, 
 ISSth Pa. Infantry, 
 77th N. T. Infantry, 
 35th Mass. Infantry, 
 140th N. Y. Infantry, 
 118th Pa. Infantry, 
 21st N. Y. Cavalry, 
 95th N. Y. Infantry, 
 140th N. Y. Infantry, 
 19th Mass. Infantry, 
 7th Pa. V. R. C, 
 42d N. Y. Infantry, 
 1st Vt. H. Artillery. 
 13th Mass. Infantry, 
 27th Mass. Infantry. 
 95th O. Infantry, 
 145th la. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Ottawa, 111. 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 Knoxville, Tenn. 
 Butler, O. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Logan Hocking, O. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Jersey City, N. J. 
 Tecumseh, Mich. 
 Harrington, Me. 
 Dubuque, Iowa. 
 New Haven, Conn. 
 Uniontown, Pa. 
 
 Clinton, Mass. 
 Norwich, N. Y. 
 
 Greenupsburg, Pa. 
 
 Fall River, Mass. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Bennington, Vt. 
 Newburyport, Mass. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 West Troy, N. Y. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Randolph, Mass. 
 Leesport, Pa. 
 Norwich, Conn. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Big Plains, 0. 
 West Springfield, Pa. 
 
412 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 De Lay, R., 
 Demrnick, O. W., 
 Diffenbach, W. B., 
 Dick, L., 
 Dickenson, E., 
 Dorr, H. G., 
 Dorris, W. C, 
 Donovan, J., 
 Dodge, H. G., 
 Downs, C, 
 Downing, H. A., 
 Dorfee, W. H., 
 Drennan, J. S., 
 Driscoll, D., 
 Drake, J. M., 
 Drew, G. H., 
 Dunn, J., 
 Diuining, A. J., 
 Dunn, J., 
 Durboyne, G., 
 Dyer, E. B., 
 Eastman, P. R., 
 Eagan, John, 
 Eckings,* T. K., 
 Elkin, J. L. F., 
 Elder, Jobn, 
 Evans, T. E., 
 Everett, Chas., 
 Eyestone, J. W., 
 Fairbanks, J., 
 Faye, E. M., 
 Fagan, C. A., 
 Fatzer, S., 
 Fales, L. D. C, 
 Faas, Louis, 
 Ferris, J. M., 
 Finney, G. E., 
 Finney, D. S., 
 Fisher, L. W., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 4th la. Cavalry, 
 11th N. H. Infantry, 
 7th Pa. V. R. C, 
 72d O. Infantry, 
 44th Wis. Infantry. 
 4th Mass. Cavalry, 
 11th III. Infantry. 
 2d N. J. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Cavalry, 
 33d N. J. Infantry, 
 Slst U. S. C. T., 
 — R. I. Infantry, 
 1st Vt Artillery, 
 24th Mo. Infantry, 
 12th N. J. Infantry, 
 9th N. H. Infantry, 
 64th N. Y. Infantry, 
 7th N. Y. Artillery. 
 5th N. H. Infantry, 
 60th N. Y. Infantry. 
 1st Conn. Cavalry, 
 2d Pa. Cavalry, 
 1st U. S. Artillery. 
 3d N. J. Infantry. 
 1st N. J. Infantry, 
 8th Ind. Infantry. 
 62d Pa. Infantry, 
 70th O. Infantry, 
 13th Ind. Infantry, 
 72d O. Infantry, 
 42d N. Y. Infantry, 
 11th Pa. V. R. C, 
 108th N. Y. Infantry, 
 
 14th N. Y. Artillery, 
 3d Mich. Infantry. 
 19th Ind. Infantry, 
 14th 111. Infantry, 
 4th Vt. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Centerville, Iowa. 
 Strafford, Vt 
 Huntingdon, Pa. 
 Fremont, O. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Elizabeth, N. J. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Patterson, N. J. 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
 Newport, R. L 
 Morrisville, Vt. 
 Cannonsburg, Mich. 
 Trenton, N. J. 
 Milford, N. H. 
 New York City. 
 
 Keene, N. H. 
 
 Derby, Conn. 
 
 Mount Clemens, Mich. 
 
 New Brunswick, N. J. 
 
 Hyde Park, Pa. 
 Cleveland, O 
 Washington, Iowa. 
 RollersviUe, O. 
 New York City. 
 Ebensburg, Pa. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Attica, N. Y. 
 
 Elizabeth, Ind. 
 Beardstown, 111. 
 Danville, Vt. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 413 
 
 Name. 
 Flannery, D., 
 Fisher, S., 
 Fitzpatrick, D., 
 Finger, G. W., 
 Forney, D., 
 Foster, H. C, 
 Foley, John, 
 Fontaine, E., 
 Fowler, H. M., 
 French, H., 
 Frost, R. C, 
 Furgeson, J., 
 Gallagher, J., 
 George, G. J., 
 Gottshell, J., 
 Goodown, J. M., 
 Goodwin, J. A., 
 Gordon, C. O., 
 Gordon, H. M., 
 Goss, J. W., 
 Godley, M. L., 
 Grant, H. D., 
 Granger, C. M., 
 Green, E. A., 
 Grey, Phillip, 
 Griff en, T., 
 Gunn, T. M., 
 Hall, A. M., 
 Hall, R. F., 
 Hart, E. R., 
 Haight, J. T., 
 Hazel, E. J., 
 Hazelton, D. W., 
 Hastings, G. L., 
 Hastings, J. L., 
 Hamilton, H. N., 
 Harvey, J. L., 
 Hadley, H. V., 
 nallett, M. V. B., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 4th N. J. Infantry, 
 93d Ind. Infantry. 
 146th N. Y. Infantry, 
 11th Pa. V. R. C, 
 30th O. Infantry, 
 23d Ind. Infantry, 
 59th Mass. Infantry, 
 Tth Pa. V. R. C, 
 15th N. J. Infantry, 
 3d Vt. Infantry, 
 9th Mich. Cavalry, 
 1st N. J. Infantry, 
 4th O. Veterans, 
 40th 111. Infantry. 
 55th Pa. Infantry. 
 12th Ind. Infantry, 
 1st Mass. Cavalry, 
 1st Me. Cavalry, 
 143d Pa. Infantry, 
 1st Mass. Artillery, 
 17th la. Infantry, 
 117th N. Y. Infantry. 
 88th N. Y. Infantry. 
 81st 111. Infantry. 
 72d Pa. Infantry. 
 55 th U. S. C. T., 
 21st Ky. Infantry, 
 9th Minn. Infantry. 
 75th O. Infantry, 
 IstVt. Artillery, 
 8th la. Cavalry, 
 6th Pa. Cavalry, 
 22d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 24th N. Y. Battery, 
 7th Pa. V. R. C, 
 59th N. Y. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 7th Ind. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Cavalry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Butler, Pa. 
 Coshocton, O. 
 Jefferson ville, Ind. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Newark, N. J. 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 Albion, Mich. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Brookfleld, Vt. 
 
 Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 Medford, Mass. 
 Phillips, Me. 
 Shickshlnny, Pa. 
 Ipswich, Mass. 
 Ashland, Iowa. 
 
 Pulaski, 111. 
 Skelbyville, Ky. 
 
 Cincinnati, O. 
 Danvers, Mass. 
 Tipton, Iowa. 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 Peterboro, N. Y. 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 Salona, , Pa. 
 Belleville, O. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 Osceola, Pa. 
 
414 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Havens, D., 
 Hays, C. A., 
 Harris, J. W., 
 Hackett, A. N., 
 Hand, S. P., 
 Haywood, L. E., 
 Herbert, R., 
 Hedges, S. P., 
 Hewett, J., 
 Heston, J., 
 Heffelfinger, J., 
 Henry, A. J., 
 Herzberg, P., 
 Hendryks, W. H., 
 Henderson, R., 
 Hill, G. W., 
 Hill, O. M., 
 Hinds, H. C, 
 Higley, E. H, 
 Hodge, J. F., 
 Horton, S. H., 
 Holden, E., 
 Hopper, J., 
 Holland, W. R., 
 Holaham, C. P., 
 Hoyt, W. H, 
 Hoallaclay, V. G., 
 Hopf, Geo., 
 Hogue, J. W., 
 Hurd, W. B., 
 Hurt, C. O., 
 Hull, G. N., 
 Hughes, R. M., 
 Huston, J., 
 Hurst, T. B., 
 Huntington, E. S., 
 Isham, A. B., 
 Jacks, J., 
 Jenkins, G. W., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 85tk I1L Infantry, 
 11th Pa. Infantry, 
 2d Ind. Cavalry, 
 101st O. Infantry, 
 43d U. S. C. T., 
 58th Mass. Infantry. 
 50th Pa. Infantry, 
 112th N. Y. Infantry, 
 105th Pa. Infantry. 
 4th N. J. Infantry, 
 Tth Pa. V. R. C, 
 120th 111. Infantry. 
 66th N. T. Infantry, 
 11th Mich. Battery. 
 1st Mass. Artillery, 
 7th Mich. Cavalry, 
 1st Mo. Artillery. 
 102d N. T. Infantry, 
 IstVt. Cavalry, 
 55th Pa. Infantry. 
 101st Pa. Infantry. 
 1st Vt. Cavalry, 
 2d N. T. Cavalry, 
 5th Md. Cavalry. 
 10th Pa. Cavalry, 
 16th la. Infantry, 
 2d Ind. Cavalry, 
 2dMd. Infantry, 
 4th Pa. Cavalry. 
 17th Mich. Cavalry, 
 5th Me. Battery. 
 13th O. Infantry. 
 14th 111. Cavalry, 
 95th O. Infantry, 
 7th Pa. V. R. C, 
 11th U. S. Infantry. 
 7th Mich. Cavalry, 
 15th W. Va. Infantry. 
 9th W. Va. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Manito, 111. 
 Eagle, Pa. 
 Terre Haute, Ind. 
 Masillon, O. 
 Binghamton, N. Y. 
 
 Lebanon, Pa. 
 Jamestown, N. Y. 
 
 Sing Sing, N. Y. 
 Mechanicsburg, Pa. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Lawrence, Mass. 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Richfield Springs, N. Y. 
 Castleton, Vt 
 
 Barre, Vt. 
 Scranton, Pa. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Camanche, Iowa. 
 Wintersett, Ind. 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Jackson, Mich. 
 
 Vandalia, HI. 
 Clay Lick, O. 
 Dillsburg, Pa. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Portland, O. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 415 
 
 Name. 
 Johnson, J. W., 
 Johnson, H. A., 
 Johnson, G. K., 
 Jones, Alfred, 
 Justus, J. C, 
 Kendrick, E., 
 Kendrick, R. H., 
 Kerr, S. C, 
 Kendall, H. T., 
 Kelly, A., 
 Kelly, J. M., 
 Kelley, J. K., 
 Keen, J., 
 Kennedy, J. D., 
 Kemp ton, J. P., 
 Kempton, F. H., 
 Kenyon, G. C, 
 Keheart, J, 
 Kellow, J., 
 Kidd, J. H., 
 Kidder, G. C, 
 King, Abe, 
 Kibby, G. L., 
 Knox, G., 
 Knox, J. C, 
 Krohn, P., 
 Lay cock, J. B., 
 Larabee, W. H., 
 Laid, J. O., 
 Laid, M., 
 Lane, L. M., 
 Lamson, T. D., 
 Lawrence, Q. K., 
 Lewis, C. E., 
 Lee, A., 
 Lewry, D. W., 
 Lemon, M. W., 
 Limbard, A., 
 Long, C. H., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 1st Mass. Artilleiy. 
 3d Me. Infantry. 
 1st Me. Cavalry. 
 50th Pa. "Veterans, 
 2d Pa. V. R. C, 
 10th N. J. Infantry, 
 25th Wis. Infantry, 
 125th 0. Infantry, 
 50th Pa. Infantry, 
 126th O. Infantry, 
 4th Term. Infantry, 
 1st Pa. Cavalry, 
 Tth Pa. V. E. C, 
 8th O. Cavalry, 
 75th O. Infantry. 
 5Sth Mass. Artillery. 
 17th 111. Infantry. 
 13th O. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 1st Md. Artillery, 
 113th Pa. Infantry, 
 12th O. Infantry, 
 4th R. I. Infantry, 
 109th Pa. Infantry, 
 4th Ind. Cavalry, 
 5th N. T. Cavalry, 
 7th Pa. V. R. C. 
 7th Me. Infantry, 
 35th U. S. Infantry. 
 16th la. Infantry, 
 9th Minn. Infantry. 
 3d Ind. Cavalry, 
 2d N. T. Mounted Rifles, 
 1st N. Y. Dragoons, 
 152d N. T. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Artillery. 
 14th N. Y. Artillery, 
 — O. Cavalry, 
 69th Mass. Infantry. 
 
 Residence. 
 Methuen. Mass. 
 
 Reading, Pa. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 New York City. 
 Potosi, Wis. 
 Sallneville, O. 
 Reading, Pa. 
 Barnesville, O. 
 Athens, Tenn. 
 Patterson, Pa. 
 Bart, Pa. 
 Piqua, O. 
 
 Russell Station, O. 
 Honesdale, Pa. 
 Port Deposit, Md. 
 Danton, 111. 
 Xenia, O. 
 Providence, R. I. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Ladoga, Ind. 
 Oswego, N. Y. 
 
 Portland, Me. 
 
 Desmoines, Iowa. 
 
 Verny, Ind. 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Nunda, N. Y. 
 TJtica, N. Y. 
 
 Canton, N. Y. 
 Dephos, O. 
 
416 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Loud, E. D. C, 
 Luther, J. C, 
 Ludwig, M. S., 
 Lyman, H. H., 
 Lyman, J., 
 Lynn, J. L., 
 Mather, F. W., 
 Mather, E., 
 Mangus, H. P., 
 Mathews, A. D., 
 Mathews, W. F., 
 Mallison, J., 
 Mayer, G. W., 
 Marshland, A. J., 
 Marshall, J. D., 
 McCutcheon, E. T. 
 McCain, J. C, 
 McCormick, J., 
 McDonald, C, 
 McGeehan, J., 
 McGinnes, W. A., 
 McGuire, T., 
 Mcintosh, J. C, 
 McKage, J., 
 McLaughlin, J., 
 
 McLane, 
 
 McManus, P. W., 
 McMahon, E., 
 McNure, A., 
 McNettervill, W., 
 McWain, E. J., 
 Menier, N. J., 
 Mitchell, H. W., 
 Mitchell, H. G, 
 Miller, J. W., 
 Miller, H., 
 Mix, W. H., 
 Mockrie, P. B., 
 Monaghan, J., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 1st Pa. V. R. C, 
 53d Pa. Infantry, 
 147th N. T. Infantry, 
 27th Mass. Infantry, 
 145 th Pa. Infantry, 
 7th N. Y. Artillery, 
 IstVt. Cavalry, 
 53d Pa. Infantry, 
 IstVt. Artillery, 
 1st Md. Infantry, 
 94th N. Y. Infantry, 
 37th Ind. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 57th Ohio Infantry, 
 64th N. Y. Infantry, 
 9th Minn. Infantry, 
 21st N. Y. Cavalry, 
 2d 111. Artillery, 
 146th N. Y. Infantry, 
 19th Mass. Infantry, 
 7th 111. Infantry, 
 145th Pa. Infantry, 
 184th Pa. Infantry, 
 53d Pa. Infantry, 
 9th Minn. Infantry. 
 27th Mass. Infantry, 
 72d O. Infantry. 
 73d Pa. Infantry, 
 12th U. S. Infantry. 
 1st N. Y. Artillery, 
 93d Ind. Infantry, 
 14th N. Y. Infantry. 
 32d Me. Infantry, 
 14th 111. Cavalry, 
 17th Mich. Infantry, 
 19th U.S. C. T., 
 7th N. Y. Artillery, 
 62d Pa. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Ptidgeway, Pa. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Pulaski, N. Y. 
 East Hampton, Mass. 
 West Greenville, Pa. 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 Fair Haven, Vt. 
 Winfleld, Pa. 
 Brownington, Vt 
 Martinsburg, W. Va. 
 . Brandon, Wis. 
 Lawrenceburg, Ind. 
 Nicetown, Pa. 
 Wapakourutta, O. 
 Gowanda, N. Y. 
 Logansport, Ind. 
 Troy, N. Y. 
 Tamaroa, 111. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Boston, Mass. 
 St. Charles, HI. 
 Erie, Pa. 
 
 Hollidaysburg, Pa. 
 James' Creek, Pa. 
 
 Davenport, Iowa, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Rochester, Vt. 
 Leopold, Ind. 
 
 Portland, Me. 
 Lincoln, HI. 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Warsaw, N. Y. 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 New York City. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 417 
 
 Name. 
 Morse, A., 
 Morris, J. H., 
 Morton, G. C, 
 Muffley, S. F., 
 Murphey, J., 
 Mullegau, J. A., 
 Munger, T. J., 
 Nelson, A., 
 Needhani, J. B., 
 Neal, A, 
 Nealy, O. H., 
 Neher, W., 
 Niedenhoffen, C, 
 Niswander, D. M., 
 Noggle, H. L., 
 Norwood, J., 
 Nulland, W. R., 
 Nyman, H. J., 
 O'Connell, P., 
 Ogden, J., 
 O'Harre, J., 
 Oliphant, D., 
 Olden, G. C, 
 O'Shea, E., 
 Osborne, F., 
 Outcolt, R. V., 
 Parker, J. T., 
 Parker, G. M., 
 Parker, E. P.., 
 Partridge, W. H., 
 Patterson, G. W., 
 Palmer, J. H., 
 Peake, D. S. f 
 Pentzell, D., 
 Petry, J. C, 
 Peters, G., 
 Peck, W. D., 
 Perrin, Z., 
 Phinney, A., 
 
 17* 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 IstVt. Artillery, 
 4th Ky. Infantry. 
 4th Pa. Cavalry. 
 184th Pa. Infantry, 
 69th N. Y. Infantry, 
 4th Mass. Cavalry, 
 37th Wis. Infantry, 
 66th N. Y. Infantry, 
 4th Vt. Infantry, 
 5th Ind. Cavalry. 
 11th U. S. Infantry, 
 9th Pa. V. R. C, 
 9th Minn. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 2d U. S. Infantry, 
 76th N. Y. Infantry, 
 5th Ind. Cavalry, 
 19th Mich. Infantry. 
 55th Pa. Infantry, 
 1st Wis. Cavalry, 
 7th N. Y. Artillery, 
 35th N. J. Infantry. 
 112th 111. Infantry. 
 13tn Pa. Cavalry, 
 19th Mass. Infantry, 
 135th O. Infantry. 
 13th la. Infantry, 
 45th 111. Infantry, 
 1st Vt Artillery. 
 67th N. Y. Infantry, 
 135th O. Infantry, 
 12th O. Infantry, 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 4th N. Y. Cavalry. 
 95th O. Infantry, 
 9th N. J. Infantry, 
 
 72d O. Infantry, 
 90th 111. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Fayetteville, Vt. 
 
 Howard, Pa. 
 Newark, N. J. 
 Biddeford, Me. 
 Madison, Wis. 
 Westchester, N. Y. 
 Shrewsbury, Vt. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Winona, Minn. 
 Welch Bun, Pa. 
 Janesville, Wis. 
 Slaterville, N. Y. 
 Lafayette, Ind. 
 
 Johnstown, Pa. 
 Winona, Minn. 
 Cohoes, N. Y. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Byfield, Mass. 
 
 Sigourney, Iowa. 
 Carmi, 111. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Alexander, O. 
 Ripley, O. 
 Hinsdale, N. Y. 
 
 London, O. 
 Elizabeth, N. J. 
 Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Clyde, O. 
 Rockford, 111. 
 
418 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name, 
 Phillips, W. B., 
 Pinchenpaugh, A. C, 
 Pioquet, H., 
 PilCard, D. H., 
 Pierce, H. H., 
 Pierce, Worthington, 
 Pierson, E. C, 
 Pierson, M. P., 
 Pierson, A. P., 
 Pitt, G.W., 
 Pitt, J. H., 
 Piatt, S. H., 
 Powell, W. H., 
 Post, James, 
 Porter, L. G., 
 Pope, W. A, 
 Poindcxter, C. O., 
 Provine, W. N., 
 Price, C. A., 
 Price, J. C, 
 Price, Chas. A., 
 Preston, A. L., 
 Purveance, J. S., 
 Purcell, T., 
 Pyne, D. B., 
 Rahn, O., 
 Raymond, H. W., 
 Ramsey, E. K., 
 Rathbone, T. W., 
 Raynor, A. J., 
 Rainsr, L., 
 Randall, W. H., 
 Bees, M., 
 Reed, J. n., 
 Eeode, J., 
 Richards, L. S., 
 Richards, J. M., 
 Rienecker, G., 
 Riley, L. H., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 2d Pa. Artillery, 
 6th W. Va. Inf antry, 
 32cllll. Infantry, 
 14th N. Y. Infantry, 
 7th Conn. Infantry, 
 17th Vt, Infantry, 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 190th N. Y. Infantry, 
 9th Mich. Cavalry. 
 85th N. Y. Veterans, 
 118th N. Y. Infantry, 
 34th Mass. Infantry, 
 2d 111. Artillery. 
 149th Pa. Infantry, 
 81st 111. Infantry, 
 18th Wis. Infantry. 
 31st Me. Infantry, 
 84th 111. Infantry, 
 5th Mich. Infantry, 
 75th O. Infantry. 
 3d Mich. Infantry, 
 8th Mich. Cavalry, 
 130th Ind. Infantry, 
 16th la. Infantry, 
 3d Mo. Inf antiy, 
 184th Pa. Infantry, 
 8th N. Y. Artillery, 
 1st N. J. Infantry, 
 153d O. Infantry. 
 19th TJ. S. C. T., 
 2d N. J. Cavalry, 
 1st Mich. S. S., 
 72d O. Infantry, 
 120th 111. Infantry. 
 57th Mass. Infantry, 
 1st Vt. Artillery, 
 1st W. Va. Infantry, 
 5th Pa. Cavalry. 
 7th Pa, V. R. C. 
 
 Residence. 
 Hyde Park, Pa. 
 Morgantown, W. Va. 
 Olney, IU. 
 New York City. 
 Unionville, Conn. 
 Woodstock, Vt. 
 Waterloo, N. Y. 
 Le Roy, N. Y. 
 
 Short Tract, N. Y. 
 Canton, N. Y. 
 Pittsfield, Mass. 
 
 Shickshinny, Pa. 
 Tamaroa, I1L 
 
 Bridgeton, Me. 
 Vermont, 111. 
 Maple Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Maple Rapids, Mich. 
 Mount Clemmun, Mich. 
 Huntington, Ind. 
 Muscatine, Iowa. 
 Alden, Iowa, 
 Duncannon, Pa, 
 Elba, N. Y. 
 Phoenixville, Pa. 
 
 Ontario, N. Y. 
 Freehold, N. J., 
 Ypsilanti, Mich. 
 Rollersville, O. 
 
 Milford, Mass. 
 West Concord, Vt. 
 Wheeling, W. Va. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 419 
 
 Name. 
 Riley, W. L., 
 King, A., 
 "Rice, J. S., 
 Rose, W. B., 
 Kose, J. C, 
 Rowley, G. A., 
 Robinson, B. E., 
 Robeson, J. S., 
 Roberts, E. R., 
 Roach, W. E., 
 Rothe, H., 
 Ross, C. H., 
 Ruger, J. M., 
 Rugg, C. L., 
 Sargeant, M. G., 
 Sandon, W., 
 Sailor, J., 
 Sanders, C. B., 
 Scurr, C, 
 Scott, Geo., 
 Schwartz, C. S., 
 Scripture, F. E., 
 Schulter, H., 
 Schofleld, T. D., 
 Seely, L. D., 
 Shofer, W. H., 
 Shanan, M., 
 Shannon, A. L., 
 Shepstrong, M. N., 
 Sheehan, J. P., 
 Shull, J. F., 
 Shaefer, N. W., 
 Sitler, J. R., 
 Simmons, A. B., 
 Simmondson, P. A., 
 Skinner, J. L., 
 Slout, J. O., 
 Smith, E. B., 
 Smith, M. S., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 21st N. Y. Cavalry, 
 12th O. Infantry. 
 13th Ind. Infantry, 
 73d 111. Infantry. 
 120th HI. Infantry, 
 2d U. S. Infantry. 
 95th O. Infantry, 
 7th Term. Cavalry, 
 7th 111. Infantry. 
 49th N. Y. Infantry, 
 15th N. Y. Artillery, 
 13th Ind. Infantry, 
 57th Pa. Infantry. 
 6th Ind. Cavalry, 
 1st Vt. Artillery, 
 1st Wis. Cavalry, 
 13th Pa. Cavalry, 
 35th TJ. S. C. T. 
 7th N. Y. Artillery. 
 10th Ind. Infantry, 
 2d N. J. Cavalry, 
 A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
 43d N. Y. Infantry, 
 27th Mich. Infantry. 
 45th Pa. Infantry, 
 5th Pa. Cavalry. 
 14th N. Y. Infantry. 
 3d Ind. Cavalry, 
 60th O. Infantry. 
 31st Me. Infantry, 
 28th U. S. C. T., 
 24th Ind. Cavalry. 
 2d Pa. Cavalry, 
 5th Ind. Cavalry, 
 23d TJ. S. C. T. 
 27th Mass. Infantry, 
 — O. Cavalry, 
 1st Vt. Artillery, 
 16th Me. Infantry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Brighton, N. Y. 
 
 Washington, Iowa, 
 
 Vienna, 111. 
 
 Reynoldsburg, Pa. 
 Huntington, Tenn. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Alexandria, Va. 
 Janesville, Pa. 
 
 Newport, Ky. 
 Newport, Vt. 
 Ontario, Wis. 
 Newport, Pa. 
 
 Lebanon, Md. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Knosville, Pa. 
 
 Hanover, Ind. 
 
 Dennysville, Me. 
 Bloomington, Ind. 
 
 Harmonsburg, Pa. 
 Union City, Indiana. 
 
 Amherst, Mass. 
 Wooster, O. 
 Newport, Vt. 
 East Livermore, Me. 
 
420 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Fame. 
 Smith, A. M., 
 Smith, J. C, 
 Smith, J. B., 
 Smith, J. P., 
 Smith, P., 
 Smith, J. 
 Smith, S. B., 
 Smythe, S. S., 
 Smyser, H. C, 
 Snowwhite, E., 
 Spring, B., 
 Sturgeon, W. B., 
 Stover, M. H., 
 Stover, A. C, 
 Stallman, C. H., 
 Stevens, F., 
 Stevens, J. G., 
 Stevens, Frank, 
 iStewart, A. S., 
 Stewart, B. K., 
 Stuart, C, 
 Strickland, E. P., 
 Stebbens, J., 
 Stanton, J. W., 
 St. John, W. H., 
 Starr, H. P., 
 Stone, C. P., 
 Stauber, B. F., 
 Striblings, M. W., 
 Swift, E., 
 Sweet, W. H. S., 
 Sweetland, A. A, 
 Swope, C. T., 
 Tainter, H. S., 
 Tanner, D., 
 Taylor, J., 
 Taw, E. C, 
 Tiffany, A. W., 
 Timm, A, 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 1st Tenn. Cavalry. 
 24th Ind. Battery. 
 Sth W. Va. Cavalry. 
 49th Pa. Infantry, 
 4th Tenn Cavalry, 
 5th Pa. Cavalry. 
 30th U. S. C. T., 
 1st 111. Arttllery, 
 2d Md. Infantry, 
 7th Pa. V. E. C, 
 75th O. Infantry. 
 107th Pa. Infantry, 
 184th Pa. Infantry. 
 95th O. Infantry, 
 87th Pa. Infantry, 
 KOth Pa. Infantry. 
 52d Pa. Infantry. 
 15th Pa. V. R. C. 
 4th Ky. Infantry, 
 2d — Cavalry. 
 24th N. Y. Infantry, 
 114th 111. Infantry. 
 77th N. Y. Infantry. 
 5th Ind. Cavalry, 
 5th Ind. Cavalry, 
 22d N. Y. Cavalry, 
 1st Vt. Cavalry, 
 20th Pa. Cavalry, 
 61st O. Infantry, 
 74th 111. Infantry, 
 146th N. Y. Infantry, 
 2d Pa. Cavalry. 
 4th Ky. Infantry. 
 82d N. Y. Infantry. 
 118th 111. Infantry. 
 2d Pa. V. E. C. 
 67th N. Y. Infantry. 
 9th Minn. Infantry, 
 16th la. Infantry, 
 
 Spring Mills, Pa. 
 Morristown, Pa. 
 
 Woodbury, N. Y. 
 Elkhorn, 111. 
 Ashland Furnace, Pa, 
 Palmyra, Pa. 
 
 Shippensburg, Pa. 
 
 TJrbania, O. 
 York, Pa. 
 
 Meadow Gap, Pa. 
 New York City. 
 
 Carmel, Ind. 
 Greensburg, Ind. 
 Eochester, N. Y. 
 Brattleboro, "Vt. 
 Lewistown, Pa. 
 Circleville, O. 
 Pecatomica, 111. 
 Utica, N. Y. 
 
 Carver, Minn. 
 Davenport, Md., 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 421 
 
 Fame. 
 Tinker, S. H., 
 Tipton, A. F., 
 Tompkins, H. V., 
 Tompson, J. S., 
 Todd, O., 
 Tower, D. W., 
 Tomeon, F. 
 To Del, C, 
 Toby, J. P. F., 
 Trout, B. W., 
 Turner, David, 
 Tyler, L. E., 
 Van Alin, W. C, 
 Van Doren, D., 
 Van Renealaer, C, 
 Von Bulow, A., 
 Von Valack, D. D., 
 Warren, J. W., 
 Warren, D. H., 
 Ward, T. H., 
 Warner, J. B., 
 Warner, J., 
 Walker, J., 
 Waterman, F., 
 Watson, J. C, 
 West, O. W., 
 West, D. J., 
 Wentworth, H. A., 
 Weddle, Geo., 
 Weisner, T. A, 
 Whittemore, B. W., 
 Wheaton, J., 
 Whitten, B. F., 
 Wheeler, J. F., 
 Winters, J., 
 Wilcox, C. W., 
 Wing, G. H., 
 Wilson, E. S., 
 Wiison, R. P., 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 93d Ind. Infantry, 
 8th la. Cavalry, 
 59th N. Y. Infantry. 
 10th Vt Infantry. 
 18th Wis. Infantry, 
 17th la. Infantry, 
 17th la. Infantry. 
 15th N. Y. Artillery, 
 Slst Me. Infantry, 
 106th Pa. Infantry, 
 118th I1L Infantry, 
 1st Conn. Cavalry, 
 45th Pa. Cavalry, 
 72d O. Infantry, 
 148th N. Y. Infantry, 
 3d N. J. Cavalry, 
 12th U. S. Infantry. 
 1st Wis. Cavalry, 
 8th la. Cavalry, 
 59th U. S. C. T. 
 8th Mich. Cavalry, 
 S3d N. J. Infantry, 
 8th Tenn. Infantry, 
 16th la. Infantry, 
 126th O. Infantry, 
 1st U. S. Dragoons, 
 6th Conn. Infantry, 
 14th N. Y. Artillery, 
 145th O. Dafantry, 
 14th 111. Infantry, 
 5th N. Y. Cavalry. 
 59th U. S. C. T. 
 9th Me. Infantry. 
 149th N. Y. Infantry, 
 72d O. Infantry, 
 9th N. H. Infantry. 
 14th N. Y. Artillery, 
 1st Mass. Cavalry, 
 5th U. S. Cavalry, 
 
 Residence. 
 Allen sville, Ind. 
 Elkader, Iowa. 
 
 Adrian, Mich. 
 Farmington, Iowa. 
 
 New York City. 
 Machias Post, Me. 
 Canton, Pa. 
 Warsaw, HL 
 Preston, City, Conn. 
 Fleming, Pa. 
 Fremont, O. 
 Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
 New York City. 
 
 Beaver Dam, Wis. 
 Glencoe, O. 
 
 Marshall, Mich. 
 Newark, N. J. 
 Bull's Gap, Tenn. 
 Davenport, la. 
 New Salem, O. 
 Dansville, N. Y. 
 Bridgeport, Conn. 
 Randolph, N. Y. 
 Perrysburg, O. 
 Greenfield, 111. 
 
 Salina, N. Y. 
 Townsend, O. 
 
 Glenn's Falls, N. Y. 
 Havana, Cuba. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
422 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 Wilson, R., 
 Willis, H. H., 
 Winship, J., 
 Williams, W., 
 WUker, W. H., 
 Woodruff, F. M., 
 Woodrow, C. W., 
 Young, W. J., 
 Young, T. P., 
 Young,* A., 
 York, J. H., 
 Zeigler, Aaron, 
 Zimini, A., 
 Zobel, C, 
 
 Regiment or Command. 
 113th 111. Infantry, 
 40th N. Y. Infantry, 
 88th 111. Infantry, 
 8th Mich. Cavalry. 
 4th O. Infantry, 
 76th N. Y. Infantry, 
 19th la. Infantry, 
 111th 111. Infantry, 
 4th Ky. Infantry. 
 4th Pa. Cavalry, 
 63d Ind. Infantry. 
 Tth Pa. V. R. C, 
 15th la. Infantry. 
 15th N. Y. Artillery. 
 
 Residence. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 Aurora, 111. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Arcadia, O. 
 Oswego, N. Y. 
 Mount Pleasant, Iowa. 
 Xenia, I1L 
 
 Newark, N. J. 
 
 Mycrstown, Pa.- 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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